Question: What year was Agatha Christie born?

Agatha Christie

Due to its original and unprecedented payoff, the book received plenty of attention, but was also criticised for defrauding readers and breaking the “fair play” rules of detective literature, when in fact it only fools the reader but doesn't fool.


Question: What year was Agatha Christie born?

Agatha Christie

[48] The disappearance put Christie on the public eye.


Question: What year was Agatha Christie born?

Agatha Christie

Although Roger Ackroyd's murder had been very successful, at the time of his disappearance Christie's occupation, the papers only included “writeress” or “author of detective novels”.


Question: What year was Agatha Christie born?

Agatha Christie

[49] The year of his disappearance 1926 was also a watershed in Christie's literary career.


Question: What year was Agatha Christie born?

Agatha Christie

Writing became an escape route for the traumatic events of 1926.


Question: What year was Agatha Christie born?

Agatha Christie

Else was “Agatha Christie,” which produced carefully composed detective novels at an astonishing rate (between 1930 and 1939, Agatha Christie wrote no fewer than 17 detective novels).


Question: What year was Agatha Christie born?

Agatha Christie

Else again was the pseudonym Mary Westmacott, under whose cover Christie dealt with plenty of autobiographical topics.


Question: What year was Agatha Christie born?

Agatha Christie

[50] Christie's first novels after his disappearance were The Blue Train and The Big Four.


Question: What year was Agatha Christie born?

Agatha Christie

Both had been initiated before disappearing, but writing them to the end proved painful, something Christie also noted in his autobiography.


Question: What year was Agatha Christie born?

Agatha Christie

[51] Christie himself has always said that he hated the Blue Train and the Big Four is, according to Laura Thompson, one of Christie's worst published works.


Question: What year was Agatha Christie born?

Agatha Christie

However, both works sold well.


Question: What year was Agatha Christie born?

Agatha Christie

[52] Mary Westmacott As a result of 1926, there was also the pseudonym Mary Westmacott, which remained a secret until 1949 (i.e., the first four novels).


Question: What year was Agatha Christie born?

Agatha Christie

Christie did not want it to be revealed, as Mary Westmacott normally received better reviews than Agatha Christie and, with Westmacott's name, Christie was able to reflect on very personal matters.


Question: What year was Agatha Christie born?

Agatha Christie

Christie subsequently forbade the use of the “Agatha Christie” name in connection with the Westmacott novels until his death.


Question: What year was Agatha Christie born?

Agatha Christie

[53] In the Mary Westmacott novels, Christie explored relationships and love in its many different forms.


Question: What year was Agatha Christie born?

Agatha Christie

[50] They contain a wealth of autobiographical ingredients, some of which can only be found in slightly modified form in Christie's autobiography My Good Old Time.


Question: What year was Agatha Christie born?

Agatha Christie

[54] Golden Age 1930—1949 In 1930, the first Miss Marple novel Murder in a rural village appeared, in which Christie also created the model of the PeriEnglish village she often used.


Question: What year was Agatha Christie born?

Agatha Christie

The same year also saw the premiere of Christie's first play Black Coffee.


Question: What year was Agatha Christie born?

Agatha Christie

[55] In 1933 Christie wrote particularly much: the detective novels The Riddle of the East Express, The Mute Witness, Parker Pyne Knows Everything, some of the short stories of the Listerdale Riddle, and the Westmacott novel Like a Migratory Bird, the most autobiographical of Christie's Westmacott novels.


Question: What year was Agatha Christie born?

Agatha Christie

It has plenty of influences from Christie's childhood, youth, first marriage and disappearance.


Question: What year was Agatha Christie born?

Agatha Christie

[56] The years 1937—1949 were the most fruitful period of Christie's career.


Question: What year was Agatha Christie born?

Agatha Christie

Christie's own experiences were reflected to some extent in the novels Death on the Nile, Tea for Three, Five Little Piggies and The Fateful Weekend.


Question: What year was Agatha Christie born?

Agatha Christie

Other detective novels from this period included Simeon Lee's Testament, Miss Pinkerton's Secret, And None Saved, Shadow Under the Sun, Solomon's Judgment, A Body in the Library, The Accusable Finger, Towards Zero Point, The Sake and the House of the Wrong Fuck.


Question: What year was Agatha Christie born?

Agatha Christie

Christie also wrote his short story collection The Riddle of the Shattered Mirror and Herculean feats as well as his Westmacott novels Lonely Spring and the Time of the Rose.


Question: What year was Agatha Christie born?

Agatha Christie

[57] From writer to institution, Christie became an institution in the middle of the 20th century.


Question: What year was Agatha Christie born?

Agatha Christie

According to publisher William Collins, the advertising slogan “Christie for Christmas” (Christie for Christmas) alone increased the book's sales by about.


Question: What year was Agatha Christie born?

Agatha Christie

[58] Christie's rise to truly great fame, however, was not thanks to novels but to the adaptations that made Christie's name known outside literary circles.


Question: What year was Agatha Christie born?

Agatha Christie

Christie's play adaptation of The None Saved novel in 1943 was very successful in London and Broadway.


Question: What year was Agatha Christie born?

Agatha Christie

The René Clairn film And None Saved (1945) was a first-class film adaptation of Christie's work and it was very successful.


Question: What year was Agatha Christie born?

Agatha Christie

An even greater success, however, was the play and film version of the short story “Witness for the Prosecution” (1925).


Question: What year was Agatha Christie born?

Agatha Christie

The play (1953) was an instant audience and review success in the West End and on Broadway.


Question: What year was Agatha Christie born?

Agatha Christie

Witness (1957), directed by Billy Wilder, was an even bigger success and is the only film based on Christie's work that Christie himself liked.


Question: What year was Agatha Christie born?

Agatha Christie

[58] The fight against the taxman 1938—1972 in the 1930s Christie had earned very well with his novels.


Question: What year was Agatha Christie born?

Agatha Christie

Economic hardship began in 1938 when U.S. taxation practice changed and individuals living abroad were forced to pay income tax on income they received from the United States.


Question: What year was Agatha Christie born?

Agatha Christie

For the duration of the tax settlements, Christie's claims from the United States were frozen and, since most of Christie's income came from the United States, Christie was on the verge of bankruptcy during the war.


Question: What year was Agatha Christie born?

Agatha Christie

The situation was made even worse by the British taxman, who was littering taxes on money earned in the United States.


Question: What year was Agatha Christie born?

Agatha Christie

[59] The United States tax authorities made a 1948 decision that Christie was required to pay taxes.


Question: What year was Agatha Christie born?

Agatha Christie

After that, Christie had to pay still taxes in Britain.


Question: What year was Agatha Christie born?

Agatha Christie

To address tax problems, Christie founded the 1955 Christie Settlement Trust, which in turn owned the Agatha Christie Limited.


Question: What year was Agatha Christie born?

Agatha Christie

Writer Agatha Christie thus became an employee of Agatha Christie Limited, with a regular annual salary.


Question: What year was Agatha Christie born?

Agatha Christie

In 1957, almost all copyrights of Christie's works were transferred to the Christie Copyright Trust so that their inheritance tax would not become exorbitant.


Question: What year was Agatha Christie born?

Agatha Christie

The taxman approved the arrangement initially but changed its position as early as 1957 and in 1964 Christie was imposed over post taxes.


Question: What year was Agatha Christie born?

Agatha Christie

Once and for all, the matter was settled when Christie sold the 1966 copyrights he still owned to Agatha Christie Limited, from which in turn was sold to Booker McConnell in 1968.


Question: What year was Agatha Christie born?

Agatha Christie

Booker then acquired 1972 the rights to Christie's copyrights and these as a guarantee lent Christie the money needed to pay taxes.


Question: What year was Agatha Christie born?

Agatha Christie

[60] 1950s Laura Thompson has described Christie's 1950s production with the words “Agatha Christie on a majestic autopilot course”.


Question: What year was Agatha Christie born?

Agatha Christie

Novels from the 1950s included Mrs. McGinty Is Dead, Miss Marple Is Not Betrayed, After The Funeral, and Mysterious Rye Grains.


Question: What year was Agatha Christie born?

Agatha Christie

Christie's main focus, however, was on the theatre.


Question: What year was Agatha Christie born?

Agatha Christie

Plays from the beginning of the decade did well: The Mousetrap, Witness for the Prosecution and Spider's Web.


Question: What year was Agatha Christie born?

Agatha Christie

Nonetheless, late-half plays such as Verdict (1958) received a crushing reception from critics and viewers alike.


Question: What year was Agatha Christie born?

Agatha Christie

[58] Last years due to tax problems, Christie in the early 1960s desperately needed extra money and reluctantly agreed to sell the film rights to MGM.


Question: What year was Agatha Christie born?

Agatha Christie

The first of the films, Murder on the Train (1961) was, in Christie's view, weak, even if he liked Margaret Rutherford as Miss Marple.


Question: What year was Agatha Christie born?

Agatha Christie

MGM made four more films, which Christie felt were one more gruesome than the other.


Question: What year was Agatha Christie born?

Agatha Christie

[61] Christie's literary production of the 1960s is characterized by a detachment from accustomed patterns and the influence of the modern world.


Question: What year was Agatha Christie born?

Agatha Christie

The Third Girl (1966) is plausibly set in beatnik-era London.


Question: What year was Agatha Christie born?

Agatha Christie

The Eternal Night (1967) is an extraordinary work in Christie's production because its protagonist is a young, working-class man and the novel was written from his point of view.


Question: What year was Agatha Christie born?

Agatha Christie

Characterized by 1960s novels, too, is a mistrust of youth.


Question: What year was Agatha Christie born?

Agatha Christie

In Bertram's Hotel (1965), the young murderer is portrayed as Lucifer's child, in the Pumpkin Feast (1969) children are murdered with sadness and, at the climax, The Mysterious Traveller (1970), in which the youths are the spreaders of evil and terror.


Question: What year was Agatha Christie born?

Agatha Christie

[62] Christie's late production is also characterised by a reminiscence of a bygone age.


Question: What year was Agatha Christie born?

Agatha Christie

Bertram's hotel describes, through Ms. Marple's eyes, Christie's own memories of a time gone by, but which, nevertheless, have somehow been related to modern times.


Question: What year was Agatha Christie born?

Agatha Christie

The same is repeated in the novels The Abomination (1968), The Memory of the Elephant (1972) and Miss Marple as the Goddess of Revenge (1971).


Question: What year was Agatha Christie born?

Agatha Christie

[63] Agatha Christie's attitude towards film adaptations of her works had been nuiva after the MGM disaster, but she agreed in 1972 at Louis Mountbatten's personal request to film the riddle of the East Express.


Question: What year was Agatha Christie born?

Agatha Christie

Unlike MGM's films, the conundrum of the East Express was both an audience and review success.


Question: What year was Agatha Christie born?

Agatha Christie

[64] Christie's last novel was The Gate of Destiny (1973).


Question: What year was Agatha Christie born?

Agatha Christie

Like the pair's previous novels, it contained plenty of Christie's own memories of a past life.


Question: What year was Agatha Christie born?

Agatha Christie

However, it was structurally already so weak that Christie's agents and surrounding circle would not have wanted to even publish it.


Question: What year was Agatha Christie born?

Agatha Christie

It was already clear to those close to Christie that the Gate of Destiny was Christie's last work, as even the editing could not erase its contradictions.


Question: What year was Agatha Christie born?

Agatha Christie

Therefore, a short story collection of Poirot's short stories appeared for Christmas 1974, whose short stories had originally been published 1923—1935, and for Christmas 1975 Curtain.


Question: What year was Agatha Christie born?

Agatha Christie

Poirot's Last Thing, which Christie had written in the 1940s.


Question: What year was Agatha Christie born?

Agatha Christie

[65] Literary Style General Agatha Christie's literary style is characterized by narrative simplicity and clarity.


Question: What year was Agatha Christie born?

Agatha Christie

The writer's own persona or personal preferences never came between the reader and the work.


Question: What year was Agatha Christie born?

Agatha Christie

The geometrically braided plot was plausible only in the riddle detective world created by Christie, of which P. D. James refers to as “Christie Land”.


Question: What year was Agatha Christie born?

Agatha Christie

From this way of writing there is also a consequence of the stereotyping and one-dimensionality of the narrative.


Question: What year was Agatha Christie born?

Agatha Christie

As Mary Westmacott, Christie showed herself capable of creating believable and realistic character characters, but that kind of style didn't fit the enigma detective genre favoured by Agatha Christie.


Question: What year was Agatha Christie born?

Agatha Christie

[66] In writing riddle detectives, Christie was interested first and foremost in motive and human nature.


Question: What year was Agatha Christie born?

Agatha Christie

Murder as an act did not interest him at all.


Question: What year was Agatha Christie born?

Agatha Christie

He was interested in the interpersonal dynamics of the “Englishman murder”.


Question: What year was Agatha Christie born?

Agatha Christie

In Christie's detectives, murder and violence is secondary and the focus is solving the riddle itself.


Question: What year was Agatha Christie born?

Agatha Christie

[67] Means of Confusion Christie is known for carefully braided plots and surprising final revelations [68].


Question: What year was Agatha Christie born?

Agatha Christie

Often the prime suspect is the murderer and therefore the reader is not inclined to believe his guilt.


Question: What year was Agatha Christie born?

Agatha Christie

Christie modified this theme in many different ways: the murderer did not appear to be present when the murder occurred the murderer appears to be the actual victim of the murder the murderer is the narrator of the story the murderer appears to have been wounding due to an incapacitated murderer being a child or a police officer [68].


Question: What year was Agatha Christie born?

Agatha Christie

Christie also frequently exploited reader preconceptions about stereotypes.


Question: What year was Agatha Christie born?

Agatha Christie

For example, a femme fatale may not be a fatal male tennis player, but rather a victim.


Question: What year was Agatha Christie born?

Agatha Christie

[69] Appreciation and popularity The British crime writers' association The Crime Writers Association selected Christie's book The Murder of Roger Ackroyd in 2013 as the best crime book of all time.


Question: What year was Agatha Christie born?

Agatha Christie

At the same time, Christie himself was voted the greatest crime writer of all time.


Question: What year was Agatha Christie born?

Agatha Christie

[70] Review Christie has been criticised above all for his one-dimensional narrative and character characters, all of which have been subjected to the mercy of a complex and geometric plot.


Question: What year was Agatha Christie born?

Agatha Christie

Raymond Chandler thinks that None is saved is full of impossibilities.


Question: What year was Agatha Christie born?

Agatha Christie

Chandler thinks you can't write a classic riddle detective without false leads, coincidences and probabilities that are below.


Question: What year was Agatha Christie born?

Agatha Christie

In addition, Chandler accused Christie of falsifying the character of persons, without whom concealing the murderer would not be possible.


Question: What year was Agatha Christie born?

Agatha Christie

[71] Julian Symons thinks Christie wrote riddles rather than novels.


Question: What year was Agatha Christie born?

Agatha Christie

H. R.


Question: What year was Agatha Christie born?

Agatha Christie

F. Keating is along the same lines when he says Christie sacrificed good writing for complex plots.


Question: What year was Agatha Christie born?

Agatha Christie

Michael Dibdin, in Channel 4's programme J'Accuse (1992), accused Christie of killing a British crime novel.


Question: What year was Agatha Christie born?

Agatha Christie

In his view, the plots of Christie's novels are all similar: a vague group of people are somewhere remote where the murder takes place.


Question: What year was Agatha Christie born?

Agatha Christie

In his view, individuals are stereotyped devoid of psychological depth or emotion and Christie does not take into account problems in society.


Question: What year was Agatha Christie born?

Agatha Christie

On the same show, Ruth Rendell slated Christie's way of portraying deaths: Rendell thinks death always involves shook, horror and pain — and those are what Rendell doesn't find in Christie's works.


Question: What year was Agatha Christie born?

Agatha Christie

[71] The worldview of Christie's books has been considered old-fashioned in the 21st century, because Christie did not describe violence or sex in his novels.


Question: What year was Agatha Christie born?

Agatha Christie

Christie purposely omitted these because they didn't fit Christie's idea of a riddle detective.


Question: What year was Agatha Christie born?

Agatha Christie

However, violence and sex left undepicted in new filmatisations have been added.


Question: What year was Agatha Christie born?

Agatha Christie

So, for example, in the episode of the Hercule Poirot series Five Little Pigs (2003), the execution of an innocent person and homosexual relations have been added.


Question: What year was Agatha Christie born?

Agatha Christie

In the new Miss Marple television series, Marple has as her backstory an unhappily ended relationship with a married man and, unlike the books, she is able to solve crimes because she has felt similar feelings herself.


Question: What year was Agatha Christie born?

Agatha Christie

[72] Defenders P. D. James do not mind the implausibility or absurdity of Christie's plots because the events are set in a fictional world that has nothing to do with reality.


Question: What year was Agatha Christie born?

Agatha Christie

[71] James also defends Christie's personal description, which, in his opinion, may seem lackluster but is nonetheless an apt and true character description [69].


Question: What year was Agatha Christie born?

Agatha Christie

In P. G. Wodehouse's opinion (in 1969), knowing the payoff did not hinder reading because he thought the persons were so interesting.


Question: What year was Agatha Christie born?

Agatha Christie

Other Christie admirers also included T. S. Eliot and Clement Attlee.


Question: What year was Agatha Christie born?

Agatha Christie

French philosophers held him in rank as early as the 1960s.


Question: What year was Agatha Christie born?

Agatha Christie

Jacques Maritain considered Christie to be the leading star of the entire genre and Gabriel Marcel felt Christie “was almost a great writer.” [73] Laura Thompson thinks that latching Christie as a mere pundit of the plot is unreasonable.


Question: What year was Agatha Christie born?

Agatha Christie

As a basis, he uses play adaptations of his works made by Christie, all of which were unsuccessful and mere shadows of the early works (including The Mousetrap).


Question: What year was Agatha Christie born?

Agatha Christie

He regards the play versions as plotted skeletons of novels, stripped of all the elements that made the plot in the novel fascinating and exciting.


Question: What year was Agatha Christie born?

Agatha Christie

[74] Popularity The secret of Christie's popularity has been made in vain.


Question: What year was Agatha Christie born?

Agatha Christie

It has often been suggested that artful plots would be to blame.


Question: What year was Agatha Christie born?

Agatha Christie

However, this does not explain why contemporaneous writers such as John Dickson Carr, Margery Allenham or Dorothy L. Sayers who created equally artful plots are not nearly as popular as Christie's.


Question: What year was Agatha Christie born?

Agatha Christie

Laura Thompson speculates that the secret would lie in Christie's powerful imagination, which would be present all the time but nonetheless invisible.


Question: What year was Agatha Christie born?

Agatha Christie

P. D. James has summed it up: “Yes, we have an inkling all along that there is much more smouldering beneath the surface than what appears on top.” [75] James feels that the greatest strength of Christie's scrums is the introduction of order into a chaotic world by sheer courage and intelligence, and its transmission as strong to the reader [69].


Question: What year was Agatha Christie born?

Agatha Christie

Christie's detective novels were chosen in an international vote as the best And none were saved.


Question: What year was Agatha Christie born?

Agatha Christie

[76] Works Sources Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Thompson, Laura| title= Agatha Christie.


Question: What year was Agatha Christie born?

Agatha Christie

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Question: What year was Agatha Christie born?

Agatha Christie

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Question: What year was Agatha Christie born?

Agatha Christie

References Literature Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Barnard, Robert| title= A Talent to Deceive — an appreciation of Agatha Christie — Revised edition| publisher = Fontana Books| year = 1990| isbn = 0006374743| language = Transclusion error: {{I}} is only use for in File namespace.


Question: What year was Agatha Christie born?

Agatha Christie


Question: What year was Agatha Christie born?

Agatha Christie

Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Cade, Jared| title = Agatha Christie disappear| others = Translated by Paukku, Resilience | location = Helsinki| publisher = Thought | year= 2006| version=Agatha Christie and the Eleven Missing Days, 2006| isbn = 951-20-7166-5}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Raitio, Risto (ed.


Question: What year was Agatha Christie born?

Agatha Christie

) | title = Agatha Century: 100 years since Agatha Christie's birth| location = Helsinki| publisher = Finnish Crime Society | year = 1990| isbn = 952-90-2194-1}} On the subject elsewhere in the Gutenberg project Transclusion error: {{En}} is only for use in File namespace.


Question: What year was Agatha Christie born?

Agatha Christie

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Question: What year was Agatha Christie born?

Agatha Christie

, an article written by Christie in the 1930s and found in 2012.


Question: What year was Agatha Christie born?

Agatha Christie

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Question: What year was Agatha Christie born?

Agatha Christie

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Question: What year was Agatha Christie born?

Agatha Christie

Web archive 2012 Check date values in: |date= (help) Check date values in: |accessdate=, |date= (help) Check date values in: |accessdate=, |date= (help) * Category:Those born in 1890 Class:Those who died in 1976 Category:Order of the British Empire Category:Key articles on screening


Question: When did Hertta Kuusinen join the Communist Party?

Hertta Kuusinen

Hertta Elina Kuusinen (1945—1950 Kuusinen-Leino,) was a Finnish politician.


Question: When did Hertta Kuusinen join the Communist Party?

Hertta Kuusinen

Kuusinen was a member of the People's Democratic League of Finland (SKDL) from 1945 to 1972 and as a minister without portfolio in 1948 in the Pekkala government.


Question: When did Hertta Kuusinen join the Communist Party?

Hertta Kuusinen

He was one of the leading communists of his time in Finland.


Question: When did Hertta Kuusinen join the Communist Party?

Hertta Kuusinen

Kuusinen lived in the Soviet Union 1922—1934, during which time he joined the Communist Party of Finland (SKP).


Question: When did Hertta Kuusinen join the Communist Party?

Hertta Kuusinen

In 1934, he came to Finland and was imprisoned for most of the next ten years.


Question: When did Hertta Kuusinen join the Communist Party?

Hertta Kuusinen

After the wars, communist activities were allowed and Kuusinen rose to reich politics.


Question: When did Hertta Kuusinen join the Communist Party?

Hertta Kuusinen

Kuusinen led the SKDL parliamentary group in the 1950s and 1960s and was a major influence in pushing for a number of social reforms.


Question: When did Hertta Kuusinen join the Communist Party?

Hertta Kuusinen

She was involved in pushing through child benefit reform, equal pay, a reduction in the working week and maternity leave.


Question: When did Hertta Kuusinen join the Communist Party?

Hertta Kuusinen

Kuusinen was elected honorary chairman of SKP in 1972.


Question: When did Hertta Kuusinen join the Communist Party?

Hertta Kuusinen

Kuusinen's father was politician Otto Wille Kuusinen.


Question: When did Hertta Kuusinen join the Communist Party?

Hertta Kuusinen

Biography Childhood and Youth Hertta Kuusinen was born in Luhanga in 1904.


Question: When did Hertta Kuusinen join the Communist Party?

Hertta Kuusinen

Her father was politician Otto Wille Kuusinen, mother Saima (o.s. Dahlström) was the daughter of a Luhankan manor.


Question: When did Hertta Kuusinen join the Communist Party?

Hertta Kuusinen

The first born of the family, Aino Elina, had died, which is why Hertallek was given the second name Elina.


Question: When did Hertta Kuusinen join the Communist Party?

Hertta Kuusinen

[1] During the Civil War at the age of 14, Hertta Kuusinen became a socialist.


Question: When did Hertta Kuusinen join the Communist Party?

Hertta Kuusinen

Otto Wille Kuusinen left for Soviet Russia in 1918 to manage the affairs of the People's Delegation, after which Saima was left alone to care for Hertta and the family's four other children.


Question: When did Hertta Kuusinen join the Communist Party?

Hertta Kuusinen

Hertta Kuusinen studied at the Helsinki New Coed School from 1915 to 1918, at the Finnish Joint School in Jyväskylä 1918—1922, and again at the Helsinki New Coed School 1920—1922, for a total of seven classes.


Question: When did Hertta Kuusinen join the Communist Party?

Hertta Kuusinen

[1] Life in the Soviet Union Kuusinen moved in 1922 to Soviet Russia.


Question: When did Hertta Kuusinen join the Communist Party?

Hertta Kuusinen

[2] He became a convivial communist and adopted Russian as his home language.


Question: When did Hertta Kuusinen join the Communist Party?

Hertta Kuusinen

[1] He joined SKP in the early 1930s.


Question: When did Hertta Kuusinen join the Communist Party?

Hertta Kuusinen

[1] [2] Kuusinen stayed at the Lux Hotel in Moscow along with other arrivals from abroad in the Soviet Union.


Question: When did Hertta Kuusinen join the Communist Party?

Hertta Kuusinen

[3] He took courses in the library industry, earned a librarian degree, and worked in libraries 1922—1934.


Question: When did Hertta Kuusinen join the Communist Party?

Hertta Kuusinen

He studied at the Lenin School from 1930—1932 and taught there 1933—1934.


Question: When did Hertta Kuusinen join the Communist Party?

Hertta Kuusinen

Kuusinen worked for the International Department of the Comintern 1926—1934 and was in Germany for anti-fascist activities 1932—1933.


Question: When did Hertta Kuusinen join the Communist Party?

Hertta Kuusinen

At the Lenin School, she used the name Greta Kraft and in the Nordic positions of the International Department of the Comintern the name Iris Pettersson.


Question: When did Hertta Kuusinen join the Communist Party?

Hertta Kuusinen

[1] Underground life and imprisonment in Finland Hertta Kuusinen secretly came to Finland under the name of Iris Pettersson in the spring of 1934.


Question: When did Hertta Kuusinen join the Communist Party?

Hertta Kuusinen

[2] He only had time to be in the country for a couple of weeks when he got caught.


Question: When did Hertta Kuusinen join the Communist Party?

Hertta Kuusinen

[3] In October 1934, the Turku Court of Appeal sentenced Kuusinen to four months imprisonment for mistaking the authorities and four years and eight months in a discipline room for preparation of state fraud.


Question: When did Hertta Kuusinen join the Communist Party?

Hertta Kuusinen

The verdict attracted attention abroad, too: it was harsh and there were only suspicions, not evidence, of unlawful conduct.


Question: When did Hertta Kuusinen join the Communist Party?

Hertta Kuusinen

[1] Kuusinen was in prison in Turku and Hämeenlinna and was released in spring 1939.


Question: When did Hertta Kuusinen join the Communist Party?

Hertta Kuusinen

[2] While in prison, he wrote letters, memoirs, prose and poetry, read and painted, and learned new languages.


Question: When did Hertta Kuusinen join the Communist Party?

Hertta Kuusinen

Kuusinen already knew Swedish, German and Russian and now learned English, Spanish and French.


Question: When did Hertta Kuusinen join the Communist Party?

Hertta Kuusinen

[1] After his release, Kuusinen met Yrjö Leino, who was also a communist.


Question: When did Hertta Kuusinen join the Communist Party?

Hertta Kuusinen

They fell in love and hid during the Winter War together so as not to get arrested again.


Question: When did Hertta Kuusinen join the Communist Party?

Hertta Kuusinen

After the war, Kuusinen was in contact with his father, the activities of SKP were revived and the Free Sana magazine was established.


Question: When did Hertta Kuusinen join the Communist Party?

Hertta Kuusinen

[1] Leino was arrested by Valpo in December 1940 and was imprisoned.


Question: When did Hertta Kuusinen join the Communist Party?

Hertta Kuusinen

[4] Kuusinen was captured on June 18, 1941, just before the German invasion of the Soviet Union.


Question: When did Hertta Kuusinen join the Communist Party?

Hertta Kuusinen

[1] In autumn 1941, Leino was transferred to Riihimäki for military training.


Question: When did Hertta Kuusinen join the Communist Party?

Hertta Kuusinen

He was to be sent to the front — happy to die there — but at Riihimäki station he escaped the train.


Question: When did Hertta Kuusinen join the Communist Party?

Hertta Kuusinen

Leino was in hiding in Helsinki for the duration of the Continuation War.


Question: When did Hertta Kuusinen join the Communist Party?

Hertta Kuusinen

[4] Kuusinen was in protective custody in Hämeenlinna from June 1941 to September 1944.


Question: When did Hertta Kuusinen join the Communist Party?

Hertta Kuusinen

[2] Reich politics After the war, communist activities were allowed in Finland.


Question: When did Hertta Kuusinen join the Communist Party?

Hertta Kuusinen

Kuusinen was one of Finland's leading communists.


Question: When did Hertta Kuusinen join the Communist Party?

Hertta Kuusinen

Leino and he were the party's natural leaders: Leino became minister in 1945, and when he resigned in 1948, Kuusinen became minister without portfolio.


Question: When did Hertta Kuusinen join the Communist Party?

Hertta Kuusinen

[5] They were married 1945—1950, during which time Herta's surname was Six-Leino.


Question: When did Hertta Kuusinen join the Communist Party?

Hertta Kuusinen

[1] The spruce became a symbol of communism and popular democracy for both supporters and opponents.


Question: When did Hertta Kuusinen join the Communist Party?

Hertta Kuusinen

After the wars, he also toured the country and was among the movement's most prominent speakers and performers.


Question: When did Hertta Kuusinen join the Communist Party?

Hertta Kuusinen

[2] Kuusinen became a member of the Central Committee of the SKP in 1944.


Question: When did Hertta Kuusinen join the Communist Party?

Hertta Kuusinen

The Free Sana magazine was re-established after the war, and he was its political editor from 1944—1946.


Question: When did Hertta Kuusinen join the Communist Party?

Hertta Kuusinen

He also wrote pachinas under the pseudonym “Ordinary Man” for magazines.


Question: When did Hertta Kuusinen join the Communist Party?

Hertta Kuusinen

[1] Kuusinen became known to a wide audience for the 1945—1949 radio programme Miniature Parliament, in which party representatives debated current affairs.


Question: When did Hertta Kuusinen join the Communist Party?

Hertta Kuusinen

[2] The representatives of the other five sides in the program were all men.


Question: When did Hertta Kuusinen join the Communist Party?

Hertta Kuusinen

[1] Kuusinen received a lot of admirer and hate mail from the programme.


Question: When did Hertta Kuusinen join the Communist Party?

Hertta Kuusinen

[2] Early in his political career, Kuusista supported the Helsinki chief of Soviet foreign intelligence, Yelisei Sinitsyn, whom Kuusinen met every day.


Question: When did Hertta Kuusinen join the Communist Party?

Hertta Kuusinen

[1] Kuusinen's most prominent political role was his father, Otto Wille Kuusinen, who influenced the activities of SKP, particularly through his daughter.


Question: When did Hertta Kuusinen join the Communist Party?

Hertta Kuusinen

Otto Wille Kuusinen gave Hertta Kuusinen instructions face to face, by letter and telephone.


Question: When did Hertta Kuusinen join the Communist Party?

Hertta Kuusinen

[2] Political career In the first post-war parliamentary elections in 1945, Kuusinen was elected MP from the SKDL list.


Question: When did Hertta Kuusinen join the Communist Party?

Hertta Kuusinen

[1] She was chairman of the Committee on Education 1945—1946 and at the same time the first woman to chair a parliamentary committee.


Question: When did Hertta Kuusinen join the Communist Party?

Hertta Kuusinen

[6] In 1948, Kuusinen served as Finland's second Minister for Women, after Miina Sillanpää.


Question: When did Hertta Kuusinen join the Communist Party?

Hertta Kuusinen

Kuusinen held two functions in Pekkala's government: from 26 May to 4 June, he was Minister without Portfolio and from 4 June to 29 July, Minister in the Prime Minister's Office.


Question: When did Hertta Kuusinen join the Communist Party?

Hertta Kuusinen

[1] Kuusinen was chairman of the SKDL parliamentary group 1945—1966.


Question: When did Hertta Kuusinen join the Communist Party?

Hertta Kuusinen

During the 1950s and 1960s, he was a strong leader of his parliamentary group, who had a significant influence in driving social and civilisational reforms.


Question: When did Hertta Kuusinen join the Communist Party?

Hertta Kuusinen

She was involved in pushing through child benefit reform, equal pay, a reduction in the working week and maternity leave.


Question: When did Hertta Kuusinen join the Communist Party?

Hertta Kuusinen

[1] Kuusinen received 58770 votes in the 1948 parliamentary election.


Question: When did Hertta Kuusinen join the Communist Party?

Hertta Kuusinen

The figure is not comparable to later vote totals, as the electoral system changed in 1970.


Question: When did Hertta Kuusinen join the Communist Party?

Hertta Kuusinen

The figure was the highest number of votes received by a parliamentary election candidate until the 2007 parliamentary election, when Sauli Niinistö received 60563 votes.


Question: When did Hertta Kuusinen join the Communist Party?

Hertta Kuusinen

Kuusinen is still the second parliamentary election candidate with the highest number of votes ever (see


Question: When did Hertta Kuusinen join the Communist Party?

Hertta Kuusinen

a list of voting rakes in parliamentary elections).


Question: When did Hertta Kuusinen join the Communist Party?

Hertta Kuusinen

[7] He was a Presidential Elector for the elections of 1950, 1956, 1962 and 1968.


Question: When did Hertta Kuusinen join the Communist Party?

Hertta Kuusinen

Kuusinen was a member of Helsinki City Council 1947—1950, 1954—1957 and 1960—1964.


Question: When did Hertta Kuusinen join the Communist Party?

Hertta Kuusinen

[1] From 1952 to 1958, Kuusinen was General Secretary of the SKDL and 1958—1969 Vice-President.


Question: When did Hertta Kuusinen join the Communist Party?

Hertta Kuusinen

He was Vice Chairman of the Executive Board of the Finnish Group of the Interparliamentary Union.


Question: When did Hertta Kuusinen join the Communist Party?

Hertta Kuusinen

[1] Kuusinen was a member of the Central Board of the Suomi—Soviet Society from 1944 to 1974.


Question: When did Hertta Kuusinen join the Communist Party?

Hertta Kuusinen

[2] She became a member of the Federal Commission of the Finnish Women's Democratic League in 1944, and from 1969 to 1974 she was president of the Women's International Democratic League.


Question: When did Hertta Kuusinen join the Communist Party?

Hertta Kuusinen

[1] As president, Kuusinen pushed for women in developing countries in particular.


Question: When did Hertta Kuusinen join the Communist Party?

Hertta Kuusinen

While holding the position, he lived on several occasions in East Berlin.


Question: When did Hertta Kuusinen join the Communist Party?

Hertta Kuusinen

[2] From the second half of the 1960s onwards, there were divisions within the SKP, which came to a head in 1968 when the party's political committee disapproved of the occupation of Czechoslovakia.


Question: When did Hertta Kuusinen join the Communist Party?

Hertta Kuusinen

There was a visible minority in the party who supported the occupation and in the party assembly in 1969 the party split in two.


Question: When did Hertta Kuusinen join the Communist Party?

Hertta Kuusinen

[1] Unlike most of his other old comrades, Kuusinen sided with the majority.


Question: When did Hertta Kuusinen join the Communist Party?

Hertta Kuusinen

[3] Aarne Saarinen considered it a personal victory that Kuusinen continued in the political committee of the party.


Question: When did Hertta Kuusinen join the Communist Party?

Hertta Kuusinen

[1] For the last years Kuusinen continued to work until the end of his life.


Question: When did Hertta Kuusinen join the Communist Party?

Hertta Kuusinen

[1] He was an MP until 1972, when he was appointed honorary chairman of the SKP.


Question: When did Hertta Kuusinen join the Communist Party?

Hertta Kuusinen

[1] In 1974, Kuusinen travelled to Moscow to receive treatment for his advanced illness.


Question: When did Hertta Kuusinen join the Communist Party?

Hertta Kuusinen

[3] He died there on 18 March 1974 and was buried at Hietaniemi Cemetery in Helsinki.


Question: When did Hertta Kuusinen join the Communist Party?

Hertta Kuusinen

The ashes were sprinkled behind the urn grove so that Kuusinen did not receive an identifiable burial site.


Question: When did Hertta Kuusinen join the Communist Party?

Hertta Kuusinen

[1] Private life Almost all of Kuusinen's Finnish-born acquaintances in Moscow died in Stalin's persecutions, including his brother, brother's wife, sister's first and second husband, and uncle.


Question: When did Hertta Kuusinen join the Communist Party?

Hertta Kuusinen

However, this did not shake Kuusinen's firm faith in the Soviet Union and communism.


Question: When did Hertta Kuusinen join the Communist Party?

Hertta Kuusinen

[1] Kuusinen was married between 1923 and 1933 to Tuure Lehén.


Question: When did Hertta Kuusinen join the Communist Party?

Hertta Kuusinen

The marriage ended in divorce.


Question: When did Hertta Kuusinen join the Communist Party?

Hertta Kuusinen

One child was born from the marriage, son Yrjö (Yuri, Juraj, Jurkka), in 1924.


Question: When did Hertta Kuusinen join the Communist Party?

Hertta Kuusinen

George died of pneumonia during the war in 1942.


Question: When did Hertta Kuusinen join the Communist Party?

Hertta Kuusinen

Kuusinen's family did not want to tell him that the boy was dead, so Kuusinen didn't find out about it until the spring of 1945.


Question: When did Hertta Kuusinen join the Communist Party?

Hertta Kuusinen

[1] Kuusinen and Yrjö Leino were married 1945—1950.


Question: When did Hertta Kuusinen join the Communist Party?

Hertta Kuusinen

[1] Leino has said he suffered a non-profit collapse.


Question: When did Hertta Kuusinen join the Communist Party?

Hertta Kuusinen

Kuusinen had difficulties with her husband and party conflict, and after becoming minister in 1948 she moved out of their shared home.


Question: When did Hertta Kuusinen join the Communist Party?

Hertta Kuusinen

[4] Kuusinen and Olavi Paavolainen became life partners in 1952.


Question: When did Hertta Kuusinen join the Communist Party?

Hertta Kuusinen

[2] The relationship was not public.


Question: When did Hertta Kuusinen join the Communist Party?

Hertta Kuusinen

[1] Kuusinen would have wanted to marry, but as SKP's inner circle did not think it was appropriate, the union was never formalised.


Question: When did Hertta Kuusinen join the Communist Party?

Hertta Kuusinen

Kuusinen and Paavolainen lived together until Paavolainen's death in 1964.


Question: When did Hertta Kuusinen join the Communist Party?

Hertta Kuusinen

[3] From his years in prison, Kuusinen had around him an inner circle of close women, about whom he planned to write memoirs.


Question: When did Hertta Kuusinen join the Communist Party?

Hertta Kuusinen

The inner circle included Kuusinen's mother Saima Kuusinen, fellows Martta Koskinen, Aili Mäkinen, Kaisu-Mirjami Rydberg and Hella Wuolijoki, and musician Lilly Kajanus-Blenner.


Question: When did Hertta Kuusinen join the Communist Party?

Hertta Kuusinen

[2] Kuusinen in fiction, Heidi Köngäs has written Hertta Kuusinen's novel Hertta (Otava, 2015) and directed and scripted the television play Red Triangle on the same theme.


Question: When did Hertta Kuusinen join the Communist Party?

Hertta Kuusinen

[8] Works Hertta Kuusinen works: [1] Hertta Kuusinen, Markku Böök.


Question: When did Hertta Kuusinen join the Communist Party?

Hertta Kuusinen

Emmi and moose, 1. p.1952, 2nd new.


Question: When did Hertta Kuusinen join the Communist Party?

Hertta Kuusinen

facility.


Question: When did Hertta Kuusinen join the Communist Party?

Hertta Kuusinen

in 1977.


Question: When did Hertta Kuusinen join the Communist Party?

Hertta Kuusinen

Folk culture.


Question: When did Hertta Kuusinen join the Communist Party?

Hertta Kuusinen

ISBN 951-615-152-3.


Question: When did Hertta Kuusinen join the Communist Party?

Hertta Kuusinen

Seasonal storms — letters, poems and prose from the 1930s-60s, ed.


Question: When did Hertta Kuusinen join the Communist Party?

Hertta Kuusinen

Marja-Leena Mikkola.


Question: When did Hertta Kuusinen join the Communist Party?

Hertta Kuusinen

Folk Culture, 1975.


Question: When did Hertta Kuusinen join the Communist Party?

Hertta Kuusinen

ISBN 951-615-092-6 (nid.


Question: When did Hertta Kuusinen join the Communist Party?

Hertta Kuusinen

), ISBN 951-615-093-4 (sid.).


Question: When did Hertta Kuusinen join the Communist Party?

Hertta Kuusinen

Hamlet my friend — letters to Olavi Paavolainen, edited by Marja-Leena Mikkola.


Question: When did Hertta Kuusinen join the Communist Party?

Hertta Kuusinen

Jan., 1999.


Question: When did Hertta Kuusinen join the Communist Party?

Hertta Kuusinen

ISBN 951-31-1429-5.


Question: When did Hertta Kuusinen join the Communist Party?

Hertta Kuusinen

Sources Check date values in: |accessdate= (help) Check date values in: |accessdate=, |date= (help) Check date values in: |accessdate= (help) References Literature Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Leino, Be| title = One more letter — Hertta Kuusinen dramatic life and love of George Leinoon| others = Translated by Eeva Heikkinen| location = Helsinki| publisher = WSOY| year = 1990| isbn = 951-0-16575-1}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Polttila, Brita| title = Hertta Kuusinen — human road| location = Helsinki | publisher = January| year = 1975| version = 2nd edition 1976| isbn = 951-30-3128-4}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Heidi Köngäs| title = Hearts.


Question: When did Hertta Kuusinen join the Communist Party?

Hertta Kuusinen

Novel| publisher = Otava| year = 2015| isbn = 978-951-1-28991-3}} On topic elsewhere Category:People affected by SKDL Category:Persons affected by SKP (1918—1990) Category:General Secretaries of the Finnish People's Democratic League Category:Finnish People's Democratic League ministers Category:People born in 1904 Class:Persons who died in 1974 Category:Key articles of screening Category:99.3 Social representatives


Question: What was Sonja Henie's first film role?

Sonja Henie

Sonja Henie (April 8, 1912, Oslo — October 12, 1969) was a Norwegian figure skater and Norwegian-American actress.


Question: What was Sonja Henie's first film role?

Sonja Henie

Considered one of the best female skill skaters of all time, she revolutionized the sport from a hobby to a serious sport of racing.


Question: What was Sonja Henie's first film role?

Sonja Henie

Henie won three Olympic gold medals, ten world titles and six European titles in her career.


Question: What was Sonja Henie's first film role?

Sonja Henie

After his racing career, he appeared in ice shows and made several films.


Question: What was Sonja Henie's first film role?

Sonja Henie

In addition, with her third husband, Niels Onstad, Henie founded the Henie-Onstad Art Centre.


Question: What was Sonja Henie's first film role?

Sonja Henie

Early childhood Sonja Henie was born 1912 in Oslo, and her parents were Hans Wilhelm Henie and Selma Lochman-Nielsen Henie.


Question: What was Sonja Henie's first film role?

Sonja Henie

Father-Wilhelm had been a racing cyclist and won a world championship in track cycling in 1894 [1] in track cycling.


Question: What was Sonja Henie's first film role?

Sonja Henie

He inspired his children to pursue and rejoice in sports.


Question: What was Sonja Henie's first film role?

Sonja Henie

[2] Sonja was six years old when she received her first skates for Christmas.


Question: What was Sonja Henie's first film role?

Sonja Henie

She had already practiced dancing before this, but skating quickly became her greatest passion.


Question: What was Sonja Henie's first film role?

Sonja Henie

Along with skating, Henie also trained in ballet under Anna Pavlova's former teacher.


Question: What was Sonja Henie's first film role?

Sonja Henie

[3] Sports Career Beginning and first medals Henie won the Children's Norwegian Championship at the age of eight, [3] and her parents realized she needed a figure skating coach.


Question: What was Sonja Henie's first film role?

Sonja Henie

Henie's coach became Oscar Holte, and additionally trained with the Oslo Skøiteklub club.


Question: What was Sonja Henie's first film role?

Sonja Henie

Mother took Henie in 1922 to London to practice ballet under Tamara Karsavina's guidance.


Question: What was Sonja Henie's first film role?

Sonja Henie

Henie first participated in the adult Norwegian Championships the following year, winning the championship for his country.


Question: What was Sonja Henie's first film role?

Sonja Henie

[4] Henie was only 11 years old when she participated in her first Olympics in 1924.


Question: What was Sonja Henie's first film role?

Sonja Henie

[5] However, she missed the final, eighth place in the women's single skating at the Chamonix Olympic Games.


Question: What was Sonja Henie's first film role?

Sonja Henie

Admittedly, in the free program, he was third, but poor scores in the compulsory program dropped him to last in the aggregate points.


Question: What was Sonja Henie's first film role?

Sonja Henie

[6] Henie won the Norwegian championship again in 1925, went on tour afterwards and performed around the country.


Question: What was Sonja Henie's first film role?

Sonja Henie

Henie won the Norwegian title the following year in both single skating and pair skating paired with Arne Lie.


Question: What was Sonja Henie's first film role?

Sonja Henie

At the World Championships, she finished second behind Herma Szabo.


Question: What was Sonja Henie's first film role?

Sonja Henie

Henie was 1927 again a two-time Norwegian champion.


Question: What was Sonja Henie's first film role?

Sonja Henie

At the World Championships held in Oslo, he won his first world title.


Question: What was Sonja Henie's first film role?

Sonja Henie

The win also sparked debate, as three of the five judges were from Norway.


Question: What was Sonja Henie's first film role?

Sonja Henie

The International Skating Union then decided that for international competitions, each judge had to be from a different country.


Question: What was Sonja Henie's first film role?

Sonja Henie

In the summer of 1927, Henie travelled to London with her mother to see Anna Pavlova's ballet performance.


Question: What was Sonja Henie's first film role?

Sonja Henie

Henie later said that the performance inspired her to combine ballet dancing with figure skating.


Question: What was Sonja Henie's first film role?

Sonja Henie

He again won two Norwegian championships the following year.


Question: What was Sonja Henie's first film role?

Sonja Henie

[7] A three-time Olympic champion, Henie won her first Olympic gold at St. Moritz in 1928 and later that year again the world title.


Question: What was Sonja Henie's first film role?

Sonja Henie

Henie had become a big star, and she had already appeared in her first film, Norwegian-based Syv dager for Elisabeth.


Question: What was Sonja Henie's first film role?

Sonja Henie

Henie made further appearances during 1928, including at the opening ceremonies of the six-day cycling race in Berlin and Gothenburg, and he was also the guest of honour at the Summer Olympics.


Question: What was Sonja Henie's first film role?

Sonja Henie

Henie participated in 1929 for the last time at the Norwegian Championships and won gold in them in single skating.


Question: What was Sonja Henie's first film role?

Sonja Henie

In addition, he again won the world title.


Question: What was Sonja Henie's first film role?

Sonja Henie

According to his brother Leif, Wilhelm Henie had by that time begun collecting compensation for Sonja's appearances, although she was still an amateur.


Question: What was Sonja Henie's first film role?

Sonja Henie

Wilhelm accepted the commissions in cash and recycled them through his company.


Question: What was Sonja Henie's first film role?

Sonja Henie

[8] Henie travelled in December 1929 for the first time to America.


Question: What was Sonja Henie's first film role?

Sonja Henie

He was performing at the time, among others, at Madison Square Garden.


Question: What was Sonja Henie's first film role?

Sonja Henie

In addition, she participated in her fifth World Championships and won her fourth title.


Question: What was Sonja Henie's first film role?

Sonja Henie

Henie spent the latter half of 1930 peacefully and did not participate in national competitions nor the European Championships held for the first time.


Question: What was Sonja Henie's first film role?

Sonja Henie

The following year, along with the world title, he also won his first European title.


Question: What was Sonja Henie's first film role?

Sonja Henie

[8] At the 1932 Winter Olympics in Lake Placid, Henie took her second Olympic gold.


Question: What was Sonja Henie's first film role?

Sonja Henie

In the same year, the World Championships were held in Montreal, where she had to perform not only at the Games but also in skating performances.


Question: What was Sonja Henie's first film role?

Sonja Henie

However, he failed to do so, prompting rumours of overcompensation demanded by Henie's family.


Question: What was Sonja Henie's first film role?

Sonja Henie

Henie also planned to turn professional but nevertheless continued his amateur career.


Question: What was Sonja Henie's first film role?

Sonja Henie

He won World Championship and European Championship gold again that year.


Question: What was Sonja Henie's first film role?

Sonja Henie

Henie also repeated his performance in 1933, 1934 and 1935.


Question: What was Sonja Henie's first film role?

Sonja Henie

Meanwhile, Henie appeared in a number of shows, which began to develop more demanding with fireworks and costumes.


Question: What was Sonja Henie's first film role?

Sonja Henie

[9] Henie started with the 1936 European Championship.


Question: What was Sonja Henie's first film role?

Sonja Henie

[9] After that, he participated in the Garmisch-Partenkirchen Olympics.


Question: What was Sonja Henie's first film role?

Sonja Henie

Henie won Olympic gold but only by a mere difference to Cecilia Colledge.


Question: What was Sonja Henie's first film role?

Sonja Henie

The following week, Henie won her tenth consecutive world title.


Question: What was Sonja Henie's first film role?

Sonja Henie

The same had previously only been able to win 11 World Cup golds by Ulrich Salchow.


Question: What was Sonja Henie's first film role?

Sonja Henie

[10] As a professional skater and actress, Henie signed an appearance contract with promoter Arthur Wirtz in March 1936, and she performed in nine U.S. cities.


Question: What was Sonja Henie's first film role?

Sonja Henie

Later that year, Henie's father rented a skating arena in Los Angeles, at which Henie performed twice.


Question: What was Sonja Henie's first film role?

Sonja Henie

The shows were much advertised, with numerous famous guests coming in.


Question: What was Sonja Henie's first film role?

Sonja Henie

Also among the audience was film influencer Darryl F. Zanuck, who offered Henie a five-year contract with the 20th Century Fox film company.


Question: What was Sonja Henie's first film role?

Sonja Henie

Henie's first film The Ice Princess came out still the same year, and was an audience success.


Question: What was Sonja Henie's first film role?

Sonja Henie

In the same year, a film on Slippery Ice was also made.


Question: What was Sonja Henie's first film role?

Sonja Henie

Henie, in her first year in Hollywood, had earned $250,000.


Question: What was Sonja Henie's first film role?

Sonja Henie

Wilhelm Henie died in May 1937, and Sonja had to look after her own business affairs in the future.


Question: What was Sonja Henie's first film role?

Sonja Henie

[10] Henie appeared in 1938 in two films, Fellturimaa's Daughter and Spring of Youth.


Question: What was Sonja Henie's first film role?

Sonja Henie

Following the filming of Fell Country's Daughter, Henie toured with Hollywood Ice Revue in the United States.


Question: What was Sonja Henie's first film role?

Sonja Henie

The following year, she appeared in the films Girl from Pohjola and Our Racing Suitor.


Question: What was Sonja Henie's first film role?

Sonja Henie

Over the next three years Henie made the films at the beat of Swing, Iceland and The Merry Hotel.


Question: What was Sonja Henie's first film role?

Sonja Henie

[11] During World War II, Henie added patriotic themes to his ice appearances.


Question: What was Sonja Henie's first film role?

Sonja Henie

He filmed the 1945 film Love on Slippery Ice and his last released film, The Countess of Monte Carlo in 1948.


Question: What was Sonja Henie's first film role?

Sonja Henie

He performed in Hollywood for about a decade, earning an estimated $50 million during that time, about half of which came from films and half from ice tours.


Question: What was Sonja Henie's first film role?

Sonja Henie

[12] Henie, encouraged by her husband, left her collaboration with Arthur Wirtz in the early 1950s and financed her ice show herself.


Question: What was Sonja Henie's first film role?

Sonja Henie

Henie invested about $1 million in the program for the 1951—1952 season and spent considerable time organizing programs.


Question: What was Sonja Henie's first film role?

Sonja Henie

One appearance in March 1952 ended in tragedy when a temporary open grandstand collapsed and hundreds of spectators were injured.


Question: What was Sonja Henie's first film role?

Sonja Henie

Henie and his company were sued, and many shows had to be canceled.


Question: What was Sonja Henie's first film role?

Sonja Henie

Henie toured Europe in the summer of 1953 and performed in several countries.


Question: What was Sonja Henie's first film role?

Sonja Henie

He quit the practice in 1956, despite still making a 1958 unreleased film.


Question: What was Sonja Henie's first film role?

Sonja Henie

[12] Private life and death Henie was thrice married.


Question: What was Sonja Henie's first film role?

Sonja Henie

Her first husband was sports influencer, Brooklyn Dodgers part-owner Dan Topping.


Question: What was Sonja Henie's first film role?

Sonja Henie

[11] They married in 1940 [11] and divorced in 1945.


Question: What was Sonja Henie's first film role?

Sonja Henie

[12] Henie's second husband was Winthrop Gardiner Jr.


Question: What was Sonja Henie's first film role?

Sonja Henie

They divorced in April 1956, and Henie married in June to shipowner Niels Onstad.


Question: What was Sonja Henie's first film role?

Sonja Henie

Henie and Onstad collected modern art.


Question: What was Sonja Henie's first film role?

Sonja Henie

They soon ran out of space to showcase them, and in 1961 set up a foundation and donated the funds to establish an arts centre.


Question: What was Sonja Henie's first film role?

Sonja Henie

The Henie-Onstad Art Centre opened in September 1968 in Høvikodden.


Question: What was Sonja Henie's first film role?

Sonja Henie

[12] Henie fell ill in September 1968 and was hospitalized for pneumonia.


Question: What was Sonja Henie's first film role?

Sonja Henie

He recovered slowly from it and was found to have rapidly progressing leukaemia based on blood samples.


Question: What was Sonja Henie's first film role?

Sonja Henie

According to the Leif brother, Henie was not told the true diagnosis but was told she was suffering from anaemia and ordered rest.


Question: What was Sonja Henie's first film role?

Sonja Henie

Henie travelled with her husband in September 1969 to Switzerland and in October to Paris and made plans for her upcoming show, despite experiencing fatigue.


Question: What was Sonja Henie's first film role?

Sonja Henie

On 12 October, the Heniet departed for the return flight to Oslo, and Sonja Henie died during the flight.


Question: What was Sonja Henie's first film role?

Sonja Henie

[12] Significance and acknowledgments Henie's influence on figure skating was significant, and according to sportswriter Sandra Stevenson, Henie revolutionized the sport from an upper-class recreational pastime to a serious competitive sport.


Question: What was Sonja Henie's first film role?

Sonja Henie

[12] Figure skating involved a long technical section at the beginning of the 20th century, with competitors performing a variety of moves.


Question: What was Sonja Henie's first film role?

Sonja Henie

The music played in the background during the portion, but the movements were performed individually and did not form a programme suitable for the music.


Question: What was Sonja Henie's first film role?

Sonja Henie

Thanks to her artistic training, Henie was able to design choreography for her own performances, which also took background music into account.


Question: What was Sonja Henie's first film role?

Sonja Henie

In addition, she wore a short skirt in her performances, which allowed more difficult movements to be performed.


Question: What was Sonja Henie's first film role?

Sonja Henie

Around this time, skaters generally wore long skirts and black skates, but Henie made white skates popular.


Question: What was Sonja Henie's first film role?

Sonja Henie

[13] Henie received a number of recognitions and awards for her sporting and performing career.


Question: What was Sonja Henie's first film role?

Sonja Henie

He was elected 1938 to the Norwegian Order of St. Olav for his athletic and artistic merits and for his work for Norway.


Question: What was Sonja Henie's first film role?

Sonja Henie

[10] He was the youngest person to have been honoured by then.


Question: What was Sonja Henie's first film role?

Sonja Henie

[14] Henie was elected to the 1976 World Figure Skating Hall of Fame, [15] and has a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame.


Question: What was Sonja Henie's first film role?

Sonja Henie

[16] In 2000, Henie was selected by Sports Illustrated magazine as the fourth best female athlete of the 20th century.


Question: What was Sonja Henie's first film role?

Sonja Henie

[13] Norwegian Air Shuttle has painted a picture of Henie on the tail of one Boeing 737-800 aircraft [17] and one Boeing 787-8 aircraft.


Question: What was Sonja Henie's first film role?

Sonja Henie

[18] Henie's image has also been on board the Boeing 737-300 plane, which has since left the Norwegian fleet.


Question: What was Sonja Henie's first film role?

Sonja Henie

[19] Sources Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Overman, Steven J. & Sagert, Kelly Boyer| title= Icons of Women's Sport| location = Santa Barbara| publisher = ABC-Clio| year= 2012| isbn = 978-0-313-38549-0| language = Transclusion error: {{I}} is only for use in File namespace.


Question: What was Sonja Henie's first film role?

Sonja Henie

Use {{lang-en}} or {{en icon}} instead.| format= [Google Books] | accessdate = 6.7.2012}} References on topic elsewhere Category:Norwegian figure skaters Category:Norwegian Olympic champions Category:Norwegian actors Category:American actors Category:Hollywood Walk of Fame Class:People born in 1912 Class:Those who died in 1969 Class:79.2 Winter Sports Category:Key articles of screening


Question: In what year has the Rat Park study been published?

Low-power laser therapy

Low-level laser therapy, or LLLT (low-level laser (light) therapy, is a medical form of therapy that uses lasers or LEDs locally to alter tissue function.


Question: In what year has the Rat Park study been published?

Low-power laser therapy

The treatment is also referred to as photobiomodulation (photobiomodulation), since it is known that not only laser light but also normal (non-coherent) light produces the same effects.


Question: In what year has the Rat Park study been published?

Low-power laser therapy

In medicine, high-powered lasers are used for tissue ablation, but low-power lasers are claimed to stimulate tissue and promote cell function.


Question: In what year has the Rat Park study been published?

Low-power laser therapy

Studies are currently trying to determine whether this form of therapy has significant therapeutic effects in treating a range of medical conditions.


Question: In what year has the Rat Park study been published?

Low-power laser therapy

Treatment is practically always carried out with either red light (λ = 630-690 nm) or near-infrared (λ = 780-1072 nm), as biological effects of light have only been found to manifest at these wavelengths.


Question: In what year has the Rat Park study been published?

Low-power laser therapy

[1] Light delivery appears to have a certain therapeutic breadth, the undercutting and exceeding of which results in a lack of treatment efficacy.


Question: In what year has the Rat Park study been published?

Low-power laser therapy

[2] Medical Use There is not yet a consensus among the medical community on the functionality of low-performance laser therapy, but several meta-analyses and clinical studies provide evidence of potential effectiveness for a variety of treatment topics such as low back pain [3] baldness [4] hypothyroidism [5] myalgia [6] shoulder tendon problems [7] breast cancer-related lymphatic circulation disorder [8] inflammation of the oral mucosa [9] complications of wisdom tooth extraction [10] There is preliminary evidence of a potential benefit of low-intensity laser therapy for scary dentin, [11] fibromyalgia, [12] cold sores, [13] frozen shoulder, [14] chronic joint problems, [15] temporomandibular joint problems, [16] neck pain [17], rheumatoid arthritis [18] and burns scars.


Question: In what year has the Rat Park study been published?

Low-power laser therapy

[19] In contrast, evidence for efficacy of treatment for wound healing, [20] osteoarthritis, [21] orthodontic pain [22] and delayed muscle pain (DOMS) [23] is contradictory.


Question: In what year has the Rat Park study been published?

Low-power laser therapy

Although it has long been suggested that LLLT might be useful for wound healing rates, workable parameters (dose, light source, wavelength, etc.) have not been identified.


Question: In what year has the Rat Park study been published?

Low-power laser therapy

[20] Similarly, the use of lasers in the treatment of chronic periodontal disease and inflammation surrounding dental implants has been proposed, but there is insufficient evidence that low-performance laser therapy is more effective than traditional methods of treatment.


Question: In what year has the Rat Park study been published?

Low-power laser therapy

[24] Much research is published on the effects of low-power lasers.


Question: In what year has the Rat Park study been published?

Low-power laser therapy

According to the PubMed database, more than 400 scientific articles were published on the subject in 2014.


Question: In what year has the Rat Park study been published?

Low-power laser therapy

[25] According to the ClinicalTrials.gov database, the efficacy of LLLT is currently being investigated in clinical trials for a number of different disease conditions.


Question: In what year has the Rat Park study been published?

Low-power laser therapy

[26] Animal studies Animal studies have sought to determine the usefulness of low-power laser therapy for various medical treatment topics such as allergic asthma, [27] Alzheimer's disease, [28] atherosclerosis, [29] diabetes, [30] [31] [32] nerve damage, [33] lung damage, [34] colitis, [35] laryngitis, [36] bone inflammation [37], liver healing, [38] multiple sclerosis, [39] arthritis, [40] Parkinson's disease, [41] periodontitis, [42] heart failure, [43] macular age degeneration [44] and myocardial infarction [45].


Question: In what year has the Rat Park study been published?

Low-power laser therapy

Mechanisms of action The effects of low-performance laser therapy are thought to be due to the effects of certain wavelengths of the electromagnetic spectrum (red light, near-infrared) on the function of the mitochondrial cellular respiratory enzyme cytochrome oxidase.


Question: In what year has the Rat Park study been published?

Low-power laser therapy

[1] [46] [47] Mitochondrial function altered by light leads to changes in gene expression and cell signaling.


Question: In what year has the Rat Park study been published?

Low-power laser therapy

It is still partly unclear which tissues when applied to LLLT works and which treatment parameters (wavelength, dose, duration of treatment, coherence, pulse) lead to the best treatment outcomes.


Question: In what year has the Rat Park study been published?

Low-power laser therapy

[48] The wavelength is usually chosen based on the ailment to be treated.


Question: In what year is the Rat Park study published?

Low-power laser therapy

Red light permeates tissue weaker than near-infrared, so it is usually used to treat superficial ailments.


Question: In what year is the Rat Park study published?

Low-power laser therapy

Therapies Low-power laser therapy has been administered in clinical trials with a wide spectrum of laser light devices.


Question: In what year is the Rat Park study published?

Low-power laser therapy

The wavelength, power, pulsing, as well as other parameters of the light produced by the devices vary depending on the model.


Question: In what year is the Rat Park study published?

Low-power laser therapy

Treatment devices are marketed largely to healthcare operators.


Question: In what year is the Rat Park study published?

Low-power laser therapy

However, home-use devices for consumers are also available on the market, such as Theradome, iGrow and HairMax LaserComb treatment devices for baldness treatment.


Question: In what year is the Rat Park study published?

Low-power laser therapy

[49] [50] Some low-power laser products are also marketed in Finland.


Question: In what year is the Rat Park study published?

Low-power laser therapy

[51] One issue of conflict has been whether treatment can only be carried out with coherent laser light, or whether other light sources such as LED also work in the same way.


Question: In what year is the Rat Park study published?

Low-power laser therapy

Scientists in the field have suggested that no laser light is required to achieve the effect.


Question: In what year is the Rat Park study published?

Low-power laser therapy

[52] [53] In particular, many animal studies have used monochromatic LEDs.


Question: In what year is the Rat Park study published?

Low-power laser therapy

The therapeutic use of polychromatic light such as sunlight or light from glow/halogen lamps has not yet been substantially studied.


Question: In what year is the Rat Park study published?

Low-power laser therapy

Conflicts There have been a lot of doubts regarding the effectiveness of low-performance laser therapy.


Question: In what year is the Rat Park study published?

Low-power laser therapy

Phototherapy devices are also marketed for a number of treatment topics for which there is little research evidence.


Question: In what year is the Rat Park study published?

Low-power laser therapy

For example, the QuackWatch website's conclusion regarding LLLT therapy was (2009) that evidence of LLLT efficacy in temporary pain relief exists, but “there is no reason to believe that [treatment] would affect the course of any disease or be more effective than other warming methods" [54] However, this the skeptical viewpoint may be outdated, since the report in question, a substantial amount of new clinical research has been published in relation to the topic.


Question: In what year is the Rat Park study published?

Low-power laser therapy

There are numerous disease conditions for which there have been no positive research results on the treatment of low-power laser therapy.


Question: In what year is the Rat Park study published?

Low-power laser therapy

For example, a series of NEST studies focused on the treatment of stroke patients funded with tens of millions of dollars found no benefit at all.


Question: In what year is the Rat Park study published?

Low-power laser therapy

[55] It has been suggested that some of these negative outcomes could be explained by inappropriate treatment parameters such as too low a dose.


Question: In what year is the Rat Park study published?

Low-power laser therapy

[56] [57] Small power laser therapy in Finland and the world Pekka J. Pöntinen published the book Laser Medical Therapy in 1988, in which he dealt extensively with the research data of the time on low-performance laser therapy.


Question: In what year is the Rat Park study published?

Low-power laser therapy

In 1989, a Finnish clinical trial on the subject was also published.


Question: In what year is the Rat Park study published?

Low-power laser therapy

[58] In recent years, some theses on the subject have been published in Finland [59] [60], but no other medical discussion on the subject has yet been held.


Question: In what year is the Rat Park study published?

Low-power laser therapy

The Fair Care Screen Rate Review published in 2015 drew the conclusion “Laser treatment may ease hand joint symptoms”.


Question: In what year is the Rat Park study published?

Low-power laser therapy

[61] There is an organisation in Finland called the Finnish Medical Laser Association (SLLY), but the organisation has almost no medical members.


Question: In what year is the Rat Park study published?

Low-power laser therapy

Laser treatment is sold as a service in about ten different locations.


Question: In what year is the Rat Park study published?

Low-power laser therapy

Sweden also operates the Svenska Laser-Medicinska Sällskapet (SLMS).


Question: In what year is the Rat Park study published?

Low-power laser therapy

The world's most prominent industry association is the World Association for Laser Therapy (WALT).


Question: In what year is the Rat Park study published?

Low-power laser therapy

WALT has prepared some method and dose recommendations for PLH studies and clinical use.


Question: In what year is the Rat Park study published?

Low-power laser therapy

Most research on the low-power laser has been conducted in Brazil, Turkey and Iran.


Question: In what year is the Rat Park study published?

Low-power laser therapy

However, several European countries such as Italy, Croatia, Spain, the Czech Republic, Sweden, Norway, Greece and Austria have also produced research data on low-performance laser therapy.


Question: In what year is the Rat Park study published?

Low-power laser therapy

Some of the research literature is behind the language barrier in Russian and Ukrainian language science literature.


Question: In what year is the Rat Park study published?

Low-power laser therapy

See also Clear light therapy Sources Category:Medical treatments Category:Therapy


Question: In what year is Microsoft Game Studios founded?

Xbox

The Xbox is a game console developed by Microsoft that entered the market in North America on November 15, 2001, and in Europe on March 14, 2002.


Question: In what year is Microsoft Game Studios founded?

Xbox

It competed in the market with the Sony PlayStation 2 and Nintendo GameCube.


Question: In what year is Microsoft Game Studios founded?

Xbox

The Xbox had a launch price of 499 euros, but Microsoft dropped the price considerably in Europe on April 26 due to weak menus.


Question: In what year is Microsoft Game Studios founded?

Xbox

[1] [2] In Finland, the reduced price of the console settled at around EUR 325.


Question: In what year is Microsoft Game Studios founded?

Xbox

[3] As a refund, Microsoft offered free two games of their choice and one additional controller to those who bought the Xbox at launch price.


Question: In what year is Microsoft Game Studios founded?

Xbox

[3] [4] In the fall of 2006, the Xbox was sold in special offers for less than one hundred euros at a list price somewhat above one hundred euros.


Question: In what year is Microsoft Game Studios founded?

Xbox

[5] The Xbox comes standard with a slot for four controllers, an eight-gigabyte hard drive (ten gigabytes in some models, of which, however, only eight gigabytes in use is standard) for game saves and music, and a network adapter built in.


Question: In what year is Microsoft Game Studios founded?

Xbox

It can also play DVD movies if you buy a so-called “DVD kit”.


Question: In what year is Microsoft Game Studios founded?

Xbox

The Xbox supports real-time Dolby Digital 5.1 audio in games as well.


Question: In what year is Microsoft Game Studios founded?

Xbox

Optional options for the Xbox include a memory card for transferring game saves from one console to another, additional controllers for multiplayer games, and a link cable to connect two Xboxes together.


Question: In what year is Microsoft Game Studios founded?

Xbox

In addition, various cables are available to connect the device to the TV and amplifier.


Question: In what year is Microsoft Game Studios founded?

Xbox

Xbox's successor, the Xbox 360, was released at the end of 2005.


Question: In what year is Microsoft Game Studios founded?

Xbox

Games Xbox's highest-selling games include Halo: Combat Evolved (8.2 million) and Halo 2 (8.5 million).


Question: In what year is Microsoft Game Studios founded?

Xbox

Games that came out with the release of Xbox Games on console release: [2] Amped: Freestyle Snowboarding Batman Vengeance Blood Wake Dark Summit Dave Mirra Freestyle BMX 2 Dead or Alive 3 Fuzion Frenzy Halo: Combat Evolved Jet Set Radio Future Mad Dash Racing Max Payne NBA Live NHL 2002 NHL Hitz 2002 Oddworld: Munch's Odyssee Project Gotham Racing Rallisport Challenge Tony Hawk's Pro Skater 3 Transworld Surf Wreckless: The Yakuza Missions Xbox Live Xbox Live is a paid online gaming game developed by Microsoft for the Xbox enabling service.


Question: In what year is Microsoft Game Studios founded?

Xbox

Features include downloadable content and voice communication.


Question: In what year is Microsoft Game Studios founded?

Xbox

In early 2005, Microsoft reported Live had 1.4 million users worldwide.


Question: In what year is Microsoft Game Studios founded?

Xbox

Specifications Central processor: 733 MHz Intel Pentium III with L2 class memory halved to 128 kilobytes (32 kB L1, 128 kB L2), meaning the processor is practically Mobile Celeron 733 with an older μPGA2 strain.


Question: In what year is Microsoft Game Studios founded?

Xbox

GPU: an enhanced version of the GeForce 3 chip known as the codename NV2A, which runs at 233 MHz.


Question: In what year is Microsoft Game Studios founded?

Xbox

[6] Total memory: 64 MB DDR SDRAM, clock speed 200 MHz Audio: audio chip counts in real time Dolby Digital 5.1 audio in games.


Question: In what year is Microsoft Game Studios founded?

Xbox

Weight 3.86 kg Dimensions: 320 mm × 260 mm × 95 mm [2] Modding It is also possible to modify the Xbox (“mod”), but in this case the machine warranty lapses.


Question: In what year is Microsoft Game Studios founded?

Xbox

Among other things, a larger hard drive can be swapped to the Xbox to provide more space for game saves, games, music and videos.


Question: In what year is Microsoft Game Studios founded?

Xbox

The Xbox's own OS can be switched to another one, such as Linux or a modified dashboard.


Question: In what year is Microsoft Game Studios founded?

Xbox

By modding your Xbox and using appropriate programs, you can take backups of games and get Xbox to accept their use.


Question: In what year is Microsoft Game Studios founded?

Xbox

On the other hand, this possibility also attracts the use of pirated copies of pirated copies, which, however, are blocked from playing on Microsoft's Live service.


Question: In what year is Microsoft Game Studios founded?

Xbox

The modded Xbox also gets emulator software, allowing it to play games on older computers and game consoles.


Question: In what year is Microsoft Game Studios founded?

Xbox

You can attach a mouse and keyboard to the Xbox with the appropriate connector, which helps to use computer programs.


Question: In what year is Microsoft Game Studios founded?

Xbox

The Xbox can also be “modded” using the computer by downloading the correct programs onto the computer, making it possible to edit the game's saves.


Question: In what year is Microsoft Game Studios founded?

Xbox

The main purpose of a modded Xbox in addition to gaming nowadays is to use it as an entertainment center using Xbox Media Center software.


Question: In what year is Microsoft Game Studios founded?

Xbox

This allows the console to play MPEG-4 encoded movies, listen to music, view photos, and play DVD movies without a separate remote control.


Question: In what year is Microsoft Game Studios founded?

Xbox

In addition, all of the above information can be played over the network from a computer connected to the same network as the Xbox.


Question: In what year is Microsoft Game Studios founded?

Xbox

Sources on the topic in the rest of Category:Key Articles in Screening


Question: When was Kamarina founded?

Chamberina

Kamarina (or,) was an ancient city and city-state (polis) in Sikelia, that is, on the island of Sicily in the territory of present-day Italy.


Question: When was Kamarina founded?

Chamberina

[1] [2] [3] Its archaeological site is located about 20 kilometres southwest of present-day Ragusa.


Question: When was Kamarina founded?

Chamberina

[4] Kamarina was a Greek settlement.


Question: When was Kamarina founded?

Chamberina

It was frequently razed and rebuilt during its history.


Question: When was Kamarina founded?

Chamberina

The town's heyday was the classic period in the 4th century BCE.


Question: When was Kamarina founded?

Chamberina

However, it never rose to be among the most prominent cities on the island.


Question: When was Kamarina founded?

Chamberina

[2] [3] Geography Kamarina was located on the southern coast of Sicily on the small river Hypparis (now.


Question: When was Kamarina founded?

Chamberina

Fiume di Camarana or Ippari) at the mouth, about 32 kilometres west of Gela and about 64 kilometres west of the island's southeasternmost tip of the Pakhynos headland.


Question: When was Kamarina founded?

Chamberina

On the other side of town flowed the smaller Oanis River (now.


Question: When was Kamarina founded?

Chamberina

Fiume Frascolari or Rifriscolaro).


Question: When was Kamarina founded?

Chamberina

The Hypparis River originated at the source and provided the town with water via canals and aqueducts.


Question: When was Kamarina founded?

Chamberina

Immediately north of the city in the Hypparis River was located the swampy Kamarina Lake.


Question: When was Kamarina founded?

Chamberina

[3] The territory held by the city-state of Kamarina was known as Kamarinaia () or “Land of the Kamarinans” ().


Question: When was Kamarina founded?

Chamberina

The size of the area has been estimated at about 200—500 square kilometres.


Question: When was Kamarina founded?

Chamberina

The city was originally located on the western edge of the Syracuse sphere of influence near the border with the Gela region, and therefore the region was a “buffer zone” between Syracuse and Gela and often within the Gela sphere of influence.


Question: When was Kamarina founded?

Chamberina

There were other smaller settlements in the area, including a port about 15 kilometres southeast of the urban centre.


Question: When was Kamarina founded?

Chamberina

The border river for the Kamarina and Syracuse regions presumably served as Hyrminios (now.


Question: When was Kamarina founded?

Chamberina

Irminio), and Kamarina—Gela as the border river Akhates (Dirillo).


Question: When was Kamarina founded?

Chamberina

In the northerly direction were located the Hybla Mountains, which separated the Kamarina region from the Kasmenai, Akrai and Leontinoi regions.


Question: When was Kamarina founded?

Chamberina

[1] [2] History The Archaic Period Kamarina was a Doorite colony founded by Syracuse.


Question: When was Kamarina founded?

Chamberina

According to Thukydidee, it was founded 135 years after the foundation of the mother city, that is, around the year 598 BCE.


Question: When was Kamarina founded?

Chamberina

The Kamarinans made peace with the local non-Greek tribe of Chiculs, and there were several Chicular settlements in its territory.


Question: When was Kamarina founded?

Chamberina

Based on archaeological finds, the Chamarinans appear to have been divided into three social classes or tribes.


Question: When was Kamarina founded?

Chamberina

The ethnonym Kamarinaīos (), later Latin Camarinensis, was used for the citizen of the city.


Question: When was Kamarina founded?

Chamberina

[2] [3] [5] Kamarina seems to have rapidly emerged as a thriving city.


Question: When was Kamarina founded?

Chamberina

Only 45 years after their founding, the Chamarinans tried to abandon their mother city, but failed in this.


Question: When was Kamarina founded?

Chamberina

As punishment for the rebellion, the Syracusans destroyed the city in 553 BC.


Question: When was Kamarina founded?

Chamberina

[2] [3] [5] The site of Kamarina appears to have been deserted until 492 BCE.


Question: When was Kamarina founded?

Chamberina

until.


Question: When was Kamarina founded?

Chamberina

At that time, Hippocrates, the tyrant of Gela, gained control of the city's territories through his treaty with Syracuse, and repopulated the place, taking for himself the title of founder (oikistēs) of the city.


Question: When was Kamarina founded?

Chamberina

However, this new settlement was short-lived, as Hippocratic successor Gelon relocated all the inhabitants of the city to Syracuse after gaining the latter in 484 BCE.


Question: When was Kamarina founded?

Chamberina

The chamber was razed again.


Question: When was Kamarina founded?

Chamberina

[2] [3] [6] It is reported that at some point in their history the Chamarinans would have wanted to dry out the swampy Lake Kamarina, which made the city unhealthy, but the Oracle of Delphi advised that the project be abandoned.


Question: When was Kamarina founded?

Chamberina

The Chamarinans are still said to have carried out the drainage, however with the result that the city became more awkwardly defended from that flank.


Question: When was Kamarina founded?

Chamberina

Kamarina is even reported to have been overrun because of it.


Question: When was Kamarina founded?

Chamberina

However, there is no telling whether the narrative is accurate and what time and war event it would relate to.


Question: When was Kamarina founded?

Chamberina

In any case, the oracle's answer “” (Mēkinei Kamarinan: akinētos gar ameinōn, “Do not move Kamarina, in place see better”) became a downright saying among the Greeks, which meant pretty much the same as “do not seek accidents”.


Question: When was Kamarina founded?

Chamberina

[3] [7] [8] Classical Period After the Tyrant Thrasybulos was expelled from Syracuse and the return of exiles from several cities to their respective cities, the Gelans established yet another colony in Kamarina, and divided its lands to new inhabitants.


Question: When was Kamarina founded?

Chamberina

This happened around the year 461 BCE.


Question: When was Kamarina founded?

Chamberina

Ranked at the time of this third Kamarina, among others, Psaumios, the Olympian Games winner, to whom Pindaros referred.


Question: When was Kamarina founded?

Chamberina

Pindaros also praised the speed with which the new city rose and rose to prominence again.


Question: When was Kamarina founded?

Chamberina

The next fifty years or so were for the town its greatest heyday.


Question: When was Kamarina founded?

Chamberina

[3] [9] Kamarina minted its own silver and bronze coins from the 4th century BCE.


Question: When was Kamarina founded?

Chamberina

since.


Question: When was Kamarina founded?

Chamberina

[1] The earliest money is known dating back to 461 BC.


Question: When was Kamarina founded?

Chamberina

[2] The city sought to maintain its independence, and its policies were generally directed against Syracuse, thus distinguishing it from the other Doorite cities in Sicily.


Question: When was Kamarina founded?

Chamberina

In the War of Syracuse and Leontinoi in 427 BC.


Question: When was Kamarina founded?

Chamberina

Kamarina was the only Doorite town on the island to choose the Khalkish side of Leontinoi.


Question: When was Kamarina founded?

Chamberina

However, there was also a pro-Syracuse party in the city, and apparently thanks to this, the city concluded a truce with its neighbours at Gela in 424 BCE, resulting in a general peace.


Question: When was Kamarina founded?

Chamberina

In the peace treaty, Kamarina gained itself the territories of Morgantina.


Question: When was Kamarina founded?

Chamberina

This feels special, as the city in question was located relatively far away in the inner parts of the island.


Question: When was Kamarina founded?

Chamberina

[2] [3] [10] Some years later, the Chamarinans were again ready to assist Athens in support of the Leontinos.


Question: When was Kamarina founded?

Chamberina

Since the beginning of the Athenian Sicilian War Expedition in 415 BC.


Question: When was Kamarina founded?

Chamberina

However, the Chamarinans opted out to be neutral.


Question: When was Kamarina founded?

Chamberina

It was only when luck in the war turned to Syracuse's side that the Chamarinans sent a small force of war to its aid.


Question: When was Kamarina founded?

Chamberina

[3] [11] The invasion of Carthage a few years later dealt Kamarina a serious blow.


Question: When was Kamarina founded?

Chamber

The Carthaginians led by Himilkon ravaged areas of the city in the spring of 405 BCE, but did not attack the city itself.


Question: When was Kamarina founded?

Chamber

After Dionysios failed to save Gela, Kamarina too was left to her own devices.


Question: When was Kamarina founded?

Chamber

The Kamarinans were forced to follow the example of the Gelans and abandon their city.


Question: When was Kamarina founded?

Chamber

They retreated to Syracuse and thence on to Leontinos.


Question: When was Kamarina founded?

Chamber

After Dionysios concluded peace with the Carthaginians in 396 BCE, the inhabitants of Kamarina, as well as Gela and Akraga, could return to their homes on condition that they continue as subjects of Carthage and not rebuild their city's fortifications.


Question: When was Kamarina founded?

Chamber

[2] [3] [12] In a few years, Kamarina supported Dionysion in his war against Carthage.


Question: When was Kamarina founded?

Chamber

Ancient sources mention the city at that time only rarely, but it is presumed to have been under Syracuse.


Question: When was Kamarina founded?

Chamber

After Dionysios died, the Chamarinans joined Dion's side against Dionysios the Younger, and supported this with additional troops during his march to Syracuse.


Question: When was Kamarina founded?

Chamber

[3] [13] Hellenistic and Roman Period After Timoleon had restored freedom to the cities of eastern Sicily in 339 BC, the Chamber was rebuilt.


Question: When was Kamarina founded?

Chamber

The town also acquired new residents, and appears to have regained at least some of its wealth.


Question: When was Kamarina founded?

Chamber

However, the city suffered again from the wars between Agathocles and Carthage.


Question: When was Kamarina founded?

Chamber

It was eventually destroyed by the Mamertines in 275 BCE.


Question: When was Kamarina founded?

Chamber

[2] [3] [14] In the First Punic War of 264—241 BC.


Question: When was Kamarina founded?

Chamber

Kamarina joined the Roman side at an early age.


Question: When was Kamarina founded?

Chamber

In 258 BC.


Question: When was Kamarina founded?

Chamber

the city was betrayed to the Carthaginian Hamilkar.


Question: When was Kamarina founded?

Chamber

It was soon recaptured by the consuls Aulus Atilius and Gaius Sulpicius, after which, in retaliation, they sold much of the inhabitants as slaves.


Question: When was Kamarina founded?

Chamber

A few years later, in 255 BCE, off Kamarina, the largest accident ever to hit Rome occurred in the war, in which much of its fleet was destroyed in a storm.


Question: When was Kamarina founded?

Chamber

Only 80 ships out of the 364 managed to be salvaged, and the entire coast from Kamarina to the promontory of Pakhynos is reported to have been littered with ship wrecks.


Question: When was Kamarina founded?

Chamber

[2] [3] [15] Kamarina is hardly mentioned in ancient sources anymore after this time.


Question: When was Kamarina founded?

Chamber

During Roman rule, the place appears to have regressed into relatively insignificance, but to have survived inhabited until at least the first century BCE.


Question: When was Kamarina founded?

Chamber

Cicero does not mention it when dealing with Sicily, and Strabon says there were only some remnants of it left.


Question: When was Kamarina founded?

Chamber

However, based on Pliny and Ptolemy, it would have survived in existence at least in some form until the 10th century.


Question: When was Kamarina founded?

Chamber

until.


Question: When was Kamarina founded?

Chamber

[2] [3] [16] Later history and excavations After antiquity, the site of the town remained uninhabited, and no new settlement was built on it during the Middle Ages.


Question: When was Kamarina founded?

Chamber

However, the name of the place survived, among other things, the watchtower on the site, which was known as Torre di Camarana still in the 19th century.


Question: When was Kamarina founded?

Chamber

[3] The site of the town was clearly identifiable still in the 18th century, and much ruins were visible on the site, which was subsequently covered in sand.


Question: When was Kamarina founded?

Chamber

[3] Archaeological excavations of Kamarina began from its cemeteries in the 19th century.


Question: When was Kamarina founded?

Chamber

The actual town did not begin to be excavated until the latter half of the 20th century.


Question: When was Kamarina founded?

Chamber

[2] Buildings and findings The city plan and city walls in Kamarina has been a planned city plan and has been surrounded by walls.


Question: When was Kamarina founded?

Chamber

The station plan was a checkerboard station formula based on the principles of Hippodamos, with blocks of approximately 35 by 35 metres in size.


Question: When was Kamarina founded?

Chamber

There were probably three main streets about 10.7 metres wide east-west.


Question: When was Kamarina founded?

Chamber

They were intersected by north-south sectional streets about five metres wide.


Question: When was Kamarina founded?

Chamber

The sites of the city's agora and harbour have been identified.


Question: When was Kamarina founded?

Chamber

Several residential blocks have been excavated from residential blocks.


Question: When was Kamarina founded?

Chamber

Among them are named the “Merchant's House”, as well as the “House of Drawing Writing”, where a trade document of that house written on a lead plate has been found.


Question: When was Kamarina founded?

Chamber

[1] [2] The length of the city walls was about seven kilometres.


Question: When was Kamarina founded?

Chamber

They surrounded an area of about 150—200 hectares that had been built almost full of buildings.


Question: When was Kamarina founded?

Chamber

The oldest parts of the walls dated from the Archaic period to the 5th century BCE.


Question: When was Kamarina founded?

Chamber

Extensive sections of the walls have been preserved especially on their southern side near the Oanis River.


Question: When was Kamarina founded?

Chamber

[1] [2] Temples and Shrines On the hill in the centre of the ancient city was located a temple dedicated to Athena.


Question: When was Kamarina founded?

Chamber

The epithets of this in the city were Poliaokhos, Polias, Promakhos and Ergane.


Question: When was Kamarina founded?

Chamber

The shrine existed as early as the Archaic period, but in its present form the temple was built in the 4th century BCE.


Question: When was Kamarina founded?

Chamber

Much of its naos, or cella, has been preserved of the temple, and its ruins are now part of the church on the site.


Question: When was Kamarina founded?

Chamber

The town also had cults for at least Heraclee and Apollo's Patroos.


Question: When was Kamarina founded?

Chamber

Based on drawing inscriptions, the town is also known to have had a shrine or shrines dedicated to Demeter and Persephone.


Question: When was Kamarina founded?

Chamber

[1] [2] Cemeteries The cemeteries of the town were located on its northern (present-day Scoglitti), eastern (Rifriscolaro, Dieci Saline and Piombo) and western sides (Passo Marinaro, Cozzo Campisi and Randello).


Question: When was Kamarina founded?

Chamber

Graves from the Archaic period have been found on the northern and eastern sides, where the most ancient finds from the early stages of the colony are from Rifriscolaro.


Question: When was Kamarina founded?

Chamber

Classical period graves have been found in all three areas and graves from the Hellenistic period on the southern side.


Question: When was Kamarina founded?

Chamber

A total of graves have been found over.


Question: When was Kamarina founded?

Chamber

[2] Object finds Archeologico Nazionale di Camarina (Museo Archeologico Nazionale di Camarina) in connection with the archaeological site, as well as in the Archaeological Museum of Syracuse (Museo Archeologico Regionale Paolo Orsi) and the Archaeological Museum of Ragusa (Museo Archeologico Ibleo).


Question: When was Kamarina founded?

Chamber

[2] Sources on the topic elsewhere Category:Cities of Ancient Sicily Category:Archaeological sites in Italy Category:Province of Ragusa


Question: What is the name of the French language part of Belgium?

French

French (French.


Question: What is the name of the French language part of Belgium?

French

français) belongs to the Romance languages.


Question: What is the name of the French language part of Belgium?

French

French is spoken by approximately 75.9 million people as a native language and 87 million people as a second language.


Question: What is the name of the French language part of Belgium?

French

[1] The French language is spoken first and foremost in France, but also in some regions including Belgium, Switzerland and Canada, where they also have the status of an official language.


Question: What is the name of the French language part of Belgium?

French

In addition, it is as an official language in many African countries.