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on the basis of foreign fighting as early as 1932, as the underpowered army was not thought to be capable of defeating the large army of the Soviets with direct frontal attacks [79].


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This caused the development of a way of warfare moving in the forest [80] even before the war.


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In the war, the Finns were able to make surprise attacks of guerrilla attacks on the forest, e.g.


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on a campfire to the warm-up Soviets.


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The tactic involved burning villages and separate buildings to be left to the enemy so that the enemy could not accommodate them.


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Finnish military tactics were based on acting according to the situation.


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Attacked blockadedly wherever you could, defended in front when we had to.


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A major strength of the Finns was also radio reconnaissance, namely interception, locating enemy radio traffic, and opening cipher messages.


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Using radio reconnaissance, among other things, when launching mots, the Finns were able to concentrate force at the breakout points and leave other areas around the mot almost without occupation.


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The mobility of the Finns also caused patrols to have to travel sometimes long distances on the brink of hunger.


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The main problem for the Finns in the Winter War was the lack of anti-tank equipment [81].


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Telamines were effective, but were insufficiently protected by anti-personnel mines or lacked altogether.


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Anti-tank guns accounted for only a third of the planned number.


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The planned procurement of anti-tank rifles did not materialise before the start of the war as parties deciding on procurement quarreled over its calibre selection.


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Temporary anti-tank equipment such as firebottle, birch splitter and pile charge were not always useful in unprotected terrain.


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Weaknesses in the anti-tank led to a reduction in the infantry's will to fight.


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Occasionally there was outright escapism.


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The Finnish army was not effective against a planned, gigantic attack on the Isthmus at the end of the Winter War.


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As the Finns had few troops, even worn-out, the Finns front was broken as the Soviets increased pressure.


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The Soviets had learned from their mistakes and used tanks in groups to break the trenches.


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Field artillery fire was accurate, but there was far too little ammunition.


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For comparison, one can mention that the ammunition consumption of Finnish artillery throughout the war was equivalent to that of the two days of the Red Army.


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On the Karelian Isthmus, the firepower of the Soviet artillery was seven times stronger than the Finns.


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[82] In general, the maintenance situation in Finland was critical.


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In the early stages of hostilities, Finnish military equipment was assessed as: [83] Cartridges of rifles and light machinery guns for 60 daysThe ammunition of flat field cannons21 for 120mm howitzer ammunition24 During the dayheavy and coastal gunness19 dayfuel of ground troop vehicles60 days of aircraft fuel30 days Red Army strengths and weaknesses Red Army had overwhelming equipment and male superiority on its side.


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Artillery in particular was an effective weapon against the Finns, with tanks and aircraft being added.


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On the other hand, the Red Army's tactics originated in the central regions of the Soviet Union, or steppes, where it used an open attack against the enemy.


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Thus, the mechanized army was forced to rely on openings and roads.


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The Soviets attacked in large numbers over the openings “uraata”, shouting the Finns to fire.


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This junnatic, formulaic human wave tactic was still applied at the end of the war, although it had been corrected to be more effective based on experience.


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There was a general understanding of the specialised conditions of forest warfare, but there was no time to train troops before war broke out.


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The officers were too tied to the bylaws.


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The Red Army's mechanised equipment was partially unsuitable for forest warfare, operated only on openings and roads and often could not withstand severe frosts.


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On the other hand, safety measures in accordance with the guidelines were not taken, for example, on a forest road, it was not possible to clear lanes from the forest without trees.


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The brigade's command center may have been caught off guard.


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Trusted in their own power, the Finns were not thought to be capable of significant retaliation and were not able to inquire, be cautious and vigilant.


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There was also sometimes friction in cooperation between different units and commanders.


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The cooperation between different types of weapons was not seamless and effective.


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In the beginning, for example, the armoured gun and infantry did not support each other.


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The basic idea of the Red Army was an invasion that was thought to be successful in a short period of time.


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The Red Army had no winter equipment when invading Finland, army units had been moved from the Polish Front.


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Maintenance didn't always play out as hoped.


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As a rule, skis were not known to be used, accommodation equipment often did not exist.


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The Soviets had very few off-road snowsuits.


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The men had to cabin in ground pits and warm up under open skies by a campfire.


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Surprise attacks of the type of guerrilla strikes carried out by the Finns on campfires often had a passivating effect, since the Soviets often did not see snow-clad soldiers firing from the dark with submachine guns.


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A major factor influencing the course of the Winter War was the Stalin purges of 1937—1938, in which an officer corps trained in the Soviet Union's new mechanised warfare was almost entirely killed or imprisoned.


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The Red Army had secretly developed mechanized warfare along with Germany in the 1920s and early 1930s.


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However, no new strategy was employed in the Winter War.


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In the Winter War, as well as in the Continuation War, the anti-landing operations developed in the Soviet Union in the 1930s were also used behind the defender's lines, although the Soviet Union was an international pioneer in development.


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Mott battles The Finns used their own tactics and enemy mistakes to effective advantage.


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The attacker's columns were motivated to forest roads.


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On the road to Raattee, an entire motorised division was destroyed and a large war booty was made.


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The mots of the Soviets tenaciously defended themselves and bound the Finns, which would have been needed elsewhere.


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The High Command of the Red Army War Action Groups was held accountable for the disaster.


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Generals and politruks were executed.


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[84] Lev Mehlis, the supreme commissioner of the 163rd Division fighting at Suomussalmi, temporarily lost his position, but was allowed to retain his life.


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He was recalled in 1941 as High Commissioner of the Red Army after Germany invaded the Soviet Union.


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After the war, among other things, he served as Director General of the State Inspectorate of the Soviet Union


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He died in 1953.


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At the end of the 1930s, Finland's preparation for wartime conditions in Finland was still very incomplete or unfinished.


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The main shortcomings were in material preparation.


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Certainly, some legislative and administrative measures had been taken, but decisions and practical measures were unhelpfully overdue.


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[85] The readiness of Finnish society for war was therefore poor, for which responsibility was borne by both politicians and soldiers.


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Political conflicts over the use of state resources led, on the one hand, to the neglect of defence expenditure, but most obviously also led to the integration of different social classes into Finnish society, which, on the other hand, enabled the spirit of the so-called Winter War to form.


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The contribution hampering the development of the military's national defence consists, among other things, of mutual wrangling and a desire for secrecy.


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For example, the controversy over the caliber of the pst rifle, which was not agreed upon until the spring of 1939 and by the Winter War, only a prototype of the weapon had time to be developed.


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[86] During the Winter War, plans were drawn up on the basis of which Finnish economic life and industry were mobilised to support the warfare of the kingdom.


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At the same time, significant omissions in defence capability were identified, which were quickly sought to address.


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Stocks of important raw materials were almost negligible, planning and execution of transportation required far more resources than were allocated to them, etc., etc. In order to adapt Finnish society to wartime conditions, various plans began to be drawn up, which were practically implemented during the so-called intermediate peace.


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[86] Parties losses Finnish losses in the Winter War amounted to 26662 killed in the war effort and about 1,000 civilians.


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[87] After the war, the Soviet Union reported a loss of 48745 fallen and 15,8863 wounded, [88] but these numbers are now known to be far too small.


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A research team led by Lieutenant Colonel Grigory Fedotovich Krivosheyev in the 1990s examined all records in Soviet archives on losses suffered by the Soviet Union in wars (the study has been published in English as Soviet Casualties and Combat Losses in the Twentieth Century).


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The group said that exact losses cannot be said with certainty because of discrepancies in the information, but nevertheless gives two different figures for the fallen: The loss reports of units include 95348 fallen, missing and dead of their wounds.


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The Red Army loss record, collected from 1949 to 1951, contains 126875 names.


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[89] According to the group, the latter is likely to be closer to the right.


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As a figure for wounded red soldiers, the group reports 265,000 men.


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Higher numbers, such as 200,000 to 300,000 fallen, have been presented in Russian and Soviet literature, as the top of the million-man losses cited by Nikita Khrushchev.


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However, these figures are not based on archival sources.


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In his memoirs, Mannerheim estimated, among other things, the number of Soviet soldiers who fell on the basis of destroyed divisions at 200,000.


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[90] Several times the number of men of some Finnish keepers fell in the Winter War compared to others, which is explained by the area system in use in the defence forces at the time.


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In the Continuation War, detachments were already formed differently, partly based on the experience of the Winter War.


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[91] At the beginning of the Winter War, due to the rapid attack of the Red Army, all civilians were not able to be evacuated.


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They were destined to remain in territory conquered by the Soviets.


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Starting from Petsamo, they were up to the border to Suojärvi.


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The total number of those transferred as prisoners of war across the border was about 2500.


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They were usually transferred to a labor camp.


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Some of them fell ill and died under difficult circumstances.


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Those who survived were returned at the beginning of the summer of 1940 back to their homeland.


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A very small number remained in Russia, but most of them too later returned to Finland.


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[92] War and sleep deprivation caused thousands of men to have psychological problems.


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According to Ville Kivimäki's Broken Minds book, people with mind disorders were almost not treated at all during the war and were not normally awarded war validity compensation.


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When war wounded were treated as heroes, the mentally ill were often perceived as cowards.


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War traumas were thought to be caused by soldiers themselves, not from experiences caused by war.


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This, on the other hand, was understandable, because if the mental fracturing of normal men had been accepted as the same principle of liberation from the front as being wounded, it would have been difficult to continue the war.


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On the other hand, there were almost no resources to diagnose mental illness either.


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The traumas of the Winter War were often evident with delay: the nervous breakdowns during the Continuation War, as well as the alcoholism of veterans in the postwar period or the nightmares they had.


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[93] Territorial pledges and population resettlement As a result of the war, Finland lost the eastern parts of Salla and Kuusamo, a large part of Karelia, the outer islands of the Gulf of Finland and the western part of Kalastajasaarenno.


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Overall, the ceded territories accounted for 12% of Finland's area.


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Finland was also forced to lease Hanko to the Soviet Union as a military base.


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About 430000 Finns lost their homes, or about 12% of the total population.


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Efforts were made to find new places to live elsewhere in Finland for those who lost their homes by enacting the Express Settlement Act.


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The Karelian Federation, founded after the war, sought to defend the interests of Karelian evars.


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[94] [95] The roles and assistance of foreign countries Finland received much sympathy around the world even in October before the Winter War, and the beginning of the war created great anti-Soviet sentiment.


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In particular, the South American states and France condemned the Soviet invasion in hostile words.


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Important help Finland received from the international press, which monitored the war closely and, apart from the communist magazines, sided with Finland.


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The League of Nations was convened in early December at the suggestion of Finland to deal with the Soviet invasion.


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The Soviet Union was expelled from the League of Nations and member countries were urged to help Finland.


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The decision was of considerable importance, especially among Western European countries, which gave them a clear political mandate and a call to help Finland.


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[96] France and the United Kingdom decided on 5 February to send an expedition to help Finland.


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Under the first plans made in December, an Allied naval detachment and possibly even troops would have been sent to Petsamo waters to retake the Soviet-occupied Petsamo continental region.


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However, the importance of Petsamo was soon understood to be minor to Finland and, moreover, would not have given the Western powers the opportunity to halt the vital German iron ore imports from the Kirunan-Jällivaara region.


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Therefore, the operation decided on 5 February consisted of a landing on the Norwegian coast, advancing into the ore regions of northern Sweden, and, situation permitting, the extension of a smaller contingent to Finland.


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The final stage could have been prevented by strong German countermeasures in Sweden.


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[97] The basic problem of the operation was that the Swedish and Norwegian attitude towards the use of their territories was negative.


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Britain, in particular, was timid about launching an operation without guarantees from Sweden and Norway for free passage.


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Furthermore, Finland was not unequivocally willing to publicly call on the expedition to help either, as it would not have been a decisive military aid, but might have enveloped Finland into a major war.


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France and Britain also made separate bids and provided conflicting information about the amount and time of aid, making the Finns reserved.


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[98] According to schedule, the Allied detachments, about the strength of three divisions, had mobilized from their ports on 15 March and began the landings in Norway five days later.


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As Finland's peace negotiations lasted, France already had time to order an operation for its forces to be launched on 12 March, and the British were also preparing to launch in those days.


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However, the peace made by Finland interrupted the activities of both 13.


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on March.


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[99] Flygflottilj 19 (F19), an air squadron assembled from Swedish volunteers, was responsible for the defence of the airspace of Northern Finland with just under two dozen planes since January 1940.


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Thanks to a self-sufficient Swedish squadron flying under Finnish insignia, population centres were provided with protection from bombing and the Finnish Air Force's own planes could concentrate on the defence of southern Finland.


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After the war, the aircraft were returned to Sweden.


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The unit brought significant experience in combat operations to the Swedish Air Force.


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[100] Foreign Volunteers of the Winter War At the end of the Winter War, about 11660 foreigners had enrolled in the Finnish army (according to official statistics).


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In total, they were from 28 countries [101].


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Military significance of foreign volunteers was practically only by volunteers who arrived from Sweden.


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In addition to them, only a small number of American Finns participated in the actual combat action.


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[102] [103] As to the consequences and significance of the Winter War, the Winter War was a heavy ordeal for the peoples of both Finland and the Soviet Union: personal and material losses were high in both countries.


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Moreover, relations between the two countries were in their worst state until then, and neither sought betterment, but sought solutions to conflicts the other way.


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Since Germany had occupied Denmark and Norway, Finland's chances of gaining support from the Western Allies disappeared, so Finland was forced to rely on Germany, sparking a continuation war between Finland and the Soviet Union.


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World War II continued, and its development also had a decisive impact on the situation between the Soviet Union and Finland.


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Despite heavy losses, the Soviets did not abandon plans to conquer Finland.


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Marshal Kliment Voroshilov, who served as commander of Soviet forces in the Winter War, later admitted that he himself, the General Staff no more than the head of the Leningrad Military District in autumn 1939 had no idea what kind of war they had gone to.


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Since then serving as President of the Soviet Union, Voroshilov gave credit to the opposing side: “The Finnish army, which was well organised, armed and trained with local conditions in mind, proved to be highly mobile, defensively capable and disciplined.” [104] Finland Foreign Minister Eljas Erkko had reassured his subordinates before the Winter War broke out by assuring him that “the Russians will not attack against the winter.”


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For his part, Stalin wanted to work out his relationship with Finland as quickly as possible in order to secure the benefits reserved for the Soviet Union in the Molotov—Ribbentrop Pact, as rumours had been borne in his ears that Germany was preparing peace with the Western powers and would soon turn its weapons to the east, against the Soviet Union.


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[105] Stalin was also in a hurry for another reason, since the issue of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina, which was still waiting for its turn, was strategically more important than the Finnish issue.


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[106] In April 1940, at a criticism meeting under Stalin, the commanders of the Finnish Front praised the Finnish Army, but Stalin silenced them by stating that the Finnish Army could not be considered a “fully modern army” because it was trained for defence rather than invasion.


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[107] During and after the Winter War, a myth arose, the “miracle of the Winter War”.


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According to it, the brave struggle and success of small Finland against great superiority was a superhuman performance in which religious elements also played a part.


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However, in the results of studies of both war and political history, rational reasons for the outcome of the war can be found.


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The Winter War brought to light the importance of the nation's intellectual resources in warfare.


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After the war, the Finnish people were internally more united than at any time in the country's history.


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There was also an effort on the political front to support and promote actions that unify the people.


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Among other things, disputes in the 1930s over funding and maintenance of the Finnish army gave way to a vigorous equipping effort.


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However, the Finnish leadership made every effort to avoid the situation experienced in the Winter War, where the country had gone to war on its own against a superpower.


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For the Finns, the Winter War was essentially a defensive war, but the loss of territory and personnel lifted the offensive mood.


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Distrusts of the Soviet Union already prevalent in Finland escalated into a hatred in which all actions of the NL were interpreted negatively.


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The history of the Winter War provides a good example of great power political policies.


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The ideological motives presented by both Germany and the Soviet Union in the 1930s and their mutual confrontations proved to be propaganda to disguise the real aspirations of power of the great powers.


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The emblems of Bolshevism and National Socialism were pushed aside when the great power's interest so demanded.


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Realizing this fact was a key factor in creating the spirit of the Winter War among the Finns.


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[108] As regards political opinion formation in society, the Winter War and the Finnish Civil War of 1918 are an interesting benchmark.


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During 1917, domestic and superpower political currents drew Finns apart and strengthened the extremes of the political field on both the right and left.


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In 1939, the development was reversed: integration took place in internal politics and the actions of the great powers broke the position of extremist groups that supported them in Finland on the right and left, and the current took the majority of Finns behind common foreign policy and national defence objectives and ultimately to the fight against actions perceived to be unjust.


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The monotism between Finns (so-called brother in arms) has been reflected in the post-World War II period, despite internal conflicts.


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The Winter War may have had a significant impact on World War II because Hitler assessed the Soviet Union as a “giant standing on clay feet”, which contributed to strengthening the Germans' decision to invade the Soviet Union in the summer of 1941.


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On the other hand, the Soviets learned lessons from the losses caused by rigid tactics and weak command ratios, as well as the shortcomings of infantry training.


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The success of the strike forces equipped with Suomi submachine guns also led to a reassessment of the importance of the submachine gun and skis in the Soviet Union.


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Along with automatic rifles, the Soviets also began to equip their infantry with their self-made PPŠ-41 submachine guns, which enabled them to increase their firepower.


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During the war in the Soviet Union, it was called the “Finnish War” or the “Finnish Campaign”.


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During the YYA period after World War II, the terminology was softened and talked about “the Soviet-Finnish local armed conflict of 1939—1940”.


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It should be noted that already in the Soviet encyclopedias of 1963, the Soviet Union was named as the aggressor.


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In volume 24.I (p. 41) of Bolšaja sovetskaja entsiklopedija published in 1976, there is a three-column article about the Soviet-Finnish war 1939—40 as well as one page of maps related to the Winter War.


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The article highlights the security aspect of Leningrad against a possible attack by “hostile forces” as the cause of war.


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As a state that acted against Soviet interests, Germany is also mentioned.


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[109] With the advent of Perestroika in the early 1980s, the Winter War again became a war and the name “zimnjaja voina” (, winter war) came into fashion.


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[110] Decorations for those who participated in the Winter War were presented with the Winter War Memorial Medal.


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[111] Other medals associated with the time include e.g.


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arms crosses such as Kainuu Cross, Central Isthmus Cross, Koivisto Cross, Kolla Cross, Ladoga Medal, Lapland Cross, Western Isthmus Cross, Muolaan Cross, Pitkäranta Cross, Summa Cross, Taipalee Cross and Tolvajärvi Cross.


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[111] Winter War in art and entertainment Immediately after the end of the war, Otava organized a Winter War-themed writing contest.


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It was won by Viljo Sarajan's Redeemed Country, second placed under Eino Hosian Tulivault and third by Pentti Haanpää's Korpisota.


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Winter War

Haanpää had participated in the war in the ranks of JR 40 on Pelkosenniemi and in the final stages of the war on the Isthmus.


Question: What was the outcome of the Winter War?

Winter War

The Corp War is therefore a realistic description of the stages of war from a private's point of view.


Question: What was the outcome of the Winter War?

Winter War

In poetry, the Winter War was described by Yrjö Jylhä, a company manager in Taipaleenjoki, in the collection Purgatory.


Question: What was the outcome of the Winter War?

Winter War

Antti Tuuri wrote the novel Talvisota, based on which Pekka Parikka directed the 1989 film of the same name.


Question: What was the outcome of the Winter War?

Winter War

US-based Chuck Pfaffer announced in late summer 2010 his intention to make a film based on the Winter War.


Question: What was the outcome of the Winter War?

Winter War

On the album The Art of War, released in 2008 by Swedish power metal band Sabaton, there was a song titled Winter War.


Question: What was the outcome of the Winter War?

Winter War

Among the wartime propaganda songs, one of the best known is a song written by Reino Palmroth (Palle), written by Palle immediately after the end of the Winter War.


Question: What was the outcome of the Winter War?

Winter War

[112] See also Winter War Diplomacy The Spirit of the Winter War Winter War Bombing Winter War Naval Warfare Winter War Air Warfare Finn's Winter War Catch War Iron Ring Continuation War Sources History of Winter War 2, Military action on the Karelian Isthmus.


Question: What was the outcome of the Winter War?

Winter War

Ed.


Question: What was the outcome of the Winter War?

Winter War

Military History Office of the Department of Military Science, Porvoo: WSOY, 1978.


Question: What was the outcome of the Winter War?

Winter War

ISBN 951-0-08147-7.


Question: What was the outcome of the Winter War?

Winter War

Tyyne Martikainen: Winter War Evails and Civil War Prisoners.


Question: What was the outcome of the Winter War?

Winter War

Espoo.


Question: What was the outcome of the Winter War?

Winter War

TM Books, 2008 ISBN 951-862 135-7 Ari Raunio, Yuri Kolin, Winter War Battles, 3rd Cord.


Question: What was the outcome of the Winter War?

Winter War

p. Map Centre, 2010.


Question: What was the outcome of the Winter War?

Winter War

ISBN 978-951-593-415-4 (Rev.


Question: What was the outcome of the Winter War?

Winter War

previously in Defenders of Independence under the name Battles of War 1.)


Question: What was the outcome of the Winter War?

Winter War

Hietanen, Silvo (ed.


Question: What was the outcome of the Winter War?

Winter War

): Nation at War 1.


Question: What was the outcome of the Winter War?

Winter War

From war to war.


Question: What was the outcome of the Winter War?

Winter War

Helsinki: State Printing Centre, 1989.


Question: What was the outcome of the Winter War?

Winter War

ISBN 951-861-384-2.


Question: What was the outcome of the Winter War?

Winter War

Jakobson, Max: The Diplomats Winter War.


Question: What was the outcome of the Winter War?

Winter War

Huddersfield: WSOY 2002.


Question: What was the outcome of the Winter War?

Winter War

ISBN 9789510356739.


Question: What was the outcome of the Winter War?

Winter War

Järvinen, Y. A., Finnish and Russian tactics in the Winter War, WSOY Porvoo Helsinki 1948 Kivimäki, Ville, Broken Minds: Battle for Finnish soldiers' nerves 1939—1945.


Question: What was the outcome of the Winter War?

Winter War

Huddersfield: WSOY, 2013.


Question: What was the outcome of the Winter War?

Winter War

Laaksonen, Lasse: Reality and biases: Battle of the Isthmus and the state of Finnish troops at the end of the Winter War 1940.


Question: What was the outcome of the Winter War?

Winter War

Helsinki: Thought, 2005.


Question: What was the outcome of the Winter War?

Winter War

ISBN 951-20-6911-3.


Question: What was the outcome of the Winter War?

Winter War

Manninen, Ohto: Winter War Encrypted Backgrounds.


Question: What was the outcome of the Winter War?

Winter War

Helsinki: Book Counselor, 1994.


Question: What was the outcome of the Winter War?

Winter War

ISBN 952-90-5251-0.


Question: What was the outcome of the Winter War?

Winter War

Meinander, Henry: History of Finland.


Question: What was the outcome of the Winter War?

Winter War

Lines, structures, turning points.


Question: What was the outcome of the Winter War?

Winter War

Huddersfield: WSOY, 2006.


Question: What was the outcome of the Winter War?

Winter War

ISBN 978-951-0-30809-7.


Question: What was the outcome of the Winter War?

Winter War

Palolampi, Erkki: The collar lasts.


Question: What was the outcome of the Winter War?

Winter War

Attached military historical review of the Kolla Front — a Winter War miniature.


Question: What was the outcome of the Winter War?

Winter War

Written by K. J. Mikola.


Question: What was the outcome of the Winter War?

Winter War

Porvoo: WSOY, 1989.


Question: What was the outcome of the Winter War?

Winter War

ISBN 951-0-16034-2 Ruin, Ari: Military action: Finnish wars 1939—45.


Question: What was the outcome of the Winter War?

Winter War

Vantaa: Genimap, 2004.


Question: What was the outcome of the Winter War?

Winter War

ISBN 951-593-914-3.


Question: What was the outcome of the Winter War?

Winter War

Ries, Tomas: Cold Will — The Defense of Finland.


Question: What was the outcome of the Winter War?

Winter War

London: Brassey's Defence Publishers, 1988.


Question: What was the outcome of the Winter War?

Winter War

ISBN 0-08-033592-6 Transclusion error: {{En}} is only for use in File namespace.


Question: What was the outcome of the Winter War?

Winter War

Use {{lang-en}} or {{en icon}} instead.. Siilasvuo, Ensio (ed.


Question: What was the outcome of the Winter War?

Winter War

): Chronicle of the Winter War.


Question: What was the outcome of the Winter War?

Winter War

Gummerus: Gummerus, 1989.


Question: What was the outcome of the Winter War?

Winter War

ISBN 951-20-3446-8.


Question: What was the outcome of the Winter War?

Winter War

Tala, Henry: French solvers of the Winter War.


Question: What was the outcome of the Winter War?

Winter War

French aid to Finland 1939—1940.


Question: What was the outcome of the Winter War?

Winter War

Minerva: Helsinki 2014.


Question: What was the outcome of the Winter War?

Winter War

ISBN 978-952-312-020-4.


Question: What was the outcome of the Winter War?

Winter War

Ylikangas, Heikki: Finland and Germany from winter war to intermediate peace.


Question: What was the outcome of the Winter War?

Winter War

WSOY, Helsinki, 2001.


Question: What was the outcome of the Winter War?

Winter War

ISBN 951-0-26052-5.


Question: What was the outcome of the Winter War?

Winter War

Ylikangas, Heikki: My interpretation of the Winter War.


Question: What was the outcome of the Winter War?

Winter War

Huddersfield: WSOY, 2001.


Question: What was the outcome of the Winter War?

Winter War

ISBN 951-0-26052-5.


Question: What was the outcome of the Winter War?

Winter War

Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Jari Eilola, Matti Rautiainen and Heikki Roiko-Jokela| title = Traveling in time| number = Winter War| publisher = WSOY| year = 2002| isbn = 951-0-27058-x}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Käkönen U. | title = Military Attaché Moscow 1939| publisher = Otava| year = 1966}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Laine, Antti| title = Little Giant of Finnish History | location = Helsinki| publisher = WSOY| year = 2003| isbn = 951-0-27365-1}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Leskinen, Jari & Juutilainen, Antti (eds.


Question: What was the outcome of the Winter War?

Winter War

) | title = Petty Giant of Continuation War| location = Helsinki| publisher = WSOY| year = 2005| isbn = 951-0-28690-7}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Mannerheim, C.


Question: What was the outcome of the Winter War?

Winter War

G.


Question: What was the outcome of the Winter War?

Winter War

E.


Question: What was the outcome of the Winter War?

Winter War

& Virkkunen, Sakari| title = Memoirs of a Marshal of Finland| publisher = The Great Finnish Book Club| year = 1995| id = ISBN 951-643-469-X}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Sander, Gordon F.| title = Battle for Finland 1939—1940| others = Translated by ArtoHäilä) | publisher = WSOHÄILÄ) | publisher = WSOHÄILÄ Y | year = 2010| id = ISBN 978-951-0-35299-1}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Tanner, Väinö| title = I was foreign minister during the winter war| number = Negotiation phase| location = Helsinki| publisher = January| year = 1979| isbn = 951-30-4813-6}}, replace with {{cite book| author = Trotter, William R.| title= Frozen hell — The Russo-Finnish winter war of 1939—1940| location = Chapel Hill| publisher = Algonquin Books| year = 2000| isbn=1-56512-249-6| language = Transclusion error: {{en}} is only for use in File namespace.


Question: What was the outcome of the Winter War?

Winter War

Use {{lang-en}} or {{en icon}} instead.}


Question: What was the outcome of the Winter War?

Winter War

Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Uitto, Antero and Geust, Carl-Fredrik| title = Mannerheim Line — Winter War legend| location = Helsinki| publisher = Idea Books| year = 2006| isbn = 951-20-7042-1}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Krivoška Eyev, G. F.| title = Soviet Casualties and Combat Losses in the Twentieth Century| location = London| publisher = Greenhill Books| year = 1997| isbn = 1-85367-280-7| language = Transclusion error: {{en}} is only for use in File namespace.


Question: What was the outcome of the Winter War?

Winter War


Question: What was the outcome of the Winter War?

Winter War

Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Leskinen, Jari & Juutilainen, Antti| title = Winter War Little Giant| publisher = WSOY| year = 1999| id = ISBN 951-0-23536-9}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Raunio, Ari (ed.


Question: What was the outcome of the Winter War?

Winter War

) | title = Defenders of Independence -series| publisher = Weilin+Göös etc.| year = 2002—2003| isbn = 951-35-6630-7}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Ruin, Jukka| title = Pilot's Perspective II| location = Kerava| publisher = own publication: Jukka Ruunio| title = Pilot's Perspective II| location = Kerava| publisher = self-published: Jukka Ruunio| year = 1999| 3| id = ISBN 951- 96866-0-6}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Haataja, Lauri| title = When the people gathered themselves| publisher = Oak | year = 1989| id = ISBN 951-30-9170-8}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Käkelä, Erkki| title = Marsk Armor Destroyers: Finland evolution of anti-tank and the history of anti-tank units of the tank group| publisher = WSOY| year = 2000| id = ISBN 951-0-24638-7}}.


Question: What was the outcome of the Winter War?

Winter War

References Literature Winter War as an experience.


Question: What was the outcome of the Winter War?

Winter War

Historical Society of Northern Finland.


Question: What was the outcome of the Winter War?

Winter War

Rovaniemi, 2011.


Question: What was the outcome of the Winter War?

Winter War

Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Blücher, Wipert von| title = Fate of Finland — Recollections from 1935—1944.| publisher = WSOY| year = 1950}} Citation error, with {{cite book| author = Edwards, Robert (English) Porio, Jouni) | title = Winter War with European Eye| publisher = Minerva| year = 2007| id = ISBN 978-952-492-072-8}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Holmila, Antero| title = Winter War with others| publisher = Atena| year = 2009}} Citation with error, replace {{cite book| author = Irincheev, Bair| title = Winter War with Russian eyes.| publisher = Minerva| year = 2012}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Krohn, Aarni| title = 30.11.1939 — First Hours of Winter War | publisher = January| year = 1979| id = ISBN 951-30-9276-3}}, replace with {{cite book| author = Langdon-Davies, John| title = Attack in the snow: Winter War in the eyes of a British correspondent | location = Helsinki| publisher = Paasilinna| year = 2014| version = (Finland — the First Total War, 1940.)


Question: What was the outcome of the Winter War?

Winter War

Translated by Simo Liikanen.


Question: What was the outcome of the Winter War?

Winter War

Foreword by Debbie Langdon-Davis| isbn = 978-952-299-024-2}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Mononen, Väinö| title = War Road of a Battalion.


Question: What was the outcome of the Winter War?

Winter War

2016| publisher = Books on Demand, Helsinki| year = | id = ISBN 978-952-339-478-0}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Mononen, Väinö| title = Death Alley Running. | publisher = Alfamer Oy, Helsinki| year = 2006| id = ISBN 952-472-043-4} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Mononen, Väinö| title = Fireflames of Tuonela. | publisher = Edico Oy, Helsinki| year = 2011| id = ISBN 978-952-5708-44-8}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Niukkanen, Juho| title = Winter War Defence Minister tells.| publisher = WSOO Y| year = 1951}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Näre, Sari & Kirves, Jenni (ed.


Question: What was the outcome of the Winter War?

Winter War

) | title = The Ugly War: The Silent History of the Winter and Continuation War| location = Helsinki| publisher = Johnny Kniga| year = 2008| id = ISBN 978-951-0-32917-7}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Paasikivi, J. K.| = My Activities in Moscow and Finland 1939—1941| publisher = WSOY (4th edition 1986) .| year = 1958| id = ISBN 951-0-13576-3.}}


Question: What was the outcome of the Winter War?

Winter War

Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Ruin, Ari & Kolin, Juri| title = Winter War Battles| publisher = Map Center| year = 2007| id = ISBN 978-951-593-068-2}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Richly, Gábor| title = Brother for Brother: Winter War and Hungary| publisher = Docendo| year = 2015| isbn = 978-952-291-168-1}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Richly, Gábor| title = Hungary and Finnish Winter Wars.| location = Helsinki| publisher = Military Historical Journal| year = | pages = 134-196}} Citation error, replace with {cite book| author = Sander, Gordon F.| title= The Hundred Day Winter War: Finland's Gallant Stand Against the Soviet Army| location = Lawrence| publisher = University Press of Kansas| year = 2013| version=Modern War Studies| isbn = 978-0-7006-1910-8}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Hedgehog, Ensio, et al.


Question: What was the outcome of the Winter War?

Winter War

(ed.


Question: What was the outcome of the Winter War?

Winter War

) | title = Winter War Chronicle| publisher = Gummerus| year = 1997| id = ISBN 951-20-3446-8.}


Question: What was the outcome of the Winter War?

Winter War

Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Stepakov, Viktor & Orehov, Dmitri| title = Parade March to Finland: Winter War with the eyes of Russians | publisher = WSOY| year = 1992| version = Translated by Matti Hyvärinen| id = ISBN 951-0-18304-0}} Citation error, replace with {cite book| id = ISBN 951-0-18304-0}} Citation error, replace with {cite book| k| author = English , Juhani| title = Myrrysman — Urho Kekkonen 1936—1944.| publisher = Otava| year = 1986| id = ISBN 951-1-06567-X.}}


Question: What was the outcome of the Winter War?

Winter War

Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Finland, Juhani| title = Winter War background — Soviet Union in Finnish foreign policy 1937—1939.| publisher = Otava| year = 1973| id = ISBN 951-1-00251-1}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Tanner, Väinö| title = I was Foreign Minister during the winter war| publisher = Oak | year = 1950}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Tepora, Tuas| title = Spirit of War: Beautiful and Ugly Winter War| location = Helsinki| publisher = WSOY| year = 2015| id = ISBN 978-951-0-40166-8}} Citation with error, replace {{cite book| author = Tuomikoski, Pekka| title = Winter War — Population Transfers.| publisher = AtlaSart| year = 2010}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Importing, Value | title = Storm| publisher = January| year = 1970}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Uitto, Antero| title = Winter War with the eyes of the Red Army| publisher = Karisto| year = 1999| id = ISBN 978-951-233-939-6}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Vihavainen, Timo & Sakharov, Andrei (ed.


Question: What was the outcome of the Winter War?

Winter War

) | title = Unknown Winter War: Soviet secret police folders| location = Helsinki| publisher = Edita| year = 2009| version=Translations by Maija Dahlgren en m| id = ISBN 978-951-37-5598-0}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Vladimirov, Viktor| title = Towards winter war | publisher = Otava, 1995| year = 1995}} On topic elsewhere (135 pcs) Archives Institute.


Question: What was the outcome of the Winter War?

Winter War

{{country data {{{1}}} | flaglink/core | variant = | size= | name= | altlink =national rugby union team | altvar =rugby union}} (Archives Department) Broadcasting #sota39 updates the stages of the war day by day on Twitter.


Question: What was the outcome of the Winter War?

Winter War

The events of 75 years ago are recounted through actual conversations and decisions held by the country's martial government, condensed into tweets.


Question: What was the outcome of the Winter War?

Winter War

* Category:Key articles of screening


Question: What does volt mean?

Volt

A volt (ID V) is a derived unit of voltage in the SI system.


Question: What does volt mean?

Volt

[1] [2] It is named after Italian physicist Alessandro Volta.


Question: What does volt mean?

Volt

The unit is defined in such a way that if a watts power loss occurs in the conductor and an amperage current passes through it, there is a voltage of one volt across it.


Question: What does volt mean?

Volt

[1] For practical needs, the volt has been standardised since 1990 using the so-called Josephson phenomenon as an auxiliary.


Question: What does volt mean?

Volt

Electrical potential is also measured in volts: electric potential is the potential energy of an electric field per electric charge.


Question: What does volt mean?

Volt

1 V = 1 W/A = 1 J/C.


Question: What does volt mean?

Volt

[1] [3] SI Coefficients Sources Category:Units of Voltage Class:Derivative Units of the SI System Category:Key Articles of Screening


Question: Who coined the term for video game culture?

Gamification

Gamification refers to the application of the dynamics and mechanics of games to different environments, such as in different online services, education, or employment.


Question: Who coined the term for video game culture?

Gamification

[1] [2] Gameplay is used to bring experience and enjoyability to new environments and is designed to promote service user participation and engagement with the service used through features familiar from games.


Question: Who coined the term for video game culture?

Gamification

[3] The term playfulness can also be thought of as a close concept of gamification.


Question: Who coined the term for video game culture?

Gamification

[4] The gamification takes inspiration from the psychology of self-control, which assumes that man is not just a robot.


Question: Who coined the term for video game culture?

Gamification

In addition to automation of reactions — external motivation — gamification can also be constructed on the basis of theories of internal motivation (intrinsic motivation).


Question: Who coined the term for video game culture?

Gamification

In a learning game, this means that the learner grabs the subject from that angle, for example, a schoolboy into a pyramiid, building knowledge, for example, combining studies of history and geography.


Question: Who coined the term for video game culture?

Gamification

The end result is a more permanent learning imprint when learning has been encouraged in such a way that the learner adheres autonomously to the subject in a subject of interest to him or her.


Question: Who coined the term for video game culture?

Gamification

General The simplest examples of gamification can be observed on social media sites such as Facebook, but gamification can be used in many different contexts.


Question: Who coined the term for video game culture?

Gamification

[5] Kevin Richardson developed a car speed measuring camera in Sweden which, upon detecting a car passing under restrictions, automatically declares it to a lottery, from which you can win the amount accrued from speeding tickets for speeding cars.


Question: Who coined the term for video game culture?

Gamification

[6] [7] The means of gamification include: Score Achievements Levels Comparison, often between users Progress bars Recognitions and badges Scoreboards Internet/Virtual Currency Enterprise Gamification Wiki [8] and Gamification Wiki [5] were established in November 2010.


Question: Who coined the term for video game culture?

Gamification

However, gamification has existed since before the term was coined and defined.


Question: Who coined the term for video game culture?

Gamification

Example of this is the collection of marks, stamps and barcodes added according to food and other commodities for the prize.


Question: Who coined the term for video game culture?

Gamification

Nick Pelling, founder of Conundran Ltd, a consulting firm that operated gamification providers from 2003 to 2006, sought through his company to provide gamification and its development to manufacturers.


Question: Who coined the term for video game culture?

Gamification

However, the company went out of business because of the low number of customers, and Pelling himself has said he was potentially too timely with gamification.


Question: Who coined the term for video game culture?

Gamification

However, he probably became the first to develop the gamification of the term gamification.


Question: Who coined the term for video game culture?

Gamification

[9] Companies The official founder of gamification is Bunchball, founded in 2005, which still remains one of the biggest names in gamification with its customers including large companies such as Warner Bros.


Question: Who coined the term for video game culture?

Gamification

[10] SCVNGR is a company founded in 2008 as well as an application designed for a mobile phone platform whose purpose, according to founder Seth Priebatsch, is to create a “gaming layer” in the world.


Question: Who coined the term for video game culture?

Gamification

SCVNGR is based on locations where, upon arrival, you check in with a mobile phone and perform tasks that will be awarded points for completing.


Question: Who coined the term for video game culture?

Gamification

[11] BigDoor Media has been offering options from fast and free integration of gamification elements to internet sites to paid and wider services since its inception in 2009.


Question: Who coined the term for video game culture?

Gamification

[12] Since 2009, CrowdTwist offers customers a gamification package that allows them to track users of its sites and offer users different rewards depending on how they promote the company's products in one way or another.


Question: Who coined the term for video game culture?

Gamification

[13] Founded in 2010, Badgeville was the first company to offer social game mechanics and reached 75 customers in its first year of operation, including Universal Music Group, NBC and Deloitte.


Question: Who coined the term for video game culture?

Gamification

[14] In July 2011, technology company Gigya added gamification to its operations.


Question: Who coined the term for video game culture?

Gamification

[15] The first open source platform for gamification was brought by CloudCaptive — UserInfuser, founded in 2011, offering various customizable gamification elements to internet pages.


Question: Who coined the term for video game culture?

Gamification

[16] In Finland, Tekes has funded, for example, the light-play project.


Question: Who coined the term for video game culture?

Gamification

The Board of Education has funded the development of My Way as well as the Learning Environment Game Programming Project.


Question: Who coined the term for video game culture?

Gamification

In an interview with Contemporaries, Frans Badger, Professor of Game Studies, argued in favour of gamification.


Question: Who coined the term for video game culture?

Gamification

According to him, the energy devoted to games could quite well be used to improve the world or reflect on the problems of the job.


Question: Who coined the term for video game culture?

Gamification

Games aim to influence human ways of thinking and acting.


Question: Who coined the term for video game culture?

Gamification

Badger says games could develop problem-solving skills or, for example, influence an individual's role in a participatory democracy.


Question: Who coined the term for video game culture?

Gamification

Gameplay has been learned to be exploited in teaching, television entertainment, marketing and even political campaigning.


Question: Who coined the term for video game culture?

Gamification

A generation that grew up with games expect access to interaction with content rather than just receiving.


Question: Who coined the term for video game culture?

Gamification

[17] Areas of use of gamification Gamification can be used in a variety of ways, including teaching, environmental and health education, enhancing job search and learning, or marketing.


Question: Who coined the term for video game culture?

Gamification

Teaching Educational and educational games can be divided into six categories, namely: 1) Armed Forces Training Games, 2) Training Games for Government Agencies, 3) Educational Games for Corporations, 4) Educational Games for the School System, 5) Educational Games for Wellness and Health, and 6) Politics, religion and art teaching games.


Question: Who coined the term for video game culture?

Gamification

[18] The paradox is that games that have aimed at fun have failed in their educational ability and, again, educational games have not been entertaining enough.


Question: Who coined the term for video game culture?

Gamification

It is the case that games originally aimed at non-pedagogical purposes have taught more about history, for example, than actual games designed to teach history.


Question: Who coined the term for video game culture?

Gamification

[18] Open source links for educational purposes are compiled at the following address: Digital Learning Games Khan Academy is an organisation that offers over 4100 tutorial videos mainly on natural sciences on its website.


Question: Who coined the term for video game culture?

Gamification

Videos are accessible and accessible to everyone without prejudice.


Question: Who coined the term for video game culture?

Gamification

Gamification Khan Academy uses, among other things, by assigning points and badges to the user based on this learning.


Question: Who coined the term for video game culture?

Gamification

[19] Ekapeli is a Finnish invention that makes it possible to learn the rudiments of reading and counting.


Question: Who coined the term for video game culture?

Gamification

The game is aimed at preschoolers and has different skill levels.


Question: Who coined the term for video game culture?

Gamification

The game also adapts to the player's skills.


Question: Who coined the term for video game culture?

Gamification

Light Game is an application for primary school physical education classes, which is part of the Active Learning Spaces project.


Question: Who coined the term for video game culture?

Gamification

The project took place in 2012-2013, when Valopel was developed as a collaboration between experts from different fields.


Question: Who coined the term for video game culture?

Gamification

It is an exercise pedagogical application where instead of promoting quantitative physical activity, the focus has been on developing the qualitative traits of physical activity.


Question: Who coined the term for video game culture?

Gamification

In the game, children are tasked with accumulating “magic strength” through various physical exercises, where most often aimed at controlling balance and concentration, for example.


Question: Who coined the term for video game culture?

Gamification

In the light game, many tasks are built on students' cooperation.


Question: Who coined the term for video game culture?

Gamification

The Light Game combines features of dance games, martial arts, gymnastics, creative dance, theatrical expression, and role-playing games.


Question: Who coined the term for video game culture?

Gamification

The light game has started to be produced in 2014.


Question: Who coined the term for video game culture?

Gamification

[20] Board Games Seeking My Way is a board game format designed to support student guidance in schools: it has been used in addition to instructing students in 9th graders.


Question: Who coined the term for video game culture?

Gamification

in small group teaching, in grades A, with immigrant groups and with the parents of students.


Question: Who coined the term for video game culture?

Gamification

However, board games are spreading more slowly than digital games.


Question: Who coined the term for video game culture?

Gamification

The pedagogical background of playmaking has included the taxonomy of Bloom, the zone of close development of Vygotsky, as well as the possibilities opened up by the game for the development of future skills.


Question: Who coined the term for video game culture?

Gamification

[21] Planet Terra is a board game aimed at high school students that combines two themes: sustainable development and technology and society.


Question: Who coined the term for video game culture?

Gamification

The game has ingredients from the doctrinal content of biology, geography and history.


Question: Who coined the term for video game culture?

Gamification

[22] Programming Platforms SmartFeet is a new kind of gaming learning environment.


Question: Who coined the term for video game culture?

Gamification

The gaming platform is virtual and suitable for mobile devices.


Question: Who coined the term for video game culture?

Gamification

It can be used to integrate several different subjects together or be used within a single subject.


Question: Who coined the term for video game culture?

Gamification

The first game was called Stadin Stara and it was fought in 2012.


Question: Who coined the term for video game culture?

Gamification

Since then, the game has been further developed.


Question: Who coined the term for video game culture?

Gamification

In games, students explore real-life phenomena in their authentic context.


Question: Who coined the term for video game culture?

Gamification

In a successful implementation, players immerse themselves in the game, reaching the flow mode and learning at the same time.


Question: Who coined the term for video game culture?

Gamification

The game concept has been tried in different parts of Finland at all levels of education.


Question: Who coined the term for video game culture?

Gamification

After the game sessions, we have gone through what has been learned in the game and how it differs from traditional classroom instruction.


Question: Who coined the term for video game culture?

Gamification

Smart City game is a SmartFeet app created in a joint course of four Helsinki high schools.


Question: Who coined the term for video game culture?

Gamification

SmartFeet apps are based on team play, so they can be judged to develop collaborative skills.


Question: Who coined the term for video game culture?

Gamification

[23] Environment Swedish group The Fun Theory has implemented “the deepest trash in the world” where throwing rubbish into a garbage can makes for the sound of long-lasting falling.


Question: Who coined the term for video game culture?

Gamification

Over the course of one day, 72 kilograms worth of debris became accumulated in a bin placed in this park, which was 41kg more than the contents of a regular bin located nearby from the same day.


Question: Who coined the term for video game culture?

Gamification

[24] Nissan Leaf cars have an eco mode app to choose from, where the monitor behind the wheel provides feedback on driving economy while driving.


Question: Who coined the term for video game culture?

Gamification

Motorists also have the option of an internet profile where they can compare the eco-friendliness of their driving with that of other motorists.


Question: Who coined the term for video game culture?

Gamification

[25] There is an app available for Health Nike+ running shoes to keep track of running events.


Question: Who coined the term for video game culture?

Gamification

Afterwards, this information can be entered into a computer and transferred to a site run by Nike, which offers the ability to both view your own jogging data, as well as interaction with other Nike+ users.


Question: Who coined the term for video game culture?

Gamification

[26] The Fun Theory's group turned the steps at the exit of one Stockholm metro station into piano keyboards, on which stepping also produced sounds of varying heights.


Question: Who coined the term for video game culture?

Gamification

There was an escalator right next to the stairs, but 66% of walkers chose piano steps instead of escalators compared to a normal day.


Question: Who coined the term for video game culture?

Gamification

[27] Job Search GILD is a job search service that offers young graduates the opportunity to demonstrate on the site their own skills in the field of skills required by the employer through various and different levels of tests.


Question: Who coined the term for video game culture?

Gamification

You get points and marks for taking the tests, and the more of those points and marks you accumulate, the higher job seekers rank in employer-obtained lists of potential employees.


Question: Who coined the term for video game culture?

Gamification

[28] Marketing Foursquare is an application based on location and location information on smartphones.


Question: Who coined the term for video game culture?

Gamification

Upon arrival at one of the places check in (engl.


Question: Who coined the term for video game culture?

Gamification

“check in”), and sign-ins get points and allow you to seek, for example, the mayor of a place.


Question: Who coined the term for video game culture?

Gamification

Login credentials can also be shared on Facebook and Twitter, and in a way, every login is an advertisement for that place.


Question: Who coined the term for video game culture?

Gamification

In addition, companies registered with the service offer active users rewards in the form of offers and discounts, for example.


Question: Who coined the term for video game culture?

Gamification

For example, the US coffee shop chain Starbucks uses Foursquare a lot, and celebrating its fortieth year in operation, it raffled 500 pieces of Starbucks gift cards worth $40 among all those who on a given day checked in at Foursquare for something Starbucks coffee shop.


Question: Who coined the term for video game culture?

Gamification

[29] See also Payplay Sources on the topic elsewhere.


Question: Who coined the term for video game culture?

Gamification

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Question: Who coined the term for video game culture?

Gamification

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Question: Who coined the term for video game culture?

Gamification

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Question: Who coined the term for video game culture?

Gamification

Mario Herger: EGC Media, 2014, ISBN 978-14-70000-64-6.


Question: Who coined the term for video game culture?

Gamification

Mario Herger: EGC Media, 2014, ISBN 978-15-00567-14-9.


Question: Who coined the term for video game culture?

Gamification

Mario Herger: EGC Media, 2014, ISBN 978-15-00720-84-1.


Question: Who coined the term for video game culture?

Gamification

Story about Light Game in Time magazine: Category:Behavioristic economics Category:Gaming Category:Video game culture


Question: What is the oldest castle in Estonia?

Castle

A castle is historically a military containment building or group of buildings, the most important parts of which include walls and one or more towers.


Question: What is the oldest castle in Estonia?

Castle

Purpose and structure The castle is a building that is a military defensive position.


Question: What is the oldest castle in Estonia?

Castle

Defensible is enhanced with walls, towers and moats, among other things.


Question: What is the oldest castle in Estonia?

Castle

A castle may be a separate own building or complex of buildings, or it might be associated as a distinctively distinctive part of the city wall.


Question: What is the oldest castle in Estonia?

Castle

Castles may always have also had secondary properties, for example as residences for rulers (e.g. Windsor Castle) and sometimes also as administrative centres.


Question: What is the oldest castle in Estonia?

Castle

In this case, residential and representative rooms, religious buildings, etc., have also been placed in defensive structures depending on their intended use.


Question: What is the oldest castle in Estonia?

Castle

Defence and attack When building the castle, the defensive position is designed in such a way as to withstand the tactics and weapons of its era as possible.


Question: What is the oldest castle in Estonia?

Castle

The attacker has had two tactics at his disposal: siege and scramble.


Question: What is the oldest castle in Estonia?

Castle

Weapons have included various blade and bow guns, siege towers, ramps and ejection machines including catapult, trebuchet and ballista.


Question: What is the oldest castle in Estonia?

Castle

In a siege situation, the attacker sought victory by proposing the castle's defensive will or resources, typically drink and food.


Question: What is the oldest castle in Estonia?

Castle

A typical method of breaching defences by rushing has been to cross the wall using ladders, ropes or siege towers.


Question: What is the oldest castle in Estonia?

Castle

To facilitate or enable the assault, efforts have been made to breach the wall with projectiles bazooked by throwing machines, or by oppressing the wall into a tunnel dug beneath it.


Question: What is the oldest castle in Estonia?

Castle

The military importance of the walls and towers plummeted enough after effective artillery warfare came into use.


Question: What is the oldest castle in Estonia?

Castle

The change can be defined as having occurred in Europe mainly in the 15th and 16th centuries, when defensive tactics based on walls and towers for thousands of years became archaic.


Question: What is the oldest castle in Estonia?

Castle

A phased move was then made to construct various fortifications where the mass of the walls was gradually increased to better withstand the increasingly destructive artillery fire.


Question: What is the oldest castle in Estonia?

Castle

At the same time, efforts were made to create an advantageous fire position for defensive artillery.


Question: What is the oldest castle in Estonia?

Castle

The mutual rivalry between defensive and offensive techniques quickly led to the development of the bastion system.


Question: What is the oldest castle in Estonia?

Castle

Early castles after the breakup of the Roman Empire in Europe were built in fenced areas for defensive purposes, protected by trenches, ramparts and pile fences.


Question: What is the oldest castle in Estonia?

Castle

In these vast fortifications, the whole community lived in safety, and it also maintained and defended them itself.


Question: What is the oldest castle in Estonia?

Castle

[1] During the Viking invasions in the late 9th and early 10th centuries, the Counts and the nobles who owned the lower lands after them began to build their own fortifications, increasingly in the countryside, on the top of the hills.


Question: What is the oldest castle in Estonia?

Castle

Lords built their castles to ensure their land ownership and local command, and to protect themselves and their families.


Question: What is the oldest castle in Estonia?

Castle

The earliest castles in northern France and England between the 10th and 12th centuries were wooden towers built over earth mounds.


Question: What is the oldest castle in Estonia?

Castle

The lake of the mound was surrounded by a pile fence, from which the inside could be accessed via a flight of stairs or a drawbridge.


Question: What is the oldest castle in Estonia?

Castle

The mound was located in a pre-castle, bounded by a moat and a pile fence.


Question: What is the oldest castle in Estonia?

Castle

There were residential buildings in the pre-castle, and locals were allowed there for safety in times of need.


Question: What is the oldest castle in Estonia?

Castle

The Excellency himself protected himself by going to the top of the mound to his private tower.


Question: What is the oldest castle in Estonia?

Castle

[2] Such castles became common in England and other parts of Europe with the Norman conquests in the 10th century, and by the 12th century all sign-men were reported to have already built a castle for themselves.


Question: What is the oldest castle in Estonia?

Castle

[2] Stone castles Wooden hedges were found to be inadequate over time, as they could burn and had to be renewed regularly.


Question: What is the oldest castle in Estonia?

Castle

Therefore, castles began to be built out of stone.


Question: What is the oldest castle in Estonia?

Castle

The stone tower, when too heavy, could not be built on mounds of earth, so it was built elsewhere in the pre-castle area.


Question: What is the oldest castle in Estonia?

Castle

This thick-walled and high central tower became the main defensive tower and residence of the castle.


Question: What is the oldest castle in Estonia?

Castle

The first stone central towers were built in the 10th-century and 12th century fold.


Question: What is the oldest castle in Estonia?

Castle

An early example is the quadrangular White Tower of London, which began to be built in 1078.


Question: What is the oldest castle in Estonia?

Castle

[3] In addition to the tower, walls also began to be built of stone.


Question: What is the oldest castle in Estonia?

Castle

In some castles a perimeter wall was built around the hill tower, in some a perimeter wall around the pre-castle.


Question: What is the oldest castle in Estonia?

Castle

Towers could be built along the perimeter wall, protruding from the walls so that archers could fire at the attackers from the side.


Question: What is the oldest castle in Estonia?

Castle

[4] The towers were initially square in shape, but in the 12th century more durable polygonal and round towers began to be made.


Question: What is the oldest castle in Estonia?

Castle

However, the advantage of the quadrangular tower was that it was better adapted to living rooms and a large lobby than a round one.


Question: What is the oldest castle in Estonia?

Castle

[5] In the 13th century, the gates of castles began to be strengthened with heavily fortified gate towers, which also often became the main residential buildings of the castle rather than the central tower.


Question: What is the oldest castle in Estonia?

Castle

[6] Portions of castles A mound is a mound of earth upon which a fortress structure, tower or house is made.


Question: What is the oldest castle in Estonia?

Castle

First typically wood and later stone were used as material for the tower.


Question: What is the oldest castle in Estonia?

Castle

A pre-castle was also typically built in connection with the mound.


Question: What is the oldest castle in Estonia?

Castle

Pre-Castle Esilinna is a fortified enclosed area.


Question: What is the oldest castle in Estonia?

Castle

This type of courtyard is a typical feature of the castle, of which many castles had at least one.


Question: What is the oldest castle in Estonia?

Castle

The tower on top of the motte served as the last and best refuge, and functions better accommodated in the apron were placed there.


Question: What is the oldest castle in Estonia?

Castle

[7] Central Tower The central tower was typically the strongest part of the castle.


Question: What is the oldest castle in Estonia?

Castle

Circumwall A circumwall is a defensive wall surrounding the apron.


Question: What is the oldest castle in Estonia?

Castle

Gate Tower The gate was typically the weakest point of a castle, often having its own tower or pre-castle built to defend.


Question: What is the oldest castle in Estonia?

Castle

Moat The moat is a trench made into a defensive structure.


Question: What is the oldest castle in Estonia?

Castle

The trench may have been dry or filled with water.


Question: What is the oldest castle in Estonia?

Castle

The purpose of the trench was to prevent the approach of the attack towers, as well as the digging of tunnels under the walls.


Question: What is the oldest castle in Estonia?

Castle

In a large dry and deep moat, the defender could gain military advantage in counterattacking against the scramble, for example by using heavy cavalry against infantry.


Question: What is the oldest castle in Estonia?

Castle

Other typical features The saccharized walls were often at least on the perimeter walls as well as gate towers.


Question: What is the oldest castle in Estonia?

Castle

In general terms, sacristy refers to a system in which the crest of a building (wall, tower, etc.) has a so-called short wall, in which the saddles and openings alternately alternate.


Question: What is the oldest castle in Estonia?

Castle

The point is both to give protection to the defenders and to enable the use of weapons against the aggressor.


Question: What is the oldest castle in Estonia?

Castle

Firearms may be present in the saddles or elsewhere in the wall.


Question: What is the oldest castle in Estonia?

Castle

The purpose of the firearm is to protect the defending archer by decreasing the surface area exposed to the hit compared to the situation where the shooter would be visible between the sacristy.


Question: What is the oldest castle in Estonia?

Castle

The uppermost section of the wall may extend slightly outward, allowing for various objects and fluids to be dripped from the shelter directly onto attackers beside the wall.


Question: What is the oldest castle in Estonia?

Castle

There is often a gap in the section between the shoulder stones from which something can be dropped on the attackers at the foot of the wall.


Question: What is the oldest castle in Estonia?

Castle

Instead of shoulder stones and a rocky defensive corridor, such a cantilevered defensive corridor could also be constructed entirely or partially of wood.


Question: What is the oldest castle in Estonia?

Castle

Castles today Many medieval castles have partially survived to the present days, although the military part of the original use lost its importance and the layout has practically always changed significantly.


Question: What is the oldest castle in Estonia?

Castle

Many attractions known to tourists are practically a complete reconstruction without knowledge of the exact original layout of any castle from the medieval construction phase.


Question: What is the oldest castle in Estonia?

Castle

Examples include the Grand Masters Palace in Rhodes and Carcassone, in the latter though the largest completely rebuilt passages probably lie on top of the remains of the city walls.


Question: What is the oldest castle in Estonia?

Castle

Unruined castles are almost invariably renovated, often romantically, whereby the owner has not even attempted to create an original look but has sought a visually beautiful outcome which, in retrospect, mainly reflects the remedial period's notion of 'medieval' from the layout.


Question: What is the oldest castle in Estonia?

Castle

In this case, the original structure can be seen mostly from the placement of the masonry walls, as well as surviving Romanesque and Gothic details.


Question: What is the oldest castle in Estonia?

Castle

Many castles, originally built for residential purposes, have been renovated over time to better serve their purpose by removing defensive structures that have remained old-fashioned, opening windows in the walls that were originally enclosed, and possibly changing the style of the building to reflect the prevailing taste to conform.


Question: What is the oldest castle in Estonia?

Castle

Such buildings have typically served in rural areas as estates for the wealthy land-owning population (in Finland e.g. Receipt).


Question: What is the oldest castle in Estonia?

Castle

Finnish castles Before castles, castle mountains were commonly used in Finland.


Question: What is the oldest castle in Estonia?

Castle

The heyday of castles in Finland is set in the 14th century.


Question: What is the oldest castle in Estonia?

Castle

The oldest surviving and largest castle is Turku Castle, which began to be built in the 1280s.


Question: What is the oldest castle in Estonia?

Castle

Other oldest Finnish castles are Häme Castle and Vyborg Castle.


Question: What is the oldest castle in Estonia?

Castle

Finnish castles were erected under the crown (e.g.


Question: What is the oldest castle in Estonia?

Castle

Turku, Häme, Vyborg and Olavinlinna) [8], Church (e.g.


Question: What is the oldest castle in Estonia?

Castle

Kuusisto Castle), private individuals (most of them), or possibly as territorial defensive cooperation in the manner of the old castle mountains (e.g.


Question: What is the oldest castle in Estonia?

Castle

Old Castle) as administrative and defence bases for important locations.


Question: What is the oldest castle in Estonia?

Castle

Finnish castles: Grabbacka Hakastaro Castle Hakastaro Castle Häme Castle Kajaani Castle Kastelholm Castle Kokemäki Castle Defence Tower, Koroinen in connection with the Church of the Finnish Bishops in Korois Korsholma Castle Kuitia Castle Kuusisto Castle.


Question: What is the oldest castle in Estonia?

Castle

Castle of the Bishops of Turku Käkisalmi Castle Liinmaa Castle Olavinlinna Castle Raasepori Castle Sipoonlinna Sundholma Castle Teinper Castle Turku Castle Vanhalinna Vyborg Castle Vyborg Castles Bastille, Paris, France (destroyed in connection with the revolution) Krak de Chevalier, Syria Tower of London, London, England Malbork Castle, Malbork, Poland Toompea Castle, Tallinn, Estonia See also Bastion system Castle Mountain Palace Citadelli Sources Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Bouchard, Constance Brittain (ed.


Question: What is the oldest castle in Estonia?

Castle

) | title = Knights in History and Legend| publisher = Firefly Books| year = 2009| id = ISBN 1-55407-480-0}} References on the topic elsewhere * Category:Key articles in screening


Question: How high is the highest peak in the Rockies?

Rockies

The Rocky Mountains () is a vast mountain range in western North America.


Question: How high is the highest peak in the Rockies?

Rockies

It spans a 4,800-mile journey from Mexico across the United States to Canada.


Question: How high is the highest peak in the Rockies?

Rockies

It is among the so-called young warp mountain ranges that have emerged in the last 60 million years when lithosphere slabs collided.


Question: How high is the highest peak in the Rockies?

Rockies

The highest peak of the Rockies on the U.S. side is Mount Elbert in Colorado.


Question: How high is the highest peak in the Rockies?

Rockies

It is 4399 metres high.


Question: How high is the highest peak in the Rockies?

Rockies

In Canada, its highest peak is Mount Robson, reaching an elevation of 3959 metres.


Question: How high is the highest peak in the Rockies?

Rockies

In English, the mountain is often referred to by the nickname The Rockies.


Question: How high is the highest peak in the Rockies?

Rockies

History Natural History Around 320 million years ago, a mountain range called their progenitor () arose near the present Rocky Mountains.


Question: How high is the highest peak in the Rockies?

Rockies

They consisted of at least two mountain ranges which have subsequently been given the names Frontrangia and Uncompahgria.


Question: How high is the highest peak in the Rockies?

Rockies

The progenitor of the Rocky Mountains is presumed to have been at least as high as the present-day Himalaya Mountains, where the highest mountains in the present day world are located.


Question: How high is the highest peak in the Rockies?

Rockies

The mountain range grew in size all the way up to 70 million years, but after that, erosion began to consume it.


Question: How high is the highest peak in the Rockies?

Rockies

As a result of erosion, the soil was worn almost flat, and today there are only small remains of the high progenitor of the Rocky Mountains, for example, near present-day Aspen and Colorado Springs.


Question: How high is the highest peak in the Rockies?

Rockies

[1] The current Rockies came into existence over three seasons.


Question: How high is the highest peak in the Rockies?

Rockies

They began to form as early as about 170 million years ago, but it was not until the Late Cretaceous around 70 million years ago that the fundamental structures of the Rocky Mountains emerged during what is known as the Laramide Mountain Range warping.


Question: How high is the highest peak in the Rockies?

Rockies

In this case, Earth's lithospheric slabs collided and caused the earth's crust to deflect into an accordion-like formation, and thus the preform of the present-day Rocky Mountains was born.


Question: How high is the highest peak in the Rockies?

Rockies

About 30 million years later, the Laramide period ended, and erosion again began to consume the new mountain range.


Question: How high is the highest peak in the Rockies?

Rockies

Over the next million years, however, block movements and volcanoes gave rise to a number of new formations in the area.


Question: How high is the highest peak in the Rockies?

Rockies

The Ice Age, which began 130,000 and ended 14,000 years ago, was the last major force to shape the Rocky Mountains.


Question: How high is the highest peak in the Rockies?

Rockies

It spawned new valleys, lakes and moraine formations in the area, among other things.


Question: How high is the highest peak in the Rockies?

Rockies

[1] Later history With the end of the Ice Age, the Rocky Mountains became free for human use, and no later than a couple thousand years later the first Paleoinians arrived in the Rocky Mountains.


Question: How high is the highest peak in the Rockies?

Rockies

They hunted and fished in the area.


Question: How high is the highest peak in the Rockies?

Rockies

Their main prey animals included, for example, mammoths and bison, which they hunted in the valleys and pre-mountains of the region's mountains.


Question: How high is the highest peak in the Rockies?

Rockies

Winter was cold in the Rockies, and the Paleoidans are believed to have migrated to milder plains at the end of autumn and returned as spring came back into the mountains.


Question: How high is the highest peak in the Rockies?

Rockies

They lived on the meat of other animals in addition to mammoths and bison, but they also ate fish, roots and berries.


Question: How high is the highest peak in the Rockies?

Rockies

Later, several other Native American tribes settled in the Rocky Mountains.


Question: How high is the highest peak in the Rockies?

Rockies

They included Apaches, Arapahs, Bannocks, Blackfeet, Cheyennes, Flatheads, Shoshons and Sioux, among others.


Question: How high is the highest peak in the Rockies?

Rockies

[2] Among the first Europeans in the Rockies was the Spanish discoverer Francisco Vásquez de Coronado with his soldiers, missionaries and African slaves.


Question: How high is the highest peak in the Rockies?

Rockies

He and his entourage visited the area around 1540.


Question: How high is the highest peak in the Rockies?

Rockies

Europeans who arrived in North America introduced many new things to the Indians, such as horse and metal tools.


Question: How high is the highest peak in the Rockies?

Rockies

Europeans also brought new diseases with them.


Question: How high is the highest peak in the Rockies?

Rockies

As a result of the arrival of the new culture, the lives of Indians of the Rocky Mountains changed


Question: How high is the highest peak in the Rockies?

Rockies

Among other things, they were forced to abandon some of their old habitation areas and abandon bison once used as food, which Europeans hunted on the continent to near extinction.


Question: How high is the highest peak in the Rockies?

Rockies

[2] The Lewis and Clark expedition made the first scientific survey of the Rockies on its voyage through the present-day United States in 1804—1806.


Question: How high is the highest peak in the Rockies?

Rockies

The specimens were collected by at least the group's plant and zoologists, as well as geologists.


Question: How high is the highest peak in the Rockies?

Rockies

The expedition is also sometimes commended for having opened the door to the west, including the Rocky Mountains, on their expedition.


Question: How high is the highest peak in the Rockies?

Rockies

By the time of Lewis and Clark, however, there were already a number of settlers living in the Rocky Mountains, acting as hunters, for example.


Question: How high is the highest peak in the Rockies?

Rockies

These “men of the mountains” roamed the area especially between 1800—1850.


Question: How high is the highest peak in the Rockies?

Rockies

Among them were a few individuals who became known since, such as Kit Carson and John Colter.


Question: How high is the highest peak in the Rockies?

Rockies

Carson rose to fame after guiding John C. Frémont on a mapping expedition, and John Colter was the “discoverer” of what is now Yellowstone National Park, or the first European in its territory.


Question: How high is the highest peak in the Rockies?

Rockies

[2] Mormons began colonizing the surroundings of Utah's Great Salt Lake () in 1847.


Question: How high is the highest peak in the Rockies?

Rockies

About 12 years later, gold was found in Colorado.


Question: How high is the highest peak in the Rockies?

Rockies

The railway line through the mainland was completed in 1869, and the world's first national park, Yellowstone, was established three years later.


Question: How high is the highest peak in the Rockies?

Rockies

As more and more residents flooded the Rocky Mountains, concerns began to be raised about its nature.


Question: How high is the highest peak in the Rockies?

Rockies

President Benjamin Harrison of the United States established several forest reserves between 1891 and 1892.


Question: How high is the highest peak in the Rockies?

Rockies

People in the Rocky Mountains made their living from activities such as mining and forestry.


Question: How high is the highest peak in the Rockies?

Rockies

They built cattle and farms in the areas, as well as establishing villages which in time developed into cities.


Question: How high is the highest peak in the Rockies?

Rockies

From the mid-20th century right up until the 1990s, human settlement in the Rockies grew rapidly.


Question: How high is the highest peak in the Rockies?

Rockies

However, the settlement is not very dense compared to, say, US states and there are only a few cities with more than 50000 inhabitants in the region.


Question: How high is the highest peak in the Rockies?

Rockies

The majority derives their income from agriculture and forestry.


Question: How high is the highest peak in the Rockies?

Rockies

[2] Geography The Rocky Mountains extend from British Columbia in Canada across the United States all the way to Mexico.


Question: How high is the highest peak in the Rockies?

Rockies

They begin in northern Mexico, where they reach an altitude of about 3700 feet.


Question: How high is the highest peak in the Rockies?

Rockies

The Mexican Rockies are surrounded by plains to the east and west.


Question: How high is the highest peak in the Rockies?

Rockies

The area flows the Pecos River, which continues its journey south and descends into the Rio Grande River.


Question: How high is the highest peak in the Rockies?

Rockies

The Rio Grande flows in turn into the Gulf of Mexico.


Question: How high is the highest peak in the Rockies?

Rockies

Rivers carry with them material they consume from the Rockies, for example.


Question: How high is the highest peak in the Rockies?

Rockies

Sometimes the Mexican Rockies have not been considered to be actually part of the Rockies, but in any case they belong to the Cordillieers of America just like the Rockies proper.


Question: How high is the highest peak in the Rockies?

Rockies

[3] As it passes further north, the Rocky Mountains become wider and higher.


Question: How high is the highest peak in the Rockies?

Rockies

In northern Colorado and Utah, for example, the mountain is transformed into a complex of mountain ranges that, in total, is about 500 miles wide.


Question: How high is the highest peak in the Rockies?

Rockies

In addition, Colorado alone has more than 40 peaks that soar above 4000 feet.


Question: How high is the highest peak in the Rockies?

Rockies

Mount Elbert, the highest peak in the Rocky Mountains, is located in check Colorado.


Question: How high is the highest peak in the Rockies?

Rockies

Major rivers in the Colorado Rockies include, for example, the Colorado and its tributary the Green.


Question: How high is the highest peak in the Rockies?

Rockies

At the sources of the Colorado River lies Rocky Mountain National Park.


Question: How high is the highest peak in the Rockies?

Rockies

As the mountain range continues its journey to the northwest, however, its width and elevation decrease again.


Question: How high is the highest peak in the Rockies?

Rockies

In Wyoming, the elevation of the Rocky Mountains ranges from 2100 feet to 2400 feet, so there are not many high peaks in the area.


Question: How high is the highest peak in the Rockies?

Rockies

Wyoming is home to the Yellowstone and Snake Rivers, among others.


Question: How high is the highest peak in the Rockies?

Rockies

In the state of Montana, the width of the Rocky Mountains averages 240 miles, with only seven peaks reaching more than 3350 feet.


Question: How high is the highest peak in the Rockies?

Rockies

The Rocky Mountains side of Montana originates the longest river in the entire United States, the Missouri River, a tributary of the Mississippi.


Question: How high is the highest peak in the Rockies?

Rockies

[3] The Rockies on the Canadian side are slightly different from the US Rockies.


Question: How high is the highest peak in the Rockies?

Rockies

First of all, they are slightly older and born under the influence of block sports.


Question: How high is the highest peak in the Rockies?

Rockies

Secondly, the Canadian Rockies are predominantly sediment, while the US Rockies are granite.


Question: How high is the highest peak in the Rockies?

Rockies

In addition, they look different, as the Canadian mountain range is sharp-capped, and its mountains are often separated by valleys shaped like the letter U.


Question: How high is the highest peak in the Rockies?

Rockies

The US Rockies, on the other hand, are rounder peaked, with rivers hollowed out by valleys shaped like the letter V.


Question: How high is the highest peak in the Rockies?

Rockies

The differences are due to the fact that there have been several glaciers in the Canadian Mountains that have left their mark on the mountains.