Question: How long was Nelson Mandela in prison?

Nelson Mandela

[26] In 1990, Mandela was elected vice-president of the ANC.


Question: How long was Nelson Mandela in prison?

Nelson Mandela

He spent six months travelling around Africa and meeting enthusiastic citizens.


Question: How long was Nelson Mandela in prison?

Nelson Mandela

Later that year, Mandela visited Robben Island and felt wistfulness from the little ones.


Question: How long was Nelson Mandela in prison?

Nelson Mandela

They were with his wife Winnie also touring Europe and North America.


Question: How long was Nelson Mandela in prison?

Nelson Mandela

In 1991, the ANC General Assembly was held, where Mandela was elected ANC President.


Question: How long was Nelson Mandela in prison?

Nelson Mandela

[6] In January 1991, Mandela proposed that an all-party meeting be held in South Africa to establish an interim constitution and prepare for democratic elections.


Question: How long was Nelson Mandela in prison?

Nelson Mandela

An elected parliament would then enact a final constitution.


Question: How long was Nelson Mandela in prison?

Nelson Mandela

The proposal was approved by the ANC cabinet on 22 October and soon all groups involved in the meeting held a preparatory meeting for the actual Democratic South Africa meeting.


Question: How long was Nelson Mandela in prison?

Nelson Mandela

[27] After long, difficult and several times interrupted negotiations, the last article of the new constitution was agreed on 18 November 1993.


Question: How long was Nelson Mandela in prison?

Nelson Mandela

[28] Winnie and Nelson Mandela decided in April 1992 to part ways.


Question: How long was Nelson Mandela in prison?

Nelson Mandela

[6] President (1994—1999) Although Inkatha and AWB tried to disrupt the election campaign and political violence continued right up until election days, the elections were nevertheless held 26—29.


Question: How long was Nelson Mandela in prison?

Nelson Mandela

April 1994.


Question: How long was Nelson Mandela in prison?

Nelson Mandela

In this first democratic election in South Africa, about 91% of those eligible to vote, or more than 19 million people, voted.


Question: How long was Nelson Mandela in prison?

Nelson Mandela

Blacks voted for the ANC as a rule, and only in KwaZulu-Natal did Inkathan manage to garner wider support than the ANC.


Question: How long was Nelson Mandela in prison?

Nelson Mandela

The ANC emerged as the largest party by far with 62.6% support, but especially due to Inkatha's success (10.5% of the vote) it failed to achieve the necessary qualified majority to amend the constitution.


Question: How long was Nelson Mandela in prison?

Nelson Mandela

The National Party emerged as the second largest party in the country with 20.4% support, and de Klerk thus emerged as second vice president with Thabo Mbeki.


Question: How long was Nelson Mandela in prison?

Nelson Mandela

The far right got less than 2percent of the vote and the PAC barely got one.


Question: How long was Nelson Mandela in prison?

Nelson Mandela

On May 9, South Africa's new parliament unanimously elected Mandela as the country's new president.


Question: How long was Nelson Mandela in prison?

Nelson Mandela

[29] The key goal of Mandela's presidency was to calm the still tense domestic political situation in the country and develop the country's economy.


Question: How long was Nelson Mandela in prison?

Nelson Mandela

He sought to gain foreign investment into the country and began efforts to recover lands seized from blacks after 1913.


Question: How long was Nelson Mandela in prison?

Nelson Mandela

Mandela's marriage to Winnie Mandela ended during the presidency.


Question: How long was Nelson Mandela in prison?

Nelson Mandela

Legal separation went into effect in 1993 and divorce in 1996.


Question: How long was Nelson Mandela in prison?

Nelson Mandela

[5] On his 80th birthday in 1998, Mandela married Graça Machel.


Question: How long was Nelson Mandela in prison?

Nelson Mandela

Mandela's term as president is widely regarded as highly successful.


Question: How long was Nelson Mandela in prison?

Nelson Mandela

His success in creating consensus among the country's opposing political groups partly thanks to his remarkable personal prestige.


Question: How long was Nelson Mandela in prison?

Nelson Mandela

He also seemed a significant part in the establishment of the Truth Commission.


Question: How long was Nelson Mandela in prison?

Nelson Mandela

[5] After the presidency (1999—2013), Mandela, upon his retirement, continued to be an internationally influential figure, a kind of symbol of liberation from apartheid.


Question: How long was Nelson Mandela in prison?

Nelson Mandela

He was a UNESCO Goodwill Ambassador and was involved in campaigning against AIDS, among other things.


Question: How long was Nelson Mandela in prison?

Nelson Mandela

Mandela says the AIDS epidemic is one of South Africa's most serious problems of the moment.


Question: How long was Nelson Mandela in prison?

Nelson Mandela

The 85-year-old Mandela announced in 2004 that he was retiring from the public eye.


Question: How long was Nelson Mandela in prison?

Nelson Mandela

[30] On July 18, 2007, Mandela announced that he had established a council called Global Elders.


Question: How long was Nelson Mandela in prison?

Nelson Mandela

The council is formed by a group of former presidents, statesmen, leaders and activists and is supposed to use its expertise to solve world crises.


Question: How long was Nelson Mandela in prison?

Nelson Mandela

[31] Mandela, who is 90 years old, was removed from the terror list by the US government in July 2008.


Question: How long was Nelson Mandela in prison?

Nelson Mandela

[32] Mandela contracted a lung infection and was hospitalized in June 2013.


Question: How long was Nelson Mandela in prison?

Nelson Mandela

He had been diagnosed with early-stage tuberculosis as early as his imprisonment in 1988.


Question: How long was Nelson Mandela in prison?

Nelson Mandela

[33] In July, doctors told him Mandela was in a coma, and that his vital signs could be stopped.


Question: How long was Nelson Mandela in prison?

Nelson Mandela

[34] In September Mandela was transferred to home care, [35] where he died on December 5, 2013.


Question: How long was Nelson Mandela in prison?

Nelson Mandela

[36] Archive Mandela's personal archive opened in 2012 to the internet.


Question: How long was Nelson Mandela in prison?

Nelson Mandela

The archive contains handwritten notes, calendar entries, photos and videos.


Question: How long was Nelson Mandela in prison?

Nelson Mandela

The publication of the material has been responsible for the Mandela Centre of Memory, which preserves original documents and co-owns them with Google, which assisted financially and technically.


Question: How long was Nelson Mandela in prison?

Nelson Mandela

The archive is freely available.


Question: How long was Nelson Mandela in prison?

Nelson Mandela

[37] Honours Decorations, titles and awards Mandela received a total of more than 250 awards, the most notable being the 1993 Nobel Peace Prize (with Frederik Willem de Klerk).


Question: How long was Nelson Mandela in prison?

Nelson Mandela

[3] [38] He was an honorary member of the Order of Merit and a member of the Order of John, as well as receiving the Presidential Medal of Freedom from George W. Bush.


Question: How long was Nelson Mandela in prison?

Nelson Mandela

In July 2004, the City of Johannesburg awarded him the Freedom of the City honoree in Soweto, Orlando.


Question: How long was Nelson Mandela in prison?

Nelson Mandela

[38] Mandela was the first living person to receive the title of Honorary Canadian Citizenship of Canada.


Question: How long was Nelson Mandela in prison?

Nelson Mandela

He also wore the Order of Canada Commendation Medal.


Question: How long was Nelson Mandela in prison?

Nelson Mandela

In 1990, he received the Bharat Ratna Award from the Government of India.


Question: How long was Nelson Mandela in prison?

Nelson Mandela

In the same year, he was awarded the Lenin International Peace Prize.


Question: How long was Nelson Mandela in prison?

Nelson Mandela

[38] In 1992, Mandela was awarded Turkey's Ataturk Peace Prize, but he did not receive it because Turkey violated Kurdish human rights.


Question: How long was Nelson Mandela in prison?

Nelson Mandela

[39] As a result, Turkish magazines criticised Mandela with stark expressions.


Question: How long was Nelson Mandela in prison?

Nelson Mandela

Mandela received the award later, in 1999.


Question: How long was Nelson Mandela in prison?

Nelson Mandela

[40] Banknote In 2012, South Africa renewed its entire series of banknotes so that each banknote has an image of Mandela.


Question: How long was Nelson Mandela in prison?

Nelson Mandela

The rands were announced on the 22nd anniversary of Mandela's release on 11 February 2012.


Question: How long was Nelson Mandela in prison?

Nelson Mandela

[41] Music Many artists have dedicated their songs to Mandela.


Question: How long was Nelson Mandela in prison?

Nelson Mandela

Among the best known is the song “(Free) Nelson Mandela” (1984) recorded by The Specials (as The Special AKA).


Question: How long was Nelson Mandela in prison?

Nelson Mandela

Stevie Wonder dedicated his 1985 Oscar-winning song “I Just Called to Say I Love You” to Mandela, and therefore Wonder's music was banned in South Africa.


Question: How long was Nelson Mandela in prison?

Nelson Mandela

[42] In 1988, a Nelson Mandela 70th Birthday Tribute concert was held at Wembley in London to oppose apartheid.


Question: How long was Nelson Mandela in prison?

Nelson Mandela

Simple Minds recorded the song “Mandela Day” for the concert, Santana recorded the instrumental song “Mandela” and Tracy Chapman performed the song “Freedom Now”, which was dedicated to Mandela.


Question: How long was Nelson Mandela in prison?

Nelson Mandela

[43] Salif Keita from Mali, who played in the concert, later visited South Africa and recorded the song “Mandela” in 1995.


Question: How long was Nelson Mandela in prison?

Nelson Mandela

[44] Brenda Fassie's 1989 song “Black President”, addressed to Mandela, was very popular, despite being banned in South Africa.


Question: How long was Nelson Mandela in prison?

Nelson Mandela

[45] Mandela's life story was in Nickelback's 2006 music video for “If Everyone Cared”.


Question: How long was Nelson Mandela in prison?

Nelson Mandela

A benefit concert was held in London's Hyde Park on 27 June 2008 to mark Mandela's 90th birthday.


Question: How long was Nelson Mandela in prison?

Nelson Mandela

The concert, televised around the world, raised money for Mandela's anti-AIDS campaign 46664, which takes its name from Mandela's prisoner number.


Question: How long was Nelson Mandela in prison?

Nelson Mandela

[46] Films The film Mandela and De Klerk, completed in 1997, told of Mandela's release from captivity.


Question: How long was Nelson Mandela in prison?

Nelson Mandela

Mandela was played by Sidney Poitier.


Question: How long was Nelson Mandela in prison?

Nelson Mandela

[47] In the film Goodbye Bafana (2007), which focuses on Mandela's life, Mandela is played by Dennis Haysbert.


Question: How long was Nelson Mandela in prison?

Nelson Mandela

[48] The events of the 2009 film Invictus — Invictus — Invincible, directed by Clint Eastwood, are set around the Rugby World Cup, played in South Africa in 1995.


Question: How long was Nelson Mandela in prison?

Nelson Mandela

In the film, Mandela is played by Morgan Freeman.


Question: How long was Nelson Mandela in prison?

Nelson Mandela

[49] In 2013, the film Long Road to Freedom, directed by Justin Chadwick and starred by Idris Elba, was released.


Question: How long was Nelson Mandela in prison?

Nelson Mandela

[50] Statues Sandton Square in Johannesburg was renamed Nelson Mandela Square on 31 March 2004, when a six-foot tall statue of Nelson Mandela was unveiled in the square.


Question: How long was Nelson Mandela in prison?

Nelson Mandela

[51] In London, a 2007 statue of Mandela was unveiled in Parliament Square.


Question: How long was Nelson Mandela in prison?

Nelson Mandela

The revellers served as Richard Attenborough, Ken Livingstone, Wendy Woods and Gordon Brown.


Question: How long was Nelson Mandela in prison?

Nelson Mandela

The campaign for the statue was allocated in 2000 by Donald Woods.


Question: How long was Nelson Mandela in prison?

Nelson Mandela

Mandela said the statue depicts not just him, but anyone who has spoken out against oppression, especially those who have been doing it in South Africa.


Question: How long was Nelson Mandela in prison?

Nelson Mandela

[52] Other zoologists Brent E. Hendrixson and Jason E. Bond named a South African spider of the family Ctenizidae after Mandela in 2004 as Stasimopus mandelai.


Question: How long was Nelson Mandela in prison?

Nelson Mandela

[53] Sources Literature Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Mandela, Nelson| title = Long Road to Freedom: Autobiography| location = Helsinki| publisher = WSOY| year = 1995| version = (Long Walk to Freedom: The Autobiography of Nelson Mandela, 1995.)


Question: How long was Nelson Mandela in prison?

Nelson Mandela

Translated by Heikki Älli| id = ISBN 951-0-20444-7}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Sparks, Allister| title = Tomorrow Is Another Country| publisher = The University of Chicago Press| year = 1995| id = ISBN 0-226-76855-4}} References Elsewhere Transclusion error: {{En}} is only for use in File namespace.


Question: How long was Nelson Mandela in prison?

Nelson Mandela

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Question: How long was Nelson Mandela in prison?

Nelson Mandela

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Nelson Mandela

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Nelson Mandela


Question: How long was Nelson Mandela in prison?

Nelson Mandela

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Nelson Mandela


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Nelson Mandela

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Nelson Mandela


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Nelson Mandela

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Nelson Mandela


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Nelson Mandela

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Question: How long was Nelson Mandela in prison?

Nelson Mandela

Category:Presidents of South Africa Category:Anti-apartheid activists Category:South African human rights activists Category:Nobel Peace Prize laureates Category:South African jurists Category:Companion of the Order of Canada Category:Presidential Medal of Freedom Category:People born in 1918 Class:Those who died in 2013 Category:99.3 Social representatives Category:Key articles of screening


Question: What is the area of Seinäjoki?

Seinäjoki

Seinäjoki () is an American football team located on both sides of the river of the same name in the province of South Ostrobothnia.


Question: What is the area of Seinäjoki?

Seinäjoki

Seinäjoki is one of the fastest growing provincial centres in Finland.


Question: What is the area of Seinäjoki?

Seinäjoki

[1] Seinäjoki has a population of 62871 (30 April 2018).


Question: What is the area of Seinäjoki?

Seinäjoki

Seinäjoki was originally a small station village on the Ostrobothnia line, which arose at the junction of the tracks in the outlying village of Ilmajoki municipality.


Question: What is the area of Seinäjoki?

Seinäjoki

Before 1959, both Seinäjoki Kauppala and Seinäjoki Rural Municipality existed, and in 1960 Seinäjoki became one of the first six so-called new cities in Finland.


Question: What is the area of Seinäjoki?

Seinäjoki

From the beginning of 2005, the city of Seinäjoki and Peräseinäjoki Municipality were abolished and merged into a new municipality, which took over the Seinäjoki name and urban designation.


Question: What is the area of Seinäjoki?

Seinäjoki

[2] A similar change in the division of municipalities also occurred from the beginning of 2009, with the participation of the city of Seinäjoki, the municipalities of Nurmo and Ylistaro.


Question: What is the area of Seinäjoki?

Seinäjoki

[3] On the southern edge of the centre of Seinäjoki, the cityscape is originally dominated by a building group designed by Alvar Aalto, consisting of the Lakeuden Cross Church, the town hall, the two-part main library and the City Theatre.


Question: What is the area of Seinäjoki?

Seinäjoki

The city is also known for Tangommarket, Provinssirock, Vauktiajja, floorball team Pelivelji, football club SJK playing in Veikkausliiga and Seinäjoki Jymyjussei, a football club playing in Superpesis.


Question: What is the area of Seinäjoki?

Seinäjoki

Seinäjoki is the sixth largest in the country in terms of market area [4] and the eighth in the country in terms of education.


Question: What is the area of Seinäjoki?

Seinäjoki

Seinäjoki is a vibrant sports city: Seinäjokelais' teams have achieved Finnish championships in volleyball, American football, baseball, maahockey, floorball and soccer.


Question: What is the area of Seinäjoki?

Seinäjoki

Other national-level success disciplines include wrestling, athletics, speed skating, swimming, biathlon, and motorsports.


Question: What is the area of Seinäjoki?

Seinäjoki

The provincial newspaper Ilkka appears in Seinäjoki.


Question: What is the area of Seinäjoki?

Seinäjoki

Geography Neighboring municipalities of Seinäjoki are Kauhava to the north, Lapua to the northeast, Kuortane and Alavus to the east, Virrat and Kihniö to the south, Ilmajoki and Kurikka to the west and Isokyrö to the northwest.


Question: What is the area of Seinäjoki?

Seinäjoki

On the southern edge of the centre of Seinäjoki, the cityscape is originally dominated by a building group designed by Alvar Aalto, consisting of the Lakeuden Cross Church, the town hall, the two-part main library and the City Theatre.


Question: What is the area of Seinäjoki?

Seinäjoki

[5] There are a total of 27 lakes in the area of the city of Seinäjoki, the largest of which are Elk Lake Reservoir, Kalajärvi and Kyrkösjärvi Reservoir.


Question: What is the area of Seinäjoki?

Seinäjoki

[6] The Natura sites in Seinäjoki include the old spruce forests Pelma forest and Nättypii, as well as the marshlands Peränevanholma, Pirjatanneva, Paukaneva and Haukilamminneva.


Question: What is the area of Seinäjoki?

Seinäjoki

[7] Subareas with subdivisions and villages 1.


Question: What is the area of Seinäjoki?

Seinäjoki

Ylistaro: (Alapää, Asemanseutu, Kainasto, Kirkonkylä, Terämäki) 2.


Question: What is the area of Seinäjoki?

Seinäjoki

Kylänpää: (Hanhikoski, Kylänpää, Untamala) 3.


Question: What is the area of Seinäjoki?

Seinäjoki

Expanse: (Halkosaari, Kiikku, Kitinoja, Niemistonmaa) 4.


Question: What is the area of Seinäjoki?

Seinäjoki

Läntinen: (Alakylä, Huhtala, Jouppi, Jouppila, Kultavuori, Puukinranta) 5.


Question: What is the area of Seinäjoki?

Seinäjoki

City of Finland: (Hallila, Itikka, centre, West Kivistö, Marttila, Pohja, Puucapernaumi, Rengastie, Uppa) 6.


Question: What is the area of Seinäjoki?

Seinäjoki

Kasperi: (Hallilanvuori, East Kivistö, Kasperi) 7.


Question: What is the area of Seinäjoki?

Seinäjoki

Östermyra: (Tip, Pajuluoma, Simuna, Soukkajoki, Törnää) 8.


Question: What is the area of Seinäjoki?

Seinäjoki

Keski-Seinäjoki: (Honkakylä, Lehtimäenkylä, Riskunmäki, Viitala, Ämlänkylä) 9.


Question: What is the area of Seinäjoki?

Seinäjoki

Peräseinäjoki: (Haapaluoma, kirkonkylä, Luomankylä) 10.


Question: What is the area of Seinäjoki?

Seinäjoki

Kihniä: (Kihniänkylä, Siltala-Juupakylä) 11.


Question: What is the area of Seinäjoki?

Seinäjoki

Nurmo: (church village, Koliini, Nurmonjokilaakso, Teppo) 12.


Question: What is the area of Seinäjoki?

Seinäjoki

Ruuhikoski: (Huumo, Veneskoski) 13.


Question: What is the area of Seinäjoki?

Seinäjoki

Hyllykallio: (Hyllykallio, Capernaumi, Kertunlaakso, Roves, Tanelinranta) 14.


Question: What is the area of Seinäjoki?

Seinäjoki

Kuoras: (Kihara, Viitalankylä, Ylijoki) [8] [9] History Prehistory of Seinäjoki The area of Seinäjoki is, like the rest of the province of Southern Ostrobothnia, a former sea floor.


Question: What is the area of Seinäjoki?

Seinäjoki

The Litorina Sea, which once existed on the site of the present Baltic Sea, covered the territory of the province until 2000 BCE.


Question: What is the area of Seinäjoki?

Seinäjoki

The Seinäjoki area was located at that time just on the coast of the bay formed by the sea.


Question: What is the area of Seinäjoki?

Seinäjoki

Evidence of Stone Age settlement in the area has been found from the same period.


Question: What is the area of Seinäjoki?

Seinäjoki

Nearly 50 pieces of Stone Age object finds had been made by 1970.


Question: What is the area of Seinäjoki?

Seinäjoki

[10] The discoveries have been mainly axes, chisels and hole stones of the so-called “Bothnian axe type”, made of ray stone shale.


Question: What is the area of Seinäjoki?

Seinäjoki

There have been settlements at that time based on discoveries e.g.


Question: What is the area of Seinäjoki?

Seinäjoki

in the existing areas of Törnäva, Hallila and Kivistö, as well as in Katilankylä and Niemistö.


Question: What is the area of Seinäjoki?

Seinäjoki

[11] Until the end of the 18th century, the area of Seinäjoki was part of the administrator of Suur-Ilmajoki.


Question: What is the area of Seinäjoki?

Seinäjoki

The keeper also included the present areas of Alavude, Ilmajoki, Jalasjärvi, Kauhajoki, Peräseinäjoki and Kurika, as well as Virtai Kurjenkylä.


Question: What is the area of Seinäjoki?

Seinäjoki

In the north—south direction, the length of the keeper was about 80 km and in the east—west direction was about 100 km.


Question: What is the area of Seinäjoki?

Seinäjoki

The area without waters was about 4,500 square kilometers.


Question: What is the area of Seinäjoki?

Seinäjoki

[12] The village of Suur-Ilmajoki Seinäjoki was formed in the area around the Seinäjoki watershed used as an access route.


Question: What is the area of Seinäjoki?

Seinäjoki

The area was quite extensive, approx.


Question: What is the area of Seinäjoki?

Seinäjoki

70 km, so some areas were counted as belonging to other villages, as for example the area of the present Alakylä was calculated to belong to the village of Peltoniemi in Ilmajoki and part of the middle reaches of the river to the village of Röyskölä.


Question: What is the area of Seinäjoki?

Seinäjoki

The actual village division was carried out in the Landbook of 1793, when the areas along Seinäjoki were classified as follows: Ala-Seinäjoki, namely the current area of the city of Seinäjoki, Peräseinjoki and Alavuden Peräseinjoki.


Question: What is the area of Seinäjoki?

Seinäjoki

[13] Seinäjoki village house number 1557—1700 [14] Annual House Chapter 155731570416087166810170011 Like the rest of Southern Ostrobothnia, the emergence of settlement in the area was rather slow.


Question: What is the area of Seinäjoki?

Seinäjoki

By the end of the Middle Ages there were only 800 houses in the entire region of Southern Ostrobothnia, most of them in the Kyrönmaa region.


Question: What is the area of Seinäjoki?

Seinäjoki

In the Suur-Ilmajoki area, 96 copies of these houses were marked in 1546.


Question: What is the area of Seinäjoki?

Seinäjoki

In 1557, the first three houses were marked in the Seinäjoki area, whose owners were Martti Pentinpoika, Matti Juhonpoika and Klemetti Pietarinpoika.


Question: What is the area of Seinäjoki?

Seinäjoki

These houses were most likely those of Marttila, Upa and Joup.


Question: What is the area of Seinäjoki?

Seinäjoki

Klemetti Peter's younger son Jaakko founded Jouppila House from his father's house in Joupi around 1570.


Question: What is the area of Seinäjoki?

Seinäjoki

The Seinäjoki area remained four-house until the first decade of the 17th century.


Question: What is the area of Seinäjoki?

Seinäjoki

[15] The 1653 land book mentions Marttila, Jouppi, Jouppila, Uppala and Leppälä as houses in Seinäjoki, the first four of which belonged to the Ala-Seinäjoki region.


Question: What is the area of Seinäjoki?

Seinäjoki

Marttila and Uppa were located on the eastern bank of Seinäjoki, between Seinäjoki and Pajuluoma.


Question: What is the area of Seinäjoki?

Seinäjoki

Jouppi and Jouppila were located on the opposite bank of the river.


Question: What is the area of Seinäjoki?

Seinäjoki

By the beginning of the 18th century the following development had occurred in the number of houses: 1670 Hallila, founded by Sipi Yrjönpoika, was created next to Upa; 1692 Huhtala, cleared by Risto Tanelinpoika, was born from Upa on the opposite bank of Seinäjoki, 1694 Marttila was formed by dividing Ala-Marttila and Pakkari' or Yli-Marttila, founded in the same year by Matti Jaakonpoika, Myllymäki between Jouppila and Huhtala and in 1692 by Klemetti and Matti Matinpoika between Seinäjoki and Kyrönjoki.


Question: What is the area of Seinäjoki?

Seinäjoki

[16] In the 18th century, connections from Seinäjoki to the Ilmajoki church were poor and longer than with Ylinurmo, or the village of Nurmo.


Question: What is the area of Seinäjoki?

Seinäjoki

Together with Seinäjokelains, Nurmolalainen built a preacher house in 1725, which led to the formation of the Nurmo Preaching House in 1765.


Question: What is the area of Seinäjoki?

Seinäjoki

Seinäjoki, which had started to be called the village of Alaseinäjoki after the big wrath, became part of the preaching house.


Question: What is the area of Seinäjoki?

Seinäjoki

Municipally, the village of Alaseinäjoki still belonged to the church and administrator of Ilmajoki.


Question: What is the area of Seinäjoki?

Seinäjoki

The Peräseinäjoki Chapel Congregation was founded in 1798, when Alaseinäjoki began to be called Seinäjoki.


Question: What is the area of Seinäjoki?

Seinäjoki

In the same year, Östermyra ironworks was established on the shore of Tikkukoski.


Question: What is the area of Seinäjoki?

Seinäjoki

The Swedish name Östermyra of Seinäjoki is no longer in use.


Question: What is the area of Seinäjoki?

Seinäjoki

The time of the ironworks Seinäjoki's later central position was greatly influenced by the Östermyra Ironworks founded by Abraham Wasastjerna.


Question: What is the area of Seinäjoki?

Seinäjoki

From 1778 Falander, as he was known at that time, undertook enthusiastic shipbuilding and brokering from Vaasa.


Question: What is the area of Seinäjoki?

Seinäjoki

A lot of timber was needed for this, which was enough in the forests of Seinäjoki and the surrounding area.


Question: What is the area of Seinäjoki?

Seinäjoki

[17] Falander started work on the main and side branches of the Kyrönjoki river and the first logs were bathing to Kolkki and Svartöö in spring 1782.


Question: What is the area of Seinäjoki?

Seinäjoki

The Östermyra Ironworks was established in 1798 and the Seinäjoki region became involved with Falander's sawing operations.


Question: What is the area of Seinäjoki?

Seinäjoki

The Finnish War period did not leave Seinäjoki untouched, although the locality did benefit somewhat from its remoteness at the time.


Question: What is the area of Seinäjoki?

Seinäjoki

When the attack occurred at the end of February 1808, the land lord of the county of Vaasa told the people of the keepers to gather to decide whether to lay the lifting people.


Question: What is the area of Seinäjoki?

Seinäjoki

In Seinäjoki, it was decided, apparently along the lines of the rest of the province, that the man should leave the house for war.


Question: What is the area of Seinäjoki?

Seinäjoki

[18] In the Seinäjoki region, the mood towards the war was uneasy, and by way of war, the people would have been prepared to fight the enemy in the manner of great hatred.


Question: What is the area of Seinäjoki?

Seinäjoki

The demands of the military forces on both sides also put a strain on the people in Seinäjoki, which contributed to the Seinäjokels' participation in the Kauhajoki rebellion.


Question: What is the area of Seinäjoki?

Seinäjoki

Alongside the Ilmajokels, a very central part in the rebellion was played by Tuomas Uppa, a Seinäjokelian who was already stirring up resistance before the revolt.


Question: What is the area of Seinäjoki?

Seinäjoki

After the revolt and after the war turned to victory for the Russians, a decisive turn took place in the popular mood.


Question: What is the area of Seinäjoki?

Seinäjoki

Solomon Hannelle, the air leader of the revolt, was hated, and Russian-friendly opinions gained understanding.


Question: What is the area of Seinäjoki?

Seinäjoki

In autumn 1808, the required oath of allegiance became quite commonly sworn in Seinäjoki.


Question: What is the area of Seinäjoki?

Seinäjoki

On 6 September 1808, Friedrich Wilhelm von Buxhoevden, the Russian warlord, ordered damages to those affected by the war accordingly.


Question: What is the area of Seinäjoki?

Seinäjoki

The claims had to be investigated by the courts, which provoked satisfaction in the people.


Question: What is the area of Seinäjoki?

Seinäjoki

[19] Seinäjoki's compensation amount was 648 ricks, 8 killings and 4 runstyks.


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Seinäjoki

The compensation largely encompassed horses and vehicles.


Question: What is the area of Seinäjoki?

Seinäjoki

[20] In its entirety, Seinäjoki survived the Finnish war with relatively little damage.


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Seinäjoki

The construction of the railway and the urbanization of Seinäjoki began in the 1850s to separate Seinäjoki from the Nurmo Chapel.


Question: What is the area of Seinäjoki?

Seinäjoki

The long and awkward church journey, especially for the sick and elderly, was cited as the reason.


Question: What is the area of Seinäjoki?

Seinäjoki

Ilmajoki also wanted to annex Seinäjoki back to the former parent parish.


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Seinäjoki

Despite fierce resistance from the Nurmolians, the Senate accepted the Seinäjokelans' plea to establish their own chapel congregation in 1863.


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Seinäjoki

Seinäjoki received an independent municipal administration in 1868.


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Seinäjoki

In 1900 Seinäjoki became an independent vicar general.


Question: What is the area of Seinäjoki?

Seinäjoki

In the 1850s, the first plans were made for the construction of railways and these plans extended as far as Ostrobothnia.


Question: What is the area of Seinäjoki?

Seinäjoki

The starting point of the Ostrobothnia line was Tamperetta and in 1862, when the first railway was completed from Helsinki to Hämeenlinna, the direction of the line from the west side of Tampere to Peräseinjoki was examined.


Question: What is the area of Seinäjoki?

Seinäjoki

[21] In the Riksdag of Helsinki (1863—1864), Ostrobothian representatives first raised the transport needs of the province, demanding that the railway be extended to the province.


Question: What is the area of Seinäjoki?

Seinäjoki

[22] The issue was discussed in several Riksdag and the Riksdag of 1877—1878 agreed on connecting Ostrobothnia to the railway network.


Question: What is the area of Seinäjoki?

Seinäjoki

[23] In 1883, the Tampere—Vaasa railway was inaugurated, passing through Seinäjoki.


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Seinäjoki

This and the Kokkola line opened to traffic in 1885 and the Kristiinankaupunki line completed in 1913 made Seinäjoki an important railway junction station.


Question: What is the area of Seinäjoki?

Seinäjoki

In the early 1970s, an oikorata from Tampere to Seinäjoki opened, with which transport links from Seinäjoki were further improved.


Question: What is the area of Seinäjoki?

Seinäjoki

However, in 1968 passenger services on the Kristiinankaupunki line were discontinued.


Question: What is the area of Seinäjoki?

Seinäjoki

The old railway station in Seinäjoki was demolished in the late 1960s and a new central transport station designed by Heikki Castrén was completed in 1969, which was, when completed, the second largest railway station building in Finland after Helsinki railway station.


Question: What is the area of Seinäjoki?

Seinäjoki

[24] Seinäjoki station area was formed into a built-up community in 1920.


Question: What is the area of Seinäjoki?

Seinäjoki

When the location at the junction of the main line and the second railway line had greatly increased Seinäjoki's church village and the locality had been completed, among other things, the Törnää Hospital in the 1920s, the possibility of converting the church village into a merchant centre began to be explored.


Question: What is the area of Seinäjoki?

Seinäjoki

The conversion of the whole Seinäjoki municipality into a merchant settlement was also featured as an alternative, but in 1931 Seinäjoki's church village was divided into Seinäjoki merchant and Seinäjoki rural municipality.


Question: What is the area of Seinäjoki?

Seinäjoki

This division was short-lived, as already in early 1959 Seinäjoki rural municipality was annexed to Seinäjoki Merchant House.


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Seinäjoki

The city Seinäjoki became in 1960.


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Seinäjoki

After the last wars, Seinäjoki was populated by settlers from Jaakkima and Lumivaara.


Question: What is the area of Seinäjoki?

Seinäjoki

The origin of the name In the 16th century, the village formed in the Seinäjoki area was often called the village of Koskenalu, as it was located below Korpikoske in Seinäjoki.


Question: What is the area of Seinäjoki?

Seinäjoki

The name went out of use by the beginning of the 17th century, and the village was renamed Seinäjoki, which is probably older than the village's name.


Question: What is the area of Seinäjoki?

Seinäjoki

There are many theories about the origin of the name Seinäjoki.


Question: What is the area of Seinäjoki?

Seinäjoki

According to one interpretation, Seinäjoki has been the border of enjoyment areas in ancient times.


Question: What is the area of Seinäjoki?

Seinäjoki

The possibility that settlers or lot goers from Kangasa would have brought the name with them has also been considered.


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Seinäjoki

Tuomo Tuomen's research and folklore attributes the exceptional steep edge of its shores as the origin of the name Seinäjoki.


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Seinäjoki

[25] Administration Decision-making The Mayor of Seinäjoki has been Jorma Rasinmäki since 2005 [26].


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Seinäjoki

The highest decision-making power in the city of Seinäjoki is exercised by a 51-member city council, which decides the financial and financial criteria of the city and the structure of the city's administration.


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Seinäjoki

The City Council also elects the Trustees and the main office holders.


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Seinäjoki

The town council is elected by municipal elections every four years.


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Seinäjoki

[27] The Chair of the City Council is Kimmo Heinonen (ECR)


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Seinäjoki

), as 1st Vice-President Kati Ojaniemi (mid.)


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Seinäjoki

and Aarne Heikkilä (sd.) as 2nd Vice-President.


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Seinäjoki

[28] Town administration is governed by a 13-member city board.


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Seinäjoki

Its job is to prepare the issues to be dealt with in the city council and to ensure that council decisions are implemented.


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Seinäjoki

The city government also takes care of the overall development of the city, as well as overseeing the operations of the office holders and the financial management of the city.


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Seinäjoki

[27] The Chairman of the Town Board is Pasi Kivisaari (midst.


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Seinäjoki

), as 1st Vice-President Raimo Ristilä (ECR)


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Seinäjoki

and Piia Kattelus (kp.) as 2nd Vice-President.


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Seinäjoki

[29] Boards prepare matters before the City Board or the City Council and take care of the implementation of the decision.


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Seinäjoki

The task of the Board is to take care of the development of its industry and to guide its planning and implementation.


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Seinäjoki

Boards are elected by the city council for the duration of the municipal election term every four years.


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Seinäjoki

[30] Election results Votes cast in the most recent local elections.


Question: What is the area of Seinäjoki?

Seinäjoki

[31] (source: YLE, Election Revenue Service) Municipal Joints In 1959, Seinäjoki rural municipality was annexed to Seinäjoki, from which Seinäjoki's merchant farm had been separated in the 1930s.


Question: What is the area of Seinäjoki?

Seinäjoki

On December 31, 2004, the then city of Seinäjoki was dissolved and it was merged with the municipality of Peräseinjoki to form a new municipality since 1 January 2005.


Question: What is the area of Seinäjoki?

Seinäjoki

The new municipality adopted the Seinäjoki name and city designation.


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Seinäjoki

[2] Seinäjoki's area increased to 603km² from the previous 134km².


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Seinäjoki

On 31 December 2008, the then-current town of Seinäjoki, which could only live for four years, was abolished and merged with two other municipalities, Nurmo and Ylistaro to form a new municipality with effect from 1 January 2009.


Question: What is the area of Seinäjoki?

Seinäjoki

In the place, a new municipality comprising their then territories was created, taking over the name Seinäjoki and the city designation.


Question: What is the area of Seinäjoki?

Seinäjoki

[3] The village of Munakka in Ilmajoki has also expressed interest in joining the town of Seinäjoki.


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Seinäjoki

In 2012, residents of the village drew up an adress for the annexation of the village to Seinäjoki.


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Seinäjoki

The prepared adress was submitted to both the municipality of Ilmajoki and the Ministry of Finance.


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Seinäjoki

[32] New Seinäjoki has a population of about 58985 inhabitants, which makes Seinäjoki a city of the same size with Rovaniemi, Vaasa and Kotka.


Question: What is the area of Seinäjoki?

Seinäjoki

The broadest support for the amalgamation of municipalities was received in Seinäjoki and Ylistaro, while in Nurmo there was sharp opposition to the municipal union, which became apparent, among other things, in the referendum.


Question: What is the area of Seinäjoki?

Seinäjoki

The Nurmo Municipal Council discussed the issue for four and a half hours before making a decision.


Question: What is the area of Seinäjoki?

Seinäjoki

A significant number of Nurmolainen live in Hyllykallio, which has been formed as a suburb of Seinäjoki.


Question: What is the area of Seinäjoki?

Seinäjoki

Ylistaro, on the other hand, is more distant from the town of Seinäjoki and was a far less commonly populated agricultural-dominated municipality.


Question: What is the area of Seinäjoki?

Seinäjoki

Economy Seinäjoki's retail trade volume is EUR 703 million per year and in motor vehicle trade Seinäjoki is one of the largest in Finland.


Question: What is the area of Seinäjoki?

Seinäjoki

[33] One of Finland's largest shopping centres is planned for Seinäjoki, Ideapark Seinäjoki.


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Seinäjoki

[34] In 2012, the City of Seinäjoki and Ikea concluded a letter of intent to implement the IKEA department store, which expired at the end of 2015.


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Seinäjoki

[35] In the area of Ylistaro, Finland's largest barn with space for 600 cows is located.


Question: What is the area of Seinäjoki?

Seinäjoki

[36] Major employers Companies: Atria Plc (1,700) SSAB (ex.


Question: What is the area of Seinäjoki?

Seinäjoki

Rautaruukki) (400) South Ostrobothnia Osuuskauppa EEPEE (320) Valio Oy (300) SOL Services Oy (250) Ilkka-Yhymmä Oyj (223) Seinäjoen Uusauto Oy (235) ISS Services Oy (170) Anvia Oyj (169) Janita Oy (153) Luoman Puutuote Oy (120) YIT Plc (100) 100) Public employers: City of Seinäjoki (2979) Southern Ostrobothnia Hospital District (2300) Seinäjoki Educational Municipal Corporation Sedu (750) [37] Seinäjoki University of Applied Sciences (400, parts of Ilmajoki) [38] Posti (400) VR Group (347) Eskoo Social Services Municipal Corporation (340) South Ostrobothnia ELY (165) Seinäjoki Parish (145) The technology and innovation village of Seinäjoki is called Triano.


Question: What is the area of Seinäjoki?

Seinäjoki

Population Seinäjoki is the 17th largest municipality in Finland by population, with a population of 60004, accounting for 30.9% of the population of the province of Southern Ostrobothnia and 1.10% of the total population of Finland (31 July 2013).


Question: What is the area of Seinäjoki?

Seinäjoki

[39] The area of the city is home to approx.


Question: What is the area of Seinäjoki?

Seinäjoki

34000 inhabitants, in the old Peräseinäjoki area approx.


Question: What is the area of Seinäjoki?

Seinäjoki

3500 inhabitants, in the area of Old Ylistaro approx.


Question: What is the area of Seinäjoki?

Seinäjoki

5500 inhabitants and the old Nurmo district approx.


Question: What is the area of Seinäjoki?

Seinäjoki

12,500 inhabitants.


Question: What is the area of Seinäjoki?

Seinäjoki

Evolution of population in the diagram below shows the development of the population of Seinäjoki in the period 1810—2015.


Question: What is the area of Seinäjoki?

Seinäjoki

The diagram used the current regional allocation at any given time.


Question: What is the area of Seinäjoki?

Seinäjoki

The strong increase in population in 2010 can be explained by the change in the division of municipalities.


Question: What is the area of Seinäjoki?

Seinäjoki

At the end of 2017, Seinäjoki had 62,676 inhabitants, of whom 56,688 lived in built-up areas, 5,666 in sparsely populated areas and the coordinates of 322 inhabitants were unknown.


Question: What is the area of Seinäjoki?

Seinäjoki

The agglomeration rate is calculated from residents whose residence coordinates are known; Seinäjoki's built-up rate is 90.9%.


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Seinäjoki

[42] The built-up population of Seinäjoki is divided between eight different agglomerations: [43] The city centre area is shown in bold.


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Seinäjoki

The agglomerations marked with an asterisk (*) belong to this city only partially.


Question: What is the area of Seinäjoki?

Seinäjoki

Three of the inhabitants of the church village of Ylistaro live on the side of the municipality of Isonkyrö.


Question: What is the area of Seinäjoki?

Seinäjoki

Education South Ostrobothnia Summer University of Helsinki Ruralia Institute Seinäjoki University of Applied Sciences Seinäjoki University Centre: Sibelius Academy Education Centre Tampere University Continuing Education Centre Seinäjoki University of Vaasa Seinäjoki Unit JAKK Adult Educator and Developer Parishes According to the 2018 regional division, Seinäjoki has the following parishes of the Evangelical Lutheran Church of Finland: [44] Seinäjoki Parish Nurmo Chapel Congregation Peräseinjoki Chapel Congregation Ylistaro Chapel Congregation Finnish Orthodox of the church parishes in the Seinäjoki area is the Orthodox parish of Vaasa.


Question: What is the area of Seinäjoki?

Seinäjoki

[45] Former parishes The following list lists the parishes abolished in the historical period in the present area of the city of Seinäjoki.


Question: What is the area of Seinäjoki?

Seinäjoki

[44] Nurmo Parish (annexed to Seinäjoki Parish 2009) Peräseinäjoki Parish (annexed to Seinäjoki Parish 2005) Ylistaro Parish (annexed to Seinäjoki Parish 2009) Transport Maaways through Seinäjoki pass public roads in different directions: Laihia, Ylistaro, Alavus Jyväskylä (northwest/east) Tampere, Parkano, Jalasjärvi, Lapua, Uusikaarlepyy (south/northeast) Ilmajoki, Kaskinen (southwest) Peräseinäjoki, Virrat (southeast) Peräseinäjoki: Jalasjärvi, Alavus (west/east) Seinäjoki, Virrat (north-west/south) from Ylistaro: Lapua, Alajärvi, Kyyjärvi (east) Isokyrö, Laihia, Seinäjoki (west/south) Ylihärmä (north) Seinäjoki vehicle fleet Situation: 31.12.2009 Railway station, bus station and taxi rank serve as a combined travel centre in Seinäjoki.


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Seinäjoki

Seinäjoki can be reached by train from the Vaasa direction in the west, Tampere in the south, the direction of Haapamäki and Jyväskylä in the east and Oulu and Kokkola in the north.


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Seinäjoki

At Seinäjoki railway station, sections of the Tampere—Oulu main line separates Seinäjoki—Haapamäki, Seinäjoki—Kaskinen and Seinäjoki—Vaasa.


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Seinäjoki

Seinäjoki Airport is located in Ilmajoki and has been maintained since 2016 by Seinäjoki Airport Oy (formerly Rengonharju Foundation).


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Seinäjoki

The airport was built in 1976 and scheduled services began in 1982.


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Seinäjoki

The field served as the home field for Finncomm Airlines, a Seinäjokel-based company that operates from there to Helsinki five times a day.


Question: What is the area of Seinäjoki?

Seinäjoki

Later flights were operated by the Swedish company Direktflyg, which operated the flights for a while until, together with the city of Seinäjoki, announced that the flights were not economically viable, which would cause them to be discontinued.


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Seinäjoki

Regular scheduled flights to Seinäjoki Airport ceased on 28 March 2013.


Question: What is the area of Seinäjoki?

Seinäjoki

[46] The twinning towns of Seinäjoki are: Schweinfurt, Germany Kunda, Estonia Kose, Estonia Rakvere, Estonia Sõmeru, Estonia Valga, Estonia Sopron, Hungary Koszalin, Poland Kristinehamn, Sweden Åsele, Sweden Velikije Luki, Russia Alstahaug, Norway Farsund, Norway Thunder Bay, Canada Skagen, Denmark Virginia, Minnesota, United States Orvieto, Italy [47] [48] Culture Today Seinäjoki has a wide variety of cultural events, and especially music offerings are wide throughout the year.


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Seinäjoki

For example, Rytmikorjaamo is a popular club where Finnish and international artists visit almost every weekend.


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Seinäjoki

Seinäjoki also has several other bars and clubs with very active music activities.


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Seinäjoki

The Seinäjoki Philharmonic Orchestra consists of string and wind quintets, so the repertoire focuses on chamber music.


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Seinäjoki

The orchestra performs concerts in the Seinäjoki Hall built for music purposes and collaborates with the Vaasa Philharmonic Orchestra.


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Seinäjoki

[49] Seinäjoki City Theatre offers performances on three stages.


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Seinäjoki

In 2015, it was voted Theatre of the Year in Finland.


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Seinäjoki

[50] Seinäjoki hosts the annual Enthusiast Theatre Summer since 1973.


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Seinäjoki

In 2016, the event moved to be held in Jyväskylä.


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Seinäjoki

[51] In the centre of Seinäjoki there is a three-hall Bio Marilyn, [52] and the cinema Matin-Tupa based in Ylistaro organises the Film and Light Film Festival in autumn.


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Seinäjoki

[53] The Raina Association of Seinäjoki Film Club organises screenings in cooperation with the National Audiovisual Institute.


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Seinäjoki

[54] The big public events in Seinäjoki are focused on spring and summer, when Provinssirock, Tangommarket and Vautyajot are held.


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Seinäjoki

Between 1993 and 2013, the city of Seinäjoki organised a 24-hour cultural event called the Night of Seinäku in May.


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Seinäjoki

[55] The centre of visual arts in the Seinäjoki area is Kunsthalle on the basement floor of the vocational school.


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Seinäjoki

[56] An art museum has long been planned in the city, for example, on the old stone waterfront of Iitikanmäki.


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Seinäjoki

[57] The Seinäjoki Artists' Association is connected to the visual artists of the region.


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Seinäjoki

[58] Basic visual arts education for children and young people is given by Art School Oiva.


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Seinäjoki

[59] Sights Expanse Cross.


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Seinäjoki

A church designed by Alvar Aalto in connection with the Administrative and Cultural Centre; a landmark of Seinäjoki.


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Seinäjoki

The Ylistaro Church was designed by Alvar Aalto's administrative and cultural centre Aalto.


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Seinäjoki

Southern Ostrobothnia Provincial Museum in Törnää Conservation Hall.


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Seinäjoki

Alvar Aalto's youth design work, completed in 1925.


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Seinäjoki

The house houses the Patronage Municipality and the Lotta Svärd Museum.


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Seinäjoki

Törnää Church Törnää Tourist Centre Jouppilanvuori artificial mountain and winter sports centre located on it and Kyrkösjärvi artificial lake Seinäjoki City Theatre Monument to Entrepreneurship.


Question: What is the area of Seinäjoki?

Seinäjoki

Central traffic station intersection of six roads and five railways Mallaskoski Brewery Events Summer theatre Provinssirock Tangommarketat Pace driving Rhythmikorjaamo Solar Sound Festival NuermoFest Sports Seinäjoki has a lively sports offering and the earliest information about the sport is from sports clubs founded at the beginning of the 20th century.


Question: What is the area of Seinäjoki?

Seinäjoki

The oldest sports clubs in Seinäjoki are Peräseinäjoki's Toive, Seinäjoki Maila-Jussit, Seinäjoki Sisu and Nurmon Jymy.


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Seinäjoki

Ball clubs Seinäjokinen ball clubs have played in several sports in the main series, but pesäpallo is one of the most popular sports in the city.


Question: What is the area of Seinäjoki?

Seinäjoki

Seinäjoki is also a traditional football city and today it is represented at the main league level by Seinäjoki Football Club, which has emerged as the flagship of Seinäjoki sport and the most followed sports club in the city due to its success at national level.


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Seinäjoki

Men's championships in ball sports have been won by Seinäjoki Maila-Jussit in baseball (4) and volleyball (2), Seinäjoki Peliveljet (3) in floorball, Seinäjoki United (2) and American football by Crocodiles (1).


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Seinäjoki

In women's baseball, Maila-Jussit has also won the Finnish championship (1).


Question: What is the area of Seinäjoki?

Seinäjoki

Other main league clubs in Seinäjoki have been Sepsi-78 and TP-Seinäjoki in football, Nurmon Jymy in floorball, Peräseinäjoki's Toive in Pesäpallo, Peto-jussit and Nurmon Jymy, in rink ball Pallo and the Boys and Seinäjoki Kuutoset in volleyball.


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Seinäjoki

Sports venues Food culture Seinäjoki keeper food was named sinsalla or rosolli in the 1980s.


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Seinäjoki

[60] Traditional cuisine is served by Uppala Manor from Seinäjoki restaurants.


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Seinäjoki

Fine dining restaurant opened in 2012 at the Foothills, and opened by the same owners in 2017 more relaxed.


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Seinäjoki

[61] [62] Other restaurants in Seinäjoki include Hotel Alma's and Hotel Sorsanpesä's restaurants and Sokos Hotel Vaakuna's restaurant Talriikki.


Question: What is the area of Seinäjoki?

Seinäjoki

[63] See also List of well-known Seinäjokels List of public art works and monuments in Seinäjoki Sources Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Alanen, Aulis J.| title = History of Seinäjoki I| publisher = Seinäjoki city| year= 1970}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Police, Annikki & Takalo, Tenho| title = History of Seinäjoki II| publisher = Seinäjoki city| year = 1977| id = ISBN 951-99131-5-7}} References on the topic elsewhere * Category:Key articles of screening


Question: When did the Winter War start?

Winter War

The Winter War was a war fought from 30 November 1939 — 13 March 1940 between Finland and the Soviet Union.


Question: When did the Winter War start?

Winter War

The Soviets began the Winter War by attacking without a declaration of war, and the war ended 105 days later with the Moscow Peace Treaty.


Question: When did the Winter War start?

Winter War

The League of Nations condemned the attack and separated the Soviet Union from its membership on 14 December 1939.


Question: When did the Winter War start?

Winter War

World War II had begun three months earlier after Germany and the Soviet Union occupied Poland.


Question: When did the Winter War start?

Winter War

Because a low-event fake war was underway on the Western Front, the Winter War was closely monitored by the Western press.


Question: When did the Winter War start?

Winter War

The terms sisu and Molotov cocktail became internationally known.


Question: When did the Winter War start?

Winter War

The designation Winter War only came into use during the Continuation War, including in the Mannerheim Day Order No 1 in June 1941, but did not stabilise immediately.


Question: When did the Winter War start?

Winter War

Early and partially parallel designations included the Finnish War 1939—40 and the Finnish—Russian War 1939—40.


Question: When did the Winter War start?

Winter War

[1] The war is known for particularly difficult winter conditions (the winter of 1939—1940 was the coldest of the century), the immense male losses of the Red Army, the motto tactics of the Finns, and the “spirit of the Winter War”.


Question: When did the Winter War start?

Winter War

As a result of the war, Finland lost 11% of its land holdings to the Soviet Union and its second largest city, Vyborg.


Question: When did the Winter War start?

Winter War

The revancy spirit created by the Winter War was instrumental in bringing Finland into the Continuation War.


Question: When did the Winter War start?

Winter War

Background Great Powers Germany and the Soviet Union World War I meant a loss of great power status for Germany and Soviet Russia.


Question: When did the Winter War start?

Winter War

Both countries recovered in the 1930s by coming back as dictatorships to the great powers, and began to seek back the territories they had lost.


Question: When did the Winter War start?

Winter War

Europe's democratic superpowers France and Britain were politically weak.


Question: When did the Winter War start?

Winter War

[2] With the independence of Finland and Estonia, Russia had lost all of the coastal fortifications in the Gulf of Finland, with the exception of Kronstadt, thus weakening Leningrad's defensive position.


Question: When did the Winter War start?

Winter War

Similarly, the border between Finland and the Soviet Union ran on the Rajajoki from the city at a distance of only about 32 km.


Question: When did the Winter War start?

Winter War

Taking Finland would offer the Soviet Union several advantages: it could threaten Germany to import vital iron ore from northern Sweden, control the Baltic Sea, and gain industry and ore reserves from Finland.


Question: When did the Winter War start?

Winter War

[3] Immediately after his rise to power, German leader Adolf Hitler began systematic efforts to dismantle the world order created by the Versailles Peace Treaty.


Question: When did the Winter War start?

Winter War

In March 1935, Germany broke away from the provisions of the treaty restricting its armed forces and declared general conscription and in March 1936 occupied the Rhineland.


Question: When did the Winter War start?

Winter War

This led, in part, to the Politburo member of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union and secretary of the Leningrad District of the NKP, Colonel General Andrei Ždanov, in a menacingly tinged speech in November 1936 likening Leningrad to a window opening westward, from behind which could be heard increasingly loud' pedo-howling and teeth bite of fascism”.


Question: When did the Winter War start?

Winter War

Ždanov's speech was a warning to the Soviet Union's western neighbours that an eastern superpower preparing for war would not allow Finland and the Baltic states such luxury as neutrality.


Question: When did the Winter War start?

Winter War

[4] Finland-Soviet relations Finland had been part of the Russian Empire between 1809 and 1917.


Question: When did the Winter War start?

Winter War

Relations between the Grand Duchy of Finland and Russia had been stable and peaceful until the Russification periods and the First World War.


Question: When did the Winter War start?

Winter War

The Great War broke up the Russian Empire in 1917, and in the event of upheaval Finland gained independence, but was followed by a civil war in which Soviet-Russia supported the Red Guards and Germany a division of Brandenstein and the German Baltic Division supported the Whites.


Question: When did the Winter War start?

Winter War

After the Civil War, Finnish volunteer troops penetrated Russian territory in connection with the so-called tribal wars.


Question: When did the Winter War start?

Winter War

After the war, relations between Finland and the Soviet Union were marked by suspicion and resentment, exacerbated by right-wing radicalism in Finland in the 1920s—1930s and Soviet meddling in Finland's internal affairs by supporting communist activities.


Question: When did the Winter War start?

Winter War

As the Soviet Union grew stronger, it began to take an interest in restoring its former periphery areas.


Question: When did the Winter War start?

Winter War

Formally, relations between the two countries improved, among other things, with the Non-Aggression Treaty of 1932, but in practice intervals were quite cool before World War II.


Question: When did the Winter War start?

Winter War

[5] In the September situation of 1939, Finns mainly sought to rely on the international community, the League of Nations and Nordic cooperation.


Question: When did the Winter War start?

Winter War

[6] In the Soviet Union, communist persecution, German-friendly and Greater Suomi dreaming were closely monitored by the Lapua Movement, Patriotic People's Movement and the Academic Kareliala Society.


Question: When did the Winter War start?

Winter War

Dreams of a Greater Finland took on a serious tone when, according to the Russians, Germany was envisaged as the background force for their implementation.


Question: When did the Winter War start?

Winter War

In the spring of 1938, Vladimir Derevyanski, the Soviet ambassador to Helsinki, drew attention in a report sent to Moscow to the fact that at the 20th anniversary of the liberation of Helsinki on 16 May 1938, General Rüdiger von der Goltz, who had served as commander of German auxiliary forces in 1918, had taken with Marshal Gustaf Mannerheim to receive a celebratory parade with the ringing of the Guard playing the German “Alte Kameraden” (Old Comrades) march.


Question: When did the Winter War start?

Winter War

[7] Rudolf Holsti, who became Foreign Minister in the Kallio government, sought to improve relations between Finland and the Soviet Union by visiting Moscow, which came to fruition in February 1937.


Question: When did the Winter War start?

Winter War

Holst's trip was supported domestically by the political left and centre, against it were the right and military circles.


Question: When did the Winter War start?

Winter War

It was the first visit by a Finnish foreign minister to the Soviet Union in 20 years.


Question: When did the Winter War start?

Winter War

During the visit, the Soviet Minister of Defense, Marshal Kliment Vorošilov asked Holst what Finland would do if any third state used Finnish territory to attack the Soviet Union.


Question: When did the Winter War start?

Winter War

Holsti replied as a personal position that Finland would fight against every invader.


Question: When did the Winter War start?

Winter War

Holst's position was formally confirmed by President Kyösti Kallio in his inaugural address to parliament in early March 1937.


Question: When did the Winter War start?

Winter War

The election of Kallio as president and the appointment of Cajander's cabinet put individuals in the Finnish leadership who were not so pro-German in Moscow's eyes as their predecessors.


Question: When did the Winter War start?

Winter War

However, the period of enlargement fell short as the Soviet Union wanted tangible security policy outcomes in addition to diplomatic rapprochement.


Question: When did the Winter War start?

Winter War

[8] Soviet propaganda sought to make the most of the supposed plans of the Finns to invade East Karelia, ignoring the fact that this kind of thing was dreamed of only by a small far-right minority.


Question: When did the Winter War start?

Winter War

The Soviet Union's own action in the autumn of 1939 showed that it could not expect the Finns to be able to attack when it did not believe the Finns could even defend their own country.


Question: When did the Winter War start?

Winter War

Instead, the Soviets feared a flank attack by the Germans through Finland against Leningrad just as Imperial Russia had during World War I feared a German invasion of Saint Petersburg via southern Finland, leaving Finland presumed defenseless to be helpless to take independent position on issues.


Question: When did the Winter War start?

Winter War

[9] Finnish-German relations Germany was, along with Sweden, the main source of influences in Finland during the 1930s.


Question: When did the Winter War start?

Winter War

However, support for the National Socialists was marginal in Finland.


Question: When did the Winter War start?

Winter War

[10] For the Cajander Red Mud Government, appointed in March 1937, it was not at all incompatible with the regime in Germany and how the powers there conducted themselves.


Question: When did the Winter War start?

Winter War

The German envoy to Helsinki, Wipert von Blücher, reported to Berlin on the Finnish attitude towards Germany and, in particular, the propaganda hostile to Germany by social-democratic magazines among the working people.


Question: When did the Winter War start?

Winter War

In March 1938, the Finnish Social Democrat, the main SDP supporter, condemned the Anschluss, namely the annexation of Austria to Germany, even though this had taken place under an apparent “referendum”.


Question: When did the Winter War start?

Winter War

[11] The conquest of Czechoslovakia in the spring of 1939 was seen in Finland as an even worse demonstration of the great power's ruthlessness towards smaller states.


Question: When did the Winter War start?

Winter War

It shocked even Finnish right-wing circles because this measure could not be justified by a nationality idea.


Question: When did the Winter War start?

Winter War

Subsequently, in a report sent to Berlin, von Blücher stated that the renowned draw towards the Third Reich had hit its lowest in Finland.


Question: When did the Winter War start?

Winter War

Max Jakobson has stated that “if the reports of the German envoy to Helsinki von Blücher from 1937—1939 had accidentally strayed into Moscow, there would hardly have been any more nightmare dreams about the Finnish-German conspiracy”.


Question: When did the Winter War start?

Winter War

[12] German propaganda took a nice view of Finnish assistance from Western powers, even against it.


Question: When did the Winter War start?

Winter War

Most obviously, the secret Additional Protocol to the Non-Aggression Treaty has contributed to the issue.


Question: When did the Winter War start?

Winter War

When President P. E. Svinhufvud planned in October 1939 to travel to Germany to obtain support for Finland, Envoy Wipert von Blücher received a call from his superiors in Berlin to block it: “Please point out to him that Germany is not interested in the problems between Finland and the Soviet Union.” On the contrary, Germany urged Finland to make sensible concessions, as too much stubbornness would lead to war, as a result of which Finland would soon be left with “nothing but a poignant heroine”.


Question: When did the Winter War start?

Winter War

[13] Italy, belonging to the Axis powers, did not see Germany's actions favourably, but tried to help Finland with greater aid without success.


Question: When did the Winter War start?

Winter War

Nordic orientation and Åland fortress plans In 1921, Finland concluded a treaty in Warsaw that annexed Finland to the Eastern European group of states led by Poland.


Question: When did the Winter War start?

Winter War

This group of states formed a buffer zone between France and the Soviet Union.


Question: When did the Winter War start?

Winter War

However, Finland did not ratify the treaty, which it felt contained hazards rather than safety, and as the 1930s entered this so-called Baltic trend faded in Finland.


Question: When did the Winter War start?

Winter War

On the other hand, no formal agreements were needed as a basis for Nordic cooperation.


Question: When did the Winter War start?

Winter War

Finland joined in 1933 as the so-called. Oslo States, which included not only the Nordic countries but also the Benelux countries.


Question: When did the Winter War start?

Winter War

The following year Finland participated for the first time in a meeting of Nordic foreign ministers.


Question: When did the Winter War start?

Winter War

Nordic cooperation developed into the so-called Nordic trend, which emphasized neutrality.


Question: When did the Winter War start?

Winter War

In December 1935, the Nordic trend was chosen as Finland's official foreign policy line.


Question: When did the Winter War start?

Winter War

[14] Finland's acceptance into the Nordic countries was not self-evident, as doubts arose especially during the Kivimäki government (1932—1936) about the authenticity of Finnish democracy, relations with Germany and the status of the Swedish language.


Question: When did the Winter War start?

Winter War

Especially during the Cajander government (1937—1939), these doubts were successfully dispelled and cooperation with the Nordic countries deepened.


Question: When did the Winter War start?

Winter War

[15] The development of Nordic cooperation was reflected, for example, by an increase in meetings with foreign ministers, the removal of barriers to commercial cooperation, a common plan to safeguard the maintenance of times of crisis, a harmonised appearance in the League of Nations and a common attitude for example, into the Spanish Civil War.


Question: When did the Winter War start?

Winter War

In 1938, common rules of neutrality were adopted through which the world hoped to recognise the Nordic countries as “a pacified region where it would not be worth hunting”.


Question: When did the Winter War start?

Winter War

[16] However, Nordic cooperation did not lead to a defence alliance, as there were no political conditions for it.


Question: When did the Winter War start?

Winter War

Finland feared the Soviet Union, Sweden feared the Soviet Union and Germany, Denmark was afraid of Germany, and Norway imagined that no one had to fear for its location.


Question: When did the Winter War start?

Winter War

[17] However, Norway, in Germany's view, was associated with controlling the North Sea in an essential way and to the Danish straits, so it did not adopt Norway's policy of neutrality that understood England.


Question: When did the Winter War start?

Winter War

Links with Sweden and the purchase of iron ore from there were essential to Germany's equipping.


Question: When did the Winter War start?

Winter War

Although the defence alliance did not arise in the absence of a common enemy, the Nordic countries were united by an effort to avoid going to war.


Question: When did the Winter War start?

Winter War

Therefore, in 1938, talk began to be made of “defensive readiness extended up to military measures.”


Question: When did the Winter War start?

Winter War

[18] In the end, all that remained of the Nordic Defence League was Sweden's and Finland's quest for military cooperation in the Åland archipelago.


Question: When did the Winter War start?

Winter War

[19] JARTSEV negotiations in Finland on 14 April 1938, Boris Jartsev, Second Secretary of the Soviet Legation in Helsinki, arrived to meet Foreign Minister Rudolf Holst.


Question: When did the Winter War start?

Winter War

[20] According to Jartsev, the Soviet government was confident that Germany was planning an attack on the Soviet Union and that plans included a flank strike through Finland.


Question: When did the Winter War start?

Winter War

Thus, Finland's attitude towards the invasion of the Germans was important to the Soviet Union.


Question: When did the Winter War start?

Winter War

The Red Army would not wait for the Rajajoki if Finland allowed the invasion.


Question: When did the Winter War start?

Winter War

On the other hand, if Finland were to oppose the invasion of the Germans, the Soviet Union would provide military and economic assistance, since Finland's ability to repel the German invasion by its own forces was not trusted.


Question: When did the Winter War start?

Winter War

[21] The start of the JARTSEV negotiations was led by the Anschluss, namely Austria's annexation of Hitler's Germany in March 1938, which from Moscow's perspective marked the first rift in the Soviet Union's western buffer zone.


Question: When did the Winter War start?

Winter War

[22] Over the next five months, Jartsev held talks several times with, among others, Prime Minister A.


Question: When did the Winter War start?

Winter War

With K. Cajander and Finance Minister Väinö Tanner.


Question: When did the Winter War start?

Winter War

Finland's assurance that Finland would not allow its integrity to be violated or attacked by the Soviet Union was not sufficient for the Soviet Union.


Question: When did the Winter War start?

Winter War

[23] The Soviet Union demanded a secret treaty that would allow it to participate in the defence of Finland — and above all its maritime borders — in the German offensive and in the fortification of Åland; moreover, it would also have wanted to have a fortified air and sea defence base in Suurissaari.


Question: When did the Winter War start?

Winter War

Finland rebuffed Jartsev's proposal in late August 1938.


Question: When did the Winter War start?

Winter War

In March 1939, the Soviet Union announced that it wanted to lease Suursaari, Lavansaari, Daughter Islands and Seiskar for 30 years.


Question: When did the Winter War start?

Winter War

Later, land from East Karelia was offered in exchange for the islands.


Question: When did the Winter War start?

Winter War

[24] Mannerheim was prepared to cede islands that would effectively not have been able to defend, as well as border revisions on the Isthmus.


Question: When did the Winter War start?

Winter War

[25] The break off of these negotiations on 6 April 1939 led to the Moscow negotiations in the fall of 1939.


Question: When did the Winter War start?

Winter War

Moscow's negotiations on Finnish territory after the Molotovin—Ribbentropin Pact, signed on 23 August, initially felt relief in Finland that the German-Soviet conflict, and with it, Finland's entry into the Great War, seemed to have been averted.


Question: When did the Winter War start?

Winter War

Quite soon, however, doubts began to be expressed as to the price Hitler had paid for safeguarding his back.


Question: When did the Winter War start?

Winter War

The price was hidden in a secret additional protocol to the treaty, which proved fatal for Finland and the Baltic states: together with the eastern part of Poland, they were read as belonging to the Soviet sphere of interest.


Question: When did the Winter War start?

Winter War

Stalin, on the other hand, bought additional time to equip himself with the treaty, as he — as well as Hitler — knew the treaty would only postpone the German-Soviet confrontation more imported.


Question: When did the Winter War start?

Winter War

In early September 1939, Germany invaded Poland and World War II began after France and the United Kingdom, in accordance with their promise to Poland, declared war on Germany.


Question: When did the Winter War start?

Winter War

The declaration of war was joined by India, Australia and New Zealand, who were members of the British Commonwealth.


Question: When did the Winter War start?

Winter War

[26] The Soviet Union invited Finnish representatives to negotiate in Moscow on “concrete political issues” on October 5, 1939.


Question: When did the Winter War start?

Winter War

Negotiations took place in three sections, 12—14.


Question: When did the Winter War start?

Winter War

October, 3—4 a.m.


Question: When did the Winter War start?

Winter War

from November to 9 November 1939.


Question: When did the Winter War start?

Winter War

Finland's negotiators for the first time were the envoy, State Counsellor J. K. Paasikivi, Finland's envoy to Moscow, Aarno Yrjö-Koskinen, Head of Division at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs Johan Nykopp, and Colonel Aladár Paasonen as military expert.


Question: When did the Winter War start?

Winter War

On the second and third trips, the Finnish delegation had as the second chief negotiator alongside Paasikivi, Finance Minister Väinö Tanner.


Question: When did the Winter War start?

Winter War

Rafael Hakkarainen, the State Counsellor, was on the third trip.


Question: When did the Winter War start?

Winter War

[27] The Soviet Union proposed that Finland should cede parts of the Karelian Isthmus and the outer islands of the Gulf of Finland to the Soviet Union, as well as the port of Hanko and Lappoh.


Question: When did the Winter War start?

Winter War

Similarly, the Soviet Union offered a territorial exchange in which Finland would have received wider territories from Repola and Porajärvi in East Karelia.


Question: When did the Winter War start?

Winter War

Repola and Porajärvi were territories that had sought independence from 1918—1920 Russia, but which, by the Peace Treaty of Tartu, remained in Soviet Russia.


Question: When did the Winter War start?

Winter War

The Finnish Council of State did not agree to the barter to the extent shown, as both public opinion and parliament opposed it, but offered only the areas closest to Leningrad, Kuokkala Bend and Terijoki to the Soviet Union.


Question: When did the Winter War start?

Winter War

Negotiations broke off 9.


Question: When did the Winter War start?

Winter War

on Nov.


Question: When did the Winter War start?

Winter War

[28] Finnish negotiators returned to Helsinki with the ominous words uttered by Vyacheslav Molotov, the Soviet Foreign Minister, during the last round of negotiations: “Now the civil authorities have dealt with the matter, and when no agreement has been reached, the matter must be given to the soldiers.” [ 29] According to current Russian historiography, a negotiated outcome would have been possible until the end of October, when the plan for the war against Finland was finally approved.


Question: When did the Winter War start?

Winter War

[30] The Soviet Union had previously made similar demands to the Baltic States, which agreed to hand over to the Red Army bases in their territories.


Question: When did the Winter War start?

Winter War

The Finns chose otherwise: from 10 October 1939, Finland invited the soldiers of its reserve for an additional refresher exercise, which effectively amounted to mobilization.


Question: When did the Winter War start?

Winter War

[31] Negotiations ended fruitless on Nov.


Question: When did the Winter War start?

Winter War

Eventually, on 26 November 1939, the Soviets staged the Mainila shots, with which the Soviets justified the war as a defensive measure.


Question: When did the Winter War start?

Winter War

[32] On 28 November, the Soviet Union exited the non-aggression pact and severed diplomatic relations between the two countries on 29 November.


Question: When did the Winter War start?

Winter War

Preparations for the invasion of the Soviet Union Already after the end of the negotiations in the spring of 1939 were inconclusive, the possibilities of military conflict were considered under the leadership of the Soviet Union.


Question: When did the Winter War start?

Winter War

In June 1939, Stalin drew the attention of General Kirill Meretskov, commander of the Leningrad Military District, to the danger posed by Finland's “Soviet hostility”.


Question: When did the Winter War start?

Winter War

When Stalin stressed that he expected serious action on the part of Germany still that summer, he tasked Meretskov with drawing up a plan for border protection and counterattack against the Finnish defences in the event of a military provocation.


Question: When did the Winter War start?

Winter War

[33] At the start of the Second World War in early September 1939, the Soviet Union declared mobilisation, in connection with which troops on the borders with Finland were also reinforced.


Question: When did the Winter War start?

Winter War

Apparently, the actual concentrations aimed at war began only after the Soviet leadership had become clear of Finland's inclination.


Question: When did the Winter War start?

Winter War

This is supported by the fact that the Soviet concrete war effort against Finland began two weeks after negotiations between the Finns and the Soviets had broken off.


Question: When did the Winter War start?

Winter War

As the Polish expedition proved to be shorter than expected and when the Baltic bases were quickly occupied, troops originally intended for these directions could be moved to the eastern border of Finland.


Question: When did the Winter War start?

Winter War

[34] A public secret circulated in Moscow's diplomatic circles in mid-November that 18 Red Army divisions had already been concentrated on the Finnish border.


Question: When did the Winter War start?

Winter War

[35] During the Winter War, Soviet prisoners of war reported that the Red Army corps detachments concentrated at the Finnish borders were certain since mid-November that war would break out.


Question: When did the Winter War start?

Winter War

[36] According to the preconception of the Soviet leadership, the war against Finland was not to be difficult or long-term.


Question: When did the Winter War start?

Winter War

Germany would certainly remain loyal to the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact and would not intervene, and Sweden would not help Finland either.


Question: When did the Winter War start?

Winter War

[37] Soviet Foreign Minister Vyacheslav Molotov ordered the Soviet envoy to Stockholm, Aleksandra Kollontai, specifically to ensure that Sweden, Norway and Denmark would not get involved in the conflict between Finland and the Soviet Union.


Question: When did the Winter War start?

Winter War

[38] No miracle was expected of Finland's own defenses other than the Finns themselves.


Question: When did the Winter War start?

Winter War

In particular, Leningrad's party secretary, Colonel General Andrei Ždanov, convinced Stalin that Finland could be managed “neatly” by the forces of the Leningrad Military District.


Question: When did the Winter War start?

Winter War

The working population of Finland was supposed to rise in revolt against the bourgeois government and take on the Red Army as a “liberator”, which would have freed the Soviet Union from the embarrassing ballast of appearing as an aggressor.


Question: When did the Winter War start?

Winter War

A couple of months earlier, the Red Army had unopposed occupied eastern Poland, whose population was predominantly Ukrainians and Belarusians.


Question: When did the Winter War start?

Winter War

There it had appeared as a liberator of the tribal brethren after they were exposed to “all kinds of dangers” as a result of the dissolution of the Polish state, so it might as well march to Finland to free the “proletarians”.


Question: When did the Winter War start?

Winter War

[39] Propaganda attack on the eve of the war, following the breakdown of negotiations between the Finns and the Soviet leadership, the Soviet newspaper press began a vigorous campaign of criticism and vilification against Finland in mid-November 1939.


Question: When did the Winter War start?

Winter War

The journals published deliberately and deliberately coloured news that seemed incomprehensible from Finland's point of view.


Question: When did the Winter War start?

Winter War

The campaign was largely aimed at shaping the mood of the Soviet population to support an invasion of Finland.


Question: When did the Winter War start?

Winter War

The inscriptions included the desertions of Finnish soldiers from their garrisons and mutinies against their officers, skirmishes between reservists and patrons who had claimed casualties, and an extreme example of 1500 atheists supposedly carried out in Tampere liquidation.


Question: When did the Winter War start?

Winter War

Finnish public opinion was said to be opposed to the attitude of the Finnish delegation at the Moscow talks and the British government's inciting the Finnish government to engage in belligerent adventures with its economic power status.


Question: When did the Winter War start?

Winter War

In an inscription published in Pravda, the main voice supporter of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, on 26 November 1939, Prime Minister A.


Question: When did the Winter War start?

Winter War

K. Cajander was insulted as a “stumping cock”, a “writhing snake”, a “greedy little beast”, a “puppet of imperialists” and a “circus clown standing on top”.


Question: When did the Winter War start?

Winter War

The Finnish envoy to Moscow, Aarno Yrjö-Koskinen, who had been summoned to Foreign Minister Vyacheslav Molotov on the evening of the same day, intended to express his objections to Pravda's writing, but before Yrjö-Koskinen could speak, Molotov read to him the Soviet government of Finland a sharp note to the government in response to the shots in Mainila.


Question: When did the Winter War start?

Winter War

[40] When Molotov on 28 November informed Yrjö-Koskinen, who was once again invited to the Kremlin, that the Soviet Union was unilaterally terminating its non-aggression pact with Finland “due to Finland's hostile attitude”, Yrjö-Koskinen pointed out that it was not possible to terminate the agreement before for the year 1945.


Question: When did the Winter War start?

Winter War

To this, Molotov did not respond anything.


Question: When did the Winter War start?

Winter War

[41] The Finns, who felt violated, did not keep up with this chain of events, but considered legal considerations that had nothing more to do with reality.


Question: When did the Winter War start?

Winter War

However, Hitler's Germany had done exactly the same way three months earlier before the invasion of Poland, and the Red Army had delayed its march to eastern Poland until it could be noted that the Polish government had fallen short of the user and the Ukrainians and Belarusians were “longing” protection”.


Question: When did the Winter War start?

Winter War

Against this background, it was insignificant whether or not there had been a shooting in Mainila.


Question: When did the Winter War start?

Winter War

[42] The military and political invasion of the Red Army invasion of Finland began on 30 November 1939.


Question: When did the Winter War start?

Winter War

The Red Artillery opened fire on the Karelian Isthmus at 6:50 a.m.


Question: When did the Winter War start?

Winter War

[43] However, on the shores of the Arctic Ocean and in Salla, the attack can be considered to have begun a few days earlier.


Question: When did the Winter War start?

Winter War

[44] At 9 o'clock, the first air alert was issued in Vyborg.


Question: When did the Winter War start?

Winter War

During the first day, the Soviet Air Force bombed 16 localities in Finland, including Helsinki twice.


Question: When did the Winter War start?

Winter War

Soviet Foreign Minister Vyacheslav Molotov gave a late evening radio speech and reported that the Soviet government had instructed the Red Army to ensure the external security of the Soviet state.


Question: When did the Winter War start?

Winter War

In Finland, President Kyösti Kallio read the parliament's decision on the state of war on the radio at 1:30 p.m.


Question: When did the Winter War start?

Winter War

The League of Nations condemned the attack and separated the Soviet Union from the organization [45] on 14 December 1939.


Question: When did the Winter War start?

Winter War

On 1 December, the Soviet leadership formed the government of the Finnish People's Republic of Terijoki, led by Otto Wille Kuusinen, out of the Reds who fled to Soviet Russia after the 1918 civil war.


Question: When did the Winter War start?

Winter War

The Soviet Union announced its recognition of the Government of the People's Republic of Finland as the only official government in Finland, that it was waging war against the White-Finnish rebellious forces, and refused to negotiate with the new government formed by Risto Ryti on 1 December.


Question: When did the Winter War start?

Winter War

[46] The imposition of the Terijoki government revealed that the Soviet objective was to take over all of Finland.


Question: When did the Winter War start?

Winter War

Terijoki's government was also supposed to act as a political offensive wedge that would open the way to Helsinki for the Red Army.


Question: When did the Winter War start?

Winter War

It was otherwise and the outside threat united the Finns, regardless of class boundaries, to defend themselves against the Soviet Union.


Question: When did the Winter War start?

Winter War

[47] On 7 December 1939, the staff of the Finnish Embassy received permission, with the Winter War already raging, to travel from Moscow by train via Latvia to Germany.


Question: When did the Winter War start?

Winter War

There, military attachés belonging to the Finnish embassy staff heard alarming news.


Question: When did the Winter War start?

Winter War

Dining with military agents was a German acquaintance of Major Kaarlo Somerro, a lieutenant colonel working in the foreign section of the German General Staff.


Question: When did the Winter War start?

Winter War

He told me that at the General Staff meeting Adolf Hitler would have wanted to declare war on Finland alongside the Soviet Union.


Question: When did the Winter War start?

Winter War

However, the declaration of war tapered to the absolutely negative opposition of Marshal Herman Göring.


Question: When did the Winter War start?

Winter War

The Finns speculated this was the German idea of occupying demilitarized Åland and thus securing ore shipments from northern Sweden.


Question: When did the Winter War start?

Winter War

[48] Troops Finnish Army Army of the Isthmus II Army Corps (II AK, 3 divisions and Cavalry Brigade) III Army Corps (III AK, 2 divisions) In addition, one division IV army corps (IV AK, 2 divisions) Northern Finland Group Lapland Group during the war a further I Army Corps was formed, which belonged to the Army of the Isthmian.


Question: When did the Winter War start?

Winter War

Red Army 7th Army 8th Army 9th Army 14th Army to Finnish Front was sent during the war still 13th Army and 15th Army.


Question: When did the Winter War start?

Winter War

The two phases Winter War can be divided into two different phases: the failure of the Red Army attacks and the successful interceptor battle of the Finnish Defence Forces in December 1939 on all fronts.


Question: When did the Winter War start?

Winter War

the gradual breaching of Finnish defences in the western part of the Karelian Isthmus and the Gulf of Vyborg in February—March 1940 caused by the pressure of a major offensive by the Soviet Army.


Question: When did the Winter War start?

Winter War

Due to limited crew and material resources, the combat capability of the Finnish Defence Forces peaked at the end of December and, in the absence of adequate replenishment, it was reduced towards the end of the war.


Question: When did the Winter War start?

Winter War

The opposite was true for the Red Army; a serious underestimation of enemy combat capability observed early in the war and overestimation of its own capabilities could be corrected by significant resource increases in January—February 1940.


Question: When did the Winter War start?

Winter War

Objectives Finland had concentrated the first defence protection forces on the eastern border already during the Moscow negotiations and, under the guise of YH, a significant part of the field army was in defensive positions at the start of the war.


Question: When did the Winter War start?

Winter War

The Soviet strategy was to invade Finland from six points along the eastern border: Karjalan Kannas, Ladoga Karelia, Kuhmo (and Lieksa), Suomussalmi, Salla and Petsamo.


Question: When did the Winter War start?

Winter War

The main objective was the Karelian Isthmus, from which it was to advance to Vyborg and on to Helsinki.


Question: When did the Winter War start?

Winter War

Another important direction was Ladoga Karelia, from which Karelian stock and southern Finland could be threatened.


Question: When did the Winter War start?

Winter War

The third key objective was to cut off Finland's “waist” at its narrowest point and advance to Oulu.


Question: When did the Winter War start?

Winter War

In Lapland, the goal was to take Salla via Rovaniemi and reach the Swedish border.


Question: When did the Winter War start?

Winter War

Petsamo was pursued mostly because of ore resources in the area and the port.


Question: When did the Winter War start?

Winter War

The Red Army was capable of deploying stronger troop divisions than the Finnish warfare command had expected: entire, partly motorised divisions, in the area between the northern side of Ladoga and Petsamo.


Question: When did the Winter War start?

Winter War

In terms of the Finnish army's fighting capability, the first week of war was marked by unaccustomed to war and, among other things, tank horrors, that is, panic situations caused by enemy tank forces, which led to a faster than planned withdrawal from the Reich frontier.


Question: When did the Winter War start?

Winter War

The Finns' good improvisational ability (dismembering tactics of motti and troop divisions) and rapid development of interceptor equipment (including firebottles) [49], as well as the almost complete commitment of Red Army troops to road work, made the situation more advantageous for the Finns and raised the confidence of Finnish soldiers.


Question: When did the Winter War start?

Winter War

The pressure of the war also caused personnel changes in the Red Army.


Question: When did the Winter War start?

Winter War

Finland's combat victories in December and January on the Karelian Isthmus, the Red Army offensive stopped on 5 December at the end of the fighting on the Mannerheim Line, where the advanced tactics of Finnish artillery and its cooperation with the infantry came to light — as long as there was sufficient artillery ammunition.


Question: When did the Winter War start?

Winter War

The Karelian stock was defended by the Army of the Isthmian divided into II Army Corps in the Western Cape and III Army Corps in the Eastern Isthmus.


Question: When did the Winter War start?

Winter War

The former included the 4th, 5th, and 11th Divisions, and to the latter the 8th and 10th Divisions.


Question: When did the Winter War start?

Winter War

The Army of the Isthmian and Headquarters reserve were the 1st and 6th Divisions.


Question: When did the Winter War start?

Winter War

Groups of the Soviet 7th Army began the first breakthrough attempt at the Taipaleen River on the Eastern Isthmus on 6 December, but the offensive ended in failure on 8 December 1939.


Question: When did the Winter War start?

Winter War

The 7th Army comprised nine infantry divisions, a Panzer Army Corps and three armoured brigades.


Question: When did the Winter War start?

Winter War

The new attempt was scored 15—17.


Question: When did the Winter War start?

Winter War

December ending with the defeat of the Finns.


Question: When did the Winter War start?

Winter War

Fighting in the Red Army's center of gravity in the village of Summa in the western column began on 17 December and lasted until 22 December.


Question: When did the Winter War start?

Winter War

The struggle ended with heavy losses for the Red Army.


Question: When did the Winter War start?

Winter War

It was typical of the fighting for Soviet panzers to easily penetrate the positions of the Finns, under the cover of artillery concentrations, but the Finns were capable, with artillery fire and effective infantry fire, to keep the Red Army infantry and tank forces separate from each other.


Question: When did the Winter War start?

Winter War

After the infantry had been destroyed to barbed wire barriers, the tanks were destroyed by anti-tank tanks and pile charges.


Question: When did the Winter War start?

Winter War

[50] After the Red Army offensive had been halted on the Karelian Isthmus in December, Marshal Mannerheim authorised the launch of a counterattack towards Soviet positions.


Question: When did the Winter War start?

Winter War

The II Army Corps of the Isthmian Army reinforced with two reserve divisions conducted a counterattack on 23 December 1939.


Question: When did the Winter War start?

Winter War

However, it failed and II Army Corps suffered heavy losses.


Question: When did the Winter War start?

Winter War

The event was named “fool's cans”.


Question: When did the Winter War start?

Winter War

[51] The 8th Army, six divisions and one armoured brigade, attacked towards Finland in Ladoga Karelia.


Question: When did the Winter War start?

Winter War

They advanced up to the northern shore of Lake Ladoga and a slightly more northerly route, through the strategically important area of Suojärvi towards Sortavala.


Question: When did the Winter War start?

Winter War

The Finns resisted the attack with the 12th and 13th Divisions of the IV Army Corps.


Question: When did the Winter War start?

Winter War

Suojärvi was quickly recaptured, and after unsuccessful counterattacks, the Finnish defences stabilized on the Kollaanjoki from 7 December.


Question: When did the Winter War start?

Winter War

On the shores of Ladoga, the Finnish army initially withdrew via Salmin—Pitkäranta, but the Red Army was stopped in the Kitilän—Koirinoja area on 11—15.


Question: When did the Winter War start?

Winter War

on Dec.


Question: When did the Winter War start?

Winter War

In December, the Finns began counterattacks, which eventually led to the emergence of the Kitilän—Koirinojan—Lemet mots in early January 1940.


Question: When did the Winter War start?

Winter War

In them, fighting continued until the end of the Winter War.


Question: When did the Winter War start?

Winter War

[52] In addition to the fighting victories in the Karelian Isthmus and Ladoga Karelia, the Finnish army achieved the first offensive and strategically significant victory.


Question: When did the Winter War start?

Winter War

December at Lake Tolvajärvi in Raja-Karelia.


Question: When did the Winter War start?

Winter War

In the fighting, Group Talvela, led by Colonel Paavo Talvela, with Lieutenant Colonel Aaro Pajari as the front commander, struck the 139th Infantry Division of the Red Army, thus preventing the Red Army's attack on the back of the Finnish troops fighting in Ladoga Karelia.


Question: When did the Winter War start?

Winter War

Northern Finland Major victories based on the war of aggression and attracted significant international attention by the Finns in the Battle of Suomussalmi on 27—29.


Question: When did the Winter War start?

Winter War

December 1939 and the ensuing Battle of Raatteentie 1—7.


Question: When did the Winter War start?

Winter War

on January 1940.


Question: When did the Winter War start?

Winter War

On the Finnish side, the 9th Division under Colonel Hjalmar Siilasvuo was responsible for the combat action.


Question: When did the Winter War start?

Winter War

In the battle, the Soviet 163rd and 44th Infantry Divisions were destroyed with relatively few Finnish troops, as well as a considerable war booty.


Question: When did the Winter War start?

Winter War

The battles in the area between Ladoga Karelia and Suomussalmi are good examples of effective exploitation of terrain and conditions in war and motto tactics.


Question: When did the Winter War start?

Winter War

As a result of heavy losses, the Soviet Union abandoned its goal of cutting Finland off the level of Oulu.


Question: When did the Winter War start?

Winter War

[53] In the Kuhmon—Lieksa area, Finnish brigade Vuokko prevented the penetration of the Red Army's 54th Infantry Division in the directions of Kajaani and Pielisjärvi from 8 to 28.