Question: Who has written the New Testament?

New Testament

The author has not been an eyewitness, nor does the other gospels mention Jesus having had a dearest disciple.


Question: Who has written the New Testament?

New Testament

No mention of the dearest disciple as the author is found in the original Gospel of John, but is later attached to the last one, 21.


Question: Who has written the New Testament?

New Testament

Chapter.


Question: Who has written the New Testament?

New Testament

[36] The earliest manuscript of the Gospel of John is timed to 125, but the work had come into existence some time before that.


Question: Who has written the New Testament?

New Testament

[36] Style and structure The style of the Gospel of John differs from the Synoptic Gospels.


Question: Who has written the New Testament?

New Testament

It contains long teaching speeches of Jesus, which are intractable in places.


Question: Who has written the New Testament?

New Testament

The Gospel of John is roughly divided into two parts: In chapters 1—12 (the so-called Book of Signs), Jesus performs miracles and makes public speeches.


Question: Who has written the New Testament?

New Testament

In chapters 13—21 (the so-called Book of Glory), Jesus prepares the disciples for their fate, is slain, and finally revelations testify to the resurrection.


Question: Who has written the New Testament?

New Testament

[37] John's sources are harder to identify than those of other gospels.


Question: Who has written the New Testament?

New Testament

There is no consensus among scholars on whether John was familiar with the Synoptic Gospels or not.


Question: Who has written the New Testament?

New Testament

The Gospel of John contains a number of strata, as the older text has been supplemented and expanded upon by a younger text.


Question: Who has written the New Testament?

New Testament

[37] The author of John lives the stage where the Christian movement distances itself from its Jewish roots.


Question: Who has written the New Testament?

New Testament

This is reflected in the fact that in the Gospel Jesus is presented as looking at Judaism as if from the outside.


Question: Who has written the New Testament?

New Testament

Listeners and opponents of Jesus are described by the generalizing concept of Jew.


Question: Who has written the New Testament?

New Testament

The distinction reaches its peak at the point where Jesus claims that God is not the Father of the Jews because they do not believe in the Son.


Question: Who has written the New Testament?

New Testament

[38] The strident statements in the Gospel are explained by the situation in the Congregation of John, where detachment from the synagogue has led to conflict and intermediate breach.


Question: Who has written the New Testament?

New Testament

[39] The distinctive feature of the Gospel of John is the division into good and evil, or right and wrong.


Question: Who has written the New Testament?

New Testament

This dichotomy culminates in dividing people into those under darkness and God's own.


Question: Who has written the New Testament?

New Testament

Also, the object of faith is deviant.


Question: Who has written the New Testament?

New Testament

In the Synoptic Gospels, faith is directed towards God and the message of Jesus, when, accordingly, in the Gospel of John, the object of faith is Jesus himself.


Question: Who has written the New Testament?

New Testament

[39] The epistles of Paul the Apostle and theologian Paul the Apostle Paul was the most prominent scholar of the faith of the first Christian generation.


Question: Who has written the New Testament?

New Testament

He proclaimed the gospel and established congregations for three decades in the eastern parts of the Roman Empire.


Question: Who has written the New Testament?

New Testament

The centers of Paul's activities included Antioch, Ephesus, and Corinth.


Question: Who has written the New Testament?

New Testament

He kept in touch with the congregations he founded by letter and through colleagues.


Question: Who has written the New Testament?

New Testament

[40] Paul's letters set the direction for Christianity and its interpretation.


Question: Who has written the New Testament?

New Testament

He distanced himself from Jewish customs, so it was also easier for gentiles to convert to Christianity.


Question: Who has written the New Testament?

New Testament

Paul's letters were copied and widely disseminated.


Question: Who has written the New Testament?

New Testament

In the style of the ancient world, this gave many authors the ricochet to draw up so-called pseudepigraphic letters, that is, to write their own text in the name of the more famous Paul.


Question: Who has written the New Testament?

New Testament

[40] Thirteen letters have been drawn up in Paul's name, but seven texts are commonly read as genuine letters of Paul: [40] First Epistle to the Thessalonians First Epistle to the Corinthians Second Epistle to the Corinthians Letter to the Galatians Letter to the Romans to the Philippians Epistle to Philemon The epistles of Paul are born by dictating to the scribe.


Question: Who has written the New Testament?

New Testament

They are not religious treatises, but answers to the day-to-day affairs of the congregation.


Question: Who has written the New Testament?

New Testament

The structure of letters follows a certain pattern.


Question: Who has written the New Testament?

New Testament

First Paul mentions the names of the author or authors, followed by the names of the recipients.


Question: Who has written the New Testament?

New Testament

An initial greeting is followed by a prayer of thanks.


Question: Who has written the New Testament?

New Testament

The trunk section will tell you the actual thing.


Question: Who has written the New Testament?

New Testament

Finally, Paul talks about his travel plans and sends greetings to his friends.


Question: Who has written the New Testament?

New Testament

[41] Paul's life stages Paul was born into a Jewish family in Tarsus of Asia Minor.


Question: Who has written the New Testament?

New Testament

He joined the party of the Pharisees and relocated to Jerusalem to study Jewish doctrine.


Question: Who has written the New Testament?

New Testament

Paul rose to prominence among Jews and served as a leader in persecutions of Christian congregations.


Question: Who has written the New Testament?

New Testament

Paul was a Roman citizen, spoke Greek and was influenced by Hellenistic culture.


Question: Who has written the New Testament?

New Testament

[40] According to Acts, Paul encountered the resurrected Jesus on his way to Damascus and the view converted him from the persecutor of Christianity to its declarer.


Question: Who has written the New Testament?

New Testament

About three years after his conversion, Paul moved to Antioch, where an early Christian congregation consisting mainly of non-Jews operated.


Question: Who has written the New Testament?

New Testament

Paul was active in Antioch for 14 years.


Question: Who has written the New Testament?

New Testament

In 48, the Congregation of Antioch sent Paul to the so-called Assembly of the Apostles, where it was debated whether non-Jewish Christians should obey the law of Moses.


Question: Who has written the New Testament?

New Testament

Paul's position on spreading religion among the pagans prevailed.


Question: Who has written the New Testament?

New Testament

[41] Soon Paul got into quarrels in Antioch and moved to Corinth for a year and a half.


Question: Who has written the New Testament?

New Testament

There Paul wrote a letter related to the return of Jesus to the Thessalonians.


Question: Who has written the New Testament?

New Testament

From Corinth, he moved to Ephesus, the regional centre of that time, for three years.


Question: Who has written the New Testament?

New Testament

From there, Paul advised the Corinthians in his letter on matters relating to the life of the congregation, as well as elaborating on his disputes with them in another letter.


Question: Who has written the New Testament?

New Testament

[41] There is also a letter from the Ephesus period to the Galatians in which Paul justifies why a Christian does not have to obey the law of Moses.


Question: Who has written the New Testament?

New Testament

He then returned to Corinth and stayed there for three months around the year 56.


Question: Who has written the New Testament?

New Testament

Paul was planning a trip through Rome to Spain, about which he wrote in a letter to the Congregation of Rome, while also taking a stand on the problems of the congregation.


Question: Who has written the New Testament?

New Testament

[41] After reaching Jerusalem, Paul was arrested and transported to Rome.


Question: Who has written the New Testament?

New Testament

Paul was imprisoned in Rome for more than eight years.


Question: Who has written the New Testament?

New Testament

Possibly there he wrote a letter to the Philippians and a letter to Philemon.


Question: Who has written the New Testament?

New Testament

[41] According to tradition, Paul and the apostle Peter were executed in the same year.


Question: Who has written the New Testament?

New Testament

There is no certainty about the exact year.


Question: Who has written the New Testament?

New Testament

The account of the Acts ends in either year 61 or year 62.


Question: Who has written the New Testament?

New Testament

Most often, Paul's year of death is timed to the persecutions of Emperor Nero or its advent to year 63 or year 64.


Question: Who has written the New Testament?

New Testament

[42] Literature of the school of Paul after Paul's death, his tradition was preserved in the parishes and his letters constantly gained new readers.


Question: Who has written the New Testament?

New Testament

As time passed, it was noticed that the contents of Paul's letters no longer answered the new topical questions of the congregations.


Question: Who has written the New Testament?

New Testament

After Paul's death, congregations had established themselves and Christianity had increasingly distanced itself from its Jewish roots.


Question: Who has written the New Testament?

New Testament

[43] Changed circumstances required further guidance, and so new works were drawn up in Paul's name.


Question: Who has written the New Testament?

New Testament

This literature is referred to as Paul's School Literature, or DeuteroPaul Literature.


Question: Who has written the New Testament?

New Testament

In antiquity, publishing in the name of another, or pseudepigraphy, was perfectly acceptable and did not affect the prestige of the text.


Question: Who has written the New Testament?

New Testament

Probably, readers often knew that it was not a genuine historical text.


Question: Who has written the New Testament?

New Testament

It was read if an authoritative person was mentioned as the author of the text and the text was convincing.


Question: Who has written the New Testament?

New Testament

[43] Six of Paul's letters are considered the literature of the school of Paul.


Question: Who has written the New Testament?

New Testament

The greatest consensus exists on the four letters: [43] Epistle to the Ephesians First Epistle to Timothy (pastoral letter) Second Epistle to Timothy (pastoral letter) Epistle to Titus (pastoral letter) The remaining two letters share scholars and are usually left aside by Paul to learn when examining: [43] Second Epistle to the Thessalonians Epistle to the Colossians All of Paul's 13 letters suggest that they were written by Paul himself.


Question: Who has written the New Testament?

New Testament

The division of texts into authentic and post-Paul is accomplished by comparing doctrine, writing style, writer's situation, and the situation of the congregation.


Question: Who has written the New Testament?

New Testament

Seven genuine letters have been identified for their similar doctrine of faith and the similarity between the letters and Paul's life stages.


Question: Who has written the New Testament?

New Testament

For example, the view of pastoral letters, or letters instructing parish life, on parish posts refers to the situation at the end of the first century.


Question: Who has written the New Testament?

New Testament

[43] Other New Testament literature There is no clear common characteristic of the literature excluding Paul and the Gospels.


Question: Who has written the New Testament?

New Testament

In time, they are set at the same time as the literature of the Paul School.


Question: Who has written the New Testament?

New Testament

[44] Other New Testament literature read eight epistles and the Revelation of John.


Question: Who has written the New Testament?

New Testament

Epistle to the Hebrews Epistle of James First Epistle of Peter Second Epistle of John Second Epistle of John Third Letter of John Epistle to Judas Revelation of John (apocalypse) Letters outside the material are sometimes used referred to as Catholic letters.


Question: Who has written the New Testament?

New Testament

The name is misleading, as some of the letters are addressed to only one readership and not the entire denomination.


Question: Who has written the New Testament?

New Testament

If the Hebrews are read into the collection of Paul's letters, 14 letters of Paul and 7 Catholic letters will be obtained.


Question: Who has written the New Testament?

New Testament

[44] The Hebrews Epistle is well known due to its Christology.


Question: Who has written the New Testament?

New Testament

According to the work, the Old Testament represented an “old covenant” with God.


Question: Who has written the New Testament?

New Testament

It fell short and did not definitively absolve people of sins.


Question: Who has written the New Testament?

New Testament

Instead, Christ has become the mediator of the “new covenant” through his death.


Question: Who has written the New Testament?

New Testament

Later Christian theology has embraced the idea of the Hebrew Epistle.


Question: Who has written the New Testament?

New Testament

[44] The conclusion of the Hebrews into the canon was uncertain.


Question: Who has written the New Testament?

New Testament

It was once saved by the belief that the letter was written by Paul, even though the text itself contains no such claim.


Question: Who has written the New Testament?

New Testament

[9] Subsequently, the letter was generally accepted into various codexes, but was omitted, for example, from the Codex Boernerianus, which was timed to the 8th century.


Question: Who has written the New Testament?

New Testament

[10] John's Book of Revelation is its own material and is the only apocalypse of the New Testament, or Revelation.


Question: Who has written the New Testament?

New Testament

The work is carefully crafted from sequences of apparitions.


Question: Who has written the New Testament?

New Testament

As typical of Revelation literature, the message is enveloped in covert visions.


Question: Who has written the New Testament?

New Testament

The literary genre involves a certain obscurity and inexplicability.


Question: Who has written the New Testament?

New Testament

John appears in the piece under his own name.


Question: Who has written the New Testament?

New Testament

The differences between the Book of Revelation and the Gospel of John are so great that already many early Christian church fathers viewed them as the work of different authors.


Question: Who has written the New Testament?

New Testament

The work is likely born in the 90s in Asia Minor.


Question: Who has written the New Testament?

New Testament

[44] Earliest manuscripts The earliest manuscripts were originally made for a papyrus scroll.


Question: Who has written the New Testament?

New Testament

From the early second century onwards, texts began to be written on the status of papyruses and parchments in book-form codexes.


Question: Who has written the New Testament?

New Testament

The new manufacturing technique allowed about one hundred parchment leaves to be bound into a book, the equivalent of the four Gospels.


Question: Who has written the New Testament?

New Testament

This raised the question of which Gospels are included in the codex and which are omitted from it.


Question: Who has written the New Testament?

New Testament

[10] The manuscripts were written in the main language of the eastern part of Rome, Greek, without punctuation and punctuation.


Question: Who has written the New Testament?

New Testament

The reason for this was the laboriousness of writing and the high cost of the writing material.


Question: Who has written the New Testament?

New Testament

[45] No original manuscripts have survived; instead, the texts are multiple copies, of which around 5000 fragments have survived to the present day.


Question: Who has written the New Testament?

New Testament

Books containing the entire New Testament are from the fourth and fifth centuries, such as Codex Vaticanus, Codex Sinaiticus, Codex Alexandrinus and Codex Bezae Cantabrigensis.


Question: Who has written the New Testament?

New Testament

[45] The manuscripts differ in many points.


Question: Who has written the New Testament?

New Testament

The reason for this is copy writers' own edits, as well as human error.


Question: Who has written the New Testament?

New Testament

A reader of a New Finnish Lutheran church bible will notice the results of research on copies that some verses have been put in parentheses.


Question: Who has written the New Testament?

New Testament

[45] New Testament in Finnish The first printed New Testament in Finnish was published by Mikael Agricola in 1548 as “Se Wsi Testamenti”.


Question: Who has written the New Testament?

New Testament

The book was intended for priests so that they could do their work in the Finnish language.


Question: Who has written the New Testament?

New Testament

[46] The latest translation of the church bible — including the New Testament — dates from 1992.


Question: Who has written the New Testament?

New Testament

Earlier translations are from 1938, 1776, and 1642.


Question: Who has written the New Testament?

New Testament

See also Deuterocanonical books Papacy in early church and late antiquity Sources Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Lars Aejmelaeus| title = Birth of Christianity| location = Helsinki| publisher = Bookworks| year = 2000| isbn = 951-625-677-5}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Ismo Dunderberg & Antti Marjanen (eds.


Question: Who has written the New Testament?

New Testament

) | title = The Hidden Wisdom of Nag Hammadi.


Question: Who has written the New Testament?

New Testament

Gnostic and other early Christian texts| location = Helsinki| publisher = WSOY| year = 2006| version=3. revised edition| isbn = 951-0-30859-5}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Peter Halldorf| title = Andens folk.


Question: Who has written the New Testament?

New Testament

En lärjungavandring genom Apostlagärningarna| location = Örebro| publisher = Cordia| year = 2006| isbn = 91-7085-321-5}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Kari Kuula| title = Paul: First Theology of Christianity| location = Helsinki| publisher = Edita| year = 2001| version= Logos| id = ISBN 951-37-3455-2}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Kari Kuula & Martti Nissinen & Wille Riekkinen| title = Introduction to the Bible| location = Helsinki| publisher = Bookworks| year = 2008| version= 2nd revised and corrected edition| isbn = 9798-559-595 1-607-648-8}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Matti Myllykoski & Arto Järvinen (eds.


Question: Who has written the New Testament?

New Testament

) | title = Early Christian Gospels| location = Helsinki| publisher = University print| year = 1997| isbn = 951-570-318-2}} References on the topic elsewhere.


Question: Who has written the New Testament?

New Testament

Translation of the Evangelical Lutheran Church in Finland 1992.


Question: Who has written the New Testament?

New Testament

Translation of the Evangelical Lutheran Church in Finland 1938. Finnish Bible translations 33/38, 1776, 1642 and the New Testament by Aapeli Saarisalo.


Question: Who has written the New Testament?

New Testament

T. Vuolteenaho site.


Question: Who has written the New Testament?

New Testament

Category:27 Christianity * Category:Key articles of screening


Question: Can ceramics be studied in Finland?

Kaj Franck

Kaj Gabriel Franck (9 November 1911, Vyborg, Grand Duchy of Finland — 26 September 1989, Santoríni, Greece [1]) was a Finnish designer.


Question: Can ceramics be studied in Finland?

Kaj Franck

[2] He was awarded the title of professor in 1972 and was an artist professor 1973—1978.


Question: Can ceramics be studied in Finland?

Kaj Franck

Kaj Franck is one of the best known Finnish pottery and glass designers internationally and also one of the first advocates for recycling.


Question: Can ceramics be studied in Finland?

Kaj Franck

He has been called “the embrace of Finnish design”.


Question: Can ceramics be studied in Finland?

Kaj Franck

He pruned out everything unnecessary and extra [3].


Question: Can ceramics be studied in Finland?

Kaj Franck

Career Franck graduated from the Central School of Arts and Design as a furniture sketcher in 1932.


Question: Can ceramics be studied in Finland?

Kaj Franck

Franck was artistic director of Nuutajärvi glassworks 1950—1973.


Question: Can ceramics be studied in Finland?

Kaj Franck

He was an hour teacher at the School of Art and Design from 1945 and its artistic director 1960—1969.


Question: Can ceramics be studied in Finland?

Kaj Franck

[4] He planned for Arabia, Artek, Iittala and Nuutajärvi.


Question: Can ceramics be studied in Finland?

Kaj Franck

His best known design work includes the Guild series, the Taper glasses, and the Thema series.


Question: Can ceramics be studied in Finland?

Kaj Franck

The guild on which the Theme was developed was once revolutionary in its appearance as a simple set of uses to replace decorative tableware.


Question: Can ceramics be studied in Finland?

Kaj Franck

Known design works include a Japanese-style tray made only in white today.


Question: Can ceramics be studied in Finland?

Kaj Franck

[5] [6] Black's production ceased in 2007.


Question: Can ceramics be studied in Finland?

Kaj Franck

In 1978, Sarvis Oy launched an extensive grip table plastic tableware designed by Franck and exported as Easy Day to countries such as Sweden, Germany, Great Britain and North America.


Question: Can ceramics be studied in Finland?

Kaj Franck

Franck was particularly interested in cutlery made of polycarbonate, which was inspired by his travels to Japan, where metal cutlery was weaned.


Question: Can ceramics be studied in Finland?

Kaj Franck

[7] Franck won many design competitions and recognitions in his career, including the Milan Triennial in 1951 and 1954, the Milan Triennial Grand Prix in 1957, the Compasso d'Oro Prize, the Prince Eugen Medal and the Lunning Prize.


Question: Can ceramics be studied in Finland?

Kaj Franck

He received Pro Finlandia in 1957, the title of Professor in 1972 and an honorary doctorate from the Royal College of Art, London in 1983.


Question: Can ceramics be studied in Finland?

Kaj Franck

There is Kaj Franck Street in Arabianranta in Helsinki.


Question: Can ceramics be studied in Finland?

Kaj Franck

Franck's maternal grandfather was the architect and writer Johan Jakob Ahrenberg, who was one of the first designers of the Arabian porcelain factory in the late 19th century.


Question: Can ceramics be studied in Finland?

Kaj Franck

Kaj Franck passed away from a bout of illness while vacationing in Greece in the autumn of 1989.


Question: Can ceramics be studied in Finland?

Kaj Franck

[8] Kaj Franck Design Prize Design Forum Finland has been distributing the Kaj Franck Design Prize since 1992 with a cash prize of EUR 10000.


Question: Can ceramics be studied in Finland?

Kaj Franck

[9] Photo gallery by Kaj Franck dreija.


Question: Can ceramics be studied in Finland?

Kaj Franck

Franck began designing the Guild dinnerware in 1948.


Question: Can ceramics be studied in Finland?

Kaj Franck

Products are stackable and require little storage space.


Question: Can ceramics be studied in Finland?

Kaj Franck

Tray Vat, 1957.


Question: Can ceramics be studied in Finland?

Kaj Franck

Taper glasses and a pourer, 1958.


Question: Can ceramics be studied in Finland?

Kaj Franck

Sources Literature Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Aav, Marianne| title= Kaj Franck: Universal forms| location = Helsinki| publisher = Design Museum| year = 2011| isbn = 978-952-9878-74-1}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Jantunen, Days i| title = Kaj & Franck: Objects and close-up| location = Helsinki| publisher = WSOY| year = 2011| isbn = 978-951-0-36898-5}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Matiskainen, Heikki (ed.


Question: Can ceramics be studied in Finland?

Kaj Franck

) | title = Art of Glass: Kaj Franck 100 years| location = Riihimäki| publisher = Finnish Glass Museo| year = 2011| isbn = 978-952-5571-39-4}} On the topic elsewhere on Designlasi.com.


Question: Can ceramics be studied in Finland?

Kaj Franck

(An interview with Kaj Franck about the Nuutajärvi glassworks on 1 November 1980.)


Question: Can ceramics be studied in Finland?

Kaj Franck

Check date values in: |accessdate= (help) Category:Finnish designers Category:Finnish ceramic artists Category:Finnish glass artists Category:Pro Finlandia awardees Category:Finnish people with the title of professor Class:Born in 1911 1989 Deaths Category:Key Articles of Screening


Question: How is a theological work defined?

Summa theologiae

Summa theologiae (“The Sum of Theology”) is a summa-form work written by Thomas Aquinese that, as its name suggests, is a summary of all the major theological teachings of the Catholic Church, and seeks to address all essential both theological and philosophical questions.


Question: How is a theological work defined?

Summa theologiae

The work is the main work of Tumaa and the foundation of the official doctrine of tomism, the Catholic Church, since 1879.


Question: How is a theological work defined?

Summa theologiae

Summa theologiae is particularly known for the “five ways” (quinque viae), that is, five ways to prove the existence of God.


Question: How is a theological work defined?

Summa theologiae

The work became so illustrious that at the Ecclesiastical Conference in Trento it was used, along with the Bible, in seeking answers to questions about doctrine when Protestant Christianity was condemned.


Question: How is a theological work defined?

Summa theologiae

It was also used in connection with the Last Crusades to judge infidels, that is, those whose doctrines differed from the sum.


Question: How is a theological work defined?

Summa theologiae

Summa theologiae is To bring the broadest representation of views.


Question: How is a theological work defined?

Summa theologiae

Thomas worked on the work from the period of Pope Clement IV (after 1265) until his death in 1274.


Question: How is a theological work defined?

Summa theologiae

The work is more mature and better structured than Tumaa's previous work, Summa contra gentiles.


Question: How is a theological work defined?

Summa theologiae

The latter was much more apologetic in nature, with each chapter of it intended to refute the beliefs of other religions or heresies.


Question: How is a theological work defined?

Summa theologiae

Structure The work is arranged in different parts as follows: Part One (Prima pars, Ia): God, Creation, Man and Nature Part One of Part Two (Prima secundae partis, Ia IIae): Virtues, vices, sin and legislation Part Two (Secunda secundae partis, IIa IIae): Hope, virtuous action, charity and proper Part Three (Tertia pars, IIIa): Birth, Life, Baptism and Confirmation of Christ Supplement to Part Three (Supplementum tertia partis, Supp.


Question: How is a theological work defined?

Summa theologiae

IIIa): Marriage, Repentance and Holy Commandments The supplement to Part Three was compiled to bring from the Scriptures after he died; Thomas did not have time to complete his work himself.


Question: How is a theological work defined?

Summa theologiae

At the time of his death he had reached the third part of Question 90, subject to remorse.


Question: How is a theological work defined?

Summa theologiae

The missing parts were later added to Tumaa's Commentary on the Sentences of Peter the Lombard.


Question: How is a theological work defined?

Summa theologiae

The supplement is not found in the manuscripts of the 12th and 14th centuries.


Question: How is a theological work defined?

Summa theologiae

Indigenous in Latin or Italian, the work comprises approximately eight 500-page books in print.


Question: How is a theological work defined?

Summa theologiae

The only Finnish translation is J.-P published by Gaudeamus cost 2002. The Finnish version of Renton's menus, translated 630 pages of the original work and the first part of the second part, including the testimony of God and the key points of practical philosophy.


Question: How is a theological work defined?

Summa theologiae

The form Sum is written according to the scholastic method by question (quaestio, quaestio).


Question: How is a theological work defined?

Summa theologiae

The purpose of the questions is to present in logical order all the main points of theology and philosophy.


Question: How is a theological work defined?

Summa theologiae

Questions are common, such as “the confluence of soul and body”.


Question: How is a theological work defined?

Summa theologiae

Questions include sub-questions, or articles (articuli), and each article begins with a question (“Does the understanding principle concur with the body as a form?”) as well as by assertion, i.e., some sort of answer to the question (“The understanding principle does not appear to be associated with the body as a form”).


Question: How is a theological work defined?

Summa theologiae

A few arguments (objectiones) are then presented that would seem to support that claim (“The philosopher you see says in Book III of the Soul that...”).


Question: How is a theological work defined?

Summa theologiae

The grounds are gleaned from outside sources used as authority figures.


Question: How is a theological work defined?

Summa theologiae

Following the arguments, Thomas makes one claim directly opposed to the arguments (“By contrast (sed contra) according to Book VIII of the Philosopher Metaphysics...”), which is similarly based on sources and generally represents Tuomo's own position.


Question: How is a theological work defined?

Summa theologiae

In the end, Thomas explains the case (“I reply (respondeo dicendum quot) that the principle of understanding action...”) as well as then responds in detail to all the arguments in support of the original claim.


Question: How is a theological work defined?

Summa theologiae

The answers are not so much invented by Tumaa, but based on figures and works considered by the earlier Catholic Church to be the authority, such as, of course, the Bible and on the other hand the works of the Church Father Augustine and Dionysios.


Question: How is a theological work defined?

Summa theologiae

The sum theologiae, however, summarizes an important change in the philosophy of the Catholic Church that Thomas himself presided over: a change from the Platonist Augustine teachings in the direction of Aristotelian tomism.


Question: How is a theological work defined?

Summa theologiae

Influences in a more Aristotelian direction Thomas drew especially from texts of Arab philosophers such as Averroës and Avicenna translated into Latin for the first time in his time.


Question: How is a theological work defined?

Summa theologiae

References in the work The sum contains a lot of references to the works of authors held in high esteem during the Tuomaa period.


Question: How is a theological work defined?

Summa theologiae

The sum is almost entirely based on quotes from these authors, although the conclusions they draw are often refuted.


Question: How is a theological work defined?

Summa theologiae

Among the most notable of the authority that Tumaa used besides the Bible were: Philosopher: Aristotle, who was considered the sharpest philosopher of all time.


Question: How is a theological work defined?

Summa theologiae

He was considered to have made more representations of truth than anyone else who had lived up to that point.


Question: How is a theological work defined?

Summa theologiae

The goal of scholastic theologians was to use Aristotle's precise technical termism and his logical system to present theology.


Question: How is a theological work defined?

Summa theologiae

The sum refers to Aristotle only as “Philosopher”, as if personified by the whole of philosophy.


Question: How is a theological work defined?

Summa theologiae

Commentator: Averroës, Islamic scholastic, prolific commentator of Aristotle.


Question: How is a theological work defined?

Summa theologiae

Teacher (Magister): Peter the Lombard, who wrote the Sentences, which mastered the theology of that time, which consisted of commentaries on the writings of church teachers.


Question: How is a theological work defined?

Summa theologiae

Apostle: Paul the Apostle, “the first theologian of Christianity”.


Question: How is a theological work defined?

Summa theologiae

Augustine: Thomas often quotes Church Father Augustine, considered at the time to be the greatest theologian ever to live.


Question: How is a theological work defined?

Summa theologiae

Boëthius: The “Last Roman” philosopher combined Christianity and ancient philosophy, and influenced the Middle Ages especially with his work The Consolation of Philosophy.


Question: How is a theological work defined?

Summa theologiae

Dionysios: Pseudo-Dionysios of the Areopagita.


Question: How is a theological work defined?

Summa theologiae

Thomas refers to works for which Dionysios Areopagita, a pupil of the Apostle Paul, mentioned in the Acts of the Apostles was considered to be the author at the time.


Question: How is a theological work defined?

Summa theologiae

However, the author is likely to have lived in Syria in the 4th century and only put his works in the name of Dionysios.


Question: How is a theological work defined?

Summa theologiae

Rabbi Moses: Moses Maimonides was a Jewish rabbinic scholar, almost to Bring a contemporary.


Question: How is a theological work defined?

Summa theologiae

He also made use of the scholastic method, and Christian scholastics found many useful aspects of his works.


Question: How is a theological work defined?

Summa theologiae

Wise: Cato.


Question: How is a theological work defined?

Summa theologiae

Jurist: Authorities of Roman Law.


Question: How is a theological work defined?

Summa theologiae

Perspectives Some of the arguments that Summa makes: Theology is the greatest and most certain of the sciences because its source is the omniscient God (Ia 1,5).


Question: How is a theological work defined?

Summa theologiae

The existence of God, his complete oneness, his eternal nature (which means being outside time when time is part of creation), his knowledge, the way in which his will works, and his power, all of it can be proved by human reason alone by anyone at any time any (Ia 2—26).


Question: How is a theological work defined?

Summa theologiae

Celestial bodies such as planets, sun, moon and stars can somehow cause physical effects in human bodies, which can lead to mood swings or changes in dreams (Ia 115.6).


Question: How is a theological work defined?

Summa theologiae

The natural desire of the soul or mind is to understand the essence of something.


Question: How is a theological work defined?

Summa theologiae

The greatest happiness of all, happiness in heaven, consists in seeing God's essence (Ia IIae 3,8).


Question: How is a theological work defined?

Summa theologiae

Disbelief is the greatest sin (IIa IIae 10.3).


Question: How is a theological work defined?

Summa theologiae

War is sometimes justified (IIa IIae 40.1).


Question: How is a theological work defined?

Summa theologiae

Defense attorneys cannot defend a person they know is guilty (IIa IIae 71.3).


Question: How is a theological work defined?

Summa theologiae

It is forbidden to sell something at a price greater than or less than its value (legitimate price theory) (IIa IIae 77.1).


Question: How is a theological work defined?

Summa theologiae

It is forbidden to take interest on a loan because it is billing twice for the same thing (IIa IIae 78.1).


Question: How is a theological work defined?

Summa theologiae

Homosexuality and interfering with animals are crimes worse than rape because they are a direct violation of the order intended by God (IIa IIae 154.12).


Question: How is a theological work defined?

Summa theologiae

Masturbation is a sin; wet dreams do not, because the person himself does not know what they are doing (IIa IIae 154).


Question: How is a theological work defined?

Summa theologiae

Being a monk or nun is always a good thing.


Question: How is a theological work defined?

Summa theologiae

Everyone is invited to a religious life.


Question: How is a theological work defined?

Summa theologiae

It's easier than being married.


Question: How is a theological work defined?

Summa theologiae

Children should become monks or nuns, parents cannot prevent children from becoming religious, and everyone should encourage others to do so.


Question: How is a theological work defined?

Summa theologiae

There is no need for consideration to determine whether someone should become a monk or nun, nor is it necessary to be already holy to become one (IIa IIae 180).


Question: How is a theological work defined?

Summa theologiae

Contemplative life is better than active, but the best is contemplative, which involves being active inviting others to contemplative life (i.e.


Question: How is a theological work defined?

Summa theologiae

To bring the Rule Dominican Monks Lifestyle) (IIa IIae 182).


Question: How is a theological work defined?

Summa theologiae

Being a monk is better than being married, and even better than being a priest, though not as good as being a bishop.


Question: How is a theological work defined?

Summa theologiae

Both monks and bishops are in a state of perfection (IIa IIae 184).


Question: How is a theological work defined?

Summa theologiae

Although Christ was brought to death by the Jews, he was put to death by the Gentiles, symbolizing how salvation began among the Jews, but was then spread to the Gentiles (IIIa 47,4).


Question: How is a theological work defined?

Summa theologiae

If a person is tricked into marrying by a spell, for example, the marriage is not valid (Supp.


Question: How is a theological work defined?

Summa theologiae

IIIa 58.2).


Question: How is a theological work defined?

Summa theologiae

Those who engage in poverty voluntarily are going to be associate judges with the last judgment.


Question: How is a theological work defined?

Summa theologiae

To bring along this was based on verse 36:6 of the Book of Job, Latin: “Sed non salvat impios et iudicium pauperibus tribuit” (“He shall not spare the wicked, and give condemnation to the poor”).


Question: How is a theological work defined?

Summa theologiae

In the 1992 church bible, the passage is admittedly translated as “" The wicked he shall not live, but for the unfortunate he shall secure justice” (Supp.


Question: How is a theological work defined?

Summa theologiae

IIIa 89.2).


Question: How is a theological work defined?

Summa theologiae

After the Last Judgment, all living matter has been destroyed and the world consists of nothing but inanimate matter (such as stones), which is nevertheless illuminated by the glow of the fires of doom (Supp.


Question: How is a theological work defined?

Summa theologiae

IIIa 91).


Question: How is a theological work defined?

Summa theologiae

Martyrs, teachers of faith and virgins receive special crowns in heaven for their achievements, in this order (Supp.


Question: How is a theological work defined?

Summa theologiae

IIIa 96).


Question: How is a theological work defined?

Summa theologiae

Summary of Contents Part I: Theology The first part deals with God who is “the first exerciser, himself immobile” (primum movens immobile) and exists as such only in deeds (actu), that is, pure actuality without potentiality, and thus without corporality.


Question: How is a theological work defined?

Summa theologiae

His essence is actus purus et perfectos, “pure and perfect acti”.


Question: How is a theological work defined?

Summa theologiae

This follows Bring from the five-part testimony of God's existence that one must be the first motionless exerciser, the first cause in a chain of causes, an extremely necessary and extremely perfect being and a rational designer.


Question: How is a theological work defined?

Summa theologiae

From this are derived the ideas of oneness, eternity, immutability and goodness of a supreme being.


Question: How is a theological work defined?

Summa theologiae

God's spiritual essence is still defined as thinking and willful.


Question: How is a theological work defined?

Summa theologiae

His knowledge is extremely complete, for he knows himself and all things because they are prescribed by him.


Question: How is a theological work defined?

Summa theologiae

Since all knowing beings strive towards the ultimate goal, willingness follows from knowing.


Question: How is a theological work defined?

Summa theologiae

Because God knows himself as the perfect good, he wants himself to be the end of everything.


Question: How is a theological work defined?

Summa theologiae

But since everything is God's will, he brings everything into himself by his divine will.


Question: How is a theological work defined?

Summa theologiae

God therefore wishes good for everything that exists, that is to love everything: thus love is therefore the fundamental relationship between God and the rest of the world.


Question: How is a theological work defined?

Summa theologiae

In his doctrine on the Trinity, Thomas begins with the Augustinian system.


Question: How is a theological work defined?

Summa theologiae

Since there are only functions of thought and willingness in God, only two processiones can be considered of the Father.


Question: How is a theological work defined?

Summa theologiae

The Testimony of the Existence of God The sum begins with the famous testimony of the existence of god.


Question: How is a theological work defined?

Summa theologiae

The second article of the first question concerns testimony, and is usually divided into five explanations by which reason can take the reasoner into the existence of a god (five ways, quinque viae): First exerciser: some things in the world move.


Question: How is a theological work defined?

Summa theologiae

Moving is to make the potential actual, but you can only be moved by the actual.


Question: How is a theological work defined?

Summa theologiae

Anything that moves must be moved by the other.


Question: How is a theological work defined?

Summa theologiae

If there were endless poigners, the second exerciser would not be moved because there would be no first exerciser.


Question: How is a theological work defined?

Summa theologiae

One must necessarily end up with the first exerciser who is not moved by anything, and is understood by everyone to be God.


Question: How is a theological work defined?

Summa theologiae

The first reason: everything that happens has a cause, and there is no one that causes its own fault.


Question: How is a theological work defined?

Summa theologiae

There cannot be an infinite number of reasons (...), so all causes must have a first cause.


Question: How is a theological work defined?

Summa theologiae

This reason is called God.


Question: How is a theological work defined?

Summa theologiae

Those things that can sometimes not be, can therefore arise between and occasionally be destroyed.


Question: How is a theological work defined?

Summa theologiae

For everything for which it is possible to not be, it cannot be possible to always be.


Question: How is a theological work defined?

Summa theologiae

So if it was possible to not be for everything, there might sometimes be nothing in the world.


Question: How is a theological work defined?

Summa theologiae

If this was true, there would be nothing now, because he who is not begins to be otherwise than with the help of something.


Question: How is a theological work defined?

Summa theologiae

So there must be something that always is, and this is what they call God.


Question: How is a theological work defined?

Summa theologiae

All things have order of precedence, and extremes of different values determine degree differences.


Question: How is a theological work defined?

Summa theologiae

For example, the hotter one is the object closer to the heat, and the one that is the largest in its family is the cause of all sensibles: fire is the hottest cause of all the hottest.


Question: How is a theological work defined?

Summa theologiae

So there is the cause of all being, goodness and perfection, which is called God.


Question: How is a theological work defined?

Summa theologiae

Teleological purpose: all living in nature serves some purpose by its behavior, acting always or most often to achieve what is best.


Question: How is a theological work defined?

Summa theologiae

However, the one without the ability to know is not oriented towards the goal unless they are guided by someone knowing.


Question: How is a theological work defined?

Summa theologiae

The understanding who guides nature to the end is therefore God.


Question: How is a theological work defined?

Summa theologiae

Part II: Ethics The theme of the second part is the human striving towards the highest goal.


Question: How is a theological work defined?

Summa theologiae

This is the bliss of vision beata mode.


Question: How is a theological work defined?

Summa theologiae

In the section, Thomas develops his ethics based on Aristotle.


Question: How is a theological work defined?

Summa theologiae

In the chain of acts of will, man strives towards the highest goal.


Question: How is a theological work defined?

Summa theologiae

Human acts are free because man himself has knowledge of their goal and therefore the basics of acting.


Question: How is a theological work defined?

Summa theologiae

Because the will wants to reach an end, it also wills the means necessary to reach an end and chooses freely.


Question: How is a theological work defined?

Summa theologiae

Whether the act is good or bad depends on the goal.


Question: How is a theological work defined?

Summa theologiae

“Human reason” judges an end by nature, so it is a law for actions.


Question: How is a theological work defined?

Summa theologiae

However, human acts are meritorious only on the basis of whether they advance God's purpose and his glory.


Question: How is a theological work defined?

Summa theologiae

By repeating good deeds, a person achieves a moral habit or quality of character that allows him to do good with pleasure and ease.


Question: How is a theological work defined?

Summa theologiae

However, this is only true of intellectual and moral virtues, which Thomas addresses in the style of Aristotle.


Question: How is a theological work defined?

Summa theologiae

Theological virtues have been given to men by God, and the good deeds that result from them.


Question: How is a theological work defined?

Summa theologiae

Acts become evil when man becomes separated from the order and the divine moral law.


Question: How is a theological work defined?

Summa theologiae

Sin therefore involves two factors: its fundamental substance is desire and its form is a deviation from divine law.


Question: How is a theological work defined?

Summa theologiae

The origin of sin lies in the will, which decides against reason to orient itself to the “changing good”.


Question: How is a theological work defined?

Summa theologiae

However, since the will also moves the other forces of man, sin has settled in them as well.


Question: How is a theological work defined?

Summa theologiae

When choosing the purpose of the lower good, self-love deceives the will so that it serves as the cause of all sins.


Question: How is a theological work defined?

Summa theologiae

God is not the cause of sins, because he, on the contrary, is attracted to everything.


Question: How is a theological work defined?

Summa theologiae

On the other hand, however, God is the cause of all things, so he is also influential in sin by being actio, but not by being ens.


Question: How is a theological work defined?

Summa theologiae

The devil is not directly the cause of sin, but he instigates it by working on the human imagination or sensory impulses.


Question: How is a theological work defined?

Summa theologiae

This can also be done by other people.


Question: How is a theological work defined?

Summa theologiae

Sin is the ultimate.


Question: How is a theological work defined?

Summa theologiae

Adam's original sin is inherited to all people because he is the head of mankind, and with reproduction also spreads the contagion of sin.


Question: How is a theological work defined?

Summa theologiae

Since sin is contrary to the divine order, it causes guilt and the need for punishment.


Question: How is a theological work defined?

Summa theologiae

Guilt and punishment correspond, and since humanity's “renunciation of eternal, unchanging good is eternal”, it also causes eternal punishment.


Question: How is a theological work defined?

Summa theologiae

However, God also acts on sinners by drawing them towards a goal, “counseling through law and assisting with mercy.”


Question: How is a theological work defined?

Summa theologiae

Law is a “guideline of practical reason”, the moral law of nature.


Question: How is a theological work defined?

Summa theologiae

However, since man fails at following such a law, a “divine law” is also needed.


Question: How is a theological work defined?

Summa theologiae

Divine law consists of old and new.


Question: How is a theological work defined?

Summa theologiae

To the extent that divine law also includes the moral law of nature, it applies universally.


Question: How is a theological work defined?

Summa theologiae

At other points, it is only true for Jews.


Question: How is a theological work defined?

Summa theologiae

The new law is “first and foremost grace itself”, “a gift added upon nature by grace”, but not “written law”.


Question: How is a theological work defined?

Summa theologiae

However, it contains provisions for external and internal conduct, and in doing so is actually identical to the old law and the law of nature.


Question: How is a theological work defined?

Summa theologiae

Because man is sinful and created, he needs mercy to reach the ultimate goal.


Question: How is a theological work defined?

Summa theologiae

Only the “first reason” is able to defeat people to this end.


Question: How is a theological work defined?

Summa theologiae

This is true after the fall of sin, but it was true before that too.


Question: How is a theological work defined?

Summa theologiae

Mercy is, on the one hand, the “free act of God” and on the other hand the consequence of this act, gratia infusa or gratia creata, habitus infusus which is gradually instilled in the essence of the soul, a supernatural gift from God to humans.


Question: How is a theological work defined?

Summa theologiae

Grace is therefore a supernatural ethical nature created by God in humans and includes in itself all good, both faith and love.


Question: How is a theological work defined?

Summa theologiae

Righteousness by grace consists of four factors: the outpouring of grace, the influence of free will towards God through faith, the influence of free will in terms of sin, and the forgiveness of sins.


Question: How is a theological work defined?

Summa theologiae

When a person is recreated in this way, he believes and loves, and sin is forgiven.


Question: How is a theological work defined?

Summa theologiae

Next come the good deeds that grace brings about.


Question: How is a theological work defined?

Summa theologiae

Having thus explained the principles of morality, Thomas goes through point by point and meticulously through his ethics on virtues in the latter part of the second part.


Question: How is a theological work defined?

Summa theologiae

Of particular importance to Tumaa are the concepts of faith and love.


Question: How is a theological work defined?

Summa theologiae

Man strives for the highest good by means of will or through love.


Question: How is a theological work defined?

Summa theologiae

However, since the goal must first be conceived by understanding, knowledge of the goal precedes love: “because the will cannot strive towards God in perfect love unless understanding has true faith in him”.


Question: How is a theological work defined?

Summa theologiae

Part III: Christ The theme of the third part is Christ, which is the way that leads to God.


Question: How is a theological work defined?

Summa theologiae

It can be suggested that muscular compression was a complete necessity.


Question: How is a theological work defined?

Summa theologiae

Unio between Logos and human nature is the relationship between divine and human nature in which both natures are brought together in one person, Logos.


Question: How is a theological work defined?

Summa theologiae

Muscular compression can only be spoken of in the sense that human nature came to exist in the eternal nature of divine nature.


Question: How is a theological work defined?

Summa theologiae

Christ is therefore unum because his human nature lacks this essence.


Question: How is a theological work defined?

Summa theologiae

Sacraments To bring the doctrine of the sacraments follows Christology: the sacraments “derive their power from the muscular Word itself”.


Question: How is a theological work defined?

Summa theologiae

They are not only signs of sanctification, but bring sanctification.


Question: How is a theological work defined?

Summa theologiae

It is evident that the sacraments bring spiritual gifts in a sensing form, because man has a sentient nature.


Question: How is a theological work defined?

Summa theologiae

Contrary to the Franciscans, who taught that the sacraments were mere symbols to whose power God has associated the creative act directly following the sacrament, Thomas joined Hugo St. Viktorian in that the sacrament “contains grace” or that it “causes mercy”.


Question: How is a theological work defined?

Summa theologiae

Escatology To bring eschatology was mostly derived from his Commentary on Sentences.


Question: How is a theological work defined?

Summa theologiae

According to him, eternal bliss consists of seeing God.


Question: How is a theological work defined?

Summa theologiae

This seeing is not merely an abstraction or a supernaturally produced image in the mind, but consists of seeing the divine substance itself, even so that God himself is a form of seeing — both object and causative agent of seeing.


Question: How is a theological work defined?

Summa theologiae

The most blissful perfection also requires that the body be returned to the soul in order for it to be perfect.


Question: How is a theological work defined?

Summa theologiae

Since bliss is an operatio, it becomes more complete when the soul has an operatio on the body, though not the act characteristic of bliss, seeing God, has nothing to do with the body.


Question: How is a theological work defined?

Summa theologiae

Literature Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Tuomas Aquinolain| title = Summa theologiae| location = Helsinki| publisher = Gaudeamus| year = 2002| version = Menus translated by J.-P. Casual| id=ISBN 951-662-765-X}} On topic elsewhere Work by St. Thomas Aquinas:.


Question: How is a theological work defined?

Summa theologiae

The New Advent.


Question: How is a theological work defined?

Summa theologiae

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Summa theologiae

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Question: How is a theological work defined?

Summa theologiae

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Question: How is a theological work defined?

Summa theologiae

Christian Classics Ethereal Library.


Question: How is a theological work defined?

Summa theologiae


Question: How is a theological work defined?

Summa theologiae

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Question: How is a theological work defined?

Summa theologiae

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Question: How is a theological work defined?

Summa theologiae

University 4/2003.


Question: How is a theological work defined?

Summa theologiae

Kukkonen, Taneli:.


Question: How is a theological work defined?

Summa theologiae

So & thus 1/2003.


Question: How is a theological work defined?

Summa theologiae

(PDF) Kunnas, Tarmo:.


Question: How is a theological work defined?

Summa theologiae

Helsingin Sanomat on 24 December 2002.


Question: How is a theological work defined?

Summa theologiae

Category:Books on Christian theology and philosophy of religion Category:Tomism Category:Italian non-fiction books Category:Books in Latin Class:13th century books


Question: When was major started to be used?

Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart

Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, baptismal named Johannes Chrysostomus Wolfgangus Theophilus Mozart () was an Austrian composer of the period of classicism.


Question: When was major started to be used?

Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart

He is considered one of the greatest composers of European art music.


Question: When was major started to be used?

Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart

Mozart composed all types of works of his time.


Question: When was major started to be used?

Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart

His most acclaimed works can be found on the symphony, opera, concerto, church and chamber music sides.


Question: When was major started to be used?

Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart

Life Childhood Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart was born in Salzburg in 1756.


Question: When was major started to be used?

Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart

He was named after his grandfather and saint John Chrysostomos: Johannes Chrysostomus Wolfgangus Theophilus Mozart.


Question: When was major started to be used?

Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart

Later, his father, court musician Leopold Mozart shortened the name and translated the Greek Theophilus into Latin Amadeus (Loved by God).


Question: When was major started to be used?

Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart

Mozart himself used the given name Wolfgang and after it wrote a French (Amadé) or Italian (Amadeo) translation of Theophilus.


Question: When was major started to be used?

Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart

He also never went to school.


Question: When was major started to be used?

Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart

Mozart's sister Nannerl also became a musician.


Question: When was major started to be used?

Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart

This was when his father of seven began teaching him claveer playing.


Question: When was major started to be used?

Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart

Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart wrote his first compositions at the age of four, and the children progressed so rapidly that in 1762—1773 the family toured presenting Mozart's compositions.


Question: When was major started to be used?

Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart

The boy had a precise ear and could remember whole compositions from a lump.


Question: When was major started to be used?

Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart

[1] Mozart later travelled very much in Europe, but lived most of his life in Salzburg.


Question: When was major started to be used?

Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart

He often fell ill as a child, but Leopold was more concerned about his diminished income than his child's health.


Question: When was major started to be used?

Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart

Mozart's subsequent health may have been influenced by constant travel and the cold climate.


Question: When was major started to be used?

Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart

Mozart wrote his first symphony (KV 16) at the age of eight in 1764 and his first opera at the age of 11 in 1767.


Question: When was major started to be used?

Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart

He initially worked in the service of Archbishop Schrattenbach of Salzburg.


Question: When was major started to be used?

Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart

When he died in 1771, he was succeeded by the stern Hieronymus von Colloredo, who was a proper tyrant even in the opinion of Wolfgang's father Leopold.


Question: When was major started to be used?

Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart

At the Colloredo court, Mozart held the same position as the kitchen staff.


Question: When was major started to be used?

Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart

Relations between Mozart and Colloredo were increasingly energized due to their different attitude towards music.


Question: When was major started to be used?

Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart

Colloredo's point of view was more of a productive one, whereas Mozart took issue as an art creator.


Question: When was major started to be used?

Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart

Mozart felt that working under Colloredo too limited his artistic creation work.


Question: When was major started to be used?

Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart

Eventually, he decided to free himself from the archbishop—that “misanthropist”, as he called Colloredoa.


Question: When was major started to be used?

Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart

Officially, he announced his resignation on 10 May 1781.


Question: When was major started to be used?

Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart

[2] Years 1775—1788 In 1775, Mozart composed his five violin concertos (KV 207, KV 211, KV 216, KV 218 and KV 219).


Question: When was major started to be used?

Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart

In January 1777 he composed a piano concerto in ES major (KV 271).


Question: When was major started to be used?

Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart

In 1777, Mozart fell in love with Aloysia Weber.


Question: When was major started to be used?

Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart

He would have liked to travel with Aloysia and her father, but by order of his father, Mozart left in early 1778 with his mother Anna Maria to Paris.


Question: When was major started to be used?

Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart

During the trip, the famous Paris Symphony (KV 297) was born.


Question: When was major started to be used?

Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart

Soon, however, the mother fell ill and died on 23 June.


Question: When was major started to be used?

Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart

In September, Mozart met Aloysia again, but this treated Mozart coldly.


Question: When was major started to be used?

Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart

In January 1779, Mozart returned with sadness to Salzburg.


Question: When was major started to be used?

Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart

In 1781, Mozart resigned the service of the archbishop and moved as a free composer to Vienna.


Question: When was major started to be used?

Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart

The archbishop ordered a departure date for Mozart, ordering him to transport the package to Vienna, which Mozart refused, however.


Question: When was major started to be used?

Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart

The archbishop was furious and said no one would serve him more poorly than Mozart.


Question: When was major started to be used?

Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart

Finally, he showed Mozart the door, saying, “I don't want anything to do with such a dastardly brat anymore.”


Question: When was major started to be used?

Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart

Mozart replied, “And neither do I with you!”


Question: When was major started to be used?

Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart

In his first weeks living in Vienna, he wrote to his father: “I hate the archbishop to the point of rage.”


Question: When was major started to be used?

Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart

During these times, Mozart composed, for example, the famous piano sonata in A major, concluded by the “Turkish rondo” (known in Finland as the “Turkish march”).


Question: When was major started to be used?

Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart

Mozart's first love, Aloysia Weber, married in 1781.


Question: When was major started to be used?

Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart

Mozart fell in love around this time with Aloysia's sister, Constanze Weber, whom he married the following year.


Question: When was major started to be used?

Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart

The same year also saw the completion of the opera Robbery of the Seralji.


Question: When was major started to be used?

Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart

Mozart became friends with Joseph Haydn, the most popular composer of his time, often referred to as the father of the symphony.


Question: When was major started to be used?

Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart

Around this time he also wrote two curve-horn concertos (KV 417 and KV 447) as well as three piano concertos (KV 413-415).


Question: When was major started to be used?

Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart

In 1783 he composed some 32 works, the most famous of which is probably the String Quartet No 15 (KV 421).


Question: When was major started to be used?

Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart

He spent much time with Haydn in Vienna, and in 1786 completed an opera for Figaro's wedding.


Question: When was major started to be used?

Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart

The following year he composed one of his most famous works, serenade No.13, Eine kleine Nachtmusik (Small Night Ring, KV 525).


Question: When was major started to be used?

Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart

A few days later, an opera by Don Giovanni was performed in Prague.


Question: When was major started to be used?

Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart

In the final act of the opera, the deceased comture required Don Giovanni to improve his habit, which has been seen as a result of the death of Mozart's father in the same year.


Question: When was major started to be used?

Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart

In 1788 Mozart composed 43 works, the most famous of which are undoubtedly the last three symphonies (numbers 39 in ES major, 40 in G minor and 41 in C major Jupiter).


Question: When was major started to be used?

Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart

The years 1789—1791 Mozart's last year of life was a time of feverish creation work.


Question: When was major started to be used?

Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart

Among other compositions, he completed as many as two operas.


Question: When was major started to be used?

Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart

In 1790, Così fan tutte was performed and in the spring of 1791 he began planning the Magic Flute Opera, which was completed in September of the same year.


Question: When was major started to be used?

Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart

In July, an unknown commissioner — Count Franz Walsegg, who used to order works from composers and perform them as his own—commissioned a soul mass, or requiem, in memory of his wife.


Question: When was major started to be used?

Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart

However, Mozart perished before he could complete the work, and Count Walsegg failed to get the work to his name.


Question: When was major started to be used?

Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart

Mozart's pupil Franz Xaver Süssmayr finished the Mass based on Mozart's sketches, but other musicians have perfected Mozart's manuscript.


Question: When was major started to be used?

Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart

[1] Mozart's life was not as troublesome as it is often given to realize.


Question: When was major started to be used?

Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart

He admittedly often composed for free, and the luxurious lifestyle quickly consumed funds from other sources.


Question: When was major started to be used?

Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart

Mozart was also in debt, but even in his final year he was not poor and forgotten; judging by historical sources, he was regarded as a respected composer.


Question: When was major started to be used?

Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart

In any case, his health began to deteriorate in his final year of life.


Question: When was major started to be used?

Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart

There is no definite information on Mozart's definitive cause of death.


Question: When was major started to be used?

Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart

Rheumatic fever, urine poisoning, syphilis, antimony poisoning [3] and murder have also been suspected.


Question: When was major started to be used?

Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart

The latest theory would point to acute nephritis, glomerulonephritis, caused by a streptococcal bacterial infection.


Question: When was major started to be used?

Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart

Based on the investigation of the causes of death in Vienna from November 1791 to January 1792, researchers at the University of Amsterdam concluded the epidemic that existed precisely at these times as the most likely cause.


Question: When was major started to be used?

Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart

The composer was reported to be badly swollen in his final days of life.


Question: When was major started to be used?

Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart

Just at the beginning of December 1791, young men died in unusual numbers of edema in Vienna.


Question: When was major started to be used?

Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart

Since the young men were in a military hospital, it is most likely suspected that the infection had just gone from there.


Question: When was major started to be used?

Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart

Mozart lived for two weeks after falling ill; fever and rash were listed as the official cause of death.


Question: When was major started to be used?

Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart

Sister-in-law Sophie Haibel wrote almost 33 years later that Mozart was conscious and brain functional until the end.


Question: When was major started to be used?

Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart

He composed, until the last, his last work, the Requiem.


Question: When was major started to be used?

Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart

Because he had been in social life and good humour all autumn, the illness is believed not to be chronic but as a sudden infectious disease.


Question: When was major started to be used?

Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart

[4] The composer was anonymously lowered into a mass grave, which in the 18th century was normal practice due to regulations imposed by Emperor Joseph II.


Question: When was major started to be used?

Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart

One of the residences used by Mozart still exists at Domgasse 5.


Question: When was major started to be used?

Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart

It is called “Figarohaus” because Mozart composed his opera there for the wedding of Figaro.


Question: When was major started to be used?

Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart

Of Mozart and Constanze's six children, two survived to adulthood.


Question: When was major started to be used?

Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart

They were the sons of Karl Thomas and Franz Xaver Wolfgang, the latter of whom later became a composer.


Question: When was major started to be used?

Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart

Both died unmarried and childless.


Question: When was major started to be used?

Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart

People have been fascinated by Mozart's eccentric personality.


Question: When was major started to be used?

Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart

He has been alleged to have suffered from Tourette syndrome, among other things, but no evidence has been presented to support this claim.


Question: When was major started to be used?

Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart

[5] Style Mozart's works, as well as Haydn's, are considered archetypes of the style of classicism.


Question: When was major started to be used?

Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart

His works are made at a time when that style changed from a contrapunct-repelling galant style to yet another incorporating the intricate contrapuncture technique of the late Baroque.


Question: When was major started to be used?

Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart

Mozart's own development reflects the evolution of the style of classicism quite closely.


Question: When was major started to be used?

Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart

As a versatile composer, Mozart composed almost all major work types of that time, including symphonies, operas, concertos, as well as chamber music such as string quartets and piano sonatas.


Question: When was major started to be used?

Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart

Although none of these forms of composition were new, Mozart was particularly influential in the development and popularity of the piano concerto.


Question: When was major started to be used?

Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart

Mozart also composed a large amount of church music, including fairs as well as many lighter types of works such as dances, divertimentos and serenades.


Question: When was major started to be used?

Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart

All the key features of the classical style can be found in Mozart's music.


Question: When was major started to be used?

Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart

Clarity, balance and transparency are all involved, although in addition to the tenderness typical of music of that time, Mozart also has heavily menacing works, including the 20th and 24th Piano Concertos, String Quintet in G minor, 40th Symphony and Don Giovanni.


Question: When was major started to be used?

Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart

Especially during the last decade of his life, Mozart explored chromatic harmony in an exceptionally profound way for his time.


Question: When was major started to be used?

Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart

Born at the time, Haydn's greatly admired Dissonance Quartet (KV 465), whose initiation demonstrates particularly clearly that Mozart's music is not only lighthearted and good-humoured.


Question: When was major started to be used?

Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart

From his early years, Mozart had been able to imitate the music he could easily hear.


Question: When was major started to be used?

Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart

Because he had travelled a lot, he had a lot of musical experiences, from which he built his own tongue.


Question: When was major started to be used?

Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart

In London he had met Johann Christian Bach and heard his music; in Paris, Mannheim and Vienna he also heard the works of composers from these cities.


Question: When was major started to be used?

Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart

In Italy he had become acquainted with Italian overture and opera buffa, and both greatly influenced his development as a composer.


Question: When was major started to be used?

Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart

In Italy and London, the galant style Mozart encountered was in its heyday at the time: the music was uncomplicated, light, cadences abounded, structures simple, forms symmetrical, basic chords (tonic, dominant and subdominant) were strongly stressed.


Question: When was major started to be used?

Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart

The galant style was a counterreaction to the complexity of Late Baroque music.


Question: When was major started to be used?

Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart

Mozart's early symphonies are Italian overtures in the Galant style: there are three parts, and they are often mutually homotonal (i.e., the beginning and final part are in the same compositions and the middle slow section in these minor compositions).


Question: When was major started to be used?

Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart

Some of Mozart's early symphonies, on the other hand, clearly imitate the style of Johann Christian Bach and some use the rounded two-part forms favoured by Viennese composers, with two sections of roughly equal length in different compositions.


Question: When was major started to be used?

Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart

With his parents, Mozart began to add Baroque stylistic features to his music.


Question: When was major started to be used?

Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart

For example, in his 29th Symphony (A major, KV 201), he uses the contrapuncture technique in the main theme of the first part, as well as experimenting with the possibilities of phrases of varying lengths.


Question: When was major started to be used?

Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart

In some of his quartets, the finales from 1773 are fugues, which probably originated from Haydn, as he had just published his quartet in opus number 20.


Question: When was major started to be used?

Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart

Both composers also acquired something of the Romantic-foreseen Sturm und Drang style period experienced by German literature at the time.


Question: When was major started to be used?

Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart

Throughout his life Mozart enriched several genres of music and composed between instrumental music and between operas.


Question: When was major started to be used?

Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart

He cultivated all the styles prevailing in his operas at the time: opera buffa (Wedding of Figaro, Don Giovanni, Così fan tutte), opera seria (Idomeneo, Gentleness of Titus) and singspiel (Magic Flute).


Question: When was major started to be used?

Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart

In his later operas, he refined the playing and tone colour to express or emphasise certain states of mind or emotional states, as well as plot twists.


Question: When was major started to be used?

Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart

There was constant interaction among Mozart's operas and instrumental works.


Question: When was major started to be used?

Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart

The constant refinement of orchestral use in symphonies and concertos provided the resources from which he drew for the orchestration of his operas, and the use of psychological effects in operas was also reflected in his other compositions.


Question: When was major started to be used?

Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart

Compositions Mozart was a very prolific composer and composed almost all types of works.


Question: When was major started to be used?

Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart

During his life, Mozart composed 68 symphonies for the orchestra — of which only 41 are numbered — and 23 [6] piano concertos (including concertos for two and three pianos), five violin concertos, four curve-horn concertos, and five other wind concertos, the most notable being the Clarinet Concerto.


Question: When was major started to be used?

Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart

In the field of chamber music, there are 36 violin sonatas, 23string quartets, six string quintets and a clarinet quintet.


Question: When was major started to be used?

Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart

Mozart's stage and vowel music includes 17Mass, a soul fair, 23 operas or oratorios, and a numerous number of songs and concert arias.


Question: When was major started to be used?

Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart

The most prestigious of the works are (according to the record guide in Gramophone magazine) the Last Symphonies, Piano Concertos Nos. 20—27, Horn Concerto No 4, Clarinet Concerto, Serenade No 10, Clarinet Quintet, String Quartet No 19, String Quintet No 4, Piano Sonata No.11, Mass in C minor and Soul Mass as well as operas Don Giovanni, The Magic Flute and Figaro's Wedding.


Question: When was major started to be used?

Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart

[7] In addition to these types of works, Mozart composed, for example, other church music as well as a large number of dances, divertimentos and other lighter music of his time.


Question: When was major started to be used?

Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart

The most famous Mozart melodies from which no one has been able to escape are the introduction of Serenade No 13 (“A Little Night Ring”), an aria from “Der Hölle Rache kocht in meinem Herzen” from the opera Magic Flute, “The Turkish rondo” from the end of the 11th Piano Sonata, and the beginning of the 40.Symphony.


Question: When was major started to be used?

Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart

Also, for example, the prelude to the wedding of Figaro, the slow section of the 21st Piano Concerto and countless other tunes are still highly recognisable to the vast majority of people even centuries after they were composed.


Question: When was major started to be used?

Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart

From the second half of the 20th century onwards, a dozen previously unidentified Mozart compositions have been found.


Question: When was major started to be used?

Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart

[8] Mozart's symphonyro37 was already noted in the early 20th century as a composition by Michael Haydn.


Question: When was major started to be used?

Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart

Mozart has composed only an introduction to it.


Question: When was major started to be used?

Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart

Portraits of Mozart at the age of 14 (1770).


Question: When was major started to be used?

Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart

Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart at age 13.


Question: When was major started to be used?

Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart

Painting by Saverio dalla Rosa, (6—7 January 1771).


Question: When was major started to be used?

Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart

Mozart as a child in front of a claver.


Question: When was major started to be used?

Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart

Mozart in 1789.


Question: When was major started to be used?

Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart

Mozart in 1790.


Question: When was major started to be used?

Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart

See also Amadeus is a film directed by Miloš Forman based on the play of the same name by Peter Shaffer.


Question: When was major started to be used?

Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart

Little Amadeus is a German-Austrian cartoon series whose fictional adventures tell the adventures of a young Mozart.


Question: When was major started to be used?

Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart

Mozart Effect Sources References Literature Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Becker, Max — Schickhaus, Stefan| title = Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart — composer genius| location = Helsinki| publisher = Tambi| year = 2006| version = Translated by Markus Lång.


Question: When was major started to be used?

Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart

Attached CD| isbn = 951-31-3605-1}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Everist, Mark| title = Mozart's Ghosts: Haunting the Halls of Musical Culture| location = Oxford| publisher = Oxford University Press| year = 2012| isbn = 978-0-19-53817-93}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Hildesheimer, Wolfgang| title = Mozart| location = Helsinki| publisher = Otava| year = 2006| version = Translated by Seppo and Päivi Heikinheimo| isbn = 951-1-11882-X}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Maasalo, Kai| title = Mozart and his piano concerto| location = Helsinki| publisher = WSOY| year = 1985| isbn = 951-0-12816-3}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Rumph, Stephen| title = Mozart and Enlightenment Semiotics| location = Berkeley| publisher = University of California Press| year = 2012| isis| isisis| bn = 978-0- 520-26086-3}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Wolff, Christoph| title= Mozart and the Gateway to His Fortune: Serving the Emperor, 1788-1791| location = New York| publisher = W. W. Norton| year= 2012| isbn = 978-0-393-05070-7}} Citation replace error with {{cite book| author = Vihinen, Antti| title = Me and Mozart| publisher = Into-Cost | year = 2014| isbn = 978-952-264-280-6}} On the topic elsewhere Poroila, Heikki: (the entire composition production listed for Finnish information seekers).


Question: When was major started to be used?

Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart

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Question: When was major started to be used?

Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart

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Question: When was major started to be used?

Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart

Kari Rydman's radio series Yleisradio Ltd.


Question: When was major started to be used?

Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart

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Question: When was major started to be used?

Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart

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Question: When was major started to be used?

Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart

Free scores by Wolfgang Mozart at the International Music Score Library Project (IMSLP) Mutopia Project Category:Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart Class:Masons Category:Child geniuses * Class:Those born in 1756 Class:Those who died in 1791 Class:Key to screening Articles


Question: Who in Finland was the first to start papyrology?

Villa of the Papyrs

The Villa of the Papyruses () is the ruins of one of the large private dwellings in ancient Herculaneum.


Question: Who in Finland was the first to start papyrology?

Villa of the Papyrs

The building was covered under ash and pumice when Vesuvius erupted in 79.


Question: Who in Finland was the first to start papyrology?

Villa of the Papyrs

The name of the building derives from the discovery of a large library in its ruins containing a significant number of charred papyri.


Question: Who in Finland was the first to start papyrology?

Villa of the Papyrs

[1] The building is very significant in terms of papyrology.


Question: Who in Finland was the first to start papyrology?

Villa of the Papyrs

The building and excavations of the villa were owned by Julius Caesar's father-in-law Lucius Calpurnius Piso Caesoninus.


Question: Who in Finland was the first to start papyrology?

Villa of the Papyrs

The building was the most luxurious in the entire Herculaneum and Pompeii region.


Question: Who in Finland was the first to start papyrology?

Villa of the Papyrs

It was located by the sea, had a length of 245 meters and had four floors.


Question: Who in Finland was the first to start papyrology?

Villa of the Papyrs

It included swimming pools, fountains and other water motifs.


Question: Who in Finland was the first to start papyrology?

Villa of the Papyrs

Archaeological excavations at Herculaneum began in the 18th century.


Question: Who in Finland was the first to start papyrology?

Villa of the Papyrs

Excavations in the villa of the papyruses were first carried out by Karl Weber in 1785.


Question: Who in Finland was the first to start papyrology?

Villa of the Papyrs

At the same time, a library filled with papyrus rolls in the building was found, which was remarkably large by the yardstick of its own time.


Question: Who in Finland was the first to start papyrology?

Villa of the Papyrs

The library is the only library preserved from antiquity to the modern period.


Question: Who in Finland was the first to start papyrology?

Villa of the Papyrs

[1] A large collection of privately owned sculptures has also been found in the building — there were 80 sculptures and were of top quality craftsmanship.


Question: Who in Finland was the first to start papyrology?

Villa of the Papyrs

2800 m² of the building remains to be excavated.


Question: Who in Finland was the first to start papyrology?

Villa of the Papyrs

It is possible that the building also contains a second library, which would, like the first, be filled with papyrus scrolls.


Question: Who in Finland was the first to start papyrology?

Villa of the Papyrs

[1] A total of about 1800 papyrus rolls have so far been found in the library of the Villa of the Papyrus.


Question: Who in Finland was the first to start papyrology?

Villa of the Papyrs

The papyri are charred through and through in the heat that followed the volcanic eruption.


Question: Who in Finland was the first to start papyrology?

Villa of the Papyrs

Charred rolls are also so fragile they can't be opened.


Question: Who in Finland was the first to start papyrology?

Villa of the Papyrs

Despite this, papyri are at least partially legible by modern technology.


Question: Who in Finland was the first to start papyrology?

Villa of the Papyrs

The technique of reading them layer-by-layer using the X-ray layer imaging method is still being developed.


Question: Who in Finland was the first to start papyrology?

Villa of the Papyrs

[1] [2] Many of the book scrolls were from the Epicurean philosopher Philodemos, a protégé of Piso.


Question: Who in Finland was the first to start papyrology?

Villa of the Papyrs

Piso was a highly educated man, and a benefactor and patron of philosophers and poets.


Question: Who in Finland was the first to start papyrology?

Villa of the Papyrs

It has been speculated that even many works of antiquity hitherto lost may have been preserved among the papyri, such as the dialogues of Aristotle, for example.


Question: Who in Finland was the first to start papyrology?

Villa of the Papyrs

The discovery of such texts would be a very significant case.


Question: Who in Finland was the first to start papyrology?

Villa of the Papyrs

[1] Papyrics found in the villa are preserved in the National Library of Naples.


Question: Who in Finland was the first to start papyrology?

Villa of the Papyrs

[1] Sources On topic elsewhere — database of found papyri, contains scanned images of copies of papyri Transclusion error: {{En}} is only for use in File namespace.


Question: Who in Finland was the first to start papyrology?

Villa of the Papyrs

Use {{lang-en}} or {{en icon}} instead.


Question: Who in Finland was the first to start papyrology?

Villa of the Papyrs

Transclusion error: {{En}} is only for use in File namespace.


Question: Who in Finland was the first to start papyrology?

Villa of the Papyrs

Use {{lang-en}} or {{en icon}} instead.


Question: Who in Finland was the first to start papyrology?

Villa of the Papyrs

Category:Ancient Roman buildings and structures Category:Archaeological sites in Italy Category:Former buildings and structures Category:Metropolitan City of Naples


Question: What was the first train track in Finland?

History of the Finnish rail network

The history of the Finnish network can be considered to extend at least to March 20.


Question: What was the first train track in Finland?

History of the Finnish rail network

1849, when Colonel Alfred Stjernvall, the head of the Department of Road and Civil Engineering, proposed the construction of a horse-drawn railway from Helsinki to Turkhau.


Question: What was the first train track in Finland?

History of the Finnish rail network

The track would have crossed Salpausselät and connected the country's capital with navigable Järvi-Finland.


Question: What was the first train track in Finland?

History of the Finnish rail network

The Governor-General ordered the matter to be investigated, and in 1851 a plan was completed to build a locomotive railway from Helsinki to Hämeenlinna.


Question: What was the first train track in Finland?

History of the Finnish rail network

[1] In 1862, the first section of the Finnish network was opened in 1862, which is now part of the Finnish main line.


Question: What was the first train track in Finland?

History of the Finnish rail network

[2] At the end of the 19th century, trains in Finland were designed to travel only 25 kilometres per hour, so the journey was slow but still faster than horse rides.


Question: What was the first train track in Finland?

History of the Finnish rail network

The main part of the line was built between 1850 and 1900.


Question: What was the first train track in Finland?

History of the Finnish rail network

Finland was poor and the wages paid to the workers small.


Question: What was the first train track in Finland?

History of the Finnish rail network

An efficient mode of transport was needed to transport both finished products and raw materials.


Question: What was the first train track in Finland?

History of the Finnish rail network

After all, the United States and England had seen their watershed impact on the economy.


Question: What was the first train track in Finland?

History of the Finnish rail network

Finland was going through rapid industrialisation.


Question: What was the first train track in Finland?

History of the Finnish rail network

The tracks were built around that time by the Grand Duchy of Finland, and the building funds for the Helsinki—Hämeenlinna line were raised, among other things, through a liquor burning tax, when the Crown received little money elsewhere.


Question: What was the first train track in Finland?

History of the Finnish rail network

Accumulation of this tax was slowed, among other things, by the great years of disappearance at the end of the 1850s.


Question: What was the first train track in Finland?

History of the Finnish rail network

There have been quite a few new sections of track in the latter part of the 20th century.


Question: What was the first train track in Finland?

History of the Finnish rail network

Some of the biggest projects have been the Äänekoski—Haapajärvi line in 1960 [3] and the Martinlaakso commuter rail line in 1975 [3].


Question: What was the first train track in Finland?

History of the Finnish rail network

Since 1970, mainly short tracks have been built.


Question: What was the first train track in Finland?

History of the Finnish rail network

These include the track from Tampere via Parkano to Seinäjoki, completed in 1971 [2] [3], and the Kerava—Lahti Oikorata, completed in 1978 [2] [3], and the Kerava—Lahti Oikorata completed in 2006 [3] [4].


Question: What was the first train track in Finland?

History of the Finnish rail network

Shorttracks were made to short the bends that slowed the running of trains and to increase capacity.


Question: What was the first train track in Finland?

History of the Finnish rail network

Railroads were in some degree of depression from the 1960s onwards because it was believed automobiles would be the mode of transportation of the future.


Question: What was the first train track in Finland?

History of the Finnish rail network

The perception has had to be revised in the late 20th and early 21st centuries, as traffic congestion and growing environmental awareness advocate a new rise in railways.


Question: What was the first train track in Finland?

History of the Finnish rail network

Development The construction of railways began relatively late in Finland.


Question: What was the first train track in Finland?

History of the Finnish rail network

The first section of the line was opened on 17 March 1862 between Helsinki and Hämeenlinna [5]; this later became the main line in Finland.


Question: What was the first train track in Finland?

History of the Finnish rail network

In 1870 [2] [3] a connection to Saint Petersburg was completed, which at that time was an important link with the capital of the Tsarist Empire.


Question: What was the first train track in Finland?

History of the Finnish rail network

Since Finland was part of the Russian Empire, Russian gauge (1,524mm/5', now 1520mm in Russia) began to be used here.


Question: What was the first train track in Finland?

History of the Finnish rail network

The extension of the Helsingin-Hämeenlinna line through Toijala to Tampere and the branch line from Toijala to Turku were opened to traffic on 22 June 1876.


Question: What was the first train track in Finland?

History of the Finnish rail network

[5] [6] Thus the three largest cities in the country were combined.


Question: What was the first train track in Finland?

History of the Finnish rail network

In 1883 there followed a connection from Tampere via Haapamäki to Seinäjoki and Vaasa [2] [3] and in 1886 Oulu was also connected to Seinäjoki. [2] [3].


Question: What was the first train track in Finland?

History of the Finnish rail network

In 1909, the railways finally also took to Rovaniemi, the capital of Lapland.


Question: What was the first train track in Finland?

History of the Finnish rail network

[3] [7] Thereafter, construction of new lines was reduced for an extended period of time, and the wars did not improve the situation.


Question: What was the first train track in Finland?

History of the Finnish rail network

Since the main line that ran to Joensuu, starting from Vyborg in the Peace Treaty of 1944, was built to replace the connection from Parikkala to Onkamo in 1966.


Question: What was the first train track in Finland?

History of the Finnish rail network

[2] [3] In the next decade, more track was finally built, for example the Tampere—Lielahti—Parkano—Seinäjoki line, which significantly shortened the travel time between Southern Finland and Northern Finland.


Question: What was the first train track in Finland?

History of the Finnish rail network

1965 began an extensive electrification project.


Question: What was the first train track in Finland?

History of the Finnish rail network

The advantage of the late start was that the latest technology could be used, namely 25 kV and 50Hz, which even today is the best technology.


Question: What was the first train track in Finland?

History of the Finnish rail network

Electrification has the advantage of lower energy consumption and pollution free.


Question: What was the first train track in Finland?

History of the Finnish rail network

Electrification started on the section of line from Helsinki to Kirkkonummi.


Question: What was the first train track in Finland?

History of the Finnish rail network

Timetable electric train services to Kirkkonummi began on 26 January 1969.


Question: What was the first train track in Finland?

History of the Finnish rail network

[8] Many routes were electrified only in the 1990s, such as Tampere—Jyväskylä in 1994 and Helsinki to Turku in 1995.


Question: What was the first train track in Finland?

History of the Finnish rail network

Electrification to the Oulu—Rovaniemi section was completed after a few years of construction in December 2004 [9] and the Oulu—Iisalmi/Vartius sections in 2006.


Question: What was the first train track in Finland?

History of the Finnish rail network

Southern Finland Finland's first railway for public transport, the current main line, from Helsinki to Hämeenlinna was completed in 1862.


Question: What was the first train track in Finland?

History of the Finnish rail network

[2] The rail link from Helsinki via Riihimäki and Vyborg to Saint Petersburg was opened in 1870.


Question: What was the first train track in Finland?

History of the Finnish rail network

[2] [10] Finland was then an autonomous Grand Duchy under Russian rule.