Question: How long was Kekkonen president of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

Juho Kekkonen, the youngest son of the family who left Korvenmök in Koivujärvi village in 1878, was the father of Urho Kekkonen.


Question: How long was Kekkonen president of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

Grandfather Aatu Pylnäinen, Urho Kekkonen's mother's father, who farmed the Kangasniemi Tarkkala farm, married Amanda Manninen, aged just 16, in the summer of 1878.


Question: How long was Kekkonen president of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

Their children, three daughters and two sons, were Emilia, Elsa, Silas, Tyne, and Eetu.


Question: How long was Kekkonen president of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

[4] Father Juho Kekkonen, as the son of a destitute family, had to go to forest work and ended up in 1898 at a log farm in Kangasniemi.


Question: How long was Kekkonen president of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

There, Emilia, the eldest daughter of the sibling flock of the House of Kuvasmäki's Tarkkala, herded cattle on the beach pastures of Haahkala lands.


Question: How long was Kekkonen president of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

Juho Kekkonen also moved around the same beaches.


Question: How long was Kekkonen president of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

The young became acquainted and were ordained in 1899.


Question: How long was Kekkonen president of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

The couple moved to Otava, where Juho Kekkonen had obtained a job at Koivusaha, Halla Oy.


Question: How long was Kekkonen president of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

He later promoted to forestry foreman and log agent.


Question: How long was Kekkonen president of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

[4] The newlyweds moved along with the site to Pielavede, where Juho Kekkonen bought a smoking flat, which he gradually repaired and expanded into a decent house.


Question: How long was Kekkonen president of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

He built a chimney in the tupa shortly before the birth of his firstborn son Urho.


Question: How long was Kekkonen president of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

Because of the beautiful rest behind the house, the house began to be called Lepiko's croft.


Question: How long was Kekkonen president of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

A smoke sauna was located in the yard, where Urho Kekkonen was born on 3 September 1900.


Question: How long was Kekkonen president of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

In Lepiko croft, the family lived for six years and the daughter of Siiri was born in 1904.


Question: How long was Kekkonen president of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

With the savotos of Juho Kekkonen, the family moved in 1906 to Kuopio and in 1908 to Lapinlahti.


Question: How long was Kekkonen president of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

There was tightness, but there was no shortage.


Question: How long was Kekkonen president of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

The family's kuopus Jussi was born in 1910.


Question: How long was Kekkonen president of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

[4] Childhood and Adolescence “I got a happy childhood as a gift” is Urho Kekkonen said about his childhood.


Question: How long was Kekkonen president of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

The school Urho Kekkonen started in Lapinlahti.


Question: How long was Kekkonen president of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

After attending three years of national school, he was allowed to aspire to the Iisalmi Coeducational School.


Question: How long was Kekkonen president of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

The following year Iisalmi moved to Kajaani, where a sawmill and cellulose factory had been established at the turn of the century.


Question: How long was Kekkonen president of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

Father Juho became a log agent for the Kajaani Puutavara Limited Company, and so in autumn 1911 Urho entered the second class of Kajaani Yauterakunta School.


Question: How long was Kekkonen president of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

He was the youngest student in the class.


Question: How long was Kekkonen president of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

He wasn't a model student, he was unruly and unfrisky.


Question: How long was Kekkonen president of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

In the upper classes, he was at the head of the school's fellowship and edited its magazine, Mielikki, and was allowed to practice giving speeches at the annual party.


Question: How long was Kekkonen president of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

He also avidly read works of history and fiction.


Question: How long was Kekkonen president of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

He was also allowed from the age of 12 to be involved in his father's bathing sites.


Question: How long was Kekkonen president of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

[5] Urho Kekkonen was an avid writer.


Question: How long was Kekkonen president of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

The first texts appeared on the 1914 side.


Question: How long was Kekkonen president of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

They were published by the city's Old Finnish newspaper, Kaikuja of Kajaani.


Question: How long was Kekkonen president of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

The following year, he translated the pseudonym he used into Esaias Ranstakan Kohennakepi and began writing for the oldest paper in the city, the Young Finnish Kajaanin Lehti.


Question: How long was Kekkonen president of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

Later, Kekkonen started using the names Kää and Urho Sorsimo invented by his schoolmates.


Question: How long was Kekkonen president of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

[5] Parents could afford to educate their son to matriculate.


Question: How long was Kekkonen president of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

[6] Kekkonen had two younger siblings: Siiri Kekkonen (1904—1969), who later served as an insurance officer, and Uuno Johannes (Jussi) Kekkonen (1910—1962), managing director.


Question: How long was Kekkonen president of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

[7] In 1949, when Kekkonen was made president, the photo of Lepiko croft was retouched off the chimney with the intention of presenting Kekkonen as the “son of a smokespirti” and created an image of Kekkonen rising from the deep ranks of the people. as a dude”.


Question: How long was Kekkonen president of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

[8] Juho Kekkonen had bought Lepiko croft in the summer of 1900 and the Kekkonen family lived in it until 1906.


Question: How long was Kekkonen president of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

The Kekkonet moved in 1906 from Pielavede first to Kuopio and later, as the family father's works changed further to Lapinlahti, Iisalme and finally in 1911 to Kajaani.


Question: How long was Kekkonen president of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

In Kajaani, the Kekkonet lived in Kalliokatu 7 and Juho Kekkonen worked as foreman at the Kajaanin Puutavara Okkonkki company.


Question: How long was Kekkonen president of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

Urho Kekkonen also attended the majority of grammar school here.


Question: How long was Kekkonen president of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

[9] As a high school student, Kekkonen joined Kajaani's patron council and participated in the Finnish Civil War with the Kajaani guerrilla regiment in the White Government forces.


Question: How long was Kekkonen president of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

He participated in the battles of Kuopio, Varkaus, Mouhu and Vyborg, among others, and led the execution of nine reds in Hamina.


Question: How long was Kekkonen president of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

[10] Kekkonen became bald at a relatively young age.


Question: How long was Kekkonen president of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

This was alleged to have been because when he was a bit on the second ten, the family's landlady in Kajaani gave him such a fierce hair owl.


Question: How long was Kekkonen president of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

[11] Sports career Kekkonen was a top national athletics athlete as a young man.


Question: How long was Kekkonen president of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

In 1924 he won the high jump and triple jump at the Finnish Championships in pacy jumps.


Question: How long was Kekkonen president of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

At the Kaleva Games of the same year, she won the high jump and finished second in her minor sport in the 100 m run.


Question: How long was Kekkonen president of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

In the height jump, Kekkonen also achieved three bronzes at the Kaleva Games in 1923, 1927 and 1928.


Question: How long was Kekkonen president of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

He held the Finnish record (972cm) for the paceless triplex.


Question: How long was Kekkonen president of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

Kekkonen's other personal record results included 185cm in the high jump, 14.06 metres in the triple jump and 11.0 seconds in the 100m run.


Question: How long was Kekkonen president of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

[12] After his career as an athlete, Kekkonen was head of the Finnish Olympic Committee and the Finnish Athletic Association (SUL).


Question: How long was Kekkonen president of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

At the 1932 Olympic Games in Los Angeles, Kekkonen was the manager of the Finnish Olympic team.


Question: How long was Kekkonen president of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

During these Games, Swede Sigfrid Edström, as president of the IAAF, excluded Paavo Nurmi from the Games due to professional allegations.


Question: How long was Kekkonen president of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

Kekkonen fought persistently and even stubbornly for Nurmi's participation.


Question: How long was Kekkonen president of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

As a result, athletics country matches in Finland and Sweden were interrupted for several years.


Question: How long was Kekkonen president of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

The dispute strongly stigmatized as a dispute between Edström and Kekkonen.


Question: How long was Kekkonen president of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

For his merits in favour of Finnish sport, Urho Kekkonen was awarded the Grand Cross of Merit for Finnish Sport in 1950.


Question: How long was Kekkonen president of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

[13] Study time and beginning of political career As a student, Kekkonen wrote about Kajaani Lyceum in 1919.


Question: How long was Kekkonen president of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

After that, he completed his conscription in the Helsinki Automobile Battalion and demobilized as a sergeant.


Question: How long was Kekkonen president of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

He moved to Helsinki in 1921, studied quickly and graduated with a Bachelor of Laws in 1926.


Question: How long was Kekkonen president of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

He was active in Osakunta, North Ostrobothnia, as well as in law readers' profession, and was editor of the Ylioppilaslehti from 1927 to 1928.


Question: How long was Kekkonen president of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

[13] He received the title of deputy judge in 1928.


Question: How long was Kekkonen president of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

[14] As a law student and deputy magistrate, Kekkonen worked for the Central Police Department in Detective Science.


Question: How long was Kekkonen president of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

He became familiar with anti-communist activities.


Question: How long was Kekkonen president of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

According to Arvo Tuominen, who committed interference with the Communists, Kekkonen was competent and professional towards his opponents.


Question: How long was Kekkonen president of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

[15] In the detective Central Police, Urho Kekkonen also found Sylvi Uino, who was an Isthmian priest's daughter, who was a typist.


Question: How long was Kekkonen president of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

[16] In 1928 they were born twin sons Taneli and Matti.


Question: How long was Kekkonen president of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

Kekkonen began planning his own thesis on the activities of the secret police.


Question: How long was Kekkonen president of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

However, he himself was forced to resign from the Detective Central Police after publicly suggesting that it should be abolished and merged with the CID.


Question: How long was Kekkonen president of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

Kekkonen took over as a lawyer in 1927 for the Association of Country Municipalities, but his public appearances led to the employment relationship being dissolved in 1932.


Question: How long was Kekkonen president of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

Kekkonen received his doctorate in law in 1936.


Question: How long was Kekkonen president of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

His dissertation was on municipal electoral law according to Finnish law.


Question: How long was Kekkonen president of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

[17] Urho Kekkonen's ideological roots were in nationalist baccalaureate politics, and it was also a natural continuation of his work in the Academic Karelia Society.


Question: How long was Kekkonen president of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

The defragmentation of the people, the hatred of the language, and the East Karelian question were important to him.


Question: How long was Kekkonen president of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

Kekkonen wrote pachinas for AKS' magazine Suomen Heimo, and in 1930 he became chairman of the Association of Suomanism which AKS took over three years earlier.


Question: How long was Kekkonen president of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

However, in 1932, Kekkonen resigned from the AKS along with many other central-oriented members when the AKS majority did not agree to condemn the Mäntsälä rebellion.


Question: How long was Kekkonen president of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

He continued to work in the journal of the Finnish Federation of Suomalainen Finland (later Kanal), where he focused on promoting the Finnishness of the university in particular.


Question: How long was Kekkonen president of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

[18] Moving into party politics, Kekkonen visited Germany in 1932 and witnessed Adolf Hitler's rise to power.


Question: How long was Kekkonen president of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

Apparently these experiences contributed to his joining the Agrarian League the following year and publishing his political pamphlet, “The Self-Defense of Democracy”.


Question: How long was Kekkonen president of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

He warned against the rise of the far right, suggesting, among other things, that the state power may have to restrict freedom of expression to a certain extent in order to prevent democracy from imploding.


Question: How long was Kekkonen president of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

[8] In working life, Kekkonen took over as junior government secretary in the Ministry of Agriculture in 1933 [19] and tried for the first time in Parliament in the same year but failed to get elected.


Question: How long was Kekkonen president of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

In the Agrarian League, Kekkonen quickly rose to prominence as a member of the central board of the Action Party from 1935 until his election as President.


Question: How long was Kekkonen president of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

[20] In 1936, he tried for a second time for parliament and was elected from the western constituency of Vyborg County.


Question: How long was Kekkonen president of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

He was immediately appointed Minister of Justice (1936—1937) in the government of Kyösti Kallio, followed by A.


Question: How long was Kekkonen president of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

K. Cajander was appointed Minister of Internal Affairs (1937—1939) in the Red Mold Government.


Question: How long was Kekkonen president of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

He tried to abolish the far-right Patriotic People's Movement in 1938, and in this failed operation became known the concept of Kekkonen konstit.


Question: How long was Kekkonen president of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

[6] Professor Bruno Salmiala, one of the most prominent figures in the IKL, referred to it as recently as 1968, accusing Kekko of desecrating the IKL in the presidential campaign.


Question: How long was Kekkonen president of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

[21] In 1938, Sylvi and Urho Kekkonen bought a farm called Paarmakallio in Vahviala, South Karelia.


Question: How long was Kekkonen president of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

Urho Kekkonen thus contributed to establishing links with the electorate of his constituency.


Question: How long was Kekkonen president of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

The forests on the farm had been cut and the buildings were in poor condition, but even before the war the Kekkons had time to start renovating the farm.


Question: How long was Kekkonen president of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

Under the territorial concession under the Moscow Peace, which ended the Winter War, the new frontier divided the space so that the buildings and most of the crops remained in the territory ceded to the Soviet Union.


Question: How long was Kekkonen president of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

[22] In the Winter War government, Kekkonen was not.


Question: How long was Kekkonen president of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

In parliament, he opposed the Moscow peacemaking in March 1940 and advocated a continuation of the war.


Question: How long was Kekkonen president of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

From 1940 to 1943 he was Director of the Center for Maintenance of the Transportation People, and from 1943 to 1945 the Office Councillor of the Ministry of Finance.


Question: How long was Kekkonen president of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

In this case, his measure was the rationalization of the state government.


Question: How long was Kekkonen president of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

[13] At the beginning of 1942, Kekkonen began writing reviews of foreign policy and World War I under the pseudonym Pekka Peitsi of Finland's Kuvalehte.


Question: How long was Kekkonen president of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

Previously, they had been written by Major Wolf H. Halsti, who had been forced to stop writing them at the insistence of headquarters.


Question: How long was Kekkonen president of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

[20] A new rise, from Prime Minister to President Kekkonen's foreign policy thinking took its final form during the war year 1944.


Question: How long was Kekkonen president of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

His new thinking was quite realistic and focused on dispelling Soviet suspicion and building mutual trust.


Question: How long was Kekkonen president of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

[13] At the Agrarian Party Conference in 1944, Kekkonen demanded that a value-conservative and nationalist party take a direction suitable for the new world order.


Question: How long was Kekkonen president of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

This direction of Kekkonen later became known as the “K-line”.


Question: How long was Kekkonen president of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

The line divided first the Agrarian League and then the entire Finnish political life according to how reliable it was in foreign policy.


Question: How long was Kekkonen president of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

The dichotomy continued until the end of Kekkonen's career.


Question: How long was Kekkonen president of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

[17] Kekkonen returned once and for all to the inner ring of power when he became Minister of Justice in the Paasikivi government in November 1944 and at the same time the military guilt trials demanded by the Control Commission came to him.


Question: How long was Kekkonen president of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

When Paasikivi was elected president in 1946, the Agrarian League put forward Kekkonta as Prime Minister, but the intention was blocked by the opposition of the SKDL.


Question: How long was Kekkonen president of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

However, Kekkonen was appointed to the Board of Directors of the Bank of Finland and later as First Vice-President of Parliament [17] [14] 2.


Question: How long was Kekkonen president of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

april.


Question: How long was Kekkonen president of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

[19] Kekkonen initially viewed the Communists with suspicion, but his attitude apparently changed after the formation of the K.-A in the summer of 1948.


Question: How long was Kekkonen president of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

Fagerholm's minority Social Democratic government and both the Agrarian League and SKDL remained in opposition.


Question: How long was Kekkonen president of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

[23] Kekkonen was elected Speaker of the Parliament on 22 July 1948.


Question: How long was Kekkonen president of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

[24] He was also elected on 1 February 1950 as Speaker of the 1950 Riksdag.


Question: How long was Kekkonen president of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

[25] In the presidential election of 1950, Kekkonen was the candidate of the Agrarian League and competed in his campaign, especially with the sitting President J. K. Paasikivi.


Question: How long was Kekkonen president of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

In the elections, Kekkonen received 62 electors, Mauno Pekkala of SKDL 67 and Paasikivi who won the election 171.


Question: How long was Kekkonen president of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

Although Kekkonen did not win the election, his extensive electoral tours managed to pave the way for his victory in the next presidential election.


Question: How long was Kekkonen president of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

When Fagerholm's government fell on 1 March 1950, Kekkonen went to discuss with Paasikivi on the issue of government.


Question: How long was Kekkonen president of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

Kekkonen was tasked with forming a government and his first government was appointed on 17 March 1950.


Question: How long was Kekkonen president of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

[26] [24] This was followed by four more Kekkonen governments, some of which were short-lived during the broken politically period.


Question: How long was Kekkonen president of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

[27] Already when forming his first government, Kekkonen justified both his own leading role and the composition of the government primarily in terms of relations between Finland and the Soviet Union.


Question: How long was Kekkonen president of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

Towards the end of his first reign, Kekkonen began to place increasing emphasis on the 1948 YYA agreement between Finland and the Soviet Union.


Question: How long was Kekkonen president of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

It later became a downright fundamentalist text in Finnish political life.


Question: How long was Kekkonen president of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

[28] Kekkonen began to secure his political position with relations with the East, and so he managed time and time again to repel both attempts to topple governments and to remain prime minister himself.


Question: How long was Kekkonen president of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

When Kekkonen was successfully cranked out of the prime minister's seat in 1953, he hinted the Soviet Union might lose confidence in Finland.


Question: How long was Kekkonen president of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

President Paasikivi felt such a coupling was “politically dangerous.”


Question: How long was Kekkonen president of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

[29] In 1954, the government of Kekkonen V was appointed, serving as President of Kekkonen until his election in March 1956.


Question: How long was Kekkonen president of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

[30] Minister Reinhold Svento recorded in his memoir My friend Juho Kusti Paasikivi (1960) J. K. Paasikivi's good assessment of Urho Kekkonen: Time as President 1956—1962: First term as President of the Republic Urho Kekkonen was elected in 1956, when he won by an elective vote of 151 to 149 for their opposing candidates, the Social Democrats K.-A.


Question: How long was Kekkonen president of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

Fagerholm.


Question: How long was Kekkonen president of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

In the presidential election, Kekkonen had put 88 electors behind him, so he needed support from other groups of electors.


Question: How long was Kekkonen president of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

The decisive support was that the SKDL selectors' team voted for him unanimously, as did the majority of the People's Party.


Question: How long was Kekkonen president of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

The missing “one vote” giver has never been reliably found out.


Question: How long was Kekkonen president of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

[28] The fact that votes were cast across the front several and from both sides is also considered possible.


Question: How long was Kekkonen president of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

[31] According to KGB General Viktor Vladimirov, Kekkonen's victory was guaranteed by Soviet bribery, missing votes were bought and Kekkonen's election was secured.


Question: How long was Kekkonen president of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

[32] The United States refused to congratulate Kekko.


Question: How long was Kekkonen president of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

Secretary of State John Foster Dulles pronounced that “On the occasion of Kekkonen's taking office, we do not offer congratulations.”


Question: How long was Kekkonen president of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

[33] SAK declared a general strike which began on the day of the inauguration of the new president, March 1, 1956.


Question: How long was Kekkonen president of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

SAK has never admitted the strike was political, but the election of Kekkonen has been alleged to have contributed to the labor struggle.


Question: How long was Kekkonen president of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

At the beginning of his presidency, Kekkonen tried to keep a low profile, especially in domestic politics.


Question: How long was Kekkonen president of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

[29] Kekkonen's term as president marked the transition to a new era also due to the fact that by the end of his first year in office none of his predecessors were still alive.


Question: How long was Kekkonen president of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

Risto Ryti had died in October and Paasikivi in December 1956.


Question: How long was Kekkonen president of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

[34] On 28 January 1957 at 6:00pm there was a crash on the Porvoo highway 18 kilometres east of Helsinki in which three people were killed.


Question: How long was Kekkonen president of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

Kekkonen, who hit the scene, ordered his chauffeur, Kalle Westerlund, to transport one of the injured (the ambulance driver) to Helsinki in the presidential official car.


Question: How long was Kekkonen president of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

[35] During Kekkonen's second presidential year 1957, there was a shooting incident in which an unknown perpetrator fired towards the President's summer residence in Naantali Kultaranna while Kekkonen and his family were spending midsummer.


Question: How long was Kekkonen president of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

Reportedly, at Kekkonen's personal request, the incident was completely silent.


Question: How long was Kekkonen president of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

Threats to Kekkonen personally were common and the president has been interpreted as wanting to avoid further inflaming moods.


Question: How long was Kekkonen president of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

In Kultaranta's diary, the incident was noted as a window shattered.


Question: How long was Kekkonen president of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

[36] When a broad-based majority government in Fagerholm, later called the Night Frost Government, was formed in August 1958, the Soviet Union quietly demonstrated against it.


Question: How long was Kekkonen president of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

President Kekkonen echoed the criticism and was instrumental in bringing the government down in December.


Question: How long was Kekkonen president of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

Investigators are not unanimous about Kekkonen's motives.


Question: How long was Kekkonen president of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

[37] Due to the fall of the Fagerholm government, forming majority governments became difficult and was not capable for some time.


Question: How long was Kekkonen president of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

Therefore, there was a compulsion to resort to minority governments that mainly leaned towards the Agrarian League.


Question: How long was Kekkonen president of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

Internal divisions within the Social Democrats added to the fragmentation of domestic politics.


Question: How long was Kekkonen president of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

Still, Kekkonen tenaciously sought to combine his own re-election, the formation of a majority government and his foreign policy ambitions, sending messages to the Soviet leadership that no one else in Finland knew about.


Question: How long was Kekkonen president of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

[38] In October 1961, Kekkonen travelled on a three-week state visit to the United States and Canada.


Question: How long was Kekkonen president of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

In the United States, the host of the visit was John F. Kennedy, who took office as president in early 1961.


Question: How long was Kekkonen president of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

During the visit, Kekkonen gave a speech at the UN General Assembly in New York in which he characterized Finland's role in resolving international crises as a doctor rather than a judge.


Question: How long was Kekkonen president of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

The programme also included several meetings with Finns of America and finally Kekkonen travelled to Hawaii to relax.


Question: How long was Kekkonen president of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

[39] As early as April 1961, Kekkonen planned to dissolve the parliament and so influence the coalition, which threatened to go up against him in the presidential election as the candidate of former Attorney General Olavi Honka.


Question: How long was Kekkonen president of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

The Soviet Union sent a note at the end of October citing the escalated international situation and demanding military consultations under the YYA treaty.


Question: How long was Kekkonen president of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

When Noot came, Kekkonen was in Hawaii, but he did not interrupt his visit to the United States, instead sending Foreign Minister Ahti Karjalainen to Moscow to account for Noot's background and returned to the homeland himself according to the original schedule a few days later.


Question: How long was Kekkonen president of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

[40] For example, according to Tuure Junnila, Veikko Vennamo, Anatoly Golitsyn, Viktor Vladimirov and Hannu Rautkallio, the note was designed by Kekkonen together with the KGB [41].


Question: How long was Kekkonen president of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

Honka renounced the candidacy and Kekkonen received 111 electors in the Presidential Electoral Election held in January 1962.


Question: How long was Kekkonen president of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

He was re-elected in the 1962 election as president by 199 votes.


Question: How long was Kekkonen president of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

[17] 1962—1968: The second period as a result of the Nootti Crisis has been considered that there was no real opposition in Finland anymore and Kekkonen achieved a strong position as Finland's political leader, later acquiring even questionable traits.


Question: How long was Kekkonen president of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

[1] Kekkonen tried to put the support of the majority of the parties behind him, because without it the President could not have long exercised his power fully.


Question: How long was Kekkonen president of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

In order for the party to hold government responsibility, it had to show Kekkonen its foreign policy trustworthiness, that is, to accept Kekkonen and his foreign policy lines.


Question: How long was Kekkonen president of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

For example, the Coalition got into the government of Johannes Estonia after the note crisis, having demonstrated its loyalty to Kekko.


Question: How long was Kekkonen president of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

[23] In the spring of 1964, Kekkonen signaled to his old party, the Agrarian League, that V. J. Sukselainen, who had led the party throughout the post-war period, was to be ousted, and in the summer 1964 party congress Johannes Virolainen defeated Sukselainen in the presidency with a narrow majority of votes.


Question: How long was Kekkonen president of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

In the autumn of the same year, in a speech at the Helsinki Workers' House, Kekkonen expressed his readiness to come halfway to the Social Democrats across the Pitkänbridge and, if necessary, over.


Question: How long was Kekkonen president of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

Thus the SDP, whose presidency had been Rafael Paasio the previous year, began to look like a real alternative to becoming a governing party again.


Question: How long was Kekkonen president of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

[42] The SDP achieved a major victory in the 1966 parliamentary elections and, after an 18-year hiatus, a Popular Front government was formed under Rafael Paasio and with the support of Urho Kekkonen.


Question: How long was Kekkonen president of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

[43] Kekkonen exercised a lot of power also through personal relationships.


Question: How long was Kekkonen president of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

He kept in regular contact not only with his study-time comrades, but also with his hunting, fishing and skiing buddies.


Question: How long was Kekkonen president of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

For young people, he held so-called children's invitations at his official residence in Tamminiemi.


Question: How long was Kekkonen president of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

He raised himself creditmen for state government, all major parties and business, especially state corporations.


Question: How long was Kekkonen president of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

He also had a lot of artist friends.


Question: How long was Kekkonen president of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

Kekkonen was immediate by nature, and he knew how to socialise with different people and social circles long before networking became a fashion concept.


Question: How long was Kekkonen president of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

[1] According to Jukka Tarka's characterisation, Kekkonen was, to ordinary citizens, a father figure listening to their concerns with a sensitive ear, but also a rumbling manor who did not tolerate disarray with his accounts.


Question: How long was Kekkonen president of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

Public criticism weighed and indignant on the president, but his official position limited his ability to engage in open social debate.


Question: How long was Kekkonen president of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

[44] Kekkonen spent his free time preferably with non-politicians and political assistants.


Question: How long was Kekkonen president of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

The established fishing troupe, of which Kekkonen was the focus, was originally a genuine group of friends.


Question: How long was Kekkonen president of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

The troupe's lineup changed in the early years of the 1970s, when it was joined by business leaders who would publish long-distance tours and host presidential visits to Lapland's reel cabins.


Question: How long was Kekkonen president of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

However, the paymen participated in the catching rituals only for the sake of form, because in reality, they sought, with the help of the president, to advance the interests of their companies and also their own career development.


Question: How long was Kekkonen president of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

[45] Neste Oy President Uolevi Raade directed the US company Lummus to organise fishing trips to Alaska and South America for the President.


Question: How long was Kekkonen president of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

[46] During Kekkonen's second term from German-speaking Central Europe, the concept of “Finnization” was also filtered into Finnish political speech.


Question: How long was Kekkonen president of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

Part of it was the perception that only Kekkonen had the exclusive right to interpret Soviet messages.


Question: How long was Kekkonen president of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

[47] [48] In March 1964, Kekkonen made a visit to Estonia, where the host was Estonian party leader Johannes Käbin.


Question: How long was Kekkonen president of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

Kekkonen's entourage included his young friends Academician Gustav Vilkuna, Professor of Finnish Language at the University of Helsinki Lauri Hakulinen and Professor of Baltic Finnish Languages Lauri Posti, with whom he had prepared a greeting speech at the University of Tartu for Estonans.


Question: How long was Kekkonen president of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

The visit was recently criticised in Sweden and West Germany, as Kekkonen was thus considered to have recognised the Baltic countries belonging to the Soviet Union.


Question: How long was Kekkonen president of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

Finnish newspapers included Helsingin Sanomat and Kauppalehti, as well as outdoor Estonians.


Question: How long was Kekkonen president of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

According to Max Jakobson, it became apparent only much later that Kekkonen's visit had actually had a strong mental impact on the Estonians living in isolation.


Question: How long was Kekkonen president of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

The visit of the Finnish head of state showed that they had not been forgotten in Finland and gave them faith again in their own national future.


Question: How long was Kekkonen president of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

A tangible result of the visit was the start of passenger ship services between Helsinki and Tallinn after a hiatus of more than a quarter of a century in May 1965.


Question: How long was Kekkonen president of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

[49] 1968—1978: Third term In addition to the 1968 elections, Kekkonen, in addition to his own party's Agrarian Union, was supported in advance by the Popular Front government formed in 1966, consisting of the Social Democratic Party of Finland (SDP), SKDL and the Social Democratic Party of Working People and Small Farmers Federation (TPSL).


Question: How long was Kekkonen president of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

When an exemption bill introduced by parties that were part of the Popular Front government failed to win an adequate majority, they put Kekkonen up as their candidate.


Question: How long was Kekkonen president of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

He was elected in the first round of the election with the support of 201 electors.


Question: How long was Kekkonen president of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

[28] However, Kekkonta was indignant by the success of his opponent and his longtime political rival Veikko Vennamo (33 electors) and his openly campaign against Kekkonta.


Question: How long was Kekkonen president of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

[50] If Kekkonen was bound to cooperation in domestic policy, he may have acted sovereigntically in foreign policy.


Question: How long was Kekkonen president of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

He sometimes used no aides other than credit people of his own choosing, who most often came from the State Department.


Question: How long was Kekkonen president of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

In the 1960s, Kekkonen took foreign policy initiatives on the Nordic nuclear-free zone [51], the border peace with Norway, and the meeting on security and cooperation in Europe.


Question: How long was Kekkonen president of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

The aim was to avoid applying the YYA treaty so that Finland and the Soviet Union would have begun military cooperation, and thus to strengthen Finland's push for a policy of neutrality.


Question: How long was Kekkonen president of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

After the occupation of Czechoslovakia in 1968, neutrality was even more troublesome.


Question: How long was Kekkonen president of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

Kekkonen informed the Russians in 1970 that he would not continue as president and the YYA treaty would not be extended unless the Soviet Union continued to agree to recognize Finland's neutrality.


Question: How long was Kekkonen president of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

[37] The 1970 parliamentary elections marked the end of Popular Front cooperation.


Question: How long was Kekkonen president of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

Kekkonen became active in domestic politics even as the de facto Prime Minister and participated in negotiations on revenue policy in the form of a so-called FAQ agreement.


Question: How long was Kekkonen president of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

[29] The background was the metal strike of 1971, which inspired Aleksei Beljakov, the active Soviet ambassador to Finland, to foment even the organisation of a revolution in the country.


Question: How long was Kekkonen president of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

After the domestic political situation calmed, Belyakov returned to his homeland with few votes.


Question: How long was Kekkonen president of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

[52] Kekkonen's third presidential term was exceptionally extended.


Question: How long was Kekkonen president of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

The season was initially only scheduled to continue until 1974.


Question: How long was Kekkonen president of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

In January 1973, a waiver law was enacted, extending the term for four years.


Question: How long was Kekkonen president of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

It was the third time in Finland that a head of state was elected to office without elections and opposing candidates.


Question: How long was Kekkonen president of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

Previously, Gustaf Mannerheim was elected state administrator of Finland in December 1918, following a desire to break away from the German trend, and president in August 1944 when there was a desire to break away from the Continuation War and ties with Germany.


Question: How long was Kekkonen president of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

There are different understandings on the background of exceptional law in historical studies.


Question: How long was Kekkonen president of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

According to Martti Häikö's interpretation, Kekkonen first forced Ahti Karjalainen to propose an extension in January 1972.


Question: How long was Kekkonen president of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

He then appointed Rafael Paasio's minority government in February and called for an emergency law in April before the biggest parties, the Social Democrats and the Centre Party, would field their own candidates at party conferences in the summer.


Question: How long was Kekkonen president of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

In particular, Ahti Karjalainen, who had been considered Kekkonen's mantle heir, and Johannes Virolainen, who was popular in the field and chairman of the centre.


Question: How long was Kekkonen president of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

[53] It was not easy to push through the exceptional law, as it could only be enacted by a majority of 5/6 in Parliament.


Question: How long was Kekkonen president of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

In order to bring a majority behind the law, it was created in support of a political package with three parts: an emergency law, a free trade agreement with the EEC of the European Economic Community, and safeguard laws increasing the state's economic regulatory powers, which were advocated by the left.


Question: How long was Kekkonen president of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

Despite the package, Kalevi Sorsa's government failed to assemble the necessary qualified majority, so Kekkonen threatened in December that he would not be available for president.


Question: How long was Kekkonen president of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

Publicly, he claimed the so-called Zavidovo memo, which was leaked to the public in October, concerning discussions between him and the Soviet leadership, as the reason.


Question: How long was Kekkonen president of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

The exemption law was passed in January 1973 by a vote of 170—28 and Kekkonen's term was extended for four years until 1978.


Question: How long was Kekkonen president of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

[37] Urho Kekkonen's relations with Helsingin Sanomat, the kingdom's largest newspaper, remained cool for a long time after the wars, but warmed up in the early years of the 1970s.


Question: How long was Kekkonen president of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

Kekkonen and HS's longtime power figure Eljas Erkko had each sat in the pre-war Cajander government, and both had been prominent opponents of the far-right movement.


Question: How long was Kekkonen president of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

After the wars, Kekkonen and Erko's perceptions of the Motherland interest differed sharply; Kekkonen felt that Moscow's might had to be recognized as fact, while Erkko sought Finnish support from the West.


Question: How long was Kekkonen president of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

The cold intervals continued even in the period of Eljas Erko's son Aatos Erko.


Question: How long was Kekkonen president of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

When the waiver law project surfaced in the spring of 1972, HS was initially staunchly opposed to it.


Question: How long was Kekkonen president of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

However, attitudes changed when a free trade agreement with the EEC was linked to the extension of Kekkonen's term.


Question: How long was Kekkonen president of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

The agreement, which came into force at the beginning of 1974, pushed Finland strongly towards the West, as Erko wanted, and HS's attitude towards Kekkonta softened.


Question: How long was Kekkonen president of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

[54] The death of Sylvi Kekkonen in early December 1974 was a very heavy blow for Urho Kekkonen.


Question: How long was Kekkonen president of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

According to Johannes Virolainen, among others, Kekkonen's internal political grips became more drastic since then.


Question: How long was Kekkonen president of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

[18] In 1975, Kekkonen hosted the Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE) in Helsinki.


Question: How long was Kekkonen president of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

The event is considered the culmination of Kekkonen's career.


Question: How long was Kekkonen president of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

In that year, Kekkonen was featured as one of the most viable candidates for the Nobel Peace Prize; Thorbjörn Fälldin, chairman of the Swedish Centre Party, had already proposed the prize to Kekkonen at the end of January before the OSCE.


Question: How long was Kekkonen president of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

However, the Nobel Committee of the Norwegian Grand Priorities awarded the prize to the Soviet nuclear physicist Andrei Sakharov.


Question: How long was Kekkonen president of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

[55] [56] 1978—1982: Season 4 When serious opponents and contenders offered a real alternative did not appear, Kekkonen's power expanded, according to some estimates, even in some respects too strong.


Question: How long was Kekkonen president of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

The culmination of this exercise of power can be considered 1975.


Question: How long was Kekkonen president of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

Kekkonen had dissolved parliament and hosted the Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE) in Helsinki.


Question: How long was Kekkonen president of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

Already at that point, he allowed himself to be chosen as the presidential candidate of the Social Democrats and the centrist for the 1978 elections.


Question: How long was Kekkonen president of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

The SDP had time to ask the head of state to run for the nomination even before the centrist party.


Question: How long was Kekkonen president of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

In the autumn, Kekkonen “rung” the leaders of the Popular Front parties present in front of television cameras into the emergency government led by Martti Miettunen.


Question: How long was Kekkonen president of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

[23] The 1978 presidential election was a triumph for the sitting president.


Question: How long was Kekkonen president of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

When Kekkonen was also installed as its candidate by the National Coalition, he received 82% of the vote and 260 electors, supported by the four major parties.


Question: How long was Kekkonen president of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

For the Kekkos coalition, only one Coalition defector left behind Raino Westerholm, the candidate of the Christian Union of Finland.


Question: How long was Kekkonen president of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

[37] In the summer of 1978, Kekkonen and General Lauri Sutela, commander of the defence forces, rejected a proposal by the Soviet Minister of Defence, Marshal Dmitry Ustinov, who visited Finland, for joint Finnish and Soviet military exercises.


Question: How long was Kekkonen president of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

[57] In the summer of 1979, the so-called Midsummer Bomb arose when Urho Kekkonen reproached the President of the Parliament, Johannes Estonian, for having “given false testimony about Finland's foreign policy” in his interview to Kuvalehti in Finland.


Question: How long was Kekkonen president of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

According to Kekkonen, Estonia had again brought to full strength the debate on Finnishness, which Kekkonen felt that during his state visit to the Federal Republic of Germany a little earlier had succeeded in extinguishing.


Question: How long was Kekkonen president of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

[58] Throughout the 1970s, rumours began to circulate about the deteriorating health of the head of state and fluctuations in mental tune.


Question: How long was Kekkonen president of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

In televised New Year's speeches, for example, the deterioration in the president's condition was often clearly noticeable.


Question: How long was Kekkonen president of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

However, publicity and media sought to silence these rumors as a rule because they wanted to respect the privacy of the head of state.


Question: How long was Kekkonen president of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

[59] In all silence, the Ministry of Justice began to prepare for the possibility that Kekkonen would have to leave office before 1984, and the Permanent Secretary Kai Korte deposited the documents relating to the resignations of Kyösti Kallio and Gustaf Mannerheim.


Question: How long was Kekkonen president of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

[60] The condition of Kekkonen was reported afterwards to have been particularly bad in the winter of 1980.


Question: How long was Kekkonen president of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

During the winter and spring of 1981, the president's power had fluctuated sharply and in this case he had seriously considered suspending his tenure.


Question: How long was Kekkonen president of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

[61] The end of Kekkonen's sovereign power has been marked by April 1981, when Prime Minister Mauno Koivisto refused to resign, despite the fact that he had been quite explicitly urged to do so from Tamminiemi.


Question: How long was Kekkonen president of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

Koivisto broke the Kekkonen pattern by pointing out that, according to the Constitution, the government in Finland must enjoy the confidence of the Parliament and not the president in the first place.


Question: How long was Kekkonen president of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

[37] The event has also been considered to have marked the beginning of the final collapse of Kekkonen's mental and physical condition.


Question: How long was Kekkonen president of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

The president felt he had suffered such a severe public prestige defeat that he no longer recovered from the shock it caused.


Question: How long was Kekkonen president of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

[62] However, as recently as July 1981, Minister of the Interior Eino Uusitalo publicly expressed the wish that Urho Kekkonen would be available even after his tenure in 1984.


Question: How long was Kekkonen president of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

[63] The crash of Kekkonen at the airport in 1980 became a buzz in May 2011 when Yleisradio did not want to show the clip in its entirety on the Pressiklubi programme.


Question: How long was Kekkonen president of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

[64] According to different views, it was either censorship or respect for an old person.


Question: How long was Kekkonen president of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

According to Juha Engström, Kekkonen's adjutant, the crash was caused by glare and strong spectacles that caused the president not to see the lowest step of the plane's stairs.


Question: How long was Kekkonen president of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

Photos of the situation at the time of the incident were also not released.


Question: How long was Kekkonen president of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

[65] Kekkonen presided over the presentation of the President, the last remaining of his tenure, at the Council of State on Friday 4 September 1981.


Question: How long was Kekkonen president of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

According to the ministers present, the president was in fairly refreshed condition at the time.


Question: How long was Kekkonen president of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

In this session, Kekkonen also completed his last appointment, which was the appointment of Chief Financial Officer Asko Saviaho to the post of Postal Director of Posts and Telecommunications since the beginning of October 1981.


Question: How long was Kekkonen president of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

[66] On the same day, Kekkonen also visited the Presidential Palace for the last time, where the new Colombian ambassador to Helsinki left his credentials.


Question: How long was Kekkonen president of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

[67] As of Monday, September 7, 1981, the president canceled all his appointments due to fever.


Question: How long was Kekkonen president of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

[68] Kekkonen's health was visibly betrayed for the first time during a fishing trip to Iceland in August 1981.


Question: How long was Kekkonen president of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

In September he went on sick leave and had to ask for resignation in October [69].


Question: How long was Kekkonen president of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

After this, he no longer appeared in public.


Question: How long was Kekkonen president of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

[20] Years later, information has seeped into the public domain about how the president's faltering health was kept secret from the people while the scenes were playing hard on the successor issue.


Question: How long was Kekkonen president of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

[70] [71] [72] During Kekkonen's sick leave, a debate took place among the legal scholars as to how to establish the President's permanent inhibition to the exercise of his office.


Question: How long was Kekkonen president of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

Professor of Administrative Law Veli Merikoski considered that the question of the President's permanent inhibition should be referred to Parliament by the Government, for which the provisions of the form of government did not provide a basis.


Question: How long was Kekkonen president of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

[73] Officially, Kekkonen resigned from the post of President of the Republic on 27 October 1981.


Question: How long was Kekkonen president of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

The President's Permanent Secretary, Juhani Perttunen, was able to persuade the reluctant Kekkonen to sign the resignation prepared in advance [74].


Question: How long was Kekkonen president of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

Kai Korte, Permanent Secretary of the Ministry of Justice, presented Kekkonen's resignation to the Council of State by leaning both on the President's own announcement and on the testimony of his personal doctors Pentti Halonen and Erkki Kivalo.


Question: How long was Kekkonen president of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

This avoided any reflection on whether the president, in issuing his resignation declaration, had been judicial.


Question: How long was Kekkonen president of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

The demonstration event attracted great attention and was televised across Europe.


Question: How long was Kekkonen president of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

[75] Kekkonen was the formal head of state until Mauno Koivisto, who was elected as his successor, took the oath of office as President of the Republic [76] [77] on 27 January 1982 Prime MinisterGovernment. -A.


Question: How long was Kekkonen president of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

Fagerholm1956—1957Fagerholm IIV.


Question: How long was Kekkonen president of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

J. Sukselainen1957Ski Iriner von Fieandt1957—1958von FieandTreino Kuuskoski1958Kuuskik. -A.


Question: How long was Kekkonen president of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

Fagerholm1958—1959Fagerholm IIIV.


Question: How long was Kekkonen president of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

J. Sukselainen1959—1961Sukselainen IIMartti Miettunen1961—1962Miettunen Iahti Karlainen1962—1963Karjalainen iReino R. Lehto1963—1964LehtoJohannes Virolainen1964—1966VirolainenRafael Paasio1966—1968Paasio Imauno Koivisto1968—1970Koivisto Vo Aura1970Aura Iahti Karalainen 1970—1971Karelian IITeuvo Aura1971—1972Aura Iirafael Paasio1972Paasio IikaLevi Sorsa1972—1975Sorsa Ikeijo Liinamaa1975Liinamaamartti Miettunen1975—1976Miettunen Iimartti Miettunen1976—1977Miettunen IiikaLevi Sorsa1977—1979Sorsa Iimauno Koivisto1979—1982Koivisto II Last years When Kekkonen had stayed out of office of president, the president's official residence in Tamminiemi was converted into his service home.


Question: How long was Kekkonen president of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

In his final years, Kekkonen kept away from politics and did not take a position on current affairs.


Question: How long was Kekkonen president of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

Due to his deteriorating health, he could no longer outdoors without assistants.


Question: How long was Kekkonen president of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

The letters he received, he couldn't answer.


Question: How long was Kekkonen president of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

Kekkonen died on 31 August 1986 at his home in Tamminiemi, Helsinki, three days before his 86th birthday.


Question: How long was Kekkonen president of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

The cause of death was brain stem circulatory failure [69] Kekkonen was blessed with spectacular state expenditure in Helsinki Cathedral and buried on 7 September in Hietaniemi Cemetery [69].


Question: How long was Kekkonen president of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

The eulogy was delivered by the President of the Republic Mauno Koivisto and the blessing of the body was delivered by Archbishop John Vikström [69].


Question: How long was Kekkonen president of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

In his blessing speech, Vikström compared Kekko to a lonely skier who, down to a slowly expiring track, disappears into the horizon [69].


Question: How long was Kekkonen president of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

A major exception to normal practice at the funeral was that no shots of honour were fired at the deceased with cannons when lowering into the grave as they did for predecessors; since Kekkonen was specifically a peace politician, his departure was honoured in another way: when the funeral cortege left the Cathedral towards the Cathedral In Hietaniemeä, the bells of all churches in Helsinki rang soul bells.


Question: How long was Kekkonen president of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

No medical account of Kekkonen's illness has been released.


Question: How long was Kekkonen president of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

The statements made by the staff doctors Pentti Halonen and Erkki Kivalo on the state of the president were extremely diplomatic.


Question: How long was Kekkonen president of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

The medical record has been taken from the Meilahti Hospital Archives and its location is not known.


Question: How long was Kekkonen president of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

In light of the available data, it was apparently a case of vascular dementia associated with atherosclerosis.


Question: How long was Kekkonen president of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

However, the effect of the disease on power management has not been established.


Question: How long was Kekkonen president of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

After Kekkonen died, Tamminiemi was made the Urho Kekkonen Museum, which opened to the public in 1987.


Question: How long was Kekkonen president of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

[8] Private life Family Urho Kekkonen was married since 1926 to Sylvi (Sylvia Salome) Uino (1900—1974).


Question: How long was Kekkonen president of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

In 1928 they were born twin sons Taneli (d. 1985) and Matti (d. 2013).


Question: How long was Kekkonen president of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

Taneli Kekkonen served as ambassador and was married to K.-A.


Question: How long was Kekkonen president of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

With Fagerholm's daughter Brita since 1952.


Question: How long was Kekkonen president of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

[18] Matti Kekkonen was an MP and an official in the state administration, as well as his father's assistant and an educator of that tradition.


Question: How long was Kekkonen president of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

[20] Of Kekkonen's grandchildren Brita and Taneli Kekkonen's son Timo Kekkonen is an influence in business life.


Question: How long was Kekkonen president of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

[78] Female relations Urho Kekkonen is known to have had a lively social life.


Question: How long was Kekkonen president of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

One of Kekkonen's female friends was Ambassador Jaakko Hallama's spouse Anita Hallama, who has published her diaries and extracts from Kekkonen's letters.


Question: How long was Kekkonen president of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

[79] Kekkonen's relationships with Hallama and journalist Anne-Marie Snellman are described in Raija Oranen's novels.


Question: How long was Kekkonen president of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

[80] [81] According to Oranen, Kekkonen also had a love affair with Maarit Tyrkö, a journalist 47 years younger than himself.


Question: How long was Kekkonen president of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

[82] Tyrkkö himself has told us about this in his book Girl and the Recorder, published in 2014.


Question: How long was Kekkonen president of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

[83] Importance and Impact Aftermath and heritage Urho Kekkonen's greatest merit has been regarded as the meritorious management of Finland's relations with the east in a difficult era of world politics.


Question: How long was Kekkonen president of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

As a politician, Kekkonen was not content to simply seek compromise, but snubbed many of his domestic political rivals, some of them harshly.


Question: How long was Kekkonen president of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

He exploited his personal Eastern relations in domestic politics in such a way that even many political opponents began to regard him as irreplaceable.


Question: How long was Kekkonen president of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

Kekko has been criticised for exploiting Finland's awkward position in pursuit of personal advantage.


Question: How long was Kekkonen president of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

In the strategic power play of politics, Kekkonen was an expert.


Question: How long was Kekkonen president of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

In an editorial on 25 September 1977, the Swedish tabloid Expressen considered Kekkonen's excessive influence in Finnish politics to be damaging.


Question: How long was Kekkonen president of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

[84] According to Professor Timo Vihainen, what was particularly bad was that “the independent head of state was reduced to using foreign aid in his own political machinations”, not that he managed relations with the Soviet Union through its secret service.


Question: How long was Kekkonen president of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

[85] [86] In Western democracies, Kekkonen's presidency was exceptionally long.


Question: How long was Kekkonen president of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

This has been explained by charisma, ruthless tactics, popular popularity and Cold War-era political sensibility.


Question: How long was Kekkonen president of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

Finnish politics were overshadowed almost throughout Kekkonen's presidency by a power play by the great powers, with Finland's location as the only pro-Western Soviet frontier neighbour strategically sensitive.


Question: How long was Kekkonen president of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

Even under pressure from the great powers, Kekkonen maintained his status as a respected statesman both in the East and the West.


Question: How long was Kekkonen president of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

The greatest international recognition of his political career can be considered the OSCE Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe in 1975, where Kekkonen hosted a summit of major powers to alleviate the Cold War.


Question: How long was Kekkonen president of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

After Urho Kekkonen died, the media began writing about him more freely.


Question: How long was Kekkonen president of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

Since then, several books on him and his diary from 1958—1981 have also been published.


Question: How long was Kekkonen president of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

[87] [88] Since Kekkonen, the powers of the President of Finland have been narrowed.


Question: How long was Kekkonen president of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

Since the 1980s they have been delegated to parliament and government.


Question: How long was Kekkonen president of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

In the 2000 constitutional reform, the president's main task remained the management of foreign policy together with the State Council.


Question: How long was Kekkonen president of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

[89] Since the interruption of Kekkonen's last term, subsequent presidents have taken it upon themselves to publicize their health.


Question: How long was Kekkonen president of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

[90] [91] In the 2004 Great Finns vote, Urho Kekkonen finished third with 57456 votes ahead of Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim and Risto Ryti.


Question: How long was Kekkonen president of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

[92] Honours during his lifetime Kekkonen received a number of honours normally reserved only for late great men during his life.


Question: How long was Kekkonen president of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

His birth home Lepiko croft in Pielavesi was converted into a museum already during his second term as president in 1966.


Question: How long was Kekkonen president of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

To mark his 75th birthday, he got his picture on a five-hundred-mark note.


Question: How long was Kekkonen president of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

This banknote was issued on Kekkonen's birthday on 3 September 1975 and was in use until 1986.


Question: How long was Kekkonen president of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

In 1980, when Kekkonen turned 80, the city of Helsinki changed the name of his longtime home street Kampinkatu to Urho Kekkonen Street.


Question: How long was Kekkonen president of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

A street with the same name is also in Kajaani and in Hamina there is Kekkonenkatu.


Question: How long was Kekkonen president of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

A section of road called Kekkonentie was opened to traffic in Tampere at the turn of the 1970s-1980s.


Question: How long was Kekkonen president of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

Kecosenties are also in Saarijärvi, Kankaanpää, Salo and Nurmes.


Question: How long was Kekkonen president of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

[20] The title of Honorary Doctor of Physical Education was conferred on him in 1969.


Question: How long was Kekkonen president of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

[93] In the 1970s, a fell peak was named Kekkonen-toppen in northern Sweden.


Question: How long was Kekkonen president of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

[94] The Soviet Union awarded Kekkonen in 1980 the Lenin Peace Prize (Lenin International Peace Prize) “for outstanding merits in action for the preservation and consolidation of peace”.


Question: How long was Kekkonen president of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

Kekkonen received the award during his fifth and final state visit to the Soviet Union in November of that year.


Question: How long was Kekkonen president of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

[95] He had already received the Lenin Badge of Honour in 1964.


Question: How long was Kekkonen president of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

[96] The Paasikivi Society invited Urho Kekkonen as its honorary member.


Question: How long was Kekkonen president of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

In 1973, the club was reported to commission a large-format portrait of him, painted by renowned Russian painter Ilya Glazunov.


Question: How long was Kekkonen president of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

The work attracted attention already in progress and Glazunov began to be called the “Court Painter of Kekkonen”.


Question: How long was Kekkonen president of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

The Paasikivi Society handed over the work to Finlandia Hall, where it was moved to the club's own premises.


Question: How long was Kekkonen president of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

Today it is in the Urho Kekkonen Museum in Tamminiemi.


Question: How long was Kekkonen president of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

Afterwards, journalist Mauri Lintera has revealed the order and advance stir for the painting was part of a publicity campaign for a new women's magazine.


Question: How long was Kekkonen president of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

[97] In the spring of 1981, a 50 mark commemorative coin was issued in honour of Urho Kekkonen's 25 years as president.


Question: How long was Kekkonen president of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

The coin was designed by Nina Terno.


Question: How long was Kekkonen president of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

[98] In 1983, after Kekkonen left his presidential duties and retired, the second largest national park in Finland, Urho Kekkonen National Park, was named after him.


Question: How long was Kekkonen president of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

After Kekkonen died in 1986, his official residence Tamminiemi, where he had lived for thirty years, was converted into a home museum.


Question: How long was Kekkonen president of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

The Urho Kekkonen Museum, opened in 1987 in Tamminiemi, presents recent Finnish history in addition to Kekkonen's personal history.


Question: How long was Kekkonen president of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

[99] Statues and monuments of the statues and monuments erected in Kekkonen is the Urho Kekkonen monument designed by sculptor Pekka Jylä in Helsinki's Hakasalmi Park.


Question: How long was Kekkonen president of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

The monument was unveiled on Kekkonen's centenary on 3 September 2000.


Question: How long was Kekkonen president of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

Kekkonen's youth's hometown of Kajaani has a monument to Kekkonen in the handwriting of sculptor Pekka Kauhasen, the Great Time, which was unveiled in 1990.


Question: How long was Kekkonen president of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

So far, Kekkonen has received his only public appearance statue.


Question: How long was Kekkonen president of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

The statue of President Urho Kaleva Kekkonen sculpted by sculptor Matti Peltokangas was unveiled in 2008 and honours Kekkonen's role in establishing Rautaruuki's Raahen factory.


Question: How long was Kekkonen president of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

[20] In autumn 2009, the City of Tallinn announced that the square in front of Terminal A of the Tallinn Passenger Port will be renamed Helsinki Square and a statue of Urho Kaleva Kekkonen will be erected there [100].


Question: How long was Kekkonen president of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

In addition, the Finnish Parliament Hall has a bronze bust of Kekkonen sculpted by Aimo Tukiainen from 1966.


Question: How long was Kekkonen president of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

[20] Politics Although Kekkonta has often been criticised for “Finnishness”, excessive use of power and preference for the left, this was apparently part of his tactic to keep Finland neutral.


Question: How long was Kekkonen president of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

Although originally a member of the Agrarian League's right-wing, the most left-wing wing after 1944 in the 1950s, Kekkonen was practically attuned.


Question: How long was Kekkonen president of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

Kekkonen's goal, in his own words, was to defragment the country politically from left to right, and he tried to do so, often without success, to create joint coalition governments of all parties (civil service governments were practically such).


Question: How long was Kekkonen president of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

As for the Coalition, this was not successful due to fierce opposition from the left-wing parties, and Kekkonen attempted in his last active months to overthrow the Koivisto II government and create a bourgeois government composed of Keskus and Coalition in its place.


Question: How long was Kekkonen president of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

He justified this as well as the admission of the SKP into government at one time: “one quarter of the people cannot be insulated from political decision-making”, and the vast majority of the Coalition were already in favour of Kekkonen for a good journey from the 1970s.


Question: How long was Kekkonen president of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

However, with the collapse of his health, he could not carry this out [101].


Question: How long was Kekkonen president of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

Kekkonen considered it very important to maintain good relations with the East and succeeded in concluding/contributing to many trade agreements that were very advantageous to Finland.


Question: How long was Kekkonen president of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

Kekkonen can therefore be regarded as essentially a centre-left pragmatic in his views.


Question: How long was Kekkonen president of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

Kekkonen was also aiming to get Karelia returned to Finland by agreement.


Question: How long was Kekkonen president of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

Research Kekkonen took care of storing his archives himself for the use of researchers.


Question: How long was Kekkonen president of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

Urho Kekkonen founded the Archives Foundation of the President of the Republic on 18 August 1970.


Question: How long was Kekkonen president of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

The place of the FAQ archive became Hovila Manor in Orimattila.


Question: How long was Kekkonen president of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

[102] However, due to the large amount of foreign policy material involved, its use was limited for a long time.


Question: How long was Kekkonen president of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

From 1995 until 2000, access to the archive required a research permit.


Question: How long was Kekkonen president of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

Since 2001, almost all of the data has been freely available to researchers.


Question: How long was Kekkonen president of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

[103] The research on Kekko has focused on his exercise of power and foreign policy.


Question: How long was Kekkonen president of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

Juhani Suomi used the archive to help compile an eight-volume “official” biography of Kekkonen, which appeared 1986—2000.


Question: How long was Kekkonen president of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

In addition to domestic archives, Hannu Rautkallio had access to the archives of the Central Committee of the USSR.


Question: How long was Kekkonen president of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

Kimmo Rientola also studied Kekkonen's relations with the east.


Question: How long was Kekkonen president of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

[104] [20] [105] Lasse Lehtinen and Timo J. Tuikka have studied Kekkonen's internal politics in their doctoral theses.


Question: How long was Kekkonen president of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

Several new research works and dissertations continue to appear on Urho Kekkonen every year.


Question: How long was Kekkonen president of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

[106] [105] In art and popular culture Finnish art and popular culture Kekkonta has been discussed abundantly.


Question: How long was Kekkonen president of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

For example, Kekkonen has been the subject of novels, operas, vocal plays, television series, films, antics books, cartoons and caricatures.


Question: How long was Kekkonen president of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

The importance of Kekkonen to Jews and Roma people on 22 August 1938, while Kekkonen was serving as Minister of the Interior, Finland refused to allow the m/s Ariadne vessel carrying around 60 Austrian Jewish refugees into Finland.


Question: How long was Kekkonen president of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

These Jewish refugees converted from Finland have been brought to know “Kekkonen as Jews”, as Kekkonen ultimately bore responsibility for what happened.


Question: How long was Kekkonen president of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

[108] On 10 February 1939, the far-right Patriotic People's Movement raised concerns in its parliamentary poll that it was unreasonable for Jewish refugee gangs to permanently enter Finland to enjoy the right to asylum while Finns are unemployed.


Question: How long was Kekkonen president of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

Minister of the Interior Kekkonen replied that “the number of refugees referred to in the survey is relatively low in Finland, which is due to the fact that the Government has taken all necessary measures in time to prevent the influx of refugees from Central Europe heading to our country”.


Question: How long was Kekkonen president of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

According to Kekkonen, “The Government's intention is, of course, without violating international customs concerning the state right of asylum, to constantly prevent the mass displacement of refugees into our country, which does not mean that entry permits cannot be issued in individual cases.” [109] In autumn 1942, Kekkonen stated that “a concentration camp for the Gypsies (Roma) must be set up for the Gypsies (Gypsies), and they will not survive by the way.”


Question: How long was Kekkonen president of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

[110] Around the same time, he wrote in the Finnish Kuvalehicle under the pseudonym Pekka Peitsi how the Roma are a group of work-wrenching, idly strolling gangs, which “forms a flagrant discord in the sound of work and effort that the country is flooding”.


Question: How long was Kekkonen president of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

[111] The Kekkonen camp proposal was put into action and in January 1943, Finland's first labour camp for Roma men began operation.


Question: How long was Kekkonen president of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

Roma women also found themselves in a similar camp.


Question: How long was Kekkonen president of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

[110] Many were assigned there on the basis of the Vagrancy Act 1936 [112].


Question: How long was Kekkonen president of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

Those engaged in forced labour were paid a small wage, minus accommodation, food and clothing expenses.


Question: How long was Kekkonen president of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

At least 75 mots had to be made in forestry labour camps before getting out could be considered.


Question: How long was Kekkonen president of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

Neither camp operated for long.


Question: How long was Kekkonen president of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

The camps are not classified as concentration camps.


Question: How long was Kekkonen president of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

[110] Literary production A prolific writer Kekkonen was also notable as a literary influence.


Question: How long was Kekkonen president of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

He wrote both under his own name and under pseudonyms, which included Esaijas Kohennuskeppi, Esaijas Ranstakka, K.Y.


Question: How long was Kekkonen president of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

Laaksonen, Kää, Lawyer, Lautamies, Liimatainen, Male Finnish, Olli Tampio, Pekka Peitsi, Urho Sorsimo and Nephew [113] [114].


Question: How long was Kekkonen president of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

In 1976, Kekkonen published a two-volume collection of his correspondence to some extent under the name Letters from My Mill.


Question: How long was Kekkonen president of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

The publication of the collection of letters prompted the term mill letter to become established for several years in political parlance.


Question: How long was Kekkonen president of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

The title of my work was combined with the name of French Alphonse Daudet's short story collection Letters from My Mill.


Question: How long was Kekkonen president of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

[115] [116] However, Kekkonen denied that these Letters from My Mill were anything to do with Daudet's short stories published in 1869, as his mill is entirely different from Daudet's romantic poet's hideout, from which “pleadings anonymous to the recipient” are sent.


Question: How long was Kekkonen president of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

Instead, Kekkonen characterised his letter mill as “a roaring, knuckling, pounding and grinding mill from which letters from the mill fire to well-defined recipients.”


Question: How long was Kekkonen president of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

[117] Kekkonen was planning a three-part series of memoirs, of which he could publish only the first volume, my Century 1, to 1936, before his health failed.


Question: How long was Kekkonen president of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

Kekkonen's publication in 1980 of Tamminieme, on which he compiled his domestic and foreign policy line pulls, has been considered his political will.


Question: How long was Kekkonen president of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

[118] Works Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Kekkonen, Urho| title = Self-Defense of Democracy | publisher = WSOY| year = 1934}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Kekkonen, Urho| title = Municipal Electoral Court under Finnish law (dissertation) | publisher = Otava| year = 1936}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Peitsi, Pekka| title = The path of defragmentation of the Finnish people| publisher = Otava| year = 1942}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Peitsi, Pekka| title = People fight for their life| publisher = Otava| year = 1943}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Lance, Pekka| title = I found wrist| publisher = Otava| year = 1944}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Lance, Pekka| title = Here we are| publisher = Oak | year = 1944}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Kekkonen, Urho| title = Does our country have the composure to prosper| publisher = Otava| year = 1952}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Kekkonen, Urho| title = New municipal election law explained | publisher = Gummerus| year = 1953}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Vilkuna, Gustav (ed.


Question: How long was Kekkonen president of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

) | title = For Earth| publisher = Otava| year = 1955}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Vilkuna, Tuomas (ed.


Question: How long was Kekkonen president of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

) | title = Speeches and writings 1 (1936−1956) | publisher = Weilin+Göös| year = 1967| isbn = 951-35-0353-4 sid.}


Question: How long was Kekkonen president of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Vilkuna, Tuomas (ed.


Question: How long was Kekkonen president of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

) | title = Speeches and writings 2 (1956−1967) | publisher = Weilin+Göös| year = 1967| isbn = 951-35-0355-0 (sid.)}}


Question: How long was Kekkonen president of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Adhesive | title = Across — chart board | publisher = Otava| year = 1968}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Kekkonen, Urho| title = Speeches and writings 3 (1916−1955) | publisher = Weilin+Gös| year = 1969| | isbn = 951-35- 0359-3 (sid.)}}


Question: How long was Kekkonen president of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Adhesive | title=Kekkonen, Urho| publisher = Otava| year = 1970}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Kekkonen, Urho| title = Speeches and writings 4| publisher = Weilin+Göös| year = 1972| isbn = 951-35-| 0862-5 (sid.)}}


Question: How long was Kekkonen president of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Kekkonen, Urho| title = Decades of Change| publisher = Weilin+Göös| year = 1975| isbn = 951-35-1409-9 (sid.)}}


Question: How long was Kekkonen president of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Tyrkkö, Maarit & Keijo Korhonen (ed.


Question: How long was Kekkonen president of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

) | title = Letters from my mill 1:1956-1967| publisher = Otava| year = 1976| isbn = 951-1-02390-X (sid.)}}


Question: How long was Kekkonen president of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Tyrkkö, Maarit & Korhonen, Keijo (ed.


Question: How long was Kekkonen president of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

) | title = Letters from my mill 2:1968—1975| publisher = Otava| year = 1976| id = ISBN 951-1-04052-9 (sid.)}}


Question: How long was Kekkonen president of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Stormbom, N.-B.


Question: How long was Kekkonen president of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

(ed.


Question: How long was Kekkonen president of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

) | title = Mina brev 1956−1975| publisher = Söderström| year = 1977| isbn = 951-52-0403-8 (sid.)}}


Question: How long was Kekkonen president of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen


Question: How long was Kekkonen president of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

) | title = By name and name brand| publisher = otava| year = 1977| isbn = 951-1-04641-1 (sid.)}}


Question: How long was Kekkonen president of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen


Question: How long was Kekkonen president of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

) | title = By name and pseudonym 2| publisher = Otava| year = 1977| isbn = 951-1-04643-8 (sid.)}}


Question: How long was Kekkonen president of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Tyrkkö, Maarit (ed.)


Question: How long was Kekkonen president of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

& Saanio, M.


Question: How long was Kekkonen president of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

(images) | title = Travel photos of Kainui and Lap| publisher = Otava| year = 1977| isbn = 951-1-09414-9 (sid.)}}


Question: How long was Kekkonen president of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Tyrkkö, Maarit (ed.


Question: How long was Kekkonen president of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

) | title = Tamminiemi| publisher = Weilin+Göös| year = 1980| isbn = 951-35-2287-3 sid.}


Question: How long was Kekkonen president of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Kekkonen, Urho| title = My Year 1| publisher = Otava| year = 1981| isbn = 951-1-06566-1 (part 1)}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Tyrkkö, Maarit (ed.


Question: How long was Kekkonen president of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

) | title = Publication| publisher = Weilin+Göös| year = 1982| isbn = 951-35-2065-X sid.}


Question: How long was Kekkonen president of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Tyrkkö, Maarit & Suomi, Juhani (ed.


Question: How long was Kekkonen president of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

) | title = Counter-current| publisher = otava| year = 1983| isbn = 951-1-07557-8 sid.}


Question: How long was Kekkonen president of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Source Ear, P. & Pekkarinen, J.


Question: How long was Kekkonen president of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

(koost.


Question: How long was Kekkonen president of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

) | title = Letters to miller 1956—1981| publisher = Otava| year = 2000}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Uino, Ari| title = Rills off and over the bar: Urho Kekkonen as sportsman| publisher = Otava| year = 1999| isbn = 951-16338-8}} Briefly Governments of Kekkonen I Government Kekkonen II Government Kekkonen III Government Kekkonen IV Government Kekkonen V Government Presidencies 1st term: 1 March 1956 — 1 March 1962 2nd term: 1 March 1962 — 1 March 1968 3rd term: 1 March 1968 — 1. 4 March 1978 (1973 Exemption Act extended by 4 years) 4th term: 1 March 1978 — 27 January 1982 (would have lasted until 1 March 1984, but Kekkonen abdicated by the President of the Republic on health grounds 26 October 1981) See also Paasikiven—Kekkonen Urho Kekkonen Museum List of President Kekkonen's state visits Kekkontien FAQ Institute Sources Literature Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Haataja, Lauri & Friman, Paavo| title = Presidential Book| location = Helsinki| publisher = Gummerus| year = 2001| isbn = 951-566-071-8}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Uino, Ari (ed.


Question: How long was Kekkonen president of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

) | title = Young Urho: Urho Kekkonen Kajaanin years 1911—1921| publisher = Otava| year = 1999| isbn = 951-1-15992-5}} References Literature Juhani Finnish books Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = English, Juhani| title = Urho Kekkonen 1936—1944: Myrrys| publisher her = otava| year = 1986| isbn = 951-1-06567-X}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = English, Juhani| title = Urho Kekkonen 1944—1950: Vonkamies| publisher = Otava| year = 1988| isbn = 951-1-09770-9}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| k| author = English, Juhani| title = Urho Kekkonen 1950—1956: Kingtie| publisher = Otava| year = 1990| isbn = 951-1-10403-9}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Finland, Juhani| title = Urho Kekkonen 1956-1962: Time of crises | publisher = Otava| year = 1992| isbn = 951-11588| 4}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Finland, Juhani| title = Urho Kekkonen 1962—1968: Presiden| publisher = Otava| year = 1994| isbn = 951-1-13065-X}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Finland, Juhani| title = Urho Kekkonen 1968—1972: Battle for impartial| publisher year = Otava| = 1996| isbn = 951-1-13548-1}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = English, Juhani| title = Urho Kekkonen 1972—1976: In the chaff stream | publisher = Otava| year = 1998| isbn = 951-1-14799-4}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = English, Juhanian | title = Urho Kekkonen 1976—1981: Expired chart| publisher = Otava| year = 2000| isbn = 951-1-16257-8}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Finland, Juhani (ed.


Question: How long was Kekkonen president of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

) | title = Urho Kekkonen Diaries 1:1958—1962| publisher = Otava| year = 2001| isbn = 951-1-15547-4}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Finland, Juhani (ed.


Question: How long was Kekkonen president of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

) | title = Urho Kekkonen Diaries 2:1963—1968| publisher = Otava| year = 2002| isbn = 951-1-18174-2}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Finland, Juhani (ed.


Question: How long was Kekkonen president of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

) | title = Urho Kekkonen Diaries 3:1969—1974| publisher = Otava| year = 2003| isbn = 951-1-18858-5}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Finland, Juhani (ed.


Question: How long was Kekkonen president of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

) | title = Urho Kekkonen diaries 4:1975—1981| publisher = Otava| year = 2004| isbn = 951-1-19251-5}} Other books Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Hakanen, Yrjö| title = Six photos of Kekon| publisher = Love books| year = 1985| isbn = 951-835-0935-09| 6-5}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Seppänen, Esa (ed.


Question: How long was Kekkonen president of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

) | title = Who Kekkonen? | location = Helsinki| publisher = Art House| year = 2014| isbn = 978-951-884-527-3}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Lilja, Pekka & Raig, Kulle| title = Urho Kekkonen and Estonia| publisher = Minerva Kustannus Oy| year = 2006| isbn = 952-95| 5591-80-8}} Citation error, replace with { {cite book| author = Linnankivi, Berry| title = Kekkonten daughter-in-law | location = Helsinki| publisher = Januar| year = 2010| isbn = 978-951-31-5366-3}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Salmon, Tuomas| title = “Get used to it, why 'not parkuen ane”.


Question: How long was Kekkonen president of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

Finland's leading newspaper's attitude towards Urho Kekkonen 1944—1956| publisher = Oulu University| year = 2003| version = dissertation | isbn = 951-42-7157-2| format = [Online version of the work (PDF)] | accessdate = 6.1.2016}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| title = Memories of Medical Work — Läkarminnen| location = Hämeenlinna| publisher = SKS/duodecim| year = 2006| isbn = 951-746-781-8}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Montonen, Pia Maria| title = Realm's daughter-in-law: Brita Kekkonen| location = Helsinki| publisher = WSOY| year = 2014| | isbn = 078-951-0-40241-2}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Niiranen, Pekka| title = Kekkonen and Church: Relations between President of the Republic Urho Kekkonen and the Evangelical Lutheran Church of Finland 1956—1981| publisher = Bookshop | year = 2000| isbn = 951-625-653-8}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book | author = Repo, Eino S. & Repo, Ville| title = Principal: Portrait of Urho Kekkonen from his President| publisher = Weilin+Göös| year = 1985| isbn = 951-35-3191-0}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Seppänen, Esa| title = Eastern Relations Triangle Brezhnev—Kosygin 1960—1980| publisher = Idea Books| year = 2007| isbn = 978-951-20-7492-1}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Seppänen, Esa| title = Fencer against volcano: Urho Kekkonen and Nikita Khrushchev 1955—1964| publisher = January| year = 2004| isbn = 951-31-2628-5}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Seppänen, Esa| title = FAQ Deep Imprint — Legacy or Ballast? | publisher = Idea Books| year = 2009| isbn = 978-951-20-7913-1}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Skyä, Kyösti| title = Unknown Kekkonen| publisher = Bookgroup| year = 1980| isbn = 951-26-1878-8}} Citation error, replace with {cite book| | author = Tuikka, Timo J.| title = “Kekkonen konstit”: Urho Kekkonen's concepts of history and politics from theory to practice 1933—1982| publisher = University of Jyväskylä | year = 2007| isbn = 978-951-39-2804-9}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Tuikka, Timo J.| title = Kekkonen takapiru: Kaarlo Hillilä incredible life| location = Helsinki| publisher = Otava| year = 2011| isbn = 978-951-1-25226-9}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Turpeinen-Saari, Pirkko| title = Great lonely: Urho Kekkonen and feeling| publisher = Gummerus| year = 2006| isbn = 95| 1-20-7011-1}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Tyrkkö, Maarit| title = Girl and recorder| location = Helsinki| publisher = WSOY| year = 2014| isbn = 978-951-040253-5}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Korhonen, Keijo (ed.


Question: How long was Kekkonen president of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

) | title = Urho Kekkonen — peace politician| publisher = Otava| year = 1975| isbn = 951-1-02053-6}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Pelttari, Hannu| title = Kekkonen Kekkonen 789522889560}} Fiction Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Huovinen, Pentti & Finnish, Kari| title = Kekkonen Vision Man (comic) | publisher = WSOY| year = 1975| isbn = 951-3-51386-6}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Kirstilä, Pentti| title = Farewell Presidents for publisher = WSOY| year = 1979| isbn = 951-0-09207-X}} Salo, Value: Men of Power (play, television opera), 1986.


Question: How long was Kekkonen president of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

Kassila, Matti: Farewell to the President, 1987.


Question: How long was Kekkonen president of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Interior, Vesa & Ala-Korpela, Anu — Metsämäki, Mikko | title = Operation Kekkonen| publisher = Tamm| year = 2000| isbn = 951-31-1791-X}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Hagelberg, Matti| title = Kekkonen publisher = otava| year = 2004| version = Cartoon| isbn = 951-1-19098-9}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Tervo, Jari| title = Mole | publisher = WSOY| year = 2004| isbn = 951-0-29394-6}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Hämäläinen, Karo| title = Urho Kekkonen| publisher = Tamil| year = 2005| isbn = 951-31-3399-0}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Oranen, Raija| title = Named Kekkonen| publisher = Works| year= 2011| isbn = 978-951-851-365-3}} On topic elsewhere Check date values in: |date= (help) at Statistical workshop (registration required) Check date values in: |date= (help) Check date values in: |accessdate= (help) CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link) * Category:Born in 1900 Category:Deaths in 1986 Category:Key to screening articles


Question: How many founding members were in Guns N' Roses?

Metallica

Metallica is an American metal music band founded in Los Angeles, California in 1981 by vocalist and guitarist James Hetfield and drummer Lars Ulrich.


Question: How many founding members were in Guns N' Roses?

Metallica

Famed for its fast-paced and heavy music, Metallica is one of the most prominent bands in metal music throughout the ages, and is known along with Megadeth, Slayer and Anthrax as one of the “big four” bands of the thrash metal genre.


Question: How many founding members were in Guns N' Roses?

Metallica

In addition to James Hetfield and Lars Ulrich, who had been involved in the band since its inception, Metallica's line-up includes solo guitarist Kirk Hammett, who has played in the band since 1983, and bassist Robert Trujillo, who joined the band in 2003.


Question: How many founding members were in Guns N' Roses?

Metallica

[1] Early in their career, Metallica garnered fans with their music especially in underground metal circles, but the band's first five albums also gained acclaim among critics.


Question: How many founding members were in Guns N' Roses?

Metallica

Metallica's third album Master of Puppets (1986) has been considered one of the heaviest and most influential thrash metal albums.


Question: How many founding members were in Guns N' Roses?

Metallica

With their fifth album, Metallica (1991), the band had musically moved closer to more conventional heavy metal, elevating the band more prominently to mainstream audience consciousness than before.


Question: How many founding members were in Guns N' Roses?

Metallica

[2] The album has sold over twenty million copies worldwide.


Question: How many founding members were in Guns N' Roses?

Metallica

After Metallica, the band recorded albums Load and ReLoad, which represented a lighter style, a cover album with Garage Inc., and a live album with S&M in association with the San Francisco Symphony Orchestra, until making a return to their thrash roots with their 2008 album Death Magnetic.