Question: When was the Continuation War in Finland?

Continuation War

During the night between, the Germans in cooperation with the Finnish State Police took over the Soviet consulate in Petsamo and the Finns arrested the entire staff of the consulate and their families.


Question: When was the Continuation War in Finland?

Continuation War

The German Gestapo confiscated the consulate's archives for examination and later forwarded them to Valpo.


Question: When was the Continuation War in Finland?

Continuation War

[17] The German naval forces were taking advantage of Finnish territory, they had been relying on the Finnish coast and ports since mid-June.


Question: When was the Continuation War in Finland?

Continuation War

[16] The Finnish warfare command had already ordered the U-boat squadron on 17 June to take part in mining the Estonian coast and on the evening of 21 June the U-boat squadron received an execution order for its mission.


Question: When was the Continuation War in Finland?

Continuation War

On the 22nd, Finnish submarines and Finnish and German ships began mining the Gulf of Finland to prevent the free passage of the Soviet Baltic Fleet.


Question: When was the Continuation War in Finland?

Continuation War

The effort was to ensure that the Soviet fleet would not be able to distract from the Gulf of Finland to the flank of the Germans' land front to the Baltics, and to prevent an attack on Åland, the control of which was vital for Finland.


Question: When was the Continuation War in Finland?

Continuation War

On the 22nd, the mining was extended off Soviet-occupied Estonia (including Tallinn).


Question: When was the Continuation War in Finland?

Continuation War

Finnish submarines laid mines on the Estonian coast between 7:28 a.m. and 9:06 a.m. on 22 June 1941.


Question: When was the Continuation War in Finland?

Continuation War

[18] [19] When information arrived in Finland about the start of the German invasion, the Finnish Navy immediately began Operation Kilsailing, i.e. the transfer of troops to the demilitarised Åland Islands.


Question: When was the Continuation War in Finland?

Continuation War

Soviet aircraft carried out the first air attack of the war against the Finns after attacking warships involved in this operation as well as coastal forts at 6:05am on 22 June.


Question: When was the Continuation War in Finland?

Continuation War

In addition, artillery fire began from Hanko to Porsöhu, Storholm and the mainland at 6:50am [20] Adolf Hitler declared in a radio speech on 22 June that Finland would fight together (Im Verein) with Germany.


Question: When was the Continuation War in Finland?

Continuation War

Finland announced that it would remain neutral in foreign policy, but Hitler's speech was embarrassing for the country's leadership, it signaled to the world that Finland was allied with Germany in the war against the Soviet Union.


Question: When was the Continuation War in Finland?

Continuation War

[21] These actions also led the Soviet Union to initiate military action against Finland, as it considered Finland to allow its territory to be used to attack itself.


Question: When was the Continuation War in Finland?

Continuation War

Despite the coordinated naval warfare initiated with Germany and the army stationed by Germany from the level of Nurmes as far as Petsamoo, Finland declared that it remained neutral in foreign policy.


Question: When was the Continuation War in Finland?

Continuation War

[22] [23] [24] [25] [26] The course of the war The war begins Soviet attacks against Finland began at 06:05 on 22 June, when the Soviet Union bombed a Finnish naval division at sea.


Question: When was the Continuation War in Finland?

Continuation War

Subsequently, on the same day, Finland participated in the mining of the southern Gulf of Finland.


Question: When was the Continuation War in Finland?

Continuation War

On the same day Germany launched its invasion of the Soviet Union.


Question: When was the Continuation War in Finland?

Continuation War

German planes returning from the bombing flight stopped in Finnish territory for refueling.


Question: When was the Continuation War in Finland?

Continuation War

The Soviets responded by bombing Finnish military targets in Finland with aircraft and cannons.


Question: When was the Continuation War in Finland?

Continuation War

Finland refrained from returning fire and tried to assert neutrality in the new war.


Question: When was the Continuation War in Finland?

Continuation War

A significant war effort was avoided between Finland and the Soviet Union for a few days.


Question: When was the Continuation War in Finland?

Continuation War

On June 24, 1941, the Soviet Union evacuated its legation in Helsinki.


Question: When was the Continuation War in Finland?

Continuation War

[11] On 25 June 1941, the Soviet Air Force bombed Helsinki, Turku and Porvoo, as well as a dozen other localities, with about 500 planes, of which 27 planes were shot down on Finnish territory.


Question: When was the Continuation War in Finland?

Continuation War

Based on these bombings and past events, in its communique to parliament, the government had reached the conclusion that the country had fallen into a state of war.


Question: When was the Continuation War in Finland?

Continuation War

This position was adopted by Parliament [27].


Question: When was the Continuation War in Finland?

Continuation War

On the same day 25.6, Prime Minister Jukka Rangell stated on the radio that Finland was again at war with the Soviet Union.


Question: When was the Continuation War in Finland?

Continuation War

War was declared on 26 June.


Question: When was the Continuation War in Finland?

Continuation War

The Finnish army and German troops in Finland began a ground offensive.


Question: When was the Continuation War in Finland?

Continuation War

The Finnish army launched a major offensive in Ladoga Karelia in the direction of Korpiselä on 10 July with its focus on the left wing.


Question: When was the Continuation War in Finland?

Continuation War

The brunt of the attack was the advance of the 1st Jaeger Brigade, commanded by Colonel Ruben Lagus, which reached the shores of Ladoga within days.


Question: When was the Continuation War in Finland?

Continuation War

[28] By the end of August, the Karelian Army commanded by Lieutenant-General Erik Heinrichs had reached the limits preceding the Winter War.


Question: When was the Continuation War in Finland?

Continuation War

The Finnish people who experienced the Winter War were, with rare unanimity, behind the country's leadership and the reclamation of lost Karelia.


Question: When was the Continuation War in Finland?

Continuation War

The new war was seen as a continuation war of the Winter War, aimed at righting the wrong suffered.


Question: When was the Continuation War in Finland?

Continuation War

[21] On several occasions the Soviet Union demanded Britain declare war on Finland.


Question: When was the Continuation War in Finland?

Continuation War

British Prime Minister Winston Churchill sent Marshal Mannerheim a personal, private and secret letter expressing regret that Britain will soon have to declare war on Finland.


Question: When was the Continuation War in Finland?

Continuation War

Churchill also urged Finland not to cross the old border.


Question: When was the Continuation War in Finland?

Continuation War

The letter is preserved at Britain's Imperial War Museum.


Question: When was the Continuation War in Finland?

Continuation War

[29] Britain severed diplomatic relations on 1 August and threatened with war on 22 September unless the advance was cut off.


Question: When was the Continuation War in Finland?

Continuation War

Following Finland's accession to the Anti-Comintern Treaty on 25 November, Britain filed an ultimatum demanding a cessation of hostilities by 5 December.


Question: When was the Continuation War in Finland?

Continuation War

After remaining without a satisfactory response, London announced on Finnish Independence Day, 6 December, a declaration of war on Finland.


Question: When was the Continuation War in Finland?

Continuation War

Relations with foreign countries deteriorated as Finnish forces advanced.


Question: When was the Continuation War in Finland?

Continuation War

However, the actual war effort between the two countries was already limited to the earlier bombing of Liinahamar on 30 June.


Question: When was the Continuation War in Finland?

Continuation War

Australia, Canada and New Zealand also submitted a declaration of war to Finland.


Question: When was the Continuation War in Finland?

Continuation War

Already during the civil war in 1918, Mannerheim had issued a declaration in Antrea on the Karelian Isthmus stating that we should not put his sword in a sheath until Finland and East Karelia were free.


Question: When was the Continuation War in Finland?

Continuation War

In the Continuation War, Mannerheim issued his famous so-called sword-sheath day order, in which he referred to his declaration.


Question: When was the Continuation War in Finland?

Continuation War

There were also mentions of a large Finland in the daily order, which even at that time caused negative attention in political circles.


Question: When was the Continuation War in Finland?

Continuation War

During the Continuation War, Finland occupied the most extensive territory in its history.


Question: When was the Continuation War in Finland?

Continuation War

Many people outside the right wanted to annex East Karelia to Finland.


Question: When was the Continuation War in Finland?

Continuation War

The grounds were not only ideological and political, but also military: the so-called line of the three isthmus was easier to defend than the previous frontier.


Question: When was the Continuation War in Finland?

Continuation War

With Germany backed, there was an opportunity to do so.


Question: When was the Continuation War in Finland?

Continuation War

On the other hand, there were economic motives in the form of exploitation of forest reserves in East Karelia.


Question: When was the Continuation War in Finland?

Continuation War

However, the territories were not legally annexed to Finland; only the territories lost in the Winter War were declared by Parliament as belonging to Finland.


Question: When was the Continuation War in Finland?

Continuation War

The management of the territories was provided by the Military Administration of East Karelia, which made preparatory measures to annex the conquered territories to Finland.


Question: When was the Continuation War in Finland?

Continuation War

Internment camps were established in the conquered territory, which in their own time were referred to at first as “concentration camps” and later as “displacement camps”.


Question: When was the Continuation War in Finland?

Continuation War

[30] They were excluded: [31] (a) “unnational population from those areas where their stay in view of military action could not be permitted”; (b) “politically unreliable persons belonging to the national and non-national population of the military administrative territory”; (c) “in exceptional cases other persons belonging to the population of the Military Administrative Region whose vacancy was deemed undesirable”.


Question: When was the Continuation War in Finland?

Continuation War

When defined as the national population, the Finnish population was perceived as a native population.


Question: When was the Continuation War in Finland?

Continuation War

[32] [33] The population of Väisniemi, Syyrinlaakso and Maanselänänänänänisthus, who traditionally happen to speak Russian, were moved from the front line to camps not only to prevent attacks by Soviet partisans, but also to protect civilians themselves.


Question: When was the Continuation War in Finland?

Continuation War

In addition to this, refugees of non-Finnish descent were packed in Vänisniemi from all over the Karelian-Finnish Soviet Socialist Republic; while waiting in vain for transport across Sänisjärvi, they remained in the hands of the Finnish Defence Forces.


Question: When was the Continuation War in Finland?

Continuation War

Based on the research literature, it can be estimated that evacuees or refugees from near the fronts may have numbered up to 16600 of the people placed in camps in East Karelia.


Question: When was the Continuation War in Finland?

Continuation War

This would mean more than 69% of the camps” highest population, which was 23984 people, on April 1, 1942.


Question: When was the Continuation War in Finland?

Continuation War

[34] Mortality in the concentration camps of occupied East Karelia was up to 3.75%, significantly higher than among the free population of the same region (2.6%), in Finland (1.31%).


Question: When was the Continuation War in Finland?

Continuation War

The main reason for the high mortality rate among East Karelian campers appears to have been poor nutritional status and, to some extent, their age structure: a high relative proportion of women aged 20—30 years and minor children (almost 50%).


Question: When was the Continuation War in Finland?

Continuation War

[35] During the Continuation War, about 62000 Inger Finns migrated to Finland from the German-occupied Inger region.


Question: When was the Continuation War in Finland?

Continuation War

The war of positions Mannerheim and Ryti had a negative view of the conquest of Leningrad and its direct support, as well as the severing of the Muurmann line in order to hold the argument for a separate war and to keep Finland better prospects for peace negotiations even after Germany's eventual defeat context [36].


Question: When was the Continuation War in Finland?

Continuation War

The advance of the Finns stalled on Mannerheim's orders in December 1941, when the so-called positional warfare phase began.


Question: When was the Continuation War in Finland?

Continuation War

It lasted two and a half years.


Question: When was the Continuation War in Finland?

Continuation War

On 6 December, the territories lost in the Winter War were annexed back to Finland by the Parliament in restoring the borders of the Peace of Tartu.


Question: When was the Continuation War in Finland?

Continuation War

During the Continuation War, production and foreign trade declined, creating problems for the country's food supply.


Question: When was the Continuation War in Finland?

Continuation War

The most difficult food situation was during the winter between 1942—1943.


Question: When was the Continuation War in Finland?

Continuation War

In this case, for example, frontmen experienced deficiency diseases, and especially in some younger men general weakness due to lack of food.


Question: When was the Continuation War in Finland?

Continuation War

The situation was saved by imports of food supplies, mostly from Germany and the countries under its influence.


Question: When was the Continuation War in Finland?

Continuation War

In addition, the situation of the frontmen was facilitated by German troops in northern Finland who victualled 50,000 Finnish soldiers in their area of responsibility.


Question: When was the Continuation War in Finland?

Continuation War

Despite the practical problems brought with them by long transport journeys, monotonous food and limited portions the victualling of the frontmen was satisfactorily successful.


Question: When was the Continuation War in Finland?

Continuation War

There were a total of 300 cases of deficiency disease that required hospitalisation among frontmen during the Continuation War, which can be considered quite a small number.


Question: When was the Continuation War in Finland?

Continuation War

[37] In 1942, fighting continued fragmented at Syvur and Kiesting.


Question: When was the Continuation War in Finland?

Continuation War

The Finns' only offensive war during the entire war of positions remained the capture of Suursaari in March.


Question: When was the Continuation War in Finland?

Continuation War

[38] On June 4, Mannerheim reached the age of 75 and was promoted to Marshal of Finland.


Question: When was the Continuation War in Finland?

Continuation War

The day was designated by defensive force as a flag feast day.


Question: When was the Continuation War in Finland?

Continuation War

In Helsinki, a street was announced to be named in his honour.


Question: When was the Continuation War in Finland?

Continuation War

Adolf Hitler unexpectedly visited Mannerheim's birthday party in Immola and complained that he had not been able to ensure Romanian oil for Germany to do anything for Finland before or during the Winter War.


Question: When was the Continuation War in Finland?

Continuation War

A recording of Hitler's “soliloquy” by the Finns also clarified the level of Soviet arms race that had surprised Hitler.


Question: When was the Continuation War in Finland?

Continuation War

On his return visit to Germany, Mannerheim had apparently received further information about the German “expedition to the East” because, after his return, assessed to Defence Minister Walden the German “expedition to the east” as ending in disaster.


Question: When was the Continuation War in Finland?

Continuation War

The Soviets sent a military detachment behind the Finns front line around Rukajärvi.


Question: When was the Continuation War in Finland?

Continuation War

However, the Finns defeated the attempt in a short chase.


Question: When was the Continuation War in Finland?

Continuation War

After Germany suffered defeat at Stalingrad, efforts began to be made in Finland to distance themselves from Germany.


Question: When was the Continuation War in Finland?

Continuation War

The parliament began to show dissatisfaction towards Ryti, which was manifested by Secretary of State R.J.


Question: When was the Continuation War in Finland?

Continuation War

On Witting's criticism of Ryti's signing of an anticomintern contract.


Question: When was the Continuation War in Finland?

Continuation War

Parliament refused to extend the power law granted to Ryti.


Question: When was the Continuation War in Finland?

Continuation War

However, this did not prevent his re-election to an additional two-year term in February 1943.


Question: When was the Continuation War in Finland?

Continuation War

However, Prime Minister Rangell's government was switched to a less pro-German one led by Edwin Linkommies.


Question: When was the Continuation War in Finland?

Continuation War

The government held together mainly thanks to Väinö Tanner, the finance minister of the Social Democrats.


Question: When was the Continuation War in Finland?

Continuation War

Initial peace talks on Peace were held through the year, but no agreement was reached.


Question: When was the Continuation War in Finland?

Continuation War

As early as 8 February, the Soviet Union declared its willingness for peace.


Question: When was the Continuation War in Finland?

Continuation War

The United States insisted on maintaining Finland's independence, and the Soviet ambassador to Washington, A. Litvinov, stated that the Soviet Union did not intend to occupy Finland as a whole.


Question: When was the Continuation War in Finland?

Continuation War

The Finns received the same insurance from Aleksandra Kollonta in Stockholm.


Question: When was the Continuation War in Finland?

Continuation War

Finland insisted on the 1939 borders as the basis for peace negotiations, but the Soviet Union was informed that Finland's representative is welcome to negotiate in Moscow, but Finland's proposal should not include territories not belonging to it before the war.


Question: When was the Continuation War in Finland?

Continuation War

Peace terms were locked up among the Allies at a Tehran conference in December.


Question: When was the Continuation War in Finland?

Continuation War

Josif Stalin's terms included the borders of the 1940 peace, Hanko or Petsamo permanently for the Soviet Union and the replacement of half war damage, expulsion of Germans from the country, and demobilization.


Question: When was the Continuation War in Finland?

Continuation War

In order to more easily persuade Finland to acquiesce to peace, Churchill and Roosevelt proposed that Vyborg be left to Finland, but Stalin insisted Vyborg was strictly for the Soviet Union and refused to even discuss the matter.


Question: When was the Continuation War in Finland?

Continuation War

[39] When the new Finnish government inquired about peace terms in the spring of 1944, it was still unable to accept them.


Question: When was the Continuation War in Finland?

Continuation War

Helsinki Grand Bombing Finland rejected peace terms it had judged impossible in April 1944.


Question: When was the Continuation War in Finland?

Continuation War

The Soviet Union sought to persuade Finland to peace with the Grand Bombing of Helsinki (“Peace Bombing”) during February.


Question: When was the Continuation War in Finland?

Continuation War

The Soviet Union wanted a quick solution to the war so that it could concentrate its forces on the recapture of Berlin.


Question: When was the Continuation War in Finland?

Continuation War

Thumble|400px|Mannerheim and Ryti inspect troops in Enso on June 4, 1944.


Question: When was the Continuation War in Finland?

Continuation War

The Soviet Grand Offensive of 1944 The Red Army ended the war of positions with a major offensive on the Karelian Isthmus on 9 June 1944 and two weeks later in the direction of Maaselä.


Question: When was the Continuation War in Finland?

Continuation War

On June 10, four days after the Normandy landings, the United States declared Finland and its leaders to be pro-German and asked Envoy Procopé to leave the country.


Question: When was the Continuation War in Finland?

Continuation War

After the major offensive began, the Soviets responded to Finnish peace enquiries, demanding an unconditional surrender.


Question: When was the Continuation War in Finland?

Continuation War

[40] Soviet artillery concentrations and superiority broke the Finnish defences [40] (at Valkeasaari, 10 June 1944).


Question: When was the Continuation War in Finland?

Continuation War

The VT line (Vammelsuu—Taipale) was broken in Kuuterselä on 14 June and Vyborg was recaptured from the Finns almost without battle on 20 June.


Question: When was the Continuation War in Finland?

Continuation War

On the same day, the Elisenvaara Station was carried out the most devastating aerial bombardment of the war, with over 100 deaths, and injuring over 300 lives.


Question: When was the Continuation War in Finland?

Continuation War

Preparations had already been made in Moscow before the invasion that Finland would be occupied.


Question: When was the Continuation War in Finland?

Continuation War

On 22 June, the Finnish government informed Moscow that it was willing to abandon the war and break its relations with Germany.


Question: When was the Continuation War in Finland?

Continuation War

In response, the Soviets demanded unconditional surrender.


Question: When was the Continuation War in Finland?

Continuation War

On the same day, German Foreign Minister Joachim von Ribbentrop arrived in the country and announced that Germany would only continue to provide support if Finland entered into an alliance with Germany and continued to wage war.


Question: When was the Continuation War in Finland?

Continuation War

The Germans demanded a commitment to the war from Finland because the Narva Front was important to them.


Question: When was the Continuation War in Finland?

Continuation War

On 26 June, President Risto Ryti made a so-called settlement with the Germans. The Ryti—Ribbentrop agreement, which obliged Finland not to negotiate a separate peace and increased supplies of materials to the Germans.


Question: When was the Continuation War in Finland?

Continuation War

In the early 2000s, however, the importance of the treaty has been questioned


Question: When was the Continuation War in Finland?

Continuation War

At the time Ryti signed his letter to Adolf Hitler, most of the German anti-tank guns, plunge bombers, assault cannons and infantry divisions were already in Finland or en route.


Question: When was the Continuation War in Finland?

Continuation War

The Ryti-Ribbentrop Treaty was not a binding state treaty, but merely Ryti's personal assurance that he would not make a separate peace while serving as President of the Republic.


Question: When was the Continuation War in Finland?

Continuation War

The peace of separation was made after Ryti had resigned his post and the Parliament had elected Marshal Mannerheim as President by exceptional law.


Question: When was the Continuation War in Finland?

Continuation War

The Soviet Army captured Petrozavodsk on 28 June 1944.


Question: When was the Continuation War in Finland?

Continuation War

From Syvär, the Finns managed to retreat orderly, while on the Isthmus the troops had dispersed in many places.


Question: When was the Continuation War in Finland?

Continuation War

However, the front organisation endured even great losses on the front line if the artillery fire command, anti-tank and the net of machine-fire weapons only remained.


Question: When was the Continuation War in Finland?

Continuation War

However, trespassing from the front line, even troops detaching by unit was a problem for the Finns which greatly affected the outcome of the battle.


Question: When was the Continuation War in Finland?

Continuation War

[40] From Valkeasaari there is a distance of about a hundred kilometers to Vyborg, which the Red Army spent ten days to fold.


Question: When was the Continuation War in Finland?

Continuation War

Although the rate of withdrawal of the Finns thus averaged about ten kilometers per day, what can be considered a militarily successful performance.


Question: When was the Continuation War in Finland?

Continuation War

However, it caused great problems for the Finns, manifesting itself in the rapid loss and desertion of Vyborg, among other things.


Question: When was the Continuation War in Finland?

Continuation War

[40] In the defensive battle, the Finns were also supported by German troops.


Question: When was the Continuation War in Finland?

Continuation War

Of particular importance to the fighting against the Isthmus has been said to have been the anti-tank armament supplied by Germany earlier, since the pst artillery used by the Finns was not effective against the latest Klim Vorošilov and Josif Stalin tanks of Soviet forces.


Question: When was the Continuation War in Finland?

Continuation War

For a short time, a very significant part of the battle for the defence of the isthmus was carried out by the German Air Detachment Kuhlmey, especially against ground combat aircraft, supply contacts and maintenance, but the material air supremacy was that of the Soviets.


Question: When was the Continuation War in Finland?

Continuation War

According to the most common estimate, the skillful concentration of field artillery and good cooperation with the tenaciously fought infantry helped the Finns as the only ones in World War II to stop the Soviet strategic major offensive at the Battle of Talin—Ihantala from 25 June to 9 July 1944, Äyräpää — Vuosalmi and Vyborg Bay.


Question: When was the Continuation War in Finland?

Continuation War

Some historians felt that German support was crucial to the success of the interceptor battle.


Question: When was the Continuation War in Finland?

Continuation War

From Syvär, the Red Army's advance continued as a so-called major offensive in East Karelia, but it was stopped in fierce fighting at U position up to Impilahden—Jänisjärvi.


Question: When was the Continuation War in Finland?

Continuation War

Also in the north, the Finns retreated.


Question: When was the Continuation War in Finland?

Continuation War

The more than two-division-strong force that had crossed the old border at Ilomants was repulsed and destroyed in the Battle of Ilomants, which ended on 9 August.


Question: When was the Continuation War in Finland?

Continuation War

After mid-July, the situation on the Isthmus stabilised and Aleksandra Kollontai announced via the Swedes on 12 July that the demand for unconditional surrender had been the result of her “misunderstanding”.


Question: When was the Continuation War in Finland?

Continuation War

The Soviet Union renounced the demand for unconditional surrender and through Sweden informed Mannerheim that the Soviet Union was ready for an armistice, provided it would be signed by Mannerheim and not by a representative of the then government.


Question: When was the Continuation War in Finland?

Continuation War

Ryti resigned on 1 August and Mannerheim was appointed as his successor.


Question: When was the Continuation War in Finland?

Continuation War

Mannerheim appointed a new government on 7 August.


Question: When was the Continuation War in Finland?

Continuation War

Finland had fourteen infantry divisions, seven brigades and an armoured division in the summer of 1944.


Question: When was the Continuation War in Finland?

Continuation War

On the Finnish front, the Red Army deployed a total of 54 divisions, eleven infantry brigades and seven troops from the fortress area, i.e. a total of 68 groups, a total of about 605000 men with superior combat equipment.


Question: When was the Continuation War in Finland?

Continuation War

Total Finnish losses were around 44500 on the Isthmus and around 19500 men in East Karelia fallen and wounded, Red Army losses were at least 96,400 men.


Question: When was the Continuation War in Finland?

Continuation War

Professor Heikki Ylikangas interprets the various sources as saying that the Soviet Union reduced the importance of the Finnish Front's war efforts during the summer of 1944.


Question: When was the Continuation War in Finland?

Continuation War

According to him, among other things, Mannerheim considered the situation in Finland hopeless yet, for example, on 16 and 18 June.


Question: When was the Continuation War in Finland?

Continuation War

On 19 June, Mannerheim received intelligence material from Colonel Aladár Paasonen, according to which the Soviets aimed not at occupying Finland, but at peace, took place at the headquarters.


Question: When was the Continuation War in Finland?

Continuation War

Ylikangas interprets the main focus of the Soviet war effort to have been in more southern Europe, where countering the German invasion was most important.


Question: When was the Continuation War in Finland?

Continuation War

[41] Prisoners of war The number of Soviet prisoners of war in Finland is estimated to be around 64,000 people.


Question: When was the Continuation War in Finland?

Continuation War

Of these, 56,000 prisoners had been taken as early as 1941.


Question: When was the Continuation War in Finland?

Continuation War

About 2700 prisoners were exchanged for the Baltic Finns of the Germans, of which there were about 2200.


Question: When was the Continuation War in Finland?

Continuation War

Due to the poor harvest of 1942, many prisoners of war died from starvation.


Question: When was the Continuation War in Finland?

Continuation War

Soviet prisoners of war died in 18318 in Finnish POW camps.


Question: When was the Continuation War in Finland?

Continuation War

Finnish prisoners of war numbered 2377 according to official Soviet statistics.


Question: When was the Continuation War in Finland?

Continuation War

The homeland was restored in 1969 lives.


Question: When was the Continuation War in Finland?

Continuation War

According to Timo Malmi, 3402 Finns were prisoners, 1388 died in the camp, and the number of repatriated persons was 1938, or 57 per cent.


Question: When was the Continuation War in Finland?

Continuation War

The difference in numbers to the official figures is partly explained by the fact that Soviet statistics only account for those prisoners of war who survived to the camp.


Question: When was the Continuation War in Finland?

Continuation War

[42] After the resignation of Peace Ryti from office and on 4 August, Mannerheim, who took office as the new President-elect, considered Ryti's assurance, known as the Ribbentrop Agreement, to be invalid to bind Finland to Germany.


Question: When was the Continuation War in Finland?

Continuation War

Peace terms were received at the end of August.


Question: When was the Continuation War in Finland?

Continuation War

The Soviet condition for the armistice was the severing of relations with Germany.


Question: When was the Continuation War in Finland?

Continuation War

On 2 September, Parliament voted to break relations by a vote of 113—43 and the Soviet Union was ready to initiate an armistice at 8:00am on 4 September 1944, on condition that Finland informed of the severing of relations with Germany.


Question: When was the Continuation War in Finland?

Continuation War

The Finns ceased the war effort at that time, but the Soviets continued to fire for another 24 hours, apparently due to the delay in the release of the bulletin.


Question: When was the Continuation War in Finland?

Continuation War

[43] The terms of peace were the secession from Germany and the expulsion of German troops, despite the fact that at the same time the army came to a peaceful position, i.e. the demobilization of the troops.


Question: When was the Continuation War in Finland?

Continuation War

The Lapland War broke out between Finland and Germany.


Question: When was the Continuation War in Finland?

Continuation War

The Soviets pressured Finland into the fighting, but the withdrawal was initially carried out according to a common timetable secretly agreed with the Germans.


Question: When was the Continuation War in Finland?

Continuation War

The more significant war effort began with the Tornio landings by the Finns on 1 October and fierce fighting in the Tornion valley.


Question: When was the Continuation War in Finland?

Continuation War

The German army retreated in good order towards the north, with motorised retroop fighting with the Finnish troops coming behind.


Question: When was the Continuation War in Finland?

Continuation War

The German forces withdrew to Norway and to a ready-fortified defensive line at Arm Lapland.


Question: When was the Continuation War in Finland?

Continuation War

Since the main forces of the Finnish Army came to be demobilized in early December 1944, the final phase of the war became a “children's crusade”, with the army's regular staff leading only the youngest age groups.


Question: When was the Continuation War in Finland?

Continuation War

The Soviet Union did not agree to immediately conclude a final peace, and an intermediate peace was signed in Moscow on 19 September: Finland ceded to the Soviet Union, in addition to the territories lost in the Winter War, Petsamo and was forced to lease Porkkala for 50 years and guarantee there to Soviet soldiers free access through the territories of Finland.


Question: When was the Continuation War in Finland?

Continuation War

German troops had to be expelled from the country and the Germans' possessions handed over to the Allies.


Question: When was the Continuation War in Finland?

Continuation War

Finland had to reduce the strength of its army to 42,000 men.


Question: When was the Continuation War in Finland?

Continuation War

War reparations came to pay US$300 million in six years, and to replace all property exported and disposed of from the ceded territory.


Question: When was the Continuation War in Finland?

Continuation War

Anti-Soviet and “fascist” organizations (among them Lotta Svärd) had to be permanently abolished.


Question: When was the Continuation War in Finland?

Continuation War

War criminals had to be tried.


Question: When was the Continuation War in Finland?

Continuation War

The end of the Continuation War practically extinguished the Greater Finland cause as there were no longer political or military prerequisites for its implementation.


Question: When was the Continuation War in Finland?

Continuation War

The Soviet Union had won the war and established harsh peace terms for Finland, in which, among other things, the territory of Finland was further reduced.


Question: When was the Continuation War in Finland?

Continuation War

During the Continuation War, the Inger Finns transferred to Finland were to be returned back to the Soviet Union under the terms of the intermediate peace.


Question: When was the Continuation War in Finland?

Continuation War

They were met in the Soviet Union by deportation to Siberia.


Question: When was the Continuation War in Finland?

Continuation War

The Soviet Union defined Finland's peace terms and territorial losses for its Western allies in advance in the early stages of the war.


Question: When was the Continuation War in Finland?

Continuation War

When Anthony Eden, the British Minister for Outside, travelled in December 1941 to Moscow to intensify military cooperation, the Soviet Union raised the situation on 22 June 1941 that Britain should recognise the Baltic states, south-eastern Finland, eastern Poland, as a first condition. Belongation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina to the Soviet Union.


Question: When was the Continuation War in Finland?

Continuation War

In addition to these, the NL claimed parts of East Prussia, Petsamo and additionally bases from Romania and Finland.


Question: When was the Continuation War in Finland?

Continuation War

The Soviets wanted to record all the listed conditions with a secret additional protocol.


Question: When was the Continuation War in Finland?

Continuation War

Having been informed of the terms by the British, the Americans categorically rejected the proposal to draw up a secret additional protocol.


Question: When was the Continuation War in Finland?

Continuation War

Stalin's proposal was considered to have been contrary to the principles of the Atlantic Declaration.


Question: When was the Continuation War in Finland?

Continuation War

The British government in principle did not consider itself opposed to Stalin's proposal, but it just couldn't be decided at that very moment.


Question: When was the Continuation War in Finland?

Continuation War

[44] The relationship between Finland and Germany during the Continuation War The discussion of the beginning of the Continuation War, the surprise of the Grand Offensive, the combat victory and the contribution of the Germans still continues both in memoir literature and in studies.


Question: When was the Continuation War in Finland?

Continuation War

From the end of the war until the end of the 1980s, there was a debate about the beginning of the war, where the so-called driftwood theory was considered to explain Finland's path to war.


Question: When was the Continuation War in Finland?

Continuation War

In the subject of great attack, according to traditional perception, Stalin needed the forces primarily against Germany.


Question: When was the Continuation War in Finland?

Continuation War

Continuing the attack on the commanded Kymijoki line would have required new plans and reinforcements concentrations, and again the general situation and the change of seasons would not have allowed.


Question: When was the Continuation War in Finland?

Continuation War

Therefore, the Soviet Union agreed to a negotiated separate peace, even though the Allies had agreed to demand surrender from Germany and its allies.


Question: When was the Continuation War in Finland?

Continuation War

The Finns considered themselves to be “co-hosts” of Germany with their own goals and not allies.


Question: When was the Continuation War in Finland?

Continuation War

The debate over whether Finland was allied with Germany or whether it was fighting its own separate war, your separate war, has continued in Finland until the 21st century.


Question: When was the Continuation War in Finland?

Continuation War

According to the official political view, Finland and Germany were not in the union (including President Tarja Halonen's statements ahead of the 60th Victory Day [45]).


Question: When was the Continuation War in Finland?

Continuation War

There has long been a prevailing perception in foreign historical studies that Finland was an ally of Germany.


Question: When was the Continuation War in Finland?

Continuation War

[46] A considerable number of Finnish scholars also think that Finland was effectively an ally of Germany.


Question: When was the Continuation War in Finland?

Continuation War

The basic work on further war research, Markku Jokisipilä's dissertation “Brothers-in-arms or allies?” According to the fact that the war began to be talked about in Finland only when the fortunes of war began to turn and Germany's defeat seems increasingly clear.


Question: When was the Continuation War in Finland?

Continuation War

In 2008, Professor of History Henrik Meinander also took a position in favour of abandoning the concept of separate war [47] In October 2008 Helsingin Sanomat conducted a survey among Finnish history professors.


Question: When was the Continuation War in Finland?

Continuation War

Of the 28 professors who responded, 16 (57%) said that Finland did not wage a separate war in the Continuation War but was an ally of Nazi Germany.


Question: When was the Continuation War in Finland?

Continuation War

Six (21%) of professors were in favour of a separate war, and six did not give a direct answer.


Question: When was the Continuation War in Finland?

Continuation War

[48] Supporters of the Alliance view draw attention, for example, to the fact that a number of high-ranking Finnish officers received prior information about Operation Barbarossa in such a way that the Continuation War was essentially tied to this operation.


Question: When was the Continuation War in Finland?

Continuation War

Thus, the Finnish Continuation War as it was fought would not have been fought without significant material and strategic support from Germany.


Question: When was the Continuation War in Finland?

Continuation War

Finland was not an ally of Germany by law, as there had been no treaty of alliance between Finland and Germany, but in practice Finland was an ally of Germany, as it waged war with German resources and weapons, making Northern Finland available to the Germans and subjugating its forces to the German army seconded.


Question: When was the Continuation War in Finland?

Continuation War

Especially in the early stages of the Continuation War, Finnish operations were fully intertwined with and dependent on Germany's own operations.


Question: When was the Continuation War in Finland?

Continuation War

Similarly, the countries' security police had firm relations.


Question: When was the Continuation War in Finland?

Continuation War

[47] During the war, Germans were called brothers in arms, as were Finns in Germany.


Question: When was the Continuation War in Finland?

Continuation War

The term was also used by the Finnish state leadership when talking about Germany.


Question: When was the Continuation War in Finland?

Continuation War

[49] [50] [51] See also Ilomantsi combat victory 1944 East Karelian concentration camps Eastern Front (World War II) Continuation War Finnish aircraft of Continuation War Continuation War Finnish aircraft Continuation War attack phase Continuation War Resistance Summer 1944 solution battles Northern Finland during the invasion phase of the Continuation War 1941 Salpalinja History of the Finnish Air Force — Continuation War Planes and Air War Grand Attack from Syvär 1944 Unknown Soldier Sources Books, magazines Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Alftan, Robert (ed.


Question: When was the Continuation War in Finland?

Continuation War

) | title = Brothers-in-Arms: German-Finnish Brother-in-Arms 1942—1944| publisher = WSOY| year = 2005| version = Introduction and footnotes: Markku Jokisipilä}} Glantz, David: The Siege of Leningrad 1941—44, MBI Publishing Company 2001 Citation error, replace with {{cite book| title = Continuation War history| publisher = Department of Military Science, WSOY| year = 1988}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Jokipii, Mauno| title = Genesis of Continuation War: Studies on German and Finnish Military Cooperation 1940—41| publisher = Otava| year = 1987| version = Finnish Literary Society editorials 848}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Jussila, Osmo & Hentilä, Seppo & Nevakivi, Jukka| title = Political History of Finland 1809—2006| publisher = WSOY| year =}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Jussila, Osmo & Hentilä, Seppo & Nevakivi, Jukivi Kkka| title = Finnish Political History 1809—2009| publisher = WSOY Study Materials| year = 2006| version = 5. uud.


Question: When was the Continuation War in Finland?

Continuation War

p.}} Historical Studies 148.


Question: When was the Continuation War in Finland?

Continuation War

Helsinki: Finnish Historical Society.


Question: When was the Continuation War in Finland?

Continuation War

Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Junila, Marianne| title = Brotherhood of the Home Front: Coexistence between Finnish civilian population and German military personnel in Northern Finland 1941—1944| publisher = Society of Finnish Literature | year = 2000| version = Doctoral dissertation: University of Oulu.


Question: When was the Continuation War in Finland?

Continuation War

Bibliotheca historica 61}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Järventaus, Jorma etc.| title = Finland at war| publisher = Oy Chosen Palat — Reader's Digest Ab| year = 1983}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Kijanen, Kalervo| title = Dive Alert | publisher = Submarine veterans ry| year = 1977}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Hans Peter Krosby| title = Nickel Diplomacy in Petsamo 1940—1941| location = Helsinki| publisher = Book| year = 1966| page = 240—243}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Land, Jukka| title = Sound Castle.


Question: When was the Continuation War in Finland?

Continuation War

Years of Finnish occupation of Petrozavodsk 1941—1944| location = Helsinki| publisher = Finnish Historical Society| year = 1989| version = Historical Studies 148| page = 67—75}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Laine, Antti| title = Two Faces of Greater Finland: East Karelia status of civil population in the Finnish occupation administration 1941—1944| publisher = Otava| year = 1982| version = Doctoral dissertation, University of Joensuu}} Mannerheim, G.: Memoirs II.


Question: When was the Continuation War in Finland?

Continuation War

Huddersfield: Otava 1952.


Question: When was the Continuation War in Finland?

Continuation War

Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Meinander, Henrik| title= | publisher = xx| year = 2008}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Paasilinna, Erno| title = World in the throes | publisher = Otava| year = 1983}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Pranttila, Anneli| title = Victualling of front men in Finland during the war years 1939—1945| chapter = abstract| location = Helsinki| publisher = University of Helsinki, Department of Applied Chemistry and Microbiology | year = 2006| version = Dissertation | accessdate = 14.6.2008}} Citation error, replace with {{ cite book| author = Raunio, Ari & Kilin, Juri| title = Fighting Continuation War 1942—44| publisher = Map Centre| year = 2008}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Silvennoinen, Oula| title = Brothers-in-arms: Finnish and German Security Police Cooperation 1933—1944| publisher = Otava| year = 2008| version = Dissertation: University of Helsinki}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Skyttä, Kyösti| title = No other glory.


Question: When was the Continuation War in Finland?

Continuation War

Risto Ryti's alley run 1939—1945| location = Jyväskylä| publisher = Gummerus, Bookgrou| year = 1989}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Vahtola, Jous| title = History of Finland — From the Ice Age to the European Union| publisher = Otava| year = 2003}} Citation error, replace with {{ cite book| author = Ylikangas, Heikki| title = One man's Continuation War| publisher = Otava| year = 2009}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Ziemke, Earl F.| title = German military action in the Nordic region 1939—1945| publisher = WSOY| year = 1963}} Daily newspapers Web Check date values in: |accessdate= (help) Check date values in: |accessdate=, |date= (help) Check date values in: |accessdate=, |date= (help) Check date values in: |accessdate=, |date= (help) References Literature Citation error, replace with {{cite book| title = History of Continuation War 1—6| location = Porvoo| publisher = WSOY| year = 1988| version=ed.


Question: When was the Continuation War in Finland?

Continuation War

Military History Office of the Department of Military Science}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Moisala, U.


Question: When was the Continuation War in Finland?

Continuation War

E.


Question: When was the Continuation War in Finland?

Continuation War

& Alanen, Pertti (eds.


Question: When was the Continuation War in Finland?

Continuation War

) | title = When the attacker's road was closed — the Soviet Grand Offensive in the summer of 1944 on the Karelian Isthmus under the light of veteran research and Soviet sources | publisher = Publications of the Department of Military Science XXVI| year = 1988}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Siilasvuo, Ensio et al.


Question: When was the Continuation War in Finland?

Continuation War

(ed.


Question: When was the Continuation War in Finland?

Continuation War

) | title = Continuation War: Chronicle| location = Jyväskylä Helsinki| publisher = Gummerus| year = 1991 (2nd edition 1997)}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Kuusela, Kari| title = Wehrmacht armours in Finland: German armoured units in Finland 1941—1944| location = Helsinki| publisher = Wiking-division Oy| year = 2000}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Raunio, Ari (ed.


Question: When was the Continuation War in Finland?

Continuation War

) | title = Defenders of Independence -series| publisher = Weilin+Göös etc.| year = 2002—2003}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Leskinen, Jari & Juutilainen, Antti (ed.


Question: When was the Continuation War in Finland?

Continuation War

) | title = Petty Giant of Continuation War| publisher = WSOY| year = 2005}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Drabkin, Artem & Irincheev, Bair (ed.


Question: When was the Continuation War in Finland?

Continuation War

) | title = Continuation War with the eyes of the Red Army| location = Jyväskylä| publisher = Atena| year = 2007| version = In Finnish ed.


Question: When was the Continuation War in Finland?

Continuation War

Tiilikainen, Heikki & Laine, Jukka-Pekka}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Raunio, Ari & Kirin, Yuri | title = Continuation War Attacks 1941| publisher = Karttacentr| year = 2007}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Näre, Sari & Kirves, Jenni (ed.


Question: When was the Continuation War in Finland?

Continuation War

) | title = Ugly War: The Silent History of the Winter and Continuation War| location = Helsinki| publisher = Johnny Kniga| year = 2008}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Ruin, Ari & Kolin, Yuri | title = Continuation War Fighting 1942—44| publisher = Map Centre| year = 2008}} error, replace with {{cite book| author = Rantanen, Sponge| title = Difficult road to peace: Finland under German, Swedish and Soviet compression | location = Jyväskylä | publisher = Atena| year = 2010}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Kankare, Vilho| title = Let's go when told!


Question: When was the Continuation War in Finland?

Continuation War

Young Men's Continuation War| location = Helsinki| publisher = Otava| year = 2011}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| title = Stalin's Secret Continuation War| publisher = Docendo| year = 2014| version=ed.


Question: When was the Continuation War in Finland?

Continuation War

Vihavainen, Timo & Manninen, Ohto}} Films in front of the front line, a film about JR 61 on the Syvärs and Isthmus, Åke Lindman, 2004 Silence, film about the evacuation centre for the fallen, directed by Sakari Kirjainen, 2011 Abandoned houses, deserted courtyards, film Laila Hietamies by the same name novel, about the last days of Vyborg in summer 1944, directed by Lauri Törhönen, 1999 Lupaus, film about lot in winter and continuation war, directed by Ilkka Vanne, 2005 Headquarters, film about the moods of the headquarters in summer 1944, directed by Matti Kassila, 1970 Rintamalotta, a film about the lot fronts Continuation War, directed by Aarne Tarkas, 1956 Rukajärvi tie, Olli Saarela, screenplay by Antti Tuuri and Olli Saarela, 1999 Tali-Ihantala 1944, Åke Lindman and Sakari Kirjainen, screenplay by Stefan Foss, Benedict Zilliacus and Esko Salervi, 2007 The Unknown Soldier, Edvin Laine, 1955 Unknown Soldier, Rauni Mollberg, 1985 Unknown Soldier, Aku Louhimies, 2017 On the topic elsewhere Check date values in: |accessdate=, |date= (help) Check date values in: |accessdate= (help) Check date values in: |accessdate= (help) Check date values in: |accessdate=, |date= ( help) Check date values in: |accessdate= (help) Search Engine.


Question: When was the Continuation War in Finland?

Continuation War

Check date values in: |accessdate=, |date= (help) Check date values in: |accessdate= (help) Check date values in: |accessdate= (help) Check date values in: |accessdate=, |date= (help) Book review of Pilke, Helena and Kleemola, Olli: Life in the Trenches.


Question: When was the Continuation War in Finland?

Continuation War

The amusements and hobbies of soldiers on the fronts of the Continuation War.


Question: When was the Continuation War in Finland?

Continuation War

SKS, 2015.


Question: When was the Continuation War in Finland?

Continuation War

* Category:Key articles of screening


Question: When did Matti Luostarinen dissert himself as a doctorate?

Wolmar Schildt

Wolmar Styrbjörn Schildt (Wolmari Kilpinen, W. Kilpinen) (31 July 1810, Laukaa — 8 May 1893, Jyväskylä) was a Jyväskylä district physician, phennoman, developer of new vocabulary, and Finnist.


Question: When did Matti Luostarinen dissert himself as a doctorate?

Wolmar Schildt

In a newspaper he edited from 1867—1870, Schildt regularly used the surname Kilpinen.


Question: When did Matti Luostarinen dissert himself as a doctorate?

Wolmar Schildt

Schildt was a strong influence on the birth of the first Finnish-language grammar school, the Jyväskylä Upper Primary School in Jyväskylä in 1858.


Question: When did Matti Luostarinen dissert himself as a doctorate?

Wolmar Schildt

He was the first to propose the creation of a county in Central Finland.


Question: When did Matti Luostarinen dissert himself as a doctorate?

Wolmar Schildt

[1] Adolescence and study, Schildt was born in Lauka in Pernasaari to the noble family of Captain Wolmar Johan Schildt and Eve Wadenstierna.


Question: When did Matti Luostarinen dissert himself as a doctorate?

Wolmar Schildt

The birth home was built in 1806 by his mother's father, Lieutenant Colonel C. W. Wadenstierna.


Question: When did Matti Luostarinen dissert himself as a doctorate?

Wolmar Schildt

The house is still standing in the area of the Laukaa open prison in Pernasaari, Vuonteen.


Question: When did Matti Luostarinen dissert himself as a doctorate?

Wolmar Schildt

A memorial plaque was placed on the wall of the house in 2005 [2].


Question: When did Matti Luostarinen dissert himself as a doctorate?

Wolmar Schildt

Schildt received the teaching leading to the university at his home and in 1825 completed his baccalaureate in Turku, where he began studying.


Question: When did Matti Luostarinen dissert himself as a doctorate?

Wolmar Schildt

Due to the Great Fire of Turku, the university moved to Helsinki in 1828.


Question: When did Matti Luostarinen dissert himself as a doctorate?

Wolmar Schildt

During his studies, he first came into contact with the idea of fostering the Finnish language and he is reported as a child to say that Finnish should be a court language in this country.


Question: When did Matti Luostarinen dissert himself as a doctorate?

Wolmar Schildt

[1] However, he had already received from his home, because both mother and father knew Finnish.


Question: When did Matti Luostarinen dissert himself as a doctorate?

Wolmar Schildt

[1] As a student, Schildt began studying natural sciences at the Philosophical Faculty and earned a master's degree.


Question: When did Matti Luostarinen dissert himself as a doctorate?

Wolmar Schildt

In 1833 he continued at the Faculty of Medicine, graduating as a Bachelor of Medicine in the summer of 1836 and a licentiate in the spring of 1838.


Question: When did Matti Luostarinen dissert himself as a doctorate?

Wolmar Schildt

Schildt was conferred a Doctor of Medicine in 1840 and the subject of his dissertation was “Staphylom i Ögat” (Corneal Bulge in the Eye).


Question: When did Matti Luostarinen dissert himself as a doctorate?

Wolmar Schildt

However, there were no ophthalmologist specialist positions in Finland.


Question: When did Matti Luostarinen dissert himself as a doctorate?

Wolmar Schildt

In September 1838, Schildt was assigned to Jyväskylä to hold the post of district doctor of Saarijärvi district, and after the post became vacant he was appointed to it in early June 1839.


Question: When did Matti Luostarinen dissert himself as a doctorate?

Wolmar Schildt

Schildt left in November 1847 on a foreign study trip on E.


Question: When did Matti Luostarinen dissert himself as a doctorate?

Wolmar Schildt

With A. Ingman.


Question: When did Matti Luostarinen dissert himself as a doctorate?

Wolmar Schildt

They dabbled in medical studies in Vienna and Paris and visited hospitals in many cities.


Question: When did Matti Luostarinen dissert himself as a doctorate?

Wolmar Schildt

From Paris, they returned home after witnessing the Revolution of 1848 there.


Question: When did Matti Luostarinen dissert himself as a doctorate?

Wolmar Schildt

[1] :12-13 The University Project of Jyväskylä Wolmar Schildt already dreamed of getting the first Finnish-speaking university in Jyväskylä in the middle of the 19th century.


Question: When did Matti Luostarinen dissert himself as a doctorate?

Wolmar Schildt

The plan failed to win wider support, but Schildt believed his wish would be granted.


Question: When did Matti Luostarinen dissert himself as a doctorate?

Wolmar Schildt

To meet the needs of the future university, on 7 March 1860, he founded the Jyväskylä University Fund, which grew mostly through his own donations and the support of his friends.


Question: When did Matti Luostarinen dissert himself as a doctorate?

Wolmar Schildt

“A Yli-opisto Fund will also be set up for a Finnish language Yli College in the city of Jyväskylä that may be received in the future.”


Question: When did Matti Luostarinen dissert himself as a doctorate?

Wolmar Schildt

A fund with 1 ruble (Schildt) and 50 kopecks (A.F.


Question: When did Matti Luostarinen dissert himself as a doctorate?

Wolmar Schildt

Tawastsjerna), or about six marks, was at the time of Schildt's death amounting to 70000 then marks, which corresponds to about EUR 288000.


Question: When did Matti Luostarinen dissert himself as a doctorate?

Wolmar Schildt

The university, brainstormed by Schildt, was founded in Jyväskylä in 1966.


Question: When did Matti Luostarinen dissert himself as a doctorate?

Wolmar Schildt

Swordsmith Schildt was one of the most important so-called word smiths in the Finnish language of the 19th century.


Question: When did Matti Luostarinen dissert himself as a doctorate?

Wolmar Schildt

There are more than a hundred words invented by him in common use, for example science, art, footwear, letter, hospital, prison, conclusion, knowledge sword, skill sword, sure, circle, square, religion, spouse, person, corporation, [3] isolate, ennoble, become independent, assume, decorate, implement, reduce.


Question: When did Matti Luostarinen dissert himself as a doctorate?

Wolmar Schildt

He differed from other word posts in that he published his words as lists.


Question: When did Matti Luostarinen dissert himself as a doctorate?

Wolmar Schildt

He sent these lists to his acquaintance Elias Lönnrot.


Question: When did Matti Luostarinen dissert himself as a doctorate?

Wolmar Schildt

[1] :78 Stretch writing Schildt tried in vain to establish a system of stretching writing in Finnish, whereby long vowels are denoted by a single letter with a so-called stretch on top.


Question: When did Matti Luostarinen dissert himself as a doctorate?

Wolmar Schildt

Diphthongs are also written in it with one letter, for example uo is written and ie again ė. Schildt pursued the idea without exhaustion and sparing his funds, including sponsoring writing contests in which participation was conditional on the use of stretch writing.


Question: When did Matti Luostarinen dissert himself as a doctorate?

Wolmar Schildt

Schildt persistently held to this principle, although it hampered the publication of his texts and broke friendships.


Question: When did Matti Luostarinen dissert himself as a doctorate?

Wolmar Schildt

Afterwards, the only upside of the matter can be considered that when printers had to acquire special typefaces for stretchwriting, they gradually shifted from fracture letters to antiquity.


Question: When did Matti Luostarinen dissert himself as a doctorate?

Wolmar Schildt

[1] :67-77 The text on Schildt's gravestone in the old graveyard of Jyväskylä is written in a stretch inscription.


Question: When did Matti Luostarinen dissert himself as a doctorate?

Wolmar Schildt

Nearby is a street named after a stretch, Venykekuja branching from Jyväskylä Puistokatu.


Question: When did Matti Luostarinen dissert himself as a doctorate?

Wolmar Schildt

Schildt's monument is the blue Tiedon Gate, placed on the University of Jyväskylä campus in 1984.


Question: When did Matti Luostarinen dissert himself as a doctorate?

Wolmar Schildt

Schildt's spouse was Matilda Fredrika Vilhelmina Wadenstjerna.


Question: When did Matti Luostarinen dissert himself as a doctorate?

Wolmar Schildt

Aatos Schildt, a farming counsellor and Reichstag, was their son.


Question: When did Matti Luostarinen dissert himself as a doctorate?

Wolmar Schildt

[4] Works (Fennica catalogued under the name Schildt, Wolmar) The early stages and beginnings of the Jyväskylä Lyceum, 1958 A few words about the enrichment of the Finnish language, 1844 Those Finnish surnames that the manly specimens of the mother of Wiitasaari had in the years since


Question: When did Matti Luostarinen dissert himself as a doctorate?

Wolmar Schildt

1834, 1859 Nîtæ næitæ, nîtelmiæ, væitelmiæ, vestelmiæ, sotielmia, reconciliation, 1889 The word about the appearance and stretch marks of the Finnish language, 1856 Word-like question, 1863 Little about Finnish surnames, 1857 Finnish translations of Eucleides, First Four books and determinations of the fifth Euclidean rudiments in measurement science, Finland. W. Kilpinen [Schildt] Sources on the subject elsewhere (person 14146).


Question: When did Matti Luostarinen dissert himself as a doctorate?

Wolmar Schildt

Sakari Kuusu: “Wolmar Styrbjörn Schildt-Kilpinen — Life and Action”, K.J.


Question: When did Matti Luostarinen dissert himself as a doctorate?

Wolmar Schildt

Gummerus oy, Jyväskylä, 1962 Class:Fennists Category:Finnish linguists Category:Finnish writers Category:Finnish nobles Category:Finnists Class:History of Jyväskylä Category:People born in 1810 Class:Persons who died in 1893


Question: What was the Weimar Republic?

Weimar Republic

The Weimar Republic () is a denomination used in historical research from Germany between 1919 and 1933, when the country was a republic.


Question: What was the Weimar Republic?

Weimar Republic

Officially, the state was even then called the German Empire (Deutsches Reich).


Question: What was the Weimar Republic?

Weimar Republic

The era is considered to have begun when the new German constitution enacted in the city of Weimar on 11 August 1919 went into effect after Germany suffered defeat in World War I.


Question: What was the Weimar Republic?

Weimar Republic

The period of the Weimar Republic came to an end with the rise of Adolf Hitler and the National Socialists and the abolition of the democracy that existed in the country.


Question: What was the Weimar Republic?

Weimar Republic

Beginning of the Republic 1918—1919 From 1916, German policy was effectively led by the Army and its High Command (Oberste Heeresleitung, OHL) under its chief Field Marshal Paul von Hindenburg.


Question: What was the Weimar Republic?

Weimar Republic

When it became apparent that the war had been eradicated, the OHL insisted that responsibility would pass to a civilian government with the goal of secession from the war.


Question: What was the Weimar Republic?

Weimar Republic

There was a change of government in the German Empire.


Question: What was the Weimar Republic?

Weimar Republic

The new Reich Chancellor (Reichskanzler) Prince Max von Baden thus offered US President Woodrow Wilson an armistice agreement on October 3, 1918.


Question: What was the Weimar Republic?

Weimar Republic

On 28 October 1918, the Constitution of the Empire was amended so that the country became a parliamentary democracy.


Question: What was the Weimar Republic?

Weimar Republic

This made the Reich Chancellery accountable to the Reichstag rather than the Emperor.


Question: What was the Weimar Republic?

Weimar Republic

However, the plan to turn Germany into a parliamentary monarchy failed as the country plunged into chaos as troops returned from the front.


Question: What was the Weimar Republic?

Weimar Republic

The war had emotionally and physically ravaged many soldiers and acclimatised them to violence, which was resorted to even when peace returned.


Question: What was the Weimar Republic?

Weimar Republic

Bloody clashes broke out between the left and the right.


Question: What was the Weimar Republic?

Weimar Republic

Rebellious soldiers and laborers When the army leadership ordered permission from the Reichstag without asking for the offensive patrol mission of the German Navy's Ocean Fleet (), a mutiny broke out.


Question: What was the Weimar Republic?

Weimar Republic

If the order had come to pass, the peace talks would in all likelihood have lapsed.


Question: What was the Weimar Republic?

Weimar Republic

The crew of two ships mutinied at Wilhelmshaven and the army arrested about 1000 sailors and transported them to Kiel.


Question: What was the Weimar Republic?

Weimar Republic

This led to the spread of local rebellion over the entire kingdom.


Question: What was the Weimar Republic?

Weimar Republic

The mutinying soldiers, sailors and labourers who sympathised with them formed the 1918 Revolutionary Council and took power in many cities.


Question: What was the Weimar Republic?

Weimar Republic

By 7 November, the revolt had spread to Munich, where Louis III of Bavaria was the first German monarch to go on the run.


Question: What was the Weimar Republic?

Weimar Republic

Initially the demands of the councils were minimal, they merely demanded the release of captured sailors.


Question: What was the Weimar Republic?

Weimar Republic

From the Bolshevik coup in Russia, they differed in such a way that they were not controlled by the Communist Party.


Question: What was the Weimar Republic?

Weimar Republic

Because of events in Soviet-Russia, Germany's upper class and middle class feared that Germany would become a Soviet republic.


Question: What was the Weimar Republic?

Weimar Republic

The intermediate between Social Democrats and Communists, the German labour movement was divided.


Question: What was the Weimar Republic?

Weimar Republic

The left-wing social democrats USPD, advocated the power of Workers' Councils and the majority Social Democrats SPD, parliamentarianism.


Question: What was the Weimar Republic?

Weimar Republic

The division had been formed even before World War I 1914.


Question: What was the Weimar Republic?

Weimar Republic

The left wing of the Social Democrats had opposed Germany's entry into the war, and in 1919 some of them supported a socialist Spartakist rebellion as communists.


Question: What was the Weimar Republic?

Weimar Republic

A majority of the Social Democrats supported defending German interests.


Question: What was the Weimar Republic?

Weimar Republic

When the Spartacists attempted a socialist revolution in Germany by coup, the Spartakists were responsible for suppressing the rebellion as the minister responsible for the Reichswehr, the Social Democratic Gustav Noske.


Question: What was the Weimar Republic?

Weimar Republic

Communists accused the Social Democrats of betraying the cause.


Question: What was the Weimar Republic?

Weimar Republic

A republic or a Soviet power?


Question: What was the Weimar Republic?

Weimar Republic

All socialists demanded the resignation of Emperor William II.


Question: What was the Weimar Republic?

Weimar Republic

On 9 November, the majority Socialists at the Reichstag House in Berlin declared the birth of a German republic, at the same time that a minority elsewhere — led by Karl Liebknecht, among others — declared the country a Soviet republic.


Question: What was the Weimar Republic?

Weimar Republic

Still on the same day, Reich Chancellor Max von Baden transferred power to Friedrich Ebert, leader of the majority Socialists.


Question: What was the Weimar Republic?

Weimar Republic

However, this was not seen to appease the popular forces, and a day later a revolutionary administration Council of People's Councillors (Rat der Volksbeauftragten) was established, which included both majority and minority socialists and represented workers and soldiers.


Question: What was the Weimar Republic?

Weimar Republic

However, this administration was opposed by the minority socialists left wing, the Spartakists, led by Liebknecht and Rosa Luxemburg.


Question: What was the Weimar Republic?

Weimar Republic

Ebert called together the National Congress of Councils, which met 16—20.


Question: What was the Weimar Republic?

Weimar Republic

December and where the majority socialists had a majority.


Question: What was the Weimar Republic?

Weimar Republic

The Soviet Congress decided that enactment of a future constitution would fall to the National Assembly elected by universal suffrage.


Question: What was the Weimar Republic?

Weimar Republic

Thus Ebert managed to marginalize the supporters of Soviet rule.


Question: What was the Weimar Republic?

Weimar Republic

Ebert defeats the rebellion To ensure his government's jurisdiction, Ebert allied himself with the army, led at that point by General Wilhelm Groener.


Question: What was the Weimar Republic?

Weimar Republic

The agreement guaranteed the military that the government would not attempt to reorganise it if it remained loyal to the government.


Question: What was the Weimar Republic?

Weimar Republic

On the other hand, the treaty ensured cooperation between the government and the military, which convinced the upper and middle classes of its intentions to maintain order in the country and that the army remained a stabilizing force.


Question: What was the Weimar Republic?

Weimar Republic

For the Left Wing, this meant betraying the workers' cause.


Question: What was the Weimar Republic?

Weimar Republic

The alliance with the military was one of the factors that permanently divided the left into Social Democrats and Communists.


Question: What was the Weimar Republic?

Weimar Republic

Once and for all, the left torn up when Ebert called in the army to put down one of the Berlin military rebellions on 23 November 1918.


Question: What was the Weimar Republic?

Weimar Republic

The rebels had captured the city's Commandant's HQ and the Reich Office, where the government kept its lodge.


Question: What was the Weimar Republic?

Weimar Republic

The rebellion was brutally defeated and no casualties and wounded were avoided.


Question: What was the Weimar Republic?

Weimar Republic

As a result, the left wing broke away from the majority Socialists, who had, according to it, allied with the Counter-Revolutionary Army in an effort to defeat the revolution.


Question: What was the Weimar Republic?

Weimar Republic

The distinction deepened when the Communist Party of Germany was formed out of Spartacists and the radical left groups that joined them.


Question: What was the Weimar Republic?

Weimar Republic

In January 1919, several violent attempts were made to bring about a socialist revolution.


Question: What was the Weimar Republic?

Weimar Republic

These rebellions were defeated by the Freikorps, or Freikorps, made up of volunteer soldiers and right-wingers.


Question: What was the Weimar Republic?

Weimar Republic

The situation culminated when Spartacist leaders Liebknecht and Luxembourg were beaten to death on 15 January.


Question: What was the Weimar Republic?

Weimar Republic

With Ebert's approval, the killers were sentenced in a military trial instead of a civilian court to lenient punishments.


Question: What was the Weimar Republic?

Weimar Republic

This increased Ebert's unpopularity in the eyes of left-wing groups.


Question: What was the Weimar Republic?

Weimar Republic

Weimar National Assembly Elections to the National Assembly were held on 19 January.


Question: What was the Weimar Republic?

Weimar Republic

Minority Socialists and other left-wing groups failed to gain almost no delegates to the National Assembly because they had been beaten apart when the rebellions were defeated.


Question: What was the Weimar Republic?

Weimar Republic

To avoid being at the centre of the riots, the National Assembly moved to the city of Weimar to work on a new constitution.


Question: What was the Weimar Republic?

Weimar Republic

It formed a presidential-led republic from Germany, with Reichstag representatives elected by proportional representation.


Question: What was the Weimar Republic?

Weimar Republic

During the rallies in Weimar, violence and rebellion continued in the country.


Question: What was the Weimar Republic?

Weimar Republic

Munich momentarily declared itself a Soviet republic, but the revolt was defeated by Freikorps' forces.


Question: What was the Weimar Republic?

Weimar Republic

In addition, there was fighting in the eastern provinces because they were loyal to the emperor and did not want to belong to the republic.


Question: What was the Weimar Republic?

Weimar Republic

Ebert, the first Reich President of the Republic, signed the new constitution on 11 August 1919.


Question: What was the Weimar Republic?

Weimar Republic

At the same time, in France, the Treaty of Versailles, concluded in peace negotiations with the Circum-Powers, greatly shrunk the strength of the army, brought Germany large war reparations and demilitarised the Rhineland.


Question: What was the Weimar Republic?

Weimar Republic

In the treaty, Germany was also forced to plead unilateral guilt to World War I.


Question: What was the Weimar Republic?

Weimar Republic

Later, Adolf Hitler blamed the republic and democracy for this “peace of shame”.


Question: What was the Weimar Republic?

Weimar Republic

Germany lost territories to its neighbours in the treaty.


Question: What was the Weimar Republic?

Weimar Republic

The Greater Poland Rebellion that broke out in Poznan benefited from internal German dispersal and ended with the victory of Polish rebels, resulting in the peace annexation of Posen Province into newly independent Poland.


Question: What was the Weimar Republic?

Weimar Republic

Early years of the Young Republic 1919—1923 From its founding, the Weimar Republic was under pressure from extremism on the left and right.


Question: What was the Weimar Republic?

Weimar Republic

The left accused the Social Democrats of betraying the cause by allying with the old power rather than the socialist revolution, while the right opposed the democratic system and would sooner have reverted to the old authoritarian model.


Question: What was the Weimar Republic?

Weimar Republic

To destroy the credibility of the Republic, the right wing blamed (especially within the army circle) the regime for Germany's defeat in World War I.


Question: What was the Weimar Republic?

Weimar Republic

A legend emerged of the backstabbing that the defeat had been caused by communist and Jewish machinations on the home front.


Question: What was the Weimar Republic?

Weimar Republic

On March 13, 1920, a group of Freikorps troops conquered Berlin and installed right-wing newspaperman Wolfgang Kapp as Reich Chancellor of the new government.


Question: What was the Weimar Republic?

Weimar Republic

As the Freikorps' troops were Ebert's only means of retaining power, he had no choice but to withdraw his parliament to Dresden, from where it called a general strike.


Question: What was the Weimar Republic?

Weimar Republic

This brought the economy to a complete standstill and Kapp's administration collapsed as early as March 17.


Question: What was the Weimar Republic?

Weimar Republic

The communists impressed by the power of the general strike staged an uprising in the Ruhr region in 1920 when 50,000 laborers formed the Red Army and took control of the province.


Question: What was the Weimar Republic?

Weimar Republic

The uprising was defeated by the army and the Freikorps without instructions from the government.


Question: What was the Weimar Republic?

Weimar Republic

Communist revolutions were also suppressed in March 1921 in Saxony and Hamburg.


Question: What was the Weimar Republic?

Weimar Republic

In 1923, the Republic was no longer able to pay war reparations as had been agreed in the Treaty of Versailles and the new government fell behind in payments.


Question: What was the Weimar Republic?

Weimar Republic

In retaliation, French and Belgian troops occupied the Ruhr region, one of the largest concentrations of industry in Germany, taking over mines and production facilities in the area in January 1922.


Question: What was the Weimar Republic?

Weimar Republic

In January 1923, the Germans declared a general strike as a retaliatory measure, urging the population and workers for passive resistance.


Question: What was the Weimar Republic?

Weimar Republic

The strikes lasted eight months, which the German economy suffered, and the country had to rely on imports.


Question: What was the Weimar Republic?

Weimar Republic

As the striking laborers also had to be paid wages by the state, more money was printed, causing hyperinflation.


Question: What was the Weimar Republic?

Weimar Republic

Before hyperinflation, one US dollar had gained 4.2 DM.


Question: What was the Weimar Republic?

Weimar Republic

In August 1923, the dollar received one million marks and on November 20, $4200 billion.


Question: What was the Weimar Republic?

Weimar Republic

In early December, a currency reform was carried out in which 1000000000000 old marks received one new Rentenmark.


Question: What was the Weimar Republic?

Weimar Republic

War reparations continued and the Ruhr was returned to Germany.


Question: What was the Weimar Republic?

Weimar Republic

In 1923, Adolf Hitler also organised an attempted coup d'état in Munich, known as the Beer Met Coup.


Question: What was the Weimar Republic?

Weimar Republic

In 1920, the German Workers' Party had become the National Socialist Party and Hitler had risen to become its chairman in 1921.


Question: What was the Weimar Republic?

Weimar Republic

The paramilitary organisation SA was founded in 1921, and served as Hitler's personal army in taking power.


Question: What was the Weimar Republic?

Weimar Republic

On November 8, 1923, Hitler, along with his party comrades, staged an attempted coup and declared a new government, with the goal of taking control of Munich the next day.


Question: What was the Weimar Republic?

Weimar Republic

A hundred police officers defeated a crowd of 3,000 mutineers.


Question: What was the Weimar Republic?

Weimar Republic

Four police officers and 15 protesters were killed in the clash.


Question: What was the Weimar Republic?

Weimar Republic

Hitler was arrested and sent to serve a mild, ultimately reduced sentence for good behavior for a year to prison in Landsberg.


Question: What was the Weimar Republic?

Weimar Republic

After a year spent in captivity, Hitler used his political programme declaration to write the book My Struggle.


Question: What was the Weimar Republic?

Weimar Republic

In his book, Hitler set out ideas that were later realised in World War II.


Question: What was the Weimar Republic?

Weimar Republic

The failure of the coup convinced Hitler that taking power was next worth pursuing a legitimate path.


Question: What was the Weimar Republic?

Weimar Republic

Weimar's golden age, 1923—1929, Gustav Stresemann, leader of the centre-right People's Party, served as Reich Chancellor for a short time in 1923 and Foreign Minister from 1923 to 1929.


Question: What was the Weimar Republic?

Weimar Republic

This era was a time of relative stability in the Weimar Republic, with riots and revolts diminishing and the economy recovering.


Question: What was the Weimar Republic?

Weimar Republic

Stresemann's first measure was a currency reform, in which the old mark was made Rentenmark.


Question: What was the Weimar Republic?

Weimar Republic

The push for reform was to break the hyperinflation that riven Germany socially and economically.


Question: What was the Weimar Republic?

Weimar Republic

The reform was successful because Stresemann refused to print more currency.


Question: What was the Weimar Republic?

Weimar Republic

To rebalance the economy, he also reduced government spending and bureaucracy, while tightening taxes.


Question: What was the Weimar Republic?

Weimar Republic

The era also saw the implementation of the Dawes Plan, which tied war reparations to Germany's ability to pay.


Question: What was the Weimar Republic?

Weimar Republic

The country was also included in the League of Nations, agreed to the ambiguities surrounding the western border, signed a neutrality treaty with the Soviet Union and violated a few of the disarmament provisions of the Versailles Peace Treaty.


Question: What was the Weimar Republic?

Weimar Republic

Finance was sought from external debt, although at the same time trade fell and unemployment rose.


Question: What was the Weimar Republic?

Weimar Republic

Stresemann's reforms did not eliminate the weaknesses of the republic, although created an image of stable democracy and economy.


Question: What was the Weimar Republic?

Weimar Republic

With Stresemann's death in 1929, the Weimar golden age came to an end and the intensification of political extremists severely destabilized the republic, especially as the Depression of the 1930s collapsed its economy.


Question: What was the Weimar Republic?

Weimar Republic

The collapse and rise of the National Socialists 1930—1933 The loss of credibility for the last years of the Weimar Republic was marked by greater political instability than before.


Question: What was the Weimar Republic?

Weimar Republic

On 29 March 1930, after months of lobbying by General Kurt von Schleicher, Paul von Hindenburg appointed Reich Chancellor Müller to succeed economic expert Heinrich Brüning.


Question: What was the Weimar Republic?

Weimar Republic

The new government did not have a majority in the Riksdag, so under the constitution the Reich President had been given extra emergency powers for this reason.


Question: What was the Weimar Republic?

Weimar Republic

So the government was assumed to be shifting the political line in a more conservative direction.


Question: What was the Weimar Republic?

Weimar Republic

A bill was introduced to rebalance the state's finances on 18 July 1930, which was narrowly rejected.


Question: What was the Weimar Republic?

Weimar Republic

The Social Democrats, Communists and then the National Socialists, who were still in marginal representation, voted against the proposal.


Question: What was the Weimar Republic?

Weimar Republic

Because of the rejection, Hindenburg introduced emergency rights in the constitution and made a presidential proposal to the Riksdag to dissolve the Riksdag.


Question: What was the Weimar Republic?

Weimar Republic

New Reichstag elections were held on 14 September 1930.


Question: What was the Weimar Republic?

Weimar Republic

There was a significant political shift in power relations: the National Socialists won 18.3% of the vote, five times more than in the previous election of 1928.


Question: What was the Weimar Republic?

Weimar Republic

This had disastrous consequences for the Republic, as moderate parties were now no longer held by the majority in the Riksdag.


Question: What was the Weimar Republic?

Weimar Republic

This emboldened the National Socialists to take more power through foreign parliamentary means — principally by the paramilitary SA.


Question: What was the Weimar Republic?

Weimar Republic

The Weimar Republic was menacingly heading towards civil war.


Question: What was the Weimar Republic?

Weimar Republic

Between 1930 and 1932, Brüning attempted to govern and stabilize the state without a parliamentary majority, using President Hindenburg's emergency privileges as his aid.


Question: What was the Weimar Republic?

Weimar Republic

At the same time, the Great Depression reached its high point.


Question: What was the Weimar Republic?

Weimar Republic

Following liberal economic theory, Brüning cut government spending, including the social sector.


Question: What was the Weimar Republic?

Weimar Republic

He assumed that the economic slump would get even worse before the economy turned upward again.


Question: What was the Weimar Republic?

Weimar Republic

Among other things, the state stopped subsidizing mandatory unemployment insurance, which meant more spending for those working and fewer benefits for the unemployed.


Question: What was the Weimar Republic?

Weimar Republic

This led to growing dissatisfaction with the government.


Question: What was the Weimar Republic?

Weimar Republic

The economic decline continued into the second half of 1932 before signs of recovery were visible.


Question: What was the Weimar Republic?

Weimar Republic

By this point, however, the Weimar Republic had lost all confidence in the eyes of the majority of the German people.


Question: What was the Weimar Republic?

Weimar Republic

Historians disagree on how Brüning's economic policies should be judged, but it is clear nonetheless that the solutions made crumbled the republic by capturing its popular popularity.


Question: What was the Weimar Republic?

Weimar Republic

Brüning resigned his post on 30 May 1932 after losing Hindenburg's support.


Question: What was the Weimar Republic?

Weimar Republic

Five weeks earlier, Hindenburg had been re-elected Reich President with Brüning's active support in the electoral struggle against Hitler in a direct referendum.


Question: What was the Weimar Republic?

Weimar Republic

Hindenburg appointed Franz von Papen as Reich Chancellor, who had Hitler's support but not unconditionally.


Question: What was the Weimar Republic?

Weimar Republic

In return, Hitler wanted the Reichstag to be dissolved again and elections held, the SA Declaration of Abolition should be withdrawn and the Prussian Social Democratic government should be sacked with emergency rights.


Question: What was the Weimar Republic?

Weimar Republic

The July 1932 election The general election on 31 July 1932 gave the National Socialists a 37.2% vote catch, making the National Socialist Party by far the largest party in the Reichstag.


Question: What was the Weimar Republic?

Weimar Republic

Hitler now claimed the seat of Reich Chancellor.


Question: What was the Weimar Republic?

Weimar Republic

However, President Hindenburg offered him only a seat of government.


Question: What was the Weimar Republic?

Weimar Republic

Many Nazis insisted on engaging in a coup, but Hitler wanted to gain the legal path of power.


Question: What was the Weimar Republic?

Weimar Republic

Parties opposed to Hitler plotted a new election which it was hoped would undermine the latter's position.


Question: What was the Weimar Republic?

Weimar Republic

[1] New elections were held on 6 November 1932.


Question: What was the Weimar Republic?

Weimar Republic

They gave the National Socialists 33.1% of the vote.


Question: What was the Weimar Republic?

Weimar Republic

Franz von Papen resigned his post as Reich Chancellor and was succeeded by General von Schleicher.


Question: What was the Weimar Republic?

Weimar Republic

He envisaged a Reichstag majority by merging the trade union wings of several parties and the left wing of the National Socialists, or Strassers.


Question: What was the Weimar Republic?

Weimar Republic

They couldn't get the government together.


Question: What was the Weimar Republic?

Weimar Republic

[1] Hitler and von Papen met secretly on 4 January 1933 and agreed to form a new government together, which would feature only two other National Socialists besides Hitler, Wilhelm Frick and Hermann Göring.


Question: What was the Weimar Republic?

Weimar Republic

Hitler would become Reich Chancellor and von Papen Vice-Reich Chancellor.


Question: What was the Weimar Republic?

Weimar Republic

This plan was presented to Hindenburg.


Question: What was the Weimar Republic?

Weimar Republic

Although he was staunchly opposed to the National Socialists and had won the presidential election, he reluctantly accepted von Papen's theory of the NSDAP's vanishing popular popularity and that, as Reich Chancellor, Hitler would be controllable.


Question: What was the Weimar Republic?

Weimar Republic

[1] Hindenburg appointed Hitler as the new Reich Chancellor on 30 January 1933.


Question: What was the Weimar Republic?

Weimar Republic

This date is generally considered to be the beginning of National Socialist Germany and in Nazi propaganda it was called the Machtergreifung, the take on power.


Question: What was the Weimar Republic?

Weimar Republic

[2] Hitler as Reich Chancellor Only a week after Adolf Hitler came to power, the new government had begun to restrict the activities of the opposition.


Question: What was the Weimar Republic?

Weimar Republic

Left wing party meetings were banned, and members of several parties were threatened.


Question: What was the Weimar Republic?

Weimar Republic

The German Reichstag House burned to rubble on 27 February 1933.


Question: What was the Weimar Republic?

Weimar Republic

Hitler blamed the act on the communists and arrested the party leadership.


Question: What was the Weimar Republic?

Weimar Republic

He also declared the country to a state of emergency and persuaded President Hindenburg to sign an order (Reichstagsbrandverordnung) that revoked most of the human rights provided for in the 1919 Constitution.


Question: What was the Weimar Republic?

Weimar Republic

In March 1933, the Power Act was enacted, granting the government for four years the right to legislate without the consent of the Reichstag.


Question: What was the Weimar Republic?

Weimar Republic

Hindenburg died on 2 August 1934, after which Hitler combined the posts of Reich Chancellor and President, and installed himself as Führer and Reich Chancellor.


Question: What was the Weimar Republic?

Weimar Republic

At the same time, the post was changed for life.


Question: What was the Weimar Republic?

Weimar Republic

Subsequently, there was virtually nothing left of the constitution of the Weimar Republic.


Question: What was the Weimar Republic?

Weimar Republic

Formally, however, it was not repealed in its entirety; the Nazis made only a few changes to it, some most noticeable on 15 September 1935.


Question: What was the Weimar Republic?

Weimar Republic

[3] Cultural heritage of the Weimar Republic during the Weimar Republic, culture and science lived through a period of intense flourishing.


Question: What was the Weimar Republic?

Weimar Republic

Germany experienced a major boom in film, aided by directors Friedrich Murnau and Fritz Lang.


Question: What was the Weimar Republic?

Weimar Republic

Bertolt Brecht and Thomas Mann represented high-class literature, and Walter Gropius created modern architecture with his Bauhaus school.


Question: What was the Weimar Republic?

Weimar Republic

Expressionism and neofacialism prevailed as trends in the visual arts.


Question: What was the Weimar Republic?

Weimar Republic

[4] Existing parts of the Constitution A few paragraphs of the Constitution of the Weimar Republic are currently in force in Germany.


Question: What was the Weimar Republic?

Weimar Republic

The 140th article of the Basic Law of the Federal Republic of Germany, enacted in 1949, stipulates that 136.—139 of the Constitution of 1919.


Question: What was the Weimar Republic?

Weimar Republic

and the 141st Articles are valid as part of the new constitution.


Question: What was the Weimar Republic?

Weimar Republic

[5] See also Weimar Republic Glossary Sources on the topic elsewhere CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link) * Category:Key articles of screening


Question: Which Atlantic island group is next located south of Madeira?

Madeira

Madeira () is a self-governing group of islands belonging to Portugal in the North Atlantic about 580 kilometres northwest of the North African coast.


Question: Which Atlantic island group is next located south of Madeira?

Madeira

Madeira belongs geographically to Macaronesia and consists of seven volcanic islands, the largest and only inhabited ones being Madeira and Porto Santo.


Question: Which Atlantic island group is next located south of Madeira?

Madeira

Located about 40 kilometres southeast of the main island, the three islands comprise the Desertas Islands.


Question: Which Atlantic island group is next located south of Madeira?

Madeira

Administratively, Madeira still includes the Selvagen Islands comprising the two islands in the southeast 280 km away.


Question: Which Atlantic island group is next located south of Madeira?

Madeira

When speaking of Madeira, one may refer equally to the entire administrative region, to a geographical group of islands, or to the island of Madeira alone.


Question: Which Atlantic island group is next located south of Madeira?

Madeira

The earliest reliable records of European activity in Madeira's history go back to the early 15th century.


Question: Which Atlantic island group is next located south of Madeira?

Madeira

There are also considerably older but uncertain references from Madeira right from the beginning of the time count.


Question: Which Atlantic island group is next located south of Madeira?

Madeira

The official written history of Madeira began with the arrival of the Portuguese from 1418.


Question: Which Atlantic island group is next located south of Madeira?

Madeira

The Carnation Revolution in Portugal in 1974 toppled the military junta that ruled the country, resulting in Madeira being granted autonomy two years later.


Question: Which Atlantic island group is next located south of Madeira?

Madeira

Madeira joined Portugal to the European Union in 1986.


Question: Which Atlantic island group is next located south of Madeira?

Madeira

Madeira's standard of living has risen during the period of autonomy and EU membership.


Question: Which Atlantic island group is next located south of Madeira?

Madeira

Madeira President Miguel Albuquerque has held office since March 2015.


Question: Which Atlantic island group is next located south of Madeira?

Madeira

His predecessor, Alberto João Jardim, had time to hold the office of president for 37 years.


Question: Which Atlantic island group is next located south of Madeira?

Madeira

The total population of Madeira was 267938 in 2011, the vast majority of whom, or more than 240000 people, lived on the island of Madeira.


Question: Which Atlantic island group is next located south of Madeira?

Madeira

The capital of Madeira is Funchal in the south of the main island, which had a population of 112015 in 2011.


Question: Which Atlantic island group is next located south of Madeira?

Madeira

As elsewhere in Portugal, Portuguese is spoken on the islands, the main religion being Catholicism and the monetary unit the euro.


Question: Which Atlantic island group is next located south of Madeira?

Madeira

Madeira is a popular tourist destination and tourism is an important source of income for the region's economy.


Question: Which Atlantic island group is next located south of Madeira?

Madeira

Madeira is known for its madeirawine and water channels, or levadas, which bisect the main island, among other things.


Question: Which Atlantic island group is next located south of Madeira?

Madeira

An annual New Year's fireworks display is held in Funchal, which has made it into the Guinness Book of Records as the largest in the world.


Question: Which Atlantic island group is next located south of Madeira?

Madeira

Geography The administrative region of Madeira is located in the Atlantic Ocean about 580 kilometres west of the North African coast and about a thousand kilometres southwest of the Portuguese capital Lisbon.


Question: Which Atlantic island group is next located south of Madeira?

Madeira

The Canary Islands lie about 450 kilometres to the south and the Azores less than 1,000 kilometres to the northwest.


Question: Which Atlantic island group is next located south of Madeira?

Madeira

In addition to the main island Madeira, the region includes another inhabited island Porto Santo, the Desertas Islands less than 40 kilometres southeast of the capital Funchal, and the Selvagen Islands 280 kilometres to the south-southeast.


Question: Which Atlantic island group is next located south of Madeira?

Madeira

The islands have a combined area of about 801 square kilometres and only Madeira and Porto Santo are inhabited.