Question: Who ruled Sweden at the time of the Counter-Reformation?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Domestic trade was economically certainly more significant than foreign trade.


Question: Who ruled Sweden at the time of the Counter-Reformation?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Externally, the beginning of the Union was a time of peace for Finland.


Question: Who ruled Sweden at the time of the Counter-Reformation?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

However, King Eerik the Pomeranian, who was active in foreign politics, was mired in conflict with the Hanseatic League, making commerce more difficult.


Question: Who ruled Sweden at the time of the Counter-Reformation?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

In the 1430s, the rebellion movements of the overlords and peasants that rose on the Swedish side had little effect in Finland.


Question: Who ruled Sweden at the time of the Counter-Reformation?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The overabnormality of modest insurgency movements in Finland can be explained by the expansion of the Crown and Rulse holdings [32].


Question: Who ruled Sweden at the time of the Counter-Reformation?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The most famous of these rebellion movements was the so-called. David's revolt in Häme in 1439.


Question: Who ruled Sweden at the time of the Counter-Reformation?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

It targeted Viikki Manor [33] [34].


Question: Who ruled Sweden at the time of the Counter-Reformation?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Finland did not participate in the 1435 meeting held in Arboga.


Question: Who ruled Sweden at the time of the Counter-Reformation?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

In the autumn of the same year, Bishop Maunu Tavast and Krister Nilsson arrived in Sweden, where, in arranged negotiations, they influenced the ousting of the leaders of the movement known as the Engelbrekt Engelbrektinpoika Rebellion and reaching a compromise.


Question: Who ruled Sweden at the time of the Counter-Reformation?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Drots became Krister Nilsson and Charlemagne Knuutinpoika Bonde became the marcher.


Question: Who ruled Sweden at the time of the Counter-Reformation?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

After the former returned to Finland in the autumn of the same year, the revolt movement began again in Sweden.


Question: Who ruled Sweden at the time of the Counter-Reformation?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

To counter the rebellion projects, the Finnish peasants were promised a tax reduction in a letter dated 24 June 1436, the signatories of which were the archbishop, drotsi and marski in the name of the Council of Power.


Question: Who ruled Sweden at the time of the Counter-Reformation?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The reason was put forward that the Finns had proved loyal to the kingdom and had sworn not to assume a head of their own, i.e., promised not to rise in rebellion, and would accept the head imposed by the Council of Power.


Question: Who ruled Sweden at the time of the Counter-Reformation?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Seppo Suvanto interpreted this as saying that in Sweden it was feared that the Finns, or the administrators of Finland, would break away from the Council of Power and Finland would elect its own head.


Question: Who ruled Sweden at the time of the Counter-Reformation?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

[35] Finland and Swedish power struggles Eventually the king was dismissed in 1439, after which Sweden was ruled by a power council of aristocrats.


Question: Who ruled Sweden at the time of the Counter-Reformation?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

It consisted of bishops and leading supremacists.


Question: Who ruled Sweden at the time of the Counter-Reformation?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The most powerful of this force emerged Charlemagne the son of Knuutinson, who was elected in 1438 as regent.


Question: Who ruled Sweden at the time of the Counter-Reformation?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

His worst rival, the drotsi Krister then withdrew to Vyborg.


Question: Who ruled Sweden at the time of the Counter-Reformation?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

After the fall of the monopolistic system of government, Finland's links with Denmark were severed.


Question: Who ruled Sweden at the time of the Counter-Reformation?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

However, links with Sweden were not much consolidated but the holders of local castle votes largely ruled the country.


Question: Who ruled Sweden at the time of the Counter-Reformation?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

In 1440, the Danes invited Christopher the Bavarian to the land and he was proclaimed king.


Question: Who ruled Sweden at the time of the Counter-Reformation?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Negotiations were held in Sweden on the terms of recognition.


Question: Who ruled Sweden at the time of the Counter-Reformation?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Kaarle Knuutinpoika moved to Finland in the same year and took over the castles of Turku and Kastelholm, promising to give up the position of state administrator if he could get all of Finland as his county.


Question: Who ruled Sweden at the time of the Counter-Reformation?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

With the exception of Åland, this wish came true.


Question: Who ruled Sweden at the time of the Counter-Reformation?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

However, the situation soon changed, and soon Charlemagne had to settle solely for the Vyborg Castle.


Question: Who ruled Sweden at the time of the Counter-Reformation?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Turku returned to the rule of a voud under the king.


Question: Who ruled Sweden at the time of the Counter-Reformation?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The king's purpose was to prevent the emergence of a unified Finland.


Question: Who ruled Sweden at the time of the Counter-Reformation?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

After Christopher died in 1448, Charlemagne Knuutinpoika sailed from Vyborg with 800 gunmen to Stockholm, where he was elected king (1448—1457), apparently because of his armed superiority.


Question: Who ruled Sweden at the time of the Counter-Reformation?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The reign was marked by war against Kristian Oldenburgian, which increased the tax burden in Finland as well.


Question: Who ruled Sweden at the time of the Counter-Reformation?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

During this period, Finland was the most significant area of support for the king.


Question: Who ruled Sweden at the time of the Counter-Reformation?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

In 1457, the Swedish Grand Excellence rose in revolt against the king, and he fled to Danzig.


Question: Who ruled Sweden at the time of the Counter-Reformation?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Kristian Oldenburgian was elected King of Sweden.


Question: Who ruled Sweden at the time of the Counter-Reformation?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

He ruled from 1457 to 1464.


Question: Who ruled Sweden at the time of the Counter-Reformation?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

However, support for the new king was not shared by everyone - especially in Vyborg.


Question: Who ruled Sweden at the time of the Counter-Reformation?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Controversy over the eastern border The following period was marked by problems in the eastern parts of the kingdom.


Question: Who ruled Sweden at the time of the Counter-Reformation?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

As the settlement spread to the wilderness areas, border disputes and skirmishes with Novgorod and Karelians began.


Question: Who ruled Sweden at the time of the Counter-Reformation?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

While Savonian settlement progressed, North Karelia was also colonized.


Question: Who ruled Sweden at the time of the Counter-Reformation?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

In 1478, Novgorod was annexed by Moscow, and a new force factor rose behind the eastern border.


Question: Who ruled Sweden at the time of the Counter-Reformation?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

In order to secure the border, construction began to be built on Olavinlinna to protect the settler settlement.


Question: Who ruled Sweden at the time of the Counter-Reformation?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

From the Russian point of view, this was a breach of the border treaty and open martial law prevailed for several years right up to the intermediate peace of 1482.


Question: Who ruled Sweden at the time of the Counter-Reformation?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

However, there was no consensus on the course of the border.


Question: Who ruled Sweden at the time of the Counter-Reformation?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

From the Axis sons to the Sten Sture period In battle, the Swedish king's crown became the castles of Suomenk to take over and bend the Union king behind.


Question: Who ruled Sweden at the time of the Counter-Reformation?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The Danish knight Eerik the Axis boy Tott came with his brothers to take over the castles in the 1480s, and eventually all the castles were held by the Axis sons.


Question: Who ruled Sweden at the time of the Counter-Reformation?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

After Eerik died, he left the counties of Vyborg, Hämeenlinna and Savonlinna to his brothers Ivar and Laur, who already ruled Raasepori.


Question: Who ruled Sweden at the time of the Counter-Reformation?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

However, the emergence of a unitary circle of power did not fit with regent minister Sten Sture's plans.


Question: Who ruled Sweden at the time of the Counter-Reformation?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

In 1481, Sten Sture arrived in Finland, all the way to Vyborg.


Question: Who ruled Sweden at the time of the Counter-Reformation?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

A reconciliation between the registrar and the local grandees could not arise: the regent promised the population tax breaks; the holders of the fiefdoms again did not accept these.


Question: Who ruled Sweden at the time of the Counter-Reformation?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

At the end of the Union period no longer saw the emergence of a jointly accepted monarch in the Nordic countries.


Question: Who ruled Sweden at the time of the Counter-Reformation?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

King Hansel of Denmark (1481—1513) did not achieve approval in the Union countries; instead, the power councils took control.


Question: Who ruled Sweden at the time of the Counter-Reformation?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

In 1483, Sten Sture gained control of three counties in Finland: Vyborg, Savonlinna and Hämeenlinna.


Question: Who ruled Sweden at the time of the Counter-Reformation?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The earlier Axis boys' dominance became a supporter of the regent and Finland became more firmly subordinated to the central authority; especially when Raaseporik came into the possession of Sten Sture's supporter, Knut Posse.


Question: Who ruled Sweden at the time of the Counter-Reformation?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Sture did not distribute castles as fiefs to the overlord, but controlled them through self-dependent vouts, collecting significantly tax revenue for himself.


Question: Who ruled Sweden at the time of the Counter-Reformation?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The tranquillities of the end of the Middle Ages at the end of the 15th century earlier skirmishes with Moscow condensed into war.


Question: Who ruled Sweden at the time of the Counter-Reformation?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

In 1495, Vyborg Castle began to be besieged.


Question: Who ruled Sweden at the time of the Counter-Reformation?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Lifting people were also gathered from Western Finland for the war effort at the time.


Question: Who ruled Sweden at the time of the Counter-Reformation?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

In endangered areas, all 15-year-olds were taken up in arms, and German mercenaries and people from the Swedish side also arrived in the country.


Question: Who ruled Sweden at the time of the Counter-Reformation?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Along with Karelia, Russian attacks also extended to Ostrobothnia, Savo and Häme.


Question: Who ruled Sweden at the time of the Counter-Reformation?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Peace was concluded in 1497.


Question: Who ruled Sweden at the time of the Counter-Reformation?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

In the same year, Sten Sture was dismissed from the position of state administrator by the Council of Power.


Question: Who ruled Sweden at the time of the Counter-Reformation?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

However, the Finnish castle lands remained in his possession.


Question: Who ruled Sweden at the time of the Counter-Reformation?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

King Hansel I of Denmark invaded Sweden in 1497, beating Sten Sture's forces on 28 September at the Battle of Rotebro.


Question: Who ruled Sweden at the time of the Counter-Reformation?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Thus Hansel I rose to become King of Sweden and thus of Finland (1497—1501).


Question: Who ruled Sweden at the time of the Counter-Reformation?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

In 1499, Sture had to give up his territories in Finland.


Question: Who ruled Sweden at the time of the Counter-Reformation?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

In 1503, Svante Niilonpoika Sture (1504—1512) was elected as regent, to whom the leading men of Finland also gave their assurances of allegiance.


Question: Who ruled Sweden at the time of the Counter-Reformation?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

At the meeting in Turku, his election was supported.


Question: Who ruled Sweden at the time of the Counter-Reformation?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

However, the unanimity was ostensible, as some of Finland's lords, along with Sten Sture's relatives, pursued their own political line.


Question: Who ruled Sweden at the time of the Counter-Reformation?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

To some extent, the goals have remained unclear.


Question: Who ruled Sweden at the time of the Counter-Reformation?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

National historiography, however, has highlighted the centrality of East politics in divisive terms.


Question: Who ruled Sweden at the time of the Counter-Reformation?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Vaasa period (1523—1617) The reign of Gustav Vasa during the end of the Union was peaceful in Finland other than Vyborg, in the early 16th century the Danes went on raiding the coasts of Finland, and the privateer captain Otto Rudi plundered Turku and its treasures of the cathedral.


Question: Who ruled Sweden at the time of the Counter-Reformation?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

On the rise of Christian II, the Danish Union king, at his coronation, he beheaded dozens of Swedish supremacists.


Question: Who ruled Sweden at the time of the Counter-Reformation?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

It's called the Stockholm massacre.


Question: Who ruled Sweden at the time of the Counter-Reformation?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The Swedish supreme Gustav Vasa rose to oppose the Union king and won the peasants over.


Question: Who ruled Sweden at the time of the Counter-Reformation?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

German Hanseatic merchants also supported Gustavus Vasa and supplied him with weapons and money.


Question: Who ruled Sweden at the time of the Counter-Reformation?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The Finnish-born Fleming brothers Eerik and Iivar conquered the Finnish castles for Gustav Vasa and drove the Danes out of Finland in 1523.


Question: Who ruled Sweden at the time of the Counter-Reformation?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The Nordic Union period ended, and Gustav Vasa became King of Sweden and Finland.


Question: Who ruled Sweden at the time of the Counter-Reformation?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The early modern state emerges in the Gustav Vasa period beginning a unified Swedish kingdom to form.


Question: Who ruled Sweden at the time of the Counter-Reformation?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

He succeeded in defeating the provincial communities that pushed for his own policies.


Question: Who ruled Sweden at the time of the Counter-Reformation?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The Reformation, in turn, snubbed the Church.


Question: Who ruled Sweden at the time of the Counter-Reformation?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Already weakened by the massacre, the high nobility was now attached to supporting royal policy.


Question: Who ruled Sweden at the time of the Counter-Reformation?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

However, the management of the government continued the medieval tradition: the king had numerous nobles as well as scribes who were not, however, strictly officials.


Question: Who ruled Sweden at the time of the Counter-Reformation?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Nor was there yet a clear division of labour within the administration, but the functions of office in the king's service varied according to the situation.


Question: Who ruled Sweden at the time of the Counter-Reformation?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

In the 1530s, Gustavus Vasa began to produce German administrative personnel in the country, with whom new views of monarch rule also arrived in Sweden.


Question: Who ruled Sweden at the time of the Counter-Reformation?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

In 1544, in the Riksdag of Västerås, the kingship was changed to hereditary and Gustav Vasa's eldest son Eerik was named heir to the throne.


Question: Who ruled Sweden at the time of the Counter-Reformation?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

After the withdrawal of fiefdoms, local government of the Crown was concentrated in the hands of the vouties.


Question: Who ruled Sweden at the time of the Counter-Reformation?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The tasks of these were diverse, but the collection of taxes was the most important of them.


Question: Who ruled Sweden at the time of the Counter-Reformation?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

During Gustavus Vasa's time, there was also a shift to written administration; first, systematic land books (on land ownership) are being drawn up to aid taxation, soon followed by other lists and written accounts.


Question: Who ruled Sweden at the time of the Counter-Reformation?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The Vouds were also responsible for repopulating deserted houses, a ride-hailing system and roadwork.


Question: Who ruled Sweden at the time of the Counter-Reformation?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Voud also had to prevent illegal trading in the countryside, as well as handicrafts.


Question: Who ruled Sweden at the time of the Counter-Reformation?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Maintaining public order and caring for the litigants were also part of the duties of the voud - thus ensuring the Crown's share of tax revenue and penalty payments.


Question: Who ruled Sweden at the time of the Counter-Reformation?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The stepped-up administration boosted the Crown's tax revenues by tens of percent.


Question: Who ruled Sweden at the time of the Counter-Reformation?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The war against Russia for Finland was still significant in foreign policy terms, continued conflicts with Russia; during the early stages of the period of Gustav Vasa, another attempt was made to gain clarity on the course of the border line through negotiations.


Question: Who ruled Sweden at the time of the Counter-Reformation?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The Swedes sought to delay the revision of the border as far as possible, and despite temporary agreements, skirmishes and mutual raiding continued.


Question: Who ruled Sweden at the time of the Counter-Reformation?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

In 1555, a meeting of nobles held in Vyborg recommended to the king to go to war.


Question: Who ruled Sweden at the time of the Counter-Reformation?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The attack prompted a counter-attack by Ivan the Terrible in the direction of Vyborg and Savo.


Question: Who ruled Sweden at the time of the Counter-Reformation?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Negotiations between 1556 and 1557 ended with the conclusion of a 40-year-long intermediate peace.


Question: Who ruled Sweden at the time of the Counter-Reformation?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The intention was to hold 1559 new negotiations for the passage of the border, which, however, never materialised.


Question: Who ruled Sweden at the time of the Counter-Reformation?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Abuses of nobility During the war, the king had stayed in Finland for a long time.


Question: Who ruled Sweden at the time of the Counter-Reformation?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

At that time, he also ordered the submission of an extensive inquiry into abuses committed by the nobility.


Question: Who ruled Sweden at the time of the Counter-Reformation?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

As a result of this investigation, the so-called. A catalogue of complaints by Jaakko Teit, a major source of 16th-century social history.


Question: Who ruled Sweden at the time of the Counter-Reformation?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

In the summer of 1556, the king still formed a duchy of his own from Finland, with the king's son Juhana named at its head.


Question: Who ruled Sweden at the time of the Counter-Reformation?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Gustav Vasa died in September 1560.


Question: Who ruled Sweden at the time of the Counter-Reformation?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

On the throne he was succeeded by Eerik XIV.


Question: Who ruled Sweden at the time of the Counter-Reformation?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

From throne disputes to the beginning of great power politics, Eerik XIV's reign Eerik XIV was crowned king in 1561.


Question: Who ruled Sweden at the time of the Counter-Reformation?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

He sought to further intensify the kingship in relation to the overlord, and thus also to his brothers.


Question: Who ruled Sweden at the time of the Counter-Reformation?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

To weaken the position of these, Eerik established new counts and free lordships to share the power of the dukes.


Question: Who ruled Sweden at the time of the Counter-Reformation?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

In Finland, the king's policy was also reflected in the appointment of new llamanns to the country.


Question: Who ruled Sweden at the time of the Counter-Reformation?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

In 1561, the King approved in the Reichstag the so-called. Arboga's articles by which the dukes were subjected to the control of the king and deprived them of the possibility of an independent foreign policy.


Question: Who ruled Sweden at the time of the Counter-Reformation?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Central to the king was specifically the eroding of the position of Duke Juhana of Finland.


Question: Who ruled Sweden at the time of the Counter-Reformation?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

As the Duchy of Juhana, Finland was formed into a “feudal miniature state” (Keränen) subjugated to the kingdom, with its own office, chamber of taxes and calculations, and a council corresponding to the power council.


Question: Who ruled Sweden at the time of the Counter-Reformation?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Juhana's interests in Livonia were also at odds with the king: with the planned marriage to Catherine Jagellonica, Juhana would gain possession of several pledge castles in Livonia.


Question: Who ruled Sweden at the time of the Counter-Reformation?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Simultaneously, Eerik XIV was drifting into war with Poland due to its expansionist policy towards Livonia.


Question: Who ruled Sweden at the time of the Counter-Reformation?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

In 1561 the Tallinn jury had already ceded the city to the patronage of the king, during the same spring the nobility of Viru and Harju separated from the Teutonic Order.


Question: Who ruled Sweden at the time of the Counter-Reformation?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

As the conflict intensified, the king convened in 1563 the Reichstag to condemn John to death.


Question: Who ruled Sweden at the time of the Counter-Reformation?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The development led to the siege of Turku Castle in the summer of 1563.


Question: Who ruled Sweden at the time of the Counter-Reformation?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

After skirmishes and bombardments, the castle surrendered on 12 August 1563, after which the splendour of the castle was destroyed, the pair of dukes were captured and taken to Sweden for imprisonment.


Question: Who ruled Sweden at the time of the Counter-Reformation?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

In the 1560s, Swedish foreign policy was marked by warfare in the Baltics against Poland.


Question: Who ruled Sweden at the time of the Counter-Reformation?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

In addition, Eerik XIV was mired in war against Denmark-Norway and Lübeck.


Question: Who ruled Sweden at the time of the Counter-Reformation?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

This necessitated good relations with the east: concentrating military forces elsewhere required good relations with Moscow's direction.


Question: Who ruled Sweden at the time of the Counter-Reformation?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Eerik XIV's term ended in 1568 with the rise of the nobility against the king.


Question: Who ruled Sweden at the time of the Counter-Reformation?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

This time, Finland's top brass were also on the side of the rebels, as much the old supporters of Juhana as the creditmen of Eerik.


Question: Who ruled Sweden at the time of the Counter-Reformation?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Turku Castle came into the possession of the rebels.


Question: Who ruled Sweden at the time of the Counter-Reformation?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Eerik spent the next few years in captivity until he was sentenced to death and poisoned in 1577.


Question: Who ruled Sweden at the time of the Counter-Reformation?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Long hatred during Juhana III's kingship, border skirmishes on the border of Käkisalmi County led to yet another war (1570—1595) known as the Nordic Five Third Year War.


Question: Who ruled Sweden at the time of the Counter-Reformation?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

For the most part, it was a brutal, mutual guerrilla war.


Question: Who ruled Sweden at the time of the Counter-Reformation?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

In the early stages, however, warfare was organized and in 1573—1577 a time of armistice lived on the Finnish front.


Question: Who ruled Sweden at the time of the Counter-Reformation?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Halfway through the decade, however, peasant rustles began: Karelians invaded Oulujärvi and Iijoki, southern Finland went beyond the Gulf of Finland.


Question: Who ruled Sweden at the time of the Counter-Reformation?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

In the fold of the decade, organised warfare was triggered again with the invasion of Narva (1579) and the conquest of Käkisalmi in 1580.


Question: Who ruled Sweden at the time of the Counter-Reformation?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Narva was overrun the following year, with subsequent negotiations leading to an intermediate peace lasting until 1590.


Question: Who ruled Sweden at the time of the Counter-Reformation?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Despite the intermediate peace, guerrilla warfare continued on both sides of the eastern border, leading to the widespread desolation of Kainuu and northern Ostrobothnia in the 1580s.


Question: Who ruled Sweden at the time of the Counter-Reformation?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Led by Pekka Vesainen, the Ostrobothians made retaliatory expeditions to Viena Karelia.


Question: Who ruled Sweden at the time of the Counter-Reformation?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The war ended with the Peace Treaty of Full Self in 1595.


Question: Who ruled Sweden at the time of the Counter-Reformation?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

A new dispute over the throne upon the death of John III in 1592 left the throne without a holder.


Question: Who ruled Sweden at the time of the Counter-Reformation?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

There were two successor candidates: Sigismund and Duke Charles.


Question: Who ruled Sweden at the time of the Counter-Reformation?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The kingship issue was also intertwined with church politics: in Counter-Reformation Europe, Sigismund was Catholic, making his position even more problematic in Lutheran Sweden.


Question: Who ruled Sweden at the time of the Counter-Reformation?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

In 1593 Sigismund arrived in the country to be crowned.


Question: Who ruled Sweden at the time of the Counter-Reformation?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The ruler's assurance he issued in the autumn of the following year.


Question: Who ruled Sweden at the time of the Counter-Reformation?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

In this case, he also adopted the Lutheran line of the enactment and ecclesiastical assembly of Uppsala (1593).


Question: Who ruled Sweden at the time of the Counter-Reformation?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

With the crowning of Sigismund, a personal union was created between Sweden and Poland that lasted some years; as King of Poland, Sigismund always remained until 1632.


Question: Who ruled Sweden at the time of the Counter-Reformation?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

After the king's return to Poland, rose to the nobility among disagreements over Charles Duke's position as registrar.


Question: Who ruled Sweden at the time of the Counter-Reformation?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

In this dispute, Klaus Fleming, the commandholder of Finland, sided with the king.


Question: Who ruled Sweden at the time of the Counter-Reformation?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

In the Riksdag of Arboga of 1597, however, Charles was named regent.


Question: Who ruled Sweden at the time of the Counter-Reformation?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

In this case, he also declared his opponents, above all Klaus Fleming, rebels.


Question: Who ruled Sweden at the time of the Counter-Reformation?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Harshing justice Generally in Europe At the beginning of the New Age, in the 16th and 17th centuries, secular rights began to use the so-called “Law of Moses”, that is, some passages from the Bible.


Question: Who ruled Sweden at the time of the Counter-Reformation?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Under the law of Moses, witchcraft and magic were prohibited and, among other things, blasphemy, swearing, infringement against one's parents, perjury, manslaughter, interest railing, false testimony, and several sexual offences could be sentenced to death.


Question: Who ruled Sweden at the time of the Counter-Reformation?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The Law of Moses became a general legal instruction in the Swedish Empire in 1608 and remained in force right up to the new Reich Law of 1734.


Question: Who ruled Sweden at the time of the Counter-Reformation?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

However, the law was generally not applied in its full harshness and death sentences were commuted in about half of the cases.


Question: Who ruled Sweden at the time of the Counter-Reformation?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

[36] [37] 16th century peasant unrest and mace war Peasant unrest increased during the reign of Gustav Vasa, inter alia, due to increased tax burdens and, on the other hand, the struggle for power of his sons.


Question: Who ruled Sweden at the time of the Counter-Reformation?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The culmination of the peasant unrest was the bludgeon war in 1596—1597.


Question: Who ruled Sweden at the time of the Counter-Reformation?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

It ended bloody with the army defeating the Ostrobothians and Savonian peasants armed with mace, spears and bows.


Question: Who ruled Sweden at the time of the Counter-Reformation?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The revolt was directed against the nobility who exercised power in Finland and Klaus Fleming in particular.


Question: Who ruled Sweden at the time of the Counter-Reformation?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The mutineers sought help from Charles Duke, who was pursuing the Swedish crown.


Question: Who ruled Sweden at the time of the Counter-Reformation?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

As causes of the rebellion, contemporary research attributes the war burden of the rap war, economic decline, and the suffering caused by the castle camp system.


Question: Who ruled Sweden at the time of the Counter-Reformation?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Scholars have been divided as to the great influence the incitement against Klaus Fleming exercised by the Duke of Charles had on the genesis of the bludgeon war [38] [39].


Question: Who ruled Sweden at the time of the Counter-Reformation?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Great Power Period (1617—1721) Peace of Stolbova In 1604—1611 Duke Charles of Södermanland was King Charles IX of Sweden.


Question: Who ruled Sweden at the time of the Counter-Reformation?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

During his reign, the kingdom was almost constantly waging war against Russia and Poland, especially over the ownership of the Baltic provinces Estonia and Livonia.


Question: Who ruled Sweden at the time of the Counter-Reformation?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

In addition, in 1611—1613 there was a defeatist war against Denmark.


Question: Who ruled Sweden at the time of the Counter-Reformation?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

On the death of Charles IX, his son Gustav II Adolf ascended to the throne.


Question: Who ruled Sweden at the time of the Counter-Reformation?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The state of the kingdom was poor and Sweden had to conclude in 1613 peace with Denmark.


Question: Who ruled Sweden at the time of the Counter-Reformation?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The Peace of Stolbova was concluded with Russia in 1617, as a result of which Käkisalmi County, Nutälinna and part of Inker were annexed by Sweden.


Question: Who ruled Sweden at the time of the Counter-Reformation?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Modernisation and reforms under the leadership of the King and Reich Chancellor Axel Oxenstierna, Sweden and Finland began to implement substantial reforms after the foreign policy situation calmed down.


Question: Who ruled Sweden at the time of the Counter-Reformation?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The army and the war establishment were reorganised, in particular in accordance with the paragon given by the Dutch Morits Oranian.


Question: Who ruled Sweden at the time of the Counter-Reformation?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The navy and the administration of the Crown were also reformed.


Question: Who ruled Sweden at the time of the Counter-Reformation?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

A new form of government was brought into effect in the country and the kingdom was divided into counties.


Question: Who ruled Sweden at the time of the Counter-Reformation?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

In the 17th century, in addition, a Governor-General was appointed in Finland from time to time to develop the conditions


Question: Who ruled Sweden at the time of the Counter-Reformation?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The office of Governor-General of Finland was Nils Tuurenpoika Bielke and Count Peter Brahe, whose official residence was Turku Castle.


Question: Who ruled Sweden at the time of the Counter-Reformation?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

During the Great Reign, new cities and the Royal Court of Appeal of Turku were also established in Finland, and in 1640 the Turku Academy, Finland's first university.


Question: Who ruled Sweden at the time of the Counter-Reformation?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

During the Thirty Years' War in the Baltics, Sweden was still waging war against Poland-Lithuania and in 1629 the provisional Peace of Altmark was concluded.


Question: Who ruled Sweden at the time of the Counter-Reformation?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

In the Thirty Years' War between the Catholic Emperor and Protestant princes that broke out in Germany, Gustav II Adolf joined in 1630 after coming ashore in northern Germany.


Question: Who ruled Sweden at the time of the Counter-Reformation?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Sweden's goal in the war was to support German Protestants and strengthen its own position.


Question: Who ruled Sweden at the time of the Counter-Reformation?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Gustav II Adolf, however, died at the Battle of Lützen in 1632 and his daughter Kristiina ascended the throne as a minor.


Question: Who ruled Sweden at the time of the Counter-Reformation?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

In practice, the kingdom was ruled at this point by a caretaker government led by Axel Oxenstierna.


Question: Who ruled Sweden at the time of the Counter-Reformation?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

In the Peace of Westphalia, 1648, which ended the Thirty Years' War, Sweden established itself as a great power.


Question: Who ruled Sweden at the time of the Counter-Reformation?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

However, the Thirty Years' War and other conflicts of the Great Power period severely consumed the resources of Sweden and Finland.


Question: Who ruled Sweden at the time of the Counter-Reformation?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

A significant number of peasants were forced to serve in the army and navy, where mortality rates were high.


Question: Who ruled Sweden at the time of the Counter-Reformation?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

From wars to peace period, during Queen Kristiina's reign 1632—1654 Sweden and Finland gave vast territories as fiefdoms to the nobility.


Question: Who ruled Sweden at the time of the Counter-Reformation?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The nobility had the right to collect tax on their fiefdoms, which complicated the financial position of the Crown.


Question: Who ruled Sweden at the time of the Counter-Reformation?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

After Kristiina's abdication of the crown rose to power under Charles X Gustaf, who ruled the Swedish Empire from 1654 to 1660.


Question: Who ruled Sweden at the time of the Counter-Reformation?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

During his reign, Sweden waged wars against both Poland, Russia, and Denmark.


Question: Who ruled Sweden at the time of the Counter-Reformation?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Charles X died in 1660 and Charles XI ascended to the throne as his successor, in whose reign 1660—1697, a major reduction—the large-scale withdrawal of fiefdoms to the Crown took place in Sweden and Finland.


Question: Who ruled Sweden at the time of the Counter-Reformation?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Charles XI diminished the power of the nobility and ruled the kingdom autocratically.


Question: Who ruled Sweden at the time of the Counter-Reformation?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

For Finland, the reign of Charles XI meant a lengthy peace.


Question: Who ruled Sweden at the time of the Counter-Reformation?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The Protestant clergy were responsible for teaching literacy to the people and ecclesiastical life was dominated by pure-apprenticity.


Question: Who ruled Sweden at the time of the Counter-Reformation?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

1695—1697 Finland was hit by disastrous years of disastrous roofing, which resulted in a significant portion of the population dying from starvation and disease.


Question: Who ruled Sweden at the time of the Counter-Reformation?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The Great Northern War under Charles XI's successor King Charles XII, in 1700 the Great Northern War broke out, resulting in Sweden losing its great power status.


Question: Who ruled Sweden at the time of the Counter-Reformation?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The cause of the war was an anti-Swedish alliance established by Sweden's enemies Denmark, Russia, Polish-Lithuania and Saxony.


Question: Who ruled Sweden at the time of the Counter-Reformation?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

In the Peace of Stolbova of 1617, Russia had lost contact with the Baltic Sea.


Question: Who ruled Sweden at the time of the Counter-Reformation?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The reformist Tsar Peter I sought to reopen Russia a link with the Baltic Sea to facilitate its contacts and commerce with Western Europe.


Question: Who ruled Sweden at the time of the Counter-Reformation?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Although Charles XII succeeded one by one in defeating Denmark, the Russian invasion army (at the Battle of Narva) and Poland, the Swedes ultimately suffered a decisive defeat to the Russians at the Battle of Poltava in 1709.


Question: Who ruled Sweden at the time of the Counter-Reformation?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The king then fled to Turkey and the kingdom was open to enemy attack.


Question: Who ruled Sweden at the time of the Counter-Reformation?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Vyborg was taken in 1710 and the Russians occupied the rest of Finland after the Battle of Kostianvirta on Pälkäne, the Battle of Napue in Ostrobothnia and the Battle of Riilahti off Hanko by 1714.


Question: Who ruled Sweden at the time of the Counter-Reformation?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The Russian occupation period 1714—1721 is referred to as big-hatred.


Question: Who ruled Sweden at the time of the Counter-Reformation?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The occupation period was disastrous for Finland.


Question: Who ruled Sweden at the time of the Counter-Reformation?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Thousands of people were killed and even more were taken to Russia, in addition, a large number of the country's officials and clergy fled to Sweden.


Question: Who ruled Sweden at the time of the Counter-Reformation?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The Great Northern War and at the same time big-hatred ended with the Peace of Uusikaupunki between Sweden and Russia of 1721.


Question: Who ruled Sweden at the time of the Counter-Reformation?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The peace treaty annexed Inkerinmaa, Estonia, Livonia and Käkisalmi County, as well as Vyborg.


Question: Who ruled Sweden at the time of the Counter-Reformation?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Karelia annexed to Russia is often referred to as Old Finland.


Question: Who ruled Sweden at the time of the Counter-Reformation?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The Age of Freedom and the Gustavian Period (1721—1809) Power away from the king in the Swedish Empire After Charles XII, the Acts took power from the king in the reigns of 1719 and 1720 and the period of autocracy became the period of decree (the “time of freedom”).


Question: Who ruled Sweden at the time of the Counter-Reformation?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Economics and science developed during this period, but on the other hand, the power politics of the parties caused problems.


Question: Who ruled Sweden at the time of the Counter-Reformation?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

France and Russia gained influence in Sweden by funding rival parties called jackets and hats.


Question: Who ruled Sweden at the time of the Counter-Reformation?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

[40] In the 1720s, reconstruction began in Finland following the Great Northern War.


Question: Who ruled Sweden at the time of the Counter-Reformation?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

After the peace of New Town, the Russian occupying forces began to leave the country more soberly than agreed.


Question: Who ruled Sweden at the time of the Counter-Reformation?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

During 1721, new land lords were appointed in Finland and were responsible for rebuilding.


Question: Who ruled Sweden at the time of the Counter-Reformation?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Repair work proceeded quickly, as as early as the mid-1730s the rebuilding can be considered to have finished.


Question: Who ruled Sweden at the time of the Counter-Reformation?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

[41] Finnish-born Arvid Horn was Permanent President of Sweden from 1720 to 1738.


Question: Who ruled Sweden at the time of the Counter-Reformation?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

[42] His policy does not particularly find features that emphasise Finnishness.


Question: Who ruled Sweden at the time of the Counter-Reformation?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The most significant acclamation of Finland of his time was the Law of 1734.


Question: Who ruled Sweden at the time of the Counter-Reformation?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

It remained in force during the period of autonomy and is the basis for the legislation of an independent Finland.


Question: Who ruled Sweden at the time of the Counter-Reformation?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

At the same time, attention began to be paid to Finnish as a language of administration as well.


Question: Who ruled Sweden at the time of the Counter-Reformation?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

A post of translator was established at the Permanent College in 1734, translating documents into Finnish and assisting peasant Reichstag in Stockholm.


Question: Who ruled Sweden at the time of the Counter-Reformation?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The 1734 law was translated into Finnish by the county secretary Samuel Forseen.


Question: Who ruled Sweden at the time of the Counter-Reformation?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

[43] The War of the Hats came to power in the Reichstag of 1738.


Question: Who ruled Sweden at the time of the Counter-Reformation?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The programme of the Hat Party included a war of reparation against the Russians, in which it was intended to conquer all the territories lost in 1721 and furthermore Russian Karelia.


Question: Who ruled Sweden at the time of the Counter-Reformation?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

When Russia had throne disputes, Hats assumed the country was weakened.


Question: Who ruled Sweden at the time of the Counter-Reformation?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Sweden declared war in June 1741.


Question: Who ruled Sweden at the time of the Counter-Reformation?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Three Swedish infantry regiments were sent to Finland, but the warfleet was virtually crippled by pestilence.


Question: Who ruled Sweden at the time of the Counter-Reformation?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Irish Field Marshal Peter de Lacy, who led the Russian forces, took his troops to the Battle of Lappeenranta, where a badly underpowered Swedish force led by Carl Henrik Wrangel suffered a wicked defeat in August 1741.


Question: Who ruled Sweden at the time of the Counter-Reformation?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Charles Emil Lewenhaupt, who served as Commander-in-Chief in Finland, agreed at the end of 1741 to a truce proposed by Emperor Elizabeth.


Question: Who ruled Sweden at the time of the Counter-Reformation?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

[44] After the end of the armistice, the Russians marched to southern Finland in February 1742.


Question: Who ruled Sweden at the time of the Counter-Reformation?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

After the Swedish army surrendered, the Russians occupy western Finland.


Question: Who ruled Sweden at the time of the Counter-Reformation?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Elizabeth circulated a manifesto in March 1742 in which she promised to support the Finns if they wanted to secede from Sweden and establish an independent state.


Question: Who ruled Sweden at the time of the Counter-Reformation?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

[44] However, after the Finnish occupation, talk of independence ceased.


Question: Who ruled Sweden at the time of the Counter-Reformation?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

[45] The Russian occupation period has been called petty hatred, but the designation is misleading to some extent, as Russian troops behaved well.


Question: Who ruled Sweden at the time of the Counter-Reformation?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

[44] On 7 August 1743 Sweden and Russia concluded the Peace of Turku, in which the border was moved to Kymijoki, Mäntyharju and Savonlinna.


Question: Who ruled Sweden at the time of the Counter-Reformation?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Savonlinna city and Olavinlinna remained on the Russian side.


Question: Who ruled Sweden at the time of the Counter-Reformation?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

[44] New Era Thoughts After the war, mercantilist principles of trade led to economic gains from tar and shipbuilding remaining in Stockholm.


Question: Who ruled Sweden at the time of the Counter-Reformation?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

In the 1760s, Anders Chydenius, a vicar in Kokkola, started calling for freedom of business and expression.


Question: Who ruled Sweden at the time of the Counter-Reformation?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

[40] In the last decades of the 18th century, the Turku Academy was particularly awakened by the influence of Henrik Gabriel Porthan, the “Father of Finnish History”, an interest in Finnish history and Finnish folk poetry.


Question: Who ruled Sweden at the time of the Counter-Reformation?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

[46] Of the scholars, Eino Jutikkala says “In the second half of the 18th century, the inhabitants of the different provinces of Finland and members of different adjustments became more consciously Finns as opposed to the Swedes living behind the sea.” [47] The troubled reign of Gustav III In 1772 Gustav III After the coup, a new form of government was enacted by which power reverted back to the king.


Question: Who ruled Sweden at the time of the Counter-Reformation?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The era sought to get rid of mercantilism.


Question: Who ruled Sweden at the time of the Counter-Reformation?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Freedom of speech and religion expanded.


Question: Who ruled Sweden at the time of the Counter-Reformation?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The confidence of Finnish officers in the king was weakened because the nobility lost their authority to the king, who was supported by the people.


Question: Who ruled Sweden at the time of the Counter-Reformation?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Some high-ranking soldiers transferred to Russian service.


Question: Who ruled Sweden at the time of the Counter-Reformation?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

[40] In 1788—1790, the so-called Gustav III War started by Gustav III took place between Sweden and Russia.


Question: Who ruled Sweden at the time of the Counter-Reformation?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Sweden was also matched by Denmark.


Question: Who ruled Sweden at the time of the Counter-Reformation?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The war was opposed, among others, by the officers who formed the Anjala Union.


Question: Who ruled Sweden at the time of the Counter-Reformation?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Despite its maritime victory in the Swedish Strait, Sweden did not gain additional territories in the peace of Värälä.


Question: Who ruled Sweden at the time of the Counter-Reformation?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The 1789 Book of Association and Collateral increased the king's power even further.


Question: Who ruled Sweden at the time of the Counter-Reformation?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

With the war, the bitterness of the nobility towards the king increased, and this eventually led to the assassination of the king in 1792.


Question: Who ruled Sweden at the time of the Counter-Reformation?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

[40] Sweden loses Finland The Finnish War was fought in 1808—1809 between Russia and Sweden.


Question: Who ruled Sweden at the time of the Counter-Reformation?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The war was prompted by the peace established by Russia and France on 7 July 1807 in Tilsit.


Question: Who ruled Sweden at the time of the Counter-Reformation?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

In it, France and Russia allied and Russia pledged to pressure, if necessary by force of arms, including Sweden to join the continental exclusion against Britain, an embargo by which France would have strengthened its position as a sea power against Britain.


Question: Who ruled Sweden at the time of the Counter-Reformation?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The last Grand Duke of Finland during Swedish rule was the second son of Gustav IV Adolf, Charles Gustaf, who died 1802—1805 as a child.


Question: Who ruled Sweden at the time of the Counter-Reformation?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

[48] As a result of the Finnish War, Finland passed to Russian rule and the administration was organized on the basis of autonomy.


Question: Who ruled Sweden at the time of the Counter-Reformation?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The Russian Emperor became Grand Duke of the Autonomous Grand Duchy of Finland.


Question: Who ruled Sweden at the time of the Counter-Reformation?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Sources Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Linna, Martti (ed.


Question: Who ruled Sweden at the time of the Counter-Reformation?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

) | title = Sources of the Early Middle Ages | publisher = History Aitta| year = 1989| isbn = 9789519600611}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Tarkiainen, Kari| title = Swedish Oriental| publisher = Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland| year = 2010| isbn = 9798-5551-853-212-2}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Vahtola, Jouse| title = History of Finland — from the Stone Age to the 21st century| location = Helsinki| publisher = Otava| year = 2017| isbn = 978-951-1-31574-2}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Virrankoski, Pentti| title = History of Finland — country and people| location = Helsinki| publisher = Society of Finnish Literature | year = 2012| isbn = 978-952-222-377-7}} References Literature Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Vahtola, Jouse| title = History of Finland: From the Ice Age to the European Union| location = in Helsinki | publisher = Otava| year = 2003 (4. edition 2005) | id = ISBN 951-1-17397-9}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Zetterberg, Seppo (ed.


Question: Who ruled Sweden at the time of the Counter-Reformation?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

) | title = Little Giant of Finnish History | location = Helsinki| publisher = WSOY| year = 1987| id = ISBN 951-0-14253-0}} Handbook of Finnish History.


Question: Who ruled Sweden at the time of the Counter-Reformation?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Previous section, ed.


Question: Who ruled Sweden at the time of the Counter-Reformation?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Arvi Korhonen.


Question: Who ruled Sweden at the time of the Counter-Reformation?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

WSOY 1949, Porvoo — Helsinki.


Question: Who ruled Sweden at the time of the Counter-Reformation?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Karonen, Petri| title = Northern Great Power: Sweden and Finland 1521-1809| location = Helsinki| publisher = WSOY| year = 1999| id = ISBN 951-0-23739-6}} Helge Pohjolan-Pirhonen, History of Finland 1523—1617.


Question: Who ruled Sweden at the time of the Counter-Reformation?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

WSOY 1960, Porvoo — Helsinki.


Question: Who ruled Sweden at the time of the Counter-Reformation?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

On topic elsewhere in Category:History of Finland Category:History


Question: How far is the nearest earth-like planet?

Proxima Centauri

Proxima Centauri or Alpha Centauri C (ΑCen C) is a red dwarf star located in the direction of the constellation of Centauri.


Question: How far is the nearest earth-like planet?

Proxima Centauri

Proxima Centauri cannot be seen from Earth with the naked eye, despite being the guest star closest to the Solar System.


Question: How far is the nearest earth-like planet?

Proxima Centauri

The distance is approximately 4.24 light years (1.29 pc).


Question: How far is the nearest earth-like planet?

Proxima Centauri

[1] [2] Proxima Centauri may be gravitationally bound to orbit the twin star Alpha Centauri, and is sometimes referred to as Alpha Centauri C.


Question: How far is the nearest earth-like planet?

Proxima Centauri

[2] The star is located approximately 1892 billion km from Alpha Centauri, and if it orbits the pair, its rotation period would be approximately 500,000 years.


Question: How far is the nearest earth-like planet?

Proxima Centauri

[1] The Hubble Space Telescope has taken the most accurate image yet of Proxima Centauri.


Question: How far is the nearest earth-like planet?

Proxima Centauri

[3] Proxima Centauria orbits the earth-like exoplanet Proxima b, first observed in 2016, which estimates are located in the star's habitable zone.


Question: How far is the nearest earth-like planet?

Proxima Centauri

The planet was discovered by Finnish astronomer Mikko Tuomi.


Question: How far is the nearest earth-like planet?

Proxima Centauri

[4] The Breakthrough Starshot project, which was announced in 2016, envisages the development of a solar sail-powered probe of a gram mass grade that would be accelerated using a laser.


Question: How far is the nearest earth-like planet?

Proxima Centauri

[5] The goal is to reach the rate of 0.2 c at which the probe would reach Proxima Centauri in about 20 years.


Question: How far is the nearest earth-like planet?

Proxima Centauri

[5] Initial funding for the project is $100 million.


Question: How far is the nearest earth-like planet?

Proxima Centauri

See also List of nearest stars Sources On topic elsewhere Category:Flare variables Category:Closest stars Category:Key articles in screening


Question: When was the Svartholma Sea Fortress built?

Svartholma Sea Fortress

The Svartholma Sea Fortress is a sea fortress off Loviisa that was being built as a base for the Swedish Navy as well as security for the border with Russia.


Question: When was the Svartholma Sea Fortress built?

Svartholma Sea Fortress

Colonel Augustin Ehrensvärd designed it as a regular bastion fortress.


Question: When was the Svartholma Sea Fortress built?

Svartholma Sea Fortress

Construction work on Svartholma began in 1748, and was completed in its key parts during the 1760s, but fully completed it never came.


Question: When was the Svartholma Sea Fortress built?

Svartholma Sea Fortress

[1] The fortress played a significant role as a base for the Swedish Navy during Gustav III's War of 1788—1790.


Question: When was the Svartholma Sea Fortress built?

Svartholma Sea Fortress

Svartholma passed into Russian control during the Finnish War in 1808, when it surrendered almost without battle.


Question: When was the Svartholma Sea Fortress built?

Svartholma Sea Fortress

The fortress, which lost its military importance, was later also used as a prison.


Question: When was the Svartholma Sea Fortress built?

Svartholma Sea Fortress

The fortress was blown unusable by an English naval contingent during the Crimean War in 1855.


Question: When was the Svartholma Sea Fortress built?

Svartholma Sea Fortress

[2] [1] The National Bureau of Museums has been restoring the fort since the 1960s.


Question: When was the Svartholma Sea Fortress built?

Svartholma Sea Fortress

Today, the fort is a popular tourist attraction.


Question: When was the Svartholma Sea Fortress built?

Svartholma Sea Fortress

[2] In order to secure the new eastern border, the border between Sweden and Russia moved to the Kymi River in the Peace of Turku, established after the War of Hats of 1741—1743.


Question: When was the Svartholma Sea Fortress built?

Svartholma Sea Fortress

Sweden lost its former border fortresses Hamina, Lappeenranta and old Olavinlinna in Savonlinna in the peace treaty.


Question: When was the Svartholma Sea Fortress built?

Svartholma Sea Fortress

The new, more difficult to defend frontier, had to start building new fortifications.


Question: When was the Svartholma Sea Fortress built?

Svartholma Sea Fortress

A fortress of Loviisa was planned to be built in Loviisa, a frontier town near the new border in 1745.


Question: When was the Svartholma Sea Fortress built?

Svartholma Sea Fortress

A broad fortress of six bastions and frontal equipment would guard the King's Way running along the coast.


Question: When was the Svartholma Sea Fortress built?

Svartholma Sea Fortress

Paired with the land fortress, it was planned to build the Svartholma sea fortress at the mouth of Loviisa Bay.


Question: When was the Svartholma Sea Fortress built?

Svartholma Sea Fortress

The fortifications were tasked with preventing Russians from entering along the coast into Swedish-controlled Finland, as well as providing a relying point and supply base for the Swedish Navy.


Question: When was the Svartholma Sea Fortress built?

Svartholma Sea Fortress

The Svartholma Sea Fortress would also serve as a sister fortress and outpost of Viapori, or Suomenlinna Sea Fortress, to be built at the same time off Helsinki.


Question: When was the Svartholma Sea Fortress built?

Svartholma Sea Fortress

The oldest known Svartholma fortification plan is an outline drawn up in 1744 by the Chief of the Finnish Fortress Brigade, Chief Accommodation Lieutenant A. J. Nordenberg.


Question: When was the Svartholma Sea Fortress built?

Svartholma Sea Fortress

[1] However, construction work was undertaken on the basis of the plans of Augustin Ehrensvärd, who was responsible for the construction of Viaporink.


Question: When was the Svartholma Sea Fortress built?

Svartholma Sea Fortress

The Svartholma Sea Fortress was designed to be built according to the bastion system prevalent at the time, allowing different parts of the fort to support each other with cannon fire in a battle situation.


Question: When was the Svartholma Sea Fortress built?

Svartholma Sea Fortress

The sea fortress, consisting of four bastions and the fortress island circumnavigating the fortress islands, was completed in a somewhat planned form.


Question: When was the Svartholma Sea Fortress built?

Svartholma Sea Fortress

In contrast, construction work on the Loviisa land fortress was definitively left unfinished due to the Pomeranian War in 1757.


Question: When was the Svartholma Sea Fortress built?

Svartholma Sea Fortress

Only the bastions built on two sides of the King's Road, Ungern and Rosen, [1] which can still be seen to the east of Loviisa city centre were completed from the fortress.


Question: When was the Svartholma Sea Fortress built?

Svartholma Sea Fortress

Svartholma's construction work was led by Augustin Ehrensvärd, who, however, also had to manage the construction site of Suomenlinna.


Question: When was the Svartholma Sea Fortress built?

Svartholma Sea Fortress

The leadership of the construction works was practically always left to some officer of the rank of lieutenant or captain.


Question: When was the Svartholma Sea Fortress built?

Svartholma Sea Fortress

As manpower, infantry reed soldiers and shipmen, as well as penal prisoners, were used on the island, but professional men had also been employed in the force: bricklayers, carpenters and carpenters.


Question: When was the Svartholma Sea Fortress built?

Svartholma Sea Fortress

In the first summer of construction, the number of laborers at the fortress sites of Loviisa and Svartholma rose to 1500 soldiers and craftsmen, with the maximum number of workers in 1752, when 4500 soldiers, craftsmen and prisoners worked on the construction sites.


Question: When was the Svartholma Sea Fortress built?

Svartholma Sea Fortress

[1] Working days were 12 hours and work was carried out six days a week for a wage of six badgers per day.


Question: When was the Svartholma Sea Fortress built?

Svartholma Sea Fortress

[1] Construction work could be carried out mainly during the summer, from April to September, and the vast majority of domestic troop detachments were usually demobilized for the winter.


Question: When was the Svartholma Sea Fortress built?

Svartholma Sea Fortress

[1] In winter, however, it was possible to drive construction needs to the island and work in the workshops and workshops at the fortress site.


Question: When was the Svartholma Sea Fortress built?

Svartholma Sea Fortress

Construction work at the Svartholma fort site began in January 1748.


Question: When was the Svartholma Sea Fortress built?

Svartholma Sea Fortress

Near waters of the island were created to find a safe harbour location and the base formula of the fort was measured against the terrain.


Question: When was the Svartholma Sea Fortress built?

Svartholma Sea Fortress

During the spring spring, buildings needed for construction work rose up on the island: workshops, storage buildings and barracks.


Question: When was the Svartholma Sea Fortress built?

Svartholma Sea Fortress

In the summer, the actual construction work of the fortress was undertaken after the frost was melted.


Question: When was the Svartholma Sea Fortress built?

Svartholma Sea Fortress

The construction work proceeded swiftly and, during the 1750s, time was made to complete both the grey-stone central castle consisting of four bastions, whose walls rose to a height of 7 to 9 metres, and the northern beach equipment protecting the main gate of the fortress, or tenalji.


Question: When was the Svartholma Sea Fortress built?

Svartholma Sea Fortress

The bastions, the fortress's main defensive positions, were named after the officers who led their construction work.


Question: When was the Svartholma Sea Fortress built?

Svartholma Sea Fortress

However, the Pomeranian War cut off the works in 1757.


Question: When was the Svartholma Sea Fortress built?

Svartholma Sea Fortress

After the work was able to resume again in 1762, the Commandant's House, a guard main placed on the waterfront and the eastern and northern barracks were completed at a rapid pace.


Question: When was the Svartholma Sea Fortress built?

Svartholma Sea Fortress

The barracks buildings vaulted in curtines were two storeys high, and their roofs served as their roofs the firing plains of the citadel's Kurtine ramparts with battlements.


Question: When was the Svartholma Sea Fortress built?

Svartholma Sea Fortress

However, the roofs proved problematic, as open shooting decks were not made fully watertight.


Question: When was the Svartholma Sea Fortress built?

Svartholma Sea Fortress

At the turn of the 1770s and 1780s, the leaky and drawn-out barracks were fitted with attic floors and waterproof roofs.


Question: When was the Svartholma Sea Fortress built?

Svartholma Sea Fortress

At the same time, a western barracks was also built, which was roofed.


Question: When was the Svartholma Sea Fortress built?

Svartholma Sea Fortress

The construction needs of the site were gathered near Loviisa.


Question: When was the Svartholma Sea Fortress built?

Svartholma Sea Fortress

Sawmills and brick and iron pots in the area delivered their products to the construction site, sand was freighted to Svartholma from nearby islands.


Question: When was the Svartholma Sea Fortress built?

Svartholma Sea Fortress

The town's burghers supplied paper, candles, hay, horses, as well as other supplies to the site, whatever was needed in the works.


Question: When was the Svartholma Sea Fortress built?

Svartholma Sea Fortress

Instead, all the aggregate used in the construction was obtained from the fort island itself as part of the excavation works.


Question: When was the Svartholma Sea Fortress built?

Svartholma Sea Fortress

The barracks of the fort were both accommodations for the soldiers of the garrison as well as the facilities needed for the maintenance of the fleet.


Question: When was the Svartholma Sea Fortress built?

Svartholma Sea Fortress

The north barracks notably served as storage facilities for the fleet, and a large bakery had been placed in the western barracks for the ships' food replenishment.


Question: When was the Svartholma Sea Fortress built?

Svartholma Sea Fortress

The courtyard area of the fortress was finished by the construction of paved walkways between the barracks, as well as from the main gate to the shore.


Question: When was the Svartholma Sea Fortress built?

Svartholma Sea Fortress

By the beginning of the 1780s, the fortress of Svartholma had been brought to the outfit where it subsequently left after the Swedes fortress period.


Question: When was the Svartholma Sea Fortress built?

Svartholma Sea Fortress

However, the fortress was not yet complete.


Question: When was the Svartholma Sea Fortress built?

Svartholma Sea Fortress

The ravellins designed to protect the eastern and western gates of the fort were exhausted from the original plan, whose construction work had only been partially mined the foundations of the equipment and to build a few parts of the walls.


Question: When was the Svartholma Sea Fortress built?

Svartholma Sea Fortress

The beach equipment circling the fortress island, tasked with preventing the invasion of the island, was also unfinished in many places.


Question: When was the Svartholma Sea Fortress built?

Svartholma Sea Fortress

The protocol completed in connection with the change of commandant in 1788 shows what condition the fortress was in towards the end of Swedish rule.


Question: When was the Svartholma Sea Fortress built?

Svartholma Sea Fortress

[3] Bastions: von Röök, von Schantz, Qveckfeldt and Nordenskiöld, with a total of 22 greystone masonry and 19 pieces of brick-unveiled casemate.


Question: When was the Svartholma Sea Fortress built?

Svartholma Sea Fortress

Rock Barrack: five barrack rooms with bombproof vaults.


Question: When was the Svartholma Sea Fortress built?

Svartholma Sea Fortress

The magazine building: six storage rooms with bombproof vaults.


Question: When was the Svartholma Sea Fortress built?

Svartholma Sea Fortress

Bakery: three bakery rooms and five kitchen rooms, eight halls, as well as two church rooms.


Question: When was the Svartholma Sea Fortress built?

Svartholma Sea Fortress

Gunpowder storage: two pieces, equipped with fire ladders, loft, as well as storage room.


Question: When was the Svartholma Sea Fortress built?

Svartholma Sea Fortress

Loading dock: 70 cubits long and 10 wide.


Question: When was the Svartholma Sea Fortress built?

Svartholma Sea Fortress

Shipping pier: 78 cubits long and 10 wide.


Question: When was the Svartholma Sea Fortress built?

Svartholma Sea Fortress

The incompletion reduced the fighting ability of the fort during both Gustav III's War and the Finnish War, although efforts were made to equip the island on both occasions at a rapid pace before the enemy arrived.


Question: When was the Svartholma Sea Fortress built?

Svartholma Sea Fortress

The Swedes and Russians fortress at the sea fortress of Svartholma had time to serve as a Swedish and Russian garrison for a total of a century, but the fortress can still hardly boast of its military achievements.


Question: When was the Svartholma Sea Fortress built?

Svartholma Sea Fortress

Not once in its history the fortress fought a real battle.


Question: When was the Svartholma Sea Fortress built?

Svartholma Sea Fortress

Twice the enemy was able to knock the gate of the fortress, the Russian army during the Finnish War and the English naval division in the Crimean War.


Question: When was the Svartholma Sea Fortress built?

Svartholma Sea Fortress

Both times, the fort quickly surrendered.


Question: When was the Svartholma Sea Fortress built?

Svartholma Sea Fortress

During the Crimean War, it was even cleared before the appearance of the enemy fleet.


Question: When was the Svartholma Sea Fortress built?

Svartholma Sea Fortress

Militarily, the fort was already considered too weak soon after its completion to withstand a full-scale attack.


Question: When was the Svartholma Sea Fortress built?

Svartholma Sea Fortress

It would simply not be possible to place artillery powerful enough on the walls of the fort to prevent a full-scale invasion.


Question: When was the Svartholma Sea Fortress built?

Svartholma Sea Fortress

Gustav III's War (1788—1790) The fortress experienced its most glorious moments during Gustav III's War (1788—1790), when the Swedish fleet fighting the Russian fleet could rely on the fortress of Svartholma.


Question: When was the Svartholma Sea Fortress built?

Svartholma Sea Fortress

At Svartholma, the stores of ships going into battle were replenished and could withdraw to its cover after the battle to lick their wounds.


Question: When was the Svartholma Sea Fortress built?

Svartholma Sea Fortress

The fortress played a major role in preparing for the naval battles of Ruotsinsalmi, for example.


Question: When was the Svartholma Sea Fortress built?

Svartholma Sea Fortress

The Finnish War (1808—1809) In the Finnish War (1808-1809), Svartholma first came under enemy fire.


Question: When was the Svartholma Sea Fortress built?

Svartholma Sea Fortress

At the start of the war, there are conflicting descriptions of the condition of the fortress.


Question: When was the Svartholma Sea Fortress built?

Svartholma Sea Fortress

Major General Johan Fredrik Aminoff, who garrisoned the castle, reported that he had brought the fort into good defensive condition.


Question: When was the Svartholma Sea Fortress built?

Svartholma Sea Fortress

[4] Subsequently, according to the accounts given by the defenders, the armament was in order, but there was a shortage above all of provisions, medicines and drinking water.


Question: When was the Svartholma Sea Fortress built?

Svartholma Sea Fortress

[4] In February 1808, the Russian army that went on the offensive soon reached Loviisa, located on the surface of the border, and began to lay siege to the fortress.


Question: When was the Svartholma Sea Fortress built?

Svartholma Sea Fortress

[1] Friedrich Wilhelm von Buxhoevden, who led the Russians, saw that a direct attack across the ice would cause too great losses.


Question: When was the Svartholma Sea Fortress built?

Svartholma Sea Fortress

He ended up cutting off the fortress's supply links and proceeded to lay siege to the fort.


Question: When was the Svartholma Sea Fortress built?

Svartholma Sea Fortress

On 22 February, Buxhoevden sent negotiators to the ice.


Question: When was the Svartholma Sea Fortress built?

Svartholma Sea Fortress

The surrender demand made by the negotiators, Deputy Commander of the Fortress Captain C.


Question: When was the Svartholma Sea Fortress built?

Svartholma Sea Fortress

G von Schoultz, however, countered.


Question: When was the Svartholma Sea Fortress built?

Svartholma Sea Fortress

The Russians had found a point on the eastern side where, due to deficient sectors, the artillery of the fortress could not fire.


Question: When was the Svartholma Sea Fortress built?

Svartholma Sea Fortress

Under Russian shelling, personal damage was minor, but the shelling destroyed accommodation and storage facilities.


Question: When was the Svartholma Sea Fortress built?

Svartholma Sea Fortress

[4] Captain Schoultz negotiated with the Russians for the Armistice period 11—14.


Question: When was the Svartholma Sea Fortress built?

Svartholma Sea Fortress

on March.


Question: When was the Svartholma Sea Fortress built?

Svartholma Sea Fortress

After the armistice, the fort had 19 officers, 27 sub-officers, as well as 499 soldiers remaining.


Question: When was the Svartholma Sea Fortress built?

Svartholma Sea Fortress

The infirmary had 135 people and the fortress's supply of provisions was depleted.


Question: When was the Svartholma Sea Fortress built?

Svartholma Sea Fortress

[4] The commander of the fort, Major Karl Magnus Gripenberg, proposed to surrender to the officer corps.


Question: When was the Svartholma Sea Fortress built?

Svartholma Sea Fortress

According to the terms of surrender drawn up by Gripenberg, the garrison was allowed to march out in full arms, with music playing.


Question: When was the Svartholma Sea Fortress built?

Svartholma Sea Fortress

On the ice, the crew surrendered their weapons, the officer corps was allowed to keep their swords.


Question: When was the Svartholma Sea Fortress built?

Svartholma Sea Fortress

Prisoners of war were allowed to leave their homes and treatment was arranged for the sick at a Russian war hospital.


Question: When was the Svartholma Sea Fortress built?

Svartholma Sea Fortress

[4] The siege lasted only less than a month and Russian artillery fired on the fortress only sparsely.


Question: When was the Svartholma Sea Fortress built?

Svartholma Sea Fortress

The Kamensk Division, which had been prepared for a long siege, was relieved for other duties, moreover, the Russians realised that the future adversary would not be as plucky as had been estimated in advance.


Question: When was the Svartholma Sea Fortress built?

Svartholma Sea Fortress

The siege of the fortress probably affected the manner in which the Russians later dealt with Viapori.


Question: When was the Svartholma Sea Fortress built?

Svartholma Sea Fortress

[4] As a Russian prison, following Finland's transition to Russian rule after the Finnish War, with the Peace Treaty of Hamina in 1809, the border fortress of Svartholma fell far away from the border of the kingdom that had moved to the Tornion River.


Question: When was the Svartholma Sea Fortress built?

Svartholma Sea Fortress

The military importance of the fort waned, and it was undertaken to partially disarm it.


Question: When was the Svartholma Sea Fortress built?

Svartholma Sea Fortress

However, the Russian garrison stayed in the fortress until 1853.


Question: When was the Svartholma Sea Fortress built?

Svartholma Sea Fortress

To accompany the shrunken garrison, a prison moved to the island in the 1830s.


Question: When was the Svartholma Sea Fortress built?

Svartholma Sea Fortress

In addition to domestic penal prisoners, a group of Russian political prisoners languished in the old guard of the fortress.


Question: When was the Svartholma Sea Fortress built?

Svartholma Sea Fortress

Perhaps the most famous priest in the prison was Henry Renqvist, who was strongly influenced by the Lordship, who was assigned to this position as a punishment: while serving as chaplain in the poorly managed parish of Liper, he stepped far too forcefully into the vicar of those he considered spiritually limp and Bishop Molanderink's toes and disregarded the warnings of the higher will in his revivalist enthusiasm.


Question: When was the Svartholma Sea Fortress built?

Svartholma Sea Fortress

So he was made a prison chaplain, because it was considered that in such a place, enthusiasm would be diluted.


Question: When was the Svartholma Sea Fortress built?

Svartholma Sea Fortress

It turned out otherwise: nine years of prison service between 1825 and 1835 only deepened and summed up the young priest's enthusiasm.


Question: When was the Svartholma Sea Fortress built?

Svartholma Sea Fortress

At Svartholma, he laid the foundations for the temperance movement he had driven in later life.


Question: When was the Svartholma Sea Fortress built?

Svartholma Sea Fortress

Svartholma was quite poorly suited as a prison, and due to constant complaints, the prison was abolished and the remaining prisoners transferred to Suomenlinna in 1847.


Question: When was the Svartholma Sea Fortress built?

Svartholma Sea Fortress

However, efforts were made to reopen Svartholma Prison after a few more years, but definitively the prison term ended with the Crimean War, when Svartholma's prisoners were evacuated from the feet of the war to Häme Castle.


Question: When was the Svartholma Sea Fortress built?

Svartholma Sea Fortress

The Crimean War (1854—1856) The fortress, which served mainly as a prison, had fallen into serious disrepair in the first decades of the period of Russian rule.


Question: When was the Svartholma Sea Fortress built?

Svartholma Sea Fortress

With the threat of the Crimean War, efforts were made to revive the defences of the Finnish coast, and a repair plan was made for Svartholmaak.


Question: When was the Svartholma Sea Fortress built?

Svartholma Sea Fortress

However, the task was perceived as overwhelming and it was decided to completely clear the fortress.


Question: When was the Svartholma Sea Fortress built?

Svartholma Sea Fortress

Armament was dismantled and wooden buildings, wooden doors and windows of stone buildings were evacuated to the mainland side.


Question: When was the Svartholma Sea Fortress built?

Svartholma Sea Fortress

[1] An English naval detachment arrived off the unoccupied fortress on 4 July 1855.


Question: When was the Svartholma Sea Fortress built?

Svartholma Sea Fortress

The contingent included the frigate HMS Arrogant (capt.


Question: When was the Svartholma Sea Fortress built?

Svartholma Sea Fortress

HR.


Question: When was the Svartholma Sea Fortress built?

Svartholma Sea Fortress

Yelverton), corvette HMS Magicienne (capt.


Question: When was the Svartholma Sea Fortress built?

Svartholma Sea Fortress

Vansittort) as well as the gunboat Ruby (capt.


Question: When was the Svartholma Sea Fortress built?

Svartholma Sea Fortress

Lovden).


Question: When was the Svartholma Sea Fortress built?

Svartholma Sea Fortress

Thousands of pounds of gunpowder were transferred from the ships to the fort, which was blown up unusable.


Question: When was the Svartholma Sea Fortress built?

Svartholma Sea Fortress

[5] The daily life of the sea fortress to the peacetime strength of the garrison of Svartholma had been assigned 300—400 men.


Question: When was the Svartholma Sea Fortress built?

Svartholma Sea Fortress

The weekday of the crew was filled by exercises and guard service, as well as maintenance work on the fort and its armament.


Question: When was the Svartholma Sea Fortress built?

Svartholma Sea Fortress

From time to time, men were also employed by more extensive construction work.


Question: When was the Svartholma Sea Fortress built?

Svartholma Sea Fortress

Life on Fortress Island was not a treat.


Question: When was the Svartholma Sea Fortress built?

Svartholma Sea Fortress

The barracks of the fort, especially before their coverage at the turn of the 1770s and 1780s, were quite cold and damp, as the shooting shells on the roofs of the barracks had not been made watertight.


Question: When was the Svartholma Sea Fortress built?

Svartholma Sea Fortress

The crew was plagued by many diseases, including dysentery, cholera and colds.


Question: When was the Svartholma Sea Fortress built?

Svartholma Sea Fortress

Also, scurvy plagued soldiers getting along with a one-sided diet.


Question: When was the Svartholma Sea Fortress built?

Svartholma Sea Fortress

The stricken soldiers were nurtured by a fortress broker in his infirmary stationed at the Western Barracks.


Question: When was the Svartholma Sea Fortress built?

Svartholma Sea Fortress

The soldiers' meals consisted mostly of bread and porridge.


Question: When was the Svartholma Sea Fortress built?

Svartholma Sea Fortress

Occasionally the menu also included peas, meat, fish and pork fat, from which various soups were specially conjured.


Question: When was the Svartholma Sea Fortress built?

Svartholma Sea Fortress

[1] As a drink, the soldiers were offered water mixed with wine vinegar and liquor.


Question: When was the Svartholma Sea Fortress built?

Svartholma Sea Fortress

The prisoners who inhabited the fort were allowed to settle for nothing but dry bread.


Question: When was the Svartholma Sea Fortress built?

Svartholma Sea Fortress

More diverse food had to be purchased with minimal pay from fortress work.


Question: When was the Svartholma Sea Fortress built?

Svartholma Sea Fortress

[1] The fortress's food supply provided a secure source of income for the peasants and fishermen of the neighbouring region, as well as for the burghers of Loviisa.


Question: When was the Svartholma Sea Fortress built?

Svartholma Sea Fortress

[1] A dedicated tobacco spinner was established in the town in 1754, and the number of anniskel restaurants rose to over twenty in the latter half of the 18th century.


Question: When was the Svartholma Sea Fortress built?

Svartholma Sea Fortress

The fort's officer corps was happy to mingle with the gentry of noble estates in the nearby area and eagerly participated in the town's socialite events.


Question: When was the Svartholma Sea Fortress built?

Svartholma Sea Fortress

The fort's officer corps and the city's burghers also established fraternal guilds and secret clubs.


Question: When was the Svartholma Sea Fortress built?

Svartholma Sea Fortress

In Svartholma, for example, the mysterious drinking society Hypotenus gathered, which paid tribute to the Roman wine god Bacchus by its activities.


Question: When was the Svartholma Sea Fortress built?

Svartholma Sea Fortress

[1] Nor were Helsinki and the fortress of Viapori too far away as high society flights.


Question: When was the Svartholma Sea Fortress built?

Svartholma Sea Fortress

Restoration of the fortress After the visit of the English, the sea fortress of Svartholma was forgotten.


Question: When was the Svartholma Sea Fortress built?

Svartholma Sea Fortress

Construction debris dismantled from the rubble was used for the reconstruction of the town of Loviisa, which was destroyed by fire.


Question: When was the Svartholma Sea Fortress built?

Svartholma Sea Fortress

For example, bricks were brought to the construction sites of Loviisa Town Hall and Church from the ruins of the fortress.


Question: When was the Svartholma Sea Fortress built?

Svartholma Sea Fortress

[1] Burghers building stone houses were allowed to freely retrieve bricks and stones from the island as building material.


Question: When was the Svartholma Sea Fortress built?

Svartholma Sea Fortress

The others paid for a thousand bricks a ruble of 50 kopecks.


Question: When was the Svartholma Sea Fortress built?

Svartholma Sea Fortress

[6] In the decades that followed the demolition, the island was mainly used only as grazing land for the livestock of the Greater Sarvilahti estate.


Question: When was the Svartholma Sea Fortress built?

Svartholma Sea Fortress

The fort's blasted, demolished and ravaged walls of moisture and frost were buried beneath demolition debris and vegetation.


Question: When was the Svartholma Sea Fortress built?

Svartholma Sea Fortress

At the beginning of the 20th century, no more part of the beach equipment and bastions were recognizable from the fort.


Question: When was the Svartholma Sea Fortress built?

Svartholma Sea Fortress

After decades of oblivion, the Ancient Scientific Commission, the predecessor of the Museum Agency, first began exploring the ruins of Svartholma as early as 1911, and the city of Loviisa carried out clearance work at the fortress in the early 1930s.


Question: When was the Svartholma Sea Fortress built?

Svartholma Sea Fortress

However, actual restoration work was not undertaken until after the wars.


Question: When was the Svartholma Sea Fortress built?

Svartholma Sea Fortress

[7] The restoration was financed by rental income from the grasslands and profits from the sale of the forest.


Question: When was the Svartholma Sea Fortress built?

Svartholma Sea Fortress

[8] Apart from small-scale wall repair works carried out in 1948, more extensive restoration work at Svartholma did not begin until the excavations carried out by the Office of Museums between 1963 and 1964.


Question: When was the Svartholma Sea Fortress built?

Svartholma Sea Fortress

As part of the first excavations, the inner courtyard of the fort and barracks located in the Eastern and Western Kurtine were uncovered.


Question: When was the Svartholma Sea Fortress built?

Svartholma Sea Fortress

[7] Due to the excavations, the walls of the fort suffered additional wintry damage, as the wall sections dug up were not immediately protected from rain and freezing.


Question: When was the Svartholma Sea Fortress built?

Svartholma Sea Fortress

The actual methodical restoration work was started in 1968 according to the plans of architect Esko Vormala, when the masonry structures of the bastion ring were also reinforced and partially re-bricked.


Question: When was the Svartholma Sea Fortress built?

Svartholma Sea Fortress

A canopy was built to shelter the northern barracks, which had been uncovered from the earth's ovens.


Question: When was the Svartholma Sea Fortress built?

Svartholma Sea Fortress

The latest phase of research and restoration of the fort commenced in 1994, when the rest of the fortress area became subject to restoration work.


Question: When was the Svartholma Sea Fortress built?

Svartholma Sea Fortress

At the same time, the ruins of the northern and western Kurtine building were protected by a uniform canopy.


Question: When was the Svartholma Sea Fortress built?

Svartholma Sea Fortress

[7] The works were completed in 1998, celebrating the 250th anniversary of the fort.


Question: When was the Svartholma Sea Fortress built?

Svartholma Sea Fortress

[7] Part of the fort is still left unexcavated, as damaged structures are best preserved covered by a layer of soil.


Question: When was the Svartholma Sea Fortress built?

Svartholma Sea Fortress

[7] However, the fortress is well outlined to the visitor by means of the parts already excavated at this time.


Question: When was the Svartholma Sea Fortress built?

Svartholma Sea Fortress

Restoration work on the walls, the repaired paving of the fort's courtyard and an 18th-century log coffin pier crown the ensemble.


Question: When was the Svartholma Sea Fortress built?

Svartholma Sea Fortress

The Svartholma Sea Fortress is now a relic protected by the Ancient Memorials Act managed by Metsähallitus.


Question: When was the Svartholma Sea Fortress built?

Svartholma Sea Fortress

A lively tourist attraction in Fortress Island is home to an exhibition about the history of Svartholma produced by the Museum Board.


Question: When was the Svartholma Sea Fortress built?

Svartholma Sea Fortress

At the exhibition you can explore the stage of construction of the fortress, its service in military use, and a long and demanding restoration project.


Question: When was the Svartholma Sea Fortress built?

Svartholma Sea Fortress

The exhibition displays artifacts found in the fortress as well as a miniature model of the fortress.


Question: When was the Svartholma Sea Fortress built?

Svartholma Sea Fortress

The island and the fort can also be explored on guided walking tours.


Question: When was the Svartholma Sea Fortress built?

Svartholma Sea Fortress

In addition, the island has a museum store, a restaurant and a guest marina.


Question: When was the Svartholma Sea Fortress built?

Svartholma Sea Fortress

In some of the ruins of the fortress there is a risk of caving, so the walls should be moved cautiously.


Question: When was the Svartholma Sea Fortress built?

Svartholma Sea Fortress

The island of Svartholma can be reached daily in summer by route ship departing from the centre of Loviisa.


Question: When was the Svartholma Sea Fortress built?

Svartholma Sea Fortress

Travel time is 45 minutes.


Question: When was the Svartholma Sea Fortress built?

Svartholma Sea Fortress

The restaurant on the island can also inquire about transfers from the Kvanviken service dock.


Question: When was the Svartholma Sea Fortress built?

Svartholma Sea Fortress

Photos In the foreground, the corner of the tenalji protecting the main gate of the fortress and the bastion Nordenskiöld in the background.


Question: When was the Svartholma Sea Fortress built?

Svartholma Sea Fortress

The north kurtine of the fort and the main gate bastion depicted from the Qveckfelt shooting deck.


Question: When was the Svartholma Sea Fortress built?

Svartholma Sea Fortress

Background bastioni Nordenskiöld.


Question: When was the Svartholma Sea Fortress built?

Svartholma Sea Fortress

On the right bastion Röök pointed tip and underlying bastion Nordenskiöld.


Question: When was the Svartholma Sea Fortress built?

Svartholma Sea Fortress

Bastioni Nordenskiöld's intricately vaulted wall.


Question: When was the Svartholma Sea Fortress built?

Svartholma Sea Fortress

The fortress island of Svartholma is circled almost directly by beach equipment rising from the sea.


Question: When was the Svartholma Sea Fortress built?

Svartholma Sea Fortress

The courtyard of the fortress.


Question: When was the Svartholma Sea Fortress built?

Svartholma Sea Fortress

Pictured on the left the ruins of the west barracks and on the right the restored north barracks.


Question: When was the Svartholma Sea Fortress built?

Svartholma Sea Fortress

The museum agency has been restoring the fort's structures since the 1960s.


Question: When was the Svartholma Sea Fortress built?

Svartholma Sea Fortress

Sources Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Lappalainen, Wolke, Pylkkänen| title = History of the Finnish War 1808—1809| publisher = Society of Finnish Literature/Map Centre| year = 2008


Question: When was the Svartholma Sea Fortress built?

Svartholma Sea Fortress

) | id = ISBN 978-951-593-197-9}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| title = Finnish Fortresses, p. 148| location = Saarijärvi| publisher = Society of Finnish Literature| year = 2011| id = ISBN 978-952-222-275-6}} References elsewhere Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Sampo Ahto| title = Gulf of Finland| location = Helsinki| publisher = Sotasokeat ry (Kauppakirja Oy) | year = 1977}} Pages 71-98.


Question: When was the Svartholma Sea Fortress built?

Svartholma Sea Fortress

Category:History of Loviisa Category:Loviisa buildings and structures Category:Oolannian War Category:Swedish military history Category:Fortresses of Finland Category:Attractions in Uusimaa


Question: How long was Kekkonen president of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

Urho Kaleva Kekkonen () was a Finnish politician and the eighth President of the Republic of Finland.


Question: How long was Kekkonen president of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

He was the sitting President of the Republic continuously from 1956 until early 1982, for more than 25 years.


Question: How long was Kekkonen president of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

His last presidential term was left unfinished because of illness.


Question: How long was Kekkonen president of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

Kekkonen is the longest-serving president in Finland's history.


Question: How long was Kekkonen president of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

He is the first person to serve as President of the Republic for two full terms and the only one elected to serve more than two terms, which according to the subsequent amendment to the Constitution, the former Finnish form of government and the current Constitution of Finland, would no longer be not possible.


Question: How long was Kekkonen president of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

Prior to his presidency, Kekkonen served as a jurist, athletics, justice minister, speaker of parliament and prime minister of five governments, among others.


Question: How long was Kekkonen president of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

[1] As Presidential Elector, MP and Minister, Kekkonen was in the process of electing Kyösti Kallio in 1937, Risto Ryti in 1940 and 1943, Gustaf Mannerheim in 1944 and J. K. Paasikivi in 1946.


Question: How long was Kekkonen president of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

[2] Biography Pedigree Kekkonet are an old Savonian family.


Question: How long was Kekkonen president of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

Urho Kekkonen's earliest known ancestors settled in the Savo region, possibly even before the 16th century.


Question: How long was Kekkonen president of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

It is unclear where the Kekkones have arrived in Savo.


Question: How long was Kekkonen president of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

Since the Kekkons were known to have lived in the Karelian Isthmus at least in Muola and Valkjärvi, it is thought that they originated from Karelia, but Urho Kekkonen himself also thought it possible that the Kekkonet might originate from western Finland, for example Häme, where it is already 1400- since the century there have been place names associated with the name of Kekkonten.


Question: How long was Kekkonen president of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

[3] Kekkonen's earliest known ancestor was his great-great-great-grandfather Tuomas Kekkonen (b. ca.


Question: How long was Kekkonen president of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

1630), which is first mentioned in piece-like documents of 1673.


Question: How long was Kekkonen president of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

He was possibly a native of either Kangasniemi or Jorois.


Question: How long was Kekkonen president of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

[3] Although Kekkonen's birth home in Pielavesi is known as Lepiko croft, Kekkonen has no crofter background.


Question: How long was Kekkonen president of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

The house had been acquired as a family family home.


Question: How long was Kekkonen president of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

Urho Kekkonen's ancestors up to the twelfth generation were all descendants of old Eastern Finnish peasant families.


Question: How long was Kekkonen president of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

The family of Kekkonen on the father's side were squatters of the Casque lands, and the peasant family remained on their own lands from the mother's side.


Question: How long was Kekkonen president of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

However, Grandfather Eenokki, the father of Urho Kekkonen, belonged to a group of unrequited people growing up in the 19th century and acquired maintenance with temporary and tyres.


Question: How long was Kekkonen president of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

[4] After serving in different houses, Eenokki Kekkonen married Anna-Liisa Koskinen.


Question: How long was Kekkonen president of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

They were born four sons, given the names Taavetti, John, Alpert and Juho.