Question: In what year is the Turku Peace Agreement written?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

However, it is impossible to provide precise estimates of the language ratios of the population of medieval cities.


Question: In what year is the Turku Peace Agreement written?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Sweden was an electoral kingdom in the Middle Ages and the royal election was conducted with Mora stones.


Question: In what year is the Turku Peace Agreement written?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The territory of Finland also gained the right to send its representatives to the royal election of 1362, reflecting the status of Southwest Finland as part of the Swedish Empire.


Question: In what year is the Turku Peace Agreement written?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The land law enacted during the 1319—1364 reign of King Maunu Eerikinpoja was of great importance to the development of administration and legal order.


Question: In what year is the Turku Peace Agreement written?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

As a difference to Central Europe, peasants were free, and no central European-like feudalism developed in the Swedish Empire.


Question: In what year is the Turku Peace Agreement written?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Local government was based on keepers and parishes in rural areas.


Question: In what year is the Turku Peace Agreement written?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

In the Middle Ages, an urban institution also emerged in Finland.


Question: In what year is the Turku Peace Agreement written?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

However, the bourgeoisie, or merchants and craftsmen, who lived in the cities, accounted for a small


Question: In what year is the Turku Peace Agreement written?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The most important medieval cities in Finland were Turku and Vyborg.


Question: In what year is the Turku Peace Agreement written?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Other towns included Naantali, Rauma, Ulvila and Porvoo.


Question: In what year is the Turku Peace Agreement written?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

During the Middle Ages, Nordic and Finnish long-distance trade was largely held by German Hanseatic merchants, and because of this, a significant part of the bourgeoisie in Turku and Vyborg in particular was German.


Question: In what year is the Turku Peace Agreement written?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

In the towns, local government was the responsibility of a mayor-led panel.


Question: In what year is the Turku Peace Agreement written?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

By the 1280 Alsnö Rule issued during the reign of King Maunu Birgerinboy, Sweden and Finland, a small secular rails, or nobility, were established in Sweden and Finland.


Question: In what year is the Turku Peace Agreement written?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Spiritual rails, on the other hand, referred to the spiritual enactment exempt from taxes paid to the secular power (e.g. priests, nuns and beggar brothers).


Question: In what year is the Turku Peace Agreement written?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The parishes that operated within the Catholic Church on the territory of Finland belonged to the Diocese of Turku.


Question: In what year is the Turku Peace Agreement written?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

In addition to ecclesiastical authority, the Bishop of Turku, who was at the head of the diocese, also had plenty of secular power and was, for example, a member of the King's Council of Power.


Question: In what year is the Turku Peace Agreement written?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

One of the most prominent medieval bishops of Turku was Maunu Tavast, who held office between 1412 and 1450.


Question: In what year is the Turku Peace Agreement written?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Spiritual rails formed a literacy and literacy civilisation in medieval Finland.


Question: In what year is the Turku Peace Agreement written?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Its members had often attended Turku Cathedral School and some had also studied at foreign universities.


Question: In what year is the Turku Peace Agreement written?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Kalmar Union Time (1397—1523) Birth of the Union The Nordic Kalmar Union was founded under Queen Margaret of Denmark in 1397.


Question: In what year is the Turku Peace Agreement written?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

In practice, there were conflicts in the Union, as the Swedish surplus was interested in the east, in the direction of Russia, in the direction of Russia, while the Danish interests were more towards the south — per German territories.


Question: In what year is the Turku Peace Agreement written?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Nor, within the different countries, was the superiority unanimous among themselves.


Question: In what year is the Turku Peace Agreement written?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The struggle for power was by no means caused solely by modern concepts of “foreign policy” disagreements.


Question: In what year is the Turku Peace Agreement written?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

However, at the beginning of the Union period, the country's status as part of the kingdom changed


Question: In what year is the Turku Peace Agreement written?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Over the course of four decades, the monarch's grip on Finland was firmer than in the past.


Question: In what year is the Turku Peace Agreement written?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Queen Margaret was a background influence on the regime right up until her death in 1412.


Question: In what year is the Turku Peace Agreement written?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Throughout, he delegated further responsibilities to his successor King Eerik XIII of Pomerania (as king 1396—1439), who had responsibility especially for Norwegian and Finnish affairs.


Question: In what year is the Turku Peace Agreement written?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

He visited Finland two times, in 1403 and 1407.


Question: In what year is the Turku Peace Agreement written?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

All the king's decisions concerning Finland were issued in his name.


Question: In what year is the Turku Peace Agreement written?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

[30] With the Union, the leading administrators of the country changed, as the king placed his own creditmen in charge of the castles.


Question: In what year is the Turku Peace Agreement written?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Abraham Broderinpoika rose to be head of the castle in Turku, and the Danish Klaus Fleming was also appointed as Lamann.


Question: In what year is the Turku Peace Agreement written?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Later, Klaus Lydekenpoika Djäkn and Krister Nilsson Vaasa rose to prominent positions.


Question: In what year is the Turku Peace Agreement written?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Bishop Maunu Tavast was a supporter of unionism.


Question: In what year is the Turku Peace Agreement written?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Even during the Union period, Finland did not form a single administrative entity; the region was divided into two different administrative districts.


Question: In what year is the Turku Peace Agreement written?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Vyborg served as a major, at times quasi-autonomous centre as Turku was more closely incorporated into the central authority's administrative region.


Question: In what year is the Turku Peace Agreement written?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The independent status of Vyborg can be seen, among other things, in the fact that although Finland was divided in 1435 into two Lamalandic municipalities South and Bottom-Finland, Vyborg was born as early as the 1440s, an independent Karelian Llamann, which was probably laid down by a castle chief in Vyborg.


Question: In what year is the Turku Peace Agreement written?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Although the Karelian Laman had no jurisdiction in the Turku Land Court.


Question: In what year is the Turku Peace Agreement written?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

[31] In Finland and Sweden, discontent in the early days of the Union was provoked by an increase in the tax burden.


Question: In what year is the Turku Peace Agreement written?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Eerik sought to make taxation more efficient in Finland, with the cancellation of the facilities for the Crown and efforts were made to make the castle sound liable.


Question: In what year is the Turku Peace Agreement written?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

[30] During the Union period, the administration of the country was organised in a new way to improve the economic condition.


Question: In what year is the Turku Peace Agreement written?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

In 1405, tax exemptions for apparently hundreds of farms were withdrawn.


Question: In what year is the Turku Peace Agreement written?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

At that time, the groundwork for systematic land taxation was laid.


Question: In what year is the Turku Peace Agreement written?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The Crown also sought to increase tax revenues through settler activity: arable farming produced tax revenues, while the wilderness economy did not produce them.


Question: In what year is the Turku Peace Agreement written?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Tax revenues were therefore raised by the allocation of wilderness for permanent settlement.


Question: In what year is the Turku Peace Agreement written?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

In 1409, Turku also began to mint its own money, which differed in value from the money spent in Sweden.


Question: In what year is the Turku Peace Agreement written?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

They were silver and six-pence coins.


Question: In what year is the Turku Peace Agreement written?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

In 1407, Finland received its own supreme court, the Turku Land Court, and it was also given administrative power.


Question: In what year is the Turku Peace Agreement written?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Finland's leaders were now able to decide the country's affairs at their own meetings.


Question: In what year is the Turku Peace Agreement written?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The railing crew and clergy formed a politically leading group during the Union period.


Question: In what year is the Turku Peace Agreement written?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Finland's own raulsmen only rarely ruled the largest castle voices, usually headed by Swedish or Danish, sometimes German-born men, who, though often had lived in the country for decades.


Question: In what year is the Turku Peace Agreement written?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Domestic rails were generally responsible for lower administration, military functions and especially the courts.


Question: In what year is the Turku Peace Agreement written?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The most prominent positions in the Church also ended up in the Union period for the sons of the indigenous groups.


Question: In what year is the Turku Peace Agreement written?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

On the other hand, the peasantry could also participate in the activities of various boards and district assemblies, as well as influence political solutions such as the election of the king.


Question: In what year is the Turku Peace Agreement written?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

With the exception of Turku and Vyborg, cities were small during the Union period and there were very few of them.


Question: In what year is the Turku Peace Agreement written?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Therefore, foreign trade was modest, too.


Question: In what year is the Turku Peace Agreement written?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Even Vyborg was unable to compete with Tallinn as a hub for trade in Russia.


Question: In what year is the Turku Peace Agreement written?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Domestic trade was economically certainly more significant than foreign trade.


Question: In what year is the Turku Peace Agreement written?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Externally, the beginning of the Union was a time of peace for Finland.


Question: In what year is the Turku Peace Agreement written?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

However, King Eerik the Pomeranian, who was active in foreign politics, was mired in conflict with the Hanseatic League, making commerce more difficult.


Question: In what year is the Turku Peace Agreement written?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

In the 1430s, the rebellion movements of the overlords and peasants that rose on the Swedish side had little effect in Finland.


Question: In what year is the Turku Peace Agreement written?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The overabnormality of modest insurgency movements in Finland can be explained by the expansion of the Crown and Rulse holdings [32].


Question: In what year is the Turku Peace Agreement written?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The most famous of these rebellion movements was the so-called. David's revolt in Häme in 1439.


Question: In what year is the Turku Peace Agreement written?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

It targeted Viikki Manor [33] [34].


Question: In what year is the Turku Peace Agreement written?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Finland did not participate in the 1435 meeting held in Arboga.


Question: In what year is the Turku Peace Agreement written?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

In the autumn of the same year, Bishop Maunu Tavast and Krister Nilsson arrived in Sweden, where, in arranged negotiations, they influenced the ousting of the leaders of the movement known as the Engelbrekt Engelbrektinpoika Rebellion and reaching a compromise.


Question: In what year is the Turku Peace Agreement written?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Drots became Krister Nilsson and Charlemagne Knuutinpoika Bonde became the marcher.


Question: In what year is the Turku Peace Agreement written?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

After the former returned to Finland in the autumn of the same year, the revolt movement began again in Sweden.


Question: In what year is the Turku Peace Agreement written?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

To counter the rebellion projects, the Finnish peasants were promised a tax reduction in a letter dated 24 June 1436, the signatories of which were the archbishop, drotsi and marski in the name of the Council of Power.


Question: In what year is the Turku Peace Agreement written?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The reason was put forward that the Finns had proved loyal to the kingdom and had sworn not to assume a head of their own, i.e., promised not to rise in rebellion, and would accept the head imposed by the Council of Power.


Question: In what year is the Turku Peace Agreement written?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Seppo Suvanto interpreted this as saying that in Sweden it was feared that the Finns, or the administrators of Finland, would break away from the Council of Power and Finland would elect its own head.


Question: In what year is the Turku Peace Agreement written?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

[35] Finland and Swedish power struggles Eventually the king was dismissed in 1439, after which Sweden was ruled by a power council of aristocrats.


Question: In what year is the Turku Peace Agreement written?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

It consisted of bishops and leading supremacists.


Question: In what year is the Turku Peace Agreement written?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The most powerful of this force emerged Charlemagne the son of Knuutinson, who was elected in 1438 as regent.


Question: In what year is the Turku Peace Agreement written?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

His worst rival, the drotsi Krister then withdrew to Vyborg.


Question: In what year is the Turku Peace Agreement written?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

After the fall of the monopolistic system of government, Finland's links with Denmark were severed.


Question: In what year is the Turku Peace Agreement written?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

However, links with Sweden were not much consolidated but the holders of local castle votes largely ruled the country.


Question: In what year is the Turku Peace Agreement written?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

In 1440, the Danes invited Christopher the Bavarian to the land and he was proclaimed king.


Question: In what year is the Turku Peace Agreement written?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Negotiations were held in Sweden on the terms of recognition.


Question: In what year is the Turku Peace Agreement written?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Kaarle Knuutinpoika moved to Finland in the same year and took over the castles of Turku and Kastelholm, promising to give up the position of state administrator if he could get all of Finland as his county.


Question: In what year is the Turku Peace Agreement written?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

With the exception of Åland, this wish came true.


Question: In what year is the Turku Peace Agreement written?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

However, the situation soon changed, and soon Charlemagne had to settle solely for the Vyborg Castle.


Question: In what year is the Turku Peace Agreement written?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Turku returned to the rule of a voud under the king.


Question: In what year is the Turku Peace Agreement written?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The king's purpose was to prevent the emergence of a unified Finland.


Question: In what year is the Turku Peace Agreement written?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

After Christopher died in 1448, Charlemagne Knuutinpoika sailed from Vyborg with 800 gunmen to Stockholm, where he was elected king (1448—1457), apparently because of his armed superiority.


Question: In what year is the Turku Peace Agreement written?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The reign was marked by war against Kristian Oldenburgian, which increased the tax burden in Finland as well.


Question: In what year is the Turku Peace Agreement written?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

During this period, Finland was the most significant area of support for the king.


Question: In what year is the Turku Peace Agreement written?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

In 1457, the Swedish Grand Excellence rose in revolt against the king, and he fled to Danzig.


Question: In what year is the Turku Peace Agreement written?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Kristian Oldenburgian was elected King of Sweden.


Question: In what year is the Turku Peace Agreement written?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

He ruled from 1457 to 1464.


Question: In what year is the Turku Peace Agreement written?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

However, support for the new king was not shared by everyone - especially in Vyborg.


Question: In what year is the Turku Peace Agreement written?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Controversy over the eastern border The following period was marked by problems in the eastern parts of the kingdom.


Question: In what year is the Turku Peace Agreement written?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

As the settlement spread to the wilderness areas, border disputes and skirmishes with Novgorod and Karelians began.


Question: In what year is the Turku Peace Agreement written?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

While Savonian settlement progressed, North Karelia was also colonized.


Question: In what year is the Turku Peace Agreement written?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

In 1478, Novgorod was annexed by Moscow, and a new force factor rose behind the eastern border.


Question: In what year is the Turku Peace Agreement written?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

In order to secure the border, construction began to be built on Olavinlinna to safeguard the settler settlement.


Question: In what year is the Turku Peace Agreement written?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

From the Russian point of view, this was a breach of the border treaty and open martial law prevailed for several years right up to the intermediate peace of 1482.


Question: In what year is the Turku Peace Agreement written?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

However, there was no consensus on the course of the border.


Question: In what year is the Turku Peace Agreement written?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

From the Axis sons to the Sten Sture period In the battle, the Swedish king's crown became the castles of Suomenk to take over and bend the Union king behind them.


Question: In what year is the Turku Peace Agreement written?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The Danish knight Eerik the Axis boy Tott came with his brothers to take over the castles in the 1480s, and eventually all the castles were held by the Axis sons.


Question: In what year is the Turku Peace Agreement written?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

After Eerik died, he left the counties of Vyborg, Hämeenlinna and Savonlinna to his brothers Ivar and Laur, who already ruled Raasepori.


Question: In what year is the Turku Peace Agreement written?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

However, the emergence of a unitary circle of power did not fit with regent minister Sten Sture's plans.


Question: In what year is the Turku Peace Agreement written?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

In 1481, Sten Sture arrived in Finland, all the way to Vyborg.


Question: In what year is the Turku Peace Agreement written?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

A reconciliation between the registrar and the local grandees could not arise: the regent promised the population tax breaks; the holders of the fiefdoms again did not accept these.


Question: In what year is the Turku Peace Agreement written?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

At the end of the Union period no longer saw the emergence of a jointly accepted monarch in the Nordic countries.


Question: In what year is the Turku Peace Agreement written?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

King Hansel of Denmark (1481—1513) did not achieve approval in the Union countries; instead, the power councils took control.


Question: In what year is the Turku Peace Agreement written?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

In 1483, Sten Sture gained control of three counties in Finland: Vyborg, Savonlinna and Hämeenlinna.


Question: In what year is the Turku Peace Agreement written?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The earlier Axis boys' dominance became a supporter of the regent and Finland became more firmly subordinated to the central authority; especially when Raaseporik came into the possession of Sten Sture's supporter, Knut Posse.


Question: In what year is the Turku Peace Agreement written?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Sture did not distribute castles as fiefs to the overlord, but controlled them through self-dependent vouts, collecting significantly tax revenue for himself.


Question: In what year is the Turku Peace Agreement written?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The tranquillities of the end of the Middle Ages at the end of the 15th century earlier skirmishes with Moscow condensed into war.


Question: In what year is the Turku Peace Agreement written?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

In 1495, Vyborg Castle began to be besieged.


Question: In what year is the Turku Peace Agreement written?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Lifting people were also gathered from Western Finland for the war effort at the time.


Question: In what year is the Turku Peace Agreement written?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

In endangered areas, all 15-year-olds were taken up in arms, and German mercenaries and people from the Swedish side also arrived in the country.


Question: In what year is the Turku Peace Agreement written?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Along with Karelia, Russian attacks also extended to Ostrobothnia, Savo and Häme.


Question: In what year is the Turku Peace Agreement written?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Peace was concluded in 1497.


Question: In what year is the Turku Peace Agreement written?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

In the same year, Sten Sture was dismissed from the position of state administrator by the Council of Power.


Question: In what year is the Turku Peace Agreement written?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

However, the Finnish castle lands remained in his possession.


Question: In what year is the Turku Peace Agreement written?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

King Hansel I of Denmark invaded Sweden in 1497, beating Sten Sture's forces on 28 September at the Battle of Rotebro.


Question: In what year is the Turku Peace Agreement written?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Thus Hansel I rose to become King of Sweden and thus of Finland (1497—1501).


Question: In what year is the Turku Peace Agreement written?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

In 1499, Sture had to give up his territories in Finland.


Question: In what year is the Turku Peace Agreement written?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

In 1503, Svante Niilonpoika Sture (1504—1512) was elected as regent, to whom the leading men of Finland also gave their assurances of allegiance.


Question: In what year is the Turku Peace Agreement written?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

At the meeting in Turku, his election was supported.


Question: In what year is the Turku Peace Agreement written?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

However, the unanimity was ostensible, as some of Finland's lords, along with Sten Sture's kin, pursued their own political line.


Question: In what year is the Turku Peace Agreement written?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

To some extent, the goals have remained unclear.


Question: In what year is the Turku Peace Agreement written?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

National historiography, however, has highlighted the centrality of East politics in divisive terms.


Question: In what year is the Turku Peace Agreement written?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Vaasa period (1523—1617) The reign of Gustav Vasa during the end of the Union was peaceful in Finland other than Vyborg, in the early 16th century the Danes went on raiding the coasts of Finland, and the privateer captain Otto Rudi plundered Turku and its treasures of the cathedral.


Question: In what year is the Turku Peace Agreement written?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

On the rise of Christian II, the Danish Union king, at his coronation, he beheaded dozens of Swedish supremacists.


Question: In what year is the Turku Peace Agreement written?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

It's called the Stockholm massacre.


Question: In what year is the Turku Peace Agreement written?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The Swedish supreme Gustav Vasa rose to oppose the Union king and won the peasants over.


Question: In what year is the Turku Peace Agreement written?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

German Hanseatic merchants also supported Gustavus Vasa and supplied him with weapons and money.


Question: In what year is the Turku Peace Agreement written?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The Finnish-born Fleming brothers Eerik and Iivar conquered the Finnish castles for Gustav Vasa and drove the Danes out of Finland in 1523.


Question: In what year is the Turku Peace Agreement written?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The Nordic Union period ended, and Gustav Vasa became King of Sweden and Finland.


Question: In what year is the Turku Peace Agreement written?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The early modern state emerges in the Gustav Vasa period beginning a unified Swedish kingdom to form.


Question: In what year is the Turku Peace Agreement written?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

He succeeded in defeating the provincial communities that pushed for his own policies.


Question: In what year is the Turku Peace Agreement written?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The Reformation, in turn, snubbed the Church.


Question: In what year is the Turku Peace Agreement written?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Already weakened by the massacre, the high nobility was now attached to supporting royal policy.


Question: In what year is the Turku Peace Agreement written?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

However, the management of the government continued the medieval tradition: the king had numerous nobles as well as scribes who were not, however, strictly officials.


Question: In what year is the Turku Peace Agreement written?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Nor was there yet a clear division of labour within the administration, but the functions of office in the king's service varied according to the situation.


Question: In what year is the Turku Peace Agreement written?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

In the 1530s, Gustavus Vasa began to produce German administrative personnel in the country, with whom new views of monarch rule also arrived in Sweden.


Question: In what year is the Turku Peace Agreement written?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

In 1544, in the Riksdag of Västerås, the kingship was changed to hereditary and Gustav Vasa's eldest son Eerik was named heir to the throne.


Question: In what year is the Turku Peace Agreement written?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

After the withdrawal of fiefdoms, local government of the Crown was concentrated in the hands of the vouties.


Question: In what year is the Turku Peace Agreement written?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The tasks of these were diverse, but the collection of taxes was the most important of them.


Question: In what year is the Turku Peace Agreement written?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

During Gustavus Vasa's time, there was also a shift to written administration; first, systematic land books (on land ownership) are being drawn up to aid taxation, soon followed by other lists and written accounts.


Question: In what year is the Turku Peace Agreement written?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The Vouds were also responsible for repopulating deserted houses, a ride system and roadwork.


Question: In what year is the Turku Peace Agreement written?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Voud also had to prevent illegal trading in the countryside, as well as handicrafts.


Question: In what year is the Turku Peace Agreement written?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Maintaining public order and caring for the litigants were also part of the duties of the voud - thus ensuring the Crown's share of tax revenue and penalty payments.


Question: In what year is the Turku Peace Agreement written?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The stepped-up administration boosted the Crown's tax revenues by tens of percent.


Question: In what year is the Turku Peace Agreement written?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The war against Russia for Finland was still significant in foreign policy terms, continued conflicts with Russia; during the early stages of the period of Gustav Vasa, another attempt was made to gain clarity on the course of the border line through negotiations.


Question: In what year is the Turku Peace Agreement written?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The Swedes sought to delay the revision of the border as far as possible, and despite temporary agreements, skirmishes and mutual raiding continued.


Question: In what year is the Turku Peace Agreement written?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

In 1555, a meeting of nobles held in Vyborg recommended to the king to go to war.


Question: In what year is the Turku Peace Agreement written?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The attack prompted a counter-attack by Ivan the Terrible in the direction of Vyborg and Savo.


Question: In what year is the Turku Peace Agreement written?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Negotiations between 1556 and 1557 ended with the conclusion of a 40-year-long intermediate peace.


Question: In what year is the Turku Peace Agreement written?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The intention was to hold 1559 new negotiations for the passage of the border, which, however, never materialised.


Question: In what year is the Turku Peace Agreement written?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Abuses of nobility During the war, the king had stayed in Finland for a long time.


Question: In what year is the Turku Peace Agreement written?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

At that time, he also ordered the submission of an extensive inquiry into abuses committed by the nobility.


Question: In what year is the Turku Peace Agreement written?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

As a result of this investigation, the so-called. Jaakko Teit's list of complaints, a major source of 16th-century social history.


Question: In what year is the Turku Peace Agreement written?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

In the summer of 1556, the king still formed a duchy of his own from Finland, with the king's son Juhana named at its head.


Question: In what year is the Turku Peace Agreement written?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Gustav Vasa died in September 1560.


Question: In what year is the Turku Peace Agreement written?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

On the throne he was succeeded by Eerik XIV.


Question: In what year is the Turku Peace Agreement written?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

From throne disputes to the beginning of great power politics, Eerik XIV's reign Eerik XIV was crowned king in 1561.


Question: In what year is the Turku Peace Agreement written?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

He sought to further intensify the kingship in relation to the overlord, and thus also to his brothers.


Question: In what year is the Turku Peace Agreement written?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

To weaken the position of these, Eerik established new counts and free lordships to share the power of the dukes.


Question: In what year is the Turku Peace Agreement written?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

In Finland, the king's policy was also reflected in the appointment of new llamanns to the country.


Question: In what year is the Turku Peace Agreement written?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

In 1561, the King approved in the Reichstag the so-called. Arboga's articles by which the dukes were subjected to the control of the king and deprived them of the possibility of an independent foreign policy.


Question: In what year is the Turku Peace Agreement written?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Central to the king was specifically the eroding of the position of Duke Juhana of Finland.


Question: In what year is the Turku Peace Agreement written?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

As the Duchy of Juhana, Finland was formed into a “feudal miniature state” (Keränen) subjugated to the kingdom, with its own office, chamber of taxes and calculations, and a council corresponding to the power council.


Question: In what year is the Turku Peace Agreement written?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Juhana's interests in Livonia were also at odds with the king: with the planned marriage to Catherine Jagellonica, Juhana would gain possession of several pledge castles in Livonia.


Question: In what year is the Turku Peace Agreement written?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Simultaneously, Eerik XIV was drifting into war with Poland due to its expansionist policy towards Livonia.


Question: In what year is the Turku Peace Agreement written?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

In 1561 the Tallinn jury had already ceded the city to the patronage of the king, during the same spring the nobility of Viru and Harju separated from the Teutonic Order.


Question: In what year is the Turku Peace Agreement written?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

As the conflict intensified, the king convened in 1563 the Reichstag to condemn John to death.


Question: In what year is the Turku Peace Agreement written?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The development led to the siege of Turku Castle in the summer of 1563.


Question: In what year is the Turku Peace Agreement written?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

After skirmishes and bombardments, the castle surrendered on 12 August 1563, after which the splendour of the castle was destroyed, the pair of dukes were captured and taken to Sweden for imprisonment.


Question: In what year is the Turku Peace Agreement written?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

In the 1560s, Swedish foreign policy was marked by warfare in the Baltics against Poland.


Question: In what year is the Turku Peace Agreement written?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

In addition, Eerik XIV was mired in war against Denmark-Norway and Lübeck.


Question: In what year is the Turku Peace Agreement written?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

This necessitated good relations with the East: the concentration of military forces elsewhere required good relations with the direction of Moscow.


Question: In what year is the Turku Peace Agreement written?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Eerik XIV's term ended in 1568 with the rise of the nobility against the king.


Question: In what year is the Turku Peace Agreement written?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

This time, Finland's top brass were also on the side of the rebels, as much the old supporters of Juhana as the creditmen of Eerik.


Question: In what year is the Turku Peace Agreement written?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Turku Castle came into the possession of the rebels.


Question: In what year is the Turku Peace Agreement written?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Eerik spent the next few years in captivity until he was sentenced to death and poisoned in 1577.


Question: In what year is the Turku Peace Agreement written?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Long hatred during Juhana III's kingship, border skirmishes on the border of Käkisalmi County led to yet another war (1570—1595) known as the Nordic Five Third Year War.


Question: In what year is the Turku Peace Agreement written?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

For the most part, it was a brutal, mutual guerrilla war.


Question: In what year is the Turku Peace Agreement written?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

In the early stages, however, warfare was organized and in 1573—1577 a time of armistice lived on the Finnish front.


Question: In what year is the Turku Peace Agreement written?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Halfway through the decade, however, peasant rustles began: Karelians invaded Oulujärvi and Iijoki, southern Finland went beyond the Gulf of Finland.


Question: In what year is the Turku Peace Agreement written?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

In the fold of the decade, organised warfare was triggered again with the invasion of Narva (1579) and the conquest of Käkisalmi in 1580.


Question: In what year is the Turku Peace Agreement written?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Narva was overrun the following year, with subsequent negotiations leading to an intermediate peace lasting until 1590.


Question: In what year is the Turku Peace Agreement written?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Despite the intermediate peace, guerrilla warfare continued on both sides of the eastern border, leading to the widespread desolation of Kainuu and northern Ostrobothnia in the 1580s.


Question: In what year is the Turku Peace Agreement written?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Led by Pekka Vesainen, the Ostrobothians made retaliatory expeditions to Viena Karelia.


Question: In what year is the Turku Peace Agreement written?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The war ended with the Peace Treaty of Full Self in 1595.


Question: In what year is the Turku Peace Agreement written?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

A new dispute over the throne upon the death of John III in 1592 left the throne without a holder.


Question: In what year is the Turku Peace Agreement written?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

There were two successor candidates: Sigismund and Duke Charles.


Question: In what year is the Turku Peace Agreement written?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The kingship issue was also intertwined with church politics: in Counter-Reformation Europe, Sigismund was Catholic, making his position even more problematic in Lutheran Sweden.


Question: In what year is the Turku Peace Agreement written?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

In 1593 Sigismund arrived in the country to be crowned.


Question: In what year is the Turku Peace Agreement written?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The ruler's assurance he issued in the autumn of the following year.


Question: In what year is the Turku Peace Agreement written?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

In this case, he also adopted the Lutheran line of the enactment and ecclesiastical assembly of Uppsala (1593).


Question: In what year is the Turku Peace Agreement written?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

With the crowning of Sigismund, a personal union was created between Sweden and Poland that lasted some years; as King of Poland, Sigismund always remained until 1632.


Question: In what year is the Turku Peace Agreement written?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

After the king's return to Poland, rose to the nobility among disagreements over Charles Duke's position as registrar.


Question: In what year is the Turku Peace Agreement written?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

In this dispute, Klaus Fleming, the commandholder of Finland, sided with the king.


Question: In what year is the Turku Peace Agreement written?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

In the Riksdag of Arboga of 1597, however, Charles was named regent.


Question: In what year is the Turku Peace Agreement written?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

In this case, he also declared his opponents, above all Klaus Fleming, rebels.


Question: In what year is the Turku Peace Agreement written?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Harshing justice Generally in Europe At the beginning of the New Age, in the 16th and 17th centuries, secular rights began to use the so-called “Law of Moses”, that is, some passages from the Bible.


Question: In what year is the Turku Peace Agreement written?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Under the law of Moses, witchcraft and magic were prohibited and, among other things, blasphemy, swearing, infringement against one's parents, perjury, manslaughter, interest railing, false testimony, and several sexual offences could be sentenced to death.


Question: In what year is the Turku Peace Agreement written?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The Law of Moses became a general legal instruction in the Swedish Empire in 1608 and remained in force until the new Reich Law of 1734.


Question: In what year is the Turku Peace Agreement written?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

However, the law was generally not applied in its full harshness and death sentences were commuted in about half of the cases.


Question: In what year is the Turku Peace Agreement written?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

[36] [37] 16th century peasant unrest and mace war Peasant unrest increased during the reign of Gustav Vasa, inter alia, due to increased tax burdens and, on the other hand, the struggle for power of his sons.


Question: In what year is the Turku Peace Agreement written?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The culmination of the peasant unrest was the bludgeon war in 1596—1597.


Question: In what year is the Turku Peace Agreement written?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

It ended bloody with the army defeating the Ostrobothians and Savonian peasants armed with mace, spears and bows.


Question: In what year is the Turku Peace Agreement written?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The revolt was directed against the nobility who exercised power in Finland and Klaus Fleming in particular.


Question: In what year is the Turku Peace Agreement written?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The mutineers sought help from Charles Duke, who was pursuing the Swedish crown.


Question: In what year is the Turku Peace Agreement written?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

As causes of the rebellion, contemporary research attributes the war burden of the rap war, economic decline, and the suffering caused by the castle camp system.


Question: In what year is the Turku Peace Agreement written?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Scholars have been divided as to the great influence the incitement against Klaus Fleming exercised by the Duke of Charles had on the genesis of the bludgeon war [38] [39].


Question: In what year is the Turku Peace Agreement written?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Great Power Period (1617—1721) Peace of Stolbova In 1604—1611 Duke Charles of Södermanland was King Charles IX of Sweden.


Question: In what year is the Turku Peace Agreement written?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

During his reign, the kingdom was almost constantly waging war against Russia and Poland, especially over the ownership of the Baltic provinces Estonia and Livonia.


Question: In what year is the Turku Peace Agreement written?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

In addition, in 1611—1613 there was a defeatist war against Denmark.


Question: In what year is the Turku Peace Agreement written?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

On the death of Charles IX, his son Gustav II Adolf ascended to the throne.


Question: In what year is the Turku Peace Agreement written?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The state of the kingdom was poor and Sweden had to conclude in 1613 peace with Denmark.


Question: In what year is the Turku Peace Agreement written?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The Peace of Stolbova was concluded with Russia in 1617, as a result of which Käkisalmi County, Nutälinna and part of Inker were annexed by Sweden.


Question: In what year is the Turku Peace Agreement written?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Modernisation and reforms under the leadership of the King and Reich Chancellor Axel Oxenstierna, Sweden and Finland began to implement substantial reforms after the foreign policy situation calmed down.


Question: In what year is the Turku Peace Agreement written?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The army and the war establishment were reorganised, in particular in accordance with the paragon given by the Dutch Morits Oranian.


Question: In what year is the Turku Peace Agreement written?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The navy and the administration of the Crown were also reformed.


Question: In what year is the Turku Peace Agreement written?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

A new form of government was brought into effect in the country and the kingdom was divided into counties.


Question: In what year is the Turku Peace Agreement written?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

In the 17th century, in addition, a Governor-General was appointed in Finland from time to time to develop the conditions


Question: In what year is the Turku Peace Agreement written?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The office of Governor General of Finland was Nils Tuurenpoika Bielke and Count Peter Brahe, whose official residence was Turku Castle.


Question: In what year is the Turku Peace Agreement written?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

During the Great Reign, new cities and the Royal Court of Appeal of Turku were also established in Finland, and in 1640 the Turku Academy, Finland's first university.


Question: In what year is the Turku Peace Agreement written?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

During the Thirty Years' War in the Baltics, Sweden was still waging war against Poland-Lithuania and in 1629 the provisional Peace of Altmark was concluded.


Question: In what year is the Turku Peace Agreement written?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

In the Thirty Years' War between the Catholic Emperor and Protestant princes that broke out in Germany, Gustav II Adolf joined in 1630 after coming ashore in northern Germany.


Question: In what year is the Turku Peace Agreement written?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Sweden's goal in the war was to support German Protestants and strengthen its own position.


Question: In what year is the Turku Peace Agreement written?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Gustav II Adolf, however, died at the Battle of Lützen in 1632 and his daughter Kristiina ascended the throne as a minor.


Question: In what year is the Turku Peace Agreement written?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

In practice, the kingdom was ruled at this point by a caretaker government led by Axel Oxenstierna.


Question: In what year is the Turku Peace Agreement written?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

In the Peace of Westphalia, 1648, which ended the Thirty Years' War, Sweden established itself as a great power.


Question: In what year is the Turku Peace Agreement written?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

However, the Thirty Years' War and other conflicts of the Great Power period severely consumed the resources of Sweden and Finland.


Question: In what year is the Turku Peace Agreement written?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

A significant number of peasants had to serve in the army and navy, where mortality rates were high.


Question: In what year is the Turku Peace Agreement written?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

From wars to peace period, during Queen Kristiina's reign 1632—1654 Sweden and Finland gave vast territories as fiefdoms to the nobility.


Question: In what year is the Turku Peace Agreement written?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The nobility had the right to collect tax on their fiefdoms, which complicated the financial position of the Crown.


Question: In what year is the Turku Peace Agreement written?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

After Kristiina's abdication of the crown rose to power under Charles X Gustaf, who ruled the Swedish Empire from 1654 to 1660.


Question: In what year is the Turku Peace Agreement written?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

During his reign, Sweden waged wars against both Poland, Russia, and Denmark.


Question: In what year is the Turku Peace Agreement written?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Charles X died in 1660 and Charles XI ascended to the throne as his successor, in whose reign 1660—1697, a major reduction—the large-scale withdrawal of fiefdoms to the Crown took place in Sweden and Finland.


Question: In what year is the Turku Peace Agreement written?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Charles XI diminished the power of the nobility and ruled the kingdom autocratically.


Question: In what year is the Turku Peace Agreement written?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

For Finland, the reign of Charles XI meant a lengthy peace.


Question: In what year is the Turku Peace Agreement written?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The Protestant clergy were responsible for teaching literacy to the people and ecclesiastical life was dominated by pure-apprenticity.


Question: In what year is the Turku Peace Agreement written?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

1695—1697 Finland was hit by disastrous years of disastrous roofing, which resulted in a significant portion of the population dying from starvation and disease.


Question: In what year is the Turku Peace Agreement written?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The Great Northern War under Charles XI's successor King Charles XII, in 1700 the Great Northern War broke out, resulting in Sweden losing its great power status.


Question: In what year is the Turku Peace Agreement written?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The cause of the war was an anti-Swedish alliance established by Sweden's enemies Denmark, Russia, Polish-Lithuania and Saxony.


Question: In what year is the Turku Peace Agreement written?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

In the Peace of Stolbova of 1617, Russia had lost contact with the Baltic Sea.


Question: In what year is the Turku Peace Agreement written?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The reformist Tsar Peter I sought to reopen Russia a link with the Baltic Sea to facilitate its contacts and commerce with Western Europe.


Question: In what year is the Turku Peace Agreement written?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Although Charles XII succeeded one by one in defeating Denmark, the Russian invasion army (at the Battle of Narva) and Poland, the Swedes ultimately suffered a decisive defeat to the Russians at the Battle of Poltava in 1709.


Question: In what year is the Turku Peace Agreement written?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The king then fled to Turkey and the kingdom was open to enemy attack.


Question: In what year is the Turku Peace Agreement written?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Vyborg was taken in 1710 and the Russians occupied the rest of Finland after the Battle of Kostianvirta on Pälkäne, the Battle of Napue in Ostrobothnia and the Battle of Riilahti off Hanko by 1714.


Question: In what year is the Turku Peace Agreement written?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

From the Russian occupation period of 1714—1721, big-hatred is referred to as big-hatred.


Question: In what year is the Turku Peace Agreement written?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The occupation period was disastrous for Finland.


Question: In what year is the Turku Peace Agreement written?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Thousands of people were killed and even more were taken to Russia, in addition, much of the country's officials and clergy fled to Sweden.


Question: In what year is the Turku Peace Agreement written?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The Great Northern War and at the same time big-hatred ended with the Peace of Uusikaupunki between Sweden and Russia of 1721.


Question: In what year is the Turku Peace Agreement written?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The peace treaty annexed Inkerinmaa, Estonia, Livonia and Käkisalmi County, as well as Vyborg.


Question: In what year is the Turku Peace Agreement written?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Karelia, annexed to Russia, is often referred to as Old Finland.


Question: In what year is the Turku Peace Agreement written?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The Age of Freedom and the Gustavian Period (1721—1809) Power away from the king in the Swedish Empire After Charles XII, the Acts took power from the king in the reigns of 1719 and 1720 and the period of autocracy became the period of decree (the “time of freedom”).


Question: In what year is the Turku Peace Agreement written?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Economics and science developed during this period, but on the other hand, the power politics of the parties caused problems.


Question: In what year is the Turku Peace Agreement written?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

France and Russia gained influence in Sweden by funding rival parties called jackets and hats.


Question: In what year is the Turku Peace Agreement written?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

[40] In the 1720s, reconstruction began in Finland following the Great Northern War.


Question: In what year is the Turku Peace Agreement written?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

After the peace of New Town, the Russian occupying forces began to leave the country more neatly than agreed.


Question: In what year is the Turku Peace Agreement written?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

During 1721, new land lords were appointed in Finland and were responsible for rebuilding.


Question: In what year is the Turku Peace Agreement written?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Repair work proceeded quickly, as as early as the mid-1730s the rebuilding can be considered to have finished.


Question: In what year is the Turku Peace Agreement written?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

[41] Finnish-born Arvid Horn was Permanent President of Sweden from 1720 to 1738.


Question: In what year is the Turku Peace Agreement written?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

[42] His policy does not particularly find features that emphasise Finnishness.


Question: In what year is the Turku Peace Agreement written?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The most significant acclamation of Finland of his time was the Law of 1734.


Question: In what year is the Turku Peace Agreement written?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

It remained in force during the period of autonomy and is the basis for the legislation of an independent Finland.


Question: In what year is the Turku Peace Agreement written?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

At the same time, attention began to be paid to Finnish as a language of administration as well.


Question: In what year is the Turku Peace Agreement written?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

A post of translator was established at the Permanent College in 1734, translating documents into Finnish and assisting peasant Reichstag in Stockholm.


Question: In what year is the Turku Peace Agreement written?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The 1734 law was translated into Finnish by the county secretary Samuel Forseen.


Question: In what year is the Turku Peace Agreement written?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

[43] The War of the Hats came to power in the Reichstag of 1738.


Question: In what year is the Turku Peace Agreement written?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The programme of the Hat Party included a war of reparation against the Russians, in which it was intended to conquer all the territories lost in 1721 and furthermore Russian Karelia.


Question: In what year is the Turku Peace Agreement written?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

When Russia had throne disputes, Hats assumed the country was weakened.


Question: In what year is the Turku Peace Agreement written?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Sweden declared war in June 1741.


Question: In what year is the Turku Peace Agreement written?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Three Swedish infantry regiments were sent to Finland, but the warfleet was virtually crippled by pestilence.


Question: In what year is the Turku Peace Agreement written?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Irish Field Marshal Peter de Lacy, who led the Russian forces, took his troops to the Battle of Lappeenranta, where a badly underpowered Swedish force led by Carl Henrik Wrangel suffered a wicked defeat in August 1741.


Question: In what year is the Turku Peace Agreement written?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Charles Emil Lewenhaupt, who served as Commander-in-Chief in Finland, agreed at the end of 1741 to a truce proposed by Emperor Elizabeth.


Question: In what year is the Turku Peace Agreement written?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

[44] After the end of the armistice, the Russians marched to southern Finland in February 1742.


Question: In what year is the Turku Peace Agreement written?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

After the Swedish army surrendered, the Russians occupy western Finland.


Question: In what year is the Turku Peace Agreement written?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Elizabeth circulated a manifesto in March 1742 in which she promised to support the Finns if they wanted to secede from Sweden and establish an independent state.


Question: In what year is the Turku Peace Agreement written?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

[44] However, after the Finnish occupation, talk of independence ceased.


Question: In what year is the Turku Peace Agreement written?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

[45] The Russian occupation period has been called petty hatred, but the designation is misleading to some extent, as Russian troops behaved well.


Question: In what year is the Turku Peace Agreement written?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

[44] On 7 August 1743 Sweden and Russia concluded the Peace of Turku, in which the border was moved to Kymijoki, Mäntyharju and Savonlinna.


Question: In what year is the Turku Peace Agreement written?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Savonlinna city and Olavinlinna remained on the Russian side.


Question: In what year is the Turku Peace Agreement written?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

[44] New Era Thoughts After the war, mercantilist principles of trade led to economic gains from tar and shipbuilding remaining in Stockholm.


Question: In what year is the Turku Peace Agreement written?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

In the 1760s, Anders Chydenius, a vicar in Kokkola, started calling for freedom of business and expression.


Question: In what year is the Turku Peace Agreement written?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

[40] In the last decades of the 18th century, the Turku Academy was particularly awakened by the influence of Henrik Gabriel Porthan, the “Father of Finnish History”, an interest in Finnish history and Finnish folk poetry.


Question: In what year is the Turku Peace Agreement written?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

[46] Of the scholars, Eino Jutikkala says “In the second half of the 18th century, the inhabitants of the different provinces of Finland and members of different adjustments became more consciously Finns as opposed to the Swedes living behind the sea.” [47] The troubled reign of Gustav III In 1772 Gustav III After the coup, a new form of government was enacted by which power reverted back to the king.


Question: In what year is the Turku Peace Agreement written?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The era sought to get rid of mercantilism.


Question: In what year is the Turku Peace Agreement written?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Freedom of speech and religion expanded.


Question: In what year is the Turku Peace Agreement written?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The confidence of Finnish officers in the king was weakened because the nobility lost their authority to the king, who was supported by the people.


Question: In what year is the Turku Peace Agreement written?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Some high-ranking soldiers transferred to Russian service.


Question: In what year is the Turku Peace Agreement written?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

[40] In 1788—1790, the so-called Gustav III War started by Gustav III took place between Sweden and Russia.


Question: In what year is the Turku Peace Agreement written?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Sweden was also matched by Denmark.


Question: In what year is the Turku Peace Agreement written?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The war was opposed, among others, by the officers who formed the Anjala Union.


Question: In what year is the Turku Peace Agreement written?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Despite its maritime victory in the Swedish Strait, Sweden did not gain additional territories in the peace of Värälä.


Question: In what year is the Turku Peace Agreement written?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The 1789 Book of Association and Collateral increased the king's power even further.


Question: In what year is the Turku Peace Agreement written?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

With the war, the bitterness of the nobility towards the king increased, and this eventually led to the assassination of the king in 1792.


Question: In what year is the Turku Peace Agreement written?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

[40] Sweden loses Finland The Finnish War was fought in 1808—1809 between Russia and Sweden.


Question: In what year is the Turku Peace Agreement written?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The war was prompted by the peace established by Russia and France on 7 July 1807 in Tilsit.


Question: In what year is the Turku Peace Agreement written?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

In it, France and Russia allied and Russia pledged to pressure, if necessary by force of arms, including Sweden to join the continental exclusion against Britain, an embargo by which France would have strengthened its position as a sea power against Britain.


Question: In what year is the Turku Peace Agreement written?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The last Grand Duke of Finland during Swedish rule was Gustav IV Adolf's second son Charles Gustaf, who died 1802—1805.


Question: In what year is the Turku Peace Agreement written?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

[48] As a result of the Finnish War, Finland passed to Russian rule and the administration was organized on the basis of autonomy.


Question: In what year is the Turku Peace Agreement written?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The Russian Emperor became Grand Duke of the Autonomous Grand Duchy of Finland.


Question: In what year is the Turku Peace Agreement written?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Sources Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Linna, Martti (ed.


Question: In what year is the Turku Peace Agreement written?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

) | title = Sources of the Early Middle Ages | publisher = History Aitta| year = 1989| isbn = 9789519600611}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Tarkiainen, Kari| title = Swedish Oriental| publisher = Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland| year = 2010| isbn = 9798-5551-853-212-2}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Vahtola, Jouse| title = History of Finland — from the Stone Age to the 21st century| location = Helsinki| publisher = Otava| year = 2017| isbn = 978-951-1-31574-2}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Virrankoski, Pentti| title = History of Finland — country and people| location = Helsinki| publisher = Society of Finnish Literature | year = 2012| isbn = 978-952-222-377-7}} References Literature Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Vahtola, Jouse| title = History of Finland: From the Ice Age to the European Union| location = in Helsinki | publisher = Otava| year = 2003 (4. edition 2005) | id = ISBN 951-1-17397-9}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Zetterberg, Seppo (ed.


Question: In what year is the Turku Peace Agreement written?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

) | title = Little Giant of Finnish History | location = Helsinki| publisher = WSOY| year = 1987| id = ISBN 951-0-14253-0}} Handbook of Finnish History.


Question: In what year is the Turku Peace Agreement written?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Previous section, ed.


Question: In what year is the Turku Peace Agreement written?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Arvi Korhonen.


Question: In what year is the Turku Peace Agreement written?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

WSOY 1949, Porvoo — Helsinki.


Question: In what year is the Turku Peace Agreement written?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Karonen, Petri| title = Northern Great Power: Sweden and Finland 1521-1809| location = Helsinki| publisher = WSOY| year = 1999| id = ISBN 951-0-23739-6}} Helge Pohjolan-Pirhonen, History of Finland 1523—1617.


Question: In what year is the Turku Peace Agreement written?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

WSOY 1960, Porvoo — Helsinki.


Question: In what year is the Turku Peace Agreement written?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

On topic elsewhere in Category:History of Finland Category:History


Question: Can synthetic biology be used to clone organisms?

Restoration from extinction

Restoring from extinction is to resurrect an extinct species.


Question: Can synthetic biology be used to clone organisms?

Restoration from extinction

After reintroduction, it would be possible to plant the species back into the wild.


Question: Can synthetic biology be used to clone organisms?

Restoration from extinction

In the 2010s, recovery from extinction has become more possible as breeding, heredity science and cloning have evolved.


Question: Can synthetic biology be used to clone organisms?

Restoration from extinction

No permanent reintroduction of any species has yet been achieved, but it is thought to be possible anytime soon.


Question: Can synthetic biology be used to clone organisms?

Restoration from extinction

[1] [2] Techniques Backcrossbreeding began to be tried as a means of restoration in the early 20th century.


Question: Can synthetic biology be used to clone organisms?

Restoration from extinction

For example, the return of an initial ox would occur by backcrossing with cattle breeds bearing its lineage.


Question: Can synthetic biology be used to clone organisms?

Restoration from extinction

In Germany, cattle were cross-bred and a breed somewhat resembling the initial bull was produced.


Question: Can synthetic biology be used to clone organisms?

Restoration from extinction

Towards the end of the 20th century, new genetic engineering techniques enabled cattle to be produced that are morphologically and genetically similar to the initial bull.


Question: Can synthetic biology be used to clone organisms?

Restoration from extinction

[1] Paleontologist Jack Horner aims to restore dinosaurs by breeding birds descended from them backwards.


Question: Can synthetic biology be used to clone organisms?

Restoration from extinction

[3] Nuclear-transfer Cloning methods can be used to recover specimens if tissue samples from an extinct species are available.


Question: Can synthetic biology be used to clone organisms?

Restoration from extinction

A nucleus can then be isolated from the cells of tissues preserved in the nucleus transplant, which is transferred to the ovum of a genetically related still surviving species whose own nucleus has been removed.


Question: Can synthetic biology be used to clone organisms?

Restoration from extinction

If no preserved cells are available, preserved DNA samples can justify placing a coherent genome in a cell of another genetically related species using genetic engineering methods such as CRISPR.


Question: Can synthetic biology be used to clone organisms?

Restoration from extinction

This will result in a cell resembling a cell of the species to be returned for which a nucleus transplant can be performed.


Question: Can synthetic biology be used to clone organisms?

Restoration from extinction

[4] In the case of mammals, a genetically close enough surviving species is also required, whose uterus developing embryo can be put to grow.


Question: Can synthetic biology be used to clone organisms?

Restoration from extinction

Synthetic Biology Synthetic biology is a restoration-related field that studies the construction of artificial DNA and the creation of a new kind of life in the laboratory.


Question: Can synthetic biology be used to clone organisms?

Restoration from extinction

Assembling the genome of species that disappeared a very long time ago is complicated by the fact that DNA samples tend to be incomplete.


Question: Can synthetic biology be used to clone organisms?

Restoration from extinction

[4] For example, the restoration of dinosaur species that disappeared more than 65 million years ago is very unlikely, as the DNA in their remains has already been destroyed.


Question: Can synthetic biology be used to clone organisms?

Restoration from extinction

[1] Instead of reintroducing whole species, in such cases, some of the characteristics that existed in extinct species can be restored by creating hybrids of the genomes of an extinct species and a modern species by combining and refining the resulting hybrid in the desired direction.


Question: Can synthetic biology be used to clone organisms?

Restoration from extinction

Genetic scientist George Church, for example, plans to restore the woolly mammoth by combining genes from the woolly mammoth with the donkey elephant, with the result that the elephant mammoths born would be refined to the likeness of the long-tailed woolly mammoth.


Question: Can synthetic biology be used to clone organisms?

Restoration from extinction

[5] [3] A genetically very similar Siberian tiger could be used to restore the Caspian tiger.


Question: Can synthetic biology be used to clone organisms?

Restoration from extinction

It may be possible to restore the sac waster with the DNA of the currently living sac wolverine.


Question: Can synthetic biology be used to clone organisms?

Restoration from extinction

[3] [5] Stem cells Instead of finished oocytes, stem cells differentiated from common cells can be used for restoration, into which the nucleus or genome of the species to be returned is transferred.


Question: Can synthetic biology be used to clone organisms?

Restoration from extinction

Stem cells can then be differentiated into their own germ cells of the returning species, avoiding the hassle of collecting eggs, for example.


Question: Can synthetic biology be used to clone organisms?

Restoration from extinction

[6] In all species, the use of traditional nucleus transplantation is also not possible.


Question: Can synthetic biology be used to clone organisms?

Restoration from extinction

For example, reintroduction of a migratory pigeon would potentially occur by separating from the migratory pigeon lineage the genes that produce the migratory pigeon its characteristic traits as a distinction from the common rock pigeon, transfer them to a rock pigeon stem cell, and turn it into a germ cell.


Question: Can synthetic biology be used to clone organisms?

Restoration from extinction

The cells are transplanted into the eggs of rock pigeons, from which migratory pigeons hatch.


Question: Can synthetic biology be used to clone organisms?

Restoration from extinction

[6] Companies In 2003, by means of a nucleus transplant, a subspecies of the Pyrenean wild goat, Capra pyrenaica pyrenaica, which was extinct in 2000, was reintroduced in Spain.


Question: Can synthetic biology be used to clone organisms?

Restoration from extinction

This was the first reintroduction attempt of an already extinct species.


Question: Can synthetic biology be used to clone organisms?

Restoration from extinction

The experiment used deep-frozen cells that had previously been isolated from the last living individual of the species.


Question: Can synthetic biology be used to clone organisms?

Restoration from extinction

The nucleus of the cell was transplanted into the ovum of a domesticated goat, which was transplanted into the uterus of a common pyrenean wild goat (Capra pyrenaica) to grow.


Question: Can synthetic biology be used to clone organisms?

Restoration from extinction

As a result of the experiment, one Capra pyrenaica pyrenaica was born, but it died of severe lung failure already a few minutes after birth.


Question: Can synthetic biology be used to clone organisms?

Restoration from extinction

[7] An experiment in 2013 was successful in producing living embryos from an extinct abdominal branch in the 80s by using deep frozen tissues in the 70s from which the nucleus of the isolated cell was transplanted into the ovum of a nearby species of Mixophyes fasciolatus frog.


Question: Can synthetic biology be used to clone organisms?

Restoration from extinction

The cells divided up to the embryonic stage, but died.


Question: Can synthetic biology be used to clone organisms?

Restoration from extinction

[8] According to the Long Now Foundation species to be recovered from extinction by means of DNA techniques are comparatively lost species: [5] Caspian tiger primer dodo woolly mammoth sac wasted sharksinara woolly rhinoceros labrador duck moa Chinese river dolphin stomach-churning villain At the TEDx conference in 2013, a list of 22 species or subspecies was made which, according to scientists, could be returned based on certain criteria: [4] quagga tasmanian tiger saber-toothed tiger Pyrenean mountain deer subspecies Capra pyrenaica pyrenaica initial ox floridanseal woolly mammoth carolinanaratti curly-tailed dodo haitinara huia migratory pigeon elephant bird moa wingfed emperortip swampertip prairie chicken subspecies Tympanuchus cupido cupido cupido Labrador duck sedge circus subspecies Ammodramus maritimus nigrescens Ethical questions regarding the reintroduction of extinct species have been raised.


Question: Can synthetic biology be used to clone organisms?

Restoration from extinction

[4] The habitats of some lost species have already disappeared.


Question: Can synthetic biology be used to clone organisms?

Restoration from extinction

[4] An artificially created population would start from a very narrow gene pool, meaning they would be inbred.


Question: Can synthetic biology be used to clone organisms?

Restoration from extinction

Animals would also no longer have learned behaviors.


Question: Can synthetic biology be used to clone organisms?

Restoration from extinction

[6] The health of spawned individuals and the survivability and reproductive capacity of returned species in a modern environment is uncertain.


Question: Can synthetic biology be used to clone organisms?

Restoration from extinction

[1] The species to be returned can incur costs, both in the restoration itself and in their management and protection.


Question: Can synthetic biology be used to clone organisms?

Restoration from extinction

[4] Benefits The development of reintroduction from extinction has benefited developmental biology and genetics and has led to increased interest in the conservation of endangered species.


Question: Can synthetic biology be used to clone organisms?

Restoration from extinction

Recovery techniques can also be used in the protection of compromised species, for example, to restore the diversity they inherit.


Question: Can synthetic biology be used to clone organisms?

Restoration from extinction

[1] Sources Literature Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Kornfeldt, Torill| title = Mammoth Return: New Coming of Extinct Species| others = Translated by Koskelainen, Jukka| publisher = Minerva Cost| year = 2017| id = ISBN 9789523125025}} On the subject elsewhere National Geographic's collection of articles on Transclusion error: {{En}} is only for use in File namespace.


Question: Can synthetic biology be used to clone organisms?

Restoration from extinction

Use {{lang-en}} or {{en icon}} instead.


Question: Can synthetic biology be used to clone organisms?

Restoration from extinction

Category:Extinction Class:Cloning Category:Heredity Science Category:Nature Conservation


Question: Which Russian cities in 1999 were bombs detonated in apartment buildings?

Conspiracy theories surrounding Russia's high-rise bombs

The Russian conspiracy theories regarding high-rise bombs are conspiracy theories about high-rise bombs that exploded in September 1999 in Moscow and two other cities, killing 300 people.


Question: Which Russian cities in 1999 were bombs detonated in apartment buildings?

According to the official view, the culprits were Chechens.


Question: Which Russian cities in 1999 were bombs detonated in apartment buildings?

In early August, a Chechen force invaded Dagestan, to which Russia responded with its own actions.


Question: Which Russian cities in 1999 were bombs detonated in apartment buildings?

According to a telephone call to authorities, the attacks were a response to Russia's actions in Dagestan.


Question: Which Russian cities in 1999 were bombs detonated in apartment buildings?

But a theory has been floated in Russian opposition circles and in the West that Russian security officials detonated the bombs themselves and put the attacks on Chechens.


Question: Which Russian cities in 1999 were bombs detonated in apartment buildings?

This provided sufficient grounds for starting the war, which had already been prepared in the spring.


Question: Which Russian cities in 1999 were bombs detonated in apartment buildings?

The Second Chechen War was intended to prevent the looming disintegration of Russia.


Question: Which Russian cities in 1999 were bombs detonated in apartment buildings?

Prime Minister Vladimir Putin, of an FSB background, was made a hero in the eyes of the people for using hard grips against Chechen terrorists.


Question: Which Russian cities in 1999 were bombs detonated in apartment buildings?

This is how popular Putin won the presidential election easily.


Question: Which Russian cities in 1999 were bombs detonated in apartment buildings?

In addition, President Boris Yeltsin, who was facing corruption charges, was bailed out.


Question: Which Russian cities in 1999 were bombs detonated in apartment buildings?

He already resigned on the last day of 1999 and Putin even before the election became the officiating president.


Question: Which Russian cities in 1999 were bombs detonated in apartment buildings?

Thus Russia passed control of the FSB.


Question: Which Russian cities in 1999 were bombs detonated in apartment buildings?

But even this “truth” has been criticized as biased.


Question: Which Russian cities in 1999 were bombs detonated in apartment buildings?

The well-known book on conspiracy theory Russia on the brink of an abyss has been originally published by Boris Berezovski, an oligarch opposed to Russian rule.


Question: Which Russian cities in 1999 were bombs detonated in apartment buildings?

Apartment bombs - the product of a conspiracy?


Question: Which Russian cities in 1999 were bombs detonated in apartment buildings?

It is fairly widely claimed that the terrorist attacks themselves would have been carried out by Russian security officials.


Question: Which Russian cities in 1999 were bombs detonated in apartment buildings?

Then their purpose would have been to turn the popular mood against the Chechens, start a triumphant war and thus prevent Russia from breaking up.


Question: Which Russian cities in 1999 were bombs detonated in apartment buildings?

Another purpose would have been to elevate security services man Vladimir Putin to power.


Question: Which Russian cities in 1999 were bombs detonated in apartment buildings?

Fighting terrorists, Putin was the popular favourite in the presidential election.


Question: Which Russian cities in 1999 were bombs detonated in apartment buildings?

The attacks would have been carried out by the FSB, GRU, perhaps one of these subdivisions independently and/or by the criminal entity assisting these.


Question: Which Russian cities in 1999 were bombs detonated in apartment buildings?

At least some FSB agents are known to have been linked to criminal gangs.


Question: Which Russian cities in 1999 were bombs detonated in apartment buildings?

It has also been argued that the FSB itself contributed to the events of other acts of terrorism committed by Chechens in Russia.


Question: Which Russian cities in 1999 were bombs detonated in apartment buildings?

Neither Islamic nor the “conspiracy theory” that blames the FSB by the Russian security service can be proven.


Question: Which Russian cities in 1999 were bombs detonated in apartment buildings?

Opponents of the modern Russian regime seek to smear Russia's contemporary leadership.


Question: Which Russian cities in 1999 were bombs detonated in apartment buildings?

Allegations of FSB involvement have been compared on the part of Russian officials to theories that the US or Israel would have destroyed the World Trade Center in September 2001.


Question: Which Russian cities in 1999 were bombs detonated in apartment buildings?

Opponents also thought it was known Putin's launch of the much-life-consuming Chechen war would eat up Putin's endorsement, not increase it.


Question: Which Russian cities in 1999 were bombs detonated in apartment buildings?

Some evidence supporting the conspiracy theory comes from the notoriously unreliable Russian private press.


Question: Which Russian cities in 1999 were bombs detonated in apartment buildings?

The explosions occurred fairly soon after Nikolai Patrušev had been appointed to head Vladimir Putin's FSB, and Putin became Prime Minister of Russia.


Question: Which Russian cities in 1999 were bombs detonated in apartment buildings?

[1] According to these critics, the attacks carried out by a conspiracy supporting Putin would have been intended to turn popular public opinion against Chechens, thus helping Prime Minister Vladimir Putin to the Russian leadership.


Question: Which Russian cities in 1999 were bombs detonated in apartment buildings?

By using false terrorist attacks, Putin would have been made a hero fighting Russia's enemies Chechens.


Question: Which Russian cities in 1999 were bombs detonated in apartment buildings?

Putin, according to this, would have risen to power through a ruthless plot.


Question: Which Russian cities in 1999 were bombs detonated in apartment buildings?

The Chechens would not have benefited, according to all sense, from such brutal attacks.


Question: Which Russian cities in 1999 were bombs detonated in apartment buildings?

The claim of a stake in the security services would seem to be supported by the fact that the attacks stopped when an unexploded bomb was found in Ryazan.


Question: Which Russian cities in 1999 were bombs detonated in apartment buildings?

One night, an eyewitness saw Russian-looking youths carrying sacks of sugar into the basement.


Question: Which Russian cities in 1999 were bombs detonated in apartment buildings?

When the police bomb squad arrived at the scene, it saw a sack-bell setup that looked like a genuine bomb.


Question: Which Russian cities in 1999 were bombs detonated in apartment buildings?

The sacks contained a powdered, hexogen-looking substance.


Question: Which Russian cities in 1999 were bombs detonated in apartment buildings?

First, authorities declared the incident a failed terrorist attack perpetrated by terrorists.


Question: Which Russian cities in 1999 were bombs detonated in apartment buildings?

Then the head of the FSB, Nikolai Patrušev, called it an FSB exercise.


Question: Which Russian cities in 1999 were bombs detonated in apartment buildings?

Others say Russian security services would have helped Islamic terrorists on some other occasions.


Question: Which Russian cities in 1999 were bombs detonated in apartment buildings?

[2] According to the official position, such accusations constitute loan-throwing against the authorities by the opposition who want power.


Question: Which Russian cities in 1999 were bombs detonated in apartment buildings?

On the basis of the conclusive evidence available, one cannot say with 100% certainty who was behind the 1999 Russian apartment blasts [3].


Question: Which Russian cities in 1999 were bombs detonated in apartment buildings?

On 2 July there was an article in Moskovskaya Pravda telling about the “Moscow storm”.


Question: Which Russian cities in 1999 were bombs detonated in apartment buildings?

Under the plan, Moscow was supposed to stage terrorist attacks supposedly carried out by Chechens.


Question: Which Russian cities in 1999 were bombs detonated in apartment buildings?

The attacks were aimed at preventing the election of Primakov or Luzhkov as president [4].


Question: Which Russian cities in 1999 were bombs detonated in apartment buildings?

Purpose of the attacks The purpose of the attacks would have been to turn popular public opinion against Chechnya and to overthrow a Chechens virtually independent of Russia.


Question: Which Russian cities in 1999 were bombs detonated in apartment buildings?

The Russian government has always strongly resisted the desire of Chechen separatists to secede from Russia.


Question: Which Russian cities in 1999 were bombs detonated in apartment buildings?

In the 1990s, Yeltsin had decentralized power to the regions, and these were feared to gain independence from Russia one after the other until Putin began centralising the country in the early 2000s.


Question: Which Russian cities in 1999 were bombs detonated in apartment buildings?

In the view of the Russian leadership, the independence of Chechnya would open the doors for other regions of Russia to become independent.


Question: Which Russian cities in 1999 were bombs detonated in apartment buildings?

Another goal of the attacks would have been to persuade the people to the position of Vladimir Putin, a presidential candidate from the security services.


Question: Which Russian cities in 1999 were bombs detonated in apartment buildings?

According to a book written by David Satter, the hugely unpopular, criminal prosecution-escaping president Boris Yeltsin was to be saved by elevating as his successor a strong man who would guarantee the receding Yeltsin immunity from legal action.


Question: Which Russian cities in 1999 were bombs detonated in apartment buildings?

On the other hand, it may have been Putin's desire to secure power for himself, when Yeltsin tended to dismiss prime ministers at will.


Question: Which Russian cities in 1999 were bombs detonated in apartment buildings?

In 2000, Yeltsin resigned from the post of president before his time.


Question: Which Russian cities in 1999 were bombs detonated in apartment buildings?

That, too, may have been part of a betrayal for the presidential election in a few months.


Question: Which Russian cities in 1999 were bombs detonated in apartment buildings?

Among the people who carried out the attacks When the Soviet Union broke up, the former KGB fell into a demotion mode.


Question: Which Russian cities in 1999 were bombs detonated in apartment buildings?

Many resigned from the security services to become businessmen or politicians, for example.


Question: Which Russian cities in 1999 were bombs detonated in apartment buildings?

Others set up private security services.


Question: Which Russian cities in 1999 were bombs detonated in apartment buildings?

Some private security services appear to have had links to organised crime, as well as some parts of the remaining security services.


Question: Which Russian cities in 1999 were bombs detonated in apartment buildings?

For example, a security company founded by former KGB men, among other things, under the name STELS, was in reality a subordinate unit of the secret FSB investigating criminal organisations.


Question: Which Russian cities in 1999 were bombs detonated in apartment buildings?

This division of the Security Service was, as of 1996, the UPP.


Question: Which Russian cities in 1999 were bombs detonated in apartment buildings?

Its purpose was to use government agents, criminal organisations and extremists to break up criminal organisations and murder criminals [5].


Question: Which Russian cities in 1999 were bombs detonated in apartment buildings?

But as the 1990s progressed, Stels eventually found itself infiltrated by criminals when it was swallowed up by the Izmailovian crime league it hosted.


Question: Which Russian cities in 1999 were bombs detonated in apartment buildings?

Among others, Korzakov, Barsukov and Trofimov protected Sels [6].


Question: Which Russian cities in 1999 were bombs detonated in apartment buildings?

With the help of criminals, Stels murdered a few mob leaders, bankers and businessmen, murdering the criminals who committed the murders to cover up evidence.


Question: Which Russian cities in 1999 were bombs detonated in apartment buildings?

A representative of the private company Lanoko who worked in the FSB, the clerk charged with crimes was Maksim Lazovski.


Question: Which Russian cities in 1999 were bombs detonated in apartment buildings?

He was probably a workload of patriotic, higher-ranking ex-KGB men.


Question: Which Russian cities in 1999 were bombs detonated in apartment buildings?

Felstinski and Litvinenko blame Lazovski or those close to him for the terrorist attacks.


Question: Which Russian cities in 1999 were bombs detonated in apartment buildings?

There had been bizarre blasts in Moscow before, for example in 1994 and 1996.


Question: Which Russian cities in 1999 were bombs detonated in apartment buildings?

The purpose of these blasts would have been to turn popular opinion against the Chechens.


Question: Which Russian cities in 1999 were bombs detonated in apartment buildings?

Still, at the time of the 1996 blasts, Lazovski was in custody, but the perpetrator of the attacks may have been some man linked to Lazovsky.


Question: Which Russian cities in 1999 were bombs detonated in apartment buildings?

In the 1990s, crimes committed by Lavovsky were investigated by the Moscow Criminal Militia MUR and also by 1st Division UBT of the FSB's anti-terrorist department [7].


Question: Which Russian cities in 1999 were bombs detonated in apartment buildings?

Yevgeny Makeyev, who investigated the affairs of Lazovsky at UBT, was dismissed following the rise of Yevgeny Kolesnikov to his superior position in 1995.


Question: Which Russian cities in 1999 were bombs detonated in apartment buildings?

But the militia still arrested Lazovsky in 1996, and he went to prison in 1997.


Question: Which Russian cities in 1999 were bombs detonated in apartment buildings?

It turns out that six Moscow FSB officers belonged to the Lazovsky criminal group.


Question: Which Russian cities in 1999 were bombs detonated in apartment buildings?

On the side of the Moscow Criminal Militia, Vladimir Ilyich Chai [8], who investigated the crimes of Lazovsky, was assassinated in 1997 and strange things happened to others with knowledge of Lazovsky's affairs.


Question: Which Russian cities in 1999 were bombs detonated in apartment buildings?

Thus Lazovski was released for lack of evidence in 1998.


Question: Which Russian cities in 1999 were bombs detonated in apartment buildings?

Lazovski died in 2000 by gunshot by strangers.


Question: Which Russian cities in 1999 were bombs detonated in apartment buildings?

The time of death in April was pretty soon after Putin's rise to power.


Question: Which Russian cities in 1999 were bombs detonated in apartment buildings?

Events during the attacks in early August penetrated Dagestan by a motley group of Muslim fighters led by, among others, Šamil Basayev, declaring the territories they had taken as independent parts of a Muslim state.


Question: Which Russian cities in 1999 were bombs detonated in apartment buildings?

But even Dagestani troops were fighting Muslim guerrillas.


Question: Which Russian cities in 1999 were bombs detonated in apartment buildings?

On 4 August 1999, Moscow ordered Interior Ministry troops into Chumadin and Bothlin districts.


Question: Which Russian cities in 1999 were bombs detonated in apartment buildings?

On 10 August, Putin, who has just been appointed prime minister, said Russia would restore discipline to Dagestan.


Question: Which Russian cities in 1999 were bombs detonated in apartment buildings?

Russia began its massive airstrikes and artillery-backed offensive in Dagestan on 13 August in Bothlin District.


Question: Which Russian cities in 1999 were bombs detonated in apartment buildings?

People fled their homes because of the attack, but the guerrillas held their ground.


Question: Which Russian cities in 1999 were bombs detonated in apartment buildings?

Eventually, however, Russian armies defeated the Chechen resistance at the same time as bombs exploded in Moscow [9].


Question: Which Russian cities in 1999 were bombs detonated in apartment buildings?

On August 25, Russian aircraft bombed those villages on the Chechen side where the rebels had fled.


Question: Which Russian cities in 1999 were bombs detonated in apartment buildings?

The guerrillas attacked even after this in Dagestan.


Question: Which Russian cities in 1999 were bombs detonated in apartment buildings?

Russia, in a massive operation, drove Chechen guerrillas out of Dagestan by mid-September.


Question: Which Russian cities in 1999 were bombs detonated in apartment buildings?

Putin demanded Chechen President Aslan Mashadov arrest guerrilla chief and terrorist Basayev or Russia would resume its airstrikes.


Question: Which Russian cities in 1999 were bombs detonated in apartment buildings?

The Chechen president said he was not behind Basajav's actions, but also did not agree to arrest Basayev, the guerrilla chief responsible for the war in Dagestan [10].


Question: Which Russian cities in 1999 were bombs detonated in apartment buildings?

In Chechnya, yes there was general support for the country's struggle for independence, but not under Basayev.


Question: Which Russian cities in 1999 were bombs detonated in apartment buildings?

At the end of September, Putin demanded the extradition of criminals from Mashadov, among other things, and said that he would oppose a war on men for the army but still support a ground invasion against the Bandits.


Question: Which Russian cities in 1999 were bombs detonated in apartment buildings?

On October 1, Putin said Mashadov was not the country's legitimate ruler, declared war on Chechnya and started bombing Chechnya.


Question: Which Russian cities in 1999 were bombs detonated in apartment buildings?

Ryazan case The best evidence against the security services is probably the Ryazan case, which was first declared a failed act of terrorism, then an exercise by the security services.


Question: Which Russian cities in 1999 were bombs detonated in apartment buildings?

A letter purported to be released in the confession of a foreign intelligence officer who escaped a year ago, in which he said he had been planning bomb attacks on Russia on orders from senior authorities and under threat of death [11].


Question: Which Russian cities in 1999 were bombs detonated in apartment buildings?

It would be, according to it, Operation Hirošima of the FSB's secret arm K-20.


Question: Which Russian cities in 1999 were bombs detonated in apartment buildings?

By the time the man had visited the scene of the explosion, he had refused to plan the next strike, and while he was on a car ride, the car's brakes had failed.


Question: Which Russian cities in 1999 were bombs detonated in apartment buildings?

The man had been saved by driving by chance into a nearby lake.


Question: Which Russian cities in 1999 were bombs detonated in apartment buildings?

You can't tell the authenticity of the letter.


Question: Which Russian cities in 1999 were bombs detonated in apartment buildings?

[12] On 22 September 1999, an engineer returning home in Ryazan noticed a white car parked near a block of flats.


Question: Which Russian cities in 1999 were bombs detonated in apartment buildings?

The address was Novosyolovo Street 14/16 [13].


Question: Which Russian cities in 1999 were bombs detonated in apartment buildings?

Part of the Auro registration plate was covered with a piece of paper marked with the Ryazan emblem “62", but under the paper was the emblem of Moscow [14].


Question: Which Russian cities in 1999 were bombs detonated in apartment buildings?

The engineer saw the wedding row of two strange Russian-looking young men and one woman near the car.


Question: Which Russian cities in 1999 were bombs detonated in apartment buildings?

The woman had blonde, short-cut hair, a sports outfit and a leather jacket.


Question: Which Russian cities in 1999 were bombs detonated in apartment buildings?

The car was parked right against the door.


Question: Which Russian cities in 1999 were bombs detonated in apartment buildings?

The youngsters moved sacks of sugar from the car into the basement of the house.


Question: Which Russian cities in 1999 were bombs detonated in apartment buildings?

After the sacks had been moved to the basement, the car exited.