Question: Is there a beach in Tikkurila?

Vantaa

The Swedes named the river that flowed at the site as the Helsinki River (or Helsingaa).


Question: Is there a beach in Tikkurila?

Vantaa

The earliest document in the form of this body of water mentioning Helsinga is a letter from King Maunu Eerikinpoika on 15 May 1351, in which the king donated fishing rights to the rapids of the Helsinki River to the Cistercian monastery of Padise, Estonian.


Question: Is there a beach in Tikkurila?

Vantaa

That May date is now celebrated as Vantaa Day.


Question: Is there a beach in Tikkurila?

Vantaa

The churchkeeper in Helsinki was born during the 1370—90s.


Question: Is there a beach in Tikkurila?

Vantaa

The vicar of the keeper for the first time is mentioned in documents in 1395.


Question: Is there a beach in Tikkurila?

Vantaa

The church of St. Laurentius, the keeper of Helsinki, is mentioned in 1401, when the Rekola Rälssi donated to the church one sector worth tax money from Rekola to organize a soul fair for the benefit of donors and their families.


Question: Is there a beach in Tikkurila?

Vantaa

After their end, the rights of the Estonian monastery passed to the episcopal seat of Turku in 1428.


Question: Is there a beach in Tikkurila?

Vantaa

The old wooden church building located on the Great Range Road and Hämeentie from the coast to Häme Castle was replaced by a stone church.


Question: Is there a beach in Tikkurila?

Vantaa

The present church of St. Lauri was completed by 1460.


Question: Is there a beach in Tikkurila?

Vantaa

[17] The immigration of Swedes continued so that by the time of the 16th century they already formed the majority of the entire population of the keeper of Helsinki.


Question: Is there a beach in Tikkurila?

Vantaa

[16] The keeper of Helsinki became the rural municipality of Helsinki (without the word landskommun) due to the first Finnish Municipal Law of 1865.


Question: Is there a beach in Tikkurila?

Vantaa

Vantaa's original name, the keeper of Helsinki (), was named after this river.


Question: Is there a beach in Tikkurila?

Vantaa

The same river, or actually one of its parts, Vanhankaupunginkoski, once called Helsinge fors (Helsinginkoski), has also given its name to Helsinki ().


Question: Is there a beach in Tikkurila?

Vantaa

The Hämäläs who lived along the upper reaches of the river, especially in the present-day Riihimäki region, called the same river Vantaanjoki after the village of Vantaanjärvi in the area and a village called Vantaa.


Question: Is there a beach in Tikkurila?

Vantaa

Vantaanjoki () became the name of the river in the 16th century.


Question: Is there a beach in Tikkurila?

Vantaa

Also in the area of the rural municipality of Helsinki, west of Vantaankoski, there has been a village called Vantaa (), which corresponded mainly to the current district of Vantaanlaakso.


Question: Is there a beach in Tikkurila?

Vantaa

In 1865, when rural municipalities were established in accordance with the Municipal Government Ordinance, the then custodian of Helsinki was renamed Helsinki Rural Municipality.


Question: Is there a beach in Tikkurila?

Vantaa

[18] When it was planned to be transformed into a merchant business more than a century later, name options included Helsinki Merchant Sales, Helsinginjoki Merchant Sales and Vantaaanjoki Merchant Sales.


Question: Is there a beach in Tikkurila?

Vantaa

The final name was briefly chosen after Vantaa's Kauppala Vantaanjoki.


Question: Is there a beach in Tikkurila?

Vantaa

Vantaa became a merchant in 1972 and a city in early 1974.


Question: Is there a beach in Tikkurila?

Vantaa

[18] Population Total population There were people living in Vantaa.


Question: Is there a beach in Tikkurila?

Vantaa

Approximately half of the Vantas are native metropolitan residents.


Question: Is there a beach in Tikkurila?

Vantaa

In 2000, the population of Vantaa was 26.4% of the native Vantas, at the beginning of 2015 the proportion was 27.5%.


Question: Is there a beach in Tikkurila?

Vantaa

At that time, the proportion of people born in Helsinki had decreased to 19.6%, and those born in Espoo make up a few percent of the population.


Question: Is there a beach in Tikkurila?

Vantaa

The proportion of people born abroad has tripled in the 2000s from 4.2 per cent (in 2000) to 12.8 per cent (2015).


Question: Is there a beach in Tikkurila?

Vantaa

[19] 68% of Vantaa residents aged 15 and over had completed post-primary school qualifications (at the end of 2013).


Question: Is there a beach in Tikkurila?

Vantaa

Thirty-two per cent of the population had therefore completed a maximum primary degree.


Question: Is there a beach in Tikkurila?

Vantaa

Secondary school graduates accounted for 37 per cent.


Question: Is there a beach in Tikkurila?

Vantaa

Of the tertiary graduates (30%), 10% of the lowest tertiary level, 11% of the lower higher education level and 9% of the population had completed higher education.


Question: Is there a beach in Tikkurila?

Vantaa

[20] On average, a Vantaa income earner earns more than the rest of Finland, but less than in other municipalities in the metropolitan area.


Question: Is there a beach in Tikkurila?

Vantaa

[21] On the other hand, apartments are on average more affordable in Vantaa than in Helsinki and Espoo.


Question: Is there a beach in Tikkurila?

Vantaa

Income inequality within Vantaa is quite large due to differences between suburban areas and small-house areas.


Question: Is there a beach in Tikkurila?

Vantaa

Women earn an average of 71% over men's income, which is slightly more than in the country as a whole (69%).


Question: Is there a beach in Tikkurila?

Vantaa

The population of Vantaa is more working-class than Helsinki and Espoo: jobs in manufacturing and logistics are abundant.


Question: Is there a beach in Tikkurila?

Vantaa

Among the parties, the SDP and the Left Alliance have higher support than the average in the country.


Question: Is there a beach in Tikkurila?

Vantaa

On the other hand, in the 2007 parliamentary elections, the Coalition became the largest party in Vantaa.


Question: Is there a beach in Tikkurila?

Vantaa

There are currently three Members of Parliament residing in Vantaa (2015 Parliamentary elections).


Question: Is there a beach in Tikkurila?

Vantaa

Many families with children live in the city: about 60% of all households.


Question: Is there a beach in Tikkurila?

Vantaa

The population of Vantaa is 51.2% female.


Question: Is there a beach in Tikkurila?

Vantaa

Explanations of signs 1-3 ¹ Helsinki keeper's church village area ² The rural municipality of Helsinki before the Great Territory of 1946 to Helsinki (see history) ³ Forecast (2018) [22] The following graph shows the population trend of the city every five years since 1980.


Question: Is there a beach in Tikkurila?

Vantaa

On 1 January 2017, the regional division used is in accordance with the situation.


Question: Is there a beach in Tikkurila?

Vantaa

Language conditions Vantaa have been predominantly Finnish-speaking since the beginning of the 20th century.


Question: Is there a beach in Tikkurila?

Vantaa

The number of Swedish-speakers has remained at roughly the same level for decades, but with the migration to the locality, the share of Swedish speakers in the population has been steadily declining.


Question: Is there a beach in Tikkurila?

Vantaa

In 1960, about ten per cent of Vantas were Swedish-speaking, and in 1980 five per cent.


Question: Is there a beach in Tikkurila?

Vantaa

In 2015, Swedish-speakers accounted for 2.7% of Vantas.


Question: Is there a beach in Tikkurila?

Vantaa

[23] In comparison, the number of Swedish speakers in Helsinki is 6,0% and 8.0% in Espoo (in 2011).


Question: Is there a beach in Tikkurila?

Vantaa

However, Vantaa is still officially bilingual, as the Language Act requires the municipality to be made bilingual if the language minority (Finnish or Swedish) is at least 8% or 3000 inhabitants.


Question: Is there a beach in Tikkurila?

Vantaa

[24] In terms of population, Vantaa has the lowest number of Swedish-speakers of all bilingual municipalities in Finland.


Question: Is there a beach in Tikkurila?

Vantaa

At the beginning of 2015, in addition to Finnish, Swedish and Sami, 112 different languages were spoken in Vantaa as a mother tongue.


Question: Is there a beach in Tikkurila?

Vantaa

[23] [25] The most common native languages after Finnish and Swedish have been Russian, Estonian and Somali in the 21st century.


Question: Is there a beach in Tikkurila?

Vantaa

The language statistics at the turn of the year 2014/2015 show that the proportions of both Estonian and Russian languages had overtaken Swedish, which was now the fourth most spoken mother tongue.


Question: Is there a beach in Tikkurila?

Vantaa

In 2014/2015, 30263 people lived in Vantaa, whose mother tongue was none of the three domestic languages.


Question: Is there a beach in Tikkurila?

Vantaa

The combined population share of foreign-speakers (14.4%) is the largest in Finland, although Helsinki (share 13.5%) and Espoo (13.2%) have a large number of foreign-speaking populations.


Question: Is there a beach in Tikkurila?

Vantaa

[25] Religion At the end of 2016, 59.1% of the inhabitants of Vantaa belonged to the Evangelical Lutheran Church, 1.2% to the Finnish Orthodox Church and 2.5% to other religious communities.


Question: Is there a beach in Tikkurila?

Vantaa

37.1% of the population did not belong to any religious community.


Question: Is there a beach in Tikkurila?

Vantaa

The proportion of those belonging to the Evangelical Lutheran Church has steadily declined in the 21st century as the proportion of non-religious communities has steadily increased.


Question: Is there a beach in Tikkurila?

Vantaa

[26] Of the Finnish-speaking population in Vantaa, the Lutheran Church comprised 70.5% of the inhabitants at the end of 2015.


Question: Is there a beach in Tikkurila?

Vantaa

[27] Parishes According to the 2018 regional division, Vantaa has the following parishes of the Evangelical Lutheran Church of Finland: [28] Hakunila Parish Hämeenkylä Parish Korso Parish Rekola Parish Tikkurila Parish (ex.


Question: Is there a beach in Tikkurila?

Vantaa

Finnish Congregation of the Keeper of Helsinki) Vantaankoski Parish (ex.


Question: Is there a beach in Tikkurila?

Vantaa

Vantaa Parish) Vanda svenska församling (ex.


Question: Is there a beach in Tikkurila?

Vantaa

Helsinge svenska församling) These parishes form the parish association of Vantaa ().


Question: Is there a beach in Tikkurila?

Vantaa

Among the parishes of the Finnish Orthodox Church in Vantaa, the Helsinki Orthodox Congregation operates.


Question: Is there a beach in Tikkurila?

Vantaa

[29] Tikkurila Orthodox Church operates next to Tikkurila Sports Park in Viertola.


Question: Is there a beach in Tikkurila?

Vantaa

[30] [31] Other denominations Pentecostal congregations in Vantaa are Korso Pentecostal Congregation, Mintu Church in Vantaa, Myyrmäki Pentecostal Congregation, Tikkurila Pentecostal Church and Vantaa Kotikirkko.


Question: Is there a beach in Tikkurila?

Vantaa

The Free Congregation of the Free Church of Finland is located in Sääharju, and the Free Congregation has also established a Free Congregation in Askisto, West Vantaa.


Question: Is there a beach in Tikkurila?

Vantaa

The Finnish branch of Jehovah's Witnesses, the top tier of the organization in Finland, is located in Koivuhaa.


Question: Is there a beach in Tikkurila?

Vantaa

There are three Jehovah's Witnesses' kingdom halls in Vantaa: Koivuhaa, Martinlaakso and Rekola.


Question: Is there a beach in Tikkurila?

Vantaa

As of 2016, Vantaa is also home to the Holy Trinity Lutheran Congregation of the Evangelical Lutheran Mission of Finland [32], which is representative of the conservative Bible interpretation and which opposes the female priesthood [32].


Question: Is there a beach in Tikkurila?

Vantaa

[33] However, the Missionary Shipice is not a religious community in Finland and its priests are not priests of the Evangelical Lutheran Church.


Question: Is there a beach in Tikkurila?

Vantaa

[32] At the end of 2017, Vantaa had 223,027 inhabitants, of which 218,647 lived in agglomerations, 631 in sparsely populated areas and the coordinates of the residence of 3,749 inhabitants were unknown.


Question: Is there a beach in Tikkurila?

Vantaa

The agglomeration rate is calculated from residents whose coordinates of residence are known; the agglomeration rate of Vantaa is 99.7%.


Question: Is there a beach in Tikkurila?

Vantaa

[34] The agglomeration population of Vantaa is divided between three different agglomerations: [35] The city centre area is shown in bold.


Question: Is there a beach in Tikkurila?

Vantaa

The agglomerations marked with an asterisk (*) belong to this city only partially.


Question: Is there a beach in Tikkurila?

Vantaa

Tikkurila, the central location of Vantaa, and other regional centres do not form their own agglomerations, but are part of the central district of Helsinki, which extends beyond Vantaa to several neighbouring municipalities of Helsinki.


Question: Is there a beach in Tikkurila?

Vantaa

In total, the central district of Helsinki has 1249820 inhabitants and covers an area of 676.46 square kilometers.


Question: Is there a beach in Tikkurila?

Vantaa

The Söderkulla agglomeration extends mainly to the territory of the municipality of Sipo and also partly to the area of the city


Question: Is there a beach in Tikkurila?

Vantaa

Subareas and neighbourhoods Vantaa is divided into seven sub-regions.


Question: Is there a beach in Tikkurila?

Vantaa

These are further subdivided into a total of 61 boroughs (population 1 January 2015).


Question: Is there a beach in Tikkurila?

Vantaa

[36] Populations and neighbourhoods of the major regions in open boxes: [36] Services Healthcare Vantaa has seven health stations.


Question: Is there a beach in Tikkurila?

Vantaa

Most of the Sub-Regions have their own health status, although the Aviapolis and Kivistö Sub-Areas are served by health stations in the adjacent Sub-Areas.


Question: Is there a beach in Tikkurila?

Vantaa

[37] There are two hospitals: Peijas Hospital in Asola, which covers hospital services for the population of Vantaa and Kerava, and Katriina Hospital in Seutula.


Question: Is there a beach in Tikkurila?

Vantaa

Peijas is responsible for sudden health services, and Katriina for long-term care and generally care for the elderly.


Question: Is there a beach in Tikkurila?

Vantaa

[38] Education Primary education Vantaa offers many possibilities in the field of primary education, and Vantaa had a total of 44 Finnish-speaking and five Swedish-speaking primary schools in spring 2016.


Question: Is there a beach in Tikkurila?

Vantaa

[39] [40] Schools come in many different sizes, the smallest of which is represented by Kyrkoby skola, a Swedish-language village school of the keeper of Helsinki, which has been operating since 1837 in the same school building.


Question: Is there a beach in Tikkurila?

Vantaa

[41] The largest primary schools are Finnish-language single schools with more than 800 pupils, such as Mikkola and Läkivuusen school.


Question: Is there a beach in Tikkurila?

Vantaa

[42] Primary schools in Vantaa can be grouped according to the major regions into three areas: High schools and vocational education Five of the upper secondary schools are Finnish-speaking day high schools and one is Swedish-speaking; among them there are two major secondary schools with more than 1,000 pupils (Tikkurila High School and Brass Mountain High School).


Question: Is there a beach in Tikkurila?

Vantaa

In addition to these, there is a steiner school in the Vantaa region with its high schools, Sotung Distance High School and Vantaa Adult High School.


Question: Is there a beach in Tikkurila?

Vantaa

[43] The largest vocational training institutions are Varia Vocational College in Vantaa and MERCURIA.


Question: Is there a beach in Tikkurila?

Vantaa

In addition, vocational training is provided by the Criminal Sanctions Training Centre in Vantaa, as well as the Employment Society and Edupoli, the latter two of which provide vocational training for young people and adults and organise professional evidence tests.


Question: Is there a beach in Tikkurila?

Vantaa

[44] For special groups, vocational training is provided by branch offices of Keskipuisto and Kiipula Vocational University in Vantaa.


Question: Is there a beach in Tikkurila?

Vantaa

It is also possible to complete a baccalaureate (double degree, for example, Vantaa Vocational College in Varia).


Question: Is there a beach in Tikkurila?

Vantaa

[45] Nine secondary schools operate in Vantaa: [43] [45] Lumo Secondary School Martinlaakso Secondary School Sotung Secondary School and its affiliated Sotung Remote Secondary School Tikkurila Secondary School and affiliated Vantaa Adult Secondary School Vaskivuoren Secondary School Helsinge gymnasium Vantaa Steinerschool Secondary School Higher education in polytechnic education is provided by Metropolia and Laurea.


Question: Is there a beach in Tikkurila?

Vantaa

Metropolia has offices in Myyrmäki (Technical Education and Metropolia Business School) and Tikkurila (Design Institute).


Question: Is there a beach in Tikkurila?

Vantaa

Laurea has teaching in both communication and social and health care in Tikkurila.


Question: Is there a beach in Tikkurila?

Vantaa

[46] Opistot Vantaa Adult College is one of the largest civic colleges in Finland.


Question: Is there a beach in Tikkurila?

Vantaa

In addition, teaching is offered by Vantaa School of Fine Arts, Vantaa Music College and a few private music colleges.


Question: Is there a beach in Tikkurila?

Vantaa

Training for immigrants in Finnish can be studied in different parts of Vantaa.


Question: Is there a beach in Tikkurila?

Vantaa

Some courses are free and some have to pay a course fee.


Question: Is there a beach in Tikkurila?

Vantaa

[47] City Libraries Vantaa City Library had a total of 12 offices and 441736 books at the end of 2011.


Question: Is there a beach in Tikkurila?

Vantaa

[8] The main library is in Tikkurila [48] Exercise The city has, among other things, five swimming pools, several gymnasiums, [49] four indoor sports halls, [50] three football halls, [51] about 25 tennis courts, [52] ice rinks in Tikkurila (Trio Areena and training rink) and in Myyrmäki, [53] dozens in winter Hockey courts or skating areas [54] and 16 illuminated fitness courses [55] There are also three golf courses in Vantaa.


Question: Is there a beach in Tikkurila?

Vantaa

There are two 18-hole courses in Keimola, Sääharju Sports Park (Jokiniemi and Havukoski districts) has a 9-hole golf course and a 9-hole golf course in Petiko, which will be expanded into an 18-hole course in 2018.


Question: Is there a beach in Tikkurila?

Vantaa

[56] [57] [58] Economy The economy of the city of Vantaa in recent years Vantaa has rebalanced its economy in accordance with the economic and debt programme adopted in 2012.


Question: Is there a beach in Tikkurila?

Vantaa

The increase in the loan stock was folded by the end of the 2013-2017 council term.


Question: Is there a beach in Tikkurila?

Vantaa

In 2016, the City was able to slightly reduce the amount of loans that rose to more than 1 billion euros.


Question: Is there a beach in Tikkurila?

Vantaa

The increase in debt levels in Vantaa as a whole of the municipal sector has been practically in the 2000s.


Question: Is there a beach in Tikkurila?

Vantaa

For Vantaa, the growth of debt accelerated when the large investments of Kingrada and Kehä III hit a prolonged low which followed the 2008 financial crisis.


Question: Is there a beach in Tikkurila?

Vantaa

Vantaa has a high tax income base nationwide, but the capital region compares with tax revenues lower than Espoo and Helsinki.


Question: Is there a beach in Tikkurila?

Vantaa

The state cooperative system and its tax revenue equalization based on national comparison have been seen as problematic due to the specific challenges facing metropolitan cities as well as continued strong growth.


Question: Is there a beach in Tikkurila?

Vantaa

The municipal tax rate in Vantaa is 19,00, which is well below the average for the whole country and among the lowest for major cities [59].


Question: Is there a beach in Tikkurila?

Vantaa

The last time the municipal tax rate has been increased in Vantaa for 2010.


Question: Is there a beach in Tikkurila?

Vantaa

The state has raised lower limits on property tax rates through legislation.


Question: Is there a beach in Tikkurila?

Vantaa

Comparison of economic indicators for large cities, Vantaa's position has developed positively in recent years.


Question: Is there a beach in Tikkurila?

Vantaa

With regard to municipal groups and different types of investment financing methods, comparisons of borrowing volumes of cities are leveled [59].


Question: Is there a beach in Tikkurila?

Vantaa

In the early part of the 21st century, more than half of the total city's debts consisted of city-owned rental housing (VAV Asuntos Oy).


Question: Is there a beach in Tikkurila?

Vantaa

On the other hand, the city was mired in crisis mainly because it has made extensive investments in its own balance sheet with debt money.


Question: Is there a beach in Tikkurila?

Vantaa

The sale of property has not been practiced in the early part of the 21st century.


Question: Is there a beach in Tikkurila?

Vantaa

[60] Jobs and industry As a result of good transport links, Vantaa has a large concentration of industries such as food, plumbing, machinery and equipment and business activities.


Question: Is there a beach in Tikkurila?

Vantaa

There are industrial areas along Kehä III, especially in connection with the airport and in the adjacent districts of Viinikkala, Veromija, Pakkala and Koivuhaa, as well as in Hakkila, where there is an outlet from the main line.


Question: Is there a beach in Tikkurila?

Vantaa

A so-called airport city, Aviapolis, has sprung up in the surroundings of the airport, with large logistics and high-tech companies, among others.


Question: Is there a beach in Tikkurila?

Vantaa

In 2000, there were 74.6% of jobs in service industries, 23.8 in processing and only 0.5 in agriculture.


Question: Is there a beach in Tikkurila?

Vantaa

In 2001, the city's job-equity ratio had increased to 97.1%.


Question: Is there a beach in Tikkurila?

Vantaa

In the 2000s, the number of jobs in Vantaa has increased by about 15%.


Question: Is there a beach in Tikkurila?

Vantaa

According to Statistics Finland's Statfin statistical service, Vantaa had a total of 94361 jobs in 2003.


Question: Is there a beach in Tikkurila?

Vantaa

94.7% (89347) were considered wage earners and 5.3% (5014) of the total number of people employed as entrepreneurs.


Question: Is there a beach in Tikkurila?

Vantaa

[61] The private sector accounted for two-thirds (67%) of jobs in Vantaa, although public finances also accounted for a significant share.


Question: Is there a beach in Tikkurila?

Vantaa

Employment of employees was distributed across sectors as follows (number in 2003): Private sector 67.0% (59834) Municipality 16.1% (14368) State-majority limited company 12.3% (11033) State 4.6% (4089) Unknown 0.0% (23).


Question: Is there a beach in Tikkurila?

Vantaa

An interesting future opportunity for Vantaa and the whole metropolitan area is provided by the Ring Railway, which enables a considerable opportunity for growth in both housing and jobs and provides a direct rail link from the main line to the airport.


Question: Is there a beach in Tikkurila?

Vantaa

The ring circuit required an investment of at least EUR 100 million from Vantaa.


Question: Is there a beach in Tikkurila?

Vantaa

Helsinki, on the other hand, has been pushing for decades to merge the municipalities of the metropolitan area to develop the region.


Question: Is there a beach in Tikkurila?

Vantaa

Vantaa, Espoo and Kauniainen have each time rejected the proposal, although Vantaa slightly slower than others.


Question: Is there a beach in Tikkurila?

Vantaa

The municipal and mayors of Vantaa have repeatedly rejected the proposal, fearing that Vantaa will become Helsinki's “backyard”.


Question: Is there a beach in Tikkurila?

Vantaa

Helsinki has expanded in the direction of Vantaa throughout the 20th century, including the large regional donation of 1946 and the loss of Vuosaari in 1966.


Question: Is there a beach in Tikkurila?

Vantaa

The so-called Sipoo joint cut off Vantaa's last sea contact.


Question: Is there a beach in Tikkurila?

Vantaa

Corporate and agency headquarters in Vantaa Aaro Forsman, tea house Atea Finland Oy, information technology products, solutions and services Cramo (ex.


Question: Is there a beach in Tikkurila?

Vantaa

Construction machinery rental company), rental of construction machinery and equipment and rental and sale of transferable premises Fazer, manufacture of confectionery in Vantaa (based in Helsinki) Finavia, revenue from airport and air navigation services Finnair, air travel and freight (main field and - Branch Helsinki, based in Helsinki) Aviation Administration, National Aviation Authority ISS Services, cleaning, office, property maintenance, dining and security services group ISS Finnish headquarters Central Criminal Police, the most serious, especially organised and professionally operating, crime fighting and investigation Tile point, tiles, faucets and other accessories for bathrooms and other wet rooms and installation services Lite-On Mobile, electronic components manufacturing Marioff, fire extinguishing technology Metsähallitus, State management and use of land and water areas Forest Research Institute, Forest Research Nordqvist, tea house Okmetic, silicon wafer manufacture Onninen Oy, electrical, plumbing, air conditioning and refrigeration products and materials Paroc, insulation manufacturer Pekkaniska, crane company Pöyry, consulting and design company R-Kioski Oy, kiosk shop Suomen Mint Oy, manufacture and sale of money Kosan Gas Finland Oy, gas store (Finnish headquarters) Suunto, sports instruments Tamro, wholesale Tikkurila Oyj, manufacturing and distribution of paints Uponor Oyj, heating and distribution of building equipment pipeline systems supplier Vaisala, manufacturing of environmental measuring equipment and measuring networks Vantaa Energia, VAV Asunto Oy, Utility Housing Company 100% owned by the City of Vantaa Transport Helsinki Airport is the largest airport in Finland.


Question: Is there a beach in Tikkurila?

Vantaa

In 2017, it had a passenger volume of 18.9 million.


Question: Is there a beach in Tikkurila?

Vantaa

[62] The airport has performed well in international comparisons.


Question: Is there a beach in Tikkurila?

Vantaa

[63] The airport roughly divides Vantaa into eastern and western parts: the administrative centre and largest concentration of population is mainly located in East Vantaa.


Question: Is there a beach in Tikkurila?

Vantaa

Rail transport across Vantaa runs through two railways: the main line through Itä-Vantaa and the Vantaankoski line and its extension Kehunking railway, which run from Myyrmäki in West Vantaa via Vantaankoski, Kivistö and Airport to Tikkurila.


Question: Is there a beach in Tikkurila?

Vantaa

There are 14 railway stations and commuter trains stop at them.


Question: Is there a beach in Tikkurila?

Vantaa

In addition, all long-distance trains passing through the main line, including those to Russia, stop at Tikkurila Station, where there is an interchange with commuter trains to the airport.


Question: Is there a beach in Tikkurila?

Vantaa

Only some letter-free built-up trains pass Tikkurila without stopping.


Question: Is there a beach in Tikkurila?

Vantaa

The stations on the Vantaankoski line are Myyrmäki, Louhela, Martinlaakso and Vantaankoski.


Question: Is there a beach in Tikkurila?

Vantaa

Ring rail stations include Vehkala, Kivistö, Aviapolis, Airport and Leinelä.


Question: Is there a beach in Tikkurila?

Vantaa

The stations on the main line are Tikkurila, Hääharju, Koivukylä, Rekola and Korso.


Question: Is there a beach in Tikkurila?

Vantaa

Direct bus local shifts are also operated to the airport from the railway seisaks of Martinlaakso and Vantaankoski and Korso and Koivukylä.


Question: Is there a beach in Tikkurila?

Vantaa

A new Vallinoja station has been tentatively planned between Korso and Savio stations under the working name Urpia.


Question: Is there a beach in Tikkurila?

Vantaa

A fourth track as far as Kerava was added to the main line in 2004, so commuter rail services today run on its own tracks separately from long-distance traffic.


Question: Is there a beach in Tikkurila?

Vantaa

In the summer of 2015, the Ring Track was completed, which connects the main line and the Vantaankoski line passing through the airport.


Question: Is there a beach in Tikkurila?

Vantaa

[64] Completion of the perimeter line will accelerate the development of new residential and workplace areas.


Question: Is there a beach in Tikkurila?

Vantaa

For example, in the Vantaankoski region, the number of jobs is doubling.


Question: Is there a beach in Tikkurila?

Vantaa

Design ideas are sought for the area through an idea contest.


Question: Is there a beach in Tikkurila?

Vantaa

[65] Four motorways run through Vantaa: the provincial Tuusulanväylä and the national Hämeenlinna, Lahti- and Porvoonväylä.


Question: Is there a beach in Tikkurila?

Vantaa

Kehä III and Vihdintie also pass through Vantaa.


Question: Is there a beach in Tikkurila?

Vantaa

Bus services are comprehensive: there are more than a hundred different lines, most of which are intra-city lines in Vantaa and part of regional lines in the metropolitan area to Helsinki, Espoo and Kerava.


Question: Is there a beach in Tikkurila?

Vantaa

Quick shift stops in Vantaa are located in Hämeenlinnanväkylä Käoksela, Martinlaakso and Keimolanportti, Tammisto in Tuusulankylä, and between Tuusulanväkylä and the airport Vantaanportti and Atmoskehä.


Question: Is there a beach in Tikkurila?

Vantaa

In connection with Tuupakka Kehä III, the Airport Tampere shifts are used.


Question: Is there a beach in Tikkurila?

Vantaa

There are no quick shift stops located in Lahdenvää in the Vantaa region.


Question: Is there a beach in Tikkurila?

Vantaa

However, express shifts between the bay and the airport are run via the Korso express stop.


Question: Is there a beach in Tikkurila?

Vantaa

Express shifts from the airport towards Porvoo and Kotka stop at Kehä III at the Tikkurila crossroads.


Question: Is there a beach in Tikkurila?

Vantaa

Traffic noise As a transport hub, Vantaa is inconvenienced by widespread noise and pollution from aircraft, railways and motorway traffic.


Question: Is there a beach in Tikkurila?

Vantaa

According to the Noise Survey, more than 77000 Vantaans live in a noise area of more than 55dB.


Question: Is there a beach in Tikkurila?

Vantaa

In Vantaa, road traffic noise is caused by Kehä III, Vihdintie, Hämeenlinnanväylä, Tuusulanväylä, Lahdenväylä and Porvoonväylä.


Question: Is there a beach in Tikkurila?

Vantaa

Approximately 7,000 Vantaans live in the noise area of air traffic and about 9000 Vantaans live in the noise area of rail traffic.


Question: Is there a beach in Tikkurila?

Vantaa

[66] Sports Vantaa has athletics fields in Hakunila, Siikjaharju, Korso and Myyrmäki, among others.


Question: Is there a beach in Tikkurila?

Vantaa

Leading Vantaa athletics clubs are Field Athletes -58 and Vantaa Salamat.


Question: Is there a beach in Tikkurila?

Vantaa

The Mestis team Kiekko-Vantaa, playing in Tikkurila's Valtti-Areena, is the premier ice hockey club in Vantaa.


Question: Is there a beach in Tikkurila?

Vantaa

[67] In football, PK-35 Vantaa, hosting their home games at Myyrmäki Football Stadium, will play in the Veikkausliiga starting from the 2015 season.


Question: Is there a beach in Tikkurila?

Vantaa

[68] [69] PK-35's women's team has won several Finnish championships in recent years.


Question: Is there a beach in Tikkurila?

Vantaa

[68] [70] Almost every suburb has its own football clubs.


Question: Is there a beach in Tikkurila?

Vantaa

[67] Basketball in Vantaa is played by Pussihukat Myyrmäki Energia Arena and volleyball at Korson Veto


Question: Is there a beach in Tikkurila?

Vantaa

In handball, Atlas and American football, TAFT are the most traditional clubs of their own sport with their long history of major league level and abundant junior organization.


Question: Is there a beach in Tikkurila?

Vantaa

The Vantaa Marathon has been organised since 1994 in the surroundings of Tikkurila Sports Park.


Question: Is there a beach in Tikkurila?

Vantaa

[71] Sports clubs [67] American football: TAFT Football: PK-35 Vantaa, Alliance Vantaa, TiPS, AC Vantaa, VJS, KOPSE, KOIPS, Itä-Hakkilan Kilpa, Keimolan Kaiku Ice Hockey: EVU, Kiekko-Vantaa Basketball: Pussihukat, Rekolan Athletes Handball: Atlas Volleyball: Korson Kaiku, Korson Veto Floorball: HaKI, Korson Kaiku, M-Team, SB Vantaa, Tikkurila Tigers, VFT Swimming: Vanders Athletics: KU-58, Vantaa Salamat Culture and Events Vantaa Cultural Prize is awarded annually in recognition of the outstanding merits for the benefit of art and the city's art life for a person permanently resident in the city of Vantaa or to the community operating in the city.


Question: Is there a beach in Tikkurila?

Vantaa

The first time the award was presented in 1976.


Question: Is there a beach in Tikkurila?

Vantaa

[72] The decision to award the Vantaa Cultural Prize is made by the city government.


Question: Is there a beach in Tikkurila?

Vantaa

The amount of the prize is 10000€ (2015).


Question: Is there a beach in Tikkurila?

Vantaa

Recipients have included jazz musician Juhani Aaltonen, musicians Maarit and Sami Hurmerinta, sculptor Heikki Häivoja, film director Matti Kassila, architect Alpo Halme, writer Virpi Hämeen-Anttila together with his spouse, Professor Jaakko Hämeen-Anttila, actor Lasse Pöysti, dance theatre Raatikko, entertainment artist Virve Rosti, writer Alpo Ruuth, opera singer Esa Ruuttunen and Vantaa Children's Ballet.


Question: Is there a beach in Tikkurila?

Vantaa

[72] Vantaa City Museum Vantaa City Museum is located in Tikkurila's old station building.


Question: Is there a beach in Tikkurila?

Vantaa

[73] [74] The City Museum moved to Finland's oldest stone station building, completed in 1862, after its restoration in autumn 1990.


Question: Is there a beach in Tikkurila?

Vantaa

[75] The first two floors of the Red Brick Museum are as exhibition rooms, and the third floor houses the staff premises of the City Museum.


Question: Is there a beach in Tikkurila?

Vantaa

Symbols The name animal of Vantaa is the salmon found in the coat of arms of Vantaa, the traditional food salmon soup and the name plant forest violets.


Question: Is there a beach in Tikkurila?

Vantaa

[18] [76] Science Centre Heureka Opened in April 1989, is a Finnish science centre located in Tikkurila, Vantaa.


Question: Is there a beach in Tikkurila?

Vantaa

The purpose of the Science Center is to increase the intelligibility of scientific information and the development of methods of science education.


Question: Is there a beach in Tikkurila?

Vantaa

The name Heureka refers to the phrase “I have invented it!” Ankkarock and Tikkurila festival Ankkarock was an annual rock festival held most often in early August in Korso, Vantaa.


Question: Is there a beach in Tikkurila?

Vantaa

The event began in 1989 as a free concert and was held annually thereafter.


Question: Is there a beach in Tikkurila?

Vantaa

The last Ankkarock was celebrated in 2010.


Question: Is there a beach in Tikkurila?

Vantaa

The newer Vantan summer festival tradition is represented since 2014 by the Tikkurila festival held on the weekend of late July at the Hääharju Sports Ground.


Question: Is there a beach in Tikkurila?

Vantaa

[77] [78] Vantaa Music Festival The festival called Vantaa Baroque was held in the sixteenth summer before being disbanded in 2008.


Question: Is there a beach in Tikkurila?

Vantaa

In 2010, the Vantaa Music Festival was founded, which continues the tradition of Vantaa Baroque, at least in the sense that it too places an emphasis on old music.


Question: Is there a beach in Tikkurila?

Vantaa

However, the period covered by the new festival will be wider, and according to Artistic Director Markku Luolajan-Mikkola, it will focus on periodic instruments rather than on any particular era.


Question: Is there a beach in Tikkurila?

Vantaa

[79] Concert Hall Martinus in Martinlaakso, completed in 1987, offers spaces for a variety of events from meetings and seminars to cultural events.


Question: Is there a beach in Tikkurila?

Vantaa

Due to the good acoustics, many recordings have been made in the concert hall for recordings.


Question: Is there a beach in Tikkurila?

Vantaa

There have also been plenty of TV recordings in the hall.


Question: Is there a beach in Tikkurila?

Vantaa

There are bleachers in the hall for 410 people, six of which are invalid seats.


Question: Is there a beach in Tikkurila?

Vantaa

The concert hall has the opportunity to host small-scale concerts and other events.


Question: Is there a beach in Tikkurila?

Vantaa

Martinus is the home hall of the Vantaa Entertainment Orchestra conducted by Markku Johansson.


Question: Is there a beach in Tikkurila?

Vantaa

Myyrmäkitalo is home to the Myyrmäkitalo Multifunctional Centre in Läninen, Vantaa, among others, the Myyrmäki Library (the other equivalent in Vantaa is the Tikkurila Library), the Art Museum Artsi in Vantaa and an 188-seat auditorium with an ascending grandstand.


Question: Is there a beach in Tikkurila?

Vantaa

The auditorium operates the cinema Kino Myyri.


Question: Is there a beach in Tikkurila?

Vantaa

The main users of the Centre's teaching facilities include Vantaa School of Fine Arts, Vantaa Adult College and many hobby clubs.


Question: Is there a beach in Tikkurila?

Vantaa

Completed in autumn 1993, the multifunctional centre is located near Myyrmäki station and shopping centre Myyrmann.


Question: Is there a beach in Tikkurila?

Vantaa

Well-known Vantaese choirs and ensembles Vantaa Entertainment Orchestra Tikkurila Sounds of the Streets Shiraz Lane Melrose Mind of doll Passionworks Pintandwefall Wedding Crashers Vantaa Chamber Choir NaisSound Food Culture Vantaa was named in the 1980s for salmon box, salmon soup and salmon-filled vol-au-vent.


Question: Is there a beach in Tikkurila?

Vantaa

[80] Tourism Vantaa's most popular attraction is the Science Centre Heureka (318699 visitors in 2011).


Question: Is there a beach in Tikkurila?

Vantaa

[8] Other attractions include: Helsinki Keeper's Church [8] and St. Lauri Church in Vantaa (1460) Helsinki Airport (1952) Hotel Vantaa, with its entertainment restaurant Tulisuudelma [8] [81] Kuuusijärvi Outdoor Centre [8] [82] and Sipoonkorve National Park Myyrmäki Church (Juha Leiviskä, 1984) Seutula Chapel Sotung Village [8] Finnish Aviation Museum [8] [83] Theatre Vantaa Vantaa City Museum [8] (in Tikkurila's old station building) Vantaa Art Museum Artsi [8] (in Myyrmäkitalo) Vantaankoski and Kiinantie [8] Entertainment Centre Flamingo and Shopping Centre Jumbo [8] Twinning cities Vantaa has 12 twinning cities: [8] Askim, Norway (1951) Frankfurt (Oder), Germany (1987) Huddinge, Sweden (1951) Jinan, China (2001) Kinešma, Russia (1969) Lyngby-Taarbæk, Denmark (1951) Matte Yehuda, Israel (1967) Mladá Boleslav, Czech Republic (1978) Rastatt County, Germany (1968) Salgótarján, Hungary (1976) Seyðisfjörður, Iceland (1980) Słupsk, Poland (1987) See also Vantaa Youth Council List of well-known Vantas List of works of public art in Vantaa Sources Citation error, replace with {{cite book| title = Population of Vantaa 2014/2015| publisher = Vantaa city| year = 2015| isbn = 978-952-443-499-7| format = [online version] (PDF) | accessdate = 8.1.2016}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Georg Haggren, Petri Halinen, Mika Laveninen, Sami Raninen and Anna Wessman| title = Traces of Our Anciences| publisher = Gaudeamus| year = 2015}} References elsewhere Literature Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Leskinen, Sirpa & Pesonen, Petro| title = Prehistory of Vantaa | location = Vantaa| publisher = City of Vantaa | year = 2008| isbn = 978-952-443-255-9}} * Category:Key articles of screening


Question: Who performed Charlemagne's crowning as emperor at Christmas 800?

Holy German-Roman Empire

The Holy German-Roman Empire ((H.R.R.


Question: Who performed Charlemagne's crowning as emperor at Christmas 800?

Holy German-Roman Empire

),,) was a central European kingdom in the Middle Ages.


Question: Who performed Charlemagne's crowning as emperor at Christmas 800?

Holy German-Roman Empire

The concept of the First Reich () denotes this Empire.


Question: Who performed Charlemagne's crowning as emperor at Christmas 800?

Holy German-Roman Empire

Its basis was the Kingdom created by the dissolution of the Frankish Empire in the Treaty of Verdun (843), later united by the Roman Empire.


Question: Who performed Charlemagne's crowning as emperor at Christmas 800?

Holy German-Roman Empire

Formally, the Empire survived until 1806.


Question: Who performed Charlemagne's crowning as emperor at Christmas 800?

Holy German-Roman Empire

The name, extent and structure of the kingdom have varied over the centuries.


Question: Who performed Charlemagne's crowning as emperor at Christmas 800?

Holy German-Roman Empire

The name Lands under Emperor Konrad II were called the Roman Empire in 1034, Holy Empire in 1157, and Holy Roman Empire in 1254, initially with the Latin epithet Sacrum ('blessed') and later in German as Heilig ('holy/blessed').


Question: Who performed Charlemagne's crowning as emperor at Christmas 800?

Holy German-Roman Empire

[1] Emperor Otto II was the first from whom the name Roman Emperor was used.


Question: Who performed Charlemagne's crowning as emperor at Christmas 800?

Holy German-Roman Empire

The denomination Holy German-Roman Empire dates back to 1512, when it appeared in the form of the “Heiliges Römisches Reich Deutscher Nation” (Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation).


Question: Who performed Charlemagne's crowning as emperor at Christmas 800?

Holy German-Roman Empire

Nature of the Empire Empire was a unique institution in the history of the world, and understanding its nature is tricky.


Question: Who performed Charlemagne's crowning as emperor at Christmas 800?

Holy German-Roman Empire

It is easier to present what the Empire was not than to define it: It was never a nation state.


Question: Who performed Charlemagne's crowning as emperor at Christmas 800?

Holy German-Roman Empire

Although most of the rulers and inhabitants were of Germanic origin, non-Germanic languages were also spoken in its territory.


Question: Who performed Charlemagne's crowning as emperor at Christmas 800?

Holy German-Roman Empire

At the time of the kingdom's heyday, it included parts of present-day Germany, Austria, Slovenia, Switzerland, Belgium, the Netherlands, Luxembourg, the Czech Republic, eastern France, northern Italy and western Poland.


Question: Who performed Charlemagne's crowning as emperor at Christmas 800?

Holy German-Roman Empire

Some of the time, however, it was more like a lax kingdom.


Question: Who performed Charlemagne's crowning as emperor at Christmas 800?

Holy German-Roman Empire

The Empire had its own central government and was strongly united by Christianity.


Question: Who performed Charlemagne's crowning as emperor at Christmas 800?

Holy German-Roman Empire

The Pope crowned the King of Germany as Emperor until 1508.


Question: Who performed Charlemagne's crowning as emperor at Christmas 800?

Holy German-Roman Empire

Structure and institutions from the 12th century onwards, the Empire was shaped by the efforts of local, largely independent princes to transfer the emperor's power to themselves.


Question: Who performed Charlemagne's crowning as emperor at Christmas 800?

Holy German-Roman Empire

Kings (emperors) repeatedly gave concessions to princes (dukes, counts, etc.) to confirm their own choice or to gain support for their endeavors.


Question: Who performed Charlemagne's crowning as emperor at Christmas 800?

Holy German-Roman Empire

At the same time, the kingdom dispersed into even smaller units.


Question: Who performed Charlemagne's crowning as emperor at Christmas 800?

Holy German-Roman Empire

The process ended in 1648 with the Peace of Westphalia.


Question: Who performed Charlemagne's crowning as emperor at Christmas 800?

Holy German-Roman Empire

The crowning of Charles the Great as emperor at Christmas 800 by King Pope of Germany was an example for later kings.


Question: Who performed Charlemagne's crowning as emperor at Christmas 800?

Holy German-Roman Empire

Charles the Great had beaten the langobards and the Roman townspeople who had opposed the Pope, which prompted the Empire's role as patron of the Church.


Question: Who performed Charlemagne's crowning as emperor at Christmas 800?

Holy German-Roman Empire

[2] Becoming Emperor required becoming King of Germany.


Question: Who performed Charlemagne's crowning as emperor at Christmas 800?

Holy German-Roman Empire

The German king was perpetually elected.


Question: Who performed Charlemagne's crowning as emperor at Christmas 800?

Holy German-Roman Empire

In the 8th century, the selection was carried out by the dukes of the five tribes (Franks, Saxons, Bavarians, Svaabs and Thuringians).


Question: Who performed Charlemagne's crowning as emperor at Christmas 800?

Holy German-Roman Empire

In 1356, the group of princes carrying out the election was formalized, which initially included seven Electors (Kurfürst), but later the number slightly changed.


Question: Who performed Charlemagne's crowning as emperor at Christmas 800?

Holy German-Roman Empire

Until 1508, the elected king had to travel to Rome, where the pope crowned him emperor.


Question: Who performed Charlemagne's crowning as emperor at Christmas 800?

Holy German-Roman Empire

[3] The emperor could never legislate and rule alone.


Question: Who performed Charlemagne's crowning as emperor at Christmas 800?

Holy German-Roman Empire

His power was limited by local princes.


Question: Who performed Charlemagne's crowning as emperor at Christmas 800?

Holy German-Roman Empire

Towards the end of the 15th century, the Reich Days (Reichstag) were established, which only became established in 1663.


Question: Who performed Charlemagne's crowning as emperor at Christmas 800?

Holy German-Roman Empire

Regions The kingdom was divided into counties corresponding to the states, free cities, ecclesiastical principalities and other similar territories.


Question: Who performed Charlemagne's crowning as emperor at Christmas 800?

Holy German-Roman Empire

The fiefdom of Reichslehen was directly obtained from the emperor.


Question: Who performed Charlemagne's crowning as emperor at Christmas 800?

Holy German-Roman Empire

These territories included territories ruled by princes and dukes.


Question: Who performed Charlemagne's crowning as emperor at Christmas 800?

Holy German-Roman Empire

The rulers of territories under the Empire were not allowed to declare themselves kings (Bohemia formed the only exception in the Middle Ages).


Question: Who performed Charlemagne's crowning as emperor at Christmas 800?

Holy German-Roman Empire

Ecclesiastical territories included dioceses headed by a bishop or prince-bishop, and imperial monasteries.


Question: Who performed Charlemagne's crowning as emperor at Christmas 800?

Holy German-Roman Empire

Imperial Free Cities were cities with a self-government similar to that of other parts of the empire.


Question: Who performed Charlemagne's crowning as emperor at Christmas 800?

Holy German-Roman Empire

The number of different principalities was quite large.


Question: Who performed Charlemagne's crowning as emperor at Christmas 800?

Holy German-Roman Empire

The size of most of them wasn't more than a few square miles.


Question: Who performed Charlemagne's crowning as emperor at Christmas 800?

Holy German-Roman Empire

Nor did the territories constitute unified territories surrounded by borders; instead, the realms and princes' holdings could be located scattered, long distances apart.


Question: Who performed Charlemagne's crowning as emperor at Christmas 800?

Holy German-Roman Empire

In the Peace of Westphalia, the number of different principalities rose to several hundred.


Question: Who performed Charlemagne's crowning as emperor at Christmas 800?

Holy German-Roman Empire

Reich Days In the New Age, the Reichstag was the law-making body of the Empire, including both secular rulers and representatives of the church.


Question: Who performed Charlemagne's crowning as emperor at Christmas 800?

Holy German-Roman Empire

For a long time in the Middle Ages, kingdom days met irregularly at the invitation of the monarch.


Question: Who performed Charlemagne's crowning as emperor at Christmas 800?

Holy German-Roman Empire

Meetings whose participant was not as exalted are called court days (Hoftag).


Question: Who performed Charlemagne's crowning as emperor at Christmas 800?

Holy German-Roman Empire

However, the expressions are modern, and no such clear distinction was made in the Middle Ages.


Question: Who performed Charlemagne's crowning as emperor at Christmas 800?

Holy German-Roman Empire

Medieval Reich Days also had no legislative function.


Question: Who performed Charlemagne's crowning as emperor at Christmas 800?

Holy German-Roman Empire

History of the Frankish Empire investing feud Otto I the Great is estimated to have founded the German-Roman Empire no later than 962.


Question: Who performed Charlemagne's crowning as emperor at Christmas 800?

Holy German-Roman Empire

Although some consider the Empire to have got its bud in 800 from the crowning of Charles the Great as Emperor of the Romans, Charles the Great himself used the title “King of the Franks”.


Question: Who performed Charlemagne's crowning as emperor at Christmas 800?

Holy German-Roman Empire

The title also indicates that the Frankish Empire covered an area that included both present-day France and Germany.


Question: Who performed Charlemagne's crowning as emperor at Christmas 800?

Holy German-Roman Empire

Most historians consider the genesis of the Empire to have been a process that began with the Treaty of Verdun in 843.


Question: Who performed Charlemagne's crowning as emperor at Christmas 800?

Holy German-Roman Empire

The ruler of the eastern part became Louis the German, followed by more rulers until Louis IV, who was the last representative of the Carolingian family in Germany.


Question: Who performed Charlemagne's crowning as emperor at Christmas 800?

Holy German-Roman Empire

Konrad I, followed by Henry I of Saxony, was chosen as his successor.


Question: Who performed Charlemagne's crowning as emperor at Christmas 800?

Holy German-Roman Empire

Henry I concluded a treaty with Charles the Simple, king of the West Franks, in which the independence of Henry I's Kingdom was guaranteed.


Question: Who performed Charlemagne's crowning as emperor at Christmas 800?

Holy German-Roman Empire

On Charles's death, Henry I annexed Frankish Lothringen into his kingdom.


Question: Who performed Charlemagne's crowning as emperor at Christmas 800?

Holy German-Roman Empire

In 933, Henry I repelled the invasions of the Madyars who had continuously sought the country.


Question: Who performed Charlemagne's crowning as emperor at Christmas 800?

Holy German-Roman Empire

[4] Henry I's son Otto I the Great became king in 936 when he crowned himself at Aachen as Germany's first Emperor and later in 962 he was also crowned by the Pope.


Question: Who performed Charlemagne's crowning as emperor at Christmas 800?

Holy German-Roman Empire

Otto had gained most of his power by conquering Bohemia in 950 and beating the Hungarians at Lechfeld Field in 955.


Question: Who performed Charlemagne's crowning as emperor at Christmas 800?

Holy German-Roman Empire

To unify the kingdom, Otto I the Great gave Bavaria to his brother Henry and Swaben to his son Liudolf.


Question: Who performed Charlemagne's crowning as emperor at Christmas 800?

Holy German-Roman Empire

Otto I the Great married Adelheid Burgundian, the widow of the king of the Kingdom of Burgundy and Italy, and thus gained possession of the Kingdom.


Question: Who performed Charlemagne's crowning as emperor at Christmas 800?

Holy German-Roman Empire

[5] Otto I the Great warred in Italy against the langobards and Byzantium, whose intervals his son Otto II sought to improve upon his ascension to the throne in 973.


Question: Who performed Charlemagne's crowning as emperor at Christmas 800?

Holy German-Roman Empire

Otto II was mired in a power struggle with his cousin Duke Henry of Bavaria and the Slavic revolt of 983 resulted in the loss of the rear territories of the Elbe.


Question: Who performed Charlemagne's crowning as emperor at Christmas 800?

Holy German-Roman Empire

Otto II died in the same year and his sons Otto III's regent Adelheid and Theophano were forced to defend themselves against Henry.


Question: Who performed Charlemagne's crowning as emperor at Christmas 800?

Holy German-Roman Empire

[5] Otto III died young in 1002 and was succeeded all the time by Henry II the Holy, the son of Henry II of Bavaria, who pursued power.


Question: Who performed Charlemagne's crowning as emperor at Christmas 800?

Holy German-Roman Empire

Henry II the Holy died childless in 1024.


Question: Who performed Charlemagne's crowning as emperor at Christmas 800?

Holy German-Roman Empire

[5] After him became emperor, Duke Konrad II of Franconia, who was succeeded by Henry III in 1039.


Question: Who performed Charlemagne's crowning as emperor at Christmas 800?

Holy German-Roman Empire

He was a reformist and supported the reformist popes Clement II and Leo IX, which backfired as church power grew past the emperor's rule.


Question: Who performed Charlemagne's crowning as emperor at Christmas 800?

Holy German-Roman Empire

[6] Henry III's son Henry IV succeeded his father in 1056.


Question: Who performed Charlemagne's crowning as emperor at Christmas 800?

Holy German-Roman Empire

He relied on his fiefdom lords and the strengthening bourgeoisie, and declared Pope Gregory VII excommunicated.


Question: Who performed Charlemagne's crowning as emperor at Christmas 800?

Holy German-Roman Empire

The Pope in turn declared the emperor to be put.


Question: Who performed Charlemagne's crowning as emperor at Christmas 800?

Holy German-Roman Empire

The pope removed the collar after a year after Henry IV publicly repented.


Question: Who performed Charlemagne's crowning as emperor at Christmas 800?

Holy German-Roman Empire

During the Panna period, the duchies had begun to revolt, and Henry IV overthrew the rebelling dukes in 1080.


Question: Who performed Charlemagne's crowning as emperor at Christmas 800?

Holy German-Roman Empire

However, opposition to the emperor grew and was eventually deposed by his own son Henry V in 1105.


Question: Who performed Charlemagne's crowning as emperor at Christmas 800?

Holy German-Roman Empire

[7] From the 12th century onwards, German emperors considered themselves successors to the emperors of the Roman Empire based on the theory of translatio imperii.


Question: Who performed Charlemagne's crowning as emperor at Christmas 800?

Holy German-Roman Empire

Therefore, they used the self-designation Augustus.


Question: Who performed Charlemagne's crowning as emperor at Christmas 800?

Holy German-Roman Empire

In the Early Middle Ages, they did not yet call themselves Roman Emperor, so as not to provoke conflict with the Roman Emperor ruling in Constantinople.


Question: Who performed Charlemagne's crowning as emperor at Christmas 800?

Holy German-Roman Empire

It was not until Konrad II adopted the title “Roman Emperor”.


Question: Who performed Charlemagne's crowning as emperor at Christmas 800?

Holy German-Roman Empire

At this time, the Eastern Kingdom was not a unified Germany but a union of principalities, which remained united thanks to the personal influence of Henry the Birdman and his son Otto I the Great.


Question: Who performed Charlemagne's crowning as emperor at Christmas 800?

Holy German-Roman Empire

They were also able to choose their successors themselves.


Question: Who performed Charlemagne's crowning as emperor at Christmas 800?

Holy German-Roman Empire

Unity cracked when Henry II Saint was left childless.


Question: Who performed Charlemagne's crowning as emperor at Christmas 800?

Holy German-Roman Empire

Konrad II was elected after him, but only after disagreements over the election.


Question: Who performed Charlemagne's crowning as emperor at Christmas 800?

Holy German-Roman Empire

The crown and princes supported the church and clergy so that power would not pass too much to the nobility, which would have decentralized the kingdom.


Question: Who performed Charlemagne's crowning as emperor at Christmas 800?

Holy German-Roman Empire

The church, in turn, was obliged to support the kingdom financially and militarily.


Question: Who performed Charlemagne's crowning as emperor at Christmas 800?

Holy German-Roman Empire

Due to the celibacy of the clergy, wealth, posts and fiefdoms could not be inherited and they reverted back to the princes and the crown.


Question: Who performed Charlemagne's crowning as emperor at Christmas 800?

Holy German-Roman Empire

This protected the position of the monarch, and moreover, this had a great deal of dictum in the naming of bishops and abbots.


Question: Who performed Charlemagne's crowning as emperor at Christmas 800?

Holy German-Roman Empire

The Church's demands for independence in the 10th century eventually led to the investment-strife that dissolved the kingdom.


Question: Who performed Charlemagne's crowning as emperor at Christmas 800?

Holy German-Roman Empire

[4] In the time of the House of Hohenstauf Henry V was the last Saalite emperor.


Question: Who performed Charlemagne's crowning as emperor at Christmas 800?

Holy German-Roman Empire

During his time with the rebelling dukes, a treaty was reached in 1121 in the Reichstag of Würzburg and disputes of investment were agreed in 1122.


Question: Who performed Charlemagne's crowning as emperor at Christmas 800?

Holy German-Roman Empire

[7] With the death of Henry V in 1125, Duke Lothar Supplinburgite of Saxony rose to power, allying himself with Bavaria against the Hohenstaufs of the princely line of Swabia.


Question: Who performed Charlemagne's crowning as emperor at Christmas 800?

Holy German-Roman Empire

Saxony and Bavaria were united by the marital trade, but upon Lothar's death in 1138 Konrad III of Swabia became King of Germany.


Question: Who performed Charlemagne's crowning as emperor at Christmas 800?

Holy German-Roman Empire

[8] However, he was never crowned emperor.


Question: Who performed Charlemagne's crowning as emperor at Christmas 800?

Holy German-Roman Empire

Frederick I Barbarossa (King of Germany 1152—1190, Roman Emperor 1155—1190) was the first whose office introduced a way of calling the Empire sacred.


Question: Who performed Charlemagne's crowning as emperor at Christmas 800?

Holy German-Roman Empire

During the Barbarossa period, the idea of the “Romanism” of the Empire emerged even more clearly in the spirit of the so-called 12th-century Renaissance.


Question: Who performed Charlemagne's crowning as emperor at Christmas 800?

Holy German-Roman Empire

Thus, the imperial assembly at Roncaglia in 1158 reintroduced imperial rights on the advice of four law scholars of the University of Bologna, quattuor doctores.


Question: Who performed Charlemagne's crowning as emperor at Christmas 800?

Holy German-Roman Empire

They cited phrases of Roman law such as legis solutus (“the laws do not bind the leader”).


Question: Who performed Charlemagne's crowning as emperor at Christmas 800?

Holy German-Roman Empire

Roncaglia also listed individually the royal rights, which had already been referred to since the Investment Dispute.


Question: Who performed Charlemagne's crowning as emperor at Christmas 800?

Holy German-Roman Empire

Royal rights (regalias) included public roads, customs duties, minting money, levying some fines, and the right to invest.


Question: Who performed Charlemagne's crowning as emperor at Christmas 800?

Holy German-Roman Empire

The House of Hohenstauf distributed land to its former unfree service men (ministerials,), who during the war served as soldiers of the emperor.


Question: Who performed Charlemagne's crowning as emperor at Christmas 800?

Holy German-Roman Empire

Since then, the Ministerials formed low nobility.


Question: Who performed Charlemagne's crowning as emperor at Christmas 800?

Holy German-Roman Empire

The Hohenstaufs hoped that these would be more loyal to the emperor than a fiefdom based, a service force formed by free men, or a church no longer controlled by the emperor.


Question: Who performed Charlemagne's crowning as emperor at Christmas 800?

Holy German-Roman Empire

New cities were actively established to concentrate economic power in strategic locations.


Question: Who performed Charlemagne's crowning as emperor at Christmas 800?

Holy German-Roman Empire

A power struggle between the Hohenstaufs and the Welfs of the Dukes of Saxe-Bavaria divided the Empire for decades.


Question: Who performed Charlemagne's crowning as emperor at Christmas 800?

Holy German-Roman Empire

Konrad III ousted the Welfs from Saxony, but Frerik I restored Saxony to them.


Question: Who performed Charlemagne's crowning as emperor at Christmas 800?

Holy German-Roman Empire

The Welfs refused to help Fredrik I this Italian war expedition and the Welfs lost Bavaria and Saxony because of this.


Question: Who performed Charlemagne's crowning as emperor at Christmas 800?

Holy German-Roman Empire

The infighting of the lineages only ended with the pope's intervention in the game in the early 13th century.


Question: Who performed Charlemagne's crowning as emperor at Christmas 800?

Holy German-Roman Empire

[9] Frederick I Barbarossa made much war in Italy against the Langobards and the Kingdom of Sicily.


Question: Who performed Charlemagne's crowning as emperor at Christmas 800?

Holy German-Roman Empire

He led the Third Crusade, but drowned while en route in 1190.


Question: Who performed Charlemagne's crowning as emperor at Christmas 800?

Holy German-Roman Empire

[8] He was succeeded by Henry VI, who conquered the southern parts of Italy and married the heiress of Sicily, but perished so young in 1197 that he did not have time to name his successor.


Question: Who performed Charlemagne's crowning as emperor at Christmas 800?

Holy German-Roman Empire

A power struggle began in the Empire, and his minor son Frederick II did not rule like Sicily.


Question: Who performed Charlemagne's crowning as emperor at Christmas 800?

Holy German-Roman Empire

In Germany, Philip of Swaben and Otto IV competed for kingship with him.


Question: Who performed Charlemagne's crowning as emperor at Christmas 800?

Holy German-Roman Empire

Eventually, Frederick II prevailed, and he was crowned emperor in 1220.


Question: Who performed Charlemagne's crowning as emperor at Christmas 800?

Holy German-Roman Empire

[10] Fredrik brought the mythical idea of the Empire to its last peak.


Question: Who performed Charlemagne's crowning as emperor at Christmas 800?

Holy German-Roman Empire

He also strengthened the Empire's dispersal tendency while staying for much of his reign outside Germany.


Question: Who performed Charlemagne's crowning as emperor at Christmas 800?

Holy German-Roman Empire

He focused on creating an exceptionally modern state in Sicily, developing public services, economy, and legislation, but he ceded rights to the clergy and secular rulers that the emperor was never able to restore for himself.


Question: Who performed Charlemagne's crowning as emperor at Christmas 800?

Holy German-Roman Empire

With the rise of power in the territories upon Fredrik's death in 1250, no lineage from which a new king could have come was able to impose one, and the princes elected several kings competing with each other.


Question: Who performed Charlemagne's crowning as emperor at Christmas 800?

Holy German-Roman Empire

The years 1246—1273 are called the interregnum.


Question: Who performed Charlemagne's crowning as emperor at Christmas 800?

Holy German-Roman Empire

The difficulties caused by the election of the king eventually led to the formation of the College of Electors (kurfürst).


Question: Who performed Charlemagne's crowning as emperor at Christmas 800?

Holy German-Roman Empire

Its composition and modes of operation were decided in the Golden Bulla of 1356.


Question: Who performed Charlemagne's crowning as emperor at Christmas 800?

Holy German-Roman Empire

The development is a sign that the emperor and the kingdom were no longer the same thing.


Question: Who performed Charlemagne's crowning as emperor at Christmas 800?

Holy German-Roman Empire

The power of kings following the House of Hohenstaufen was also based on different things than those of earlier rulers.


Question: Who performed Charlemagne's crowning as emperor at Christmas 800?

Holy German-Roman Empire

In the past, the power of the emperors was based on the lands of the kingdom (Reichsgut), which always belonged to the respective emperor.


Question: Who performed Charlemagne's crowning as emperor at Christmas 800?

Holy German-Roman Empire

After the 13th century, the Reichsgut's importance shrank, and lands in the kingdom were given as pledge to local princes, either for money or obedience, or as prizes.


Question: Who performed Charlemagne's crowning as emperor at Christmas 800?

Holy German-Roman Empire

Kings from Rudolf the Habsburg onwards relied on the lands of their own family to support their power.


Question: Who performed Charlemagne's crowning as emperor at Christmas 800?

Holy German-Roman Empire

Unlike the lands of the kingdom, the lands of the ruler families were more united and easier to govern.


Question: Who performed Charlemagne's crowning as emperor at Christmas 800?

Holy German-Roman Empire

Henry VII of Luxembourg was in 1312 the first to be crowned emperor since King Frederick II.


Question: Who performed Charlemagne's crowning as emperor at Christmas 800?

Holy German-Roman Empire

After him, the power of all kings and emperors was based on their own lands.


Question: Who performed Charlemagne's crowning as emperor at Christmas 800?

Holy German-Roman Empire

From this era onwards, it was also the vested interest of the king to transfer power to the territories.


Question: Who performed Charlemagne's crowning as emperor at Christmas 800?

Holy German-Roman Empire

In the 13th century, the management of the land also changed.


Question: Who performed Charlemagne's crowning as emperor at Christmas 800?

Holy German-Roman Empire

Money replaced personal responsibilities and peasants increasingly had to pay tax on their land.


Question: Who performed Charlemagne's crowning as emperor at Christmas 800?

Holy German-Roman Empire

The concept of property increasingly replaced older forms of jurisdiction.


Question: Who performed Charlemagne's crowning as emperor at Christmas 800?

Holy German-Roman Empire

In the principalities, the owner of the land distributed justice and judgments, from which the rest of the power ensued.


Question: Who performed Charlemagne's crowning as emperor at Christmas 800?

Holy German-Roman Empire

At the same time, principalities began to take shape as predecessors of modern states.


Question: Who performed Charlemagne's crowning as emperor at Christmas 800?

Holy German-Roman Empire

The change was fastest in areas that most corresponded to the lands of the old Germanic tribes such as Bavaria.


Question: Who performed Charlemagne's crowning as emperor at Christmas 800?

Holy German-Roman Empire

Reich Reform (“Reichsreform”) The legal order of the kingdom was still very unstructured in the early 15th century, although some procedures had been agreed upon.


Question: Who performed Charlemagne's crowning as emperor at Christmas 800?

Holy German-Roman Empire

The rules for the cooperation of the king, king's electors, and other princes in the Empire depended much on the character of each king.


Question: Who performed Charlemagne's crowning as emperor at Christmas 800?

Holy German-Roman Empire

It was fatal that Sigismund Luxembourgish (king 1410, emperor 1433—1437) and Frederick III (king 1440, emperor 1452—1493) did not pay attention to the core areas of the kingdom, but remained largely on their own lands.


Question: Who performed Charlemagne's crowning as emperor at Christmas 800?

Holy German-Roman Empire

Without the king's presence, the importance of court days (the Hoftag, the meeting of the leading men of the kingdom) withered and the Reichstag as a legislative body did not yet exist.


Question: Who performed Charlemagne's crowning as emperor at Christmas 800?

Holy German-Roman Empire

The princes argued among themselves and disputes escalated into local wars at times.


Question: Who performed Charlemagne's crowning as emperor at Christmas 800?

Holy German-Roman Empire

At the same time, the church was in crisis, too.


Question: Who performed Charlemagne's crowning as emperor at Christmas 800?

Holy German-Roman Empire

Disputes between several rival popes were not resolved until the Ecclesiastical Assembly of Konstanz of 1414—1418 and much energy of 1419 was expended in the struggle against Hussite heresy.


Question: Who performed Charlemagne's crowning as emperor at Christmas 800?

Holy German-Roman Empire

The middle-intentioned idea of a unified Corpus Christianum</i>in which the Pope and the Empire were the leading institutions began to crumble.


Question: Who performed Charlemagne's crowning as emperor at Christmas 800?

Holy German-Roman Empire

Due to major changes, much debate arose in the 15th century about the Empire itself.


Question: Who performed Charlemagne's crowning as emperor at Christmas 800?

Holy German-Roman Empire

The old rules no longer adequately described the structures of the time and the restoration of an earlier kingdom peace, Landfrieden</i>in, was called for.


Question: Who performed Charlemagne's crowning as emperor at Christmas 800?

Holy German-Roman Empire

When Frederick III needed money from the princes to fight against Hungary and at the same time elected his son (later Maksimilian I) as king, the princes demanded greater representation as one man.


Question: Who performed Charlemagne's crowning as emperor at Christmas 800?

Holy German-Roman Empire

For the first time, the meeting of Electors and other princes was called the Riksdag.


Question: Who performed Charlemagne's crowning as emperor at Christmas 800?

Holy German-Roman Empire

Frederick III refused to convene the Reichstag, but two years after Fredrik's death, his more conciliatory son convened it at Worms in 1495.


Question: Who performed Charlemagne's crowning as emperor at Christmas 800?

Holy German-Roman Empire

In Worms, the king and princes agreed on four decisions commonly referred to as the Reich Reform, the Reichsreform.


Question: Who performed Charlemagne's crowning as emperor at Christmas 800?

Holy German-Roman Empire

The Reich Reform included actions intended to give the disintegrating Empire back a certain structure, such as imperial lands and chamber court, which in part lasted until the end of the Empire until 1806.


Question: Who performed Charlemagne's crowning as emperor at Christmas 800?

Holy German-Roman Empire

Reformation When Martti Luther in 1517 began the Reformation, many princes saw in it an opportunity to oppose the emperor.


Question: Who performed Charlemagne's crowning as emperor at Christmas 800?

Holy German-Roman Empire

The Empire was fatally split in two along religious border lines.


Question: Who performed Charlemagne's crowning as emperor at Christmas 800?

Holy German-Roman Empire

Eastern and northern Germany and many of the major cities like Strasbourg, Frankfurt and Nuremberg became Protestant and the southern and western regions remained Catholic.


Question: Who performed Charlemagne's crowning as emperor at Christmas 800?

Holy German-Roman Empire

In German historiography, the era is referred to as the “Period of Confessionalism” (Zeitalter des Konfessionalismus).


Question: Who performed Charlemagne's crowning as emperor at Christmas 800?

Holy German-Roman Empire

After a hundred years of quarrels, the conflict turned into the Thirty Years' War (1618—1648), which devastated the Empire.


Question: Who performed Charlemagne's crowning as emperor at Christmas 800?

Holy German-Roman Empire

Foreign countries including France and Sweden became involved in the war and annexed significant territories of the kingdom into themselves.


Question: Who performed Charlemagne's crowning as emperor at Christmas 800?

Holy German-Roman Empire

After the Peace of Westphalia in 1648, following the Peace of Westphalia, the Empire was nearing its end.


Question: Who performed Charlemagne's crowning as emperor at Christmas 800?

Holy German-Roman Empire

In the Peace of Westphalia, the principalities gained almost full independence, and were even allowed to independently establish alliances with third countries.


Question: Who performed Charlemagne's crowning as emperor at Christmas 800?

Holy German-Roman Empire

The Empire was no longer just a lax union of very independent states.


Question: Who performed Charlemagne's crowning as emperor at Christmas 800?

Holy German-Roman Empire

Its emperors belonging to the Habsburg lineage effectively ruled only territories belonging to the so-called Habsburg Monarchy, mainly Austria, Bohemia and Hungary, but of these territories, as well as later Prussia, only some were counted as belonging to the Empire.


Question: Who performed Charlemagne's crowning as emperor at Christmas 800?

Holy German-Roman Empire

In his essay on the history, customs and spirit of peoples, Voltaire mocked Germany, saying, “Neither holy, nor Roman, nor Empire”.


Question: Who performed Charlemagne's crowning as emperor at Christmas 800?

Holy German-Roman Empire

[11] End of Empire The Empire officially ceased to exist on 6 August 1806 when the last Emperor, Francis II, resigned after Napoleon was beaten by Austria at the Battle of Austerlitz.


Question: Who performed Charlemagne's crowning as emperor at Christmas 800?

Holy German-Roman Empire

The relatives of Francis II were, until 1918, emperors of Austria.


Question: Who performed Charlemagne's crowning as emperor at Christmas 800?

Holy German-Roman Empire

The First Empire after German reunification in 1871, the Holy German-Roman Empire was considered the first kingdom.


Question: Who performed Charlemagne's crowning as emperor at Christmas 800?

Holy German-Roman Empire

Nazi Germany considered itself the Third Reich and united itself with the restoration of the “former good times”.


Question: Who performed Charlemagne's crowning as emperor at Christmas 800?

Holy German-Roman Empire

See also List of rulers of the Holy German-Roman Empire Notes Sources Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Berndl, Hattsten, Knebel & Udelhoven| title = World history| publisher = Parragon| year = 2007| id = ISBN 978-1-4054-8283-7}} References On the Topic Elsewhere by Heinrich August Winkler: Der lange Weg nach Westen, Vol.


Question: Who performed Charlemagne's crowning as emperor at Christmas 800?

Holy German-Roman Empire

1: Deutsche Geschichte vom Ende des Alten Reiches bis zum Ende der Weimarer Republik.


Question: Who performed Charlemagne's crowning as emperor at Christmas 800?

Holy German-Roman Empire

ISBN 3-406-46001-1, p. 5.


Question: Who performed Charlemagne's crowning as emperor at Christmas 800?

Holy German-Roman Empire

The Holy Roman Empire by James Bryce.


Question: Who performed Charlemagne's crowning as emperor at Christmas 800?

Holy German-Roman Empire

ISBN 0-333-03609-3 * Category:Key articles of screening


Question: When did Carl Sagan die?

Carl Sagan

Carl Edward Sagan (November 9, 1934 — December 20, 1996) was an American astronomer, astrophysicist, astrobiologist, and science general artist.


Question: When did Carl Sagan die?

Carl Sagan

For most of his career, he worked at Cornell University, of which he was a professor from 1971 until his death.


Question: When did Carl Sagan die?

Carl Sagan

Sagan is known for his numerous studies and theories in the field of exobiology and for his great influence in initiating the SETI programme for extraterrestrial intelligence exploration.


Question: When did Carl Sagan die?

Carl Sagan

In his works he repeatedly sought to promote scientific research methods.


Question: When did Carl Sagan die?

Carl Sagan

[1] Sagan was also a well-known folk consciousness of science and gained worldwide fame for his science books and a television series called Cosmos, which he co-plotted and scripted with his wife Ann Druyan.


Question: When did Carl Sagan die?

Carl Sagan

From his thought-world, Sagan was skeptical and atheistic.


Question: When did Carl Sagan die?

Carl Sagan

He also chaired the committee that compiled the Voyager Golden Record, an interstellar message transmitted with the Voyager probes, in 1977.


Question: When did Carl Sagan die?

Carl Sagan

[1] [2] He was one of the two founding members of the Planetary Society and its first president.


Question: When did Carl Sagan die?

Carl Sagan

[3] Educational and scientific career Carl Sagan was born in Brooklyn, New York.


Question: When did Carl Sagan die?

Carl Sagan

His father, Sam Sagan, was a Jewish costume worker and his mother, Rachel Molly Gruber, was a homemaker.


Question: When did Carl Sagan die?

Carl Sagan

Sagan attended the University of Chicago, where he earned a lower college degree (1955) as well as an upper college degree in physics (1956) until finally graduating with a Ph.D. in astronomy and astrophysics in 1960.


Question: When did Carl Sagan die?

Carl Sagan

He taught at Harvard University until 1968, when he transferred to Cornell University.


Question: When did Carl Sagan die?

Carl Sagan

Sagan became a professor at Cornell in 1971, and served as a laboratory supervisor there.


Question: When did Carl Sagan die?

Carl Sagan

He was instrumental in the implementation of most of the unmanned spaceflights sent to explore our solar system.


Question: When did Carl Sagan die?

Carl Sagan

Sagan also spawned the idea that a generalized message could be sent with the spacecraft that any extraterrestrial intellectual being could interpret upon discovering it.


Question: When did Carl Sagan die?

Carl Sagan

The first message sent into space was a gold-plated disc sent on the journey along with the space probe Pioneer 10.


Question: When did Carl Sagan die?

Carl Sagan

He developed his design work in this sphere forward and the most groomed version of the message, the development of which Sagan was involved in was the Voyager Golden Record, which was transmitted with the Voyager probes.


Question: When did Carl Sagan die?

Carl Sagan

Scientific achievements Sagan was among the first to make the assumption that Saturn's Titan moon and Jupiter's Europa moon might have oceans (in Europa's case it was a sub-surface ocean) or lakes that might make the moons worthy for life.


Question: When did Carl Sagan die?

Carl Sagan

The Galileo probe later indirectly confirmed Europa's subsurface ocean.


Question: When did Carl Sagan die?

Carl Sagan

Sagan developed the concept of Venus' atmosphere, the variation of the seasons on Mars, and Saturn's moon, Titan.


Question: When did Carl Sagan die?

Carl Sagan

Sagan proved that Venus' atmosphere is extremely hot and dense.


Question: When did Carl Sagan die?

Carl Sagan

He also saw global warming as a growing, man-made danger and compared it to the natural evolution of Venus, which has progressed into a hot, life-hostile planet under the influence of greenhouse gases.


Question: When did Carl Sagan die?

Carl Sagan

He suggested that Martian seasonal fluctuations are caused by dusts blown by winds, not vegetation changes as some had suggested.


Question: When did Carl Sagan die?

Carl Sagan

Developments and setbacks in science career Sagan promoted and pioneered the search for extraterrestrial intellect.


Question: When did Carl Sagan die?

Carl Sagan

He incited the scientific community to listen, with the assistance of large radio telescopes, for signals from extraterrestrial intelligence.


Question: When did Carl Sagan die?

Carl Sagan

He also promoted sending probes to other planets.


Question: When did Carl Sagan die?

Carl Sagan

For 12 years, Sagan was the corresponding editor-in-chief of the journal Icarus, a professional publication on planetary exploration.


Question: When did Carl Sagan die?

Carl Sagan

He was a co-founder in the Planetary Society community and was also a member of the council of the SETI Institute.


Question: When did Carl Sagan die?

Carl Sagan

Sagan was also known as the second principal contributor to a scientific paper that predicted that nuclear war would follow a nuclear winter (he later acknowledged some of the dissertations expressed in the publication to have been a propagandistic exaggeration, or even partly a hoax, against the nuclear arms race).


Question: When did Carl Sagan die?

Carl Sagan

Sagan also famously predicted that smoky oil fires in Kuwait (lit by Saddam Hussein's army) would cause an eco-disaster in the form of black clouds.


Question: When did Carl Sagan die?

Carl Sagan

[4] Retired climate physicist Fred Singer refuted Sagan's claims as nonsense, thus personally believing that the smoke would clear within days.


Question: When did Carl Sagan die?

Carl Sagan

Societal Interests Sagan was of the opinion that Drake's formula shows that a large number of extraterrestrial civilizations are formed in the universe, but the lack of evidence for such civilizations (Fermi's paradox) would suggest that with technologized civilizations have a tendency to destroy themselves pretty quickly.


Question: When did Carl Sagan die?

Carl Sagan

This inspired him to identify and publish ways in which mankind could destroy itself, hoping that consequently destruction would be avoided and humanity eventually become a species spreading into space.


Question: When did Carl Sagan die?

Carl Sagan

Throughout his life, Sagan was politically libertarian, and he became radicalised in his causes after marrying Ann Druyan, a leftist.


Question: When did Carl Sagan die?

Carl Sagan

In his most radical days, he, among other things, carried out acts classified as civil disobedience in the vicinity of nuclear weapons targets.


Question: When did Carl Sagan die?

Carl Sagan

Sagan is also known to have been an active user of cannabis, though never publicly admitted to doing so.


Question: When did Carl Sagan die?

Carl Sagan

In 1971, under the pseudonym “Mr. X”, he wrote an essay on cannabis burning for the book Re-Considering Marijuana.


Question: When did Carl Sagan die?

Carl Sagan

[5] In the essay, Sagan stated that cannabis use inspired some of his work and intensified his experiences.


Question: When did Carl Sagan die?

Carl Sagan

Lester Grinspoon, who edited the book, told Keay Davidson, who wrote this biography after Sagan's death.


Question: When did Carl Sagan die?

Carl Sagan

[6] The revelation received media attention after the biography's publication in 1999.


Question: When did Carl Sagan die?

Carl Sagan

[7] Folk realization of science Sagan's ability to bring his ideas to the fore helped many people to know the universe better.


Question: When did Carl Sagan die?

Carl Sagan

He co-wrote with his wife Ann Druyan and co-hosted the Cosmos television series.


Question: When did Carl Sagan die?

Carl Sagan

He also wrote books to popularize science (for example, The Dragons of Eden, which won the Pulitzer Prize, Broca's Brain and others) and the novel Contact (Finnish. First Connection, 1987), which became a blockbuster piece and in 1997 a film version also starred by Jodie Foster.


Question: When did Carl Sagan die?

Carl Sagan

He also made frequent guest appearances on television on The Tonight Show.


Question: When did Carl Sagan die?

Carl Sagan

Sagan's Pale Blue Dot: A Vision of the Human Future in Space book ended up being The New York Times's signature piece of 1995.


Question: When did Carl Sagan die?

Carl Sagan

Carl Sagan also wrote the introduction to Stephen Hawking's success work A Brief History of Time (Finnish. A Brief History of Time).


Question: When did Carl Sagan die?

Carl Sagan

In his book Comet Sagan presented reflections on the origins of the swastika emblem.


Question: When did Carl Sagan die?

Carl Sagan

In the work, Sagan put forward the assumption that in time the comet passed the earth at such close range that gases flowing out of it were visible to the human eye, and these gases were again bent by the comet's rotation.


Question: When did Carl Sagan die?

Carl Sagan

The book reproduces an ancient Chinese inscription depicting the divergence of comet tails.


Question: When did Carl Sagan die?

Carl Sagan

Most of them are small differences in the tails of comets, but the last one shows the comet's nucleus so that four bent members, bent in the shape of a swastika, leave it.


Question: When did Carl Sagan die?

Carl Sagan

Sagan caused mixed reactions in the circles of other professional scientists.


Question: When did Carl Sagan die?

Carl Sagan

His promotion of the popularization of science was generally supported, as were his efforts to cultivate scientific understanding among the general public.


Question: When did Carl Sagan die?

Carl Sagan

Sagan's habit of favoring skepticism over pseudo-scientificity also gained support.


Question: When did Carl Sagan die?

Carl Sagan

On the other hand, there were also concerns that the general public would perceive some of Sagan's personal positions and interests as a general scholarly consensus rather than the latter's own personal views.


Question: When did Carl Sagan die?

Carl Sagan

Some of the criticism directed at Sagan may have been generated by professional envy, as scientific views opposed to Sagan's views (such as the severity of a nuclear winter brought about by a possible nuclear war) were not properly presented to the general public.


Question: When did Carl Sagan die?

Carl Sagan

One significant setback for Sagan was also when his comments and prediction of fires in Kuwait's oil fields during the First Gulf War later proved incorrect.


Question: When did Carl Sagan die?

Carl Sagan

Late in his life, books written by Sagan developed his skeptical and naturalistic view of reality.


Question: When did Carl Sagan die?

Carl Sagan

In his book Demon-Haunted World: Science as a Candle in the Dark, he set out tools for testing arguments and refuting misleading as well as downright untrue claims, particularly highlighting the importance of the scientific method.


Question: When did Carl Sagan die?

Carl Sagan

In the same piece, Sagan presented a list of mistakes he had made (including his prediction of Kuwait oil fires), to show how science is a self-healing system.


Question: When did Carl Sagan die?

Carl Sagan

Published after Sagan's death, the compilation work Billions and Billions: Thoughts on Life and Death at the End of the Millennium includes his writings and essays, including views on abortion, and wife Ann Druyan's inscription on Sagan's death as a non-believing human being.


Question: When did Carl Sagan die?

Carl Sagan

Personality Some were of the opinion that Sagan had a big inflated ego.


Question: When did Carl Sagan die?

Carl Sagan

In 1994, Apple Computer began development work on the Power Macintosh 7100 computer.


Question: When did Carl Sagan die?

Carl Sagan

“Carl Sagan” was chosen as the internal codename for the project because the new computer was thought to generate astronomical sums for Apple.


Question: When did Carl Sagan die?

Carl Sagan

Although the project name was completely internal to the company and never used for public marketing, after learning about it, Sagan sued Apple to have them change the project name to something else.


Question: When did Carl Sagan die?

Carl Sagan

Apple's other projects had names such as “Cold fusion” (cold fusion) and “Piltdown man” (Piltdown man), and Sagan was extremely unhappy that his name would be associated with something he considered pseudoscience.


Question: When did Carl Sagan die?

Carl Sagan

Although Sagan lost the court battle, Apple employees agreed to his demands anyway and changed the name of the project to “BHA” (Butthead Astronomer, Finnish. Ass astronomer).


Question: When did Carl Sagan die?

Carl Sagan

Sagan sued Apple again, claiming the new name defamed him.


Question: When did Carl Sagan die?

Carl Sagan

Sagan lost this court battle too, but still the project name of the 7100 model was changed once more.


Question: When did Carl Sagan die?

Carl Sagan

It received the name “LAW” (Lawyers Are Wimps, Finnish. Lawyers are skinned).


Question: When did Carl Sagan die?

Carl Sagan

[8] [9] Sagan is broadly described as an atheist or agnostic.


Question: When did Carl Sagan die?

Carl Sagan

Among other things, he has stated: “The idea that God is an oversized white man with a long beard, and who sits in the sky, being responsible for catching every sparrow, is utterly ridiculous.


Question: When did Carl Sagan die?

Carl Sagan

But if by 'God' you mean the physical laws that determine the structure of the universe, then clearly such a God exists.


Question: When did Carl Sagan die?

Carl Sagan

However, such a God is emotionally unsatisfying... praying to the law of gravity doesn't make much sense.”


Question: When did Carl Sagan die?

Carl Sagan

Sagan married three times during his life: first in 1957 to a famous biologist, Lynn Margulis (mother of Dorion Sagan), then in 1968 to artist Linda Salzman (mother of Nick Sagan), and finally to writer Ann Druyan in 1981.


Question: When did Carl Sagan die?

Carl Sagan

To Druyan, he was married until his death.


Question: When did Carl Sagan die?

Carl Sagan

Death Carl Sagan waged a long and difficult struggle with myelodysplasia, a blood disorder in which bone marrow stops producing cells.


Question: When did Carl Sagan die?

Carl Sagan

He died at the age of 62, on December 20, 1996, at the Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center in Seattle, Washington state, United States.


Question: When did Carl Sagan die?

Carl Sagan

On 5 July 1997, the landing point of the unmanned Mars Pathfinder spacecraft was renamed Carl Sagan Memorial Station to honor his memory.


Question: When did Carl Sagan die?

Carl Sagan

The asteroid 2709 Sagan is also named after Sagan.


Question: When did Carl Sagan die?

Carl Sagan

In 1997, Robert Zemeckis directed the film The First Connection, based on Sagan's novel of the same name The First Connection (1985).


Question: When did Carl Sagan die?

Carl Sagan

The film ends with the commemorative words “For Carl” (for Carl).


Question: When did Carl Sagan die?

Carl Sagan

In 2015, symphonic metal band Nightwish released an additional song dedicated to Sagan on their Élan single “Sagan”.


Question: When did Carl Sagan die?

Carl Sagan

Literature and Media Sagan, Carl and Jonathon Norton Leonard and Editors of Life, Planets.


Question: When did Carl Sagan die?

Carl Sagan

Time, Inc., 1966 Sagan, Carl and I.S.


Question: When did Carl Sagan die?

Carl Sagan

Shklovskii, Intelligent Life in the Universe.


Question: When did Carl Sagan die?

Carl Sagan

Random House, 1966 Sagan, Carl, Communication with Extraterrestrial Intelligence.


Question: When did Carl Sagan die?

Carl Sagan

MIT Press, 1973 Sagan, Carl, et.


Question: When did Carl Sagan die?

Carl Sagan

al.


Question: When did Carl Sagan die?

Carl Sagan

Mars and the Mind of Man.


Question: When did Carl Sagan die?

Carl Sagan

Harper & Row, 1973 Sagan, Carl, Other Worlds.


Question: When did Carl Sagan die?

Carl Sagan

Bantam Books, 1975 Sagan, Carl, et.


Question: When did Carl Sagan die?

Carl Sagan

al.


Question: When did Carl Sagan die?

Carl Sagan

Murmurs of Earth: The Voyager Interstellar Record.


Question: When did Carl Sagan die?

Carl Sagan

Random House, 1977 Sagan, Carl et.


Question: When did Carl Sagan die?

Carl Sagan

al.


Question: When did Carl Sagan die?

Carl Sagan

The Nuclear Winter: The World After Nuclear War.


Question: When did Carl Sagan die?

Carl Sagan

Sidgwick & Jackson, 1985 Sagan, Carl, First Connection.


Question: When did Carl Sagan die?

Carl Sagan

English. Hanna-Liisa Timone.


Question: When did Carl Sagan die?

Carl Sagan

Gummerus, 1987.


Question: When did Carl Sagan die?

Carl Sagan

ISBN 951-20-2737-2.


Question: When did Carl Sagan die?

Carl Sagan

(Contact.


Question: When did Carl Sagan die?

Carl Sagan

Simon and Schuster, 1985; Re-issued August 1997 by Doubleday Books, ISBN 1-56865-424-3.)


Question: When did Carl Sagan die?

Carl Sagan

Sagan, Carl and Richard Turco, A Path Where No Man Thought: Nuclear Winter and the End of the Arms Race.


Question: When did Carl Sagan die?

Carl Sagan

Random House, 1990 Sagan, Carl, The Dragons of Eden: Speculations on the Evolution of Human Intelligence.


Question: When did Carl Sagan die?

Carl Sagan

Ballantine Books, December 1989, ISBN 0-345-34629-7, 288 pgs Sagan, Carl, Broca's Brain: Reflections on the Romance of Science.


Question: When did Carl Sagan die?

Carl Sagan

Ballantine Books, October 1993, ISBN 0-345-33689-5, 416 pgs Sagan, Carl and Ann Druyan, Shadows of Forgotten Ancestors: A Search for Who We Are.


Question: When did Carl Sagan die?

Carl Sagan

Ballantine Books, October 1993, ISBN 0-345-38472-5, 528 pgs Sagan, Carl and Ann Druyan, Comet.


Question: When did Carl Sagan die?

Carl Sagan

Ballantine Books, February 1997, ISBN 0-345-41222-2, 496 pgs Sagan, Carl, Pale Blue Dot: A Vision of the Human Future in Space.


Question: When did Carl Sagan die?

Carl Sagan

Ballantine Books, September 1997, ISBN 0-345-37659-5, 384 pgs Sagan, Carl and Ann Druyan, Billions & Billions: Thoughts on Life and Death at the Brink of the Millennium.


Question: When did Carl Sagan die?

Carl Sagan

Ballantine Books, June 1998, ISBN 0-345-37918-7, 320 pgs Sagan, Carl, The Demon-Haunted World: Science As a Candle in the Dark.


Question: When did Carl Sagan die?

Carl Sagan

Ballantine Books, March 1997, ISBN 0-345-40946-9, 480 pgs Sagan, Carl and Jerome Agel, Cosmic Connection: An Extraterrestrial Perspective.


Question: When did Carl Sagan die?

Carl Sagan

Cambridge University Press, January 15, 2000, ISBN 0-521-78303-8, 301 pgs Sagan, Carl, Cosmos.


Question: When did Carl Sagan die?

Carl Sagan

Random House, May 7, 2002, ISBN 0-375-50832-5, 384 pgs Zemeckis, Robert, First Contact.


Question: When did Carl Sagan die?

Carl Sagan

Warner Studios, 1997, ASIN 0790736330 Davidson, Keay, Carl Sagan: A Life.


Question: When did Carl Sagan die?

Carl Sagan

John Wiley & Sons, August 31, 2000, ISBN 0-471-39536-6, 560 pgs Finnish article in compilation Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Häyry, Heta & Karttunen, Hannu & Virtanen, Matti (ed.


Question: When did Carl Sagan die?

Carl Sagan

) | title = Devil's Advocate: Guidebook for skeptic| publisher = Helsinki: Astronomical Association Ursa| year = 1989| version=Ursa publications 38| id = ISBN 951-9269-48-7| format = [online version]}} Sources elsewhere Transclusion error: {{En}} is only for use in File namespace.


Question: When did Carl Sagan die?

Carl Sagan

Use {{lang-en}} or {{en icon}} instead.


Question: When did Carl Sagan die?

Carl Sagan

Category:American science fiction writers Category:American non-fiction writers Category:Humanities Category:Skeptics Category:Pulitzer Prizes Category:People born in 1934 Class:Key articles of screening


Question: Where in Finland is anthropology studied?

Anthropology

Anthropology (from Ancient Greek words νθρωπος, anthrōpos' human 'and λογία, logia' doctrine '), or human study, is the generic term of science that studies traits characteristic of the human species (animals of the genus Homo, including those other than Homo sapiens) and human culture.


Question: Where in Finland is anthropology studied?

Anthropology

[1] [2] [3] The word “anthropology” has referred at different times to many different fields and is in close contact with many other disciplines such as natural sciences, linguistics and archaeology.This article examines anthropology as a social science.


Question: Where in Finland is anthropology studied?

Anthropology

In Finland, the teaching of anthropology has placed an emphasis on comparative research of cultures.


Question: Where in Finland is anthropology studied?

Anthropology

Studying Human Biology Biological, or Physical Anthropology, is a title used primarily by universities in the United States.


Question: Where in Finland is anthropology studied?

Anthropology

These research units have traditionally studied the biological characteristics of the human species throughout the ages.


Question: Where in Finland is anthropology studied?

Anthropology

For example, studies have been conducted on the basis of fossils on the lifestyles, environment and food use of different primates and human species.


Question: Where in Finland is anthropology studied?

Anthropology

Studies and maps of human races have also been made.


Question: Where in Finland is anthropology studied?

Anthropology

Under the name of biological anthropology, there is also a lot of research being done, which you could also classify as, say, evolutionary psychology, archaeology or ecology (for example, H. Clark Barrett's studies on the cultivation of the Shuar Indians in Ecuador or Robert Boyd's theories of cultural development).


Question: Where in Finland is anthropology studied?

Anthropology

Better known scholars in the field of anthropology have included, for example, Paul Broca (1824—1880), who developed skull measurement methods, and Franz Boas (1858—1942), who studied, among other things, the bones of people he called Inuit.