Question: Was Highway 4 the first official highway in Finland?

Continuation War

Total Finnish losses were around 44500 on the Isthmus and around 19500 men in East Karelia fallen and wounded, Red Army losses were at least 96,400 men.


Question: Was Highway 4 the first official highway in Finland?

Continuation War

Professor Heikki Ylikangas interprets the various sources as saying that the Soviet Union reduced the importance of the Finnish Front's war efforts during the summer of 1944.


Question: Was Highway 4 the first official highway in Finland?

Continuation War

According to him, among other things, Mannerheim considered the situation in Finland hopeless yet, for example, on 16 and 18 June.


Question: Was Highway 4 the first official highway in Finland?

Continuation War

On 19 June, Mannerheim received intelligence material from Colonel Aladár Paasonen, according to which the Soviets aimed not at occupying Finland, but at peace, took place at the headquarters.


Question: Was Highway 4 the first official highway in Finland?

Continuation War

Ylikangas interprets the main focus of the Soviet war effort to have been in more southern Europe, where countering the German invasion was most important.


Question: Was Highway 4 the first official highway in Finland?

Continuation War

[41] Prisoners of war The number of Soviet prisoners of war in Finland is estimated to be around 64,000 people.


Question: Was Highway 4 the first official highway in Finland?

Continuation War

Of these, 56,000 prisoners had been taken as early as 1941.


Question: Was Highway 4 the first official highway in Finland?

Continuation War

About 2700 prisoners were exchanged for the Baltic Finns of the Germans, of which there were about 2200.


Question: Was Highway 4 the first official highway in Finland?

Continuation War

Due to the poor harvest of 1942, many prisoners of war died from starvation.


Question: Was Highway 4 the first official highway in Finland?

Continuation War

Soviet prisoners of war died in 18318 in Finnish POW camps.


Question: Was Highway 4 the first official highway in Finland?

Continuation War

Finnish prisoners of war numbered 2377 according to official Soviet statistics.


Question: Was Highway 4 the first official highway in Finland?

Continuation War

The homeland was restored in 1969 lives.


Question: Was Highway 4 the first official highway in Finland?

Continuation War

According to Timo Malmi, 3402 Finns were prisoners, 1388 died in the camp, and the number of repatriated persons was 1938, or 57 per cent.


Question: Was Highway 4 the first official highway in Finland?

Continuation War

The difference in numbers to the official figures is partly explained by the fact that Soviet statistics only account for those prisoners of war who survived to the camp.


Question: Was Highway 4 the first official highway in Finland?

Continuation War

[42] After the resignation of Peace Ryti from office and on 4 August, Mannerheim, who took office as the new President-elect, considered Ryti's assurance, known as the Ribbentrop Agreement, to be invalid to bind Finland to Germany.


Question: Was Highway 4 the first official highway in Finland?

Continuation War

Peace terms were received at the end of August.


Question: Was Highway 4 the first official highway in Finland?

Continuation War

The Soviet condition for the armistice was the severing of relations with Germany.


Question: Was Highway 4 the first official highway in Finland?

Continuation War

On 2 September, the parliament voted to break relations by a vote of 113—43 and the Soviet Union was ready to initiate an armistice at 8:00am on 4 September 1944, on condition that Finland informed of the severing of relations with Germany.


Question: Was Highway 4 the first official highway in Finland?

Continuation War

The Finns ceased the war effort at that time, but the Soviets continued to fire for another 24 hours, apparently due to the delay in the release of the bulletin.


Question: Was Highway 4 the first official highway in Finland?

Continuation War

[43] The terms of peace were the secession from Germany and the expulsion of German troops, despite the fact that at the same time the army came to a peaceful position, i.e. the demobilization of the troops.


Question: Was Highway 4 the first official highway in Finland?

Continuation War

The Lapland War broke out between Finland and Germany.


Question: Was Highway 4 the first official highway in Finland?

Continuation War

The Soviets pressured Finland into the fighting, but the withdrawal was initially carried out according to a common timetable secretly agreed with the Germans.


Question: Was Highway 4 the first official highway in Finland?

Continuation War

The more significant war effort began with the Tornio landings by the Finns on 1 October and fierce fighting in the Tornion valley.


Question: Was Highway 4 the first official highway in Finland?

Continuation War

The German army retreated in good order towards the north, with motorised retroop fighting with the Finnish troops coming behind.


Question: Was Highway 4 the first official highway in Finland?

Continuation War

The German forces withdrew to Norway and to a ready-fortified defensive line at Arm Lapland.


Question: Was Highway 4 the first official highway in Finland?

Continuation War

Since the main forces of the Finnish Army came to be demobilized in early December 1944, the final phase of the war became a “children's crusade”, with the army's regular staff leading only the youngest age groups.


Question: Was Highway 4 the first official highway in Finland?

Continuation War

The Soviet Union did not agree to immediately conclude a final peace, and an intermediate peace was signed in Moscow on 19 September: Finland ceded to the Soviet Union, in addition to the territories lost in the Winter War, Petsamo and was forced to lease Porkkala for 50 years and guarantee there to Soviet soldiers free access through the territories of Finland.


Question: Was Highway 4 the first official highway in Finland?

Continuation War

German troops had to be expelled from the country and the Germans' possessions handed over to the Allies.


Question: Was Highway 4 the first official highway in Finland?

Continuation War

Finland had to reduce the strength of its army to 42,000 men.


Question: Was Highway 4 the first official highway in Finland?

Continuation War

War reparations came to pay US$300 million in six years, and to replace all property exported and disposed of from the ceded territory.


Question: Was Highway 4 the first official highway in Finland?

Continuation War

Anti-Soviet and “fascist” organizations (among them Lotta Svärd) had to be permanently abolished.


Question: Was Highway 4 the first official highway in Finland?

Continuation War

War criminals had to be tried.


Question: Was Highway 4 the first official highway in Finland?

Continuation War

The end of the Continuation War practically extinguished the Greater Finland cause as there were no longer political or military prerequisites for its implementation.


Question: Was Highway 4 the first official highway in Finland?

Continuation War

The Soviet Union had won the war and established harsh peace terms for Finland, in which, among other things, the territory of Finland was further reduced.


Question: Was Highway 4 the first official highway in Finland?

Continuation War

During the Continuation War, the Inger Finns transferred to Finland were to be returned back to the Soviet Union under the terms of the intermediate peace.


Question: Was Highway 4 the first official highway in Finland?

Continuation War

They were met in the Soviet Union by deportation to Siberia.


Question: Was Highway 4 the first official highway in Finland?

Continuation War

The Soviet Union defined Finland's peace terms and territorial losses for its Western allies in advance in the early stages of the war.


Question: Was Highway 4 the first official highway in Finland?

Continuation War

When Anthony Eden, the British Minister for Outside, travelled in December 1941 to Moscow to intensify military cooperation, the Soviet Union raised the situation on 22 June 1941 that Britain should recognise the Baltic states, south-eastern Finland, eastern Poland, as a first condition, Belongation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina to the Soviet Union.


Question: Was Highway 4 the first official highway in Finland?

Continuation War

In addition to these, the NL claimed parts of East Prussia, Petsamo and additionally bases from Romania and Finland.


Question: Was Highway 4 the first official highway in Finland?

Continuation War

The Soviets wanted to record all the listed conditions with a secret additional protocol.


Question: Was Highway 4 the first official highway in Finland?

Continuation War

Having been informed of the terms by the British, the Americans categorically rejected the proposal to draw up a secret additional protocol.


Question: Was Highway 4 the first official highway in Finland?

Continuation War

Stalin's proposal was considered to have been contrary to the principles of the Atlantic Declaration.


Question: Was Highway 4 the first official highway in Finland?

Continuation War

The British government, in principle, did not consider itself opposed to Stalin's proposal, but it just couldn't be decided at that very moment.


Question: Was Highway 4 the first official highway in Finland?

Continuation War

[44] The relationship between Finland and Germany during the Continuation War The discussion of the beginning of the Continuation War, the surprise of the Grand Offensive, the combat victory and the contribution of the Germans still continues both in memoir literature and in studies.


Question: Was Highway 4 the first official highway in Finland?

Continuation War

From the end of the war until the end of the 1980s, there was a debate about the beginning of the war, where the so-called driftwood theory was considered to explain Finland's path to war.


Question: Was Highway 4 the first official highway in Finland?

Continuation War

In the subject of great attack, according to traditional perception, Stalin needed the forces primarily against Germany.


Question: Was Highway 4 the first official highway in Finland?

Continuation War

Continuing the attack on the commanded Kymijoki line would have required new plans and reinforcements concentrations, and again the general situation and the change of seasons would not have allowed.


Question: Was Highway 4 the first official highway in Finland?

Continuation War

Therefore, the Soviet Union agreed to a negotiated separate peace, even though the Allies had agreed to demand surrender from Germany and its allies.


Question: Was Highway 4 the first official highway in Finland?

Continuation War

The Finns considered themselves to be “co-hosts” of Germany with their own goals and not allies.


Question: Was Highway 4 the first official highway in Finland?

Continuation War

The debate over whether Finland was allied with Germany or whether it was fighting its own separate war, your separate war, has continued in Finland until the 21st century.


Question: Was Highway 4 the first official highway in Finland?

Continuation War

According to the official political view, Finland and Germany were not in the union (including President Tarja Halonen's statements ahead of the 60th Victory Day [45]).


Question: Was Highway 4 the first official highway in Finland?

Continuation War

There has long been a prevailing perception in foreign historical studies that Finland was an ally of Germany.


Question: Was Highway 4 the first official highway in Finland?

Continuation War

[46] A considerable number of Finnish scholars also think that Finland was effectively an ally of Germany.


Question: Was Highway 4 the first official highway in Finland?

Continuation War

The basic work on further war research, Markku Jokisipilä's dissertation “Brothers-in-arms or allies?” According to the fact that the war began to be talked about in Finland only when the fortunes of war began to turn and Germany's defeat seems increasingly clear.


Question: Was Highway 4 the first official highway in Finland?

Continuation War

In 2008, Professor of History Henrik Meinander also took a position in favour of abandoning the concept of separate war [47] In October 2008 Helsingin Sanomat conducted a survey among Finnish history professors.


Question: Was Highway 4 the first official highway in Finland?

Continuation War

Of the 28 professors who responded, 16 (57%) said that Finland did not wage a separate war in the Continuation War but was an ally of Nazi Germany.


Question: Was Highway 4 the first official highway in Finland?

Continuation War

Six (21%) of professors were in favour of a separate war, and six did not give a direct answer.


Question: Was Highway 4 the first official highway in Finland?

Continuation War

[48] Supporters of the Alliance view draw attention, for example, to the fact that a number of high-ranking Finnish officers received prior information about Operation Barbarossa in such a way that the Continuation War was essentially tied to this operation.


Question: Was Highway 4 the first official highway in Finland?

Continuation War

Thus, the Finnish Continuation War as it was fought would not have been fought without significant material and strategic support from Germany.


Question: Was Highway 4 the first official highway in Finland?

Continuation War

Finland was not an ally of Germany by law, as there had been no treaty of alliance between Finland and Germany, but in practice Finland was an ally of Germany, as it waged war with German resources and weapons, making Northern Finland available to the Germans and subjugating its forces to the German army seconded.


Question: Was Highway 4 the first official highway in Finland?

Continuation War

Especially in the early stages of the Continuation War, Finnish operations were fully intertwined with and dependent on Germany's own operations.


Question: Was Highway 4 the first official highway in Finland?

Continuation War

Similarly, the countries' security police had firm relations.


Question: Was Highway 4 the first official highway in Finland?

Continuation War

[47] During the war, Germans were called brothers in arms, as were Finns in Germany.


Question: Was Highway 4 the first official highway in Finland?

Continuation War

The term was also used by the Finnish state leadership when talking about Germany.


Question: Was Highway 4 the first official highway in Finland?

Continuation War

[49] [50] [51] See also Ilomants' defeat 1944 East Karelian concentration camps Eastern Front (World War II) Continuation War Finnish aircraft of the Continuation War Finnish aircraft of the Continuation War Offensive phase Continuation War Resistance solution battles Northern Finland during the invasion phase of the Continuation War 1941 Salpalinja History of the Finnish Air Force — Continuation War Planes and Air War Grand Attack from Syvär 1944 Unknown Soldier Sources Books, magazines Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Alftan, Robert (ed.


Question: Was Highway 4 the first official highway in Finland?

Continuation War

) | title = Brothers-in-Arms: German-Finnish Brother-in-Arms 1942—1944| publisher = WSOY| year = 2005| version = Introduction and footnotes: Markku Jokisipilä}} Glantz, David: The Siege of Leningrad 1941—44, MBI Publishing Company 2001 Citation error, replace with {{cite book| title = Continuation War history| publisher = Department of Military Science, WSOY| year = 1988}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Jokipii, Mauno| title = Genesis of Continuation War: Studies on German and Finnish Military Cooperation 1940—41| publisher = Otava| year = 1987| version = Finnish Literary Society editorials 848}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Jussila, Osmo & Hentilä, Seppo & Nevakivi, Jukka| title = Political History of Finland 1809—2006| publisher = WSOY| year =}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Jussila, Osmo & Hentilä, Seppo & Nevakivi, Jukivi Kkka| title = Finnish Political History 1809—2009| publisher = WSOY Study Materials| year = 2006| version = 5. uud.


Question: Was Highway 4 the first official highway in Finland?

Continuation War

p.}} Historical Studies 148.


Question: Was Highway 4 the first official highway in Finland?

Continuation War

Helsinki: Finnish Historical Society.


Question: Was Highway 4 the first official highway in Finland?

Continuation War

Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Junila, Marianne| title = Brotherhood of the Home Front: Coexistence between Finnish civilian population and German military personnel in Northern Finland 1941—1944| publisher = Society of Finnish Literature | year = 2000| version = Doctoral dissertation: University of Oulu.


Question: Was Highway 4 the first official highway in Finland?

Continuation War

Bibliotheca historica 61}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Järventaus, Jorma etc.| title = Finland at war| publisher = Oy Chosen Palat — Reader's Digest Ab| year = 1983}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Kijanen, Kalervo| title = Dive Alert | publisher = Submarine veterans ry| year = 1977}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Hans Peter Krosby| title = Nickel Diplomacy in Petsamo 1940—1941| location = Helsinki| publisher = Book| year = 1966| page = 240—243}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Land, Jukka| title = Sound Castle.


Question: Was Highway 4 the first official highway in Finland?

Continuation War

Years of Finnish occupation of Petrozavodsk 1941—1944| location = Helsinki| publisher = Finnish Historical Society| year = 1989| version = Historical Studies 148| page = 67—75}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Laine, Antti| title = Two Faces of Greater Finland: East Karelia status of civil population in the Finnish occupation administration 1941—1944| publisher = Otava| year = 1982| version = Doctoral dissertation, University of Joensuu}} Mannerheim, G.: Memoirs II.


Question: Was Highway 4 the first official highway in Finland?

Continuation War

Huddersfield: Otava 1952.


Question: Was Highway 4 the first official highway in Finland?

Continuation War

Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Meinander, Henrik| title= | publisher = xx| year = 2008}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Paasilinna, Erno| title = World in the throes | publisher = Otava| year = 1983}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Pranttila, Anneli| title = Victualling of frontmen in Finland during the war years 1939—1945| chapter = abstract| location = Helsinki| publisher = University of Helsinki, Department of Applied Chemistry and Microbiology | year = 2006| version = Doctoral dissertation | accessdate = 14.6.2008}} Citation error, replace with {{ cite book| author = Raunio, Ari & Kilin, Juri| title = Fighting Continuation War 1942—44| publisher = Map Centre| year = 2008}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Silvennoinen, Oula| title = Brothers-in-arms: Finnish and German Security Police Cooperation 1933—1944| publisher = Otava| year = 2008| version = Dissertation: University of Helsinki}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Skyksi, Kyösti| title = No other glory.


Question: Was Highway 4 the first official highway in Finland?

Continuation War

Risto Ryti's alley run 1939—1945| location = Jyväskylä| publisher = Gummerus, Bookgrou| year = 1989}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Vahtola, Jous| title = History of Finland — From the Ice Age to the European Union| publisher = Otava| year = 2003}} Citation error, replace with {{ cite book| author = Ylikangas, Heikki| title = One man's Continuation War| publisher = Otava| year = 2009}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Ziemke, Earl F.| title = German military action in the Nordic region 1939—1945| publisher = WSOY| year = 1963}} Daily newspapers Web Check date values in: |accessdate= (help) Check date values in: |accessdate=, |date= (help) Check date values in: |accessdate=, |date= (help) Check date values in: |accessdate=, |date= (help) References Literature Citation error, replace with {{cite book| title = History of Continuation War 1—6| location = Porvoo| publisher = WSOY| year = 1988| version=ed.


Question: Was Highway 4 the first official highway in Finland?

Continuation War

Military History Office of the Department of Military Science}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Moisala, U.


Question: Was Highway 4 the first official highway in Finland?

Continuation War

E.


Question: Was Highway 4 the first official highway in Finland?

Continuation War

& Alanen, Pertti (eds.


Question: Was Highway 4 the first official highway in Finland?

Continuation War

) | title = When the attacker's road was closed — the Soviet Grand Offensive in the summer of 1944 on the Karelian Isthmus under the light of veteran research and Soviet sources | publisher = Publications of the Department of Military Science XXVI| year = 1988}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Siilasvuo, Ensio et al.


Question: Was Highway 4 the first official highway in Finland?

Continuation War

(ed.


Question: Was Highway 4 the first official highway in Finland?

Continuation War

) | title = Continuation War: Chronicle| location = Jyväskylä Helsinki| publisher = Gummerus| year = 1991 (2nd edition 1997)}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Kuusela, Kari| title = Wehrmacht armours in Finland: German armoured units in Finland 1941—1944| location = Helsinki| publisher = Wiking-division Oy| year = 2000}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Raunio, Ari (ed.


Question: Was Highway 4 the first official highway in Finland?

Continuation War

) | title = Defenders of Independence -series| publisher = Weilin+Göös etc.| year = 2002—2003}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Leskinen, Jari & Juutilainen, Antti (ed.


Question: Was Highway 4 the first official highway in Finland?

Continuation War

) | title = Petty Giant of Continuation War| publisher = WSOY| year = 2005}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Drabkin, Artem & Irincheev, Bair (ed.


Question: Was Highway 4 the first official highway in Finland?

Continuation War

) | title = Continuation War with Red Army Eye| location = Jyväskylä| publisher = Atena| year = 2007| version = In Finnish ed.


Question: Was Highway 4 the first official highway in Finland?

Continuation War

Tiilikainen, Heikki & Laine, Jukka-Pekka}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Raunio, Ari & Kilin, Yuri | title = Continuation War Attacks 1941| publisher = Karttakeskus | year = 2007}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Näre, Sari & Kirves, Jenni ed.


Question: Was Highway 4 the first official highway in Finland?

Continuation War

) | title = Ugly War: The Silent History of the Winter and Continuation War| location = Helsinki| publisher = Johnny Kniga| year = 2008}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Ruin, Ari & Kilin, Yuri | title = Continuation War Fighting 1942—44| publisher = Map Centre| year = 2008}} error, replace with {{cite book| author = Rantanen, Sponge| title = Difficult road to peace: Finland under German, Swedish and Soviet compression | location = Jyväskylä | publisher = Atena| year = 2010}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Kankare, Vilho| title = Let's go when told!


Question: Was Highway 4 the first official highway in Finland?

Continuation War

Young Men's Continuation War| location = Helsinki| publisher = Otava| year = 2011}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| title = Stalin's Secret Continuation War| publisher = Docendo| year = 2014| version=ed.


Question: Was Highway 4 the first official highway in Finland?

Continuation War

Vihavainen, Timo & Manninen, Ohto}} Films in front of the front line, film about JR 61 on the Syväkä and Isthmus, Åke Lindman, 2004 Silence, film about the evacuation centre for the fallen, directed by Sakari Kirjainen, 2011 Abandoned houses, deserted courtyards, film Laila Hietamies by the same name novel, about the last days of Vyborg in summer 1944, directed by Lauri Törhönen, 1999 Lupaus, film about lot in winter and continuation war, directed by Ilkka Vanne, 2005 Headquarters, film about the moods of the headquarters in summer 1944, directed by Matti Kassila, 1970 Rintamalotta, a film about the lot fronts Continuation War, directed by Aarne Tarkas, 1956 Rukajärvi tie, Olli Saarela, screenplay by Antti Tuuri and Olli Saarela, 1999 Tali-Ihantala 1944, Åke Lindman and Sakari Kirjainen, screenplay by Stefan Foss, Benedict Zilliacus and Esko Salervi, 2007 The Unknown Soldier, Edvin Laine, 1955 Unknown Soldier, Rauni Mollberg, 1985 Unknown Soldier, Aku Louhimies, 2017 On the topic elsewhere Check date values in: |accessdate=, |date= (help) Check date values in: |accessdate= (help) Check date values in: |accessdate= (help) Check date values in: |accessdate=, |date= ( help) Check date values in: |accessdate= (help) Search Engine.


Question: Was Highway 4 the first official highway in Finland?

Continuation War

Check date values in: |accessdate=, |date= (help) Check date values in: |accessdate= (help) Check date values in: |accessdate= (help) Check date values in: |accessdate=, |date= (help) Book review of Pilke, Helena and Kleemola, Olli: Life in the Trenches.


Question: Was Highway 4 the first official highway in Finland?

Continuation War

The amusements and hobbies of soldiers on the fronts of the Continuation War.


Question: Was Highway 4 the first official highway in Finland?

Continuation War

SKS, 2015.


Question: Was Highway 4 the first official highway in Finland?

Continuation War

* Category:Key articles of screening


Question: Which country have the biggest health disparities?

Prosperity

Prosperity refers, in common parlance, to wealth and good health [1].


Question: Which country have the biggest health disparities?

Prosperity

As a societal concept, there are different definitions and metrics for well-being.


Question: Which country have the biggest health disparities?

Prosperity

Wellbeing is a subjective concept, that is, personally perceived experience of being able.


Question: Which country have the biggest health disparities?

Prosperity

Wellbeing consists of a number of factors, both things to be measured and individual-specific valuations and sensations.


Question: Which country have the biggest health disparities?

Prosperity

The components of well-being to be measured usually include health, living conditions and livelihoods.


Question: Which country have the biggest health disparities?

Prosperity

The concept of living conditions can be used to describe the material basis of well-being [2].


Question: Which country have the biggest health disparities?

Prosperity

Individual components of well-being are, again, social relations, self-realization and happiness.


Question: Which country have the biggest health disparities?

Prosperity

These different elements of well-being are usually supported by one another.


Question: Which country have the biggest health disparities?

Prosperity

[3] Welfare Policy and Welfare Studies Public authority efforts to promote the welfare of the population are often referred to as welfare policy.


Question: Which country have the biggest health disparities?

Prosperity

However, basically all aspects of policy affect the well-being of the population.


Question: Which country have the biggest health disparities?

Prosperity

Defining and separating welfare policy from other policies is thus difficult.


Question: Which country have the biggest health disparities?

Prosperity

Because of this, the concept of welfare policy is also often used more narrowly as a synonym for social and health policy.


Question: Which country have the biggest health disparities?

Prosperity

[3] However, the means of public authority in promoting welfare are limited in terms of how families and neighbouring communities act in their own circumstances to produce their well-being.


Question: Which country have the biggest health disparities?

Prosperity

[4] Well-being research provides information on well-being and societal problems.


Question: Which country have the biggest health disparities?

Prosperity

This information can be used to politically assess the effectiveness of welfare services and transfers.


Question: Which country have the biggest health disparities?

Prosperity

Effectiveness refers to how the output generated by the inputs correspond to the objectives set.


Question: Which country have the biggest health disparities?

Prosperity

The effectiveness of a wellness policy or an individual program or action can be assessed by comparative research, repeat measurement before or after the action, or by modelling.


Question: Which country have the biggest health disparities?

Prosperity

Often, however, the only recourse is either a comparative study or a before-and-after evaluation.


Question: Which country have the biggest health disparities?

Prosperity

The problem with comparisons is that proving the relative importance of various factors in the evolution of phenomena is difficult.


Question: Which country have the biggest health disparities?

Prosperity

[5] Different indicators are utilized in the assessment of welfare policies.


Question: Which country have the biggest health disparities?

Prosperity

Typically, the metrics used have described quantitatively measurable assets such as income.


Question: Which country have the biggest health disparities?

Prosperity

[6] A key measure of gross domestic product per capita used to assess well-being has proved to be a poor metric when the standard of living of the population exceeds a certain limit.


Question: Which country have the biggest health disparities?

Prosperity

Easterlin's paradox refers to the observation that population satisfaction with life no longer improves along with the prosperity of the land after living standards exceed fundamental needs.


Question: Which country have the biggest health disparities?

Prosperity

[6] Rather than increasing living standards, people's satisfaction in prosperous industrialized countries is linked to factors such as interpersonal relationships, fairness in the community, and meaningful doing.


Question: Which country have the biggest health disparities?

Prosperity

In Finland, citizens' satisfaction with their lives remained at the same level between 1966 and 2006, although gross domestic product per capita increased threefold over the same period.


Question: Which country have the biggest health disparities?

Prosperity

[7] For example, the United Nations Human Development Index is a measure that describes society's well-being better than gross domestic product.


Question: Which country have the biggest health disparities?

Prosperity

Researchers believe that environmental policy, housing policy and equality policies are increasing in importance as producers of welfare [7] Anthony Giddens, among others, has outlined a model of post-industrial welfare policy aimed at eliminating deprivation rather than social the realization of justice.


Question: Which country have the biggest health disparities?

Prosperity

[8] Income disparities believe that income inequality should be large in order to create incentives and purchasing power for services in the economy.


Question: Which country have the biggest health disparities?

Prosperity

Many think rising income inequality will not be a problem as long as even the poor have increased real incomes.


Question: Which country have the biggest health disparities?

Prosperity

Critics think, on the other hand, large income inequality is linked to inequality of opportunity.


Question: Which country have the biggest health disparities?

Prosperity

In a society of high income inequality, social mobility requires a “longer journey” communally and culturally.


Question: Which country have the biggest health disparities?

Prosperity

In this case, the heritability of social status is strong.


Question: Which country have the biggest health disparities?

Prosperity

Opportunities for pursuing a better standard of living are unevenly distributed.


Question: Which country have the biggest health disparities?

Prosperity

[9] The Gini coefficient is a commonly used measure of income inequality.


Question: Which country have the biggest health disparities?

Prosperity

The higher the value the gin coefficient gets, the more uneven the distribution of income in society.


Question: Which country have the biggest health disparities?

Prosperity

The Gini coefficient is 20-30% in small income inequality countries such as the Nordic countries and 30-40% for medium-income inequality countries such as the United States.


Question: Which country have the biggest health disparities?

Prosperity

In countries with very large income inequality, the Gini coefficient is more than 50%.


Question: Which country have the biggest health disparities?

Prosperity

[10] Social transfers and progressive taxation equalize income disparities in earnings and capital income.


Question: Which country have the biggest health disparities?

Prosperity

Without transfers and progressive taxation, the Gini coefficient of income inequality would have been 46 per cent in Finland instead of 26.5 per cent.


Question: Which country have the biggest health disparities?

Prosperity

[10] Quality of life and perceived health Quality of life describes the health, psychological, social and habitat satisfaction experienced by a person in relation to his needs.


Question: Which country have the biggest health disparities?

Prosperity

Perceived health is also a personal experience of one's own physical, mental and social resources in relation to the demands of daily tasks and life.


Question: Which country have the biggest health disparities?

Prosperity

Another close relative term for a perceived health condition is functional capacity.


Question: Which country have the biggest health disparities?

Prosperity

Quality of life can be measured using several different metrics including 15D, SF-36, EQ-5D, WHO-QOL-100 and WHO-QOL-BREF.


Question: Which country have the biggest health disparities?

Prosperity

Often in health economics we talk about QALY (Quality adjusted life years), that is, quality-weighted life years, based on which, for example, the cost-effectiveness of medical treatments is measured.


Question: Which country have the biggest health disparities?

Prosperity

Among the measures of quality of life, we can mention the WHO-QOL-100 measure developed by the World Health Organisation, which breaks down quality of life into six different dimensions of quality of life: 1.


Question: Which country have the biggest health disparities?

Prosperity

Physical health (e.g. energy, pain, sleep quality) 2.


Question: Which country have the biggest health disparities?

Prosperity

Psychological health status (e.g. thinking, learning, concentration, emotions) 3.


Question: Which country have the biggest health disparities?

Prosperity

Functional capacity (mobility, daily activities, working capacity) 4.


Question: Which country have the biggest health disparities?

Prosperity

Social relationships (relationship, friendships, sexuality, support of the immediate environment) 5.


Question: Which country have the biggest health disparities?

Prosperity

Environment (earned income, functionality of services, recreational opportunities, home conditions) 6.


Question: Which country have the biggest health disparities?

Prosperity

Values (religiosity, attitudes, worldview) Source: Wellbeing in Finland Social and health policy In Finland Social and health policy covers about half of public expenditure in the 2000s.


Question: Which country have the biggest health disparities?

Prosperity

That translates to around €40 billion a year.


Question: Which country have the biggest health disparities?

Prosperity

[3] Social expenditure accounts for the average level of GDP in EU countries [11].


Question: Which country have the biggest health disparities?

Prosperity

Governments assess the implementation of their own government programme and its policy programmes in follow-up reports to be published at the end of the term of government.


Question: Which country have the biggest health disparities?

Prosperity

The Ministry of Social Affairs and Health publishes an annual Social Security Direction report which assesses the achievement of social and health policy objectives.


Question: Which country have the biggest health disparities?

Prosperity

[6] The well-being of Finns from a social policy perspective in international comparisons of population well-being and quality of life, Finland does not rank as well as other Nordic countries.


Question: Which country have the biggest health disparities?

Prosperity

Key general-level explanators for this are probably Finland's late industrialisation and the deep economic depression of the 1990s.


Question: Which country have the biggest health disparities?

Prosperity

[12] In the 21st century, demographic differences in people's well-being have grown.


Question: Which country have the biggest health disparities?

Prosperity

Unemployment is at high levels, health inequalities among demographic groups are high and income inequality has widened.


Question: Which country have the biggest health disparities?

Prosperity

The demands of working life have increased, causing some of the population to be permanently excluded from the labour market.


Question: Which country have the biggest health disparities?

Prosperity

[4] Modern societal problems include relative poverty and exclusion.


Question: Which country have the biggest health disparities?

Prosperity

As society has become more complex, demands for what and how much resources are needed to survive in society have also grown.


Question: Which country have the biggest health disparities?

Prosperity

[13] The so-called distribution objective of the welfare state, i.e. the equalisation of welfare disparities between population groups, has been seen to have failed [14] In the 21st century, Finland has ranked lower among other industrialised countries.


Question: Which country have the biggest health disparities?

Prosperity

[15] Research suggests that citizens want to maintain or increase the level of social security.


Question: Which country have the biggest health disparities?

Prosperity

However, ageing populations and unemployment pose a challenge to fiscal sustainability.


Question: Which country have the biggest health disparities?

Prosperity

[16] According to the study, the care, assistance and financial support of relatives and neighbours continue to play a significant role in Finns [17].


Question: Which country have the biggest health disparities?

Prosperity

For critics, governments appear to be unwilling or unable to prevent the growth of inequality.


Question: Which country have the biggest health disparities?

Prosperity

According to Raija Julkunen, the tax and social security policies implemented have increased income inequality.


Question: Which country have the biggest health disparities?

Prosperity

Income transfers have lagged behind average earnings levels in real terms.


Question: Which country have the biggest health disparities?

Prosperity

Taxation progression has eased, above all through differentiated taxation of earnings and capital income.


Question: Which country have the biggest health disparities?

Prosperity

As the amount of capital income increases relative to earned income, the tax progression is weakened and, consequently, the equalising effect of taxation income inequality.


Question: Which country have the biggest health disparities?

Prosperity

[9] When comparing population health levels with other industrialised countries, life expectancy and mortality differences rise as problems.


Question: Which country have the biggest health disparities?

Prosperity

Suicide rates are higher in Finland.


Question: Which country have the biggest health disparities?

Prosperity

[15] The gender difference in life expectancy is large [18].


Question: Which country have the biggest health disparities?

Prosperity

People's firsthand assessment of the state of their health, or so-called perceived health, has remained the same since the early 1990s, even as overall income levels and wealth have increased.


Question: Which country have the biggest health disparities?

Prosperity

[19] A rise in overweight, low physical activity and increased alcohol consumption have been seen as the main threats to public health [18].


Question: Which country have the biggest health disparities?

Prosperity

Primary health services are increasingly targeted through occupational health services to those in good labour market positions.


Question: Which country have the biggest health disparities?

Prosperity

[11] The disadvantages that have resulted from the increase in alcohol consumption are evident, above all, among low-resourced large consumers.


Question: Which country have the biggest health disparities?

Prosperity

Alcohol consumption among girls has increased.


Question: Which country have the biggest health disparities?

Prosperity

There has been a sense of appetite among the public for a more strained alcohol policy.


Question: Which country have the biggest health disparities?

Prosperity

[20] In Finland, the proportion of persons receiving their livelihoods from service industries is almost 70% [21].


Question: Which country have the biggest health disparities?

Prosperity

Populations are packed into growth centres and services are dwindling in draining, sparsely populated areas.


Question: Which country have the biggest health disparities?

Prosperity

Problems with urbanisation include increased housing, lengthening commute times, lack of help from nearby communities, and loneliness.


Question: Which country have the biggest health disparities?

Prosperity

[22] More than half of homeless people are in the metropolitan area [21].


Question: Which country have the biggest health disparities?

Prosperity

Students have plenty of livelihood problems [23] Internationally speaking, Finland moves away from home at a fairly young age, and often move to live alone.


Question: Which country have the biggest health disparities?

Prosperity

[24] Young adults have suffered from labour market volatility.


Question: Which country have the biggest health disparities?

Prosperity

[14] According to the study, fixed-term employment is linked to welfare deficits in young adults.


Question: Which country have the biggest health disparities?

Prosperity

[25] The acquisition of children may be postponed until at least one of the spouses receives permanent employment.


Question: Which country have the biggest health disparities?

Prosperity

This has become increasingly difficult in the labour market situation of young adults.


Question: Which country have the biggest health disparities?

Prosperity

[26] The initiator of his career must be prepared for a situation where the career consists of short-term employment and changes of professions.


Question: Which country have the biggest health disparities?

Prosperity

[19] Despite the increase in educational attainment, almost ten per cent of young people remain on basic education alone.


Question: Which country have the biggest health disparities?

Prosperity

[21] The gender pay gap is small in Finland.


Question: Which country have the biggest health disparities?

Prosperity

[27] Particular challenges to the well-being of families with children include relationship problems and gainful employment hotspots, according to researchers.


Question: Which country have the biggest health disparities?

Prosperity

[4] According to researchers, basic services for families with children have become rapacious.


Question: Which country have the biggest health disparities?

Prosperity

The resources of counseling work, school and student health, pupil care, and family and educational counseling centres are at most at the same level as before the recession of the 1990s.


Question: Which country have the biggest health disparities?

Prosperity

[28] According to a 2006 study by Stakes, people's satisfaction with life is fueled by health, relationships and stress-free.


Question: Which country have the biggest health disparities?

Prosperity

[29] The most dissatisfied with their lives were those with low incomes, unemployed and one-person households.


Question: Which country have the biggest health disparities?

Prosperity

Loneliness is fueled by low incomes and one-person economies.


Question: Which country have the biggest health disparities?

Prosperity

[30] In men, familiarization increased life satisfaction.


Question: Which country have the biggest health disparities?

Prosperity

In women, only young children in the family contributed to it significantly.


Question: Which country have the biggest health disparities?

Prosperity

[31] According to surveys conducted in 2006, Finns' most serious concerns are unemployment, alcoholism, drugs and crime.


Question: Which country have the biggest health disparities?

Prosperity

The major global concerns were the state of the environment, the use of natural resources, nuclear weapons and international terrorism.


Question: Which country have the biggest health disparities?

Prosperity

[32] The quality of life of Finns find their quality of life profitably good until late age, but health and socio-economic factors determine experience greatly.


Question: Which country have the biggest health disparities?

Prosperity

The risk of reduced quality of life is highest among unemployed and low-skilled young people, and widowed women aged 80 and over.


Question: Which country have the biggest health disparities?

Prosperity

Poor physical and mental health and the thinness of social relations reduce the quality of life in all ages, especially those on disability pensions and those living in the so-called “third age”, i.e. 60-79 years old.


Question: Which country have the biggest health disparities?

Prosperity

A secure workplace, a household of three or more people, good social relations and good health, and adequate livelihoods increase the quality of life.


Question: Which country have the biggest health disparities?

Prosperity

Successful employment and pensions policies, preventing the exclusion of young people and eliminating youth unemployment, well-functioning health services and securing access to assistance for those aged 80 years and over are among the objectives which should be pursued from a quality of life perspective.


Question: Which country have the biggest health disparities?

Prosperity

[33] On the basis of this analysis, the importance of participation in working life, not only for the livelihoods of Finnish working-age people, but also for the quality of life appears to be absolutely central.


Question: Which country have the biggest health disparities?

Prosperity

Adequate livelihoods and income growth protects against poor physical quality of life, which fits well with the fact that previous studies e.g.


Question: Which country have the biggest health disparities?

Prosperity

mortality differences have been found to correlate strongly with income inequality.


Question: Which country have the biggest health disparities?

Prosperity

The findings also align well with previous research in that poor health causes an increase in unemployment and pension risk.


Question: Which country have the biggest health disparities?

Prosperity

Based on the health economics literature, a strong increase in income inequality is firmly linked to an increase in well-being inequalities.


Question: Which country have the biggest health disparities?

Prosperity

[34] The well-being of Finns 2010 study provided new research data on socio-economic factors linked to quality of life.


Question: Which country have the biggest health disparities?

Prosperity

The quality of life is typically highest for people aged 25 to 59, working, families and living in households of 3-4 people who feel their financial situation is good and their health very good.


Question: Which country have the biggest health disparities?

Prosperity

In the low quality of life group, there are many young unemployed people, pensioners or single elderly persons.


Question: Which country have the biggest health disparities?

Prosperity

Unemployment, disability, poor livelihoods and loneliness are the most significant risk factors for quality of life.


Question: Which country have the biggest health disparities?

Prosperity

[35] See also Welfare State Welfare Economics Social policy Sources Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Moisio, Pasi; Karvonen, Sakari; Simpura, Jussi; Heikkilä, Matti (ed.


Question: Which country have the biggest health disparities?

Prosperity

) | title = Wellbeing of Finns 2008| location = Helsinki| publisher = Research and Development Centre for Social Welfare and Health | year = 2008| id = ISBN 978-951-33-2106-2}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Vaarama, Marja; Moisio, Pasi; Karvonen, Sakari (ed.


Question: Which country have the biggest health disparities?

Prosperity

) | title = Welfare of Finns 2010| location = Helsinki| publisher = Department of Health and Welfare| year = 2010| id = ISBN 978-952-245-365-5}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Vaarama, Berry; Siljander, Eero; Luoma, Minna-Liisa; Meriläinen, Fairytale | title = Finnish quality of life experienced from youth to old age.| location = Helsinki| publisher = Department of Health and Wellness| year = 2010| id = ISBN 978-952-245-365-5}} THL -internet World health organization (WHO) - internet References Literature Citation error, replace with {{ cite book| author = Saari, Juho (ed.


Question: Which country have the biggest health disparities?

Prosperity

) | title = Wellbeing: Foundations of Finnish society| location = Helsinki| publisher = Gaudeamus| year = 2010| id = ISBN 978-952-495-183-8}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Wilkinson, Richard & Pickett, Kate| title = Equality and well-being: Why do small income inequality for everyone | location = Helsinki| publisher = HS books| year = 2011| version = (The spirit levell: Why more equal societies almost always do better, 2009.)


Question: Which country have the biggest health disparities?

Prosperity

English translation: Markus Myllyoja| id = ISBN 978-952-5557-39-8| format = [(Statistical descriptors of the book)]}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Mämmi, Sanna| title = Life force: 7 steps to a good life| location = Helsinki| publisher = Minerva| year = 2012| id = ISBN 978-952-492-599-0 }} On the topic elsewhere Jouko Kajanoja: Statistics Finland, Kuntapuntari 3/2005.


Question: Which country have the biggest health disparities?

Prosperity

(Statistics Finland and Prime Minister's Office) Category:Social policy Category:Public finances Category:Health


Question: How many vegetation zones are classified?

Desert

A desert, or desert, is a climate and vegetation zone whose typical feature is drought definable by the drought index.


Question: How many vegetation zones are classified?

Desert

Furthermore, by definition drought-adapted vegetation grows in deserts, which, however, only covers a small portion of the soil in the region.


Question: How many vegetation zones are classified?

Desert

Occasionally deserts also refer to cold deserts near glaciers with only minimal vegetation.


Question: How many vegetation zones are classified?

Desert

Most of the deserts are located on hepotassies.


Question: How many vegetation zones are classified?

Desert

However, deserts also exist inland, in areas isolated from moisture by mountains and arid coasts.


Question: How many vegetation zones are classified?

Desert

The most famous desert is the Sahara in the northern parts of Africa.


Question: How many vegetation zones are classified?

Desert

Deserts exist on five continents and cover about one-fifth of the Earth's land surface area.


Question: How many vegetation zones are classified?

Desert

Deserts are divided into sandy, gravel and rock deserts.


Question: How many vegetation zones are classified?

Desert

Their surface is sensitive to erosion caused by water and wind.


Question: How many vegetation zones are classified?

Desert

In sandy deserts, the wind piles up dunes.


Question: How many vegetation zones are classified?

Desert

Despite the adverse conditions, animal and plant species live in the desert that have adapted well to dry and hot conditions.


Question: How many vegetation zones are classified?

Desert

Deserts are not entirely waterless, however, as water occurs in oases and in rainy seasons also in rivers and lakes which later dry up into salt deserts.


Question: How many vegetation zones are classified?

Desert

Deserts are, as a rule, hot and dry, but temperature variation can be large between day and night.


Question: How many vegetation zones are classified?

Desert

In the continental deserts of the temperate zone, there is also great temperature variation between seasons.


Question: How many vegetation zones are classified?

Desert

People also live in the deserts; traditionally, the peoples of the deserts have been nomads, such as the Bedouins.


Question: How many vegetation zones are classified?

Desert

Many minerals can be obtained from the deserts, and petroleum resources, especially in arid regions, are significant.


Question: How many vegetation zones are classified?

Desert

Human activity, especially in the periphery of deserts, contributes to desertification, i.e. the loss of land quality.


Question: How many vegetation zones are classified?

Desert

Definition of Deserts can be defined in a few different ways.


Question: How many vegetation zones are classified?

Desert

Notoriously, the most central definition is drought.


Question: How many vegetation zones are classified?

Desert

[1] One breakdown was made by American geographer Peveril Meigs in 1953: deserts are areas where it rains water less than 250 millimetres per year.


Question: How many vegetation zones are classified?

Desert

In contrast, areas where 250—500 millimetres of rain per year are steppe, so the drought limit between desert and steppe is 250 millimetres.


Question: How many vegetation zones are classified?

Desert

[2] Climate drought can also be measured by the drought index, which is the ratio of annual precipitation (P) to total potential evaporation (PET) (P/PET).


Question: How many vegetation zones are classified?

Desert

A region is counted as dry if the ratio is less than 0.20.


Question: How many vegetation zones are classified?

Desert

The ratio of hyperarids, or extremely arid deserts, is less than 0.05.


Question: How many vegetation zones are classified?

Desert

Rainfall is measured at weather observation stations, and total evaporation is calculated from other measurements of the stations according to a formula developed by C. W. Thornthwaite.


Question: How many vegetation zones are classified?

Desert

[1] Desert can also be seen as a vegetation zone, and vegetation can define desert in two different ways.


Question: How many vegetation zones are classified?

Desert

As a desert ecosystem, environments in which special drying plants grow or common plant species that have adapted in some way to an arid environment can be counted as a desert ecosystem.


Question: How many vegetation zones are classified?

Desert

Alternatively, a desert can be defined on the basis of satellite imagery by land coverage index NDVI.


Question: How many vegetation zones are classified?

Desert

The vegetation cover of deserts is extremely small.


Question: How many vegetation zones are classified?

Desert

[1] Desert areas under different definitions are pretty much the same and their map images almost overlap.


Question: How many vegetation zones are classified?

Desert

Based on these definitions, the desert biome consists of geographical areas with extremely dry conditions, with bare soils and where organisms adapted to survive in particularly dry conditions.


Question: How many vegetation zones are classified?

Desert

[1] Geography Deserts occur on at least five continents out of seven.


Question: How many vegetation zones are classified?

Desert

Cold deserts and the vast ice fields of Antarctica are not generally considered to be in the same category as deserts proper, although they are low rainfall.


Question: How many vegetation zones are classified?

Desert

[3] The only true desert in Europe is sometimes referred to as the Tabernas Desert in Spain.


Question: How many vegetation zones are classified?

Desert

[4] In North America, deserts exist in the southwestern part of the continent in the United States and Mexico.


Question: How many vegetation zones are classified?

Desert

The deserts of Sonora and Chihuahua extend into both states.


Question: How many vegetation zones are classified?

Desert

The Great Basin covers the states of Utah and Nevada almost entirely.


Question: How many vegetation zones are classified?

Desert

In addition, the Arizona and California regions include the Mojave and Colorado deserts.


Question: How many vegetation zones are classified?

Desert

In South America, between the Andes and the Pacific lie the Sechura Desert of Peru and the Atacama of Chile.


Question: How many vegetation zones are classified?

Desert

The Peruvian and Bolivian regions also have deserts on the Altiplano High Plateau, which are known for their salt plains.


Question: How many vegetation zones are classified?

Desert

Patagonia, Argentina, too, has extensive dry areas.


Question: How many vegetation zones are classified?

Desert

[3] North Africa is covered by the Sahara Desert, which stretches from the Atlantic to the Red Sea over an area of about 9000,000 square kilometres.


Question: How many vegetation zones are classified?

Desert

On the east coast of the continent, Kenya, Sudan, Ethiopia, Eritrea and Somalia lie the deserts of Danakil, Nubia and Chalbi, among others.


Question: How many vegetation zones are classified?

Desert

In southern Africa, large swaths of Namibia, Botswana and South Africa belong to Namib and Kalahari.


Question: How many vegetation zones are classified?

Desert

[3] However, the Kalahari is not always considered a true desert, with more than half as much rain in its north-east as per traditional desert definition.


Question: How many vegetation zones are classified?

Desert

[5] The deserts of the Arabian Peninsula cover the Arabian Peninsula almost completely, and Saudi Arabia belongs almost entirely to the desert region.


Question: How many vegetation zones are classified?

Desert

The desert connects to the north with the Syrian desert.


Question: How many vegetation zones are classified?

Desert

[6] Central Asia lies the Karakum in Turkmenistan and Kyzylkum in Uzbekistan and Kazakhstan, [7] and in western China in the Tarim Basin in the middle of the mountains is the Taklimakan Desert.


Question: How many vegetation zones are classified?

Desert

[8] On the territory of China and Mongolia lies the Gobi, with smaller areas on its fringes, usually counted as their own deserts.


Question: How many vegetation zones are classified?

Desert

[9] In addition, Iran, Pakistan and India have deserts such as Thar on the India-Pakistan border.


Question: How many vegetation zones are classified?

Desert

[3] There are several deserts in the central part of the Australian continent.


Question: How many vegetation zones are classified?

Desert

The most notable are the Simpson, Tanam and Gibson deserts, as well as the Great Victoria Desert and the Big Sand Desert.


Question: How many vegetation zones are classified?

Desert

[3] Formation The emergence of existing deserts Drought has existed on Earth since the early s, since the Precambrian Period.


Question: How many vegetation zones are classified?

Desert

The earliest evidence of widespread dry environment has been found in 1.8 billion year old dune sediments in the Northwest Territories of Canada.


Question: How many vegetation zones are classified?

Desert

[10] Present deserts are quite young geologically, having practically emerged within the last 65 million years, during the Cenozoic World Period.


Question: How many vegetation zones are classified?

Desert

[11] However, Atacama and Namib are older: the former formed as early as 120 million years ago and the latter 80 million years ago.


Question: How many vegetation zones are classified?

Desert

Most of the deserts were formed during the Tertiary period, and the current drought zones had already arisen about three million years ago, when the continents had already reached their present places too.


Question: How many vegetation zones are classified?

Desert

[10] However, deserts have changed even during the current quarter period: they have experienced drier and wetter periods and expanded and contracted.


Question: How many vegetation zones are classified?

Desert

In Africa, Asia and Australia, dry areas were at their widest at the time of the peak of the last ice age, around 21000—18000 years ago.


Question: How many vegetation zones are classified?

Desert

Meanwhile, in North America, deserts, by contrast, were colder and wetter.


Question: How many vegetation zones are classified?

Desert

The Laurentid Glacier covered Canada and the northeastern part of the United States at the time, and due to its influence, wetter air flowed into the deserts of the southwestern parts of the continent and hundreds of lakes also formed there.


Question: How many vegetation zones are classified?

Desert

[12] As the glaciers melted, deserts moved to their present places, north in the Northern Hemisphere.


Question: How many vegetation zones are classified?

Desert

At the same time, many organisms accustomed to a temperate environment were forced to migrate from the way of deserts.


Question: How many vegetation zones are classified?

Desert

However, many mountain areas in the middle of deserts have been left with species that have only moved higher up in the mountains.


Question: How many vegetation zones are classified?

Desert

They have often been left isolated in the middle of desert plains, and thus a native biota has been left in the mountains.


Question: How many vegetation zones are classified?

Desert

Such areas include the mountain ranges in the middle of the deserts of North America, the Ahaggar of the Sahara, the Tassili N'ajjer and the Tibesti Mountains, and the Asiri Mountains of the Arabian Peninsula.


Question: How many vegetation zones are classified?

Desert

[13] Factors influencing formation Most of the world's deserts lie approximately 25—30 degrees south and north of the equator, [14] which is due to atmospheric circulation.


Question: How many vegetation zones are classified?

Desert

At the equator, the sun's rays are at their warmest, as a result of which air masses warm up, rise upwards and pass both north and south.


Question: How many vegetation zones are classified?

Desert

[15] At the equator, the sun also warms sea water, which is why the air mass generated at the equator is also moist.


Question: How many vegetation zones are classified?

Desert

As the air cools on its way north and south, water vapor from the clouds condenses and rains down about 10° north and 5—10° south of the equator.


Question: How many vegetation zones are classified?

Desert

After that, almost completely dry air masses move even further forward.


Question: How many vegetation zones are classified?

Desert

At about 25°, they cool and descend closer to the surface of the ground, thus increasing atmospheric pressure and as a result, dry air also rewarms, causing the majority of the world's deserts.


Question: How many vegetation zones are classified?

Desert

[14] Such deserts include the Sahara, the deserts of the Arabian Peninsula, the Atacama, the Kalahari and much of Australia's deserts.


Question: How many vegetation zones are classified?

Desert

[16] Another way of deserts being born is due to the mountains.


Question: How many vegetation zones are classified?

Desert

When a moist air mass from the sea collides with a mountain range, it is forced to climb upwards.


Question: How many vegetation zones are classified?

Desert

At the same time, the water vapor in the air cools, condenses and turns into clouds that continue to rise, cool and rain down their moisture.


Question: How many vegetation zones are classified?

Desert

[17] Thus, the windward slope of the mountain range receives plenty of rain, and there is little moisture left in the clouds as they descend down the leeward slope of the mountain range.


Question: How many vegetation zones are classified?

Desert

There is such a dry area behind the mountain range, where it is also not as cloudy as on a windward slope.


Question: How many vegetation zones are classified?

Desert

Behind the mountains, the air temperature gets more hot when clouds don't block the sun's rays from reaching the ground surface.


Question: How many vegetation zones are classified?

Desert

[18] Such deserts include, for example, the Mojave and the Patagonian deserts.


Question: How many vegetation zones are classified?

Desert

[19] The third type of desert includes continental deserts that arise far from the sea.


Question: How many vegetation zones are classified?

Desert

Air masses from the sea slowly lose moisture over the continent unless they cross a vast body of water that could replenish air humidity.


Question: How many vegetation zones are classified?

Desert

Especially in the middle of the vast Asian continent, continental deserts occur, as air masses do not bring in enough moisture from the sea.


Question: How many vegetation zones are classified?

Desert

[20] The birth of Asian deserts is influenced not only by continentalism, but also by mountain ranges.


Question: How many vegetation zones are classified?

Desert

The Taklimakan Desert is surrounded by the Himalayas, Hindu Kush and Tienšan.


Question: How many vegetation zones are classified?

Desert

[21] The fourth factor contributing to the emergence of deserts is the cold ocean currents that cause coastal deserts on the western coasts of continents.


Question: How many vegetation zones are classified?

Desert

Prevailing wind conditions along the western coasts of continents blow warm ocean currents into the outer sea, resulting in cold water rising from the seabed to the surface.


Question: How many vegetation zones are classified?

Desert

This reduces the ability of coastal air to bind moisture.


Question: How many vegetation zones are classified?

Desert

[22] The emergence of deserts may be influenced by several factors.


Question: How many vegetation zones are classified?

Desert

For example, the deserts of the Australian mainland are affected by three factors: Australia is located at an appropriate distance from the equator, the mountain range on the east coast prevents moist air from reaching inland, and in addition, the Gibson and Simpson deserts are located more than a thousand kilometers from the coast.


Question: How many vegetation zones are classified?

Desert

[21] Climate Climate of deserts It usually rains at least a couple of times a year, and normally there are about 15 to 20 rainy days.


Question: How many vegetation zones are classified?

Desert

In some places, water can rain very abundantly in small areas, but such convection cells are nevertheless local.


Question: How many vegetation zones are classified?

Desert

Only large-scale rain fronts occur in the periphery of deserts.


Question: How many vegetation zones are classified?

Desert

Near the equator, the greatest rainfall comes in summer, and in the temperate zone in winter.


Question: How many vegetation zones are classified?

Desert

[11] Rainfall varies greatly from region to region.


Question: How many vegetation zones are classified?

Desert

In places such as the Sahara and the coastal deserts of South America, more than 10 years of rainless periods have been measured.


Question: How many vegetation zones are classified?

Desert

The inner parts of the Sonora, Mojave and Arabian deserts mean less than 20 millimetres of rain per year, while in the Chihuahua Desert and Great Basin, a year's rainfall falls only rarely below the 200-millimetre limit.


Question: How many vegetation zones are classified?

Desert

[23] Moisture to deserts is also brought by fog, which occurs in coastal deserts, and dew.


Question: How many vegetation zones are classified?

Desert

[11] In deserts, drought is increased by the fact that total evaporation is high.


Question: How many vegetation zones are classified?

Desert

Water is lost by evaporation from the ground and by transpiration through plants.


Question: How many vegetation zones are classified?

Desert

[24] In the Köppen climate classification, deserts are type BW.


Question: How many vegetation zones are classified?

Desert

Hot deserts are very hot during the day and cool or cold at night.


Question: How many vegetation zones are classified?

Desert

During the day, temperatures might be around 40°C, and the highest temperature measured is 58°C in Libya.


Question: How many vegetation zones are classified?

Desert

A daytime ground surface temperature of 78°C has also been measured in the Sahara.


Question: How many vegetation zones are classified?

Desert

However, thermal energy disappears rapidly at night into cloudless skies, and nightly temperatures are often even below the freezing limit in deserts.


Question: How many vegetation zones are classified?

Desert

The average temperature for the year is between 20 and 25°C.


Question: How many vegetation zones are classified?

Desert

[11] Continental deserts in the temperate zone are characterized by strong inter-seasonal variation.


Question: How many vegetation zones are classified?

Desert

Even during the winter it is cool during the day and the average winter temperature is −2—4°C, but in summer the temperature is equivalent to that of hot deserts.


Question: How many vegetation zones are classified?

Desert

In winter, snowfalls are also possible.


Question: How many vegetation zones are classified?

Desert

[25] Due to the lack of vegetation in deserts to break up surface wind, wind speeds are higher than average.


Question: How many vegetation zones are classified?

Desert

In the afternoons, steady gale-force winds can blow for up to hours, but at night it is often calm.


Question: How many vegetation zones are classified?

Desert

Desert winds are often hot and dry, blowing from deserts into wetter neighborhoods.


Question: How many vegetation zones are classified?

Desert

Desert conditions can also generate a strong and swirling wind that easily lifts light soil into the air.


Question: How many vegetation zones are classified?

Desert

Thus, for example, dunes are formed.


Question: How many vegetation zones are classified?

Desert

High winds also generate sandstorms as well as smaller and more short-lived dust vortices.


Question: How many vegetation zones are classified?

Desert

Heavy sand usually doesn't stay in the air for very long, but light-textured dust may stain clouds red at five kilometres altitude.


Question: How many vegetation zones are classified?

Desert

The effects of a sandstorm could be radical, as within minutes bright sunshine might turn into a reddish-brown mist and temperatures drop as low as 15 degrees.


Question: How many vegetation zones are classified?

Desert

[26] The influence of global climate on the annual variation of desert precipitation is particularly influenced by the so-called Southern Oscillation: El Niño and La Niña.


Question: How many vegetation zones are classified?

Desert

The phenomenon recurs approximately every 3—7 years, when first El Niño begins to affect the Pacific climate.


Question: How many vegetation zones are classified?

Desert

As a result, the waters along the coasts of South and North America are warming, which in turn increases the amount of winter rainfall along the coasts.


Question: How many vegetation zones are classified?

Desert

After a few months, El Niño begins to wane and La Niña intensifies.


Question: How many vegetation zones are classified?

Desert

Its impact on coastal ecosystems is reversed.


Question: How many vegetation zones are classified?

Desert

The cycle also affects coastal deserts such as Atacama, the Baja California Desert, Namib, and Western Australia.


Question: How many vegetation zones are classified?

Desert

At El Niño time, they get more rainfall than normal.


Question: How many vegetation zones are classified?

Desert

In continental deserts, especially in the inner parts of Australia and the Thar, rainfall is decreasing.


Question: How many vegetation zones are classified?

Desert

[27] Climate change has already affected the climate of many deserts.


Question: How many vegetation zones are classified?

Desert

The average temperature in deserts rose between 1976 and 2000 by 0.5 to 2.0 degrees Celsius — more than the global average increase of 0.45 degrees.


Question: How many vegetation zones are classified?

Desert

Since at high latitudes rainfall has been assumed to increase, so correspondingly, precipitation in the subtropical zone has been estimated to decrease.


Question: How many vegetation zones are classified?

Desert

Rainfall totals in many subtropical deserts declined in the last two decades of the 20th century.


Question: How many vegetation zones are classified?

Desert

Although the precipitation of some deserts is expected to increase, only a few desert droughts are reduced, as in a warmer environment the rate of total evaporation also increases.


Question: How many vegetation zones are classified?

Desert

Climate change has been estimated to reduce vegetation in most of the deserts due to increased overall evaporation, reduced humidity, and prolonged periods of drought.


Question: How many vegetation zones are classified?

Desert

[27] The impact of deserts on other environments Deserts surprisingly affect other climates to cool them.


Question: How many vegetation zones are classified?

Desert

This is because the albedo of the desert, the reflectance, is high.


Question: How many vegetation zones are classified?

Desert

Deserts reflect between 20 per cent and 35 per cent of solar radiation back into space, compared with 15 per cent for savannahs, for example, and only 5 per cent by rainforests.


Question: How many vegetation zones are classified?

Desert

Since there is not much water in the deserts, solar energy is not used to evaporate the water, but rather the rays left behind after reflection directly heated the ground surface.


Question: How many vegetation zones are classified?

Desert

Heat from the surface of deserts radiates in dry air straight up.


Question: How many vegetation zones are classified?

Desert

However, the air quickly cools when going upwards, and thus deserts cool the troposphere above them.


Question: How many vegetation zones are classified?

Desert

From there, a cool air mass moves with the winds elsewhere, cooling especially desert periphery environments.


Question: How many vegetation zones are classified?

Desert

[27] Environment Landscape Types A common image of the desert is a sandplain.


Question: How many vegetation zones are classified?

Desert

However, only a fifth of the surface area of all deserts is actual sand desert (erg).


Question: How many vegetation zones are classified?

Desert

Up to half of the deserts can be classified as gravel deserts (reg).


Question: How many vegetation zones are classified?

Desert

They are mainly covered by gravel 4—64 millimeters in diameter, but larger rocks, between 64 and 265 millimeters, also occur.


Question: How many vegetation zones are classified?

Desert

A third type of landscape is a rock desert (hamada) covered by larger boulders and bare bedrock.


Question: How many vegetation zones are classified?

Desert

[28] Australia's Big Sand Desert and Africa's Namib consist almost entirely of ergi, and even in the deserts of North America, sand deserts account for only 5%.


Question: How many vegetation zones are classified?

Desert

The Sahara and Arabian deserts are also rich in gravel deserts, and sand and gravel deserts exist in the Sahara over a roughly equal area.


Question: How many vegetation zones are classified?

Desert

Rock deserts exist especially in the high plains and predominate in Asia.


Question: How many vegetation zones are classified?

Desert

[28] [29] Surface Forms Deserts have little vegetation, so topography is often clearly visible, such as in high mountains and polar areas.


Question: How many vegetation zones are classified?

Desert

Deserts are also prone to erosion for the same reason.


Question: How many vegetation zones are classified?

Desert

Wind erosion affects deserts more than anywhere else on Earth, and rarely raining water may cause really rapid water erosion.


Question: How many vegetation zones are classified?

Desert

[30] Water both erodes and heaps the earth.


Question: How many vegetation zones are classified?

Desert

In deserts bordering mountain ranges, you can see the effects of water well: water flows strongly and forms deep, steep-edged and narrow canyons.


Question: How many vegetation zones are classified?

Desert

As the swamp becomes wide and the stream slows, the largest rocks are deposited first, and the finer matter spreads out across the desert plain as a fan-like alluvial beam.


Question: How many vegetation zones are classified?

Desert

[31] The effect of wind erosion in deserts is considerable, with minimal vegetation not providing the necessary shelter and dry, loose soil rising easily to be carried by the wind.


Question: How many vegetation zones are classified?

Desert

In addition, many deserts are flat, so the wind can not blow freely.


Question: How many vegetation zones are classified?

Desert

Wind erosion creates the most spectacular rock formations on Earth.


Question: How many vegetation zones are classified?

Desert

[32] The most famous desert formations are dunes piled up by the wind.


Question: How many vegetation zones are classified?

Desert

The sand in sandy deserts is mainly derived from eradicated sandstone.


Question: How many vegetation zones are classified?

Desert

[32] Dunes arise from small sand chinos and grow as the wind carries more matter into the quinos.


Question: How many vegetation zones are classified?

Desert

In the Sahara, a dune 3—4 metres high and 100 metres long has emerged in about 40—50 years.


Question: How many vegetation zones are classified?

Desert

Dunes may not be stable and may move in the direction of wind travel for up to 20—30 kilometres per year.


Question: How many vegetation zones are classified?

Desert

The largest dunes can be 500 feet high.


Question: How many vegetation zones are classified?

Desert

[33] Dunes can be divided in several ways, and the United States Geological Survey, for example, divides dunes into five basic types.


Question: How many vegetation zones are classified?

Desert

The most common types of dunes are barcans of crescent shape.


Question: How many vegetation zones are classified?

Desert

Other types include longitudinal dunes up to 160 kilometres long, star dunes, elliptical or circular dome dunes, and U-shaped parabel dunes with branches pointing downwind, that is, the opposite of that of barcans.


Question: How many vegetation zones are classified?

Desert

In addition to these, there are more complex compound dunes.


Question: How many vegetation zones are classified?

Desert

[34] Water bodies Deserts are not completely anhydrous either.


Question: How many vegetation zones are classified?

Desert

However, many of the rivers, lakes and oases are seasonal or ephemeral.


Question: How many vegetation zones are classified?

Desert

Surface water may occur only infrequently, but groundwater also rises to the surface at springs, oases, wells, and boreholes.


Question: How many vegetation zones are classified?

Desert

[35] Most of the rivers flowing in the desert do not end up as far as the sea, but the rivers dry up into the desert.


Question: How many vegetation zones are classified?

Desert

Only major rivers are capable of flowing through the desert, such as the Nile and Niger in the Sahara, the Tigris and Euphrat in the Arabian deserts, the Tarim in Taklimakan, Kerulen in the Gobi, and the Colorado in the Sonoran Desert.


Question: How many vegetation zones are classified?

Desert

However, many deserts have riverbeds that are either completely or seasonally dried up.


Question: How many vegetation zones are classified?

Desert

Seasonally dried riverbeds are called wads in Africa and Arabia and arroyos in America.


Question: How many vegetation zones are classified?

Desert

[35] River beds provide a shady and moist place for organisms, because even in dry periods the bottom of the bed usually remains moist.


Question: How many vegetation zones are classified?

Desert

Dry rivers are also good landmarks.


Question: How many vegetation zones are classified?

Desert

[36] Like rivers, most desert lakes are only temporary.


Question: How many vegetation zones are classified?

Desert

Lakes emerge in valleys, draughts and other depressions.


Question: How many vegetation zones are classified?

Desert

Desert lakes are in a constant cycle: in the rainy season, they fill with water but dry quickly, leaving behind a desert lake, salt lake or salt pot.


Question: How many vegetation zones are classified?

Desert

In Botswana, the Kalahari Desert, the world's largest salt desert, Makarikari, occupies an area of nearly 40,000 square kilometres.


Question: How many vegetation zones are classified?

Desert

It is a relic of ancient Lake Makgadikgadi, which some three million years ago was one of Africa's largest lakes.


Question: How many vegetation zones are classified?

Desert

[37] Moist areas, called oases, may also form in deserts.


Question: How many vegetation zones are classified?

Desert

They are formed in places where the water-conducting deposit extends all the way to the surface of the earth.


Question: How many vegetation zones are classified?

Desert

Water can pass to the oases for long distances.


Question: How many vegetation zones are classified?

Desert

Beneath the deserts, there may be as much as billions of gallons of aquifers accumulated there along with the rainwater absorbed in the mountains.


Question: How many vegetation zones are classified?

Desert

In oases, groundwater forms areas capable of sustaining abundant vegetation in the middle of the desert.


Question: How many vegetation zones are classified?

Desert

[38] Nature Vegetation Desert vegetation is scarce, and up to 90% of plant biomass is underground.


Question: How many vegetation zones are classified?

Desert

Plants in the desert have had to adapt by many means to drought and sun.


Question: How many vegetation zones are classified?

Desert

[40] They need to be able to collect water from scarce resources, retain it for a considerable period of time and reduce its evaporation.


Question: How many vegetation zones are classified?

Desert

[41] However, despite severe conditions, most of the deserts have vegetation.


Question: How many vegetation zones are classified?

Desert

Succulents such as cacti, hernias and agaves have adapted well to desert conditions.


Question: How many vegetation zones are classified?

Desert

They are able to store water in their juicy parts, their root system is specialized to quickly collect liquid and they use CAM contact.


Question: How many vegetation zones are classified?

Desert

[42] When communicating, water vapor is lost through air gaps, but CAM plants are able to close their air gaps during the day.


Question: How many vegetation zones are classified?

Desert

Many plants open their air bladders in the morning for gas exchange and close them when the temperature rises.


Question: How many vegetation zones are classified?

Desert

[43] The leaves of many desert plants have fewer air gaps and are smaller than those of plants in moist areas.


Question: How many vegetation zones are classified?

Desert

The spear sacacacia, belonging to acacia, is entirely leafless, and has only spike-shaped leaf ruches with very few air gaps.


Question: How many vegetation zones are classified?

Desert

In addition, the leaf of acasia is leathery on its surface, which reduces evaporation.


Question: How many vegetation zones are classified?

Desert

The leaves of cacti have formed into thorns, which reduce evaporation and also act as a defense.


Question: How many vegetation zones are classified?

Desert

[44] Desert plants have a particularly wide root system.


Question: How many vegetation zones are classified?

Desert

Some of the plants grow long roots and some have an extensive umbrella-like root network.


Question: How many vegetation zones are classified?

Desert

The root of plants of the genus “Prosopis” descends up to 15 meters vertically downwards into moist understrata, and the main root of Peniocereus gregg, belonging to cactus plants, weighs more than 30 kilograms.


Question: How many vegetation zones are classified?

Desert

Many cacti and hernias grow an extensive network of roots, with which they direct rainwater to the plant and bind themselves to the soil.


Question: How many vegetation zones are classified?

Desert

Some plants, such as the perpetual leaf, are able to collect from their surface the haze that is condensed on it.


Question: How many vegetation zones are classified?

Desert

[41] Plants also need to be able to retain the water they collect.


Question: How many vegetation zones are classified?

Desert

Many of the trees in arid regions have developed a trunk on which to store large amounts of water.


Question: How many vegetation zones are classified?

Desert

The bottle-like trunk of the monkey bread tree, which is soft and mushroom-like in composition, is a good example of this.


Question: How many vegetation zones are classified?

Desert

[45] Aaloes, hernias, many succulents, trees and shrubs are perennial.


Question: How many vegetation zones are classified?

Desert

They live for several years, but at unfavorable times they do not grow at all.


Question: How many vegetation zones are classified?

Desert

However, at a convenient time, these plants are ready.


Question: How many vegetation zones are classified?

Desert

Others desert plants live only for a very short time.


Question: How many vegetation zones are classified?

Desert

Such species grow, bloom and seed in just a few days or weeks after rain.


Question: How many vegetation zones are classified?

Desert

Eventually, the plant will wither and leave behind only seeds that might lie dormant for several years and wait for new rain.


Question: How many vegetation zones are classified?

Desert

[46] There are also real drying plants living in the desert, which are fully adapted to the dry climate.


Question: How many vegetation zones are classified?

Desert

The cells of these have a particularly low osmotic pressure, which allows them to collect water in drier conditions than many other species.


Question: How many vegetation zones are classified?

Desert

[42] The deserts live really well with drought-resistant mosses and ferns.


Question: How many vegetation zones are classified?

Desert

One of the most famous drought-resistant flowering plants is the creosote bush.


Question: How many vegetation zones are classified?

Desert

[43] Fauna The main problem facing desert animals is obtaining and retaining moisture in hot, dry and windy climates where moisture evaporates easily.


Question: How many vegetation zones are classified?

Desert

Desert animals have adapted to conditions like plants physiologically, anatomically, and morphologically.


Question: How many vegetation zones are classified?

Desert

However, animals are able to adapt their behaviour as well.


Question: How many vegetation zones are classified?

Desert

[47] Arthropods and reptiles have adapted particularly well to the desert environment.


Question: How many vegetation zones are classified?

Desert

The bark of arthropods and the scaly skin of reptiles retain bodily fluids better than the thin skin of amphibians, birds or mammals.


Question: How many vegetation zones are classified?

Desert

[48] They are additionally variable heat, and their metabolism also varies with temperature.


Question: How many vegetation zones are classified?

Desert

It may be very slow at times, which allows animals with exchange temperatures to require only one-seventh of the amount of energy needed by a mammal of the same size.


Question: How many vegetation zones are classified?

Desert

[49] In the desert, water is rare and it is difficult to obtain it.


Question: How many vegetation zones are classified?

Desert

Camels are able to drink so much liquid at once that their blood becomes very dilute, which would already be life-threatening for many other animals.


Question: How many vegetation zones are classified?

Desert

Animals can collect fluid in coastal deserts, for example, by licking rocks moistened by fog, and amphibians are able to suck water through their skin.


Question: How many vegetation zones are classified?

Desert

Many herbivores get most of the water they need for their nutrition.


Question: How many vegetation zones are classified?

Desert

However, some succulents are remarkably salty.


Question: How many vegetation zones are classified?

Desert

For this reason, some birds and reptiles have developed a special salt gland and a specialised kidney for mammals that allow animals to survive salty water.


Question: How many vegetation zones are classified?

Desert

[47] Animals significantly lose fluid through urine and feces.


Question: How many vegetation zones are classified?

Desert

Desert rodents are able to produce strong urine, and birds, reptiles, as well as insects secrete uric acid alone, for which significantly less water is required.


Question: How many vegetation zones are classified?

Desert

During the dry period rodents are able to suck back excess fluid from their feces, [47] and pocket-jumping rats eat their own feces to regain lost water and vitamins.


Question: How many vegetation zones are classified?

Desert

[50] Water is also released with exhalation.


Question: How many vegetation zones are classified?

Desert

However, many of the desert animals have adapted respiratory systems capable of harvesting otherwise wasted water.


Question: How many vegetation zones are classified?

Desert

[47] By their behaviour, animals are able to avoid the harshest conditions in deserts.


Question: How many vegetation zones are classified?

Desert

Many birds and mammals, for example, hanka antelopes roam desert plains, and may migrate to nearby mountainous areas, for example.


Question: How many vegetation zones are classified?

Desert

[47] Smaller animals are unable to migrate long distances.


Question: How many vegetation zones are classified?

Desert

Many species are nocturnal animals, and during the day they hide in tunnels or rock burrows made in sand.


Question: How many vegetation zones are classified?

Desert

In a tunnel ten centimetres deep, the temperature is around 30°C, even if the air is 45°C and the ground surface is close to 90°C.


Question: How many vegetation zones are classified?

Desert

The tunnels are dug by several of the desert's small mammals.


Question: How many vegetation zones are classified?

Desert

[51] Reptiles and arthropods also use tunnels and burrows, but tend not to burrow themselves but instead take advantage of natural formations and abandoned tunnels.


Question: How many vegetation zones are classified?

Desert

In addition to the temperature advantage, the tunnels are relatively safe and damp.


Question: How many vegetation zones are classified?

Desert

[52] Often, even day-active animals rest in the shadows at the hottest time.


Question: How many vegetation zones are classified?

Desert

[47] Some animals fall into summer hibernation during the dry period.


Question: How many vegetation zones are classified?

Desert

For example, snails attach themselves to a hard surface and surround themselves with mucus.


Question: How many vegetation zones are classified?

Desert

The mucus forms a waterproof layer around the snail, under which the animal remains moist for several months.


Question: How many vegetation zones are classified?

Desert

In addition, amphibians of the genus “Scaphiopus”, for example, burrow deep underground during the dry season to hibernate.


Question: How many vegetation zones are classified?

Desert

[53] Humans and Desert Peoples The most successful desert peoples have been nomads.


Question: How many vegetation zones are classified?

Desert

The search for water, food and grazing land has also forced people to move and they have not been able to settle in the same areas for long periods.


Question: How many vegetation zones are classified?

Desert

Still, desert peoples have developed rich cultures without large concentrations of settlements.


Question: How many vegetation zones are classified?

Desert

[54] The earliest known people to live in the Sahara are the Berbers.


Question: How many vegetation zones are classified?

Desert

The Arabs subjugated the Berbers in the 6th century and converted them to Muslims.


Question: How many vegetation zones are classified?

Desert

Four centuries later, Arab nomadic Bedouins took over the Berber lands in North Africa.


Question: How many vegetation zones are classified?

Desert

Many Berbers adopted the Bedouin lifestyle, but others joined other peoples already living in the area.


Question: How many vegetation zones are classified?

Desert

The most famous Berber tribe is the Tuaregs.


Question: How many vegetation zones are classified?

Desert

They ruled for a long time the inner part of the Sahara.


Question: How many vegetation zones are classified?

Desert

Even though the Tuareg converted to Islam, they have retained their own culture and language.


Question: How many vegetation zones are classified?

Desert

[55] Tuareg society is matrilinear, meaning the genus is counted according to the mother, and feudal.


Question: How many vegetation zones are classified?

Desert

They are skilled soldiers and nomads who raise sheep, goats and cattle.


Question: How many vegetation zones are classified?

Desert

[56] The most famous desert people in southern Africa are the Sanit.


Question: How many vegetation zones are classified?

Desert

The Sani inhabited a large area of southern Africa before Bantu peoples and Dutch colonists forced them to give way to better lands.


Question: How many vegetation zones are classified?

Desert

Since then, the Sani have adapted to desert life in the Kalahari.


Question: How many vegetation zones are classified?

Desert

[57] Bedouins living in the Arabian Peninsula are the most famous Arab nomads.


Question: How many vegetation zones are classified?

Desert

They divide themselves into the still-true camel nomads and those who live on the outskirts of the wilderness and raise sheep.


Question: How many vegetation zones are classified?

Desert

The Bedouins were skilled soldiers like the Tuareg and were often involved in Arab expeditions of conquest.


Question: How many vegetation zones are classified?

Desert

Bedouins often moved around deserts in family clans, and the worst punishment was separation from the clan, which meant virtually certain death.


Question: How many vegetation zones are classified?

Desert

Although clans had strict boundaries and skirmishes were commonplace, towards visitors the Bedouin were often hospitable, as they knew the cruelty of the desert.


Question: How many vegetation zones are classified?

Desert

[58] The dromedary was domesticated in the Arabian Peninsula into the 21st century BCE.


Question: How many vegetation zones are classified?

Desert

and since then the animal has been important to the nomads of the region.


Question: How many vegetation zones are classified?

Desert

In Bedouin culture, the dromedary is also a major tool in the conduct of marriages.


Question: How many vegetation zones are classified?

Desert

[59] The oasis cities of Central Asia became rich along the Silk Road.


Question: How many vegetation zones are classified?

Desert

However, trade on the Silk Road was temporarily cut off after the Arab conquest of the 600s and 7th centuries.


Question: How many vegetation zones are classified?

Desert

When the Mongols, the most famous nomadic nation of Central Asia, established a kingdom in the 13th century that expanded from East Asia all the way to the borders of Europe, the Silk Road opened again and Marco Polo was able to travel to China.


Question: How many vegetation zones are classified?

Desert

[60] Aborigines arrived in Australia about 40000 years ago.


Question: How many vegetation zones are classified?

Desert

Most likely, they colonized the dry areas last, 30000—26000 years ago.


Question: How many vegetation zones are classified?

Desert

It was only after the arrival of Europeans that Aborigines began to be regarded as desert dwellers, as the more leafy areas were conquered by Europeans.


Question: How many vegetation zones are classified?

Desert

The desert Aborigines were, like the Sans, nomadic hunter-gatherers.


Question: How many vegetation zones are classified?

Desert

[60] Although the Aboriginal holdings were small, they created a rich culture with their many customs and beliefs.


Question: How many vegetation zones are classified?

Desert

One of the most prominent beliefs is sleep time, which also involves Uluru towering on the edge of the desert.


Question: How many vegetation zones are classified?

Desert

[61] The first desert cultures in North America were the Hohokam culture, the Mogollon culture, and the Pueblo culture, which became known for its intricately built cities, the pueblos.


Question: How many vegetation zones are classified?

Desert

[62] Apaches and Navajo settled desert areas in the 14th century.


Question: How many vegetation zones are classified?

Desert

The Apaches maintained their nomadic hunting culture, and the Navajo settled as farmers.