Question: Where did Charles S. Peirce die?

Charles S. Peirce

Of the types of reasoning, the abduction represents first, induction the otherness, and the deduction the third.


Question: Where did Charles S. Peirce die?

Charles S. Peirce

[35] Three aspects are required to define a sign: the external object, the representamen, and the interpretant, a type of second-order sign that tunes in the consciousness of the recipient under the influence of the first sign.


Question: Where did Charles S. Peirce die?

Charles S. Peirce

Each of these aspects is further divided into three categories: the character may be relative to the signifier itself a quality sign (qualisign), single sign or guide sign (legisign); in relation to its subject, it can be an icon (Icon), index, or symbol (Symbol); the interpretation may be reema (Rheme), proposition (Dicent) or argument (Argument).


Question: Where did Charles S. Peirce die?

Charles S. Peirce

[36] Metaphysics Peirce's evolutionary metaphysics is substantially related to his category doctrine and semiotics.


Question: Where did Charles S. Peirce die?

Charles S. Peirce

Peirce's categories are substantially related to Hegel's system.


Question: Where did Charles S. Peirce die?

Charles S. Peirce

Peirce also called his doctrine objective idealism.


Question: Where did Charles S. Peirce die?

Charles S. Peirce

He wrote in his article “The Architecture of Theories” (1891) as follows: “The only rational theory of the universe is objective idealism, according to which matter is a crippled spirit, inveterate habits which have become the laws of nature.


Question: Where did Charles S. Peirce die?

Charles S. Peirce

“[37] (“The one intelligible theory of the universe is that of objective idealism, that matter is effete mind, inveterate habits becoming physical laws.


Question: Where did Charles S. Peirce die?

Charles S. Peirce

“[38]) The sentence means that matter is a “pioneered” or “enveloped” mind in which “hardened” ways are transformed into natural laws, and that such objective idealism allows the universe to be understood rationally and comprehensibly.


Question: Where did Charles S. Peirce die?

Charles S. Peirce

His conception of the universe was pantheistic, which he reconciled to Darwin's view of evolution.


Question: Where did Charles S. Peirce die?

Charles S. Peirce

[39] Peirce also presented speculations on mathematics and physics at a general level, somewhat parallel to the later Ernst Mach and Albert Einstein theories of relativity.


Question: Where did Charles S. Peirce die?

Charles S. Peirce

It has not been shown that Peirce's ideas had any direct influence on either, but they can be considered to show that the philosophical basis for relativity was “in the air” at the turn of the century.


Question: Where did Charles S. Peirce die?

Charles S. Peirce

Einstein then put forward a mathematical formulation of the theory of relativity, which proved correct.


Question: Where did Charles S. Peirce die?

Charles S. Peirce

Since then, physicist Lee Smolin has defended views on cosmic evolution and the relativity of natural laws (they are the result of the evolutionary process, not absolutes), and acknowledged Peirce as the father of this thinking.


Question: Where did Charles S. Peirce die?

Charles S. Peirce

Works of Peirce's extensive literary output have still not been published in full.


Question: Where did Charles S. Peirce die?

Charles S. Peirce

Previous partial releases include e.g.


Question: Where did Charles S. Peirce die?

Charles S. Peirce

Collected Papers


Question: Where did Charles S. Peirce die?

Charles S. Peirce

CP) and Essential Peirce (lr.


Question: Where did Charles S. Peirce die?

Charles S. Peirce

EP).


Question: Where did Charles S. Peirce die?

Charles S. Peirce

From the Critical Department Writings of Charles S. Peirce: A Chronological Edition (1982—), six volumes have appeared to date.


Question: Where did Charles S. Peirce die?

Charles S. Peirce

The facility is being prepared at Indiana University.


Question: Where did Charles S. Peirce die?

Charles S. Peirce

[40] In English Collected Papers of Charles Sanders Peirce 1—8 (ed.


Question: Where did Charles S. Peirce die?

Charles S. Peirce

Charles Hartshorne et al).


Question: Where did Charles S. Peirce die?

Charles S. Peirce

Harvard University Press, Cambridge (Mass.).


Question: Where did Charles S. Peirce die?

Charles S. Peirce


Question: Where did Charles S. Peirce die?

Charles S. Peirce

The New Elements of Mathematics by Charles S. Peirce 1—4 (ed.


Question: Where did Charles S. Peirce die?

Charles S. Peirce

Carolyn Eisele).


Question: Where did Charles S. Peirce die?

Charles S. Peirce

Mouton Publishers, The Hague.


Question: Where did Charles S. Peirce die?

Charles S. Peirce

in 1976.


Question: Where did Charles S. Peirce die?

Charles S. Peirce

The Essential Peirce.


Question: Where did Charles S. Peirce die?

Charles S. Peirce

Selected Philosophical Writings 1—2 (eds.


Question: Where did Charles S. Peirce die?

Charles S. Peirce

Nathan Houser et al.).


Question: Where did Charles S. Peirce die?

Charles S. Peirce

Indiana University Press, Bloomington.


Question: Where did Charles S. Peirce die?

Charles S. Peirce


Question: Where did Charles S. Peirce die?

Charles S. Peirce

In Finnish Introduction to the logic of science and other writings.


Question: Where did Charles S. Peirce die?

Charles S. Peirce

Selected and translated by Markus Lång.


Question: Where did Charles S. Peirce die?

Charles S. Peirce

Vastapaino, Tampere 2001.


Question: Where did Charles S. Peirce die?

Charles S. Peirce

ISBN 951-768-080-5 (What Is a Sign?)


Question: Where did Charles S. Peirce die?

Charles S. Peirce

Translated by Mats Bergman and Sami Paavola.


Question: Where did Charles S. Peirce die?

Charles S. Peirce

— Thought 58 (2001), p. 9—19.


Question: Where did Charles S. Peirce die?

Charles S. Peirce

Draft classification of sciences (An Outline Classification of the Sciences).


Question: Where did Charles S. Peirce die?

Charles S. Peirce

Translation by Markus Lång.


Question: Where did Charles S. Peirce die?

Charles S. Peirce

— Synthesis 4/2003, p. 2—5.


Question: Where did Charles S. Peirce die?

Charles S. Peirce

Doctrinal Ethics (The Ethics of Terminology).


Question: Where did Charles S. Peirce die?

Charles S. Peirce

Translation by Markus Lång.


Question: Where did Charles S. Peirce die?

Charles S. Peirce

— Synthesis 4/2003, p. 6—9.


Question: Where did Charles S. Peirce die?

Charles S. Peirce

Translated by Akti-Veikko Pietarinen and Lauri Snellman.


Question: Where did Charles S. Peirce die?

Charles S. Peirce

— So & thus 2/2005, p. 38—41.


Question: Where did Charles S. Peirce die?

Charles S. Peirce

Sources Literature Peirce, C.


Question: Where did Charles S. Peirce die?

Charles S. Peirce

S.: Collected Papers of Charles Sanders Peirce, vols.


Question: Where did Charles S. Peirce die?

Charles S. Peirce

1—6, Charles Hartshorne and Paul Weiss (eds.


Question: Where did Charles S. Peirce die?

Charles S. Peirce

), vols.


Question: Where did Charles S. Peirce die?

Charles S. Peirce

7—8, Arthur W. Burks (ed.


Question: Where did Charles S. Peirce die?

Charles S. Peirce

), Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA, 1931—1935, 1958.


Question: Where did Charles S. Peirce die?

Charles S. Peirce

[“CP.”] Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Tarasti, Eero| title = Introduction to semiotics: Essays on character systems in art and culture| location = Helsinki| publisher = Gaudeamus| year = 1990| isbn = 951-662-512-6}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Thellefsen, Torkild — Sørensen, Bent (ed.


Question: Where did Charles S. Peirce die?

Charles S. Peirce

) | title = Charles Sanders Peirce in His Own Words: 100 Years of Semiotics, Communication and Cognition| location = Berlin| publisher = Walter de Gruyter| year = 2014| version = Semiotics, Communication and Cognition, 14| isbn = 978-1-61541-753-5| id = ISSN}} Citation error, replace {cite book| author = Tiercelin, Claudine| title= | publisher = Collège de France| year = 2013| isbn = 9782722602335}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Waal, Cornelis, de| title = Peirce: A Guide for The Perplexed| publisher = Bloomsbury Academic| publisher = Bloomsbury Academic| = 2013| isbn = 9781847065155}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Waal, Cornelis de — Skowroński, Krzysztof Piotr (ed.


Question: Where did Charles S. Peirce die?

Charles S. Peirce

) | title= The Normative Thought of Charles S. Peirce| location = New York| publisher = Fordham University Press| year = 2012| isbn = 978-0-8232-4244-3}} On topic elsewhere Brent, Joseph: Transclusion error: {{en}} is only for use in File namespace.


Question: Where did Charles S. Peirce die?

Charles S. Peirce

Use {{lang-en}} or {{en icon}} instead.


Question: Where did Charles S. Peirce die?

Charles S. Peirce

entry in the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy entry in the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, University of Helsinki Lång, Markus:.


Question: Where did Charles S. Peirce die?

Charles S. Peirce

so & thus 1/2000, 55.


Question: Where did Charles S. Peirce die?

Charles S. Peirce

Peirce, Charles S.:.


Question: Where did Charles S. Peirce die?

Charles S. Peirce

English. Markus Lång.


Question: Where did Charles S. Peirce die?

Charles S. Peirce

so & thus 1/2000, 55—62.


Question: Where did Charles S. Peirce die?

Charles S. Peirce

Category:Pragmatists Class:Semiotics Category:American philosophers Category:People born in 1839 Class:Dead in 1914


Question: Does the human body make pantothenic acid?

Vitamin C

Vitamin C is one of the water-soluble vitamins needed by man.


Question: Does the human body make pantothenic acid?

Vitamin C

Vitamin C is also known as ascorbic acid.


Question: Does the human body make pantothenic acid?

Vitamin C

Ascorbic acid is an optically active compound.


Question: Does the human body make pantothenic acid?

Vitamin C

Vitamin C is the L-enantiomer of ascorbic acid.


Question: Does the human body make pantothenic acid?

Vitamin C

For humans, as well as some few animals, ascorbic acid is a vitamin; many species of animals (e.g., dogs) are able to self-synthesize vitamin C.


Question: Does the human body make pantothenic acid?

Vitamin C

The need for vitamin C and deficiency diseases have been known since long before the vitamin itself was recognized.


Question: Does the human body make pantothenic acid?

Vitamin C

By the time of the Discoveries in the 18th century, the benefits of fresh vegetables and fruits in the prevention of scurvy began to be felt.


Question: Does the human body make pantothenic acid?

Vitamin C

Vitamin C has also become a popular supplement believed to improve general condition and prevent or cure disease.


Question: Does the human body make pantothenic acid?

Vitamin C

The ingestion of daily doses of several grams during the flu has been found to shorten the duration of the flu.


Question: Does the human body make pantothenic acid?

Vitamin C

[1] According to a study conducted by the University of Helsinki and the Australian National University, vitamin C would not prevent colds.


Question: Does the human body make pantothenic acid?

Vitamin C

[2] A review published in 2013 concludes that for those under severe physical exertion, symptoms may be alleviated and the duration of the disease is reduced.


Question: Does the human body make pantothenic acid?

Vitamin C

[3] Vitamin C in the body Vitamin C has several different functions in the body, many of which are related to its ability to reduce other substances (i.e. act as an antioxidant).


Question: Does the human body make pantothenic acid?

Vitamin C

Among other things, it promotes the absorption of calcium and non-heme iron (iron from vegetables and dairy products), prevents the oxidation of fatty acids, vitamins A and E, is essential for the absorption of vitamin B12 and folic acid, affects the synthesis of steroid hormones and bile salts to the formation of cholesterol and prevents the formation of nitrosoamines.


Question: Does the human body make pantothenic acid?

Vitamin C

Tissues need vitamin C to form collagen, on which depends, among other things, the strength of blood vessels, bones, teeth and all connective tissues.


Question: Does the human body make pantothenic acid?

Vitamin C

Ascorbic acid has also been observed beneficial effects in the treatment of cancer.


Question: Does the human body make pantothenic acid?

Vitamin C

[4] Deficiency causes severe scurvy, which is no longer usually present in Finland.


Question: Does the human body make pantothenic acid?

Vitamin C

Mild deficiency symptoms occur in individuals who eat too little or too unilaterally.


Question: Does the human body make pantothenic acid?

Vitamin C

Symptoms are nonspecific such as reluctance, fatigue, weakness, shortness of breath and joint pain.


Question: Does the human body make pantothenic acid?

Vitamin C

Need and intake of vitamin C Very small amounts, up to 10 mg of vitamin C daily is enough to prevent deficiency symptoms.


Question: Does the human body make pantothenic acid?

Vitamin C

However, to achieve a good state of health, significantly higher amounts are recommended.


Question: Does the human body make pantothenic acid?

Vitamin C

The recommendation of the State Advisory Board on Nutrition is 75mg/day for adults and 20-40mg/day in children depending on age [5] According to the Nordic dietary recommendations, the maximum daily intake considered to be harmful is 1000mg/day.


Question: Does the human body make pantothenic acid?

Vitamin C

[6] The average intake of vitamin C in Finland is 118 mg/day for women and 98 mg/day for men.


Question: Does the human body make pantothenic acid?

Vitamin C

On average, the intake is adequate, but especially in a proportion of men, the intake could be better.


Question: Does the human body make pantothenic acid?

Vitamin C

Camu Camu fruit (Myrciaria dubia) is by far the most vitamin C-rich nutrient, followed by rose hips, peppers, nettle, sea buckthorn, blackcurrant and asparagus and kale [7].


Question: Does the human body make pantothenic acid?

Vitamin C

The main sources of vitamin C for Finns are fruits, berries and vegetables, as well as potatoes.


Question: Does the human body make pantothenic acid?

Vitamin C

[8] Chemistry The chemical name of vitamin C is ascorbic acid.


Question: Does the human body make pantothenic acid?

Vitamin C

When pure, the compound is a white to nearly white crystalline powder with a melting point of 190 °C.


Question: Does the human body make pantothenic acid?

Vitamin C

[9] Its chemical structure is based on a ring formed by four carbon and one oxygen atoms, joined by a single bond by two hydroxy groups OH and a double bonded one oxygen O.


Question: Does the human body make pantothenic acid?

Vitamin C

In addition, 1,2-dihydroxoethyl CH2 (OH) -CH (OH) - is attached to the 5th carbon of the ring.


Question: Does the human body make pantothenic acid?

Vitamin C

[9] The vitamin C molecule therefore contains six carbon atoms.


Question: Does the human body make pantothenic acid?

Vitamin C

Ascorbic acid is water-soluble due to its structure; the molecule is, like a water molecule, a poolic compound.


Question: Does the human body make pantothenic acid?

Vitamin C

In the hydrogen and oxygen bond of ascorbic acid, H-O hydrogen has a positive and oxygen has a negative partial charge.


Question: Does the human body make pantothenic acid?

Vitamin C

The positive charge of ascorbic acid (hydrogen) attracts the negative end of the water molecule (oxygen) and vice versa.


Question: Does the human body make pantothenic acid?

Vitamin C

In this case, ascorbic acid dissolves in water.


Question: Does the human body make pantothenic acid?

Vitamin C

[9] It breaks down easily when cooking.


Question: Does the human body make pantothenic acid?

Vitamin C

Functional groups contained in ascorbic acid include the double bond and hydroxyl groups, and the heterocyclic lactone ring.


Question: Does the human body make pantothenic acid?

Vitamin C

Ascorbic acid has an exceptional stable, acidic enol — usually enols turn themselves into ketones very quickly through keto-enol tautomeria.


Question: Does the human body make pantothenic acid?

Vitamin C

The double bond of the enol is conjugated to the adjacent carbonyl, thus stabilizing the enol form.


Question: Does the human body make pantothenic acid?

Vitamin C

Another way to describe the same thing is that ascorbic acid is a vinylogical carboxylic acid: through a double bond (“vinyl”), hydroxyl and carbonyl get to exchange electrons when in ordinary carboxylic acid they exchange them directly.


Question: Does the human body make pantothenic acid?

Vitamin C

Ascorbic acid has two possible ketone forms, which are always present in ascorbic acid in equilibrium with enol.


Question: Does the human body make pantothenic acid?

Vitamin C

Both have two ketones (carbon-oxygen double bond), as well as one hydroxyl instead of a carbon-carbon double bond.


Question: Does the human body make pantothenic acid?

Vitamin C

In the body of many animals, L-ascorbic acid is generated from glucose, but the enzyme needed for this is lacking in humans and other primates.


Question: Does the human body make pantothenic acid?

Vitamin C

Physiologically acting forms of ascorbic acid are L-ascorbic acid and its oxidation product dehydroascorbic acid (dehydroascorbate).


Question: Does the human body make pantothenic acid?

Vitamin C

Commercial vitamin preparations usually contain L-ascorbic acid and its salt (ascorbate).


Question: Does the human body make pantothenic acid?

Vitamin C

The food industry uses ascorbic acid and its salts as additives, among others, with E code E300 (ascorbic acid, C6H8O6), E301 (sodium ascorbate, C6H7NaO6) and E302 (calcium ascorbate, C12H14CaO12).


Question: Does the human body make pantothenic acid?

Vitamin C

These compounds are less often used to vitaminize foods, mostly they are added as preservatives to slow down oxidation, that is, antioxidants.


Question: Does the human body make pantothenic acid?

Vitamin C

Also used as an antioxidant is D-ascorbic acid, which does not occur in nature and has no actual vitamin effect.


Question: Does the human body make pantothenic acid?

Vitamin C

Sources Leena Peltosaari, Hilkka Raukola: Nutrition Information.


Question: Does the human body make pantothenic acid?

Vitamin C

Otava in 1995.


Question: Does the human body make pantothenic acid?

Vitamin C

ISBN 951-1-13655-0 Mole.


Question: Does the human body make pantothenic acid?

Vitamin C

Otava.


Question: Does the human body make pantothenic acid?

Vitamin C

References On the topic elsewhere (pdf), Medicina Ltd, 6th edition, web version Transclusion error: {{En}} is only for use in File namespace.


Question: Does the human body make pantothenic acid?

Vitamin C

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Question: Does the human body make pantothenic acid?

Vitamin C

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Question: Does the human body make pantothenic acid?

Vitamin C

Use {{lang-en}} or {{en icon}} instead.


Question: Does the human body make pantothenic acid?

Vitamin C


Question: Does the human body make pantothenic acid?

Vitamin C

Use {{lang-en}} or {{en icon}} instead.


Question: Does the human body make pantothenic acid?

Vitamin C


Question: Does the human body make pantothenic acid?

Vitamin C

Use {{lang-en}} or {{en icon}} instead.


Question: Does the human body make pantothenic acid?

Vitamin C


Question: Does the human body make pantothenic acid?

Vitamin C

Use {{lang-en}} or {{en icon}} instead.


Question: Does the human body make pantothenic acid?

Vitamin C

Category:Vitamins Category:Key articles of screening


Question: Who directed Star Wars: The Force Awakens?

Star Wars

Star Wars () is an American science fiction television series centered on a series of films created by George Lucas.


Question: Who directed Star Wars: The Force Awakens?

Star Wars

The media series describes the adventures of several different characters as “long ago, in a galaxy far away”.


Question: Who directed Star Wars: The Force Awakens?

Star Wars

The first film in the series, Star Wars (later additionally named Episode IV — A New Hope), premiered on May 25, 1977, distributed by 20th Century Fox and became a worldwide phenomenon.


Question: Who directed Star Wars: The Force Awakens?

Star Wars

Two equally successful sequels Counter-Strike of the Empire (1980) and Return of the Jedi (1983) appeared to it; these three films comprise the original Star Wars trilogy.


Question: Who directed Star Wars: The Force Awakens?

Star Wars

A prequel trilogy later appeared in 1999—2005, which received a more critical reception from fans and critics than the original trilogy.


Question: Who directed Star Wars: The Force Awakens?

Star Wars

All six have either won or been nominated for Oscar awards, grossing a total of $4.38 billion.


Question: Who directed Star Wars: The Force Awakens?

Star Wars

[1] It is currently the second highest-grossing film series in the world.


Question: Who directed Star Wars: The Force Awakens?

Star Wars

[2] The series was expanded into a larger media franchise through the Expanded Universe, which includes books, television series, video games, and comic books.


Question: Who directed Star Wars: The Force Awakens?

Star Wars

Lucasfilm was acquired by The Walt Disney Company in 2012 for $4 billion and announced it would produce three new Star Wars films, the first of which, Star Wars: The Force Awakens, came out in Finland on December 16, 2015.


Question: Who directed Star Wars: The Force Awakens?

Star Wars

[3] The physical distribution rights for the previous two film trilogies remain held by 20th Century Fox.


Question: Who directed Star Wars: The Force Awakens?

Star Wars

The company permanently owns the original film Episode IV — New Hope and will hold the rights to Episodes I through III, V and VI until May 2020.


Question: Who directed Star Wars: The Force Awakens?

Star Wars

[4] [5] With the exception of New Hope, the digital distribution rights for all Star Wars films are owned by The Walt Disney Studios.


Question: Who directed Star Wars: The Force Awakens?

Star Wars

[5] [6] The world The events of Star Wars are set in a fictional galaxy inhabited by many often humanoid extraterrestrial races.


Question: Who directed Star Wars: The Force Awakens?

Star Wars

Robot-like droids have also been built to serve their owners.


Question: Who directed Star Wars: The Force Awakens?

Star Wars

Space travel is common, as many of the planets in the galaxy are part of the Galactic Republic, which was later transformed into the Galactic Empire.


Question: Who directed Star Wars: The Force Awakens?

Star Wars

One of the most important elements in the Star Wars universe is the “Force”, an omnipresent energy field that individuals capable of exploiting are called “those sensitive to the Force”.


Question: Who directed Star Wars: The Force Awakens?

Star Wars

In the first film, the Force was described as an energy field that envelops all living things and binds the galaxy into a cohesive state.


Question: Who directed Star Wars: The Force Awakens?

Star Wars

Power users possess supernatural abilities such as telekinesis, divination and mind control, and may also enhance their physical abilities such as their speed and reflex; these abilities vary depending on the person and develop through training.


Question: Who directed Star Wars: The Force Awakens?

Star Wars

While the Force can be used for good, it also has a dark side, which users impregnate themselves with anger, indignation and cruelty.


Question: Who directed Star Wars: The Force Awakens?

Star Wars

The six films feature the Jedi, who use the Force for good, as well as the Sith, who use the Dark Side of the Force to conquer the entire galaxy.


Question: Who directed Star Wars: The Force Awakens?

Star Wars

In Expanded Universe, many of the Dark Side users are known as Black Jedi rather than Sith, due to the “Rule of Two”.


Question: Who directed Star Wars: The Force Awakens?

Star Wars

Movies Skywalker Saga Anthology Movies Other Movies Production Original Trilogy The first Star Wars film was from the original titled Star Wars, but on the reissue it was changed to Star Wars: Episode IV — A New Hope.


Question: Who directed Star Wars: The Force Awakens?

Star Wars

George Lucas, who eventually also directed the film, was initially intended to make a science fiction film about the comic book hero Flash Gordon created by Alex Raymond, but he failed to obtain a license.


Question: Who directed Star Wars: The Force Awakens?

Star Wars

Thus, Lucas decided to make his own science fiction film.


Question: Who directed Star Wars: The Force Awakens?

Star Wars

Screenwriting for the film began in 1974.


Question: Who directed Star Wars: The Force Awakens?

Star Wars

The first screenplay version was titled The Adventures of Luke Starkiller.


Question: Who directed Star Wars: The Force Awakens?

Star Wars

The film was set in the 39th century and told of the adventures of General Luke Starkiller.


Question: Who directed Star Wars: The Force Awakens?

Star Wars

However, Lucas noticed that there were too many events in the film, and he shortened it to a third.


Question: Who directed Star Wars: The Force Awakens?

Star Wars

Initially, Lucas had trouble securing funding for his film.


Question: Who directed Star Wars: The Force Awakens?

Star Wars

Many film companies believed Star Wars would not prosper.


Question: Who directed Star Wars: The Force Awakens?

Star Wars

He eventually managed to obtain permission and funding from the 20th Century Fox studio to make the film.


Question: Who directed Star Wars: The Force Awakens?

Star Wars

Star Wars premiered in cinemas on 25 May 1977.


Question: Who directed Star Wars: The Force Awakens?

Star Wars

Lucas was with his wife at a San Francisco restaurant when he saw a long line in front of the movie theater.


Question: Who directed Star Wars: The Force Awakens?

Star Wars

He went to ask people what movie they were going to see.


Question: Who directed Star Wars: The Force Awakens?

Star Wars

He was answered that they were queuing up so they could get to see Star Wars.


Question: Who directed Star Wars: The Force Awakens?

Star Wars

Star Wars became one of the most successful and famous films in the world.


Question: Who directed Star Wars: The Force Awakens?

Star Wars

In its time, the film featured spectacular special effects designed by John Dykstra and executed by Industrial Light & Magic (ILM), an effects company founded for the purpose by Lucas.


Question: Who directed Star Wars: The Force Awakens?

Star Wars

Star Wars won seven Academy Awards for his special effects, music and costume design, among others.


Question: Who directed Star Wars: The Force Awakens?

Star Wars

It was also nominated for Best Film and Best Directing in the Series.


Question: Who directed Star Wars: The Force Awakens?

Star Wars

The Empire Counter-Strike, from the new titled Star Wars: Episode V — The Empire Counter-Strike, appeared in 1980.


Question: Who directed Star Wars: The Force Awakens?

Star Wars

It was less action-packed than The New Hope, but also darker and more mature in its themes.


Question: Who directed Star Wars: The Force Awakens?

Star Wars

The film won four Oscars.


Question: Who directed Star Wars: The Force Awakens?

Star Wars

The film was directed by Irvin Kershner.


Question: Who directed Star Wars: The Force Awakens?

Star Wars

Return of the Jedi, from the new titled Star Wars: Episode VI — Return of the Jedi, appeared in 1983.


Question: Who directed Star Wars: The Force Awakens?

Star Wars

The film was originally to be titled Revenge of the Jedi, meaning Revenge of the Jedi.


Question: Who directed Star Wars: The Force Awakens?

Star Wars

It was switched to Return of the Jedi, as revenge is not part of the Jedi worldview, according to Lucas.


Question: Who directed Star Wars: The Force Awakens?

Star Wars

According to the current explanation, the film was initially named Revenge of the Jedi in order to identify pirated products based on the film that would appear later.


Question: Who directed Star Wars: The Force Awakens?

Star Wars

Return of the Jedi was successful, receiving three Oscars.


Question: Who directed Star Wars: The Force Awakens?

Star Wars

The film has been said to play too much of the plot and ingredients of the New Hope.


Question: Who directed Star Wars: The Force Awakens?

Star Wars

Prequels In 1994, Lucas said he was making a new Star Wars movie.


Question: Who directed Star Wars: The Force Awakens?

Star Wars

It would be set at a time before the original trilogy (The New Hope, the Empire Counter-Strike, and Return of the Jedi).


Question: Who directed Star Wars: The Force Awakens?

Star Wars

Already with the appearance of the Empire backlash, an episode number had been added to the beginning of it and also the original film.


Question: Who directed Star Wars: The Force Awakens?

Star Wars

Even until the early 1980s, one had a hunch that Lucas would sometimes tell the beginning of the story.


Question: Who directed Star Wars: The Force Awakens?

Star Wars

In 1999 appeared Star Wars: Episode I — The Dark Menace.


Question: Who directed Star Wars: The Force Awakens?

Star Wars

From the interest it received, an estimated 2.2 million U.S. residents missed out on work and school to see it as soon as possible.


Question: Who directed Star Wars: The Force Awakens?

Star Wars

It became the world's most lucrative premiere film until Spider-Man — Spider-Man (2002) broke the record.


Question: Who directed Star Wars: The Force Awakens?

Star Wars

The Dark Menace, like the sequels, was directed by series creator George Lucas, who prior to this had directed only the first Star Wars.


Question: Who directed Star Wars: The Force Awakens?

Star Wars

In 2002, the fifth part of the film series appeared — the second in story chronological order — which was given the name Star Wars: Episode II — Attack of the Clones.


Question: Who directed Star Wars: The Force Awakens?

Star Wars

Its reception was better than that of the previous section, although many criticised the clumsiness of Anakin Skywalker and Padmé Amidala's love story.


Question: Who directed Star Wars: The Force Awakens?

Star Wars

The sixth — third in story chronological order — part Star Wars: Episode III — Revenge of the Sith, was announced on May 15, 2005 and entered cinemas on May 19, 2005.


Question: Who directed Star Wars: The Force Awakens?

Star Wars

Sequels On October 30, 2012, Disney announced that it had purchased Lucasfilm and would be making at least three new Star Wars films.


Question: Who directed Star Wars: The Force Awakens?

Star Wars

The seventh Star Wars film, Star Wars: The Force Awakens, was scripted by Lawrence Kasdan, J. J. Abrams and Michael Arndt, and was directed by J. J. Abrams.


Question: Who directed Star Wars: The Force Awakens?

Star Wars

The film's world premiere was on December 14, 2015.


Question: Who directed Star Wars: The Force Awakens?

Star Wars

The Finnish premiere was on 16 December.


Question: Who directed Star Wars: The Force Awakens?

Star Wars

Star Wars, the eighth volume of Star Wars: The Last Jedi, premiered in December 2017.


Question: Who directed Star Wars: The Force Awakens?

Star Wars

[7] In the same year it became 40 years since the premiere of the original Star Wars film.


Question: Who directed Star Wars: The Force Awakens?

Star Wars

The film was directed and scripted by Rian Johnson.


Question: Who directed Star Wars: The Force Awakens?

Star Wars

[8] The ninth Star Wars film is the closing part of the sequel trilogy and the entire Skywalker saga.


Question: Who directed Star Wars: The Force Awakens?

Star Wars

The film will premiere in December 2019.


Question: Who directed Star Wars: The Force Awakens?

Star Wars

Anthology films Already since 2014 have been working on films that are not part of the main saga of Star Wars, but form a series of anthology films.


Question: Who directed Star Wars: The Force Awakens?

Star Wars

The first film Rogue One premiered on December 16, 2016.


Question: Who directed Star Wars: The Force Awakens?

Star Wars

It is set at a time before the events of the New Hope and its plot is the pursuit of the Death Star drawings.


Question: Who directed Star Wars: The Force Awakens?

Star Wars

[9] Another anthology film, Solo, premiered on May 25, 2018 and told the story of Han Solo's youth.


Question: Who directed Star Wars: The Force Awakens?

Star Wars

[10] Rian Johnson's upcoming trilogy In November 2017, Disney announced that it will make one more trilogy of Star Wars films and director Rian Johnson will be responsible for creating them.


Question: Who directed Star Wars: The Force Awakens?

Star Wars

No timetable has been given for film premieres yet.


Question: Who directed Star Wars: The Force Awakens?

Star Wars

The trilogy will form a completely separate story from the Skywalker saga and will also feature new characters and worlds.


Question: Who directed Star Wars: The Force Awakens?

Star Wars

[11] David Benioff and D.


Question: Who directed Star Wars: The Force Awakens?

Star Wars

B. Weiss's upcoming films In February 2018, it was revealed that David Benioff and D.


Question: Who directed Star Wars: The Force Awakens?

Star Wars

B. Weiss would come to script and produce his own series of Star Wars films, which, like Rian Johnson's forthcoming film trilogy, is a story separate from the Skywalker saga.


Question: Who directed Star Wars: The Force Awakens?

Star Wars

[12] Animated films The animated film Star Wars: The Clone Wars was released in 2008 to promote the television series of the same name and is set in time between the Attack of the Clones and Revenge of the Sith.


Question: Who directed Star Wars: The Force Awakens?

Star Wars

Timeline of Star Wars films and series 32 BBY — Episode I: Dark Menace: May 19, 1999 22 BBY — Episode II: Attack of the Clones: May 16, 2002 22—19 BBY — Clone Wars: November 7, 2003 21 BBY — The Clone Wars Movie: August 15, 2008 21—19 BBY — The Clone Wars - television series: October 3, 2008 — 19 BBY — Episode III: Revenge of the Sith: May 19, 2005 15 BBY — Droids: The Adventures of R2-D2 and C-3PO: September 7, 1985 — June 7, 1986 13—10 BBY — Solo: May 23, 2018 4—1 BBY — Rebels: October 3, 2014 — March 5, 2018 1 BBY — The Ewoks: September 7, 1985 0 BBY — Rogue One: December 16, 2016 0 BBY — Episode IV: A New Hope: May 25, 1977 1 ABY — The Star Wars Holiday Special: November 17, 1978 3 ABY — Episode V: The Empire Counter-Strike: May 21, 1980 3.5 ABY — Battle of the Ewoks: November 25 1984 3.5 ABY — The Ewoks: Battle for Endor: November 24, 1985 4 ABY — Episode VI: Return of the Jedi: May 25, 1983 5 ABY — Star Tours: January 9, 1987 34 ABY — Resistance: October 7, 2018 — 34 ABY — Episode VII: The Force Awakens: December 16, 2015 34 ABY — Episode VIII: The Last Jedi: December 15, 2017 35 ABY — Episode IX: December 20, 2019 Times aired in the years before and after the Battle of Yavin.


Question: Who directed Star Wars: The Force Awakens?

Star Wars

In the Battle of Yavin, Luke Skywalker and the other rebels destroy the first Death Star.


Question: Who directed Star Wars: The Force Awakens?

Star Wars

BBY = Before Battle of Yavin, Before Battle of Yavin.


Question: Who directed Star Wars: The Force Awakens?

Star Wars

ABY = After Battle of Yavin, after the Battle of Yavin.


Question: Who directed Star Wars: The Force Awakens?

Star Wars

Television Early Television Movies In 1978 in the United States, the CBS television channel aired the Star Wars Holiday Special, directed by David Acomba and Steve Binder.


Question: Who directed Star Wars: The Force Awakens?

Star Wars

Based on a story by George Lucas, the programme was scripted by Pat Proft, Leonard Ripps, Bruce Vilanch and Rod Warren.


Question: Who directed Star Wars: The Force Awakens?

Star Wars

The Star Wars Holiday Special featured appearances and song numbers by 1970s singers and actors such as Diahann Carroll and Harvey Korman.


Question: Who directed Star Wars: The Force Awakens?

Star Wars

There was also a feature film which first saw bounty hunter Boba Fett — actually a character only featured in the Empire Counter-Strike.


Question: Who directed Star Wars: The Force Awakens?

Star Wars

Many Star Wars fans don't like the Star Wars Holiday Special at all.


Question: Who directed Star Wars: The Force Awakens?

Star Wars

George Lucas himself has said he would destroy every copy of it if the matter were in his power.


Question: Who directed Star Wars: The Force Awakens?

Star Wars

The Holiday Special has never been officially released on video or DVD, and this is probably not going to happen either.


Question: Who directed Star Wars: The Force Awakens?

Star Wars

In 1984, a film about the adventures of the Ewoks featured in Return of the Jedi appeared, The Ewok Adventure.


Question: Who directed Star Wars: The Force Awakens?

Star Wars

A sequel to Ewoks: Battle for Endor also appeared to it in 1985.


Question: Who directed Star Wars: The Force Awakens?

Star Wars

In the 1980s, an Ewokit cartoon series aimed at children also appeared.


Question: Who directed Star Wars: The Force Awakens?

Star Wars

Animations The Droids cartoon series chronicles the adventures that droids C-3PO and R2-D2 who appeared in Star Wars experienced before the events of New Hope.


Question: Who directed Star Wars: The Force Awakens?

Star Wars

In 2003, the Cartoon Network television channel aired the Star Wars: Clone Wars cartoon series, produced by Genndy Tartakovsky, known for Samurai Jack cartoons, among others.


Question: Who directed Star Wars: The Force Awakens?

Star Wars

Episodes lasted about three minutes.


Question: Who directed Star Wars: The Force Awakens?

Star Wars

Clone Wars won an Emmy Award in 2004.


Question: Who directed Star Wars: The Force Awakens?

Star Wars

The Clone Wars recounted the events set between the Attack of the Clones and Revenge of the Sith.


Question: Who directed Star Wars: The Force Awakens?

Star Wars

Twenty-five episodes of Clone Wars were produced.


Question: Who directed Star Wars: The Force Awakens?

Star Wars

Luvas later founded Lucasfilm his own animation studio Lucasfilm Animation.


Question: Who directed Star Wars: The Force Awakens?

Star Wars

Its first computer-animated television series was Star Wars: The Clone Wars, which began with the film of the same name and was set on the same timeline as the previous Clone Wars animation.


Question: Who directed Star Wars: The Force Awakens?

Star Wars

The first five production seasons of the series aired on Cartoon Network from 2008 to 2013, and the sixth production season was released to Netflix in 2014.


Question: Who directed Star Wars: The Force Awakens?

Star Wars

[13] [14] [15] It was decided even later to complete a seventh production season for the series, which will be released in 2019 on Disney's upcoming streaming service Disney+.


Question: Who directed Star Wars: The Force Awakens?

Star Wars

[16] Although previous television series were changed to be part of the Star Wars Legends continuum, The Clone Wars remained part of the canon.


Question: Who directed Star Wars: The Force Awakens?

Star Wars

[17] The next animated series, Star Wars Rebels, aired on Disney XD from 2014 to 2018.


Question: Who directed Star Wars: The Force Awakens?

Star Wars

The series was set between Revenge of the Sith and the New Hope and told of a small group of rebels opposed to the Empire who later ended up being part of a bigger rebellion.


Question: Who directed Star Wars: The Force Awakens?

Star Wars

The series also completed a few plot patterns left over from The Clone Wars.


Question: Who directed Star Wars: The Force Awakens?

Star Wars

[18] [19] [20] In 2017, the 2D animated web series Star Wars: Forces of Destiny began to be released on YouTube, most of whose episodes focus on female characters from Star Wars.


Question: Who directed Star Wars: The Force Awakens?

Star Wars

[21] In 2018, Star Wars Resistance, an animated series set between Return of the Jedi and The Force Awakens and centered on Resistance pilot Kazuda Xiono, began on Disney Channel.


Question: Who directed Star Wars: The Force Awakens?

Star Wars

[22] Acted television series Lucas revealed in 2005 that he intended to implement a starred television series that would be set between Revenge of the Sith and the New Hope.


Question: Who directed Star Wars: The Force Awakens?

Star Wars

[23] Producer Rick McCallum revealed in 2012 the project as working title Star Wars Underworld and in 2013 more than 50 scripts had been made for it.


Question: Who directed Star Wars: The Force Awakens?

Star Wars

[24] [25] As of December 2015, the series was still in development.


Question: Who directed Star Wars: The Force Awakens?

Star Wars

[26] In November 2017, Bob Iger announced that a starred Star Wars television series would be completed for release in 2019 on Disney+.


Question: Who directed Star Wars: The Force Awakens?

Star Wars

[27] It is unknown whether the series will make use of Star Wars Underworld's scripts or if it is based on an entirely new idea.


Question: Who directed Star Wars: The Force Awakens?

Star Wars

In February 2018, it was reported that a number of television series to be played for Star Wars were being implemented.


Question: Who directed Star Wars: The Force Awakens?

Star Wars

[28] [29] Jon Favreau, who voiced Pre Vizsla in The Clone Wars will be producing and scripting one of the television series.


Question: Who directed Star Wars: The Force Awakens?

Star Wars

[30] In May 2018, Favreau confirmed the series would be set three years after Return of the Jedi, namely 27 years before the events of The Force Awakens.


Question: Who directed Star Wars: The Force Awakens?

Star Wars

Characters implemented using motion capture technology will appear in the series.


Question: Who directed Star Wars: The Force Awakens?

Star Wars

[31] In October 2018, Favreau revealed the name of the series to be The Mandalorian and the plot would focus on a Mandalorian gunman inspired by the stories of bounty hunters Jango Fett and Boba Fett and who lives outside the authority of the New Republic.


Question: Who directed Star Wars: The Force Awakens?

Star Wars

[32] [33] Parodies One of the most famous Star Wars-themed parodies is the 1987 film Space Bolts directed by Mel Brooks.


Question: Who directed Star Wars: The Force Awakens?

Star Wars

Expanded Universe (Star Wars accompanying material) Books The first Star Wars book was in 1976, half a year before the film, a Star Wars novel version published.


Question: Who directed Star Wars: The Force Awakens?

Star Wars

The book appeared in the name of George Lucas, but its real author is Alan Dean Foster.


Question: Who directed Star Wars: The Force Awakens?

Star Wars

Foster later wrote the Star Wars-themed book Splinter of the Mind's Eye, which appeared in Finland in the 1980s under the title Return of the Black Lord.


Question: Who directed Star Wars: The Force Awakens?

Star Wars

In the 1990s, a lot of Star Wars books appeared, including Timothy Zahn's Thrawn trilogy and Kevin J. Anderson's Jedi Academy trilogy.


Question: Who directed Star Wars: The Force Awakens?

Star Wars

These books were about the period after Return of the Jedi.


Question: Who directed Star Wars: The Force Awakens?

Star Wars

Many Star Wars fans consider the Thrawn trilogy to be of high quality, but generally speaking the standard of the Star Wars books is considered weak.


Question: Who directed Star Wars: The Force Awakens?

Star Wars

In 1999, Vector Prime and the first volume of the New Jedi Order book series appeared.


Question: Who directed Star Wars: The Force Awakens?

Star Wars

The New Jedi Order includes 24 books written by artists such as R.


Question: Who directed Star Wars: The Force Awakens?

Star Wars

A. Salvatore, Michael A. Stackpole, James Luceno and Sean Williams.


Question: Who directed Star Wars: The Force Awakens?

Star Wars

The events of the New Jedi Order begin 25 years after the Battle of Yavin.


Question: Who directed Star Wars: The Force Awakens?

Star Wars

They tell the story of the invasion of the Star Wars Galaxy by a Yuuzhan Vong species that arrived from another galaxy.


Question: Who directed Star Wars: The Force Awakens?

Star Wars

Several notable Star Wars characters die over the course of the book series.


Question: Who directed Star Wars: The Force Awakens?

Star Wars

The series ends with The Unifying Force (30 years after the Battle of Yavin).


Question: Who directed Star Wars: The Force Awakens?

Star Wars

Familiar from the Jedi Knight games Kyle Katarn, who stole the Death Star drawings from the Empire and who won in battle and slain Jerec, the more powerful evil Jedi of Darth Vaderiak and who also defeated and killed Desann and dozens of powerful Jedi of Darkness, soldiers of the Empire and Mercenaries, and who is in Luke Skywalker's Jedi Academy as a teacher, helps the New Republic in the New Jedi Order battle against the Yuuzhan Vong species is also the lead hero in the Star Wars Dark Forces book, which despite the name is not based on the Star Wars game of the same name.


Question: Who directed Star Wars: The Force Awakens?

Star Wars

Many non-fiction works have also been published on Star Wars, including the Essential Guide of Vessels and Vehicles, about spaceships, weapons and technology featured in films and Expanded Universe in great detail.


Question: Who directed Star Wars: The Force Awakens?

Star Wars

Comics The first Star Wars comics were published by Marvel Comics between 1977 and 1986.


Question: Who directed Star Wars: The Force Awakens?

Star Wars

They were drawn by artists such as Archie Goodwin, Howard Chaykin, Al Williamson, Carmine Infantino, Walt Simonson, Michael Golden, Chris Claremont, Whilce Poratio, Jo Duffy and Ron Frenz.


Question: Who directed Star Wars: The Force Awakens?

Star Wars

Archie Goodwin and Al Williamson also drew on the Star Wars comic strips published in newspapers from 1979—1984.


Question: Who directed Star Wars: The Force Awakens?

Star Wars

Since the 1990s, Star Wars comics have been published by Dark Horse Comics.


Question: Who directed Star Wars: The Force Awakens?

Star Wars

Since 2004, the publishing house has published Star Wars comic book magazines with the names Star Wars Republic, Star Wars Empire, Star Wars Jedi, and Star Wars Tales.


Question: Who directed Star Wars: The Force Awakens?

Star Wars

In Finland, Kustannus Oy Semic published comics for Marvel Comics between 1977 and 1987.


Question: Who directed Star Wars: The Force Awakens?

Star Wars

Dark Horse Comics' comics were published in Finland between 1999 and 2003 by Egmont Kustannus, but their publication was stopped due to a paucity of readers.


Question: Who directed Star Wars: The Force Awakens?

Star Wars

In addition, Elm has released three albums of Star Wars comic strips (Serpent Masters, Game of the Traitor and Revenge of the Jedi) [34].


Question: Who directed Star Wars: The Force Awakens?

Star Wars

Video Games Star Wars-themed video games have been released since 1982 have over 120 copies.


Question: Who directed Star Wars: The Force Awakens?

Star Wars

There are both shooting, adventure, strategy and role-playing games among the games.


Question: Who directed Star Wars: The Force Awakens?

Star Wars

One of the best-known games is the Star Wars: Knights of the Old Republic role-playing game, released in 2003, which won over 40 different game awards.


Question: Who directed Star Wars: The Force Awakens?

Star Wars

The best-selling Star Wars game is Star Wars: Battlefront, released in 2004.


Question: Who directed Star Wars: The Force Awakens?

Star Wars

Lego Star Wars: The Video Game, published in 2005, can also be read as a Star Wars game with sequels that move Star Wars characters transformed into Lego characters.


Question: Who directed Star Wars: The Force Awakens?

Star Wars

In Star Wars: The Force Unleashed, released in 2008, the player again gets to control Darth Vader's secret apprentice, Starkiller.


Question: Who directed Star Wars: The Force Awakens?

Star Wars

In 2015, EA DICE released the Star Wars: Battlefront video game for PlayStation 4 and Xbox One consoles, as well as Microsoft Windows.


Question: Who directed Star Wars: The Force Awakens?

Star Wars

Its sequel Star Wars: Battlefront II was released for the same platforms in 2017.


Question: Who directed Star Wars: The Force Awakens?

Star Wars

Actors Themes One of the most central themes in Star Wars is the traditional battle between good and evil.


Question: Who directed Star Wars: The Force Awakens?

Star Wars

Star Wars has been influenced by, for example, Asian wuxia films, Roman mythology and Akira Kurosawa's samurai films.


Question: Who directed Star Wars: The Force Awakens?

Star Wars

Goods One of the trademarks of Star Wars has formed the fictional weapon used in each of the films in the series, the lightsaber.


Question: Who directed Star Wars: The Force Awakens?

Star Wars

Others who ended up as a toy also include action figures based on the series and the black mask of the evil lord Darth Vader.


Question: Who directed Star Wars: The Force Awakens?

Star Wars

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Star Wars

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* Category:Key articles of screening


Question: When did the Berlin Wall fall?

Berlin Wall

The Berlin Wall () was a wall that separated East Berlin and the surrounding East German state from West Berlin from 1961 to 1989.


Question: When did the Berlin Wall fall?

Berlin Wall

Its purpose, in the West's view, was to prevent East Berliners and East Germans from entering the West [1] while the East felt the quintessential purpose was to protect the citizens of the GDR from fascism in the West.


Question: When did the Berlin Wall fall?

Berlin Wall

[2] Birth of the Wall After World War II, the Allies divided Germany into four occupation zones.


Question: When did the Berlin Wall fall?

Berlin Wall

Also, the capital Berlin was similarly divided into Soviet, US, British and French zones, although it was located in the middle of the Soviet zone.


Question: When did the Berlin Wall fall?

Berlin Wall

The Soviet Union controlled the eastern part of the city, with the three western powers controlling its western part.


Question: When did the Berlin Wall fall?

Berlin Wall

When the Soviet Union, due to political dispute, blockaded Berlin's western zones in June 1948, all food had to be transported to the city by air along an air bridge until May 1949.


Question: When did the Berlin Wall fall?

Berlin Wall

Subsequently, the German Zones of the United States, Britain and France formed the Federal Republic of Germany (West Germany) and the Soviet zone the German Democratic Republic (East Germany, or GDR).


Question: When did the Berlin Wall fall?

Berlin Wall

West Berlin then effectively became part of western Germany within East German territory.


Question: When did the Berlin Wall fall?

Berlin Wall

When the inner German border was closed in 1952, Berlin was left as the only place where the border was still open.


Question: When did the Berlin Wall fall?

Berlin Wall

Millions of East Berliners and Germans fled to the West through it, among them many highly educated and working-age citizens.


Question: When did the Berlin Wall fall?

Berlin Wall

The Berlin Wall was built to prevent this mass exodus.


Question: When did the Berlin Wall fall?

Berlin Wall

[1] Until shortly before the construction of the wall in the summer of 1961, Walter Ulbricht, the leader of the East German Communist Party, swore in Neues Deutschland that no one has any intention of erecting a wall (“Niemand hat die Absicht, eine Mauer zu errichten”).


Question: When did the Berlin Wall fall?

Berlin Wall

[3] On 13 August 1961 40000 soldiers, police and workers of the East German National People's Army closed the roads and streets leading to West Berlin.


Question: When did the Berlin Wall fall?

Berlin Wall

First, the division of the city was made with barbed wire, but a couple of days later began to build a wall from concrete blocks.


Question: When did the Berlin Wall fall?

Berlin Wall

According to the East German authorities, the wall was an “anti-fascist protective barrier” (antifaschistischer Schutzwall).


Question: When did the Berlin Wall fall?

Berlin Wall

[1] The structure and steps of the wall The Berlin Wall was more than 155 kilometers long.


Question: When did the Berlin Wall fall?

Berlin Wall

[4] It was built in four different phases: barbed wire fence (1961) improved barbed wire fence and masonry wall (1962—1965) concrete wall (1965—1975) boundary wall 75 (Precast concrete wall 75) (1975) In June 1962 construction work began on the second phase, leaving adjacent to the wall the houses that were located were broken up and a new wall was built about a hundred yards away.


Question: When did the Berlin Wall fall?

Berlin Wall

What was left in between was an empty strip, which came to be called the “corridor of death.”


Question: When did the Berlin Wall fall?

Berlin Wall

It was filled with fine-grained gravel so that the footprints of those trying to escape could easily be seen.


Question: When did the Berlin Wall fall?

Berlin Wall

The area was completely unprotected and booby-trapped, among other things, by banging stakes connected to meandering wire.


Question: When did the Berlin Wall fall?

Berlin Wall

Even the slightest ruff triggered banging charges that wounded the escaper and alerted border guards to the scene.


Question: When did the Berlin Wall fall?

Berlin Wall

The main feature of the area was the free line of fire opening to guards in watchtowers.


Question: When did the Berlin Wall fall?

Berlin Wall

Like the inner German border, the area had not been mined.


Question: When did the Berlin Wall fall?

Berlin Wall

The last phase of construction began in 1975.


Question: When did the Berlin Wall fall?

Berlin Wall

The height of the final wall was 3.6 meters and the width was 1.5 meters.


Question: When did the Berlin Wall fall?

Berlin Wall

The construction cost 16155000 GDR marks.


Question: When did the Berlin Wall fall?

Berlin Wall

There was a concrete pipe at the top of the wall that made it difficult to climb over.


Question: When did the Berlin Wall fall?

Berlin Wall

Before, concrete pipe was experimented with broken glass on top of the wall, but makers saw it better to switch to a concrete pipe.


Question: When did the Berlin Wall fall?

Berlin Wall

The structure also included 302 watch towers and 30 bunkers.


Question: When did the Berlin Wall fall?

Berlin Wall

After the construction of the wall, escape to West Berlin was extremely difficult.


Question: When did the Berlin Wall fall?

Berlin Wall

In the barbed wire phase, when the border still ran along city streets, escape could be attempted simply by leaping from the window of a house to the other side of the street where, among other things, firefighters from West Berlin helped the escapers.


Question: When did the Berlin Wall fall?

Berlin Wall

In particular, a street called Bernauer Strasse provided such an escape route because there the facades of houses were close together on both sides of the wall.


Question: When did the Berlin Wall fall?

Berlin Wall

To prevent escapes, windows were bricked up and barbed wire barriers were put on the roofs.


Question: When did the Berlin Wall fall?

Berlin Wall

Of those attempting to escape, 5000 succeeded, but at least 230 were killed and 200 seriously wounded.


Question: When did the Berlin Wall fall?

Berlin Wall

Most escape attempts were stopped and those attempting to escape were sentenced to long prison terms.


Question: When did the Berlin Wall fall?

Berlin Wall

[4] With the completion of the concrete wall and exclusion zone, escape through the buildings became impossible.


Question: When did the Berlin Wall fall?

Berlin Wall

Later escape was attempted by, among other things, digging tunnels under the wall or flying over the wall.


Question: When did the Berlin Wall fall?

Berlin Wall

In the early days, heavy vehicles or bulldozers could manage to drive through a wall if you could avoid the bullets of guards.


Question: When did the Berlin Wall fall?

Berlin Wall

[4] Around the time of the fall of the Wall, there were plans to intensify the control of the wall, for example, with electronic searchlights and night vision goggles.


Question: When did the Berlin Wall fall?

Berlin Wall

However, there was no time to install them in place before the wall came down.


Question: When did the Berlin Wall fall?

Berlin Wall

There were only a few border crossings between East and West Berlin, of which the only ones open to foreign tourists were Checkpoint Charlie and Friedrichstraße metro station.


Question: When did the Berlin Wall fall?

Berlin Wall

Other border crossings were open only to certain special groups such as diplomats and state guests.


Question: When did the Berlin Wall fall?

Berlin Wall

In addition, there were border crossings on West Berlin's western border for through traffic between West Berlin and western Germany, through East German territory.


Question: When did the Berlin Wall fall?

Berlin Wall

East German citizens did not have the right to cross the border without special permission, which, especially in the early years, were hardly granted.


Question: When did the Berlin Wall fall?

Berlin Wall

Escapes through border crossings took place using fake West Berlin passports and smuggling passengers in cars.


Question: When did the Berlin Wall fall?

Berlin Wall

In the last years of East Germany, the border crossing permit was easily obtained by pensioners, but at the same time the control of the border was tightened so that unauthorised border crossing became even more impossible.


Question: When did the Berlin Wall fall?

Berlin Wall

Fall of the Wall The fall of the wall was actually the result of a misunderstanding.


Question: When did the Berlin Wall fall?

Berlin Wall

In the autumn of 1989, large East German anti-government protests began.


Question: When did the Berlin Wall fall?

Berlin Wall

The country's leader, Erich Honecker, resigned on 18 October.


Question: When did the Berlin Wall fall?

Berlin Wall

The new government decided in November to loosen some draconian travel restrictions to placate people.


Question: When did the Berlin Wall fall?

Berlin Wall

The reader of the bulletin, Günter Schabowski, was not involved in the decision-making and did not know the details, nor that the decision was not due to take effect until the next day.


Question: When did the Berlin Wall fall?

Berlin Wall

Schabowski went berserk in his papers during the live broadcast, announcing that trips to the other side of the wall would henceforth be made without preconditions.


Question: When did the Berlin Wall fall?

Berlin Wall

Responding to a question from an Italian journalist, he said: “To my knowledge, valid right away, without delay.” This was also reported on West German television channels and soon tens of thousands of curious people rushed to the wall.


Question: When did the Berlin Wall fall?

Berlin Wall

The stunned border guards didn't know what to do with the masses of people who demanded access to the other side of the wall.


Question: When did the Berlin Wall fall?

Berlin Wall

Since the alternative would have been shooting their own citizens, the border guards gave in and let the popular forces through.


Question: When did the Berlin Wall fall?

Berlin Wall

On the other side of the wall, they were greeted by jubilant West Berliners.


Question: When did the Berlin Wall fall?

Berlin Wall

This ninth day of November in 1989 is considered the day of the fall of the wall.


Question: When did the Berlin Wall fall?

Berlin Wall

[5] The crossing of the border was permitted in principle only at official crossings, but in practice people were allowed to climb over the wall.


Question: When did the Berlin Wall fall?

Berlin Wall

Over the next few weeks, however, a series of new border crossings were opened, where the wall was demolished.


Question: When did the Berlin Wall fall?

Berlin Wall

Amongst the first, a transport link was opened through Potsdam Square and on 22 December 1989 the Brandenburg Gate was also opened.


Question: When did the Berlin Wall fall?

Berlin Wall

[5] Over the next few years, after German reunification the wall was demolished almost in its entirety and only a few short sections of it are still standing.


Question: When did the Berlin Wall fall?

Berlin Wall

See also Marshall Aid Dismantle this wall!


Question: When did the Berlin Wall fall?

Berlin Wall

East Side Gallery Conrad Schumann Egon Schultz Peter Fechter at the Berlin Wall on November 16, 1989.


Question: When did the Berlin Wall fall?

Berlin Wall

Checkpoint Charlie was, for foreigners, along with the Friedrichstraße metro station, the only route between East and West Berlin.


Question: When did the Berlin Wall fall?

Berlin Wall

Today it is an attraction.


Question: When did the Berlin Wall fall?

Berlin Wall

A view of the so-called strip of death.


Question: When did the Berlin Wall fall?

Berlin Wall

Sources Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Taylor, Frederick| title= Berlin Wall: 13 August 1961 — 9 November 1989| others = Translated by Matti Kinnunen| location = Helsinki| publisher = WSOY| year = 2008| id = ISBN 978-951-0-33128-6}} References on the topic elsewhere * Category:Key articles of screening


Question: Who ruled Sweden at the time of the Counter-Reformation?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The period of Swedish rule in Finland is a period in Finnish history when Finland was part of the Kingdom of Sweden.


Question: Who ruled Sweden at the time of the Counter-Reformation?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The period of Swedish rule was not a continuous era and its inception was a long-term process involving ambiguity.


Question: Who ruled Sweden at the time of the Counter-Reformation?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The period of Swedish rule ended as a result of the Finnish War on 17 September 1809.


Question: Who ruled Sweden at the time of the Counter-Reformation?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The period of Swedish rule began with the crusades to Finland.


Question: Who ruled Sweden at the time of the Counter-Reformation?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

With the new powers, the Finnish Grand Peasants of Moisioi were forced to give up their positions and their estates fell into the ownership of the Swedish Crown and the Catholic Church.


Question: Who ruled Sweden at the time of the Counter-Reformation?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

[1] In connection with the crusades, as a result of the colonization of the Finnish coast by the Swedes, its Finnish inhabitants essentially lost their fishing rights in the area.


Question: Who ruled Sweden at the time of the Counter-Reformation?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Conflicts between newcomers and Finns also arose over farming rights.


Question: Who ruled Sweden at the time of the Counter-Reformation?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

[2] The Swedish language became the language of the nobility and the upper bourgeoisie, and priests and scholars were forced to use it as their official language.


Question: Who ruled Sweden at the time of the Counter-Reformation?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

During Swedish rule, the Finnish language was in danger of being lost, because it could not be used with the authorities, and newspapers were not written or produced enough non-fiction.


Question: Who ruled Sweden at the time of the Counter-Reformation?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Throughout the countries' connection, Finns were considered a separate people and, due to the language issue, did not have the same rights as the Swedes.


Question: Who ruled Sweden at the time of the Counter-Reformation?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Swedish kings visited Finland rarely and Finns were considered more primitive than Swedes or Germans and their language inferior.


Question: Who ruled Sweden at the time of the Counter-Reformation?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

[3] During Swedish rule, Finland became part of Western Christendom and the cultural, social and economic order of Western Europe, on the basis of which, among other things, a market economy, constitutional statesmanship and legalistic principles tied to legalistic principles administration.


Question: Who ruled Sweden at the time of the Counter-Reformation?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The Finnish language and some features of Finnish antiquity and culture remained despite conscious Swedishisation during Swedish rule, although they changed when adapting to new circumstances.


Question: Who ruled Sweden at the time of the Counter-Reformation?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

[3] [4] Finland's location as the frontier country of the kingdom brought numerous wars and raiding expeditions to the region.


Question: Who ruled Sweden at the time of the Counter-Reformation?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Swedish Crown Prince Adolf Fredrik stated in 1746 that Finland was Sweden's warehouse and protective wall.


Question: Who ruled Sweden at the time of the Counter-Reformation?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

[3] During this period the Swedish Empire has also been referred to as Swedish-Finland.


Question: Who ruled Sweden at the time of the Counter-Reformation?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The term was coined retrospectively to describe the kingdom which included the main parts of present-day Sweden and Finland.


Question: Who ruled Sweden at the time of the Counter-Reformation?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Historian Peter Englund has stated that Finland during Swedish rule was not part or province of confederation but “... the eastern half of that kingdom which was practically destroyed in 1809, after which both parts went their separate ways.” In particular, Englund considers the Swedish Great Power period to be the common “property” of present-day Sweden and Finland, since the rise to superpower would have been impossible for a parched state without the resources of the eastern part of the empire.


Question: Who ruled Sweden at the time of the Counter-Reformation?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

[5] Early stages of Swedish rule The beginning of the period of Swedish rule was a long-standing process involving different regions of Finland at varying degrees at different times.


Question: Who ruled Sweden at the time of the Counter-Reformation?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Finland, or Sweden, cannot be spoken of at this stage as a unified administrative entity.


Question: Who ruled Sweden at the time of the Counter-Reformation?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The Kingdom of Sweden spread to Finland in the midst of its own process of birth and consolidation.


Question: Who ruled Sweden at the time of the Counter-Reformation?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

As recently as the beginning of the 13th century, the law of West Götaland constantly referred to the East Götans and the Uplantians as foreigners.


Question: Who ruled Sweden at the time of the Counter-Reformation?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

[6] Sweden's first written output, the Eerikinkronika, written in the 1320s, also speaks not of the Swedes but, for example, the Sveans, the Gothenites and the Uplantians.


Question: Who ruled Sweden at the time of the Counter-Reformation?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

[7] The Kingdom of Sweden can be said to have arisen around the year 1350.


Question: Who ruled Sweden at the time of the Counter-Reformation?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

[6] The early stages of the period of Swedish rule are fundamentally related to the missionary work of the Catholic Church in Finland.


Question: Who ruled Sweden at the time of the Counter-Reformation?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The northern Baltic region was a pagan area from the point of view of the Catholic Church and its goal was the conversion of the region to Catholicism.


Question: Who ruled Sweden at the time of the Counter-Reformation?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

In practice, the aim of the church was driven by the kings who professed the Catholic faith in the region, as well as by the crusaders, who were allowed in the name of Christianity to conquer new territories under their control.


Question: Who ruled Sweden at the time of the Counter-Reformation?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Crusades to Finland were made at least by Swedes and Danes, possibly including Germans and Norwegians.


Question: Who ruled Sweden at the time of the Counter-Reformation?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

[8] [9] [10] Orthodox Novgorod also fought a typical war against the Finnish tribes.


Question: Who ruled Sweden at the time of the Counter-Reformation?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Since at least 1042, the Hämäläs, or more commonly the Western Finns, had been waging almost constant war against Novgorod and the Baltic-Finnish peoples of the Karelian region, such as the Vatyans and Ingerians.


Question: Who ruled Sweden at the time of the Counter-Reformation?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

These conflicts contributed to the Swedes” chances of conquering territories from Finland.


Question: Who ruled Sweden at the time of the Counter-Reformation?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

A contemporaneous description of the Baltic conversion, Henry's Livonian Chronicle, gives a bloody picture of the conversion work of late 12th-century and early 13th century German Knights and Danes.


Question: Who ruled Sweden at the time of the Counter-Reformation?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Christianity was well established in Sweden by the 12th century and its nascent kingdom sought to compete with Germany and Denmark for influence in the Baltics and around the Gulf of Finland by fighting the pagans and conquering lands from these.


Question: Who ruled Sweden at the time of the Counter-Reformation?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

However, the Baltic war expedition ended for the Swedes in 1220 with the destruction of the Swedish forces, including the earl and bishop, by the Islanders, and the fortress they had established at Lihula.


Question: Who ruled Sweden at the time of the Counter-Reformation?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

[11] [12] The first historical reference to the rule of Swedes in Finland is the earliest legend of St. Eerik, dating from the 1270s, according to which King Eerik the Saint and the English bishop Henry made the so-called First Crusade to Finland in the 1150s.


Question: Who ruled Sweden at the time of the Counter-Reformation?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Legend tells that the king returned after an expedition to Sweden with the bishop remaining to arrange the ecclesiastical conditions in Finland.


Question: Who ruled Sweden at the time of the Counter-Reformation?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

However, the war expedition is not regarded as a real event nowadays.


Question: Who ruled Sweden at the time of the Counter-Reformation?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

[13] The following reference in historical sources to Swedish influence in Finland is the statement in the Lübeck chronicle of 1266: “Duke Birger forced Finland to belong to Sweden”.


Question: Who ruled Sweden at the time of the Counter-Reformation?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

[14] Possibly the same event is dealt with by the Eerikinchronicle, written in the 1320s, which describes the Uplantians' expedition against the Hazy people.


Question: Who ruled Sweden at the time of the Counter-Reformation?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The war expedition in question has been considered to have possibly been the Second Crusade to Finland made between 1249 and 1250.


Question: Who ruled Sweden at the time of the Counter-Reformation?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

According to the Eerikinchronika, as a result of the crusade, construction of a castle was started in Häme.


Question: Who ruled Sweden at the time of the Counter-Reformation?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The Swedes also began colonization of the Finnish coast in stages around the time of the Crusades, starting in Åland and Southwest Finland.


Question: Who ruled Sweden at the time of the Counter-Reformation?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The colonization of the Finnish coast by Christian people was a key means of spreading the faith.


Question: Who ruled Sweden at the time of the Counter-Reformation?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Of these emigrants, Finnish-Swedes emerged over time.


Question: Who ruled Sweden at the time of the Counter-Reformation?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

[15] The Bishop of Turku is first mentioned in connection with the bishops of Sweden on 11 February 1253 in connection with the exchange of land between the Earl of Birger and Gudheim Abbey.


Question: Who ruled Sweden at the time of the Counter-Reformation?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

[16] The Swedish Church spread to Finland practically only in the 14th century.


Question: Who ruled Sweden at the time of the Counter-Reformation?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

[17] Since about the 12th century, the Catholic Church had operated independently in Southwest Finland.


Question: Who ruled Sweden at the time of the Counter-Reformation?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The influence of Western and Eastern Christianity had spread to Finland even earlier in the prehistoric period, with indications such as tomb finds made in archaeological excavations.


Question: Who ruled Sweden at the time of the Counter-Reformation?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The Eerikinchronicle recounts the destruction of Sigtuna by the Karelians in 1187, the largest and most important city in Sweden at that time.


Question: Who ruled Sweden at the time of the Counter-Reformation?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The Karelians made a war expedition to Sweden also in 1257.


Question: Who ruled Sweden at the time of the Counter-Reformation?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

[18] In 1259 Pope Alexander IV approved the marriage of King Valdemar of Sweden and Sophia, granddaughter of King Christopher of Denmark, so that Sweden would be better and more effectively able to counter the constant attacks on the kingdom's villages and churches by pagans living nearby.


Question: Who ruled Sweden at the time of the Counter-Reformation?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

[19] In spite of this, even in 1275 the Christians of the Swedish Empire were tormented by the pagans of Karelia and Lapland.


Question: Who ruled Sweden at the time of the Counter-Reformation?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

[20] The first chronicle of Novgorod states that Dmitry Alexandrovich conquered Karelia in 1278.


Question: Who ruled Sweden at the time of the Counter-Reformation?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The pagan Karelians had been, up to that point, trading partners for Gotland, among others.


Question: Who ruled Sweden at the time of the Counter-Reformation?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

[21] Regardless of trade links, according to Eerikinkronika, the Uplantians made the so-called Third Crusade into Finland in 1293, conquering Karelia with 14 betrothals.


Question: Who ruled Sweden at the time of the Counter-Reformation?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

[22] Birger Maununpoy's letter of authorisation of 4 March 1295 to Lübeck and other Baltic trading towns mentions as the motive for the conversion of Karelians the long long practice of banditry and looting by the Karelians and the taking captive of Swedes and other visitors to the Baltic Sea and torturing.


Question: Who ruled Sweden at the time of the Counter-Reformation?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

[23] The first historical reference of the Catholic Church to Swedish rule outside Finland dates back to about 1284.


Question: Who ruled Sweden at the time of the Counter-Reformation?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

In this act of Maunu Ladonluko on the general peace of land, Pentti Birgerinpoika is referred to as the Duke of Finland, that is, present-day Southwest Finland.


Question: Who ruled Sweden at the time of the Counter-Reformation?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

[24] However, he may have never visited Finland.


Question: Who ruled Sweden at the time of the Counter-Reformation?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Despite the expansion of Swedish power, the conflict between Hämäläs and Novgorod lasted for hundreds of years.


Question: Who ruled Sweden at the time of the Counter-Reformation?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The First Chronicle of Novgorod states that Novgorod made a war expedition against the Hazorites still in 1292.


Question: Who ruled Sweden at the time of the Counter-Reformation?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Conflicts between Finns and Swedes after the Crusades, the colonization of the Swedes in their wake also led to conflicts between Finns and Swedes.


Question: Who ruled Sweden at the time of the Counter-Reformation?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The Ostrobothian stories tell of the need to help the colonists, while other stories describe Sweden as mainly criminals and evildoers who came to the country to wage war against the Finns.


Question: Who ruled Sweden at the time of the Counter-Reformation?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

[25] In the 16th century, Mikael Agricola wrote that pagan Finns had harassed Swedish colonists, for which reason they had received help from their relatives in Sweden.


Question: Who ruled Sweden at the time of the Counter-Reformation?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

[25] The original Finnish settlement of Kimitoon Island completely disappeared from the site after the Swedes entered the area, which may contribute to the conflict between the groups.


Question: Who ruled Sweden at the time of the Counter-Reformation?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

[26] Conflicts between Finns and colonists also arose regarding the rights to use the territories.


Question: Who ruled Sweden at the time of the Counter-Reformation?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

In principle, the King of Sweden always gave fishing rights to the colonists in which case the Finns lost their rights to them.


Question: Who ruled Sweden at the time of the Counter-Reformation?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

[27] Several letters concerning these disputes are known.


Question: Who ruled Sweden at the time of the Counter-Reformation?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

For example, on 1 June 1303, Swedish colonists from Satakunta had quarreled with the Finns in the area as their holdings were located in the old casque lands of the Finns.


Question: Who ruled Sweden at the time of the Counter-Reformation?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

In 1347, in turn, an order was issued for the transfer of fishing rights in the Helsinki region from the Finns to the coastal Swedes.


Question: Who ruled Sweden at the time of the Counter-Reformation?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

[28] From 1348, a letter of protection from Bishop Hemming and the Head of the Castle of Turku is known, designed to protect the colonists of the Gulf of Bothnia coast against the Finns.


Question: Who ruled Sweden at the time of the Counter-Reformation?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

[26] Traces of conflict also remained until later times.


Question: Who ruled Sweden at the time of the Counter-Reformation?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The mayor of Helsinki, Anders Larsson Ehredt, wrote to Peter Brahe in 1639 that Helsinki's name was not allowed to be changed when the city was transferred because the name was “a reminder of the victorious arms of our ancestors.”


Question: Who ruled Sweden at the time of the Counter-Reformation?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

[29] After the Crusader period Around 1300, parts of the Swedish Empire and the Archdiocese of Uppsala, which were governed from the castles of Turku, Häme and Vyborg, had begun to enter the territory of present-day Western and Southern Finland.


Question: Who ruled Sweden at the time of the Counter-Reformation?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Castles built to consolidate the rule of the King of Sweden were centres of Crown administration in the Middle Ages and important tools for retaining power.


Question: Who ruled Sweden at the time of the Counter-Reformation?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The administrative unit that surrounded the castle was referred to as the Castle Sounds.


Question: Who ruled Sweden at the time of the Counter-Reformation?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

At the same time, the Christian population was being phased from Sweden to the Finnish coast.


Question: Who ruled Sweden at the time of the Counter-Reformation?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The Käkisalmi region and Ladoga Karelia, meanwhile, maintained ties with Orthodox northwestern Russia and Novgorod.


Question: Who ruled Sweden at the time of the Counter-Reformation?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The clash between Catholic and Orthodox cultural circles therefore took place off Finland.


Question: Who ruled Sweden at the time of the Counter-Reformation?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The Peace of Nut Island, concluded in 1323, was the first peace treaty between Sweden and Novgorod.


Question: Who ruled Sweden at the time of the Counter-Reformation?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

It also defined the eastern border between the Swedish Empire and Finland, at least for Karelia.


Question: Who ruled Sweden at the time of the Counter-Reformation?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Ownership of Northern Finland remained vague.


Question: Who ruled Sweden at the time of the Counter-Reformation?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

However, within the 14th century, Sweden annexed a Finnish settlement on the northern Ostrobothnia coast.


Question: Who ruled Sweden at the time of the Counter-Reformation?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The Swedes still in the 14th century did not commonly refer to Finland or Finland as Finland, although these designations had been in use for a long time.


Question: Who ruled Sweden at the time of the Counter-Reformation?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

For example, the first chronicle of Novgor speaks of Finns (sum) and runestones speak of Vikings who died in Finland.


Question: Who ruled Sweden at the time of the Counter-Reformation?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The name Finland had meant, and for a long time, meant the present province of Southwest Finland.


Question: Who ruled Sweden at the time of the Counter-Reformation?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

For this reason, the Swedes used the wider area of southern Finland from about 1350 to 1470 to the name Österland, or “Italia”.


Question: Who ruled Sweden at the time of the Counter-Reformation?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

[6] Prior to this, the regions were spoken in plural eastern countries.


Question: Who ruled Sweden at the time of the Counter-Reformation?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

[6] Finland, as part of the Kingdom of Sweden in the Middle Ages, Finland was part of the historical provinces of Finland, Southwest Finland and Satakunta belonged to the central region of the Swedish Empire and they retained their connections with Scandinavia that had already arisen in prehistoric times.


Question: Who ruled Sweden at the time of the Counter-Reformation?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

In southwestern Finland, Häme, the Karelian Isthmus and Southern Savo there were permanent settlements based on farming, which gradually became denser and spread over a wider area.


Question: Who ruled Sweden at the time of the Counter-Reformation?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The spread and consolidation of settlements in central and northern Ostrobothnia was one of the most significant settlement-historical phenomena in medieval Finland.


Question: Who ruled Sweden at the time of the Counter-Reformation?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

In addition, there were fresh Swedish-speaking settlements in Åland, the Turunmaa archipelago and the coastal regions of Ostrobothnia and Uusimaa.


Question: Who ruled Sweden at the time of the Counter-Reformation?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

In the Middle Ages, rural peasants were by far the largest population group in Finland.


Question: Who ruled Sweden at the time of the Counter-Reformation?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Much of the area of present-day Finland was still wilderness in the Middle Ages, where Satakunese, Hälite and Karelian wildernesses were camping, inhabited by a population called the Lappans, at least part of the Sámi speaking population.


Question: Who ruled Sweden at the time of the Counter-Reformation?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Wilderness areas were not among the territories of any realm except in theory at most.


Question: Who ruled Sweden at the time of the Counter-Reformation?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

In the early stages of Swedish rule, administrative documents were often written in Latin, emphasizing the role of clergy in secular governance as well.


Question: Who ruled Sweden at the time of the Counter-Reformation?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The use of Swedish increased as a written administrative language as the 14th century wore on.


Question: Who ruled Sweden at the time of the Counter-Reformation?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

In urban local government, especially with regard to international relations, German was also widely used.


Question: Who ruled Sweden at the time of the Counter-Reformation?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

However, it is impossible to provide precise estimates of the language ratios of the population of medieval cities.


Question: Who ruled Sweden at the time of the Counter-Reformation?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Sweden was an electoral kingdom in the Middle Ages and the royal election was conducted with Mora stones.


Question: Who ruled Sweden at the time of the Counter-Reformation?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The territory of Finland also gained the right to send its representatives to the royal election of 1362, reflecting the status of Southwest Finland as part of the Swedish Empire.


Question: Who ruled Sweden at the time of the Counter-Reformation?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The land law enacted during the 1319—1364 reign of King Maunu Eerikinpoja was of great importance to the development of administration and legal order.


Question: Who ruled Sweden at the time of the Counter-Reformation?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

As a difference to Central Europe, peasants were free, and no central European-like feudalism developed in the Swedish Empire.


Question: Who ruled Sweden at the time of the Counter-Reformation?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Local government was based on keepers and parishes in rural areas.


Question: Who ruled Sweden at the time of the Counter-Reformation?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

In the Middle Ages, an urban institution also emerged in Finland.


Question: Who ruled Sweden at the time of the Counter-Reformation?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

However, the bourgeoisie, or merchants and craftsmen, who lived in the cities, accounted for a small


Question: Who ruled Sweden at the time of the Counter-Reformation?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The most important medieval cities in Finland were Turku and Vyborg.


Question: Who ruled Sweden at the time of the Counter-Reformation?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Other towns included Naantali, Rauma, Ulvila and Porvoo.


Question: Who ruled Sweden at the time of the Counter-Reformation?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

During the Middle Ages, Nordic and Finnish long-distance trade was largely held by German Hanseatic merchants, and because of this, a significant part of the bourgeoisie in Turku and Vyborg in particular was German.


Question: Who ruled Sweden at the time of the Counter-Reformation?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

In the towns, local government was the responsibility of a mayor-led panel.


Question: Who ruled Sweden at the time of the Counter-Reformation?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

By the 1280 Alsnö rule of King Maunu Birgerinpoika, adopted in the reign of King Maunu Birgerinpoika, a small secular rails, or nobility, emerged in Sweden and Finland.


Question: Who ruled Sweden at the time of the Counter-Reformation?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Spiritual rails, on the other hand, referred to the spiritual enactment exempt from taxes paid to the secular power (e.g. priests, nuns and beggar brothers).


Question: Who ruled Sweden at the time of the Counter-Reformation?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The parishes that operated within the Catholic Church on the territory of Finland belonged to the Diocese of Turku.


Question: Who ruled Sweden at the time of the Counter-Reformation?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

In addition to ecclesiastical authority, the Bishop of Turku, who was at the head of the diocese, also had plenty of secular power and was, for example, a member of the King's Council of Power.


Question: Who ruled Sweden at the time of the Counter-Reformation?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

One of the most prominent medieval bishops of Turku was Maunu Tavast, who held office between 1412 and 1450.


Question: Who ruled Sweden at the time of the Counter-Reformation?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Spiritual rails formed a literacy and literacy civilisation in medieval Finland.


Question: Who ruled Sweden at the time of the Counter-Reformation?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Its members had often attended Turku Cathedral School and some had also studied at foreign universities.


Question: Who ruled Sweden at the time of the Counter-Reformation?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Kalmar Union Time (1397—1523) Birth of the Union The Nordic Kalmar Union was founded under Queen Margaret of Denmark in 1397.


Question: Who ruled Sweden at the time of the Counter-Reformation?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

In practice, there were conflicts in the Union, as the Swedish surplus was interested in the east, in the direction of Russia, in the direction of Russia, while the Danish interests were more towards the south — per German territories.


Question: Who ruled Sweden at the time of the Counter-Reformation?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Nor, within the different countries, was the superiority unanimous among themselves.


Question: Who ruled Sweden at the time of the Counter-Reformation?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The struggle for power was by no means caused solely by modern concepts of “foreign policy” disagreements.


Question: Who ruled Sweden at the time of the Counter-Reformation?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

However, at the beginning of the Union period, the country's status as part of the kingdom changed


Question: Who ruled Sweden at the time of the Counter-Reformation?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Over the course of four decades, the monarch's grip on Finland was firmer than in the past.


Question: Who ruled Sweden at the time of the Counter-Reformation?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Queen Margaret was a background influence on the regime right up until her death in 1412.


Question: Who ruled Sweden at the time of the Counter-Reformation?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Throughout, he delegated further responsibilities to his successor King Eerik XIII of Pomerania (as king 1396—1439), who had responsibility especially for Norwegian and Finnish affairs.


Question: Who ruled Sweden at the time of the Counter-Reformation?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

He visited Finland two times, in 1403 and 1407.


Question: Who ruled Sweden at the time of the Counter-Reformation?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

All the king's decisions concerning Finland were issued in his name.


Question: Who ruled Sweden at the time of the Counter-Reformation?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

[30] With the Union, the leading administrators of the country changed, as the king placed his own creditmen in charge of the castles.


Question: Who ruled Sweden at the time of the Counter-Reformation?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Abraham Broderinpoika rose to be head of the castle in Turku, and the Danish Klaus Fleming was also appointed as Lamann.


Question: Who ruled Sweden at the time of the Counter-Reformation?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Later, Klaus Lydekenpoika Djäkn and Krister Nilsson Vaasa rose to prominent positions.


Question: Who ruled Sweden at the time of the Counter-Reformation?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Bishop Maunu Tavast was a supporter of unionism.


Question: Who ruled Sweden at the time of the Counter-Reformation?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Even during the Union period, Finland did not form a single administrative entity; the region was divided into two different administrative districts.


Question: Who ruled Sweden at the time of the Counter-Reformation?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Vyborg served as a major, at times quasi-autonomous centre as Turku was more closely incorporated into the central authority's administrative region.


Question: Who ruled Sweden at the time of the Counter-Reformation?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The independent status of Vyborg can be seen, among other things, in the fact that although Finland was divided in 1435 into two Lamalandic municipalities South and Bottom-Finland, Vyborg was born as early as the 1440s, an independent Karelian Llamann, which was probably laid down by a castle chief in Vyborg.


Question: Who ruled Sweden at the time of the Counter-Reformation?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Although the Karelian Laman had no jurisdiction in the Turku Land Court.


Question: Who ruled Sweden at the time of the Counter-Reformation?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

[31] In Finland and Sweden, discontent in the early days of the Union was provoked by an increase in the tax burden.


Question: Who ruled Sweden at the time of the Counter-Reformation?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Eerik sought to make taxation more efficient in Finland, with the cancellation of the farms to the Crown and efforts to make the castle sound liable.


Question: Who ruled Sweden at the time of the Counter-Reformation?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

[30] During the Union period, the administration of the country was organised in a new way to improve the economic condition.


Question: Who ruled Sweden at the time of the Counter-Reformation?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

In 1405, tax exemptions for apparently hundreds of farms were withdrawn.


Question: Who ruled Sweden at the time of the Counter-Reformation?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

At that time, the groundwork for systematic land taxation was laid.


Question: Who ruled Sweden at the time of the Counter-Reformation?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The Crown also sought to increase tax revenues through settler activity: arable farming produced tax revenues, while the wilderness economy did not produce them.


Question: Who ruled Sweden at the time of the Counter-Reformation?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Tax revenues were therefore raised by the allocation of wilderness for permanent settlement.


Question: Who ruled Sweden at the time of the Counter-Reformation?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

In 1409, Turku also began to mint its own money, which differed in value from the money spent in Sweden.


Question: Who ruled Sweden at the time of the Counter-Reformation?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

They were silver and six-pence coins.


Question: Who ruled Sweden at the time of the Counter-Reformation?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

In 1407, Finland received its own supreme court, the Turku Land Court, and it was also given administrative power.


Question: Who ruled Sweden at the time of the Counter-Reformation?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Finland's leaders were now able to decide the country's affairs at their own meetings.


Question: Who ruled Sweden at the time of the Counter-Reformation?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The railing crew and clergy formed a politically leading group during the Union period.


Question: Who ruled Sweden at the time of the Counter-Reformation?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Finland's own raulsmen only rarely ruled the largest castle voices, usually headed by Swedish or Danish, sometimes German-born men, who, though often had lived in the country for decades.


Question: Who ruled Sweden at the time of the Counter-Reformation?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Domestic rails were generally responsible for lower administration, military functions and especially the courts.


Question: Who ruled Sweden at the time of the Counter-Reformation?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The most prominent positions in the Church also ended up in the Union period for the sons of the indigenous families.


Question: Who ruled Sweden at the time of the Counter-Reformation?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

On the other hand, the peasantry could also participate in the activities of various boards and district assemblies, as well as influence political solutions such as the election of the king.


Question: Who ruled Sweden at the time of the Counter-Reformation?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

With the exception of Turku and Vyborg, cities were small during the Union period and there were very few of them.


Question: Who ruled Sweden at the time of the Counter-Reformation?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Therefore, foreign trade was modest, too.


Question: Who ruled Sweden at the time of the Counter-Reformation?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Even Vyborg was unable to compete with Tallinn as a hub for trade in Russia.