Question: How many men were part of the Soviet army in its entirety?

Continuation War

[5] In protest, the Soviet Union stopped its exports to Finland.


Question: How many men were part of the Soviet army in its entirety?

Continuation War

[7] Soon 90% of foreign trade was handled through Germany.


Question: How many men were part of the Soviet army in its entirety?

Continuation War

Military cooperation between Finland and Germany began with negotiations between the countries' highest military command in the winter of 1940—1941.


Question: How many men were part of the Soviet army in its entirety?

Continuation War

The Chiefs of General Staff held talks in Berlin in January.


Question: How many men were part of the Soviet army in its entirety?

Continuation War

Among other things, the Germans inquired about how long it took Finland to get its army to the border with the Soviet Union, and also received a response.


Question: How many men were part of the Soviet army in its entirety?

Continuation War

From February 1941, road construction and reconnaissance cooperation with the Germans were conducted in Lapland.


Question: How many men were part of the Soviet army in its entirety?

Continuation War

German troops began arriving in Finland, which eventually reached 40,000 when the Continuation War broke out.


Question: How many men were part of the Soviet army in its entirety?

Continuation War

During February—March, the Germans engaged in systematic reconnaissance in northern Finland.


Question: How many men were part of the Soviet army in its entirety?

Continuation War

In April 1941, an engineering company in Ratas began to recruit volunteers for the Finnish battalion of the Waffen-SS's Wiking Division.


Question: How many men were part of the Soviet army in its entirety?

Continuation War

Enlistment continued into June 1941.


Question: How many men were part of the Soviet army in its entirety?

Continuation War

The first recruits left for Germany for training in May 1941.


Question: How many men were part of the Soviet army in its entirety?

Continuation War

[8] On 25 May 1941, during Operation Barbarossa and Finland, the Finnish Supreme Military Command visited the German General Staff in Salzburg, where a German military delegation led by General Alfred Jodl explained the planned invasion of the Soviet Union.


Question: How many men were part of the Soviet army in its entirety?

Continuation War

The Germans presented a plan of cooperation between German and Finnish combat forces.


Question: How many men were part of the Soviet army in its entirety?

Continuation War

Finland was asked to commit Soviet forces on its borders and participate in the offensive against Leningrad.


Question: How many men were part of the Soviet army in its entirety?

Continuation War

During further negotiations between different types of weapons in Berlin 26—28.


Question: How many men were part of the Soviet army in its entirety?

Continuation War

On May technical and tactical information was exchanged.


Question: How many men were part of the Soviet army in its entirety?

Continuation War

[9] A transit permit was issued for German troops through northern Finland.


Question: How many men were part of the Soviet army in its entirety?

Continuation War

The attack plan included the use of Finnish territory.


Question: How many men were part of the Soviet army in its entirety?

Continuation War

In particular, Finnish Lapland played an important role in taking over Murmansk with the Germans aiming for Arkhangelsk.


Question: How many men were part of the Soviet army in its entirety?

Continuation War

In the south, the attention of the Germans was drawn to the Gulf of Finland and the Karelian Isthmus, so that the recapture of Leningrad and its complete destruction would have become possible.


Question: How many men were part of the Soviet army in its entirety?

Continuation War

In May, the Finnish Supreme Command decided to take part in Germany's planned war expedition against the Soviet Union.


Question: How many men were part of the Soviet army in its entirety?

Continuation War

At the beginning of June, Germany was informed of the terms of participation: Finland should remain independent in future, Germany had to attack first, and only after the Soviet Union began the war effort would join the Finnish front.


Question: How many men were part of the Soviet army in its entirety?

Continuation War

[10] On 3 June 1941, during negotiations with Germany in Helsinki, it was agreed that, with Finland going to war with the Soviet Union, Germany would come to Finland's aid.


Question: How many men were part of the Soviet army in its entirety?

Continuation War

At the same time, negotiations in Kiel agreed to joint war efforts, including mining the southern coast of the Gulf of Finland, when war broke out.


Question: How many men were part of the Soviet army in its entirety?

Continuation War

Ore and Uti airfields were made available to the German Air Force even before the war.


Question: How many men were part of the Soviet army in its entirety?

Continuation War

Beginning on 7 June 1941, German troops intended for the invasion began arriving in Finnish ports.


Question: How many men were part of the Soviet army in its entirety?

Continuation War

On June 15, 1941, Mannerheim subjugated General Siilasvuo's army corps in northern Finland under German control.


Question: How many men were part of the Soviet army in its entirety?

Continuation War

On 18 June 1941, Finnish Air Force aircraft were painted yellow Eastern Front insignia in accordance with the German Luftwaffe.


Question: How many men were part of the Soviet army in its entirety?

Continuation War

On 22 June 1941, Germany launched the offensive and, as previously agreed, used Finnish airspace and airfields to bomb the Soviet Union.


Question: How many men were part of the Soviet army in its entirety?

Continuation War

[11] The Germans began grouping invasion forces in northern Finland during the first week of June.


Question: How many men were part of the Soviet army in its entirety?

Continuation War

Finnish protective forces began moving into their positions on June 10, 1941, on June 17 a general mobilization was declared in Finland.


Question: How many men were part of the Soviet army in its entirety?

Continuation War

On June 21, the government ordered 45,000 residences on the Soviet borders to be evacuated.


Question: How many men were part of the Soviet army in its entirety?

Continuation War

Transfers of German troops to Northern Finland Preparations for the arrival of German troops began immediately.


Question: How many men were part of the Soviet army in its entirety?

Continuation War

Arrangements were handled under the guise of transit organisation, and German forces were not authorized to move east of the Arctic Oceans until 18 June, when it was thought preparations for the invasion east had already been exposed anyway.


Question: How many men were part of the Soviet army in its entirety?

Continuation War

Two divisions of German troops, 20,000 men from Stettin and 10600 men from Oslo, were shipped to Oulu and transferred as train transports to Rovaniemi.


Question: How many men were part of the Soviet army in its entirety?

Continuation War

Shipings began on 5 June and the last troops were at Rovaniemi on 14 June.


Question: How many men were part of the Soviet army in its entirety?

Continuation War

On 7 June, SS Division Nord began a march from Norway along the Arctic Sea Road via Vuoso and Sodankylä to Rovaniemi.


Question: How many men were part of the Soviet army in its entirety?

Continuation War

The passing march of the 8000—9000 man strong division's vehicle column lasted 10 hours.


Question: How many men were part of the Soviet army in its entirety?

Continuation War

The division was at Rovaniemi on 10 June.


Question: How many men were part of the Soviet army in its entirety?

Continuation War

A total force of 40600 men was concentrated in the Rovaniemi region, from where on 18 June they began moving towards Salla.


Question: How many men were part of the Soviet army in its entirety?

Continuation War

[12] The German Norwegian Army Staff moved to Rovaniemi on 15 June, Army commander Colonel General Nikolaus von Falkenhorst arrived a week later.


Question: How many men were part of the Soviet army in its entirety?

Continuation War

Two days after the HQ, Luftwaffe aircraft landed in Rovaniemi.


Question: How many men were part of the Soviet army in its entirety?

Continuation War

Of the corps, two mountain divisions (2nd and 3rd)


Question: How many men were part of the Soviet army in its entirety?

Continuation War

moved from Norway to Petsamo only on 22 June, [13] [14] for preparations German pioneers in civilian attire had already been allowed into the country a day earlier.


Question: How many men were part of the Soviet army in its entirety?

Continuation War

Petsamo's German divisions began an attack towards Murmansk on 29 June.


Question: How many men were part of the Soviet army in its entirety?

Continuation War

Events just before the start of the war by order of the Finnish Air Force Staff, automatic morsing equipment was installed in the Lahti Radio Station and Turku and Oulu radio masts on 21 June for radio navigation of German bombers.


Question: How many men were part of the Soviet army in its entirety?

Continuation War

[15] According to Dr. Hannu Valtonen, who studied aviation history, German bombers flew at night 21—22.


Question: How many men were part of the Soviet army in its entirety?

Continuation War

June from East Prussia through southern Finnish airspace to the north of Ladoga and thence south to the Leningrad region, where Germany and the Soviet Union engaged in the first air battles of the operation after about three o'clock in the early hours of the morning.


Question: How many men were part of the Soviet army in its entirety?

Continuation War

The German bombers then flew to Utt, Finland, where they refueled and from where they continued on to their home fields in East Prussia.


Question: How many men were part of the Soviet army in its entirety?

Continuation War

[16] 21—22.


Question: How many men were part of the Soviet army in its entirety?

Continuation War

During the night between, the Germans in cooperation with the Finnish State Police took over the Soviet consulate in Petsamo and the Finns arrested the entire staff of the consulate and their families.


Question: How many men were part of the Soviet army in its entirety?

Continuation War

The German Gestapo seized the consulate's archives for examination and later forwarded them to Valpo.


Question: How many men were part of the Soviet army in its entirety?

Continuation War

[17] The German naval forces were taking advantage of Finnish territory, they had been relying on the Finnish coast and ports since mid-June.


Question: How many men were part of the Soviet army in its entirety?

Continuation War

[16] The Finnish warfare command had already ordered the U-boat squadron on 17 June to take part in mining the Estonian coast and on the evening of 21 June the U-boat squadron received an execution order for its mission.


Question: How many men were part of the Soviet army in its entirety?

Continuation War

On the 22nd, Finnish submarines and Finnish and German ships began mining the Gulf of Finland to prevent the free passage of the Soviet Baltic Fleet.


Question: How many men were part of the Soviet army in its entirety?

Continuation War

The effort was to ensure that the Soviet fleet would not be able to distract from the Gulf of Finland to the flank of the Germans' land front to the Baltics, and to prevent an attack on Åland, the control of which was vital for Finland.


Question: How many men were part of the Soviet army in its entirety?

Continuation War

On the 22nd, the mining was extended off Soviet-occupied Estonia (including Tallinn).


Question: How many men were part of the Soviet army in its entirety?

Continuation War

Finnish submarines laid mines on the Estonian coast between 7:28 a.m. and 9:06 a.m. on 22 June 1941.


Question: How many men were part of the Soviet army in its entirety?

Continuation War

[18] [19] When information arrived in Finland about the start of the German invasion, the Finnish Navy immediately began Operation Kilsailing, i.e. the transfer of troops to the demilitarised Åland Islands.


Question: How many men were part of the Soviet army in its entirety?

Continuation War

Soviet aircraft carried out the first air attack of the war against the Finns after attacking warships involved in this operation as well as coastal forts at 6:05am on 22 June.


Question: How many men were part of the Soviet army in its entirety?

Continuation War

In addition, artillery fire began from Hanko to Porsöhu, Storholm and the mainland at 6:50am [20] Adolf Hitler declared in a radio speech on 22 June that Finland would fight together (Im Verein) with Germany.


Question: How many men were part of the Soviet army in its entirety?

Continuation War

Finland announced that it would remain neutral in foreign policy, but Hitler's speech was embarrassing for the country's leadership, it signaled to the world that Finland was allied with Germany in the war against the Soviet Union.


Question: How many men were part of the Soviet army in its entirety?

Continuation War

[21] These actions also led the Soviet Union to initiate military action against Finland, as it considered Finland to allow its territory to be used to attack itself.


Question: How many men were part of the Soviet army in its entirety?

Continuation War

Despite the coordinated naval warfare initiated with Germany and the army stationed by Germany from the level of Nurmes as far as Petsamoo, Finland declared that it remained neutral in foreign policy.


Question: How many men were part of the Soviet army in its entirety?

Continuation War

[22] [23] [24] [25] [26] The course of the war The war begins Soviet attacks against Finland began at 06:05 on 22 June, when the Soviet Union bombed a Finnish naval division at sea.


Question: How many men were part of the Soviet army in its entirety?

Continuation War

Subsequently, on the same day, Finland participated in the mining of the southern Gulf of Finland.


Question: How many men were part of the Soviet army in its entirety?

Continuation War

On the same day Germany launched its invasion of the Soviet Union.


Question: How many men were part of the Soviet army in its entirety?

Continuation War

German planes returning from the bombing flight stopped in Finnish territory for refueling.


Question: How many men were part of the Soviet army in its entirety?

Continuation War

The Soviets responded by bombing Finnish military targets in Finland with aircraft and cannons.


Question: How many men were part of the Soviet army in its entirety?

Continuation War

Finland refrained from returning fire and tried to assert neutrality in the new war.


Question: How many men were part of the Soviet army in its entirety?

Continuation War

A significant war effort was avoided between Finland and the Soviet Union for a few days.


Question: How many men were part of the Soviet army in its entirety?

Continuation War

On June 24, 1941, the Soviet Union evacuated its legation in Helsinki.


Question: How many men were part of the Soviet army in its entirety?

Continuation War

[11] On 25 June 1941, the Soviet Air Force bombed Helsinki, Turku and Porvoo, as well as a dozen other localities, with about 500 planes, of which 27 planes were shot down on Finnish territory.


Question: How many men were part of the Soviet army in its entirety?

Continuation War

Based on these bombings and past events, in its communique to parliament, the government had reached the conclusion that the country had fallen into a state of war.


Question: How many men were part of the Soviet army in its entirety?

Continuation War

This position was adopted by Parliament [27].


Question: How many men were part of the Soviet army in its entirety?

Continuation War

On the same day 25.6, Prime Minister Jukka Rangell stated on the radio that Finland was again at war with the Soviet Union.


Question: How many men were part of the Soviet army in its entirety?

Continuation War

War was declared on 26 June.


Question: How many men were part of the Soviet army in its entirety?

Continuation War

The Finnish army and German troops in Finland began a ground offensive.


Question: How many men were part of the Soviet army in its entirety?

Continuation War

The Finnish army launched a major offensive in Ladoga Karelia in the direction of Korpiselä on 10 July with its focus on the left wing.


Question: How many men were part of the Soviet army in its entirety?

Continuation War

The brunt of the attack was the advance of the 1st Ice Brigade commanded by Colonel Ruben Lagus, which reached the shores of Ladoga within days.


Question: How many men were part of the Soviet army in its entirety?

Continuation War

[28] By the end of August, the Karelian Army commanded by Lieutenant-General Erik Heinrichs had reached the limits preceding the Winter War.


Question: How many men were part of the Soviet army in its entirety?

Continuation War

The Finnish people who experienced the Winter War were, with rare unanimity, behind the country's leadership and the reclamation of lost Karelia.


Question: How many men were part of the Soviet army in its entirety?

Continuation War

The new war was seen as a continuation war of the Winter War, aimed at righting the wrong suffered.


Question: How many men were part of the Soviet army in its entirety?

Continuation War

[21] On several occasions the Soviet Union demanded Britain declare war on Finland.


Question: How many men were part of the Soviet army in its entirety?

Continuation War

British Prime Minister Winston Churchill sent Marshal Mannerheim a personal, private and secret letter expressing regret that Britain will soon have to declare war on Finland.


Question: How many men were part of the Soviet army in its entirety?

Continuation War

Churchill also urged Finland not to cross the old border.


Question: How many men were part of the Soviet army in its entirety?

Continuation War

The letter is preserved at Britain's Imperial War Museum.


Question: How many men were part of the Soviet army in its entirety?

Continuation War

[29] Britain severed diplomatic relations on 1 August and threatened with war on 22 September unless the advance was cut off.


Question: How many men were part of the Soviet army in its entirety?

Continuation War

Following Finland's accession to the Anti-Comintern Treaty on 25 November, Britain filed an ultimatum demanding a cessation of hostilities by 5 December.


Question: How many men were part of the Soviet army in its entirety?

Continuation War

After remaining without a satisfactory response, London announced on Finnish Independence Day, 6 December, a declaration of war on Finland.


Question: How many men were part of the Soviet army in its entirety?

Continuation War

Relations with foreign countries deteriorated as Finnish forces advanced.


Question: How many men were part of the Soviet army in its entirety?

Continuation War

However, the actual war effort between the two countries was already limited to the earlier bombing of Liinahamar on 30 June.


Question: How many men were part of the Soviet army in its entirety?

Continuation War

Australia, Canada and New Zealand also submitted a declaration of war to Finland.


Question: How many men were part of the Soviet army in its entirety?

Continuation War

Already during the civil war in 1918, Mannerheim had issued a declaration in Antrea on the Karelian Isthmus stating that we should not put his sword in a sheath until Finland and East Karelia were free.


Question: How many men were part of the Soviet army in its entirety?

Continuation War

In the Continuation War, Mannerheim issued his famous so-called sword-sheath day order, in which he referred to his declaration.


Question: How many men were part of the Soviet army in its entirety?

Continuation War

There were also mentions of a large Finland in the daily order, which even at that time caused negative attention in political circles.


Question: How many men were part of the Soviet army in its entirety?

Continuation War

During the Continuation War, Finland occupied the most extensive territory in its history.


Question: How many men were part of the Soviet army in its entirety?

Continuation War

Many people outside the right wanted to annex East Karelia to Finland.


Question: How many men were part of the Soviet army in its entirety?

Continuation War

The grounds were not only ideological and political, but also military: the so-called Three Isthmus Line was easier to defend than the previous frontier.


Question: How many men were part of the Soviet army in its entirety?

Continuation War

With Germany backed, there was an opportunity to do so.


Question: How many men were part of the Soviet army in its entirety?

Continuation War

On the other hand, there were economic motives in the form of exploitation of forest reserves in East Karelia.


Question: How many men were part of the Soviet army in its entirety?

Continuation War

However, the territories were not legally annexed to Finland; only the territories lost in the Winter War were declared by Parliament as belonging to Finland.


Question: How many men were part of the Soviet army in its entirety?

Continuation War

The management of the territories was provided by the Military Administration of East Karelia, which made preparatory measures to annex the conquered territories to Finland.


Question: How many men were part of the Soviet army in its entirety?

Continuation War

Internment camps were established in the conquered territory, which in their own time were referred to at first as “concentration camps” and later as “displacement camps”.


Question: How many men were part of the Soviet army in its entirety?

Continuation War

[30] They were excluded: [31] (a) “unnational population from those areas where their stay in view of military action could not be permitted”; (b) “politically unreliable persons belonging to the national and non-national population of the military administrative territory”; (c) “in exceptional cases other persons belonging to the population of the Military Administrative Region whose vacancy was deemed undesirable”.


Question: How many men were part of the Soviet army in its entirety?

Continuation War

When defined as the national population, the Finnish population was perceived as the national population.


Question: How many men were part of the Soviet army in its entirety?

Continuation War

[32] [33] The population of Väisniemi, Syyrinlaakso and Maanselänänänänänisthus, who traditionally happen to speak Russian, were moved from the front line to camps not only to prevent attacks by Soviet partisans, but also to protect civilians themselves.


Question: How many men were part of the Soviet army in its entirety?

Continuation War

In addition to this, refugees of non-Finnish descent were packed in Vänisniemi from all over the Karelian-Finnish Soviet Socialist Republic; while waiting in vain for transport across Sänisjärvi, they remained in the hands of the Finnish Defence Forces.


Question: How many men were part of the Soviet army in its entirety?

Continuation War

Based on the research literature, it can be estimated that evacuees or refugees from near the fronts may have numbered up to 16600 of the people placed in camps in East Karelia.


Question: How many men were part of the Soviet army in its entirety?

Continuation War

This would mean more than 69% of the camps” highest population, which was 23984 people, on April 1, 1942.


Question: How many men were part of the Soviet army in its entirety?

Continuation War

[34] Mortality in the concentration camps of occupied East Karelia was up to 3.75%, significantly higher than among the free population of the same region (2.6%), in Finland (1.31%).


Question: How many men were part of the Soviet army in its entirety?

Continuation War

The main reason for the high mortality rate among East Karelian campers appears to have been poor nutritional status and, to some extent, their age structure: a high relative proportion of women aged 20—30 years and minor children (almost 50%).


Question: How many men were part of the Soviet army in its entirety?

Continuation War

[35] During the Continuation War, about 62000 Inger Finns migrated to Finland from the German-occupied Inger region.


Question: How many men were part of the Soviet army in its entirety?

Continuation War

The war of positions Mannerheim and Ryti had a negative view of the conquest of Leningrad and its direct support, as well as the severing of the Muurmann line in order to hold the argument for a separate war and to keep Finland better prospects for peace negotiations even after Germany's eventual defeat context [36].


Question: How many men were part of the Soviet army in its entirety?

Continuation War

The advance of the Finns stalled on Mannerheim's orders in December 1941, when the so-called positional warfare phase began.


Question: How many men were part of the Soviet army in its entirety?

Continuation War

It lasted two and a half years.


Question: How many men were part of the Soviet army in its entirety?

Continuation War

On 6 December, the territories lost in the Winter War were annexed back to Finland by the Parliament in restoring the borders of the Peace of Tartu.


Question: How many men were part of the Soviet army in its entirety?

Continuation War

During the Continuation War, production and foreign trade declined, creating problems for the country's food supply.


Question: How many men were part of the Soviet army in its entirety?

Continuation War

The most difficult food situation was during the winter between 1942—1943.


Question: How many men were part of the Soviet army in its entirety?

Continuation War

In this case, for example, frontmen experienced deficiency diseases, and especially in some younger men general weakness due to lack of food.


Question: How many men were part of the Soviet army in its entirety?

Continuation War

The situation was saved by imports of food supplies, mostly from Germany and the countries under its influence.


Question: How many men were part of the Soviet army in its entirety?

Continuation War

In addition, the situation of the frontmen was facilitated by German troops in northern Finland, who victualled 50,000 Finnish soldiers in their area of responsibility.


Question: How many men were part of the Soviet army in its entirety?

Continuation War

Despite the practical problems brought with them by long transport journeys, monotonous food and limited portions the victualling of the frontmen was satisfactorily successful.


Question: How many men were part of the Soviet army in its entirety?

Continuation War

There were a total of 300 cases of deficiency disease that required hospitalisation among frontmen during the Continuation War, which can be considered quite a small number.


Question: How many men were part of the Soviet army in its entirety?

Continuation War

[37] In 1942 fighting continued fragmented at Sycolour and Kiesting.


Question: How many men were part of the Soviet army in its entirety?

Continuation War

The Finns' only offensive war during the entire war of positions remained the capture of Suursaari in March.


Question: How many men were part of the Soviet army in its entirety?

Continuation War

[38] On June 4, Mannerheim reached the age of 75 and was promoted to Marshal of Finland.


Question: How many men were part of the Soviet army in its entirety?

Continuation War

The day was designated by defensive force as a flag feast day.


Question: How many men were part of the Soviet army in its entirety?

Continuation War

In Helsinki, a street was announced to be named in his honour.


Question: How many men were part of the Soviet army in its entirety?

Continuation War

Adolf Hitler unexpectedly visited Mannerheim's birthday party in Immola and complained that he had not been able to ensure Romanian oil for Germany to do anything for Finland before or during the Winter War.


Question: How many men were part of the Soviet army in its entirety?

Continuation War

A recording of Hitler's “soliloquy” by the Finns also clarified the level of Soviet arms race that had surprised Hitler.


Question: How many men were part of the Soviet army in its entirety?

Continuation War

On his return visit to Germany, Mannerheim had apparently received further information about the German “expedition to the East” because, after his return, assessed to Defence Minister Walden the German “expedition to the east” as ending in disaster.


Question: How many men were part of the Soviet army in its entirety?

Continuation War

The Soviets sent a military detachment behind the Finns front line around Rukajärvi.


Question: How many men were part of the Soviet army in its entirety?

Continuation War

However, the Finns defeated the attempt in a short chase.


Question: How many men were part of the Soviet army in its entirety?

Continuation War

After Germany suffered defeat at Stalingrad, efforts began to be made in Finland to distance themselves from Germany.


Question: How many men were part of the Soviet army in its entirety?

Continuation War

The parliament began to show dissatisfaction towards Ryti, which was manifested by Secretary of State R.J.


Question: How many men were part of the Soviet army in its entirety?

Continuation War

On Witting's criticism of Ryti's signing of an anticomintern contract.


Question: How many men were part of the Soviet army in its entirety?

Continuation War

Parliament refused to extend the power law granted to Ryti.


Question: How many men were part of the Soviet army in its entirety?

Continuation War

However, this did not prevent his re-election to an additional two-year term in February 1943.


Question: How many men were part of the Soviet army in its entirety?

Continuation War

However, Prime Minister Rangell's government was switched to a less pro-German one led by Edwin Linkommies.


Question: How many men were part of the Soviet army in its entirety?

Continuation War

The government held together mainly thanks to the Social Democrat finance minister Väinö Tanner.


Question: How many men were part of the Soviet army in its entirety?

Continuation War

Initial peace talks on Peace were held through the year, but no agreement was reached.


Question: How many men were part of the Soviet army in its entirety?

Continuation War

As early as 8 February, the Soviet Union declared its willingness for peace.


Question: How many men were part of the Soviet army in its entirety?

Continuation War

The United States insisted on maintaining Finland's independence, and the Soviet ambassador to Washington, A. Litvinov, stated that the Soviet Union did not intend to occupy Finland as a whole.


Question: How many men were part of the Soviet army in its entirety?

Continuation War

The Finns received the same insurance from Aleksandra Kollonta in Stockholm.


Question: How many men were part of the Soviet army in its entirety?

Continuation War

Finland insisted on the 1939 borders as the basis for peace negotiations, but the Soviet Union was informed that Finland's representative is welcome to negotiate in Moscow, but Finland's proposal should not include territories not belonging to it before the war.


Question: How many men were part of the Soviet army in its entirety?

Continuation War

Peace terms were locked up among the Allies at a Tehran conference in December.


Question: How many men were part of the Soviet army in its entirety?

Continuation War

Josif Stalin's terms included the borders of the 1940 peace, Hanko or Petsamo permanently for the Soviet Union and the replacement of half war damage, expulsion of Germans from the country, and demobilization.


Question: How many men were part of the Soviet army in its entirety?

Continuation War

In order to more easily persuade Finland to acquiesce to peace, Churchill and Roosevelt proposed that Vyborg be left to Finland, but Stalin insisted Vyborg was strictly for the Soviet Union and refused to even discuss the matter.


Question: How many men were part of the Soviet army in its entirety?

Continuation War

[39] When the new Finnish government inquired about peace terms in the spring of 1944, it was still unable to accept them.


Question: How many men were part of the Soviet army in its entirety?

Continuation War

Helsinki Grand Bombing Finland rejected peace terms it had judged impossible in April 1944.


Question: How many men were part of the Soviet army in its entirety?

Continuation War

The Soviet Union sought to persuade Finland to peace with the Grand Bombing of Helsinki (“Peace Bombing”) during February.


Question: How many men were part of the Soviet army in its entirety?

Continuation War

The Soviet Union wanted a quick solution to the war so that it could concentrate its forces on the recapture of Berlin.


Question: How many men were part of the Soviet army in its entirety?

Continuation War

Thumble|400px|Mannerheim and Ryti inspect troops in Enso on June 4, 1944.


Question: How many men were part of the Soviet army in its entirety?

Continuation War

The Soviet Grand Offensive of 1944 The Red Army ended the war of positions with a major offensive on the Karelian Isthmus on 9 June 1944 and two weeks later in the direction of Maaselä.


Question: How many men were part of the Soviet army in its entirety?

Continuation War

On June 10, four days after the Normandy invasion, the United States declared Finland and its leaders to be pro-German and asked Envoy Procopé to leave the country.


Question: How many men were part of the Soviet army in its entirety?

Continuation War

After the major offensive began, the Soviets responded to Finnish peace enquiries, demanding an unconditional surrender.


Question: How many men were part of the Soviet army in its entirety?

Continuation War

[40] Soviet artillery concentrations and superiority broke the Finnish defences [40] (at Valkeasaari, 10 June 1944).


Question: How many men were part of the Soviet army in its entirety?

Continuation War

The VT line (Vammelsuu—Taipale) was broken in Kuuterselä on 14 June and Vyborg was recaptured from the Finns almost without battle on 20 June.


Question: How many men were part of the Soviet army in its entirety?

Continuation War

On the same day, the Elisenvaara Station was carried out the most devastating aerial bombardment of the war, with over 100 deaths, and injuring over 300 lives.


Question: How many men were part of the Soviet army in its entirety?

Continuation War

Preparations had already been made in Moscow before the invasion that Finland would be occupied.


Question: How many men were part of the Soviet army in its entirety?

Continuation War

On 22 June, the Finnish government announced that the front was about to implode, Moscow that it was willing to abandon the war and break its relations with Germany.


Question: How many men were part of the Soviet army in its entirety?

Continuation War

In response, the Soviets demanded unconditional surrender.


Question: How many men were part of the Soviet army in its entirety?

Continuation War

On the same day, German Foreign Minister Joachim von Ribbentrop arrived in the country and announced that Germany would only continue to provide support if Finland entered into an alliance with Germany and continued to wage war.


Question: How many men were part of the Soviet army in its entirety?

Continuation War

The Germans demanded a commitment to the war from Finland because the Narva Front was important to them.


Question: How many men were part of the Soviet army in its entirety?

Continuation War

On 26 June, President Risto Ryti made a so-called settlement with the Germans. The Ryti—Ribbentrop agreement, which obliged Finland not to negotiate a separate peace and increased supplies of materials to the Germans.


Question: How many men were part of the Soviet army in its entirety?

Continuation War

In the early 2000s, however, the importance of the treaty has been questioned


Question: How many men were part of the Soviet army in its entirety?

Continuation War

At the time Ryti signed his letter to Adolf Hitler, most of the German anti-tank guns, plunge bombers, assault cannons and infantry divisions were already in Finland or en route.


Question: How many men were part of the Soviet army in its entirety?

Continuation War

The Ryti-Ribbentrop Treaty was not a binding state treaty, but merely Ryti's personal assurance that he would not make a separate peace while serving as President of the Republic.


Question: How many men were part of the Soviet army in its entirety?

Continuation War

The peace of separation was made after Ryti had resigned his post and the Parliament had elected Marshal Mannerheim as President by exceptional law.


Question: How many men were part of the Soviet army in its entirety?

Continuation War

The Soviet Army captured Petrozavodsk on 28 June 1944.


Question: How many men were part of the Soviet army in its entirety?

Continuation War

From Syvär, the Finns managed to retreat orderly, while on the Isthmus the troops had dispersed in many places.


Question: How many men were part of the Soviet army in its entirety?

Continuation War

However, the front organisation endured even great losses on the front line if the artillery fire command, anti-tank and the net of machine-fire weapons only remained.


Question: How many men were part of the Soviet army in its entirety?

Continuation War

However, trespassing from the front line, even troops detaching by unit was a problem for the Finns which greatly affected the outcome of the battle.


Question: How many men were part of the Soviet army in its entirety?

Continuation War

[40] From Valkeasaari there is about a hundred kilometers to Vyborg, which the Red Army spent ten days to fold.


Question: How many men were part of the Soviet army in its entirety?

Continuation War

Although the rate of withdrawal of the Finns thus averaged about ten kilometers per day, what can be considered a militarily successful performance.


Question: How many men were part of the Soviet army in its entirety?

Continuation War

However, it caused great problems for the Finns, manifesting itself in the rapid loss and desertion of Vyborg, among other things.


Question: How many men were part of the Soviet army in its entirety?

Continuation War

[40] In the defensive battle, the Finns were also supported by German troops.


Question: How many men were part of the Soviet army in its entirety?

Continuation War

Of particular importance to the fighting against the Isthmus has been said to have been the anti-tank armament supplied by Germany earlier, since the pst artillery used by the Finns was not effective against the latest Klim Vorošilov and Josif Stalin tanks of Soviet forces.


Question: How many men were part of the Soviet army in its entirety?

Continuation War

For a short time, a very significant part of the battle for the defence of the isthmus was carried out by the German Air Detachment Kuhlmey, especially against ground combat aircraft, supply contacts and maintenance, but the material air supremacy was that of the Soviets.


Question: How many men were part of the Soviet army in its entirety?

Continuation War

According to the most common estimate, the skillful concentration of field artillery and good cooperation with the tenaciously fought infantry helped the Finns as the only ones in World War II to stop the Soviet strategic major offensive at the Battle of Talin—Ihantala from 25 June to 9 July 1944, Äyräpäsä—Vuosalmi and Vyborg Bay.


Question: How many men were part of the Soviet army in its entirety?

Continuation War

Some historians felt that German support was crucial to the success of the interceptor battle.


Question: How many men were part of the Soviet army in its entirety?

Continuation War

From Syvär, the Red Army's advance continued as a so-called major offensive in East Karelia, but it was stopped in fierce fighting at U position up to Impilahden—Jänisjärvi.


Question: How many men were part of the Soviet army in its entirety?

Continuation War

Also in the north, the Finns retreated.


Question: How many men were part of the Soviet army in its entirety?

Continuation War

The more than two-division-strong force that had crossed the old border at Ilomants was repulsed and destroyed in the Battle of Ilomants, which ended on 9 August.


Question: How many men were part of the Soviet army in its entirety?

Continuation War

After mid-July, the situation on the Isthmus stabilised and Aleksandra Kollontai announced via the Swedes on 12 July that the demand for unconditional surrender had been the result of her “misunderstanding”.


Question: How many men were part of the Soviet army in its entirety?

Continuation War

The Soviet Union renounced the demand for unconditional surrender and through Sweden informed Mannerheim that the Soviet Union was ready for an armistice, provided it would be signed by Mannerheim and not by a representative of the then government.


Question: How many men were part of the Soviet army in its entirety?

Continuation War

Ryti resigned on 1 August and Mannerheim was appointed as his successor.


Question: How many men were part of the Soviet army in its entirety?

Continuation War

Mannerheim appointed a new government on 7 August.


Question: How many men were part of the Soviet army in its entirety?

Continuation War

Finland had fourteen infantry divisions, seven brigades and an armoured division in the summer of 1944.


Question: How many men were part of the Soviet army in its entirety?

Continuation War

On the Finnish front, the Red Army deployed a total of 54 divisions, eleven infantry brigades and seven troops from the fortress area, i.e. a total of 68 groups, a total of about 605000 men with superior combat equipment.


Question: How many men were part of the Soviet army in its entirety?

Continuation War

Total Finnish losses were around 44500 on the Isthmus and around 19500 men in East Karelia fallen and wounded, Red Army losses were at least 96,400 men.


Question: How many men were part of the Soviet army in its entirety?

Continuation War

Professor Heikki Ylikangas interprets the various sources as saying that the Soviet Union reduced the importance of the Finnish Front's war efforts during the summer of 1944.


Question: How many men were part of the Soviet army in its entirety?

Continuation War

According to him, among other things, Mannerheim considered the situation in Finland hopeless yet, for example, on 16 and 18 June.


Question: How many men were part of the Soviet army in its entirety?

Continuation War

On 19 June, Mannerheim received intelligence material from Colonel Aladár Paasosi that the Soviets aimed not at occupying Finland, but at peace, took place at the headquarters.


Question: How many men were part of the Soviet army in its entirety?

Continuation War

Ylikangas interprets the main focus of the Soviet war effort to have been in more southern Europe, where countering the German invasion was most important.


Question: How many men were part of the Soviet army in its entirety?

Continuation War

[41] Prisoners of war The number of Soviet prisoners of war in Finland is estimated to be around 64,000 people.


Question: How many men were part of the Soviet army in its entirety?

Continuation War

Of these, 56,000 prisoners had been taken as early as 1941.


Question: How many men were part of the Soviet army in its entirety?

Continuation War

About 2700 prisoners were exchanged for the Baltic Finns of the Germans, of which there were about 2200.


Question: How many men were part of the Soviet army in its entirety?

Continuation War

Due to the poor harvest of 1942, many prisoners of war died from starvation.


Question: How many men were part of the Soviet army in its entirety?

Continuation War

Soviet prisoners of war died in 18318 in Finnish POW camps.


Question: How many men were part of the Soviet army in its entirety?

Continuation War

Finnish prisoners of war numbered 2377, according to official Soviet statistics.


Question: How many men were part of the Soviet army in its entirety?

Continuation War

The homeland was restored in 1969 lives.


Question: How many men were part of the Soviet army in its entirety?

Continuation War

According to Timo Malmi, 3402 Finns were prisoners, 1388 died in the camp, and the number of repatriated persons was 1938, or 57 per cent.


Question: How many men were part of the Soviet army in its entirety?

Continuation War

The difference in numbers to official figures is partly explained by the fact that Soviet statistics only account for those prisoners of war who survived to the camp.


Question: How many men were part of the Soviet army in its entirety?

Continuation War

[42] After the resignation of Peace Ryti from office and on 4 August, Mannerheim, who took office as the new President-elect, considered Ryti's assurance, known as the Ribbentrop Agreement, to be invalid to bind Finland to Germany.


Question: How many men were part of the Soviet army in its entirety?

Continuation War

Peace terms were received at the end of August.


Question: How many men were part of the Soviet army in its entirety?

Continuation War

The Soviet condition for the armistice was the severing of relations with Germany.


Question: How many men were part of the Soviet army in its entirety?

Continuation War

On 2 September, Parliament voted to break relations by a vote of 113—43 and the Soviet Union was ready to initiate an armistice at 8:00am on 4 September 1944, on condition that Finland informed of the severing of relations with Germany.


Question: How many men were part of the Soviet army in its entirety?

Continuation War

The Finns ceased the war effort at that time, but the Soviets continued to fire for another 24 hours, apparently due to the delay in the release of the bulletin.


Question: How many men were part of the Soviet army in its entirety?

Continuation War

[43] The terms of peace were the secession from Germany and the expulsion of German troops, despite the fact that at the same time the army came to a peaceful position, i.e. the demobilization of the troops.


Question: How many men were part of the Soviet army in its entirety?

Continuation War

The Lapland War broke out between Finland and Germany.


Question: How many men were part of the Soviet army in its entirety?

Continuation War

The Soviets pressured Finland into the fighting, but the withdrawal was initially carried out according to a common timetable secretly agreed with the Germans.


Question: How many men were part of the Soviet army in its entirety?

Continuation War

The more significant war effort began with the Tornio landings by the Finns on 1 October and fierce fighting in the Tornion valley.


Question: How many men were part of the Soviet army in its entirety?

Continuation War

The German army retreated in good order towards the north, with motorised retroop fighting with the Finnish troops coming behind.


Question: How many men were part of the Soviet army in its entirety?

Continuation War

The German forces withdrew to Norway and to a ready-fortified defensive line at Arm Lapland.


Question: How many men were part of the Soviet army in its entirety?

Continuation War

Since the main forces of the Finnish Army came to be demobilized in early December 1944, the final phase of the war became a “children's crusade”, with the army's regular staff leading only the youngest age groups.


Question: How many men were part of the Soviet army in its entirety?

Continuation War

The Soviet Union did not agree to immediately conclude a final peace, and an intermediate peace was signed in Moscow on 19 September: Finland ceded to the Soviet Union, in addition to the territories lost in the Winter War, Petsamo and was forced to lease Porkkala for 50 years and guarantee there to Soviet soldiers free access through the territories of Finland.


Question: How many men were part of the Soviet army in its entirety?

Continuation War

German troops had to be expelled from the country and the Germans' possessions handed over to the Allies.


Question: How many men were part of the Soviet army in its entirety?

Continuation War

Finland had to reduce the strength of its army to 42,000 men.


Question: How many men were part of the Soviet army in its entirety?

Continuation War

War reparations came to pay US$300 million in six years, and to replace all property exported and disposed of from the ceded territory.


Question: How many men were part of the Soviet army in its entirety?

Continuation War

Anti-Soviet and “fascist” organizations (among them Lotta Svärd) had to be permanently abolished.


Question: How many men were part of the Soviet army in its entirety?

Continuation War

War criminals had to be tried.


Question: How many men were part of the Soviet army in its entirety?

Continuation War

The end of the Continuation War practically extinguished the Greater Finland cause as there were no longer political or military prerequisites for its implementation.


Question: How many men were part of the Soviet army in its entirety?

Continuation War

The Soviet Union had won the war and established harsh peace terms for Finland, in which, among other things, the territory of Finland was further reduced.


Question: How many men were part of the Soviet army in its entirety?

Continuation War

During the Continuation War, the Inger Finns transferred to Finland were to be returned back to the Soviet Union under the terms of the intermediate peace.


Question: How many men were part of the Soviet army in its entirety?

Continuation War

They were met in the Soviet Union by deportation to Siberia.


Question: How many men were part of the Soviet army in its entirety?

Continuation War

The Soviet Union defined Finland's peace terms and territorial losses for its Western allies in advance in the early stages of the war.


Question: How many men were part of the Soviet army in its entirety?

Continuation War

When Anthony Eden, the British Minister for Outside, travelled in December 1941 to Moscow to intensify military cooperation, the Soviet Union raised the situation on 22 June 1941 that Britain should recognise the Baltic states, south-eastern Finland, eastern Poland, as a first condition. Belongation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina to the Soviet Union.


Question: How many men were part of the Soviet army in its entirety?

Continuation War

In addition to these, the NL claimed parts of East Prussia, Petsamo and additionally bases from Romania and Finland.


Question: How many men were part of the Soviet army in its entirety?

Continuation War

The Soviets wanted to record all the listed conditions with a secret additional protocol.


Question: How many men were part of the Soviet army in its entirety?

Continuation War

Having been informed of the terms by the British, the Americans categorically rejected the proposal to draw up a secret additional protocol.


Question: How many men were part of the Soviet army in its entirety?

Continuation War

Stalin's proposal was considered to have been contrary to the principles of the Atlantic Declaration.


Question: How many men were part of the Soviet army in its entirety?

Continuation War

The British government, in principle, did not consider itself opposed to Stalin's proposal, but it just couldn't be decided at that very moment.


Question: How many men were part of the Soviet army in its entirety?

Continuation War

[44] The relationship between Finland and Germany during the Continuation War The discussion of the beginning of the Continuation War, the surprise of the Grand Offensive, the combat victory and the contribution of the Germans still continues both in memoir literature and in studies.


Question: How many men were part of the Soviet army in its entirety?

Continuation War

From the end of the war until the end of the 1980s, there was a debate about the beginning of the war, where the so-called driftwood theory was considered to explain Finland's path to war.


Question: How many men were part of the Soviet army in its entirety?

Continuation War

In the subject of great attack, according to traditional perception, Stalin needed the forces primarily against Germany.


Question: How many men were part of the Soviet army in its entirety?

Continuation War

Continuing the attack on the commanded Kymijoki line would have required new plans and reinforcements concentrations, and again the general situation and the change of seasons would not have allowed.


Question: How many men were part of the Soviet army in its entirety?

Continuation War

Therefore, the Soviet Union agreed to a negotiated separate peace, even though the Allies had agreed to demand surrender from Germany and its allies.


Question: How many men were part of the Soviet army in its entirety?

Continuation War

The Finns considered themselves to be “co-hosts” of Germany with their own goals and not allies.


Question: How many men were part of the Soviet army in its entirety?

Continuation War

The debate over whether Finland was allied with Germany or whether it was fighting its own separate war, your separate war, has continued in Finland until the 21st century.


Question: How many men were part of the Soviet army in its entirety?

Continuation War

According to the official political view, Finland and Germany were not in the union (including President Tarja Halonen's statements ahead of the 60th Victory Day [45]).


Question: How many men were part of the Soviet army in its entirety?

Continuation War

There has long been a prevailing perception in foreign historical studies that Finland was an ally of Germany.


Question: How many men were part of the Soviet army in its entirety?

Continuation War

[46] A considerable number of Finnish scholars also think that Finland was effectively an ally of Germany.


Question: How many men were part of the Soviet army in its entirety?

Continuation War

The basic work on further war research, Markku Jokisipilä's dissertation “Brothers-in-arms or allies?” According to the fact that the war began to be talked about in Finland only when the fortunes of war began to turn and Germany's defeat seems increasingly clear.


Question: How many men were part of the Soviet army in its entirety?

Continuation War

In 2008, Professor of History Henrik Meinander also took a position in favour of abandoning the concept of separate war [47] In October 2008 Helsingin Sanomat conducted a survey among Finnish history professors.


Question: How many men were part of the Soviet army in its entirety?

Continuation War

Of the 28 professors who responded, 16 (57%) said that Finland did not wage a separate war in the Continuation War but was an ally of Nazi Germany.


Question: How many men were part of the Soviet army in its entirety?

Continuation War

Six (21%) of professors were in favour of a separate war, and six did not give a direct answer.


Question: How many men were part of the Soviet army in its entirety?

Continuation War

[48] Supporters of the Alliance view draw attention, for example, to the fact that a number of high-ranking Finnish officers received prior information about Operation Barbarossa in such a way that the Continuation War was essentially tied to this operation.


Question: How many men were part of the Soviet army in its entirety?

Continuation War

Thus, the Finnish Continuation War as it was fought would not have been fought without significant material and strategic support from Germany.


Question: How many men were part of the Soviet army in its entirety?

Continuation War

Finland was not an ally of Germany by law, as there had been no treaty of alliance between Finland and Germany, but in practice Finland was an ally of Germany, as it waged war with German resources and weapons, making Northern Finland available to the Germans and subjugating its forces to the German army seconded.


Question: How many men were part of the Soviet army in its entirety?

Continuation War

Especially in the early stages of the Continuation War, Finnish operations were fully intertwined with and dependent on Germany's own operations.


Question: How many men were part of the Soviet army in its entirety?

Continuation War

Similarly, the countries' security police had firm relations.


Question: How many men were part of the Soviet army in its entirety?

Continuation War

[47] During the war, Germans were called brothers in arms, as were Finns in Germany.


Question: How many men were part of the Soviet army in its entirety?

Continuation War

The term was also used by the Finnish state leadership when talking about Germany.


Question: How many men were part of the Soviet army in its entirety?

Continuation War

[49] [50] [51] See also Ilomants' defeat 1944 East Karelian concentration camps Eastern Front (World War II) Continuation War Finnish aircraft of the Continuation War Finnish aircraft of the Continuation War Offensive phase Continuation War Resistance solution battles Northern Finland during the invasion phase of the Continuation War 1941 Salpalinja History of the Finnish Air Force — Continuation War Planes and Air War Grand Attack from Syvär 1944 Unknown Soldier Sources Books, magazines Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Alftan, Robert (ed.


Question: How many men were part of the Soviet army in its entirety?

Continuation War

) | title = Brothers-in-Arms: German-Finnish Brother-in-Arms 1942—1944| publisher = WSOY| year = 2005| version = Introduction and footnotes: Markku Jokisipilä}} Glantz, David: The Siege of Leningrad 1941—44, MBI Publishing Company 2001 Citation error, replace with {{cite book| title = Continuation War history| publisher = Department of Military Science, WSOY| year = 1988}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Jokipii, Mauno| title = Genesis of Continuation War: Studies on German and Finnish Military Cooperation 1940—41| publisher = Otava| year = 1987| version = Finnish Literary Society editorials 848}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Jussila, Osmo & Hentilä, Seppo & Nevakivi, Jukka| title = Political History of Finland 1809—2006| publisher = WSOY| year =}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Jussila, Osmo & Hentilä, Seppo & Nevakivi, Jukivi Kkka| title = Finnish Political History 1809—2009| publisher = WSOY Study Materials| year = 2006| version = 5. uud.


Question: How many men were part of the Soviet army in its entirety?

Continuation War

p.}} Historical Studies 148.


Question: How many men were part of the Soviet army in its entirety?

Continuation War

Helsinki: Finnish Historical Society.


Question: How many men were part of the Soviet army in its entirety?

Continuation War

Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Junila, Marianne| title = Brotherhood of the Home Front: Coexistence between Finnish civilian population and German military personnel in Northern Finland 1941—1944| publisher = Society of Finnish Literature | year = 2000| version = Doctoral dissertation: University of Oulu.


Question: How many men were part of the Soviet army in its entirety?

Continuation War

Bibliotheca historica 61}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Järventaus, Jorma etc.| title = Finland at war| publisher = Oy Chosen Palat — Reader's Digest Ab| year = 1983}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Kijanen, Kalervo| title = Dive Alert | publisher = Submarine veterans ry| year = 1977}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Hans Peter Krosby| title = Nickel Diplomacy in Petsamo 1940—1941| location = Helsinki| publisher = Book| year = 1966| page = 240—243}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Land, Jukka| title = Sound Castle.


Question: How many men were part of the Soviet army in its entirety?

Continuation War

Years of Finnish occupation of Petrozavodsk 1941—1944| location = Helsinki| publisher = Finnish Historical Society| year = 1989| version = Historical Studies 148| page = 67—75}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Laine, Antti| title = Two Faces of Greater Finland: East Karelia status of civil population in the Finnish occupation administration 1941—1944| publisher = Otava| year = 1982| version = Doctoral dissertation, University of Joensuu}} Mannerheim, G.: Memoirs II.


Question: How many men were part of the Soviet army in its entirety?

Continuation War

Huddersfield: Otava 1952.


Question: How many men were part of the Soviet army in its entirety?

Continuation War

Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Meinander, Henrik| title= | publisher = xx| year = 2008}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Paasilinna, Erno| title = World in the throes | publisher = Otava| year = 1983}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Pranttila, Anneli| title = Victualling of front men in Finland during the war years 1939—1945| chapter = abstract| location = Helsinki| publisher = University of Helsinki, Department of Applied Chemistry and Microbiology | year = 2006| version = Dissertation | accessdate = 14.6.2008}} Citation error, replace with {{ cite book| author = Raunio, Ari & Kilin, Juri| title = Fighting Continuation War 1942—44| publisher = Map Centre| year = 2008}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Silvennoinen, Oula| title = Brothers-in-arms: Finnish and German Security Police Cooperation 1933—1944| publisher = Otava| year = 2008| version = Dissertation: University of Helsinki}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Skyksi, Kyösti| title = No other glory.


Question: How many men were part of the Soviet army in its entirety?

Continuation War

Risto Ryti's alley run 1939—1945| location = Jyväskylä| publisher = Gummerus, Bookgrou| year = 1989}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Vahtola, Jous| title = History of Finland — From the Ice Age to the European Union| publisher = Otava| year = 2003}} Citation error, replace with {{ cite book| author = Ylikangas, Heikki| title = One man's Continuation War| publisher = Otava| year = 2009}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Ziemke, Earl F.| title = German military action in the Nordic region 1939—1945| publisher = WSOY| year = 1963}} Daily newspapers Web Check date values in: |accessdate= (help) Check date values in: |accessdate=, |date= (help) Check date values in: |accessdate=, |date= (help) Check date values in: |accessdate=, |date= (help) References Literature Citation error, replace with {{cite book| title = History of Continuation War 1—6| location = Porvoo| publisher = WSOY| year = 1988| version=ed.


Question: How many men were part of the Soviet army in its entirety?

Continuation War

Military History Office of the Department of Military Science}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Moisala, U.


Question: How many men were part of the Soviet army in its entirety?

Continuation War

E.


Question: How many men were part of the Soviet army in its entirety?

Continuation War

& Alanen, Pertti (eds.


Question: How many men were part of the Soviet army in its entirety?

Continuation War

) | title = When the attacker's road was closed — the Soviet Grand Offensive in the summer of 1944 on the Karelian Isthmus under the light of veteran research and Soviet sources | publisher = Publications of the Department of Military Science XXVI| year = 1988}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Siilasvuo, Ensio et al.


Question: How many men were part of the Soviet army in its entirety?

Continuation War

(ed.


Question: How many men were part of the Soviet army in its entirety?

Continuation War

) | title = Continuation War: Chronicle| location = Jyväskylä Helsinki| publisher = Gummerus| year = 1991 (2nd edition 1997)}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Kuusela, Kari| title = Wehrmacht armours in Finland: German armoured units in Finland 1941—1944| location = Helsinki| publisher = Wiking-division Oy| year = 2000}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Raunio, Ari (ed.


Question: How many men were part of the Soviet army in its entirety?

Continuation War

) | title = Defenders of Independence -series| publisher = Weilin+Göös etc.| year = 2002—2003}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Leskinen, Jari & Juutilainen, Antti (ed.


Question: How many men were part of the Soviet army in its entirety?

Continuation War

) | title = Petty Giant of Continuation War| publisher = WSOY| year = 2005}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Drabkin, Artem & Irincheev, Bair (ed.


Question: How many men were part of the Soviet army in its entirety?

Continuation War

) | title = Continuation War with the eyes of the Red Army| location = Jyväskylä| publisher = Atena| year = 2007| version = In Finnish ed.


Question: How many men were part of the Soviet army in its entirety?

Continuation War

Tiilikainen, Heikki & Laine, Jukka-Pekka}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Raunio, Ari & Kilin, Yuri | title = Continuation War Attacks 1941| publisher = Karttakeskus | year = 2007}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Näre, Sari & Kirves, Jenni (ed.


Question: How many men were part of the Soviet army in its entirety?

Continuation War

) | title = Ugly War: The Silent History of the Winter and Continuation War| location = Helsinki| publisher = Johnny Kniga| year = 2008}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Ruin, Ari & Kilin, Yuri | title = Continuation War Fighting 1942—44| publisher = Map Centre| year = 2008}} error, replace with {{cite book| author = Rantanen, Sponge| title = Difficult road to peace: Finland under German, Swedish and Soviet compression | location = Jyväskylä | publisher = Atena| year = 2010}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Kankare, Vilho| title = Let's go when told!


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Continuation War

Young Men's Continuation War| location = Helsinki| publisher = Otava| year = 2011}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| title = Stalin's Secret Continuation War| publisher = Docendo| year = 2014| version=ed.


Question: How many men were part of the Soviet army in its entirety?

Continuation War

Vihavainen, Timo & Manninen, Ohto}} Films in front of the front line, a film about JR 61 on the Syvärs and Isthmus, Åke Lindman, 2004 Silence, film about the evacuation centre for the fallen, directed by Sakari Kirjainen, 2011 Abandoned houses, deserted courtyards, film Laila Hietamies by the same name novel, about the last days of Vyborg in summer 1944, directed by Lauri Törhönen, 1999 Lupaus, film about lot in winter and continuation war, directed by Ilkka Vanne, 2005 Headquarters, film about the moods of the headquarters in summer 1944, directed by Matti Kassila, 1970 Rintamalotta, film about the lot fronts Continuation War, directed by Aarne Tarkas, 1956 Rukajärvi tie, Olli Saarela, screenplay by Antti Tuuri and Olli Saarela, 1999 Tali-Ihantala 1944, Åke Lindman and Sakari Kirjainen, screenplay by Stefan Foss, Benedict Zilliacus and Esko Salervi, 2007 The Unknown Soldier, Edvin Laine, 1955 Unknown Soldier, Rauni Mollberg, 1985 Unknown Soldier, Aku Louhimies, 2017 On the topic elsewhere Check date values in: |accessdate=, |date= (help) Check date values in: |accessdate= (help) Check date values in: |accessdate= (help) Check date values in: |accessdate=, |date= ( help) Check date values in: |accessdate= (help) Search Engine.


Question: How many men were part of the Soviet army in its entirety?

Continuation War

Check date values in: |accessdate=, |date= (help) Check date values in: |accessdate= (help) Check date values in: |accessdate= (help) Check date values in: |accessdate=, |date= (help) Book review of Pilke, Helena and Kleemola, Olli: Life in the Trenches.


Question: How many men were part of the Soviet army in its entirety?

Continuation War

The amusements and hobbies of soldiers on the fronts of the Continuation War.


Question: How many men were part of the Soviet army in its entirety?

Continuation War

SKS, 2015.


Question: How many men were part of the Soviet army in its entirety?

Continuation War

* Category:Key articles of screening


Question: When did Bernard Montgomery become head of the African Forces?

Normandy invasion

The Normandy invasion was a major invasion of northern France by Western Allied armies in World War II in 1944.


Question: When did Bernard Montgomery become head of the African Forces?

Normandy invasion

It was called Operation Overlord.


Question: When did Bernard Montgomery become head of the African Forces?

Normandy invasion

Nazi Germany had occupied France at the time and was losing territory on the Eastern Front.


Question: When did Bernard Montgomery become head of the African Forces?

Normandy invasion

The Allies sought to open a new front against Germany.


Question: When did Bernard Montgomery become head of the African Forces?

Normandy invasion

The Germans had been building a long chain of defences known as the “Atlantic Rampart” since as early as 1940.


Question: When did Bernard Montgomery become head of the African Forces?

Normandy invasion

In Germany, it was known that the invasion would come, but not its exact time and place.


Question: When did Bernard Montgomery become head of the African Forces?

Normandy invasion

British military and intelligence officials misled the Germans into believing the invasion would take place near Calais.


Question: When did Bernard Montgomery become head of the African Forces?

Normandy invasion

The Allies bombarded northern France for months before the landings, dropping paratroops at some points as early as night.


Question: When did Bernard Montgomery become head of the African Forces?

Normandy invasion

A couple of hours before the attack, shipping artillery and bombers began sledgehamming the positions of the Atlantic rampart.


Question: When did Bernard Montgomery become head of the African Forces?

Normandy invasion

On the morning of 6 June, at 6:30, 1944, the moment called D-Day came when Allied landings were beached in Normandy at many different points [1].


Question: When did Bernard Montgomery become head of the African Forces?

Normandy invasion

The armies of the United States, Great Britain, Canada and Free France managed to move some 150,000 men into separate bridgeheads already on the first day of the invasion.


Question: When did Bernard Montgomery become head of the African Forces?

Normandy invasion

The Germans delayed the transfer of reinforcements for 12 hours.


Question: When did Bernard Montgomery become head of the African Forces?

Normandy invasion

Major losses came to the Allies on two strips, Juno Beach and Omaha Beach.


Question: When did Bernard Montgomery become head of the African Forces?

Normandy invasion

On 13 June, the Allies were able to connect the various positions on the bridgehead.


Question: When did Bernard Montgomery become head of the African Forces?

Normandy invasion

Then, for a long time, the attack stuck almost in place because of the severe resistance and broken terrain of the Germans.


Question: When did Bernard Montgomery become head of the African Forces?

Normandy invasion

But on the other hand, the German forces were not enough to destroy the bridgehead.


Question: When did Bernard Montgomery become head of the African Forces?

Normandy invasion

The Germans had better armour and artillery armament and skill to repel Allied tanks, but shortages of men, supplies and ammunition.


Question: When did Bernard Montgomery become head of the African Forces?

Normandy invasion

The main part of the German army was tied to the Eastern Front.


Question: When did Bernard Montgomery become head of the African Forces?

Normandy invasion

The Allies had air superiority and could replenish their forces.


Question: When did Bernard Montgomery become head of the African Forces?

Normandy invasion

The Normandy front did not begin to move until the end of July when the US “Operation Cobra” prospered.


Question: When did Bernard Montgomery become head of the African Forces?

Normandy invasion

A counterattack by the Germans at that time turned into a mass exodus.


Question: When did Bernard Montgomery become head of the African Forces?

Normandy invasion

It was not until August that Allied attacks advanced far inland.


Question: When did Bernard Montgomery become head of the African Forces?

Normandy invasion

The Allies liberated Paris in September.


Question: When did Bernard Montgomery become head of the African Forces?

Normandy invasion

At the turn of the year, the Germans attempted a counterattack in the Ardennes, but it faded after good initial success.


Question: When did Bernard Montgomery become head of the African Forces?

Normandy invasion

The invasion involved the United States, which had entered the war comparatively late.


Question: When did Bernard Montgomery become head of the African Forces?

Normandy invasion

The Normandy invasion is the event in which US troops entered Europe.


Question: When did Bernard Montgomery become head of the African Forces?

Normandy invasion

The event was significant for the course of the war, as Nazi Germany was coming to be drawn into a two-front war, meaning both the Eastern Front and the Western Front were warring at the same time.


Question: When did Bernard Montgomery become head of the African Forces?

Normandy invasion

Facing west, the troops advanced towards Berlin and later the war ended with the conquest of Berlin and the surrender of Nazi Germany.


Question: When did Bernard Montgomery become head of the African Forces?

Normandy invasion

Precise timing Politically the invasion of the Western European continent had been driven by Josif Stalin to ease the Red Army's losses starting as early as 1942, but the Western Allies had rebuffed the hopes.


Question: When did Bernard Montgomery become head of the African Forces?

Normandy invasion

Once the Tehran conference had agreed on the invasion, the actual timing for the operation depended on the weather.


Question: When did Bernard Montgomery become head of the African Forces?

Normandy invasion

A critical edge condition for the start of the operation was the correct weather status, assessed by British and US meteorologists alike.


Question: When did Bernard Montgomery become head of the African Forces?

Normandy invasion

The operation was planned for May or the early days of June.


Question: When did Bernard Montgomery become head of the African Forces?

Normandy invasion

Commander-in-Chief Eisenhower's chief meteorologist was Scottish Dr James Stagg, who had been promoted to colonel in the UK Air Force for the purpose of his post.


Question: When did Bernard Montgomery become head of the African Forces?

Normandy invasion

To try the functionality of the forecasts of the group making weather forecasts, from April 1944 onwards, a three-day weather forecast had been given to the military command on Mondays, compared with the weather that had been realised.


Question: When did Bernard Montgomery become head of the African Forces?

Normandy invasion

[2] In preparation for the invasion of the country for information security, on 17 April 1944, the communications of foreign diplomats enjoying diplomatic immunity in principle had been subjected to censorship.


Question: When did Bernard Montgomery become head of the African Forces?

Normandy invasion

In addition, the British conducted numerous scavenging operations, lest the Germans concentrated their defences in the most likely areas, but instead split their strength.


Question: When did Bernard Montgomery become head of the African Forces?

Normandy invasion

The scuffles were centrally planned by the XX Committee (), whose achievements included Operation Fortitude.


Question: When did Bernard Montgomery become head of the African Forces?

Normandy invasion

[3] The operation was planned to begin on 2 June, but on 1 June, observations from weather stations at Scapa Flow suggested deep low pressures were developing in the North Atlantic.


Question: When did Bernard Montgomery become head of the African Forces?

Normandy invasion

Rainy and cloudy weather could have jeopardized the planned operations of the first wave of the invasion of 130,000 troops and 45000 troops in the second wave, as the delivery of air support would have been difficult and shipping would have been a disadvantage as well.


Question: When did Bernard Montgomery become head of the African Forces?

Normandy invasion

[4] Impact The invasion of Normandy is the largest sea-borne takeover operation in military history.


Question: When did Bernard Montgomery become head of the African Forces?

Normandy invasion

It began in the early hours of the morning with a paratroop landing, a massive bombardment and naval cannon fire.


Question: When did Bernard Montgomery become head of the African Forces?

Normandy invasion

Early in the morning, an attack by ground troops by landing ships began.


Question: When did Bernard Montgomery become head of the African Forces?

Normandy invasion

The battle for Normandy that followed the invasion dragged on for more than two months, during which the Allies secured and expanded their bridgeheads and broke out of them.


Question: When did Bernard Montgomery become head of the African Forces?

Normandy invasion

The battle ended with the recapture of Paris and the surrender of Chambois' mot.


Question: When did Bernard Montgomery become head of the African Forces?

Normandy invasion

Significant male and material superiority is considered to be the reason for the success of the Normandy invasion.


Question: When did Bernard Montgomery become head of the African Forces?

Normandy invasion

Troops were transported to beachheads in large numbers after D-Day and by the end of June, about 1 million Allied soldiers were in position in Normandy — mostly US, British and Canadian.


Question: When did Bernard Montgomery become head of the African Forces?

Normandy invasion

The success of the operation opened up another front on the European war scene.


Question: When did Bernard Montgomery become head of the African Forces?

Normandy invasion

As a result, the German war forces had to shift their troops from the Eastern Front and Italian fronts to the new front that had formed in France.


Question: When did Bernard Montgomery become head of the African Forces?

Normandy invasion

The operation is considered to have hastened the defeat of Germany and is considered one of the most important battles of World War II.


Question: When did Bernard Montgomery become head of the African Forces?

Normandy invasion

Background Ever since the German invasion of the Soviet Union in 1941 (Operation Barbarossa), the Red Army had handled most of the fighting in the war against Germany in continental Europe.


Question: When did Bernard Montgomery become head of the African Forces?

Normandy invasion

U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt and British Prime Minister Winston Churchill had promised Josif Stalin that the Americans and British would open a “second front” in Europe to facilitate the Soviet war effort.


Question: When did Bernard Montgomery become head of the African Forces?

Normandy invasion

The pledge was originally made in 1942 and repeated in 1943.


Question: When did Bernard Montgomery become head of the African Forces?

Normandy invasion

To avoid the World War I experience of a direct attack on enemy forces, the British first advocated an invasion of the periphery of Europe, but under American pressure the plan was switched to a direct attack towards France across the English Channel.


Question: When did Bernard Montgomery become head of the African Forces?

Normandy invasion

Two plans were made before Overlord: Operation Sledgehammer for the 1942 landings and Operation Roundup for a larger offensive in 1943.


Question: When did Bernard Montgomery become head of the African Forces?

Normandy invasion

The latter plan continued to live in Operation Overlord, though its implementation was postponed until 1944.


Question: When did Bernard Montgomery become head of the African Forces?

Normandy invasion

SHAEF began design work in January 1943.


Question: When did Bernard Montgomery become head of the African Forces?

Normandy invasion

The plan for the Normandy invasion was long overshadowed by political disputes and mutual Allied pursuit of vested interests.


Question: When did Bernard Montgomery become head of the African Forces?

Normandy invasion

There was a lot of disagreement about timing, command structure and place.


Question: When did Bernard Montgomery become head of the African Forces?

Normandy invasion

Because the Western Allies, despite their promises, had not opened a second front to facilitate the Red Army's war effort in the east, much friction had arisen between the Allies.


Question: When did Bernard Montgomery become head of the African Forces?

Normandy invasion

Stalin had been pushing the Allies since 1942.


Question: When did Bernard Montgomery become head of the African Forces?

Normandy invasion

Winston Churchill had been against this plan and would only have launched the invasion once the possibility of failure had been eliminated and attacks carried out in Italy and North Africa.


Question: When did Bernard Montgomery become head of the African Forces?

Normandy invasion

Churchill had been on the verge of deciding the fateful Gallipoli invasion in World War I as British Minister of Marine and was also therefore sceptical about the invasion.


Question: When did Bernard Montgomery become head of the African Forces?

Normandy invasion

Montgomery's appointment to the leadership was criticized by the Americans.


Question: When did Bernard Montgomery become head of the African Forces?

Normandy invasion

Montgomery himself had similarly prejudice against Eisenhower's nomination, as this one had almost no on-field experience.


Question: When did Bernard Montgomery become head of the African Forces?

Normandy invasion

However, during the attack Montgomery and Eisenhower cooperated well, their known conflicts only resurfaced later.


Question: When did Bernard Montgomery become head of the African Forces?

Normandy invasion

Normandy was a key logistical problem.


Question: When did Bernard Montgomery become head of the African Forces?

Normandy invasion

The only usable port in the area was Cherbourg and had been carefully fortified by the Germans.


Question: When did Bernard Montgomery become head of the African Forces?

Normandy invasion

At the top end of the command structure, many argued that Pas-de-Calais would be a significantly better landing point.


Question: When did Bernard Montgomery become head of the African Forces?

Normandy invasion

Politically, the Normandy invasion created a tense situation between Colonel Charles de Gaulle, who sought to become head of state of France, and Franklin Roosevelt, who opposed old-fashioned imperialism.


Question: When did Bernard Montgomery become head of the African Forces?

Normandy invasion

Roosevelt in no way wanted to support de Gaulle in his efforts to use the Normandy invasion as a reason to become France's authoritarian head of state without free elections in France.


Question: When did Bernard Montgomery become head of the African Forces?

Normandy invasion

The Roosevelt administration's refusal to give de Gaulle official recognition or to make any suggestive action to make him recognised as a party along the lines of the British created a situation from de Gaulle's perspective in which France, liberated by the Allies, would have been ruled by the British and the military government of the Allied occupied territories under American rule (in English AMGOT - the allied military government of occupied territories) until France would be completely liberated and elections could be held.


Question: When did Bernard Montgomery become head of the African Forces?

Normandy invasion

[5] Objectives of the invasion The objectives of the first forty days were: To create a bridgehead that would include the cities of Caen and Cherbourg, especially Cherbourg, since a deep harbour was located there.


Question: When did Bernard Montgomery become head of the African Forces?

Normandy invasion

Break forward from the beachhead and free Brittany and its Atlantin-side ports and proceed to a front line estimated 200 kilometres southwest of Paris, from Le Havre through Le Mans to Tours.


Question: When did Bernard Montgomery become head of the African Forces?

Normandy invasion

The three-month goal was to control the area between the Loire and the Seine.


Question: When did Bernard Montgomery become head of the African Forces?

Normandy invasion

Preparations Choosing a landing site The location of the landing site was greatly limited by the operational radius of the Allied destroyers.


Question: When did Bernard Montgomery become head of the African Forces?

Normandy invasion

Geographical considerations limited the options to two: the Pas-de-Calais and the Normandy coast.


Question: When did Bernard Montgomery become head of the African Forces?

Normandy invasion

Pas-de-Calais, on the coast of the Strait of Dover, was the shortest distance from the British Isles, the coast was there most appropriate for the invasion and the route to Germany the most direct.


Question: When did Bernard Montgomery become head of the African Forces?

Normandy invasion

However, the Germans were thought to have understood the same facts and fortified the area best accordingly.


Question: When did Bernard Montgomery become head of the African Forces?

Normandy invasion

Because of this, Normandy was chosen as the site of the landing.


Question: When did Bernard Montgomery become head of the African Forces?

Normandy invasion

Largely taught by the catastrophic invasion of Dieppe by the Canadians earlier, the Allies decided not to attack the French port directly.


Question: When did Bernard Montgomery become head of the African Forces?

Normandy invasion

Beaching into the broad front area of Normandy allowed a simultaneous threat to two naval bases, Cherbourg and coastal bases in Brittany further north, as well as an attack route overland to Paris and towards the German border.


Question: When did Bernard Montgomery become head of the African Forces?

Normandy invasion

Normandy was a less defended coast and an unexpected, but strategic place, by exploiting which it was possible to mix and disperse the defending German forces.


Question: When did Bernard Montgomery become head of the African Forces?

Normandy invasion

Assets to be used in the offensive In December 1943, General Dwight D. Eisenhower was named Supreme Commander of the Allied Transfer Army and he was hereby given general responsibility for Allied European forces.


Question: When did Bernard Montgomery become head of the African Forces?

Normandy invasion

In January 1944, General Bernard Montgomery was made operational director for the landings ground forces.


Question: When did Bernard Montgomery become head of the African Forces?

Normandy invasion

At this point, the plan called for the landings of three divisions and the dropping of two brigades by parachutes.


Question: When did Bernard Montgomery become head of the African Forces?

Normandy invasion

Montgomery increased the number of troops to five divisions coming from the sea and three from the air.


Question: When did Bernard Montgomery become head of the African Forces?

Normandy invasion

A total of 47 divisions would be tied to the Battle of Normandy: 26 British, Canadian and other European divisions, plus 21 American divisions.


Question: When did Bernard Montgomery become head of the African Forces?

Normandy invasion

Operation Neptune Operation Neptune () involved crossing the Channel and beaching on the Normandy coast.


Question: When did Bernard Montgomery become head of the African Forces?

Normandy invasion

The operation involved Operation Taxable, in which Royal Air Force Avro Lancaster bombers dropped strips of aluminium on Cap d'Antifer to film an air attack on German radars.


Question: When did Bernard Montgomery become head of the African Forces?

Normandy invasion

For the ships, reflector balloons were towed by motor and torpedo boats to depict the ships' crossing of the English Channel to France.


Question: When did Bernard Montgomery become head of the African Forces?

Normandy invasion

Similar to Operation Taxable was Operation Glimmer, in which strips of aluminium were dropped from Short Stirling bombing aircraft opposite Boulogne.


Question: When did Bernard Montgomery become head of the African Forces?

Normandy invasion

More than 6000 ships would be involved in the invasion under Admiral Sir Bertram Ramsay — including just under 5000 landings, six battleships, four armoured gunboats, twenty-three cruisers, 104 destroyers, as well as 152 escort ships.


Question: When did Bernard Montgomery become head of the African Forces?

Normandy invasion

[6] Under Air Marshal Sir Trafford Leigh-Mallory there were 12000 aircraft assigned to support the landings.


Question: When did Bernard Montgomery become head of the African Forces?

Normandy invasion

The strength also included 1000 transport aircraft to transport paratroops.


Question: When did Bernard Montgomery become head of the African Forces?

Normandy invasion

5000 tons of bombs had been allocated to break the resistance of German forces.


Question: When did Bernard Montgomery become head of the African Forces?

Normandy invasion

Operation Cork was to improve the survival of the landing ships and the ships supporting them from German submarines.


Question: When did Bernard Montgomery become head of the African Forces?

Normandy invasion

The 19th Brigade and 9th Brigade of the Coastal Service attacked German submarines with bombers while they were surface-driving and by plunging aiming machine-gun fire to prevent emergency dives by killing or wounding German marines on deck, in order to submerge bombing would have been possible.


Question: When did Bernard Montgomery become head of the African Forces?

Normandy invasion

Forty German U-boats were targeted during Operation Cork, of which two were sunk within 22 minutes on 7 June 1944 by a Liberator bomber piloted by Ken Moore of the 224th Squadron.


Question: When did Bernard Montgomery become head of the African Forces?

Normandy invasion

During Operation Fortitude, the Germans considered the narrowest point of the Channel, the surroundings of Pas-de-Calais, as the most likely point of invasion, and concentrated the focus of their defences in the area.


Question: When did Bernard Montgomery become head of the African Forces?

Normandy invasion

To distract the Germans into believing that the attack would actually come to the Pas-de-Calais, the Allies prepared a massive diversionary plan called Operation Fortitude.


Question: When did Bernard Montgomery become head of the African Forces?

Normandy invasion

The Allies created an entire fictional First United States Army Group with its bases, fake buildings, stockpiles of materials and fake radio communications.


Question: When did Bernard Montgomery become head of the African Forces?

Normandy invasion

Opposite the Pas-de-Calais on England's south-east coast, a base area for the invasion army was staged.


Question: When did Bernard Montgomery become head of the African Forces?

Normandy invasion

Shallow barges suitable for the landings had been collected on the shores, in which work was continuously carried out.


Question: When did Bernard Montgomery become head of the African Forces?

Normandy invasion

The bustling vehicle and freight train traffic provided an image of equipping the military.


Question: When did Bernard Montgomery become head of the African Forces?

Normandy invasion

In the camp area built as a set, men were constantly moving and training in barracks and tented villages.


Question: When did Bernard Montgomery become head of the African Forces?

Normandy invasion

Cannons, vehicles and ammunition boxes built as scenes were assembled in the storage area.


Question: When did Bernard Montgomery become head of the African Forces?

Normandy invasion

In fact, the barracks and tents were mostly empty, only about a battalion's worth of men housed in them, who periodically changed different uniforms to give an image of a large army.


Question: When did Bernard Montgomery become head of the African Forces?

Normandy invasion

For the viewings, ten thousand National Guardsmen from the Home Guard, mostly men of retirement age or discharged from front service, and warvalids faded in from time to time.


Question: When did Bernard Montgomery become head of the African Forces?

Normandy invasion

The Germans also assumed that General George S. Patton would lead the invasion.


Question: When did Bernard Montgomery become head of the African Forces?

Normandy invasion

Patton was mentioned as commander of an army group and travelled to southern England as if to command an army corps.


Question: When did Bernard Montgomery become head of the African Forces?

Normandy invasion

The Germans had sent an extensive espionage network to southern England to obtain information on preparations for the invasion.


Question: When did Bernard Montgomery become head of the African Forces?

Normandy invasion

However, the agents had been exposed and captured by the Allies, and sent messages in their names that the attack would likely come to the Pas-de-Calais.


Question: When did Bernard Montgomery become head of the African Forces?

Normandy invasion

In order to maintain the diversion as long as possible, it was continued even after fighting in Normandy had begun, by conducting jamming attacks at Pas-de-Calais against radar stations and other targets.


Question: When did Bernard Montgomery become head of the African Forces?

Normandy invasion

Due to the diversionary plan, the Germans were still waiting for the invasion of the Pas-de-Calais in August and assumed that the invasion of Normandy was merely a diversion.


Question: When did Bernard Montgomery become head of the African Forces?

Normandy invasion

Special preparations More special preparations included Allied armoured vehicles specially designed for this attack.


Question: When did Bernard Montgomery become head of the African Forces?

Normandy invasion

The most special of these was the Sherman DouplexDrive (DD), developed in the United States, which had full swimming capability.


Question: When did Bernard Montgomery become head of the African Forces?

Normandy invasion

Other pioneer wagons developed by the Americans included the minesweeping wagon Sherman Crab (crab), a bridge tank built on a Shermann chassis.


Question: When did Bernard Montgomery become head of the African Forces?

Normandy invasion

In addition, the English developed the Churchill AVRE (Armoured Vehicle Royal Engineers), which was the most advanced pioneer tank of its time.


Question: When did Bernard Montgomery become head of the African Forces?

Normandy invasion

AVRE was able to be equipped with, among other things, bridge, minesweeping equipment, bumper blade, “bundle” and carpet (see also Hobart Funnies).


Question: When did Bernard Montgomery become head of the African Forces?

Normandy invasion

The plan also included the construction of two artificial harbours (codenamed Mulberry), with the aim of getting vital supplies to the landing force in the first few weeks before deep ports could be recaptured, and Operation Pluto, which included underwater fuel pipelines of construction from England for the invasion forces.


Question: When did Bernard Montgomery become head of the African Forces?

Normandy invasion

German defence preparations In November 1943, when Adolf Hitler decided that the threat of invasion to France was no longer ignored, Field Marshal Erwin Rommel was appointed Inspector General of Coastal Defence and later to command Army Group B, which included northern France ground forces.


Question: When did Bernard Montgomery become head of the African Forces?

Normandy invasion

Rommel firmly believed that the only chance of winning an attack would be for tanks to counterattack the beaches as early as possible and wanted at least some armour to be placed close enough to the beaches ready for a counterattack.


Question: When did Bernard Montgomery become head of the African Forces?

Normandy invasion

The idea of a defence pushed forward was based on the fact that if tanks were in a strategic reserve concentrated away from the landings coast, bringing them into the combat zone would become impossible because the Allies, with their air superiority, would seek to prevent the transfer, and therefore defense should be built in advance on the estimated area.


Question: When did Bernard Montgomery become head of the African Forces?

Normandy invasion

While in the Afrika Korps, Rommel was acquainted with Allied air superiority as a commander.


Question: When did Bernard Montgomery become head of the African Forces?

Normandy invasion

For his primary seat, Rommel chose the lowest floors of the Duke of Rochefoucauld's home, La Roche-Guyon Castle, in the department of Val-d'Oise.


Question: When did Bernard Montgomery become head of the African Forces?

Normandy invasion

From Rommel's point of view, the most likely invasion area was Pas-de-Calais and the second most likely Normandy.


Question: When did Bernard Montgomery become head of the African Forces?

Normandy invasion

Rommel called for the unification of the defence branches regionally under a single operational military command.


Question: When did Bernard Montgomery become head of the African Forces?

Normandy invasion

The subordination of the Air Force and Navy to the leadership of coastal defence did not happen to Aviation Minister Herman Göring or Grand Admiral Karl Dönitz.


Question: When did Bernard Montgomery become head of the African Forces?

Normandy invasion

[7] Rommel's authority was limited, however, as he was not supreme commander of the western German forces, but that post was held by Field Marshal Gerd von Rundstedt.