Question: How long does the ice hockey training last?

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Shortly after the Jääkäris' return to Finland for reasons related to the ice conflict, a group of Jakeers made an unsuccessful bomb attendant on General Mannerheim's staff train.


Question: How long does the ice hockey training last?

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After the war, the vast majority of icebrees returned to civilian life.


Question: How long does the ice hockey training last?

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The majority were laborers, small farmers and operatives, with one in five having completed a baccalaureate degree.


Question: How long does the ice hockey training last?

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Some glaciers rose to the pinnacle of economic or cultural life.


Question: How long does the ice hockey training last?

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Some went on to military careers.


Question: How long does the ice hockey training last?

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A few icemen migrated to Soviet Russia.


Question: How long does the ice hockey training last?

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The vast majority of ice ranchers participated in the Winter and Continuation War.


Question: How long does the ice hockey training last?

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A total of 49 Jäkär officers received the military rank of general, among them infantry generals Erik Heinrichs, Kaarlo Heiskanen, Taavetti Latakainen, Armas-Eino Martola, Aarne Sihvo, Alonzo Sundman, Paavo Talvela and Väinö Valve.


Question: How long does the ice hockey training last?

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The influence of Jääkäres in the development of the Finnish Defence Forces was very large until the 1950s.


Question: How long does the ice hockey training last?

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The last ice keeper, Jääkärikrikanal Väinö Valve died in 1995.


Question: How long does the ice hockey training last?

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According to Matti Lackman, a Doctor of Philosophy who studied the ice carriage movement, the ice keepers committed treason on the basis of a law in force in Russia at the time [4].


Question: How long does the ice hockey training last?

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The early 20th century activism, whose ideological heir, arose in response to the situation created together by the Russification measures and the acquiescence of some Finns, where Finland's self-governing status was threatened and the laws felt lost its relevance.


Question: How long does the ice hockey training last?

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The abolition of their own Finnish military personnel and the threat of being forced to serve in Russian troop detachments on Russian soil strongly influenced moods.


Question: How long does the ice hockey training last?

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[5] Activists felt that the prevailing illegal situation justified and obliged, if necessary, to respond to violence with violence.


Question: How long does the ice hockey training last?

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A programme of activism was put forward in 1903, and an active opposition party was formed the following year.


Question: How long does the ice hockey training last?

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In the activities of these early activists, future forms of activity of the Ickeers and Activists were foreshadowed by arms supplies such as the voyage of the SS John Grafton, the emergence of patronage municipalities during the Grand Strike, and the 1906 creation of the paramilitary Force League.


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Revolutionary peacefulness in Russia still suppressed these forms of activity within 1906.


Question: How long does the ice hockey training last?

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[6] Another period of repression began to develop in late 1908 and brought behind the force of Russian law in June 1910 to last until the end of the Russian Empire until March 1917.


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The idea of Finland's independence was considered pending in party activities by activists, among others, in the magazine Framtid—Anti-Isthity, until its abolition in 1910 ended the old period of activism.


Question: How long does the ice hockey training last?

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[7] In the university's constituent municipalities, the idea of independence was fostered in various forms.


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In speeches at the Conferment Celebration in May 1914, the idea of independence was widely expressed, though cautiously worded.


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Many future prominent men appear in the conferment committee: Kai Donner, Väinö Kokko, Pehr Norrmén and Yrjö Ruuth (late.


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Screen).


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[8] Establishment Finland was placed in a state of war on 30 July 1914 [9]: Russian military leadership feared Germany would rise ashore and invade Finland.


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Critical targets in different parts of Finland began to be fortified by the forces of Finns hired for the “movails” but under Russian leadership.


Question: How long does the ice hockey training last?

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These works caused labour shortages in areas such as agriculture.


Question: How long does the ice hockey training last?

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On November 17, an extensive Russification program was published, which definitively launched the action that led to the ice cap movement.


Question: How long does the ice hockey training last?

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[10] The publication of the Russification programme broke the dams.


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Already on the same day, several independent meetings were held outlining the forms and implementation of resistance.


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For example, it is reported that when Väinö Kokko, Yrjö Ruuth and Väinö Tiiri gave advice in Gardin's restaurant, students were gathered in the same place, among whom they came to a well-known trio to demand measures.


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[11] Around the same time, some individual matriculates joined the Russian Army as volunteers to gain military training and war experience.


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Later, a few such people who were “ahead of time” even deserted from the Russian army and went on to become a glacier.


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After the ice cap movement began, the equivalent no longer appeared.


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The meeting of Ostrobotnia The organisation of the independence movement is considered to have started on 20 November 1914 with a meeting held at the House of Ostrobotnia in Ostrobotnia (the date is not unequivocal, as the protocol was not held for reasons of concealment).


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The meeting consisted of about 20 attendees from different municipalities as well as the Old Finnish Student Association Suomalainen Nuija.


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Instead of an outright start, this meeting rather meant a gathering of several smaller groups together, a form of critical mass formation.


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Among other things, the meeting said, in the words of Pehr Norrmén, that passive resistance has lost its relevance and must go down the path of state fraud, since the law had been rejected by the opposing party (the Russians) as well.


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Finland had to be disconnected from Russia's connection.


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When discussing foreign aid, Väinö Kokko — curator of Osakunta in Northern Ostrobothnia — considered German help important, even the only possibility.


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Members of the meeting declared themselves the Provisional Central Committee of the Activist Movement.


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Contact had to be contacted both potential training organisers, as well as senior politicians and activists and socialist representatives.


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[12] The idea of sending a negotiator to Stockholm to explore the possibilities of military training through the former German Consul in Helsinki, Albert Goldbeck-Löwe, was strengthened in late November 1914.


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Walter Horn and Bertel Paulig were named negotiators because they knew the liaison with pre-existing conditions and their German language proficiency was excellent.


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The trip was disguised as the maintenance of sports links with Swedish organisations (the Finnish side was covered by the Suomen Palloliitto).


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[13] Germany was not the only option to be a supporter and training provider at this stage.


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At the turn of the year 1914—1915, several small groups from different municipalities travelled to reconnoitre the Swedish atmosphere.


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Numerous public figures, both for the Church, the scientific community and the press, were the targets of the visits.


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The Swedish hosts showed interest in the situation in Finland and were convinced that in Finland the project also represented Finnish-speaking circles, but the answer to the actual question was obvious: no active support for Finland's independence would be forthcoming.


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While the possibilities of military training were recognised from abroad, self-made training was also organised at home: reading literature and improving fitness through skiing exercises, among other things.


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Shooting drills were held by those with guns and cartridges in use.


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Preparation for sabotage activities was done by studying pioneer fields under the guidance of engineering students.


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Espionage activities in favour of the Germans were also tried to organise.


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[14] Training for armed insurrection from Germany Herman Gummerus, Walter Horn and Bertel Paulig had sent a report to the German War Ministry on 8 December 1914 describing moods in Finland as well as welcoming arms assistance and training of 150 volunteers from Germany.


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The trained would be tasked with supporting the invasion of German troops into Finland while an uprising against Russia would break out in the country.


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In his own right, the ground in Germany was shaped by Fritz Wetterhoff, a Finnish-born deputy judge who moved to Germany.


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As early as September, Wetterhoff had presented a plan for the invasion of Finland, which was quite similar to the one made by activists under the leadership of Gummerus.


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Proper preparation of the resistance and support of German troops would be essential.


Question: How long does the ice hockey training last?

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The matter of training Finnish volunteers proceeded to a conclusion at a meeting held at the premises of the German War Ministry on 26 January 1915, with representation not only from the Ministry of War but from the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and two different staffs.


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The main points of the decision were: Education would be given to 200 Finnish students with German skills who were “cultured, trustworthy and from good families”.


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The duration of training would initially be four weeks, but time could be extended.


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The content would emphasize topics such as military spirit, marksmanship, command of small units, and extermination and guerrilla activities.


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Mid-February 1915 was decided as the start date and the Lockstedter Lager camp site as the training site.


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Pfadfinders — volunteers in the cover role of patrol leaders The call to begin sending volunteers reached Wetterhoff mediated by Herman Gummerus in Stockholm on February 1, 1915.


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The information was transmitted to Finland in the form of a password, ostensibly dealing with Harald Öhquist's father staying in Germany: “The doctor hopes for a full recovery within two weeks.”


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On 25 February [9] arrived in Lockstedt the first 55 to train for scout courses (Pfadfinderkursus).


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Their trip had led first to Stockholm to report to Herman Gummerus.


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The trips were explained as being related to studies, for example.


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In Stockholm, many had their names changed, pruned unnecessary equipment and received German passports as well as travel money for the rest of the trip.


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In Sweden, an advance was made via Malmö to Trelleborg, from where a ferry link took to Sassnitz in Germany.


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A train ride away, Berlin was up against Wetterhoff and his aides.


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The last leg of the journey took first to Hamburg and on to Lockstedter Lager (now Hohenlockstedt).


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Once there, the course was divided into two companies and participants were given covert scout outfits and the designation Feldmeister referring to the German patrol leader.


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The impression was complemented by the fact that the head of the course, Major Maximilian Bayer, was also the leader of the German Boy Scout Movement (Jugendwehr).


Question: How long does the ice hockey training last?

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Education of Pfadfinders The agreement on the education of pfadfinderite emphasized, among other things, familiarization with German culture and “military spirit”.


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Although the course time was only a few weeks, it was therefore envisaged, among other things, field trips.


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Contemporaries” memoirs emphasise that the Finns longed for an authentic feel for German education, but “they soon found that their teaching did not follow the methods of German military education, but rather Boy Scout education”.


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The covert role therefore seemed to extend, along with external frameworks, to the content of education as well.


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At first, the hosts' extracts seemed to be trained even too gentlemanly, while the views of the course director and the actual trainers on training were still looking for their forms: “The Finns were treated with caution and gentle hands.


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Against the will gestured as 'lords'.” The background was Major Bayer's view that resourceful Free Force leaders from the Finns could be obtained by scouting rather than military doctrines.


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It was also related to Bayer's values that at first it was forbidden for Finns to enjoy beer.


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It was soon discovered, however, that Major Bayer, with his emphasis, fell short of a minority over the actual trainer officers, Captains Bade, Heldt, Just and Knaths.


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The number of students gradually increased, reaching a strength of about 180 in three weeks.


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However, some of the coursemen began to be out of strength with various deployments.


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[15] Despite the Boy Scouting outfit, Finnish volunteers had possession since 28 February the main soldier's hallmark — a weapon: the Russian three-line rifle M/91, which the Germans had received in abundance as spoils of war.


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It was easy to justify this choice because the Finns would, in any case, in their eventual struggle for independence, come to rely on weapons taken from the Russians.


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Pistols and hand grenades were among the equipment.


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The course instead received the first heavier weapons—two Maxim machine guns—on hold until mid-April.


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[16] After the first few days of adulation, the training sought attitudes towards Prussian military training, although the content was deviant, educated, voluntary “civilists” were trained.


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According to Lauerma's characterisation, pfadfinders received “somewhat simultaneously instruction belonging to a recruit, a cadet, a student officer at the War College, and a Particle Scout leader.”


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Efforts were made to create the capacity to lead the team, platoon and “evasively company”.


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Theory instruction sided subjects all the way up to regimental level.


Question: How long does the ice hockey training last?

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[17] The content and scope of training changed as the length of the course was increased to a minimum.


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In the original plan, the exclusion order, as well as tobacco services, became part of the programme.


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In March, the first promotions to the rank of zug and gruppenführers (team and group leaders) had been obtained, foreshadowing the possibility that the course would be extended.


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[18] In all, four different promises were made in April 1915 to extend courses; for example, on Day 2 it was reported that the course would last until 16 April and on 14 April an extension to May was announced.


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Uncertainty racked minds: it was not known what the future of each would be itself after the course.


Question: How long does the ice hockey training last?

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Initially, the four-week absence from the homeland had already stretched into months.


Question: How long does the ice hockey training last?

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In July, proper military uniforms were obtained to replace the scout uniforms that were worn in tatters and had gone unsavoury: field greys for the German infantry.


Question: How long does the ice hockey training last?

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The PfadFinder period had ended, and the coursemen were now musketeers.


Question: How long does the ice hockey training last?

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The independence movement entered its next phase.


Question: How long does the ice hockey training last?

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From the initial form of the Ostrobotnian meeting, the organization of the movement also expanded and diversified.


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The forces behind the independence of Finland and the Ice Participation movement can be considered A.K. (“Aktionskommittén”, “Action Committee” or “Active Committee”).


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In it were represented the various parties, old and young activism, as well as officers of the old people who later organized themselves as M.K:si (“Militärkommittén”, “Military Committee”).


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Ahti (1999) has characterized MK as a “comrade circle of former Hamina cadets”.


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[19] The active committee was supported by C.K.


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(“Centralkommittén”, “Central Committee”), which was a group formed by politicians of the older knee.


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It included, among others, state councils (Edvard Hjelt, Alexis Gripenberg), senators (Hugo Rautapää) and professors (Rafael Erich, Edward Westermarck).


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The representation of the Swedish language group prevailed.


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The fact that Old Finns (Iron Head and Samuli Sario) also joined showed a change in their attitudes.


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As of June 1917, the key practical player of the Active Committee was the Works Division.


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Its activities, in turn, were disguised as a forestry enterprise.


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The company, called Uusi Forest Office, was located in Helsinki at Yrjönkatu 25.


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Ostensibly, the “office” bought and sold lumber and other forest supplies, as well as conveying workers to forestry sites.


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This could cloak the real tasks, the most significant of which was the launch of patronage activities across the country.


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The most central figure in the new Forest Office was Master Elmo E. Kaila.


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From 1916 onwards, the influential Finnish Independence Movement Foreign Mission was active in Stockholm.


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Through it, connections with Sweden and Germany existed.


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In the autumn of the following year the delegation was subjected to A.K


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to which it received a liaison body facing the Germans.


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In Germany, the affairs of the movement had been handled by Büro Wetterhoff, led by Fritz Wetterhoff.


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After Wetterhoff fell out of favour with the Germans, a new, more independent liaison body Das Finnländische Büro was established in November 1916, led by Samuli Sario.


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According to him and with the name model of the predecessor, the office was also called Büro Sario.


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The price of independence was modesty: the archives and contacts in Wetterhoff's office were unavailable and money was lacking, too.


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Socialist representation was lacking in these bodies.


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Although cooperation with the burghers was refused, the idea of independence had to be supported.


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K. H. Wiik, Oskari Tokoi and Yrjö Mäkelin, among others, supported the ice cap movement.


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The latter's son Leo Mäkelin joined the ranks of the Jäägers on 14 February 1916.


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The complex organisation of the Finnish “liberation movement” is summarized by Ahti (1999) as follows: “CoR, New Forest Office and MK operated in Finland.


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Stockholm had a Foreign Mission and a Staff under Nikolai Mexmontan Military Committee, in Berlin the office of Samuli Sario, and finally in Liepāja the Jääkäri Battalion and its representatives.


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“[20] For Finland's independence, the Russian Revolution was a lucky event, but so was Germany's defeat in World War I.


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According to Professor Matti Lackman, Germany did not care about Finland's freedom, but supported the icemen for the same reason as the Bolsheviks: the goal was to weaken Germany's enemy Russia.


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Germany also did not allow icebrees into Finland until it deemed necessary.


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The Jaegers didn't have much chance to make a difference in this matter.


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In addition, Germany planned to make Finland its own vassal state.


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[21] Large enlistment — from scout course to Lockstedt training force When the expansion of the pfadfinder force into a battalion was approved by an order signed by Emperor William II on 28 August 1915, recruitment was increased over the original force multiple.


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“Great enlistment” came to last from September 1915 to May 1916.


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The strength of the battalion — four rifle companies, a machine gun company and a pioneer company — required 1439 men by standard strengths.


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Excluding from this pfadfinders, as well as German officers and underpavers, the net need was about 1200 men.


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However, Major Bayer, commander of the battalion — at this point Ausbildungstruppe Lockstedt — put forward enough up to 2000 men possibly thinking that the Finns would not be turned back, but the unit would be expanded or new ones would be created depending on the situation.


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Central to the organisation of recruitment activities was the student community activities and, to a lesser extent, other communities of male students.


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The link between the active committee and the student union was Master Kai Donner.


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Student Actives recruited their fellow students and made trips to the provinces to acquire recrytes and to support and initiate local recruitment.


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In order to gain a wide and diverse pool of participants and supporters, recruiters were sought to acquire recruiters from different social groups.


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In Lauerman's words, “Among the recruits were laborers, foremen and craftsmen, farmers, teachers, chaplains and lockers, even some police officer.


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“[22] Local recruits were easiest to find in Ostrobothnia and Karelia.


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Student recruits from Helsinki had to be sent elsewhere and ice runners from Germany had to be sent.


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Well-known recruiter icers include Aarne Sihvo and Sulo-Weikko Pekkola.


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An example of recruitment Iivari Kauranen has told of his own recruitment as follows: Several descriptive elements appear in the description: recruitment has started a few months earlier and you expand beyond academic circles the recruiter and recruit feel in some way each other, so the trust can be judged by the recruiter is in a mobile profession, which involves a lot of social interaction with the motives of the company and the requirements for recruitals are brought to light The fact that the color color knew the ice movement well can perhaps be considered exceptional; background information could often be weak and descriptions of the purpose of the trip vague.


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The open-mindedness in the report, on the other hand, indicates that perhaps we are unwary, those present are known and later to be in the region of the ice cap movement in southern Ostrobothnia.


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Here, “recruitment evenings” or “departure dances” might even be held openly.


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Typical recrytes at that point were no longer linguistic, experienced travellers who would drop by abroad in their studies: Kauranen says in the section after the quote that the trip from Jyväskylä to the Volt in Ala-Härmä was his first train journey.


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Kem's pitch has been revealed (20 January 1916) or just about to be revealed and undergoing detours.


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After various stages and expectations, the border crossing takes place from Tornio skiing under the guidance of a local guide.


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From Haparanda, the journey continues under the direction of an ice tiller operating in “Halkonttori”.


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We travel through Sweden with a staple of paper clearing the onward connection.


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The remainder of the route is conventional: Malmö—Trelleborg—Sassnitz.


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Oats and four other recrytes are on duty at Lockstedter Lager on 28 January 1916 to become part of the Lockstedt Training Force named after the training site.


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[23] Ausbildungstruppe Lockstedt Main article: Lockstedt's training force Lockstedt training corps was officially established on 2 September 1915.


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Initially only the original pfadfinders were available, now numbering 143.


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Of them, 6 team leaders (Zugführer), 30 team leaders (Gruppenführer) and also 30 group vice-leaders (Hilfsgruppenführer) were promoted.


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Around mid-September, Ausbildungstruppe Lockstedt received his first new recruits, initially mainly from the Finns interned in prison camps while recruitment in Finland just started.


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The entry of men into the corps division accelerated as the autumn and early winter wore on so that a third company could be formed in November and, in late December, a 4th Company could be formed.


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By early 1916 the strength was 881 men and the 1,000th recryte entered service with 13.


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on Jan.


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[24] Etapit Just under 200 of the first German pfadfinder providers were taken to Stockholm and forward, for example, under the guise of field trips.


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A different type of organization had to be designed for the recruitment and transport of the Lockstedt Training Force crew.


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Legal crossing of the border became difficult as early as autumn 1915 wore on and in February 1916 it closed completely to “jaeger-aged” men aged 19—35 when passports were no longer issued.


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On the Finnish and Swedish side, a total of 52 points are shown in the map of the road road drawn up afterwards, some of them depicting an individual house, part of an entire locality.


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Ice warp movement

On the walls of the preserved staple houses are plaques telling of this.


Question: How long does the ice hockey training last?

Ice warp movement

One of the most famous houses was the Halla house in Hyrynsalmi Hallavaara, home to Juho Alfred Heikkinen, Halla's old man and his wife Lic.


Question: How long does the ice hockey training last?

Ice warp movement

Halla's advance was led by Friedel Jacobson.


Question: How long does the ice hockey training last?

Ice warp movement

The Haparanan—Tornio area constituted a major international hub in the context of World War I.


Question: How long does the ice hockey training last?

Ice warp movement

The Icefer Pin brought its own addition to a place that was pre-existing important for the practice of “espionage, secret politics, Russian revolutionary activities, refugees, smuggling [and] prostitution”.


Question: How long does the ice hockey training last?

Ice warp movement

[25] In this concoction, an icer pin operated under the alias of “Halo Contor” boiled as one coincidence.


Question: How long does the ice hockey training last?

Ice warp movement

The Tornio etapi had been established by Eero Heickell (Kuussaari) as early as 1915 to support the crossing of the pfadfinder coursemen.


Question: How long does the ice hockey training last?

Ice warp movement

The Haaparanda Etapi Centre was created as a further deployment of the information and reconnaissance mission headed there by pfadfinders Heikki Kekon and W. E. Tuompo, when the Lockstedt training force had been assured and the etapi would thus be used.


Question: How long does the ice hockey training last?

Ice warp movement

The Kemi Etapi was established on 3 September 1915, when Heickell negotiated the matter with Konstu Pietilä and Arvi Hällfors, among others.


Question: How long does the ice hockey training last?

Ice warp movement

In Kemi, the Etapi was located in Osula, owned by Juho Heiskanen.


Question: How long does the ice hockey training last?

Ice warp movement

On 6 January 1916, Etappi was subjected to a whistleblowing and was cut off by sending the telegram “Patient does not arrive” to Helsinki.


Question: How long does the ice hockey training last?

Ice warp movement

Despite this, Osula's host, Juho Heiskanen, was arrested.


Question: How long does the ice hockey training last?

Ice warp movement

He became the first Shpalernite, or activist cooped up in St. Petersburg's Špalernaya prison.


Question: How long does the ice hockey training last?

Ice warp movement

Later they would be called bar icers.


Question: How long does the ice hockey training last?

Ice warp movement

[26] In urban conditions, the headway could be set up in connection with a suitable business undertaking.


Question: How long does the ice hockey training last?

Ice warp movement

For example, in Oulu there was an operating point in Högsten's gentlemen's clothing shop operated by the branch manager Amatus Johansson.


Question: How long does the ice hockey training last?

Ice warp movement

In the same city, Iikka Castrén serviced and accommodated the Valio premises moving in the name of the ice parcel shop.


Question: How long does the ice hockey training last?

Ice warp movement

[27] Yrjö Mäkelin and Hannes Uksila, a local workers' newspaper, gathered the recruits to the magazine's editorial staff, from which they were directed to Jaakko Kemppainen's clothing shop and from there either across the ice or through Tornio to Sweden.


Question: How long does the ice hockey training last?

Ice warp movement

Etapways led across the border from the north, starting at Muonio, Kangasjärvi, Pello, Tengeliö, Palovaara, Karung, Tornio and Haparanna.


Question: How long does the ice hockey training last?

Ice warp movement

The sea cucumber was carried by etapes beginning at Jepua and Volt, with a meeting point on the island of Holmö.


Question: How long does the ice hockey training last?

Ice warp movement

Measured by the number of passes, the main crossing points were the routes to Kemin-Haaparta and Tornio.


Question: How long does the ice hockey training last?

Ice warp movement

After the Kemi Etapi was revealed and Kvarku was in uniform ice, the importance of the route from Southern Ostrobothnia to Umeå became great.


Question: How long does the ice hockey training last?

Ice warp movement

[28] Initially, efforts were made to isolate advancing activities from recruitment, but later these activities inevitably became mixed, although this increased security risk.


Question: How long does the ice hockey training last?

Ice warp movement

Lackman cites as an example how, along the road route in Seittenkar in northern Sweden, at least 20 men were recruited to Germany from Finnish forestry workers who worked there.


Question: How long does the ice hockey training last?

Ice warp movement

[29] Jääger Battalion as 27th to the Front Main article: Jääger Battalion 27 Towards the end of 1915, Major Bayer estimated that training of Ausbildungstruppe Lockstedt men would be appropriately supplemented by front experience.


Question: How long does the ice hockey training last?

Ice warp movement

He brought it up with the Finnish leaders of the movement — Adolf von Bonsdorff, Rafael Erich and Samuli Sario — when they were visiting Lockstedter Lager.


Question: How long does the ice hockey training last?

Ice warp movement

Consent to the matter was obtained in March 1916 and the mobilization order was issued on 3 May 1916.


Question: How long does the ice hockey training last?

Ice warp movement

Estimated to be front-worthy, the part of the training force was designated as Royal Icefer Battalion 27 (Königlich Preussisches Jägerbataillon Nr.


Question: How long does the ice hockey training last?

Ice warp movement


Question: How long does the ice hockey training last?

Ice warp movement

[9] The supplement still remaining in training received the old name of the training set Ausbildungstruppe Lockstedt.


Question: How long does the ice hockey training last?

Ice warp movement

Bahrenfeld's Penalty Division Discontent and biting manifested among the icebirds, both because of the outright circumstances and the lack of awareness.


Question: How long does the ice hockey training last?

Ice warp movement

Many of those who arrived from Finland at the time of the “great enlistment” did not have a clear idea of the situation to be expected (when recruits did not have it either).


Question: How long does the ice hockey training last?

Ice warp movement

Although the Jääkäribattalion on the one hand was a Finnish company and a community, on the other hand it was only one unit under German military discipline.


Question: How long does the ice hockey training last?

Ice warp movement

So the indiscipline was eradicated with great grips.


Question: How long does the ice hockey training last?

Ice warp movement

The first perpetrators of more serious retreats were sent to court-martial and from there to prison camps.


Question: How long does the ice hockey training last?

Ice warp movement

A special penal division was established at Zerksten Manor ten kilometres from the front line in the autumn of 1916.


Question: How long does the ice hockey training last?

Ice warp movement

The division was commanded by Sergeant Major Höfelmeyer.


Question: How long does the ice hockey training last?

Ice warp movement

In addition to forced training, leaving food, planting in a dark brig and keeping in freezing temperatures were used as disciplinary methods.


Question: How long does the ice hockey training last?

Ice warp movement

However, the “jermut” taken to Zerksten were not discouraged and the department did not achieve its purpose: those commanded to the penal division did not “return to order”.


Question: How long does the ice hockey training last?

Ice warp movement

[30] A special penal company, the Altona-Bahrenfeld Working Command, was formed for the battalion in November 1916, operating in an artillery depot near Hamburg.


Question: How long does the ice hockey training last?

Ice warp movement

A total of 216 men ended up in this department, the “bahrenfeltters”, according to Lackman (224 men in Lauerman 1966 calculations).


Question: How long does the ice hockey training last?

Ice warp movement

The service was heavy and it was greatly hampered by the fact that the superiors of the penitentiaries spoke German alone.


Question: How long does the ice hockey training last?

Ice warp movement

Nutrition, on the other hand, was scarce and one-sided.


Question: How long does the ice hockey training last?

Ice warp movement

About the unfortunate conditions of the “Bahrenfelttars” carried information to the battalion, which contributed to increased discontent in the main forces.


Question: How long does the ice hockey training last?

Ice warp movement

However, the situation of the Penal Company was not corrected until Zugführer Aarne Sihvo, later Commander of the Defence Forces, who had been released from Špalernaya prison by the revolution, visited Bahrenfeld.


Question: How long does the ice hockey training last?

Ice warp movement

Sihvo stated that the penal company would cause a distortion in the external image of the Jäägers when their return to Finland would become timely.


Question: How long does the ice hockey training last?

Ice warp movement

Compared to his firsthand, fresh prison experiences, he may have understood the plight of the Bahrenfeltters.


Question: How long does the ice hockey training last?

Ice warp movement

Only five Bahrenfelttars returned from the Penal Company to the Battalion, of the remainder those employed were stationed in predominantly civilian industrial establishments.


Question: How long does the ice hockey training last?

Ice warp movement

The Bahrenfelttars could not return to Finland until after the end of the 1918 war, the main part in the autumn of 1918.


Question: How long does the ice hockey training last?

Ice warp movement

Those left behind lived in miserable conditions in Germany; some had left the country on their own help and everyone's fate never became clear.


Question: How long does the ice hockey training last?

Ice warp movement

[31] Disclosure of the ice cap movement to the authorities When large-scale recruitment had begun in September 1915, the matter of the ice cap movement was no longer known only to small circles and its disclosure in some form would only be a matter of time.


Question: How long does the ice hockey training last?

Ice warp movement

A report dated 28 September to Governor-General Seyn shows the Russians already know the core of the operation of the ice cap movement: in Finland “there is a strong sedition to bring Finnish youth, particularly matriculates, to German officer schools where they would be prepared as leaders of the rebellion to Finland”.


Question: How long does the ice hockey training last?

Ice warp movement

[32] The revelation of the ice cap movement lacks neither tragicomic nor profoundly tragic features: the vice-consul in Haparanda, Russia, received a questionnaire about travel money to Germany.


Question: How long does the ice hockey training last?

Ice warp movement

The information about the money was correct, but the address was wrong: in Haaparanda, the correct place would have been “Halkonttori” instead of the consular office.


Question: How long does the ice hockey training last?

Ice warp movement

[32] On 23 December 1915 pfadfinder Edvard Bruhn was captured in Tornio.


Question: How long does the ice hockey training last?

Ice warp movement

Bruhn had managed one of the recruiting bodies of the Ice Borough Movement, the so-called. Liisankatu office in Helsinki.


Question: How long does the ice hockey training last?

Ice warp movement

After being caught, Bruhn, aged just 21, revealed his knowledge during questioning.


Question: How long does the ice hockey training last?

Ice warp movement

Even before he was caught, Bruhn had attracted attention with his “frivolous” lifestyle, resulting in suspected notes relating to recruitment and etapes, among other things, to have fallen into the wrong hands.


Question: How long does the ice hockey training last?

Ice warp movement

He was due to be delivered out of the country for security reasons, but the travelling party was subjected to shadowing and a fatal inspection at Tornio station.


Question: How long does the ice hockey training last?

Ice warp movement

After his release in connection with the revolution, Bruhn fought in both the Finnish and Estonian Revolutionary Wars, and fell in 1919 in Estonia.


Question: How long does the ice hockey training last?

Ice warp movement

[33] In 1916—1917, the authority investigation into the ice cap movement was led by a Russian investigating judge, Nikolai Mashkevich.


Question: How long does the ice hockey training last?

Ice warp movement

Trials of imprisoned ice colours began in December 1916 and the main evidence was the information and confessions gathered by Mashkevich.


Question: How long does the ice hockey training last?

Ice warp movement

The process was interrupted as a result of the February Revolution of 1917, when a mob released those imprisoned and destroyed most of the documents.


Question: How long does the ice hockey training last?

Ice warp movement

[34] According to Red Jääkärit Lackman, at the time of the negotiations for the replenishment of the peace of Brest-Litovsk in August 1918 in Berlin, a group of Icekeers who remained there submitted a letter to be forwarded to the founding meeting of the SKP stating their willingness to cooperate.


Question: How long does the ice hockey training last?

Ice warp movement

However, the letter did not arouse any interest, as in SKP the ice keepers were considered bays, even though some of them were proletariat, such as laborers and sailors.


Question: How long does the ice hockey training last?

Ice warp movement

A group of Berlin Red Icicers were repatriated later in the autumn, and some of them teamed up to co-organize an organisation with the Reds.


Question: How long does the ice hockey training last?

Ice warp movement

The project was clotted when a few were arrested by the secret police, or General Staff Section III.


Question: How long does the ice hockey training last?

Ice warp movement

[35] A brief history of the ice pot movement on 17 November 1914 in the press of the Grand Principality of Finland publishes the so-called Great Russification Programme.


Question: How long does the ice hockey training last?

Ice warp movement

On November 20, 1914, the Jäkäri movement gets its start when a group of student activists gather at the Ostrobotnia House in Helsinki.


Question: How long does the ice hockey training last?

Ice warp movement

The Russification program is seen as a major threat that would virtually end the self-rule of the Grand Principality of Finland and Finland would have become just one of the provinces of the Russian Empire among others.


Question: How long does the ice hockey training last?

Ice warp movement

It is decided to acquire both weapons and training abroad in order to separate Finland from Russia.


Question: How long does the ice hockey training last?

Ice warp movement

On February 25, 1915 The first group of volunteer ice keepers arrives in Germany at Lockstedt camp to be trained.


Question: How long does the ice hockey training last?

Ice cap movement

On 26 August 1915, Finnish ice keepers are established in Germany with their own troop division.


Question: How long does the ice hockey training last?

Ice cap movement

The number of recruits will increase considerably.


Question: How long does the ice hockey training last?

Ice cap movement

On 9 May 1915, the Finnish Jääkär Battalion in Germany becomes Royal Prussian Jääkär Battalion 27.


Question: How long does the ice hockey training last?

Ice cap movement

On 31 May 1916, the Finns leave for Latvia for the Eastern Front.


Question: How long does the ice hockey training last?

Ice cap movement

27 October 1917 The first forward command force and guns leaves Germany for Finland.


Question: How long does the ice hockey training last?

Ice cap movement

5 February 1918 A decision is made that the ice keepers return to Finland.


Question: How long does the ice hockey training last?

Ice cap movement

On 13 February 1918, the Jääkär Battalion is disbanded.


Question: How long does the ice hockey training last?

Ice cap movement

Military Oath and Flag Inauguration Ceremony in Libau (Liepāja), Latvia.


Question: How long does the ice hockey training last?

Ice cap movement

On 25 February 1918, the main force of Jääkärie arrives in a convoy led by icebreaker Sampo in Vaasa, Vaskiluoto harbour.


Question: How long does the ice hockey training last?

Ice cap movement

[36] On 30 July 1914, Russia initiates a mobilisation to support Serbia, on which Austria-Hungary declared war, was briefly linked to the Icebar movement.


Question: How long does the ice hockey training last?

Ice cap movement

On August 1, 1914, Germany declares war on Russia.


Question: How long does the ice hockey training last?

Ice cap movement

War also breaks out between Germany and France.


Question: How long does the ice hockey training last?

Ice cap movement

On March 15, 1917, Tsar Nicholas II relinquishes power.


Question: How long does the ice hockey training last?

Ice cap movement

November 7, 1917 October Revolution in Russia.


Question: How long does the ice hockey training last?

Ice cap movement

On December 6, 1917, the Finnish Parliament adopts the Declaration of Independence.


Question: How long does the ice hockey training last?

Ice cap movement

First Independence Day.


Question: How long does the ice hockey training last?

Ice cap movement

On December 15, 1917, Germany and the new state Soviet Union agreed to an armistice.


Question: How long does the ice hockey training last?

Ice cap movement

On 27 January 1918, Finland is mired in civil war.


Question: How long does the ice hockey training last?

Ice cap movement

On February 18, 1918, the German-Russian armistice is broken because there is no agreement on the peace treaty.


Question: How long does the ice hockey training last?

Ice cap movement

On March 3, 1918, Soviet Russia and Germany with their allied states agreed on the Peace of Brest-Litovsk.


Question: How long does the ice hockey training last?

Ice cap movement

World War I on the Eastern Front comes to an end.


Question: How long does the ice hockey training last?

Ice cap movement

On May 15, 1918, the Finnish Civil War ends.


Question: How long does the ice hockey training last?

Ice cap movement

[36] See also List of ice keepers Jääkäri Jääkärietappi Finnish Jääkärimuseo Sources Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Ahti, Martti| title = Ryssänvihassa: Elmo Kaila 1888—1935: Activist, Grey Eminence of the Armed Forces and Academic Karelia Society biography| location = Porvoo Helsinki Juva| publisher = WSOY| year = 1999| id = ISBN 951-0-22043-4}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Enckell, Olof| title = Jäkärien story| location = Helsinki| publisher = Otava| year = 2005| version = (Jägarnas history, 1943.)


Question: How long does the ice hockey training last?

Ice cap movement

Translated by Emerik Olsoni.


Question: How long does the ice hockey training last?

Ice cap movement

1st edition 1956| id = ISBN 951-1-20826-8}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Lackman, Matti| title = For Finland or Germany?


Question: How long does the ice hockey training last?

Ice cap movement

Unknown history of Jääkäri: The genesis, nature, mood swings and internal crises and their reflections on the next years of independent Finland | location = Helsinki| publisher = Otava| year = 2000| id = ISBN 951-1-16158-X}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Lauerma, Matti (ed.


Question: How long does the ice hockey training last?

Ice cap movement

Markku Onttonen and Hilkka Vitikka) | title = Jääkärien tie| location = Helsinki| publisher = WSOY| year = 1984| id = ISBN 951-0-12588-1}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Lauerma, Matti| title = Royal Prussian Jaeger Battalion 27: Stages and effect| location = Helsinki | publisher = WSOY| year = 1966}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Olin, K.-G.| title = Gunship John Grafton| location = Canvas| publisher = ASE-magazine Oy| year= 1994| id = ISBN 952-90-5260-X}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Onttonen, Markku (ed.


Question: How long does the ice hockey training last?

Ice cap movement

) | title = Jääkärikirja| location = Helsinki| publisher = Thought Books| year = 2002| id = ISBN 951-20-6232-1}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Suomen, Jaakko — Sundvall, Johannes — Olsoni, Emerik — Jaatinen, Arno (ed.


Question: How long does the ice hockey training last?

Ice cap movement

) | title = Finnish Jäkärit: Activities in words and pictures I to I| publisher = Kuopio: Joint Stock Company War images| year = 1933| version = 2nd edition}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Wegelius, K. A.| title = Frost and iron I: Tornion front| location = Porvoo| publisher = Wererner Söderströrit M Limited Liability Company| year = 1926}} References Literature Into Auer: Kalteriicekärit III, WSOY 1935.


Question: How long does the ice hockey training last?

Ice cap movement

Erik Heinrichs: From the extreme of the Baltic Sea: Photos and observations from the Jäkär excursions, (Finnish. Krohn, Helmi) Otava 1918.


Question: How long does the ice hockey training last?

Ice cap movement

Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Jarkko Kemppi| title = For the Motherland: History of the Ice Markets and Ice Sheets | location = Helsinki| publisher = Minerva| year = 2011| id = ISBN 978-952-492-524-2}} Sulo-Weikko Pekkola: Gummerus Veikko Pekkola: Bullied by the people, WSOY 1928.


Question: How long does the ice hockey training last?

Ice cap movement

Sulo-Weikko Pekkola: Kalteriicekärit I—II, WSOY 1931.


Question: How long does the ice hockey training last?

Ice cap movement

Sulo-Weikko Pekkola: Petsamoa in the lineage, WSOY 1930.


Question: How long does the ice hockey training last?

Ice cap movement

Aarne Sihvo: My Memoirs I—II, Otava 1954, 1956.


Question: How long does the ice hockey training last?

Ice cap movement

A. Aijal Uppala: K. A. Wegelius: Personal photo — life's work 1964—1939, Otava 1968.


Question: How long does the ice hockey training last?

Ice cap movement

Anni Wallenius: Born in the Sun: Memoirs of Youth, WSOY 1978.


Question: How long does the ice hockey training last?

Ice cap movement

Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Pentti Airio| title= Walter Horn — First Jaeger and Cold War Northern Activist | publisher = Docendo| year = 2013| id = ISBN 978-952-5912-98-2}} On the topic elsewhere Yle Live Archives.


Question: How long does the ice hockey training last?

Ice cap movement

* Category:Finnish Defence Forces Category:Key articles of screening


Question: The number one largest company in the world IBM was by revenue in 2018?

The Coca-Cola Company

The Coca-Cola Company is the world's largest manufacturer, distributor and marketer of non-alcoholic beverages.


Question: The number one largest company in the world IBM was by revenue in 2018?

The Coca-Cola Company

The company directly employs 55000 and indirectly over 600,000 people in approximately 200 countries.


Question: The number one largest company in the world IBM was by revenue in 2018?

The Coca-Cola Company

In Africa, the company is the largest private-sector employer.


Question: The number one largest company in the world IBM was by revenue in 2018?

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The Coca-Cola Company is headquartered in Atlanta, United States, in the state of Georgia.


Question: The number one largest company in the world IBM was by revenue in 2018?

The Coca-Cola Company

About 70% of the company's revenue comes from outside the U.S.


Question: The number one largest company in the world IBM was by revenue in 2018?

The Coca-Cola Company

The company's biggest competitor is PepsiCo.


Question: The number one largest company in the world IBM was by revenue in 2018?

The Coca-Cola Company

Asa Griggs Candler founded The Coca-Cola Company in Atlanta in 1892.


Question: The number one largest company in the world IBM was by revenue in 2018?

The Coca-Cola Company

Brands Coca-Cola is the best-known brand name of The Coca-Cola Company, and accounts for an estimated 56% of beverage sales.


Question: The number one largest company in the world IBM was by revenue in 2018?

The Coca-Cola Company

Other products include Sprite, Fanta, Powerade, Aquarius, Minute Maid, Burn, Bonaqua, Dasani, Georgia Coffee, Lilt, Mer, Tab, Surge and the Pibb Xtra imitating Dr Pepper.


Question: The number one largest company in the world IBM was by revenue in 2018?

The Coca-Cola Company

[1] In addition, The Coca-Cola Company sells Dr Pepper in Europe and some parts of the United States.


Question: The number one largest company in the world IBM was by revenue in 2018?

The Coca-Cola Company

The company has over 400 beverage brands and a total of more than 2400 different beverages produced in more than 200 countries.


Question: The number one largest company in the world IBM was by revenue in 2018?

The Coca-Cola Company

In addition to soft drinks, the group's brands include juices and juice drinks, bottled water, energy drinks, sports drinks, dairy and soy milk drinks, and coffee and tea drinks.


Question: The number one largest company in the world IBM was by revenue in 2018?

The Coca-Cola Company

The Coca-Cola Company's drinks are almost invariably produced in the country where they are sold.


Question: The number one largest company in the world IBM was by revenue in 2018?

The Coca-Cola Company

Manufacturing is carried out by local bottling company partners, who also sell the products and distribute them to various outlets.


Question: The number one largest company in the world IBM was by revenue in 2018?

The Coca-Cola Company

There are three types of bottler partners.


Question: The number one largest company in the world IBM was by revenue in 2018?

The Coca-Cola Company

The vast majority of bottlers are local, independent beverage companies whose operations The Coca-Cola Company cannot direct.


Question: The number one largest company in the world IBM was by revenue in 2018?

The Coca-Cola Company

The name of such companies may also bear the name of Coca-Cola, as they specialize in the manufacture of the company's beverages.


Question: The number one largest company in the world IBM was by revenue in 2018?

The Coca-Cola Company

In some of the bottling companies, the Company has minority ownership.


Question: The number one largest company in the world IBM was by revenue in 2018?

The Coca-Cola Company

Only a few bottling companies are wholly owned by the Company, as in Sweden.


Question: The number one largest company in the world IBM was by revenue in 2018?

The Coca-Cola Company

However, The Coca-Cola Company has stated that it is seeking to get rid of owning beverage companies e.g.


Question: The number one largest company in the world IBM was by revenue in 2018?

The Coca-Cola Company

In Sweden, as long as the right extender is found for the bottling plant [2].


Question: The number one largest company in the world IBM was by revenue in 2018?

The Coca-Cola Company

Coca-Cola in Finland Coca-Cola was prominently beached in Finland in connection with the 1952 Summer Olympics in Helsinki, when The Coca-Cola Company, as a long-term partner of the Olympic movement, donated 30,000 boxes of beverage to the Organizing Committee of the Olympic Games in Helsinki and the Brotherhood of War Valids.


Question: The number one largest company in the world IBM was by revenue in 2018?

The Coca-Cola Company

Although in the 1930s, Stockmann in Helsinki received Coca-Cola.


Question: The number one largest company in the world IBM was by revenue in 2018?

The Coca-Cola Company

The first manufacturer of Coca-Cola in Finland was Kouvolan Vesitehdas, which started manufacturing already in 1928 [3].


Question: The number one largest company in the world IBM was by revenue in 2018?

The Coca-Cola Company

Oy Hartwall Ab obtained the manufacturing rights to Coca-Cola in 1956.


Question: The number one largest company in the world IBM was by revenue in 2018?

The Coca-Cola Company

[4] The collaboration ended in 1998, and Hartwall moved on to bottle rival PepsiCo's drinks.


Question: The number one largest company in the world IBM was by revenue in 2018?

The Coca-Cola Company

Helsing-based Coca-Cola Finland Oy is a wholly owned subsidiary of the Company, which works in cooperation with Kerava-based Sinebrychoff.


Question: The number one largest company in the world IBM was by revenue in 2018?

The Coca-Cola Company

Coca-Cola Finland is a marketing company responsible for consumer marketing of beverages.


Question: The number one largest company in the world IBM was by revenue in 2018?

The Coca-Cola Company

As holder of a beverage manufacturing license, Sinebrychoff manufactures, distributes and sells the beverages.


Question: The number one largest company in the world IBM was by revenue in 2018?

The Coca-Cola Company

Coca-Cola Finland is part of the Nordic region, headquartered in Copenhagen.


Question: The number one largest company in the world IBM was by revenue in 2018?

The Coca-Cola Company

Coca-Cola Company drinks Coca-Cola [5] Coca-Cola Light (refurbished in spring 2006) Coca-Cola Light Lime (autumn 2005) Coca-Cola Light Lemon (off the market in autumn 2005) Coca-Cola Zero (autumn 2006) Coca-Cola Cherry Coca-Cola Vanilla Coca- Cola Raspberry Zero Fanta Fanta Orange Fanta Free (Orange) (2004) Fanta Wildberry (Winter 2003) Fanta Shokata (Spring 2004) Fanta Exotic Fanta Green Apple Fanta Citrus (Winter 2006) Fanta Free Red Berries Fanta Free Pineapple Grapefruit Fanta Free Apple Lime Fanta World Mandarin Fanta World Mango Fanta b'good Fanta Jamaica Sprite Zero Bonaqua Frisco Nestea Powerade Nescafé Xpress MER Juice Drink Burn Energy Drink Reviews in India against Coca-Cola have been boycotted a few times in protest of the company due to poor hygiene and environmental impact.


Question: The number one largest company in the world IBM was by revenue in 2018?

The Coca-Cola Company

[6] Coca-Cola's tooth yellowing effect is a scientifically proven phenomenon, [7] caused by phosphoric acid that destroys tooth enamel.


Question: The number one largest company in the world IBM was by revenue in 2018?

The Coca-Cola Company

However, the same is true of other soft drinks.


Question: The number one largest company in the world IBM was by revenue in 2018?

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Coca-Cola has a pH of 2.56, which is very acidic.


Question: The number one largest company in the world IBM was by revenue in 2018?

The Coca-Cola Company

The Coca-Cola Company has been accused of mistreating trade unionists in factories in developing countries.


Question: The number one largest company in the world IBM was by revenue in 2018?

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Among other things, the company has been accused of killing eight Ay activists in Colombia between 1989 and 2003.


Question: The number one largest company in the world IBM was by revenue in 2018?

The Coca-Cola Company

Ay activists at the company's factories in Turkey and Indonesia have also been intimidated.


Question: The number one largest company in the world IBM was by revenue in 2018?

The Coca-Cola Company

Instead, in Nicaragua, workers are forbidden to organize.


Question: The number one largest company in the world IBM was by revenue in 2018?

The Coca-Cola Company

The Company has responded several times to these related accusations and also through its activities sought to prove the allegations unfounded.


Question: The number one largest company in the world IBM was by revenue in 2018?

The Coca-Cola Company

[8] Many human rights organisations have organised campaigns against cola drink.


Question: The number one largest company in the world IBM was by revenue in 2018?

The Coca-Cola Company

[9] Sources Category:Dow Jones Industrial Average Category:US Companies Category:U.S.-listed companies Category:Key articles of screening


Question: Where does the name Athens come from?

Ancient Athens

Athens was a major city-state (polis) in antiquity in the province of Attica, Greece.


Question: Where does the name Athens come from?

Ancient Athens

[1] Athenian democracy was founded by Kleisthenes in 510 BCE.


Question: Where does the name Athens come from?

Ancient Athens

After the overthrow of the tyranny of the House of Peisistratos.


Question: Where does the name Athens come from?

Ancient Athens

The heyday of Athens was during the Pericle period from the 440s to the 43rd century BCE.


Question: Where does the name Athens come from?

Ancient Athens

Athens led the naval alliance of Delos in the Peloponnesian War against Sparta.


Question: Where does the name Athens come from?

Ancient Athens

With brief interruptions, democracy remained relatively stable for about 170 years until Alexander the Great conquered Athens in 338 BCE.


Question: Where does the name Athens come from?

Ancient Athens

Athens was a center of arts, erudition and philosophy.


Question: Where does the name Athens come from?

Ancient Athens

The city was the birthplace of Socrates, Sophocles and many other prominent figures.


Question: Where does the name Athens come from?

Ancient Athens

Plato's Academy and Aristotle's Lykeion were located there.


Question: Where does the name Athens come from?

Ancient Athens

It has been considered the cradle of Western culture and the birthplace of democracy, largely because of its 500s and 4th-century BCE.


Question: Where does the name Athens come from?

Ancient Athens

achievements in culture and politics have had such an impact on the whole of later Europe.


Question: Where does the name Athens come from?

Ancient Athens

History Archaic period The city of Athens (see: Mycenaean Athens) existed as early as the Mycenaean Bronze Age in the 10th century BCE, when the Acropolis already had a king's palace.


Question: Where does the name Athens come from?

Ancient Athens

[2] According to tradition, Athens was, in its earliest times, a kingdom whose most famous of many, mostly fabled kings was Theseus.


Question: Where does the name Athens come from?

Ancient Athens

However, hereditary kingship was abolished in Athens in 683 BCE, after which the state was run by archonts.


Question: Where does the name Athens come from?

Ancient Athens

[3] Unlike widely elsewhere in Greece, there was no serfdom in Athens, but differences between different groups of society soon grew large.


Question: Where does the name Athens come from?

Ancient Athens

As the monetary economy began to develop, peasants became greatly indebted to money-lenders, and if they were unable to pay their debts, they might be sold as slaves.


Question: Where does the name Athens come from?

Ancient Athens

After several times internal fighting broke out in Athens, around the year 620 BCE.


Question: Where does the name Athens come from?

Ancient Athens

Drakon was tasked with drafting the new laws.


Question: Where does the name Athens come from?

Ancient Athens

However, these draconian laws, under which even minor offences could become the death penalty, were not able to bring peace and did not become very long-term after all.


Question: Where does the name Athens come from?

Ancient Athens

[4] In 594 BC.


Question: Where does the name Athens come from?

Ancient Athens

Solon, who was elected archonist, was given the task of drafting new laws for Athens.


Question: Where does the name Athens come from?

Ancient Athens

[3] In this case, those who were enslaved due to debts were freed.


Question: Where does the name Athens come from?

Ancient Athens

Former family privileges were abolished and citizens were instead divided into four classes based on the proceeds of land property, whose rights and responsibilities differed somewhat from each other in terms of war service, among other things.


Question: Where does the name Athens come from?

Ancient Athens

All male citizens aged 20 and over were allowed to participate in the People's Assemblies where, among others, officials and also archonts were elected.


Question: Where does the name Athens come from?

Ancient Athens

However, only members of the top three classes could be elected to government posts.


Question: Where does the name Athens come from?

Ancient Athens

[5] Although actual democracy was not yet realized, Solon was later revered as the father of Athenian democracy.


Question: Where does the name Athens come from?

Ancient Athens

[3] In 546 BC.


Question: Where does the name Athens come from?

Ancient Athens

Peisistratos seized power and became the tyrant of Athens.


Question: Where does the name Athens come from?

Ancient Athens

[3] During his reign Athens developed into Greece's leading economic power.


Question: Where does the name Athens come from?

Ancient Athens

After Peisistratos died, Athens was ruled by his sons Hippias and Hipparchus.


Question: Where does the name Athens come from?

Ancient Athens

[3] The Athenian state expanded early on to include the entire Attica peninsula.


Question: Where does the name Athens come from?

Ancient Athens

[3] Rise to leadership position (510—448 BC)


Question: Where does the name Athens come from?

Ancient Athens

Hippias became dictator of Athens in 514 BC.


Question: Where does the name Athens come from?

Ancient Athens

The dictatorship was unpopular, and he was ousted from power with the help of a Spartan army in 510 BCE.


Question: Where does the name Athens come from?

Ancient Athens

In this case, Kleisthenes came to power, who founded the Athenian democracy.


Question: Where does the name Athens come from?

Ancient Athens

Kleisthenee's reforms replaced the old four “tribes” (fyle) with ten new ones.


Question: Where does the name Athens come from?

Ancient Athens

They were named after fabled heroes and had no class basis: they were practically elective colleges.


Question: Where does the name Athens come from?

Ancient Athens

Each tribe was further divided into three trittys, and each trittys included one or more demos, depending on the size of the demos.


Question: Where does the name Athens come from?

Ancient Athens

There were 139 demos throughout Athens, and these became the basis of local government.


Question: Where does the name Athens come from?

Ancient Athens

Each tribe elected by lot fifty members to the council that governed Athens in everyday affairs.


Question: Where does the name Athens come from?

Ancient Athens

While efforts were made to influence voters' opinions through public speeches, they were equally influenced by political satires written by comedy poets, among others.


Question: Where does the name Athens come from?

Ancient Athens

[6] The Council was open to all citizens and was both a lawmaking body and a court of law, except for murder trials and religious matters, which belonged to the Areiopag.


Question: Where does the name Athens come from?

Ancient Athens

Most of the posts were filled by lot, but ten strategos (generals) were elected by voting.


Question: Where does the name Athens come from?

Ancient Athens

Before the rise of Athens, the Spartan city-state considered itself the leader of the Greeks.


Question: Where does the name Athens come from?

Ancient Athens

Sparta was a military state.


Question: Where does the name Athens come from?

Ancient Athens

In 499 BC.


Question: Where does the name Athens come from?

Ancient Athens

Athens sent troops to aid the Ionians of Asia Minor who were rebelling against Persian rule (Ionian revolt).


Question: Where does the name Athens come from?

Ancient Athens

This prompted Persia to invade Greece twice.


Question: Where does the name Athens come from?

Ancient Athens

Both attacks were repelled under the leadership of the Athenian military-statesmen Miltiade and Themistoklee (Persian Wars).


Question: Where does the name Athens come from?

Ancient Athens

In 490 BC.


Question: Where does the name Athens come from?

Ancient Athens

The Athenians, led by Miltiade, repelled an attack led by Persia's first king Dareios at the Battle of Marathon.


Question: Where does the name Athens come from?

Ancient Athens

In 480 BC.


Question: Where does the name Athens come from?

Ancient Athens

The Persians returned under the leadership of their new king Xerus.


Question: Where does the name Athens come from?

Ancient Athens

A coalition of Greek city-states led by Sparta and its king Leonida marched into the Battle of Thermopylai with a few thousand men against hundreds of thousands of Persians.


Question: Where does the name Athens come from?

Ancient Athens

Meanwhile, Sparta led the naval battle of Artemision.


Question: Where does the name Athens come from?

Ancient Athens

These delaying actions were not enough to repel the Persians: they soon marched to Boiotia, took the city of Thebes as their base, and invaded southern Greece.


Question: Where does the name Athens come from?

Ancient Athens

This forced the Athenians to evacuate Athens taken by the Persians and seek to secure their fleet.


Question: Where does the name Athens come from?

Ancient Athens

Eventually, the Athenians and their allies defeated the Persian fleet under Themistokle in the naval battle of Salami.


Question: Where does the name Athens come from?

Ancient Athens

Sparta's lead gradually passed to Athens.


Question: Where does the name Athens come from?

Ancient Athens

The victories made it possible for Athens to integrate much of the Aegeian region and part of the rest of Greece with the Delos maritime alliance led by itself.


Question: Where does the name Athens come from?

Ancient Athens

Pericle Period (448—430 BC)


Question: Where does the name Athens come from?

Ancient Athens

Pericles, an Athenian general, politician and orator, stands out among the other Athenian grandees of his time.


Question: Where does the name Athens come from?

Ancient Athens

He rose to become strategist in 445 BC.


Question: Where does the name Athens come from?

Ancient Athens

and held office until his death in 429 BC.


Question: Where does the name Athens come from?

Ancient Athens

until, always re-elected by the Athenian People's Assembly.


Question: Where does the name Athens come from?

Ancient Athens

Pericles favored the arts and literature and gave Athens a flourish that has not returned in the history of the city at a later date.


Question: Where does the name Athens come from?

Ancient Athens

He undertook a large number of public works projects and sought to improve the lives of citizens.


Question: Where does the name Athens come from?

Ancient Athens

Because of this, Pericle's time has been called the Golden Age of Athens.


Question: Where does the name Athens come from?

Ancient Athens

Taxes paid by members of the maritime union played a large part in creating this wealth.


Question: Where does the name Athens come from?

Ancient Athens

Peloponnesian War (431—404 BC)


Question: Where does the name Athens come from?

Ancient Athens

Dissatisfaction among other Greek city-states with the leadership of Athens resulted in 431 BCE.


Question: Where does the name Athens come from?

Ancient Athens

to the Peloponnesian War that began, which pitted Athens and its increasingly rebellious maritime union against an alliance of mainland city-states led by Sparta.


Question: Where does the name Athens come from?

Ancient Athens

The war ended with the total defeat of Athens, and as a result Athens lost its maritime supremacy.


Question: Where does the name Athens come from?

Ancient Athens

Athenian democracy was ousted for a short time in a coup in 411 BC, due to dissatisfaction with the mismanagement of the war, but democracy was soon restored.


Question: Where does the name Athens come from?

Ancient Athens

However, as democratically elected politicians such as Kleon and Kleofon were blamed for the Athenian defeat, the result was a longer-lasting Spartan-backed reaction against democracy.


Question: Where does the name Athens come from?

Ancient Athens

It culminated in the rule of the Threesome Tyrant in 404—403 BCE.


Question: Where does the name Athens come from?

Ancient Athens

Thrasybulos restored democracy in 403 BC, and a general amnesty was declared.


Question: Where does the name Athens come from?

Ancient Athens

The Corinthian War and the Second Athenian Alliance (395—355 BCE)


Question: Where does the name Athens come from?

Ancient Athens

Sparta's previous allies soon turned against it as a result of its imperialist policies, and soon Athens' previous allies Thebes and Corinth turned to Athens again.


Question: Where does the name Athens come from?

Ancient Athens

Athens, Thebes, Corinth and Argos fought against Sparta in the Corinthian War of 395—387 BCE.


Question: Where does the name Athens come from?

Ancient Athens

Anti-Spartan sentiment enabled Athens to establish the so-called Second Athenian Union.


Question: Where does the name Athens come from?

Ancient Athens

Eventually Thebes defeated Sparta at the Battle of Leuktra in 371 BCE.


Question: Where does the name Athens come from?

Ancient Athens

Thereafter, Greek cities, including Athens and Sparta, turned against Thebes, and its domination ended as a result of the Battle of Mantineia in 362 BCE.


Question: Where does the name Athens come from?

Ancient Athens

Athens under Macedonia (355—338 BCE)


Question: Where does the name Athens come from?

Ancient Athens

3rd-century BCE


Question: Where does the name Athens come from?

Ancient Athens

coming in between, the northern Kingdom of Macedonia was to become the ruler of Athens, despite the warnings of Demosthenee, the last great statesman of independent Athens.


Question: Where does the name Athens come from?

Ancient Athens

In 338 BC.


Question: Where does the name Athens come from?

Ancient Athens

The armies of Philip II defeated the other Greek states at the Battle of Khaironeia, which also led to the end of Athenian independence.


Question: Where does the name Athens come from?

Ancient Athens

The conquests made by Philip's son Alexander the Great opened up the horizons of the Greeks and made the traditional Greek city-state model obsolete.


Question: Where does the name Athens come from?

Ancient Athens

Athens remained a prosperous city with an extensive cultural life, but ceased to be a political power in the region.


Question: Where does the name Athens come from?

Ancient Athens

In the 10th century, Greece became part of the Roman Empire after being under Macedonia for 200 years.


Question: Where does the name Athens come from?

Ancient Athens

Geography Overview The centre of Athens was located, and still lies in, the province of Attica about 30 stadia or five kilometres from the sea, on the southwestern slope of Lykabettos Hill.


Question: Where does the name Athens come from?

Ancient Athens

It was surrounded by three small rivers, the Kefissos on the west side, the Ilissos on the south side, and the Eridanos on the north side.


Question: Where does the name Athens come from?

Ancient Athens

The latter flowed through the city.


Question: Where does the name Athens come from?

Ancient Athens

The walled area of the city had a diameter of about 1.5 kilometers.


Question: Where does the name Athens come from?

Ancient Athens

At its largest, however, the city included suburbs far beyond the walls.


Question: Where does the name Athens come from?

Ancient Athens

The acropolis was slightly south of the center of the walled area.


Question: Where does the name Athens come from?

Ancient Athens

Xerxes burned the city in 480 BCE, but it was soon rebuilt during Themistoklee's reign, and public buildings were built during the Kimoni and especially Pericle.


Question: Where does the name Athens come from?

Ancient Athens

During the latter period 461—429 BCE.


Question: Where does the name Athens come from?

Ancient Athens

Athens rose to its greatest heyday.


Question: Where does the name Athens come from?

Ancient Athens

The beauty of Athens owed above all to its public buildings, as private buildings were rather insignificant and the streets crappy.


Question: Where does the name Athens come from?

Ancient Athens

Athens consisted of two distinct parts: the city proper, which was divided into the Acropolis, that is, the Upper Town/Castle Mountain, and the Lower Town.


Question: Where does the name Athens come from?

Ancient Athens

In the classical period, a city wall had been built around the city, the so-called Themistoklee Walls.


Question: Where does the name Athens come from?

Ancient Athens

Three port cities: Piraeus, Munikhia and Faleron, around which Themistokles also built walls.


Question: Where does the name Athens come from?

Ancient Athens

They were connected to the city by long walls.


Question: Where does the name Athens come from?

Ancient Athens

The walls were built in the Pericle Period.


Question: Where does the name Athens come from?

Ancient Athens

The Acropolis, or Upper Town Acropolis, also called Kekropia after its fabled founder Kekrops, is a high rock in the middle of the city.


Question: Where does the name Athens come from?

Ancient Athens

It is about 50 feet high, 350 feet long and 150 feet wide.


Question: Where does the name Athens come from?

Ancient Athens

Its walls are, in a natural way, steep on all sides except the west.


Question: Where does the name Athens come from?

Ancient Athens

In the Mycenaean period, it had a cyclopic wall around it, known as the Pelasg Wall because it was thought to have been built by the Pelasgs.


Question: Where does the name Athens come from?

Ancient Athens

During the Peloponnesian War, only the northern part of this wall remained, and this section was still called the Pelasgimwall.


Question: Where does the name Athens come from?

Ancient Athens

The southern part, which was rebuilt by Kimoni, was in turn called the Kimon Wall.


Question: Where does the name Athens come from?

Ancient Athens

In the western part of the acropolis, which was the only possible access way up the cliff, was the mighty Propylaia built by Pericle, and to its right the Temple of Athene Nike.


Question: Where does the name Athens come from?

Ancient Athens

On the crest of the acropolis were numerous temples, bronze and marble sculptures, and several other works of art.


Question: Where does the name Athens come from?

Ancient Athens

In an earlier period, the most notable were the Temple of Athene Polia, as well as Hekatompedon.


Question: Where does the name Athens come from?

Ancient Athens

In the classical period, the largest of the temples was the Parthenon, dedicated to the virgin goddess Athena.


Question: Where does the name Athens come from?

Ancient Athens

To the north of the Parthenon was the Erekhtheion, whose complex of buildings consisted of three separate shrines: one was dedicated to Athene Polias, the protector of the state; the other was the actual Erekhtheion, the shrine of Erekhtheus; and the third was the sanctuary of Pandroseion, daughter of Kekrops.


Question: Where does the name Athens come from?

Ancient Athens

Between the Parthenon and Erektheion was the colossal statue of Athene Promakhos, whose helmet and spear were the first to be seen out to sea from the Acropolis.


Question: Where does the name Athens come from?

Ancient Athens

Lower Town Lower Town had been built low around the Acropolis, but also in its territory there were several hills, especially in the western part.


Question: Where does the name Athens come from?

Ancient Athens

On the west side, the city walls traversed the slopes of Nymphs Hill and Pnyks, and on the southeast side they passed following the Ilissos River.


Question: Where does the name Athens come from?

Ancient Athens

The Agora and its surroundings The Athenian Agora is the most famous example of an ancient agora, that is, a gathering and marketplace.


Question: Where does the name Athens come from?

Ancient Athens

The agora was located northwest of the Acropolis and north of Areiopag Hill.


Question: Where does the name Athens come from?

Ancient Athens

It was surrounded by many notable public buildings: the Buleuterion, or council building, on the western edge of the Agora.


Question: Where does the name Athens come from?

Ancient Athens

Tholos, a circular building near Buleuterion.


Question: Where does the name Athens come from?

Ancient Athens

Kimonin circa the year 470 BC.


Question: Where does the name Athens come from?

Ancient Athens

the building built served as one of the gathering places for the Prytans, that is, the leading officials of the city.


Question: Where does the name Athens come from?

Ancient Athens

Stoat lived covered columned halls, which were convenient lounges during the hottest time of the day.


Question: Where does the name Athens come from?

Ancient Athens

Athens had several columned halls.


Question: Where does the name Athens come from?

Ancient Athens

The most notable were the Royal stoa (Stoa Basileios), the seat of the king archon, on the western edge of the Agora; the stoa of Zeus, or the columnar hall of Zeus Eleutherios, likewise on the western edge of the Agora; and the Stoa Poikile, or Variegated Column Hall, decorated with paintings, on the northern edge of the Agora.


Question: Where does the name Athens come from?

Ancient Athens

In the Hellenistic period, the stoa of Attalos was built, among other things, on the eastern edge of the Agora.


Question: Where does the name Athens come from?

Ancient Athens

Today there is a new building from a stoa on the site.


Question: Where does the name Athens come from?

Ancient Athens

The temples: the Temple of Hephaestus, the Temple of Zeus Fratrios and Athene Fratria, the Temple of Patroos of Apollo and the Temple of the Mother of the Gods were located on the western edge of the Agora.


Question: Where does the name Athens come from?

Ancient Athens

In the Roman period, among other things, the temple of Aree was transferred to the Agora.


Question: Where does the name Athens come from?

Ancient Athens

Other public buildings in Prytaneion.


Question: Where does the name Athens come from?

Ancient Athens

The actual gathering place of the Prytaneion, or Prytans, of Athens was possibly located east of the Acropolis.


Question: Where does the name Athens come from?

Ancient Athens

Temples.


Question: Where does the name Athens come from?

Ancient Athens

Of the temples outside the Acropolis, the most notable was the Temple of Zeus at Olympus, or Olympieion, which was located southeast of the Acropolis near the Ilissos River and the source of the Kallirrhoe.


Question: Where does the name Athens come from?

Ancient Athens

The temple was long unfinished and completed during Hadrian's time.


Question: Where does the name Athens come from?

Ancient Athens

In addition, there were numerous other temples throughout the city.


Question: Where does the name Athens come from?

Ancient Athens

Theatres.


Question: Where does the name Athens come from?

Ancient Athens

The Dionysus Theatre, a large state theatre, was located on the southeastern slope of the Acropolis.


Question: Where does the name Athens come from?

Ancient Athens

There were several Odeions, or theatres intended for music competitions.


Question: Where does the name Athens come from?

Ancient Athens

One was the Odeion of Periclee built by Periclee near the theatre of Dionysios; the other was located near the source of the Kallirrhoe.


Question: Where does the name Athens come from?

Ancient Athens

To modern times, an odeion of Herod Atticus, built during the Roman period, has been preserved.


Question: Where does the name Athens come from?

Ancient Athens

Stadiums.


Question: Where does the name Athens come from?

Ancient Athens

The largest stadium was the Panathenian Stadium south of the Ilissos River in the Agrai district.


Question: Where does the name Athens come from?

Ancient Athens

It was there that the sports competitions of the Panathenaia celebration were held.


Question: Where does the name Athens come from?

Ancient Athens

Boroughs Inner Kerameikos, “Potters' Quarter”, west of the city, extending north as far as Dipylon Gate.


Question: Where does the name Athens come from?

Ancient Athens

On the other side of the gate was the outer Kerameikos, which was located outside the city wall.


Question: Where does the name Athens come from?

Ancient Athens

The Agora was located in the Kerameikos district.


Question: Where does the name Athens come from?

Ancient Athens

Melite, west of town, south of inner Kerameikos.


Question: Where does the name Athens come from?

Ancient Athens

Skambonidai, in the north of the city, east of the inner Kerameikos.


Question: Where does the name Athens come from?

Ancient Athens

Kollytos, in the south of the city, south and southwest of the Acropolis.


Question: Where does the name Athens come from?

Ancient Athens

Koile, southwest of town.


Question: Where does the name Athens come from?

Ancient Athens

Limnai, east of Melite and Kollytos, between the Acropolis and the Ilissos River.


Question: Where does the name Athens come from?

Ancient Athens

Diomeia, in the east of the city, near the gate of the same name and Kynosarge.


Question: Where does the name Athens come from?

Ancient Athens

Agrai, south of Diomeia.


Question: Where does the name Athens come from?

Ancient Athens

Hills Areiopagi (Áreios págos, “Aree hill”), west of the Acropolis.


Question: Where does the name Athens come from?

Ancient Athens

The hill gave its name to the court, which held its meetings there.


Question: Where does the name Athens come from?

Ancient Athens

Hill of the Nymphs (Lofos Nymphon), southwest of Areiopag.


Question: Where does the name Athens come from?

Ancient Athens

Pnyks, a half-arc-shaped hill southwest of Areiopag.


Question: Where does the name Athens come from?

Ancient Athens

The ecklesia, or People's Assembly, met in its early stages before meetings began to be held at the theatre of Dionysus.


Question: Where does the name Athens come from?

Ancient Athens

Muses Hill (Museion, present-day Filopáppou Hill), south of Pnyks and Areiopag.


Question: Where does the name Athens come from?

Ancient Athens

Kolonos, or Kolonos Agoraios, is a hill west of the Agora.


Question: Where does the name Athens come from?

Ancient Athens

Ardettos, a hill south of the Ilissos River.


Question: Where does the name Athens come from?

Ancient Athens

The Wall and Gates The Athenian City Wall, or the so-called Themistoklee Wall, surrounds the entire city.


Question: Where does the name Athens come from?

Ancient Athens

The wall had 15 gates.


Question: Where does the name Athens come from?

Ancient Athens

[7] The most important of these were: On the west side: the Melitides Gate, which was located between Pnyks and the hill of the Nymphs and led to the demos of Melite.


Question: Where does the name Athens come from?

Ancient Athens

Piraeus Gate, which led to the road to Piraeus which ran parallel to the long walls.


Question: Where does the name Athens come from?

Ancient Athens

Hiera Pyle, or “Holy Gate”, from which began the Holy Way towards Eleus.


Question: Where does the name Athens come from?

Ancient Athens

The Dipylon Gate, led from the inner Kerameikos to the outer Kerameikos and the Academy.


Question: Where does the name Athens come from?

Ancient Athens

On the north side: the Akharnikai Gate, which led to the demos of Akharnai.


Question: Where does the name Athens come from?

Ancient Athens

On the east side: the Diokhares Gate, which led to Lykeion and Mesogaia.


Question: Where does the name Athens come from?

Ancient Athens

The Hippades Gate, or “Horsemen's Gate” north of Olympieion, from where the road to Agrylee began.


Question: Where does the name Athens come from?

Ancient Athens

The Diomeiai gate, which led to the demos of Kynosargee and Diomeia.


Question: Where does the name Athens come from?

Ancient Athens

On the south side: the Itoniai Gate south of Olympieion, where the road to Isthmonikos left.


Question: Where does the name Athens come from?

Ancient Athens

The Halade Gate, or “Gate of the Sea”, from which the road to Faleron departed.


Question: Where does the name Athens come from?

Ancient Athens

Streets to Athens' most notable streets and roads included: Tripod Street, which ran to the Acropolis on the east side.


Question: Where does the name Athens come from?

Ancient Athens

The road of the Panathenaia feast, which led from the Dipylon Gate through the Agora to the Acropolis.


Question: Where does the name Athens come from?

Ancient Athens

The processions of the Panathenaia feast passed along the road.


Question: Where does the name Athens come from?

Ancient Athens

The Piraeus road that led from the Piraeus Gate to the Agora.


Question: Where does the name Athens come from?

Ancient Athens

The holy road (Hiera hodos), which led from the Holy Gate towards Eleus.


Question: Where does the name Athens come from?

Ancient Athens

Along the road passed processions of mysteries to Eleus.


Question: Where does the name Athens come from?

Ancient Athens

Out-of-town sites outside the City Wall were located: Outer Kerameikos, northwest of the city.


Question: Where does the name Athens come from?

Ancient Athens

A cemetery was located in the area where Athenians who fell in the war were buried.


Question: Where does the name Athens come from?

Ancient Athens

The Academy (Akademeia), the grove where Plato taught, was located farther away in the same direction as the outer Kerameikos.


Question: Where does the name Athens come from?

Ancient Athens

Kynosarges, a gymnasion dedicated to Heraklee on the southeast side of the city, in the direction of the Diomeia Gate and across the Ilissos River.


Question: Where does the name Athens come from?

Ancient Athens

The place where the cynic Antisthenes taught.


Question: Where does the name Athens come from?

Ancient Athens

Lykeion, a gymnasion dedicated to Apollo Lykeios on the east side of the city.


Question: Where does the name Athens come from?

Ancient Athens

The place where Aristotle taught.


Question: Where does the name Athens come from?

Ancient Athens

Long Walls The Long Walls consisted of two walls leading to Piraeus.


Question: Where does the name Athens come from?

Ancient Athens

They were 40 stadiums, or 7 kilometres long, and ran parallel to each other so that there was a narrow access road between them.


Question: Where does the name Athens come from?

Ancient Athens

In addition, the walls included a third wall leading to Faleron, which was 35 stadia, or 6.5 kilometres long.


Question: Where does the name Athens come from?

Ancient Athens

Thus there were three walls in total, but the designation “Long Walls” is shown to have been used mostly for the walls leading to Piraeus, while the wall that led to Faleron was called the Faleron Wall.


Question: Where does the name Athens come from?

Ancient Athens

The common length of the city walls was 174.5 stadiums, or about 35 kilometres.


Question: Where does the name Athens come from?

Ancient Athens

Of this, 43 stadiums, or nine kilometres, belonged to the walls of the city proper, 75 stadiums in the long walls and 56.5 stadiums in the walls of Piraeus, Munikhia and Faleron.


Question: Where does the name Athens come from?

Ancient Athens

The population At the start of the Peloponnesian War the city numbered over 10000 houses, [8] which would mean a total population of about 120,000 if a family commune of about 12 people lived in one house.