Question: Who was Cicero?

Cicero

Cicero was eclectic in thinking, meaning his thinking was a mixture of many schools, most noticeably the Platonism of the Old and New Academy and Stoicism.


Question: Who was Cicero?

Cicero

For Cicero, philosophy was subordinate to politics and must serve, above all, political purposes.


Question: Who was Cicero?

Cicero

Because of this, he did not accept excessive Academic skepticism, as he considered it to lead to inaction.


Question: Who was Cicero?

Cicero

On issues of ethics and policy, he favored more stoic and peripatetic thinking, which he felt were, for the most part, congruent.


Question: Who was Cicero?

Cicero

[20] Stoicism holds that man acts as part of the community to which he has obligations.


Question: Who was Cicero?

Cicero

Epicurolism didn't appeal to Cicero at all.


Question: Who was Cicero?

Cicero

This is no wonder, since, according to the Epicurans, maintaining peace of mind required abstaining from state issues, which, of course, did not suit Cicero.


Question: Who was Cicero?

Cicero

He writes: Cicero dealt with a great deal with the concept of humanitas, a humanity that had been present before in the Roman circle and which was his equivalent to the Greek word paideia.


Question: Who was Cicero?

Cicero

It included mutual appreciation and respect for people.


Question: Who was Cicero?

Cicero

Cicero put forward ideas of Roman peace (pax Romana) and just war (bellum iustum).


Question: Who was Cicero?

Cicero

These could later be used in the philosophical justification of the Roman Empire.


Question: Who was Cicero?

Cicero

[21] Cicero also created in Latin for the first time such philosophical concepts as moralis and qualitas (morality and quality).


Question: Who was Cicero?

Cicero

Cicero believed in reason instead of superstition.


Question: Who was Cicero?

Cicero

He wondered, however, whether there was ever any real certainty about anything.


Question: Who was Cicero?

Cicero

He was willing to believe in some sort of deity, but not necessarily in Rome's traditional state gods, much less the new Oriental cults that flooded Rome.


Question: Who was Cicero?

Cicero

[11] Works Cicero's use of language has at all times aroused admiration.


Question: Who was Cicero?

Cicero

His public texts in Latin are precise and finished.


Question: Who was Cicero?

Cicero

His speeches in particular are phenomenal in structure.


Question: Who was Cicero?

Cicero

Cicero actively developed the Latin language, among other things, by creating neofwords for many abstraction concepts that Latin still lacked.


Question: Who was Cicero?

Cicero

The fact that writing about philosophy in Latin became possible at all was largely down to Cicero.


Question: Who was Cicero?

Cicero

Based on Cicero's philosophical works, he was a humane person bent on stoicism, who admired traditional Roman values and republicanism on the one hand, Greek philosophy and erudition on the other.


Question: Who was Cicero?

Cicero

He loved books.


Question: Who was Cicero?

Cicero

Far from being a Democrat, Cicero espoused superiority.


Question: Who was Cicero?

Cicero

His letters convey an image of a well-meaning but imperfect and human figure, nevertheless tormented by a sense of duty and feelings of inadequacy.


Question: Who was Cicero?

Cicero

Among them you can read interesting contemporaneous descriptions of the progress of the house renovation, on the other hand, the father's deep powerless pain at the death of his daughter.


Question: Who was Cicero?

Cicero

[14] Cicero has translated works such as Conversations in Tusculum (Tusculanae disputationes), Old Age (Cato Maior de Senectute), Friendship (Laelius de Amicitia), Duties (De Officiis), Laei (De Legibus) and The Speaker (De oratore).


Question: Who was Cicero?

Cicero

[22] Speeches of Speeches 58 have survived, 88 are known.


Question: Who was Cicero?

Cicero

Most of the speeches are court speeches, the others mainly political speeches.


Question: Who was Cicero?

Cicero

The speeches have been preserved mainly in written attire later finalized by Cicero.


Question: Who was Cicero?

Cicero

Pro Quinctio (for Publius Quinctius, 81 BC)


Question: Who was Cicero?

Cicero

Pro Roscio Amerino (80 or 79 start BC)


Question: Who was Cicero?

Cicero

A protégé of dictator Sulla accused a man named Roscius of homicide.


Question: Who was Cicero?

Cicero

Cicero won.


Question: Who was Cicero?

Cicero

[18] Pro Roscio Comoedo (on behalf of an actor, 77 BC?)


Question: Who was Cicero?

Cicero

In Verrem and Divinatio in Caecilium (70 BC)


Question: Who was Cicero?

Cicero

The latter is a speech made against Caecilius in preparation for the case of Gaius Verres, the former being Verres' accusatory speech.


Question: Who was Cicero?

Cicero

Verres was a land lord who raided provinces with rare brazenness.


Question: Who was Cicero?

Cicero

He had been illegally collecting money in Greece, Asia and Sicily.


Question: Who was Cicero?

Cicero

During his time in Sicily, he had, among other things, settled taxes on his own accounts and collected art objects in public spaces for himself.


Question: Who was Cicero?

Cicero

Verres escaped before sentencing and lived the rest of his life in exile.


Question: Who was Cicero?

Cicero

Cicero did not have time to present all the evidence he had prepared, but nevertheless released the material later in speeches.


Question: Who was Cicero?

Cicero

[18] Pro Tullio (For Tullius, 69 BC)


Question: Who was Cicero?

Cicero

Pro Fonteio (for Marcus Fonteius, 69 BC)


Question: Who was Cicero?

Cicero

Pro Caecina (for Aulus Caecina, 69 BC)


Question: Who was Cicero?

Cicero

Pro Cluentio (for Aulus Cluentius, 66 BC)


Question: Who was Cicero?

Cicero

De Imperio Cn.


Question: Who was Cicero?

Cicero

Pompei or Pro Lege Manilia (political speech on behalf of a law granting special powers to Pompey, 66 BC)


Question: Who was Cicero?

Cicero

Rome was at war with Mithridates, king of Pontos, whose commander-in-chief Pompey sought.


Question: Who was Cicero?

Cicero

[18] De Lege Agraria contra Rullum (political speech against the Land Law put forward by Servilius Rullus, 63 BC)


Question: Who was Cicero?

Cicero

The purpose of the act was to populate urban poor people in rural areas.


Question: Who was Cicero?

Cicero

Behind the land was in reality Crassus as his ally Julius Caesar.


Question: Who was Cicero?

Cicero

Their purpose was to get in charge of land allocation.


Question: Who was Cicero?

Cicero

Discouraged by Cicero's opposition, Rullus withdrew his proposal.


Question: Who was Cicero?

Cicero

Pro Rabirio Perduellionis Reo (ad Quirites) (on behalf of Gaius Rabirius, accused of treason, 63 BCE)


Question: Who was Cicero?

Cicero

Rabirius was an elderly senator accused of a crime dating back thirty years.


Question: Who was Cicero?

Cicero

Caesar served as prosecutor and the whole trial must have been politically motivated.


Question: Who was Cicero?

Cicero

Cicero won the case.


Question: Who was Cicero?

Cicero

In Catilinam I-IV (Catilina's Accusation Speeches in the Senate, 63 BCE.)


Question: Who was Cicero?

Cicero

Pro Murena (for Lucius Licinius Murena, 63 BC)


Question: Who was Cicero?

Cicero

Murena, endorsed by Cicero, had been elected consul for the following year after Cicero, but Cicero was still forced before the turn of the year to defend this in court against bribery charges.


Question: Who was Cicero?

Cicero

Murena was most obviously the culprit, Cicero still won.


Question: Who was Cicero?

Cicero

Pro Sulla (for Sulla, 62 BC)


Question: Who was Cicero?

Cicero

Pro Archia (poet Aulus Licinius on behalf of Archias, 62 BC)


Question: Who was Cicero?

Cicero

Pro Flacco (for Flaccus, 59 BC)


Question: Who was Cicero?

Cicero

Aristocrat Flaccus was accused, among other things, of illegally seizing Jewish assets.


Question: Who was Cicero?

Cicero

In his defense, Cicero complained at trial that Jews have a tendency to act as a group on behalf of their own at public meetings.


Question: Who was Cicero?

Cicero

[23] Post Reditum in Senatu (to the Roman Senate after his return from exile, 57 BC)


Question: Who was Cicero?

Cicero

Post Reditum ad Quirites (for citizens after returning from exile, 57 BC)


Question: Who was Cicero?

Cicero

De domo sua (regarding his house, 57 BC)


Question: Who was Cicero?

Cicero

De haruspicum responso (On the Answers of Haruspecs, 57 BC)


Question: Who was Cicero?

Cicero

Pro Sestio (for Sestius, 56 BC)


Question: Who was Cicero?

Cicero

In Vatinium (in the trial of Sestius against Publius Vatinius, 56 BC)


Question: Who was Cicero?

Cicero

Pro Caelio (for Marcus Caelius Rufus, practically against Clodius, 56 BC)


Question: Who was Cicero?

Cicero

De provinciis consularibus (from the provinces of the consuls, 56 BC)


Question: Who was Cicero?

Cicero

The speech advocated an extension of Caesar's mandate in Gaul.


Question: Who was Cicero?

Cicero

Pro Balbo (for Cornelius Balbus, 56 BC)


Question: Who was Cicero?

Cicero

Balbus was Caesar's warlord.


Question: Who was Cicero?

Cicero

In Pisonem (Against Piso, 55 BC)


Question: Who was Cicero?

Cicero

Piso was Caesar's father-in-law, so this was an indirect attack on Caesar.


Question: Who was Cicero?

Cicero

Pro Scauro (?)


Question: Who was Cicero?

Cicero

Pro Rabirio Postumo (for Gaius Rabirius Postumus, 54 BC)


Question: Who was Cicero?

Cicero

Postumus was Caesar's warlord.


Question: Who was Cicero?

Cicero

Pro Cn.


Question: Who was Cicero?

Cicero

Plancio (for Plancius, 54 BC)


Question: Who was Cicero?

Cicero

Pro Milone (for Titus Annius Milo, 52 BC)


Question: Who was Cicero?

Cicero

The demagogue Milo was on trial in connection with Clodius' death.


Question: Who was Cicero?

Cicero

[18] Cicero lost the case and Milo went into exile.


Question: Who was Cicero?

Cicero

Apparently, however, Cicero improved the script of the speech even afterwards and the speech has been considered significant.


Question: Who was Cicero?

Cicero

It originates the flying phrase silent leges inter arma (“between arms the laws fall silent”).


Question: Who was Cicero?

Cicero

Pro Marcello (for Marcus Claudius Marcellus, 46 BC)


Question: Who was Cicero?

Cicero

Cicero thanks Caesar for his mercy towards a supporter of Pompey.


Question: Who was Cicero?

Cicero

[18] Pro Ligario (for Quintus Ligarius before Caesar, 46 BC)


Question: Who was Cicero?

Cicero

Cicero asks Caesar to pardon a former supporter of Pompey who was in exile.


Question: Who was Cicero?

Cicero

[18] Pro rege Deiotaro (for King Deiotarus before Caesar, 45 BC)


Question: Who was Cicero?

Cicero

Orationes Philippicae or Philippica I-XIV (Philippian speeches against Mark Antony, for Octavian, 44 BCE)


Question: Who was Cicero?

Cicero

There may have originally been perhaps 18 of these, 14 of which have survived.


Question: Who was Cicero?

Cicero

The appointment comes from Demosthenee's speeches of the same type against Philip II.


Question: Who was Cicero?

Cicero

Philosophical writings from Cicero have survived six books on rhetoric, as well as in part eight books on philosophy.


Question: Who was Cicero?

Cicero

De inventione (“On the Structure of Arguments”, 84 BC)


Question: Who was Cicero?

Cicero

A manual of rhetoric that Cicero at a young age wrote.


Question: Who was Cicero?

Cicero

He considered this to have been superseded by his later works.


Question: Who was Cicero?

Cicero

[24] De optimo genere oratorum (“Of the best speakers”, rhetoric, 52 BC)


Question: Who was Cicero?

Cicero

Topica (“Topika”, rhetoric, 44 BC)


Question: Who was Cicero?

Cicero

Tools for speakers from different fields, for example, types of arguments.


Question: Who was Cicero?

Cicero

[24] On the speaker (De oratore, rhetoric, 55 BC)


Question: Who was Cicero?

Cicero

Cicero creates the image of an ideal speaker who draws his skills from study, practice, studies and healthy organizing.


Question: Who was Cicero?

Cicero

Cicero stresses the importance of comprehensive general education.


Question: Who was Cicero?

Cicero

[18] De fato (“From Fate”, 45 BC)


Question: Who was Cicero?

Cicero

Preserved fragmentarily.


Question: Who was Cicero?

Cicero

Deals with free will.


Question: Who was Cicero?

Cicero

Cicero apparently rejects the idea that fate would dictate everything.


Question: Who was Cicero?

Cicero

[24] Paradoxa Stoicorum (“Of the Stoic Paradoxes”, 46 BC?)


Question: Who was Cicero?

Cicero

Cicero presents six Stoic principles, which the listener hardly agrees with at first hearing, and then justifies them.


Question: Who was Cicero?

Cicero

Cicero points out the reasoning exercise in question for his own pleasure, so he did not necessarily agree with everything presented.


Question: Who was Cicero?

Cicero

[24] De partitione oratoria (“Of the Species of Speaking”, rhetoric, 54 BC?)


Question: Who was Cicero?

Cicero

Brutus (“To Brutus”, 46 BC)


Question: Who was Cicero?

Cicero

A Brief History of Roman Speech.


Question: Who was Cicero?

Cicero

Preserved in part.


Question: Who was Cicero?

Cicero

Cicero lists hundreds of speakers and also describes his own development as a speaker.


Question: Who was Cicero?

Cicero

[18] [24] Orator (ad M. Brutum) (“The Speaker”, dedicated to Brutus, 46 BC)


Question: Who was Cicero?

Cicero

Again addresses the speaker ideal.


Question: Who was Cicero?

Cicero

Cicero defends his own speaking style.


Question: Who was Cicero?

Cicero

[24] From the State (De re publica, 51 BC)


Question: Who was Cicero?

Cicero

Preserved in part; the most famous part uses the name Scipion dreaming.


Question: Who was Cicero?

Cicero

Describes the ideal state.


Question: Who was Cicero?

Cicero

[24] De consulatu Bog (“On the Consular Age”) Cicero's poetry about his own feats during his tenure.


Question: Who was Cicero?

Cicero

[18] Of the Laws (De legibus, initiated in 52 BC, published after death) Preserved in part.


Question: Who was Cicero?

Cicero

Deals with the laws of the ideal state described in the “State”.


Question: Who was Cicero?

Cicero

According to Cicero, the roots of laws should be found in nature.


Question: Who was Cicero?

Cicero

[24] De finibus (bonorum et malorum) (“Of the highest degree of good and evil”, 45 BC)


Question: Who was Cicero?

Cicero

About the meaning of life.


Question: Who was Cicero?

Cicero

Presents the attitude of different schools to what is the greatest evil and the greatest good.


Question: Who was Cicero?

Cicero

[18] This book is the source of Lorem ipsum.


Question: Who was Cicero?

Cicero

Discussions in Tusculum (Tusculanae disputationes or Tusculanae quaestiones, 45 BC)


Question: Who was Cicero?

Cicero

Talks at Cicero's villa in Tusculum.


Question: Who was Cicero?

Cicero

In particular, the work deals with practical ethical questions: how to overcome passions, how to despise death.


Question: Who was Cicero?

Cicero

[18] On the Nature of the Gods (De natura deorum, 45 BC)


Question: Who was Cicero?

Cicero

Describes dozens of different conceptions of religion.


Question: Who was Cicero?

Cicero

Present arguments and counter-arguments from your particular Epicuroan and Stoic view.


Question: Who was Cicero?

Cicero

[24] Academica I-II (“Philosophy of the Academy”, 45 BCE.)


Question: Who was Cicero?

Cicero

Lucullus or Academica priora Academica posteriora Preserved in part.


Question: Who was Cicero?

Cicero

Deals with philosophy schools' perceptions of the theory of knowledge as well as the history of these schools.


Question: Who was Cicero?

Cicero

[24] De divinatione (“On divination”, 45 BC)


Question: Who was Cicero?

Cicero

Cicero presents arguments advocating for divination to work.


Question: Who was Cicero?

Cicero

He then responds to these with counter-arguments.


Question: Who was Cicero?

Cicero

Cicero says he doesn't draw conclusions in the book himself, but it's easy to draw the conclusion from the piece that he regarded divination as superstition.


Question: Who was Cicero?

Cicero

[24] Hortensius (45 BC)


Question: Who was Cicero?

Cicero

Preserved only fragmentarily.


Question: Who was Cicero?

Cicero

In the work, Cicero urges philosophy to be a hobby because it leads to happiness.


Question: Who was Cicero?

Cicero

[18] From old age (Cato Maior de senectute, 44 BC)


Question: Who was Cicero?

Cicero

By 150 BC.


Question: Who was Cicero?

Cicero

placed dialog in which Cato the Elder tells about getting older to two younger men.


Question: Who was Cicero?

Cicero

[18] Cato is presented as humane, perhaps considerably more humane than in reality.


Question: Who was Cicero?

Cicero

Dedicated to Cicero's friend Atticus.


Question: Who was Cicero?

Cicero

On Friendship (Laelius de amicitia, 44 BC)


Question: Who was Cicero?

Cicero

Set in the year 129 BC.


Question: Who was Cicero?

Cicero

[18] Laelius, who has already appeared in dialogue from “Old Age”, is now in the lead role and engages in conversation with two younger listeners.


Question: Who was Cicero?

Cicero

Dedicated to Cicero's friend Atticus.


Question: Who was Cicero?

Cicero

On Obligations (De officiis, 44 BC)


Question: Who was Cicero?

Cicero

Moral philosophy since the teachings of the Stoic school.


Question: Who was Cicero?

Cicero

Dedicated to Cicero's son Marcus, who was studying in Athens.


Question: Who was Cicero?

Cicero

[18] De temporibus suis (“His Time”) Pseudo-Ciceroa, that is, works sometimes believed to have been written by Cicero: Rhetorica ad Herennium (“Rhetoric to Herennius”) Traditionally put in Cicero's name, but apparently written by someone else.


Question: Who was Cicero?

Cicero

Commentariolum petitionis (“A Handbook on Candidacy in Elections”) Put in Cicero's name, but it was probably written by his brother Quintus.


Question: Who was Cicero?

Cicero

Correspondence of Cicero's letters (epistulae) to others has survived over 800, with other letters to Cicero a hundred.


Question: Who was Cicero?

Cicero

ad Atticum I-XVI Letters to Atticus, who was Cicero's friend from school days.


Question: Who was Cicero?

Cicero

Of the surviving letters, these are the vast majority.


Question: Who was Cicero?

Cicero

Atticus took care of the release of Cicero's production after his death.


Question: Who was Cicero?

Cicero

ad Familiares I-XVI Letters to friends.


Question: Who was Cicero?

Cicero

ad Quintum I-III Letters to Quintus, who was his brother.


Question: Who was Cicero?

Cicero

ad Brutum I-II to Brutus.


Question: Who was Cicero?

Cicero

The aftereffects of Cicero is rich in preserved production due to the best known figures of antiquity.


Question: Who was Cicero?

Cicero

[18] He has influenced European culture at different times differently.


Question: Who was Cicero?

Cicero

The importance of Cicero in the field of philosophy was mentioned above, both in Late Antiquity and the Middle Ages.


Question: Who was Cicero?

Cicero

With the Renaissance, as original Greek philosophy became available again, Cicero's importance in philosophy diminished and he was elevated to a master of Latin prose, for whose style no peer was seen.


Question: Who was Cicero?

Cicero

Later Cicero has been admired by numerous well-known figures, for example Fredrik the Great and Voltaire.


Question: Who was Cicero?

Cicero

It has been said that Cicero was among the few of whom Voltaire never uttered malice.


Question: Who was Cicero?

Cicero

The image of the person himself has also been modified.


Question: Who was Cicero?

Cicero

For example, Petrarca, who discovered the vast majority of Cicero's surviving letters from Verona in 1345, had previously seen Cicero on the basis of this philosophical works as an adamant, wise man liberated from passions.


Question: Who was Cicero?

Cicero

However, the letters revealed to Petrarca the human side of Cicero.


Question: Who was Cicero?

Cicero

These letters have also provided, in later times, both arms for Cicero's critics and an opportunity to get to know his person.


Question: Who was Cicero?

Cicero

Sources Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Carcopino, Jérôme| title = Such was the life of emperors in Rome| location = Porvoo Helsinki Juva| publisher = WSOY| year = 2001| version = (La vie quotidienne à Rome à l'apogée de l'empire, 1939.)


Question: Who was Cicero?

Cicero

Translated by Marja Itkonen-Kaila.


Question: Who was Cicero?

Cicero

5th edition| id = ISBN 951-0-19874-9}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Castrén, SpongeBob & Pietti-Castrén, Leena| title = Ancient Handbook | location = Helsinki| publisher = Otava| year = 2000| id = ISBN 951-1-12387-4}} Citation with error, replace {{cite book| author = Cicero , Marcus Tullius| title = Old Age.


Question: Who was Cicero?

Cicero

Friendship.


Question: Who was Cicero?

Cicero

Obligation| location = Porvoo Helsinki Juva| publisher = WS| year = 1992| version = (Cato maior de senectute; Laelius de amicitia; De officiis.)


Question: Who was Cicero?

Cicero

Translated and introduction by Marja Itkonen-Kaila.


Question: Who was Cicero?

Cicero

Quality Books.


Question: Who was Cicero?

Cicero

2nd edition (1st edition 1967) | id = ISBN 951-0-17868-3}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Freeman, Charles| title = Egypt, Greece and Rome: Civilizations of the ancient Mediterranean| location = Oxford| publisher = Oxford University Press| year = 1999| id = ISBN 0-19-926364-| language = Transclusion error: {{En}} is only for use in File namespace.


Question: Who was Cicero?

Cicero

Use {{lang-en}} or {{en icon}} instead.}


Question: Who was Cicero?

Cicero

Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Henrikson, Alf| title = Ancient stories| location = Porvoo Helsinki Juva| publisher = WSOY| year = 2004| version = (Antikens historier, 1959.)


Question: Who was Cicero?

Cicero

Finnish translation: Maija Westerlund.


Question: Who was Cicero?

Cicero

12th edition| id = ISBN 951-0-18515-9}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Radford, Robert T.| title = Cicero: A Study in the Origins of Republican Philosophy| publisher = Rhodopi| year = 2002| id = ISBN 9042014679| language = Transclusion error: {{I} only for use in File namespace.


Question: Who was Cicero?

Cicero

Use {{lang-en}} or {{en icon}} instead.| format = [online version]}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Tuomisto, Pekka| title = Roman dictators| location = Hämeenlinna| publisher = Karisto| year = 2003| id = ISBN 951-23-4442-4}} Citation error, replace {{cite book| author = Zetterberg, Seppo (ed.


Question: Who was Cicero?

Cicero

) | title = Little Giant of World History | location = Helsinki| publisher = WSOY| year = 2002| version=8th edition| id = ISBN 951-0-15101-7}} References Literature | Citation error, replace with {{cite book| title = Discussions in Tusculum| location = Turku| location = Turku| publisher = Faros| year = 2009| version=( Tusculanae disputationes.)


Question: Who was Cicero?

Cicero

Veli-Matti Rissanen has translated from Latin and with annotations and name directory.


Question: Who was Cicero?

Cicero

Preface: Juha Sihvola| id = ISBN 978-952-5710-08-3}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| title = Speaker| location = Helsinki| publisher = Gaudeamus| year = 2006| version = (De oratore.)


Question: Who was Cicero?

Cicero

English translation Aulikki Vuola| id = ISBN 951-662-960-1}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| title = Laeista| location = Helsinki| publisher = WSOY| year = 2004| version = (De legibus.)


Question: Who was Cicero?

Cicero

Translated by Veli-Matti Rissanen| id = 951-0-29140-4}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| title = Speech in defense of poet Archia | location = Helsinki| publisher = Book at a time| year = 2004| version = Translated by K. J. Hidén.


Question: Who was Cicero?

Cicero

The look-out edition.


Question: Who was Cicero?

Cicero

Initial work: in Helsinki: Yrjö Weilin, 1905| id = ISBN 952-5439-64-X}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| title = Scipion Dream Vision | location = Helsinki| publisher = Book at a time | year = 2004| version = Translated by K. J. Hidén.


Question: Who was Cicero?

Cicero

The look-out edition.


Question: Who was Cicero?

Cicero

Initial work: In Helsinki: Yrjö Weilin, 1905| id = ISBN 952-5439-65-8}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| title = Old age.


Question: Who was Cicero?

Cicero

Friendship.


Question: Who was Cicero?

Cicero


Question: Who was Cicero?

Cicero


Question: Who was Cicero?

Cicero

Quality Books.


Question: Who was Cicero?

Cicero

2nd edition (1st edition 1967, 3rd edition 2002) | id = ISBN 951-0-17868-3}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| title = Speech: Brutus| location = Helsinki| publisher = Finn Lectura| year = 1990| version = Introduction, translation, explanations and appendices Pirkko Haapanen.


Question: Who was Cicero?

Cicero

Introduction Cicero Introduction Teivas Oksala| id=ISBN 951-8905-21-5}} Defense of Skepticism.


Question: Who was Cicero?

Cicero

Includes paragraphs 64—148 of the remainder of the Academica priora, or Lucullus.


Question: Who was Cicero?

Cicero

Finnish translation, introduction and explanations Antti T. Oikarinen.


Question: Who was Cicero?

Cicero

In Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Grahn-Wilder, Malin (ed.


Question: Who was Cicero?

Cicero

) | title = Skepticism.


Question: Who was Cicero?

Cicero

Philosophy of Doubt and Search| location = Helsinki| publisher = Gaudeamus| year = 2016| id = ISBN 978-952-495-396-2| page = 135—175}} Other literature Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Knaapi, Kalle & Rissanen, Veli-Matti & Seppänen, Minna (ed.


Question: Who was Cicero?

Cicero

) | title = Tullius noster.


Question: Who was Cicero?

Cicero

Posts from Ciceros| location = Turku| publisher = Faros| year = 2015| id = ISBN 978-952-5710-34-2}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Plutarkhos| title = Biographies of famous men| location = Porvoo Helsinki Juva| publisher = WSOY| year = 2005| version = (Bioxy| I parallēloi , about 80—120.)


Question: Who was Cicero?

Cicero

Translated by Kalle Suuronen.


Question: Who was Cicero?

Cicero

Edwin Linkomies, who reviewed the Finnish translation, written the introduction and the explanatory directory.


Question: Who was Cicero?

Cicero

4th edition (1st edition 1955) | id = ISBN 978-951-0-15794-7}} On the topic elsewhere Free to download Marcus Tullius Cicero ebooks Kahlos, Maijastina:.


Question: Who was Cicero?

Cicero

So & thus 1/2007.


Question: Who was Cicero?

Cicero

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Question: Who was Cicero?

Cicero

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Question: Who was Cicero?

Cicero

Article ([{{fullurl: {{{1}}} |action=edit}} edit] | [[Talk: {{{1}}} |talk]] | [{{fullurl: {{{1}}} |action=history}} history] | [{{fullurl: {{{1}}} |action=protect}} | [{{fullurl] l: {{{1}}} |action=delete}} delete] | [{{fullurl:special:whatlinkSheere/ {{{1}}} |limit=999}} links] | [{{fullurl: {{{1}}} |action=watch }} watch] | |) Category:10th century BC.


Question: Who was Cicero?

Cicero

births Category:Roman philosophers Category:Roman writers Category:Roman politicians Category:Roman reettors Category:Key articles of screening Category:In 43 BC.


Question: Who was Cicero?

Cicero

the dead


Question: Who was the first world champion in boxing?

History of boxing

The history of boxing goes all the way back to ancient Greece, but modern boxing emerged in 18th-century England.


Question: Who was the first world champion in boxing?

History of boxing

Early history Fist fighting is mentioned as early as Homer's poems, but modern boxing originated in 18th-century England.


Question: Who was the first world champion in boxing?

History of boxing

Boxing was included in the program of the ancient Olympic Games for the first time in 688 BC, but the beginnings of fistfights lie in human prehistory.


Question: Who was the first world champion in boxing?

History of boxing

The earliest surviving evidence of “boxing” are Sumerian carvings from the 300s before the beginning of our period.


Question: Who was the first world champion in boxing?

History of boxing

Egyptian Thebes circa 16th century BCE.


Question: Who was the first world champion in boxing?

History of boxing

the resulting relief depicted boxers wearing helmets as well as people watching the match.


Question: Who was the first world champion in boxing?

History of boxing

[1] The first surviving rules of boxing are from ancient Greece.


Question: Who was the first world champion in boxing?

History of boxing

At the time, there were no installments in matches; instead, the match continued for as long until the opponent gave up or was unable to continue.


Question: Who was the first world champion in boxing?

History of boxing

It was forbidden to bind an opponent.


Question: Who was the first world champion in boxing?

History of boxing

Matches took place outside in the heat and sunshine.


Question: Who was the first world champion in boxing?

History of boxing

The matchmakers came from all social classes.


Question: Who was the first world champion in boxing?

History of boxing

In the great sports competitions of antiquity, the vast majority of fighters were from rich and prestigious families.


Question: Who was the first world champion in boxing?

History of boxing

Boxing has been widely described in Greek literature, among them in Homer's Iliah.


Question: Who was the first world champion in boxing?

History of boxing

[1] In the 3rd century BCE.


Question: Who was the first world champion in boxing?

History of boxing

the Greeks switched to using hard leather as protection for their fists, which easily caused the opponent to bleed.


Question: Who was the first world champion in boxing?

History of boxing

Padded gloves were used in training at that time, to some extent reminiscent of contemporary boxing mitts.


Question: Who was the first world champion in boxing?

History of boxing

The Romans developed a protective glove known as the caestus, which has been carefully described in the visual arts and literature of the time.


Question: Who was the first world champion in boxing?

History of boxing

The glove consisted of spikes and metal attached to leather.


Question: Who was the first world champion in boxing?

History of boxing

In Rome, boxing was widely pursued, including in gladiatorial fighting arenas.


Question: Who was the first world champion in boxing?

History of boxing

Soldiers used it to practice close-in grappling skills.


Question: Who was the first world champion in boxing?

History of boxing

Gladiator boxing matches were often fought until death.


Question: Who was the first world champion in boxing?

History of boxing

However, with the advent of Christianity and later the decline of the Roman Empire, boxing fell into oblivion for centuries.


Question: Who was the first world champion in boxing?

History of boxing

[1] Bare-Fist Time The first mention of an official boxing match from Britain dates back to 1681, and in 1698 began to organise regular bare-handed matches at the Royal Theatre in London.


Question: Who was the first world champion in boxing?

History of boxing

Matches took place without gloves and weight classes, and there were no rules excessively except for grand finals.


Question: Who was the first world champion in boxing?

History of boxing

Rounds existed in principle, but usually matches ended only after the other fighter was unable to continue.


Question: Who was the first world champion in boxing?

History of boxing

Wrestling grips were also permitted, and until the middle of the 18th century it was also common to hit anyone in the country.


Question: Who was the first world champion in boxing?

History of boxing

[2] Even though boxing was illegal, it was very popular.


Question: Who was the first world champion in boxing?

History of boxing

In the early 18th century, James Figg, the English champion boxer, became a nation-wide celebrity.


Question: Who was the first world champion in boxing?

History of boxing

Jack Broughton, a pupil of Figgs, is regarded as a major pioneer in bringing boxing among accepted forms of sport.


Question: Who was the first world champion in boxing?

History of boxing

Broughton was also one of the greatest and most successful fighters of the barefist period, and in 1743 he developed rules for the sport which, with the exception of minor modifications, were in place until 1838, when a more detailed London Prize Ring was published rulebook [3].


Question: Who was the first world champion in boxing?

History of boxing

[2] Broughton is said to have set out to develop the rules because one of his opponents had died as a result of injuries he sustained in the match.


Question: Who was the first world champion in boxing?

History of boxing

His style of fighting was reminiscent of contemporary boxing, when many fighters of that time had more of a tack fight.


Question: Who was the first world champion in boxing?

History of boxing

Under the Broughton Rules, wrestling grips were still permitted, but grabbing from below the waistline was forbidden.


Question: Who was the first world champion in boxing?

History of boxing

Under the rules, the round continued as long until the opponent was knocked to the ground, after which he had half a minute to stand up or be judged the loser.


Question: Who was the first world champion in boxing?

History of boxing

Broughton also developed a preform of modern boxing gloves to protect the hands and opponent of his own pupils.


Question: Who was the first world champion in boxing?

History of boxing

The development of gloves also had its drawbacks, and in certain respects they could be considered to have been more dangerous than bare fists, as there were fewer blows to the head when struck with a bare fist, as fighters tend to hit softer parts of the body to avoid damaging his own fist.


Question: Who was the first world champion in boxing?

History of boxing

Brain damage associated with boxing can be attributed to the development of padded mitts.


Question: Who was the first world champion in boxing?

History of boxing

[2] After Broughton lost his championship to Jack Slack in 1750, pre-arranged fights began to become more frequent, leading to the popularity of boxing.


Question: Who was the first world champion in boxing?

History of boxing

There were exceptions: history knows late-century great fighters Daniel Mendoza and “gentleman” John Jackson.


Question: Who was the first world champion in boxing?

History of boxing

Mendoza was very small in stature, only slightly on top at 70 kilograms, and he leaned on speed rather than power in his style.


Question: Who was the first world champion in boxing?

History of boxing

Mendoza suffered a defeat in the championship bout to Jackson, which contributed to continuing the development of boxing into an accepted sport and causing England's top brass to take an interest in the sport.


Question: Who was the first world champion in boxing?

History of boxing

In the early 19th century, many well-known boxers such as Jem Belcher, Tom Cribb, Ben Caunt and Jem Mace elevated to the English as symbols of manliness and respectability.


Question: Who was the first world champion in boxing?

History of boxing

[2] In 1838, the rules created by Broughton were developed and detailed and a collection of rules known as the London Prize Ring rules emerged.


Question: Who was the first world champion in boxing?

History of boxing

The first championship match under the new rules was fought the following year when James Burke suffered a defeat to William Thomson.


Question: Who was the first world champion in boxing?

History of boxing

The new rules defined a square perimeter with a side measure of 7.32 metres bordered by two ropes.


Question: Who was the first world champion in boxing?

History of boxing

The round ended when the boxer was knocked to the ground and the new round started after half a minute if the fighter had finished by then with the help of his corner.


Question: Who was the first world champion in boxing?

History of boxing

If the fighter did not finish himself under cover for eight seconds, he was judged to be the loser.


Question: Who was the first world champion in boxing?

History of boxing

Kicking, railing, pouting on, biting and punching under the belt were all defined as against the rules.


Question: Who was the first world champion in boxing?

History of boxing

[3] [2] George the Fourth Regent period was the golden age of British boxing.


Question: Who was the first world champion in boxing?

History of boxing

Back in those days, the British champion also held the rank of world champion.


Question: Who was the first world champion in boxing?

History of boxing

Only the United States was capable of competing with Britain.


Question: Who was the first world champion in boxing?

History of boxing

English boxing had spread to America as early as the 18th century, but began to gain greater popularity around the turn of the century with its core areas of Boston, New York and Philadelphia, as well as New Orleans.


Question: Who was the first world champion in boxing?

History of boxing

However, most U.S. boxers were immigrants from England or Ireland.


Question: Who was the first world champion in boxing?

History of boxing

[2] Queensberry Rules Although boxing had developed and grown greatly as a sport with the London Rules of 1838, boxing nevertheless had a poor reputation among the better English population and the sport needed greater changes.


Question: Who was the first world champion in boxing?

History of boxing

In 1876, John Graham Chambers of the Amateur Athetic Club developed new rules for the species, with the support of John Sholto Douglas, 9th Marquess of Queensberry, which gave greater weight to technique and skill.


Question: Who was the first world champion in boxing?

History of boxing

The rules known as Queensberry differed significantly from the London rules in four respects: the length of a round was defined as three minutes and the length of the batch break as one minute, wrestling fixtures were banned, the ground-beaten matchmaker was to be able to stand up on his own strength within ten seconds or he was judged to have lost by knockout.


Question: Who was the first world champion in boxing?

History of boxing

Around the same time, the first weight classes were additionally developed.


Question: Who was the first world champion in boxing?

History of boxing

[4] However, professional fighters guested the new rules and matches resumed under the old rules.


Question: Who was the first world champion in boxing?

History of boxing

However, the new rules gained popularity among young new matchmakers.


Question: Who was the first world champion in boxing?

History of boxing

A notable fighter of the Queensberry period was James Mace, who won by the old rules the English Championship in 1861.


Question: Who was the first world champion in boxing?

History of boxing

However, Mace advocated firmly for the changes and by his admission they began to achieve greater popularity.


Question: Who was the first world champion in boxing?

History of boxing

[4] Around the same time, power in the ring began to shift to US boxers who at the beginning of the century began to fight in the British Isles.


Question: Who was the first world champion in boxing?

History of boxing

Among the most notable American boxers of that time were Bill Richmond and Tom Molineux, both of whom were former slaves.


Question: Who was the first world champion in boxing?

History of boxing

Molineux matched against Englishman Tom Cribb twice, in 1810 and 1811.


Question: Who was the first world champion in boxing?

History of boxing

Reciprocally, British champion boxers set about conducting matches in the United States against local boxers.


Question: Who was the first world champion in boxing?

History of boxing

[4] Although the rules of boxing were changed for a more civilized taste, boxing began to lose its popularity even more.


Question: Who was the first world champion in boxing?

History of boxing

The middle class had other values in their lives and new faith trends emphasized abstinence from sinful leisure temptations.


Question: Who was the first world champion in boxing?

History of boxing

Boxing was often combined with other mild phenomena such as drunkenness and gambling.


Question: Who was the first world champion in boxing?

History of boxing

In addition to the actual boxing match, fists were often swinging in the stands as well.


Question: Who was the first world champion in boxing?

History of boxing

[4] Instead, in the United States, the species went on to grow with extensive waves of migrants.


Question: Who was the first world champion in boxing?

History of boxing

It was popular to organise matches among different nationalities, among other things.


Question: Who was the first world champion in boxing?

History of boxing

The British's reign came to a definitive end with the advent of Irish-based American John L. Sullivan, who in 1899 became the first US world champion.


Question: Who was the first world champion in boxing?

History of boxing

Since those times, the United States has been the leading country in professional boxing.


Question: Who was the first world champion in boxing?

History of boxing

With Sullivan, professional matches were started to be visited by Queensberry Rules too.


Question: Who was the first world champion in boxing?

History of boxing

The final bare handed title fight was Sullivan's 1889 title defence against Jake Kilrain.


Question: Who was the first world champion in boxing?

History of boxing

Around that time, bare-fisted corridor matches had been declared illegal in almost every U.S. state.


Question: Who was the first world champion in boxing?

History of boxing

[4] Amateur boxing Queensberry Amateur Championships continued from 1867 until 1885, and at that time amateurs wore gloves still unlike professionals.


Question: Who was the first world champion in boxing?

History of boxing

In 1880, the amateur boxing organisation ABA (Amateur Boxing Association) was formed in Britain when twelve clubs joined together.


Question: Who was the first world champion in boxing?

History of boxing

The ABA held its first championship tournament the following year, with four weight classes in use: featherweight (9 stone ≈ 57 kg), lightweight (10 stone ≈ 63.5 kg), middleweight (11 stone, 4 nails ≈ 71.7 kg) and heavyweight (no weight limit).


Question: Who was the first world champion in boxing?

History of boxing

One stone is 14 nails, and one nail is 454 grams.


Question: Who was the first world champion in boxing?

History of boxing

In 1902, the United States also began participating in the ABA Championships, and by 1924, 105 clubs had already joined the ABA.


Question: Who was the first world champion in boxing?

History of boxing

In the first half of the 20th century, amateur boxing gained popularity around the world.


Question: Who was the first world champion in boxing?

History of boxing

When the first international boxing federation, Federation Internationale de Boxe Amateur, was founded in 1920 in Paris, however, it had only five member countries.


Question: Who was the first world champion in boxing?

History of boxing

In 1946, the International Boxing Federation AIBA (Associaton Internationale de Boxe Amateur) was founded, with a total of 24 countries represented from five continents, and since its founding, AIBA has served as the official world organization for amateur boxing.


Question: Who was the first world champion in boxing?

History of boxing

The first World Amateur Championships were held in 1974.


Question: Who was the first world champion in boxing?

History of boxing

Today, there are already 189 AIBA member countries.


Question: Who was the first world champion in boxing?

History of boxing

For the first time boxing was an Olympic sport at the 1904 Saint Louis Games, and with the exception of the 1912 Stockholm Games, they have been on the official race programme every time ever since.


Question: Who was the first world champion in boxing?

History of boxing

In Saint Louis, boxers were allowed to fight in more weight classes, and American Oliver Kirk won gold in both flyweight and featherweight.


Question: Who was the first world champion in boxing?

History of boxing

The most successful Olympic boxing nations from 1974 to 2004 have been Cuba and the United States, of which Cuba and the United States have 29 and 21 gold medals respectively.


Question: Who was the first world champion in boxing?

History of boxing

Five countries have achieved their only Olympic medals from boxing: Puerto Rico (6 apiece), Tonga, Niger, Bermuda and Guyana.


Question: Who was the first world champion in boxing?

History of boxing

Olympic gold medal-winning boxers who have won the world heavyweight professional championship include Floyd Patterson (1952), Cassius Clay (late.


Question: Who was the first world champion in boxing?

History of boxing

Muhammad Ali, 1960), Joe Frazier (the first heavyweight gold medal-winning professional world champion in his weight class, 1964), George Foreman (1968), Leon Spinks (1976), Michael Spinks (1976) Lennox Lewis (1988), and 1996 Olympic champion Volodymyr Klychko.


Question: Who was the first world champion in boxing?

History of boxing

The most recent Finnish Olympic medal in boxing is Jyri Kjällin's bronze in 1992 from Barcelona.


Question: Who was the first world champion in boxing?

History of boxing

Women's boxing was already a show sport at the 1904 Saint Louis Olympics, but during the 20th century it was banned in many countries.


Question: Who was the first world champion in boxing?

History of boxing

The pioneer of the revival of female boxing was the Swedes, who in 1988 staged the first women's fights.


Question: Who was the first world champion in boxing?

History of boxing

The British Amateur Boxing Organisation organised the first women's boxing competitions in 1997.


Question: Who was the first world champion in boxing?

History of boxing

In the 1990s, AIBA established new rules for women's boxing, and in 1999 held the first European Championships and 2001 World Championships.


Question: Who was the first world champion in boxing?

History of boxing

The use of the head shield became mandatory at the 1984 Los Angeles Olympics, but in 2013 it was again removed for men.


Question: Who was the first world champion in boxing?

History of boxing

Women still use it.


Question: Who was the first world champion in boxing?

History of boxing

In the past, the point bill for amateur matches was different.


Question: Who was the first world champion in boxing?

History of boxing

Three and later five review judges awarded 20 points to the winner of each set, and proportionally fewer to the loser.


Question: Who was the first world champion in boxing?

History of boxing

The point counting system changed after the 1988 Seoul Olympics when both Michael Carbajal and Roy Jones Jr.


Question: Who was the first world champion in boxing?

History of boxing

lost their gold medal to the boxers of the host nation, although in line with public opinion they should have won.


Question: Who was the first world champion in boxing?

History of boxing

It was later revealed that judges had been bribed.


Question: Who was the first world champion in boxing?

History of boxing

After the Seoul Games, a review with a points machine was introduced.


Question: Who was the first world champion in boxing?

History of boxing

Referees push the button whenever they see a boxer pull off a successful punch.


Question: Who was the first world champion in boxing?

History of boxing

When three of the five judges press a button within 1.2 seconds, the point counts.


Question: Who was the first world champion in boxing?

History of boxing

If a boxer leads his opponent by more than 20 points, the bout is suspended.


Question: Who was the first world champion in boxing?

History of boxing

Professional boxing In 1891, the private London club National Sporting Club began organising their own, with professional gloves in hand, matches, on their own terms.


Question: Who was the first world champion in boxing?

History of boxing

The NSC rules were based on the Queensberry Rules, with the addition of nine additional rules, essentially specifying more accurately the position of the trustees and the point bill that allowed refereeing the outcome of a bout, as previously all matches ended in a knockout or a lack of another boxer, incidentally, was unable to continue fighting.


Question: Who was the first world champion in boxing?

History of boxing

As a result of NSC rules, boxing became more of a skill sport than an endurance sport.


Question: Who was the first world champion in boxing?

History of boxing

In 1919, the BBC (the British Boxing Board of Control) was formed.


Question: Who was the first world champion in boxing?

History of boxing

The BBBC maintained close links with the NSC right up until 1929 when the NSC was disbanded.


Question: Who was the first world champion in boxing?

History of boxing

In 1909, the Earl of Lonsdale awarded the first championship belt to the winner of the NSC championship title.


Question: Who was the first world champion in boxing?

History of boxing

In 1929, the BBC continued to award Lonsdale belts to all British boxers winning three title fights in the same weight class.


Question: Who was the first world champion in boxing?

History of boxing

The “title fights” in question, or championship fights, have always been a key element of professional boxing when no actual value competitions take place.


Question: Who was the first world champion in boxing?

History of boxing

In the early years of the 20th century, the central position of boxing promoters also began to become established: promoters tended to stage good-yielding and interesting championship fights, and thus the media and general public also became increasingly interested in the sport.


Question: Who was the first world champion in boxing?

History of boxing

The famous trio of Jack Dempsey (heavyweight champion 1919—1926), his manager Jack Kearns and promoter Tex Rickard earned a combined US$8.4 million in 1921—1927 with only five fights.


Question: Who was the first world champion in boxing?

History of boxing

The first live radio broadcast of a professional boxing championship match was the encounter between Dempsey and Georges Carpentier in 1921.


Question: Who was the first world champion in boxing?

History of boxing

During the first half of the 20th century, the focus of professional boxing shifted from Britain to the


Question: Who was the first world champion in boxing?

History of boxing

Although there were no official world titles, the names listed in “The National Police Gazette” were generally considered to be world champion.


Question: Who was the first world champion in boxing?

History of boxing

In the 1920s, the NBA (National Boxing Association) began organizing world championship fights.


Question: Who was the first world champion in boxing?

History of boxing

At the same time, the Ring Magazine was founded, which published lists of champions.


Question: Who was the first world champion in boxing?

History of boxing

In 1962, the NBA changed its name to the WBA (World Boxing Association), and the following year it gained its first competition from the WBC (World Boxing Council).


Question: Who was the first world champion in boxing?

History of boxing

Neither of them was universally recognized and this resulted, among other things, disagreements over the world championships.


Question: Who was the first world champion in boxing?

History of boxing

In 1983, in addition, a new organization IBF (International Boxing Federation) was formed, which also has its own world championships in each weight class.


Question: Who was the first world champion in boxing?

History of boxing

In 1988, the fourth major global organization WBO (World Boxing Organization) emerged when a group of Puerto Rican and Dominican businessmen clashed with the WBA.


Question: Who was the first world champion in boxing?

History of boxing

In addition to these big four, there are countless other organisations sharing their own world title, which, because of their small size, are not universally recognised as among the four largest federations.


Question: Who was the first world champion in boxing?

History of boxing

Matches for professionals lasted for a long period of fifteen rounds, and even in the early part of the 20th century, forty-round matches took place.


Question: Who was the first world champion in boxing?

History of boxing

The number of eries only began to be reduced in 1982, when South Korean Kim Duk-Koo died after a World Championship match against Ray Mancini from a brain injury caused by blows.


Question: Who was the first world champion in boxing?

History of boxing

Over the course of the 1980s, various professional federations gradually moved to organize their championship games as 12-rounds.


Question: Who was the first world champion in boxing?

History of boxing

In addition, the minute batch break length was extended to one and a half minutes.


Question: Who was the first world champion in boxing?

History of boxing

In addition to this, the judge was given a special right to suspend an uneven bout if one boxer fought clearly worse than the other.


Question: Who was the first world champion in boxing?

History of boxing

Previously, this right had only been held by a doctor who inspected boxers after batches.


Question: Who was the first world champion in boxing?

History of boxing

See also Finnish Boxing Museum Sources history Category:History of sports


Question: What was SISU's first truck model?

Sisu Auto

Oy Sisu Auto Ab is a Finnish automotive factory founded in 1931 and was born under the name Oy Suomen Auto Ab.


Question: What was SISU's first truck model?

Sisu Auto

The company is privately owned and manufactures SISU brand trucks for civilian and military use.


Question: What was SISU's first truck model?

Sisu Auto

Today its factory is located in Karja, Raasepori.


Question: What was SISU's first truck model?

Sisu Auto

History Finnish Automotive industry and SISU trademark The transactions of two car body factories in Kallio, Helsinki, were merged in 1931, creating O/Y Suomen Automotive A/B.


Question: What was SISU's first truck model?

Sisu Auto

The company started operations at Fleminginkatu 27.


Question: What was SISU's first truck model?

Sisu Auto

The design of the cars began.


Question: What was SISU's first truck model?

Sisu Auto

From the start, the car's internal working title was “Sisu”.


Question: What was SISU's first truck model?

Sisu Auto

Volvo of Sweden was chosen as the component supplier.


Question: What was SISU's first truck model?

Sisu Auto

The company's longtime CEO served as Tor Nessling.


Question: What was SISU's first truck model?

Sisu Auto

The SISU name of the car was confirmed as an official trademark on the basis of public competition.


Question: What was SISU's first truck model?

Sisu Auto

The name was proposed by Veikko Arohonka from Hämeenlinna.


Question: What was SISU's first truck model?

Sisu Auto

The first nine cars manufactured — one bus and eight trucks — will be completed during the summer and fall of 1932.


Question: What was SISU's first truck model?

Sisu Auto

The production principle was “from the factory to direct driving” if the customer so desired.


Question: What was SISU's first truck model?

Sisu Auto

Production started in Helsinki with three different models with a total weight of 4800kg and a load capacity of 2300kg.


Question: What was SISU's first truck model?

Sisu Auto

In 1934, the company started using Finnish Olympia engines and started producing trams as well.


Question: What was SISU's first truck model?

Sisu Auto

The use of Volvo components in the SISU car was abandoned.


Question: What was SISU's first truck model?

Sisu Auto

Manufacturing of railway stock began with bus-body line cars supplied to VR.


Question: What was SISU's first truck model?

Sisu Auto

The first diesel-engined Sisu was completed, it was powered by the American Hercules diesel.


Question: What was SISU's first truck model?

Sisu Auto

The first armored car prototype was produced by the company in 1938.


Question: What was SISU's first truck model?

Sisu Auto

Demand for trucks fizzled thanks to the boom and preparations for war.


Question: What was SISU's first truck model?

Sisu Auto

Cars were exported to Estonia and Latvia.


Question: What was SISU's first truck model?

Sisu Auto

Serial manufacture of trams began in 1938.


Question: What was SISU's first truck model?

Sisu Auto

In 1943, the Finnish Automotive industry handed over to a company called Yhtesisu Oy for five years the exclusive right to manufacture Sisu S-22 trucks.


Question: What was SISU's first truck model?

Sisu Auto

Joint Sisu will be established in Helsinki, the initiative will come from the Finnish Defence Forces, including the State and all the main metal companies in the country.


Question: What was SISU's first truck model?

Sisu Auto

The company built a factory in Vanaja near Hämeenlinna.


Question: What was SISU's first truck model?

Sisu Auto

The last Sisu trucks were completed from the Yönnisu factory in 1948, after which the company continued to operate as Vanajan Autotehdas Oy, producing Vanaja brand trucks and buses.


Question: What was SISU's first truck model?

Sisu Auto

In total, Yhtesisu manufactured 294 SISU-branded trucks.


Question: What was SISU's first truck model?

Sisu Auto

Moving to Karja in 1944 the operations of the Finnish Automotive factory in Helsinki moved to Karja, where a plot had already been acquired in 1941.


Question: What was SISU's first truck model?

Sisu Auto

The factories of the current Oy Sisu Auto AB are still operating in Karja.


Question: What was SISU's first truck model?

Sisu Auto

After the Continuation War, the Finnish Automotive industry supplied more than 2000 pieces of Sisu AMC side-valve engines to the Soviet Union as war reparations.


Question: What was SISU's first truck model?

Sisu Auto

Own cab production finished before the Winter War begins again in 1955, with the Nalle-Sisu all-steel cabin as the first product.


Question: What was SISU's first truck model?

Sisu Auto

In the same year, the light truck collection Nalle-Sisu will be presented.


Question: What was SISU's first truck model?

Sisu Auto

The medium-heavy truck collection is named Kontio-Sisu.


Question: What was SISU's first truck model?

Sisu Auto

In 1959, Sisu's own tram manufacture ends.


Question: What was SISU's first truck model?

Sisu Auto

The Finnish Automotive Industry has also imported Rolls-Royce passenger cars in 1946 and Leyland trucks in 1955.


Question: What was SISU's first truck model?

Sisu Auto

The Sisu KB-112 (1962) is the first European truck to enter series production with a hydraulically forward plastering cab.


Question: What was SISU's first truck model?

Sisu Auto

Fusion and State Ownership In 1968, Suomen Autoteollisuus and Vanajan Autotehdas Oy merged.


Question: What was SISU's first truck model?

Sisu Auto

After the merger, Sisu began using an American-made non-synchronised Fuller gearbox previously used by Vanaja, as well as a lift drive designed by Master of Science Veikko Murose, capable of lifting the rear axle when the car was under full load.


Question: What was SISU's first truck model?

Sisu Auto

From 1969 onwards, the Finnish Automotive industry also manufactured terminal tractors.


Question: What was SISU's first truck model?

Sisu Auto

In 1975, the Finnish Automotive Industry became a state-owned company.


Question: What was SISU's first truck model?

Sisu Auto

In 1976, a tripartite agreement was concluded between Leyland, Saab-Scania and the Finnish Automotive Industry, giving Leyland and Saab-Scania the transfer of ten per cent of the Finnish Automotive shares each.


Question: What was SISU's first truck model?

Sisu Auto

The Finnish Automotive industry changed its name to Oy Sisu Auto AB in 1981.


Question: What was SISU's first truck model?

Sisu Auto

In 1985, Sisu Auto again became a company wholly owned by the state.


Question: What was SISU's first truck model?

Sisu Auto

Sisu Auto abandoned the manufacture of buses.


Question: What was SISU's first truck model?

Sisu Auto

On 1 May 1994, Valmet's transportation equipment and tractor businesses were merged into Sisu Auto.


Question: What was SISU's first truck model?

Sisu Auto

Sisu Auto Partek Ownership 2002 and Investors 2004 In 1997, Sisu Auto entered into a letter of intent with Renault, and Sisu Defence Oy took over as a state-owned company.


Question: What was SISU's first truck model?

Sisu Auto

In the same year, Partek Corporation acquired a majority stake in Oy Sisu Auto Ab's common stock.


Question: What was SISU's first truck model?

Sisu Auto

The Hämeenlinna unit Sisu Akselit was separated into its own company and sold to private equity investors in 1999.


Question: What was SISU's first truck model?

Sisu Auto

In 2002, Kone Plc acquired Partek Plc.


Question: What was SISU's first truck model?

Sisu Auto

In 2004, Kone Oyj sold Oy Sisu Auto Ab to Suomen Auto Oy Oy, a group of investors formed by Finnish individuals and the company's management.


Question: What was SISU's first truck model?

Sisu Auto

In 2005, a new Sisu Defence unit was created to be responsible for the manufacture and marketing of military trucks.


Question: What was SISU's first truck model?

Sisu Auto

A subsidiary LT Finland Oy was established for the import and marketing of Renault commercial vehicles.


Question: What was SISU's first truck model?

Sisu Auto

In 2008, Sisu won an international tender for timber car combinations to be delivered to Russia; Sisu Auto supplied 91 lumber car combinations to ILIM Group, Russia's largest international forestry industry company.


Question: What was SISU's first truck model?

Sisu Auto

ILIM Group also ordered 12 factory-equipped SISU Rock 6x4 earthmoving cars.


Question: What was SISU's first truck model?

Sisu Auto

[1] Timo Korhonen period In 2010, a group of investors sold the entire stock of Suomen Automotive Oy to a company founded by the acting management (Timo Korhonen, Olof and Maija Elenius) for the acquisition of shares, Suomen Special Vehicles Oy (SEA).


Question: What was SISU's first truck model?

Sisu Auto

In 2012, Sisu was selected as the winner of the title of Truck of the Year in Finland 2012 by the Auto, Technology and Transport truck magazine.


Question: What was SISU's first truck model?

Sisu Auto

Sisu bought back the truck production from Komas Ltd.


Question: What was SISU's first truck model?

Sisu Auto

In the store, 45 employees transferred to Sisu.


Question: What was SISU's first truck model?

Sisu Auto

In 2013, Timo Korhonen, CEO of Sisu Auto, acquired Olof and Maija Elenius' interests in SEA.


Question: What was SISU's first truck model?

Sisu Auto

The Chairman of the Board of Directors Timo Korhonen therefore owns the entire stock of Oy Sisu Auto Ab alone.


Question: What was SISU's first truck model?

Sisu Auto

In 1951, trucks Jyry, Kontio and Nalle K-50 were put on sale: the largest Sisu manufactured in Finland, with a total weight of 52200kg.


Question: What was SISU's first truck model?

Sisu Auto

Sisu KB-117 to market in 1963 the first European mass-produced dump cab truck M-series 250px|miniature|Sisu M-162 In 1969, the Sisu M-series was introduced.


Question: What was SISU's first truck model?

Sisu Auto

Named names e.g.


Question: What was SISU's first truck model?

Sisu Auto

“Rivittikoppi-sisu” and “wiener pipe”.


Question: What was SISU's first truck model?

Sisu Auto

The names were attributed to the cab's large windows and the way it was built, as the cockpit was mainly rivetingly assembled.


Question: What was SISU's first truck model?

Sisu Auto

S-series 250px|Thumble|right|SISU SL 190 In 1980, the Sisu S-series was launched.


Question: What was SISU's first truck model?

Sisu Auto

Different models were: SL: nosed and low-cabin SR: nosed and high-cabin SK: nose roof and low cabin SM: nose roof and high-cabin E-series In 1995, the Sisu E-series entered production and replaced 14 years in production, in many respects already after its competitors of the missed S series.


Question: What was SISU's first truck model?

Sisu Auto

Renault cab in 1998.


Question: What was SISU's first truck model?

Sisu Auto

E11 Cummins E11 Renault somewhere in model years E12 Mack E14 Cummins E18 Caterpillar In 1996, the robust Supra range was introduced.


Question: What was SISU's first truck model?

Sisu Auto

C500, R500 and C600 In 2005, Sisu introduced the new C500, R500 (each of the aforementioned DXi13 500 hp group engine manufactured by Renault) and C600 (Caterpillar's E15M 550 hp engine) models.


Question: What was SISU's first truck model?

Sisu Auto

In 2006, Sisu began producing a new collection.


Question: What was SISU's first truck model?

Sisu Auto

Sisu Rock: Earthmoving truck Sisu Roll: Replacement truck Sisu Timber: Timber car Sisu Works: Road care/multifunctional car Sisu Crane: Special made crane car Sisu Carrier: Machinery transport truck is powered by Renault's R460 and R500, and Caterpillar's C520, C560 and C630.


Question: What was SISU's first truck model?

Sisu Auto

Sisu Polar 250px|Thumble|right|Sisu Polar Works DK16M K-AKK-8x4/335+140+137 In 2010, Sisu started a component collaboration with Daimler and introduced the Sisu Polar range, which uses a lot of components from Mercedes-Benz trucks.


Question: What was SISU's first truck model?

Sisu Auto

The collection has been awarded the Key Flag and Design from Finland by the Finnish Federation of Work.


Question: What was SISU's first truck model?

Sisu Auto

Production of the second generation Polar Euro VI model began in May 2014.


Question: What was SISU's first truck model?

Sisu Auto

The model has been completely redesigned and designed in Finland.


Question: What was SISU's first truck model?

Sisu Auto

The engines are still from Mercedes-Benz, but compared to the engine versions of the previous generation, there is 100—200 Nm more torque.


Question: What was SISU's first truck model?

Sisu Auto

The six product categories, which are familiar from the first Euro V generation, optimized for different user environments, are also the body of the Euro VI range.


Question: What was SISU's first truck model?

Sisu Auto

[2] [3] Sisu Rock: Earthmoving truck Sisu Roll: Replacement truck Sisu Timber: Timber car Sisu Works: Road care/multi-function car Sisu Crane: Special made crane truck Sisu Carrier: Machine transport truck Sisu Hauler: Heavy duty locomotive with engines Mercedes-Benz OM501LA, V6, 350kW/480 hp, 2,300 Nm Mercedes-Benz OM502LA, V8, 405kW/550 hp, 2,600 Nm Mercedes-Benz OM502LA, V8, 440kW/600 hp, 2,800 Nm Transmissions Mercedes PowerShift G280-16, gear automatic, Mercedes Telligent G240-16 Synch16 Light drive Eaton Fuller RTLO 20918, non-synchronized gearbox Frame Sisun high C-profile C-460 frame Sisun low U-profile U-300 frame Cab Semi-length cab Sleeping cab High sleeping cab.


Question: What was SISU's first truck model?

Sisu Auto

Traction mode selectable from 6×2, 6×4, 8×2, 8×4, 10×2 or 10×4, selectable with several different suspension and steering options.


Question: What was SISU's first truck model?

Sisu Auto

Buses from the start of the Ilves bus for sale 1951 The design developed by the military collection Sisu for the use of the Defence Forces for a long time was the twisting body of cars, which ensured good off-road mobility while the wheels remained attached to the ground.


Question: What was SISU's first truck model?

Sisu Auto

Kärppä-Sisu, mainly aimed at distribution use and as a light garrison truck Proto-Sisu The first all-wheel drive off-road truck manufactured by Sisu, the Sisu KB-45, was handed over to the Defence Forces in 1964.


Question: What was SISU's first truck model?

Sisu Auto

In the Defence Forces, the name of this model, as well as its various versions, the A-45 and AH-45, became established as Proto-Sisu or, more briefly, Proto.


Question: What was SISU's first truck model?

Sisu Auto

Classified as a medium-heavy all-terrain truck, the Proto is used as a puller for topping guns and heavy mortars, among other things.


Question: What was SISU's first truck model?

Sisu Auto

Now, the Defence Forces have been auctioning off decommissioned Proto equipment, which has gained popularity among private enthusiasts.


Question: What was SISU's first truck model?

Sisu Auto

Due to its small size and twisting hull, the Proto has excellent off-road characteristics.


Question: What was SISU's first truck model?

Sisu Auto

Many enthusiasts have switched to the larger 14.00R20 tyres, the so-called Mas tyres.


Question: What was SISU's first truck model?

Sisu Auto

With bigger tires, good off-road characteristics are enhanced even more.


Question: What was SISU's first truck model?

Sisu Auto

Sisu A-45 specifications: Engines: KB-45 SF: 4-stroke, 6 cylinder SISU petrol engine, production volume 1 pcs KB-45 BH: 4-stroke, 6 cylinder 7.0-litre Valmet 612D (protype engine, not the same as the newer Valmet 612 in production 1985-2006) KB-45 SV: 4-stroke, 6- cylinder 6.54-litre Leyland EO.400 direct injection diesel A-45 CV: 4-stroke, 6-cylinder 6.54-litre Leyland EO.401 direct injection diesel (103kW/393 Nm) A-45 BH: 4-stroke, 6-cylinder 7.0-litre Valmet 612D A-45 CI: 4-stroke, 6-cylinder 6.60-litre Valmet 611CA direct injection diesel (96kW/420 Nm).


Question: What was SISU's first truck model?

Sisu Auto

A-45 GM: 6.21 litre Detroit diesel/GM V8 diesel engine (116/kW/346 Nm) manufacturing volume 4 pcs AH-45 SVT: 4-stroke, 6-cylinder supercharged 6.54-litre Leyland EO.410 direct injection diesel (110kW/468 Nm) AH-45 CVT: 4-stroke, 6-cylinder supercharged 6.54-litre Leyland EO.410 - direct injection diesel (110kW/468 Nm) traction system: 4×2 (rear-wheel drive) in normal driving, 4×4 (four-wheel drive) switchable if necessary.


Question: What was SISU's first truck model?

Sisu Auto

5-speed basic gearbox, as well as an off-road range gearbox.


Question: What was SISU's first truck model?

Sisu Auto

Differentials are equipped with pneumatic locks.


Question: What was SISU's first truck model?

Sisu Auto

winch; mechanical Sepson winch, traction 50kN, wire length 50m, front and rear traction tires; 14.5-20MPT/12PR Curb weight: 5500kg load capacity: 4000kg dimensions: length 6.10m, width 2.35m, height 2.85m wheelbase: 3400mm/3700mm, part of frame extended as new or in case of renovation, giving the space obtained for a short pto shaft between the gearbox and the transfer box to replace the original instrument joint.


Question: What was SISU's first truck model?

Sisu Auto

Naturally, the overall length also increased by the same amount.


Question: What was SISU's first truck model?

Sisu Auto

wading depth 1.00 m ground clearance 0.34 m Approach and leave angle 38 degrees seating in addition to driver in cab 2, load mode 24 years of manufacture: KB-45:1964-1969 A-45:1970-1981 AH-45:1970-1977 Sisu KB-46 was a prototype of an all-terrain truck built in 1968.


Question: What was SISU's first truck model?

Sisu Auto

Only 7 pieces of the Sisu SA-110 model were produced in the mid-1980s.


Question: What was SISU's first truck model?

Sisu Auto

Specifications: Engines: 4-stroke, 4-cylinder 4.40-liter Valmet 411 DSJ direct injection diesel Power 110kW (150hp)/2500r/min.


Question: What was SISU's first truck model?

Sisu Auto

Torque 500Nm/1500r/min.


Question: What was SISU's first truck model?

Sisu Auto

or Deutz BF 6 L 913 traction system: Normal running 4×2, if necessary 4×4 switchable.


Question: What was SISU's first truck model?

Sisu Auto

5-speed synchronized base gearbox as well as off-road range gearbox.


Question: What was SISU's first truck model?

Sisu Auto

Differentials are equipped with locks.


Question: What was SISU's first truck model?

Sisu Auto

Portal-type driving wheels.


Question: What was SISU's first truck model?

Sisu Auto

Tyres 14.00R20 Curb weight: 5950kg Load capacity: 3550kg Gross weight 9500kg Exterior dimensions: length 6.50 m, width 2.34 m, height 2.84 m Platform length 3.85 m Masi In 1982 the Defence Forces acquired more off-road trucks from Sisu.


Question: What was SISU's first truck model?

Sisu Auto

The Sisu SA-150, which received the nickname Masi (Terrain Sisu), was developed on the basis of Proto and is a four-wheel drive.


Question: What was SISU's first truck model?

Sisu Auto

The most obvious differences are the redesigned cab and the larger tyres, which allow Mas to have a ground clearance of 40cm when measured against differentials.


Question: What was SISU's first truck model?

Sisu Auto

The Masi is classified as a medium-heavy all-terrain truck and in the Defence Forces its main use is traction for field guns as well as maintenance transport.


Question: What was SISU's first truck model?

Sisu Auto

In 1990, the Sisu SA-151 was introduced, which differs externally very little from the SA-150 model.


Question: What was SISU's first truck model?

Sisu Auto

The main difference is a pallet 10cm wider.


Question: What was SISU's first truck model?

Sisu Auto

Mas's latest Sisu SA-130 model, introduced in 1992, features an externally redesigned cockpit as well as a lower-power (low emission) engine compared to older models.


Question: What was SISU's first truck model?

Sisu Auto

Also, the axles are newer model, they have five planetary wheels on the wheel hub.


Question: What was SISU's first truck model?

Sisu Auto

Older Mases (and Protos, Rases, Pases, and Civil models) have three planetary wheels.


Question: What was SISU's first truck model?

Sisu Auto

In addition, the leaf springs are parable-type.


Question: What was SISU's first truck model?

Sisu Auto

Sisu SA-150 specifications: engine: 4-stroke turbocharged, 6.6-litre Valmet 611 CSBA/DSBA direct injection diesel.


Question: What was SISU's first truck model?

Sisu Auto

Power 150kW (204hp)/2500r/min.


Question: What was SISU's first truck model?

Sisu Auto

Torque 695Nm (71 kpm)/1500r/min.


Question: What was SISU's first truck model?

Sisu Auto

traction system: Normal running 4x2, if necessary 4x4 switchable.


Question: What was SISU's first truck model?

Sisu Auto

6-speed synchronized base gearbox as well as an off-road range gearbox.


Question: What was SISU's first truck model?

Sisu Auto

Differentials are equipped with locks.


Question: What was SISU's first truck model?

Sisu Auto

winch; hydraulic winch, traction 80kN, cable length 50 m, front and rear traction tires 14.00R20 Curb weight: 7600kg load capacity: 6400kg Exterior dimensions: length 6.76 m, width 2.50 m, height 3.10 m Pallet size: 2.30 m x 4.90 m seating in addition to the driver in the cab 2, in load mode 16 Years of manufacture: 1982—1991 in the Sisu SA-130 model 4-stroke turbocharged 6.6-litre Valmet/SISUdiesel 620 DS direct injection diesel.


Question: What was SISU's first truck model?

Sisu Auto

Power 132kW (180hp).


Question: What was SISU's first truck model?

Sisu Auto

The Rasi Sisu SA-240, or Heavy Sisu, callednamed Rasi, is a heavy three-axle off-road truck developed in the late 1980s.


Question: What was SISU's first truck model?

Sisu Auto

From the box there is also a version SA-241, the external differences of which to the model SA-240 are quite minimal.


Question: What was SISU's first truck model?

Sisu Auto

Engine: brand/model/mode of operation: 4-stroke turbocharged and intercooled 10.00 litre Cummins LTA 10 330 T direct injection diesel (246kW/1260 Nm) Traction system: Continuous 6x6, equipped with separately lockable transverse locks.


Question: What was SISU's first truck model?

Sisu Auto

Between the engine and the gearbox is a torque converter, which acts as a clutch for the vehicle.


Question: What was SISU's first truck model?

Sisu Auto

Tyres: 14.00R20 18PR Curb weight: 10,000kg Load capacity: 12,000kg Dimensions: length: 7.80 m, width: 2.50 m, height: 3.10 m Seats in the driver's cab: 2, in load mode: 24 Years of manufacture: 1984-1990 SK series for example Sisu SK-250 6x6 MIL Engine: brand/ model/mode: turbocharged intercooled Cummins LTA 10-335 10/ 4-T direct injection diesel, cylinder displacement/propulsion: 10.00 l/diesel, max power/torque: 250kW/1340 Nm Traction system: 6x6 switchable Tyres: 14.00R20 18PR Curb weight: 9120kg Load capacity: 15380kg Dimensions: Length: 8,30 m, width: 2.54 m, height: 3.07 m Seating in the cab in addition to the driver: 2 Equipment for example Hiab 120-2 body crane Manufacture/Supply years: 1990-1993 SM series for example Sisu SM-270 8x4 tanker Engine: brand/model/mode of operation: turbocharged intercooled Cummins NTE-365/ 4-T direct injection diesel, cylinder volume/propulsion: 14.00 l/diesel, max power/torque: 270kW/1260 Nm Traction system: 8x4 switchable Curb weight: 14600kg Load capacity: 16750kg Dimensions: length: 10.40 m, height: 2.60 m,: 3.60 m For example, fuel refueling and transport equipment, Load capacity: 2400 l + 4800 l + 4900 l + 4900 l + 3100 l = 20100 l Seating in the driver's cab: 1 Manufacture/procurement years: 1990-1993 Pasi Sisu XA-180/185 models, called Pasi or Armour-Sisu, are three-axle armored personnel carriers.


Question: What was SISU's first truck model?

Sisu Auto

Despite a very similar type designation, the XA-203 is not made by Sisu.


Question: What was SISU's first truck model?

Sisu Auto

Its manufacturer was Patria.


Question: What was SISU's first truck model?

Sisu Auto

Nasu NA-110 calledNamed Nasu or “Nauha-Sisu” is a type crawler vehicle of the Swedish Bandvagni.


Question: What was SISU's first truck model?

Sisu Auto

Engine: brand/model/mode of operation: GM 6.2 l Heavy Duty V-8/ 4-T pre-chamber, cylindry/propulsion: 6.21 l/diesel, max power/torque: 113kW/346 Nm traction system: four rolls, continuous dead weight: 5250kg load capacity: 1950kg Dimensions: length 7.67m, width 1.91m, height 2.38m seating in the driver's cab 4, in load space 12 swimming-capable manufacture/acquisition years: 1992-1994 country of manufacture: Finland NA-140 BT Engine: brand/model/mode of operation: Rover 3.5 (3.9) V-8/ 4-T injection, cylinder displacement/propulsion: 3,528 l (3,950 l) /petrol 99 oct, max Power/torque: 142kW/280Nm (138kW/318 Nm) traction system: four rolls, continuous dead weight: 4850kg load capacity: 1950kg Dimensions: length 7.55m, width 1.91m, height 2.30m seating in addition to driver in cab 4, load compartment 12 swimming-capable manufacture/procurement years : 1986-1991 country of manufacture: Finland Raisu Minesweeper, type designation RA-140.


Question: What was SISU's first truck model?

Sisu Auto

“Raisu” is built on a modified Pasi platform.


Question: What was SISU's first truck model?

Sisu Auto

It has a cockpit booth on top of the fuselage, the middle axle has been removed, and a robust clearing rotor is located in the aft part of the unit.


Question: What was SISU's first truck model?

Sisu Auto

Various versions of the device have been made for use by ground forces and air forces.


Question: What was SISU's first truck model?

Sisu Auto

Total length: 9.5 m Total width: 4 m Height about: 3 m Gross weight: 15t Maximum speed: 70km/h Maximum clearance speed: 6km/h Engine: 6.1-litre, 6-cylinder, air-cooled, intercooled Deutz turbo diesel, 141kw, 635nm Transmission: Doromat 874 AM/PTO 4+1 - automatic transmission with torque converter clearing width: 3.4 m clearance device hydraulically operated chain rotor rotor rotating arm blasts or breaks mines continuous four-wheel drive with lockable differential liquid assisted pneumatic brakes, front discs, rear drum brakes bulletproof Tyres, cockpit armored, soundproof and pressure-protected off-road mounting system Anti-aircraft machine gun ET-Series (Eemeli), 1st generation Since 1999, Sisu has been producing Sisu ET model series, all-wheel-drive especially for off-road conditions the intended truck.


Question: What was SISU's first truck model?

Sisu Auto

Unlike previous SISU all-terrain trucks, this model uses a Renault cab and a near-normal road truck body, which does not have the twisting frame that has refunded the good off-road mobility of previous models.


Question: What was SISU's first truck model?

Sisu Auto

However, reasonable off-road mobility is ensured by large, independent flexibility of the wheels.


Question: What was SISU's first truck model?

Sisu Auto

This model is made with both continuous 6x6 and 8x8 drawways.


Question: What was SISU's first truck model?

Sisu Auto

Most ET models in use by the Armed Forces are equipped with an 11-litre Cummins engine and either a 6- or 7-speed Allison automatic transmission.


Question: What was SISU's first truck model?

Sisu Auto

This model is also known under the names Sisu HMTV and Sisu Defence.


Question: What was SISU's first truck model?

Sisu Auto

Collection: Sisu E11T 6x6 Sisu E11T 8x8 Specifications of the Sisu E11T 6x6 used by the Defence Forces: engine: brand/model/mode of operation: 4-stroke turbocharged and intercooled 10.82-litre Cummins M11-380 E direct injection diesel (278kW/1825 Nm).


Question: What was SISU's first truck model?

Sisu Auto

traction system: 6x6 traction with longitudinal and transverse locks.


Question: What was SISU's first truck model?

Sisu Auto

Dead weight: 12 400kg Load capacity: 11 600kg Dimensions: length 9.24 m, width 2.55 m, height 3.23 m Seating capacity for the driver in the cab 1, in load mode 30 (since 1 April 2007 24) of the car also exist fire engine and other special versions of ETP series (Eemeli), 2nd generation ETP Sisu lived callednamed “Fly” or “Frog”.


Question: What was SISU's first truck model?

Sisu Auto

Sisu Defence introduced a new ETP series in the summer of 2006.


Question: What was SISU's first truck model?

Sisu Auto


Question: What was SISU's first truck model?

Sisu Auto

The Generation Sisu Defence ETP series features a Finnish-made two-person low-profile cockpit positioned lower than normal to allow the vehicle to be able to transport.


Question: What was SISU's first truck model?

Sisu Auto

The armoured cockpit is mine-protected and ballistic weapons protection is also available.


Question: What was SISU's first truck model?

Sisu Auto

The car has an engine manufactured by Caterpillar with power from 275 to 550 hp (depending on the model).


Question: What was SISU's first truck model?

Sisu Auto

The car is equipped with a 7-step Allison automatic transmission.


Question: What was SISU's first truck model?

Sisu Auto

In the 10x10 version, the first, second and fifth axes are controlling.


Question: What was SISU's first truck model?

Sisu Auto

The model series is based on the use of standard truck components.


Question: What was SISU's first truck model?

Sisu Auto

All critical components are well protected.


Question: What was SISU's first truck model?

Sisu Auto

For example, the cooling system is positioned between the fuselage behind the armored cockpit.


Question: What was SISU's first truck model?

Sisu Auto

Collection: Sisu E 7 T 4x4 Engine: Caterpillar C7 diesel engine, 275 hp, Euro IV Gearbox: Allison 3000 automatic Axles: Sisu Axles Suspension: SISU Cabin: Finnish-made armored 2-seater cab Payload: 5 t Sisu E 13 T 6x6 Engine: Caterpillar C13 diesel engine, 400 hp, Euro IV Transmission: Allison 4500 automatic Axles: Sisu Axles Suspension: SISU Cabin: Finnish-made armored 2-seat cab Payload: 15 t Sisu E 13 T 8x8 (Called by drivers chameleon or 8x8 alone) Engine: Caterpillar C13 diesel engine, 485 hp, Euro IV Transmission: Allison 4500 automatic Axles: Sisu Axles Suspension: SISU Cabin: Finnish-made armored 2-seater cab Payload: 20 t Sisu E 15 T 10x10 (Leguan called by drivers) Engine: Caterpillar C15 diesel engine, 550 hp, Euro IV Transmission: Allison 4700 automaton Axles: Sisu Axles Suspension: SISU Cabin: Finnish-made armored 2-seater cab Payload: 25 t A bridge vehicle version of the car is a collaborative project with German KMW and Finnish Patria.


Question: What was SISU's first truck model?

Sisu Auto

The Sisu A2045 Sisu A2045 is a medium-duty off-road truck introduced in autumn 2008.


Question: What was SISU's first truck model?

Sisu Auto

The Defence Force has ordered 240 of these pieces.


Question: What was SISU's first truck model?

Sisu Auto

The A2045 is the smallest of Sisu's military-use vehicles.


Question: What was SISU's first truck model?

Sisu Auto

It is partly based on technology purchased from MAN, e.g.


Question: What was SISU's first truck model?

Sisu Auto

for the engine and axles.


Question: What was SISU's first truck model?

Sisu Auto

On 6 April 2018, Sisu GTP 4x4 Sisu announced a new vehicle, named the Sisu GTP 4x4, in its press release.


Question: What was SISU's first truck model?

Sisu Auto

This is a 10-seat armored personnel carrier vehicle with many different cockpit options possible.


Question: What was SISU's first truck model?

Sisu Auto

The vehicle has a maximum payload of 4500 kg.


Question: What was SISU's first truck model?

Sisu Auto

Sources References Elsewhere (referenced 22.11.2008) Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Blomberg, Olli| title = Finnish Sisua since 1931: from conglomerate to truck| location = Karja| publisher = Sisu Auto| year = 2006}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Nygrén, Helge| title = Sisu on the roads of Finland and the world| location = Helsinki| publisher = Sisu-auto| year = 1981}} * Category:Key articles of screening


Question: Was Thomas an Aquinese monk?

Medieval philosophy

Medieval philosophy refers mostly to the philosophy practiced in Western Europe and the Middle East during the Middle Ages.


Question: Was Thomas an Aquinese monk?

Medieval philosophy

The Middle Ages spanned from the implosion of the Roman Empire until the Renaissance.


Question: Was Thomas an Aquinese monk?

Medieval philosophy

In the Middle Ages, philosophy leaned heavily on the tradition of ancient philosophy.


Question: Was Thomas an Aquinese monk?

Medieval philosophy

Philosophy was mostly a servant of theology: it was used as an aid in resolving theological disputes.


Question: Was Thomas an Aquinese monk?

Medieval philosophy

The central philosophical tendency of the Middle Ages was the rationalism of scholastics, which applied aristotelism, especially in the High Colastic period.


Question: Was Thomas an Aquinese monk?

Medieval philosophy

Key philosophical problems included the relationship of faith and reason, the existence and nature of God, the relations and object of theology and metaphysics, and the problem of universals.


Question: Was Thomas an Aquinese monk?

Medieval philosophy

Nature of Medieval Philosophy Understanding of the Middle Ages has been marked by the view of Renaissance humanists that the Middle Ages was a semi-barbaric period set between the “classical” period of the Greek and Roman cultures and the “rebirth”, or “renaissance” of that culture.


Question: Was Thomas an Aquinese monk?

Medieval philosophy

The Middle Ages, however, includes a period spanning nearly 1,000 years, with many different philosophical trajectories that laid the groundwork for new age thinking.


Question: Was Thomas an Aquinese monk?

Medieval philosophy

New philosophical ideas flourished especially in the 13th century.


Question: Was Thomas an Aquinese monk?

Medieval philosophy

Medieval philosophy is characterised by three characteristics in particular: (1) Rationalism — utilization of logic, dialectics, and philosophical analysis in the search for truth (ratio); (2) respect for the views expressed by the philosophers of antiquity, and especially Aristotle, and their authority advocacy (auctoritas); and (3) an effort to combine philosophical ideas with theological teachings and scriptures (concordia).


Question: Was Thomas an Aquinese monk?

Medieval philosophy

Of these, the latter was the most important — hardly any other problem was as central to medieval philosophy as the relationship between faith and reason.


Question: Was Thomas an Aquinese monk?

Medieval philosophy

Avicenna and Averroes, among others, leaned more towards reason, Augustine and Anselm of Canterbury, in turn, put faith first.


Question: Was Thomas an Aquinese monk?

Medieval philosophy

Augustine's answer to the problem was to first come to believe, and afterwards to seek understanding.


Question: Was Thomas an Aquinese monk?

Medieval philosophy

Anselm expressed this by saying, “Not that I seek to understand in order to believe, but to believe in order to understand”.


Question: Was Thomas an Aquinese monk?

Medieval philosophy

[1] Thomas Aquinese sought to reconcile faith and reason.


Question: Was Thomas an Aquinese monk?

Medieval philosophy

He believed they were in harmony with each other because he considered both to be created by God.


Question: Was Thomas an Aquinese monk?

Medieval philosophy

If philosophy contradicted theology, there had been a mistake, the cause of which came to be ascertained.


Question: Was Thomas an Aquinese monk?

Medieval philosophy

Although medieval philosophy encompasses a wide variety of currents, one of its determining factors may be considered the scholastic methods by which competing or contradictory philosophical views were sought to be brought together.


Question: Was Thomas an Aquinese monk?

Medieval philosophy

From the Neo-Platonians of the early Middle Ages to the Peripateticians of the 11th and 13th centuries, and further down to the nominalists and voluntarists of the 13th and 15th centuries, all prominent thinkers believed that their disparate ideas could be combined into a single worldview when issues were debated enough.


Question: Was Thomas an Aquinese monk?

Medieval philosophy

In Christian Europe, this mainly meant efforts to unite the Bible and ancient philosophy.


Question: Was Thomas an Aquinese monk?

Medieval philosophy

Such an approach already draws on the ideas of Jewish scholars of the Hellenistic period.


Question: Was Thomas an Aquinese monk?

Medieval philosophy

Artapanos, Eupolemos and Aristobulos, among others, held that Greek philosophy would have effectively been grounded in Judaism.


Question: Was Thomas an Aquinese monk?

Medieval philosophy

Philo's Alexandrian sought to associate Jewish thought with Platonism and, on the other hand, to correct Platonism in the extent to which it was incompatible with Judaism.


Question: Was Thomas an Aquinese monk?

Medieval philosophy

[2] Ancient philosophy was thus adopted as the basis for Christian philosophy and theology of the Middle Ages.


Question: Was Thomas an Aquinese monk?

Medieval philosophy

Ancient philosophy and logical techniques were used to assist in clarifying theological questions and studies of faith.


Question: Was Thomas an Aquinese monk?

Medieval philosophy

However, this did not happen entirely without criticism — philosophers were willing to apply it in their appropriate parts, but to reject if necessary.


Question: Was Thomas an Aquinese monk?

Medieval philosophy

When confronted with conflicts, the scholastic method was used to bring things in harmony.


Question: Was Thomas an Aquinese monk?

Medieval philosophy

From the ancient tradition, the seven free sciences were also adopted as such as the basis of the school institution, first in cathedral schools and then in universities.


Question: Was Thomas an Aquinese monk?

Medieval philosophy

Extensive studies of philosophy lasting up to nearly ten years, mostly encompassing ancient philosophy, were required of university students before progressing to other faculties.


Question: Was Thomas an Aquinese monk?

Medieval philosophy

In the Middle Ages, philosophy served largely as an auxiliary science to theology — theology was seen as the “queen of the sciences” (regina scientiae) and philosophy as the servant of theology (ancilla theologiae).


Question: Was Thomas an Aquinese monk?

Medieval philosophy

Philosophy focused primarily on the study of the nature of God, because if God exists, he is undoubtedly the most significant characteristic of the universe and therefore well worth exploring.


Question: Was Thomas an Aquinese monk?

Medieval philosophy

In this, Aristotelian logic, or syllogistics, played a major role.


Question: Was Thomas an Aquinese monk?

Medieval philosophy

Philosophers also seek to prove the existence of God through purely logical arguments, if such a thing is possible at all.


Question: Was Thomas an Aquinese monk?

Medieval philosophy

Likewise, acts of God, such as the creation and redemption of the world, began to be studied using logical methods.


Question: Was Thomas an Aquinese monk?

Medieval philosophy

The key question was whether these acts were governed by the same law secrets as the order of nature anyway.


Question: Was Thomas an Aquinese monk?

Medieval philosophy

Among the first arguments for proving the existence of God was the ontological argument, developed by Anselm of Canterburyan.


Question: Was Thomas an Aquinese monk?

Medieval philosophy

It defined God as a perfect being.


Question: Was Thomas an Aquinese monk?

Medieval philosophy

Since existence is more perfect than lack of existence, therefore God must exist.


Question: Was Thomas an Aquinese monk?

Medieval philosophy

Another significant medieval god-testimony was the cosmological argument, developed by Thomas Aquinese.


Question: Was Thomas an Aquinese monk?

Medieval philosophy

It says everything that had had to have a reason.


Question: Was Thomas an Aquinese monk?

Medieval philosophy

Thus everything caused or created must have a non-inflicted or non-created first cause, which is God.


Question: Was Thomas an Aquinese monk?

Medieval philosophy

Aquinoan also used his argument to prove God's goodness.


Question: Was Thomas an Aquinese monk?

Medieval philosophy

There is something good about everything that is, and the cause of every thing is better than the consequence.


Question: Was Thomas an Aquinese monk?

Medieval philosophy

Therefore, the first reason should be the best of all things.


Question: Was Thomas an Aquinese monk?

Medieval philosophy

Thus, in stages it was possible to prove the power, uniqueness and other qualities of God.


Question: Was Thomas an Aquinese monk?

Medieval philosophy

In addition to theology, philosophers sought to apply Aristotle's logic, metaphysics, and other thinking to all other areas of life.


Question: Was Thomas an Aquinese monk?

Medieval philosophy

Syllogistics was applied so that students were put to memorize a large number of syllogisms by heart.


Question: Was Thomas an Aquinese monk?

Medieval philosophy

Each syllogism had a name, for example “Modus Ponens” had the form “If A is true, B is true.


Question: Was Thomas an Aquinese monk?

Medieval philosophy

A is true, so B is true”.


Question: Was Thomas an Aquinese monk?

Medieval philosophy

To aid remembrance, phrases containing a description of syllogism had been developed, and the initials of the words that made up the sentence reminded students of the name of the syllogism.


Question: Was Thomas an Aquinese monk?

Medieval philosophy

Most students at universities memorized Aristotle's nineteen syllogisms for two subjects, enabling them to be able to logically link the subjects and objects of dissertations to each other.


Question: Was Thomas an Aquinese monk?

Medieval philosophy

Some also developed theses with three subjects.


Question: Was Thomas an Aquinese monk?

Medieval philosophy

History Time of the Church Fathers Churchmen are referred to as the first and most influential theologians and authors of the early period of Christianity who have laid the groundwork for the theology of Christianity as a whole.


Question: Was Thomas an Aquinese monk?

Medieval philosophy

The Church Fathers were influential at a time when Christian doctrine, theology and life took strong shape, from the second century to the 5th century.


Question: Was Thomas an Aquinese monk?

Medieval philosophy

The Church Fathers influenced, among others, as systematizers of Christian theology, heresiologists, or opponents of heresies, and apologists, or defenders of the Christian faith.


Question: Was Thomas an Aquinese monk?

Medieval philosophy

The Church Fathers adopted Platonist and Aristotle philosophy as background theories of Christian theology, greatly influencing the later development of both these philosophies and Christian theology.


Question: Was Thomas an Aquinese monk?

Medieval philosophy

Among the most prominent churchmen are Clemens of Alexandria, Origenes, Tertullian and Augustine.


Question: Was Thomas an Aquinese monk?

Medieval philosophy

Early Middle Ages A major centre in the Early Middle Ages was the monastery of Monte Cassino founded in 529 by Benedictus Nursian.


Question: Was Thomas an Aquinese monk?

Medieval philosophy

It was founded in the same year that Emperor Justinian ordered the closure of the pagan philosophy school in Athens, and therefore the date has often been regarded as a focal point of antiquity and medieval times.


Question: Was Thomas an Aquinese monk?

Medieval philosophy

Monte Cassino, along with other Benedictine monasteries, formed as a kind of symbol of permanence amid a troubled period after the collapse of the Roman Empire.


Question: Was Thomas an Aquinese monk?

Medieval philosophy

The monasteries were engaged not only in the reproduction of works dating back to antiquity, but also teaching and research.


Question: Was Thomas an Aquinese monk?

Medieval philosophy

[3] Prominent figures in early medieval theology and philosophy included, among others, Pseudo-Dionysios Areopagita, who combined neo-Platonism with Christianity, Isidorus Seville, Bishop of Seville, John of Damascan, who relied on later churches, of the Carolingic Renaissance the monk Alkui, Rabanus Maurus, as well as Johannes Scotus Eriugena, commentator of the works of Pseudo-Dionysius, who created the basis for the scolastics.


Question: Was Thomas an Aquinese monk?

Medieval philosophy

Skolastics Skolastics was a medieval philosophical school in c. Years 1100—1500.


Question: Was Thomas an Aquinese monk?

Medieval philosophy

Scholasticism sought to combine ancient sciences and philosophy, especially aristotelism, and the sacred scriptures and teachings of the prevailing religion.