Question: When is Hungary founded?

History of Hungary

The Habsburgs allowed other minority nationalities to enter the country to assuage Hungarians' desires for independence.


Question: When is Hungary founded?

History of Hungary

It was not much affected and as early as 1703—1711 there was a war of independence led by Ferenc Rákóczi II.


Question: When is Hungary founded?

History of Hungary

[11] However, the less numerous and left by their French allies, the Hungarians lost it.


Question: When is Hungary founded?

History of Hungary

After the revolt, an exceptionally long period of peace followed, when the Hungarian economy developed along by leaps and bounds.


Question: When is Hungary founded?

History of Hungary

Factories, theatres and newspapers were established.


Question: When is Hungary founded?

History of Hungary

Pest's importance in international trade grew.


Question: When is Hungary founded?

History of Hungary

Buda regained its status as the center of Hungarian administration.


Question: When is Hungary founded?

History of Hungary

On 15 July 1846, Hungary's first railway link between Pest and Vác was opened.


Question: When is Hungary founded?

History of Hungary

[12] The first steamer was laid down on the Danube — thanks to Count István Széchenyi, who financed the project — on 16 March 1831.


Question: When is Hungary founded?

History of Hungary

Soon they came to other of Hungary's most significant inland waterways (Tisza River on 3 September 1833, Lake Balaton on 21 September 1846.)


Question: When is Hungary founded?

History of Hungary

as well as the Mediterranean Sea (to Hungarian Adriatic cities).


Question: When is Hungary founded?

History of Hungary

Around the same time, rationing of the Danube and Tisza was initiated to prevent constant flooding.


Question: When is Hungary founded?

History of Hungary

Budapest's most representative and oldest permanent bridge, the Chain Bridge, was commissioned in 1849.


Question: When is Hungary founded?

History of Hungary

The project was also thanks to Széchenyi and was carried out by the Englishman William Tierney Clark and the Scotsman Adam Clark.


Question: When is Hungary founded?

History of Hungary

However, the prosperity of 19th century Hungary caused the rich to become richer and the poor to become poorer.


Question: When is Hungary founded?

History of Hungary

Hungarianism was becoming overshadowed by the Germanic influences of the Habsburgs.


Question: When is Hungary founded?

History of Hungary

On 15 March 1848, the Hungarians went to revolt again, demanding self-rule for themselves.


Question: When is Hungary founded?

History of Hungary

Hungary was declared a republic and Lajos Kossuth was elected as state administrator.


Question: When is Hungary founded?

History of Hungary

However, Emperor Francis Joseph I of Austria put down the rebellion with Russian help and executed the leaders.


Question: When is Hungary founded?

History of Hungary

[13] The Hungarians used their red and white flag for the first time in the revolt.


Question: When is Hungary founded?

History of Hungary

Finno-Ugric in the 19th century, and especially during the period of national romanticism in the 1870s-1890s, the Hungarians' already strong sense of nationality intensified.


Question: When is Hungary founded?

History of Hungary

The “discovery” of Finno-Ugric by Hungarians when some Hungarian explorers had visited different regions of Finland, Estonia and the rest of the Baltic States and Russia — for example Antal Reguly 1839, Pál Hunfalvy 1869, Jankó János the younger 1896 and Zoltán Kodály's visit as a guest of Ilmari Krohn — and made notable notes and recordings of various Finnish folktales such as songs, language, as well as culture, which surprisingly resembled Hungarians, while a similar similarity was not found in the neighbouring peoples of Hungary.


Question: When is Hungary founded?

History of Hungary

The same was noted by Finnish folklore and language scholars who visited Hungary in the 19th century.


Question: When is Hungary founded?

History of Hungary

M.


Question: When is Hungary founded?

History of Hungary

A. Castrén got a closer look at the Hungarian language while the folklore scholar Antal Regulyn lived in Finland and Lapland.


Question: When is Hungary founded?

History of Hungary

The literature and art of the two countries converged and numerous Finnish artists such as Eliel Saarinen (who designed the first arch streets in Budapest), Akseli Gallen-Kallela, Yrjö Liipola, Ilmari Krohn spent long periods in Budapest and elsewhere in Hungary.


Question: When is Hungary founded?

History of Hungary

According to some sources, J. L. Runeberg would have been inspired by the 1836 Hungarian national tune “Szózat”, lyrics by Mihály Vörösmarty in the lyrics of “The Song of Our Country”.


Question: When is Hungary founded?

History of Hungary

Kalevala was first translated into Hungarian in 1872.


Question: When is Hungary founded?

History of Hungary

It is to this day a compulsory book in Hungarian high schools.


Question: When is Hungary founded?

History of Hungary

Other books taught at the school include Väinö Linna's The Unknown Soldier and Mika Waltari's Sinuhe Egyptian.


Question: When is Hungary founded?

History of Hungary

Dual Monarchy After suffering defeat against Prussia in the War of 1866, Austria was ready for reconciliation with the Hungarians.


Question: When is Hungary founded?

History of Hungary

The following year, 1867, the Austro-Hungarian Dual Monarchy was formed, with Hungary gaining extensive freedoms and being on an equal footing with Austria.


Question: When is Hungary founded?

History of Hungary

The intention was to reduce Hungarians' zeal for independence.


Question: When is Hungary founded?

History of Hungary

In common was foreign and defence policy and the MFI.


Question: When is Hungary founded?

History of Hungary

The flag featured a combination of Austrian and Hungarian colours.


Question: When is Hungary founded?

History of Hungary

In addition, the coat of arms featured the coats of arms of both countries.


Question: When is Hungary founded?

History of Hungary

Austria's own terms were, among other things, the reform of the Hungarian civil code.


Question: When is Hungary founded?

History of Hungary

The status of peasants in particular, as well as various minorities, was improved, to which the Hungarian nobles previously had not agreed to for fear of losing their interests.


Question: When is Hungary founded?

History of Hungary

On November 17, 1872, the cities of Buda, Óbuda and Pest merged into a single Budapest, becoming the center of Hungarian administration.


Question: When is Hungary founded?

History of Hungary

For about 50 years since the beginning of the dual monarchy, Hungary, and especially its capital, prospered significantly.


Question: When is Hungary founded?

History of Hungary

When designing the city centre and its other neighbourhoods, efforts were often made to take the example of Parisian city planning.


Question: When is Hungary founded?

History of Hungary

On October 28, 1877, the Western Railway Station (Nyugati pályaudvar) was put into operation.


Question: When is Hungary founded?

History of Hungary

Budapest's famous opera house as well as the Eastern Rautie Station (Keleti pályaudvar) were completed in 1884.


Question: When is Hungary founded?

History of Hungary

The city's first — and the second oldest in the world after London — subway opened in 1896 as well as the Imre Steindl designed Houses of Parliament, with over 40kg of pure gold used to build, was completed in 1904.


Question: When is Hungary founded?

History of Hungary

Akseli Gallen-Kallela travelled in Hungary between 1907 and 1908.


Question: When is Hungary founded?

History of Hungary

[14] The pair of lion statues lying on both ends of the chain bridge so endeared the Finnish painter that he climbed onto a lion's back one night and painted the moonlit landscape of Linnavuori opening from the bridge.


Question: When is Hungary founded?

History of Hungary

The bridge sitter summoned the gendarmes, who began writing Gallen-Kallela a ticket after he pulled a note from his bosom pocket and handed it to the sitter.


Question: When is Hungary founded?

History of Hungary

Lapussa read in Hungarian: “I hereby allow the Finnish Akseli Gallen-Kallela to freely practice his art in all possible public places of the capital of the Kingdom of Hungary.


Question: When is Hungary founded?

History of Hungary

In the event of physical obstruction or other circumstance hampering his work, Gallen-Kallela is entitled to request the protection or official assistance of the nearest gendarmerie patrol.


Question: When is Hungary founded?

History of Hungary

Commander-in-Chief of the Budapest Police.”


Question: When is Hungary founded?

History of Hungary

Gallen-Kallela's Finnish paintings as well as Hungarian-related paintings were so enchanting by Hungarians that in 1908 the Gallen-Kallela Art Exhibition was held in Budapest, where nearly 500 of his works were exhibited.


Question: When is Hungary founded?

History of Hungary

The exhibition drew about 100,000 visitors.


Question: When is Hungary founded?

History of Hungary

On the pedestal of the lion statue of the Chain Bridge - on whose back Gallen-Kallela had sat - was engraved with gold-coloured text in Hungarian and in Finnish briefly the story of Gallen-Kallela.


Question: When is Hungary founded?

History of Hungary

However, the lion in question was broken during the bombing of World War II and was moved to the Museum of History in Budapest.


Question: When is Hungary founded?

History of Hungary

To replace the inscription, a monument to Gallen-Kallela was erected in Budapest in a park near the Danube promenade, on the Buda side (Budapest I. ker.


Question: When is Hungary founded?

History of Hungary

Lánchíd utca 17,.)


Question: When is Hungary founded?

History of Hungary

From independence to World War II Soviet Republic In World War I, the Habsburg Empire imploded and Hungary became independent.


Question: When is Hungary founded?

History of Hungary

But it had fallen on the losing side, losing two-thirds of its territories: Slovakia to Czechoslovakia, eastern parts of the country like Transylvania to Romania and southern parts of the country to Yugoslavia.


Question: When is Hungary founded?

History of Hungary

These included all the territories belonging to Hungary as part of Austro-Hungary, where Hungarians were not a majority, but at the same time three million Hungarians remained outside Hungary's borders.


Question: When is Hungary founded?

History of Hungary

The new borders were established by the Trianon Peace Treaty of 1920.


Question: When is Hungary founded?

History of Hungary

[15] The last King of Hungary, Charles IV (Károly), relinquished power and the government of socialists and republican radicals declared the country a democratic republic on 16 November 1918, although Hungary retained its state form — with a five-month break — as a kingdom.


Question: When is Hungary founded?

History of Hungary

The country's official name, the Kingdom of Hungary, remained until the end of World War II, although there was no king and state affairs were decided by parliament.


Question: When is Hungary founded?

History of Hungary

However, the social-democratic-republican government led by Mihály Károlyi remained short-lived.


Question: When is Hungary founded?

History of Hungary

Under pressure from the workers' movement and the winning powers of World War I, the Social Democrats decided to ally themselves with the newly formed Communist Party and elevated its leader, Béla Kun, directly from prison to head of the state.


Question: When is Hungary founded?

History of Hungary

The United Social Democrats and Communists declared Hungary a Soviet Republic on 21 March 1919.


Question: When is Hungary founded?

History of Hungary

However, the fresh Soviet republic soon found itself at war with the bourgeois forces led by Romania, Serbia, Czechoslovakia and Admiral Horthy.


Question: When is Hungary founded?

History of Hungary

Romanian and Horthy forces eventually marched into Budapest and defeated the Soviet Republic on 6 August 1919.


Question: When is Hungary founded?

History of Hungary

Rising to become regent, the conservative-aristocratic Miklós Horthy ruled Hungary until 1944.


Question: When is Hungary founded?

History of Hungary

Horthy's aristocracy Admiral Miklós Horthy is during the time Hungary was officially a monarchy, but in reality it was ruled by a regent.


Question: When is Hungary founded?

History of Hungary

Horthy had served in the Imperial Navy, but Hungary, which gained independence from the Empire, was a landlocked country.


Question: When is Hungary founded?

History of Hungary

The Hungarians jokingly said: “Hungary is a Kingdom without a king and is headed by an admiral, even though it has no coast.


Question: When is Hungary founded?

History of Hungary

“[16] Hungary tried until the last to avoid joining World War II, but was forced to join in 1941 when a town called Kassa (Košice) came under bombardment by Soviet aircraft.


Question: When is Hungary founded?

History of Hungary

It is not certain whether it was actually Soviet aircraft or merely disguised ones, as both Germany and the Soviet Union wanted to win Hungary on their side, so it is possible that which of the countries may have carried out the bombing without prior warning.


Question: When is Hungary founded?

History of Hungary

World War II In World War II, Hungary concluded a transit agreement with Adolf Hitler's Germany and was able to retake parts of its former territories from Yugoslavia and Romania, with his support.


Question: When is Hungary founded?

History of Hungary

The Hungarian 2nd Army was destroyed in January 1943 in the Don River region.


Question: When is Hungary founded?

History of Hungary

Of the 200,000 men, almost 137,000 died either in combat with Soviet forces or in particularly severe frosts.


Question: When is Hungary founded?

History of Hungary

Hungary was left with the 1st and 3rd Armies in addition to its home shore, one of which was under the influences of the Fascist Party known as the Arrow Cross.


Question: When is Hungary founded?

History of Hungary

Regent Horthy to prevent fascism or communism from bulldozing into the country had attempted to hold a few secret negotiations with the Allies.


Question: When is Hungary founded?

History of Hungary

In response, he received that the closest Allied forces were struggling only in central Italy, so the negotiations were not yet found to be current.


Question: When is Hungary founded?

History of Hungary

Asked to turn to Moscow.


Question: When is Hungary founded?

History of Hungary

In reality, the Allies and the Soviet Union had already agreed to partition Europe in 1943 in Tehran.


Question: When is Hungary founded?

History of Hungary

Horthy attempted to break away from Hitler's grip by declaring Hungary neutral in 1944.


Question: When is Hungary founded?

History of Hungary

However, Germany occupied Hungary in March 1944 (Operation Margareetta), and hundreds of thousands of Hungarian Jews were sent to concentration camps.


Question: When is Hungary founded?

History of Hungary

As Soviet troops belted towards Budapest in late 1944, Horthy concluded an armistice with them.


Question: When is Hungary founded?

History of Hungary

The Nazis responded by elevating to power Ferenc Szálas' Arrow Cross party.


Question: When is Hungary founded?

History of Hungary

This government continued to fight against the Red Army and it multiplied the ravages of Budapest.


Question: When is Hungary founded?

History of Hungary

When the Soviets finally regained control of the city on 13 February 1945, three-quarters of its buildings were in ruins.


Question: When is Hungary founded?

History of Hungary

Inflation After World War, Hungary was hit by the worst inflation in the world to date.


Question: When is Hungary founded?

History of Hungary

For every pre-World War I pengőt (monetary unit before forint), 1.4 trillion pengős were needed.


Question: When is Hungary founded?

History of Hungary

In 1946, banknotes worth 100 trillion pengős were circulating.


Question: When is Hungary founded?

History of Hungary

On 1 August 1946, a forint was exchanged into a monetary unit, valued at 400,000 quadrillion (4×1029) pengős.


Question: When is Hungary founded?

History of Hungary

From People's Democracy to NATO In the free parliamentary elections of November 1945, the Agraar-based Small Ranchers Party received 57% of the vote and, after the land reform it had implemented an electoral victory, the Hungarian Communist Party only 17%.


Question: When is Hungary founded?

History of Hungary

However, the allocation of seats in the government was carried out on the basis of a pre-election agreement, and smallholders additionally conceded to give the communists a key interior minister seat.


Question: When is Hungary founded?

History of Hungary

With the help of the Interior Ministry, communist-led security police began arresting leaders of rival parties and many fled to the West.


Question: When is Hungary founded?

History of Hungary

In the new elections of 1947, the Communist Party became the largest and the Social Democratic Party was soon absorbed into it.


Question: When is Hungary founded?

History of Hungary

In 1949, Hungary was declared a Socialist People's Republic.


Question: When is Hungary founded?

History of Hungary

It was commemorated by the addition of a new communist coat of arms to the flag and the colours of the flag were given a new meaning.


Question: When is Hungary founded?

History of Hungary

The notorious security police AVO, founded by Mátyás Rákos, ensured loyalty to the party's doctrines.


Question: When is Hungary founded?

History of Hungary

Nightly house searches were carried out in many homes, as well as people being taken for many days or weeks for interrogations, sometimes also involving torture.


Question: When is Hungary founded?

History of Hungary

The charges most often involved suspected Western spies.


Question: When is Hungary founded?

History of Hungary

After Stalin's death (1953), Imre Nagy, a reformist and nationalist, rose to become prime minister.


Question: When is Hungary founded?

History of Hungary

On October 23, 1956, students and laborers marched to the Houses of Parliament to bring to light the country's grievances.


Question: When is Hungary founded?

History of Hungary

Opposition swelled into an uprising and the prime minister announced Hungary's resignation from the Warsaw Pact.


Question: When is Hungary founded?

History of Hungary

Imre Nagy appealed for international help.


Question: When is Hungary founded?

History of Hungary

However, the Western Great Powers did not dare to intervene (with the exception of humanitarian aid), so the Soviet army defeated the uprising with tanks.


Question: When is Hungary founded?

History of Hungary

Nagy and thousands of others were executed.


Question: When is Hungary founded?

History of Hungary

[17] Communist leader Mátyás Rákosi was exiled to Siberia.


Question: When is Hungary founded?

History of Hungary

Rákos was succeeded by János Kádár, who abolished security police atrocities and released some of the political prisoners by the early 1960s.


Question: When is Hungary founded?

History of Hungary

However, Hungary remained a socialist state, but the communist coat of arms was removed from the flag.


Question: When is Hungary founded?

History of Hungary

In 1968, Hungarian forces participated in the overthrow of the Czechoslovak Democracy Movement (Prague Spring).


Question: When is Hungary founded?

History of Hungary

The 1960s saw a transition to limited capitalism in Hungary, and relations with Western countries progressively converged until the 1980s.


Question: When is Hungary founded?

History of Hungary

The visa requirement between Finland and Hungary was dismantled in 1968.


Question: When is Hungary founded?

History of Hungary

Small businesses were privatized and citizens were allowed to vacation in Western countries at certain intervals.


Question: When is Hungary founded?

History of Hungary

The so-called “goulash communism” was raised in Eastern Bloc countries as a paragon.


Question: When is Hungary founded?

History of Hungary

It is partly for this reason that Hungary has moved more painlessly than other popular democracies to a market economy.


Question: When is Hungary founded?

History of Hungary

In 1988, widespread demonstrations demanding democracy arose in Hungary.


Question: When is Hungary founded?

History of Hungary

After the 1956 uprising, János Kádár, who was elevated to leader, was ousted and the creation of opposition parties was allowed by law.


Question: When is Hungary founded?

History of Hungary

In the autumn of 1989, East German refugees were allowed through Hungary into the West, eventually leading to the fall of the Berlin Wall and the end of the Cold War.


Question: When is Hungary founded?

History of Hungary

On October 23, 1989 — the anniversary of the uprising — the new Hungarian Republic was declared established.


Question: When is Hungary founded?

History of Hungary

Hungary switched to a market economy.


Question: When is Hungary founded?

History of Hungary

Hungary joined NATO in 1999 and the European Union in 2004.


Question: When is Hungary founded?

History of Hungary

[17] In NATO missions and UN peacekeeper missions, the country has been involved in most places.


Question: When is Hungary founded?

History of Hungary

Currently, the Hungarian armed forces are present in the following countries: Serbia (Kosovo) 312+159 men, Afghanistan 191 men, Bosnia and Herzegovina 158 men, Cyprus 84 men, Egypt 41 men, Iraq 20 men.


Question: When is Hungary founded?

History of Hungary

In both Afghanistan and Iraq, one Hungarian has died while performing international military service.


Question: When is Hungary founded?

History of Hungary

By the fall of 2006, the Hungarian parliament had decided on sending 18 men to Lebanon.


Question: When is Hungary founded?

History of Hungary

The Rise of Nationalism In 2011, Hungary ascended to the presidency of the EU.


Question: When is Hungary founded?

History of Hungary

The 2010 election saw Viktor Orbán's national-conservative populist party Fidesz rise to government responsibility.


Question: When is Hungary founded?

History of Hungary

Orbán's government sought to centralize power to the main party.


Question: When is Hungary founded?

History of Hungary

It also sought control over the media [18].


Question: When is Hungary founded?

History of Hungary

At the beginning of the year, a new media law was enacted, on the basis of which the government controlled essential mass media.


Question: When is Hungary founded?

History of Hungary

In April, parliament passed constitutional amendments.


Question: When is Hungary founded?

History of Hungary

In December, the electoral law was amended to favour the ruling party.


Question: When is Hungary founded?

History of Hungary

The EU expressed its concern as a result of the laws. [17].


Question: When is Hungary founded?

History of Hungary

Fidesz opponents accused the party's leaders of financial irregularities.


Question: When is Hungary founded?

History of Hungary

Fidesz supporters, too, criticized some of the drastic actions taken by Orbán's government.


Question: When is Hungary founded?

History of Hungary

However, the government's support base was secured by a strident refugee policy with cross-party support.


Question: When is Hungary founded?

History of Hungary

Also to popular liking were low, flat income taxation and small bills for electricity and gas.


Question: When is Hungary founded?

History of Hungary

Moreover, the industry that flourished on the basis of EU subsidies kept unemployment low [19].


Question: When is Hungary founded?

History of Hungary

Fidesz leaned Christian on family values.


Question: When is Hungary founded?

History of Hungary

In the 2010s, the sharply nationalist Jobbik ramped up its support.


Question: When is Hungary founded?

History of Hungary

Fidesz added nationalism to its rhetoric in the 2014 elections.


Question: When is Hungary founded?

History of Hungary

In 2015, the Hungarian government closed its borders to refugees trying to enter the country.


Question: When is Hungary founded?

History of Hungary

Fidesz sought its enemies in the EU and George Soros [20].


Question: When is Hungary founded?

History of Hungary

The party saw the EU as its enemy because its policies hampered Hungarian house wolf life.


Question: When is Hungary founded?

History of Hungary

On the other hand, Hungary received EU aid.


Question: When is Hungary founded?

History of Hungary

Problem was old-fashioned health care and education.


Question: When is Hungary founded?

History of Hungary

Hungary moved closer in foreign policy to Putin's Russia and Erdogan's Turkey, countries which Orban considered to be presbytery [21].


Question: When is Hungary founded?

History of Hungary

Sources Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Juhani Huotari and Olli Vehviläinen (eds.


Question: When is Hungary founded?

History of Hungary

) | title = Hungary.


Question: When is Hungary founded?

History of Hungary

Country, people, history| location = Helsinki| publisher = Society of Finnish Literature | year = 2004| version = Editorials of the Finnish Literature Society 871| id = ISBN 951-746-252-2}} References Literature Heino Nyyssönen: The Crown — Hungarian Millennial Riddle.


Question: When is Hungary founded?

History of Hungary

ISBN 951-796-259-2.


Question: When is Hungary founded?

History of Hungary

Tuomo Lahdelma (ed.


Question: When is Hungary founded?

History of Hungary

): Hungarian self-portrait.


Question: When is Hungary founded?

History of Hungary

ISBN 951-796-259-2.


Question: When is Hungary founded?

History of Hungary

Gábor Richly (ed.


Question: When is Hungary founded?

History of Hungary

): The roots of the Hungarians self-portrait.


Question: When is Hungary founded?

History of Hungary

Huddersfield, 2008.


Question: When is Hungary founded?

History of Hungary

ISBN 978-952-5150-99-5.


Question: When is Hungary founded?

History of Hungary

Gábor Richly (ed.


Question: When is Hungary founded?

History of Hungary

): Hungary briefly 2000.


Question: When is Hungary founded?

History of Hungary

Huddersfield, 2000.


Question: When is Hungary founded?

History of Hungary

ISBN 951-98600-0-2.


Question: When is Hungary founded?

History of Hungary

Antal Reguly On his way to becoming a researcher — Letters from Hungarian Antal Reguly from 1839 to 1840 Edited and translated by Viljo Tervonen and Liisa Rumohr-Norio.


Question: When is Hungary founded?

History of Hungary

Helsinki Society of Finnish Literature, 2006 Vammala ISBN 951-746-849-0 Gábor Vég: Magyarország királyai és királynéi 2001, Debrecen & Miskolc.


Question: When is Hungary founded?

History of Hungary

ISBN 963-645-109-5 & ISBN 963-203-049-4 Ferenc Halmos Száz rejtély a magyar történelmbôl 2001, Budapest.


Question: When is Hungary founded?

History of Hungary

ISBN 963-8229-63-2 János Jankó Utazás Osztjákföldre 1898 Néprajzi Múzeum, Budapest, 2000.


Question: When is Hungary founded?

History of Hungary

Series Historica Ethnographiae 11.


Question: When is Hungary founded?

History of Hungary

ISBN 963-7106-69-3 Péter Domokos szerk.


Question: When is Hungary founded?

History of Hungary

Finnugor életrajzi lexikon Tankönyvkiadó, Budapest, 1990 Antal Reguly Magyarországi jegyzetek Néprajzi Múzeum, Budapest, 1994, ISBN 963-7106-32-4 József Szinnyei Magyar írók élete és munkái, Arcanum, Budapest, 2000, ISBN 963-86029-9-6 On the topic elsewhere Kotus Gallen-Kallela Nepzabadsag online (in Hungarian) Zempleni Musza (in Hungarian) Kekkonen speech at the University of Budapest on 30 September 1969 Hungarokonsult *


Question: Who did the first pyramid scheme?

Pyramid scheme

A pyramid scheme is illegal money-raising carried out in a manner comparable to a chain letter or network marketing.


Question: Who did the first pyramid scheme?

Pyramid scheme

The third designation or form of pyramid schemes are Ponzi schemes, or Ponzi schemes.


Question: Who did the first pyramid scheme?

Pyramid scheme

The Finnish money-raising law [1] mentions a pyramid game which means the same thing.


Question: Who did the first pyramid scheme?

Pyramid scheme

The purpose of the pyramid scheme is to raise money later from those associated with the network for the instigators of the collection and those previously associated with the network.


Question: Who did the first pyramid scheme?

Pyramid scheme

However, the person who has been defrauded thinks that money is entirely legally obtained, for example money acquired through foreign exchange trading.


Question: Who did the first pyramid scheme?

Pyramid scheme

This is possible through misleading marketing and personal trust the participant feels towards the person who presented the idea to him.


Question: Who did the first pyramid scheme?

Pyramid scheme

Pyramid schemes usually spread through acquaintances when someone in a circle of friends or family history has gone in on the action.


Question: Who did the first pyramid scheme?

Pyramid scheme

Because of this, the consequences of a pyramid game can be detrimental to relationships if those involved in the game remain in the game to lose.


Question: Who did the first pyramid scheme?

Pyramid scheme

Pyramid games are now spreading rapidly via the internet and email.


Question: Who did the first pyramid scheme?

Pyramid scheme

Then those who recruit the victim may not know their victim well and relationships are not as much at risk.


Question: Who did the first pyramid scheme?

Pyramid scheme

Ponzi Scams A Ponzi scheme is a form of pyramid game in which someone comes up with an imagined or existing investment object for which they raise money by plausibly marketing an idea to others.


Question: Who did the first pyramid scheme?

Pyramid scheme

The investment object can be anything: a mine, an oil deposit, a distant resort, securities on the stock exchange, a gold reserve, etc.


Question: Who did the first pyramid scheme?

Pyramid scheme

The most important characteristic of an object is that its true value or existence cannot be verified.


Question: Who did the first pyramid scheme?

Pyramid scheme

The actual value of the object is only a fraction of what is claimed or the object was invented and doesn't even exist.


Question: Who did the first pyramid scheme?

Pyramid scheme

“8-ball” model Many pyramid games are more sophisticated than this simple model.


Question: Who did the first pyramid scheme?

Pyramid scheme

In them, it is known that recruiting a large number of participants is difficult, so a simpler model is used to deceive participants.


Question: Who did the first pyramid scheme?

Pyramid scheme

In this model, each person must recruit two more, but success is impossible for every player in mind, because the pyramid should increase in depth and width indefinitely: the number of participants should increase exponentially so that everyone can collect the winnings away.


Question: Who did the first pyramid scheme?

Pyramid scheme

In reality, the pyramid network increases in depth along the “one-legged” lines, as it is impossible to get more than one participant to each level of the network.


Question: Who did the first pyramid scheme?

Pyramid scheme

Players at the lowest levels will not help even if all the people in the world join the system.


Question: Who did the first pyramid scheme?

Pyramid scheme

At the bottom of the pyramid there will always be the vast majority of players, no matter how many people there are in the pyramid.


Question: Who did the first pyramid scheme?

Pyramid scheme

For this reason, the vast majority of players lose their money on the system.


Question: Who did the first pyramid scheme?

Pyramid scheme

The 8-ball model in the photo includes 15 participants.


Question: Who did the first pyramid scheme?

Pyramid scheme

Previous designation for this game have been “plane game” and the four levels have been referred to as “Captain, Airmate, Crew and Passengers”.


Question: Who did the first pyramid scheme?

Pyramid scheme

These names describe the hierarchical level achieved by the player in the game.


Question: Who did the first pyramid scheme?

Pyramid scheme

Another earlier designation for the game was “dinner invitations”, where levels were called “dessert, main meal, side dish salad and appetizers”.


Question: Who did the first pyramid scheme?

Pyramid scheme

The person enjoying dessert is “in the top of the tree”.


Question: Who did the first pyramid scheme?

Pyramid scheme

The third alternative designation for the game used to be “treasure hunters”, where, according to the classification of gems, from different levels, such designations as “rubies, sapphires, emeralds, diamonds”, etc.


Question: Who did the first pyramid scheme?

Pyramid scheme

The same designations are still in use in some network marketing pyramids.


Question: Who did the first pyramid scheme?

Pyramid scheme

Such schemes try to obscure the fraudulent nature of the system by describing them as “donation chains,” where money is “given as a gift.”


Question: Who did the first pyramid scheme?

Pyramid scheme

This is exactly how popular scams work, as exemplified by the “Women Empowering Women” in America.


Question: Who did the first pyramid scheme?

Pyramid scheme

Participants might even be told such that “donations” are a way to circumvent tax laws.


Question: Who did the first pyramid scheme?

Pyramid scheme

Regardless of what name the game is used, then the system has 15 players in four levels (1+2+4+8=15).


Question: Who did the first pyramid scheme?

Pyramid scheme

The person at the top of the pyramid is the “captain”, two underneath him are “flight co-pilots”, four below them the “crew” and the eight participants in the bottom are “passengers”.


Question: Who did the first pyramid scheme?

Pyramid scheme

Everyone at the bottom has to pay (or “donate”), for example, 1000 euros to join the scheme.


Question: Who did the first pyramid scheme?

Pyramid scheme

This €1000 goes to the captain who goes out of the system 8000 euros richer, with the remaining ones rising one level up each.


Question: Who did the first pyramid scheme?

Pyramid scheme

This will result in two new captains, that is, the group will be split in two, each group needing eight new passengers.


Question: Who did the first pyramid scheme?

Pyramid scheme

A player who joins the system as a passenger does not receive a refund of his money until he rises to the rank of captain and resigns from the system thereafter.


Question: Who did the first pyramid scheme?

Pyramid scheme

This requires that for every captain there must be 14 other participants enlisted in the system.


Question: Who did the first pyramid scheme?

Pyramid scheme

Under this formula, the bottom three tiers lose their money when new participants are no longer recruited and the system eventually collapses.


Question: Who did the first pyramid scheme?

Pyramid scheme

Imagine a pyramid chart with participants per level as follows: 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64 and thus indefinitely.


Question: Who did the first pyramid scheme?

Pyramid scheme

The picture makes it easier to illustrate the point.


Question: Who did the first pyramid scheme?

Pyramid scheme

The highlighted proportion is a similar group of 15 people described by the diagram above.


Question: Who did the first pyramid scheme?

Pyramid scheme

No matter how big the chart gets before it collapses, about 88% of all participants lose money.


Question: Who did the first pyramid scheme?

Pyramid scheme

If the system collapses at this point, then only they get money out of the system that are in the top four levels (1+2+4+8=15).


Question: Who did the first pyramid scheme?

Pyramid scheme

The remaining three levels, or 112 people out of 127, lose everything (16+32+64=112).


Question: Who did the first pyramid scheme?

Pyramid scheme

That's about 88%.


Question: Who did the first pyramid scheme?

Pyramid scheme

(112/127×100% = 88.18%) In network marketing and ponzi schemes, losers typically exceed 99%.


Question: Who did the first pyramid scheme?

Pyramid scheme

During the peak of the wave of pyramid activity, the number of participants increases rapidly as long as a significant proportion of individuals know someone who has walked out of the system eight times the money invested.


Question: Who did the first pyramid scheme?

Pyramid scheme

This incites others to participate in the game in the hope of easy wins.


Question: Who did the first pyramid scheme?

Pyramid scheme

This model tells us in simplified form how money enters the system from new investors and moves upwards in the pyramid chart, where the winners reside.


Question: Who did the first pyramid scheme?

Pyramid scheme

In this base model, 11.8% of players win, but the correct pyramid is never filled in the optimal way according to the chart shown.


Question: Who did the first pyramid scheme?

Pyramid scheme

The pyramids grow in reality along “one-legged” lines towards the depth.


Question: Who did the first pyramid scheme?

Pyramid scheme

The pattern also includes the fact that those stealing the trust get the lion's share of the money.


Question: Who did the first pyramid scheme?

Pyramid scheme

They do it in such a way that one person fills the first three levels using bogus names of imagined persons.


Question: Who did the first pyramid scheme?

Pyramid scheme

One person then corresponds to the seven people at the top of the pyramid (1+2+4=7) and, as the bottom line grows, can set off the money of eight investors seven times (7×8=56).


Question: Who did the first pyramid scheme?

Pyramid scheme

In that way, he will ensure that he receives EUR 56000 from those associated with the next levels (levels 4, 5 and 6) without investing a cent in the system itself.


Question: Who did the first pyramid scheme?

Pyramid scheme

(8+16+32=56 persons) After this, he starts a new similar pyramid.


Question: Who did the first pyramid scheme?

Pyramid scheme

Another way to trick investors is to form a seven-person cobble that invests nothing in the pyramid but only starts recruiting new players from the fourth level onwards.


Question: Who did the first pyramid scheme?

Pyramid scheme

Kopla distributes all investors' money that can be connected to the bottom line.


Question: Who did the first pyramid scheme?

Pyramid scheme

They claim to follow pyramid allocation guidelines, but since the game does not progress steadily on every level but along one-line lines, they can keep all the money invested for themselves.


Question: Who did the first pyramid scheme?

Pyramid scheme

It is extremely rare for someone who has gone later to get their bottom line to increase the first four levels according to the 8-ball model.


Question: Who did the first pyramid scheme?

Pyramid scheme

(1, 2, 4 and 8 = 8000 fee) Investors rarely come to think of the fact that they could start a similar pyramid themselves without paying anything to the topline.


Question: Who did the first pyramid scheme?

Pyramid scheme

They get instructions from the recruiter and a model of how to play the game and could fake the first seven participants in the game and recruit other players into the system.


Question: Who did the first pyramid scheme?

Pyramid scheme

Over the Internet, such scams can even succeed when investors do not need to be seen face to face and they never see people on their top lines — certainly not more than one scammer.


Question: Who did the first pyramid scheme?

Pyramid scheme

If there are many scammers, then each of them can play the role of investor, even if none of them have invested a cent.


Question: Who did the first pyramid scheme?

Pyramid scheme

They only collect the winnings, which is of course illegal, but that is the idea and spirit of the game when it comes to their designers.


Question: Who did the first pyramid scheme?

Pyramid scheme

Multilevel marketing and pyramid games For a more detailed description of multilevel marketing, see Network Marketing.


Question: Who did the first pyramid scheme?

Pyramid scheme

This article only addresses pyramid games implemented in the manner of multi-level marketing, which are illegal in Finland and in general in the world.


Question: Who did the first pyramid scheme?

Pyramid scheme

Multilevel marketing is, in principle, a legitimate way to market products and services and recruit new recruits to do the same, but it is possible to exploit loopholes in the law to disguise illegal money collection as normal trading, which is carried out in the manner of multi-level marketing.


Question: Who did the first pyramid scheme?

Pyramid scheme

In addition to marketing offences (misleading and truthful marketing), breaches of the Consumer Protection Act, fraud and unfair trade practices, these pyramid games disguised as normal trading violate pyramid sales and money-raising activities in different countries laws relating to pyramid selling and front loading).


Question: Who did the first pyramid scheme?

Pyramid scheme

According to research by Dr Jon Taylor [2], an illegal pyramid game implemented like multi-level marketing turns into a Ponzi scheme as the company spreads its operations to new geographies.


Question: Who did the first pyramid scheme?

Pyramid scheme

[3] The difference between legitimate network marketing and pyramid play lies in part in whether the money moving in the system comes primarily from the participants themselves (an illegal pyramid game) or from selling products and services to customers outside the network (legal a network marketing company).


Question: Who did the first pyramid scheme?

Pyramid scheme

However, according to Finnish laws and regulations, it is already sufficient to constitute a money-raising offence that only part of the trade is a so-called gratuitous sale, i.e. when products, training and marketing materials are sold at a fair inflated price, it can be interpreted as a crime of collecting money for a gratuitous share i.e. in terms of overprice.


Question: Who did the first pyramid scheme?

Pyramid scheme

Finnish legislation on pyramid games The new money-raising law [1] entered into force on 1 July 2006.


Question: Who did the first pyramid scheme?

Pyramid scheme

It also talks about chain letters and, like them, enforced pyramid games that can be disguised to resemble conventional trading.


Question: Who did the first pyramid scheme?

Pyramid scheme

Chapter 4, 4) and (5) of the Law: What constitutes gratuitous sales in cases where the activity involves trading and the purchase of products or services is a condition of participation in the game is central to the interpretation of the Act.


Question: Who did the first pyramid scheme?

Pyramid scheme

In practice, participation in the game and purchases as a condition means that purchasing products that are clearly overpriced will give you the right to commissions on the turnover of the part of the network enlisted in the participant's bottom line.


Question: Who did the first pyramid scheme?

Pyramid scheme

A clear overprice in products and services can be considered as gratuitous sales and illegal money-raising, in which case, despite trading, the operation is an unlawful pyramid game.


Question: Who did the first pyramid scheme?

Pyramid scheme

The Government's proposal on the new Money Raising Act [4] speaks of multi-level marketing and the pyramid game implemented like it.


Question: Who did the first pyramid scheme?

Pyramid scheme

Crucial to the interpretation of the law, the report said, is whether participants are paid fees for recruiting new participants from the cost benefit inherent in the distribution method, or whether its participants pay themselves.


Question: Who did the first pyramid scheme?

Pyramid scheme

In practice, this means that if participation is conditional on purchasing products that are overpriced, then that excess price can be regarded as a free sale, which includes illegal fundraising.


Question: Who did the first pyramid scheme?

Pyramid scheme

However, not all network marketing is illegal money-raising, so law enforcement and the judiciary have the difficult task of defining how much overpay must be on products when buying them is necessary to conduct business.


Question: Who did the first pyramid scheme?

Pyramid scheme

The Government's proposal on the Money Collecting Act HE 102/2005 and Multilevel Marketing Pyramid schemes implemented in the manner of multilevel marketing are referred to in law as pyramid games.


Question: Who did the first pyramid scheme?

Pyramid scheme

The government motion and the new money raising law are talking about these pyramid games, which are illegal money-raising, which has been enforced in a way comparable to a chain letter.


Question: Who did the first pyramid scheme?

Pyramid scheme

The presentation says: [4] Multilevel marketing companies operating like the Pyramid game Pyramid game and illegal money raising can be carried out like network marketing.


Question: Who did the first pyramid scheme?

Pyramid scheme

Many companies in the industry have been condemned as an illegal pyramid in the world [5] and in 2007 also in Finland.


Question: Who did the first pyramid scheme?

Pyramid scheme

[6] [7] The largest of the international companies closed completely by the authorities by 2007 has been SkyBiz International, which defrauded consumers of about USD 200 million between 1999 and 2002.


Question: Who did the first pyramid scheme?

Pyramid scheme

[8] Other large or well-known defunct companies in Finland have included Equinox, Bestline Products and Rennaissance, or the Tax People.


Question: Who did the first pyramid scheme?

Pyramid scheme

[5] In addition to convictions for money-collecting offences, companies have been sentenced to periodic penalties for misleading marketing and business practices against good business practices.


Question: Who did the first pyramid scheme?

Pyramid scheme

[9] Previously illegal fundraising has been convicted in Finland by World Games Inc.


Question: Who did the first pyramid scheme?

Pyramid scheme

Individuals who participated in the online gaming organisation of WGI from 2002 to 2003.


Question: Who did the first pyramid scheme?

Pyramid scheme

[10] Sentences were commuted at the Kouvola Court of Appeal from suspended imprisonment to fines.


Question: Who did the first pyramid scheme?

Pyramid scheme

[10] The Difference Between Legal Network Marketing and Illegal Pyramid Scam Legal Network Marketing and Pyramid Scam do not have a clear difference for everyone, which is why law enforcement, the judiciary, network marketers involved in the activities and the general public are partially in embarrassment.


Question: Who did the first pyramid scheme?

Pyramid scheme

What matters most to the interpretation of the law is whether trading includes gratuitous sales.


Question: Who did the first pyramid scheme?

Pyramid scheme

If includes, then this gratuitous portion of the sale can be considered illegal money-raising and pyramid play.


Question: Who did the first pyramid scheme?

Pyramid scheme

The pyramid games, enforced like network marketing companies, cause strong stances for and against the industry.


Question: Who did the first pyramid scheme?

Pyramid scheme

Network marketers themselves think that there is nothing illegal about their activities and pyramid games have nothing to do with them.


Question: Who did the first pyramid scheme?

Pyramid scheme

However, industry researchers, consumer advisers and people critical of the sector see problems typical of pyramid games and chain letters in multi-level marketing.


Question: Who did the first pyramid scheme?

Pyramid scheme

Penalties for participating in a pyramid game A participant in a pyramid game may be sentenced “for the offence of collecting money to a fine or imprisonment for up to two years, unless the act is subject to a more severe punishment elsewhere in the law.” [11] “If the crime of collecting money is judged as a whole. minor, the offender must be sentenced for a mild money-raising offence to a fine.” In addition to a fine or imprisonment, the proceeds obtained by the crime can be condemned as confiscation to the state.


Question: Who did the first pyramid scheme?

Pyramid scheme

The Money Collecting Act (255/2006) says this: [1] See also Multilevel Marketing Chain Letter Currency Market Scam Wincapita Full Tilt Poker Sources Literature Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Nars, Kari| title = How millions are scammed: Colourful history| location = Helsinki| publisher = January| year = 2009| id = ISBN 978-951-31-5049-5}} On topic elsewhere Links to the authorities pages of the Finnish Government and Parliament, legislation Check date values in: |accessdate=, |date= (help) Check date values in: | accessdate=, |date= (help) Consumer Agency Check date values in: |accessdate= (help) Check date values in: |accessdate=, |date= (help) Federal Trade Commission, USA Check date values in: |accessdate=, |date= (help) CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link) CS1 maint: unrecognized language link) Check date values in: |accessdate= (help) CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link) CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link) Check date values in: |accessdate= (help) CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link) CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link) Check date values in: |accessdate= (help) CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link) CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link) Check date values in: |accessdate=, |date= (help) CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link) CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link) Canada Check date values in: |accessdate=, |date= (help) CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link) Check date values in: |accessdate=, |date= (help) CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link) Check date values in: |accessdate=, |date= (help) CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link) CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link) Australia Check date values in: |accessdate=, |date= (extra help) CS1 maint: punctuation (link) CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link) Criticism, studies and statistics Check date values in: |accessdate=, |date= (help) Check date values in: |accessdate=, |date= (help) Check date values in: |accessdate=, |date= (help) Check date values in: |accessdate= ( help) Check date values in: |accessdate= (help) Check date values in: |accessdate=, |date= (help) Check date values in: |accessdate=, |date= (help) Robert L. Fitzpatrick Check date values in: |accessdate= (help) CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link) Check date values in: | accessdate=, |date= (help) CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link) Check date values in: |accessdate=, |date= (help) CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link) Jon Taylor (PhD) Check date values in: |accessdate= (help) CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link) Check date values in: |accessdate=, |date= (help) CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link) Category:Financial Crime Category:Scams Category:Network Marketing Category:Marketing Category:Screening Key Articles


Question: Is raw nut poisonous?

Noble chestnut

The noble chestnut or chestnut (Castanea sativa) is a tree belonging to the family of beech plants (Fagaceae).


Question: Is raw nut poisonous?

Noble chestnut

It's grown for its edible nuts.


Question: Is raw nut poisonous?

Noble chestnut

It is probably native to the western parts of Asia between Iran and the Balkans.


Question: Is raw nut poisonous?

Noble chestnut

Today it is growing wild in southern Europe, North Africa and the Middle East.


Question: Is raw nut poisonous?

Noble chestnut

Description The noble chestnut grows to 20—30m tall, and its trunk can reach up to three metres in diameter.


Question: Is raw nut poisonous?

Noble chestnut

[1] The bark of the tree is brown-grey and net-like ribbed, in old trees the bark is deep-striped.


Question: Is raw nut poisonous?

Noble chestnut

[2] The toothed leaves are about 20cm long and 5—10cm wide.


Question: Is raw nut poisonous?

Noble chestnut

[1] Leaves are spirally located and are short-truded.


Question: Is raw nut poisonous?

Noble chestnut

The teeth on the side are sharp.


Question: Is raw nut poisonous?

Noble chestnut

[2] The tree blooms in June—July.


Question: Is raw nut poisonous?

Noble chestnut

[2] In Britain, the tree blooms in July and its nuts ripen in October.


Question: Is raw nut poisonous?

Noble chestnut

[3] The inflorescence is an erect norm with predominantly white to pale yellow staminate flowers.


Question: Is raw nut poisonous?

Noble chestnut

There are greenish emi flowers at the base of the norke.


Question: Is raw nut poisonous?

Noble chestnut

Inside the yellow-green and richly spiked cupula, there are usually 1—3 nutty seeds, or chestnut.


Question: Is raw nut poisonous?

Noble chestnut

[2] Distribution and habitat The noble chestnut is probably native to the western parts of Asia between Iran and the Balkans.


Question: Is raw nut poisonous?

Noble chestnut

It has been cultivated for over 3000 years and today it grows wild in southern Europe, North Africa and the Middle East.


Question: Is raw nut poisonous?

Noble chestnut

[1] Use Chestnuts resemble nuts and are bulbous shaped.


Question: Is raw nut poisonous?

Noble chestnut

Spoiled chestnut feels lighter than good, which is firm and shiny.


Question: Is raw nut poisonous?

Noble chestnut

The starch contained in the chestnut breaks down when cooked into sugar.


Question: Is raw nut poisonous?

Noble chestnut

[4] Chestnuts are usually eaten roasted.


Question: Is raw nut poisonous?

Noble chestnut

They can also be boiled, sliced into a stew or pureed boiled.


Question: Is raw nut poisonous?

Noble chestnut

In English-speaking countries, seasoned chestnut puree is often used as turkey stuffing.


Question: Is raw nut poisonous?

Noble chestnut

Horse chestnuts grown as an ornamental plant in Finland, such as Balkan horse chestnut, despite their similar name, are not related to noble chestnut and their seeds are not edible due to their toxicity.


Question: Is raw nut poisonous?

Noble chestnut

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Question: Is raw nut poisonous?

Noble chestnut

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Question: Is raw nut poisonous?

Noble chestnut

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Question: Is raw nut poisonous?

Noble chestnut

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Question: Is raw nut poisonous?

Noble chestnut

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Question: Is raw nut poisonous?

Noble chestnut

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Question: Is raw nut poisonous?

Noble chestnut


Question: Is raw nut poisonous?

Noble chestnut

Use {{lang-en}} or {{en icon}} instead.


Question: Is raw nut poisonous?

Noble chestnut

Category:Beech Plants Category:Key articles of screening


Question: When was Hollola's medieval stone church built?

Hollola Medieval Stone Church

Hollola's medieval stone church, named in the Catholic period as St. Mary's Church, is the parish church of Hollola and one of the most important medieval monuments in the Päijät-Häme region.


Question: When was Hollola's medieval stone church built?

Hollola Medieval Stone Church

The church has a seating capacity of 550 and is the third largest of the medieval parish churches in Finland.


Question: When was Hollola's medieval stone church built?

Hollola Medieval Stone Church

The church was completed to its present form in 1495—1510, first the saccharisto 1495, then the church hall itself in 1500, and lastly the house of arms after 1505.


Question: When was Hollola's medieval stone church built?

Hollola Medieval Stone Church

The church belongs to the third Finnish generation of stone churches, which included churches were built between 1480 and 1560.


Question: When was Hollola's medieval stone church built?

Hollola Medieval Stone Church

[1] The church is supposedly the oldest stone church in Häme after Hattula Church and one of our largest medieval churches.


Question: When was Hollola's medieval stone church built?

Hollola Medieval Stone Church

According to a folk tale, the church in Hollola was built by giants Hollo and Martha [2].


Question: When was Hollola's medieval stone church built?

Hollola Medieval Stone Church

The church is famous for its well-preserved wood sculptures.


Question: When was Hollola's medieval stone church built?

Hollola Medieval Stone Church

To the south of the church is a neoclassical belfry built 1829—1831 designed by Carl Ludwig Engel.


Question: When was Hollola's medieval stone church built?

Hollola Medieval Stone Church

[3] The same complex as the church and the belfry includes the old rectory of Hollola.


Question: When was Hollola's medieval stone church built?

Hollola Medieval Stone Church

They have been defined by the National Board of Museums, with their surroundings, which also includes the municipal area and the roadside village settlement with farmland landscapes, as a built cultural environment of national significance, and the entity formed by these is also part of the nationally valuable Kastarin-Hatsinan-Kuta River landscape area.


Question: When was Hollola's medieval stone church built?

Hollola Medieval Stone Church

[4] The congregation of Hollola holds services in the old church every Sunday.


Question: When was Hollola's medieval stone church built?

Hollola Medieval Stone Church

The church is a road church and open to the public from 2 May to 31 August.


Question: When was Hollola's medieval stone church built?

Hollola Medieval Stone Church

Monday to Friday from 10am to 6pm and in winter time on Sundays from 11am to 4pm.


Question: When was Hollola's medieval stone church built?

Hollola Medieval Stone Church

There's a guide.


Question: When was Hollola's medieval stone church built?

Hollola Medieval Stone Church

History History of the parish The immovable settlement of Hollola dates from the Late Iron Age around the year 1000.


Question: When was Hollola's medieval stone church built?

Hollola Medieval Stone Church

The parish was established in Hollola, according to contemporary records, as early as the early 13th century.


Question: When was Hollola's medieval stone church built?

Hollola Medieval Stone Church

The present church is thought to have preceded two to three wooden churches on Kiriilanmäki, five kilometres away.


Question: When was Hollola's medieval stone church built?

Hollola Medieval Stone Church

Another hundred graves have been found in the Kiriilanmäki kalmista, which was in use between the 1050—13th centuries, the oldest of which are from the time of paganism.


Question: When was Hollola's medieval stone church built?

Hollola Medieval Stone Church

The name Kiriilanmäki reverts to the old Hämälinen dialect form kirkk'ailanmäki, meaning “kirkkoaidanmäki”.


Question: When was Hollola's medieval stone church built?

Hollola Medieval Stone Church

[5] In the Middle Ages, the mother parish of Hollola encompassed large areas in eastern and southeastern Häme.


Question: When was Hollola's medieval stone church built?

Hollola Medieval Stone Church

Already in the 14th century it was separated by Lammi, in the 15th century Sysmä (Joutsa, Hartola, Padasjoki, Jämsä and the old mother parish of Rautalami), in the 16th century Iitti, in the 17th century Orimattila and later still Asikkala, Kärkölä, Nastola and Lahti.


Question: When was Hollola's medieval stone church built?

Hollola Medieval Stone Church

During the 20th century, the centre of the municipality of Hollola moved from the church village to Salpakangas closer to the city of Lahti.


Question: When was Hollola's medieval stone church built?

Hollola Medieval Stone Church

[5] A lot of archaeological discoveries have been made in the surroundings of Kirkonmäki suggesting that the site has been an ancient central location.


Question: When was Hollola's medieval stone church built?

Hollola Medieval Stone Church

This is also strongly referenced by the Kapatuosian castle mountain behind the present church.


Question: When was Hollola's medieval stone church built?

Hollola Medieval Stone Church

The hill, which rises from the surface of nearby Vesijärvi to a height of 56 metres, has been equipped with iron weather for the Hämäläinen.


Question: When was Hollola's medieval stone church built?

Hollola Medieval Stone Church

Based on archaeological finds found on the hill, locals have had trade links with Satakunta and Karelia as well as Novgorod.


Question: When was Hollola's medieval stone church built?

Hollola Medieval Stone Church

Construction The church was completed to its present form in 1495—1510, first the saccharisto 1495, then the church hall itself in 1500 and lastly the arms house after 1505.


Question: When was Hollola's medieval stone church built?

Hollola Medieval Stone Church

It had good connections to Vesijärvi and roughly equal distances to the main villages of that time, Kankaantaka, Okerois, Lahti, Vesikansaan and Asikkala.


Question: When was Hollola's medieval stone church built?

Hollola Medieval Stone Church

Like other large medieval, Finnish churches, it was believed to have been built by giants.


Question: When was Hollola's medieval stone church built?

Hollola Medieval Stone Church

In particular, the importance of the giant pair Hollo and Martha is highlighted, according to the first of whom the people believed that the keeper of Hollola, and thereby the present municipality, had received its name.


Question: When was Hollola's medieval stone church built?

Hollola Medieval Stone Church

According to one story, the giants tried to build a church on top of the Kapatuosian hill, but as night fell the foundation stones rolled down to their present place.


Question: When was Hollola's medieval stone church built?

Hollola Medieval Stone Church

According to another story, one of the giants would have stepped across the bay from St. Cape while bringing stones to the construction site.


Question: When was Hollola's medieval stone church built?

Hollola Medieval Stone Church

[1] [2] Church in Catholic times In the Catholic period The church hall had at least four altars.


Question: When was Hollola's medieval stone church built?

Hollola Medieval Stone Church

There were also altars in the gun hall and the outer wall.


Question: When was Hollola's medieval stone church built?

Hollola Medieval Stone Church

The main altar dedicated to Saint Mary was at the foot of the easternmost column.


Question: When was Hollola's medieval stone church built?

Hollola Medieval Stone Church

A replica of its front, or antemensale, adorns the present altar.


Question: When was Hollola's medieval stone church built?

Hollola Medieval Stone Church

In connection with the main altar and other altars, there were altar cabinets where wooden sculptures of saints were also stored.


Question: When was Hollola's medieval stone church built?

Hollola Medieval Stone Church

Some of them today are laid out in different parts of the church.From the east, at the foot of the second column was a lay altar, in addition to which there were altars on the north and south walls.


Question: When was Hollola's medieval stone church built?

Hollola Medieval Stone Church

The second of them was likely dedicated to Saint Henry.


Question: When was Hollola's medieval stone church built?

Hollola Medieval Stone Church

Above the shell was a loft with reading and epistol chairs and possibly an altar.


Question: When was Hollola's medieval stone church built?

Hollola Medieval Stone Church

[6] [7] The windows were small and were not on the north wall for fear of evil forces at all.


Question: When was Hollola's medieval stone church built?

Hollola Medieval Stone Church

The only chair in the church was the shell chair occupied by the clergy, which today is under restoration in the collections of the National Museum.


Question: When was Hollola's medieval stone church built?

Hollola Medieval Stone Church

[6] Reformation and church fire Due to lightning that struck the ceiling, the wooden roof structures of the church burned down on 28 June 1642.


Question: When was Hollola's medieval stone church built?

Hollola Medieval Stone Church

In connection with the devastation caused by the fire, alteration of the church was also begun to conform to the doctrines of the Reformation.


Question: When was Hollola's medieval stone church built?

Hollola Medieval Stone Church

In the 1650s, the church was modified by the construction of pews and a pulpit in the church hall.


Question: When was Hollola's medieval stone church built?

Hollola Medieval Stone Church

The windows were enlarged around the same time.


Question: When was Hollola's medieval stone church built?

Hollola Medieval Stone Church

[5] [8] Under the floors of the interior of the church lay until the Reformation until the 19th century the burial place of the wealthiest keeper inhabitants and nobles.


Question: When was Hollola's medieval stone church built?

Hollola Medieval Stone Church

The most notable tomb is von Essenie's tomb near the altar.


Question: When was Hollola's medieval stone church built?

Hollola Medieval Stone Church

After the funeral of Didrik von Essen, 17 funerary coats of arms were left in the church, which are still in the church, to the left of the altar.


Question: When was Hollola's medieval stone church built?

Hollola Medieval Stone Church

[8] [9] In the 18th century, the church hall began to become cramped.


Question: When was Hollola's medieval stone church built?

Hollola Medieval Stone Church

1783 was therefore built with shoals over the northern bench line.


Question: When was Hollola's medieval stone church built?

Hollola Medieval Stone Church

The minutes of the meeting of the keepers from the same year mention that the lack of space caused mayhem on the holidays.


Question: When was Hollola's medieval stone church built?

Hollola Medieval Stone Church

The shoals were extended as early as 1798.


Question: When was Hollola's medieval stone church built?

Hollola Medieval Stone Church

The swarms wreaked havoc with the painting of the top half of the sacrist.


Question: When was Hollola's medieval stone church built?

Hollola Medieval Stone Church

The shoals were later demolished.


Question: When was Hollola's medieval stone church built?

Hollola Medieval Stone Church

[9] Modern modifications The church was renovated in 1934—1935 according to plans by Carolus Lindberg.


Question: When was Hollola's medieval stone church built?

Hollola Medieval Stone Church

The most recent renovation and conservation work was carried out in 2005—2006, partly with funding from the European Union and the County Government of Southern Finland.


Question: When was Hollola's medieval stone church built?

Hollola Medieval Stone Church

[1] Church building The rectangular frame room of the church is joined as giveaways by a sacristy on the northern long side and an arms room on the southern long side.


Question: When was Hollola's medieval stone church built?

Hollola Medieval Stone Church

The external dimensions of the frame room are 42.1 × 17.8 meters.


Question: When was Hollola's medieval stone church built?

Hollola Medieval Stone Church

The brick decoration of the pediments of the frame room is exceptionally opulent, and brick decoration is also present on the gable of the gun room.


Question: When was Hollola's medieval stone church built?

Hollola Medieval Stone Church

In addition, there is an opening for the so-called external pulpit at the gable end of the gun room.


Question: When was Hollola's medieval stone church built?

Hollola Medieval Stone Church

In the corners of the frame room there are cornerstones of an impressive size.


Question: When was Hollola's medieval stone church built?

Hollola Medieval Stone Church

[10] Church Hall The church hall is divided by four brick pillars into two ships.


Question: When was Hollola's medieval stone church built?

Hollola Medieval Stone Church

The suspended ceiling vaults are all 16-pitch ring star vaults.


Question: When was Hollola's medieval stone church built?

Hollola Medieval Stone Church

The oldest object in the church, a limestone baptismal chalice made by the master of Vehmaa, which today stands at the foot of the easternmost column, dates back to the late 14th century [1].


Question: When was Hollola's medieval stone church built?

Hollola Medieval Stone Church

The oldest paintings — wedding crosses and simple facial patterns of shell gable vaults — were made immediately after the hall was completed in the early 16th century.


Question: When was Hollola's medieval stone church built?

Hollola Medieval Stone Church

Most of the medieval wooden sculptures have been placed in the church hall, mainly on columns and organ lofts.


Question: When was Hollola's medieval stone church built?

Hollola Medieval Stone Church

There were originally 12 consecration crosses, but one of them has disappeared.


Question: When was Hollola's medieval stone church built?

Hollola Medieval Stone Church

The wedding cross on the right of the altar is the logo of the parish of Hollola, but in purple.


Question: When was Hollola's medieval stone church built?

Hollola Medieval Stone Church

[10] Altarpiece The altarpiece is from the 17th century, as is the pulpit.


Question: When was Hollola's medieval stone church built?

Hollola Medieval Stone Church

The altarpiece was painted based on the work of German Christoph Schwarz and was donated to the congregation by Johann Wrangel, the Paimela radiographer.


Question: When was Hollola's medieval stone church built?

Hollola Medieval Stone Church

The stained glass windows are made by Lennart Segerstråle from 1929.


Question: When was Hollola's medieval stone church built?

Hollola Medieval Stone Church

[1] The present altar piece was acquired for the church in the late 1660s.


Question: When was Hollola's medieval stone church built?

Hollola Medieval Stone Church

At the latest, the altar was also moved from the first central pillar to the east wall.


Question: When was Hollola's medieval stone church built?

Hollola Medieval Stone Church

[7] The Asala was the most abundantly decorated room in the church.


Question: When was Hollola's medieval stone church built?

Hollola Medieval Stone Church

There was also an altar, which was in a lockable closet in the recess of the wall, which can still be seen.


Question: When was Hollola's medieval stone church built?

Hollola Medieval Stone Church

Today, among other things, a wooden sculpture of St. George has been placed there.


Question: When was Hollola's medieval stone church built?

Hollola Medieval Stone Church

The door between the gun hall and the church hall has plenty of wrought iron decorations that have been thought to present the hunt for St. Hubertus.


Question: When was Hollola's medieval stone church built?

Hollola Medieval Stone Church

Most likely, however, its subject is Saint Eustachius.


Question: When was Hollola's medieval stone church built?

Hollola Medieval Stone Church

The subject of Hollola's coat of arms is taken from them.


Question: When was Hollola's medieval stone church built?

Hollola Medieval Stone Church

[10] [6] The most impressive work in the House of Arms is considered to be Christ sitting atop a rainbow on Judgment Day with other saints.


Question: When was Hollola's medieval stone church built?

Hollola Medieval Stone Church

The gun hall also has paintings of devils, among others, attracting people, and of Saint Christopher.


Question: When was Hollola's medieval stone church built?

Hollola Medieval Stone Church

Since the mid-17th century, the paintings have been covered with lime paint, but were taken up and conserved in the early part of the 20th century.


Question: When was Hollola's medieval stone church built?

Hollola Medieval Stone Church

[10] [6] There is a small opening in the south wall of the gun hall over the exterior door.


Question: When was Hollola's medieval stone church built?

Hollola Medieval Stone Church

It most likely was an outdoor pulpit from which sermons to those outdoors might be held in the Middle Ages.


Question: When was Hollola's medieval stone church built?

Hollola Medieval Stone Church

The gun hall has had stairs along which the preacher climbed to the pulpit.


Question: When was Hollola's medieval stone church built?

Hollola Medieval Stone Church

[6] [1] The sculptures in Hollola Church have preserved a lot of original and culturally historically valuable movable material.


Question: When was Hollola's medieval stone church built?

Hollola Medieval Stone Church

The pulpit is from the 17th century.


Question: When was Hollola's medieval stone church built?

Hollola Medieval Stone Church

The church hall contains numerous medieval wooden sculptures, among them Saint George and the Dragon and Mary and the Child Jesus.


Question: When was Hollola's medieval stone church built?

Hollola Medieval Stone Church

Twenty-four wooden sculptures depicting New Testament persons and prequel saints have survived.


Question: When was Hollola's medieval stone church built?

Hollola Medieval Stone Church

The vast majority of the sculptures are from the 15th century, and most likely some of the movable material was brought from an old wooden church.


Question: When was Hollola's medieval stone church built?

Hollola Medieval Stone Church

[1] [6] Organ Organ was built in 1994 by Organ Rakentamo Martti Portha.


Question: When was Hollola's medieval stone church built?

Hollola Medieval Stone Church

They have 33 soundtracks, and the façade has been the prequel of German Baroque organ.


Question: When was Hollola's medieval stone church built?

Hollola Medieval Stone Church

The organ is on its own loft, which also has room for a small choir.


Question: When was Hollola's medieval stone church built?

Hollola Medieval Stone Church

[11] Churchyard Cemetery Around the church is the Hollola Cemetery, the oldest parts of which have been in use presumably as early as the 15th century.


Question: When was Hollola's medieval stone church built?

Hollola Medieval Stone Church

The area contains, among other things, a hero cemetery, three urn grave areas and a remembrance site for the deceased buried elsewhere.


Question: When was Hollola's medieval stone church built?

Hollola Medieval Stone Church

The cemetery has been expanded several times between 1830 and 1969.


Question: When was Hollola's medieval stone church built?

Hollola Medieval Stone Church

The new side is on the east side of the church.


Question: When was Hollola's medieval stone church built?

Hollola Medieval Stone Church

Cremations are performed at Levo Cemetery in Lahti in a crematorium connected to Levo Chapel.


Question: When was Hollola's medieval stone church built?

Hollola Medieval Stone Church

[12] Belfry The current belfry was built between 1829 and 1831 and is Sunnized by Carl Ludwig Engel.


Question: When was Hollola's medieval stone church built?

Hollola Medieval Stone Church

Its lower part is of stone, but otherwise it is constructed of wood.


Question: When was Hollola's medieval stone church built?

Hollola Medieval Stone Church

The decision to build it was taken in 1822, although as early as the 1790s it was perceived as unsafe.


Question: When was Hollola's medieval stone church built?

Hollola Medieval Stone Church

The mother parishioners wanted to build it entirely out of stone, but the chapel congregations refused to pay for the stone pail.


Question: When was Hollola's medieval stone church built?

Hollola Medieval Stone Church

[9] See also List of Medieval Stone Churches in Finland Sources Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Hiekanen, Markus| title = Finnish Medieval Stone Churches | location = Helsinki| publisher = SKS| year = 2007| version = Finnish Literature Club editorials 1117| id = ISBN 978-951-746-861-9 ISSN 0355-1786}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Six, Zechari| title = History of the Keeper of Hollola I—II| location = Hollola| publisher = Hollola Municipality | year = 1980 (from.


Question: When was Hollola's medieval stone church built?

Hollola Medieval Stone Church

1935-1937) | version = Second, corrected and combined edition.


Question: When was Hollola's medieval stone church built?

Hollola Medieval Stone Church

The page numbers of the first and second parts are separate, so in front of them the reference list is marked I if the pages are from the first and II if the pages are from the second part| id = ISBN 951-99285-7-X}} References on the topic elsewhere Category:Medieval stone churches in Finland Category:Hollola attractions Category:Hollola parish Category:Church buildings in Päijät-Häme Category:Buildings and structures in Hollola Category:Built cultural environments of national importance in Finland Category:Cultural Road of Hollola Category:Keeper churches in Finland


Question: When were MAC sections started to be used?

Finnish internet culture

The beginning of Finnish internet culture is already timed to the 1980s.


Question: When were MAC sections started to be used?

Finnish internet culture

In the mid-1980s, Funet enabled academia and the scientific community to use email and newsgroups.


Question: When were MAC sections started to be used?

Finnish internet culture

Initially these acted as so-called batch transmissions, messages passed outside their own network but not in real-time.


Question: When were MAC sections started to be used?

Finnish internet culture

[1] In 1988, Funet's local networks were connected via Sweden to the Internet at a speed of 64kb/s.


Question: When were MAC sections started to be used?

Finnish internet culture

Outside the scientific community, companies using UNIX received email and newsgroup access through the European Unix Users Association's eUNET network, using UNIX's UUCP protocol.


Question: When were MAC sections started to be used?

Finnish internet culture

Home users did not have access to the internet, instead Finland had an active BBS culture in the 1980s and 1990s, allowing file transfer and conversation between users.


Question: When were MAC sections started to be used?

Finnish internet culture

Initially, the conversation was rarely real-time; instead, the user connected their computer to a BBS, or jar, along the dial-up network and downloaded the discussion boards to their home computer.


Question: When were MAC sections started to be used?

Finnish internet culture

Thus, savings were created on phone bills and often the one-liner jar was not 'reserved'.


Question: When were MAC sections started to be used?

Finnish internet culture

Around the same time, other text-based web services were in use, allowing, for example, banking affairs to be handled on a home computer.


Question: When were MAC sections started to be used?

Finnish internet culture

In the early 1990s, the Finnish Unix User Association FUUG (later EUNet) also offered email services to individuals.


Question: When were MAC sections started to be used?

Finnish internet culture

The Internet became current in 1993 when the MoSAIC browser supported the graphical user interface (World Wide Web) was announced.


Question: When were MAC sections started to be used?

Finnish internet culture

Around the mid-1990s, before high-speed Internet access became common, home users were able to access the Internet using an analog modem by calling the paid service numbers of providers.


Question: When were MAC sections started to be used?

Finnish internet culture

In 1994, these SLIP connections were provided by EUNet, X-Gateway, Clinet, Tele and MITS.


Question: When were MAC sections started to be used?

Finnish internet culture

[2] In 1998, Tele's non-accession “iiNet OPEN” internet connection cost 58 pennies/minute.


Question: When were MAC sections started to be used?

Finnish internet culture

[3] After 1998, internet connections began to become more common in domestic use as a result of fixed monthly payments, and the 'internet' became a trickery field for industry enthusiasts into a living room for the whole people.


Question: When were MAC sections started to be used?

Finnish internet culture

Connections were provided via ISDN, ADSL and cable modem.


Question: When were MAC sections started to be used?

Finnish internet culture

1980s-1981: Finland's first public BBS, CBBS Helsinki, was established.


Question: When were MAC sections started to be used?

Finnish internet culture

1983: First European Unix Users Association eUNET network connection via Sweden (Enea Data) to Europe using UNIX's UUCP protocol.


Question: When were MAC sections started to be used?

Finnish internet culture

1984: Funet linked university mainframes to each other.


Question: When were MAC sections started to be used?

Finnish internet culture

The University of Technology was able to connect EUNet directly to the EUNET mainframe in Holland (mcvax).


Question: When were MAC sections started to be used?

Finnish internet culture

1984—1988: Commercial (initially) teleSampo and Infotel data networks based on videotex technology started.


Question: When were MAC sections started to be used?

Finnish internet culture

Commercial companies using UNIX used email and Usenet conversational links through the Finnish Unix Users Association (FUUG) and eUNET using UUCP software.


Question: When were MAC sections started to be used?

Finnish internet culture

1985: Almost the entire Finnish scientific community is already on the network of Funet and email services at the level of organisations.


Question: When were MAC sections started to be used?

Finnish internet culture

1986: FUUG registered the .fi country code on the Internet and most likely the first registered .fi code was the tut.fi of the Tampere University of Technology (korkeakoulu). [4] [5].


Question: When were MAC sections started to be used?

Finnish internet culture

The Tsarist Electricity Message Act will be replaced by a new telecommunications law, and the Posti and Telelaitos monopoly will end.


Question: When were MAC sections started to be used?

Finnish internet culture

1987: Finland already had about 30 .fi addresses in 1988: Funet connected the local networks of higher education institutions into a network covering the country and through Stockholm to the United States.


Question: When were MAC sections started to be used?

Finnish internet culture

Finland received its first Internet connection abroad, Funet's 64 kilobit line to Stockholm, in December 1988.


Question: When were MAC sections started to be used?

Finnish internet culture

[6] 1988: Jarkko Oikarinen developed IRC.


Question: When were MAC sections started to be used?

Finnish internet culture

[7] 1988: Jari Tuovinen and Tanu-Matti Tuominen founded Finland's first new media company, Tietovalta Oy.


Question: When were MAC sections started to be used?

Finnish internet culture

It grew during the 90s to become one of the largest companies in the industry


Question: When were MAC sections started to be used?

Finnish internet culture

[8] 1990s 1990: The Soviet Union was connected to global networks by UUCP via EUNet.


Question: When were MAC sections started to be used?

Finnish internet culture

1990: BatMUD, one of the largest and oldest muds still operating, was opened by the University of Technology machine.


Question: When were MAC sections started to be used?

Finnish internet culture

[9] 1990: Hyper ry.


Question: When were MAC sections started to be used?

Finnish internet culture

— later the FiMug Association.


Question: When were MAC sections started to be used?

Finnish internet culture

that is, the Finnish Association of Mac Users — was founded.


Question: When were MAC sections started to be used?

Finnish internet culture

The BBS service AppleGarden, started by Timo Railo in 1991, continued to serve as a community of Mac users, although today as an internet service.


Question: When were MAC sections started to be used?

Finnish internet culture

1991: A failed coup attempt in the Soviet Union.


Question: When were MAC sections started to be used?

Finnish internet culture

Traditional telecommunications links to Western countries will be severed, but network traffic via Helsinki's Eunet node will continue.


Question: When were MAC sections started to be used?

Finnish internet culture

Red Square events are reported in real time via IRC.


Question: When were MAC sections started to be used?

Finnish internet culture

1992: Four technical college students made the world's first graphical X11-based Web browser, Erwise, but the project was left without further development due to the recession of the early 90s.


Question: When were MAC sections started to be used?

Finnish internet culture

[10] 1992: Computer enthusiasts event Assembly held for the first time.


Question: When were MAC sections started to be used?

Finnish internet culture

[11] 1993 — Web time begins on the world: the Mosaic browser was launched Eunet Finland was Finland's first commercial Internet service provider [12].


Question: When were MAC sections started to be used?

Finnish internet culture

It was followed by Tele (now TeliaSonera), Helsingin Telephone, Clinet, Telia and a few others.


Question: When were MAC sections started to be used?

Finnish internet culture

FICIX, a national Internet connecting traffic point, was established to connect these networks to each other in November.


Question: When were MAC sections started to be used?

Finnish internet culture

[13] The first Finnish websites were opened, e.g.


Question: When were MAC sections started to be used?

Finnish internet culture

Various laboratories of the Department of Computer Science (Computer Science, Digital Technology).


Question: When were MAC sections started to be used?

Finnish internet culture

Freenet Finland was founded in.


Question: When were MAC sections started to be used?

Finnish internet culture

[14] Johan 'Julf' Helsingius founded anon.penet.fi pseudonym server, [15] which gained more than 700,000 users in 1994 The world: Yahoo's link directory was opened, W3C was set up with the Mbnet jar of Mikrobit magazine, or BBS opened.


Question: When were MAC sections started to be used?

Finnish internet culture

It grew to be the largest BBS in the world, but was eventually disbanded in 2002.


Question: When were MAC sections started to be used?

Finnish internet culture

[16] The website of Marketing & Advertising was opened in November The Aamulehti group started publishing newspapers daily in a closed network.


Question: When were MAC sections started to be used?

Finnish internet culture

OtaOnline, published online by the University of Technology, contained material from Aamulehti, Kauppalelehti and Iltalehti.


Question: When were MAC sections started to be used?

Finnish internet culture

OtaOnline was Finland's first online magazine.


Question: When were MAC sections started to be used?

Finnish internet culture

[17] EUNet broadcasts the WOMAD @Helsinki World Music Festival as a real-time video (RealVideo) online Lizard — A LIST of domestic Web sites established.


Question: When were MAC sections started to be used?

Finnish internet culture

[18] The Helsinki City Library was the first library in the world to establish its own web server, Cable Node.


Question: When were MAC sections started to be used?

Finnish internet culture

[19] In the summer of 1994, the Finnish press began to write about the internet [20] The online magazine “Elektroloristi “Folklorists' Elektroloristi”, now Elore, began to appear.


Question: When were MAC sections started to be used?

Finnish internet culture

[21] The long-distance telephony business was liberated from PTT's (Telecom Finland) monopoly and the price of telecommunications links dropped significantly.


Question: When were MAC sections started to be used?

Finnish internet culture

Media Laboratory Helsinki was established [22] at the School of Art and Design.


Question: When were MAC sections started to be used?

Finnish internet culture

1995 Worldwide: Altavista search engine was developed in Digital Equipment Corporation's research laboratory [23] Veli-Antti Savolainen www.nettiradio.fi was the first streamer in Finland.


Question: When were MAC sections started to be used?

Finnish internet culture

[24] As the first of Yle's channels, Radiomafia opened its own website, www.radiomafia.fi, on Eunet's server in March.


Question: When were MAC sections started to be used?

Finnish internet culture

Oldest kept Lista Top40 page online: The Official List of Finland [25] In April 1995, the first front page was published, a photo of Pasila's Iso Paja.


Question: When were MAC sections started to be used?

Finnish internet culture

From 14 July to 13 August 1995 Newspaper Karjalainen in Joensuu published Finland's first PDF-format broadsheet-sized seven-day newspaper on the local network of Marjala housing fair.


Question: When were MAC sections started to be used?

Finnish internet culture

An electronic magazine identical to the printed magazine appeared every day during the Housing Fair and was readable on the Internet-connected microcomputers at the sites of the housing fair area.


Question: When were MAC sections started to be used?

Finnish internet culture

Radio Kant's Web site opened in the summer.


Question: When were MAC sections started to be used?

Finnish internet culture

Radio broadcasting in Kuopio was tried in 1997 and stabilized in August 1998.


Question: When were MAC sections started to be used?

Finnish internet culture

Evening magazine Online and MTV3i started their activities on the internet.


Question: When were MAC sections started to be used?

Finnish internet culture

[26] eUNet Finland published statistics.


Question: When were MAC sections started to be used?

Finnish internet culture

Katri Tenström Sinebrychoff opened a website for Frisco and the website address was added to the labels [27] 1996 CMX performed as the first Finnish band [28] live on the internet on 30 May 1996.


Question: When were MAC sections started to be used?

Finnish internet culture

The combined viewership of live broadcasts and reruns totaled over 18000 [29] Millionrain released the band's Boy Wrestling and digital damas in conjunction with the album's history and the band's underwater concerts.


Question: When were MAC sections started to be used?

Finnish internet culture

[30] The game was implemented by Knowledge Power, whose Independence Day party saw the band perform live on the internet 6.


Question: When were MAC sections started to be used?

Finnish internet culture

on Dec.


Question: When were MAC sections started to be used?

Finnish internet culture

[31] According to the Finnish Jazz & Pop Archive's Early Musikkinetti collection, the first bands in Finland to have a website were CMX, Millionasade and Pensioniset.


Question: When were MAC sections started to be used?

Finnish internet culture

[32] Radio Finland and RSO launched their website and Radio Finland's regional radios were the first to reach Satakunta Radio, Oulu Radio and Radio Häme.


Question: When were MAC sections started to be used?

Finnish internet culture

() [33] In 1996, the websites favoured by Finnish internet users were, in addition to the Radiomafia website, Iltalehti and City-lehti.


Question: When were MAC sections started to be used?

Finnish internet culture

Radio City came to the internet in the spring of 1996.


Question: When were MAC sections started to be used?

Finnish internet culture

It provided a Link Guide evaluating and presenting hundreds of homepages and a calendar of events for Stad.


Question: When were MAC sections started to be used?

Finnish internet culture

In 1996, Kiss FM also opened its website, whose speciality was an electronic marketplace for the mail-order chain presenting its youth clothing line, listening to the radio broadcast in real audio, and “Hotel Chat”.


Question: When were MAC sections started to be used?

Finnish internet culture

In 1996, MTV3's youth programme Jyrki also joined the network.


Question: When were MAC sections started to be used?

Finnish internet culture

From foreign services to Finnish audiences, MTV was appealed to by MTV with its real-time conversational facility, which was among the first to utilize avatar.


Question: When were MAC sections started to be used?

Finnish internet culture

Talentum launched Duuni.net in October, one of Finland's first online communities.


Question: When were MAC sections started to be used?

Finnish internet culture

Broadcasting news began to be published online.


Question: When were MAC sections started to be used?

Finnish internet culture

[34] Since the beginning of October 1996, the pages of Yle Teletext have been found on the Internet.


Question: When were MAC sections started to be used?

Finnish internet culture

The oldest version of Yleradio's website archived by the Wayback Machine is.


Question: When were MAC sections started to be used?

Finnish internet culture

YLE's first Electoral Machine was in use for the 1996 EU elections.


Question: When were MAC sections started to be used?

Finnish internet culture

[35] Radio Finland began streaming the radio broadcast in October 1996 via satellite audio.


Question: When were MAC sections started to be used?

Finnish internet culture

The servers were located in London.


Question: When were MAC sections started to be used?

Finnish internet culture

In October 1996, Yle Teletext and Radiounews started online, whose hour news can be listened to on the Internet.


Question: When were MAC sections started to be used?

Finnish internet culture

[36] At the turn of the 1996—97 season, a remote-controlled webcam was opened in the Pasila link tower, the Helsinki Camera.


Question: When were MAC sections started to be used?

Finnish internet culture

[37] Veikkaus opened game pages online [20] The Finnish anonymous server anon.penet.fi ceased operation because it could no longer guarantee the anonymity of its users.


Question: When were MAC sections started to be used?

Finnish internet culture

The backdrop was a court decision to provide information about a user accused by Scientologists of copyright infringement.


Question: When were MAC sections started to be used?

Finnish internet culture

[20] As a result, Finnish telecommunications legislation was changed and email received the same privacy protection as telephone and paper mail traffic.


Question: When were MAC sections started to be used?

Finnish internet culture

began selling loose issues of the magazine on the internet, as well as individual articles in PDF format, as payment method ecash or Merita Solo.


Question: When were MAC sections started to be used?

Finnish internet culture

[38] Alex Nieminen pulled the Network programme on digital phenomena on TV.


Question: When were MAC sections started to be used?

Finnish internet culture

Johan Helsingius developed the ECASH micropayment system [39].


Question: When were MAC sections started to be used?

Finnish internet culture

Under pressure from banks, the service was run down.


Question: When were MAC sections started to be used?

Finnish internet culture

[40] Jukka “Yucca” Korpela started writing a help website on the internet and information technology.


Question: When were MAC sections started to be used?

Finnish internet culture

1997 August: The first large class internet company Interactive Port was founded.


Question: When were MAC sections started to be used?

Finnish internet culture

In August and September, Talentum announced that it had acquired a significant stake in To The Point Oy, Finland's largest new media company, and that it had entered into a letter of intent to acquire Interweb Design Oy, Finland's leading online media company.


Question: When were MAC sections started to be used?

Finnish internet culture

At the same time, Piipää Oy, which has developed e.g.


Question: When were MAC sections started to be used?

Finnish internet culture

Wonderland search service and Ufolabs Oy.


Question: When were MAC sections started to be used?

Finnish internet culture

At the end of 1997, the company employed 50 people and was (and still is) the largest company in Finland.


Question: When were MAC sections started to be used?

Finnish internet culture

[41] [42] The term new media industry was defined, in analyses Radio Finland sharply increased the supply of is demand programs on the Internet.


Question: When were MAC sections started to be used?

Finnish internet culture

The text-based TeleSampo and Infotel information services were at the height of their popularity and were estimated to have 350,000 users, more than half of whom were from households.


Question: When were MAC sections started to be used?

Finnish internet culture

[43] 1998 Finland's first digital radio, Yleisradion Radio Peili started broadcasting in October.


Question: When were MAC sections started to be used?

Finnish internet culture

In addition to the broadcast stream, the channel's website also featured stories on different topics.


Question: When were MAC sections started to be used?

Finnish internet culture

[44] The A2000+ programme, hosted by Risto Johnson, first exploited on a large scale the interaction enabled by the Internet.


Question: When were MAC sections started to be used?

Finnish internet culture

In addition to e-mail, the audience was allowed to send text messages during the program.


Question: When were MAC sections started to be used?

Finnish internet culture

Video calls were taken on the air, too.


Question: When were MAC sections started to be used?

Finnish internet culture

[45] Suomi24's predecessors Sirkus.com and Evreka.fi were founded [46] Worldwide: Google was founded.


Question: When were MAC sections started to be used?

Finnish internet culture

Online Radio Mikaeli was founded Mobile entertainment company Wapit Oy was founded and went bankrupt when the IT bubble collapsed in 2001.


Question: When were MAC sections started to be used?

Finnish internet culture

1999 — P2P Worldwide: Napster was developed, the time for peer-to-peer networks began.