Question: What is Mika Waltari's most famous work?

Mika Waltari

She hoped to perform a four-act fun play with one staging, three female roles and a large male role to be performed on the tour.


Question: What is Mika Waltari's most famous work?

Mika Waltari

[48] Waltari was versatile as a writer, he mastered light comedies as well as serious and contemplative works.


Question: What is Mika Waltari's most famous work?

Mika Waltari

He is also remembered for his diligence: few Finnish writers have been able to achieve similar writing speed and frequency of publication.


Question: What is Mika Waltari's most famous work?

Mika Waltari

To distract his critics — and perhaps embarrass — Waltari entered writing contests, often under pseudonyms.


Question: What is Mika Waltari's most famous work?

Mika Waltari

[2] Waltari also published his most entertaining books and short stories under pseudonyms, perhaps because he himself did not appreciate them very much or simply to hide his prolificity.


Question: What is Mika Waltari's most famous work?

Mika Waltari

[2] [49] Personal photo Mika Waltar is often described as a calm, friendly and warm person.


Question: What is Mika Waltari's most famous work?

Mika Waltari

However, Waltar's life also included dipsomania-type alcoholism, as well as severe periods of insomnia and depression, which forced him to be hospitalized many times.


Question: What is Mika Waltari's most famous work?

Mika Waltari

[2] Events usually followed each other in a particular order: completion of work, depression, drinking streak, relationship or infatuation, insight on a new topic, and returning to work.


Question: What is Mika Waltari's most famous work?

Mika Waltari

[24] In sober seasons, the drunken outings embarrassed Waltar, and his relationship with alcohol was problematic.


Question: What is Mika Waltari's most famous work?

Mika Waltari

However, he spoke quite openly about the issue at an older age.


Question: What is Mika Waltari's most famous work?

Mika Waltari

Waltari also publicly recounted his mental hospital experiences in a newspaper interview in the 1970s.


Question: What is Mika Waltari's most famous work?

Mika Waltari

The act was considered rather courageous, as at the time mental illness was often seen as a disgraceful and matter to conceal.


Question: What is Mika Waltari's most famous work?

Mika Waltari

[50] Relationship with religion Mika Waltari had received a harsh Christian upbringing and struggled all his life with Christianity.


Question: What is Mika Waltari's most famous work?

Mika Waltari

Although he interrupted his theology studies, he regularly attended the annual celebrations of his course.


Question: What is Mika Waltari's most famous work?

Mika Waltari

In the novel “Turms, Immortal”, Waltari may have been sketching his own idea of religion because not much is known about Etruscan religion.


Question: What is Mika Waltari's most famous work?

Mika Waltari

According to Reijo Vahtokar, Turms has downright new age features in modern terms.


Question: What is Mika Waltari's most famous work?

Mika Waltari

After that, however, the author returned to homely Helsinki and Christianity in the book Feliks happy.


Question: What is Mika Waltari's most famous work?

Mika Waltari

[24] Faith provided Waltar with a justification for adopting a positive outlook on life, despite the disappointments caused by humans.


Question: What is Mika Waltari's most famous work?

Mika Waltari

Despite this, the author repeatedly appeared as an incessant skeptic.


Question: What is Mika Waltari's most famous work?

Mika Waltari

Waltari recognized that one cannot live without faith, but a thinking person cannot live without suspicion either.


Question: What is Mika Waltari's most famous work?

Mika Waltari

Nonetheless, Waltari's late production shows the writer to have found in Christianity such hope for the future of mankind that seemed completely lost in his main work Sinuhe Egyptian (1945).


Question: What is Mika Waltari's most famous work?

Mika Waltari

[51] Political views Mika Waltar is often seen as right-wing, yet liberal and tolerant.


Question: What is Mika Waltari's most famous work?

Mika Waltari

[52] Katri Vala called Waltar a “Coalition moralist and Mother's Day speaker.”


Question: What is Mika Waltari's most famous work?

Mika Waltari

[53] Waltari described himself in 1972 as being a “stray voter” whose choice to vote is based more on person than party.


Question: What is Mika Waltari's most famous work?

Mika Waltari

He also told me he would always vote for a woman because women are much more rational than men in his opinion.


Question: What is Mika Waltari's most famous work?

Mika Waltari

[54] Waltari translated the cult work of the National Socialists, Horst Wessel: A German Fate (WSOY, 1933), written by Hanns Heinz Ewers.


Question: What is Mika Waltari's most famous work?

Mika Waltari

[1] In his memoirs, Waltari explains that at that time he did not know the National Socialist cause very well.


Question: What is Mika Waltari's most famous work?

Mika Waltari

[9] In 1939, before the start of World War II, he wrote an article about his journey in Europe describing Nazi Germany in a rather positive tone.


Question: What is Mika Waltari's most famous work?

Mika Waltari

[55] Interest in visual arts Mika Waltari's texts are very visual, and visual art influenced his writing.


Question: What is Mika Waltari's most famous work?

Mika Waltari

Waltari has told me he surrounded himself with fine art.


Question: What is Mika Waltari's most famous work?

Mika Waltari

The boards were friends and companions to him.


Question: What is Mika Waltari's most famous work?

Mika Waltari

He was also a diligent visitor to art exhibitions and museums.


Question: What is Mika Waltari's most famous work?

Mika Waltari

According to Waltari himself: [56] The exhibition presented at the Ateneum Art Museum in autumn 2008 included works by Eemu Mynt, Yrjö Saarinen, Otto Mäkilä, Mauno Markkula and Aimo Kanerva, important to Mika Waltari.


Question: What is Mika Waltari's most famous work?

Mika Waltari

Among other things, a book was published in conjunction with the exhibition, compiling all of Waltari's writings on the five artists in the exhibition.


Question: What is Mika Waltari's most famous work?

Mika Waltari

Other articles in the book detail Waltar's relationship with the visual arts.


Question: What is Mika Waltari's most famous work?

Mika Waltari

[56] Commendations Waltari was awarded the Pro Finlandia Medal in 1952.


Question: What is Mika Waltari's most famous work?

Mika Waltari

In honour of Waltari, the Finnish Writers' Union annually awards the Waltari Prize to distinguished young writers [57].


Question: What is Mika Waltari's most famous work?

Mika Waltari

There is a monument to Mika Waltari near Waltari's home in Etu-Töölö, Helsinki.


Question: What is Mika Waltari's most famous work?

Mika Waltari

Veikko Hirvimäki's sculpture The idea of the king has derived its idea from the phrase Turms immortal “In man himself are the longest journeys.” [58] At one time there was a heated debate about what it should be like.


Question: What is Mika Waltari's most famous work?

Mika Waltari

A lot of people would have preferred a statue of sight.


Question: What is Mika Waltari's most famous work?

Mika Waltari

Waltari himself stated that when he left time, a public urge could be built in the centre of Helsinki in his memory [59].


Question: What is Mika Waltari's most famous work?

Mika Waltari

The memory of the writer is cherished by the Mika Waltari Society, founded in 2000, which, among other things, publishes a yearbook called Illusioni.


Question: What is Mika Waltari's most famous work?

Mika Waltari

[60] The multifunction space on the fourth floor of the Töölö Library in Helsinki was opened on 19 September 2007, named Mika Waltari Hall, on the 99th anniversary of the writer's birth.


Question: What is Mika Waltari's most famous work?

Mika Waltari

[61] Nominal celestial bodies dedicated to Waltar include asteroid No 4266 (Mika Waltari) and asteroid No 4512 (Sinuhe).


Question: What is Mika Waltari's most famous work?

Mika Waltari

[62] 2008 was the centenary year of Waltari's birth, and Waltar was commemorated on many occasions, newspaper articles, and radio and television programmes.


Question: What is Mika Waltari's most famous work?

Mika Waltari

The Mint issued a silver commemorative coin of €10 in denomination in honour of Waltar.


Question: What is Mika Waltari's most famous work?

Mika Waltari

Sinuhe Egyptian was voted the loveliest book by Finns at the time.


Question: What is Mika Waltari's most famous work?

Mika Waltari

[63] In autumn, WSOY published an 850-page biography of Waltari written by Panu Rajala, Unio mystica: The Life and Works of Mika Waltari, and the English-language work Mika Waltari the Finn, written by Marketa Hejkalová, which is a translation from the Czech language.


Question: What is Mika Waltari's most famous work?

Mika Waltari

[64] Donald Duck magazine published an 11-page comic-book dedicated to Waltari by comic artist Kari Korhonen, featuring Waltari himself as well as “obsolete” Kieku and Kaiku.


Question: What is Mika Waltari's most famous work?

Mika Waltari

[65] Selection of works Citation error, replace with {{cite book| title = God in Escape | publisher = Seaman Church| year = 1925| isbn = 978-951-98549-4-6}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| title = Great illusion| publisher = WSOY| year = 1928| isbn = 78-951-0-03814-7}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| title = Lonely man's train| publisher = WSOY| year = 1929| isbn = 978-951-0-34016-5}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| title = Orange seed| publisher = WSOY| year = 1931| isbn = 978-951-0-34013-34013-4}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| title = Where men are made | publisher = WSOY| year = 1931| isbn = 951-0-21470-1}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| title = Father to son| publisher = WSOY| year = 1942| version = Joint Institute of Helsinki Trilogy 1933—35| isbn = 978-951-400-30-4014-1}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| title = Are you going to be a writer? | publisher = WSOY| year = 1935| isbn = 951-0-19264-3}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| title = City of Sorrow and Joy| publisher = WSOY| year = 1936| isbn = 978-951-0-34015-81}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| title = Miraculous publisher = WSOY| year = 1938| isbn = 951-0-18835-2}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| title = Who murdered Mrs. Skrof? | publisher = otava| year = 1939| isbn = 978-951-1-23273-5}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| title = Inspector Palm Error| publisher = WSOY| year = 1940| isbn = 951-0-32099-4}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| title = Woman came dark from and other short stories| publisher = WSOY| year = 1943| isbn = 951-0-15019-3}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| title = Fine van Brooklyn| publisher = WSOY| year = 1942| isbn = 978-951-0-34017-2}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| title = Kaarina Maundaughter | WSOY| publisher = SOY| year = 1942| isbn = 951-0-18930-8}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| title = Love of stalker| publisher = WSOY| year = 1943| isbn = 951-0-19679-7}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| title = Dance over graves| publisher = WSOY| year = 1944| isbn = 978-951-0-35682-1}} error, replace with {{cite book| title = Sinuhe Egyptian| publisher = WSOY| year = 1945| isbn = 951-0-20749-7}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| title = Four Days| publisher = WSOY| year = 1949| isbn = 951-0-28426-2}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| Source title = Istanbulin| publisher = WSOY| year = 1948| isbn = 978-951-0-34018-9}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| title = Mikael Foot | publisher = WSOY| year = 2004| version=1948| isbn = 951-0-20748-9}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| title = Mikael Hakim| publisher her = WSOY| year = 1949| isbn = 951-0-20747-0}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| title = Young Johannes| publisher = WSOY| year = 1981| isbn = 951-0-20746-2}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| title = Johannes Angelos| publisher = WSOY| year = 1952| isbn = 951-0-20745-4}} Citation with error, replace {{cite book| title = Turms , undeath| publisher = WSOY| year = 1955| isbn = 951-0-22633-5}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| title = Frisky Waltari| publisher = WSOY| year = 1957| isbn = 978-951-0-34055-4}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| Feliks happy| publisher = WSOY| year = 1958| isbn = 978-951-0-35683-8}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| title = Kingdom secret| publisher = WSOY| year = 1959| isbn = 951-0-20751-9}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| title = Stars tell, Inspector Palm! | publisher = WSOY| year = 1962| isbn = 951-0-32100-1}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| title = Enemies of Humanity| publisher = WSOY| year = 1964| isbn = 951-0-20744-6}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| title = Miniature Novels| WSOY| publisher = WSOY| publisher = SOY| year = 1966| isbn = 951-0- 03805-9}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| title = Locked box and other narratives| publisher = WSOY| year = 1978| isbn = 951-0-28427-0}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| title = Mika's poems and notes 1925—1978| publisher = WSOY| year = 1978| publisher = WSOY| year = 1978| publisher = WSOY| year = 1978| publisher = WSOY| year = 1978| publisher = WSOY| year = 1978| publisher = 9| isbn = 951-0-28425-4 }} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| title= 10 Waltaria| publisher = WSOY| year = 1985| isbn = 951-0-12890-2}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| title = Christmas stories| publisher = WSOY| year = 1985| isbn = 951-0-20722-5}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| title = Travelogues — Mika Waltari's journey 1927-1968| publisher = WSOY| year = 1988| isbn = 951-0-28005-4}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| title = Five aces and other narratives| publisher = WSOY| year = 1999| isbn = 951-0-23843-0}} Citation, error replace with {{cite book| title = Mika Waltari plays| publisher = WSOY| year = 1999| isbn = 951-0-23508-3}} Sources Literature Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Envall, Markku| title = The Great Illusionist: Mika Waltari Novels| location = Porvoo Helsinki Juva| publisher = WSOY| year = 1994| | id = ISBN 951-0-19650-9}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Haavikko, Ritva| title = Mika Waltari, conquer| location = Helsinki| publisher = WSOY| year = 2008| id = ISBN 978-951-0-32484-4}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Haavikko, Ritva (ed.


Question: What is Mika Waltari's most famous work?

Mika Waltari

) | title = Mika Waltari: Giant of Imagination| location = Porvoo Helsinki Juva| publisher = WSOY| year = 1982| id = ISBN 951-0-11565-7}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Hejkalová, Markéta| title = Mika Waltari: The Finn| location = Helsinki| publisher = WSOY| year = 2008| id = ISBN 978-951-0-34335-7| language = Transclusion error: {{En}} is only for use in File namespace.


Question: What is Mika Waltari's most famous work?

Mika Waltari

Use {{lang-en}} or {{en icon}} instead.}


Question: What is Mika Waltari's most famous work?

Mika Waltari

Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Järvelä, Juha| title = Waltari and the gender| location = Helsinki| publisher = Key| year = 2013| id = ISBN 978-951-692-972-2}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Lindstedt, Risto & Vahtokari, Reijokari | title = Mika Waltari: Stranger in the world| location = Helsinki| publisher = WSOY| year = 2007| id = ISBN 978-951-0-32457-8}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Nummelin, Yuri | title = Forgotten Waltari| location = Helsinki| publisher = BTJ| year = 2008| id = ISBN 978-| 951-692-712-4}} Citation error , replace with {{cite book| author = Rajala, Panu| title = Witch returns to the scene: Mika Waltari in the limelight| location = Porvoo Helsinki Juva| publisher = WSOY| year = 1998| id = ISBN 951-0-23014-6}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Rajala, Panu| title = Unio mystica: Mika Life and works| location = Helsinki| publisher = WSOY| year = 2008| id = ISBN 978-951-0-31137-0}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Waltari, Mika| title = Recollection| location = Porvoo Helsinki Juva| publisher = WSOY| year = 1980 1998) | version = Edited by Ritva Haavikko| id = ISBN 951-0-10083-8}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Waltari, Mika| title = Mika Waltari's musings | location = Porvoo| publisher = WSOY| year = 1982| version = Edited by Kalevi Haiko| id = ISBN 951-0-11433-2}} On topic elsewhere .


Question: What is Mika Waltari's most famous work?

Mika Waltari

Yle Living Archive.


Question: What is Mika Waltari's most famous work?

Mika Waltari

. Helena Pilke: Book review: Järvelä, Juha: Waltari and gender worlds.


Question: What is Mika Waltari's most famous work?

Mika Waltari

Huddersfield 2013.


Question: What is Mika Waltari's most famous work?

Mika Waltari

(Agricola review publication 22.4.2013) Jukka Kemppinen 2007 Lasse Lehtinen: SK 20/2016 * Category:Finnish writers Category:Born in 1908 Category:Persons who died in 1979 Category:Key articles of screening


Question: Who created the Judicial Division of the Senate of Finland?

Senate Judiciary Division

The Judicial Division of the Senate of Finland (until 1816, the Judicial Division of the Government Committee) was from 1809 to 1918 the supreme court of Finland.


Question: Who created the Judicial Division of the Senate of Finland?

Senate Judiciary Division

It was one of two departments of the Imperial Senate of Finland; the other was the economic department that exercised executive power.


Question: Who created the Judicial Division of the Senate of Finland?

Senate Judiciary Division

The Supreme Court was established as the successor to the Judicial Division in 1918.


Question: Who created the Judicial Division of the Senate of Finland?

Senate Judiciary Division

The Finance Department changed its name to the Council of State in the same year.


Question: Who created the Judicial Division of the Senate of Finland?

Senate Judiciary Division

The abbreviation SOO has been used for the Senate Judiciary Division.


Question: Who created the Judicial Division of the Senate of Finland?

Senate Judiciary Division

[1] On General Activities, the Judiciary Division of the Senate oversaw the administration of justice throughout the country and, together with the Finance Department, prepared the draft laws which the monarch submitted to the Legislative Parliament.


Question: Who created the Judicial Division of the Senate of Finland?

Senate Judiciary Division

It also ultimately settled all matters that lower rights came under its scrutiny.


Question: Who created the Judicial Division of the Senate of Finland?

Senate Judiciary Division

The Judicial Division was actually presided over by the Governor-General of Finland, who, however, had no voting power in civil cases (disputes).


Question: Who created the Judicial Division of the Senate of Finland?

Senate Judiciary Division

By the way, in general, the speech was led by


Question: Who created the Judicial Division of the Senate of Finland?

Senate Judiciary Division

In addition to him, the judicial branch comprised at least ten senators, as well as several rapporteur secretaries, protocol secretaries and chancellors who served as rapporteurs for cases.


Question: Who created the Judicial Division of the Senate of Finland?

Senate Judiciary Division

[2] [3] The highest officials were appointed by the emperor and the lower department took over themselves.


Question: Who created the Judicial Division of the Senate of Finland?

Senate Judiciary Division

Officials had to take care of presenting things, keeping minutes and preparing the editorial books.


Question: Who created the Judicial Division of the Senate of Finland?

Senate Judiciary Division

[4] The Senate normally operated in two departments, and the same provisions were in force for its adjudication as those provided for by the Court of Appeal.


Question: Who created the Judicial Division of the Senate of Finland?

Senate Judiciary Division

The Court of Appeal was jurisdictional in the main cases of five and lesser cases in the presence of four members when at least three members were unanimous on the decision.


Question: Who created the Judicial Division of the Senate of Finland?

Senate Judiciary Division

The trial before the Senate was almost exclusively written.


Question: Who created the Judicial Division of the Senate of Finland?

Senate Judiciary Division

The Senate had the right to strike down judicial decisions of the courts for a specific reason and order that the case be allowed to be retried.


Question: Who created the Judicial Division of the Senate of Finland?

Senate Judiciary Division

[2] [3] History Establishment of a government account Russia occupied Finland in 1808 and promised to keep the laws of Swedish rule intact.


Question: Who created the Judicial Division of the Senate of Finland?

Senate Judiciary Division

Both the war-command and the leadership of the civil administration lay with the commander-in-chief, Count Friedrich Wilhelm von Buxhoevden.


Question: Who created the Judicial Division of the Senate of Finland?

Senate Judiciary Division

When the Russians declared Finland annexed to the Russian Empire severed administrative links with Sweden for good.


Question: Who created the Judicial Division of the Senate of Finland?

Senate Judiciary Division

One significant problem was how the highest administration of justice should be organised.


Question: Who created the Judicial Division of the Senate of Finland?

Senate Judiciary Division

[4] The Turku Court of Appeal asked Buxhoevden, who declared that he would decide matters belonging to the ruler himself as commander-in-chief.


Question: Who created the Judicial Division of the Senate of Finland?

Senate Judiciary Division

The administration of justice was therefore headed by the civilian chancellor of the Commander-in-Chief.


Question: Who created the Judicial Division of the Senate of Finland?

Senate Judiciary Division

Early in 1809, plans were made to establish a Finnish governing body in Hämeenlinna, but Turku was allowed to retain its status as an administrative centre after all.


Question: Who created the Judicial Division of the Senate of Finland?

Senate Judiciary Division

Management of civil affairs was taken over by G., who was appointed Governor-General


Question: Who created the Judicial Division of the Senate of Finland?

Senate Judiciary Division

M. Sprengtporte.


Question: Who created the Judicial Division of the Senate of Finland?

Senate Judiciary Division

He was assisted by the office, where the management of judicial affairs belonged to Lamanni Fabian Orraeus.


Question: Who created the Judicial Division of the Senate of Finland?

Senate Judiciary Division

However, the power to adjudicate major legal matters belonged to the emperor.


Question: Who created the Judicial Division of the Senate of Finland?

Senate Judiciary Division

Initially, the cases were sent to him through Russian ministers and since the beginning of 1809 the task was held by the State Secretary Mikhail Speranski.


Question: Who created the Judicial Division of the Senate of Finland?

Senate Judiciary Division

In the summer of 1809, Michael Barclay de Tolly was appointed Governor-General and at the same time reunited the leadership of civil and military affairs.


Question: Who created the Judicial Division of the Senate of Finland?

Senate Judiciary Division

[4] On 18 August 1809, the emperor confirmed the new model of government.


Question: Who created the Judicial Division of the Senate of Finland?

Senate Judiciary Division

The Board of Directors of the Grand Duchy of Finland was divided into two departments, the Economic Division and the Judicial Division.


Question: Who created the Judicial Division of the Senate of Finland?

Senate Judiciary Division

They had a total of 14 members, but the statute did not mention how many members belonged to each department.


Question: Who created the Judicial Division of the Senate of Finland?

Senate Judiciary Division

The members had to be Finnish citizens in accordance with the will of the legislated, with half being nobles and half noblemen.


Question: Who created the Judicial Division of the Senate of Finland?

Senate Judiciary Division

The Board of Directors was chaired by the Governor-General.


Question: Who created the Judicial Division of the Senate of Finland?

Senate Judiciary Division

[4] The Board of Directors was a collegiate agency with a power permit period lasting three years.


Question: Who created the Judicial Division of the Senate of Finland?

Senate Judiciary Division

Members were paid a salary for the position, but they also retained their former salary, posts and rank.


Question: Who created the Judicial Division of the Senate of Finland?

Senate Judiciary Division

Members were appointed by the Emperor.


Question: Who created the Judicial Division of the Senate of Finland?

Senate Judiciary Division

Instead, there was no mention in the statute of who made the motion to elect members.


Question: Who created the Judicial Division of the Senate of Finland?

Senate Judiciary Division

The choice of members for the next term depended on the will of the emperor.


Question: Who created the Judicial Division of the Senate of Finland?

Senate Judiciary Division

[4] The judicial division of the Board of Directors The legal division of the government elder had to have seven members in matters of spirit and honour and five in other cases.


Question: Who created the Judicial Division of the Senate of Finland?

Senate Judiciary Division

The chairman was included in these numbers.


Question: Who created the Judicial Division of the Senate of Finland?

Senate Judiciary Division

The Governor-General was not entitled to participate in the proceedings of civil cases; he was only allowed to control the legality of the proceedings.


Question: Who created the Judicial Division of the Senate of Finland?

Senate Judiciary Division

In criminal cases, he was allowed to influence the solution.


Question: Who created the Judicial Division of the Senate of Finland?

Senate Judiciary Division

If the Governor-General objected to the department's solution, he could communicate his opinion to the Emperor.


Question: Who created the Judicial Division of the Senate of Finland?

Senate Judiciary Division

The Judicial Division's settlement was normally final without the possibility of appealing against it.


Question: Who created the Judicial Division of the Senate of Finland?

Senate Judiciary Division

The death sentence differed from this rule, as it had to be subordinated to the emperor.


Question: Who created the Judicial Division of the Senate of Finland?

Senate Judiciary Division

If the result of the ward's vote went flat, a more favorable poll for the accused won.


Question: Who created the Judicial Division of the Senate of Finland?

Senate Judiciary Division

[4] In addition to serving as the supreme court, the Judicial Division oversaw the administration of justice in the Grand Duchy.


Question: Who created the Judicial Division of the Senate of Finland?

Senate Judiciary Division

It was required to settle all cases from the Court of Appeal under a bet or appeal, as well as some impeachment proceedings.


Question: Who created the Judicial Division of the Senate of Finland?

Senate Judiciary Division

For example, cases of counterfeiting money from the Svea Court of Appeal, pilot offences from the Court of Military Appeal, offences of postal officials from the Permanent Court, offences of office of customs and surveying officers from the Chamber College, certain mounted houses and military offices concerning disputes and cases from the College of Mountains and Commerce and Chamber Court.


Question: Who created the Judicial Division of the Senate of Finland?

Senate Judiciary Division

In addition, appeals against the decisions of land distribution rights and castle rights ended up being decided by the department.


Question: Who created the Judicial Division of the Senate of Finland?

Senate Judiciary Division

The activities of the officials of the Cabinet Office were overseen by a procurator general under the Governor-General, who also saw to it that charges were brought for offences of office.


Question: Who created the Judicial Division of the Senate of Finland?

Senate Judiciary Division

[4] The position of members of the judicial branch was uncertain in that the power permit was valid for three years at a time.


Question: Who created the Judicial Division of the Senate of Finland?

Senate Judiciary Division

In this way, Finland did not realise the principle of inseparability of supreme judges unlike Sweden.


Question: Who created the Judicial Division of the Senate of Finland?

Senate Judiciary Division

In the Joint Sessions of Konselj, the members of the judicial branch exercised administrative power, leaving the jurisdiction and the executive without separation.


Question: Who created the Judicial Division of the Senate of Finland?

Senate Judiciary Division

This followed the old practice already abolished from Sweden.


Question: Who created the Judicial Division of the Senate of Finland?

Senate Judiciary Division

An exception to the Constitution was that the judicial branch, beside the sentencing duties, oversaw the administration of justice.


Question: Who created the Judicial Division of the Senate of Finland?

Senate Judiciary Division

[4] The judicial department was based in Turku Rothsten house, the finance department in the second house and the archive in the third house.


Question: Who created the Judicial Division of the Senate of Finland?

Senate Judiciary Division

In 1810 the Board of Directors proposed to build his own house, but the matter did not proceed, as 1812 Helsinki was declared the capital, where the konseljiki was to be relocated when the new buildings were completed.


Question: Who created the Judicial Division of the Senate of Finland?

Senate Judiciary Division

Before the transfer could take place, the government elder received a new name.


Question: Who created the Judicial Division of the Senate of Finland?

Senate Judiciary Division

On 21 February 1816, Emperor Alexander I reaffirmed the rights of Finland and decreed that the new name of the governing body was to be the Imperial Senate of Finland.


Question: Who created the Judicial Division of the Senate of Finland?

Senate Judiciary Division

[4] Stages of the Judicial Division of the Senate The model of a governmental system during Finland's autonomy came from Russia.


Question: Who created the Judicial Division of the Senate of Finland?

Senate Judiciary Division

In the 18th century, the ruling Senate was not only the leading institution of the administration but also the supreme court.


Question: Who created the Judicial Division of the Senate of Finland?

Senate Judiciary Division

Russia's central government was reformed in the early 19th century, but the ruling Senate retained its position as the top court, enforcer of laws, and head of administration.


Question: Who created the Judicial Division of the Senate of Finland?

Senate Judiciary Division

[5] Getting staff to senior positions in the Senate was difficult in its early stages, as there was a shortage of qualified men.


Question: Who created the Judicial Division of the Senate of Finland?

Senate Judiciary Division

In 1817, a decree was issued which stipulated that the applicant had obtained a law degree or a camera degree at the Academy of Turku, depending on whether he was running for the Judicial Division or the Finance Department of the Senate.


Question: Who created the Judicial Division of the Senate of Finland?

Senate Judiciary Division

This model, too, came from Russia, since there the corresponding decree was issued in 1809.


Question: Who created the Judicial Division of the Senate of Finland?

Senate Judiciary Division

In addition, it was stipulated in 1813 that from early May 1819, knowledge of Russian language was required for Senate posts.


Question: Who created the Judicial Division of the Senate of Finland?

Senate Judiciary Division

In the early days of the Senate, the workload of the Judiciary Division was quite high.


Question: Who created the Judicial Division of the Senate of Finland?

Senate Judiciary Division

Efforts were made to develop the department's activities and increased the civil service.


Question: Who created the Judicial Division of the Senate of Finland?

Senate Judiciary Division

In 1816, the post of Third Rapporteur Secretary was established in the Judicial Division.


Question: Who created the Judicial Division of the Senate of Finland?

Senate Judiciary Division

In particular, he focused on numerous big-division and land allocation matters.


Question: Who created the Judicial Division of the Senate of Finland?

Senate Judiciary Division

The Senate also received the post of archivist in the same year.


Question: Who created the Judicial Division of the Senate of Finland?

Senate Judiciary Division

In 1832, a fourth post of rapporteur secretary was established in the Judicial Division initially as an interim.


Question: Who created the Judicial Division of the Senate of Finland?

Senate Judiciary Division

[5] The Senate moved from Turku to the new capital Helsinki in autumn 1819, but the completion of the Senate House (now Government Castle) was delayed until autumn 1822.


Question: Who created the Judicial Division of the Senate of Finland?

Senate Judiciary Division

The Senate had to be housed in temporary rented rooms.


Question: Who created the Judicial Division of the Senate of Finland?

Senate Judiciary Division

The judicial branch was initially based in Uschakoff's house on the corner of Pohjoisesplanad and Unioninkatu.


Question: Who created the Judicial Division of the Senate of Finland?

Senate Judiciary Division

[5] In 1822, the Emperor decided, on the motion of Governor-General Fabian Steinheil, that the most senior members of the departments should begin to be called vice-presidents.


Question: Who created the Judicial Division of the Senate of Finland?

Senate Judiciary Division

Their role was to lead the speech in the absence of the Governor-General and to supervise the work of the departments as directed by him.


Question: Who created the Judicial Division of the Senate of Finland?

Senate Judiciary Division

The procurator Carl Edvard Gyldenstolpe was appointed Vice-President of the Judicial Division.


Question: Who created the Judicial Division of the Senate of Finland?

Senate Judiciary Division

When the Governor-General was not present at the hearing, he was allowed to preside over the speech and order the sitting days, as long as he had consulted with the Governor-General in advance.


Question: Who created the Judicial Division of the Senate of Finland?

Senate Judiciary Division

As recently as 1820, it was customary to suspend the sessions of the Senate departments for the duration of the Helsinki market and also when a fire broke out in the city.


Question: Who created the Judicial Division of the Senate of Finland?

Senate Judiciary Division

[6] Under Governor-General Arseni Zakrevski, Senate practices were changed because he did not profess the Swedish language.


Question: Who created the Judicial Division of the Senate of Finland?

Senate Judiciary Division

The Governor-General needed to be present at Senate sessions only when dealing with important matters.


Question: Who created the Judicial Division of the Senate of Finland?

Senate Judiciary Division

This was quite a change in cooperation between the Senate and the Governor-General.


Question: Who created the Judicial Division of the Senate of Finland?

Senate Judiciary Division

Another factor that greatly affected the position and jurisdiction of the Senate was the 1826 abolition of the Committee on Finnish Affairs.


Question: Who created the Judicial Division of the Senate of Finland?

Senate Judiciary Division

The presentation of Finnish affairs to the monarch was now taken care of by the Office of Ministerial Secretaries.


Question: Who created the Judicial Division of the Senate of Finland?

Senate Judiciary Division

In its part, this was aimed at relieving the monarch of minor, but time-consuming, official duties.


Question: Who created the Judicial Division of the Senate of Finland?

Senate Judiciary Division

This affected the judicial branch as its powers over pleas for mercy increased and the department was allowed to harden penalties in some cases.


Question: Who created the Judicial Division of the Senate of Finland?

Senate Judiciary Division

An order also came into effect that pleas for mercy had to be filed with the Judicial Branch, rather than passing the Senate directly to the monarch.


Question: Who created the Judicial Division of the Senate of Finland?

Senate Judiciary Division

[6] As Prince Aleksandr Sergeyevich Menšikov, who was appointed Governor-General in 1831, had no time to stay in Finland due to his official duties, an assistant to the Governor-General was appointed to his aid in 1833.


Question: Who created the Judicial Division of the Senate of Finland?

Senate Judiciary Division

This, for example, led to a speech in the Senate instead of the governor-general.


Question: Who created the Judicial Division of the Senate of Finland?

Senate Judiciary Division

Another amendment, which came into effect in 1833, was the method of writing copies signed by members and certified by the rapporteur on all judgments and decisions of the Judicial Division.


Question: Who created the Judicial Division of the Senate of Finland?

Senate Judiciary Division

In 1841, the Emperor ordered the Judicial Branch to send the monarch an annual report on all legal matters it dealt with.


Question: Who created the Judicial Division of the Senate of Finland?

Senate Judiciary Division

Before, a report on criminal matters had been sufficient.


Question: Who created the Judicial Division of the Senate of Finland?

Senate Judiciary Division

The new procedure was also in place in Russia.


Question: Who created the Judicial Division of the Senate of Finland?

Senate Judiciary Division

[6] A decree of 1839 stipulated what kind of uniform the members and officials of the Senate were to wear at ceremonial events.


Question: Who created the Judicial Division of the Senate of Finland?

Senate Judiciary Division

In ordinary sessions, the so-called reserve uniform was used, the regulations for which were amended in 1855, when the pattern of the collar and cuffs of the suit was redesigned.


Question: Who created the Judicial Division of the Senate of Finland?

Senate Judiciary Division

The Finns tried to convert the membership of the Senate to a permanent one, as the unstable composition of the civil service was seen as a major shortcoming.


Question: Who created the Judicial Division of the Senate of Finland?

Senate Judiciary Division

The wish did not come true in the 1841 manifesto issued by the monarch.


Question: Who created the Judicial Division of the Senate of Finland?

Senate Judiciary Division

Instead, certain matters within the Judicial Division were made available to the Vice-President of the Department.


Question: Who created the Judicial Division of the Senate of Finland?

Senate Judiciary Division

On the same occasion, the Judicial Division received one new post of rapporteur secretary.


Question: Who created the Judicial Division of the Senate of Finland?

Senate Judiciary Division

[7] During the Crimean War, plans were made for the Senate to move to Hämeenlinna, which was considered safer.


Question: Who created the Judicial Division of the Senate of Finland?

Senate Judiciary Division

By July 1855, everything was already in place, but once the situation calmed the project could be abandoned.


Question: Who created the Judicial Division of the Senate of Finland?

Senate Judiciary Division

With the ascension of the libertarian Alexander II to the throne, there was a desire to make the Senate an executor of the will of the monarch.


Question: Who created the Judicial Division of the Senate of Finland?

Senate Judiciary Division

A significant change took place in Saint Petersburg in the civil service presenting Finnish affairs to the monarch.


Question: Who created the Judicial Division of the Senate of Finland?

Senate Judiciary Division

For the years 1857—1891, a Committee for Finnish Affairs was established within the Office of State Secretary, chaired by the Secretary of State for Ministers.


Question: Who created the Judicial Division of the Senate of Finland?

Senate Judiciary Division

The Senate of Finland, together with the Governor General, was allowed to propose two of the four members of the committee


Question: Who created the Judicial Division of the Senate of Finland?

Senate Judiciary Division

From the beginning of 1858, the Vice-President and members of the Senate were given the office title of Senator.


Question: Who created the Judicial Division of the Senate of Finland?

Senate Judiciary Division

Senators continued to be appointed for three years at a time, but a pension began to be paid to safeguard those who received the resignation, as they were now relieved of their former office upon appointment.


Question: Who created the Judicial Division of the Senate of Finland?

Senate Judiciary Division

[8] In 1869, there was a reform of the handling of matters in the Senate.


Question: Who created the Judicial Division of the Senate of Finland?

Senate Judiciary Division

Joint plenary sessions of both departments were now absorbed by departmental vice-presidents as permanent members and three senators from each department, with a change each year.


Question: Who created the Judicial Division of the Senate of Finland?

Senate Judiciary Division

The Judicial Division had to divide into two divisions if necessary.


Question: Who created the Judicial Division of the Senate of Finland?

Senate Judiciary Division

The Vice-President determined when section sessions were held and divided the members among the sections.


Question: Who created the Judicial Division of the Senate of Finland?

Senate Judiciary Division

[9] In 1871, it was decreed that the person elected to a permanent post in the Senate was to have a law degree and a certificate of proficiency in Russian.


Question: Who created the Judicial Division of the Senate of Finland?

Senate Judiciary Division

It was enough for the extra official to get a cameral degree.


Question: Who created the Judicial Division of the Senate of Finland?

Senate Judiciary Division

Knowledge of Finnish language was required from 1881 onwards.


Question: Who created the Judicial Division of the Senate of Finland?

Senate Judiciary Division

Alexander III (reigned 1881—1894) was of the opinion that too trivial stuff came from the Senate for the monarch to decide.


Question: Who created the Judicial Division of the Senate of Finland?

Senate Judiciary Division

Therefore, in 1882, the Judicial Branch was given the power to appoint secretaries of the Court of Appeal and Claims.


Question: Who created the Judicial Division of the Senate of Finland?

Senate Judiciary Division

In 1885, the number of members of the Judicial Division became eleven (including vice-president), the same as in the Finance Department.


Question: Who created the Judicial Division of the Senate of Finland?

Senate Judiciary Division

Later, the number of members of the departments was different from time to time.


Question: Who created the Judicial Division of the Senate of Finland?

Senate Judiciary Division

The Justice Department did not receive an increase in its staff corresponding to the increase in workload, therefore it was forced to leave the minutes to the clerks and the cops.


Question: Who created the Judicial Division of the Senate of Finland?

Senate Judiciary Division

It was not until 1885 that the posts of one new rapporteur secretary, protocol secretary and chancellor were established.


Question: Who created the Judicial Division of the Senate of Finland?

Senate Judiciary Division

At the same time, the Copist posts were abolished.


Question: Who created the Judicial Division of the Senate of Finland?

Senate Judiciary Division

[10] The previous additional post had been obtained in 1841.


Question: Who created the Judicial Division of the Senate of Finland?

Senate Judiciary Division

[11] A new Senate statute of 1892 stipulated that all senators in the Judicial Division, the Chief of the Judicial Editorial Board, and the senators of the two finance departments were to be not only law scholars but also experienced judges.


Question: Who created the Judicial Division of the Senate of Finland?

Senate Judiciary Division

Members of the judicial branch still did not receive permanent office.


Question: Who created the Judicial Division of the Senate of Finland?

Senate Judiciary Division

Under the statute, the Judicial Branch had the power to appoint the secretary of the procurator fiscal, the secretaries of the Court of Appeal and the Court of Appeal cals.


Question: Who created the Judicial Division of the Senate of Finland?

Senate Judiciary Division

The department also resolved matters of dismissal of members of racking rights and registry offices, and assigned members to a law convention.


Question: Who created the Judicial Division of the Senate of Finland?

Senate Judiciary Division

Each year, the Judicial Division was required to send a report to the monarch on civil and criminal matters it dealt with, but the compilation of the legal statistics and judicial report was vested in the Judicial Editorial Board.


Question: Who created the Judicial Division of the Senate of Finland?

Senate Judiciary Division

The presence of five senators was required for adjudication.


Question: Who created the Judicial Division of the Senate of Finland?

Senate Judiciary Division

If the case was not about spirit, it was sufficient to convict four members if at least three of them were unanimous.


Question: Who created the Judicial Division of the Senate of Finland?

Senate Judiciary Division

[12] With the rise to power of Nicholas II in 1894, the monarch's workload was again reduced by giving the Senate additional decision-making power on less important matters.


Question: Who created the Judicial Division of the Senate of Finland?

Senate Judiciary Division

Decree on this was issued in July 1896.


Question: Who created the Judicial Division of the Senate of Finland?

Senate Judiciary Division

Among other things, the Judiciary Division was allowed to fill all of the positions in the judiciary to which the agencies submitted the proposal.


Question: Who created the Judicial Division of the Senate of Finland?

Senate Judiciary Division

Governor-General Nikolai Bobrikov acquired a great deal of power for himself, so he could sometimes block the implementation of the decisions of the Senate.


Question: Who created the Judicial Division of the Senate of Finland?

Senate Judiciary Division

At the turn of the century, mass resignations of Judicial Branch senators began for political reasons.


Question: Who created the Judicial Division of the Senate of Finland?

Senate Judiciary Division

Previously, they had been in office for years, even decades.


Question: Who created the Judicial Division of the Senate of Finland?

Senate Judiciary Division

In 1900, seven and 1901 four senators resigned.


Question: Who created the Judicial Division of the Senate of Finland?

Senate Judiciary Division

Such action did a fair bit of impediment to the activities of the senior court.


Question: Who created the Judicial Division of the Senate of Finland?

Senate Judiciary Division

In 1905, with the end of the Great Strike, the entire Senate resigned and its modes of operation were restored to their status.


Question: Who created the Judicial Division of the Senate of Finland?

Senate Judiciary Division

[13] Attempts to establish the Supreme Court In 1818, the Finns expressed hopes of convening the Riksdag.


Question: Who created the Judicial Division of the Senate of Finland?

Senate Judiciary Division

At the same time, ideas of reforming the status and structure of the Senate emerged.


Question: Who created the Judicial Division of the Senate of Finland?

Senate Judiciary Division

In particular, the old clerical nobility scolded the Senate for slowness and little initiative.


Question: Who created the Judicial Division of the Senate of Finland?

Senate Judiciary Division

Many felt that the government elder and its successor, the Senate, had coped satisfactorily with the launch of its activities.


Question: Who created the Judicial Division of the Senate of Finland?

Senate Judiciary Division

Admittedly, there was a limited number of qualified supreme officials in the young autonomous Finland.


Question: Who created the Judicial Division of the Senate of Finland?

Senate Judiciary Division

Archbishop Jakob Tengström proposed that the Senate should be accountable to the deputies and the Senate departments should be assigned chairmen, in which case the Governor-General would only have to be in the Senate to enforce legality.


Question: Who created the Judicial Division of the Senate of Finland?

Senate Judiciary Division

Members of the Senate he wanted to be assigned permanent.


Question: Who created the Judicial Division of the Senate of Finland?

Senate Judiciary Division

[14] The Governor of Vyborg County, Carl Johan Walleen, criticized the Senate in particular for forgetting the principle of separation of powers.


Question: Who created the Judicial Division of the Senate of Finland?

Senate Judiciary Division

The judicial branch should be separated from the Senate in order for the tri-division doctrine of power to be realized, that is, separating the jurisdiction from the executive branch.


Question: Who created the Judicial Division of the Senate of Finland?

Senate Judiciary Division

At the same time, legislation should be amended so that seven members of the judicial branch would be appointed for life, thereby following the Swedish benchmark.


Question: Who created the Judicial Division of the Senate of Finland?

Senate Judiciary Division

The oversight of the administration of justice would have left Walleen to the Attorney General, who would at the same time serve as President of the Supreme Court.


Question: Who created the Judicial Division of the Senate of Finland?

Senate Judiciary Division

Members and officials of the Senate and the Supreme Court would be accountable for their actions to the Riksdag up to the limit determined by the monarch.


Question: Who created the Judicial Division of the Senate of Finland?

Senate Judiciary Division

The members of the court would propose the Reichstag, but the appointment would be taken care of by the emperor.


Question: Who created the Judicial Division of the Senate of Finland?

Senate Judiciary Division

The reform plans did not materialise, as the political trend changed.


Question: Who created the Judicial Division of the Senate of Finland?

Senate Judiciary Division

[14] The work of the Senate was rationalized by the decision of the monarch in 1858.


Question: Who created the Judicial Division of the Senate of Finland?

Senate Judiciary Division

At the same time, plans were being made for a Judicial Branch Convention which would have been modeled on the Lower Judicial Revision of Sweden.


Question: Who created the Judicial Division of the Senate of Finland?

Senate Judiciary Division

The proposal would have required amendments to the constitution.


Question: Who created the Judicial Division of the Senate of Finland?

Senate Judiciary Division

Such was careful not to be done, and therefore the project did not receive sufficient support.


Question: Who created the Judicial Division of the Senate of Finland?

Senate Judiciary Division

With reform optimism, liberals sought to enshrine Senate membership, detach the judiciary branch from the Senate to become the Supreme Court, and curtail the governor-general's powers.


Question: Who created the Judicial Division of the Senate of Finland?

Senate Judiciary Division

However, the projects that had been negotiated for several years lapsed.


Question: Who created the Judicial Division of the Senate of Finland?

Senate Judiciary Division

[15] In opening the Reichstag of Helsinki 1863, Alexander II promised the possibility of making additions to the constitutions.


Question: Who created the Judicial Division of the Senate of Finland?

Senate Judiciary Division

Reforming the Senate was one part of the project.


Question: Who created the Judicial Division of the Senate of Finland?

Senate Judiciary Division

In debates in the Riksdag and in the press, the need for an independent Supreme Court resurfaced.


Question: Who created the Judicial Division of the Senate of Finland?

Senate Judiciary Division

It was considered that the same persons should not be both judges and members of the Board.


Question: Who created the Judicial Division of the Senate of Finland?

Senate Judiciary Division

Plans were made to prepare amendments to the laws and perform some functions of the Judicial Division, the Senate Law Council or Judicial Editorial Board.


Question: Who created the Judicial Division of the Senate of Finland?

Senate Judiciary Division

The intentions resulted in a legislative petition, a Constitutional Committee, and an Administrative Institution Committee, whose working guidelines included the detachment of the Judicial Branch as the Supreme Court.


Question: Who created the Judicial Division of the Senate of Finland?

Senate Judiciary Division

Its members should be inseparable and the Governor-General was wanted out of the seat of President of the Senate.


Question: Who created the Judicial Division of the Senate of Finland?

Senate Judiciary Division

Some senators questioned the projects and Governor-General Platon Rokassovski resented the limitation of the governor-general's power and the removal of the judicial branch from the Senate.


Question: Who created the Judicial Division of the Senate of Finland?

Senate Judiciary Division

He saw the projects as Finnish separatism.


Question: Who created the Judicial Division of the Senate of Finland?

Senate Judiciary Division

The new Governor-General, Nikolai Adlerberg, on the other hand, approved the creation of a Supreme Court, but he found it difficult in practice.


Question: Who created the Judicial Division of the Senate of Finland?

Senate Judiciary Division

The rooftop years hit the state's finances and caused many supporters of the project to hesitate.


Question: Who created the Judicial Division of the Senate of Finland?

Senate Judiciary Division

The Committee of Finnish Affairs proposed to abandon, among other things, the detachment of the judicial branch, and thus the ruler decided 1868.


Question: Who created the Judicial Division of the Senate of Finland?

Senate Judiciary Division

[15] In the press, the need for reforms continued to be debated.


Question: Who created the Judicial Division of the Senate of Finland?

Senate Judiciary Division

In the Reichstag of 1872, the establishment of a Supreme Court was proposed by all the Acts.


Question: Who created the Judicial Division of the Senate of Finland?

Senate Judiciary Division

The procurator general Johan Philip Palmén held that if a new High Court were to be established, a judicial editorial board should be established in the Senate.


Question: Who created the Judicial Division of the Senate of Finland?

Senate Judiciary Division

On the other hand, he doubted whether the new editorial board would achieve equal influence over legislation as the old Judicial Division.


Question: Who created the Judicial Division of the Senate of Finland?

Senate Judiciary Division

Palmén suggested that the issue should be allowed to lapse.


Question: Who created the Judicial Division of the Senate of Finland?

Senate Judiciary Division

A majority of the Senate favored stripping the Judiciary Division.


Question: Who created the Judicial Division of the Senate of Finland?

Senate Judiciary Division

Both the Governor-General and the Committee on Finnish Affairs took a rejective position like the minority of the Senate in 1876.


Question: Who created the Judicial Division of the Senate of Finland?

Senate Judiciary Division

They held that the Senate was a political establishment, and not just an administrative and judicial office.


Question: Who created the Judicial Division of the Senate of Finland?

Senate Judiciary Division

Therefore, the form of order of the Senate had to be reconciled to the political conditions.


Question: Who created the Judicial Division of the Senate of Finland?

Senate Judiciary Division

They considered it undesirable the transfer of the ruler's right of judgment to an official in a subordinate position.


Question: Who created the Judicial Division of the Senate of Finland?

Senate Judiciary Division

Thus, the monarch in 1876 rejected the supplication for the establishment of a Supreme Court.


Question: Who created the Judicial Division of the Senate of Finland?

Senate Judiciary Division

[15] Central government reform was planned again in the late 1880s.


Question: Who created the Judicial Division of the Senate of Finland?

Senate Judiciary Division

A particular area of interest was editorial boards, for example the creation of a judicial editorial board.


Question: Who created the Judicial Division of the Senate of Finland?

Senate Judiciary Division

On the same occasion, Senator Leo Mechelin made an informal motion to transform the Judicial Division into the Supreme Court and administrative law matters to be handled by the College of the Senate, for which he proposed Chamber Justice.


Question: Who created the Judicial Division of the Senate of Finland?

Senate Judiciary Division

There was a cautious atmosphere among policymakers, as repression had to be taken into account.


Question: Who created the Judicial Division of the Senate of Finland?

Senate Judiciary Division

In the Riksdag of 1891 Prof. R.


Question: Who created the Judicial Division of the Senate of Finland?

Senate Judiciary Division

A. Wrede made a case, but no legislative petition for it arose.


Question: Who created the Judicial Division of the Senate of Finland?

Senate Judiciary Division

The initiative was taken up by Governor-General Heiden, who had drafted a proposal for a new statute of the Senate.


Question: Who created the Judicial Division of the Senate of Finland?

Senate Judiciary Division

It was marked by efficiency and an effort to increase the power of the Governor-General.


Question: Who created the Judicial Division of the Senate of Finland?

Senate Judiciary Division

Heiden felt it necessary to establish a judicial editorial board.


Question: Who created the Judicial Division of the Senate of Finland?

Senate Judiciary Division

The Senate supported the proposal, which became a reality in a new Senate statute published in the fall of 1892.


Question: Who created the Judicial Division of the Senate of Finland?

Senate Judiciary Division

[16] During his exile in 1904, Senator Leo Mechelin planned to abolish the office of Governor-General and to install a Finnish Prime Minister in his place.


Question: Who created the Judicial Division of the Senate of Finland?

Senate Judiciary Division

The Supreme Court should also be established, as an independent supreme court had long been considered essential in the Western world.


Question: Who created the Judicial Division of the Senate of Finland?

Senate Judiciary Division

Plans were undertaken in the Senate for the creation of a Supreme Court in late 1906 and a proposal on the issue was completed over the following year.


Question: Who created the Judicial Division of the Senate of Finland?

Senate Judiciary Division

A new period of repression soon began and the project lapsed.


Question: Who created the Judicial Division of the Senate of Finland?

Senate Judiciary Division

Also left inconclusive was a 1909 attempt to establish a Supreme Court.


Question: Who created the Judicial Division of the Senate of Finland?

Senate Judiciary Division

With the unicameral parliament and parliamentary practices that Finland received, the need for an independent Supreme Court was great.


Question: Who created the Judicial Division of the Senate of Finland?

Senate Judiciary Division

With the continuation of repressive rule and the partial Russification of the Senate (Equality Act 1912), the Senate lost the national composition guaranteed by the Constitution.


Question: Who created the Judicial Division of the Senate of Finland?

Senate Judiciary Division

The status of the supreme judicial body was resolved only with the Russian March Revolution of 1917.


Question: Who created the Judicial Division of the Senate of Finland?

Senate Judiciary Division

[17] Establishment of a Supreme Court in Parliament The government passed a motion to legislate the Supreme Court for the first Riksdag of 1917 on 5 June 1917.


Question: Who created the Judicial Division of the Senate of Finland?

Senate Judiciary Division

[18] According to the motion, the president and members of the court (judicial advisors) would be indistinguishable unless they were removed from office by a court order.


Question: Who created the Judicial Division of the Senate of Finland?

Senate Judiciary Division

Inseparability in parliament met resistance from the left.


Question: Who created the Judicial Division of the Senate of Finland?

Senate Judiciary Division

It was seen as anti-democracy.


Question: Who created the Judicial Division of the Senate of Finland?

Senate Judiciary Division

The Law Committee voted on the matter and its opinion was the appointment of the President and members of the Court for a period of five years.


Question: Who created the Judicial Division of the Senate of Finland?

Senate Judiciary Division

Re-appointment would depend on criticism from parliament, although former members otherwise received priority in selection.


Question: Who created the Judicial Division of the Senate of Finland?

Senate Judiciary Division

To name the new court, the committee proposed a Supreme Court.


Question: Who created the Judicial Division of the Senate of Finland?

Senate Judiciary Division

Parliament preferred the name Supreme Court, but otherwise the proposal of the Law Committee was substantially accepted on 30 July 1917.


Question: Who created the Judicial Division of the Senate of Finland?

Senate Judiciary Division

The law was not strengthened; instead, Russia's interim government recently ordered the parliament, which had recently been declared the holder of supreme power, to be dissolved and new elections held.


Question: Who created the Judicial Division of the Senate of Finland?

Senate Judiciary Division

[19] The new Parliament began its work on the first day of November.


Question: Who created the Judicial Division of the Senate of Finland?

Senate Judiciary Division

It stayed opinion from the Law Committee on its proposal that Parliament, under the Powers Act, confirm the former bill from the Supreme Court.


Question: Who created the Judicial Division of the Senate of Finland?

Senate Judiciary Division

However, in the committee's view, the law would not safeguard the independence of the Supreme Court and should therefore not be passed.


Question: Who created the Judicial Division of the Senate of Finland?

Senate Judiciary Division

On the other hand, it referred to the fact that the Svinhufvud Senate had submitted a new motion for the Supreme Court to the parliament on 3 December.


Question: Who created the Judicial Division of the Senate of Finland?

Senate Judiciary Division

The motion proposed to court the president and 12 for legal advice.


Question: Who created the Judicial Division of the Senate of Finland?

Senate Judiciary Division

Sixty-eight years were proposed for their resignations, but otherwise they were inseparable.


Question: Who created the Judicial Division of the Senate of Finland?

Senate Judiciary Division

The Law Committee issued an opinion on the new motion in January 1918.


Question: Who created the Judicial Division of the Senate of Finland?

Senate Judiciary Division

The name of the court was proposed for the Supreme Court and a term of five years for its members.


Question: Who created the Judicial Division of the Senate of Finland?

Senate Judiciary Division

In addition, the opinion of the Constitutional Committee of Parliament should be obtained on the candidates for membership.


Question: Who created the Judicial Division of the Senate of Finland?

Senate Judiciary Division

The left would have liked the opinion on the candidates to be made by parliament.


Question: Who created the Judicial Division of the Senate of Finland?

Senate Judiciary Division

Members of the court could also include women and members would be allowed to keep their former office, but would not receive the salary of their former office.


Question: Who created the Judicial Division of the Senate of Finland?

Senate Judiciary Division

[20] Parliament met in short numbers in May 1918.


Question: Who created the Judicial Division of the Senate of Finland?

Senate Judiciary Division

The grand committee accepted the inseparability of the members of the court.


Question: Who created the Judicial Division of the Senate of Finland?

Senate Judiciary Division

Legal councils would be appointed by a government of righteous men of law who would have skill and experience in judging.


Question: Who created the Judicial Division of the Senate of Finland?

Senate Judiciary Division

Other officials would be appointed by the Supreme Court itself.


Question: Who created the Judicial Division of the Senate of Finland?

Senate Judiciary Division

Whether judging, the court would be five-member.


Question: Who created the Judicial Division of the Senate of Finland?

Senate Judiciary Division

The age of resignation for the president and members would be 70 years.


Question: Who created the Judicial Division of the Senate of Finland?

Senate Judiciary Division

Parliament approved the proposal on 28 May and the Law on the Supreme Court and the Supreme Administrative Court was passed on 22 July.


Question: Who created the Judicial Division of the Senate of Finland?

Senate Judiciary Division

The Supreme Court became operational on October 1, 1918.


Question: Who created the Judicial Division of the Senate of Finland?

Senate Judiciary Division

[20] Abolition The Senate Judiciary Division was dissolved on October 1, 1918 and its officers moved to similar actions before the Supreme Court.


Question: Who created the Judicial Division of the Senate of Finland?

Senate Judiciary Division

Cases and cases pending in the Judicial Division also moved to the Supreme Court in so far as they came before the Supreme Court.


Question: Who created the Judicial Division of the Senate of Finland?

Senate Judiciary Division

Some of the cases moved to the Supreme Administrative Court.


Question: Who created the Judicial Division of the Senate of Finland?

Senate Judiciary Division

[21] See also List of Judicial Senators Sources on the topic elsewhere Check date values in: |accessdate= (help) Judicial Division Category:Legal history Category:Supreme Courts of Finland


Question: Who was Cicero?

Cicero

Marcus Tullius Cicero ([ˈmaːr.ks ˈtl.lɪ.s ˈkɪ.kə.roː]; January 3, 106 BC.


Question: Who was Cicero?

Cicero

— 7 December 43 BC)


Question: Who was Cicero?

Cicero

was a Roman politician, orator, philosopher, lawyer and writer.


Question: Who was Cicero?

Cicero

He is generally regarded as a master of Latin prose, and Classical Latin is usually defined on the basis of the works of him and Julius Caesar.


Question: Who was Cicero?

Cicero

An extraordinary number of Cicero's works have survived.


Question: Who was Cicero?

Cicero

His influence on later literature and language use has been significant.


Question: Who was Cicero?

Cicero

He is also considered one of the founding figures of European humanism.


Question: Who was Cicero?

Cicero

[1] Cicero lived at a time when the Roman Republic was inevitably crumbling piece by piece.


Question: Who was Cicero?

Cicero

During his political career, he endeavoured idealistically to defend this oligarchy, but was unable to influence its replacement by exclusivity.


Question: Who was Cicero?

Cicero

He was pragmatic in his political activities, although his activities included many contradictions and changes of mind.


Question: Who was Cicero?

Cicero

Life Beginning Taival Cicero was born in Arpinum in Latium to a well-proportioned knightly family who, however, had no connections to the ruling aristocracy.


Question: Who was Cicero?

Cicero

He moved to Rome at a young age and received a level education.


Question: Who was Cicero?

Cicero

According to Plutarchus, he was an able pupil who attracted attention with his abilities.


Question: Who was Cicero?

Cicero

Cicero was given the opportunity to study law under Quintus Mucius Scaevola.


Question: Who was Cicero?

Cicero

Philosophy to him was initially taught by the Epicurean philosopher Faidros as well as the Academic philosopher Filon Larisalainen.


Question: Who was Cicero?

Cicero

[2] Cicero was interested in many fields, especially poetry.


Question: Who was Cicero?

Cicero

He was fond of all things Greek and even hoped to be buried there.


Question: Who was Cicero?

Cicero

During the period 89 BCE to 88 BC.


Question: Who was Cicero?

Cicero

Seventeen-year-old Cicero served in the Allied War in the forces of Gnaeus Pompeius Strabo and Lucius Cornelius Sulla.


Question: Who was Cicero?

Cicero

Cicero was not much amused by warring and he was oriented towards a career as a lawyer.


Question: Who was Cicero?

Cicero

In 80 BC.


Question: Who was Cicero?

Cicero

he travelled with his brother to Greece after he had annoyed dictator Sulla by defending his opponent in court.


Question: Who was Cicero?

Cicero

It was both a precautionary measure and a chance to visit the country that fascinated him.


Question: Who was Cicero?

Cicero

There was also a factor in the fact that Cicero had lost his voice, presumably at least in part because of the rhetorical style he used up until then.


Question: Who was Cicero?

Cicero

In Athens, Cicero's teacher was the Middle Platonian philosopher Antiokhos Askalonlainen.


Question: Who was Cicero?

Cicero

[3] Reettori Apollonios Molon guided Cicero in finding a speech style more suitable for the larynx.


Question: Who was Cicero?

Cicero

Upon his return to Rome, Cicero married and had two children.


Question: Who was Cicero?

Cicero

He continued his work as a lawyer, as well as studying philosophy.


Question: Who was Cicero?

Cicero

In Rome, Cicero's teacher was Diodotus who lived in his house, [4] who taught him Stoic philosophy and logic.


Question: Who was Cicero?

Cicero

Cicero was elected quaestor to Sicily in 75 BCE, though he had not completed the ten-year army service normally preceding the ten-year army service.


Question: Who was Cicero?

Cicero

[5] According to Cicero, during his time in Sicily, he saw Archimedes's tombstone inscribed with his favourite phrase on geometry.


Question: Who was Cicero?

Cicero

Upon his return to Rome, Cicero continued successfully as a lawyer.


Question: Who was Cicero?

Cicero

He became famous for the accusatory speech of the corrupt Sicilian landlord Gaius Verres in August 70 BCE.


Question: Who was Cicero?

Cicero

The Sicilians had asked him to be their lawyer because they had in memory Cicero's fair activities as quaestor.


Question: Who was Cicero?

Cicero

Verre was defended by the famous lawyer Hortensius Hortalus.


Question: Who was Cicero?

Cicero

Cicero won the case, which boosted his reputation.


Question: Who was Cicero?

Cicero

He distributed the grain he received as a reward to the multitudes.


Question: Who was Cicero?

Cicero

The upstart Cicero's progress in politics, however, was disrupted by his pedigree.


Question: Who was Cicero?

Cicero

He was a homo novus (new man, “upstart” [6]), the first in his family to rise to the Senate, and therefore to the end of his life an outsider to some extent.


Question: Who was Cicero?

Cicero

The previous homo novus to advance to consul had been Marius, who had survived so far mainly by force.


Question: Who was Cicero?

Cicero

This made Cicero's inherent support base narrow and the search for allies difficult.


Question: Who was Cicero?

Cicero

During his career he drifted into the same front with figures as diverse as Pompey and Octavianus.


Question: Who was Cicero?

Cicero

The state of the Republic was already quite unstable following the Marius and Sulla controversies.


Question: Who was Cicero?

Cicero

This all further hampered his attempts to push his program to save the republic.


Question: Who was Cicero?

Cicero

Cicero was elected in 69 BC.


Question: Who was Cicero?

Cicero

in Edile and 66 BC.


Question: Who was Cicero?

Cicero

as a praetorian.


Question: Who was Cicero?

Cicero

In this case, for the first time, he made a major political speech supporting the powers to be granted to Pompey.


Question: Who was Cicero?

Cicero

Often the careers of politicians from outside the power elite ended there, but Cicero decided to run for the highest office of the republic as consul.


Question: Who was Cicero?

Cicero

The year 64 BC.


Question: Who was Cicero?

Cicero

in the election held in the autumn, the senatorial electors Catilina and Gaius Antonius Hybrida stood against him.


Question: Who was Cicero?

Cicero

The former had problems with his publicity image; the latter was not more highly appreciated.


Question: Who was Cicero?

Cicero

The election campaign included plenty of loan-throwing, which Cicero also took part in with enthusiasm.


Question: Who was Cicero?

Cicero

Some of his election speech in the Senate has been preserved.


Question: Who was Cicero?

Cicero

Cicero won, Antony was second.


Question: Who was Cicero?

Cicero

Thus Cicero became the year 63 BC.


Question: Who was Cicero?

Cicero

consul.


Question: Who was Cicero?

Cicero

He had by then just reached the minimum age of 42 years required for consular office.


Question: Who was Cicero?

Cicero

In the consular year he was able, among other things, to overthrow the land law presented by Servilius Rullus, which would have increased the influence of Crassus and Caesar.


Question: Who was Cicero?

Cicero

In addition, he defended several individuals in court, not least from Caesar's accusations.


Question: Who was Cicero?

Cicero

How long, Catilina?


Question: Who was Cicero?

Cicero

The most significant event of the consular year, however, was when he revealed in the Senate Catilina's conspiracy to overthrow the Republic.


Question: Who was Cicero?

Cicero

Catilina, indentured by the previous year's election defeat, had decided to run for consul again.


Question: Who was Cicero?

Cicero

His economically absurd election program promised, among other things, universal debt amnesty.


Question: Who was Cicero?

Cicero

Apparently the intent was to get debt-ridden senators to tell their clientele to vote this up.


Question: Who was Cicero?

Cicero

This promise in itself was enough to destabilize the city's economy.


Question: Who was Cicero?

Cicero

In addition, the threat of violence hovered in the air as veterans arrived in the city in support of Catilina.


Question: Who was Cicero?

Cicero

Cicero decided to take action.


Question: Who was Cicero?

Cicero

He asked for an adjournment to the consular election.


Question: Who was Cicero?

Cicero

The Senate decided to postpone the election by a few days.


Question: Who was Cicero?

Cicero

Cicero suggested that the election of Catilina was a threat, among other things, by acquiring a security detail that looks like election day.


Question: Who was Cicero?

Cicero

Eventually, when the election in July was held, Catilina again went unselected.


Question: Who was Cicero?

Cicero

Catilina had had enough and decided to resort to illegal means.


Question: Who was Cicero?

Cicero

Cicero had to die.


Question: Who was Cicero?

Cicero

The murder was due to take place on 28 October.


Question: Who was Cicero?

Cicero

Catilina planned to sneak with his troops at night to Rome, where not only Cicero but also numerous other senators would be killed.


Question: Who was Cicero?

Cicero

Knowledge, however, a year from the conspirators' circle and Cicero was informed of the plan.


Question: Who was Cicero?

Cicero

He disclosed the information to the Senate.


Question: Who was Cicero?

Cicero

In this context, at Cicero's instigation, the Senate issued an ultimatum (senatus consultum ultimum) against the conspirators.


Question: Who was Cicero?

Cicero

The conspirators decided to postpone their actions and October passed peacefully.


Question: Who was Cicero?

Cicero

However, they could not be arrested, for there was no supporting evidence.


Question: Who was Cicero?

Cicero

In November, the conspirators decided to embark on a new, even larger enterprise.


Question: Who was Cicero?

Cicero

Cicero heard about these plans, too.


Question: Who was Cicero?

Cicero

However, there was still no evidence, so he decided to resort to his strongest weapon: words.


Question: Who was Cicero?

Cicero

Cicero gave several accusatory speeches in the Senate against Catilina.


Question: Who was Cicero?

Cicero

Of these, the first was aimed directly at Catilina, the others more at the Senate and the people.


Question: Who was Cicero?

Cicero

These speeches have been considered masterpieces of rhetoric.


Question: Who was Cicero?

Cicero

The first speech was a somewhat direct ultimatum to Catilina.


Question: Who was Cicero?

Cicero

He had to leave with his henchmen immediately.


Question: Who was Cicero?

Cicero

From the first speech, its beginning is widely known.


Question: Who was Cicero?

Cicero

Cicero began by asking rhetorically, “How long, Catilina, are you going to exploit our patience?” (“Quousque tandem abutere Catilina patientia nostra?”).


Question: Who was Cicero?

Cicero

Life has also been left with the phrase “O times, oh ways!” (“O tempora, o mores!”).


Question: Who was Cicero?

Cicero

Catilina fled Rome to Etruria apparently with the intention of raising reinforcements.


Question: Who was Cicero?

Cicero

However, he was left behind by several of his supporters, who were persuaded by Cicero to acknowledge his intentions to the Senate.


Question: Who was Cicero?

Cicero

Catilina's backers had been in secret contact with the Gallic tribe allobrogs.


Question: Who was Cicero?

Cicero

However, the Galls had not agreed to rebel.


Question: Who was Cicero?

Cicero

Under emergency powers, some of the conspirators were executed without trial.


Question: Who was Cicero?

Cicero

Julius Caesar advocated more lenient punishments, Cato the Younger instead supported capital punishment.


Question: Who was Cicero?

Cicero

Cicero took the conspirators to the malicious Tullianum prison and was personally present when the executioner strangled them.


Question: Who was Cicero?

Cicero

The forgetting of the trial infuriated the public, but according to the story, Cicero responded by giving a speech in its entirety one word long: “Fuerunt” (“They were”).


Question: Who was Cicero?

Cicero

[7] or “Vixerunt” (“They Lived”).


Question: Who was Cicero?

Cicero

The motivation behind this formulan-type expression was possibly an attempt to avoid bad luck by avoiding direct talking about death.


Question: Who was Cicero?

Cicero

Father of the Fatherland in exile, Cicero was rewarded for exposing the conspiracy with the title pater patriae (father of the fatherland).


Question: Who was Cicero?

Cicero

However, he was forced to flee Rome in 58 BCE, when the kou for sentencing citizens without trial did not take to abate.


Question: Who was Cicero?

Cicero

The law of expulsion had been put forward by a demagogue, the folk tribune Clodius, whose hooligan supporters persecuted Cicero without sensitivity.


Question: Who was Cicero?

Cicero

Clodius was bitter with Cicero, among other things, over the earlier Bona Dea scandal, in connection with which Cicero had demanded punishment for sacrilege at worship expenditures for Clodius, who had swung in women's clothing.


Question: Who was Cicero?

Cicero

Cicero tried to gain sympathy for himself even by walking down the street in a mourning suit, but nothing helped.


Question: Who was Cicero?

Cicero

No one had the strength or desire to stop Clodius.


Question: Who was Cicero?

Cicero

After Cicero had left, Clodius allowed him to burn down his villas and destroy this house.


Question: Who was Cicero?

Cicero

Cicero's assets were also confiscated.


Question: Who was Cicero?

Cicero

In Cicero's own view, the ultimatum given by the Senate had given him the necessary authority for the executions that took place.


Question: Who was Cicero?

Cicero

In May 58 BC.


Question: Who was Cicero?

Cicero

Cicero went into exile to Thessalonica on the shore of the Adriatic Sea.


Question: Who was Cicero?

Cicero

The exile was a really hard blow for Cicero, the loss of his auctorias'.


Question: Who was Cicero?

Cicero

He fell into a deep depression as well as despair and planned suicide, of which his daughter Tullia and friend Atticus nevertheless managed to talk him out of.


Question: Who was Cicero?

Cicero

He wrote to his friend Atticus: “Your requests have prevented me from committing suicide.


Question: Who was Cicero?

Cicero

But what is it worth living for?


Question: Who was Cicero?

Cicero

Don't accuse me of whining.


Question: Who was Cicero?

Cicero

My sufferings are worse than those of anyone else you have heard of before.” [8] When a tribune tried to call Cicero home from exile the following year, Clodius sought to prevent this decision by force.


Question: Who was Cicero?

Cicero

However, Clodius' plan was thwarted by Titus Annius Milo's rival brawler gang.


Question: Who was Cicero?

Cicero

Cicero was therefore allowed to return in September 57 BC.


Question: Who was Cicero?

Cicero

by decision of the People's Assembly [9] and was received by a jubilant crowd, somewhat as well as the Greek Demosthenee in his time, as Appianus later observes.


Question: Who was Cicero?

Cicero

The return now also had the approval of Caesar, who had agreed to it after receiving assurances from Pompey that the speaker's language would remain in check.


Question: Who was Cicero?

Cicero

Upon his return, Cicero sought to regain his fortune and position.


Question: Who was Cicero?

Cicero

The Senate awarded him compensation for the destroyed property.


Question: Who was Cicero?

Cicero

Clodius, however, took care that Cicero had enough to do.


Question: Who was Cicero?

Cicero

He, with his gangs, attacked the workmen who had built Cicero's house, assaulted Cicero in the street, and burned down Cicero's brother's house.


Question: Who was Cicero?

Cicero

[5] Cicero now supported the populist Milo, whom he used against Clodius.


Question: Who was Cicero?

Cicero

The situation in the city was unsettled and food was in short supply too.


Question: Who was Cicero?

Cicero

Clodius was finally killed by Milo's man in January 52 BCE, after Milo and Clodius' gangs had encountered on the Via Appia.


Question: Who was Cicero?

Cicero

Cicero defended in court Milo, who was on trial for the murders of Clodius's relatives, but lost the case.


Question: Who was Cicero?

Cicero

Defensive talk of Pro Milone, despite this, has been considered significant.


Question: Who was Cicero?

Cicero

Cicero posited that Milo had no reason to kill Clodius.


Question: Who was Cicero?

Cicero

After this, 51 BC.


Question: Who was Cicero?

Cicero

Cicero left to become proconsul to Cilicia, where he attained the title of imperator.


Question: Who was Cicero?

Cicero

Attached to Roman city life, Cicero did not really want to leave, but legislation introduced earlier by Pompey, intended to reduce the plundering of provinces, had led to a shortage of civil service.


Question: Who was Cicero?

Cicero

[10] On the other hand, Cicero had proved to be an honest official already during his Quaestorian period in Sicily.


Question: Who was Cicero?

Cicero

Cicero arrived in the province in July.


Question: Who was Cicero?

Cicero

The rest of the summer months he spent conducting necessary combat actions, the winter he decided to reserve for legal action.


Question: Who was Cicero?

Cicero

With the help of his experienced legates, who included among others his brother Quintus, he pacified the province's border with Syria.


Question: Who was Cicero?

Cicero

He was not awarded the Triumph for this, although when he returned he waited for a good time outside the walls of Rome.


Question: Who was Cicero?

Cicero

Much of the winter went to solving tax-collection ambiguities.


Question: Who was Cicero?

Cicero

On the side of bloodhounds, against bloodhounds Later in 50 BC.


Question: Who was Cicero?

Cicero

In the power struggle between Pompey and Caesar, Cicero sought to remain neutral despite supporting Pompey.


Question: Who was Cicero?

Cicero

He stated in one of his letters, “I know who I want to flee, but not whom to follow”.


Question: Who was Cicero?

Cicero

Eventually, after a long hesitation, he positioned himself publicly to support Pompey.


Question: Who was Cicero?

Cicero

After Caesar's incursion into Italy in 49 BC.


Question: Who was Cicero?

Cicero

Cicero fled Rome.


Question: Who was Cicero?

Cicero

Caesar tried in vain to persuade him to return.


Question: Who was Cicero?

Cicero

Cicero travelled further out of Italy to Dyrrhakhion, where his brother Quintus was also present.


Question: Who was Cicero?

Cicero

The brothers were of no greater help to Pompey, Quintus was reluctant to fight and Marcus opened his head with unnecessarily zeal.


Question: Who was Cicero?

Cicero

As Pompey continued on to Farsalos, the Ciceros remained in Cato's possession to hold at Dyrrhakhion.


Question: Who was Cicero?

Cicero

Cato offered Marcus the duties of military commander, but Cicero continued to be of little interest in warring.


Question: Who was Cicero?

Cicero

The Ciceros set out on their travels.


Question: Who was Cicero?

Cicero

The bloodthirsty attitudes of Pompey supporters, for example the son of Pompey, sickened Marcus.


Question: Who was Cicero?

Cicero

Caesar defeated Pompey, but pardoned Cicero.


Question: Who was Cicero?

Cicero

Cicero returned to Rome.


Question: Who was Cicero?

Cicero

46 BC.


Question: Who was Cicero?

Cicero

Cicero wrote that his role in Caesar's dictatorship was to be invisible and serve his country through his writings.


Question: Who was Cicero?

Cicero

As suitable writing topics, he saw ethics and constitutional issues.


Question: Who was Cicero?

Cicero

In February 44 BC.


Question: Who was Cicero?

Cicero

Cicero's deeply loved daughter Tullia died in childbirth.


Question: Who was Cicero?

Cicero

He wrote: “Now my home cannot comfort me in the grief I feel for the Republic, nor will public life compensate for the sadness I feel at home”.


Question: Who was Cicero?

Cicero

[11] The Last Republican and the Sheep March 44 BC


Question: Who was Cicero?

Cicero

following Caesar's assassination, Cicero found himself on bad terms with Mark Antony.


Question: Who was Cicero?

Cicero

In the periods of instability that followed the murder, many sought refuge in Cicero.


Question: Who was Cicero?

Cicero

He operated in the background as the political balance of power was sought again.


Question: Who was Cicero?

Cicero

Antony and Cicero were now Rome's leading men.


Question: Who was Cicero?

Cicero

Cicero represented the Senate, Antony the late Caesar.


Question: Who was Cicero?

Cicero

However, the relationship between the men was difficult and Cicero made it clear that he did not appreciate Antony's way of interpreting Caesar's will.


Question: Who was Cicero?

Cicero

When Octavianus, proclaimed as Caesar's heir in a will, returned to Italy in April, Cicero sought a rapprochement on this.


Question: Who was Cicero?

Cicero

Cicero planned to play with the help of the young Octavian against Antony.


Question: Who was Cicero?

Cicero

He wrote 14 Philippine speeches against Antony since September.


Question: Who was Cicero?

Cicero

In these speeches, he said of Octavian as a child sent by a god, while Antony was a “sheep”.


Question: Who was Cicero?

Cicero

Cicero demanded that Antony be declared an enemy of the state, which happened after delays.


Question: Who was Cicero?

Cicero

This turned out to be a mistake.


Question: Who was Cicero?

Cicero

The Senate and the people alike sided in support of Cicero, but this no longer played a role in Roman politics.


Question: Who was Cicero?

Cicero

Octavianus and Antony settled their feud and allied with Lepidus, forming the Second Triumvirate.


Question: Who was Cicero?

Cicero

In proscriptions performed as part of the treaty, Cicero and his brother Quintus were ordered to lose their lives as enemies of the state.


Question: Who was Cicero?

Cicero

Octavian is reported by some sources to have resisted naming Cicero for two days, but eventually the end of Cicero began looming.


Question: Who was Cicero?

Cicero

Cicero was given the honor of being the most fiercely chased of all those proscribed.


Question: Who was Cicero?

Cicero

He tried to escape, but to no avail.


Question: Who was Cicero?

Cicero

The pursuers learned he had fled to his villa in Tusculum, which they arrived on 7 December 43 BC.


Question: Who was Cicero?

Cicero

Brother Quintusk had been there, but had gone to Rome to fetch money, where he had been embezzled by his own slaves.


Question: Who was Cicero?

Cicero

Now Cicero fled to the nearby coast to Formiae.


Question: Who was Cicero?

Cicero

He sought to leave by ship for Greece, but the winds were not favourable.


Question: Who was Cicero?

Cicero

Thus, Cicero was left waiting for his executioners.


Question: Who was Cicero?

Cicero

According to the story, his last words would have been, “There is nothing decent about your action, soldier, but try to kill me properly”.


Question: Who was Cicero?

Cicero

Mark Antony let him nail his chipped off head to the forum Romanum speaker's stage.


Question: Who was Cicero?

Cicero

Nailed next to them was the hand of Cicero, who had written the Philippine speeches that Antony hated.


Question: Who was Cicero?

Cicero

According to Cassius Dio, Antony's wife Fulvia repeatedly struck Cicero's dangling tongue with a needle in retaliation for its sharpness.


Question: Who was Cicero?

Cicero

As an interesting detail, Cicero's son, years later, read to the Senate the information of Mark Antony's defeat at Aktion.


Question: Who was Cicero?

Cicero

According to another story, Octavianus once found a book of Cicero from his son, on which he wrote: “He was a learned man, a dear child.


Question: Who was Cicero?

Cicero

A learned man who loved his country”.


Question: Who was Cicero?

Cicero

[12] Family Cicero had one daughter and one son from his marriage to his wife Terentia.


Question: Who was Cicero?

Cicero

After thirty years of marriage, he divorced Terentia at the age of 57 and married the young and rich Publia.


Question: Who was Cicero?

Cicero

The breakup had a lot to do with finances, apparently Terentia had taken liberties in using Cicero's money.


Question: Who was Cicero?

Cicero

[13] [14] However, upon resigning, Cicero was forced to return the dowry he had paid for Terentia.


Question: Who was Cicero?

Cicero

[15] Cicero's second alliance ended up being separated.


Question: Who was Cicero?

Cicero

Cicero's Thinking Politics Cicero used to be republican.


Question: Who was Cicero?

Cicero

This means that he was not a Democrat, but was in favor of an oligarchy.


Question: Who was Cicero?

Cicero

But he sought not just to preserve the status quo, but to revive the political system from its current state of demotion.


Question: Who was Cicero?

Cicero

In Cicero's view, the selfless superiority should decide Roman affairs by Senate consensus.


Question: Who was Cicero?

Cicero

(These themes he addressed, for example, in his fragmentarily preserved work on the State.)


Question: Who was Cicero?

Cicero

This view was influenced by Cicero's middle-class background, which meant that he had fewer accomplished interests to defend than many others in the Senate.


Question: Who was Cicero?

Cicero

Cicero's vision included, not only the consensus of the aristocracy in the Senate, but also inter-legislative agreement, which meant before the rest the like-mindedness of the knighthood and the superiority.


Question: Who was Cicero?

Cicero

He apparently understood that the republic's separation of powers would have to change if it was to survive the changes in Rome's population, economy and world political position.


Question: Who was Cicero?

Cicero

But he was completely wrong in assuming that the ruling class would be prepared for the massive reforms needed that would have deprived it of power.


Question: Who was Cicero?

Cicero

Repeatedly, the oligarchy had shown itself to be uncommonly short-sighted.


Question: Who was Cicero?

Cicero

It responded to problems as they emerged, without its larger plan, and sought to maximise its own profits at every turn.


Question: Who was Cicero?

Cicero

The Roman system was constantly under both external and internal pressure.


Question: Who was Cicero?

Cicero

External military threats and internal infighting badly destabilized the regime in the final decades of the republic.


Question: Who was Cicero?

Cicero

The machinery of government designed for the city-state's use was simply not enough for world power.


Question: Who was Cicero?

Cicero

The societal situation was ripe for unrest.


Question: Who was Cicero?

Cicero

After the Catilina conspiracy, Cicero had begun to see himself as the elder statesman on whose shoulders the republic lay.


Question: Who was Cicero?

Cicero

[5] In Rome, the reforms were always more of a return to the old and Cicerok sought to return with his own reforms to the “good old days” of the Republic.


Question: Who was Cicero?

Cicero

However, the Senate, divided between optimates and populars, was powerless, time had pushed past it.


Question: Who was Cicero?

Cicero

After the Civil War, Cicero saw this for himself.


Question: Who was Cicero?

Cicero

He said: “The Republic, the Senate and the courts are mere zeros.


Question: Who was Cicero?

Cicero

None of us have any constitutional status”.


Question: Who was Cicero?

Cicero

Caesar came, saw and won.


Question: Who was Cicero?

Cicero

The plebeians welcomed the relative stability that ensued from the one-man dictatorship.


Question: Who was Cicero?

Cicero

This stability was only underlined by the unrest that followed Caesar's murder.


Question: Who was Cicero?

Cicero

Cicero remained “the last true friend of the Republic” and he spoke tirelessly of his ideals.


Question: Who was Cicero?

Cicero

Cicero's ideal, however, was a delusion.


Question: Who was Cicero?

Cicero

He was reaching for a golden time that never existed.


Question: Who was Cicero?

Cicero

There were no “men loyal to the Republic” in Rome to whom armies could have been entrusted.


Question: Who was Cicero?

Cicero

Cicero lacked sufficient political power or military understanding that he would have needed to pass through his own ideas.


Question: Who was Cicero?

Cicero

Theodor Mommsen even said in the 19th century that Cicero was a mere “journalist in the worst sense of the word” who had “no vision, no thought, nor purpose.”


Question: Who was Cicero?

Cicero

[16] [17] Mommsen, in particular, was disturbed by the recognition Cicero later received, which he regarded as strange hero worship.


Question: Who was Cicero?

Cicero

Failure to adopt the rules of the new power was ultimately fatal when the swords of Octavian and Antony spoke.


Question: Who was Cicero?

Cicero

All that remained of the republican restoration was word-rattling.


Question: Who was Cicero?

Cicero

Octavianus put forward his own programme during his empire, which was supposed to restore the ideals of the republic.


Question: Who was Cicero?

Cicero

However, this was merely a propaganda veil, in whose sheds a monopoly that lasted centuries was created.


Question: Who was Cicero?

Cicero

The philosophy of Cicero did not so much create a new philosophy, but romanized the abundance of Greek.


Question: Who was Cicero?

Cicero

[18] In Cicero's own time, the Roman superiority also knew Greek, so they were also able to familiarize themselves with original works.


Question: Who was Cicero?

Cicero

However, Cicero wanted to create opportunities for Latin philosophy as well.


Question: Who was Cicero?

Cicero

He therefore wrote his works specifically in Latin, translated works from Greek into Latin, as well as developing the Latin vocabulary of philosophy by inventing Latin equivalents for Greek terms.


Question: Who was Cicero?

Cicero

[19] Developed by Cicero include e.g.


Question: Who was Cicero?

Cicero

the terms a priori, a posteriori and reductio ad absurdum.


Question: Who was Cicero?

Cicero

Later, when the original Greek philosophy was largely forgotten in Europe, Cicero was an important source.


Question: Who was Cicero?

Cicero

As Christian ethics took shape in the 3rd century, Bishop Ambrosius drew from Cicero's production.


Question: Who was Cicero?

Cicero

Hieronymus and Augustine were also familiar with Cicero's production, and Augustine did quote Cicero diligently in his works.


Question: Who was Cicero?

Cicero

These quotations have subsequently helped significantly in the reconstruction of Cicero's works on the basis of surviving fragments.


Question: Who was Cicero?

Cicero

Augustine says Cicero's work Hortensius was the first stimulus for his conversion.


Question: Who was Cicero?

Cicero

The Catholic Church declared Cicero a “virtuous gentile” and thus many of his works were deemed worthy of preservation.


Question: Who was Cicero?

Cicero

Although within the church circle, Cicero was also opposed.