Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

The first people began settling in the territory of present-day Lithuania around 10000—9000 BCE.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

After the end of the Vistula Ice Age.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

The main means of livelihood were hunting and fishing.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

Bows made of wood were used for hunting; tips made of flint were attached to arrows and spears.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

With the help of flint, for example, knives, hooks, needles were worked from the bone.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

High river bumps or lakebanks from good flint occurrence areas were happy to be chosen as the camp site.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

[5] Kernavė, north-west of Vilnius, has been inhabited since about 12,000 years ago, according to archaeological studies.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

[6] [7] According to archaeologist Marija Gimbutas, people arrived from two different directions: the Jutland peninsula and present-day Poland.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

People who came from two different directions brought with them two different cultures, which were evident in the variety of tools.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

8000 BC.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

the climate warmed, causing the forests to begin to grow more intensively.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

Around the middle of the 4th millennium BCE.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

area hunters learn how to make earthenware.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

The dog was the only domestic animal and was used as an aid in hunting.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

New sources of food for humans became berries, mushrooms, nuts and fruits, and honey from a wild bee.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

The settlement became more permanent; the same places could remain for several years or even centuries.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

[5] Houses were built for housing.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

Hunters wore decorations made from the teeth or amber of wild beasts and other animals in their clothing.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

Human or animal figures made of amber became more common.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

[5] In the late third millennium BCE.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

Finno-Ugric tribes who had moved towards the west, by hunting and fishing, also arrived on the territory of present-day Lithuania.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

Of these, some continued further afield.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

Linguists assume that some river and lake names such as Jara, Kidė, Kivė, Ruja, Piladis and Tilka that have survived to the present day originate from these tribes.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

Over time, the low-figure newcomers who remained in the area merged with the rest of the population.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

[LT-history 1] However, tools suitable for farming did not arrive until 3000 BCE.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

At that time, handicrafts and trade also began to develop.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

ProtoIndo-Europeans arrived in Lithuanian territory around 2500 BCE.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

and the Baltic language group formed in 2000 BCE.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

Baltic tribes Lithuanians were originally one of the Baltic tribes, which also included, for example, Latvians and Prussians.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

The Baltic tribes were never under the rule of the Roman Empire, instead there were good trade relations on both sides (amber trade among them).


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

Among the peoples of the Baltic tribe today, Lithuanians and Latvians still exist.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

The first mention of Lithuania (Litua) dates from 1009 in the chronicles of Quedlinburg Abbey.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

With the birth of the kingdom in the 10th century, Lithuanian territories paid tax to Kievan Russia.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

In the 12th century, Lithuanians were looting neighbouring territories.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

The looting and military action set off a power struggle among Lithuanians, which is seen as the starting shot for the genesis of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

The time of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania in the early 13th century two Teutonic Knights, the Teutonic Order and the Kalpar Order conquered the territories of present-day Latvia and Estonia and parts of present-day Lithuania.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

In response to this, the Baltic tribes united under the leadership of Mindaugas and defeated the Livonians at Šiauliai at the Battle of Saule in 1236.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

In 1250, Mindaugas signed a treaty with the Teutonic Order and was baptized by the Bishop of Chełmno in 1251.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

On July 6, 1253, Mindaugas was crowned King of Lithuania and the Kingdom of Lithuania was declared established.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

However, Mindaugas's nephew Treniota murdered his uncle, causing unrest and the return of the people to paganism.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

In 1316, Gediminas, with the support of the Germans, began rebuilding the country.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

He, with his brother Vytenis, reunited the Lithuanians into one nation.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

Gediminas expanded Lithuania in the east, challenging in this way the Mongols who invaded Kiev Russia.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

Through coalitions and conquests, the Lithuanians expanded their power over Ruthenia territory.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

That region encompassed much of present-day Belarus and Ukraine.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

The power of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania was at its greatest: power stretched from the Baltic Sea all the way to the Black Sea.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

After Gediminas was killed, power was inherited by his son Algirdas.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

Algirdas abolished the monasteries, while his son and successor Jogaila made secret treaties with the Teutonic Order.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

He was taken prisoner by Jogaila's uncle, Kęstutis, and as a result civil war broke out.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

Kęstutis was eventually caught and executed, but his son Vytautas got away.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

With the arrival of Christianity in the western parts of the Grand Principality, the Polish ruler Jadwiga, at the urging of the Poles, went to marry Jogaila.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

The couple married three days after the baptism taken by Jogaila.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

With the marriage, Poland and Lithuania became strong allies among themselves against the incessant threat of the German Empire and the Principality of Moscow.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

On February 2, 1386, the Polish parliament Sejm accepted Jogaila as King of Poland.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

Catholic Christianity spread even more with the Union of Poland.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

Magdeburg city rights were given to numerous Lithuanian cities, including Vilnius, which became the capital of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania in 1322.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

Lithuania inherited the ancient cultural heritage some 1,000 years later than the rest of Europe and did not undergo the Christian culturing process typical of the rest of Europe.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

European culture initially touched only a small part of the people, mainly the supremest nobility.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

It spread extremely slowly among the peasant class, which continued to uphold their old pagan traditions long after official Christianisation.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

Especially in Zemaitija, old forms of worship and customs remained vibrant among the nobility.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

Archaeologists have found pagan places of worship in use in the area up to the 19th century.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

[8] Renaissance in the 16th century many educated Lithuanians went to study abroad.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

In the past, pagan Lithuanians were not admitted to European universities.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

Prague University was among the most popular, as was Kraków, where around thirty Lithuanians were admitted to study between 1410 and 1430.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

Lithuanian students were also enough to attend other universities such as Paris, Bologna, Padovia, Leipzig and Wittenberg.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

The vast majority of Lithuanians graduating from universities in the 15th century returned to their birthland after graduation to work as diplomats, priests or other actors in state life, now equipped with an aimo dose of pan-European know-how and understanding of the currents of the time.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

[8] Under the influence of this, an active cultural life prevailed in the country.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

At the same time, Italian architecture was introduced in Lithuanian cities and the main language of literature was Latin.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

The Renaissance got under way in Lithuania at the initiative of both native and humanists from elsewhere.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

Latin poetry was quickly making its way.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

Joannes Vislicensis (1485—1520) wrote the poem Bellum Prutenum (“Prussian War”) describing the Battle of Grünwald.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

Johannes Hussovianus (1480—1533) described the hunting of European bison in Kraków in his poem published in 1523, describing the nature and inhabitants of historic Lithuania.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

Enthusiastic about hunting, Pope Leo X expressed his personal appreciation for Hussovianus.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

Wenceslaus Mikolaiewicz (1490—1560), the long-time secretary of the Grand Prince's Office, in turn wrote a tractate De moribus tartarorum, lituanorum et moscorum (“On the customs of the Tatars, Lithuanians and Muscovites”) in which he regrets the weakening of Lithuanian influence and blames it selfish interest of nobles and churchmen.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

Most Lithuanian-born authors seem to admire the time of Vytautas the Great, when the nobility served the country selflessly.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

Several poems and other texts show the wistfulness and longing of the past at a time before personal union.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

Similar to several other states of the Renaissance period, a form of glorification of Romanism and antiquity was also noticeable in Lithuania, as Michalo Litanus, among others, attests in his chronicle: “ruthene is a foreign language to us Lithuanians, i.e.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

to Italians, of Italian blood in origin”.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

[8] Polish-Lithuania (1569—1795) After Lithuania and Poland entered into the Union of Lublin, the Polish-Lithuanian confederation emerged.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

With the advent of confederation, Polish culture began to strongly influence Lithuanian culture and was a major contributor for over 140 years.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

Among other things, the Polish language began to become more common among Lithuanian nobility and clergy.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

In 1696, the Polish language became the only official language, replacing the Lithuanian and Ruthenian languages.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

Although Lithuania and Poland were in confederation, both retained their own armies and financial possessions.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

On May 3, 1791, an attempt was made in the Sejm to draft a new constitution in which Lithuanian-Polish cooperation would have intensified further.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

However, the project and the entire confederation fell in the partitions of Poland, after which Lithuania was annexed as part of the Russian Empire.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

Period of Russian Empire (1795—1914) As part of Russia After Poland-Lithuania broke up, the Russian Empire began to dominate Lithuanian territories.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

Among other things, Vilnius and its surrounding areas were made Vilnius Governorate.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

The majority of the territory of Vilnius Governorate belongs to the territory of present-day Belar


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

The northern parts of modern Lithuania were included in Kaunas Governorate.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

The area south of Kaunas formed the northern part of Suwałki Governorate.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

In the early 19th century, there were indications that Lithuanians could have been given autonomy, but that reform never materialized.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

The western coastal region of the country belonged to East Prussia.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

Napoleon's invasion One of the reasons for freezing Russian autonomy reform may be the year 1812, when Lithuanians enthusiastically welcomed the French emperor Napoleon's army as liberators.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

After the French army withdrew, Emperor Nicholas I of Russia began a program of Russification in Lithuanian territory.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

The southwestern part of Lithuania was annexed by Prussia and was part of the short-lived Duchy of Warsaw and later Kingdom of Poland.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

In the same year, other parts of Lithuania were annexed as a single province by the Russian Empire.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

Revolts Lithuanians and Poles rebelled twice, in 1831 and 1863.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

However, both rebellions failed.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

In 1864, the teaching of the Lithuanian language and the Latin alphabet was banned in schools.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

In protest, Lithuanians printed books and writings in their own language secretly and abroad.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

The book smugglers were referred to as knygnešiai.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

With the national awakening of Lithuanians towards the end of Russian rule, the Lithuanian language began to gain strength: language research began and the first Lithuanian encyclopedia was published.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

The Russian government also opened the Academy of Sciences in the country and the Cultural Institute.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

Since Polish was the native language of the Lithuanian nobility, Lithuanian spoken by the peasants was not much appreciated.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

There were even theories that the whole language would die out with the increasing use of the Russian language and Polish language among the people.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

The national awakening of the Lithuanian language began among the poor population, from which later spread even among the wealthy.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

With the national awakening, Lithuanian-language newspapers Aušra and Varpas began to be published, and Lithuanian literature began to become widespread.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

Many literary books of that time praised the time of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, the power of the nation, and made historical Lithuanian figures heroes.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

The national awakening also gave rise to the movement that pushed for Lithuania's independence and numerous other anti-Russian organizations.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

To this, Russia responded with a harsher policy of Russification.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

The nationalist movement continued to grow.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

In connection with the Russian Revolution of 1905, the Lithuanian Congress demanded autonomy from the Russian leadership.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

Influenced by the uprising, Russia made numerous reforms: the Lithuanian language was allowed as the language of instruction and colloquial language.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

In addition, the Latin alphabet was reintroduced.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

However, autonomy was not accepted.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

[9] During World War I, in 1915, Germany conquered Lithuania and the Curonia.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

Republic of Lithuania (1918—1940) Declaration of Independence after German occupation of Lithuania and the Curonia in World War I, annexed the territories to the occupation regime of Ober Ost.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

[10] The February Revolution in Russia of 1917 created an opportunity for Lithuanians who wanted independence.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

On 26 March, Lithuanian political parties established the National Council taryba, with the help of which a meeting of representatives seimas was organized.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

On 16 February 1918, Taryba members signed the Declaration of Independence declaring Lithuania independence.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

[11] Originally, the country was to be a Kingdom, whose king would have been the German Count Wilhelm of Württemberg (so-called. Mindaugas II).


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

However, he never ascended the throne, and after Germany lost the war, Lithuania became a republic.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

After the declaration of independence and Germany's defeat, Lithuania quickly established the country's first government, led by Augustinas Voldemaras.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

The government adopted a provisional constitution and began construction of the state.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

As Germany retreated, it was followed by the Red Army, thus establishing the puppet state of the Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republic.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

In late December 1918, the Red Army crossed Lithuania's borders, thus breaking out the Lithuanian—Soviet—Russian War.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

The Lithuanian government was evacuated to the temporary capital Kaunas.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

Lithuania was not prepared for invasion, so the Red Army quickly gained control of more than half of the country's surface, including Vilnius on 5 January 1919.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

In April, Poland launched the Polish—Lithuanian War against Lithuania with the intention of capturing the Vilnius region, wherever it succeeded.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

The Vilnius Oblast was officially annexed to Poland in 1922.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

In May 1919, the Lithuanian army under General Silvestras Žukauskas began a counterattack against the Red Army in the north-east of the country.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

By the end of August, Russian troops had been driven out of the country.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

After their victory over Soviet-Russia, the Lithuanians were confronted by the paramilitary West Russian Volunteer Army, which penetrated the northern part of the country.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

The army's objective was to re-annex Lithuania into the German sphere of influence.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

Lithuania was able to drive the army out of the country by the end of 1919.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

Dispute with Poland The first Lithuanian Constituent Assembly was held in May 1920.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

In June, a third provisional constitution was adopted and a Lithuanian—Soviet-Russian peace was concluded in July.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

In the treaty, Soviet-Russia recognised Lithuania's independence and its claims to Vilnius that joined Poland.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

The treaty increased hostilities between Lithuania and Poland.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

In order to avoid more fighting, the Suwałki Agreement was signed in October, deciding, among other things, a ceasefire.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

However, even before the treaty took effect, Polish general Lucjan Żeligowski started a rebellion, invading Lithuania and conquering Vilnius.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

In the territory he conquered, he founded the short-lived Republic of Central Lithuania.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

The League of Nations attempted to convey peace to the parties to the dispute, including by introducing plans for a Polish-Lithuanian union.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

Lithuania, however, severed diplomatic relations with Poland and refused to acknowledge the loss of Vilnius.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

The dispute strongly influenced Lithuanian foreign policy during the interwar period.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

The Constituent Assembly, which ended in October 1920 due to threats from Poland, reconvened and initiated a number of reforms needed by the new state, including: receiving confessions of independence from other countries, membership in the League of Nations, law on land reform, and introduction of its own currency.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

The final constitution was confirmed in August 1922.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

With the constitution, Lithuania became a democratic state, with the parliament, or Seimas, elected every three years by popular vote.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

The president was elected by a vote of Parliament.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

The first Seimas was voted in October 1922.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

However, it fell when the formation of a government failed.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

In 1923, Lithuania conquered Memel, which was part of the Mandate Administrative Region of Memel, namely the present-day Klaipėda region.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

The area was annexed as part of Lithuania in 1924.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

Klaipėda was important to Lithuania in every way: with its help the country got the coast to the Baltic Sea and it was an important industrial centre.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

The takeover of Memel was the last Lithuanian armed conflict before World War II.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

The new Seimas was voted in May 1923.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

It became the only interwar parliament to remain standing throughout its legislature.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

The new parliament pursued land reform and began, among other things, repayment of foreign debts.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

In addition, reforms were made to the school system.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

A census was also conducted in the same year: Lithuania had 2028971 inhabitants.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

Political hand-wringing the Third Seimas was voted in May 1926.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

For the first time, the Lithuanian Christian Democrats (krikdemai) lost their seat of government and found themselves in opposition.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

It had previously strongly criticised the Lithuanian-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact between Lithuania and the Soviet Union and accused Lithuanian policies of being Bolshevist.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

As an outcome of the ensuing tensions, the government was overthrown by a coup in December 1926.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

Behind the coup, in addition to the military, was the Lithuanian Nationalist Union Party and the Christian Democrats.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

President Kazys Grinius was taken out of power and replaced by Antanas Smetona, who had previously been President.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

Augustinas Voldemaras became prime minister.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

[12] President Smetona prevented opposition activity and served as authoritarian leader until June 1940.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

The Seimas view on the coup was that it was only a temporary measure and new elections would be held to restore democracy.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

The Seimas was dissolved in May 1927.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

Later that year, however, the Social Democrats and other representatives of left-wing parties attempted to organise an uprising against President Smetona in it without success.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

Prime Minister Voldemaras began pushing a policy that diverged from the Smetona line, causing him to be dismissed in 1929.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

However, he tried four more times to return to power in the early 1930s.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

In May 1928, without the opinion of the Seimas, Smetona drafted a new constitution.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

In the new constitution, presidential prerogatives were greatly increased.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

The party National Alliance, led by Smetona, increased its popularity and influence.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

Smetona gave himself the title tautos vadas (Finnish leader of the nation) and began to create a cult of personhood for himself.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

Relations between Lithuania and Germany cooled with the rise of the National Socialist Party led by Adolf Hitler to power, as the new Nazi Germany did not accept the loss of Memel territory to Lithuania.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

The Nazis, among other things, supported anti-Lithuanian organizations in the region.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

In 1934, Lithuania prosecuted and sentenced to imprisonment numerous Germans involved in such activities.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

In response to this, Germany declared Lithuania under economic blockade.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

After the declaration, Lithuania shifted its exports to Great Britain.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

However, this did not suit the peasants, who were striking and rebelling.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

The revolts were bloody suppressed by the authorities.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

Smetona's prestige had experienced a clatter and in September 1936 he agreed to hold parliamentary elections, the first since the 1926 coup d'état.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

With the exception of the National Alliance, all other parties were banned from participating in elections.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

In February 1938, with the new constitution, Smetona gained even more power.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

After Germany carried out the Anschluss in Austria, political tensions in various countries escalated.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

In March 1938, Poland issued an ultimatum to Lithuania demanding that diplomatic relations be established under threat of war.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

Militarily weak and without international support, Lithuania was forced to accept the demand.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

Lithuanian-Polish relations became normal on the face.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

Countries entered into agreements such as rail, mail exchange and other agreements.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

Following the German occupation of Czechoslovakia, German Foreign Minister Joachim von Ribbentrop issued a verbal ultimatum to Lithuania demanding Lithuania cede the Klaipėda region to Germany.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

Like Poland's claim, Lithuania had no choice but to acquiesce.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

Political mayhem ensued in Lithuania, leaving Smetona forced to form a new government.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

Members of the opposition party were accepted into the cabinet since 1926.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

The loss of Klaipėda was an economic setback for Lithuania and it fell into the German sphere of influence.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

World War II (1939—1945) First Soviet occupation In August 1939, in the secret division of the Molotov—Ribbentrop Pact drafted by Germany and the Soviet Union, Lithuania was initially part of the German interest, but in the supplementary treaty of 28 September 1939 it was exchanged The Soviet sphere of interest.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

Like the other Baltic states and Finland, the Soviet Union began demanding permission from Lithuania to build military bases on the territory of the country.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

After the Polish Offensive partition of Poland, the Soviet Union ceded to Lithuania the Vilnius region on condition that the country accepted the entry of 20,000 Red Army soldiers into the country.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

With the end of the Winter War in Finland and Germany's wars with Denmark, Norway and France, the Soviet Union increased diplomatic pressure against Lithuania.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

In June 1940, it issued an ultimatum to Lithuania demanding the formation of a government sympathetic to the Soviet Union and authorising the Red Army to bring unlimited troops into the country.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

Vyacheslav Molotov, the Soviet foreign minister, hardened his ultimatum by saying to the Lithuanian foreign minister who arrived in Moscow: “You must be such a realist to understand that the era of small states is over.” [13] Lithuania, whose territory was already rich Soviet soldiers, had to bend to the demand.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

President Antanas Smetona fled the country after 15 Soviet divisions (150,000 soldiers) crossed the country's border on 15 June 1940.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

On that date, Lithuania is considered to have lost its independence.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

Augustinas Voldemaras attempted a return to power, but was captured and transported to the Soviet Union, where his fate was long shrouded in obscurity.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

It was not until decades later that it was discovered that he perished in captivity in 1942.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

[14] Lithuania's annexation to the Soviet Union came to be led by Deputy Foreign Minister Vladimir Dekanosov, who also held an official position in Moscow as head of the foreign department of the Security Service NKGB.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

[15] Dekanosov formed a puppet government known as the so-called People's Government, which acted entirely in accordance with the will of the Soviet leadership.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

Justas Paleckis became the new president of Lithuania after Smetona fled the country.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

The Parliament of the Seimas was dissolved and replaced by the People's Seimas.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

The first election for the new Parliament was held in July 1940.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

Candidates included only communists.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

Official results put the turnout at more than 90.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

On July 21, Parliament unanimously approved the transformation of the country into a Soviet Socialist Republic and the decision to apply for membership as part of the Soviet Union.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

On August 3, the Soviet Union approved the application, thus becoming Lithuania the Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republic.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

Immediately after the accession to the Soviet Union, reforms began in Lithuania: lands, companies and banks were nationalized, large farms were distributed to small farmers.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

The size of the large estate was set at 30 hectares and even smaller holdings received penal taxes.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

Properties were nationalised and “burghers” forced to move out of their homes.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

This made room for Soviet officers who arrived from other parts of the Soviet Union.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

Small business owners were also subject to a tax, which was impossible to cope with.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

[16] The use of Lit was abolished.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

The exchange rate for the Soviet ruble was unfavorable for Lithuanians.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

On one liit received 0.90 rubles, while with the correct exchange ratio it would have been 5 rubles.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

Banks were nationalised and bank accounts were frozen.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

No one was allowed to remain in possession of more than a savings of 1,000 rubles.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

[16] The reforms brought many problems: with collectivization, agricultural taxes rose, leaving numerous farmers bankrupt, the nationalization of companies and banks caused a shortage of goods and, as a result, a collapse in living standards ensued.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

All religious, cultural and political organizations were banned.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

The only organizations accepted were the Communist Party of Lithuania and the Pioneer Movement.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

12000 “people's enemies” were arrested.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

In the June deportations, authorities deported 17,000 people, many of whom died in inhumane conditions.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

Alexandras Guzevičius, the Lithuanian SNT's Commissioner for Internal Affairs, signed a document listing 14 groups of people who came to be deported.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

The group included members of anti-Soviet (both left and right) parties, anti-state officials, churchmen, Red Cross officers, and anyone with personal connections abroad, such as philatelists.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

The first expulsions were enforced from 14—18.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

on June 1941.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

Men were taken to forced labour camps, women and children were taken to places of deportation.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

Later, Antanas Sniečkus, secretary-general of the Communist Party of Lithuania, regretted that the German invasion in the summer of 1941 prevented sufficiently effective deportations.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

[17] The Nazi occupation of 22 June 1941 Germany invaded the Soviet Union.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

The Germans experienced little resistance in Lithuanian territory and quickly occupied it completely.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

In their retreat, Soviet troops massacred Lithuanian political prisoners.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

The bloodiest of these is considered to be the Rainiai massacre.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

The majority of Lithuanians viewed the Germans as liberators and believed these would restore autonomy or independence to the country.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

The Lithuanian National Front organized an uprising in June 1941, when the country also declared independence and the prime minister of the established provisional government became Juozas Ambrazevičius.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

The provisional government was dissolved on 7 August, when Germany established the Reich Commissariat of Ostland to govern the Baltic region.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

Hinrich Lohse served as the Privy Commissioner.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

The “Lithuanian Activist Front” (LAF), founded in 1940, sent a memorandum to Adolf Hitler in which they appealed to the Germans for recognition of Lithuania's national aspirations and restore state life.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

The answer was surly: the movement was banned and the leaders were taken to concentration camps in Germany.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

A party of Lithuanian Fascists, the Nationalist Party (LNP), was also banned, and that leadership was imprisoned.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

[18] Numerous Lithuanians cooperated remarkably with German forces.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

The Lithuanian National Front formed the Volunteer Police Officer Tautinio Darbo Apsaugos Batalionas (TDA), who participated in numerous Holocaust-related Holocaust-related Holocaust-related Holocaust-related killings.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

Another participant in Nazi-led blood acts was the Lithuanian Protection Police (Saugumo policija) in Vilnius.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

In addition to the Holocaust, the Germans rounded up Lithuanians for forced labor and forced young men to become soldiers.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

What followed was a resistance movement known as the Lithuanian Liberation Committee, founded in 1943.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

Towards the end of the war, the Lithuanian Territorial Defence Force (LTDF), under German military command, was established to defend Lithuania from approaching Soviet forces.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

However, the organisation was disbanded in May 1944 as the Germans attempted to take it under tighter command.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

At no point did the Lithuanians make armed resistance against the Germans.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

It was done by Soviet partisans consisting of Russians, Belarusians and Jews.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

Partisans committed numerous atrocities (among them the Kaniūkai massacre) and the destruction of entire villages and towns.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

The Polish Resistance Armia Krajowa (AK) was also active in eastern Lithuania, with the aim of re-annexing Vilnius to Poland.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

In addition to German forces, the movement fought against Lithuanian police forces, regional defense forces and Soviet partisans.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

Holocaust in Lithuania Before the Holocaust, an estimated 210,000 or 250,000 Jews lived in Lithuania.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

[19] [20] The Holocaust in Lithuania can be divided into three distinct phases: mass executions (June — December 1941), ghetto period (1942 — March 1943), and final “purification” (April 1943 — July 1944).


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

Unlike other German-occupied territories, where executions were gradually started, the Einsatzgruppen began the executions of Jews in Lithuania right in the first days of the war.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

The Ponary massacre was one of the bloodiest cases of Jewish persecution carried out in Lithuanian territory.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

An estimated 80% of Lithuanian Jews had been killed before 1942.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

[21] The surviving 43,000 Jews were concentrated in ghettos and forced into forced labor.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

On June 21, 1943, Heinrich Himmler ordered Lithuanian Jews to be transferred to concentration camps.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

[22] The genocide of Jews in Lithuania was definitively 95% to 97%, which was one of the highest in Europe.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

This was due, with few exceptions, to the close cooperation of the Lithuanians with the Germans.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

Among Lithuanians, Jews were generally regarded as culpable for the suffering of the Soviet-era, as numerous Jews had served as communists.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

However, some Lithuanians also saved their own lives at the risk of Jews from concentration camps.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

The best known of them are the former President Kazys Grinius, who along with some other politicians protested against the killing of Jews, and the Vilniese priest Alfonsas Lipniûnas, who was imprisoned and killed in the Stutthof concentration camp after defending Jews in both words and by deed.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

[23] [24] Return of Soviet forces: Second Soviet occupation In the summer of 1944, the Red Army crossed the borders of eastern Lithuania at the same time as the Polish resistance had conquered Vilnius in Operation Ostra Brama.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

In January 1945, the Soviet Union conquered Klaipėda.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

Lithuania was re-occupied by the Soviets with the tacit consent of the United States and Great Britain (Yalta Conference and Potsdam Treaty).


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

Lithuania re-became a Soviet Socialist Republic.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

Time of the Soviet Republic (1944—1990) Stalin's persecutions and resistance against the Soviet Union, to the disappointment of several Lithuanians, Soviet power returned to the country in August—September 1944.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

Lithuania had been entrusted with American and British reassurances and declarations on the rights of small peoples to freedom.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

In an effort to restore the freedom of their country, Lithuanians founded a resistance movement (the so-called Forest Brethren) that fought against the Soviet system.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

In 1944, 30,000 partisans fought in the forests of Lithuania against Soviet forces.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

What remains in popular memory is the Battle of the Kalniškés Forest from May 1945, when 400 NKVD men were massacred by Lithuanian partisans.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

Particular gallantry in combat was shown by two female partisans.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

The partisans were declared “people's enemies” and the NKVD massacred unexpectedly suspects and burned houses and villages to the ground.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

Lithuanian communists established “extermination battalions” to aid the NKVD in 1944.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

The following year, the name was changed to “People's Protectors”, but the former name remained in the minds of citizens.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

[25] One of the most famous of those involved in the action was Nachmanas Dušanskis, a Jewish major of the Soviet security police, who tortured partisans.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

[26] Reportedly, the last Lithuanian partisan to fight against the Soviet Union was killed in a firefight in 1965.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

The NKVD settled in the old district court house in Vilnius and began the persecution of anti-Soviet individuals.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

From September 1944 to April 1947, a total of 767 persons were executed in the building.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

Between 1944 and 1953, a total of 186,000 persons were imprisoned in Lithuania, 80000 of whom were taken to prison camps.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

In addition, 8000 who were in conjunction with the National Socialists during the occupation period were imprisoned.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

[27] Civil administration was also started to be built.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

The Lithuanian Special Office was established in the Russian Communist Party, with Mikhail Suslov appointed as its head.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

Suslov was the true leader of Lithuania until 1946 and was tasked with overseeing the Supreme Council of the Lithuanian SNT led by Mečislovas Gedvilas.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

The administration and civil service were largely in the hands of the Russians.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

In 1947 alone, 12,300 officers arrived in the country from other parts of the Soviet Union.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

[28] It was decided to start the forced collectivation of agriculture in Lithuania in 1948.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

The decision had been taken at the NKP Central Committee a year earlier and approved by the Lithuanian SNT Council of Ministers.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

The goal was to be achieved through financial extortion and mass deportations, among other things.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

Farmers' taxes were raised and in 1948 they took 75% of the income.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

In addition, the proportion of the crop sold at dumped prices to the state was increased.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

[29] By 1954, 94% of peasants had been able to join the collectives.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

The goal had been achieved by defeating partisans, expulsions, terror and economic blackmail.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

In its propaganda, the Soviet power presented the collectivation of agriculture as a great victory and achievement.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

Agricultural output, however, was down.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

When the 1939 census of milk cattle numbered 848000 animals, the result of the 1951 census was 504000 animals and in 1957 a total of 531000 animals.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

[29] In difficult times, Lithuanians turned to the church.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

The administration attacked the church by closing priestly seminaries, denying priests religious instruction and hospital soup care, and imposing taxes so palpable on parishes that no funds remained for priests' remuneration.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

No Catholic literature was allowed to be published until 1956.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

Churchmen were instructed in their sermons to denounce the partisans.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

[30] The Church was also instructed to break its relationship with the Vatican and act as a government agency.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

Bishop Kazimieris Paltarokis was pressured to reject the pope and to introduce Marxism-Leninism into the curriculum of priestly seminaries, to which he did not agree.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

Many other representatives of the clergy also felt tough.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

Vincentas Borisevičius, Bishop of Telšiai, was slain in Vilnius's MKGB prison and Archbishop Mečislovas Reinys was imprisoned in the summer of 1947.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

After six months of interrogations, he received an eight-year sentence and died in Vladimir Prison [30] Protective Weather Josif Stalin died in March 1953.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

Gradually, a period called “protective weather” began.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

It was visible, among other things, as the return of the deportees.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

During 1955—1956, 17000 deportees returned to Lithuania.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

The Lithuanian SNT administration enacted laws restricting their right to choose their place of residence.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

In the Kremlin's internal power struggle, Lavrenti Berija sought support for himself from the Soviet republics by presenting the strengthening of the status of the indigenous population at the expense of the Russians.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

The resolution was passed in May 1953.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

Although Berija lost the struggle, a resolution remained.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

In Lithuania, this was reflected in the fact that 3,000 of the officers from elsewhere in the Soviet Union were recalled.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

The Communist Party also began to Lithuanize itself through the 1950s.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

Sixty percent of LKP members were Lithuanians in 1964.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

The party's new Lithuanian membership took a more pragmatic view of communism than its old, experienced membership of the party's underground period, whose attitude towards Lithuanian society had been hostile.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

[31] In 1956, Nikita Khrushchev condemned the crimes of the Stalin period and put forward the implementation of “socialist legality”.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

The status of national republics was strengthened when the Ministry of Justice of the Soviet Union was abolished and each Soviet republic established its own.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

Own legislation became possible, albeit within strict limits.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

[31] In economic policy, decision-making powers were transferred to the regional level.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

Lithuania was a member of the Western Economic Council, with its centre in Riga.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

Republics also gained decision-making power of their own.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

Lithuania had to meet production targets set by Moscow, but it was allowed to decide for itself how to achieve them.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

The country's old food, furniture and textile industries were expanded.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

Wholly new was the chemical industry.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

Environmental problems originated in the 1950s.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

In agriculture, a preference was taken to favour more sophisticated sovhoos over collective farms.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

The Sovhooses paid better wages than the Kolkhooses.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

Producer prices were increased and taxes on private farms were relaxed.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

In 1959, private columns comprised 5.8% of Lithuania's agriculture, but they produced 80% of the country's fruit and 72.4% of the potato.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

By the mid-1960s, production rates for the pre-war period had been reached.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

[32] Shelter weather also extended to cultural life.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

The peculiarities of the national culture received a certain recognition.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

In Lithuania, national level science and art awards were created.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

Some writers who remained silent after the war regrouped to publish their texts and put the proclaimed National Artist M.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

The works taken to the warehouse of K. Čiurlionis went back on display again in museums.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

The Hungarian uprising in 1956 raised hopes in Lithuania as well.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

Students held a candlelight demonstration in Vilnius and Kaunas by gathering at the graves of national markers.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

Lithuania's communist leadership undertook its own purges and in 1957—1958 several cultural figures were dismissed from their posts “for lack of ideological vigilance”.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

[33] A new generation emerged in literature, breaking the canon of socialist realism.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

Mykolas Slukis dared to portray the partisans who fought against the Soviet regime in his novel Stairs to Heaven as human beings.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

Fine art, too, broke boundaries by abandoning socialist realism and experimenting again with stained glass windows, which had been banned because of their ecclesiastical resemblances.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

However, the atmosphere began to intensify again in the 1960s.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

[34] A period of stagnation The first signs of a tightening atmosphere were received as early as the early 1960s, when a new campaign was launched which emphasised the commonality of Soviet peoples against national peculiarities.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

Leonid Brežnev rose to become Secretary-General in 1964.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

He initiated in the Soviet Union a return to economic centralization.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

At the same time, the policy of Russification of the Baltic States began.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

Moscow decreed in the 1970s that doctoral dissertations must be written exclusively in Russian.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

In addition, a bilingualism program was started, by which, already in elementary schools, instruction was given in both Lithuanian and Russian.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

In addition, television reduced the number of Lithuanian-language programs.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

[35] The educated population began to adapt to the system and the proportion of Lithuanians in the party membership began to rise.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

Approximately 20% of the members held any higher degree in 1975.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

The reason for joining the party was that membership could further one's career in the power structure or create professional careers.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

This led to a situation where Soviet communism was publicly praised and privately, among the trusted, there was a hard-handed criticism of the system.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

There were also idealists who believed that the position of the workers needed further improvement and that the party can be reformed from the inside out while promoting the Lithuanian cause.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

No policy was made in Lithuania, but followed the instructions given by Moscow.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

[36] The longtime local leader Antanas Sniečku was succeeded in 1974 by Petras Griškevičius.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

Griškevičius was a long-line communist and had in his youth served in the Lithuanian 16th Division of the Soviet Army.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

He implemented a policy of Russification and until the end was loyal to Brezhnev.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

During his time, the Russians had a clear overrepresentation in the Lithuanian administration and it is remarkable that it was only in 1988 that Lithuanian was spoken at the meetings of the party's Central Committee.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

In the 1970s, an average of 7,000 persons migrated annually from the rest of the Soviet Union to Lithuania, compared with an average of 4,300 in the 1960s.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

[37] Although an apolitical consumerist society began to emerge in Lithuania in the 1970s, there was also resistance to the system beneath the surface.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

The growing economic difficulties of the Soviet Union from the 1970s onward slowed the emergence of a consumer society.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

At the centre of civil rights activities were persecuted Catholic priests who were supported by colossal houseboys and laborers.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

In 1968, a law was declared in the Soviet Union stating that citizens have the right to submit petitions to the authorities.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

Lithuanian Catholics launched a petition to open priestly seminaries.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

In 1979, a petition was made to restore the new church in Klaipėda to believers.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

The petition was signed by a total of 148,149 citizens.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

In 1972, an underground, chronicle of the Lithuanian Catholic Church began to appear, spread to readers with copies made on a typewriter.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

It dealt with religious freedom and civil rights issues.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

Its makers kept in touch with Moscow dissidents such as Andrei Sakharov.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

[38] There was a movement in Lithuanian youth at the turn of the 1960s and 1970s.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

To protest against the occupation, 19-year-old Romas Kalanta committed an incineration killing in Kaunas.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

Kalanta's funeral became a protest of youth against the system.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

3,000 young people sang the banned national anthem, carried the banned flag and knocked over miile cars.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

The protests lasted several days and only ceased when 7,000 militiamen quelled the riot.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

Only 500 young people were arrested and most were released as soon as their hair was cut neater.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

[39] In the struggle for the minds of Lithuanians, the Soviet power took a variety of actions.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

Secular replacements were developed for ecclesiastical festivities in the 1960s and 1970s.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

In place of Easter, the feast of spring was taken and the marriage was initiated in the glorious marriage palaces.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

The pilgrimage to the place of appearance of the Virgin Mary in Šiluva was hampered year after year by roadblocks, among other things, and in 1979 the locality was quarantined there due to an alleged “rampaging pestilence”.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

The country's traditional woodcarving art was taken to serve the dominant ideology.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

Memorials to the Great Patriotic War of 1941—1945 were commissioned from the People's Artists.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

Folk dance groups with state support were also established and Lithuanian communist veteran V. Kapsuskas-Mickevičius was elevated to hero status.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

The priestly poet Kristijonas Donelaitis, who lived in the 18th century, was praised and regarded as an early pre-fighter of quasi-socialist realism.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

[40] On a per-capita basis, Lithuania appeared with the highest number of dissident samizdat publications and the largest number of demonstrations and mass events occurred throughout the Soviet Union.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

Between 1965 and 1978, 10.3% of demonstrations took place in Lithuania, although only 1.3% of the Soviet population Lithuanians comprised Lithuanians.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

Of the prisoners of conscience in the 1970s—1980s, 150 were Lithuanians.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

Between 1968 and 1970, 103 lives were sentenced in court for anti-Soviet sentiment and the KGB handled the cases of 375 people under its administration.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

[41] Perestroika and the Rebirth of the Republic In 1988, all political, economic and cultural activities were under the control of the Communist Party of Lithuania.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

Lithuanians, Latvians and Estonians were more opposed to the Soviet system than other Soviet peoples and supported Mikhail Gorbachev's reform policies (glasnost and perestroika).


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

Ronald Reagan visited the Soviet Union in May in 1988.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

He also got to meet dissidents, and among those met were also Lithuanians Nijole Sadunaitè and Antanas Terleckas.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

The Lithuanian party newspaper strongly condemned the meeting, but the verdict of the party newspaper brought the issue to the attention of the general public.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

It also raised the esteem of dissidents among the people.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

[42] Shortly after the meeting, the public activities of the Lithuanian Freedom Union began.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

In July of the same year, the union submitted that its leadership included Sadunaitè and Terlecas.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

The Federation set its goal of raising the national consciousness of Lithuanians and the goal of restoring Lithuanian independence.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

The union did not exist as a mass movement, but in the years to come it played an important part in organizing protests.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

As early as 1988, it introduced into public debate the crimes of the Stalinism period, such as expulsions from the country.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

[42] Under the leadership of Lithuanian intellectuals, the reform movement Sąjūdis.Two important issues preceded the emergence of the New People's Movement.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

A Popular Front (Eesti Rahvarinne) had already been established in Estonia, but Lithuanian media reported nothing on the matter.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

In May 1988, two Estonian researchers visited the Lithuanian Academy of Sciences and reported what happened, which inspired the Lithuanian intellectuals by their example to do the same.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

Another factor was the secretive proceedings of Lithuanian communists under the 19th Conference of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

Moscow had called for transparent action in selecting party conference delegates for each republic.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

The party announced its representatives on 28 May 1988, who had been elected at a secret meeting of the party while the candidate layout was officially in progress.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

The Lithuanian Representative Council had a clear overrepresentation of the old people.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

[43] The incident caused a surge of protest at the Academy of Sciences and a large colloquium was held in early June, with 500 delegates arriving.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

At the event, the Lithuanian perestroika initiative group, "Sajūdžio iniciatyvinè grupė” [44], or “Sąjūdis” for short, was founded.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

The People's Movement began to shape its agenda by installing a social commission.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

There was a desire to abolish the privileges of the Soviet elite, more social assistance and an improvement in the standard of living of the working people, and the authorities wanted to be held accountable for their decisions.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

Sąjūdis also installed a cultural commission, which in its program called for the preservation of cultural heritage, the preservation of cultural monuments and the establishment of contacts with foreign Lithuanians.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

The Committee on Nationality Relations argued for the elevation of Lithuanian to an official language and the restoration of history to the people by making significant documents public.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

Price reform, reduction of migration, trade development and ecologically sustainable use of natural resources were also proposed.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

Nothing was said about independence at this stage yet.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

[45] On September 28, 1988, the Lithuanian Alliance for Freedom held a demonstration on the anniversary of the Second Soviet-German Pact.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

In that treaty, Lithuania had been ceded to the Soviet sphere of interest.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

The union was looking for a confrontation with the authorities and got what it wanted.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

The Supreme Party leadership had called the demonstration to suppress 800 men, which also included Soviet Interior Ministry special forces from Minsk.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

Clashes broke out between militiamen and protesters that lasted into the following night.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

[46] The next day, Sąjūdis also awoke to the situation.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

Together with the Freedom League, it organised a demonstration condemning the violence used by security officials.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

On the fourth of October, the Central Committee of the Communist Party invited Sąjūdis for talks.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

To stoke the tension, the Communist Party made concessions: it introduced tricolor during the republic, set Lithuanian as the official language, and met with Cardinal Sladkevičius to discuss the problems of the Catholic Church.The authorities and the Sąjūdis together commissioned a study of the violence in connection with the demonstration.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

Party leader Songaila was found guilty and he resigned, as Moscow withdrew its support from him.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

He was replaced by Algirdas Brazauskas [47] Sąjūdis also organized.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

It held an assembly of deputies, which was referred to as the “Second Great Seimas of Vilnius”.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

The meeting elected Vytautas Landsbergis as chairman.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

[48] In response to the Lithuanian nationalist movement, a group of Russians founded the Unity Movement (Jedinstvo) in 1988.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

It opposed the formalization of the Lithuanian language.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

The organisation prompted some protests, but was not supported by the country's Polish minority and the Russian cultural association.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

The movement withered the following year.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

[49] In 1989, events progressed rapidly.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

In January, Sąjūdis crushingly won a by-election for the Supreme Soviet of Lithuania.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

The Republic's Independence Day was spectacularly celebrated on 16 February.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

Elections for the Assembly of the General Ally were held at Easter and Sąjūdis, in his programme, fully openly, argued for the restoration of full independence.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

Algirdas Brazauskas became nervous and made a case for limiting Sąjūdis's activities.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

Electoral tactically, Sąjūdis fielded a counter-candidate for the Communists in every other district except Brazauskas and Second Secretary Beriozov's constituencies.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

Barazauskas and Beriosov were the only Communist candidates to go through in the first round.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

After the election defeat, the Communists agreed to negotiations with Sąjūdis.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

[50] On 23 August 1989, after 50 years of the Molotov—Ribbentrop Pact, Lithuanians, Latvians and Estonians formed a 600 km long human chain in protest.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

Influenced by the Sąjūdis, the Supreme Soviet of the Lithuanian Soviet Republic reversed the 1940 decision to be part of the Soviet Union, adopted a multi-party system on 7 December and the national anthem.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

A significant portion of the Lithuanian Communist Party membership supported Sąjūd.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

From 19 to 20 1989, the Communist Party of Lithuania decided in its 20th Assembly of Deputies under Brazauskas to declare independence from the Soviet Union.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

The party later became the Lithuanian Democratic Workers' Party.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

[51] Republic of Lithuania (1990—) Struggle for independence (1990—1991) In 1990, Sąjūdis won the elections to the Supreme Council of Lithuania.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

[52] On March 11, 1990, the Supreme Soviet declared Lithuania independent as the first Soviet territory.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

The Supreme Council also appointed new leaders of the state and drafted an interim constitution.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

On that date, the Lithuanian Soviet Republic is considered to have ceased to exist.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

Vytautas Landsbergis became head of state and Kazimira Prunskienė president of the Cabinet of Ministers.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

On March 15, the Soviet Union imposed political and economic sanctions against Lithuania.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

The Red Army occupied a few important public buildings in Vilnius.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

In addition, tanks were ordered to patrol the streets.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

Lithuanians, encouraged by the government, protested the Soviet actions in a non-violent manner.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

On January 10, 1991, Soviet authorities attempted to suppress the Lithuanian government by supporting the National Salvation Committee, composed of Lithuanian communists.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

Three days later, in the so-called January events, the Red Army violently took control of the Vilnius Television Tower.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

Fourteen unarmed Lithuanian protesters were killed in the takeover and 700 wounded.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

The National Rescue Committee declared the Lithuanian government dissolved, although the main buildings of the Supreme Council and the government were never taken over.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

The Soviet Union failed to crush the independence movement when the television tower massacre entered the consciousness of foreign countries.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

The Lithuanian government was allowed to continue to operate.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

In the referendum held on February 9, more than 90% of those who voted (voter turnout 76% of those eligible to vote) voted for an independent Lithuania.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

During the Soviet coup attempt, Soviet forces took control of numerous important buildings in Vilnius.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

After the coup failed, the soldiers returned back to their barracks.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

The Lithuanian government banned the activities of the Communist Party and ordered its property confiscation.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

First Lithuanian independence was recognized by Iceland and finally Russia recognized independence in September 1991 several months after the referendum.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

Building a new state As in many other countries of the former Soviet Union, the reform movement Sąjūdis also lost support in Lithuania.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

People expected to quickly enter the capitalist system, which was impossible.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

Moving to a market economy, unemployment rose sharply.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

The Lithuanian Democratic Workers' Party became the opposing candidate to Sąjūdis in the 1992 general election.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

Sąjūdis experienced defeat in the elections with the Labour Party gaining a majority in the Seimas.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

However, the Labour Party did not have enough power to amend the constitution.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

However, the left experienced defeat at the next election in 1996, in which the right-wing Homeland Alliance secured an electoral victory.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

Slowly losing their importance, Sąjūdis transformed from a party into a public organization.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

Privatization In order to transition to a market economy, state-owned enterprises and housing rented to people were privatized.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

Because people had no money, the government distributed vouchers that could be used to privatise property, for example.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

The privatization of the companies was held at auctions.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

Unlike in Russia, privatization in Lithuania did not create a small group richer than the rest of the population.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

This was possibly because privatisation was started with small companies rather than large ones.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

There were also problems with privatisation.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

Many companies that were successful in the internal market of the USSR lost their customers.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

Defense policy Although Lithuania became an independent state, remained on the territory of the state nevertheless a significant number of soldiers of the Russian army.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

The repatriation of Russian troops to Russia was one of the main objectives of the Lithuanian foreign policy of the 1990s.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

On 8 September 1992, Lithuania and Russia signed an agreement agreeing that Russian troops would leave the country by 31 August 1993, which also came to fruition.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

The first military organization of the new republic was the Lithuanian Volunteer Corps, founded shortly after the declaration of independence.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

Later, the Lithuanian Defence Force was formed, with the Land Forces, Navy, Air Force and Volunteer Corps as military branches.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

Lithuanian Special Forces officially began operations in 2008.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

The creation and integration of a national currency with the West After independence, the litas already in use during the interwar period were desired as the new currency of Lithuania.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

However, this did not happen quickly and after the Russian ruble was introduced as the temporary currency the talonas (also called Vagnorkė and Vagnorėlis after Prime Minister Gediminas Vagnorius).


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

However, Talonas was very simply created, so it was easily forged and inflation increased.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

The liti was reintroduced in June 1993.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

In October 2004, Lithuania became a member of the European Union and NATO.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

One of the biggest conditions for Lithuania's membership of the EU was that the country had to promise to close the Ignalina nuclear power plant, which represents Soviet technology and the Chernobyl accident type.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

The plant closed for good on 31 December 2009.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

[53] Lithuania intends to build a new nuclear power plant in the region.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

[54] As a NATO member, Lithuania participates in crisis management operations in Afghanistan (ISAF), Kosovo and Bosnia and Herzegovina.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

On July 12, 2009, Dalia Grybauskaitė became the new president of the country, after Valdas Adamkus.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

Grybauskaitė is the country's first female president.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

[55] Sources Kallio, Aulis: History of Lithuania.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

Jagellonica Cultural Association, Tampere, Tampere University Print- Juvenes Print Oy, 2009 ISBN 978-951-98665-3-6 Transclusion error: {{En}} is only for use in File namespace.


Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

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Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

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Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

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Question: When was Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

References *


Question: Which molecules make up oxygen?

Molecule

A molecule is an electrically neutral group formed by two or more covalently bound atoms.


Question: Which molecules make up oxygen?

Molecule

[1] The compound formed by molecules is called a molecular compound.


Question: Which molecules make up oxygen?

Molecule

There are no actual molecules in ionic bonded substances, although the ions in them may also be formed by two or more atoms.


Question: Which molecules make up oxygen?

Molecule

A chemical compound cannot be divided into units smaller than a molecule; a molecule is the smallest part of a substance that retains its composition and chemical properties.


Question: Which molecules make up oxygen?

Molecule

The simplest molecule is the hydrogen molecule (H2), which consists of two hydrogen atoms with one covalent bond between them.


Question: Which molecules make up oxygen?

Molecule

Labeling Molecules can be labeled with a molecular formula, structural formula, line formula or sometimes when it is not known the number of atoms that make up a molecule, their ratios can be calculated and indicated by an empirical formula.


Question: Which molecules make up oxygen?

Molecule

The molecular formula only survives the number of atoms that make up the molecule.


Question: Which molecules make up oxygen?

Molecule

That doesn't say anything about the structure of the molecule.


Question: Which molecules make up oxygen?

Molecule

Spatial structure plays a major role in isomery, among other things, a structure and a line formula have been developed to describe the structure, which also show the bonds between atoms.


Question: Which molecules make up oxygen?

Molecule

Molecule Bonds Atoms form different bonds with each other.


Question: Which molecules make up oxygen?

Molecule

In organic chemistry, the most important role is played by bonds formed by carbon.


Question: Which molecules make up oxygen?

Molecule

A mathematical model has been developed for describing bonds, which is spawned into a molecular orbital model.


Question: Which molecules make up oxygen?

Molecule

According to the model, the outermost orbitals of bond-forming atoms hybridize, or “coalesce,” and form a certain number of similar-energy hybrid orbitals.


Question: Which molecules make up oxygen?

Molecule

The number of hybrid orbitals depends on the type of hybridization, i.e., how many atomic orbitals are involved in hybridization.


Question: Which molecules make up oxygen?

Molecule

The most basic type of hybridization are sp³, sp², and sp hybridizations.


Question: Which molecules make up oxygen?

Molecule

In these hybridizations, one s-orbital combines with p-orbitals.


Question: Which molecules make up oxygen?

Molecule

The number of p-orbitals that are hybridized survives the exponent of the p-orbital.


Question: Which molecules make up oxygen?

Molecule

[2] A covalent bond between atoms is formed when the orbitals of atoms cover each other.


Question: Which molecules make up oxygen?

Molecule

If the orbitals cover each other parallel to the bond axis (in this case the coverage is strong), a σ-bond is created.


Question: Which molecules make up oxygen?

Molecule

This happens, for example, when s and p orbitals form a bond or two p-orbitals form a bond if p-orbitals cover each other longitudinally.


Question: Which molecules make up oxygen?

Molecule

If atoms in a molecule are sp³-hybridized, a σ-bond is created between them.


Question: Which molecules make up oxygen?

Molecule

The σ-bond is rotational symmetric, that is, the bond does not break even when the atoms that make up it round with respect to each other.


Question: Which molecules make up oxygen?

Molecule

This allows for different conformations of the molecule.


Question: Which molecules make up oxygen?

Molecule

However, it should be noted that hydrogen does not hybridize.


Question: Which molecules make up oxygen?

Molecule

[2] [3] However, an atom can form more bonds than one.


Question: Which molecules make up oxygen?

Molecule

Such substances include carbon, oxygen and nitrogen, among others.


Question: Which molecules make up oxygen?

Molecule

If there is a so-called double bond between atoms, there is a π-bond between them in addition to the σ-bond.


Question: Which molecules make up oxygen?

Molecule

π-bond arises when two p-orbitals cover each other perpendicular to the bond axis.


Question: Which molecules make up oxygen?

Molecule

In this case, the coverage is weaker than in the case of σ-bond.


Question: Which molecules make up oxygen?

Molecule

[3] For example, when carbon forms a double bond, the carbon atom is sp²-hybridized.


Question: Which molecules make up oxygen?

Molecule

In this case, one p-orbital remained unhybridized.


Question: Which molecules make up oxygen?

Molecule

The unhybridized p-orbital combines with another sp²-hybridized atom with the non-hybridized p-orbital.


Question: Which molecules make up oxygen?

Molecule

The π-bond formed as a result of the unification of p-orbitals is a rigid bond.


Question: Which molecules make up oxygen?

Molecule

The π-bond is not rotation-symmetric like a σ-bond, meaning atoms cannot rotate relative to each other without breaking the bond between them.


Question: Which molecules make up oxygen?

Molecule

This plays a big role in cis-trans isomery, for example.


Question: Which molecules make up oxygen?

Molecule

[2] The carbons in the benzene ring are all sp²-hybridized.


Question: Which molecules make up oxygen?

Molecule

In this case, three π-bonds would form in the benzene ring.


Question: Which molecules make up oxygen?

Molecule

However, the bonds do not locate to a specific place in the ring but are common among the entire ring, this is often described by two torus-shaped rings.


Question: Which molecules make up oxygen?

Molecule

It is said that π-bond electrons are delocalized.


Question: Which molecules make up oxygen?

Molecule

[2] The formation of a triple bond is very similar to that of a double bond.


Question: Which molecules make up oxygen?

Molecule

In the case of a triple bond, however, there are four unhybridized p-orbitals forming two π-bonds.


Question: Which molecules make up oxygen?

Molecule

π-bonds are perpendicular to each other in the case of a triple bond and like a double bond, the triple bond is rigid and is not spin symmetric.


Question: Which molecules make up oxygen?

Molecule

[2] Weak bonds between molecules are affected by forces that are weak compared to strong bonds between atoms.


Question: Which molecules make up oxygen?

Molecule

Weak bonds acting between molecules are divided into hydrogen bonds, dipole dipole bonds, and dispersion forces.


Question: Which molecules make up oxygen?

Molecule

The first two types of bonds occur only between poolish molecules.


Question: Which molecules make up oxygen?

Molecule

Dispersion forces also occur between poolless molecules.


Question: Which molecules make up oxygen?

Molecule

Ion-dipole bonds also occur between the ion and the molecule.


Question: Which molecules make up oxygen?

Molecule

Isomers are called molecules with the same molecular formula, but have a different structure.


Question: Which molecules make up oxygen?

Molecule

Isomer can be roughly divided into structural isomery and stereoisomery.


Question: Which molecules make up oxygen?

Molecule

For the first time isomerie was observed in 1828.


Question: Which molecules make up oxygen?

Molecule

The discoverer was Friedrich Wöhler when he heated inorganic ammonium cyanate and discovered it was transformed into organic urea, and that the elemental structure of the two substances is similar with different properties of the substances.


Question: Which molecules make up oxygen?

Molecule

[4] Symmetry A molecule has symmetry if it has several positions that are indistinguishable from each other.


Question: Which molecules make up oxygen?

Molecule

The theoretical measure leading from one position to another is called a symmetry operation.


Question: Which molecules make up oxygen?

Molecule

The symmetry operation is always performed with respect to some symmetry embryo (point, straight or plane).


Question: Which molecules make up oxygen?

Molecule

The posture after the symmetry operation is indistinguishable from the original.


Question: Which molecules make up oxygen?

Molecule

Symmetry review is central to determining and classifying molecular structures.


Question: Which molecules make up oxygen?

Molecule

By interpreting the spectrum of matter (IR, Raman), information about the symmetry of matter and further its structure is obtained.


Question: Which molecules make up oxygen?

Molecule

For example, belts present in the spectrum can be used to establish whether a three-atomic molecule is linear or bent (v-shape).


Question: Which molecules make up oxygen?

Molecule

The symmetry of a molecule is expressed by its point group.


Question: Which molecules make up oxygen?

Molecule

The point group is a notation that indicates all the symmetry properties of a molecule.


Question: Which molecules make up oxygen?

Molecule

Sources Literature Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Ball, Philip| title = Chemistry Forefront: Journey to the Molecular World| location = Helsinki| publisher = Terra Cognita| year = 1997| version = (Designing the molecular world: Chemistry at the Frontier, 1994).


Question: Which molecules make up oxygen?

Molecule

Translated by Kimmo Pietiläinen| id = ISBN 952-5202-07-0}} Category:Chemistry Category:Molecular Physics Category:Key articles in screening


Question: When was the Ford Model T started to be manufactured?

Ford Model T

Thumble|Starting the engine of a Ford Model T car.


Question: When was the Ford Model T started to be manufactured?

Ford Model T

The Ford Model T or T-Ford is an automobile model launched by Ford in 1908, widely regarded as one of the most significant automobiles in early automotive technology and a pioneer in the industrial manufacture of automobiles.


Question: When was the Ford Model T started to be manufactured?

Ford Model T

The T model was produced until 1927.


Question: When was the Ford Model T started to be manufactured?

Ford Model T

The first car was completed on October 1, 1908 in Detroit.


Question: When was the Ford Model T started to be manufactured?

Ford Model T

[1] [2] The car's technology T-Ford was the first four-seat, 4-cylinder car in the less than $1,000 price range.


Question: When was the Ford Model T started to be manufactured?

Ford Model T

The advancement of the car's engine was evident, for example, at the time of the start of manufacturing the car in a rare detachable cylinder head.


Question: When was the Ford Model T started to be manufactured?

Ford Model T

The car had the same 2-speed planetary gear as the earlier Fords.