Question: When did the Yugoslav civil war end?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

In retrospect, it has been said in some respects that Tito's socialist policy of denying national sentiments and religion suffocated political thought so that the resulting pressure later erupted as strong bigoted nationalism [21].


Question: When did the Yugoslav civil war end?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

On the other hand, the various means of force and coercive use by the authorities during Tito also excluded from later thinking, especially in Serbia, the idea of peaceful solutions, especially since already under Tito the army officers had the highest number of Serbs.


Question: When did the Yugoslav civil war end?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

Equally well, however, the War of Dissolution of Yugoslavia can be seen as a collision of various nationalisms that would have arisen without Tito or without Milošević.


Question: When did the Yugoslav civil war end?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

After Tito died in the 1980s, he began to be criticised, especially in Serbia, as Tito had divided Serb territories into other state republics.


Question: When did the Yugoslav civil war end?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

At the same time, the country was mired in an economic crisis that worsened throughout the 1980s.


Question: When did the Yugoslav civil war end?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

In 1981, Serbia crushed by force of arms the Kosovo Albanians riots.


Question: When did the Yugoslav civil war end?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

In 1986, traditional Serb nationalism was on the rise.


Question: When did the Yugoslav civil war end?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

Serb nationalists were most interested in the emptying of Kosovo due to the exodus of Serbs.


Question: When did the Yugoslav civil war end?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

They watched Kosovo Albanians commit Serb genocide and the “holy land” falling into Albanian hands.


Question: When did the Yugoslav civil war end?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

Slobodan Milošević [22], who rose to the leadership of the Serbian Communist Party, began to push the Kosovo Serb cause with impassioned speeches.


Question: When did the Yugoslav civil war end?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

In his speeches, Milošević combined populist nationalism, socialism and Serb traditional Orthodoxy faith [23].


Question: When did the Yugoslav civil war end?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

Milošević purged the Communist Party of Serbia of its opponents, took control of the media, created a cult of personnel for himself during mass rallies, and gained quite wide support.


Question: When did the Yugoslav civil war end?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

In 1988, a vigorous independence movement was underway in Slovenia, which in part sprung from the country's central European tradition and links with the West.


Question: When did the Yugoslav civil war end?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

Old nationalism rose in Croatia in 1989.


Question: When did the Yugoslav civil war end?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

At the end of the 1980s, Milošević, ridden with nationalism, crushed the autonomy of Vojvodina and Kosovo, with the federal army effectively siding with the Serbs.


Question: When did the Yugoslav civil war end?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

Milošević, though driven by force, Serb-led Yugoslavia and/or Greater Serbia intimidated Croats and Slovenes into independence.


Question: When did the Yugoslav civil war end?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

There were Serb nationalists even more radical than Milošević in opposition in Serbia in 1990, such as Vuk Draskovic and Vojislav Seselj.


Question: When did the Yugoslav civil war end?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

The state republics' power aspirations collapsed the authority of the federal government in the spring of 1991, when leaders of the state republics tried in vain to seek a political solution.


Question: When did the Yugoslav civil war end?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

Independence of Croatia and Slovenia The United States and the EU opposed the independence of Slovenia and Croatia in advance, as did the Federal Army and many other institutions of the Yugoslav administration.


Question: When did the Yugoslav civil war end?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

The Federal Council of Presidents was paralyzed and the only powerful political player was the communist-nationalist Serb clique led by Slobodan Milosevic.


Question: When did the Yugoslav civil war end?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

The Federal Parliament declared that the military was blocking attempts at independence by the republics.


Question: When did the Yugoslav civil war end?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

Croatia and Slovenia declared independence on 25 June 1991, [24].


Question: When did the Yugoslav civil war end?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

The Federal Army sent armour from Croatia to retake Croatian border posts and airfields.


Question: When did the Yugoslav civil war end?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

The purpose of the concessional military operation was mainly to show the power of the Federal Army.


Question: When did the Yugoslav civil war end?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

The Federal Army, with success, took over most of the border posts.


Question: When did the Yugoslav civil war end?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

But the Slovenes had organized a fairly effective territorial defense, defeating the Federal Army forces in many places as early as 28 June.


Question: When did the Yugoslav civil war end?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

The Slovenes blocked the panzer roads with trucks in suitable locations and blockaded the conscripts of the Federal Army in barracks.


Question: When did the Yugoslav civil war end?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

The Federal Army responded by bombing Slovenian radio and TV stations and shelling from the air [25] trucks as roadblocks.


Question: When did the Yugoslav civil war end?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

The Serb-led Federal Army's conscript, primarily composed of conscripts and non-Serbs, lacked the willingness to fight, and some 2700 soldiers from the blockaded units lacked maintenance.


Question: When did the Yugoslav civil war end?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

As the fighting lasted, lively diplomacy began, leading to the first ceasefire in theory as early as July 1.


Question: When did the Yugoslav civil war end?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

Fighting still continued until 4 July.


Question: When did the Yugoslav civil war end?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

The Slovene War lasted only a short time and caused quite small losses on the sides and otherwise, [26] because Milošević did not seriously want to consider the Lesser Serb Slovenia part of his country.


Question: When did the Yugoslav civil war end?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

Afterwards, Milošević's national-zealous Serbia began to create, first covertly, but as time went on, increasingly openly, Greater Serbia on Croatian territory [27], driving Croats out of Croatian Serb territories by violence.


Question: When did the Yugoslav civil war end?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

The Croatian administration led by Franjo Tudjman, especially Defense Minister Gojko Susak, had a partly bigoted attitude against the Serbs.


Question: When did the Yugoslav civil war end?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

In a couple of cases, extremist croats also targeted violence against Serbs, precipitating the conflict.


Question: When did the Yugoslav civil war end?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

But on the other hand, Franjo Tudjman wavered between war and peace because he belittled the Serb desire to fight Croatia and believed in an easy peaceful solution.


Question: When did the Yugoslav civil war end?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

Partly this was due to the fact that the Croats lacked weapons [1].


Question: When did the Yugoslav civil war end?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

In early July, the Serbs started a continuous war in Croatia, where they cleared the village of Celije and Tenja was fought for a long time with small numbers, but drastically.


Question: When did the Yugoslav civil war end?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

These two incidents were small compared to later battles.


Question: When did the Yugoslav civil war end?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

Subsequently, Serb guerrillas attacked many villages, driving people away.


Question: When did the Yugoslav civil war end?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

Fighting began to intensify in mid-July, and the casualty rate and influx of refugees from the cleansed Serb village grew by the day.


Question: When did the Yugoslav civil war end?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

The war began to expand into new territories.


Question: When did the Yugoslav civil war end?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

Croatia's light mainly paramilitary forces fought heavily armed Serbs and were unable to prevent further expansion of Serb territory.


Question: When did the Yugoslav civil war end?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

The Serbs drove the Croat civilians from their homes, burning, blowing up, robbing, capturing, torturing and killing.


Question: When did the Yugoslav civil war end?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

Meanwhile, Croat leader Tudjman hesitated and stalled in his retaliatory measures against the Serbs.


Question: When did the Yugoslav civil war end?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

The incident, which took place in the village of Dalji in early August, was a step in an increasingly brutal warfare.


Question: When did the Yugoslav civil war end?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

The Croat village of Kijevo in Krajina was “purged” with the direct support of the federal army when panzers shelled and the air force bombed the village.


Question: When did the Yugoslav civil war end?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

Federal Army units brought into Croatia and Serb paramilites blockaded the large city of Vukovar.


Question: When did the Yugoslav civil war end?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

It began to be shelled fiercely with artillery.


Question: When did the Yugoslav civil war end?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

The city fought tenaciously for months though it was defended by only a small force because the Serb fighting motivation was nonexistent.


Question: When did the Yugoslav civil war end?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

In mid-September Croats began attacking the Yugoslav Federal Army barracks in the country [1], which brought the war into the open.


Question: When did the Yugoslav civil war end?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

The Croats managed to capture many barracks and received a fairly large number of weapons from them, which over time facilitated the difficult situation in Croatia.


Question: When did the Yugoslav civil war end?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

By September, the fronts had already roughly advanced to their final positions [28].


Question: When did the Yugoslav civil war end?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

In November, Vukovar, surrounded by Serbs, surrendered, murdered and raped by Serbs, taking those who had defended the city to concentration camps in Serbia.


Question: When did the Yugoslav civil war end?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

On the other hand, the Croats themselves began to carry out more intensive ethnic cleansing in some areas, including mass killings against Serbs in Gospic and Sisak regions and the looting of Serb homes by the Croat police.


Question: When did the Yugoslav civil war end?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

Franjo Tudjman's regime is believed to have looked at these incidents through fingers because at least the HDZ extremists supported an ethnically pure Croatia.


Question: When did the Yugoslav civil war end?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

The Federal Army was now openly engaged to help its soldiers surrounded in barracks.


Question: When did the Yugoslav civil war end?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

In retaliation for the blockade of the barracks, the Serbs blockaded Dubrovnik, which was located on the southern coast of Yugoslavia, shelling it very violently at times.


Question: When did the Yugoslav civil war end?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

The Croats began to thrive in the war in December 1991, which contributed to driving the Serbs to the 3 January 1992 ceasefire [28].


Question: When did the Yugoslav civil war end?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

The United Nations oversaw the ceasefire, but local military action among Croatian and Serb forces continued in some neighborhoods.


Question: When did the Yugoslav civil war end?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

Bosnian war As recently as 1990, Radovan Karadzic said there would be no Greater Serbia being created in Bosnia.


Question: When did the Yugoslav civil war end?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

Bosnian Serbs supported Bosnia remaining part of Yugoslavia, and Croats and Muslims secession from it [29].


Question: When did the Yugoslav civil war end?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

In 1991, Radovan Karadzic, the Serb's bigoted nationalist leader, threatened the federal army to block Bosnia's independence, and at one point also threatened Muslims with destruction.


Question: When did the Yugoslav civil war end?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

Croat propaganda was as fierce as Serb propaganda, and Croats also aimed at ethnic cleansing.


Question: When did the Yugoslav civil war end?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

While Muslim nationalism was degrees milder, Muslim leader Alija Izetbegovic advocated war if it would take Muslims to independence.


Question: When did the Yugoslav civil war end?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

Serb propaganda painted a horror picture of Bosniakes/Muslims as enemies of Serbs, with Serbs and other nationalities isolated themselves from each other.


Question: When did the Yugoslav civil war end?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

The Serbs decided to end most military activities in Croatia in early 1992, having gained approximately recapture of Serb-majority territories from Croatia.


Question: When did the Yugoslav civil war end?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

On the other hand, the Serbs were in dire need of troops in Bosnia and Herzegovina, where the situation was drifting towards a war that was projected to be long and difficult as was the case.


Question: When did the Yugoslav civil war end?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

Different nationalities had already begun to establish their own small gun guards in 1991.


Question: When did the Yugoslav civil war end?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

In 1991, the party led by Karadzic declared the vast Serb territories autonomous [30], with the support of the Federal Army.


Question: When did the Yugoslav civil war end?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

The first pre-war incident that resulted in casualties occurred in Visegrad in November 1991, when Muslims and Croats stopped a detachment of the Federal Army for a short time [31].


Question: When did the Yugoslav civil war end?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

Bosnian Serbs dropped out of the referendum on Bosnian independence.


Question: When did the Yugoslav civil war end?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

In early March, a Serb wedding procession was shot, one was killed and a priest wounded.


Question: When did the Yugoslav civil war end?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

The Serbs erected street closures and fired into the air in response to the incident, but soon dismantled the street brackets.


Question: When did the Yugoslav civil war end?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

On 2 January 1992, Muslim-led Bosnia and Herzegovina announced it wanted to break away from Serbia and gained independence on 5 April.


Question: When did the Yugoslav civil war end?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

Minor armed incidents occurred as early as March in Bosanski Brod, among others.


Question: When did the Yugoslav civil war end?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

Serb paramilitaries later, with the support of the federal army that arrived on the scene, brutally cleared Bijeljina in early April, killing people and driving the rest on the run, looting Muslim homes.


Question: When did the Yugoslav civil war end?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

Serbs soon invaded eastern Bosnia, clearing Zvornik, Foča, Višegrad, Kupres, among others, and began creating Serb corridors in eastern and northern Bosnia and Herzegovina.


Question: When did the Yugoslav civil war end?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

The Muslim and Croat culture was to be eradicated from the territory intended for annexation to Serbia.


Question: When did the Yugoslav civil war end?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

What was going on was ethnic cleansing, which has often been described as genocide.


Question: When did the Yugoslav civil war end?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

In general, Serb nationalists threatened with killing e.g.


Question: When did the Yugoslav civil war end?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

throwing a bomb inside the family house of a Muslim or Croat, thus frightening the occupants of the house into escape.


Question: When did the Yugoslav civil war end?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

If it was a detached house, the nationalists blew up the house at night.


Question: When did the Yugoslav civil war end?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

But just as well Serbs might have killed, tortured or raped [32] and taken to a death camp to suffer hunger and violence [33].


Question: When did the Yugoslav civil war end?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

For example, in Banja Luka, there were murders of Muslims and Croats that were not investigated by the police.


Question: When did the Yugoslav civil war end?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

Before deportation, a Muslim or Croat had to pay a large sum of money to the authorities.


Question: When did the Yugoslav civil war end?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

Those on foot on the run were sometimes escorted to plunge into the ravine.


Question: When did the Yugoslav civil war end?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

Those expelled from villages and towns were rounded up by trucks and buses for train transport [34].


Question: When did the Yugoslav civil war end?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

Train transport of deportees took place without food and water in cattle wagons [35], where especially children, babies [36] and elderly people died amid piles of faeces [37].


Question: When did the Yugoslav civil war end?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

People transported in cattle wagons may have been robbed by soldiers [38].


Question: When did the Yugoslav civil war end?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

Serbs blockaded many Muslim and Croat cities, among them Sarajevo as early as 7 April.


Question: When did the Yugoslav civil war end?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

Although the UN declared a Serb-led stub Yugoslavia under economic sanctions, this did not stop Bosnian Serbs violently driving Muslims and Croats from their homes.


Question: When did the Yugoslav civil war end?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

In Bosnia and Herzegovina, Serb guerrilla chiefs such as Arkan, supported by a Serb army commanded by Ratko Mladić, raged.


Question: When did the Yugoslav civil war end?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

The Serbs took over 70% of Bosnia and Herzegovina in April.


Question: When did the Yugoslav civil war end?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

The Muslim, or Bosniak, army suffered from weapons shortages.


Question: When did the Yugoslav civil war end?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

Milosevic reacted to economic sanctions in the West by appointing Milan Panic, a businessman who lived in the United States, as prime minister of stubby Yugoslavia [39].


Question: When did the Yugoslav civil war end?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

In the summer of 1992, Bosnian Croats also declared themselves an autonomous community and received some weapons from Croatia [30].


Question: When did the Yugoslav civil war end?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

They began to recapture territories from the Bosniaks, although they were officially in league with these against the Serbs.


Question: When did the Yugoslav civil war end?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

Croats began the ethnic cleansing of Bosniaks, often Muslims, as early as the spring of 1992.


Question: When did the Yugoslav civil war end?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

Subsequently, there were many skirmishes and purges initiated by Croats, which allowed Croat power to spread across Bosnia.


Question: When did the Yugoslav civil war end?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

The Bosniaks began retaliating at the end of 1992 against the Croats.


Question: When did the Yugoslav civil war end?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

For tactical reasons, Milošević declared the Bosnian Republika Srpska to be detached from Serbia, and said disconnected from the Bosnian violence, but secretly aided the Bosnian Serbs.


Question: When did the Yugoslav civil war end?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

Western countries did not believe Serbia was ignorant and separate from the Bosnian war.


Question: When did the Yugoslav civil war end?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

The UN started helping Bosnia and Herzegovina's Croats and Muslims as early as 1992, but on the whole the aid was pretty ineffective.


Question: When did the Yugoslav civil war end?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

Serbs, among other things, taxed relief supplies taken to the blockaded cities.


Question: When did the Yugoslav civil war end?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

Western and UN action to contain the war in Bosnia and Herzegovina was half-hearted and ineffective, and many Western countries who wanted peace were agonised by the slow actions of international organisations.


Question: When did the Yugoslav civil war end?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

The UN arms embargo mainly helped the richly armed Serb army [30].


Question: When did the Yugoslav civil war end?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

In hindsight, the West's stance has been said to have been due, among other things, to its belief that the Serbs would win the Bosnian war.


Question: When did the Yugoslav civil war end?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

NATO, for example, did not want to get embroiled in a guerrilla war against Serbs in the mountainous Balkans.


Question: When did the Yugoslav civil war end?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

Even some of the Western UN officers may have been in favour of the Serbs.


Question: When did the Yugoslav civil war end?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

Part of the war was considered to be the fault of other nationalities as well.


Question: When did the Yugoslav civil war end?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

Russia supported Serbia for historical reasons.


Question: When did the Yugoslav civil war end?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

Serbs established concentration camps in Bosnia and Herzegovina where people were killed, beaten with a kepei [40], tortured [41] and held in hunger [42].


Question: When did the Yugoslav civil war end?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

This was first revealed to West in Newsday magazine in August 1992 [43].


Question: When did the Yugoslav civil war end?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

Muslim women were beaten and raped in camps [44], some of which were set up for a purpose.


Question: When did the Yugoslav civil war end?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

Serb snipers massacred civilians on the streets of Sarajevo and grenades fired from nearby mountains into the city sometimes hit bread lines, killing dozens.


Question: When did the Yugoslav civil war end?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

In 1993, Bosnian Croats began an open, extensive war against Muslims, committing ethnic cleansing.


Question: When did the Yugoslav civil war end?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

The main stage was in the valley of the Lashva River.


Question: When did the Yugoslav civil war end?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

The most famous purge was in the village of Ahmic.


Question: When did the Yugoslav civil war end?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

The Muslims were now severely outnumbered.


Question: When did the Yugoslav civil war end?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

Croats and Serbs sought to divide Bosnia [30], and for Muslims there was no peace in 1993 either.


Question: When did the Yugoslav civil war end?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

In Bosnia and Herzegovina, organized crime flourished in many regions.


Question: When did the Yugoslav civil war end?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

Furthermore, the motive for violence perpetrated by paramilitary cetniks was usually criminal, including access to loot, sometimes extreme nationalism.


Question: When did the Yugoslav civil war end?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

Often the war in Bosnia has been seen as ethnic, but it was more associated with a certain kind of nationalist politics in which nationalist parties of different nations struggled for hegemony.


Question: When did the Yugoslav civil war end?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

In 1993, Serbia experienced hyperinflation and large protests [39] and the first opposition front called Depos was established in the country [39].


Question: When did the Yugoslav civil war end?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

In stubby Yugoslav territory, nationalist Serbs massacred and otherwise harassed opponents of the government's war policy.


Question: When did the Yugoslav civil war end?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

Many large demonstrations were organised by opponents of the regime during the war.


Question: When did the Yugoslav civil war end?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

For example, the bigoted pro-Serb opposition politician Vuk Drašković considered the Bosnian war futile, and so he was arrested and assaulted [39].


Question: When did the Yugoslav civil war end?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

In February 1994, Bosnian Croats and Bosniaks settled their dispute.


Question: When did the Yugoslav civil war end?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

Around the same time, Serbs were cleansing their territory of Muslims and other ethnic minorities as drastically as they did in the first wave of cleansing in 1992.


Question: When did the Yugoslav civil war end?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

After growing tired of the war in Bosnia and Herzegovina, Yugoslav Slobodan Milošević withdrew his support from the Bosnian Serbs led by Radovan Karadžić in 1994.


Question: When did the Yugoslav civil war end?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

This decisively weakened the position of the Serbs in the region.


Question: When did the Yugoslav civil war end?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

To top it off, the West had begun secretly supporting Croatia because of fears of the expansion of Serb influence in the region by Serbs on good terms with Russia.


Question: When did the Yugoslav civil war end?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

Serbs overran the blockaded town of Srebrenica in the summer of 1995, killing thousands of Muslim men.


Question: When did the Yugoslav civil war end?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

When NATO bombed Serb targets in Bosnia and Herzegovina, Serbs took UN soldiers hostage and clamped down on NATO to halt air strikes.


Question: When did the Yugoslav civil war end?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

In the autumn of 1995, intensifying Croats and Muslims attacked violently in Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina.


Question: When did the Yugoslav civil war end?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

The Serbs soon found themselves in a predicament.


Question: When did the Yugoslav civil war end?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

Serb civilians fled at the behest of their leaders because they feared ethnic cleansing by Croats and Muslims.


Question: When did the Yugoslav civil war end?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

Shortly after this, a grenade fired by Serbs killed dozens in the bread queue in Sarajevo, and NATO began air strikes in Bosnia.


Question: When did the Yugoslav civil war end?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

The peacekeepers had been withdrawn from the vast area and the Serbs were no longer able to resist NATO.


Question: When did the Yugoslav civil war end?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

On 20 September, the Serbs withdrew heavy weapons from the surroundings of Sarajevo, and peace was made on 14 December.


Question: When did the Yugoslav civil war end?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

War crimes committed by Croats in Krajina in the final phase of the war were printed with villasella, according to Serbs and also neutral critics, [45].


Question: When did the Yugoslav civil war end?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

Kosovo War Already in 1995 there were isolated attacks on Kosovo Serb police and Serb civilians.


Question: When did the Yugoslav civil war end?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

In January 1996, a series of attacks were carried out on Serb police officers, Serb authorities and Serb refugee camps in western Kosovo.


Question: When did the Yugoslav civil war end?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

In this case, the invaders declared themselves to be the Albanian guerrilla movement Kosovo Liberation Army (UÇK).


Question: When did the Yugoslav civil war end?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

Kosovo's moderate, pro-passive resistance Albanian leader Ibrahim Rugova believed in the beginning the UÇK guerrillas were Serbian-backed provocateurs.


Question: When did the Yugoslav civil war end?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

The Serbian regime declared the movement terrorists and strengthened its forces in the region.


Question: When did the Yugoslav civil war end?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

UÇK's confidence in the eyes of Albanian civilians rose.


Question: When did the Yugoslav civil war end?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

The UÇK had foreign fighters, predominantly Albanians from the United States and other Western countries, not a single one from Islamic countries as rumored.


Question: When did the Yugoslav civil war end?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

The official Albanian administration in Kosovo did not support the UÇK, but also did not close the guerrilla camps.


Question: When did the Yugoslav civil war end?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

UÇK grew between 1997 and 1999 and was at its strongest in 1997—98.


Question: When did the Yugoslav civil war end?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

The movement was militarily weak, as the armament was predominantly small arms.


Question: When did the Yugoslav civil war end?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

The movement, according to different estimates, had anywhere from a few hundred to a few tens of thousand members.


Question: When did the Yugoslav civil war end?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

The UÇK finally managed to take over about half of Kosovo by March 1998, then the centre of its power was the village of Prekaz in the Drenica region.


Question: When did the Yugoslav civil war end?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

Subsequently, the Serbs defeated the UÇK; on the Serb side, the guerrillas were fought by the army and special police officers.


Question: When did the Yugoslav civil war end?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

Albanian civilians were massacred by Serbs, and the UÇK also committed human rights crimes.


Question: When did the Yugoslav civil war end?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

It also killed Albanians it suspected were Serb-friendly.


Question: When did the Yugoslav civil war end?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

In the summer of 1998, Serbs invaded Orahovac with the intention of ethnically cleansing the region of all Albanians, and the UÇK was forced to withdraw.


Question: When did the Yugoslav civil war end?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

The Serbs killed the captured non-Serbs in Orahovac.


Question: When did the Yugoslav civil war end?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

The Serb actions spread into the public eye, and thousands of Albanians flowed in from the world to help UÇK.


Question: When did the Yugoslav civil war end?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

The movement reorganized itself after this defeat, and set up training camps on the Albanian side.


Question: When did the Yugoslav civil war end?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

In early 1998, the United States removed UÇK from its list of terrorist organizations.


Question: When did the Yugoslav civil war end?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

The United States and European countries are believed to have helped UÇK secretly from the beginning.


Question: When did the Yugoslav civil war end?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

The UÇK struck Serb military and civilian targets, to which the Serbs responded with great grips.


Question: When did the Yugoslav civil war end?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

In the winter of 1999, bodies were found near the remote village of Račak that Serbs thought were UÇK guerrillas dressed in civilian clothes, but Albanians believe Albanian civilians killed by Serbs.


Question: When did the Yugoslav civil war end?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

In March 1999, the Yugoslav army and other security forces began a full war against the UÇK.


Question: When did the Yugoslav civil war end?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

The UÇK quickly lost territory, and most of the fighters who got on the run lost to Albania, with a few thousand guerrillas from the organisation remaining in Kosovo.


Question: When did the Yugoslav civil war end?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

NATO offensive NATO led by Javier Solana wanted to prevent bloodwork on Albanians.


Question: When did the Yugoslav civil war end?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

It demanded from Yugoslavia during negotiations in Rambouillet, France, the right of movement of foreign military vehicles throughout Yugoslavia.


Question: When did the Yugoslav civil war end?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

The Serbs had agreed to the arrival of UN troops in Kosovo.


Question: When did the Yugoslav civil war end?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

Tough conditions imposed by the West led to Yugoslavia being unable to accept the Rambouillet Agreement.


Question: When did the Yugoslav civil war end?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

When NATO considered the persecution of Albanians to be under way, it began bombing Yugoslavia in the spring of 1999.


Question: When did the Yugoslav civil war end?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

This is why the Serbs decided to drive out the Kosovo Albanians, which had been talked about for a long time.


Question: When did the Yugoslav civil war end?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

Some of the Albanians fled themselves, fearing the Serbs.


Question: When did the Yugoslav civil war end?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

The world saw how NATO sort of provoked the Serbs with its airstrikes to drive out the Albanians.


Question: When did the Yugoslav civil war end?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

The Serbs themselves claimed the Albanians were spooked by NATO airstrikes.


Question: When did the Yugoslav civil war end?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

Began the Kosovo War.


Question: When did the Yugoslav civil war end?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

Serb police and paramilitaries operating in Kosovo drove hundreds of thousands of Albanians by violence, killing and ransacking out of their homes.


Question: When did the Yugoslav civil war end?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

For the Serbs, the expulsion of Albanians had the benefit of eliminating the possibility of even a small UÇK in the exiled regions, but at the same time it was politically absurd because it turned world opinion against the Serbs.


Question: When did the Yugoslav civil war end?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

For a long time, NATO airstrikes seemed to have no effect on the Yugoslav military, and certainly not on the deportations and bloodwork against Albanians.


Question: When did the Yugoslav civil war end?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

For the duration of the war, the UÇK remained very weak militarily.


Question: When did the Yugoslav civil war end?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

NATO targeted its attacks on Serb infrastructure with the intention of making life difficult for Serbs, thus turning Serbs to a rebellion spirit against their rule.


Question: When did the Yugoslav civil war end?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

Missiles also accidentally hit the necks of fleeing Albanians and Serb civilian targets.


Question: When did the Yugoslav civil war end?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

NATO bombed the main building of Radio-Televizija Srbije, Serbia's broadcasting and television broadcaster, on 23 April 1999, considered a war crime by Amnesty International among others, and on 7 May the Chinese Embassy in Belgrade, which the United States itself considered an accident.


Question: When did the Yugoslav civil war end?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

The bombing killed three Chinese journalists and it caused asphyxia in China.


Question: When did the Yugoslav civil war end?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

The Serb's defensive will was running high.


Question: When did the Yugoslav civil war end?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

They were human shields for, among other things, holding rock concerts on bridges.


Question: When did the Yugoslav civil war end?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

The Serb propaganda war was skillful: TV showed how old grannies danced down atop the ultra-modern stealth fighter F-117 “Nighthawk.”


Question: When did the Yugoslav civil war end?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

Otherwise NATO was allowed to conduct its airstrikes fairly freely.


Question: When did the Yugoslav civil war end?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

The Serbs did not dare with their planes to take off in the air, but hid their aircraft.


Question: When did the Yugoslav civil war end?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

Some of the world thought NATO airstrikes were justified; some strongly condemned them.


Question: When did the Yugoslav civil war end?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

Some NATO generals, too, had beforehand feared Serbs would retaliate against Albanians with NATO air strikes.


Question: When did the Yugoslav civil war end?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

Over time, the air strikes intensified.


Question: When did the Yugoslav civil war end?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

NATO, with a smaller number of flights than the Gulf War, had succeeded in destroying the maintenance and combat morale of the Yugoslav Serb army.


Question: When did the Yugoslav civil war end?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

Now Yugoslav and Serb leader Milošević was threatened by a ground invasion of Belgrade by NATO forces and the overthrow of Milošević.


Question: When did the Yugoslav civil war end?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

Eventually Milošević bent on peace and cancelled the expulsion of the Albanians when NATO threatened to invade Serbia with ground troops.


Question: When did the Yugoslav civil war end?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

Milošević's overthrow in the late 2000 ended the most violent period in Serbian history, but smaller clashes of the type of demonstration and weak guerrilla warfare between different nationalities have existed since then.


Question: When did the Yugoslav civil war end?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

A tribunal investigating Yugoslav war crimes got Milošević to The Hague for trial, but he died during the long trial process from a heart attack in his cell.


Question: When did the Yugoslav civil war end?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

Albanian guerrillas killed and kidnapped Serbs in Kosovo some time after the war.


Question: When did the Yugoslav civil war end?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

Many war criminals who fought on the side of Serbs and other nationalities are still in hiding.


Question: When did the Yugoslav civil war end?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

In Kosovo, Albanians have driven Serbs to move out of the province in the 21st century.


Question: When did the Yugoslav civil war end?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

A topical topic in 2007-08 is the independence of Kosovo, which Serbia was not yet ready to recognise at the beginning of March 2008.


Question: When did the Yugoslav civil war end?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

Increasingly Serbian ultra-nationalists want Kosovo for Serbs.


Question: When did the Yugoslav civil war end?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

Human rights violations in the Yugoslav War Serbs sought Bosniak genocide in Bosnia and committed many war crimes in Croatia too.


Question: When did the Yugoslav civil war end?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

Serb crimes in Croatia were revenge against the actions of the World War II Croat organization Ustaša.


Question: When did the Yugoslav civil war end?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

Bosnia and Herzegovina was called “little Yugoslavia” because the region's population was particularly mixed there.


Question: When did the Yugoslav civil war end?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

This caused a widespread, long-lasting and difficult war because of the pressure of Serb nationalism there.


Question: When did the Yugoslav civil war end?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

Besieged by Serbs, Sarajevo was in turn Bosnia and Herzegovina in miniature.


Question: When did the Yugoslav civil war end?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

The Bosnian war was the bloodiest of the Yugoslav wars of all.


Question: When did the Yugoslav civil war end?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

Millions of people were deported or fled for fear of killing.


Question: When did the Yugoslav civil war end?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

Men, children, elderly and women were indiscriminately killed.


Question: When did the Yugoslav civil war end?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

The killers usually included Serb paramilitary Chetniks and other similar forces.


Question: When did the Yugoslav civil war end?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

The towns were shelled with cannons and mortars.


Question: When did the Yugoslav civil war end?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

Snipers were killing people off the streets.


Question: When did the Yugoslav civil war end?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

95% of the grenades fired in Croatia hit civilian targets.


Question: When did the Yugoslav civil war end?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

At one point, Serbs set up concentration camps for Croats and Bosniaks, some of which were disbanded by international pressure.


Question: When did the Yugoslav civil war end?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

It was not widely realised abroad at first that Yugoslavia was falling apart.


Question: When did the Yugoslav civil war end?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

Some foreign experts noticed what was happening, but they were unable to influence the opinion of the United States, for example.


Question: When did the Yugoslav civil war end?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

The Western powers allowed the war to swell and even made solutions that exacerbated the war, as the arms blockade policy instituted by the West favoured Serbs who had guns galore.


Question: When did the Yugoslav civil war end?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

Although the arms embargo year like a sieve, it prevented states from publicly supporting weaker Croats and Bosniaks.


Question: When did the Yugoslav civil war end?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

Still, the United States sent aid to Croatia from 1992.


Question: When did the Yugoslav civil war end?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

Foreign countries share The threat of war was palpable at the beginning of 1990, from which time the situation worsened all the time.


Question: When did the Yugoslav civil war end?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

But foreign powers are trying to shun dealing with the problem [46], and as recently as April Viktor Meier, who was a Balkan connoisseur of the Frankfurter Allgemeine newspaper, said directly that Yugoslavia risks becoming another example of the EC's inability to see things and act on them [ 46].


Question: When did the Yugoslav civil war end?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

The US Central Intelligence Agency CIA claimed in the autumn Yugoslavia would fall apart in 18 months and very likely to go to war [47].


Question: When did the Yugoslav civil war end?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

The United States supported the preservation of Yugoslavia a couple of weeks before the war began and did not begin revising its position until early July, when events blew into hands in Slovenia and Croatia.


Question: When did the Yugoslav civil war end?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

The OSCE meeting discussed 19—20 p.m.


Question: When did the Yugoslav civil war end?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

The situation in Yugoslavia was also reported on June 1991 by Budimir Loncar, Foreign Minister [46].


Question: When did the Yugoslav civil war end?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

The US Secretary of State said in Belgrade on 22 June that the country does not recognise Slovenia [47].


Question: When did the Yugoslav civil war end?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

The European Community The EC and the OSCE failed in peace conciliation and made half-hearted solutions.


Question: When did the Yugoslav civil war end?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

In the spring of 1991, the EC Troika did not want to discuss with the representatives of the Yugoslav republics [48], despite the ongoing mutual negotiations on the situation in Yugoslavia.


Question: When did the Yugoslav civil war end?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

When the crises in Slovenia and Croatia flared into war, the EC, led by France and England, sought mainly to prevent European reunification against the ongoing breakup of Yugoslavia [46].


Question: When did the Yugoslav civil war end?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

Ey did not want to recognise “those in power of old-fashioned nationalism” the breakaway small-states Slovenia and Croatia from Yugoslavia.


Question: When did the Yugoslav civil war end?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

Slovenia, in particular, was considered by a US diplomat to be an 'unviable small state', although the country fared best economically in Yugoslavia [48].


Question: When did the Yugoslav civil war end?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

Thus, the foreign powers preferred to support Serbia, which sought to hold Yugoslavia together [48].


Question: When did the Yugoslav civil war end?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

At the time of the Slovenian and Croatian wars, Ey sought not to side with anyone [49].


Question: When did the Yugoslav civil war end?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

Perhaps it was a fear of local nationalism in Western Europe.


Question: When did the Yugoslav civil war end?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

Under pressure from German Foreign Minister Hans Dietrich Genscher, the EC troika did not recognize Slovenia and Croatia until December.


Question: When did the Yugoslav civil war end?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

Germany had only begun to oppose a unified Yugoslavia after the Slovene War [49].


Question: When did the Yugoslav civil war end?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

It was not until the beginning of the Bosnian War that EC and US attitudes were changed to anti-Serbia [49].


Question: When did the Yugoslav civil war end?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

The actions of UN peacekeepers and aid agencies were at most half-hearted, ineffective and disruptive to the Serbs and other parties to the war.


Question: When did the Yugoslav civil war end?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

The UN was unable to prevent the execution of 7,000 Muslim men in the so-called protected area of Srebrenica.


Question: When did the Yugoslav civil war end?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

Similarly, international crisis management failed.


Question: When did the Yugoslav civil war end?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

The agreed ceasefires did not hold.


Question: When did the Yugoslav civil war end?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

In the Croatian war, the Croats did not trust the UN, which, of course, the Serbs felt stood in their way many times.


Question: When did the Yugoslav civil war end?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

When the Croats were victorious, the Serbs used the UN as their protective shield, e.g., when territories captured from Croatia were declared UNPA protected areas.


Question: When did the Yugoslav civil war end?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

The UN arms embargo on the entire territory of the former Yugoslavia mainly helped the Serbs, who had almost all the weapons of the Federal Army [49].


Question: When did the Yugoslav civil war end?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

In the Bosnian War, Western powers began secretly supporting Croatia, as well as Bosnian Croats and Bosniaks, for fear of Russia expanding its influence in the region with Serb support.


Question: When did the Yugoslav civil war end?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

This led to the collapse of the Serbs in Croatia and Bosnia in the summer of 1995 and peace.


Question: When did the Yugoslav civil war end?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

There was a brief war in Kosovo in 1999 as Serb persecution of Albanians accelerated.


Question: When did the Yugoslav civil war end?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

In Bosnia and Croatia, perhaps around 300,000 died, and 60000 women and children were raped, as well as a couple of million expelled from their homes.


Question: When did the Yugoslav civil war end?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

Famous battle sites in the Yugoslav Wars Pakrac — the first incident involving the Federal Army intervened in Plitvice — the first fatal incident in Borovo Selo — the first ambush battle of the Croatian war Siege of Sarajevo Siege of Mostar, Croats and Muslims fought Siege of Dubrovnik Siege of Vukovar Siege of Osijek Siege of Srebrenica and mass executions Siege of Zepa and executions of Gorazde Siege of Tuzla Siege of Bosanski Brod Battle of Bijeljina — the first ethnic cleansing in Bosnia since the war Serbia sought a rapprochement with the West after the war.


Question: When did the Yugoslav civil war end?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

Many on the Serb side regarded Karadžić and Mladić as heroes.


Question: When did the Yugoslav civil war end?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

Serbs also viewed the world as blaming them alone for the brutal wars and the bloodwork done during them.


Question: When did the Yugoslav civil war end?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

But the Bosniaks felt the Serbs shirked responsibility.


Question: When did the Yugoslav civil war end?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

Kosovo seceded in 2008 with U.N. backing.


Question: When did the Yugoslav civil war end?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

[50] Increasingly poor Bosnia remained divided into Serb and other territories after the war.


Question: When did the Yugoslav civil war end?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

The Serbs wanted to detach their territory from Bosnia.


Question: When did the Yugoslav civil war end?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

Literature Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Jouni Järvinen & Jouko Lindstedt (eds.


Question: When did the Yugoslav civil war end?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

) | title = Eastern Europe on its way west| publisher = Gaudeamus| year = 2011| id = ISBN 978-952-495-214-9| format = [Jouni Järvinen & Jouko Lindstedt (eds.


Question: When did the Yugoslav civil war end?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

): Eastern Europe heading west] | accessdate = 30.5.2012}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Rutanen, Reijo| title = Serbia - Europe's sickest man| publisher = Gaudeamus| year = 2002| id = ISBN 951-662-869-9}} Yugoslavia's bloody collapse - causes, course and consequences, Christopher Bennett, Hurst & Company 1995 Broken Bonds - Yugoslavia's Disintegration and Balkan politics in transition, Lenard J. Cohen, Westview Press 1995 Bosnia, a short history, Noel Malcolm, Papermac 1996 Balkan odyssey, David Owen, Indigo 1996 The Death of Yugoslavia, Laura Silber and Allan Little, BBC Books 1996 A paper House - The Ending of Yugoslavia, Mark Thompson, 1992 Balkan tragedy - Cahos and dissolution after the cold war, Susan L, Woodward, the Brooking Institution 1995 Yugoslavia in crisis, Harold Lydall, Oxford 1989, ISBN 0-19-828695-3 Fraternity and discord: socialist Yugoslavia as theory and practice, Teuvo Laitila, Tampere 1997 Sources General sources Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Ahtisaari Martti| title = Assignment in Belgrade| publisher = WSOY 2000, ISBN 9510250724| year =}} Citation error, replace with {{ cite book| author = Chomsky Noam| title = New Military Humanism| publisher = Upright Earbook, Like 2000, ISBN 9515787440| year =}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Draculic Slavenka| title = Would not harm a fly - war criminals with judgment| publisher = Like 2005, Otava book printing Oy Keuruu 2005, ISBN 952-471-612-7| year =}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Djilas Milovan| title = Tito: critical biography| publisher = Book Group Helsinki 1981, Merja Kyrö (Finland), ISBN 9512620324| year =} error, replace with {{cite book| author = Gutman Roy| title = Genocide Witness - report on ethnic cleansing in Bosnia| publisher = Like 1993, ISBN 951-578-160-4| year =}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Johnstone Diana| title = NATO and Yugoslavia — jesters crusad| publisher = Like 2007, ISBN 978-952-0100216| year =}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Jouni Järvinen & Jouko Lindstedt (eds.


Question: When did the Yugoslav civil war end?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

) | title = Eastern Europe on its way to the west - history and politics of Eastern Central Europe, the Baltics and the Balkans| publisher = Gaudeamus 2011 Helsinki University Press, Tallinn Bible Truchikoda 2011, ISBN 978-952-495-214-9, year =}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Kaldor Mary| title = New and Old Wars| publisher = Kustannus Oy Typhoon 2001, Tallinn 2001, ISBN 951-881-078-7, Riikka Taipale (Finland), year =}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Karjalainen Erkki and Raija Virta| title = Balkan knock European conscience | publisher = Opinion Jyväskylä Helsinki 2000, Gummerus Book Printing Oy Saarijärvi 2000, ISBN 951-20-5684-4| year =}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Korpiaho Martti (ed.


Question: When did the Yugoslav civil war end?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

) | title = Balkans lit!


Question: When did the Yugoslav civil war end?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

- life in the midst of a crisis| publisher = Perussanoma Oy 1993, Kirjaprinting Bible House Oy Pieksämäki 1993, ISBN 951-888-182-2| year =}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Lautela Yrjö and Jyrki Palo| title = Yugoslavia — a nation that was not| publisher = VAPK cost 1992, ISP BN 9513709566| year =}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Lensu Terttu| title = Silent War| publisher = WSOY 2000, WS Bookwell Oy Juva| year = 2000| id = ISBN 951-0-24361-2}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Lodenius Peter.


Question: When did the Yugoslav civil war end?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

) | title = Balkan puzzle| publisher = Finnish Peace League 1996, Pax-Book, Invaweight Helsinki 1996, ISBN 951-9193-41-3| year =}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Prunk Janko| title = Slovenian history| publisher = Book-Aurora 2004, ISBN 951-29-2678-4| year =}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Saarikoski, Vesa (ed.


Question: When did the Yugoslav civil war end?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

) | title = Balkan 2000 - perspectives and backgrounds on the current situation in South-Eastern Europe| publisher = Research in Political History 17, Abo Academis Tryckeri Turku 1999, ISSN 1238-9420, ISBN 951-29-1414-X| year =}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Finnish Nina and Jyrki Karvinen (eds.


Question: When did the Yugoslav civil war end?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

) | title = Hard Places of Finland - Western Balkans 1992-2008| publisher = Exclamation point number 408, Jan 2008, ISBN 978-951-31-4395-4| year =}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Valta Raija & Erkki Kartilanen| title = Tito's inheritance and heirs| publisher = Tammi Helsinki 1980 951-30-5116-1 (sid.


Question: When did the Yugoslav civil war end?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

), ISBN 978-951-30-5116-7| year =}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Virtala Timo| title = Sarajevo and its environ| publisher = Cigarette Oasis 2013, ISBN 97895222680662| year =}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Vihervuori ita| title = Welcome to Hell: glimpses of the Yugoslav War of Succession | publisher = Otava 1999, ISBN 951-116-390-6| year =}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Visuri Pekka| title = Kosovo War| publisher = Gaudeamus| year = 2000| id = ISBN 951-662-801-X}} References * Category:Central screening Articles


Question: Where was Zachris Topelius born?

Zachris Topelius

Zachris (Zacharias, Z., Sakari) Topelius () was a Finnish writer, poet, journalist, historian and rector of the University of Helsinki.


Question: Where was Zachris Topelius born?

Zachris Topelius

[1] Zachris Topelius was officially called Zacharias like his father.


Question: Where was Zachris Topelius born?

Zachris Topelius

He used the abbreviation Z. or name form Zachris as his first name himself, also in official contexts.


Question: Where was Zachris Topelius born?

Zachris Topelius

A Finnised form of Topelius's given name Sakari has also often been used.


Question: Where was Zachris Topelius born?

Zachris Topelius

[1] Biographer Zachris Topelius was born on Kuddnäs farm near Uuttakaarlepy in 1818.


Question: Where was Zachris Topelius born?

Zachris Topelius

His father was Zacharias Topelius the Elder, a physician and collector of folk poetry, and his mother a wealthy merchant daughter Catharina Sofia Calamnius.


Question: Where was Zachris Topelius born?

Zachris Topelius

His grandfather was the church painter Mikael Toppelius.


Question: Where was Zachris Topelius born?

Zachris Topelius

[1] Topelius was a pupil of the Trivial School in Oulu 1829—1832 and matriculated in Helsinki as a private pupil of J. L. Runeberg in 1833.


Question: Where was Zachris Topelius born?

Zachris Topelius

He then began his studies at the University of Helsinki, where he was promoted master's in 1840 and doctorate in 1847.


Question: Where was Zachris Topelius born?

Zachris Topelius

[2] In 1841, Topelius became editor of the “Helsingfors Tidningar” newspaper and the magazine's circulation soon began to rise.


Question: Where was Zachris Topelius born?

Zachris Topelius

Topelius was in the process of editing the paper until 1860.


Question: Where was Zachris Topelius born?

Zachris Topelius

In 1854 he was appointed extraordinary personal professor of Finnish history at the University of Helsinki, in 1863 he became professor of Finnish, Russian and Nordic history, and in 1876 professor of general history, in which post he held until 1878.


Question: Where was Zachris Topelius born?

Zachris Topelius

From 1875—1878, Topelius was also rector of the university.


Question: Where was Zachris Topelius born?

Zachris Topelius

[1] In 1870 he was the founder of Maj Föreningen, Finland's first animal protection association, whose main conservation site was small birds.


Question: Where was Zachris Topelius born?

Zachris Topelius

[3] Zachris Topelius was married from 1846 until the death of his wife to Maria Emilia Lindqvist (1821—1885), whose father was Isak Lindqvist, a neo-arlepyan merchant and town manager.


Question: Where was Zachris Topelius born?

Zachris Topelius

They had six children, Toini, Aina and Eva, Rafael, Michael and Rosa, the latter three of whom died already young.


Question: Where was Zachris Topelius born?

Zachris Topelius

Known of the children were the writer Toini Topelius and the painter Eva Topelius, later Acke.


Question: Where was Zachris Topelius born?

Zachris Topelius

Librarian, author Paul Nyberg was the son of Aina Sofia Topelius (1846—1916), the eldest daughter of Topelius.


Question: Where was Zachris Topelius born?

Zachris Topelius

[4] In 1897, Topelius became a jubilant doctor.


Question: Where was Zachris Topelius born?

Zachris Topelius

[5] He died on 12 March 1898 at Koivuniemi farm in Östersundom.


Question: Where was Zachris Topelius born?

Zachris Topelius

[6] Production Topelius was one of the earliest Finnish novelists.


Question: Where was Zachris Topelius born?

Zachris Topelius

His work Hertiginnan af Finland, published in 1850 (Finnish. Duchess of Finland, 1874) was the first Finnish historical novel.


Question: Where was Zachris Topelius born?

Zachris Topelius

Better known, however, is Topelius' historical novel series Fältskärns berättelser (Finnish. Välskär's narratives), which appeared initially as a follow-up story in Helsingfors Tidningar.


Question: Where was Zachris Topelius born?

Zachris Topelius

The theme of Välskär's narratives was the long-running power struggle between the nobility and the peasants, which promoted the freedom of society.


Question: Where was Zachris Topelius born?

Zachris Topelius

Topelius wrote poetry from a young age.


Question: Where was Zachris Topelius born?

Zachris Topelius

However, most of his juvenile poems were not published in collections, but only in the collection series Samlade skriften, which appeared from 1899 onwards.


Question: Where was Zachris Topelius born?

Zachris Topelius

Topelius published some of his poems in the Necken Album, but his first collection of poems was Heather Flowers (Ljungblommor, 1845).


Question: Where was Zachris Topelius born?

Zachris Topelius

Its second volume appeared in 1850 and a third in 1854.


Question: Where was Zachris Topelius born?

Zachris Topelius

[1] Topelius is known for his works depicting Finnish landscapes, such as the poem “Kesäpäivä in Kangasalla”, which belongs to the Sylvia Songs series.


Question: Where was Zachris Topelius born?

Zachris Topelius

There is also a production of Topelius in “Sparrow Christmas Morning” (Sparven på julmorgonen).


Question: Where was Zachris Topelius born?

Zachris Topelius

Topelius contributed to the work of the Hymnal Committee, and for example the hymns En Seek Power for Splendor (Hymn 31) and the Spirit of Truth (hymn 484) are written by him.


Question: Where was Zachris Topelius born?

Zachris Topelius

As a journalist, Topelius wrote a lot for women and children as well.


Question: Where was Zachris Topelius born?

Zachris Topelius

He is remembered as a “fairy tale uncle” because he wrote educational and popular children's fairy tales.


Question: Where was Zachris Topelius born?

Zachris Topelius

Topelius presented the children as brisk and initiative.


Question: Where was Zachris Topelius born?

Zachris Topelius

His pedagogy represented neo-humanism, which emphasized the building of positive character.


Question: Where was Zachris Topelius born?

Zachris Topelius

Topelius took issue with fragments of diffuse knowledge, negativity and cynicism.


Question: Where was Zachris Topelius born?

Zachris Topelius

Topelius authored two elementary education textbooks, the Book of Nature (1860) and the Book of Our Country (1875).


Question: Where was Zachris Topelius born?

Zachris Topelius

[1] Thinking Topelius learned Finnish while studying in trivial school and, as a journalist, urged mothers to teach their children Finnish.


Question: Where was Zachris Topelius born?

Zachris Topelius

Topelius believed that Finnish culture became predominantly Finnish-speaking, but he also stressed the historical and cultural importance of Swedish heritage and Swedish language in Finland.


Question: Where was Zachris Topelius born?

Zachris Topelius

[1] Topelius's historical novels emphasize patriotism, religion, and a society that requires social classes to cooperate in harmony.


Question: Where was Zachris Topelius born?

Zachris Topelius

Topelius's conception of history originated from G. W. F. Hegel.


Question: Where was Zachris Topelius born?

Zachris Topelius

He held that Providence guided the course of history, while Hegel again viewed reason as guiding it.


Question: Where was Zachris Topelius born?

Zachris Topelius

Topelius thought history was the history of peoples, in which each nation sought to become aware of their vocation and create a state for themselves.


Question: Where was Zachris Topelius born?

Zachris Topelius

[7] Honours As is often the case for senior professors, Topelius was awarded the Second Class Cross of the Order of St. Anna in 1877.


Question: Where was Zachris Topelius born?

Zachris Topelius

He was granted the rank of Privy Councillor in 1878, which was usual for one-term principals.


Question: Where was Zachris Topelius born?

Zachris Topelius

The Swedish Academy awarded Topelius two prizes and he was also awarded a few honorary memberships, including to the Society of Finnish Literature.


Question: Where was Zachris Topelius born?

Zachris Topelius

However, neither the Finnish Science Society nor the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences elected him as their member.


Question: Where was Zachris Topelius born?

Zachris Topelius

Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland did not accept Topelius as an honorary member until late.


Question: Where was Zachris Topelius born?

Zachris Topelius

Topelius himself felt that he did not receive enough appreciation from his contemporaries.


Question: Where was Zachris Topelius born?

Zachris Topelius

It was not until his 80th birthday celebrations and especially at the grand funeral that followed the celebrations that soon followed.


Question: Where was Zachris Topelius born?

Zachris Topelius

[1] Statues and monuments have been erected in honour of Topelius.


Question: Where was Zachris Topelius born?

Zachris Topelius

A grave statue carved by Walter Runeberg towards Valo was erected on Topelius' grave grave at Hietaniemi Cemetery (V21-12-3) in 1905.


Question: Where was Zachris Topelius born?

Zachris Topelius

Funds for the grave monument had been obtained through a civic collection organised by the Finnish Women's Association.


Question: Where was Zachris Topelius born?

Zachris Topelius

A statue sculpted by sculptor Emil Wikström, showing Topelius surrounded by children, was unveiled in Vaasa in 1915.


Question: Where was Zachris Topelius born?

Zachris Topelius

Funds for the statue of “fairy tale uncle” came mainly as donations from Vaasa schoolchildren.


Question: Where was Zachris Topelius born?

Zachris Topelius

[8] Topelius also wanted to have a statue in the capital, and Svenska litteratursällskapet started raising funds for the project in 1908.


Question: Where was Zachris Topelius born?

Zachris Topelius

This resulted in one of Finland's most famous statue controversies, in which adherents of traditional-looking realism and modern monument art were contrasted.


Question: Where was Zachris Topelius born?

Zachris Topelius

Sculptor Ville Vallgren sculpted a realistic memorial statue in which Topelius is depicted surrounded by children in the manner of the statue of Vaasa, and offered it to both Litteratursällskapet and the City of Helsinki.


Question: Where was Zachris Topelius born?

Zachris Topelius

However, these were unwilling to take on the sculpture.


Question: Where was Zachris Topelius born?

Zachris Topelius

In 1929, Litteratursällskapet held a memorial competition which was won by Gunnar Finne's proposal for Fairy Tale and Truth.


Question: Where was Zachris Topelius born?

Zachris Topelius

Finne's sculpture was more modernist than Vallgren's: it was not a statue of Topelius, but depicted two allegorical nude female figures.


Question: Where was Zachris Topelius born?

Zachris Topelius

Finne's sculpture generated fierce opposition among people who preferred Vallgren's realistic Topelius, and a popular movement quickly emerged around the writer Maila Talvio, who acquired the funds to erect a statue of Vallgren in Helsinki.


Question: Where was Zachris Topelius born?

Zachris Topelius

Because of this, two statues commemorating Zachris Topelius were unveiled in 1932 in Helsinki: Vallgren's Realist Topelius and the Children in the School Puistikko and Finne's Symbolist Fable and Truth in the Esplanade Park.


Question: Where was Zachris Topelius born?

Zachris Topelius

[8] Topeliuksenkatu is named after Topeliuksenkatu in Töölö, Kokkola and Lohja, Topeliuksentie in Mikkeli and Topeliuksenpuistikko in Uussakaarlepyy.


Question: Where was Zachris Topelius born?

Zachris Topelius

The Topelius study of Zachris Topelius has been published numerous biographies.


Question: Where was Zachris Topelius born?

Zachris Topelius

The most extensive and notable is the six-volume Zacharias Topelius: Hans lif och skaldegärning (1912—1930) written by his pupil, literary scholar Valfrid Vasenius.


Question: Where was Zachris Topelius born?

Zachris Topelius

Topelius' grandson Paul Nyberg, who organised his grandfather's literary estate in the National Library into the Topelius Collection, published his diaries under the name Zacharias Topelius dagböcker (1918—1924) and selections of his correspondence under the name Konstnärsbrev (1956—1960), as well as the biographer Zachris Topelius: En biografisk skildring (1949).


Question: Where was Zachris Topelius born?

Zachris Topelius

There have also been a large number of historical and literary scholarly specialised studies published on Topelius, such as Matti Klinge's Idyll and the Menace: The Ideas and Politics of Topelius (1998).


Question: Where was Zachris Topelius born?

Zachris Topelius

Topelius' compiled works have been published twice, first in Swedish from 1904 to 1907 and then in Finnish from 1929 to 1939.


Question: Where was Zachris Topelius born?

Zachris Topelius

These series of works, however, include only Topelius's works of fiction, not, for example, his newspaper writings, diaries, or correspondence.


Question: Where was Zachris Topelius born?

Zachris Topelius

Svenska Litteratursällskapet i Finland launched the Zacharias Topelius skrifter edition in 2005, which aims to publish “literary works and other literary estate as comprehensively as possible”.


Question: Where was Zachris Topelius born?

Zachris Topelius

The edition is digital and freely available, and some of the material is also published in print.


Question: Where was Zachris Topelius born?

Zachris Topelius

By autumn 2017, eight volumes of the edition have been published.


Question: Where was Zachris Topelius born?

Zachris Topelius

[9] Works The Hunting of Charles the King (Kung Karls jakt) Princess of Kypro (Princess af Cypern) My book of insanity pamphlets (Blad ur min tänkebok) Readings for children (Läsning för barn), including fairy tales: The Pearl of Adalmina Birch and the Star (Björken och stjärnan) Sampo Lappalainen Nature Book (Naturens bok) Our country book (Boken om vårt land) Traveling in Finland (En resa i Finland) Old Baron of Rautakylä (Gamla baron på Rautakylä) Regina von Emmeritz Sylvia's songs: Summer day in Kangasa (En sommardag i Kangasala) Sylvia's Christmas Carol (En sommardag i Kangasala) Sylvias hälsning från Sicilien) Winter Evening Stories (Vinterqvällar — listed below have also appeared as separate books) King's Glove (Kungens handske) Linnainen Manor Green Chamber (Gröna kammaren i Linnais gård) Duchess of Finland (Hertiginnan af Finland) safeties (Planeternas skyddslingar, later Stjärnornas kungabarn) Välskär narratives (Fältskärns berättelser) Simeon Levis resa i Finland framställdt i teckningar Bride and other horror novelties, Faros 2013 Sources Literature Citation error, replace with {{ cite book| author = Klinge, Matti| title= Idyll and Threat: Topelius Ideas and Policy| location = Porvoo Helsinki Juva| publisher = WSOY| year = 1998| id = ISBN 951-0-22952-0}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Mazzarella, Merete| title = No longing, not sadness: The day Zacharias Topelius| publisher = January| year = 2009| id = ISBN 951-31-4758-7}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Tiitta, Allan| title = Land of Grey Stone: Zacharias Topelius and Geography of Finland| location = Helsinki | publisher = Finnish Science Society | year = 1994| version = Bidrag till kännedom av Finland natur och folk, 147| id = ISBN 951-653-273-X}} On the topic elsewhere in Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland.


Question: Where was Zachris Topelius born?

Zachris Topelius

(in Swedish) Freely downloadable e-books by Zacharias Topelius National Library Referenced 9.4.2008.


Question: Where was Zachris Topelius born?

Zachris Topelius

(in Swedish) Booksampo.


Question: Where was Zachris Topelius born?

Zachris Topelius

375 humanists as of June 20, 2015.


Question: Where was Zachris Topelius born?

Zachris Topelius

University of Helsinki.


Question: Where was Zachris Topelius born?

Zachris Topelius

Enni Mustonen: “Shepherd Girl”.


Question: Where was Zachris Topelius born?

Zachris Topelius

A novel about a maid girl who served Zachris Topelius in his old age days mainly in Koivuniemi.


Question: Where was Zachris Topelius born?

Zachris Topelius

* Category:Those born in 1818 Class:Those who died in 1898 Class:Key articles of screening


Question: What is critical realism?

Critical realism

Critical realism is an information theoretic view and theory of perception that one cannot perceive reality as such, but science is trying to achieve ever better knowledge of reality.


Question: What is critical realism?

Critical realism

Concepts therefore do not correspond to truth perfectly, but with the advent of the self-correcting method of science, they approach it, that is, the truthfulness of perceptions increases.


Question: What is critical realism?

Critical realism

[1] Critical realism was also the artistic method of the Wanderers, a group of artists who influenced Russia.


Question: What is critical realism?

Critical realism

See also Critical Rationalism Critical Scientific Realism Sources Literature Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Bhaskar, Roy| title = The possibility of naturalism: A philosophical critique of the contemporary human sciences| location = London| publisher = Routledge| year = 2000| version=Third edition.


Question: What is critical realism?

Critical realism

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Question: What is critical realism?

Critical realism

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Question: What is critical realism?

Critical realism

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Question: What is critical realism?

Critical realism

) | title = Challenge of Realism in Social Sciences| location = Kuopio| publisher = Unipress| year = 2006| id = ISBN 951-579-219-3}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Honk, Pertti| title = Profound and superficial: Theory, empiria and causality in social research| location = Tampere| publisher = Equipoino| year = 2004| version = 2nd edition 2005| id = ISBN 951-768-127-5}} On topic elsewhere.


Question: What is critical realism?

Critical realism

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Question: What is critical realism?

Critical realism

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Question: What is critical realism?

Critical realism


Question: What is critical realism?

Critical realism

Use {{lang-en}} or {{en icon}} instead.


Question: What is critical realism?

Critical realism

Category:Realism Category:Philosophy of Science Category:Theory of Science


Question: Where is Grozny located?

Chechnya

Chechnya (,), or Chechen Republic (,), is a republic belonging to the Russian Federation.


Question: Where is Grozny located?

Chechnya

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Question: Where is Grozny located?

Chechnya

Chechnya is located in the Caucasus, the southern federal district of Russia.


Question: Where is Grozny located?

Chechnya

Chechnya is bordered by Stavropol Krai to the north, the Republic of Dagestan to the east, independent Georgia to the south, and the republics of Ingushetia and North Ossetia-Alania of the Russian Federation to the west.


Question: Where is Grozny located?

Chechnya

In terms of terrain forms, Chechnya can be divided into three parts: the mountains of the south, the valleys of the central region, and the Nogai steppe and hills in the north.


Question: Where is Grozny located?

Chechnya

The highest peak of the mountain range is the 4493 m Tebulosmta.


Question: Where is Grozny located?

Chechnya

Thickened forest grows on the slopes of the mountains, lower slope species include beech, hornbeam and oak, higher up there is coniferous forest, and even further up there are alpine meadows.


Question: Where is Grozny located?

Chechnya

The central part of the country is bisected by the valleys of the Terek and Sunchza rivers.


Question: Where is Grozny located?

Chechnya

The Nogai steppe is semi-deserted.


Question: Where is Grozny located?

Chechnya

[1] The border with Georgia runs high in the Caucasus Mountains.


Question: Where is Grozny located?

Chechnya

[2] The climate varies in different parts of the country, but is everywhere continental in its basic nature.


Question: Where is Grozny located?

Chechnya

[1] In Grozny, summers are warm and winters are mild, rain is obtained quite evenly on 5—8 days of the month throughout the year.


Question: Where is Grozny located?

Chechnya

The lowest temperature of the day is frosty from December to March, in January it averages -6.2 degrees.


Question: Where is Grozny located?

Chechnya

The warmest time is in July, when the average maximum temperature is above 30 degrees.


Question: Where is Grozny located?

Chechnya

[3] Years of war caused environmental problems in the region.


Question: Where is Grozny located?

Chechnya

Oil and sewer water have spilled from damaged infrastructure, ruining many rivers.


Question: Where is Grozny located?

Chechnya

Environmental toxins and radioactive materials were feared to spread from laboratories and industrial facilities targeted by the bombings.


Question: Where is Grozny located?

Chechnya

Formerly placid forests have been logged illegally and uncontrollably.


Question: Where is Grozny located?

Chechnya

[4] History in the Caucasian region was felt since the younger Stone Age the development of the Middle East towards civilization.


Question: Where is Grozny located?

Chechnya

At the end of the Old Age, the Scythians arrived in


Question: Where is Grozny located?

Chechnya

Chechens migrated to their territory in the North Caucasus in or before the 6th century from somewhere in the south.


Question: Where is Grozny located?

Chechnya

The influence of Islam spread to the region after the Mongol invasion.


Question: Where is Grozny located?

Chechnya

The Chechen style of governance was democratic, there were no actual chiefs.


Question: Where is Grozny located?

Chechnya

The land was well wooded, which facilitated the defences of the area.


Question: Where is Grozny located?

Chechnya

Chechnya was invaded by Russia in the 19th century.


Question: Where is Grozny located?

Chechnya

From this point on, the intervals between Chechens and Russians were generally poor.


Question: Where is Grozny located?

Chechnya

Communist dictator Josif Stalin persecuted Chechens, forcibly displacing them elsewhere.


Question: Where is Grozny located?

Chechnya

At the end of the 1950s, the remigration of Chechens caused unrest between Russians and Chechens.


Question: Where is Grozny located?

Chechnya

After the Soviet Union broke up in 1991, Chechens began demanding independence.


Question: Where is Grozny located?

Chechnya

However, Russia led by Boris Yeltsin considered the country's independence illegitimate and began a 1994 war against the country.


Question: Where is Grozny located?

Chechnya

The Chechens kept their ground pretty well in the war despite the drastic bombardment.


Question: Where is Grozny located?

Chechnya

So the countries agreed on peace in 1996.


Question: Where is Grozny located?

Chechnya

However, the country remained fragmented and unsettled.


Question: Where is Grozny located?

Chechnya

In 1999, there were apartment block explosions in Russia, allegedly committed by Chechens and Russia retaliated for this by invading the country.


Question: Where is Grozny located?

Chechnya

Various estimates put between 25,000 and 250,000 civilians killed in the war and Russian bombing badly ruined the capital.


Question: Where is Grozny located?

Chechnya

The Chechens retaliated for this and the war crimes committed by Russia with few terrorist attacks.


Question: Where is Grozny located?

Chechnya

However, the ranks of the separarists rebelling against Russia quickly thinned and their support faded.


Question: Where is Grozny located?

Chechnya

The country reverted to being part of Russia and a Russian-backed hardline dictator, Ramzan Kadyrov, rose to the leadership of Chechnya.


Question: Where is Grozny located?

Chechnya

Politics Chechnya is a republic of the Russian Federation, its constitution entered into force on April 2, 2003, after a referendum on March 23.


Question: Where is Grozny located?

Chechnya

More than 70 percent of Chechnya's residents support remaining part of the Russian Federation, including in polls organised by those critical of Russia.


Question: Where is Grozny located?

Chechnya

Ahmad Kadyrov, a former separatist warlord condemned as a traitor by separatists, was elected as the first president.


Question: Where is Grozny located?

Chechnya

Kadyrov received 83% of the vote in an internationally watched election on October 5, 2003.


Question: Where is Grozny located?

Chechnya

Not everyone accepted the result of the election, and accused Russian army soldiers of voter intimidation and ballot box rigging.


Question: Where is Grozny located?

Chechnya

He also had no significant counter-candidates.


Question: Where is Grozny located?

Chechnya

Kadyrov was assassinated by a bomb on 9 May 2004 at Grozy Stadium during the Victory Day celebrations.


Question: Where is Grozny located?

Chechnya

A total of 12 lives were killed and 56 injured in the attack.


Question: Where is Grozny located?

Chechnya

There had been a dozen assassination attempts against Kadyrov even before.


Question: Where is Grozny located?

Chechnya

A new presidential election was conducted on 29 August 2004.


Question: Where is Grozny located?

Chechnya

Alu Alhanov, former Interior Minister received 74% of the vote with 85.2% voter turnout.


Question: Where is Grozny located?

Chechnya

Alhanov was a Kremlin-backed candidate.


Question: Where is Grozny located?

Chechnya

Observers including the U.S. Department of the Interior and the Helsinki Group criticized the denial of the nomination of a prominent counter-candidate, businessman Malik Saidullayev, before the Supreme Court.


Question: Where is Grozny located?

Chechnya

The election was overseen by the CIS and Saudi Arabia, with Western observers not attending despite the invitation.


Question: Where is Grozny located?

Chechnya

Alu Alhanov was transferred to Moscow as Deputy Minister of Justice on 15 February 2007, when Ramzan Kadyrov took over the post.


Question: Where is Grozny located?

Chechnya

[5] In addition to an elected government, the country itself has a separatist government which regards Chechnya as an independent state under the name Chechen Republic of Ichkeria.


Question: Where is Grozny located?

Chechnya

This regime is not recognised by any government, but some European states and Arab countries have given its members sanctuaries, despite Russia's demand to extradite its members accused of being terrorists.


Question: Where is Grozny located?

Chechnya

The president of this government is Doku Umarov and the foreign minister is Iljas Ahmadov.


Question: Where is Grozny located?

Chechnya

Aslan Mashadov was elected in the OSCE-EN-controlled elections held on 27 January 1997 as President of Ichkeria.


Question: Where is Grozny located?

Chechnya

Mashadov received 63.8% of the vote.


Question: Where is Grozny located?

Chechnya

His passage was continued because no new free elections could be held during the war.


Question: Where is Grozny located?

Chechnya

He was unable to participate in the 2003 elections while the separatist party was banned and on trial for terrorism in Russia.


Question: Where is Grozny located?

Chechnya

Ahead of the Second Chechen War, Mashadov fled south to separatist-controlled areas in the south of the country, and on 8 March 2005, Russian officials reported that he was killed in an attack by Russian troops on the village of Tolstoy-Yurt north of Grozny.


Question: Where is Grozny located?

Chechnya

An internationally virtually unknown chairman of the Supreme Sharia Court using the name of Sheikh Abdul-Halim, who was born in the Chechen city of Argun, was appointed interim president.


Question: Where is Grozny located?

Chechnya

However, real power was believed to have passed to Commander Abdallah Shamil Abu Idris, better known internationally as Šamil Basayev.


Question: Where is Grozny located?

Chechnya

Basayev was killed two kilometres from the village of Ekaževo in Nazran District, Ingushetia, in an explosion on the night of 9 and 10 July 2006 as a Kamaz truck loaded with explosives in an FSB special operation exploded.


Question: Where is Grozny located?

Chechnya

Population According to the 2010 census, the area had a population of 1268989.


Question: Where is Grozny located?

Chechnya

[6] The population density of the area was 81.1 as. /km2.


Question: Where is Grozny located?

Chechnya

The population still lives mainly in villages and rural areas, only 34.9% of the population was urban dwellers.


Question: Where is Grozny located?

Chechnya

[6] Population growth is rapid, and the population is on average one of the youngest in Russia.


Question: Where is Grozny located?

Chechnya

The largest cities, villages and other district centers in Chechnya has a total of five cities.


Question: Where is Grozny located?

Chechnya

According to the 2010 Russian census, towns and large villages with more than 10,000 inhabitants are named (the population figure of the villages is given below as the population of the rural municipality of the village): Groznyi (271573 as.


Question: Where is Grozny located?

Chechnya

), Alxa-Marta (Urus-Martan, 49070 p.


Question: Where is Grozny located?

Chechnya

), Şela (Šali, 47708 as.


Question: Where is Grozny located?

Chechnya

), Gümse (Gudermes, 45631 p.


Question: Where is Grozny located?

Chechnya

), Orga (Argun, 29525 as.


Question: Where is Grozny located?

Chechnya

), Kurchaloi (Курчалой, village, 22723 as.


Question: Where is Grozny located?

Chechnya

), Atšhoi-Martan (Ачхой-Мартан, village, 20172 as.


Question: Where is Grozny located?

Chechnya

), Šelkovskaya (Шелковская, village, 11112 as.


Question: Where is Grozny located?

Chechnya

), Sernovodskoje (Серноводское, village, 10805 as.)


Question: Where is Grozny located?

Chechnya

and Znamenskoje (Знаменское, village, 10286 as.).


Question: Where is Grozny located?

Chechnya

Smaller than this Chechen district centres include Himoi (village, Химой, 309 as.


Question: Where is Grozny located?

Chechnya

), Itum-Kale (village, 1068 as.


Question: Where is Grozny located?

Chechnya

), Naurskaya (stanitsa Наурская, 9050 as.


Question: Where is Grozny located?

Chechnya

), Nožai-Yurt (village, Ножай-юрт, 6744 as.


Question: Where is Grozny located?

Chechnya

), Šatoi (Шатой, 2953 p.)


Question: Where is Grozny located?

Chechnya

and Vedeno (village, Ведено, 3186 as.).


Question: Where is Grozny located?

Chechnya

[6] Ethnic distribution thumbnail image|270x270px|Ahmat Kadyrov Mosque in Grozny is one of the largest mosques of 10000 prayers in Europe.


Question: Where is Grozny located?

Chechnya

The majority of Chechens are Sunni Muslims, to which faith the people converted between the 16th and 18th centuries.


Question: Where is Grozny located?

Chechnya

Chechnya is a very Muslim-dominated country and currently houses one of the largest mosques in Europe.


Question: Where is Grozny located?

Chechnya

In the final stages of the Soviet Union, there were 23% Russians in the country (269,000 in 1989).


Question: Where is Grozny located?

Chechnya

Most of the Russian population has fled the country due to wars and in the 21st century the number of Russians has been around 20000 — 40000.


Question: Where is Grozny located?

Chechnya

[7] Languages The official languages are Chechen and Russian.


Question: Where is Grozny located?

Chechnya

The Chechen language belongs to the North-Central Caucasian language group, whose related languages include Ingushi and Batsb.


Question: Where is Grozny located?

Chechnya

The local-administrative division of Chechnya is divided, like other federal subjects in Russia, at the upper level of local government, into urban districts (gorodskoi okrug) and municipal districts (raion).


Question: Where is Grozny located?

Chechnya

There are three urban districts and fifteen districts.


Question: Where is Grozny located?

Chechnya

These are listed below and each has been multiplied with a population according to the 2010 census.


Question: Where is Grozny located?

Chechnya

[6] Argun Urban District (Organ Urban District) (29525 as.)


Question: Where is Grozny located?

Chechnya

Atšhoi-Martan District (Ачхой-Мартановский район, 78505 as.)


Question: Where is Grozny located?

Chechnya

Grozny Urban District (271573 as.)


Question: Where is Grozny located?

Chechnya

Grozny District (Грозненский район, 118347 as.)


Question: Where is Grozny located?

Chechnya

Gundemes Urban District (or Gümse Urban District) (45631 as.)


Question: Where is Grozny located?

Chechnya

Gudermes District (Gümse District; Гудермесский район, 78108 a.s.)


Question: Where is Grozny located?

Chechnya

Itum-Kale District (Итум-Калинский район, 5483 a.s.)


Question: Where is Grozny located?

Chechnya

Kurchal District (Курчалоевский район, 114039 as.)


Question: Where is Grozny located?

Chechnya

Nadteretšn District (Надтеречный район, 55782 a.s.)


Question: Where is Grozny located?

Chechnya

Naurskaya District (Наурский район, 54752 as.)


Question: Where is Grozny located?

Chechnya

Nožai-Yurt District (Ножай-юртовский район, 49445 a.s.)


Question: Where is Grozny located?

Chechnya

Sunže District (Сунженский район, 20989 as.)


Question: Where is Grozny located?

Chechnya

Šal District (Şela District; Шалинский район, 115970 as.)


Question: Where is Grozny located?

Chechnya

Šaroi District (Шаройский район, 3094 as.)


Question: Where is Grozny located?

Chechnya

Šatoi District (Шатойский район, or Шатоевский, 16812 as.)


Question: Where is Grozny located?

Chechnya

Šelkovskaya District (Шелковской район, 53548 as.)


Question: Where is Grozny located?

Chechnya

Urus-Martan District (Alxa-Marta District; Урус-Мартановский район, 120585 as.)


Question: Where is Grozny located?

Chechnya

Vedeno District (Веденский район, 36801 as.)


Question: Where is Grozny located?

Chechnya

In 2012, Galanchezh and Cheberloyevsky Districts were created, but their boundaries have not been established.


Question: Where is Grozny located?

Chechnya

Economy Chechnya produced accounted for a total of 69.68 billion rubles, or 0.19% of the total Russian GDP accumulation, according to Rosstat, the Russian Statistical Agency.


Question: Where is Grozny located?

Chechnya

[8] For every resident of the Chechen Republic, the share amounted to 54.91 thousand rubles, or only about EUR 1345 for 2010.


Question: Where is Grozny located?

Chechnya

This is only 21% of the average reading in Russia and the second lowest value of all Russian Federation subjects (just after the neighboring republic Ingushetia).


Question: Where is Grozny located?

Chechnya

The region's ability to produce economic prosperity, as described by the regional GDP value, was therefore very low in Russia.


Question: Where is Grozny located?

Chechnya

[9] Chechnya's most important natural resource is oil.


Question: Where is Grozny located?

Chechnya

[2] Oil assets are largely held by Russian company Rosneft.


Question: Where is Grozny located?

Chechnya

Production was 800,000 tonnes in 2011.


Question: Where is Grozny located?

Chechnya

In 2012, the country announced it would invite Azerbaijanis to find new sources of oil to replace the fading ones.


Question: Where is Grozny located?

Chechnya

[10] Land mines hamper agriculture and forestry.


Question: Where is Grozny located?

Chechnya

Demining began in 2012 with the aim of clearing 500 fields and 8000 hectares of economic forest.


Question: Where is Grozny located?

Chechnya

Clearing is proceeding slowly.


Question: Where is Grozny located?

Chechnya

Before the war, growing vegetables in greenhouses was an important source of income, but infrastructure was destroyed in the war.


Question: Where is Grozny located?

Chechnya

[11] Before the war that began in 1994, Grozny Severn Airport was the largest in the Caucasus.


Question: Where is Grozny located?

Chechnya

[12] The first international flight after a 15-year hiatus took off from there in 2009 taking pilgrims to Saudi Arabia.


Question: Where is Grozny located?

Chechnya

[13] Railways were also damaged in the war, but the first train after a five-year hiatus ran from Grozny to Moscow in 2004.


Question: Where is Grozny located?

Chechnya

The train journey took 48 hours at the time.


Question: Where is Grozny located?

Chechnya

[14] Culture Since Chechen writing only became widespread in the early 20th century the literary tradition has survived as oral in folk tales.


Question: Where is Grozny located?

Chechnya

[15] Chechen poet Ruslan Akhtakhanov published patriotic poems and served as a professor in Moscow.


Question: Where is Grozny located?

Chechnya

He was slain in 2011.


Question: Where is Grozny located?

Chechnya

[16] The diet includes a lot of mutton and vegetables.


Question: Where is Grozny located?

Chechnya

[15] Boxing, equestrian and wrestling are traditional sports.


Question: Where is Grozny located?

Chechnya

[15] Spelling According to the instructions of the Language Office, Chechnya must be written with the letters of š, and the letter š should not be written, for example, “sh”.


Question: Where is Grozny located?

Chechnya

Literature on Chechen history can be found in Antero Leitzinger's book Chechens — History of the North Caucasus and the Battle of Grozny until January 24, 1995.


Question: Where is Grozny located?

Chechnya

The second Chechen war in Anna Politkovskaya's book “The Second Chechen War”, as well as Colonel Erkki Nordberg's study Estimate and prediction of Russian military policy in Finland's direction.


Question: Where is Grozny located?

Chechnya

Written by Džohar Dudayev's widow Alla Dudayev, the book “Millioni Pretender” has been published in Estonian.


Question: Where is Grozny located?

Chechnya

It details the history of Chechnya and the First Chechen War.


Question: Where is Grozny located?

Chechnya

At the end of the book is a chronology written by Estonian MP Andres Herkel.


Question: Where is Grozny located?

Chechnya

Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Anna Politkovskaja| title = Second Chechnya War| publisher = Helsinki: Like| year = 2003| version = Ear Book.


Question: Where is Grozny located?

Chechnya

Initial work: Vtoraâ Čečenskaâ (nid.)


Question: Where is Grozny located?

Chechnya

2nd edition 2003.}}


Question: Where is Grozny located?

Chechnya

Matthew Evangelista, “Chechen Wars.


Question: Where is Grozny located?

Chechnya

Will Russia break up?”


Question: Where is Grozny located?

Chechnya

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Question: Where is Grozny located?

Chechnya

Use {{lang-en}} or {{en icon}} instead.


Question: Where is Grozny located?

Chechnya

(RFE/RL) (BBC) (Chechen guerrilla site) * Chechen Category:Key Articles of Screening


Question: What is Saturn's size compared to earth?

Saturn

Saturn (symbol:) is the sixth planet to be counted outward from the Sun.


Question: What is Saturn's size compared to earth?

Saturn

It is a giant planet (i.e., a Jovian planet) and the second largest planet in our solar system.


Question: What is Saturn's size compared to earth?

Saturn

It is named after the Roman god Saturn.


Question: What is Saturn's size compared to earth?

Saturn

Saturn is clearly flattened from its poles.


Question: What is Saturn's size compared to earth?

Saturn

Its diameter, measured from the equator, is almost 10 percent larger than when measured from the pole (120536km and 108728km).