Question: Why did the Soviet Union pull out of Afghanistan?

War in Afghanistan

[23] Attempts were made to appease his own people by blaming all hardships on the deposed Tarak.


Question: Why did the Soviet Union pull out of Afghanistan?

War in Afghanistan

The names of the 12000 people he executed were given to the public and the administration began renovating mosques.


Question: Why did the Soviet Union pull out of Afghanistan?

War in Afghanistan

Amin tried in his public appearances to appear as a just ruler and quit the loathed secret police.


Question: Why did the Soviet Union pull out of Afghanistan?

War in Afghanistan

In his place he admittedly founded the “Workers' Intelligence Institute” to continue the work of the abolished police.


Question: Why did the Soviet Union pull out of Afghanistan?

War in Afghanistan

The people were no longer fooled and no rebel group responded to the government's peace pleas.


Question: Why did the Soviet Union pull out of Afghanistan?

War in Afghanistan

[24] Afghanistan-Soviet relations were severed when Amin refused Soviet advice to calm the situation and stabilize his government.


Question: Why did the Soviet Union pull out of Afghanistan?

War in Afghanistan

[1] The Soviet leadership began to be fed up with the Ami regime and his inability to cooperate with the Communist camp as well as anyone else.


Question: Why did the Soviet Union pull out of Afghanistan?

War in Afghanistan

There were plans to carry out some kind of palace revolution in Kabul, but Amin remained ahead of events throughout.


Question: Why did the Soviet Union pull out of Afghanistan?

War in Afghanistan

The Kremlin took as an insult Amin's order in November 1979 ordering the Soviet ambassador to leave the country.


Question: Why did the Soviet Union pull out of Afghanistan?

War in Afghanistan

In the same month, Red Army Marshal Sergey Sokolov began concentrating troops on the surface of the border in Temez, the Soviet Republic of Uzbekistan.


Question: Why did the Soviet Union pull out of Afghanistan?

War in Afghanistan

[25] In the same year 1979, the revolution that began in neighbouring Iran became Islamist, which was sealed by the theocratic constitution enacted in December, elevating Ayatoc Khomeini to the supreme leader of the country.


Question: Why did the Soviet Union pull out of Afghanistan?

War in Afghanistan

Soviet occupation begins The Soviet leadership was troubled by a weakly gone war against the mujahideen guerrillas.


Question: Why did the Soviet Union pull out of Afghanistan?

War in Afghanistan

The Afghan government continually asked the Soviet Union for further monetary and armed support, but did not agree to be routed from Moscow.


Question: Why did the Soviet Union pull out of Afghanistan?

War in Afghanistan

Amin's capture made relations between the two countries particularly tense, with the Soviet Union supporting a group left behind by defeat within the ruling party.


Question: Why did the Soviet Union pull out of Afghanistan?

War in Afghanistan

Amin's communism had nationalist overtones, and his radical reform policies were seen in the Soviet Union as jeopardizing the continuity of pro-Soviet rule, in an effort to reduce dependence on the Soviet Union and develop communism with safeguarding China.


Question: Why did the Soviet Union pull out of Afghanistan?

War in Afghanistan

[26] In the Kremlin, Amin was even suspected of planning an alliance with the United States.


Question: Why did the Soviet Union pull out of Afghanistan?

War in Afghanistan

[27] Furthermore, there were fears that the Islamic Revolution in Iran could gain support in Afghanistan and spread from there to the Islamic republics of the Soviet Union such as Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan.


Question: Why did the Soviet Union pull out of Afghanistan?

War in Afghanistan

Andrei Gromyko made the case at a Politburo meeting in 1979 that Afghanistan could by no means be lost.


Question: Why did the Soviet Union pull out of Afghanistan?

War in Afghanistan

[16] In a confused situation, the Soviet Union decided to ensure the country remained under its own control and it undertook military intervention.


Question: Why did the Soviet Union pull out of Afghanistan?

War in Afghanistan

Soviet combat troops moved by air to Bagram Airport north of Kabul and they took control of the Salang Road Tunnel and Bagram and Kabul airfields.


Question: Why did the Soviet Union pull out of Afghanistan?

War in Afghanistan

On December 24, three divisions captured Bagram, Kabul, Kandahar and Herat airfields.


Question: Why did the Soviet Union pull out of Afghanistan?

War in Afghanistan

Amin greeted the event with satisfaction, as already Taraki had hoped that the Soviet Union would send soldiers to the country to help their government.


Question: Why did the Soviet Union pull out of Afghanistan?

War in Afghanistan

[28] Spetsnaz commandos took over the communications in Kabul.


Question: Why did the Soviet Union pull out of Afghanistan?

War in Afghanistan

On December 27, Soviet advisers held banquet dinners for the state leadership — all were arrested, the same happened to the military leadership.


Question: Why did the Soviet Union pull out of Afghanistan?

War in Afghanistan

700 KGB Alpha soldiers in Afghan uniforms attacked the presidential palace in Kabul, and Hafizullah Amin and his family were assassinated.


Question: Why did the Soviet Union pull out of Afghanistan?

War in Afghanistan

Initially, Amin was only to be drugged and subsequently imprisoned.


Question: Why did the Soviet Union pull out of Afghanistan?

War in Afghanistan

[28] The Soviet news agency Tass stated in a propagandistic tone: “The bloody clique of Hafizullah Amin and his auxiliaries, as well as American imperialism, has been eaten from power”.


Question: Why did the Soviet Union pull out of Afghanistan?

War in Afghanistan

[29] The Kremlin's decision elevated Babrak Karmal, who had been exiled in the Soviet Union, to the leadership of Afghanistan.


Question: Why did the Soviet Union pull out of Afghanistan?

War in Afghanistan

On 28 December 1979, he became President, Prime Minister and General Secretary of the Communist Party.


Question: Why did the Soviet Union pull out of Afghanistan?

War in Afghanistan

[30] The name Babrak Karmal, taken from the puppet ruler of Afghanistan, signified “friend of the workers”.


Question: Why did the Soviet Union pull out of Afghanistan?

War in Afghanistan

[31] On the same day, several motorized divisions of the Soviet Land Forces crossed the Afghan border.


Question: Why did the Soviet Union pull out of Afghanistan?

War in Afghanistan

The justification for a major military operation was obtained through a transparent appeal to the YYA agreement with Afghanistan and a request from the Afghan government.


Question: Why did the Soviet Union pull out of Afghanistan?

War in Afghanistan

Thus Brezhnev's doctrine was applied not only to Eastern Europe, but also in Afghanistan.


Question: Why did the Soviet Union pull out of Afghanistan?

War in Afghanistan

There was also a concrete staging of the call for help in traditional Soviet style, though this time in some clumsily fashion.


Question: Why did the Soviet Union pull out of Afghanistan?

War in Afghanistan

Babrak Karmal's recorded “Request for Assistance from the Afghan Government” was broadcast via the radio station of the Soviet Army Mission Command, which was located in Soviet territory (Uzbekistan).


Question: Why did the Soviet Union pull out of Afghanistan?

War in Afghanistan

[32] The plan of the Soviet Union was to raise the desired government to power in Kabul, quickly stabilise the situation and leave the country.


Question: Why did the Soviet Union pull out of Afghanistan?

War in Afghanistan

Guerrilla warfare was believed to be avoided by presenting the guerrillas with massive military strength.


Question: Why did the Soviet Union pull out of Afghanistan?

War in Afghanistan

The local culture and the religious feelings of the inhabitants were not wanted to be offended and the rank-men were assembled from Soviet Kyrgyz, Uzbek, Turkmen, and Tajik soldiers.


Question: Why did the Soviet Union pull out of Afghanistan?

War in Afghanistan

This was abandoned quite soon, as representatives of those nationalities not only deserted from the Red Army, but also joined the Afghan fighters.


Question: Why did the Soviet Union pull out of Afghanistan?

War in Afghanistan

[33] The reaction to the occupation was expressed by the general aggravation caused by the Soviet war effort.


Question: Why did the Soviet Union pull out of Afghanistan?

War in Afghanistan

The occupation of Afghanistan was addressed in early January 1980 at the initiative of 43 countries by the UN Security Council.


Question: Why did the Soviet Union pull out of Afghanistan?

War in Afghanistan

As expected, the Soviet Union vetoed a motion calling for foreign troops to be withdrawn from the country.


Question: Why did the Soviet Union pull out of Afghanistan?

War in Afghanistan

The General Assembly's proposal for a resolution on the matter, which admittedly did not mention the Soviet Union directly by name, was a significant prestige defeat for Moscow.


Question: Why did the Soviet Union pull out of Afghanistan?

War in Afghanistan

For a long time, the vote in practice had been considered by the UN General Assembly that the West had often fallen behind defeat in the polls with socialist and Third World countries on a common front.


Question: Why did the Soviet Union pull out of Afghanistan?

War in Afghanistan

Now on January 14, 1980, 104 countries supported the resolution, with 18 voting against and 18 abstaining.


Question: Why did the Soviet Union pull out of Afghanistan?

War in Afghanistan

[34] Among the abstaining countries were, among others, Stalinist Romania, which has been part of the Warsaw Pact, and the only Western European country remaining outside the conflicts of the great powers, India, Nicaragua, Cyprus and a number of third countries. countries of the world.


Question: Why did the Soviet Union pull out of Afghanistan?

War in Afghanistan

[35] US President Jimmy Carter was not content with condemning the Soviet Union at the UN but took extensive punitive measures.


Question: Why did the Soviet Union pull out of Afghanistan?

War in Afghanistan

In the field of diplomacy, the measures included summoning Moscow's ambassador home.


Question: Why did the Soviet Union pull out of Afghanistan?

War in Afghanistan

Extensive economic sanctions were also directed against the Soviet Union, covering issues such as grain exports and high technology.


Question: Why did the Soviet Union pull out of Afghanistan?

War in Afghanistan

Action was taken against the Olympic Games in Moscow in the summer of 1980 to acquire a broad boycott front.


Question: Why did the Soviet Union pull out of Afghanistan?

War in Afghanistan

In addition, the SALT II Treaty, which aimed at limiting strategic arms, went unratified by the United States Senate.


Question: Why did the Soviet Union pull out of Afghanistan?

War in Afghanistan

In the longer term, the United States woke up to respond more firmly to the Soviet arms race.


Question: Why did the Soviet Union pull out of Afghanistan?

War in Afghanistan

This cycle of armaments was already sucking up the resources of the otherwise economically stagnant Soviet Union to such an extent that it subjected the country to a subsequent disintegration process.


Question: Why did the Soviet Union pull out of Afghanistan?

War in Afghanistan

[36] US support for Afghan fighters remained fairly modest during Jimmy Carter's presidency.


Question: Why did the Soviet Union pull out of Afghanistan?

War in Afghanistan

After Ronald Reagan became president in 1981, the amount of aid increased.


Question: Why did the Soviet Union pull out of Afghanistan?

War in Afghanistan

[37] Officially, the United States had denied its armed support to Afghan fighters, supplying them only with Soviet-made armament.


Question: Why did the Soviet Union pull out of Afghanistan?

War in Afghanistan

This was obtained from the Soviet Union's former ally country Egypt.


Question: Why did the Soviet Union pull out of Afghanistan?

War in Afghanistan

Eventually it went so far as to start manufacturing copies of Soviet-style weapons in China stamped with copies of Soviet stamps.


Question: Why did the Soviet Union pull out of Afghanistan?

War in Afghanistan

[37] From a European point of view, the serious state of affairs could be noted at the latest: Especially from the right and Conservative parties, it was known that the Cold War had frozen the atmosphere and the enlargement had ended.


Question: Why did the Soviet Union pull out of Afghanistan?

War in Afghanistan

The Conservative Party of Great Britain, led by Margaret Thatcher, was on the front lines of tinkering with sanctions on the Soviet Union.


Question: Why did the Soviet Union pull out of Afghanistan?

War in Afghanistan

[38] Franz-Josef Strauss, the president of the West German Christian Social Union (CSU), gave fresh air to his Finnish speech, fearing Soviet remote control over Europe, stating: “Europe was one day becoming a great Finland.” [39] Saudi Arabia reacted to the Soviet occupation. providing resistance fighters with significant monetary assistance.


Question: Why did the Soviet Union pull out of Afghanistan?

War in Afghanistan

Its motives were of two kinds: on the one hand, to dam the advance of what was considered godless, an aggressive Soviet Union; on the other hand, channelling aid to Sunni Pashtuns wanted to weaken Iranian influence.


Question: Why did the Soviet Union pull out of Afghanistan?

War in Afghanistan

[40] In Saudi Arabia it was thought that the next target of invasion by the Soviet Union after Afghanistan would be Iran and the Persian Gulf.


Question: Why did the Soviet Union pull out of Afghanistan?

War in Afghanistan

Iran, on the other hand, had become too popular and influential among Shiites since its Islamic revolution.


Question: Why did the Soviet Union pull out of Afghanistan?

War in Afghanistan

[40] Finnish attitude The comments of the Finnish foreign policy leadership on the occupation of Afghanistan in the first days of 1980 did not, in a word, criticise the Soviet Union's activities.


Question: Why did the Soviet Union pull out of Afghanistan?

War in Afghanistan

Led by Foreign Minister Paavo Väyrysen, but likely with guidance from Undersecretary of State Keijo Korhonen, the Foreign Ministry formulated a statement that the Soviet intervention was based on a Soviet-Afghan mutual agreement and a request for assistance from Afghans.


Question: Why did the Soviet Union pull out of Afghanistan?

War in Afghanistan

Finland's attitude immediately attracted international attention, and among others the British Ambassador to Helsinki visited the Foreign Office to express his astonishment.


Question: Why did the Soviet Union pull out of Afghanistan?

War in Afghanistan

In his opinion, of all the countries in the world, it is Finland who would have thought was concerned about the invasion of a small neighbouring country by Soviet troops.


Question: Why did the Soviet Union pull out of Afghanistan?

War in Afghanistan

President Urho Kekkonen, who was visited in Tamminiemi by Ministerial Advisor Viktor Vladimirov, said that the occupation had put Finland in a very difficult situation because Finland could not possibly support the Soviet Union's actions and it would be difficult to be neutral.


Question: Why did the Soviet Union pull out of Afghanistan?

War in Afghanistan

The next day, Ambassador Vladimir Sobolev visited Kekkonen to promise that the Soviet Union would withdraw its troops as soon as the reasons leading to their deployment to Afghanistan would have gone away.


Question: Why did the Soviet Union pull out of Afghanistan?

War in Afghanistan

This is what Kekkonen said he was pleased with.


Question: Why did the Soviet Union pull out of Afghanistan?

War in Afghanistan

[35] Max Jakobson, the then Managing Director of the Business Delegation and a foreign policy contributor, defended the Finnish Government's line in his newspaper writings.


Question: Why did the Soviet Union pull out of Afghanistan?

War in Afghanistan

Later, he has written that Finland's conduct in the UN General Assembly resolution vote did not in fact show neutrality, but instead followed the “geopolitical voting pattern” that had emerged during the days of the Hungarian uprising in 1956 and from which a departure might have raises suspicion in Moscow.


Question: Why did the Soviet Union pull out of Afghanistan?

War in Afghanistan

[41] According to Keijo Korhonen, Undersecretary of State for Foreign Affairs, the condemnation of the occupation of Afghanistan could also have been seen in the circle of the most ardent foreign Finns only as an indication that Finland would vote against the Soviet Union with the permission of the Soviet Union and this would not, however, be any ways helped the Afghans.


Question: Why did the Soviet Union pull out of Afghanistan?

War in Afghanistan

[42] Kari Suomalainen, a Helsingin Sanomat cartoonist known as a critic of Finnishness, commented on Finland's proceedings at the UN with a drawing in which the seat of the Finnish envoy in the Assembly chamber was empty and the wall paper next to it showed a slight hump.


Question: Why did the Soviet Union pull out of Afghanistan?

War in Afghanistan

[43] Osmo Apunen, professor of international politics at the University of Tampere, drew attention to the fact that the commitment between the Soviet Union and Afghanistan resembled the YYA agreement between Finland and the Soviet Union in nature.


Question: Why did the Soviet Union pull out of Afghanistan?

War in Afghanistan

Apuse's writing provoked shock and strong outcry, although he did not say that the YYA treaty could give the Soviet Union the same rights over Finland as in Afghanistan.


Question: Why did the Soviet Union pull out of Afghanistan?

War in Afghanistan

[35] The occupation period and the war on terror Over time, it became apparent that Afghanistan became a military problem hotbed for the Soviet Union.


Question: Why did the Soviet Union pull out of Afghanistan?

War in Afghanistan

Although intelligence reports had been available on the abysmal condition of the Afghan army, the leaders of the Red Army believed it could cope with resistance groups and the Red Army should only provide material assistance and occupy strategic targets.


Question: Why did the Soviet Union pull out of Afghanistan?

War in Afghanistan

After discovering the abysmal condition of the Afghan forces, the Soviets realised they would be held accountable for actual combat action.


Question: Why did the Soviet Union pull out of Afghanistan?

War in Afghanistan

There was no plan for this and the situation was not improved by the fact that soldiers were not trained to fight factions of a few men hiding in the mountains, but to fight NATO armoured forces.


Question: Why did the Soviet Union pull out of Afghanistan?

War in Afghanistan

[44] Leonid Brezhnev was succeeded as General Secretary of the Communist Party by Yuri Andropov in 1982.


Question: Why did the Soviet Union pull out of Afghanistan?

War in Afghanistan

He realized that the Soviet Union was stuck in an untenable situation.


Question: Why did the Soviet Union pull out of Afghanistan?

War in Afghanistan

The Red Army was not losing the war, as Afghan Guerrillas had no strength to take either bases or towns.


Question: Why did the Soviet Union pull out of Afghanistan?

War in Afghanistan

On the other hand, the Soviet Union could not possibly win the war.


Question: Why did the Soviet Union pull out of Afghanistan?

War in Afghanistan

Although Soviet soldiers regained control of territories, the guerrillas returned as soon as the Soviet troops disembarked.


Question: Why did the Soviet Union pull out of Afghanistan?

War in Afghanistan

[45] Moreover, the war was an increasingly worsening economic and political burden.


Question: Why did the Soviet Union pull out of Afghanistan?

War in Afghanistan

Pulling the military out of Afghanistan was out of the question, as withdrawal without negotiations would have been interpreted as a defeat and would have been seen as a loss of face.


Question: Why did the Soviet Union pull out of Afghanistan?

War in Afghanistan

Andropov began his first cautious peace pledges with guerrilla leaders, but could die before anything had even been negotiated.


Question: Why did the Soviet Union pull out of Afghanistan?

War in Afghanistan

[46] With hostility towards the occupier, various factions receiving support from Islamic countries, China and the West sustained losses on it, exploiting mountainous terrain suitable for guerrilla warfare.


Question: Why did the Soviet Union pull out of Afghanistan?

War in Afghanistan

[23] Soviet troops mainly held the largest cities and roads to them.


Question: Why did the Soviet Union pull out of Afghanistan?

War in Afghanistan

Overland maintenance operations from the Soviet Union were also in difficulty first and foremost in the nighttime and control was not successful without a great effort of force.


Question: Why did the Soviet Union pull out of Afghanistan?

War in Afghanistan

Yuri Andropov was succeeded after his death by Konstantin Chernenko.


Question: Why did the Soviet Union pull out of Afghanistan?

War in Afghanistan

In his short term (1984—1985), he chose a line in which attempts to negotiate were rejected.


Question: Why did the Soviet Union pull out of Afghanistan?

War in Afghanistan

Instead, the decision was made to increase military strength.


Question: Why did the Soviet Union pull out of Afghanistan?

War in Afghanistan

[47] The Soviet Union did not bring success in guerrilla territory even the extremely harsh methods of war on terror it used.


Question: Why did the Soviet Union pull out of Afghanistan?

War in Afghanistan

[48] Its air force used large incendiary bombs filled with phosphorus and magnesium in the bombing of Afghan villages, sparking a local firestorm.


Question: Why did the Soviet Union pull out of Afghanistan?

War in Afghanistan

To avoid anti-aircraft combat, starting in 1983, “carpet bombing” from high altitude began.


Question: Why did the Soviet Union pull out of Afghanistan?

War in Afghanistan

In April 1984, for example, villages in the Panshir Valley were bombed with thirty planes daily.


Question: Why did the Soviet Union pull out of Afghanistan?

War in Afghanistan

The purpose of the terror bombings was to destroy the life chances of the civilian population supporting the resistance.


Question: Why did the Soviet Union pull out of Afghanistan?

War in Afghanistan

[49] This draining of the countryside succeeded, with 2.8 million Afghans fleeing to Pakistan and 1.5 million to Iran.


Question: Why did the Soviet Union pull out of Afghanistan?

War in Afghanistan

The war in Afghanistan also significantly weakened the intervals between the Soviet Union and Pakistan, which supported the mujahideen guerrillas.


Question: Why did the Soviet Union pull out of Afghanistan?

War in Afghanistan

Between 1986 and 1988, Pakistan Air Force F-16 fighter jets shot down at least 8 adversary planes when the planes violated Pakistani airspace in pursuit of guerrillas.


Question: Why did the Soviet Union pull out of Afghanistan?

War in Afghanistan

[50] In addition to financial and military aid from many Arab countries, thousands of volunteers from other Islamic countries flowed into Afghanistan, including Osama bin Laden and other later al-Qaeda members.


Question: Why did the Soviet Union pull out of Afghanistan?

War in Afghanistan

The US support was significant throughout and it donated, among other things, in 1986 some 600 Stinger near-aircraft missiles to the mujahideen guerrillas.


Question: Why did the Soviet Union pull out of Afghanistan?

War in Afghanistan

Guerrilla groups Anti-Soviet forces and guerrillas opposed to the government split into numerous different factions.


Question: Why did the Soviet Union pull out of Afghanistan?

War in Afghanistan

The main ones were the seven parties that held their headquarters in Peshawar, which enjoyed considerable support from Pakistan, Saudi Arabia and the United States (Operation Cyclone).


Question: Why did the Soviet Union pull out of Afghanistan?

War in Afghanistan

In particular, Pakistan's intelligence agency, the ISI, played a key role in channeling support, favoring Islamist groups.


Question: Why did the Soviet Union pull out of Afghanistan?

War in Afghanistan

From the Peshawar sides to the radicals, the Hezb-i-Islami (Islamic Party) led by Gulbuddin Hekmatyar, a group of the same name led by Yunus Khalis who resigned from this, the Ittihad-i-Islami led by Abdul Rasul Sayyaf, and the Jamiat-i-Islami led by Burhanuddin Rabbani.


Question: Why did the Soviet Union pull out of Afghanistan?

War in Afghanistan

The traditionalist wing in turn was represented by Mohammad Nabi Mohammad's Harakat-i-Inqilab-i-Islami (Movement of the Islamic Revolution), Sibghatullah Mojadedin Jabha-i-Najat-i-Milli (National Liberation Front), and Ahmed Gailani's Mahaz-i-Milli-Islami (National Islamic Front).


Question: Why did the Soviet Union pull out of Afghanistan?

War in Afghanistan

Iran, in turn, supported several guerrilla organizations formed by Afghan Shiite Muslims in the war.


Question: Why did the Soviet Union pull out of Afghanistan?

War in Afghanistan

The Wahhabite guerrilla groups, particularly in the Kunar and Nuristan regions, were supported by Saudi Arabia.


Question: Why did the Soviet Union pull out of Afghanistan?

War in Afghanistan

In addition to these groups, especially in the early stages, some leftist (especially Maoist-influenced) and nationalist groups also participated in the guerrilla war.


Question: Why did the Soviet Union pull out of Afghanistan?

War in Afghanistan

End of the Soviet War When Mikhail Gorbachev moved in 1985 to the Soviet leadership, the war began to seek a solution.


Question: Why did the Soviet Union pull out of Afghanistan?

War in Afghanistan

Gorbachev informed the military leadership that will allow them to resolve the situation militarily, but a solution must happen soon.


Question: Why did the Soviet Union pull out of Afghanistan?

War in Afghanistan

Between 1985 and 1986, Soviet forces and the Afghan government army they supported conducted spectacular operations to retake territory from guerrillas.


Question: Why did the Soviet Union pull out of Afghanistan?

War in Afghanistan

It was already starting to be clear, however, that the war cannot be won.


Question: Why did the Soviet Union pull out of Afghanistan?

War in Afghanistan

[51] In 1987, an estimated 35% of Afghanistan was under the control of Soviet forces and the Afghan government, 45% was under the control of guerrilla factions, and 20% was virtually no territory controlled by anyone.


Question: Why did the Soviet Union pull out of Afghanistan?

War in Afghanistan

[52] In 1987, the first temporary truce was concluded in which Karmal, who had lost Soviet support, was ousted from power.


Question: Why did the Soviet Union pull out of Afghanistan?

War in Afghanistan

Mohammed Najibullah became the new president.


Question: Why did the Soviet Union pull out of Afghanistan?

War in Afghanistan

In November 1987, a representative of the Soviet Ministry of Foreign Affairs announced that the Soviet Union had made a “political decision” to withdraw its troops from Afghanistan within 7—12 months.


Question: Why did the Soviet Union pull out of Afghanistan?

War in Afghanistan

[53] In 1988, with the help of the UN, an agreement was reached between Afghanistan and Pakistan, the main supporter of the guerrillas, and an agreement to withdraw Soviet troops from the country


Question: Why did the Soviet Union pull out of Afghanistan?

War in Afghanistan

In pulling out of Afghanistan, Soviet forces wanted to influence their adversary by carrying out jamming retaliatory strikes with ballistic Scud missiles.


Question: Why did the Soviet Union pull out of Afghanistan?

War in Afghanistan

Two missiles hit a market in the city of Asadabad, leaving 300 people dead and 500 wounded.


Question: Why did the Soviet Union pull out of Afghanistan?

War in Afghanistan

[54] In February 1989, the last Soviet soldier left Afghanistan.


Question: Why did the Soviet Union pull out of Afghanistan?

War in Afghanistan

[48] On Christmas Eve 1989, the Congress of People's Representatives of the USSR condemned — along with the 1939 Molotov—Ribbentrop Pact and the accompanying secret Additional Protocol — the deployment of Soviet troops to Afghanistan in December 1979.


Question: Why did the Soviet Union pull out of Afghanistan?

War in Afghanistan

[55] The war in Afghanistan continued after the Soviet withdrawal as a civil war.


Question: Why did the Soviet Union pull out of Afghanistan?

War in Afghanistan

The communist regime led by Najibullah gradually lost its grip on its support areas and mujahideen guerrillas overran Kabul in 1992.


Question: Why did the Soviet Union pull out of Afghanistan?

War in Afghanistan

Najibullah then saved himself under UN-protected house arrest.


Question: Why did the Soviet Union pull out of Afghanistan?

War in Afghanistan

[48] Since then, the country has only had brief periods of calm and the country is practically in a state of war even at this time.


Question: Why did the Soviet Union pull out of Afghanistan?

War in Afghanistan

Monuments Memorial Chapel and Stone on the Island of Tears (1996), designed abroad under the direction of sculptor J. Pavlov, especially the memorial island of Belarusians fallen in the Afghan War in Minsk.


Question: Why did the Soviet Union pull out of Afghanistan?

War in Afghanistan

See also Afghanistan War (2001—) Afghan Civil War (1928—1929) 9th Company Charlie Wilson's War Sources Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Griffiths, John C.| title = Afghanistan — Key to a Continent| location = Boulder, Colorado| publisher = Westview Press| year = 1981| language = Transclusion error: {{En}} is only for use in File namespace.


Question: Why did the Soviet Union pull out of Afghanistan?

War in Afghanistan

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Question: Why did the Soviet Union pull out of Afghanistan?

War in Afghanistan

Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Isby, David| title= Russia's War in Afghanistan| location = London| publisher = Osprey Publishing Ltd| year = 1987| language = Transclusion error: {{En}} is only for use in File namespace.


Question: Why did the Soviet Union pull out of Afghanistan?

War in Afghanistan


Question: Why did the Soviet Union pull out of Afghanistan?

War in Afghanistan

Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Ravela, Reko| title = Endless War in Afghanistan| location = Helsinki| publisher = Like| year= 2011| id = ISBN 978-952-01-0611-9}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Sergejeff, Andrei| title = Afghan History — Silk Road cultures| publisher = Gaudeamus Helsinki University Press| year = 2011| id = ISBN 978-952-495-219-4}} References Literature Braithwaite, Rodric: Afgantsy, The Russians in Afghanistan 1979-89.


Question: Why did the Soviet Union pull out of Afghanistan?

War in Afghanistan

Profile Books, 2012.


Question: Why did the Soviet Union pull out of Afghanistan?

War in Afghanistan

ISBN 978-1-84668-062-5 Civil War Category:Asian States Civil Wars Category:Cold War Category:Soviet wars Category:20th century wars Category:Key articles of screening


Question: Where does Macau's name come from?

History of Macau

Macau's history can be considered to begin with the arrival of the Portuguese in Macau in the 16th century, and they received permission in 1558 from China to establish a trading base on the Macau Peninsula.


Question: Where does Macau's name come from?

History of Macau

The year is considered the founding year of Portuguese Macau.


Question: Where does Macau's name come from?

History of Macau

The Portuguese named the area Macau, after the temple of the sea goddess A-Má, which was located next to the port.


Question: Where does Macau's name come from?

History of Macau

[1] [2] [3] Macau was a major trading base for the Portuguese, with trade routes through it to the rest of Asia.


Question: Where does Macau's name come from?

History of Macau

In the 19th century, the British established Hong Kong next to Macau and Macau lost its status as the main trading post in the region and began to decline.


Question: Where does Macau's name come from?

History of Macau

Portugal ceded Macau back to China in 1999, when the region was made a Special Administrative Region of China.


Question: Where does Macau's name come from?

History of Macau

[3] Under Chinese control, Macau became a tourist destination for the Chinese.


Question: Where does Macau's name come from?

History of Macau

Early History Not much is known about the prehistory of the Macau region, and the region has presumably not played a significant role in Chinese history.


Question: Where does Macau's name come from?

History of Macau

The region of Macau began to integrate as part of the rest of China during the Qin Dynasty, in the second century before the beginning of the period.


Question: Where does Macau's name come from?

History of Macau

Little information has survived about the Macau region before the late Song dynasty, the 12th century.


Question: Where does Macau's name come from?

History of Macau

After the fall of the Song dynasty, Chinese populations migrated to the Macau region from the territory of Guangdong and Fujian provinces.


Question: Where does Macau's name come from?

History of Macau

The following inhabitants who came to the area belonged to the Hoklo people, and they moved to the area in the 14th century.


Question: Where does Macau's name come from?

History of Macau

[4] [2] [5] As the population increased during the Ming dynasty, defences in the area were strengthened, and in 1488, the Temple of A-Má, a temple of A-Má, worshipped by fishermen, was built in 1488 in honour of Mazu, the goddess of the sea worshipped by fishermen.


Question: Where does Macau's name come from?

History of Macau

[4] [2] [6] The temple is the oldest building in Macau and currently a major tourist attraction.


Question: Where does Macau's name come from?

History of Macau

[7] Also, the name of the region derives from the goddess Mazu (Má), in the mouths of the Portuguese the name was finally established as Macau.


Question: Where does Macau's name come from?

History of Macau

[4] [2] [8] As a Portuguese colony, the Portuguese were the first Europeans to extend their power into Asia.


Question: Where does Macau's name come from?

History of Macau

The discoverer Vasco da Gama was the first European to sail around the Cape of Good Hope from Europe to India in 1498.


Question: Where does Macau's name come from?

History of Macau

The Portuguese arrived in an area where Arabs, Indians and Malays had been trading for centuries.


Question: Where does Macau's name come from?

History of Macau

To secure their power in the region, the Portuguese conquered in 1510 under Afonso de Albuquerque from the west coast of India as their base in Goa and the following year from the Malaka Peninsula to form the Malacca Sultanate.


Question: Where does Macau's name come from?

History of Macau

After the conquest of Malacca, the Portuguese continued their journey to the Moluccan Spice Islands and the southern coast of China.


Question: Where does Macau's name come from?

History of Macau

[5] [2] [1] The Portuguese sought to establish trade links in the direction of Japan and China and began planning to acquire a station in the coastal region of southern China as well.


Question: Where does Macau's name come from?

History of Macau

The first to discover the sea road to Macau was Portuguese Jorge Álvares, although he is not known for certain to have physically visited Macau.


Question: Where does Macau's name come from?

History of Macau

[2] [1] He was followed in the autumn of 1517 by the legation of Emanuel I, King of Portugal, who, under Tomé Pires, arrived off Canton to establish trade relations with the Chinese.


Question: Where does Macau's name come from?

History of Macau

In 1520, the council arrived in Beijing to strengthen trade links, but with little success.


Question: Where does Macau's name come from?

History of Macau

The Chinese had banned all trade between China and Portugal in the country's waters.


Question: Where does Macau's name come from?

History of Macau

The Emperor of the Ming Dynasty of China did not accept that Malaka had been conquered by the Portuguese, and he demanded the return of power back to the Malacca Sultan, as the Malacca Sultanate had been under the protection of the Chinese Emperor and Malacca was regarded by the Chinese as their own vassal state.


Question: Where does Macau's name come from?

History of Macau

The Portuguese were also blamed for attacks on Chinese ships.


Question: Where does Macau's name come from?

History of Macau

On the way back from Beijing, the Chinese captured Pires, who died in captivity in Canton in 1524.


Question: Where does Macau's name come from?

History of Macau

[1] [9] [10] The Portuguese continued to trade in the vicinity of Macau and Ningbo, where they established their bases.


Question: Where does Macau's name come from?

History of Macau

The Chinese destroyed the Portuguese base at Ningbo in 1548, but this did not end Chinese trade by the Portuguese.


Question: Where does Macau's name come from?

History of Macau

[5] [1] After the destruction of the Ningbo base, the Portuguese established a new base at Sanchuang, southwest of Macau.


Question: Where does Macau's name come from?

History of Macau

In the 1550s, the Chinese emperor finally granted the Portuguese the right to trade in Canton, and the Portuguese negotiated the establishment of a trading base in Guangdong Province.


Question: Where does Macau's name come from?

History of Macau

Sanchuang proved to be an unfavourable place, however, and the Portuguese gained the right to also use Macau to store goods.


Question: Where does Macau's name come from?

History of Macau

It became, in 1557, a permanent base for the Portuguese.


Question: Where does Macau's name come from?

History of Macau

[2] [1] In 1573, the Chinese established their own base along the Pearl River, in the area of the present-day city of Zhongsan, thus delimiting the Macau territory of the Portuguese to the Macau Peninsula and the islands around it.


Question: Where does Macau's name come from?

History of Macau

[1] However, the Portuguese did not gain control of Macau for free; they paid rent for the area to the Chinese emperor.


Question: Where does Macau's name come from?

History of Macau

The Chinese also benefited from the Portuguese presence by the Portuguese providing protection to the Chinese coast against piracy, which prompted the Chinese to accept the Portuguese on the south coast of the country.


Question: Where does Macau's name come from?

History of Macau

[1] [11] However, historians do not have a consensus on the stages of establishing the Macau base.


Question: Where does Macau's name come from?

History of Macau

[1] Macau quickly developed into an important trading base for the Portuguese, through it important trade routes to the rest of Asia.


Question: Where does Macau's name come from?

History of Macau

Most lucrative for the Portuguese in Macau was trade with Japan in the early decades of the 17th century.


Question: Where does Macau's name come from?

History of Macau

In the 17th century, in addition to the Portuguese, Southeast Asian markets were also pursued by Spanish and Dutch, as well as Chinese and Japanese.


Question: Where does Macau's name come from?

History of Macau

The Dutch conquered Portuguese Malaka in 1641, which was one of the reasons for the decline of Portuguese dominance.


Question: Where does Macau's name come from?

History of Macau

Between 1580 and 1640, Portugal was part of the Iberian Union when King Philip II of Spain also ruled Portugal.


Question: Where does Macau's name come from?

History of Macau

The Portuguese in Macau were not informed of the matter until 1582, when a legation arrived in Macau from Manila, controlled by the Spaniards.


Question: Where does Macau's name come from?

History of Macau

The unification of the countries worried Macau merchants, who wanted to protect their interests in trade with China.


Question: Where does Macau's name come from?

History of Macau

The Spanish traders in Manila again envied trade between Macau and Japan, and in Manila the eradication of Macau was mooted.


Question: Where does Macau's name come from?

History of Macau

The Spanish also did not like the fact that Macau paid taxes to China rather than Spain.


Question: Where does Macau's name come from?

History of Macau

However, Macau was never attacked by the Spanish, as it was more important for the Portuguese and Spanish to ally against the Dutch.


Question: Where does Macau's name come from?

History of Macau

In the early 17th century, the Dutch attempted to conquer Macau, but the attacks were repulsed.


Question: Where does Macau's name come from?

History of Macau

[12] [2] Multicultural community Macau had a population of around 5000 when the Portuguese arrived in the 1560s, and the population quadrupled in a couple of hundred years.


Question: Where does Macau's name come from?

History of Macau

The population of Macau consisted mostly of Chinese and Portuguese.


Question: Where does Macau's name come from?

History of Macau

According to Portuguese chronicles, there were about 850 Portuguese in Macau in 1637.


Question: Where does Macau's name come from?

History of Macau

In addition, Macau was home to laborers, servants, slaves and mistresses imported from India, Southeast Asia and Africa.


Question: Where does Macau's name come from?

History of Macau

The European population constituted Macau's upper class.


Question: Where does Macau's name come from?

History of Macau

The Chinese operated in Macau as laborers, servants, fishermen and traders.


Question: Where does Macau's name come from?

History of Macau

The Portuguese restricted the stay of Chinese in the city, and it was not until the early 19th century that the Chinese considered themselves part of the Macau population.


Question: Where does Macau's name come from?

History of Macau

The Portuguese and Chinese had almost no dealings with each other outside of commerce, but despite that, populations also mixed and a population section called Macanese emerged.


Question: Where does Macau's name come from?

History of Macau

[13] [2] With the first Portuguese, Catholic missionaries also arrived in Macau.


Question: Where does Macau's name come from?

History of Macau

To the beginning, they were members of the Jesuit order led by Ignatius Loyola.


Question: Where does Macau's name come from?

History of Macau

The Spaniard Francisco Xavier spread Christianity in Goa, Malaka and the Spice Islands, and following his example, Portuguese missionaries made Macau their base from which Christianity was spread to China, Japan and Vietnam.


Question: Where does Macau's name come from?

History of Macau

A Catholic episcopal seat was also established in Macau under Pope Gregory XIII in 1575.


Question: Where does Macau's name come from?

History of Macau

The influence of the Jesuits and the Catholic Church in Macau was heavily involved in the culture of Portuguese Macau.


Question: Where does Macau's name come from?

History of Macau

In the early 17th century, St. Dominicus Church was built and 1627 St. Paul's Church.


Question: Where does Macau's name come from?

History of Macau

The ruins of St Paul's Church are today Macau's most famous tourist attraction.


Question: Where does Macau's name come from?

History of Macau

[14] [2] Dark 19th century — opium and gum trade The arrival of the Dutch and British into Asia undermined the Portuguese Macau's status as the commercial centre of the region during the 17th and 18th century.


Question: Where does Macau's name come from?

History of Macau

Particularly established by the British in its Macau neighbour, Hong Kong quickly grew past Macau to become the main trading post in the region.


Question: Where does Macau's name come from?

History of Macau

However, the Macau trade also took on its share from Hong Kong's brisk commerce, and Macau merchants were involved in trading opium from India to the Chinese.


Question: Where does Macau's name come from?

History of Macau

Drug trafficking expanded Portuguese trade links towards India, but the times of Macau's greatness were over with the growth of Hong Kong.


Question: Where does Macau's name come from?

History of Macau

[15] In the early 19th century, the Napoleonic Wars prompted Great Britain and Portugal to ally against France.


Question: Where does Macau's name come from?

History of Macau

France overran Portugal in 1809, and the British planned the conquest of Macau on the pretext that the French would not gain control of it.


Question: Where does Macau's name come from?

History of Macau

The Chinese resisted the intentions of the British, who, according to them, Macau was part of the Chinese territories for which Portugal was merely paying rent.


Question: Where does Macau's name come from?

History of Macau

The British feared the recapture of Macau would cause problems for China trade, and Macau remained with Portugal.


Question: Where does Macau's name come from?

History of Macau

[16] Macau, located near Hong Kong, developed in the 19th century as a place of recruitment and mediation for Chinese kuls.


Question: Where does Macau's name come from?

History of Macau

Macau and Hong Kong were located near huge labour reserves, and cities provided a shelter for laborers waiting to be shipped out of China.


Question: Where does Macau's name come from?

History of Macau

The major terminus ports for Macau's kul trade were in Peru and Cuba.


Question: Where does Macau's name come from?

History of Macau

In Macau, the kul trade employed hundreds of Chinese, but the activity was dominated by foreigners.


Question: Where does Macau's name come from?

History of Macau

The kul trade and the status of kuls was many times inhumane, and many laborers were targets of kidnappings and had to be trafficked.


Question: Where does Macau's name come from?

History of Macau

In many respects, the kul trade resembled the slave trade of Africans.


Question: Where does Macau's name come from?

History of Macau

Portugal banned the slave trade in its territories in 1856, but the kul trade act did not end.


Question: Where does Macau's name come from?

History of Macau

The kul trade damaged the reputation of the Portuguese and relations with China.


Question: Where does Macau's name come from?

History of Macau

[15] In addition to opium and cules, trade was also in Macau in silk and tea, which constituted much of the country's exports.


Question: Where does Macau's name come from?

History of Macau

Since the mid-19th century, exports had already shifted, for the most part, into the possession of the Chinese.


Question: Where does Macau's name come from?

History of Macau

Macau tea exports to Europe largely shifted to Hong Kong, and in the latter half of the 19th century the kul trade also declined, driving Macau to economic lows.


Question: Where does Macau's name come from?

History of Macau

Portugal also merged Macau and its Southeast Asian colony, East Timor, into a single province in 1844, when Macau was forced to assist poorer East Timor.


Question: Where does Macau's name come from?

History of Macau

[15] Chinese or Portuguese Macau Administrative issues arose in the 19th century.


Question: Where does Macau's name come from?

History of Macau

The British who ruled Hong Kong challenged Portuguese rule during the Opium Wars, as the British view held that Macau was Chinese territory.


Question: Where does Macau's name come from?

History of Macau

According to the Portuguese, on the other hand, the Chinese had no say in Macau, even though Portugal paid annual rent to China.


Question: Where does Macau's name come from?

History of Macau

In 1846, João Maria Ferreira do Amaral, who had risen to the governorship of Macau, stopped the rent payment.


Question: Where does Macau's name come from?

History of Macau

His mission was to reassert Portuguese sovereignty over Macau.


Question: Where does Macau's name come from?

History of Macau

His actions caused outrage among the Chinese population, as Amaral, among other things, ordered the Chinese to pay taxes, reformed customs policies, and expanded Macau territory to nearby islands.


Question: Where does Macau's name come from?

History of Macau

Tensions between China and Portuguese Macau grew.


Question: Where does Macau's name come from?

History of Macau

Tensions led to Amaral being assassinated in 1849.


Question: Where does Macau's name come from?

History of Macau

[17] [16] [5] Amaral's assassination was followed by a brief armed conflict in which the Portuguese put down a rebellion of a few hundred Chinese.


Question: Where does Macau's name come from?

History of Macau

[16] [18] [19] In the late 19th century, Portugal sought to consolidate its power in Macau by negotiation.


Question: Where does Macau's name come from?

History of Macau

In 1888, Portugal and China signed an agreement in Beijing under which Portugal gained control of Macau and its neighboring islands.


Question: Where does Macau's name come from?

History of Macau

However, the exact demarcation line between Macau and China remained undetermined.


Question: Where does Macau's name come from?

History of Macau

[16] As a neighbor to China and Hong Kong in the first half of the 20th century, Macau was influenced by the political upheavals of Portugal, as well as China and Hong Kong.


Question: Where does Macau's name come from?

History of Macau

From Canton and Hong Kong, infighting between Guomindang and the Communists spread to Macau.


Question: Where does Macau's name come from?

History of Macau

In Portugal, power struggles again took place between supporters of the monarchy and republicans.


Question: Where does Macau's name come from?

History of Macau

Due to their locations, Hong Kong and Macau offered refuge to Chinese political refugees.


Question: Where does Macau's name come from?

History of Macau

Among others, Chinese revolutionary leader Sun Yat-sen was also active from Macau.


Question: Where does Macau's name come from?

History of Macau

Leaders of China's Qing dynasty tried to pressure Portugal to block Sun's activities in Macau.


Question: Where does Macau's name come from?

History of Macau

[20] The Qing regime fell after the 1911 revolution, when some ten thousand refugees fled to Macau from the Chinese side.


Question: Where does Macau's name come from?

History of Macau

The new republican rulers of the Republic of China also attempted to influence Portugal so that Macau would not become a base for counter-revolutionary activities.


Question: Where does Macau's name come from?

History of Macau

Yuan Shikai restored empress rule to China in 1915, when pro-republic Chinese fled to Macau again.


Question: Where does Macau's name come from?

History of Macau

[20] The unresolved border issue also rubbed the intervals between China and Macau in the 1920s.


Question: Where does Macau's name come from?

History of Macau

The Chinese reinforced their military forces in the border areas, which drove Portugal to ask for help from the Britons.


Question: Where does Macau's name come from?

History of Macau

However, the British wanted to avoid a state of war with the Chinese.


Question: Where does Macau's name come from?

History of Macau

The situation went off on its own, but the boundary line still remained unresolved.


Question: Where does Macau's name come from?

History of Macau

Attempts were made to obtain a solution to the issue by negotiation on several occasions during the 1920s.


Question: Where does Macau's name come from?

History of Macau

[20] Macau was also affected by the Depression of the 1930s.


Question: Where does Macau's name come from?

History of Macau

Even at the beginning of the century, Macau had lagged behind the development of Hong Kong and Canton.


Question: Where does Macau's name come from?

History of Macau

Macau had found a source of income as early as the 19th century from the establishment of special gaming houses on which the Macau administration had monopoly control.


Question: Where does Macau's name come from?

History of Macau

Gaming houses were aimed at attracting Chinese to gamble, and as a result of gaming houses, Macau's reputation abroad grew.


Question: Where does Macau's name come from?

History of Macau

Macau's economic recession of the 1930s was compounded by Chinese import tariffs from Macau and fishing water disputes between China and Macau, as well as interest by criminal organizations in the gaming monopoly maintained by the Macau regime.


Question: Where does Macau's name come from?

History of Macau

[21] World War II During World War II, Japan conquered Southeast Asia and Hong Kong, but Macau was not invaded by the Japanese.


Question: Where does Macau's name come from?

History of Macau

Macau remained neutral in the war, which is why stationships emerged in Macau for Chinese communists and guomindang, as well as British, Portuguese and Japanese.


Question: Where does Macau's name come from?

History of Macau

However, as the Japanese controlled the surrounding areas, conditions in Macau were unstable, and Japan made many demands on Macau's status.


Question: Where does Macau's name come from?

History of Macau

During the war, Macau's population nearly doubled to 600,000 as thousands of refugees from China and Hong Kong arrived in the country.


Question: Where does Macau's name come from?

History of Macau

The influx of refugees destabilised Macau's social conditions to the extreme.


Question: Where does Macau's name come from?

History of Macau

[22] [23] Although Macau was spared the worst ravages of the war, after the war its living conditions were precarious due to rapid population growth and food supply and social problems.


Question: Where does Macau's name come from?

History of Macau

After the war, the mainstays of the country's economy were the gold trade and casinos operated by the administration.


Question: Where does Macau's name come from?

History of Macau

[24] During the Korean War in 1951, Macau found itself a pawn in the Sino-US dispute.


Question: Where does Macau's name come from?

History of Macau

China supported North Korea in the war, and military equipment was smuggled into China through Macau.


Question: Where does Macau's name come from?

History of Macau

The United States declared China embargo and appealed to Portugal to maintain the blockade.


Question: Where does Macau's name come from?

History of Macau

In return, China halted food shipments to Macau for nearly a month.


Question: Where does Macau's name come from?

History of Macau

In the 1960s, the situation became even more intense as the pressure for reform from China's Cultural Revolution spread to Macau.


Question: Where does Macau's name come from?

History of Macau

Portugal's authority over its colony was under threat when protests in 1966 spiralled into bloody riots.


Question: Where does Macau's name come from?

History of Macau

[25] Decision of colonial rule In 1974, the Portuguese Carnation Revolution toppled the country's fascist regime, and its effects were quickly visible even in Macau and the other Portuguese colonies.


Question: Where does Macau's name come from?

History of Macau

By the end of the year, Mozambique, Cape Verde, Angola, and São Tomé and Príncipe declared independence.


Question: Where does Macau's name come from?

History of Macau

Indonesia conquered East Timor in 1975, leaving Macau as Portugal's only colony.


Question: Where does Macau's name come from?

History of Macau

[26] [23] The Portuguese government promised Macau political reforms and increased its autonomy.


Question: Where does Macau's name come from?

History of Macau

Chinese interest in Macau affairs also increased in the 1970s and discussions of decolonization and transition back to Chinese control began.


Question: Where does Macau's name come from?

History of Macau

In 1979, China and Portugal agreed on Macau's status as a Portuguese Chinese Territory.


Question: Where does Macau's name come from?

History of Macau

The next stage in the transfer of power occurred in 1982, when China considered Macau, Hong Kong and Taiwan to be separate administrative regions of China.


Question: Where does Macau's name come from?

History of Macau

China also informed Portugal that China had undisputed supremacy over Macau.


Question: Where does Macau's name come from?

History of Macau

[26] Portugal and China began negotiations to restore power to China, and in 1987 the countries agreed that Macau would be handed over to Chinese control on 20 December 1999.


Question: Where does Macau's name come from?

History of Macau

Like Hong Kong, Macau would come to follow a “one country, two systems” policy, and Macau would become a Chinese Special Administrative Region for 50 years.


Question: Where does Macau's name come from?

History of Macau

Macau would thus maintain its own capitalist economic system and, to a large extent, its own administration.


Question: Where does Macau's name come from?

History of Macau

[5] [26] [23] Preparation for the change of power came through an easier diplomatic process in Macau than in Hong Kong, as a change of power seemed likely in the years following the Portuguese Carnation Revolution, when Macanese were calm about the situation.


Question: Where does Macau's name come from?

History of Macau

When China's democracy movement was bloody defeated at the Celestial Peace Square demonstration, Macanese worried about their future as part of China and, like Hong Kong, Macau saw anti-Chinese rule protests.


Question: Where does Macau's name come from?

History of Macau

However, the events did not result in widespread emigration, as in British-controlled Hong Kong.


Question: Where does Macau's name come from?

History of Macau

Macau was also more obedient to China on democracy issues than Hong Kong.


Question: Where does Macau's name come from?

History of Macau

[26] In accordance with the agreement reached by the countries, Macau passed under Chinese control on 20 December 1999, and Macau was made a Special Administrative Region for 50 years.


Question: Where does Macau's name come from?

History of Macau

As part of China, Macau retained its own monetary unit and its own Macanese identity.


Question: Where does Macau's name come from?

History of Macau

Macau has become a destination for Chinese mass tourism.


Question: Where does Macau's name come from?

History of Macau

The main reason for this is Macau casinos, which were released to competition in 2005.


Question: Where does Macau's name come from?

History of Macau

Since the break of the monopoly, the number of casinos has exploded to growth, the largest casino in the country is the Venetian, opened in 2007.


Question: Where does Macau's name come from?

History of Macau

With the liberalisation of competition, Macau has grown to become the largest casino centre in the world.


Question: Where does Macau's name come from?

History of Macau

[23] [27] Sources Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Sivonen, Seppo| title = History of Asian city| location = Joensuu| publisher = Tammer-Weight| year = 2006| id = ISBN 951-662-958-x}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Hardwood, Markus| title = Hong Kong and Macau| publisher = Otava Book Printing Oy| year = 2015| id = ISBN 978-952-9715-53-4}} References on the topic elsewhere Category:93 Asian history *


Question: In what year appeared the first James Bond film?

James Bond

James Bond is a series of suspense novels started by author Ian Fleming in 1953 and starring a British spy and secret agent named James Bond, codenamed 007.


Question: In what year appeared the first James Bond film?

James Bond

Since Fleming's death in 1964, the novel series has been continued by other writers.


Question: In what year appeared the first James Bond film?

James Bond

In addition to novels, Bond has adventures since 1962 in more than 20 films, of which in the so-called official film series he has been played by Sean Connery, George Lazenby, Roger Moore, Timothy Dalton, Pierce Brosnan and Daniel Craig.


Question: In what year appeared the first James Bond film?

James Bond

The Bond film series has become one of the most lucrative film series in the world.


Question: In what year appeared the first James Bond film?

James Bond

Comics and video games have also been published about James Bond.


Question: In what year appeared the first James Bond film?

James Bond

Upon their appearance, the James Bond books revamped the espionage genre by introducing authenticity, sex and violence into it.


Question: In what year appeared the first James Bond film?

James Bond

In their first decades, the stories were set in the middle of the Cold War, but beginning in 2006, Bond in films has been seen as a post-Cold War hero.


Question: In what year appeared the first James Bond film?

James Bond

Books History of Writing James Bond were created by Englishman Ian Fleming (1908—1964).


Question: In what year appeared the first James Bond film?

James Bond

Fleming worked in World War II as an assistant to the head of the British Naval Intelligence Branch and elevated to the rank of commander in military rank.


Question: In what year appeared the first James Bond film?

James Bond

After the war, Fleming became a newspaperman and wrote full-time for several years for The Sunday Times.


Question: In what year appeared the first James Bond film?

James Bond

[1] Fleming began writing the first James Bond story at his Casino Royale Jamaican holiday home in Goldeneye in January 1952.


Question: In what year appeared the first James Bond film?

James Bond

The manuscript was completed in two months and the book was published on April 13, 1953.


Question: In what year appeared the first James Bond film?

James Bond

[2] The name of the protagonist of his book Fleming took, according to public perception, from the ornithologist of the same name, whose book of birds Fleming had.


Question: In what year appeared the first James Bond film?

James Bond

[3] Over the next few years, Fleming wrote a new Bond every winter in his Jamaican home.


Question: In what year appeared the first James Bond film?

James Bond

Casino Royale caused a stir when it appeared; however, sales of the next three Bonds did not rise from its sales.


Question: In what year appeared the first James Bond film?

James Bond

Sales of the book series were cheered by the publicity Fleming received when Prime Minister Anthony Eden stayed at Goldeneye.


Question: In what year appeared the first James Bond film?

James Bond

When President John F. Kennedy told reporters in public that he liked Bonds, their sales took a strong upturn.


Question: In what year appeared the first James Bond film?

James Bond

Fleming wrote Bonds until his death in 1964.


Question: In what year appeared the first James Bond film?

James Bond

[4] Content James Bond is based on Fleming's own experiences in the world of intelligence and overseas travel.


Question: In what year appeared the first James Bond film?

James Bond

[3] The protagonist of the series is James Bond, a secret agent of the British intelligence agency MI6, codenamed 007.


Question: In what year appeared the first James Bond film?

James Bond

Fleming placed Bond in the middle of the Cold War that just started, but starting in 2006 he has been seen in films as a post-Cold War hero.


Question: In what year appeared the first James Bond film?

James Bond

In Fleming's stories, the manly Bond is given missions where, using modern gadgets, he fends off Soviet agents, brings international gangsters to justice, and gets beautiful women into his bed.


Question: In what year appeared the first James Bond film?

James Bond

[5] Style With his Bond books, Fleming reinvented the espionage genre by bringing authenticity, sex and violence to it.


Question: In what year appeared the first James Bond film?

James Bond

[6] Fleming did a lot of background work, which made the Bond books' descriptions of the intelligence industry accurate.


Question: In what year appeared the first James Bond film?

James Bond

[3] According to author W. Somerset Maugham, there was a complete nuance of suspense in Fleming's firstborn novel, Casino Royale, and according to Anthony Burgess, there was a “Renaissance-like zeal” in Bonds.


Question: In what year appeared the first James Bond film?

James Bond

According to Sinclair McKay, Fleming was a master of gripping plot and perceptive descriptions whose prose makes the reader want more.


Question: In what year appeared the first James Bond film?

James Bond

[6] List of Fleming's Bond books Fleming wrote twelve Bond novels: Fleming's Bond short stories have been published in two collections: The eight-page short story 007 in New York (1963) initially appeared in The New York Herald Tribune and was not appended until 2002 To the Octopussy Collection.


Question: In what year appeared the first James Bond film?

James Bond

[7] 007 in New York is the last unincorporated Fleming-Bond.


Question: In what year appeared the first James Bond film?

James Bond

The Bond stories written by others after Fleming's death, the Bond book series has been continued by Kingsley Amis (1968), Christopher Wood (1977—1979), John Gardner (1981—1996), Raymond Benson (1997—2002), Sebastian Faulks (2008), Jeffery Deaver (2011), William Boyd (2013), and Anthony Horowitz (2015).


Question: In what year appeared the first James Bond film?

James Bond

[8] [9] Charlie Higson wrote the Young Bond book series aimed at under-14s between 2005 and 2008, in which young James Bond adventures.


Question: In what year appeared the first James Bond film?

James Bond

Higson wrote five novels, the first of which Bond is 13 years old.


Question: In what year appeared the first James Bond film?

James Bond

Following Higson, the series has been continued by four novels by Steve Cole between 2014 and 2017.


Question: In what year appeared the first James Bond film?

James Bond

[10] [11] [12] Between 2005 and 2008, a Moneypenny Diaries novel trilogy written by Samantha Weinberg (under the pseudonym Kate Westbrook) appeared, starring M.'s secretary Moneypenny.


Question: In what year appeared the first James Bond film?

James Bond

[13] Adaptations Films History Ian Fleming sold in 1960 to producer Harry Saltzman the film options for all of his existing and future Bond books, with the exception of Casino Royale.


Question: In what year appeared the first James Bond film?

James Bond

Saltzman agreed to collaborate with producer Albert R. Broccoli.


Question: In what year appeared the first James Bond film?

James Bond

The duo formed a production company for the Bond films called Eon and in June 1961 struck a production deal with United Artists.


Question: In what year appeared the first James Bond film?

James Bond

Eon selected as the first Bond film first Ball Flash, but soon the first film was switched to Doctor No.


Question: In what year appeared the first James Bond film?

James Bond

Fleming, under contract, had no say in the screenplays for the films, but he was involved in making them.


Question: In what year appeared the first James Bond film?

James Bond

[14] The “gun-barrel scene” seen at the beginning of all the Bond films was designed by Maurice Binder.


Question: In what year appeared the first James Bond film?

James Bond

[15] Saltzman later left Bond alone for Broccoli.


Question: In what year appeared the first James Bond film?

James Bond

Starting in 1995, Bond films have been produced by Broccoli's daughter Barbara Broccoli.


Question: In what year appeared the first James Bond film?

James Bond

[16] The main cast members were asked to be James Bond's first presenter, Cary Grant, James Fox as well as Richard Johnson, all of whom, however, refused.


Question: In what year appeared the first James Bond film?

James Bond

An unknown Scots actor Sean Connery was eventually chosen for the role, although this was very different from the James Bond in the books and aroused suspicion in many, including in Fleming.


Question: In what year appeared the first James Bond film?

James Bond

[17] Since Connery (1962—1967 and 1971), Bond has been played by George Lazenby (1969), Roger Moore (1973—1985), Timothy Dalton (1987—1989), Pierce Brosnan (1995—2002), and most recently Daniel Craig (2006—).


Question: In what year appeared the first James Bond film?

James Bond

[18] [19] [20] Over the decades, Bond in films has changed according to the persona of his actor and the spirit of his period.


Question: In what year appeared the first James Bond film?

James Bond

Connery's Bond suited the style and sexiness of the 1960s.


Question: In what year appeared the first James Bond film?

James Bond

Moore's Bond was sophisticated and slightly comic, and the Bonds of the 1970s offered light entertainment in a political and serious time.


Question: In what year appeared the first James Bond film?

James Bond

Timothy Dalton's Bond was most faithful to Fleming's books, but the character had to conform to the political correctness of the 1990s fold, anti-alcohol and anti-tobacco and gender morality.


Question: In what year appeared the first James Bond film?

James Bond

Under Pierce Brosnan, Bond's lifestyle was once again made glorious.


Question: In what year appeared the first James Bond film?

James Bond

Daniel Craig's hard-experienced and morale-intensive Bond, on the other hand, reflects the uncertainty of the 21st century, the threat of environmental disaster, terrorism and international gangsterism.


Question: In what year appeared the first James Bond film?

James Bond

[21] [19] Music in the James Bond films is a distinctive piece of music.


Question: In what year appeared the first James Bond film?

James Bond

Each film in the series has its own theme song, which have often emerged as hits.


Question: In what year appeared the first James Bond film?

James Bond

The theme music for the entire film series, “James Bond Theme”, was composed by Monty Norman.


Question: In what year appeared the first James Bond film?

James Bond

The orchestral adaptation of the emblem was made by John Barry, who has composed the music for a total of eleven Bond films.


Question: In what year appeared the first James Bond film?

James Bond

[22] Revenues The James Bond film series has grossed over seven billion US dollars at the box office worldwide by the beginning of 2017, making it the fourth most lucrative film series of all time.


Question: In what year appeared the first James Bond film?

James Bond

[23] Awards Bond films have been awarded five Oscars by 2017: Best Sound Effects (007 and Goldfinger, 1964), Best Special Effects (Ball Lightning, 1965), Best Sound Effects and Best Song (007 Skyfall, 2012) and Best Song (007 Spectre, 2015).


Question: In what year appeared the first James Bond film?

James Bond

[24] [25] Golden Globe awards Bonds have received three: the Best New Female Actress award for Ursula Andress (Secret Agent 007 and Doctor No) and the Best Song award for the films 007 Skyfall and 007 Spectre.


Question: In what year appeared the first James Bond film?

James Bond

[26] List of films In the table Bond films, their starring actors and monetary success.


Question: In what year appeared the first James Bond film?

James Bond

[27] Casino Royale (1967) and Don't Refuse Twice (1983) do not count in the so-called official Bond film series.


Question: In what year appeared the first James Bond film?

James Bond

In 1954, the CBS television broadcaster aired Casino Royale as an hour-long dramatization of Climax!


Question: In what year appeared the first James Bond film?

James Bond

In the Mystery Theatre series in the United


Question: In what year appeared the first James Bond film?

James Bond

Bond was played by Barry Nelson.


Question: In what year appeared the first James Bond film?

James Bond

[18] In 1958, CBS asked Fleming for a Bond television series.


Question: In what year appeared the first James Bond film?

James Bond

The series was to become a 32-part, with Fleming writing a detailed synopsis for thirteen episodes.


Question: In what year appeared the first James Bond film?

James Bond

However, the series was never carried out.


Question: In what year appeared the first James Bond film?

James Bond

Production company Hubbell Robinson acquired the rights to the Bond television film in 1959, but the film, planned to star James Mason, was never made.


Question: In what year appeared the first James Bond film?

James Bond

[31] The James Bond film was first seen on television in September 1972 when the US ABC aired Goldfinger as a Sunday night film.


Question: In what year appeared the first James Bond film?

James Bond

A heavily censored version of the film was shown.


Question: In what year appeared the first James Bond film?

James Bond

In 1974, ABC aired the film 007 in Istanbul, after which Bond films became recurring television entertainment in the United States.


Question: In what year appeared the first James Bond film?

James Bond

In Britain, Bond was first seen on television in October 1975, when ITV aired the film Doctor No.


Question: In what year appeared the first James Bond film?

James Bond

Live and Let Others Die, shown in January 1980, received 23.5 million viewers and remains the most-watched film in British television history.


Question: In what year appeared the first James Bond film?

James Bond

[32] VHS and Betamax Bonds began to be leased in the early 1980s and sold at the end of the decade.


Question: In what year appeared the first James Bond film?

James Bond

Today, Bond films come to free-to-air TV channels after first being sold on video and dvd, pay-TV and streaming services.


Question: In what year appeared the first James Bond film?

James Bond

[33] Radio South African radio aired Moonraker as a dramatised listen in 1956.


Question: In what year appeared the first James Bond film?

James Bond

Bond was played by Bob Holness.


Question: In what year appeared the first James Bond film?

James Bond

[34] [18] The BBC aired a dramatisation of the novel You Only Live Twice in 1990.


Question: In what year appeared the first James Bond film?

James Bond

Bond was played by Michael Jayston.


Question: In what year appeared the first James Bond film?

James Bond

[20] Cartoons In newspapers, James Bond became familiar to the general public for the first time in 1958 when the English newspaper Daily Express began publishing a James Bond comic book in its comic book pages.


Question: In what year appeared the first James Bond film?

James Bond

[35] The comic strip, which appeared six days a week beginning in July 1958, was drawn until January 1966 by John McLusky.


Question: In what year appeared the first James Bond film?

James Bond

Writer Ian Fleming had reservations at first about the idea of a comic book adaptation, as he feared the comic would diminish Bond's value as well as the shortening of his stories.


Question: In what year appeared the first James Bond film?

James Bond

Once Fleming had been persuaded of the quality of the comic, he still wanted to ensure that Bond in the comic would become right-looking, so he commissioned another artist to make a drawing of Bond as a model for the magazine.


Question: In what year appeared the first James Bond film?

James Bond

McLusky, however, found Fleming's vision too 30-something military and made Bond more modern looking.


Question: In what year appeared the first James Bond film?

James Bond

McLusky teamed up with sportsman Henry Cotton, actor Robert Taylor, Gary Cooper and the Duke of Edinburgh in his Bondi.


Question: In what year appeared the first James Bond film?

James Bond

Throughout his career from 1958 to 1983, McLusky drew a total of 18 James Bond adventures and 2250 strips.


Question: In what year appeared the first James Bond film?

James Bond

[36] Following McLusky's discontinuation at the Daily Express in 1966, Bond cartoonist continued first by Henry Gammidge and after him by Yaroslav Horak.


Question: In what year appeared the first James Bond film?

James Bond

McLusky returned to Bond in 1982 and co-authored four new Bond stories with screenwriter Jim Lawrence.


Question: In what year appeared the first James Bond film?

James Bond

[37] The Daily Express published Bond until 1977.


Question: In what year appeared the first James Bond film?

James Bond

Thereafter, the comic was published in the Sunday issue of the magazine and weekdays in the Daily Star until 1984, when it was discontinued.


Question: In what year appeared the first James Bond film?

James Bond

[38] As a comic book, the first James Bond comic book was published in the United States in January 1963 in the Illustrated Classics series.


Question: In what year appeared the first James Bond film?

James Bond

The story was an adaptation aimed at young people from the film Secret Agent 007 and Doctor No (1962).


Question: In what year appeared the first James Bond film?

James Bond

The publication was licensed forward to comics company DC, which however never began publishing a regular Bond comic until the option lapsed in 1972.


Question: In what year appeared the first James Bond film?

James Bond

[39] In the 1970s and 1980s, Bond comics were published mostly in non-English-speaking countries.


Question: In what year appeared the first James Bond film?

James Bond

Comic book publisher Marvel acquired the license for Bond comics in the 1980s and released one-volume special issue adaptations of the films Very Secret and Octopussy.


Question: In what year appeared the first James Bond film?

James Bond

Play Value published two James Bond 007 Adventure Storybooks comics for very young readers.


Question: In what year appeared the first James Bond film?

James Bond

Subsequently, Eclipse published a comic adaptation of the film Permission to Kill and, in 1989, Permission to Die, written and illustrated by Mike Grell, featuring new material.


Question: In what year appeared the first James Bond film?

James Bond

Twelve Bonds were released by Marvel in 1992.


Question: In what year appeared the first James Bond film?

James Bond

The rights to the comics passed in 1992 to Dark Horse.


Question: In what year appeared the first James Bond film?

James Bond

It held the Bond licence for four years and published fifteen Bond comics.


Question: In what year appeared the first James Bond film?

James Bond

Topps released a three-part adaptation of the film 007 and the Golden Eye in 1996.


Question: In what year appeared the first James Bond film?

James Bond

Bond comics were hardly published for a long time thereafter.


Question: In what year appeared the first James Bond film?

James Bond

In 2014, Bond's comic book license passed to Dynamite Entertainment, which launched its Bond series in November 2015.


Question: In what year appeared the first James Bond film?

James Bond

[40] Video Games James Bond video games have been made in total by 2016.


Question: In what year appeared the first James Bond film?

James Bond

The first licensed James Bond game was the James Bond 007 developed by Parker Brothers, released in July 1983 for the Atari 2600, as well as for the Atari 5200 and Commodore 64, for example.


Question: In what year appeared the first James Bond film?

James Bond

[41] [42] The previous year, though, there was a Bond game called Shaken but Not Stirred released in Britain for ZX Spectrum.


Question: In what year appeared the first James Bond film?

James Bond

[43] Made based on 007 and Golden Eye, the first-person shooter GoldenEye 007 released by Nintendo 64 in 1997 was a major review and sales success.


Question: In what year appeared the first James Bond film?

James Bond

The game received the Academy of Interactive Arts & Sciences' Game of the Year award and by 2001 emerged as the best-selling video game of all time.


Question: In what year appeared the first James Bond film?

James Bond

[44] Between 1999 and 2005, Electronic Arts released eight Bond games, and between 2008 and 2012, Activision released four.


Question: In what year appeared the first James Bond film?

James Bond

[45] Characters James Bond The main character James Bond, codenamed Agent 007, is a secret agent of the British intelligence agency MI6.


Question: In what year appeared the first James Bond film?

James Bond

[5] Author Ian Fleming named Bond after American ornithologist James Bond.


Question: In what year appeared the first James Bond film?

James Bond

[46] Fleming meant Bond as a modern character, always in his thirties.


Question: In what year appeared the first James Bond film?

James Bond

In the film series, Bond's age has changed as the series has progressed.


Question: In what year appeared the first James Bond film?

James Bond

[47] In the beginning, Bond acted during the Cold War, but in films released since 2006, he is reported to have been born in 1968.


Question: In what year appeared the first James Bond film?

James Bond

[5] Bond is very multifaceted.


Question: In what year appeared the first James Bond film?

James Bond

[48] He has undergone intelligence and special forces training.


Question: In what year appeared the first James Bond film?

James Bond

He uses modern equipment to help deliver international criminals to justice.


Question: In what year appeared the first James Bond film?

James Bond

[5] Bond appreciates classic elegance and quality.


Question: In what year appeared the first James Bond film?

James Bond

He tells me he pays a lot of attention to detail.


Question: In what year appeared the first James Bond film?

James Bond

[49] Bond is a womanizer, an avid gambler, and he prefers vodka martinis.


Question: In what year appeared the first James Bond film?

James Bond

Despite his charisma, he has few friends.


Question: In what year appeared the first James Bond film?

James Bond

[5] Other recurring characters M is Bond's superior, head of the British Secret Service MI6 or MI7.


Question: In what year appeared the first James Bond film?

James Bond

She and Bond have a very fixed relationship, although M often agonizes over Bond's anti-rules methods and hedonistic lifestyle.


Question: In what year appeared the first James Bond film?

James Bond

[50] Miss Moneypenny is a long-standing secretary to Ms M, Mr Bond's superior.


Question: In what year appeared the first James Bond film?

James Bond

Moneypenny and Bond flirt constantly, but they don't have a relationship.


Question: In what year appeared the first James Bond film?

James Bond

[51] Q is the head of the department responsible for the development and manufacture of equipment at MI6.


Question: In what year appeared the first James Bond film?

James Bond

Bond equips himself with technical aids manufactured by Q.


Question: In what year appeared the first James Bond film?

James Bond

[52] CIA agent Felix Leiter is a good friend of Bond's who often helps Bond in his work.


Question: In what year appeared the first James Bond film?

James Bond

[53] Bond's enemies are often billionaires with big dreams and huge projects that threaten the world.


Question: In what year appeared the first James Bond film?

James Bond

To help them, they have minions.


Question: In what year appeared the first James Bond film?

James Bond

[54] Bond's adventures always include beautiful and accomplished women.


Question: In what year appeared the first James Bond film?

James Bond

They may be determined secret agents capable of challenging Bond, or Bond's mistresses, or “Bond girls.”


Question: In what year appeared the first James Bond film?

James Bond

[55] Influence James Bond became the prototype of the handsome and witty playboy hero of the 1950s and 1960s.


Question: In what year appeared the first James Bond film?

James Bond

He was a symbol of the consumerist era in the West, favouring only the best brands and gaining access to the latest screaming electronic devices.


Question: In what year appeared the first James Bond film?

James Bond

[56] Inspired by Bond, a number of imitations and parodies have emerged, including the Secret Agent 86 television and film series, the Austin Powers film series, and the Johnny English films.


Question: In what year appeared the first James Bond film?

James Bond

[57] Reviews Some critics and writers within the intelligentsia criticised Fleming's Bond novels.


Question: In what year appeared the first James Bond film?

James Bond

Paul Johnson wrote his famous critical essay Sex, Snobism and Sadism on the Bond phenomenon.


Question: In what year appeared the first James Bond film?

James Bond

Spy writer John le Carré criticised Bond's immorality, and feminists have often opposed Bond's chauvinism.


Question: In what year appeared the first James Bond film?

James Bond

Fleming was criticized by the Soviet Union for creating a world where “laws are written with a gun barrel.”


Question: In what year appeared the first James Bond film?

James Bond

Many readers have criticised the common mention of brands in Bonds, which Fleming practised to bring realism to his novels.


Question: In what year appeared the first James Bond film?

James Bond

[56] Sources Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Cork, John & Collin Stutz| title= James Bond encyclopedia| others = Translated by Raija Becks & Henrik Laine| location = Helsinki| publisher = Readme| year= 2015| version=New expanded edition| isbn = 978-952-321-038}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Egan, Sean| title = Immortal James Bond: secret agent full story | publisher = Minerva| year = 2016 (original work James Bond.


Question: In what year appeared the first James Bond film?

James Bond

The Secret History, 2016) | id = ISBN 978-952-312-348-9}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Moore, Roger & Gareth Owen| title = Bond on Bond — 50 years of Bond films| others = Translated by Petri Stenman| location = Helsinki| publisher = Like| year = 2012| isbn = 9798-55| 2-01-0793-2 }} References Literature Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Eltonen, Wind| title= 007 and crosshairs gender| location = Helsinki| publisher = Multicost| year = 2009| isbn = 978-952-468-218-3}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Gresh, Lois H. & Weinberg, Robert| title = James Bond Games & Machines: Working Devices or Impossible Inventions? | others = Translated by Hyypia, Mari| location = Helsinki| publisher = Edita| year = 2008| version=( The science of James Bond: From bullets to bowler hats to boat jumps, the real technology behind 007's fabulous films, 2006.


Question: In what year appeared the first James Bond film?

James Bond

) | isbn = 978-951-37-5280-4}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = O'Neill, Terry| title = All about Bond| location = Helsinki| publisher = Nemo| year = 2013| isbn = 978-952-240-213-4}} On the subject elsewhere Transclusion error: {{en} only for use in File namespace.


Question: In what year appeared the first James Bond film?

James Bond

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Question: In what year appeared the first James Bond film?

James Bond

Jokke Saharinen: Etelä-Suomen sanomat 22.2.2018.


Question: In what year appeared the first James Bond film?

James Bond

* Category:Key articles of screening


Question: When was Britain's first passenger car produced?

Ford Model T

Thumble|Starting the engine of a Ford Model T car.


Question: When was Britain's first passenger car produced?

Ford Model T

The Ford Model T or T-Ford is an automobile model launched by Ford in 1908, widely regarded as one of the most significant automobiles in early automotive technology and a pioneer in the industrial manufacture of automobiles.


Question: When was Britain's first passenger car produced?

Ford Model T

The T model was produced until 1927.


Question: When was Britain's first passenger car produced?

Ford Model T

The first car was completed on October 1, 1908 in Detroit.


Question: When was Britain's first passenger car produced?

Ford Model T

[1] [2] The car's technology T-Ford was the first four-seat, 4-cylinder car in the less than $1,000 price range.


Question: When was Britain's first passenger car produced?

Ford Model T

The advancement of the car's engine was evident, for example, at the time of the start of manufacturing the car in a rare detachable cylinder head.


Question: When was Britain's first passenger car produced?

Ford Model T

The car had the same 2-speed planetary gear as the earlier Fords.


Question: When was Britain's first passenger car produced?

Ford Model T

The corresponding gearbox was in several American cars because Americans didn't like shifting, which was both awkward and loud when the stroller's teeth raked opposite each other in the gearbox.


Question: When was Britain's first passenger car produced?

Ford Model T

The planetary gearbox was easy to use because it didn't have cogs to pick up each other's holiday, but three straps that connected rotating drums to each other as needed.


Question: When was Britain's first passenger car produced?

Ford Model T

Driving a T-Ford was different than modern cars.


Question: When was Britain's first passenger car produced?

Ford Model T

The rider had three pedals, two of which controlled gears and the third was the engine brake.


Question: When was Britain's first passenger car produced?

Ford Model T

In addition to that, there were two levers, a handbrake and a throttle.


Question: When was Britain's first passenger car produced?

Ford Model T

The car was started with a knife.


Question: When was Britain's first passenger car produced?

Ford Model T

[3] The simple chassis had a front and rear transverse leaf spring.


Question: When was Britain's first passenger car produced?

Ford Model T

There was scepticism about its durability, but it was made to be robust to last in any kind of drive.


Question: When was Britain's first passenger car produced?

Ford Model T

T-Ford actually went just about anywhere.


Question: When was Britain's first passenger car produced?

Ford Model T

The 4-cylinder array was one piece, as both cylinders and cooling channels were generated by a single cast.


Question: When was Britain's first passenger car produced?

Ford Model T

The engine had a cylinder capacity of 2.9 liters and it gave 20 horsepower.


Question: When was Britain's first passenger car produced?

Ford Model T

With this engine, Ford achieved a top speed of 70 km/h.


Question: When was Britain's first passenger car produced?

Ford Model T

Consumption was 13 to 21 miles per gallon, depending on driving style (on average approx.


Question: When was Britain's first passenger car produced?

Ford Model T

11.4—19 l/100 km).


Question: When was Britain's first passenger car produced?

Ford Model T

The brakes were on the rear wheels.


Question: When was Britain's first passenger car produced?

Ford Model T

The T model weighed about 540 kilograms.


Question: When was Britain's first passenger car produced?

Ford Model T

The volume of the fuel tank of the car was about 38 liters.


Question: When was Britain's first passenger car produced?

Ford Model T

[4] [5] History The designers of the T model were, besides Henry Ford, Childe Harold Wills (1878—1940) and two Hungarian emigrants: József Galamb and Jenő Farkas.


Question: When was Britain's first passenger car produced?

Ford Model T

Harry Love, C. J. Smith, Gus Degner, and Peter E. Martin were also members of the design team.


Question: When was Britain's first passenger car produced?

Ford Model T

The T model was Ford's ninth production model.


Question: When was Britain's first passenger car produced?

Ford Model T

Childe Harold Wills was the chief designer of Henry Ford, with whom he had begun collaborating as early as 1899.


Question: When was Britain's first passenger car produced?

Ford Model T

Prior to the Model T, Ford and Wills had made nine different models together, some of which remained only prototype.


Question: When was Britain's first passenger car produced?

Ford Model T

[6] Manufacturing The first Model T car was completed at the Piquett factory in Detroit on September 27, 1908.


Question: When was Britain's first passenger car produced?

Ford Model T

The Piquett plant was unable to meet demand and only 11 cars were completed in the first full month of production.


Question: When was Britain's first passenger car produced?

Ford Model T

This was because in the beginning cars were traditionally handcrafted.


Question: When was Britain's first passenger car produced?

Ford Model T

In 1910, after nearly 12,000 manufactured cars, production moved to the new Highland Park plant in Michigan.


Question: When was Britain's first passenger car produced?

Ford Model T

The manufacturing volume of ten million cars was exceeded in 1924. At the time, nine cars out of ten cars in the world were Model T.


Question: When was Britain's first passenger car produced?

Ford Model T

A total of 15,007,034 copies were produced in 19 years (1908—1927).


Question: When was Britain's first passenger car produced?

Ford Model T

It was not until the Volkswagen Bubble surpassed the Model T in manufacturing volume after 45 years.


Question: When was Britain's first passenger car produced?

Ford Model T

The T model was so well known that Ford did not have to spend money on advertising it in 1917—1923.


Question: When was Britain's first passenger car produced?

Ford Model T

[4] [5] According to Henry Ford, T-Ford “was selectable in any color as long as it was black”.


Question: When was Britain's first passenger car produced?

Ford Model T

The first cars had several different color options, among them red.


Question: When was Britain's first passenger car produced?

Ford Model T

Ford limited the color options to black only in 1914 when manufacturing shifted to the conveyor belt.


Question: When was Britain's first passenger car produced?

Ford Model T

Black was the only color that dried quickly enough on the manufacturing line.


Question: When was Britain's first passenger car produced?

Ford Model T

The idea for the conveyor belt was introduced to Henry Ford by William C. Klann, who got the idea for it while following the slaughter of animals at a Chicagoan slaughterhouse.


Question: When was Britain's first passenger car produced?

Ford Model T

The idea for a mobile production line was developed by workers at Ford's Piquette plant.


Question: When was Britain's first passenger car produced?

Ford Model T

The first car produced from a moving production line was driven out of the manufacturing line by the media and Henry Ford in front of William Klann.


Question: When was Britain's first passenger car produced?

Ford Model T

Ford's manufacturing line was not the first automobile plant to utilize the conveyor belt, or assembly line in modern terms, as Oldsmobile had gotten to it first, but Ford's plant was the most efficient and well-known exploiter of it.


Question: When was Britain's first passenger car produced?

Ford Model T

[7] Before the start of conveyor belt production, it took 12.5 hours to manufacture the car.


Question: When was Britain's first passenger car produced?

Ford Model T

In 1914 when Ford manufactured more cars than other manufacturers combined, known by the nickname “Tin Lizzie”, the production of the T Model took time on the conveyor belt only 93 minutes.


Question: When was Britain's first passenger car produced?

Ford Model T

Cars were completed off the conveyor belt every three minutes.


Question: When was Britain's first passenger car produced?

Ford Model T

Production had increased eightfold as the workforce declined at the same time.


Question: When was Britain's first passenger car produced?

Ford Model T

[4] [8] Model T revolutionized the automotive industry with its successful conveyor belt production and was the first car to have more than one million units built.


Question: When was Britain's first passenger car produced?

Ford Model T

The T model was also the first car equipped with radio.


Question: When was Britain's first passenger car produced?

Ford Model T

[4] The model additionally appeared in several comedy films of the silent film period.


Question: When was Britain's first passenger car produced?

Ford Model T

[9] In an international opinion poll in 1999, the T model was chosen as the most outstanding car of the 20th century (see also Car of the Century).


Question: When was Britain's first passenger car produced?

Ford Model T

[10] Mass production decreased Model T prices.


Question: When was Britain's first passenger car produced?

Ford Model T

The price of the first Model T cars was $850 (the lowest price on a two-door roadster at $825).


Question: When was Britain's first passenger car produced?

Ford Model T

By 1917, the price had dropped to $345.


Question: When was Britain's first passenger car produced?

Ford Model T

Coming into the 1920s, the cheapest model was $300 (at its cheapest $260 without any extras).


Question: When was Britain's first passenger car produced?

Ford Model T

In 1914, Henry Ford doubled his employees' pay to an unheard of $5 an hour.


Question: When was Britain's first passenger car produced?

Ford Model T

Henry Ford wanted his employees to be able to afford to buy the car they manufactured.


Question: When was Britain's first passenger car produced?

Ford Model T

In 1914, a Model T employee was able to purchase a Model T for four months' salary.


Question: When was Britain's first passenger car produced?

Ford Model T

[4] [8] The T model was simple in design and technology reliable.


Question: When was Britain's first passenger car produced?

Ford Model T

The model was marketed to the middle class.


Question: When was Britain's first passenger car produced?

Ford Model T

The Model T was sold and manufactured on all continents except Antarctica.