Question: Why was Hanko's Coastal Patteristo abolished in 2002?

Hanko Coastal Patteristo

The following, also four-gun radiators were built in the surroundings of Russarö lighthouse and Hästö-Busö, where the radiator was completed in the late 1980s.


Question: Why was Hanko's Coastal Patteristo abolished in 2002?

Hanko Coastal Patteristo

The weapon was constantly being developed and it e.g.


Question: Why was Hanko's Coastal Patteristo abolished in 2002?

Hanko Coastal Patteristo

was equipped with a laser periscope and a thermal imager.


Question: Why was Hanko's Coastal Patteristo abolished in 2002?

Hanko Coastal Patteristo

This gun was particularly liked among gunners.


Question: Why was Hanko's Coastal Patteristo abolished in 2002?

Hanko Coastal Patteristo

[20] 4 pcs 130 TK heavy duty tower cannons.


Question: Why was Hanko's Coastal Patteristo abolished in 2002?

Hanko Coastal Patteristo

Manufacturer: Tampella Suomi.


Question: Why was Hanko's Coastal Patteristo abolished in 2002?

Hanko Coastal Patteristo

Despite its name, the cannon is not a tank turret but a look-alike and entirely new type of, modern, armoured 130 mm cannon mounted in two storeys in a heel fortress.


Question: Why was Hanko's Coastal Patteristo abolished in 2002?

Hanko Coastal Patteristo

A four-gun battery was installed in Russarö in the 1980s.


Question: Why was Hanko's Coastal Patteristo abolished in 2002?

Hanko Coastal Patteristo

Two received an entirely new station quarried in rock and two were installed in the former Bethlehem gun positions.


Question: Why was Hanko's Coastal Patteristo abolished in 2002?

Hanko Coastal Patteristo

The cannons have been equipped from the beginning with a laser periscope and thermal imaging camera.


Question: Why was Hanko's Coastal Patteristo abolished in 2002?

Hanko Coastal Patteristo

The missile battery and these new 130-TKs, 100-TKs and the 152 mm Tampellas of Hästö-Busö were the main weapons of the batteristo in its final years.


Question: Why was Hanko's Coastal Patteristo abolished in 2002?

Hanko Coastal Patteristo

[21] [20] The heavy tower cannon battery is still modern and usable.


Question: Why was Hanko's Coastal Patteristo abolished in 2002?

Hanko Coastal Patteristo

That's why it's in service use.


Question: Why was Hanko's Coastal Patteristo abolished in 2002?

Hanko Coastal Patteristo

The Suomenlinna Coastal Regiment of the Navy regularly undergoes training in Russarö and has no need to abandon the fort in sight.


Question: Why was Hanko's Coastal Patteristo abolished in 2002?

Hanko Coastal Patteristo

[12] Control, measurement and calculation Optical measuring instruments, with all its limitations, formed for a long time the main part of the measurement and control instruments.


Question: Why was Hanko's Coastal Patteristo abolished in 2002?

Hanko Coastal Patteristo

By the start of the war, measuring paints with optical directions and indoor range finders had already been well learned and instruments had been purchased from the best manufacturers.


Question: Why was Hanko's Coastal Patteristo abolished in 2002?

Hanko Coastal Patteristo

The calculation of firearms values had also been developed to be accurate and fast.


Question: Why was Hanko's Coastal Patteristo abolished in 2002?

Hanko Coastal Patteristo

The equipment needed for this could be well produced as domestic production.


Question: Why was Hanko's Coastal Patteristo abolished in 2002?

Hanko Coastal Patteristo

[21] [22] Already during the war, radar equipment was also held by German forces along the coast of the Gulf of Finland.


Question: Why was Hanko's Coastal Patteristo abolished in 2002?

Hanko Coastal Patteristo

Their effectiveness was well realised in the Finnish staffs and explores were acquired for all the main forts as soon as they began to be obtained from industry.


Question: Why was Hanko's Coastal Patteristo abolished in 2002?

Hanko Coastal Patteristo

For the beginning, ordinary maritime radars were used.


Question: Why was Hanko's Coastal Patteristo abolished in 2002?

Hanko Coastal Patteristo

Proper surveillance radars were acquired in the 1960s in Russarö, Hästä-Busö and Jussarö.


Question: Why was Hanko's Coastal Patteristo abolished in 2002?

Hanko Coastal Patteristo

The first model was the SNW 41/2 maritime surveillance radar manufactured by English-based Marconi Ltd.


Question: Why was Hanko's Coastal Patteristo abolished in 2002?

Hanko Coastal Patteristo

Its bulky paraboloid cylinder antenna can be seen in many photographs of its time.


Question: Why was Hanko's Coastal Patteristo abolished in 2002?

Hanko Coastal Patteristo

It was the best technology of its time, but any kind of electronic warfare feature it lacked.


Question: Why was Hanko's Coastal Patteristo abolished in 2002?

Hanko Coastal Patteristo

The pulse power of the transmitter 50 kW, frequency 9 GHz, the maximum measurement distance more than 70 km.


Question: Why was Hanko's Coastal Patteristo abolished in 2002?

Hanko Coastal Patteristo

They were installed in Russarö and Hästö-Busö on top of the fire line and in Jussarö on the top floor of the iron mine elevator tower.


Question: Why was Hanko's Coastal Patteristo abolished in 2002?

Hanko Coastal Patteristo

Continuously with lookout stations on call, they formed the main component of maritime surveillance and served well into the 1980s.


Question: Why was Hanko's Coastal Patteristo abolished in 2002?

Hanko Coastal Patteristo

[23] [22] Our state leadership ordered an improvement in maritime surveillance performance and in 1975 the procurement of new radars began.


Question: Why was Hanko's Coastal Patteristo abolished in 2002?

Hanko Coastal Patteristo

They were obtained in the early 1980s to Russarö and Hästö-Busö.


Question: Why was Hanko's Coastal Patteristo abolished in 2002?

Hanko Coastal Patteristo

Now the new fleet, the FIKA, was superbly adapted and efficient for electronic warfare.


Question: Why was Hanko's Coastal Patteristo abolished in 2002?

Hanko Coastal Patteristo

The manufacturer was the Swedish company Philips Eletonikindustrier AB.


Question: Why was Hanko's Coastal Patteristo abolished in 2002?

Hanko Coastal Patteristo

The radar was also perfectly suited to the line of fire, in addition to monitoring.


Question: Why was Hanko's Coastal Patteristo abolished in 2002?

Hanko Coastal Patteristo

[22] Radar was also an integral part of the Rnnikkore Regiment Control and Firearms Calculation system — RAVAL — developed mainly in Finland by OY Nokia AB.


Question: Why was Hanko's Coastal Patteristo abolished in 2002?

Hanko Coastal Patteristo

It was based on the PDP-11 series small computer.


Question: Why was Hanko's Coastal Patteristo abolished in 2002?

Hanko Coastal Patteristo

The system also included a combination of laser rangefinder direction — LASU, which was also a Finnish preparation of OY Nokia AB.


Question: Why was Hanko's Coastal Patteristo abolished in 2002?

Hanko Coastal Patteristo

Raval stations were built in Russarö and Hästö-Busö.


Question: Why was Hanko's Coastal Patteristo abolished in 2002?

Hanko Coastal Patteristo

With them, the radiator moved into computer age and modern measurement and fire conduction technology.


Question: Why was Hanko's Coastal Patteristo abolished in 2002?

Hanko Coastal Patteristo

Also relevant was the automatic orientation of the 130-TK cannons on a computer.


Question: Why was Hanko's Coastal Patteristo abolished in 2002?

Hanko Coastal Patteristo

As RAVAL's sore spot was the concentration of the entire regiment's messaging connections to it, batter-specific calculators were developed quite soon with newer generation computers.


Question: Why was Hanko's Coastal Patteristo abolished in 2002?

Hanko Coastal Patteristo

This was the case with coastal artillery doing “digiloica” back in the 1980s and the whole chain from fire command to cannon or missile shot happened digitally.


Question: Why was Hanko's Coastal Patteristo abolished in 2002?

Hanko Coastal Patteristo

The former mechanical calculation methods were still kept in training for a long time.


Question: Why was Hanko's Coastal Patteristo abolished in 2002?

Hanko Coastal Patteristo

[22] During the Cold War, there were plenty of submarines in the Baltic Sea and many of them also capable of winter sea navigation.


Question: Why was Hanko's Coastal Patteristo abolished in 2002?

Hanko Coastal Patteristo

For underwater maritime surveillance, a coastal interception apparatus was developed as the Defence Forces' own work.


Question: Why was Hanko's Coastal Patteristo abolished in 2002?

Hanko Coastal Patteristo

The first coastal listening station operated starting in 1963.


Question: Why was Hanko's Coastal Patteristo abolished in 2002?

Hanko Coastal Patteristo

It was a powerful hardware and was constantly being developed to be better, model '70 and '80, with the Defence Forces' own development projects.


Question: Why was Hanko's Coastal Patteristo abolished in 2002?

Hanko Coastal Patteristo

Series production was done by Elesco Oy, which was part of the Fiskars Group at the time.


Question: Why was Hanko's Coastal Patteristo abolished in 2002?

Hanko Coastal Patteristo

The insistence of the state leadership was that an area infringement must be able to be exposed, most likely, and that hardware did well.


Question: Why was Hanko's Coastal Patteristo abolished in 2002?

Hanko Coastal Patteristo

These devices were also eventually sold to Sweden to facilitate underwater control in the difficulties.


Question: Why was Hanko's Coastal Patteristo abolished in 2002?

Hanko Coastal Patteristo

The principle is microphones placed on the bottom of a wide area of the sea, hydrophones, and by cable connection their central listening station, where a well-trained listener, usually a conscript, listened incessantly.


Question: Why was Hanko's Coastal Patteristo abolished in 2002?

Hanko Coastal Patteristo

[22] [24] By the time it reached the 1990s, Finland has been said to have been the most effective maritime area control system in Europe [22].


Question: Why was Hanko's Coastal Patteristo abolished in 2002?

Hanko Coastal Patteristo

Battling Winter War, Battle of Russarö The Soviets bombed Hanko on 30 November 1939 and caused damage to the city and one fatality.


Question: Why was Hanko's Coastal Patteristo abolished in 2002?

Hanko Coastal Patteristo

On the same day, information was received that the Soviet Union's newest cruiser, Kirov, had left its base in Liepaya.


Question: Why was Hanko's Coastal Patteristo abolished in 2002?

Hanko Coastal Patteristo

[6] Russarö coincidentally had an exercise underway on a rigid battery on 1 December 1939 when Kirov and two Gnevnyi-class destroyers: Smetlivyi and Stremitel'nyi, drove off Russarö.


Question: Why was Hanko's Coastal Patteristo abolished in 2002?

Hanko Coastal Patteristo

When they were identified to the radiator were commanded: “fire commands.”


Question: Why was Hanko's Coastal Patteristo abolished in 2002?

Hanko Coastal Patteristo

Kirov was 24 km away when the right cannon of the left division (234/50 Be) fired the first shot at 9:55.


Question: Why was Hanko's Coastal Patteristo abolished in 2002?

Hanko Coastal Patteristo

After a few shots of jamming fire had been fired Kirov turned his right flank towards and fired at Russarö fort.


Question: Why was Hanko's Coastal Patteristo abolished in 2002?

Hanko Coastal Patteristo

When the fire of the Russarö radiator was covering, an impact shooting was started at a distance of 20 km.


Question: Why was Hanko's Coastal Patteristo abolished in 2002?

Hanko Coastal Patteristo

It was fired by the left and middle divisions, with four cannons, and lasted five minutes.


Question: Why was Hanko's Coastal Patteristo abolished in 2002?

Hanko Coastal Patteristo

Approximately every third shot was a teddy petto, which slightly slowed the rate of fire.


Question: Why was Hanko's Coastal Patteristo abolished in 2002?

Hanko Coastal Patteristo

Kirov was hit by one grenade and the ship caught fire.


Question: Why was Hanko's Coastal Patteristo abolished in 2002?

Hanko Coastal Patteristo

Kirov immediately began to exit and lower the smokescreen.


Question: Why was Hanko's Coastal Patteristo abolished in 2002?

Hanko Coastal Patteristo

At 10:10am, the battery was commanded: “Ceasefire”.


Question: Why was Hanko's Coastal Patteristo abolished in 2002?

Hanko Coastal Patteristo

The destroyers escorting Kirov sustained no damage.


Question: Why was Hanko's Coastal Patteristo abolished in 2002?

Hanko Coastal Patteristo

Seventeen of the Kirov men fell and wounded approx.


Question: Why was Hanko's Coastal Patteristo abolished in 2002?

Hanko Coastal Patteristo

30 [25] [26].


Question: Why was Hanko's Coastal Patteristo abolished in 2002?

Hanko Coastal Patteristo

It was repaired in Liepaja.


Question: Why was Hanko's Coastal Patteristo abolished in 2002?

Hanko Coastal Patteristo

[6] 180 mm grenades fired by Kirov first hit the beach water south of Russarö, killing a large number of fish.


Question: Why was Hanko's Coastal Patteristo abolished in 2002?

Hanko Coastal Patteristo

The next grenades entered the northern platform terrain.


Question: Why was Hanko's Coastal Patteristo abolished in 2002?

Hanko Coastal Patteristo

The damage was small.


Question: Why was Hanko's Coastal Patteristo abolished in 2002?

Hanko Coastal Patteristo

The lighthouse keeper's (empty) cottage was destroyed and the pier and canteen received damage.


Question: Why was Hanko's Coastal Patteristo abolished in 2002?

Hanko Coastal Patteristo

After the battle, Russarö's menu featured a week's worth of “molo-torski” and “herring in the manner of Kirov.”


Question: Why was Hanko's Coastal Patteristo abolished in 2002?

Hanko Coastal Patteristo

[6] This short, successful battle played a major role in the delay of the retreat on the Eastern Front at the same time.


Question: Why was Hanko's Coastal Patteristo abolished in 2002?

Hanko Coastal Patteristo

These robust cannons, the strategic weapons of their time, showed their strength and were no longer defied.


Question: Why was Hanko's Coastal Patteristo abolished in 2002?

Hanko Coastal Patteristo

From now on, they did what they were meant to do: prevented confrontation by their mere existence.


Question: Why was Hanko's Coastal Patteristo abolished in 2002?

Hanko Coastal Patteristo

[6] Continuation war, island battles in the Moscow Peace Treaty included leasing Hanko to the Soviet Union as a naval base.


Question: Why was Hanko's Coastal Patteristo abolished in 2002?

Hanko Coastal Patteristo

At no point did the Finnish forces attempt to recapture the area, but the Soviets withdrew from the area after it froze behind impossible supply links.


Question: Why was Hanko's Coastal Patteristo abolished in 2002?

Hanko Coastal Patteristo

The comparatively well-trained and equipped special forces of the Soviet Union carried out several attacks.


Question: Why was Hanko's Coastal Patteristo abolished in 2002?

Hanko Coastal Patteristo

They were generally smallish, made with company, even lesser strength detachments, but very harsh and bloody.


Question: Why was Hanko's Coastal Patteristo abolished in 2002?

Hanko Coastal Patteristo

Both sides suffered great losses in them.


Question: Why was Hanko's Coastal Patteristo abolished in 2002?

Hanko Coastal Patteristo

Artillery battles were fought in abundance and during the Continuation War artillery shells were mostly ground shooting.


Question: Why was Hanko's Coastal Patteristo abolished in 2002?

Hanko Coastal Patteristo

Only the Battle of Bengtskär was victorious for the Finns and the lighthouse island could be held.


Question: Why was Hanko's Coastal Patteristo abolished in 2002?

Hanko Coastal Patteristo

Other battles ended in defeat for the Finns.


Question: Why was Hanko's Coastal Patteristo abolished in 2002?

Hanko Coastal Patteristo

The Battle of Morgonlandet was severely underpowered and ended with a small maritime surveillance group remaining prisoner of war.


Question: Why was Hanko's Coastal Patteristo abolished in 2002?

Hanko Coastal Patteristo

In the Battle of Horsö on 11 July 1941, the Soviets occupied the island.


Question: Why was Hanko's Coastal Patteristo abolished in 2002?

Hanko Coastal Patteristo

There are more than 40 of their soldiers buried in Horsö.


Question: Why was Hanko's Coastal Patteristo abolished in 2002?

Hanko Coastal Patteristo

East of Hankoniemi, there was also a fierce battle on the island of Hämö.


Question: Why was Hanko's Coastal Patteristo abolished in 2002?

Hanko Coastal Patteristo

In order to improve the Finns' combat success, a secret training center was established under the alias Porpoäinen.


Question: Why was Hanko's Coastal Patteristo abolished in 2002?

Hanko Coastal Patteristo

It was in Snappertuna on the lands of the Kopparö estate.


Question: Why was Hanko's Coastal Patteristo abolished in 2002?

Hanko Coastal Patteristo

In the autumn, training began to appear as a success and a decline in the appetite for invasion by the Soviets.


Question: Why was Hanko's Coastal Patteristo abolished in 2002?

Hanko Coastal Patteristo

[27] Conditions The sea dictates everything Since the insular conditions were throughout the year and the forts also had to be serviced, the lack of suitable transport equipment was almost chronic.


Question: Why was Hanko's Coastal Patteristo abolished in 2002?

Hanko Coastal Patteristo

In the early days, you could not think of a country going to work on a fort on a tide boat.


Question: Why was Hanko's Coastal Patteristo abolished in 2002?

Hanko Coastal Patteristo

Things were fine if fresh food was brought in every day and changed mail.


Question: Why was Hanko's Coastal Patteristo abolished in 2002?

Hanko Coastal Patteristo

Eni's part of the staff lived on the fort, the bravest with his family.


Question: Why was Hanko's Coastal Patteristo abolished in 2002?

Hanko Coastal Patteristo

There was also a national school in Örö and Russarö when there were enough pupils.


Question: Why was Hanko's Coastal Patteristo abolished in 2002?

Hanko Coastal Patteristo

[9] Wooden liaison boats were seaworthy and reliable, but in the very first years the boats were mainly built for fishing.


Question: Why was Hanko's Coastal Patteristo abolished in 2002?

Hanko Coastal Patteristo

The transport vessel Pukkio handled the traffic during the cycling hours and in other cases carried heavier goods and e.g.


Question: Why was Hanko's Coastal Patteristo abolished in 2002?

Hanko Coastal Patteristo

holiday transfers.


Question: Why was Hanko's Coastal Patteristo abolished in 2002?

Hanko Coastal Patteristo

In winter, transport needs were enough for horses, if ice roads could be maintained.


Question: Why was Hanko's Coastal Patteristo abolished in 2002?

Hanko Coastal Patteristo

In winter, the sea lanes kept open were used using fairway bridges and bridges.


Question: Why was Hanko's Coastal Patteristo abolished in 2002?

Hanko Coastal Patteristo

At times it was only satisfactory to wait for a more favorable time from the forces of nature.


Question: Why was Hanko's Coastal Patteristo abolished in 2002?

Hanko Coastal Patteristo

[9] Steel-built Y-boats (liaison boat) and K-boats (transport boat) were obtained starting in the 1960s.


Question: Why was Hanko's Coastal Patteristo abolished in 2002?

Hanko Coastal Patteristo

They were a great improvement, although they were mainly engine rooms running on the surface of the water.


Question: Why was Hanko's Coastal Patteristo abolished in 2002?

Hanko Coastal Patteristo

For the good nights of summer, there were L-boats (fort boat).


Question: Why was Hanko's Coastal Patteristo abolished in 2002?

Hanko Coastal Patteristo

Liaison traffic was made better, and from countries working on the fort began to be possible.


Question: Why was Hanko's Coastal Patteristo abolished in 2002?

Hanko Coastal Patteristo

Heavier transports included the H boat (supply boat) and the fleet ferry Kala, which could carry a truck too.


Question: Why was Hanko's Coastal Patteristo abolished in 2002?

Hanko Coastal Patteristo

During high winds, a day or two could pass without sea transport.


Question: Why was Hanko's Coastal Patteristo abolished in 2002?

Hanko Coastal Patteristo

In winter, passage was difficult or non-existent, especially if the ice was too weak to make an ice road, but strong enough to stop the K-boat.


Question: Why was Hanko's Coastal Patteristo abolished in 2002?

Hanko Coastal Patteristo

The motor sleigh was a great means of transport if the ice lasted.


Question: Why was Hanko's Coastal Patteristo abolished in 2002?

Hanko Coastal Patteristo

The only vehicle for a full reel wrecker was often a hydrocopter.


Question: Why was Hanko's Coastal Patteristo abolished in 2002?

Hanko Coastal Patteristo

[9] It was not until the 1980s that the Hauki-class boat Hankoniemi and the Valas class transport vessel Vänö were obtained.


Question: Why was Hanko's Coastal Patteristo abolished in 2002?

Hanko Coastal Patteristo

The ice situation then no longer quite completely determined winter sea shipping.


Question: Why was Hanko's Coastal Patteristo abolished in 2002?

Hanko Coastal Patteristo

The difficulties of storm days were also greatly eased.


Question: Why was Hanko's Coastal Patteristo abolished in 2002?

Hanko Coastal Patteristo

[21] Partly due to the lack of boat equipment, an accident that claimed three lives.


Question: Why was Hanko's Coastal Patteristo abolished in 2002?

Hanko Coastal Patteristo

A major refresher exercise in September 1974 also involved a crashing boat that did not fully match the prevailing sea conditions in seaworthiness.


Question: Why was Hanko's Coastal Patteristo abolished in 2002?

Hanko Coastal Patteristo

The boat departed from Hästö-Busö towards Jussarö and made a normal departure announcement.


Question: Why was Hanko's Coastal Patteristo abolished in 2002?

Hanko Coastal Patteristo

When no announcement came, we went looking for a boat.


Question: Why was Hanko's Coastal Patteristo abolished in 2002?

Hanko Coastal Patteristo

Some of the men were found rescued in a small rock creature, but three men were dead of hypothermia still floating on their life jackets in the sea.


Question: Why was Hanko's Coastal Patteristo abolished in 2002?

Hanko Coastal Patteristo

The boat had been hawking water when it hit a large wave and sank instantly.


Question: Why was Hanko's Coastal Patteristo abolished in 2002?

Hanko Coastal Patteristo

The accident was experienced very heavy among the Hankoites because all the dead were localities.


Question: Why was Hanko's Coastal Patteristo abolished in 2002?

Hanko Coastal Patteristo

A memorial plaque was made for them, which is still attached to the rock in Hästö-Busö at the Lillö Strait.


Question: Why was Hanko's Coastal Patteristo abolished in 2002?

Hanko Coastal Patteristo

[21] Housing and barracking conditions The lack of housing and barracks facilities caused difficulties.


Question: Why was Hanko's Coastal Patteristo abolished in 2002?

Hanko Coastal Patteristo

Staff residences in the forts were old and unfit and without amenities.


Question: Why was Hanko's Coastal Patteristo abolished in 2002?

Hanko Coastal Patteristo

The barracks were weakened and the new one, Russarö Funk Barracks, from before the Winter War.


Question: Why was Hanko's Coastal Patteristo abolished in 2002?

Hanko Coastal Patteristo

Only the Hästö-Busö barracks and dwelling house were modern and built in the late 1960s.


Question: Why was Hanko's Coastal Patteristo abolished in 2002?

Hanko Coastal Patteristo

The matter was brought to the attention of policymakers and in a 50th anniversary greeting on August 1, 1971, Minister of Defense Kristian Gestrin assured the matter was in the ministry under development.


Question: Why was Hanko's Coastal Patteristo abolished in 2002?

Hanko Coastal Patteristo

The minister was also able to visit Russarö on 27 November 1972 and was presented with the full supercharged 40-man tubs of the barracks.


Question: Why was Hanko's Coastal Patteristo abolished in 2002?

Hanko Coastal Patteristo

The issue was written in three Finnish magazine Defender of the Coast and Ruotuväki magazine.


Question: Why was Hanko's Coastal Patteristo abolished in 2002?

Hanko Coastal Patteristo

In a speech on the anniversary of 1 August 1974, Lieutenant General Kai Halmevaara sharply criticized the inadequate actions of state power.


Question: Why was Hanko's Coastal Patteristo abolished in 2002?

Hanko Coastal Patteristo

At the same event, Colonel Eero Veranen, Inspector of Coastal Artillery, expressed deep concern about the housing situation in Hanko's garrison.


Question: Why was Hanko's Coastal Patteristo abolished in 2002?

Hanko Coastal Patteristo

In March 1975, a visit was organised in Russarö for representatives of the Ministry of Finance, Ministry of Defence and Akava in winter conditions.


Question: Why was Hanko's Coastal Patteristo abolished in 2002?

Hanko Coastal Patteristo

Also Yleisradio conducted an interview about Russarö's living conditions and aired it on the radio on 6 September.


Question: Why was Hanko's Coastal Patteristo abolished in 2002?

Hanko Coastal Patteristo

Due to the lack of space, there was also a time when rookie training was carried out in the garrison of Säkylä.


Question: Why was Hanko's Coastal Patteristo abolished in 2002?

Hanko Coastal Patteristo

Apparently as a result of the persistence of the then commander, Lieutenant Colonel Olavi Aspinjaako, the opening of the construction site of a new residential building on Nycanderinkatu in Hanko was celebrated on 1 October 1975 and the building was completed in 1978.


Question: Why was Hanko's Coastal Patteristo abolished in 2002?

Hanko Coastal Patteristo

When Defense Minister Ingvar S. Melin visited Russarö on 1 March 1976 the overcrowding of the barracks was still the same and renovation and expansion was started a point after and it was completed in the 1980s.


Question: Why was Hanko's Coastal Patteristo abolished in 2002?

Hanko Coastal Patteristo

[1] [21] Jehovah's Witnesses From 1949 to 1961, a service related to the refusal of arms of Jehovah's Witnesses was held at Hästö-Busö fort.


Question: Why was Hanko's Coastal Patteristo abolished in 2002?

Hanko Coastal Patteristo

(So it was not imprisonment as they were still imposed on them in addition to this period of service.)


Question: Why was Hanko's Coastal Patteristo abolished in 2002?

Hanko Coastal Patteristo

There was no civilian service in use at that time, so these conscientious objectors were ordered to be held at this fort, garrisoned and guarded by soldiers.


Question: Why was Hanko's Coastal Patteristo abolished in 2002?

Hanko Coastal Patteristo

During that time became the island to be ca.


Question: Why was Hanko's Coastal Patteristo abolished in 2002?

Hanko Coastal Patteristo

400 Jehovah's Witnesses.


Question: Why was Hanko's Coastal Patteristo abolished in 2002?

Hanko Coastal Patteristo

Their residence was a dilapidated barrack, which they refused to clean.


Question: Why was Hanko's Coastal Patteristo abolished in 2002?

Hanko Coastal Patteristo

The conscripts did the cleaning once a week, usually using a fire hose.


Question: Why was Hanko's Coastal Patteristo abolished in 2002?

Hanko Coastal Patteristo

Because of the cold, they had to do the heating themselves and wear the soldiers' wool clothes, because nothing else was given.


Question: Why was Hanko's Coastal Patteristo abolished in 2002?

Hanko Coastal Patteristo

They did not agree to do any military work, not even carry groceries from the dock to the canteen.


Question: Why was Hanko's Coastal Patteristo abolished in 2002?

Hanko Coastal Patteristo

[28] Traditions The Hanko Coastal Patteristo celebrated, and its tradition association continues to celebrate, the tradition day on August 1, because it is counted as the date of the establishment of the corps on August 1, 1921.


Question: Why was Hanko's Coastal Patteristo abolished in 2002?

Hanko Coastal Patteristo

The bastions, service battery and missile battery in Hanko's Coastal Patteristo also have their own unit pennants.


Question: Why was Hanko's Coastal Patteristo abolished in 2002?

Hanko Coastal Patteristo

Such are traditionally used only by special forces.


Question: Why was Hanko's Coastal Patteristo abolished in 2002?

Hanko Coastal Patteristo

Coastal artillery units operate far from their HQ and from each other, so the use of unit pennants has been deemed justified.


Question: Why was Hanko's Coastal Patteristo abolished in 2002?

Hanko Coastal Patteristo

The pennants were designed jointly by R.Kankaristo and B.Heinonen.


Question: Why was Hanko's Coastal Patteristo abolished in 2002?

Hanko Coastal Patteristo

[1] [29] The Honor March of Hanko's Coast Patteristo, the March of Hanko, is composed by Karl Collan [30], with lyrics by K.R.


Question: Why was Hanko's Coastal Patteristo abolished in 2002?

Hanko Coastal Patteristo

Malmström and translated by Alpo Noponen.


Question: Why was Hanko's Coastal Patteristo abolished in 2002?

Hanko Coastal Patteristo

[31] The words of the march of Hanko: Go to Hanko, or the fells.


Question: Why was Hanko's Coastal Patteristo abolished in 2002?

Hanko Coastal Patteristo

One people, the Finn, it's toiling there.


Question: Why was Hanko's Coastal Patteristo abolished in 2002?

Hanko Coastal Patteristo

There the next morning we saw us and there rocked our cradle, and from the mother's mouth the fondest ring the name Finland, the name Finland.


Question: Why was Hanko's Coastal Patteristo abolished in 2002?

Hanko Coastal Patteristo

I mean, with us, the men of Finland have one brother's way.


Question: Why was Hanko's Coastal Patteristo abolished in 2002?

Hanko Coastal Patteristo

Mi dawned tomorrow, mi name we lie.


Question: Why was Hanko's Coastal Patteristo abolished in 2002?

Hanko Coastal Patteristo

A man from Karelia and Uusimaa and Pohan, Kainuu ballpark and Aura, from the Saimaa regions, goes to union with brothers, goes to union with brothers.


Question: Why was Hanko's Coastal Patteristo abolished in 2002?

Hanko Coastal Patteristo

[31] See also Turku Coast Regiment Suomenlinna Coastal Regiment Kotka Coastal Battalion Vaasan Coastal Patteristo Sources on the topic elsewhere Category:History of Hanko Category:Troop divisions Category:Coastal defence


Question: How many terms did Kekkonen serve as President of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

Urho Kaleva Kekkonen () was a Finnish politician and the eighth President of the Republic of Finland.


Question: How many terms did Kekkonen serve as President of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

He was the sitting President of the Republic continuously from 1956 until early 1982, for over 25 years.


Question: How many terms did Kekkonen serve as President of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

His last presidential term was left unfinished because of illness.


Question: How many terms did Kekkonen serve as President of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

Kekkonen is the longest-serving president in Finland's history.


Question: How many terms did Kekkonen serve as President of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

He is the first person to serve as President of the Republic for two full terms and the only one elected to serve more than two terms, which according to the subsequent amendment to the Constitution, the former Finnish form of government and the current Constitution of Finland, would no longer be not possible.


Question: How many terms did Kekkonen serve as President of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

Prior to his presidency, Kekkonen served as a jurist, athletics, justice minister, speaker of parliament and prime minister of five governments, among others.


Question: How many terms did Kekkonen serve as President of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

[1] As Presidential Elector, MP and Minister, Kekkonen was in the process of electing Kyösti Kallio in 1937, Risto Ryti in 1940 and 1943, Gustaf Mannerheim in 1944 and J. K. Paasikivi in 1946.


Question: How many terms did Kekkonen serve as President of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

[2] Biography Pedigree Kekkonet are an old Savonian family.


Question: How many terms did Kekkonen serve as President of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

Urho Kekkonen's earliest known ancestors settled in the Savo region, possibly even before the 16th century.


Question: How many terms did Kekkonen serve as President of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

It is unclear where the Kekkones have arrived in Savo.


Question: How many terms did Kekkonen serve as President of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

Since the Kekkons were known to have lived in the Karelian Isthmus at least in Muola and Valkjärvi, it is thought that they originated from Karelia, but Urho Kekkonen himself also thought it possible that the Kekkonet might originate from western Finland, for example Häme, where it is already 1400- since the century there have been place names associated with the name of Kekkonten.


Question: How many terms did Kekkonen serve as President of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

[3] The earliest known ancestor of Kekkonen was his great-great-great-grandfather Tuomas Kekkonen (b. ca.


Question: How many terms did Kekkonen serve as President of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

1630), which is first mentioned in piece-like documents of 1673.


Question: How many terms did Kekkonen serve as President of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

He was possibly a native of either Kangasniemi or Jorois.


Question: How many terms did Kekkonen serve as President of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

[3] Although Kekkonen's birth home in Pielavesi is known as Lepiko croft, Kekkonen has no crofter background.


Question: How many terms did Kekkonen serve as President of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

The house had been acquired as a family family home.


Question: How many terms did Kekkonen serve as President of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

Urho Kekkonen's ancestors up to the twelfth generation were all descendants of old Eastern Finnish peasant families.


Question: How many terms did Kekkonen serve as President of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

The family of Kekkonen on the father's side were squatters of the Casque lands, and the peasant family remained on their own lands from the mother's side.


Question: How many terms did Kekkonen serve as President of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

However, Grandfather Eenokki, the father of Urho Kekkonen, belonged to a group of unrequited people growing up in the 19th century and acquired maintenance with temporary and tyres.


Question: How many terms did Kekkonen serve as President of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

[4] After serving in different houses, Eenokki Kekkonen married Anna-Liisa Koskinen.


Question: How many terms did Kekkonen serve as President of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

They were born four sons, given the names Taavetti, John, Alpert and Juho.


Question: How many terms did Kekkonen serve as President of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

Juho Kekkonen, the youngest son of the family who left Korvenmök in Koivujärvi village in 1878, was the father of Urho Kekkonen.


Question: How many terms did Kekkonen serve as President of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

Grandfather Aatu Pylnäinen, Urho Kekkonen's mother's father, who farmed the Kangasniemi Tarkkala farm, married Amanda Manninen, aged just 16, in the summer of 1878.


Question: How many terms did Kekkonen serve as President of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

Their children, three daughters and two sons, were Emilia, Elsa, Silas, Tyne, and Eetu.


Question: How many terms did Kekkonen serve as President of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

[4] Father Juho Kekkonen, as the son of a destitute family, had to go to forest work and ended up in 1898 at a log farm in Kangasniemi.


Question: How many terms did Kekkonen serve as President of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

There, Emilia, the eldest daughter of the sibling flock of the House of Kuvasmäki's Tarkkala, herded cattle on the beach pastures of Haahkala lands.


Question: How many terms did Kekkonen serve as President of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

Juho Kekkonen also moved around the same beaches.


Question: How many terms did Kekkonen serve as President of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

The young became acquainted and were ordained in 1899.


Question: How many terms did Kekkonen serve as President of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

The couple moved to Otava, where Juho Kekkonen had obtained a job at Koivusaha, Halla Oy.


Question: How many terms did Kekkonen serve as President of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

He later promoted to forestry foreman and log agent.


Question: How many terms did Kekkonen serve as President of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

[4] The newlyweds moved along with the site to Pielavede, where Juho Kekkonen bought a smoking flat, which he gradually repaired and expanded into a decent house.


Question: How many terms did Kekkonen serve as President of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

He built a chimney in the tupa shortly before the birth of his firstborn son Urho.


Question: How many terms did Kekkonen serve as President of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

Because of the beautiful rest behind the house, the house began to be called Lepiko's croft.


Question: How many terms did Kekkonen serve as President of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

A smoke sauna was located in the yard, where Urho Kekkonen was born on 3 September 1900.


Question: How many terms did Kekkonen serve as President of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

In Lepiko croft, the family lived for six years and the daughter of Siiri was born in 1904.


Question: How many terms did Kekkonen serve as President of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

With the savotos of Juho Kekkonen, the family moved in 1906 to Kuopio and in 1908 to Lapinlahti.


Question: How many terms did Kekkonen serve as President of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

There was tightness, but there was no shortage.


Question: How many terms did Kekkonen serve as President of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

The family's kuopus Jussi was born in 1910.


Question: How many terms did Kekkonen serve as President of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

[4] Childhood and Adolescence “I got a happy childhood as a gift” is Urho Kekkonen said about his childhood.


Question: How many terms did Kekkonen serve as President of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

The school Urho Kekkonen started in Lapinlahti.


Question: How many terms did Kekkonen serve as President of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

After attending three years of national school, he was allowed to aspire to the Iisalmi Coeducational School.


Question: How many terms did Kekkonen serve as President of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

The following year Iisalmi moved to Kajaani, where a sawmill and cellulose factory had been established at the turn of the century.


Question: How many terms did Kekkonen serve as President of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

Father Juho became a log agent for the Kajaani Puutavara Limited Company, and so in autumn 1911 Urho entered the second class of Kajaani Yauteratti School.


Question: How many terms did Kekkonen serve as President of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

He was the youngest student in the class.


Question: How many terms did Kekkonen serve as President of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

He wasn't a model student, he was unruly and unfrisky.


Question: How many terms did Kekkonen serve as President of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

In the upper classes, he was at the head of the school's fellowship and edited its magazine, Mielikki, and was allowed to practice giving speeches at the annual festivities.


Question: How many terms did Kekkonen serve as President of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

He also avidly read works of history and fiction.


Question: How many terms did Kekkonen serve as President of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

He was also allowed from the age of 12 to be involved in his father's bathing sites.


Question: How many terms did Kekkonen serve as President of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

[5] Urho Kekkonen was an avid writer.


Question: How many terms did Kekkonen serve as President of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

The first texts appeared on the 1914 side.


Question: How many terms did Kekkonen serve as President of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

They were published by the city's Old Finnish newspaper, Kaikuja of Kajaani.


Question: How many terms did Kekkonen serve as President of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

The following year, he translated the pseudonym he used into Esaias Ranstakan Kohennus stick and began writing for the oldest paper in the city, the Young Finnish Kajaanin Lehti.


Question: How many terms did Kekkonen serve as President of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

Later, Kekkonen started using the names Kää and Urho Sorsimo invented by his schoolmates.


Question: How many terms did Kekkonen serve as President of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

[5] Parents could afford to educate their son to matriculate.


Question: How many terms did Kekkonen serve as President of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

[6] Kekkonen had two younger siblings: Siiri Kekkonen (1904—1969), who later served as an insurance officer, and Uuno Johannes (Jussi) Kekkonen (1910—1962), managing director.


Question: How many terms did Kekkonen serve as President of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

[7] In 1949, when Kekkonen was made president by real means, the photo of Lepiko croft was retouched off the chimney with the intention of presenting Kekkonen as the “son of a smokehirti” and created the image of Kekkonen as a “civilised” rising from the deep ranks of the people. as a dude”.


Question: How many terms did Kekkonen serve as President of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

[8] Juho Kekkonen had bought Lepiko croft in the summer of 1900 and the Kekkonen family lived in it until 1906.


Question: How many terms did Kekkonen serve as President of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

The Kekkonet moved in 1906 from Pielavede first to Kuopio and later, as the family father's works changed further to Lapinlahti, Iisalme and finally in 1911 to Kajaani.


Question: How many terms did Kekkonen serve as President of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

In Kajaani, the Kekkonet lived in Kalliokatu 7 and Juho Kekkonen worked as foreman at the Kajaanin Puutavara Okkonkki company.


Question: How many terms did Kekkonen serve as President of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

Urho Kekkonen also attended the majority of grammar school here.


Question: How many terms did Kekkonen serve as President of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

[9] As a high school student, Kekkonen joined Kajaani's patron council and participated in the Finnish Civil War with the Kajaani guerrilla regiment in the White Government forces.


Question: How many terms did Kekkonen serve as President of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

He participated in the battles of Kuopio, Varkaus, Mouhu and Vyborg, among others, and led the execution of nine reds in Hamina.


Question: How many terms did Kekkonen serve as President of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

[10] Kekkonen became bald at a relatively young age.


Question: How many terms did Kekkonen serve as President of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

This was alleged to have been because when he was a bit on the second ten, the family's landlady in Kajaani gave him such a fierce hair owl.


Question: How many terms did Kekkonen serve as President of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

[11] Sports career Kekkonen was a top national athletics athlete as a young man.


Question: How many terms did Kekkonen serve as President of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

In 1924 he won the high jump and triple jump at the Finnish Championships in pacy jumps.


Question: How many terms did Kekkonen serve as President of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

At the Kaleva Games of the same year, she won the high jump and finished second in her minor sport in the 100 m run.


Question: How many terms did Kekkonen serve as President of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

In the height jump, Kekkonen also achieved three bronzes at the Kaleva Games in 1923, 1927 and 1928.


Question: How many terms did Kekkonen serve as President of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

He held the Finnish record (972cm) for the paceless triplex.


Question: How many terms did Kekkonen serve as President of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

Kekkonen's other personal record results included 185cm in the high jump, 14.06 metres in the triple jump and 11.0 seconds in the 100m run.


Question: How many terms did Kekkonen serve as President of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

[12] After his career as an athlete, Kekkonen was head of the Finnish Olympic Committee and the Finnish Athletic Association (SUL).


Question: How many terms did Kekkonen serve as President of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

At the 1932 Olympic Games in Los Angeles, Kekkonen was the manager of the Finnish Olympic team.


Question: How many terms did Kekkonen serve as President of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

During these Games, Swede Sigfrid Edström, as president of the IAAF, excluded Paavo Nurmi from the Games due to professional allegations.


Question: How many terms did Kekkonen serve as President of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

Kekkonen fought persistently and even stubbornly for Nurmi's participation.


Question: How many terms did Kekkonen serve as President of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

As a result, athletics country matches in Finland and Sweden were interrupted for several years.


Question: How many terms did Kekkonen serve as President of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

The dispute strongly stigmatized as a dispute between Edström and Kekkonen.


Question: How many terms did Kekkonen serve as President of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

For his merits in favour of Finnish sport, Urho Kekkonen was awarded the Grand Cross of Merit for Finnish Sport in 1950.


Question: How many terms did Kekkonen serve as President of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

[13] Study time and beginning of political career As a student, Kekkonen wrote about Kajaani Lyceum in 1919.


Question: How many terms did Kekkonen serve as President of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

After that, he completed his conscription in the Helsinki Automobile Battalion and demobilized as a sergeant.


Question: How many terms did Kekkonen serve as President of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

He moved to Helsinki in 1921, studied quickly and graduated with a Bachelor of Laws in 1926.


Question: How many terms did Kekkonen serve as President of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

He was active in Osakunta, North Ostrobothnia, as well as in law readers' profession, and was editor of the Ylioppilaslehti from 1927 to 1928.


Question: How many terms did Kekkonen serve as President of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

[13] He received the title of deputy judge in 1928.


Question: How many terms did Kekkonen serve as President of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

[14] As a law student and deputy magistrate, Kekkonen worked for the Central Police Department in Detective Science.


Question: How many terms did Kekkonen serve as President of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

He became familiar with anti-communist activities.


Question: How many terms did Kekkonen serve as President of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

According to Arvo Tuominen, who committed interference with the Communists, Kekkonen was competent and professional towards his opponents.


Question: How many terms did Kekkonen serve as President of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

[15] In the detective Central Police, Urho Kekkonen also found Sylvi Uino, who was an Isthmian priest's daughter, who was a typist.


Question: How many terms did Kekkonen serve as President of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

[16] In 1928 they were born twin sons Taneli and Matti.


Question: How many terms did Kekkonen serve as President of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

Kekkonen began planning his own thesis on the activities of the secret police.


Question: How many terms did Kekkonen serve as President of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

However, he himself was forced to resign from the Detective Central Police after publicly suggesting that it should be abolished and merged with the CID.


Question: How many terms did Kekkonen serve as President of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

Kekkonen took over as a lawyer in 1927 for the Association of Country Municipalities, but his public appearances led to the employment relationship being dissolved in 1932.


Question: How many terms did Kekkonen serve as President of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

Kekkonen received his doctorate in law in 1936.


Question: How many terms did Kekkonen serve as President of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

His dissertation was on municipal electoral law according to Finnish law.


Question: How many terms did Kekkonen serve as President of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

[17] Urho Kekkonen's ideological roots were in nationalist baccalaureate politics, and it was also a natural continuation of his work in the Academic Karelia Society.


Question: How many terms did Kekkonen serve as President of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

The defragmentation of the people, the hatred of the language, and the East Karelian question were important to him.


Question: How many terms did Kekkonen serve as President of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

Kekkonen wrote pachinas for AKS' magazine Suomen Heimo, and in 1930 he became chairman of the Association of Suomanism which AKS took over three years earlier.


Question: How many terms did Kekkonen serve as President of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

However, in 1932, Kekkonen resigned from the AKS along with many other central-oriented members when the AKS majority did not agree to condemn the Mäntsälä rebellion.


Question: How many terms did Kekkonen serve as President of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

He continued to work in the journal of the Finnish Federation of Suomalainen Finland (later Kanal), where he focused on promoting the Finnishness of the university in particular.


Question: How many terms did Kekkonen serve as President of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

[18] Moving into party politics, Kekkonen visited Germany in 1932 and witnessed Adolf Hitler's rise to power.


Question: How many terms did Kekkonen serve as President of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

Apparently these experiences contributed to his joining the Agrarian League the following year and publishing his political pamphlet, “The Self-Defense of Democracy”.


Question: How many terms did Kekkonen serve as President of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

He warned against the rise of the far right, suggesting, among other things, that the state power may have to restrict freedom of expression to a certain extent in order to prevent democracy from imploding.


Question: How many terms did Kekkonen serve as President of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

[8] In working life, Kekkonen took over as junior government secretary in the Ministry of Agriculture in 1933 [19] and tried for the first time in Parliament in the same year but failed to get elected.


Question: How many terms did Kekkonen serve as President of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

In the Agrarian League, Kekkonen quickly rose to prominence as a member of the central board of the Action Party from 1935 until his election as President.


Question: How many terms did Kekkonen serve as President of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

[20] In 1936, he tried for a second time for parliament and was elected from the western constituency of Vyborg County.


Question: How many terms did Kekkonen serve as President of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

He was immediately appointed Minister of Justice (1936—1937) in the government of Kyösti Kallio, followed by A.


Question: How many terms did Kekkonen serve as President of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

K. Cajander was appointed Minister of Internal Affairs (1937—1939) in the Red Mold Government.


Question: How many terms did Kekkonen serve as President of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

He tried to abolish the far-right Patriotic People's Movement in 1938, and in this failed operation became known the concept of Kekkonen konstit.


Question: How many terms did Kekkonen serve as President of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

[6] Professor Bruno Salmiala, one of the most prominent figures in the IKL, referred to it as recently as 1968, accusing Kekko of desecrating the IKL in the presidential campaign.


Question: How many terms did Kekkonen serve as President of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

[21] In 1938, Sylvi and Urho Kekkonen bought a farm called Paarmakallio in Vahviala, South Karelia.


Question: How many terms did Kekkonen serve as President of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

Urho Kekkonen thus contributed to establishing links with the electorate of his constituency.


Question: How many terms did Kekkonen serve as President of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

The forests on the farm had been cut and the buildings were in poor condition, but even before the war the Kekkons had time to start renovating the farm.


Question: How many terms did Kekkonen serve as President of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

Under the territorial concession under the Moscow Peace, which ended the Winter War, the new frontier divided the space so that the buildings and most of the crops remained in the territory ceded to the Soviet Union.


Question: How many terms did Kekkonen serve as President of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

[22] In the Winter War government, Kekkonen was not.


Question: How many terms did Kekkonen serve as President of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

In parliament, he opposed the Moscow peacemaking in March 1940 and advocated a continuation of the war.


Question: How many terms did Kekkonen serve as President of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

From 1940 to 1943 he was Director of the Center for Maintenance of the Transportation People, and from 1943 to 1945 the Office Councillor of the Ministry of Finance.


Question: How many terms did Kekkonen serve as President of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

In this case, his measure was the rationalization of the state government.


Question: How many terms did Kekkonen serve as President of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

[13] At the beginning of 1942, Kekkonen began writing reviews of foreign policy and World War I under the pseudonym Pekka Peitsi of Finland's Kuvalehte.


Question: How many terms did Kekkonen serve as President of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

Previously, they had been written by Major Wolf H. Halsti, who had been forced to stop writing them at the insistence of headquarters.


Question: How many terms did Kekkonen serve as President of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

[20] A new rise, from Prime Minister to President Kekkonen's foreign policy thinking took its final form during the war year 1944.


Question: How many terms did Kekkonen serve as President of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

His new thinking was quite realistic and focused on dispelling Soviet suspicion and building mutual trust.


Question: How many terms did Kekkonen serve as President of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

[13] At the Agrarian Party Conference in 1944, Kekkonen demanded that a value-conservative and nationalist party take a direction suitable for the new world order.


Question: How many terms did Kekkonen serve as President of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

This direction of Kekkonen later became known as the “K-line”.


Question: How many terms did Kekkonen serve as President of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

The line divided first the Agrarian League and then the entire Finnish political life according to how reliable it was in foreign policy.


Question: How many terms did Kekkonen serve as President of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

The dichotomy continued until the end of Kekkonen's career.


Question: How many terms did Kekkonen serve as President of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

[17] Kekkonen returned once and for all to the inner ring of power when he became Minister of Justice in the Paasikivi government in November 1944 and at the same time the military guilt trials demanded by the Control Commission came to him.


Question: How many terms did Kekkonen serve as President of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

When Paasikivi was elected president in 1946, the Agrarian League put forward Kekkonta as Prime Minister, but the intention was blocked by the opposition of the SKDL.


Question: How many terms did Kekkonen serve as President of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

However, Kekkonen was appointed to the Board of Directors of the Bank of Finland and later as First Vice-President of Parliament [17] [14] 2.


Question: How many terms did Kekkonen serve as President of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

april.


Question: How many terms did Kekkonen serve as President of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

[19] Kekkonen initially viewed the Communists with suspicion, but his attitude apparently changed after the formation of the K.-A in the summer of 1948.


Question: How many terms did Kekkonen serve as President of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

Fagerholm's minority Social Democratic government and both the Agrarian League and SKDL remained in opposition.


Question: How many terms did Kekkonen serve as President of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

[23] Kekkonen was elected Speaker of the Parliament on 22 July 1948.


Question: How many terms did Kekkonen serve as President of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

[24] He was also elected on 1 February 1950 as Speaker of the 1950 Riksdag.


Question: How many terms did Kekkonen serve as President of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

[25] In the presidential election of 1950, Kekkonen was the candidate of the Agrarian League and competed in his campaign, especially with the sitting President J. K. Paasikivi.


Question: How many terms did Kekkonen serve as President of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

In the elections, Kekkonen received 62 electors, Mauno Pekkala of SKDL 67 and Paasikivi who won the election 171.


Question: How many terms did Kekkonen serve as President of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

Although Kekkonen did not win the election, his extensive electoral tours managed to pave the way for his victory in the next presidential election.


Question: How many terms did Kekkonen serve as President of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

When Fagerholm's government fell on 1 March 1950, Kekkonen went to discuss with Paasikivi on the issue of government.


Question: How many terms did Kekkonen serve as President of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

Kekkonen was tasked with forming a government and his first government was appointed on 17 March 1950.


Question: How many terms did Kekkonen serve as President of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

[26] [24] This was followed by four more Kekkonen governments, some of which were short-lived during the broken politically period.


Question: How many terms did Kekkonen serve as President of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

[27] Already when forming his first government, Kekkonen justified both his own leading role and the composition of the government primarily in terms of relations between Finland and the Soviet Union.


Question: How many terms did Kekkonen serve as President of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

Towards the end of his first reign, Kekkonen began to place increasing emphasis on the 1948 YYA agreement between Finland and the Soviet Union.


Question: How many terms did Kekkonen serve as President of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

It later became a downright fundamentalist text in Finnish political life.


Question: How many terms did Kekkonen serve as President of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

[28] Kekkonen began to secure his political position with relations with the East, and so he managed time and time again to repel both attempts to topple governments and to remain prime minister himself.


Question: How many terms did Kekkonen serve as President of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

When Kekkonen was successfully cranked out of the prime minister's seat in 1953, he hinted the Soviet Union might lose confidence in Finland.


Question: How many terms did Kekkonen serve as President of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

President Paasikivi felt such a coupling was “politically dangerous.”


Question: How many terms did Kekkonen serve as President of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

[29] In 1954, the government of Kekkonen V was appointed, serving as President of Kekkonen until his election in March 1956.


Question: How many terms did Kekkonen serve as President of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

[30] Minister Reinhold Svento recorded in his memoir My friend Juho Kusti Paasikivi (1960) J. K. Paasikivi's good assessment of Urho Kekkonen: Time as President 1956—1962: First term as President of the Republic Urho Kekkonen was elected in 1956, when he won by an elective vote of 151 to 149 for their opposing candidates, the Social Democrats K.-A.


Question: How many terms did Kekkonen serve as President of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

Fagerholm.


Question: How many terms did Kekkonen serve as President of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

In the presidential election, Kekkonen had put 88 electors behind him, so he needed support from other groups of electors.


Question: How many terms did Kekkonen serve as President of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

The decisive support was that the SKDL selectors' team voted for him unanimously, as did the majority of the People's Party.


Question: How many terms did Kekkonen serve as President of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

The missing “one vote” giver has never been reliably found out.


Question: How many terms did Kekkonen serve as President of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

[28] The fact that votes were cast across the front several and from both sides is also considered possible.


Question: How many terms did Kekkonen serve as President of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

[31] According to KGB General Viktor Vladimirov, Kekkonen's victory was guaranteed by Soviet bribery, missing votes were bought and Kekkonen's election was secured.


Question: How many terms did Kekkonen serve as President of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

[32] The United States refused to congratulate Kekko.


Question: How many terms did Kekkonen serve as President of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

Secretary of State John Foster Dulles pronounced that “On the occasion of Kekkonen's taking office, we do not offer congratulations.”


Question: How many terms did Kekkonen serve as President of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

[33] SAK declared a general strike which began on the day of the inauguration of the new president, March 1, 1956.


Question: How many terms did Kekkonen serve as President of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

SAK has never admitted the strike was political, but the election of Kekkonen has been alleged to have contributed to the labor struggle.


Question: How many terms did Kekkonen serve as President of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

At the beginning of his presidency, Kekkonen tried to keep a low profile, especially in domestic politics.


Question: How many terms did Kekkonen serve as President of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

[29] Kekkonen's term as president marked the transition to a new era also due to the fact that by the end of his first year in office none of his predecessors were still alive.


Question: How many terms did Kekkonen serve as President of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

Risto Ryti had died in October and Paasikivi in December 1956.


Question: How many terms did Kekkonen serve as President of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

[34] On 28 January 1957 at 6:00pm there was a crash on the Porvoo highway 18 kilometres east of Helsinki in which three people were killed.


Question: How many terms did Kekkonen serve as President of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

Kekkonen, who hit the scene, ordered his chauffeur, Kalle Westerlund, to transport one of the injured (the ambulance driver) to Helsinki in the presidential official car.


Question: How many terms did Kekkonen serve as President of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

[35] During Kekkonen's second presidential year 1957, there was a shooting incident in which an unknown perpetrator fired towards the President's summer residence in Naantali Kultaranta while Kekkonen and his family were spending midsummer.


Question: How many terms did Kekkonen serve as President of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

Reportedly, at Kekkonen's personal request, the incident was completely silent.


Question: How many terms did Kekkonen serve as President of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

Threats to Kekkonen personally were common and the president has been interpreted as wanting to avoid further inflaming moods.


Question: How many terms did Kekkonen serve as President of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

In Kultaranta's diary, the incident was noted as a window shattered.


Question: How many terms did Kekkonen serve as President of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

[36] When a broad-based majority government in Fagerholm, later called the Night Frost Government, was formed in August 1958, the Soviet Union quietly demonstrated against it.


Question: How many terms did Kekkonen serve as President of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

President Kekkonen echoed the criticism and was instrumental in bringing the government down in December.


Question: How many terms did Kekkonen serve as President of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

Investigators are not unanimous about Kekkonen's motives.


Question: How many terms did Kekkonen serve as President of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

[37] Due to the fall of the Fagerholm government, forming majority governments became difficult and was not capable for some time.


Question: How many terms did Kekkonen serve as President of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

Therefore, there was a compulsion to resort to minority governments that mainly leaned towards the Agrarian League.


Question: How many terms did Kekkonen serve as President of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

Internal divisions within the Social Democrats added to the fragmentation of domestic politics.


Question: How many terms did Kekkonen serve as President of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

Still, Kekkonen tenaciously sought to combine his own re-election, the formation of a majority government and his foreign policy ambitions, sending messages to the Soviet leadership that no one else in Finland knew about.


Question: How many terms did Kekkonen serve as President of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

[38] In October 1961, Kekkonen travelled on a three-week state visit to the United States and Canada.


Question: How many terms did Kekkonen serve as President of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

In the United States, the host of the visit was John F. Kennedy, who took office as president in early 1961.


Question: How many terms did Kekkonen serve as President of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

During the visit, Kekkonen gave a speech at the UN General Assembly in New York in which he characterized Finland's role in resolving international crises as a doctor rather than a judge.


Question: How many terms did Kekkonen serve as President of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

The programme also included several meetings with Finns of America and finally Kekkonen travelled to Hawaii to relax.


Question: How many terms did Kekkonen serve as President of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

[39] As early as April 1961, Kekkonen planned to dissolve the parliament and so influence the coalition, which threatened to go up against him in the presidential election as the candidate of former Attorney General Olavi Honka.


Question: How many terms did Kekkonen serve as President of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

The Soviet Union sent a note at the end of October citing the escalated international situation and demanding military consultations under the YYA treaty.


Question: How many terms did Kekkonen serve as President of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

When Noot came, Kekkonen was in Hawaii, but he did not interrupt his visit to the United States, instead sending Foreign Minister Ahti Karjalainen to Moscow to account for Noot's background and returned to the homeland himself according to the original schedule a few days later.


Question: How many terms did Kekkonen serve as President of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

[40] For example, according to Tuure Junnila, Veikko Vennamo, Anatoly Golitsyn, Viktor Vladimirov and Hannu Rautkallio, the note was designed by Kekkonen together with the KGB [41].


Question: How many terms did Kekkonen serve as President of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

Honka renounced the candidacy and Kekkonen received 111 electors in the presidential election held in January 1962.


Question: How many terms did Kekkonen serve as President of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

He was re-elected in the 1962 election as president by 199 votes.


Question: How many terms did Kekkonen serve as President of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

[17] 1962—1968: The second period as a result of the Nootti Crisis has been considered that there was no real opposition in Finland anymore and Kekkonen achieved a strong position as Finland's political leader, later acquiring even questionable traits.


Question: How many terms did Kekkonen serve as President of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

[1] Kekkonen tried to put the support of the majority of the parties behind him, because without it the President could not have long exercised his power fully.


Question: How many terms did Kekkonen serve as President of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

In order for the party to hold government responsibility, it had to show Kekkonen its foreign policy trustworthiness, that is, to accept Kekkonen and his foreign policy lines.


Question: How many terms did Kekkonen serve as President of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

For example, the Coalition got into the government of Johannes Estonia after the note crisis, having demonstrated its loyalty to Kekko.


Question: How many terms did Kekkonen serve as President of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

[23] In the spring of 1964, Kekkonen signaled to his old party, the Agrarian League, that V. J. Sukselainen, who had led the party throughout the post-war period, was to be ousted, and in the summer 1964 party congress Johannes Virolainen defeated Sukselainen in the presidency with a narrow majority of votes.


Question: How many terms did Kekkonen serve as President of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

In the autumn of the same year, in a speech at the Helsinki Workers' House, Kekkonen expressed his readiness to come halfway to the Social Democrats across the Pitkänbridge and, if necessary, over.


Question: How many terms did Kekkonen serve as President of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

This is how the SDP, whose presidency had been Rafael Paasio the previous year, began to look like a real alternative to becoming a governing party again.


Question: How many terms did Kekkonen serve as President of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

[42] The SDP achieved a major victory in the 1966 parliamentary elections and, after an 18-year hiatus, a Popular Front government was formed under Rafael Paasio and with the support of Urho Kekkonen.


Question: How many terms did Kekkonen serve as President of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

[43] Kekkonen exercised a lot of power also through personal relationships.


Question: How many terms did Kekkonen serve as President of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

He kept in regular contact not only with his study-time comrades, but also with his hunting, fishing and skiing buddies.


Question: How many terms did Kekkonen serve as President of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

For young people, he held so-called children's invitations at his official residence in Tamminiemi.


Question: How many terms did Kekkonen serve as President of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

He raised himself creditmen for state government, all major parties and business, especially state corporations.


Question: How many terms did Kekkonen serve as President of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

He also had a lot of artist friends.


Question: How many terms did Kekkonen serve as President of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

Kekkonen was immediate by nature, and he knew how to socialise with different people and social circles long before networking became a fashion concept.


Question: How many terms did Kekkonen serve as President of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

[1] According to Jukka Tarka's characterisation, Kekkonen was, to ordinary citizens, a father figure listening to their concerns with a sensitive ear, but also a rumbling manor who did not tolerate disarray with his accounts.


Question: How many terms did Kekkonen serve as President of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

Public criticism weighed and indignant on the president, but his official position limited his ability to engage in open social debate.


Question: How many terms did Kekkonen serve as President of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

[44] Kekkonen spent his free time preferably with non-politicians and political assistants.


Question: How many terms did Kekkonen serve as President of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

The established fishing troupe, of which Kekkonen was the focus, was originally a genuine group of friends.


Question: How many terms did Kekkonen serve as President of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

The troupe's lineup changed in the early years of the 1970s, when it was joined by business leaders who would publish long-distance tours and host presidential visits to Lapland's reel cabins.


Question: How many terms did Kekkonen serve as President of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

However, the paymen participated in the catching rituals only for the sake of form, because in reality, they sought, with the help of the president, to advance the interests of their companies and also their own career development.


Question: How many terms did Kekkonen serve as President of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

[45] Neste Oy President Uolevi Raade directed the US company Lummus to organise fishing trips to Alaska and South America for the President.


Question: How many terms did Kekkonen serve as President of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

[46] During Kekkonen's second term from German-speaking Central Europe, the concept of “Finnization” was also filtered into Finnish political speech.


Question: How many terms did Kekkonen serve as President of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

Part of it was the perception that only Kekkonen had the exclusive right to interpret Soviet messages.


Question: How many terms did Kekkonen serve as President of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

[47] [48] In March 1964, Kekkonen made a visit to Estonia, where the host was Estonian party leader Johannes Käbin.


Question: How many terms did Kekkonen serve as President of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

Kekkonen's entourage included his young friends Academician Gustav Vilkuna, Professor of Finnish Language at the University of Helsinki Lauri Hakulinen and Professor of Baltic Finnish Languages Lauri Posti, with whom he had prepared a greeting speech at the University of Tartu. for Estonians.


Question: How many terms did Kekkonen serve as President of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

The visit was recently criticised in Sweden and West Germany, as Kekkonen was thus considered to have recognised the Baltic countries belonging to the Soviet Union.


Question: How many terms did Kekkonen serve as President of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

Finnish newspapers included Helsingin Sanomat and Kauppalehti, as well as outdoor Estonians.


Question: How many terms did Kekkonen serve as President of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

According to Max Jakobson, it became apparent only much later that Kekkonen's visit had actually had a strong mental impact on the Estonians living in isolation.


Question: How many terms did Kekkonen serve as President of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

The visit of the Finnish head of state showed that they had not been forgotten in Finland and gave them faith again in their own national future.


Question: How many terms did Kekkonen serve as President of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

A tangible result of the visit was the start of passenger ship services between Helsinki and Tallinn after a hiatus of more than a quarter of a century in May 1965.


Question: How many terms did Kekkonen serve as President of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

[49] 1968—1978: Third term In addition to the 1968 elections, Kekkonen, in addition to his own party's Agrarian Union, was supported in advance by the Popular Front government formed in 1966, consisting of the Social Democratic Party of Finland (SDP), SKDL and the Social Democratic Party of Working People and Small Farmers Federation (TPSL).


Question: How many terms did Kekkonen serve as President of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

When an exemption bill introduced by parties that were part of the Popular Front government failed to win an adequate majority, they put Kekkonen up as their candidate.


Question: How many terms did Kekkonen serve as President of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

He was elected in the first round of the election with the support of 201 electors.


Question: How many terms did Kekkonen serve as President of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

[28] However, Kekkonta was indignant by the success of his opponent and his longtime political rival Veikko Vennamo (33 electors) and his openly campaign against Kekkonta.


Question: How many terms did Kekkonen serve as President of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

[50] If Kekkonen was bound to cooperation in domestic policy, he may have acted sovereigntically in foreign policy.


Question: How many terms did Kekkonen serve as President of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

He sometimes used no aides other than credit people of his own choosing, who most often came from the State Department.


Question: How many terms did Kekkonen serve as President of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

In the 1960s, Kekkonen took foreign policy initiatives on the Nordic nuclear-free zone [51], the border peace with Norway, and the meeting on security and cooperation in Europe.


Question: How many terms did Kekkonen serve as President of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

The aim was to avoid applying the YYA treaty so that Finland and the Soviet Union would have begun military cooperation, and thus to strengthen Finland's push for a policy of neutrality.


Question: How many terms did Kekkonen serve as President of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

After the occupation of Czechoslovakia in 1968, neutrality became more troublesome.


Question: How many terms did Kekkonen serve as President of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

Kekkonen informed the Russians in 1970 that he would not continue as president and the YYA treaty would not be extended unless the Soviet Union continued to agree to recognize Finland's neutrality.


Question: How many terms did Kekkonen serve as President of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

[37] The 1970 parliamentary elections marked the end of Popular Front cooperation.


Question: How many terms did Kekkonen serve as President of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

Kekkonen became active in domestic politics even as the de facto Prime Minister and participated in negotiations on revenue policy in the form of a so-called FAQ agreement.


Question: How many terms did Kekkonen serve as President of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

[29] The background was the metal strike of 1971, which inspired Aleksei Beljakov, the active Soviet ambassador to Finland, to foment even the organisation of a revolution in the country.


Question: How many terms did Kekkonen serve as President of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

After the domestic political situation calmed, Belyakov returned to his homeland with few votes.


Question: How many terms did Kekkonen serve as President of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

[52] Kekkonen's third presidential term was exceptionally extended.


Question: How many terms did Kekkonen serve as President of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

The season was initially only scheduled to continue until 1974.


Question: How many terms did Kekkonen serve as President of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

In January 1973, a waiver law was enacted, extending the term for four years.


Question: How many terms did Kekkonen serve as President of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

It was the third time in Finland that a head of state was elected to office without elections and opposing candidates.


Question: How many terms did Kekkonen serve as President of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

Previously, Gustaf Mannerheim was elected state administrator of Finland in December 1918, following a desire to break away from the German trend, and president in August 1944 when there was a desire to break away from the Continuation War and ties with Germany.


Question: How many terms did Kekkonen serve as President of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

There are different understandings on the background of exceptional law in historical studies.


Question: How many terms did Kekkonen serve as President of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

According to Martti Häikö's interpretation, Kekkonen first forced Ahti Karjalainen to propose an extension in January 1972.


Question: How many terms did Kekkonen serve as President of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

He then appointed Rafael Paasio's minority government in February and called for an emergency law in April before the biggest parties, the Social Democrats and the Centre Party, would field their own candidates at party conferences in the summer.


Question: How many terms did Kekkonen serve as President of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

In particular, Ahti Karjalainen, who had been considered Kekkonen's mantle heir, and Johannes Virolainen, who was popular in the field and chairman of the centre.


Question: How many terms did Kekkonen serve as President of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

[53] It was not easy to push through the exceptional law, as it could only be enacted by a majority of 5/6 in Parliament.


Question: How many terms did Kekkonen serve as President of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

In order to bring a majority behind the law, it was created in support of a political package with three parts: an emergency law, a free trade agreement with the EEC of the European Economic Community, and safeguard laws increasing the state's economic regulatory powers, which were advocated by the left.


Question: How many terms did Kekkonen serve as President of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

Despite the package, Kalevi Sorsa's government failed to assemble the necessary qualified majority, so Kekkonen threatened in December that he would not be available for president.


Question: How many terms did Kekkonen serve as President of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

Publicly, he claimed the so-called Zavidovo memo, which was leaked to the public in October, concerning discussions between him and the Soviet leadership.


Question: How many terms did Kekkonen serve as President of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

The exemption law was passed in January 1973 by a vote of 170—28 and Kekkonen's term was extended for four years until 1978.


Question: How many terms did Kekkonen serve as President of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

[37] Urho Kekkonen's relations with Helsingin Sanomat, the kingdom's largest newspaper, remained cool for a long time after the wars, but warmed up in the early years of the 1970s.


Question: How many terms did Kekkonen serve as President of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

Kekkonen and HS's longtime power figure Eljas Erkko had each sat in the pre-war Cajander government, and both had been prominent opponents of the far-right movement.


Question: How many terms did Kekkonen serve as President of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

After the wars, Kekkonen and Erko's perceptions of the Motherland interest differed sharply; Kekkonen felt that Moscow's might had to be recognized as fact, while Erkko sought Finnish support from the West.


Question: How many terms did Kekkonen serve as President of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

The cold intervals continued even in the period of Eljas Erko's son Aatos Erko.


Question: How many terms did Kekkonen serve as President of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

When the waiver law project surfaced in the spring of 1972, HS was initially staunchly opposed to it.


Question: How many terms did Kekkonen serve as President of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

However, attitudes changed when a free trade agreement with the EEC was linked to the extension of Kekkonen's term.


Question: How many terms did Kekkonen serve as President of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

The agreement, which came into force at the beginning of 1974, pushed Finland strongly towards the West, as Erko wanted, and HS's attitude towards Kekkonta softened.


Question: How many terms did Kekkonen serve as President of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

[54] The death of Sylvi Kekkonen in early December 1974 was a very heavy blow for Urho Kekkonen.


Question: How many terms did Kekkonen serve as President of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

According to Johannes Virolainen, among others, Kekkonen's internal political grips became more drastic since then.


Question: How many terms did Kekkonen serve as President of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

[18] In 1975, Kekkonen hosted the Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE) in Helsinki.


Question: How many terms did Kekkonen serve as President of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

The event is considered the culmination of Kekkonen's career.


Question: How many terms did Kekkonen serve as President of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

In that year, Kekkonen was featured as one of the most viable candidates for the Nobel Peace Prize; Thorbjörn Fälldin, chairman of the Swedish Centre Party, had already proposed the prize to Kekkonen at the end of January before the OSCE.


Question: How many terms did Kekkonen serve as President of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

However, the Nobel Committee of the Norwegian Grand Priorities awarded the prize to the Soviet nuclear physicist Andrei Sakharov.


Question: How many terms did Kekkonen serve as President of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

[55] [56] 1978—1982: Season 4 When serious opponents and contenders offered a real alternative did not appear, Kekkonen's power expanded, according to some estimates, even in some respects too strong.


Question: How many terms did Kekkonen serve as President of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

The culmination of this exercise of power can be considered 1975.


Question: How many terms did Kekkonen serve as President of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

Kekkonen had dissolved parliament and hosted the Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE) in Helsinki.


Question: How many terms did Kekkonen serve as President of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

Already at that point, he allowed himself to be chosen as the presidential candidate of the Social Democrats and the centrist for the 1978 elections.


Question: How many terms did Kekkonen serve as President of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

The SDP had time to ask the head of state to run for the nomination even before the centrist party.


Question: How many terms did Kekkonen serve as President of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

In the autumn, Kekkonen “rung” the leaders of the Popular Front parties present in front of television cameras into the emergency government led by Martti Miettunen.


Question: How many terms did Kekkonen serve as President of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

[23] The 1978 presidential election was a triumph for the sitting president.


Question: How many terms did Kekkonen serve as President of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

When Kekkonen was also installed as its candidate by the National Coalition, he received 82% of the vote and 260 electors, supported by the four major parties.


Question: How many terms did Kekkonen serve as President of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

For the Kekkos coalition, only one Coalition defector left behind Raino Westerholm, the candidate of the Christian Union of Finland.


Question: How many terms did Kekkonen serve as President of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

[37] In the summer of 1978, Kekkonen and General Lauri Sutela, commander of the defence forces, rejected a proposal by the Soviet Minister of Defence, Marshal Dmitry Ustinov, who visited Finland, for joint Finnish and Soviet military exercises.


Question: How many terms did Kekkonen serve as President of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

[57] In the summer of 1979, the so-called Midsummer Bomb arose when Urho Kekkonen reproached the President of the Parliament, Johannes Estonian, for having “given false testimony about Finland's foreign policy” in his interview to Kuvalehti in Finland.


Question: How many terms did Kekkonen serve as President of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

According to Kekkonen, Estonia had again brought to full strength the debate on Finnishness, which Kekkonen felt that during his state visit to the Federal Republic of Germany a little earlier had succeeded in extinguishing.


Question: How many terms did Kekkonen serve as President of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

[58] Throughout the 1970s, rumours began to circulate about the deteriorating health of the head of state and fluctuations in mental mood.


Question: How many terms did Kekkonen serve as President of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

In televised New Year's speeches, for example, the deterioration in the president's condition was often clearly noticeable.


Question: How many terms did Kekkonen serve as President of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

However, publicity and media sought to silence these rumors as a rule because they wanted to respect the privacy of the head of state.


Question: How many terms did Kekkonen serve as President of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

[59] In all silence, the Ministry of Justice began to prepare for the possibility that Kekkonen would have to leave office before 1984, and the Permanent Secretary Kai Korte deposited the documents relating to the resignations of Kyösti Kallio and Gustaf Mannerheim.


Question: How many terms did Kekkonen serve as President of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

[60] The condition of Kekkonen was reported afterwards to have been particularly bad in the winter of 1980.


Question: How many terms did Kekkonen serve as President of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

During the winter and spring of 1981, the president's power had fluctuated sharply and in this case he had seriously considered suspending his tenure.


Question: How many terms did Kekkonen serve as President of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

[61] The end of Kekkonen's sovereign power has been marked by April 1981, when Prime Minister Mauno Koivisto refused to resign, despite the fact that he had been quite explicitly urged to do so from Tamminiemi.


Question: How many terms did Kekkonen serve as President of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

Koivisto broke the Kekkonen pattern by pointing out that, according to the Constitution, the government in Finland must enjoy the confidence of the Parliament and not the president in the first place.


Question: How many terms did Kekkonen serve as President of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

[37] The event has also been considered to have marked the beginning of the final collapse of Kekkonen's mental and physical condition.


Question: How many terms did Kekkonen serve as President of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

The president felt he had suffered such a severe public prestige defeat that he no longer recovered from the shock it caused.


Question: How many terms did Kekkonen serve as President of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

[62] However, as recently as July 1981, Minister of the Interior Eino Uusitalo publicly expressed the wish that Urho Kekkonen would be available even after his tenure in 1984.


Question: How many terms did Kekkonen serve as President of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

[63] The crash of Kekkonen at the airport in 1980 became a buzz in May 2011 when Yleisradio did not want to show the clip in its entirety on the Pressiklubi programme.


Question: How many terms did Kekkonen serve as President of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

[64] According to different views, it was either censorship or respect for an old person.


Question: How many terms did Kekkonen serve as President of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

According to Juha Engström, Kekkonen's adjutant, the crash was caused by glare and strong spectacles that caused the president not to see the lowest step of the plane's stairs.


Question: How many terms did Kekkonen serve as President of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

Photos of the situation at the time of the incident were also not released.


Question: How many terms did Kekkonen serve as President of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

[65] Kekkonen presided over the presentation of the President, the last remaining of his tenure, at the Council of State on Friday 4 September 1981.


Question: How many terms did Kekkonen serve as President of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

According to the ministers present, the president was in fairly refreshed condition at the time.


Question: How many terms did Kekkonen serve as President of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

In this session, Kekkonen also completed his last appointment, which was the appointment of Chief Financial Officer Asko Saviaho to the post of Postal Director of Posts and Telecommunications since the beginning of October 1981.


Question: How many terms did Kekkonen serve as President of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

[66] On the same day, Kekkonen also visited the Presidential Palace for the last time, where the new Colombian ambassador to Helsinki left his credentials.


Question: How many terms did Kekkonen serve as President of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

[67] As of Monday, September 7, 1981, the president canceled all his appointments due to fever.


Question: How many terms did Kekkonen serve as President of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

[68] Kekkonen's health was visibly betrayed for the first time during a fishing trip to Iceland in August 1981.


Question: How many terms did Kekkonen serve as President of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

In September he went on sick leave and had to ask for resignation in October [69].


Question: How many terms did Kekkonen serve as President of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

After this, he no longer appeared in public.


Question: How many terms did Kekkonen serve as President of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

[20] Years later, information has seeped into the public domain about how the president's faltering health was kept secret from the people while the scenes were playing hard on the successor issue.


Question: How many terms did Kekkonen serve as President of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

[70] [71] [72] During Kekkonen's sick leave, a debate took place among the legal scholars as to how to establish the President's permanent inhibition to the exercise of his office.


Question: How many terms did Kekkonen serve as President of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

Professor of Administrative Law Veli Merikoski considered that the question of the President's permanent inhibition should be referred to Parliament by the Government, for which the provisions of the form of government did not provide a basis.


Question: How many terms did Kekkonen serve as President of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

[73] Officially, Kekkonen resigned from the post of President of the Republic on 27 October 1981.


Question: How many terms did Kekkonen serve as President of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

The President's Permanent Secretary, Juhani Perttunen, was able to persuade the reluctant Kekkonen to sign the resignation prepared in advance [74].


Question: How many terms did Kekkonen serve as President of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

Kai Korte, Permanent Secretary of the Ministry of Justice, presented Kekkonen's resignation to the Council of State by leaning both on the President's own announcement and on the testimony of his personal doctors Pentti Halonen and Erkki Kivalo.


Question: How many terms did Kekkonen serve as President of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

This avoided any reflection on whether the president, in issuing his resignation declaration, had been judicial.


Question: How many terms did Kekkonen serve as President of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

The demonstration event attracted great attention and was televised across Europe.


Question: How many terms did Kekkonen serve as President of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

[75] Kekkonen was the formal head of state until Mauno Koivisto, who was elected as his successor, took the oath of office as President of the Republic [76] [77] on 27 January 1982 Prime MinisterGovernment. -A.


Question: How many terms did Kekkonen serve as President of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

Fagerholm1956—1957Fagerholm IIV.


Question: How many terms did Kekkonen serve as President of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

J. Sukselainen1957Ski Iriner von Fieandt1957—1958von FieandTreino Kuuskoski1958Kuuskik. -A.


Question: How many terms did Kekkonen serve as President of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

Fagerholm1958—1959Fagerholm IIIV.


Question: How many terms did Kekkonen serve as President of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

J. Sukselainen1959—1961Sukselainen IIMartti Miettunen1961—1962Miettunen Iahti Karlainen1962—1963Karjalainen iReino R. Lehto1963—1964LehtoJohannes Virolainen1964—1966VirolainenRafael Paasio1966—1968Paasio Imauno Koivisto1968—1970Koivisto Vo Aura1970Aura Iahti Karalainen 1970—1971Karelian IITeuvo Aura1971—1972Aura Iirafael Paasio1972Paasio IikaLevi Sorsa1972—1975Sorsa Ikeijo Liinamaa1975Liinamaamartti Miettunen1975—1976Miettunen Iimartti Miettunen1976—1977Miettunen IiikaLevi Sorsa1977—1979Sorsa Iimauno Koivisto1979—1982Koivisto II Last years When Kekkonen had stayed out of office of president, the president's official residence in Tamminiemi was converted into his service home.


Question: How many terms did Kekkonen serve as President of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

In his final years, Kekkonen kept away from politics and did not take a position on current affairs.


Question: How many terms did Kekkonen serve as President of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

Due to his deteriorating health, he could no longer outdoors without assistants.


Question: How many terms did Kekkonen serve as President of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

To the letters he received, he couldn't answer.


Question: How many terms did Kekkonen serve as President of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

Kekkonen died on 31 August 1986 at his home in Tamminiemi, Helsinki, three days before his 86th birthday.


Question: How many terms did Kekkonen serve as President of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

The cause of death was brain stem circulatory failure [69] Kekkonen was blessed with spectacular state expenditure in Helsinki Cathedral and buried on 7 September in Hietaniemi Cemetery [69].


Question: How many terms did Kekkonen serve as President of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

The eulogy was delivered by the President of the Republic Mauno Koivisto and the blessing of the body was delivered by Archbishop John Vikström [69].


Question: How many terms did Kekkonen serve as President of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

In his blessing speech, Vikström compared Kekko to a lonely skier who, down to a slowly expiring track, disappears into the horizon [69].


Question: How many terms did Kekkonen serve as President of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

A major exception to normal practice at the funeral was that no shots of honour were fired at the deceased with cannons when lowering into the grave as they did for predecessors; since Kekkonen was specifically a peace politician, his departure was honoured in another way: when the funeral cortege left the Cathedral towards the Cathedral In Hietaniemeä, the bells of all churches in Helsinki rang soul bells.


Question: How many terms did Kekkonen serve as President of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

No medical account of Kekkonen's illness has been released.


Question: How many terms did Kekkonen serve as President of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

The statements made by the staff doctors Pentti Halonen and Erkki Kivalo on the state of the president were extremely diplomatic.


Question: How many terms did Kekkonen serve as President of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

The medical record has been taken from the Meilahti Hospital Archives and its location is not known.


Question: How many terms did Kekkonen serve as President of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

In light of the available data, it was apparently a case of vascular dementia associated with atherosclerosis.


Question: How many terms did Kekkonen serve as President of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

However, the effect of the disease on power management has not been established.