Question: When has the first piece of electronic music been made?

Electronic music

The Detroit-born techno-music trend and Chicago house trend originated during the 1980s, with the subsequent formation of British acid house in the late 1980s and early 1990s and so-called initially “underground” rave culture fueled the development of electronic music and acceptance among the general public, and introduced in night clubs electronic dance music.


Question: When has the first piece of electronic music been made?

Electronic music

In the culture of electronic dance music, the music makers themselves did not necessarily perform their music at all; this was done by DJs, as many music makers themselves also worked as.


Question: When has the first piece of electronic music been made?

Electronic music

Using electronic composing, it is possible to create faster and more accurate rhythms than with conventional percussion instruments.


Question: When has the first piece of electronic music been made?

Electronic music

Electronic dance music includes many times electronically edited sounds, samples, from conventional instruments and vocal sounds.


Question: When has the first piece of electronic music been made?

Electronic music

The cheapening of proper hardware and, above all, the rapid development of computing capacity for computer software or machines, has meant that today a substantial portion of popular music is made electronically, and electronic music is no longer differentiated in the same way by “right on musical instruments” from the music played as in the past.


Question: When has the first piece of electronic music been made?

Electronic music

The 21st century has created a whole new genre in performing music art, so-called laptop music, where often the only instrument is the laptop.


Question: When has the first piece of electronic music been made?

Electronic music

As an example of a laptop artist who rose to popularity in the 21st century, Holly Herndon can be cited.


Question: When has the first piece of electronic music been made?

Electronic music

History in Finland The best known Finnish pioneers of electronic music are composer Osmo Lindeman and sound production pioneer Erkki Kurenniemi, who founded an electronic music studio at the University of Helsinki.


Question: When has the first piece of electronic music been made?

Electronic music

The 1950s—1960s also saw Henrik Otto Donner, M.


Question: When has the first piece of electronic music been made?

Electronic music

A. Numminen, Erkki Salmenhaara, Bengt Johansson and Kari Rydman experimented with tape recorders, microphones and self-made electric machines.


Question: When has the first piece of electronic music been made?

Electronic music

[2] This laid the groundwork for new genres of sound art that would later become known, including computer music, live electronic performances, sound sculptures, composed environments, ringing objects, sound action, and techno music.


Question: When has the first piece of electronic music been made?

Electronic music

[2] Electronic music trends Acousmatic music, electroacoustic music and other electronic “art music” Ambient and new age Electronic pop music (a big part of all today's pop music), synth pop Electronic dance music Experimental electronic ( popular) music: industrial, noise, glitch, IDM, etc. Electronic Dance Music Genres Breakbeat Downtempo Drum'n'Bass Dubstep Elektro Electro swing Eurodance Garage Goa trance Hardstyle House Jungle Psytrance Synthpop Tekno Trance Trip hop 2-step garage Literature in Finnish Kuljuntausta, Petri: ON/OFF: From ether sounds to electric music.


Question: When has the first piece of electronic music been made?

Electronic music

Like, 2002.


Question: When has the first piece of electronic music been made?

Electronic music

Traveling, Petri: Voice eXtreme.


Question: When has the first piece of electronic music been made?

Electronic music

Like, 2006.


Question: When has the first piece of electronic music been made?

Electronic music

Lindeman, Osmo: Electronic Music.


Question: When has the first piece of electronic music been made?

Electronic music

in 1980.


Question: When has the first piece of electronic music been made?

Electronic music

In English, Bidder, Sean: Pump up the Volume: A History of House.


Question: When has the first piece of electronic music been made?

Electronic music

in 2001.


Question: When has the first piece of electronic music been made?

Electronic music

Bussman, Jane: Once in a Lifetime: The Crazy Days of Acid House and Afterwards.


Question: When has the first piece of electronic music been made?

Electronic music

in 1998.


Question: When has the first piece of electronic music been made?

Electronic music

Colin, Matthew: The Altered State: The Story of Ecstasy Culture and Acid House.


Question: When has the first piece of electronic music been made?

Electronic music

in 1997.


Question: When has the first piece of electronic music been made?

Electronic music

Eshun, Kodwo: More Brilliant Than the Sun: Adventures in Sonic Fiction.


Question: When has the first piece of electronic music been made?

Electronic music

in 1998.


Question: When has the first piece of electronic music been made?

Electronic music

Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Heikinheimo, Seppo| title = The Electronic Music of Karlheinz Stockhausen: Studies on the Esthetical and Formal Problems of Its First Phase| location = Helsinki| publisher = English Musicological Society| year = 1972| version = Translated by Brad Absetz.


Question: When has the first piece of electronic music been made?

Electronic music

(PhD dissertation.


Question: When has the first piece of electronic music been made?

Electronic music

University of Helsinki.)


Question: When has the first piece of electronic music been made?

Electronic music

Acta musicologica Fennica, 6| id = ISSN}} James, Martin: State of Bass: Jungle — The Story So Far.


Question: When has the first piece of electronic music been made?

Electronic music

in 1997.


Question: When has the first piece of electronic music been made?

Electronic music

Kempster, Chris (ed.


Question: When has the first piece of electronic music been made?

Electronic music

): History of House.


Question: When has the first piece of electronic music been made?

Electronic music

in 1996.


Question: When has the first piece of electronic music been made?

Electronic music

Traveling, Petri: First Wave.


Question: When has the first piece of electronic music been made?

Electronic music

Like, 2008.


Question: When has the first piece of electronic music been made?

Electronic music

Prendergast, Mark: The Ambient Century: From Mahler to Trance — The Evolution of Sound in the Electronic Age.


Question: When has the first piece of electronic music been made?

Electronic music

in 2000.


Question: When has the first piece of electronic music been made?

Electronic music

Reynolds, Simon: Energy Flash: A Journey Through Rave Music and Dance Culture.


Question: When has the first piece of electronic music been made?

Electronic music

in 1998.


Question: When has the first piece of electronic music been made?

Electronic music

Sicko, Dan: Techno Rebels: The Renegades of Electronic Funk.


Question: When has the first piece of electronic music been made?

Electronic music

in 1999.


Question: When has the first piece of electronic music been made?

Electronic music

Toop, David: Ocean of Sound: Aether Talk, Ambient Sound and Imaginary Worlds.


Question: When has the first piece of electronic music been made?

Electronic music

in 1996.


Question: When has the first piece of electronic music been made?

Electronic music

In German Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Drees, Stefan (ed.


Question: When has the first piece of electronic music been made?

Electronic music

) | title = 40 Jahre elektroacousische Musik am Folkwang: Festschrift für Dirk Reith| location = Hildesheim| publisher = Georg Olms Verlag| year = 2012| version = Folkwang Studien, 10| isbn = 978-3-487-14789-5| id = ISSN}} Citation error, replace with {citation ite book| author = Schenk, Stefan| title= Das Siemens-Studio für elektronische Musik: Geschichte, Technik und kompositorische Avatgarde um 1960| location = Tutzing| publisher = Hans Schneider| year = 2014| isbn = 978-3-86296-064-4}} See also Computer music Sources elsewhere — Comprehensive, tongue-in-cheek but earnestly made guide to almost every genre of electronic music.


Question: When has the first piece of electronic music been made?

Electronic music

Transclusion error: {{En}} is only for use in File namespace.


Question: When has the first piece of electronic music been made?

Electronic music

Use {{lang-en}} or {{en icon}} instead.


Question: When has the first piece of electronic music been made?

Electronic music

— A truly comprehensive database that originally contained mainly electronic music releases, but today also includes publications of any other genre.


Question: When has the first piece of electronic music been made?

Electronic music


Question: When has the first piece of electronic music been made?

Electronic music

Use {{lang-en}} or {{en icon}} instead.


Question: When has the first piece of electronic music been made?

Electronic music

— Finnish electronic music website.


Question: When has the first piece of electronic music been made?

Electronic music

— * Category:Key articles of screening


Question: What is the theory of cycloalkanes?

Cycloalkanes

Cycloalkanes are hydrocarbons with one or more ring structures formed from carbon atoms (C).


Question: What is the theory of cycloalkanes?

Cycloalkanes

The carbons in the ring, like alkanes, are coupled together by a simple covalent bond.


Question: What is the theory of cycloalkanes?

Cycloalkanes

The prefix cyclo describes the ring structure of the compound.


Question: What is the theory of cycloalkanes?

Cycloalkanes

The simplest cycloalkane in structure is the ring structure formed from three carbon atoms, namely cyclopropane C3H6.


Question: What is the theory of cycloalkanes?

Cycloalkanes

The general formula for cycloalkanes is the same as for alkenes CnH2n.


Question: What is the theory of cycloalkanes?

Cycloalkanes

Several five- and six-carbon ring compounds were known as early as the late 19th century, but those smaller or larger ring compounds, despite attempts, had not been detected or able to be manufactured.


Question: What is the theory of cycloalkanes?

Cycloalkanes

German chemist Adolf von Baeyer posited in his 1885 tension theory that small and large ring structures would be impossible due to carbon's tetrahedral habit of forming angles of about 109°.


Question: What is the theory of cycloalkanes?

Cycloalkanes

[1] For example, the angles between the carbons of a cyclopropane containing three carbons are only 60°, so it would have tremendous angular tension.


Question: What is the theory of cycloalkanes?

Cycloalkanes

Since the angle deviates 109°-60°=49° greatly from the ideal angle, the compound would be extremely readily responsive.


Question: What is the theory of cycloalkanes?

Cycloalkanes

Also, cyclobutane (109°-90°=19°) would have strongly angular tension, but cyclopentane practically does not (109°-108°=1°).


Question: What is the theory of cycloalkanes?

Cycloalkanes

Even cyclohexane angular stress (109°-120°=11°) would still be quite small, but cycloheptane (109°-128°=19°) and more cycloalkanes would be impossible due to their high angular stresses.


Question: What is the theory of cycloalkanes?

Cycloalkanes

Baeyer's theory was partly correct about small-cycle compounds — cyclopropane, for example, is a very sensitively responsive compound.


Question: What is the theory of cycloalkanes?

Cycloalkanes

However, Baeyer was wrong to claim small and large carbon compounds were impossible.


Question: What is the theory of cycloalkanes?

Cycloalkanes

He mistakenly assumed even large carbon compounds were planar like small ones.


Question: What is the theory of cycloalkanes?

Cycloalkanes

[1] In cycloalkanes comprising more than 14 carbons, angular stress actually disappears.


Question: What is the theory of cycloalkanes?

Cycloalkanes

[1] In the 21st century, ring structures with carbons from three to more than thirty are known.


Question: What is the theory of cycloalkanes?

Cycloalkanes

[1] The conformational isomery of cycloalkanes is influenced by torsional stress and steric stress in addition to angular stress.


Question: What is the theory of cycloalkanes?

Cycloalkanes

[1] In the most persistent conformation, the combined effect of these is as small as possible.


Question: What is the theory of cycloalkanes?

Cycloalkanes

See also Cycloalkenes Cycloalkyns Source references *


Question: How long did the Continuation War last?

Continuation War

The Continuation War was fought between Finland and the Soviet Union from 25 June 1941 to 19 September 1944.


Question: How long did the Continuation War last?

Continuation War

Continuation war was fought on the Finnish front at the same time as Germany was carrying out a widespread invasion of the Soviet Union known as Operation Barbarossa.


Question: How long did the Continuation War last?

Continuation War

The Finnish front had been divided between German and Finnish forces, with the Finns in charge of the Southern Front and the Germans for the Lapland Front.


Question: How long did the Continuation War last?

Continuation War

Finland was not, by law, an ally of Germany, as there was no treaty of alliance.


Question: How long did the Continuation War last?

Continuation War

Instead, Finland was effectively an ally of Germany, giving its territory at German disposal, subjecting its forces to Germany, and receiving arms aid from Germany.


Question: How long did the Continuation War last?

Continuation War

At the beginning of the war, on the southern front section, Finnish troops recaptured areas lost in the Winter War and advanced across Syyr and the Leningrad defensive lines.


Question: How long did the Continuation War last?

Continuation War

In December 1941, the offensive was halted and a station warfare phase that lasted more than two years began.


Question: How long did the Continuation War last?

Continuation War

The northern front sections were unable to obtain the severed Muurmann track and the German forces were unable to advance on Murmansk.


Question: How long did the Continuation War last?

Continuation War

The Soviet Grand Offensive in June 1944 broke through the Finns' foremost defensive lines.


Question: How long did the Continuation War last?

Continuation War

After heavy interceptor fighting, the guns were lowered to 4—5.


Question: How long did the Continuation War last?

Continuation War

on Sept.


Question: How long did the Continuation War last?

Continuation War

The Moscow Intermediate Peace was signed on 19 September 1944 and was confirmed in the Peace of Paris 1947.


Question: How long did the Continuation War last?

Continuation War

The intermediate peace terms of the Continuation War included, among other things, forcing German troops out of Finland, leading to the Lapland War against Germany.


Question: How long did the Continuation War last?

Continuation War

Pre-war events The peace in Moscow, which ended the Winter War in March 1940, was not peace in the truest sense of the word.


Question: How long did the Continuation War last?

Continuation War

Europe was at war and Finland remained under martial law as well.


Question: How long did the Continuation War last?

Continuation War

During peacetime, the 100000 members of the lifting crew who remained untrained were ordered to enter service and their military training in the final stages of the Winter War to increase the low perceived reserve was commenced.


Question: How long did the Continuation War last?

Continuation War

Squad leaders who had rehabilitated in the Winter War were asked to remain as loyal sub-officers for the training mission.


Question: How long did the Continuation War last?

Continuation War

Finland was targeting an internationally identified possible maximum of the population, which could be disconnected from other duties to army service, i.e. 16%.


Question: How long did the Continuation War last?

Continuation War

In the case of Finland, this was considered sufficient only for the operational defence of the entire eastern border.


Question: How long did the Continuation War last?

Continuation War

General Aksel Airo had written a book on the subject after the Winter War, Honor - Motherland, in which he considered Finland's own defence possibilities superficially viewed only in the light of numbers to be almost non-existent.


Question: How long did the Continuation War last?

Continuation War

Foreign countries' estimates of Finland's defence capabilities before the Winter War were based on the same criteria.


Question: How long did the Continuation War last?

Continuation War

[1] Germany invaded Denmark and Norway in April 1940 and quickly captured the countries.


Question: How long did the Continuation War last?

Continuation War

In May, Germany invaded France.


Question: How long did the Continuation War last?

Continuation War

The northern part of the country was occupied directly by Germany and the southern part was formed by the German-controlled Vichy government, which refused to continue fighting.


Question: How long did the Continuation War last?

Continuation War

Britain prepared for major air battles to prevent extensive German bombardment aimed at capturing the British Isles against it.


Question: How long did the Continuation War last?

Continuation War

The Baltic Sea had been closed by the Soviet Union and Germany, the only free passage to the oceans for foreign trade was the troublesome and long Liinahamar route to Petsamo.


Question: How long did the Continuation War last?

Continuation War

When Germany had also occupied Northern Norway by mid-June, Finland's physical isolation was almost complete: Germany would have been able to quickly cut off Finland's last open foreign trade route to the west if it wished, [2] and the same could have been done by the Soviet Fishermen and From the central blockade.


Question: How long did the Continuation War last?

Continuation War

In June 1940, following the German takeover of Denmark, Norway and finally France, the Soviet Union began pressuring Finland.


Question: How long did the Continuation War last?

Continuation War

The first demand was to recover all equipment taken away from the Karelian Isthmus and Hanko rental area.


Question: How long did the Continuation War last?

Continuation War

A stake in Petsamo's nickel mines was also called for.


Question: How long did the Continuation War last?

Continuation War

In July, the Soviet Union made a demand for the demilitarization of Åland, and the right to train transport across Finnish territory to Hanko.


Question: How long did the Continuation War last?

Continuation War

[2] The agreement for transit from Finland's eastern border to Hankoniemi was signed in early September.


Question: How long did the Continuation War last?

Continuation War

The Soviet Union did not reduce its pressure on Finland until early spring the following year.


Question: How long did the Continuation War last?

Continuation War

[3] The political climate during the intermediate peace was pressing; for example, the demonstrations and the resulting riots of the Finnish and Soviet Peace and Friendship Society and the downshooting of the Aero airliner Kaleva in the Gulf of Finland in June 1940 at the same time as the occupation of the Soviet Union The Baltic States, was perceived very strongly in Finland.


Question: How long did the Continuation War last?

Continuation War

Finland was in a tight gap in foreign policy when Norway and the Baltics were overrun, Germany and the Soviet Union were in a diplomatic state of peace with each other, and Sweden's proposed confederation with Finland in October 1940 fell into opposition from the Soviet Union and Germany.


Question: How long did the Continuation War last?

Continuation War

The Soviet Red Army Staff had issued instructions to the Leningrad Military District for a new war against Finland on 18 September 1940.


Question: How long did the Continuation War last?

Continuation War

The order was further refined on 25 November with the requirement to draw up an attack plan in case of a situation in which Finland would be the enemy alone.


Question: How long did the Continuation War last?

Continuation War

The Baltic Fleet drew up a plan to take over Åland and the forces of the Hanko base were transferred under the Leningrad Military District and its defensive direction was reversed on 12 November 1940 parallel to the mainland.


Question: How long did the Continuation War last?

Continuation War

In the Soviet Union, the management of Finnish affairs was transferred to the Main Administration of State Security (GUGB) under the People's Commissariat of Internal Affairs (Ministry), and in addition, invasion forces began to be transferred to their grouping areas.


Question: How long did the Continuation War last?

Continuation War

Soviet Foreign Minister Vyacheslav Molotov visited Berlin in November to ask German leader Adolf Hitler for consent to the occupation of Finland.


Question: How long did the Continuation War last?

Continuation War

However, as the Germans had already included Finland in their invasion plans Hitler warned the Soviet Union to stay out of Finland.


Question: How long did the Continuation War last?

Continuation War

The rapprochement of Finland and Germany on 6 September 1940 Finland concluded a transit agreement with the Soviet Union for traffic to Hanko.


Question: How long did the Continuation War last?

Continuation War

In August 1940, Field Marshal Gustaf Mannerheim, Commander-in-Chief of the Defence Forces, received an intelligence from Germany to allow the transit of German troops from ports in the Gulf of Bothnia to Kirkenes.


Question: How long did the Continuation War last?

Continuation War

At the same time, it was announced that it was possible for Finland to buy military equipment from Germany.


Question: How long did the Continuation War last?

Continuation War

Transit agreement: On 12 September, the Finnish General Staff and the German Air Force agreed to transport Luftwaffe crew and equipment through Finnish territory.


Question: How long did the Continuation War last?

Continuation War

A political agreement between the states on 22 September also allowed for transport by German land forces.


Question: How long did the Continuation War last?

Continuation War

A further increase in holiday traffic was negotiated in October.


Question: How long did the Continuation War last?

Continuation War

The first troops came ashore at Vaasa on the 22nd and 26 in Oulu.


Question: How long did the Continuation War last?

Continuation War

on Sept.


Question: How long did the Continuation War last?

Continuation War

[4] The ore of the Kolo River in Petsamo, Germany considered vital to its war industry and Petsamo as a necessary stepping stone for the invasion of Murmansk.


Question: How long did the Continuation War last?

Continuation War

The Soviet Union, on the other hand, after the end of the Winter War, felt no interest in Petsamo's nickel reserves, nor Petsamoo as a military territory.


Question: How long did the Continuation War last?

Continuation War

[5] When the German authorities were planning to integrate Scandinavia into their own economic area, Finland was also included from April 1940, even though the country was part of the Soviet Union's interest.


Question: How long did the Continuation War last?

Continuation War

[6] The situation at the nickel mine changed sharply in July 1940 with the Finnish and German I.G.


Question: How long did the Continuation War last?

Continuation War

With the agreement reached by Farbenindustrie.


Question: How long did the Continuation War last?

Continuation War

Negotiations had been taking place since the spring, with the deal promising Germany 60% of production.


Question: How long did the Continuation War last?

Continuation War

German negotiators reported the ore to Berlin to be worth more than RM1 billion and enough for 20 years to cover the entire nickel need of Greater Germany.


Question: How long did the Continuation War last?

Continuation War

Late in the year, the Germans increased the ore volume estimate fourfold.


Question: How long did the Continuation War last?

Continuation War

After negotiations began, the Soviet Union already proposed the transfer of the mine concession to itself in June.


Question: How long did the Continuation War last?

Continuation War

Soviet forces intensified the claim by grouping to the frontier, and fortifying the Fishermen's blockade.


Question: How long did the Continuation War last?

Continuation War

England took a steeply negative view of mining negotiations with Germany, halting Liinahamar merchant ships.


Question: How long did the Continuation War last?

Continuation War

Finland negotiated with everyone in a politically tight gap.


Question: How long did the Continuation War last?

Continuation War

The Finns negotiated in tense moods in Moscow seven times, until February 1941 without agreeing to the Russians' demands.


Question: How long did the Continuation War last?

Continuation War

The Soviets also negotiated with Germany until March 1941, unsuccessfully.


Question: How long did the Continuation War last?

Continuation War

[5] In protest, the Soviet Union stopped its exports to Finland.


Question: How long did the Continuation War last?

Continuation War

[7] Soon 90% of foreign trade was handled through Germany.


Question: How long did the Continuation War last?

Continuation War

Military cooperation between Finland and Germany began with negotiations between the countries' highest military command in the winter of 1940—1941.


Question: How long did the Continuation War last?

Continuation War

The Chiefs of General Staff held talks in Berlin in January.


Question: How long did the Continuation War last?

Continuation War

Among other things, the Germans inquired about how long it took Finland to get its army to the border with the Soviet Union, and also received a response.


Question: How long did the Continuation War last?

Continuation War

From February 1941, road construction and reconnaissance cooperation with the Germans were conducted in Lapland.


Question: How long did the Continuation War last?

Continuation War

German troops began arriving in Finland, which eventually reached 40,000 when the Continuation War broke out.


Question: How long did the Continuation War last?

Continuation War

During February—March, the Germans engaged in systematic reconnaissance in northern Finland.


Question: How long did the Continuation War last?

Continuation War

In April 1941, an engineering company in Ratas began to recruit volunteers for the Finnish battalion of the Waffen-SS's Wiking Division.


Question: How long did the Continuation War last?

Continuation War

Enlistment continued into June 1941.


Question: How long did the Continuation War last?

Continuation War

The first recruits left for Germany for training in May 1941.


Question: How long did the Continuation War last?

Continuation War

[8] On 25 May 1941, during Operation Barbarossa and Finland, the Finnish Supreme Military Command visited the German General Staff in Salzburg, where a German military delegation led by General Alfred Jodl explained the planned invasion of the Soviet Union.


Question: How long did the Continuation War last?

Continuation War

The Germans presented a plan of cooperation between German and Finnish combat forces.


Question: How long did the Continuation War last?

Continuation War

Finland was asked to commit Soviet forces on its borders and participate in the offensive against Leningrad.


Question: How long did the Continuation War last?

Continuation War

During further negotiations between different types of weapons in Berlin 26—28.


Question: How long did the Continuation War last?

Continuation War

On May technical and tactical information was exchanged.


Question: How long did the Continuation War last?

Continuation War

[9] A transit permit was issued for German troops through northern Finland.


Question: How long did the Continuation War last?

Continuation War

The attack plan included the use of Finnish territory.


Question: How long did the Continuation War last?

Continuation War

In particular, Finnish Lapland played an important role in taking over Murmansk with the Germans aiming for the Arkhangelsk equality.


Question: How long did the Continuation War last?

Continuation War

In the south, the attention of the Germans was drawn to the Gulf of Finland and the Karelian Isthmus, so that the recapture of Leningrad and its complete destruction would have become possible.


Question: How long did the Continuation War last?

Continuation War

In May, the Finnish Supreme Command decided to take part in Germany's planned war expedition against the Soviet Union.


Question: How long did the Continuation War last?

Continuation War

At the beginning of June, Germany was informed of the terms of participation: Finland should remain independent in future, Germany had to attack first, and only after the Soviet Union began the war effort would join the Finnish front.


Question: How long did the Continuation War last?

Continuation War

[10] On 3 June 1941, during negotiations with Germany in Helsinki, it was agreed that, with Finland going to war with the Soviet Union, Germany would come to Finland's aid.


Question: How long did the Continuation War last?

Continuation War

At the same time, negotiations in Kiel agreed to joint war efforts, including mining the southern coast of the Gulf of Finland, when war broke out.


Question: How long did the Continuation War last?

Continuation War

Ore and Uti airfields were made available to the German Air Force even before the war.


Question: How long did the Continuation War last?

Continuation War

Beginning on 7 June 1941, German troops intended for the invasion began arriving in Finnish ports.


Question: How long did the Continuation War last?

Continuation War

On June 15, 1941, Mannerheim subjugated General Siilasvuo's army corps in northern Finland under German control.


Question: How long did the Continuation War last?

Continuation War

On 18 June 1941, Finnish Air Force aircraft were painted yellow Eastern Front insignia in accordance with the German Luftwaffe.


Question: How long did the Continuation War last?

Continuation War

On 22 June 1941, Germany launched the offensive and, as previously agreed, used Finnish airspace and airfields to bomb the Soviet Union.


Question: How long did the Continuation War last?

Continuation War

[11] The Germans began grouping invasion forces in northern Finland during the first week of June.


Question: How long did the Continuation War last?

Continuation War

Finnish protective forces began moving into their positions on June 10, 1941, on June 17 a general mobilization was declared in Finland.


Question: How long did the Continuation War last?

Continuation War

On June 21, the government ordered 45,000 residences on the Soviet borders to be evacuated.


Question: How long did the Continuation War last?

Continuation War

Transfers of German troops to Northern Finland Preparations for the arrival of German troops began immediately.


Question: How long did the Continuation War last?

Continuation War

Arrangements were handled under the guise of transit organisation, and German forces were not authorized to move east of the Arctic Oceans until 18 June, when it was thought preparations for the invasion east had already been exposed anyway.


Question: How long did the Continuation War last?

Continuation War

Two divisions of German troops, 20,000 men from Stettin and 10600 men from Oslo, were shipped to Oulu and transferred as train transports to Rovaniemi.


Question: How long did the Continuation War last?

Continuation War

Shipings began on 5 June and the last troops were at Rovaniemi on 14 June.


Question: How long did the Continuation War last?

Continuation War

On 7 June, SS Division Nord began a march from Norway along the Arctic Sea Road via Vuosso and Sodankylä to Rovaniemi.


Question: How long did the Continuation War last?

Continuation War

The passing march of the 8000—9000 man strong division's vehicle column lasted 10 hours.


Question: How long did the Continuation War last?

Continuation War

The division was at Rovaniemi on 10 June.


Question: How long did the Continuation War last?

Continuation War

A total force of 40600 men was concentrated in the Rovaniemi region, from where on 18 June they began moving towards Salla.


Question: How long did the Continuation War last?

Continuation War

[12] The German Norwegian Army Staff moved to Rovaniemi on 15 June, Army commander Colonel General Nikolaus von Falkenhorst arrived a week later.


Question: How long did the Continuation War last?

Continuation War

Two days after the HQ, Luftwaffe aircraft landed in Rovaniemi.


Question: How long did the Continuation War last?

Continuation War

Of the corps, two mountain divisions (2nd and 3rd)


Question: How long did the Continuation War last?

Continuation War

moved from Norway to Petsamo only on 22 June, [13] [14] for preparations German pioneers in civilian attire had already been allowed into the country a day earlier.


Question: How long did the Continuation War last?

Continuation War

Petsamo's German divisions began an attack towards Murmansk on 29 June.


Question: How long did the Continuation War last?

Continuation War

Events just before the start of the war by order of the Finnish Air Force Staff, automatic morsing equipment was installed in the Lahti Radio Station and Turku and Oulu radio masts on 21 June for radio navigation of German bombers.


Question: How long did the Continuation War last?

Continuation War

[15] According to Dr. Hannu Valtonen, who studied aviation history, German bombers flew at night 21—22.


Question: How long did the Continuation War last?

Continuation War

June from East Prussia through southern Finnish airspace to the north of Ladoga and thence south to the Leningrad region, where Germany and the Soviet Union engaged in the first air battles of the operation after about three o'clock in the early hours of the morning.


Question: How long did the Continuation War last?

Continuation War

The German bombers then flew to Utt, Finland, where they refueled and from where they continued on to their home fields in East Prussia.


Question: How long did the Continuation War last?

Continuation War

[16] 21—22.


Question: How long did the Continuation War last?

Continuation War

During the night between, the Germans in cooperation with the Finnish State Police took over the Soviet consulate in Petsamo and the Finns arrested the entire staff of the consulate and their families.


Question: How long did the Continuation War last?

Continuation War

The German Gestapo confiscated the consulate's archives for examination and later forwarded them to Valpo.


Question: How long did the Continuation War last?

Continuation War

[17] The German naval forces were taking advantage of Finnish territory, they had been relying on the Finnish coast and ports since mid-June.


Question: How long did the Continuation War last?

Continuation War

[16] The Finnish warfare command had already ordered the U-boat squadron on 17 June to take part in mining the Estonian coast and on the evening of 21 June the U-boat squadron received an execution order for its mission.


Question: How long did the Continuation War last?

Continuation War

On the 22nd, Finnish submarines and Finnish and German ships began mining the Gulf of Finland to prevent the free passage of the Soviet Baltic Fleet.


Question: How long did the Continuation War last?

Continuation War

The effort was to ensure that the Soviet fleet would not be able to distract from the Gulf of Finland to the flank of the Germans' land front to the Baltics, and to prevent an attack on Åland, the control of which was vital for Finland.


Question: How long did the Continuation War last?

Continuation War

On the 22nd, the mining was extended off Soviet-occupied Estonia (including Tallinn).


Question: How long did the Continuation War last?

Continuation War

Finnish submarines laid mines on the Estonian coast between 7:28 a.m. and 9:06 a.m. on 22 June 1941.


Question: How long did the Continuation War last?

Continuation War

[18] [19] When information arrived in Finland about the start of the German invasion, the Finnish Navy immediately began Operation Kilsailing, i.e. the transfer of troops to the demilitarised Åland Islands.


Question: How long did the Continuation War last?

Continuation War

Soviet aircraft carried out the first air attack of the war against the Finns after attacking warships involved in this operation as well as coastal forts at 6:05am on 22 June.


Question: How long did the Continuation War last?

Continuation War

In addition, artillery fire began from Hanko to Porsöhu, Storholm and the mainland at 6:50am [20] Adolf Hitler declared in a radio speech on 22 June that Finland would fight together (Im Verein) with Germany.


Question: How long did the Continuation War last?

Continuation War

Finland announced that it would remain neutral in foreign policy, but Hitler's speech was embarrassing for the country's leadership, it signaled to the world that Finland was allied with Germany in the war against the Soviet Union.


Question: How long did the Continuation War last?

Continuation War

[21] These actions also led the Soviet Union to initiate military action against Finland, as it considered Finland to allow its territory to be used to attack itself.


Question: How long did the Continuation War last?

Continuation War

Despite the coordinated naval warfare initiated with Germany and the army stationed by Germany from the level of Nurmes as far as Petsamoo, Finland declared that it remained neutral in foreign policy.


Question: How long did the Continuation War last?

Continuation War

[22] [23] [24] [25] [26] The course of the war The war begins Soviet attacks against Finland began at 06:05 on 22 June, when the Soviet Union bombed a Finnish naval division at sea.


Question: How long did the Continuation War last?

Continuation War

Subsequently, on the same day, Finland participated in the mining of the southern Gulf of Finland.


Question: How long did the Continuation War last?

Continuation War

On the same day Germany launched its invasion of the Soviet Union.


Question: How long did the Continuation War last?

Continuation War

German planes returning from the bombing flight stopped in Finnish territory for refueling.


Question: How long did the Continuation War last?

Continuation War

The Soviets responded by bombing Finnish military targets in Finland with aircraft and cannons.


Question: How long did the Continuation War last?

Continuation War

Finland refrained from returning fire and tried to assert neutrality in the new war.


Question: How long did the Continuation War last?

Continuation War

A significant war effort was avoided between Finland and the Soviet Union for a few days.


Question: How long did the Continuation War last?

Continuation War

On June 24, 1941, the Soviet Union evacuated its legation in Helsinki.


Question: How long did the Continuation War last?

Continuation War

[11] On 25 June 1941, the Soviet Air Force bombed Helsinki, Turku and Porvoo, as well as a dozen other localities, with about 500 planes, of which 27 planes were shot down on Finnish territory.


Question: How long did the Continuation War last?

Continuation War

Based on these bombings and past events, in its communique to parliament, the government had reached the conclusion that the country had fallen into a state of war.


Question: How long did the Continuation War last?

Continuation War

This position was adopted by Parliament [27].


Question: How long did the Continuation War last?

Continuation War

On the same day 25.6, Prime Minister Jukka Rangell stated on the radio that Finland was again at war with the Soviet Union.


Question: How long did the Continuation War last?

Continuation War

War was declared on 26 June.


Question: How long did the Continuation War last?

Continuation War

The Finnish army and German troops in Finland began a ground offensive.


Question: How long did the Continuation War last?

Continuation War

The Finnish army launched a major offensive in Ladoga Karelia in the direction of Korpiselä on 10 July with its focus on the left wing.


Question: How long did the Continuation War last?

Continuation War

The brunt of the attack was the advance of the 1st Ice Brigade commanded by Colonel Ruben Lagus, which reached the shores of Ladoga within days.


Question: How long did the Continuation War last?

Continuation War

[28] By the end of August, the Karelian Army commanded by Lieutenant-General Erik Heinrichs had reached the limits preceding the Winter War.


Question: How long did the Continuation War last?

Continuation War

The Finnish people who experienced the Winter War were, with rare unanimity, behind the country's leadership and the reclamation of lost Karelia.


Question: How long did the Continuation War last?

Continuation War

The new war was seen as a continuation war of the Winter War, aimed at righting the wrong suffered.


Question: How long did the Continuation War last?

Continuation War

[21] On several occasions the Soviet Union demanded Britain declare war on Finland.


Question: How long did the Continuation War last?

Continuation War

British Prime Minister Winston Churchill sent Marshal Mannerheim a personal, private and secret letter expressing regret that Britain will soon have to declare war on Finland.


Question: How long did the Continuation War last?

Continuation War

Churchill also urged Finland not to cross the old border.


Question: How long did the Continuation War last?

Continuation War

The letter is preserved at Britain's Imperial War Museum.


Question: How long did the Continuation War last?

Continuation War

[29] Britain severed diplomatic relations on 1 August and threatened with war on 22 September unless the advance was cut off.


Question: How long did the Continuation War last?

Continuation War

Following Finland's accession to the Anti-Comintern Treaty on 25 November, Britain filed an ultimatum demanding a cessation of hostilities by 5 December.


Question: How long did the Continuation War last?

Continuation War

After remaining without a satisfactory response, London announced on Finnish Independence Day, 6 December, a declaration of war on Finland.


Question: How long did the Continuation War last?

Continuation War

Relations with foreign countries deteriorated as Finnish forces advanced.


Question: How long did the Continuation War last?

Continuation War

However, the actual war effort between the two countries was already limited to the earlier bombing of Liinahamar on 30 June.


Question: How long did the Continuation War last?

Continuation War

Australia, Canada and New Zealand also submitted a declaration of war to Finland.


Question: How long did the Continuation War last?

Continuation War

Already during the civil war in 1918, Mannerheim had issued a declaration in Antrea on the Karelian Isthmus stating that we should not put his sword in a sheath until Finland and East Karelia were free.


Question: How long did the Continuation War last?

Continuation War

In the Continuation War, Mannerheim issued his famous so-called sword-sheath day order, in which he referred to his declaration.


Question: How long did the Continuation War last?

Continuation War

There were also mentions of a large Finland in the daily order, which even at that time caused negative attention in political circles.


Question: How long did the Continuation War last?

Continuation War

During the Continuation War, Finland occupied the most extensive territory in its history.


Question: How long did the Continuation War last?

Continuation War

Many people outside the right wanted to annex East Karelia to Finland.


Question: How long did the Continuation War last?

Continuation War

The grounds were not only ideological and political, but also military: the so-called Three Isthmus Line was easier to defend than the previous frontier.


Question: How long did the Continuation War last?

Continuation War

With Germany backed, there was an opportunity to do so.


Question: How long did the Continuation War last?

Continuation War

On the other hand, there were economic motives in the form of exploitation of forest reserves in East Karelia.


Question: How long did the Continuation War last?

Continuation War

However, the territories were not legally annexed to Finland; only the territories lost in the Winter War were declared by Parliament as belonging to Finland.


Question: How long did the Continuation War last?

Continuation War

The management of the territories was provided by the Military Administration of East Karelia, which made preparatory measures to annex the conquered territories to Finland.


Question: How long did the Continuation War last?

Continuation War

Internment camps were established in the conquered territory, which in their own time were referred to at first as “concentration camps” and later as “displacement camps”.


Question: How long did the Continuation War last?

Continuation War

[30] They were excluded: [31] (a) “unnational population from those areas where their stay in view of military action could not be permitted”; (b) “politically unreliable persons belonging to the national and non-national population of the military administrative territory”; (c) “in exceptional cases other persons belonging to the population of the Military Administrative Region whose vacancy was deemed undesirable”.


Question: How long did the Continuation War last?

Continuation War

When defined as the national population, the Finnish population was perceived to be native.


Question: How long did the Continuation War last?

Continuation War

[32] [33] The population of Väisniemi, Syyrinlaakso and Maanselänänänänänisthus, who traditionally happen to speak Russian, were moved from the front line to camps not only to prevent attacks by Soviet partisans, but also to protect civilians themselves.


Question: How long did the Continuation War last?

Continuation War

In addition to this, refugees of non-Finnish descent were packed in Vänisniemi from all over the Karelian-Finnish Soviet Socialist Republic; while waiting in vain for transport across Sänisjärvi, they remained in the hands of the Finnish Defence Forces.


Question: How long did the Continuation War last?

Continuation War

Based on the research literature, it can be estimated that evacuees or refugees from near the fronts may have numbered up to 16600 of the people placed in camps in East Karelia.


Question: How long did the Continuation War last?

Continuation War

This would mean more than 69% of the camps” highest population, which was 23984 people, on April 1, 1942.


Question: How long did the Continuation War last?

Continuation War

[34] Mortality in the concentration camps of occupied East Karelia was up to 3.75%, significantly higher than among the free population of the same region (2.6%), in Finland (1.31%).


Question: How long did the Continuation War last?

Continuation War

The main reason for the high mortality rate among East Karelian campers appears to have been poor nutritional status and, to some extent, their age structure: a high relative proportion of women aged 20—30 years and minor children (almost 50%).


Question: How long did the Continuation War last?

Continuation War

[35] During the Continuation War, about 62000 Inger Finns migrated to Finland from the German-occupied Inger region.


Question: How long did the Continuation War last?

Continuation War

The war of positions Mannerheim and Ryti had a negative view of the conquest of Leningrad and its direct support, as well as the severing of the Muurmann line in order to hold the argument for a separate war and to keep Finland better prospects for peace negotiations even after Germany's eventual defeat context [36].


Question: How long did the Continuation War last?

Continuation War

The advance of the Finns stalled on Mannerheim's orders in December 1941, when the so-called positional warfare phase began.


Question: How long did the Continuation War last?

Continuation War

It lasted two and a half years.


Question: How long did the Continuation War last?

Continuation War

On 6 December, the territories lost in the Winter War were annexed back to Finland by the Parliament in restoring the borders of the Peace of Tartu.


Question: How long did the Continuation War last?

Continuation War

During the Continuation War, production and foreign trade declined, creating problems for the country's food supply.


Question: How long did the Continuation War last?

Continuation War

The most difficult food situation was during the winter between 1942—1943.


Question: How long did the Continuation War last?

Continuation War

In this case, for example, frontmen experienced deficiency diseases, and especially in some younger men general weakness due to lack of food.


Question: How long did the Continuation War last?

Continuation War

The situation was saved by imports of food supplies, mostly from Germany and the countries under its influence.


Question: How long did the Continuation War last?

Continuation War

In addition, the situation of the frontmen was facilitated by German troops in northern Finland, who victualled 50,000 Finnish soldiers in their area of responsibility.


Question: How long did the Continuation War last?

Continuation War

Despite the practical problems brought with them by long transport journeys, monotonous food and limited portions the victualling of the frontmen was satisfactorily successful.


Question: How long did the Continuation War last?

Continuation War

There were a total of 300 cases of deficiency disease that required hospitalisation among frontmen during the Continuation War, which can be considered quite a small number.


Question: How long did the Continuation War last?

Continuation War

[37] In 1942, fighting continued fragmented at Sycolour and Kiesting.


Question: How long did the Continuation War last?

Continuation War

The Finns' only offensive war during the entire war of positions remained the capture of Suursaari in March.


Question: How long did the Continuation War last?

Continuation War

[38] On June 4, Mannerheim reached the age of 75 and was promoted to Marshal of Finland.


Question: How long did the Continuation War last?

Continuation War

The day was designated by defensive force as a flag feast day.


Question: How long did the Continuation War last?

Continuation War

In Helsinki, a street was announced to be named in his honour.


Question: How long did the Continuation War last?

Continuation War

Adolf Hitler unexpectedly visited Mannerheim's birthday party in Immola and complained that he had not been able to ensure Romanian oil for Germany to do anything for Finland before or during the Winter War.


Question: How long did the Continuation War last?

Continuation War

A recording of Hitler's “soliloquy” by the Finns also clarified the level of Soviet arms race that had surprised Hitler.


Question: How long did the Continuation War last?

Continuation War

On his return visit to Germany, Mannerheim had apparently received further information about the German “expedition to the East” because, after his return, assessed to Defence Minister Walden the German “expedition to the east” as ending in disaster.


Question: How long did the Continuation War last?

Continuation War

The Soviets sent a military detachment behind the Finns front line around Rukajärvi.


Question: How long did the Continuation War last?

Continuation War

However, the Finns defeated the attempt in a short chase.


Question: How long did the Continuation War last?

Continuation War

After Germany suffered defeat at Stalingrad, efforts began to be made in Finland to distance themselves from Germany.


Question: How long did the Continuation War last?

Continuation War

The parliament began to show dissatisfaction towards Ryti, which was manifested by Secretary of State R.J.


Question: How long did the Continuation War last?

Continuation War

On Witting's criticism of Ryti's signing of an anticomintern contract.


Question: How long did the Continuation War last?

Continuation War

Parliament refused to extend the power law granted to Ryti.


Question: How long did the Continuation War last?

Continuation War

However, this did not prevent his re-election to an additional two-year term in February 1943.


Question: How long did the Continuation War last?

Continuation War

However, Prime Minister Rangell's government was switched to a less pro-German one led by Edwin Linkommies.


Question: How long did the Continuation War last?

Continuation War

The government held together mainly thanks to Väinö Tanner, the finance minister of the Social Democrats.


Question: How long did the Continuation War last?

Continuation War

Initial peace talks on Peace were held through the year, but no agreement was reached.


Question: How long did the Continuation War last?

Continuation War

As early as 8 February, the Soviet Union declared its willingness for peace.


Question: How long did the Continuation War last?

Continuation War

The United States insisted on maintaining Finland's independence, and the Soviet ambassador to Washington, A. Litvinov, stated that the Soviet Union did not intend to occupy Finland as a whole.


Question: How long did the Continuation War last?

Continuation War

The Finns received the same insurance from Aleksandra Kollonta in Stockholm.


Question: How long did the Continuation War last?

Continuation War

Finland insisted on the 1939 borders as the basis for peace negotiations, but the Soviet Union was informed that Finland's representative is welcome to negotiate in Moscow, but Finland's proposal should not include territories not belonging to it before the war.


Question: How long did the Continuation War last?

Continuation War

Peace terms were locked up among the Allies at a Tehran conference in December.


Question: How long did the Continuation War last?

Continuation War

Josif Stalin's terms included the borders of the 1940 peace, Hanko or Petsamo permanently for the Soviet Union and the replacement of half war damage, expulsion of Germans from the country, and demobilization.


Question: How long did the Continuation War last?

Continuation War

In order to more easily persuade Finland to acquiesce to peace, Churchill and Roosevelt proposed that Vyborg be left to Finland, but Stalin insisted Vyborg was strictly for the Soviet Union and refused to even discuss the matter.


Question: How long did the Continuation War last?

Continuation War

[39] When the new Finnish government inquired about peace terms in the spring of 1944, it was still unable to accept them.


Question: How long did the Continuation War last?

Continuation War

Helsinki Grand Bombing Finland rejected peace terms it had judged impossible in April 1944.


Question: How long did the Continuation War last?

Continuation War

The Soviet Union sought to persuade Finland to peace with the Grand Bombing of Helsinki (“Peace Bombing”) during February.


Question: How long did the Continuation War last?

Continuation War

The Soviet Union wanted a quick solution to the war so that it could concentrate its forces on the recapture of Berlin.


Question: How long did the Continuation War last?

Continuation War

Thumble|400px|Mannerheim and Ryti inspect troops in Enso on June 4, 1944.


Question: How long did the Continuation War last?

Continuation War

The Soviet Grand Offensive of 1944 The Red Army ended the war of positions with a major offensive on the Karelian Isthmus on 9 June 1944 and two weeks later in the direction of Maaselä.


Question: How long did the Continuation War last?

Continuation War

On June 10, four days after the Normandy landings, the United States declared Finland and its leaders to be pro-German and asked Envoy Procopé to leave the country.


Question: How long did the Continuation War last?

Continuation War

After the major offensive began, the Soviets responded to Finnish peace enquiries, demanding an unconditional surrender.


Question: How long did the Continuation War last?

Continuation War

[40] Soviet artillery concentrations and superiority broke the Finnish defences [40] (at Valkeasaari, 10 June 1944).


Question: How long did the Continuation War last?

Continuation War

The VT line (Vammelsuu—Taipale) was broken in Kuuterselä on 14 June and Vyborg was recaptured from the Finns almost without battle on 20 June.


Question: How long did the Continuation War last?

Continuation War

On the same day, the Elisenvaara Station was carried out the most devastating aerial bombardment of the war, with over 100 deaths, and injuring over 300 lives.


Question: How long did the Continuation War last?

Continuation War

Preparations had already been made in Moscow before the invasion that Finland would be occupied.


Question: How long did the Continuation War last?

Continuation War

On 22 June, the Finnish government informed Moscow that it was willing to abandon the war and break its relations with Germany.


Question: How long did the Continuation War last?

Continuation War

In response, the Soviets demanded unconditional surrender.


Question: How long did the Continuation War last?

Continuation War

On the same day, German Foreign Minister Joachim von Ribbentrop arrived in the country and announced that Germany would only continue to provide support if Finland entered into an alliance with Germany and continued to wage war.


Question: How long did the Continuation War last?

Continuation War

The Germans demanded a commitment to the war from Finland because the Narva Front was important to them.


Question: How long did the Continuation War last?

Continuation War

On 26 June, President Risto Ryti made a so-called settlement with the Germans. The Ryti—Ribbentrop agreement, which obliged Finland not to negotiate a separate peace and increased supplies of materials to the Germans.


Question: How long did the Continuation War last?

Continuation War

In the early 2000s, however, the importance of the treaty has been questioned


Question: How long did the Continuation War last?

Continuation War

At the time Ryti signed his letter to Adolf Hitler, most of the German anti-tank guns, plunge bombers, assault cannons and infantry divisions were already in Finland or en route.


Question: How long did the Continuation War last?

Continuation War

The Ryti-Ribbentrop Treaty was not a binding state treaty, but merely Ryti's personal assurance that he would not make a separate peace while serving as President of the Republic.


Question: How long did the Continuation War last?

Continuation War

The peace of separation was made after Ryti had resigned his post and the Parliament had elected Marshal Mannerheim as President by exceptional law.


Question: How long did the Continuation War last?

Continuation War

The Soviet Army captured Petrozavodsk on 28 June 1944.


Question: How long did the Continuation War last?

Continuation War

From Syvär, the Finns managed to retreat orderly, while on the Isthmus the troops had dispersed in many places.


Question: How long did the Continuation War last?

Continuation War

However, the front organisation endured even great losses on the front line if the artillery fire command, anti-tank and the net of machine-fire weapons only remained.


Question: How long did the Continuation War last?

Continuation War

However, trespassing from the front line, even troops detaching by unit was a problem for the Finns which greatly affected the outcome of the battle.


Question: How long did the Continuation War last?

Continuation War

[40] From Valkeasaari there is about a hundred kilometers to Vyborg, which the Red Army spent ten days to fold.


Question: How long did the Continuation War last?

Continuation War

Although the rate of withdrawal of the Finns thus averaged about ten kilometers per day, what can be considered a militarily successful performance.


Question: How long did the Continuation War last?

Continuation War

However, it caused great problems for the Finns, manifesting itself in the rapid loss and desertion of Vyborg, among other things.


Question: How long did the Continuation War last?

Continuation War

[40] In the defensive battle, the Finns were also supported by German troops.


Question: How long did the Continuation War last?

Continuation War

Of particular importance to the fighting against the Isthmus has been said to have been the anti-tank armament supplied by Germany earlier, since the pst artillery used by the Finns was not effective against the latest Klim Vorošilov and Josif Stalin tanks of Soviet forces.


Question: How long did the Continuation War last?

Continuation War

For a short time, a very significant part of the battle for the defence of the isthmus was carried out by the German Air Detachment Kuhlmey, especially against ground combat aircraft, supply contacts and maintenance, but the material air supremacy was that of the Soviets.


Question: How long did the Continuation War last?

Continuation War

According to the most common estimate, the skillful concentration of field artillery and good cooperation with the tenaciously fought infantry helped the Finns as the only ones in World War II to stop the Soviet strategic major offensive at the Battle of Talin—Ihantala from 25 June to 9 July 1944, Äyräpää — Vuosalmi and Vyborg Bay.


Question: How long did the Continuation War last?

Continuation War

Some historians felt that German support was crucial to the success of the interceptor battle.


Question: How long did the Continuation War last?

Continuation War

From Syvär, the Red Army's advance continued as a so-called major offensive in East Karelia, but it was stopped in fierce fighting at U position up to Impilahden—Jänisjärvi.


Question: How long did the Continuation War last?

Continuation War

Also in the north, the Finns retreated.


Question: How long did the Continuation War last?

Continuation War

The more than two-division-strong force that had crossed the old border at Ilomants was repulsed and destroyed in the Battle of Ilomants, which ended on 9 August.


Question: How long did the Continuation War last?

Continuation War

After mid-July, the situation on the Isthmus stabilised and Aleksandra Kollontai announced via the Swedes on 12 July that the demand for unconditional surrender had been the result of her “misunderstanding”.


Question: How long did the Continuation War last?

Continuation War

The Soviet Union renounced the demand for unconditional surrender and through Sweden informed Mannerheim that the Soviet Union was ready for an armistice, provided it would be signed by Mannerheim and not by a representative of the then government.


Question: How long did the Continuation War last?

Continuation War

Ryti resigned on 1 August and Mannerheim was appointed as his successor.


Question: How long did the Continuation War last?

Continuation War

Mannerheim appointed a new government on 7 August.


Question: How long did the Continuation War last?

Continuation War

Finland had fourteen infantry divisions, seven brigades and an armoured division in the summer of 1944.


Question: How long did the Continuation War last?

Continuation War

On the Finnish front, the Red Army deployed a total of 54 divisions, eleven infantry brigades and seven troops from the fortress area, i.e. a total of 68 groups, a total of about 605000 men with superior combat equipment.


Question: How long did the Continuation War last?

Continuation War

Total Finnish losses were around 44500 on the Isthmus and around 19500 men in East Karelia fallen and wounded, Red Army losses were at least 96,400 men.


Question: How long did the Continuation War last?

Continuation War

Professor Heikki Ylikangas interprets the various sources as saying that the Soviet Union reduced the importance of the Finnish Front's war efforts during the summer of 1944.


Question: How long did the Continuation War last?

Continuation War

According to him, among other things, Mannerheim considered the situation in Finland hopeless yet, for example, on 16 and 18 June.


Question: How long did the Continuation War last?

Continuation War

On 19 June, Mannerheim received intelligence material from Colonel Aladár Paasosi that the Soviets aimed not at occupying Finland, but at peace, took place at the headquarters.


Question: How long did the Continuation War last?

Continuation War

Ylikangas interprets the main focus of the Soviet war effort to have been in more southern Europe, where countering the German invasion was most important.


Question: How long did the Continuation War last?

Continuation War

[41] Prisoners of war The number of Soviet prisoners of war in Finland is estimated to be around 64,000 people.


Question: How long did the Continuation War last?

Continuation War

Of these, 56,000 prisoners had been taken as early as 1941.


Question: How long did the Continuation War last?

Continuation War

About 2700 prisoners were exchanged for the Baltic Finns of the Germans, of which there were about 2200.


Question: How long did the Continuation War last?

Continuation War

Due to the poor harvest of 1942, many prisoners of war died from starvation.


Question: How long did the Continuation War last?

Continuation War

Soviet prisoners of war died in 18318 in Finnish POW camps.


Question: How long did the Continuation War last?

Continuation War

Finnish prisoners of war numbered 2377 according to official Soviet statistics.


Question: How long did the Continuation War last?

Continuation War

The homeland was restored in 1969 lives.


Question: How long did the Continuation War last?

Continuation War

According to Timo Malmi, 3402 Finns were prisoners, 1388 died in the camp, and the number of repatriated persons was 1938, or 57 per cent.


Question: How long did the Continuation War last?

Continuation War

The difference in numbers to official figures is partly explained by the fact that Soviet statistics only account for those prisoners of war who survived to the camp.


Question: How long did the Continuation War last?

Continuation War

[42] After the resignation of Peace Ryti from office and on 4 August, Mannerheim, who took office as the new President-elect, considered Ryti's assurance, known as the Ribbentrop Agreement, to be invalid to bind Finland to Germany.


Question: How long did the Continuation War last?

Continuation War

Peace terms were received at the end of August.


Question: How long did the Continuation War last?

Continuation War

The Soviet condition for the armistice was the severing of relations with Germany.


Question: How long did the Continuation War last?

Continuation War

On 2 September, Parliament voted to break relations by a vote of 113—43 and the Soviet Union was ready to initiate an armistice at 8:00am on 4 September 1944, on condition that Finland informed of the severing of relations with Germany.


Question: How long did the Continuation War last?

Continuation War

The Finns ceased the war effort at that time, but the Soviets continued to fire for another 24 hours, apparently due to the delay in the release of the bulletin.


Question: How long did the Continuation War last?

Continuation War

[43] The terms of peace were the secession from Germany and the expulsion of German troops, despite the fact that at the same time the army came to a peaceful position, i.e. the demobilization of the troops.


Question: How long did the Continuation War last?

Continuation War

The Lapland War broke out between Finland and Germany.


Question: How long did the Continuation War last?

Continuation War

The Soviets pressured Finland into the fighting, but the withdrawal was initially carried out according to a common timetable secretly agreed with the Germans.


Question: How long did the Continuation War last?

Continuation War

The more significant war effort began with the Tornio landings by the Finns on 1 October and fierce fighting in the Tornion valley.


Question: How long did the Continuation War last?

Continuation War

The German army retreated in good order towards the north, with motorised retroop fighting with the Finnish troops coming behind.


Question: How long did the Continuation War last?

Continuation War

The German forces withdrew to Norway and to a ready-fortified defensive line at Arm Lapland.


Question: How long did the Continuation War last?

Continuation War

Since the main forces of the Finnish Army came to be demobilized in early December 1944, the final phase of the war became a “children's crusade”, with the army's regular staff leading only the youngest age groups.


Question: How long did the Continuation War last?

Continuation War

The Soviet Union did not agree to immediately conclude a final peace, and an intermediate peace was signed in Moscow on 19 September: Finland ceded to the Soviet Union, in addition to the territories lost in the Winter War, Petsamo and was forced to lease Porkkala for 50 years and guarantee there to Soviet soldiers free access through the territories of Finland.


Question: How long did the Continuation War last?

Continuation War

German troops had to be expelled from the country and the Germans' possessions handed over to the Allies.


Question: How long did the Continuation War last?

Continuation War

Finland had to decrease the strength of its army to 42,000 men.


Question: How long did the Continuation War last?

Continuation War

War reparations came to pay US$300 million in six years, and to replace all property exported and disposed of from the ceded territory.


Question: How long did the Continuation War last?

Continuation War

Anti-Soviet and “fascist” organizations (among them Lotta Svärd) had to be permanently abolished.


Question: How long did the Continuation War last?

Continuation War

War criminals had to be tried.


Question: How long did the Continuation War last?

Continuation War

The end of the Continuation War practically extinguished the Greater Finland cause as there were no longer political or military prerequisites for its implementation.


Question: How long did the Continuation War last?

Continuation War

The Soviet Union had won the war and established harsh peace terms for Finland, in which, among other things, the territory of Finland was further reduced.


Question: How long did the Continuation War last?

Continuation War

During the Continuation War, the Inger Finns transferred to Finland were to be returned back to the Soviet Union under the terms of the intermediate peace.


Question: How long did the Continuation War last?

Continuation War

They were met in the Soviet Union by deportation to Siberia.


Question: How long did the Continuation War last?

Continuation War

The Soviet Union defined Finland's peace terms and territorial losses for its Western allies in advance in the early stages of the war.


Question: How long did the Continuation War last?

Continuation War

When Anthony Eden, the British Minister for Outside, travelled in December 1941 to Moscow to intensify military cooperation, the Soviet Union raised the situation on 22 June 1941 that Britain should recognise the Baltic states, south-eastern Finland, eastern Poland, as a first condition, Belongation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina to the Soviet Union.


Question: How long did the Continuation War last?

Continuation War

In addition to these, the NL claimed parts of East Prussia, Petsamo and additionally bases from Romania and Finland.


Question: How long did the Continuation War last?

Continuation War

The Soviets wanted to record all the listed conditions with a secret additional protocol.


Question: How long did the Continuation War last?

Continuation War

Having been informed of the terms by the British, the Americans categorically rejected the proposal to draw up a secret additional protocol.


Question: How long did the Continuation War last?

Continuation War

Stalin's proposal was considered to have been contrary to the principles of the Atlantic Declaration.


Question: How long did the Continuation War last?

Continuation War

The British government in principle did not consider itself opposed to Stalin's proposal, but it just couldn't be decided at that very moment.


Question: How long did the Continuation War last?

Continuation War

[44] The relationship between Finland and Germany during the Continuation War The discussion of the beginning of the Continuation War, the surprise of the Grand Offensive, the combat victory and the contribution of the Germans still continues both in memoir literature and in studies.


Question: How long did the Continuation War last?

Continuation War

From the end of the war until the end of the 1980s, there was a debate about the beginning of the war, where the so-called driftwood theory was considered to explain Finland's path to war.


Question: How long did the Continuation War last?

Continuation War

In the subject of great attack, according to traditional perception, Stalin needed the forces primarily against Germany.


Question: How long did the Continuation War last?

Continuation War

Continuing the attack on the commanded Kymijoki line would have required new plans and reinforcements concentrations, and again the general situation and the change of seasons would not have allowed.


Question: How long did the Continuation War last?

Continuation War

Therefore, the Soviet Union agreed to a negotiated separate peace, even though the Allies had agreed to demand surrender from Germany and its allies.


Question: How long did the Continuation War last?

Continuation War

The Finns considered themselves to be “co-hosts” of Germany with their own goals and not allies.


Question: How long did the Continuation War last?

Continuation War

The debate over whether Finland was allied with Germany or whether it was fighting its own separate war, your separate war, has continued in Finland until the 21st century.


Question: How long did the Continuation War last?

Continuation War

According to the official political view, Finland and Germany were not in the union (including President Tarja Halonen's statements ahead of the 60th Victory Day [45]).


Question: How long did the Continuation War last?

Continuation War

There has long been a prevailing perception in foreign historical studies that Finland was an ally of Germany.


Question: How long did the Continuation War last?

Continuation War

[46] A considerable number of Finnish scholars also think that Finland was effectively an ally of Germany.


Question: How long did the Continuation War last?

Continuation War

The basic work on further war research, Markku Jokisipilä's dissertation “Brothers-in-arms or allies?” According to the fact that the war began to be talked about in Finland only when the fortunes of war began to turn and Germany's defeat seems increasingly clear.


Question: How long did the Continuation War last?

Continuation War

In 2008, Professor of History Henrik Meinander also took a position in favour of abandoning the concept of separate war [47] In October 2008 Helsingin Sanomat conducted a survey among Finnish history professors.


Question: How long did the Continuation War last?

Continuation War

Of the 28 professors who responded, 16 (57%) said that Finland did not wage a separate war in the Continuation War but was an ally of Nazi Germany.


Question: How long did the Continuation War last?

Continuation War

Six (21%) of professors were in favour of a separate war, and six did not give a direct answer.


Question: How long did the Continuation War last?

Continuation War

[48] Supporters of the Alliance view draw attention, for example, to the fact that a number of high-ranking Finnish officers received prior information about Operation Barbarossa in such a way that the Continuation War was essentially tied to this operation.


Question: How long did the Continuation War last?

Continuation War

Thus, the Finnish Continuation War as it was fought would not have been fought without significant material and strategic support from Germany.


Question: How long did the Continuation War last?

Continuation War

Finland was not an ally of Germany by law, as there had been no treaty of alliance between Finland and Germany, but in practice Finland was an ally of Germany, as it waged war with German resources and weapons, making Northern Finland available to the Germans and subjugating its forces to the German army seconded.


Question: How long did the Continuation War last?

Continuation War

Especially in the early stages of the Continuation War, Finnish operations were fully intertwined with and dependent on Germany's own operations.


Question: How long did the Continuation War last?

Continuation War

Similarly, the countries' security police had firm relations.


Question: How long did the Continuation War last?

Continuation War

[47] During the war, Germans were called brothers in arms, as were Finns in Germany.


Question: How long did the Continuation War last?

Continuation War

The term was also used by the Finnish state leadership when talking about Germany.


Question: How long did the Continuation War last?

Continuation War

[49] [50] [51] See also Ilomants' defeat 1944 East Karelian concentration camps Eastern Front (World War II) Continuation War Finnish aircraft of the Continuation War Finnish aircraft of the Continuation War Offensive phase Continuation War Resistance solution battles Northern Finland during the invasion phase of the Continuation War 1941 Salpalinja History of the Finnish Air Force — Continuation War Planes and Air War Grand Attack from Syvär 1944 Unknown Soldier Sources Books, magazines Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Alftan, Robert (ed.


Question: How long did the Continuation War last?

Continuation War

) | title = Brothers-in-Arms: German-Finnish Brother-in-Arms 1942—1944| publisher = WSOY| year = 2005| version = Introduction and footnotes: Markku Jokisipilä}} Glantz, David: The Siege of Leningrad 1941—44, MBI Publishing Company 2001 Citation error, replace with {{cite book| title = Continuation War history| publisher = Department of Military Science, WSOY| year = 1988}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Jokipii, Mauno| title = Genesis of Continuation War: Studies on German and Finnish Military Cooperation 1940—41| publisher = Otava| year = 1987| version = Finnish Literary Society editorials 848}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Jussila, Osmo & Hentilä, Seppo & Nevakivi, Jukka| title = Political History of Finland 1809—2006| publisher = WSOY| year =}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Jussila, Osmo & Hentilä, Seppo & Nevakivi, Jukivi Kkka| title = Finnish Political History 1809—2009| publisher = WSOY Study Materials| year = 2006| version = 5. uud.


Question: How long did the Continuation War last?

Continuation War

p.}} Historical Studies 148.


Question: How long did the Continuation War last?

Continuation War

Helsinki: Finnish Historical Society.


Question: How long did the Continuation War last?

Continuation War

Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Junila, Marianne| title = Brotherhood of the Home Front: Coexistence between Finnish civilian population and German military personnel in Northern Finland 1941—1944| publisher = Society of Finnish Literature | year = 2000| version = Doctoral dissertation: University of Oulu.


Question: How long did the Continuation War last?

Continuation War

Bibliotheca historica 61}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Järventaus, Jorma etc.| title = Finland at war| publisher = Oy Chosen Palat — Reader's Digest Ab| year = 1983}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Kijanen, Kalervo| title = Dive Alert | publisher = Submarine veterans ry| year = 1977}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Hans Peter Krosby| title = Nickel Diplomacy in Petsamo 1940—1941| location = Helsinki| publisher = Book| year = 1966| page = 240—243}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Land, Jukka| title = Sound Castle.


Question: How long did the Continuation War last?

Continuation War

Years of Finnish occupation of Petrozavodsk 1941—1944| location = Helsinki| publisher = Finnish Historical Society| year = 1989| version = Historical Studies 148| page = 67—75}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Laine, Antti| title = Two Faces of Greater Finland: East Karelia status of civil population in the Finnish occupation administration 1941—1944| publisher = Otava| year = 1982| version = Doctoral dissertation, University of Joensuu}} Mannerheim, G.: Memoirs II.


Question: How long did the Continuation War last?

Continuation War

Huddersfield: Otava 1952.


Question: How long did the Continuation War last?

Continuation War

Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Meinander, Henrik| title= | publisher = xx| year = 2008}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Paasilinna, Erno| title = World in the throes | publisher = Otava| year = 1983}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Pranttila, Anneli| title = Victualling of frontmen in Finland during the war years 1939—1945| chapter = abstract| location = Helsinki| publisher = University of Helsinki, Department of Applied Chemistry and Microbiology| year = 2006| version = Dissertation | accessdate = 14.6.2008}} Citation error, replace with {{ cite book| author = Raunio, Ari & Kolin, Juri| title = Fighting Continuation War 1942—44| publisher = Map Centre| year = 2008}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Silvennoinen, Oula| title = Brothers-in-arms: Finnish and German Security Police Cooperation 1933—1944| publisher = Otava| year = 2008| version = Dissertation: University of Helsinki}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Skyttä, Kyösti| title = No other glory.


Question: How long did the Continuation War last?

Continuation War

Risto Ryti's alley run 1939—1945| location = Jyväskylä| publisher = Gummerus, Bookgrou| year = 1989}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Vahtola, Jous| title = History of Finland — From the Ice Age to the European Union| publisher = Otava| year = 2003}} Citation error, replace with {{ cite book| author = Ylikangas, Heikki| title = One man's Continuation War| publisher = Otava| year = 2009}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Ziemke, Earl F.| title = German military action in the Nordic region 1939—1945| publisher = WSOY| year = 1963}} Daily newspapers Web Check date values in: |accessdate= (help) Check date values in: |accessdate=, |date= (help) Check date values in: |accessdate=, |date= (help) Check date values in: |accessdate=, |date= (help) References Literature Citation error, replace with {{cite book| title = History of Continuation War 1—6| location = Porvoo| publisher = WSOY| year = 1988| version=ed.


Question: How long did the Continuation War last?

Continuation War

Military History Office of the Department of Military Science}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Moisala, U.


Question: How long did the Continuation War last?

Continuation War

E.


Question: How long did the Continuation War last?

Continuation War

& Alanen, Pertti (eds.


Question: How long did the Continuation War last?

Continuation War

) | title = When the attacker's road was closed — the Soviet Grand Offensive in the summer of 1944 on the Karelian Isthmus under the light of veteran research and Soviet sources | publisher = Publications of the Department of Military Science XXVI| year = 1988}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Siilasvuo, Ensio et al.


Question: How long did the Continuation War last?

Continuation War

(ed.


Question: How long did the Continuation War last?

Continuation War

) | title = Continuation War: Chronicle| location = Jyväskylä Helsinki| publisher = Gummerus| year = 1991 (2nd edition 1997)}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Kuusela, Kari| title = Wehrmacht armours in Finland: German armoured units in Finland 1941—1944| location = Helsinki| publisher = Wiking-division Oy| year = 2000}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Raunio, Ari (ed.


Question: How long did the Continuation War last?

Continuation War

) | title = Defenders of Independence -series| publisher = Weilin+Göös etc.| year = 2002—2003}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Leskinen, Jari & Juutilainen, Antti (ed.


Question: How long did the Continuation War last?

Continuation War

) | title = Petty Giant of Continuation War| publisher = WSOY| year = 2005}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Drabkin, Artem & Irincheev, Bair (ed.


Question: How long did the Continuation War last?

Continuation War

) | title = Continuation War with the eyes of the Red Army| location = Jyväskylä| publisher = Atena| year = 2007| version = In Finnish ed.


Question: How long did the Continuation War last?

Continuation War

Tiilikainen, Heikki & Laine, Jukka-Pekka}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Raunio, Ari & Kirin, Yuri | title = Continuation War Attacks 1941| publisher = Karttacentr| year = 2007}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Näre, Sari & Kirves, Jenni (ed.


Question: How long did the Continuation War last?

Continuation War

) | title = Ugly War: The Silent History of the Winter and Continuation War| location = Helsinki| publisher = Johnny Kniga| year = 2008}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Ruin, Ari & Kilin, Yuri | title = Continuation War Fighting 1942—44| publisher = Map Centre| year = 2008}} error, replace with {{cite book| author = Rantanen, Sponge| title = Difficult road to peace: Finland under German, Swedish and Soviet compression | location = Jyväskylä | publisher = Atena| year = 2010}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Kankare, Vilho| title = Let's go when told!


Question: How long did the Continuation War last?

Continuation War

Young Men's Continuation War| location = Helsinki| publisher = Otava| year = 2011}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| title = Stalin's Secret Continuation War| publisher = Docendo| year = 2014| version=ed.


Question: How long did the Continuation War last?

Continuation War

Vihavainen, Timo & Manninen, Ohto}} Films in front of the front line, a film about JR 61 on the Syvärs and Isthmus, Åke Lindman, 2004 Silence, film about the evacuation centre for the fallen, directed by Sakari Kirjainen, 2011 Abandoned houses, deserted courtyards, film Laila Hietamies by the same name novel, about the last days of Vyborg in summer 1944, directed by Lauri Törhönen, 1999 Lupaus, film about lot in winter and continuation war, directed by Ilkka Vanne, 2005 Headquarters, film about the moods of the headquarters in summer 1944, directed by Matti Kassila, 1970 Rintamalotta, a film about the lot fronts Continuation War, directed by Aarne Tarkas, 1956 Rukajärvi tie, Olli Saarela, screenplay by Antti Tuuri and Olli Saarela, 1999 Tali-Ihantala 1944, Åke Lindman and Sakari Kirjainen, screenplay by Stefan Foss, Benedict Zilliacus and Esko Salervi, 2007 The Unknown Soldier, Edvin Laine, 1955 Unknown Soldier, Rauni Mollberg, 1985 Unknown Soldier, Aku Louhimies, 2017 On the topic elsewhere Check date values in: |accessdate=, |date= (help) Check date values in: |accessdate= (help) Check date values in: |accessdate= (help) Check date values in: |accessdate=, |date= ( help) Check date values in: |accessdate= (help) Search Engine.


Question: How long did the Continuation War last?

Continuation War

Check date values in: |accessdate=, |date= (help) Check date values in: |accessdate= (help) Check date values in: |accessdate= (help) Check date values in: |accessdate=, |date= (help) Book review of Pilke, Helena and Kleemola, Olli: Life in the Trenches.


Question: How long did the Continuation War last?

Continuation War

The amusements and hobbies of soldiers on the fronts of the Continuation War.


Question: How long did the Continuation War last?

Continuation War

SKS, 2015.


Question: How long did the Continuation War last?

Continuation War

* Category:Key articles of screening


Question: How do you define a paramilitary?

Terrorism

Terrorism (, from the Latin word terrere, 'to cause terror, to intimidate') is violence committed by an individual or group whose purpose is, through the threat of authorities and fear of the public, to influence decision-making.


Question: How do you define a paramilitary?

Terrorism

Because the word is usually used to describe the activities of non-governmental entities, so-called state terrorism is often demarcated beyond it.


Question: How do you define a paramilitary?

Terrorism

In Finnish there is to some extent an established division between the concepts of terrorism and terror, so that terrorism usually refers to the activities of individuals or unofficial organisations operating outside the law, whereas terror is either parties to civil war, or public the activities of public authorities or government-sponsored organisations or governments.


Question: How do you define a paramilitary?

Terrorism

[1] Terror (Latin for terror, fear) is the reign of terror, the deliberate keeping of people in the power of fear.


Question: How do you define a paramilitary?

Terrorism

Terror is often practiced with the intention of consolidating the power of the prevailing regime, but also vice versa to destabilize its authority.


Question: How do you define a paramilitary?

Terrorism

Defining terrorism is difficult in individual cases.


Question: How do you define a paramilitary?

Terrorism

Mass murder may be referred to in the media as terrorism.


Question: How do you define a paramilitary?

Terrorism

It has been proposed to abandon the concept of terrorism altogether because of its inaccuracy.


Question: How do you define a paramilitary?

Terrorism

Keijo Korhonen has proposed replacing it with the words Homicide and Stateless Violence Organisation.


Question: How do you define a paramilitary?

Terrorism

[2] The first users of the term in the 18th century An activity called “terror” was carried out by radical Jacobins who came to power with the Great French Revolution, who executed their real and illustrious political opponents by guillotine.


Question: How do you define a paramilitary?

Terrorism

The French themselves refer to that period by the word La Terreur.


Question: How do you define a paramilitary?

Terrorism

Jacobin leader Maximilien Robespierre saw a positive meaning in the word and, according to him, terror represented justice and virtue.


Question: How do you define a paramilitary?

Terrorism

One of the first to use the word “terrorist” was the English conservative Edmund Burke, who used it in 1795 when he criticised the French Revolution.


Question: How do you define a paramilitary?

Terrorism

[3] The word terrorism first appeared in the Oxford English Dictionary in 1795, where the term terrorism specifically referred to the state to carry out terror precisely because of events in France.


Question: How do you define a paramilitary?

Terrorism

[4] Those who carry out terrorism are called terrorists.


Question: How do you define a paramilitary?

Terrorism

Terrorist and Terrorist Organization A terrorist organization usually lives an omalacic life cycle, which may be due to the difficulty of those who engage in violent surprise attacks to return to normal life.


Question: How do you define a paramilitary?

Terrorism

A terrorist per se is usually an ordinary person.


Question: How do you define a paramilitary?

Terrorism

Attempts have been made to characterise them as antisocial, but the lack of this model is that even in a terrorist organisation requires sociability, flexibility and self-discipline.


Question: How do you define a paramilitary?

Terrorism

[5] The offender has a terroristic purpose if the intention is to cause serious fear among the population to unjustifiably force the government or other authority of a State or an international organisation to do, tolerate or not do something unjustifiably to abrogate or amend the constitutional law of a State, or seriously undermine the legal order of a State, or to cause particularly great damage to the state economy or to the social infrastructure of a State, causes particularly great damage to the economy of an international organisation or for other infrastructure of the organisation.


Question: How do you define a paramilitary?

Terrorism

[6] Types of Terrorism Separatist Terrorism Separatist terrorism seeks to separate the people or part of the people from the mother state by attacking institutions of society such as the police, individual politicians or the military.


Question: How do you define a paramilitary?

Terrorism

The influencer tends to be nationalistic.


Question: How do you define a paramilitary?

Terrorism

To achieve a climate of fear, attacks are directed at other areas of the mother country (not usually against its own people).


Question: How do you define a paramilitary?

Terrorism

In some situations, practitioners of this type of terror are seen as freedom fighters.


Question: How do you define a paramilitary?

Terrorism

Basque, Northern Irish, Palestinian organisations and Kurdistan Workers' Party are examples.


Question: How do you define a paramilitary?

Terrorism

The Jewish Irgun Zvi Leumi organisation, whose former leader, Menachem Begin later became Prime Minister of Israel, can also be seen as an equivalent separatist terror organisation.


Question: How do you define a paramilitary?

Terrorism

A total of 8736 people died as victims of separatist or nationalist terrorism between 1968 and 2005.


Question: How do you define a paramilitary?

Terrorism

[7] Nationalist Terrorism Nationalist terrorism as a concept apart from separatist terrorism refers to activities aimed at unifying a dispersed nation into a single state.


Question: How do you define a paramilitary?

Terrorism

You can see BASK's activities as such because their territory is in the territory of another state, as well as the PKK.


Question: How do you define a paramilitary?

Terrorism

Northern Ireland, too, has a unifying goal for the island.


Question: How do you define a paramilitary?

Terrorism

Religious Terrorism The goals and justification of religious terrorism are based on religion.


Question: How do you define a paramilitary?

Terrorism

Between 1968 and 2005, 11,839 people died as victims of religious terrorism.


Question: How do you define a paramilitary?

Terrorism

[7] Of the religious groups, terrorism is most perpetrated by Sunni Muslims in light of US federal statistics.


Question: How do you define a paramilitary?

Terrorism

[8] [9] [10] According to US authorities' calculations, nearly 4000, or 46%, of those killed in terrorist acts in 2006, had died as victims of Sunni terrorism, of those cases in which a terrorist could be classified.


Question: How do you define a paramilitary?

Terrorism

5% had died as victims of Shiite Muslim terror.


Question: How do you define a paramilitary?

Terrorism

Terrorism by other religious groups, together with other non-political terrorism, caused 10% of all casualties.


Question: How do you define a paramilitary?

Terrorism

It should be noted that 59% of victims died in terrorist acts, the perpetrator of which could not be classified due to incomplete information.


Question: How do you define a paramilitary?

Terrorism

Also, more than half of the victims were Muslims.


Question: How do you define a paramilitary?

Terrorism

[10] In the United Kingdom, according to a summary of a government-commissioned report on the funding of terrorism and violent extremism, the most significant funding for terrorism and violent extremism in the country comes from anonymous donors operating in the country.


Question: How do you define a paramilitary?

Terrorism

Donors support terrorism for small sums, but a small number of organizations also receive significant support or funding from abroad.


Question: How do you define a paramilitary?

Terrorism

“Foreign support has allowed Conservative preachers to arrive in Britain.


Question: How do you define a paramilitary?

Terrorism

Some of them have promoted extremist thinking,” said Home Secretary Amber Rudd in the summer of 2017.


Question: How do you define a paramilitary?

Terrorism

[11] The report has not been published in full.


Question: How do you define a paramilitary?

Terrorism

In response to foreign funding and the withholding of the report, the country's opposition has accused the government of trying to protect Saudi Arabia, where Islam's conservative tendency, Wahhabism, is the official state religion.


Question: How do you define a paramilitary?

Terrorism

Saudi Arabia has spent millions of euros to make Wahhabism take root in Western Muslim communities.


Question: How do you define a paramilitary?

Terrorism

In July 2017, the Henry Jackson Society (HJS) think tank unveiled a report that foreign funding for UK Islamists comes mostly from governments in Gulf countries and actors close to governments, particularly Saudi Arabia.


Question: How do you define a paramilitary?

Terrorism

[11] Numerous small cults have also linked violent activities towards other groups of people to their religion.


Question: How do you define a paramilitary?

Terrorism

As examples, Japan's Supreme Truth, distantly related to Buddhism and Hinduism, which carried out a sarin gas attack on the Tokyo subway in 1995 that killed 12 people and 6000 sought medical attention.


Question: How do you define a paramilitary?

Terrorism

[12] In this category, one can also read attacks by Christian fundamentalists violently against abortion clinics and the doctors operating in them.


Question: How do you define a paramilitary?

Terrorism

Six people have been killed in these attacks.


Question: How do you define a paramilitary?

Terrorism

[13] For criticism of the image of religious terrorism and the downplaying of the role of religion, University of Chicago researcher Robert Pape has analyzed all documented cases of suicide bombing from 1980 to 2003.