Question: When did the Soviet Union invade Afghanistan?

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Brezhnev accused Daoud Khan of sliding under the cover of Arab funding into the western camp, which came close to being a traitor.


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[12] The Afghan government then established trade relations with Iran and India.


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[13] Daoud Khan's idea was to distance himself from the communist bloc, but also not to bind Afghanistan to the Western camp.


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[12] President Daoud Khan sought to dam communism by separating communists from positions of high officials and moving them to posts of minor importance in the provinces.


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The urban Marxist middle class he courted by embracing the rhetoric of these and owning their political agenda.


Question: When did the Soviet Union invade Afghanistan?

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In January 1977, a constitution that spoke of “the people” and “deprivers” and sought to nationalise banks and production facilities.


Question: When did the Soviet Union invade Afghanistan?

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At this point, Daoud's attack on the Communists was no longer an internal matter for Afghanistan.


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The Soviets pressured the various factions of the Communists to skip their hostility and ally against the Presidential regime.


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[14] In late 1977, the situation in the country became tense as the government had made the country a one-party state and was waging attacks on leftist groups.


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Communists and other leftists were looking forward to supporting the President in his exploits against monarchists and Islamists and knew what would await them when they lost.


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The PDPA formally merged in July 1977.


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[12] Saur Revolution miniature|Nur Mohammed Taraki On April 27, 1978, the communist PDPA started a coup in Kabul with the support of the army and Daoud was ejected from power and the country was declared a democratic republic.


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[10] Revolution or hijacking derives its name from the Pashtun name of the month of events, or saur month (Finnish bull).


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The revolution was brief and violent.


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The president and his family and his closest aides were killed and buried in a mass grave.


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There were much the same individuals at the head of the revolution as in 1973, when the king was overthrown from power, such as Air Force General Abd-a-Quadir Dagarwal.


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[15] How much the Soviet Union guided the Saur Revolution remains unclear.


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The Kremlin has likely known about the Communists' plans but has not maneuvered them.


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From the communist regime, the Soviet Union eventually got more annoyance than from the self-styled Daoud Khan.


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[16] Officially, power was taken by the Revolutionary Council of the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan, which consisted of the PDPA Central Committee as well as senior officers.


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Nur Mohammed Taraki was declared head of state.


Question: When did the Soviet Union invade Afghanistan?

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Traditional values were not wanted to be irritated and the country was promised to govern “in the name of the tenets of Islam.”


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Government communiqués were issued “in the name of God”.


Question: When did the Soviet Union invade Afghanistan?

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For most of the people, the principles of the new regime seemed alien and they saw what happened as a showdown with the elite.


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[17] However, the communists' power was not assured in the country.


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In late 1978, the cautious and tradition-respecting pronouncements following the rise to power were abandoned.


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All references to Islam were discontinued and communist rhetoric was taken in place.


Question: When did the Soviet Union invade Afghanistan?

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The country's traditional tricolor flag was taken out of use and a Soviet-style red flag was taken in place.


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[18] Communists wanted to expand their support from cities to rural areas by embarking on a literacy campaign as well as radical land reform.


Question: When did the Soviet Union invade Afghanistan?

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[18] Their radical Marxist Reforms, breaking with many local traditions, met fierce opposition from the outset and the mujahideen guerrillas rose in revolt against the government.


Question: When did the Soviet Union invade Afghanistan?

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Army units also joined the rebels.


Question: When did the Soviet Union invade Afghanistan?

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Furthermore, the communists were internally divided into two factions, the Khalq () led by Nur Muhammad Tarak and Hafizullah Amin, and Parcham () led by Babrak Karmal.


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[6] [19] The complexity of the situation is illustrated by it, especially Pakistan and Saudi Arabia had already throughout the 1970s increased their own influence in the region by supporting Islamist groups that had opposed the Soviet Union.


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[20] There was a power struggle in the new communist leadership of a country mired in turmoil.


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In the summer of 1978, the Khalq trend of Tarak and Amin supplanted the Parchamians from the leadership of the country.


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Parcham's leading figure Karmal was forced to be ambassador to Prague.


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In the same autumn, Parchamians began to be imprisoned on charges of attempted coup and Babrak Karmal sought refuge in the Soviet Union.


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Amin strengthened his positions in 1979 during a power struggle at Taraki's expense, rising to prime minister.


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In September 1979, Taraki and Karmal met secretly in Moscow, agreeing on Amin's ouster and Karmal's return.


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However, Amin was the first to oust the Soviet-backed Tarak and his supporters.


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[21] Tarak's fate was to lose his life on Amin's commission when Amin's men suffocated him with a pillow.


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An official communiqué issued to the nation said Taraki had died of illness.


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[22] Next, Amin made himself president of the country.


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During 1979, the battle against mujahideen guerrillas under Amin was not particularly successful and attempts were made to intensify military action.


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However, the effectiveness of the army had been greatly eroded from earlier levels.


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Male strength had dwindled from 100,000 men to about 30000 by the end of 1979 due to desertion and purges.


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Furthermore, when filling senior officers' posts, more thought had been given to political orthodoxy than professional qualifications.


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[22] Amin's communist regime became more violence-leaning and Islamists were executed, among other things.


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[23] Attempts were made to appease his own people by blaming Taraki, who had been deposed for all hardships.


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The names of the 12000 people he executed were given to the public and the administration began renovating mosques.


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Amin tried in his public appearances to appear as a just ruler and quit the loathed secret police.


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In his place he admittedly founded the “Workers' Intelligence Institute” to continue the work of the abolished police.


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The people were no longer fooled and no rebel group responded to the government's peace pleas.


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[24] Afghanistan-Soviet relations were severed when Amin refused Soviet advice to calm the situation and stabilize his government.


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[1] The Soviet leadership began to be fed up with the Ami regime and his inability to cooperate with the Communist camp as well as anyone else.


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There were plans to carry out some kind of palace revolution in Kabul, but Amin remained ahead of events throughout.


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The Kremlin took as an insult Amin's order in November 1979 ordering the Soviet ambassador to leave the country.


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In the same month, Red Army Marshal Sergey Sokolov began concentrating troops on the surface of the border in Temez, the Soviet Republic of Uzbekistan.


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[25] In the same year 1979, the revolution that began in neighbouring Iran became Islamist, which was sealed by the theocratic constitution enacted in December, elevating Ayatoc Khomeini to the supreme leader of the country.


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Soviet occupation begins The Soviet leadership was troubled by a weakly gone war against mujahideen guerrillas.


Question: When did the Soviet Union invade Afghanistan?

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The Afghan government continually asked the Soviet Union for further monetary and armed support, but did not agree to be routed from Moscow.


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Amin's capture made relations between the two countries particularly tense, with the Soviet Union supporting a group left behind by defeat within the ruling party.


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Amin's communism had nationalist overtones, and his radical reform policies were seen in the Soviet Union as jeopardizing the continuity of pro-Soviet rule, in an effort to reduce dependence on the Soviet Union and develop communism with safeguarding China.


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[26] In the Kremlin, Amin was even suspected of planning an alliance with the United States.


Question: When did the Soviet Union invade Afghanistan?

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[27] Furthermore, there were fears that the Islamic Revolution in Iran could gain support in Afghanistan and spread from there to the Islamic republics of the Soviet Union such as Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan.


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Andrei Gromyko made the case at a Politburo meeting in 1979 that Afghanistan could by no means be lost.


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[16] In a confused situation, the Soviet Union decided to ensure the country remained under its own control and it undertook military intervention.


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Soviet combat troops moved by air to Bagram Airport north of Kabul and they took control of the Salang Road Tunnel and Bagram and Kabul airfields.


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On December 24, three divisions captured Bagram, Kabul, Kandahar and Herat airfields.


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Amin greeted the event with satisfaction, as already Taraki had hoped that the Soviet Union would send soldiers to the country to help their government.


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[28] Spetsnaz commandos took over the communications in Kabul.


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On December 27, Soviet advisers held banquet dinners for the state leadership — all were arrested, the same happened to the military leadership.


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700 KGB Alpha soldiers in Afghan uniforms attacked the presidential palace in Kabul, and Hafizullah Amin and his family were assassinated.


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Initially, Amin was only to be drugged and subsequently imprisoned.


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[28] The Soviet news agency Tass stated in a propagandistic tone: “The bloody clique of Hafizullah Amin and his auxiliaries, as well as American imperialism, has been eaten from power”.


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[29] The Kremlin's decision elevated Babrak Karmal, who had been exiled in the Soviet Union, to the leadership of Afghanistan.


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On 28 December 1979, he became President, Prime Minister and General Secretary of the Communist Party.


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[30] The name Babrak Karmal, taken from the puppet ruler of Afghanistan, signified “friend of the workers”.


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[31] On the same day, several motorized divisions of the Soviet Land Forces crossed the Afghan border.


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The justification for a major military operation was obtained through a transparent appeal to the YYA agreement with Afghanistan and a request from the Afghan government.


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Thus Brezhnev's doctrine was applied not only to Eastern Europe, but also in Afghanistan.


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There was also a concrete staging of the call for help in traditional Soviet style, though this time in some clumsily fashion.


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Babrak Karmal's recorded “Request for Assistance from the Afghan Government” was broadcast via the radio station of the Soviet Army Mission Command, which was located in Soviet territory (Uzbekistan).


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[32] The plan of the Soviet Union was to raise the desired government to power in Kabul, quickly stabilise the situation and leave the country.


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Guerrilla warfare was believed to be avoided by presenting the guerrillas with massive military strength.


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The local culture and the religious feelings of the inhabitants were not wanted to be offended and the rank-men were assembled from Soviet Kyrgyz, Uzbek, Turkmen, and Tajik soldiers.


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This was abandoned quite soon, as representatives of those nationalities not only deserted from the Red Army, but also joined the Afghan fighters.


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[33] The reaction to the occupation was expressed by the general aggravation caused by the Soviet war effort.


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The occupation of Afghanistan was addressed in early January 1980 at the initiative of 43 countries by the UN Security Council.


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As expected, the Soviet Union vetoed a motion calling for foreign troops to be withdrawn from the country.


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The General Assembly's proposal for a resolution on the matter, which admittedly did not mention the Soviet Union directly by name, was a significant prestige defeat for Moscow.


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For a long time, the vote in practice had been considered by the UN General Assembly that the West had often fallen behind defeat in the polls with socialist and Third World countries on a common front.


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Now on January 14, 1980, 104 countries supported the resolution, with 18 voting against and 18 abstaining.


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[34] Among the abstaining countries were, among others, Stalinist Romania, which has been part of the Warsaw Pact, and the only Western European country remaining outside the conflicts of the great powers, India, Nicaragua, Cyprus, and a number of third countries countries of the world.


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[35] US President Jimmy Carter was not content with condemning the Soviet Union at the UN but took extensive punitive measures.


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In the field of diplomacy, the measures included summoning Moscow's ambassador home.


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Extensive economic sanctions were also directed against the Soviet Union, covering issues such as grain exports and high technology.


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Action was taken against the Olympic Games in Moscow in the summer of 1980 to acquire a broad boycott front.


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In addition, the SALT II Treaty, which aimed at limiting strategic arms, went unratified by the United States Senate.


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In the longer term, the United States woke up to respond more firmly to the Soviet arms race.


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This cycle of armaments was already sucking up the resources of the otherwise economically stagnant Soviet Union to such an extent that it subjected the country to a subsequent disintegration process.


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[36] US support for Afghan fighters remained fairly modest during Jimmy Carter's presidency.


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After Ronald Reagan became president in 1981, the amount of aid increased.


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[37] Officially, the United States had denied its armed support to Afghan fighters, supplying them only with Soviet-made armament.


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This was obtained from the Soviet Union's former ally country Egypt.


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Eventually it went so far as to start manufacturing copies of Soviet-style weapons in China stamped with copies of Soviet stamps.


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[37] From a European point of view, the serious state of affairs could be noted at the latest: Especially from the right and Conservative parties, it was known that the Cold War had frozen the atmosphere and the enlargement had ended.


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The Conservative Party of Great Britain, led by Margaret Thatcher, was on the front lines of tinkering with sanctions on the Soviet Union.


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[38] Franz-Josef Strauss, the president of the West German Christian Social Union (CSU), gave fresh air to his Finnish speech, fearing Soviet remote control over Europe, stating: “Europe was one day becoming a great Finland.” [39] Saudi Arabia reacted to the Soviet occupation providing resistance fighters with significant monetary assistance.


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Its motives were of two kinds: on the one hand, to dam the advance of what was considered godless, an aggressive Soviet Union; on the other hand, channelling aid to Sunni Pashtuns wanted to weaken Iranian influence.


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[40] In Saudi Arabia it was thought that the next target of invasion by the Soviet Union after Afghanistan would be Iran and the Persian Gulf.


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Iran, on the other hand, had become too popular and influential among Shiites since its Islamic revolution.


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[40] Finnish attitude The comments of the Finnish foreign policy leadership on the occupation of Afghanistan in the first days of 1980 did not, in a word, criticise the Soviet Union's activities.


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Led by Foreign Minister Paavo Väyrysen, but likely with guidance from Undersecretary of State Keijo Korhonen, the Foreign Ministry formulated a statement that the Soviet intervention was based on a Soviet-Afghan mutual agreement and a request for assistance from Afghans.


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Finland's attitude immediately attracted international attention, and among others the British Ambassador to Helsinki visited the Foreign Office to express his astonishment.


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In his opinion, of all the countries in the world, it is Finland who would have thought was concerned about the invasion of a small neighbouring country by Soviet troops.


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President Urho Kekkonen, who was visited in Tamminiemi by Ministerial Advisor Viktor Vladimirov, said that the occupation had put Finland in a very difficult situation because Finland could not possibly support the Soviet Union's actions and it would be difficult to be neutral.


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The next day, Ambassador Vladimir Sobolev visited Kekkonen to promise that the Soviet Union would withdraw its troops as soon as the reasons leading to their deployment to Afghanistan would have gone away.


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This is what Kekkonen said he was pleased with.


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[35] Max Jakobson, the then Managing Director of the Business Delegation and a foreign policy contributor, defended the Finnish Government's line in his newspaper writings.


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Later, he has written that Finland's conduct in the UN General Assembly resolution vote did not in fact show neutrality, but followed the “geopolitical voting pattern” that had emerged during the days of the Hungarian uprising in 1956 and from which a departure might have been raises suspicion in Moscow.


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[41] According to Keijo Korhonen, Undersecretary of State for Foreign Affairs, the condemnation of the occupation of Afghanistan could also have been seen in the circle of the most ardent foreign Finns only as an indication that Finland would vote against the Soviet Union, with the permission of the Soviet Union, and this would not, however, ways helped the Afghans.


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[42] Kari Suomalainen, a Helsingin Sanomat cartoonist known as a critic of Finnishness, commented on Finland's proceedings at the UN with a drawing in which the seat of the Finnish envoy in the Assembly chamber was empty and the wall paper next to it showed a slight hump.


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[43] Osmo Apunen, professor of international politics at the University of Tampere, drew attention to the fact that the commitment between the Soviet Union and Afghanistan resembled the YYA agreement between Finland and the Soviet Union in nature.


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Apuse's writing provoked shock and strong outcry, although he did not say that the YYA treaty could give the Soviet Union the same rights over Finland as in Afghanistan.


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[35] The occupation period and the war on terror Over time, it became apparent that Afghanistan became a military problem hotbed for the Soviet Union.


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Although intelligence reports had been available on the abysmal condition of the Afghan army, the leaders of the Red Army believed it could cope with resistance groups and the Red Army should only provide material assistance and occupy strategic targets.


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After discovering the abysmal condition of the Afghan forces, the Soviets realised they would be held accountable for actual combat action.


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There was no plan for this and the situation was not improved by the fact that soldiers were not trained to fight factions of a few men hiding in the mountains, but to fight NATO armoured forces.


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[44] Leonid Brezhnev was succeeded as General Secretary of the Communist Party by Yuri Andropov in 1982.


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He realized that the Soviet Union was stuck in an untenable situation.


Question: When did the Soviet Union invade Afghanistan?

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The Red Army was not losing the war, as Afghan guerrillas did not have the strength to take either bases or towns.


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On the other hand, the Soviet Union could not possibly win the war.


Question: When did the Soviet Union invade Afghanistan?

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Although Soviet soldiers regained control of territories, the guerrillas returned as soon as the Soviet troops disembarked.


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[45] Moreover, the war was an increasingly worsening economic and political burden.


Question: When did the Soviet Union invade Afghanistan?

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Pulling the military out of Afghanistan was out of the question, as withdrawal without negotiations would have been interpreted as a defeat and would have been seen as a loss of face.


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Andropov began his first cautious peace pledges with guerrilla leaders, but could die before anything had even been negotiated.


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[46] With hostility towards the occupier, various factions receiving support from Islamic countries, China and the West sustained losses on it, exploiting mountainous terrain suitable for guerrilla warfare.


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[23] Soviet troops mainly held the largest cities and roads to them.


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Overland maintenance operations from the Soviet Union were also in difficulty first and foremost in the nighttime and control was not successful without a great effort of force.


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Yuri Andropov was succeeded after his death by Konstantin Chernenko.


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In his short term (1984—1985), he chose a line in which attempts to negotiate were rejected.


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Instead, the decision was made to increase military strength.


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[47] The Soviet Union did not bring success in guerrilla territory even the extremely harsh methods of war on terror it used.


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[48] Its air force used large incendiary bombs filled with phosphorus and magnesium in the bombing of Afghan villages, sparking a local firestorm.


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To avoid anti-aircraft combat, starting in 1983, “carpet bombing” from high altitude commenced.


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In April 1984, for example, villages in the Panshir Valley were bombed with thirty planes daily.


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The purpose of the terror bombings was to destroy the life chances of the civilian population supporting the resistance.


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[49] This draining of the countryside succeeded, with 2.8 million Afghans fleeing to Pakistan and 1.5 million to Iran.


Question: When did the Soviet Union invade Afghanistan?

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The war in Afghanistan also significantly weakened the intervals between the Soviet Union and Pakistan, which supported the mujahideen guerrillas.


Question: When did the Soviet Union invade Afghanistan?

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Between 1986 and 1988, Pakistan Air Force F-16 fighter jets shot down at least 8 adversary planes when the planes violated Pakistani airspace in pursuit of guerrillas.


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[50] In addition to financial and military aid from many Arab countries, thousands of volunteers from other Islamic countries flowed into Afghanistan, including Osama bin Laden and other later al-Qaeda members.


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The US support was significant throughout and it donated, among other things, in 1986 some 600 Stinger near-aircraft missiles to the mujahideen guerrillas.


Question: When did the Soviet Union invade Afghanistan?

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Guerrilla groups Anti-Soviet forces and guerrillas opposed to the government split into numerous different factions.


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The main ones were the seven parties that held their headquarters in Peshawar, which enjoyed considerable support from Pakistan, Saudi Arabia and the United States (Operation Cyclone).


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In particular, Pakistan's intelligence agency, the ISI, played a key role in channeling support, favoring Islamist groups.


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From the Peshawar sides to the radicals, the Hezb-i-Islami (Islamic Party) led by Gulbuddin Hekmatyar, a group of the same name led by Yunus Khalis who resigned from this, the Ittihad-i-Islami led by Abdul Rasul Sayyaf, and the Jamiat-i-Islami led by Burhanuddin Rabbani.


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The traditionalist wing in turn was represented by Mohammad Nabi Mohammad's Harakat-i-Inqilab-i-Islami (Movement of the Islamic Revolution), Sibghatullah Mojadedin Jabha-i-Najat-i-Milli (National Liberation Front), and Ahmed Gailani's Mahaz-i-Milli-Islami (National Islamic Front).


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Iran, in turn, supported several guerrilla organizations formed by Afghan Shiite Muslims in the war.


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The Wahhabite guerrilla groups, particularly in the Kunar and Nuristan regions, were supported by Saudi Arabia.


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In addition to these groups, especially in the early stages, some leftist (especially Maoist-influenced) and nationalist groups also participated in the guerrilla war.


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End of the Soviet War When Mikhail Gorbachev moved in 1985 to the Soviet leadership, the war began to seek a solution.


Question: When did the Soviet Union invade Afghanistan?

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Gorbachev informed the military leadership that will allow them to resolve the situation militarily, but a solution must happen soon.


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Between 1985 and 1986, Soviet forces and the Afghan government army they supported conducted spectacular operations to retake territory from guerrillas.


Question: When did the Soviet Union invade Afghanistan?

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It was already starting to be clear, however, that the war cannot be won.


Question: When did the Soviet Union invade Afghanistan?

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[51] In 1987, an estimated 35% of Afghanistan was under the control of Soviet forces and the Afghan government, 45% was under the control of guerrilla factions, and 20% was virtually no territory controlled by anyone.


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[52] In 1987, the first temporary truce was concluded in which Karmal, who had lost Soviet support, was ousted from power.


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Mohammed Najibullah became the new president.


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In November 1987, a representative of the Soviet Ministry of Foreign Affairs announced that the Soviet Union had made a “political decision” to withdraw its troops from Afghanistan within 7—12 months.


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[53] In 1988, with the help of the UN, an agreement was reached between Afghanistan and Pakistan, the main supporter of the guerrillas, and an agreement to withdraw Soviet troops from the country


Question: When did the Soviet Union invade Afghanistan?

War in Afghanistan

In pulling out of Afghanistan, Soviet forces wanted to influence their adversary by carrying out jamming retaliatory strikes with ballistic Scud missiles.


Question: When did the Soviet Union invade Afghanistan?

War in Afghanistan

Two missiles hit a market in the city of Asadabad, leaving 300 people dead and 500 wounded.


Question: When did the Soviet Union invade Afghanistan?

War in Afghanistan

[54] In February 1989, the last Soviet soldier left Afghanistan.


Question: When did the Soviet Union invade Afghanistan?

War in Afghanistan

[48] On Christmas Eve 1989, the Congress of People's Representatives of the USSR condemned — along with the 1939 Molotov—Ribbentrop Pact and the accompanying secret Additional Protocol — the deployment of Soviet troops to Afghanistan in December 1979.


Question: When did the Soviet Union invade Afghanistan?

War in Afghanistan

[55] The war in Afghanistan continued after the Soviet withdrawal as a civil war.


Question: When did the Soviet Union invade Afghanistan?

War in Afghanistan

The communist regime led by Najibullah gradually lost its grip on its support areas and mujahideen guerrillas overran Kabul in 1992.


Question: When did the Soviet Union invade Afghanistan?

War in Afghanistan

Najibullah then saved himself under UN-protected house arrest.


Question: When did the Soviet Union invade Afghanistan?

War in Afghanistan

[48] Since then, the country has only had brief periods of calm and the country is practically in a state of war even at this time.


Question: When did the Soviet Union invade Afghanistan?

War in Afghanistan

Monuments Memorial Chapel and Stone on the Island of Tears (1996), designed abroad under the direction of sculptor J. Pavlov, especially the memorial island of Belarusians fallen in the Afghan War in Minsk.


Question: When did the Soviet Union invade Afghanistan?

War in Afghanistan

See also Afghanistan War (2001—) Afghan Civil War (1928—1929) 9th Company Charlie Wilson's War Sources Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Griffiths, John C.| title = Afghanistan — Key to a Continent| location = Boulder, Colorado| publisher = Westview Press| year = 1981| language = Transclusion error: {{En}} is only for use in File namespace.


Question: When did the Soviet Union invade Afghanistan?

War in Afghanistan

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Question: When did the Soviet Union invade Afghanistan?

War in Afghanistan

Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Isby, David| title= Russia's War in Afghanistan| location = London| publisher = Osprey Publishing Ltd| year = 1987| language = Transclusion error: {{En}} is only for use in File namespace.


Question: When did the Soviet Union invade Afghanistan?

War in Afghanistan


Question: When did the Soviet Union invade Afghanistan?

War in Afghanistan

Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Ravela, Reko| title = Endless War in Afghanistan| location = Helsinki| publisher = Like| year= 2011| id = ISBN 978-952-01-0611-9}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Sergejeff, Andrei| title = Afghan History — Silk Road cultures| publisher = Gaudeamus Helsinki University Press| year = 2011| id = ISBN 978-952-495-219-4}} References Literature Braithwaite, Rodric: Afgantsy, The Russians in Afghanistan 1979-89.


Question: When did the Soviet Union invade Afghanistan?

War in Afghanistan

Profile Books, 2012.


Question: When did the Soviet Union invade Afghanistan?

War in Afghanistan

ISBN 978-1-84668-062-5 Civil War Category:Asian States Civil Wars Category:Cold War Category:Soviet Wars Category:Wars of the 20th Century Category:Key articles of screening


Question: When was Finland's first train line completed?

History of the Finnish rail network

The history of the Finnish network can be considered to extend at least to March 20.


Question: When was Finland's first train line completed?

History of the Finnish rail network

1849, when Colonel Alfred Stjernvall, the head of the Department of Road and Civil Engineering, proposed the construction of a horse-drawn railway from Helsinki to Turkhau.


Question: When was Finland's first train line completed?

History of the Finnish rail network

The track would have crossed Salpausselät and connected the country's capital with navigable Järvi-Finland.


Question: When was Finland's first train line completed?

History of the Finnish rail network

The Governor-General ordered the matter to be investigated, and in 1851 a plan was completed to build a locomotive railway from Helsinki to Hämeenlinna.


Question: When was Finland's first train line completed?

History of the Finnish rail network

[1] In 1862, the first section of the Finnish network was opened in 1862, which is now part of the Finnish main line.


Question: When was Finland's first train line completed?

History of the Finnish rail network

[2] At the end of the 19th century, trains in Finland were designed to travel only 25 kilometres per hour, so the journey was slow but still faster than horse rides.


Question: When was Finland's first train line completed?

History of the Finnish rail network

The main part of the line was built between 1850 and 1900.


Question: When was Finland's first train line completed?

History of the Finnish rail network

Finland was poor and the wages paid to the workers small.


Question: When was Finland's first train line completed?

History of the Finnish rail network

An efficient mode of transport was needed to transport both finished products and raw materials.


Question: When was Finland's first train line completed?

History of the Finnish rail network

After all, the United States and England had seen their watershed impact on the economy.


Question: When was Finland's first train line completed?

History of the Finnish rail network

Finland was going through rapid industrialisation.


Question: When was Finland's first train line completed?

History of the Finnish rail network

The tracks were built around that time by the Grand Duchy of Finland, and the building funds for the Helsinki—Hämeenlinna line were raised, among other things, through a liquor burning tax, when the Crown received little money elsewhere.


Question: When was Finland's first train line completed?

History of the Finnish rail network

Accumulation of this tax was slowed, among other things, by the great years of disappearance at the end of the 1850s.


Question: When was Finland's first train line completed?

History of the Finnish rail network

There have been quite a few new sections of track in the latter part of the 20th century.


Question: When was Finland's first train line completed?

History of the Finnish rail network

Some of the biggest projects have been the Äänekoski—Haapajärvi line in 1960 [3] and the Martinlaakso commuter rail line in 1975 [3].


Question: When was Finland's first train line completed?

History of the Finnish rail network

Since 1970, mainly short tracks have been built.


Question: When was Finland's first train line completed?

History of the Finnish rail network

These include the track from Tampere via Parkano to Seinäjoki, completed in 1971 [2] [3], and the Kerava—Lahti Oikorata, completed in 1978 [2] [3], and the Kerava—Lahti Oikorata completed in 2006 [3] [4].


Question: When was Finland's first train line completed?

History of the Finnish rail network

Shorttracks were made to short the bends that slowed the running of trains and to increase capacity.


Question: When was Finland's first train line completed?

History of the Finnish rail network

Railroads were in some degree of depression from the 1960s onwards because it was believed automobiles would be the mode of transportation of the future.


Question: When was Finland's first train line completed?

History of the Finnish rail network

The perception has had to be revised in the late 20th and early 21st centuries, as traffic congestion and growing environmental awareness advocate a new rise in railways.


Question: When was Finland's first train line completed?

History of the Finnish rail network

Development The construction of railways began relatively late in Finland.


Question: When was Finland's first train line completed?

History of the Finnish rail network

The first section of the line was opened on 17 March 1862 between Helsinki and Hämeenlinna [5]; this later became the main line in Finland.


Question: When was Finland's first train line completed?

History of the Finnish rail network

In 1870 [2] [3] a connection to Saint Petersburg was completed, which at that time was an important link with the capital of the Tsarist Kingdom.


Question: When was Finland's first train line completed?

History of the Finnish rail network

Since Finland was part of the Russian Empire, Russian gauge (1,524mm/5', now 1520mm in Russia) began to be used here.


Question: When was Finland's first train line completed?

History of the Finnish rail network

The extension of the Helsingin-Hämeenlinna line through Toijala to Tampere and the branch line from Toijala to Turku were opened to traffic on 22 June 1876.


Question: When was Finland's first train line completed?

History of the Finnish rail network

[5] [6] Thus the three largest cities in the country were combined.


Question: When was Finland's first train line completed?

History of the Finnish rail network

In 1883 there followed a connection from Tampere via Haapamäki to Seinäjoki and Vaasa [2] [3] and in 1886 Oulu was also connected to Seinäjoki. [2] [3].


Question: When was Finland's first train line completed?

History of the Finnish rail network

In 1909, the railways finally also took to Rovaniemi, the capital of Lapland.


Question: When was Finland's first train line completed?

History of the Finnish rail network

[3] [7] Thereafter, construction of new lines was reduced for an extended period of time, and the wars did not improve the situation.


Question: When was Finland's first train line completed?

History of the Finnish rail network

Since the main line that ran to Joensuu, starting from Vyborg in the Peace Treaty of 1944, was built to replace the connection from Parikkala to Onkamo in 1966.


Question: When was Finland's first train line completed?

History of the Finnish rail network

[2] [3] In the next decade, more track was finally built, for example the Tampere—Lielahti—Parkano—Seinäjoki line, which significantly shortened the travel time between Southern Finland and Northern Finland.


Question: When was Finland's first train line completed?

History of the Finnish rail network

1965 began an extensive electrification project.


Question: When was Finland's first train line completed?

History of the Finnish rail network

The advantage of the late start was that the latest technology could be used, namely 25 kV and 50Hz, which even today is the best technology.


Question: When was Finland's first train line completed?

History of the Finnish rail network

Electrification has the advantage of lower energy consumption and pollution free.


Question: When was Finland's first train line completed?

History of the Finnish rail network

Electrification was started on the section of line from Helsinki to Kirkkonummi.


Question: When was Finland's first train line completed?

History of the Finnish rail network

Timetable electric train services to Kirkkonummi began on 26 January 1969.


Question: When was Finland's first train line completed?

History of the Finnish rail network

[8] Many routes were electrified only in the 1990s, such as Tampere—Jyväskylä in 1994 and Helsinki to Turku in 1995.


Question: When was Finland's first train line completed?

History of the Finnish rail network

Electrification to the Oulu—Rovaniemi section was completed after a few years of construction in December 2004 [9] and the Oulu—Iisalmi/Vartius sections in 2006.


Question: When was Finland's first train line completed?

History of the Finnish rail network

Southern Finland Finland's first railway for public transport, the current main line, from Helsinki to Hämeenlinna was completed in 1862.


Question: When was Finland's first train line completed?

History of the Finnish rail network

[2] The rail link from Helsinki via Riihimäki and Vyborg to Saint Petersburg was opened in 1870.


Question: When was Finland's first train line completed?

History of the Finnish rail network

[2] [10] Finland was then an autonomous Grand Duchy under Russian rule.


Question: When was Finland's first train line completed?

History of the Finnish rail network

The track from Riihimäki to Saint Petersburg was built deep inland for military reasons so that enemies could not easily use it for their own needs.


Question: When was Finland's first train line completed?

History of the Finnish rail network

Capital Region Railway has been a major factor in the development of Vantaa.


Question: When was Finland's first train line completed?

History of the Finnish rail network

The railway has the advantage of being a much more efficient route than road in terms of transport capacity for transferring passengers and goods.


Question: When was Finland's first train line completed?

History of the Finnish rail network

The railway has had a very significant impact on Vantaa's population and economic structure.


Question: When was Finland's first train line completed?

History of the Finnish rail network

With that, people moved to new areas as the track made it possible to work in Helsinki.


Question: When was Finland's first train line completed?

History of the Finnish rail network

The first section of line was opened from Helsinki to Hämeenlinna on 17 March 1862, construction work began in 1857.


Question: When was Finland's first train line completed?

History of the Finnish rail network

[11] The second track was built between Pasila and Tikkurila in 1899, the following year it was extended as far as Kerava.


Question: When was Finland's first train line completed?

History of the Finnish rail network

The third track was made from Helsinki to Tikkurila in 1972 and north of Tikkurila in 1981.


Question: When was Finland's first train line completed?

History of the Finnish rail network

The Vantaankoski track, which separates from the beach track in Huopalahti, was completed in 1975.


Question: When was Finland's first train line completed?

History of the Finnish rail network

[3] When electrified, traffic began running regularly from Helsinki to Kirkkonummi in January 1969 and to Sääharju in September 1970.


Question: When was Finland's first train line completed?

History of the Finnish rail network

[12] Eastern Finland Riihimäki—Saint Petersburg line was completed in 1870, [3] and in 1890 the Kouvola—Kotka line was built.


Question: When was Finland's first train line completed?

History of the Finnish rail network

[3] From the 1860s, railway issues arose in Savossak.


Question: When was Finland's first train line completed?

History of the Finnish rail network

Several alternative plans existed for the railway network; one plan already presented in the early 1860s required the construction of the lines Helsinki—Hämeenlinna—Tampere—Vaasa and Viipuri—Lappeenranta, Kuopio—Oulu, as well as transverse connection lines for these, including Hämeenlinna—Mikkeli.


Question: When was Finland's first train line completed?

History of the Finnish rail network

However, the first to reach Finland was the Helsinki—Hämeenlinna line and the Riihimäki—Saint Petersburg line.


Question: When was Finland's first train line completed?

History of the Finnish rail network

The Savo line from Kouvola to Kuopio was complete in 1889, [3] and opened to traffic on 1 October 1889.


Question: When was Finland's first train line completed?

History of the Finnish rail network

[5] The original Karelian line from Vyborg via Sortavala to Joensu and the branch line from Antrea to Imatra were built between 1890 and 1894.


Question: When was Finland's first train line completed?

History of the Finnish rail network

[2] [3] It was later extended from Joensuu to Lieksa in 1910 [3], to Nurmes in 1911 [3] and from there further through Kontiomäki to Oulu.


Question: When was Finland's first train line completed?

History of the Finnish rail network

The section of the line between Nurmes and Oulu was completed in stages between 1926 and 1930.


Question: When was Finland's first train line completed?

History of the Finnish rail network

[3] The cross track from Elisenvaara along the Karelian line via Savonlinna, Pieksämäki and Jyväskylä to Haapamäe, along the Ostrobothnia line, was built in stages between 1897 and 1918.


Question: When was Finland's first train line completed?

History of the Finnish rail network

The first section between Haapamäki and Jyväskylä was completed in 1897, the last between Jyväskylä and Pieksämäki in 1918.


Question: When was Finland's first train line completed?

History of the Finnish rail network

[2] [3] This rail link from St. Petersburg through the interior of Finland to the coast of the Gulf of Bothnia to Nikolainkaupunki (now.


Question: When was Finland's first train line completed?

History of the Finnish rail network

For strategic reasons, the Russian government considered it very important because the old Riihimäen-Saint Petersburg line was located so close to the coast of the Gulf of Finland that it might have fallen into enemy control during the war [13].


Question: When was Finland's first train line completed?

History of the Finnish rail network

As recently completed, the track really gained considerable strategic significance, but not for the Russians, but for the Whites of the Finnish Civil War, since the Riihimäen—Vyborg line was the Red, this new line instead entirely in the White-dominated area and connected the old north— southbound sections of track.


Question: When was Finland's first train line completed?

History of the Finnish rail network

[13] Since the southern part of the Karelian line remained in the area ceded after World War II, it was built to replace the track from Parikkala to Onkamo in the 1960s.


Question: When was Finland's first train line completed?

History of the Finnish rail network

Prior to that, the line from Varkaus to Joensuu had served shortly before the war, the line from Varkaus to Joensu was completed in 1939 [2].


Question: When was Finland's first train line completed?

History of the Finnish rail network

The Ostrobothnia Tampere—Vaasa railway was built between 1879 and 1883.


Question: When was Finland's first train line completed?

History of the Finnish rail network

The track site was divided into three districts.


Question: When was Finland's first train line completed?

History of the Finnish rail network

Of these, the first extended from Tampere to Pollar, the second from Pollar to Alavude and the third from Alavude to Vaasa.


Question: When was Finland's first train line completed?

History of the Finnish rail network

At the busiest time, up to 4000 track builders were at work.


Question: When was Finland's first train line completed?

History of the Finnish rail network

The track circled around the eastern side of Lake Näsijärvi and was tens of kilometres longer than the later-built short track through Parkano.


Question: When was Finland's first train line completed?

History of the Finnish rail network

The planning of the lines from Hämeenlinna in Southwest Finland to Turku and Tampere began even before the Helsinki—Hämeenlinna line was completed.


Question: When was Finland's first train line completed?

History of the Finnish rail network

The first plans were made by the Corps of Engineers under Colonel Knut Stjernvall as early as 1860.


Question: When was Finland's first train line completed?

History of the Finnish rail network

Governor-General Berg presented the plans to the Senate, which in 1861 installed a committee to study the extension of the railway from Hämeenlinna to Tampere.


Question: When was Finland's first train line completed?

History of the Finnish rail network

[14] In the spring of 1861, a group of Tampereans led by Adolf Törngren, the master of the Linen factory, left the government with calculations on the benefits of the Hämeenlinna-Tampere railway, and the Senate submitted to the Emperor that, after the completion of the Helsinki—Hämeenlinna line, it would be planned to build a line from Hämeenlinna to Hämeenlinna To Tampere, but the Russian Emperor moved the project to a later date due to the construction of the main east-facing tracks.


Question: When was Finland's first train line completed?

History of the Finnish rail network

[15] [16] [17] [18] Since the Riihimäki—Saint Petersburg line became an emergency relief site during the shortage and, on the other hand, because the then Grand Prince of Russia wanted, the Hämeenlinnan-Tampere line moved to the Hämeenlinnan-Tampere line as well as the railway line that branched from it all the way to the 1870s.


Question: When was Finland's first train line completed?

History of the Finnish rail network

In the first half of the 1870s, the state had agreed to build the line with a subcontractor from Turku.


Question: When was Finland's first train line completed?

History of the Finnish rail network

The contract included a condition that the contract would be cancelled if the subcontractor did not start work by a certain date.


Question: When was Finland's first train line completed?

History of the Finnish rail network

The area pohatas agree with the subcontractor on the direction of the track.


Question: When was Finland's first train line completed?

History of the Finnish rail network

For example, Axel Wilhelm Wahren, founder of the Forssa Companies, had agreed with a subcontractor to build a line through Forssa.


Question: When was Finland's first train line completed?

History of the Finnish rail network

To Wahreen's disappointment, the subcontractor did not begin construction by the agreed date when the contract was cancelled, and Wahren failed to get the track to Forssa, despite trying everything still afterwards.


Question: When was Finland's first train line completed?

History of the Finnish rail network

However, a narrow-gauge railway connection was obtained to Forssa from Humppila in 1898 when the Jokioinen Railway was built.


Question: When was Finland's first train line completed?

History of the Finnish rail network

Having learned from the mistake, the Grand Duchy of Finland decided not to acquire a subcontractor and built the track itself.


Question: When was Finland's first train line completed?

History of the Finnish rail network

The track was built with Russian labour as it was cheaper at the time.


Question: When was Finland's first train line completed?

History of the Finnish rail network

The Russian crew, on the other hand, were also more brawl-prone and lazier.


Question: When was Finland's first train line completed?

History of the Finnish rail network

Russian track builders also left their own handprint in some places, namely trees along the track.


Question: When was Finland's first train line completed?

History of the Finnish rail network

While building the Siberian Track, these workmen had learned to sow trees along the tracks; in Siberia, trees protected the railroad from the wind.


Question: When was Finland's first train line completed?

History of the Finnish rail network

The Hämeenlinnan—Tampere and Toijal—Turku lines were completed on 13 January 1876 [2] [3] [6] [16] [19], although it was not until 22 June 1876.


Question: When was Finland's first train line completed?

History of the Finnish rail network

[5] According to statistics, at first there were occasional people on the track, but as summer passed, the daily need for travel grew drastically.


Question: When was Finland's first train line completed?

History of the Finnish rail network

[19] On the Turku—Toijala line, a diesel-powered VR locomotive regularly ran between Kyrö—Turku in the 1920s.


Question: When was Finland's first train line completed?

History of the Finnish rail network

In 1903, another line to Turku was completed, from Pasila in Helsinki to Karja and the waterfront track through Salo.


Question: When was Finland's first train line completed?

History of the Finnish rail network

[3] It was largely built as single track.


Question: When was Finland's first train line completed?

History of the Finnish rail network

After World War II, the track ran across the Porkkala rental area and remained out of use for a few years in this regard.


Question: When was Finland's first train line completed?

History of the Finnish rail network

An agreement was later reached on the right of way, but there were still difficulties with the issue, which led President J. K. Paasikivi to propose the construction of a new track to circumvent the leased area from its north side.


Question: When was Finland's first train line completed?

History of the Finnish rail network

Already on the same occasion there were plans to electrify the line.


Question: When was Finland's first train line completed?

History of the Finnish rail network

The president considered the idea quite extensively in his diaries, but eventually the idea lapsed when Porkkala was restored much earlier than planned, in 1956.


Question: When was Finland's first train line completed?

History of the Finnish rail network

The initial section of the line from Helsinki to Kirkkonummi was electrified as Finland's first track in 1969.


Question: When was Finland's first train line completed?

History of the Finnish rail network

In other respects, it was not until the 1980s that the track began basic improvement.


Question: When was Finland's first train line completed?

History of the Finnish rail network

It was not fully electrified until 1995 when the Pendolinos entered service.


Question: When was Finland's first train line completed?

History of the Finnish rail network

Northern Finland Before the wars there were plans to build railways in Northeast Country to Kuusamo and from Rovaniemi to Petsamo.


Question: When was Finland's first train line completed?

History of the Finnish rail network

Other rail plans to be mentioned have also included so-called. Rahja harbour track in Kalajoki, as well as a line straight so called. Kairanmaa track from Vuolijoki to Otanmäti.


Question: When was Finland's first train line completed?

History of the Finnish rail network

The influence of railways on municipal structure The railways played a major role in the creation of the Finnish settlement structure.


Question: When was Finland's first train line completed?

History of the Finnish rail network

Many new cities such as Hyvinkää, Riihimäki, Karjaa, Kouvola, Seinäjoki, Pieksämäki and Ylivieska have emerged around railway junction stations.


Question: When was Finland's first train line completed?

History of the Finnish rail network

As recently as the 1960s, railways had a station on average every 3.4 km (3.1km for metropolitan commuter rail), and a significant proportion of the population lived in detached houses in station villages forming long strip towns along the tracks.


Question: When was Finland's first train line completed?

History of the Finnish rail network

Things were taken care of by train in bigger towns and neighbouring villages in the absence of cars.


Question: When was Finland's first train line completed?

History of the Finnish rail network

In this case, today's ideal of single-family housing was realised at the end of good and environmentally friendly transport links.


Question: When was Finland's first train line completed?

History of the Finnish rail network

Even today, Finland's population is concentrated along the railways and the tracks pass through almost every little larger municipality, even if the actual passenger traffic has ceased.


Question: When was Finland's first train line completed?

History of the Finnish rail network

As station villages have become quiet and passenger depletion caused by motoring, stops have been reduced.


Question: When was Finland's first train line completed?

History of the Finnish rail network

The role of trains today is to provide high-speed connections between major cities and commuter rail in a densely populated metropolitan area.


Question: When was Finland's first train line completed?

History of the Finnish rail network

Literature Schivelbusch, Wolfgang: History of Train Journey, Vastapaino, 1996, ISBN 951-768-010-4 Lindeqvist, K. O.: History of Finland, WSOY, Porvoo, 1906 Sinisalo, Uuno: Tampere Book: description of the stages of Tampere and the current city, Tampere, 1947 Voionmaa, Väinö: History of Tampere III: History of Tampere in the last decades (1856—1905), Tampere, 1907—1910 Editorial board: Suolahti, Gunnar et al.: Cultural History of Finland.


Question: When was Finland's first train line completed?

History of the Finnish rail network


Question: When was Finland's first train line completed?

History of the Finnish rail network

Time of industrialism and national ascent, Gummerus, Jyväskylä, 1936 See also History of gauge lines - Includes history of Finnish gauge Riihimäki-Saint Petersburg line - Includes early history of the Finnish railway network Sources On the topic elsewhere, Finnish Rail Administration (FRA) Opeko.fi/Tiina S., 2006 Tampere Book Printing Oy, 1920, Tampere Fennada-Filmi Junior — * Category:History of Technology


Question: What year has the République game been released?

Urho Kekkonen

Urho Kaleva Kekkonen () was a Finnish politician and the eighth President of the Republic of Finland.


Question: What year has the République game been released?

Urho Kekkonen

He was the sitting President of the Republic continuously from 1956 until early 1982, for over 25 years.


Question: What year has the République game been released?

Urho Kekkonen

His last presidential term was left unfinished because of illness.


Question: What year has the République game been released?

Urho Kekkonen

Kekkonen is the longest-serving president in Finland's history.


Question: What year has the République game been released?

Urho Kekkonen

He is the first person to serve as President of the Republic for two full terms and the only one elected to serve more than two terms, which according to the subsequent amendment to the Constitution, the former Finnish form of government and the current Constitution of Finland, would no longer be not possible.


Question: What year has the République game been released?

Urho Kekkonen

Prior to his presidency, Kekkonen served as a jurist, athletics, justice minister, speaker of parliament and prime minister of five governments, among others.


Question: What year has the République game been released?

Urho Kekkonen

[1] As Presidential Elector, MP and Minister, Kekkonen was in the process of electing Kyösti Kallio in 1937, Risto Ryti in 1940 and 1943, Gustaf Mannerheim in 1944 and J. K. Paasikivi in 1946.


Question: What year has the République game been released?

Urho Kekkonen

[2] Biography Pedigree Kekkonet are an old Savonian family.


Question: What year has the République game been released?

Urho Kekkonen

Urho Kekkonen's earliest known ancestors settled in the Savo region, possibly even before the 16th century.


Question: What year has the République game been released?

Urho Kekkonen

It is unclear where the Kekkones have arrived in Savo.


Question: What year has the République game been released?

Urho Kekkonen

Since the Kekkons were known to have lived in the Karelian Isthmus at least in Muola and Valkjärvi, it is thought that they originated from Karelia, but Urho Kekkonen himself also thought it possible that the Kekkonet might originate from western Finland, for example Häme, where it is already 1400- since the century there have been place names associated with the name of Kekkonten.


Question: What year has the République game been released?

Urho Kekkonen

[3] The earliest known ancestor of Kekkonen was his great-great-great-grandfather Tuomas Kekkonen (b. ca.


Question: What year has the République game been released?

Urho Kekkonen

1630), which is first mentioned in piece-like documents of 1673.


Question: What year has the République game been released?

Urho Kekkonen

He was possibly a native of either Kangasniemi or Jorois.


Question: What year has the République game been released?

Urho Kekkonen

[3] Although Kekkonen's birth home in Pielavesi is known as Lepiko croft, Kekkonen has no crofter background.


Question: What year has the République game been released?

Urho Kekkonen

The house had been acquired as a family family home.


Question: What year has the République game been released?

Urho Kekkonen

Urho Kekkonen's ancestors up to the twelfth generation were all descendants of old Eastern Finnish peasant families.


Question: What year has the République game been released?

Urho Kekkonen

The family of Kekkonen on the father's side were squatters of the Casque lands, and the peasant family remained on their own lands from the mother's side.


Question: What year has the République game been released?

Urho Kekkonen

However, Grandfather Eenokki, the father of Urho Kekkonen, belonged to a group of unrequited people growing up in the 19th century and acquired maintenance with temporary and tyres.


Question: What year has the République game been released?

Urho Kekkonen

[4] After serving in different houses, Eenokki Kekkonen married Anna-Liisa Koskinen.


Question: What year has the République game been released?

Urho Kekkonen

They were born four sons, given the names Taavetti, John, Alpert and Juho.


Question: What year has the République game been released?

Urho Kekkonen

Juho Kekkonen, the youngest son of the family who left Korvenmök in Koivujärvi village in 1878, was the father of Urho Kekkonen.


Question: What year has the République game been released?

Urho Kekkonen

Grandfather Aatu Pylnäinen, Urho Kekkonen's mother's father, who farmed the Kangasniemi Tarkkala farm, married Amanda Manninen, aged just 16, in the summer of 1878.


Question: What year has the République game been released?

Urho Kekkonen

Their children, three daughters and two sons, were Emilia, Elsa, Silas, Tyne, and Eetu.


Question: What year has the République game been released?

Urho Kekkonen

[4] Father Juho Kekkonen, as the son of a destitute family, had to go to forest work and ended up in 1898 at a log farm in Kangasniemi.


Question: What year has the République game been released?

Urho Kekkonen

There, Emilia, the eldest daughter of the sibling flock of the House of Kuvasmäki's Tarkkala, herded cattle on the beach pastures of the Haahkala lands.


Question: What year has the République game been released?

Urho Kekkonen

Juho Kekkonen also moved around the same beaches.


Question: What year has the République game been released?

Urho Kekkonen

The young became acquainted and were ordained in 1899.


Question: What year has the République game been released?

Urho Kekkonen

The couple moved to Otava, where Juho Kekkonen had obtained a job at Koivusaha, Halla Oy.


Question: What year has the République game been released?

Urho Kekkonen

He later promoted to forestry foreman and log agent.


Question: What year has the République game been released?

Urho Kekkonen

[4] The newlyweds moved along with the site to Pielavede, where Juho Kekkonen bought a smoking flat, which he gradually repaired and expanded into a decent house.


Question: What year has the République game been released?

Urho Kekkonen

He built a chimney in the tupa shortly before the birth of his firstborn son Urho.


Question: What year has the République game been released?

Urho Kekkonen

Because of the beautiful rest behind the house, the house began to be called Lepiko's croft.


Question: What year has the République game been released?

Urho Kekkonen

A smoke sauna was located in the yard, where Urho Kekkonen was born on 3 September 1900.


Question: What year has the République game been released?

Urho Kekkonen

In Lepiko croft, the family lived for six years and the daughter of Siiri was born in 1904.


Question: What year has the République game been released?

Urho Kekkonen

With the savotos of Juho Kekkonen, the family moved in 1906 to Kuopio and in 1908 to Lapinlahti.


Question: What year has the République game been released?

Urho Kekkonen

There was tightness, but there was no shortage.


Question: What year has the République game been released?

Urho Kekkonen

The family's kuopus Jussi was born in 1910.


Question: What year has the République game been released?

Urho Kekkonen

[4] Childhood and Adolescence “I got a happy childhood as a gift” is Urho Kekkonen said about his childhood.


Question: What year has the République game been released?

Urho Kekkonen

The school Urho Kekkonen started in Lapinlahti.


Question: What year has the République game been released?

Urho Kekkonen

After attending three years of national school, he was allowed to aspire to the Iisalmi Coeducational School.


Question: What year has the République game been released?

Urho Kekkonen

The following year Iisalmi moved to Kajaani, where a sawmill and cellulose factory had been established at the turn of the century.


Question: What year has the République game been released?

Urho Kekkonen

Father Juho became a log agent for the Kajaani Puutavara Limited Company, and so in autumn 1911 Urho entered the second class of Kajaani Yauterakunta School.


Question: What year has the République game been released?

Urho Kekkonen

He was the youngest student in the class.


Question: What year has the République game been released?

Urho Kekkonen

He wasn't a model student, he was unruly and unfrisky.


Question: What year has the République game been released?

Urho Kekkonen

In the upper classes, he was at the head of the school's fellowship and edited its magazine, Mielikki, and was allowed to practice giving speeches at the annual party.


Question: What year has the République game been released?

Urho Kekkonen

He also avidly read works of history and fiction.


Question: What year has the République game been released?

Urho Kekkonen

He was also allowed from the age of 12 to be involved in his father's bathing sites.


Question: What year has the République game been released?

Urho Kekkonen

[5] Urho Kekkonen was an avid writer.


Question: What year has the République game been released?

Urho Kekkonen

The first texts appeared on the 1914 side.


Question: What year has the République game been released?

Urho Kekkonen

They were published by the city's Old Finnish newspaper, Kaikuja of Kajaani.


Question: What year has the République game been released?

Urho Kekkonen

The following year, he translated the pseudonym he used into Esaias Ranstakan Kohennakepi and began writing for the oldest paper in the city, the Young Finnish Kajaanin Lehti.


Question: What year has the République game been released?

Urho Kekkonen

Later, Kekkonen started using the names Kää and Urho Sorsimo invented by his schoolmates.


Question: What year has the République game been released?

Urho Kekkonen

[5] Parents could afford to educate their son to matriculate.


Question: What year has the République game been released?

Urho Kekkonen

[6] Kekkonen had two younger siblings: Siiri Kekkonen (1904—1969), who later served as an insurance officer, and Uuno Johannes (Jussi) Kekkonen (1910—1962), managing director.


Question: What year has the République game been released?

Urho Kekkonen

[7] In 1949, when Kekkonen was made president, the photo of Lepiko croft was retouched off the chimney with the intention of presenting Kekkonen as the “son of a smokespirti” and created an image of Kekkonen rising from the deep ranks of the people. as a dude”.


Question: What year has the République game been released?

Urho Kekkonen

[8] Juho Kekkonen had bought Lepiko croft in the summer of 1900 and the Kekkonen family lived in it until 1906.


Question: What year has the République game been released?

Urho Kekkonen

The Kekkonet moved in 1906 from Pielavede first to Kuopio and later, as the family father's works changed further to Lapinlahti, Iisalme and finally in 1911 to Kajaani.


Question: What year has the République game been released?

Urho Kekkonen

In Kajaani, the Kekkonet lived in Kalliokatu 7 and Juho Kekkonen worked as foreman at the Kajaanin Puutavara Okkonkki company.


Question: What year has the République game been released?

Urho Kekkonen

Urho Kekkonen also attended the majority of grammar school here.


Question: What year has the République game been released?

Urho Kekkonen

[9] As a high school student, Kekkonen joined Kajaani's patron council and participated in the Finnish Civil War with the Kajaani guerrilla regiment in the White Government forces.


Question: What year has the République game been released?

Urho Kekkonen

He participated in the battles of Kuopio, Varkaus, Mouhu and Vyborg, among others, and led the execution of nine reds in Hamina.


Question: What year has the République game been released?

Urho Kekkonen

[10] Kekkonen became bald at a relatively young age.


Question: What year has the République game been released?

Urho Kekkonen

This was alleged to have been because when he was a bit on the second ten, the family's landlady in Kajaani gave him such a fierce hair owl.


Question: What year has the République game been released?

Urho Kekkonen

[11] Sports career Kekkonen was a top national athletics athlete as a young man.


Question: What year has the République game been released?

Urho Kekkonen

In 1924 he won the high jump and triple jump at the Finnish Championships in pacy jumps.


Question: What year has the République game been released?

Urho Kekkonen

At the Kaleva Games of the same year, she won the high jump and finished second in her minor sport in the 100 m run.


Question: What year has the République game been released?

Urho Kekkonen

In the height jump, Kekkonen also achieved three bronzes at the Kaleva Games in 1923, 1927 and 1928.


Question: What year has the République game been released?

Urho Kekkonen

He held the Finnish record (972cm) for the paceless triplex.


Question: What year has the République game been released?

Urho Kekkonen

Kekkonen's other personal record results included 185cm in the high jump, 14.06 metres in the triple jump and 11.0 seconds in the 100m run.


Question: What year has the République game been released?

Urho Kekkonen

[12] After his career as an athlete, Kekkonen was head of the Finnish Olympic Committee and the Finnish Athletic Association (SUL).


Question: What year has the République game been released?

Urho Kekkonen

At the 1932 Olympic Games in Los Angeles, Kekkonen was the manager of the Finnish Olympic team.


Question: What year has the République game been released?

Urho Kekkonen

During these Games, Swede Sigfrid Edström, as president of the IAAF, excluded Paavo Nurmi from the Games due to professional allegations.


Question: What year has the République game been released?

Urho Kekkonen

Kekkonen fought persistently and even stubbornly for Nurmi's participation.


Question: What year has the République game been released?

Urho Kekkonen

As a result, athletics country matches in Finland and Sweden were interrupted for several years.


Question: What year has the République game been released?

Urho Kekkonen

The dispute strongly stigmatized as a dispute between Edström and Kekkonen.


Question: What year has the République game been released?

Urho Kekkonen

For his merits in favour of Finnish sport, Urho Kekkonen was awarded the Grand Cross of Merit for Finnish Sport in 1950.


Question: What year has the République game been released?

Urho Kekkonen

[13] Study time and beginning of political career As a student, Kekkonen wrote about Kajaani Lyceum in 1919.


Question: What year has the République game been released?

Urho Kekkonen

After that, he completed his conscription in the Helsinki Automobile Battalion and demobilized as a sergeant.


Question: What year has the République game been released?

Urho Kekkonen

He moved to Helsinki in 1921, studied quickly and graduated with a Bachelor of Laws in 1926.


Question: What year has the République game been released?

Urho Kekkonen

He was active in Osakunta, North Ostrobothnia, as well as in law readers' profession, and was editor of the Ylioppilaslehti from 1927 to 1928.


Question: What year has the République game been released?

Urho Kekkonen

[13] He received the title of deputy judge in 1928.


Question: What year has the République game been released?

Urho Kekkonen

[14] As a law student and deputy magistrate, Kekkonen worked for the Central Police Department in Detective Science.


Question: What year has the République game been released?

Urho Kekkonen

He became familiar with anti-communist activities.


Question: What year has the République game been released?

Urho Kekkonen

According to Arvo Tuominen, who committed interference with the Communists, Kekkonen was competent and professional towards his opponents.


Question: What year has the République game been released?

Urho Kekkonen

[15] In the detective Central Police, Urho Kekkonen also found Sylvi Uino, who was an Isthmian priest's daughter, who was a typist.


Question: What year has the République game been released?

Urho Kekkonen

[16] In 1928 they were born twin sons Taneli and Matti.


Question: What year has the République game been released?

Urho Kekkonen

Kekkonen began planning his own thesis on the activities of the secret police.


Question: What year has the République game been released?

Urho Kekkonen

However, he himself was forced to resign from the Detective Central Police after publicly suggesting that it should be abolished and merged with the CID.


Question: What year has the République game been released?

Urho Kekkonen

Kekkonen took over as a lawyer in 1927 for the Association of Country Municipalities, but his public appearances led to the employment relationship being dissolved in 1932.


Question: What year has the République game been released?

Urho Kekkonen

Kekkonen received his doctorate in law in 1936.


Question: What year has the République game been released?

Urho Kekkonen

His dissertation was on municipal electoral law according to Finnish law.


Question: What year has the République game been released?

Urho Kekkonen

[17] Urho Kekkonen's ideological roots were in nationalist baccalaureate politics, and it was also a natural continuation of his work in the Academic Karelia Society.


Question: What year has the République game been released?

Urho Kekkonen

The defragmentation of the people, the hatred of the language, and the East Karelian question were important to him.


Question: What year has the République game been released?

Urho Kekkonen

Kekkonen wrote pachinas for AKS' magazine Suomen Heimo, and in 1930 he became chairman of the Association of Suomanism which AKS took over three years earlier.


Question: What year has the République game been released?

Urho Kekkonen

However, in 1932, Kekkonen resigned from the AKS along with many other central-oriented members when the AKS majority did not agree to condemn the Mäntsälä rebellion.


Question: What year has the République game been released?

Urho Kekkonen

He continued to work in the journal of the Finnish Federation of Suomalainen Finland (later Kanal), where he focused on promoting the Finnishness of the university in particular.


Question: What year has the République game been released?

Urho Kekkonen

[18] Moving into party politics, Kekkonen visited Germany in 1932 and witnessed Adolf Hitler's rise to power.


Question: What year has the République game been released?

Urho Kekkonen

Apparently these experiences contributed to his joining the Agrarian League the following year and publishing his political pamphlet, “The Self-Defense of Democracy”.


Question: What year has the République game been released?

Urho Kekkonen

He warned against the rise of the far right, suggesting, among other things, that the state power may have to restrict freedom of expression to a certain extent in order to prevent democracy from imploding.


Question: What year has the République game been released?

Urho Kekkonen

[8] In working life, Kekkonen took over as junior government secretary in the Ministry of Agriculture in 1933 [19] and tried for the first time in Parliament in the same year but failed to get elected.


Question: What year has the République game been released?

Urho Kekkonen

In the Agrarian League, Kekkonen quickly rose to prominence as a member of the central board of the Action Party from 1935 until his election as President.


Question: What year has the République game been released?

Urho Kekkonen

[20] In 1936, he tried for a second time for parliament and was elected from the western constituency of Vyborg County.


Question: What year has the République game been released?

Urho Kekkonen

He was immediately appointed Minister of Justice (1936—1937) in the government of Kyösti Kallio, followed by A.


Question: What year has the République game been released?

Urho Kekkonen

K. Cajander was appointed Minister of Internal Affairs (1937—1939) in the Red Mold Government.


Question: What year has the République game been released?

Urho Kekkonen

He tried to abolish the far-right Patriotic People's Movement in 1938, and in this failed operation became known the concept of Kekkonen konstit.


Question: What year has the République game been released?

Urho Kekkonen

[6] Professor Bruno Salmiala, one of the most prominent figures in the IKL, referred to it as recently as 1968, accusing Kekko of desecrating the IKL in the presidential campaign.


Question: What year has the République game been released?

Urho Kekkonen

[21] In 1938, Sylvi and Urho Kekkonen bought a farm called Paarmakallio in Vahviala, South Karelia.


Question: What year has the République game been released?

Urho Kekkonen

Urho Kekkonen thus contributed to establishing links with the electorate of his constituency.


Question: What year has the République game been released?

Urho Kekkonen

The forests on the farm had been cut and the buildings were in poor condition, but even before the war the Kekkons had time to start renovating the farm.


Question: What year has the République game been released?

Urho Kekkonen

Under the territorial concession under the Moscow Peace, which ended the Winter War, the new frontier divided the space so that the buildings and most of the crops remained in the territory ceded to the Soviet Union.


Question: What year has the République game been released?

Urho Kekkonen

[22] In the Winter War government, Kekkonen was not.


Question: What year has the République game been released?

Urho Kekkonen

In parliament, he opposed the Moscow peacemaking in March 1940 and advocated a continuation of the war.


Question: What year has the République game been released?

Urho Kekkonen

From 1940 to 1943 he was Director of the Center for Maintenance of the Transportation People, and from 1943 to 1945 the Office Councillor of the Ministry of Finance.


Question: What year has the République game been released?

Urho Kekkonen

In this case, his measure was the rationalization of the state government.


Question: What year has the République game been released?

Urho Kekkonen

[13] At the beginning of 1942, Kekkonen began writing reviews of foreign policy and World War I under the pseudonym Pekka Peitsi of Finland's Kuvalehte.


Question: What year has the République game been released?

Urho Kekkonen

Previously, they had been written by Major Wolf H. Halsti, who had been forced to stop writing them at the insistence of headquarters.


Question: What year has the République game been released?

Urho Kekkonen

[20] A new rise, from Prime Minister to President Kekkonen's foreign policy thinking took its final form during the war year 1944.


Question: What year has the République game been released?

Urho Kekkonen

His new thinking was quite realistic and focused on dispelling Soviet suspicion and building mutual trust.


Question: What year has the République game been released?

Urho Kekkonen

[13] At the Agrarian Party Conference in 1944, Kekkonen demanded that a value-conservative and nationalist party take a direction suitable for the new world order.


Question: What year has the République game been released?

Urho Kekkonen

This direction of Kekkonen later became known as the “K-line”.


Question: What year has the République game been released?

Urho Kekkonen

The line divided first the Agrarian League and then the entire Finnish political life according to how reliable it was in foreign policy.


Question: What year has the République game been released?

Urho Kekkonen

The dichotomy continued until the end of Kekkonen's career.


Question: What year has the République game been released?

Urho Kekkonen

[17] Kekkonen returned once and for all to the inner ring of power when he became Minister of Justice in the Paasikivi government in November 1944 and at the same time the military guilt trials demanded by the Control Commission came to him.


Question: What year has the République game been released?

Urho Kekkonen

When Paasikivi was elected president in 1946, the Agrarian League put forward Kekkonta as Prime Minister, but the intention was blocked by the opposition of the SKDL.


Question: What year has the République game been released?

Urho Kekkonen

However, Kekkonen was appointed to the Board of Directors of the Bank of Finland and later as First Vice-President of Parliament [17] [14] 2.


Question: What year has the République game been released?

Urho Kekkonen

april.


Question: What year has the République game been released?

Urho Kekkonen

[19] Kekkonen initially viewed the Communists with suspicion, but his attitude apparently changed after the formation of the K.-A in the summer of 1948.


Question: What year has the République game been released?

Urho Kekkonen

Fagerholm's minority Social Democratic government and both the Agrarian League and SKDL remained in opposition.


Question: What year has the République game been released?

Urho Kekkonen

[23] Kekkonen was elected Speaker of the Parliament on 22 July 1948.


Question: What year has the République game been released?

Urho Kekkonen

[24] He was also elected on 1 February 1950 as Speaker of the 1950 Riksdag.


Question: What year has the République game been released?

Urho Kekkonen

[25] In the presidential election of 1950, Kekkonen was the candidate of the Agrarian League and competed in his campaign, especially with the sitting President J. K. Paasikivi.


Question: What year has the République game been released?

Urho Kekkonen

In the elections, Kekkonen received 62 electors, Mauno Pekkala of SKDL 67 and Paasikivi who won the election 171.


Question: What year has the République game been released?

Urho Kekkonen

Although Kekkonen did not win the election, his extensive electoral tours managed to pave the way for his victory in the next presidential election.


Question: What year has the République game been released?

Urho Kekkonen

When Fagerholm's government fell on 1 March 1950, Kekkonen went to discuss with Paasikivi on the issue of government.


Question: What year has the République game been released?

Urho Kekkonen

Kekkonen was tasked with forming a government and his first government was appointed on 17 March 1950.


Question: What year has the République game been released?

Urho Kekkonen

[26] [24] This was followed by four more Kekkonen governments, some of which were short-lived during the broken politically period.


Question: What year has the République game been released?

Urho Kekkonen

[27] Already when forming his first government, Kekkonen justified both his own leading role and the composition of the government primarily in terms of relations between Finland and the Soviet Union.


Question: What year has the République game been released?

Urho Kekkonen

Towards the end of his first reign, Kekkonen began to place increasing emphasis on the 1948 YYA agreement between Finland and the Soviet Union.


Question: What year has the République game been released?

Urho Kekkonen

It later became a downright fundamentalist text in Finnish political life.


Question: What year has the République game been released?

Urho Kekkonen

[28] Kekkonen began to secure his political position with relations with the East, and so he managed time and time again to repel both attempts to topple governments and to remain prime minister himself.


Question: What year has the République game been released?

Urho Kekkonen

When Kekkonen was successfully cranked out of the prime minister's seat in 1953, he hinted the Soviet Union might lose confidence in Finland.


Question: What year has the République game been released?

Urho Kekkonen

President Paasikivi felt such a coupling was “politically dangerous.”


Question: What year has the République game been released?

Urho Kekkonen

[29] In 1954, the government of Kekkonen V was appointed, serving as President of Kekkonen until his election in March 1956.


Question: What year has the République game been released?

Urho Kekkonen

[30] Minister Reinhold Svento recorded in his memoir My friend Juho Kusti Paasikivi (1960) J. K. Paasikivi's good assessment of Urho Kekkonen: Time as President 1956—1962: First term as President of the Republic Urho Kekkonen was elected in 1956, when he won by an elective vote of 151 to 149 for their opposing candidates, the Social Democrats K.-A.


Question: What year has the République game been released?

Urho Kekkonen

Fagerholm.


Question: What year has the République game been released?

Urho Kekkonen

In the presidential election, Kekkonen had put 88 electors behind him, so he needed support from other groups of electors.


Question: What year has the République game been released?

Urho Kekkonen

The decisive support was that the SKDL selectors' team voted for him unanimously, as did the majority of the People's Party.


Question: What year has the République game been released?

Urho Kekkonen

The missing “one vote” giver has never been reliably found out.


Question: What year has the République game been released?

Urho Kekkonen

[28] The fact that votes were cast across the front several and from both sides is also considered possible.


Question: What year has the République game been released?

Urho Kekkonen

[31] According to KGB General Viktor Vladimirov, Kekkonen's victory was guaranteed by Soviet bribery, missing votes were bought and Kekkonen's election was secured.


Question: What year has the République game been released?

Urho Kekkonen

[32] The United States refused to congratulate Kekko.


Question: What year has the République game been released?

Urho Kekkonen

Secretary of State John Foster Dulles pronounced that “On the occasion of Kekkonen's taking office, we do not offer congratulations.”


Question: What year has the République game been released?

Urho Kekkonen

[33] SAK declared a general strike which began on the day of the inauguration of the new president, March 1, 1956.


Question: What year has the République game been released?

Urho Kekkonen

SAK has never admitted the strike was political, but the election of Kekkonen has been alleged to have contributed to the labor struggle.


Question: What year has the République game been released?

Urho Kekkonen

At the beginning of his presidency, Kekkonen tried to keep a low profile, especially in domestic politics.


Question: What year has the République game been released?

Urho Kekkonen

[29] Kekkonen's term as president marked the transition to a new era also due to the fact that by the end of his first year in office none of his predecessors were still alive.


Question: What year has the République game been released?

Urho Kekkonen

Risto Ryti had died in October and Paasikivi in December 1956.


Question: What year has the République game been released?

Urho Kekkonen

[34] On 28 January 1957 at 6:00pm there was a crash on the Porvoo highway 18 kilometres east of Helsinki in which three people were killed.


Question: What year has the République game been released?

Urho Kekkonen

Kekkonen, who hit the scene, ordered his chauffeur, Kalle Westerlund, to transport one of the injured (the ambulance driver) to Helsinki in the presidential official car.


Question: What year has the République game been released?

Urho Kekkonen

[35] During Kekkonen's second presidential year 1957, there was a shooting incident in which an unknown perpetrator fired towards the President's summer residence in Naantali Kultaranta while Kekkonen and his family were spending midsummer.


Question: What year has the République game been released?

Urho Kekkonen

Reportedly, at Kekkonen's personal request, the incident was completely silent.


Question: What year has the République game been released?

Urho Kekkonen

Threats to Kekkonen personally were common and the president has been interpreted as wanting to avoid further inflaming moods.


Question: What year has the République game been released?

Urho Kekkonen

In Kultaranta's diary, the incident was noted as a window shattered.


Question: What year has the République game been released?

Urho Kekkonen

[36] When a broad-based majority government in Fagerholm, later called the Night Frost Government, was formed in August 1958, the Soviet Union quietly demonstrated against it.


Question: What year has the République game been released?

Urho Kekkonen

President Kekkonen echoed the criticism and was instrumental in bringing the government down in December.


Question: What year has the République game been released?

Urho Kekkonen

Investigators are not unanimous about Kekkonen's motives.


Question: What year has the République game been released?

Urho Kekkonen

[37] Due to the fall of the Fagerholm government, forming majority governments became difficult and was not capable for some time.


Question: What year has the République game been released?

Urho Kekkonen

Therefore, there was a compulsion to resort to minority governments that mainly leaned towards the Agrarian League.