Question: What is Rauni Maria Erika Luoma's most famous appearance?

Toni was taking her brother Petri home, however Petri runs away into the woods and Toni went after her.


Question: What is Rauni Maria Erika Luoma's most famous appearance?

List of Encrypted Lives in the television series

A dispute ensued between the brothers and Petri managed to knock Toni and run away.


Question: What is Rauni Maria Erika Luoma's most famous appearance?

Toni went after this and got lost.


Question: What is Rauni Maria Erika Luoma's most famous appearance?

Toni eventually ended up at Tipa's cabin and the man threatened Toni with a gun.


Question: What is Rauni Maria Erika Luoma's most famous appearance?

Later, Toni and Tippa drank moonshine and told their life story.


Question: What is Rauni Maria Erika Luoma's most famous appearance?

It turned out that Tipa had a job and a family in the past, but the family rejected her because she considered her work more important than them, finally learning that in order of precedence the family should be first.


Question: What is Rauni Maria Erika Luoma's most famous appearance?

For this reason, Toni later dropped out of work.


Question: What is Rauni Maria Erika Luoma's most famous appearance?

Teemu Teemu (ed.


Question: What is Rauni Maria Erika Luoma's most famous appearance?

Johannes Voutilainen, 1999) was a schoolmate of Silja Salini who was invited to Salinei by Hanna Salin to eat.


Question: What is Rauni Maria Erika Luoma's most famous appearance?

Teemu had a lot of dissenting opinions with Silja's father Jukka Salin and they drifted into arguing about things on the food wheel.


Question: What is Rauni Maria Erika Luoma's most famous appearance?

Silja defended Teemu, but after dining out Teemu started watching a hockey match on TV together with Juka and Silja's brother Aleks, Silja became angry with Teemu because he was similar to everyone else, according to Silja's words, although Silja had mistaken this for different and as an interesting type.


Question: What is Rauni Maria Erika Luoma's most famous appearance?

[71] Since then, Teemu was no longer seen in the series.


Question: What is Rauni Maria Erika Luoma's most famous appearance?

Tobias Nylund Tobias “Topi” Nylund (ed.


Question: What is Rauni Maria Erika Luoma's most famous appearance?

Hannu Abonce, 2010—2011) was a physiotherapist who Heidi Aaltonen and Peppi Puolakka became acquainted with at horse stables.


Question: What is Rauni Maria Erika Luoma's most famous appearance?

Later, the girls invited Top to a (70s) themed party at the Damdam cafe to raise money to save the Eetu-pony.


Question: What is Rauni Maria Erika Luoma's most famous appearance?

Topi started dating Heidi, but the relationship ended when Top learned of Heidi and Jiri Viitamäki's sexual relationship.


Question: What is Rauni Maria Erika Luoma's most famous appearance?

Topi ended up making herself easier by taking narcotics known as' stitches' with Pep, which resulted in the pair ending up having sex.


Question: What is Rauni Maria Erika Luoma's most famous appearance?

After Sergei Kuula quit his drug deal, Topi and Pippi set out to buy the narcotics they needed from Tallinn.


Question: What is Rauni Maria Erika Luoma's most famous appearance?

The couple decided to test the products before selling them, which resulted in both being hospitalized.


Question: What is Rauni Maria Erika Luoma's most famous appearance?

At the hospital, Top's heart stopped and he passed away.


Question: What is Rauni Maria Erika Luoma's most famous appearance?

Tobias appears dead for a short while in the Encrypted Lives film Nightmare — a nightmare at sea in a nightmare Pep had.


Question: What is Rauni Maria Erika Luoma's most famous appearance?

In the same film, we find out that Top's mother Tessa Nylund is dating Sampo Kauvaara and how the two together seek to avenge Top's death.


Question: What is Rauni Maria Erika Luoma's most famous appearance?

And Nightmare 2 — The Nightmare Continues In the film, it was discovered that Tessa died giving birth to her and Sampo's shared child, Ukko, who is thus Top's half-brother.


Question: What is Rauni Maria Erika Luoma's most famous appearance?

Toivo Bear Toivo Bear (es.


Question: What is Rauni Maria Erika Luoma's most famous appearance?

Esa-Matti Pölhö, 2000) was a leader of the Noah sect who became infatuated with Miia Laitula.


Question: What is Rauni Maria Erika Luoma's most famous appearance?

He tried to engage Miia in the mass suicide and took Miia along on a journey whose idea was to die together in the middle of the open sea.


Question: What is Rauni Maria Erika Luoma's most famous appearance?

Miia and Toivo were saved by a lifeboat.


Question: What is Rauni Maria Erika Luoma's most famous appearance?

Later, after he and Miia returned to Helsinki, Toivo burned himself to death.


Question: What is Rauni Maria Erika Luoma's most famous appearance?

He believed so strongly in the powers of a god that he didn't think fire was capable of harming him.


Question: What is Rauni Maria Erika Luoma's most famous appearance?

He asked a sectarian woman to set fire to his sleeve, and after being on fire for a moment he fell lifeless to the ground.


Question: What is Rauni Maria Erika Luoma's most famous appearance?

Tommi Tiihonen Tommi Tiihonen (ed.


Question: What is Rauni Maria Erika Luoma's most famous appearance?

Jussi Puhakka, 1999) was a friend of Silja Hickley.


Question: What is Rauni Maria Erika Luoma's most famous appearance?

Silja's family didn't like Tomm because he was mentally ill and without his medication dangerous.


Question: What is Rauni Maria Erika Luoma's most famous appearance?

Tommi was a big fan of Rebecca Lieka aka the real life Tyyne Puustinen and tried to make people realize that the murder of the Pacific was a great injustice, for which he blamed Pacific murderer Aki Nikki while pouring gasoline on him with the intention of setting himself on fire.


Question: What is Rauni Maria Erika Luoma's most famous appearance?

Aki saved her and later at the hospital Tommi asked Silja to apologize to Aki.


Question: What is Rauni Maria Erika Luoma's most famous appearance?

However, Silja wanted to protect Tom.


Question: What is Rauni Maria Erika Luoma's most famous appearance?

Eventually, Tommi ended up in a mental institution.


Question: What is Rauni Maria Erika Luoma's most famous appearance?

Tuula Rautio Tuula Rautio (ed.


Question: What is Rauni Maria Erika Luoma's most famous appearance?

Nora Rinne, 2018—2019) was the biological mother of Camilla Axelsson and Satu Similä.


Question: What is Rauni Maria Erika Luoma's most famous appearance?

He made his professional debut in December 2018.


Question: What is Rauni Maria Erika Luoma's most famous appearance?

He died of a brain haemorrhage in prison in early 2019, just as Camilla was coming with Dahlia to see him for the first time.


Question: What is Rauni Maria Erika Luoma's most famous appearance?

Tupu Tupu (es.


Question: What is Rauni Maria Erika Luoma's most famous appearance?

Laura Kotimäki, 2001) is a young woman appearing in the series for two episodes, who was involved in the housewarming party of Aleksi Salin and her then female friend Petra Rinne.


Question: What is Rauni Maria Erika Luoma's most famous appearance?

He blindfolded at Saku Salin and spent the night with him infecting him with chlamydia.


Question: What is Rauni Maria Erika Luoma's most famous appearance?

However, Miia Laitela found out about it beforehand from Tupu's friends and warned Saku, who did not believe what Miia said but thought she was only jealous.


Question: What is Rauni Maria Erika Luoma's most famous appearance?

[72] Judges Court A male judge who appeared unknown was seen on the series in 2003.


Question: What is Rauni Maria Erika Luoma's most famous appearance?

He covered the trials of Kari Taalasmaa and Aamu Korhonen.


Question: What is Rauni Maria Erika Luoma's most famous appearance?

Another male judge who appeared unknown was spotted on the series in 2008.


Question: What is Rauni Maria Erika Luoma's most famous appearance?

He covered the trial of Laura Kiviranta and Paula Sievinen.


Question: What is Rauni Maria Erika Luoma's most famous appearance?

A third judge who appeared unknown was seen in the series between 2011 and 2015 to varying degrees.


Question: What is Rauni Maria Erika Luoma's most famous appearance?

She covered the trials of Katariina Mäkelä, Heidi Aaltonen, Liisa Salo, Jenni Vainio and Marianna Kurje.


Question: What is Rauni Maria Erika Luoma's most famous appearance?

Tuuli Rantala Tuuli Rantala [73] (ed.


Question: What is Rauni Maria Erika Luoma's most famous appearance?

Sirpa Teppola, 2008) appeared at Sievinen's door after reading Paula Lepistö's interview in the magazine.


Question: What is Rauni Maria Erika Luoma's most famous appearance?

Tuuli sought Paula's support, because his former husband Ile was a narcissist like Aaro Vaalante and did not leave Tuuli alone.


Question: What is Rauni Maria Erika Luoma's most famous appearance?

Tuuli and Paula became friends, but later, after Tuuli tired of Ile's constant harassment, he committed suicide, which deeply shocked Paula.


Question: What is Rauni Maria Erika Luoma's most famous appearance?

Tyyne Paustinen Tyyne Paustinen (1909 Sodankylä - 1999 Helsinki) was an old lady found dead in the first episode of the series.


Question: What is Rauni Maria Erika Luoma's most famous appearance?

The culprit was always held until spring 2019, from Aki Nikki, who was unable to prove guilty at the beginning of the series.


Question: What is Rauni Maria Erika Luoma's most famous appearance?

Rumors circulated that before the series began, Nikkinen accidentally killed Pacific.


Question: What is Rauni Maria Erika Luoma's most famous appearance?

In spring 2019, it was discovered that the killer was Pustinen's granddaughter, Tero Pustinen.


Question: What is Rauni Maria Erika Luoma's most famous appearance?

Valtteri Elovirta Valtteri Elovirta (es.


Question: What is Rauni Maria Erika Luoma's most famous appearance?

Matti Ristinen 2000, Rami Rusinen 2012, 2013) is a former classmate of Katja Vainio who worked at the same law firm with Laura Kiviranta.


Question: What is Rauni Maria Erika Luoma's most famous appearance?

After Valtteri started spending more time with Katja, Katja's sister Jenni also started to take an interest in Valtteri.


Question: What is Rauni Maria Erika Luoma's most famous appearance?

With Jenni, Valtteri exchanged only a kiss.


Question: What is Rauni Maria Erika Luoma's most famous appearance?

Katja started having erotic dreams about Valtteri, which led to Toni Veijalainen leaving Katja and revealing her feelings for Jenn.


Question: What is Rauni Maria Erika Luoma's most famous appearance?

Valtteri was at the same party with Kalle Laitela and they exchanged a kiss.


Question: What is Rauni Maria Erika Luoma's most famous appearance?

After Valtteri and Kalle dated, Kalle fell in love and wanted to reveal to his father, Ismo Laitula, that he was homosexual, but Valtteri backed out.


Question: What is Rauni Maria Erika Luoma's most famous appearance?

It was later revealed that Valtteri was married to a woman named Outi.


Question: What is Rauni Maria Erika Luoma's most famous appearance?

However, the marriage was merely a culi, as Outi was a lesbian and wanted to use Valtteri as a childmaking tool.


Question: What is Rauni Maria Erika Luoma's most famous appearance?

In the fall of 2012, Valtteri went to hospital for bronchitis and had to attend Kalle's reception.


Question: What is Rauni Maria Erika Luoma's most famous appearance?

Valtteri asked Kalle for coffee, but he refused, citing his work hassle.


Question: What is Rauni Maria Erika Luoma's most famous appearance?

Despite Jenni's warning, however, Kalle called Valtteri and agreed to the coffee invitation.


Question: What is Rauni Maria Erika Luoma's most famous appearance?

A relationship developed between the pair, although Valtteri had also dated Katariina Mäkelä.


Question: What is Rauni Maria Erika Luoma's most famous appearance?

Kalle decided to continue the relationship with Valtteri, even though Jenni and Catherine's talk had caused Kalle to wonder about Valtteri's true character.


Question: What is Rauni Maria Erika Luoma's most famous appearance?

When Kalle and Valtteri were about to have sex on her yacht, Kalle found Catherine's lost earring in Valtteri's bed and realized the warnings were true.


Question: What is Rauni Maria Erika Luoma's most famous appearance?

Valtteri prevented Kalle from leaving and raped him.


Question: What is Rauni Maria Erika Luoma's most famous appearance?

Kalle did not file a crime report on Valtter because he threatened to release the sex recordings he had secretly filmed.


Question: What is Rauni Maria Erika Luoma's most famous appearance?

Kalle managed to get over the rape.


Question: What is Rauni Maria Erika Luoma's most famous appearance?

Kalle and Catherine had started dating and decided to try a threesome.


Question: What is Rauni Maria Erika Luoma's most famous appearance?

However, Catherine cancels the meeting at the last minute and Kalle was joined by Valtteri.


Question: What is Rauni Maria Erika Luoma's most famous appearance?

Kalle told Ismo of the rape, who decided to abuse Valtteri.


Question: What is Rauni Maria Erika Luoma's most famous appearance?

After trespassing into the apartment, Ismo discovered that Valtteri had already been assaulted by the man targeted by Valtteri's attempted rape.


Question: What is Rauni Maria Erika Luoma's most famous appearance?

Ismo left with Kalle to retrieve his forgotten baseball bat at the apartment.


Question: What is Rauni Maria Erika Luoma's most famous appearance?

Kalle found Valtteri's DVD recordings, for which he had recorded encrypted videos of his sexual partners and the persons he raped.


Question: What is Rauni Maria Erika Luoma's most famous appearance?

Valtteri went to prison as soon as he was cured in hospital and at the same time exited the series.


Question: What is Rauni Maria Erika Luoma's most famous appearance?

Vanessa Turunen Vanessa Turunen (ed.


Question: What is Rauni Maria Erika Luoma's most famous appearance?

Silja Rantala, 2011—2014) is a popular girl who studied in the class of young people who appeared as the main characters of the series.


Question: What is Rauni Maria Erika Luoma's most famous appearance?

Vanessa was the leader of a girl gang and also on several occasions was involved in bullying Talea and Matleen alike.


Question: What is Rauni Maria Erika Luoma's most famous appearance?

Once, at a party thrown by Lari, Vanessa made a show of interest in Tale, causing him to completely embarrass herself.


Question: What is Rauni Maria Erika Luoma's most famous appearance?

Veera Hakkarainen Veera Hakkarainen is a woman who Ismo Laitela dated online and went on a date with in the series in 2005.


Question: What is Rauni Maria Erika Luoma's most famous appearance?

Veijo Olsson Veijo Olsson appeared in the series in 2004.


Question: What is Rauni Maria Erika Luoma's most famous appearance?

He met Kari Taalasmaa, who was unemployed, at a bar and incited him to throw darts at a man named Jussi for money.


Question: What is Rauni Maria Erika Luoma's most famous appearance?

The men initially let Kari win, but were soon revealed to be an impostor and Kari was left in debt to them.


Question: What is Rauni Maria Erika Luoma's most famous appearance?

By borrowing money from Ossi Pollaka, Kari finally got his debts paid off.


Question: What is Rauni Maria Erika Luoma's most famous appearance?

Veke Veke was a co-worker of Ville Paananen, who had dated Jenni Vainio, who appeared in the series in 2002.


Question: What is Rauni Maria Erika Luoma's most famous appearance?

He tried to hit Katja Vainio while they were with a group of four at Club Geel.


Question: What is Rauni Maria Erika Luoma's most famous appearance?

[50] Vesa Koskela Vesa Koskela (ed.


Question: What is Rauni Maria Erika Luoma's most famous appearance?

Rabbe Smedlund, 2005—2006) was Laura Kiviranta's employer while she worked as a lawyer at a firm called PTC Constructions.


Question: What is Rauni Maria Erika Luoma's most famous appearance?

Vesa Nokela Vesa Nokela (ed.


Question: What is Rauni Maria Erika Luoma's most famous appearance?

Matti Airas, 2007) dated Sofia Salini, younger than himself, wanting only sex from the relationship, and eventually tried to rape Sofia.


Question: What is Rauni Maria Erika Luoma's most famous appearance?

Vesa Oittinen Vesa Oittinen (ed.


Question: What is Rauni Maria Erika Luoma's most famous appearance?

Harri Soinila, 2001) was a schoolmate of Ken Ojala, who, under Kentsu's leadership, along with their group of friends third party Simo Hakala, bullied Teemu Korho at school and somewhat outside of school as well.


Question: What is Rauni Maria Erika Luoma's most famous appearance?

However, after starting dating Teemu's twin sister Aamu Korhonen, Kentsu told Vesa and Simo to stop bullying Teemu.


Question: What is Rauni Maria Erika Luoma's most famous appearance?

Ville Kurtti Ville Kurtti (ed.


Question: What is Rauni Maria Erika Luoma's most famous appearance?

Tony Honkanen) studied at the same school as Elias Vikstedt, Iida Mustonen, Tale Taalasmaa, Janne Haukkala and Lari Vääänen.


Question: What is Rauni Maria Erika Luoma's most famous appearance?

Elias asked Ville out on a date and the pair went to the movies.


Question: What is Rauni Maria Erika Luoma's most famous appearance?

Iida and Lari ended up on the same show and the date was to go to ruin.


Question: What is Rauni Maria Erika Luoma's most famous appearance?

However, at the end of the date, Ville kissed Elias and later asked her out via text message for a new date.


Question: What is Rauni Maria Erika Luoma's most famous appearance?

Ville shot a video of Lari crying.


Question: What is Rauni Maria Erika Luoma's most famous appearance?

Elias posted it on Facebook and Lari said Elias should pay for it.


Question: What is Rauni Maria Erika Luoma's most famous appearance?

At Moose's masquerade, Elias surprised Ville kissing another boy and the pair's budding relationship ended.


Question: What is Rauni Maria Erika Luoma's most famous appearance?

Ville Paananen Ville Paananen (ed.


Question: What is Rauni Maria Erika Luoma's most famous appearance?

Jani Karvinen, 2002—03) was a former schoolmate of Jenni Vainio and Katja Vainio from Lempäälä.


Question: What is Rauni Maria Erika Luoma's most famous appearance?

He dated Jenni for a while.


Question: What is Rauni Maria Erika Luoma's most famous appearance?

During their courtship lied to Ville about Niko Vainio being Katja's child.


Question: What is Rauni Maria Erika Luoma's most famous appearance?

Through Ville, Jenni reached the final of the Miss Kitchen competition.


Question: What is Rauni Maria Erika Luoma's most famous appearance?

Virpi Hurme Virpi Hurme (ed.


Question: What is Rauni Maria Erika Luoma's most famous appearance?

Mariko Pajalahti, 2000—2001) studied at the same high school with Saku Salin and Miia Laitela.


Question: What is Rauni Maria Erika Luoma's most famous appearance?

Virpi bullied exchange student Chiqi Little at school, among other things, by tying a Barbie doll posing as a hung Asian girl to Chiq's bicycle.


Question: What is Rauni Maria Erika Luoma's most famous appearance?

Virpi was also attracted to Saku and later Saku became friends with Virpi, but no romantic relationship arose for them because Saku was in love with Miia.


Question: What is Rauni Maria Erika Luoma's most famous appearance?

Victory Sutela Profit Sutela (es.


Question: What is Rauni Maria Erika Luoma's most famous appearance?

Heikki Lund, 1999) was an old acquaintance of Seppo Taalasmaa who became infatuated with Sepo's wife Ulla and later her daughter Elina.


Question: What is Rauni Maria Erika Luoma's most famous appearance?

Yrjö Merilä Yrjö Kalervo Merilä [74], later on the tombstone Yrjö Sakari [75], (13 December 1936 — 7 October 2005 [75], ed.


Question: What is Rauni Maria Erika Luoma's most famous appearance?

Paavo Likki, 2005—2006) was a teacher at the evening high school where Seppo and Ulla Taalasmaa studied poetry.


Question: What is Rauni Maria Erika Luoma's most famous appearance?

Later, Ulla and George began a courtship relationship, which ended with George having a heart attack and his death.


Question: What is Rauni Maria Erika Luoma's most famous appearance?

Earlier, George's name was mentioned back in 2000 when Ulla started attending evening high school and wrote poetry about Sepo.


Question: What is Rauni Maria Erika Luoma's most famous appearance?

However, the first appearance of the character itself was not seen until 2005.


Question: What is Rauni Maria Erika Luoma's most famous appearance?

[76] Public figures Anna Abreu Anna Abreu appeared as herself in the autumn of 2010 at the Damdam cafe.


Question: What is Rauni Maria Erika Luoma's most famous appearance?

Jimi Constantine Jimi Constantine performed in the spring of 2011 at the Damdam Cafe.


Question: What is Rauni Maria Erika Luoma's most famous appearance?

Snopy Redford Snopy Redford was seen as himself in January 2010 in one episode of the series when Salla Laitela exited by train from the series.


Question: What is Rauni Maria Erika Luoma's most famous appearance?

They sang on the train together the song “Again the Sun Rises”.


Question: What is Rauni Maria Erika Luoma's most famous appearance?

Fictional Animals Eetu Eetu is a horse featured in the series in 2010—2011 that Pippi rode in the stables.


Question: What is Rauni Maria Erika Luoma's most famous appearance?

However, the Eetu had to be terminated.


Question: What is Rauni Maria Erika Luoma's most famous appearance?

Kelmi Kelmi is a pet rabbit of Sever's friend Kaisla, who was seen on the series in 2013.


Question: What is Rauni Maria Erika Luoma's most famous appearance?

Kelmi ran away into the house's stairway after Lasse left its cage door accidentally unlocked.


Question: What is Rauni Maria Erika Luoma's most famous appearance?

There, Tale found the rabbit and tried to donate it to Matleena.


Question: What is Rauni Maria Erika Luoma's most famous appearance?

Ritva Ritva (ed.


Question: What is Rauni Maria Erika Luoma's most famous appearance?

Suhina, 2010) was Sebastian's pet snake, named by Sebastian after his first love Cindy's real name.


Question: What is Rauni Maria Erika Luoma's most famous appearance?

After escaping from Sebastian and Isabella's apartment, Aino and Otto rescued the snake and later returned to Sebastian.


Question: What is Rauni Maria Erika Luoma's most famous appearance?

In the end, Isabella retaliated by commissioning Ritva the belt after separating from Sebastian.


Question: What is Rauni Maria Erika Luoma's most famous appearance?

Sissi-piggy Sissi piggy (es.


Question: What is Rauni Maria Erika Luoma's most famous appearance?

Pumba, 2012) is a piggy who invaded Ismo's apartment, where Lasse Sievinen stayed after a fan meeting with Duo Osmo.


Question: What is Rauni Maria Erika Luoma's most famous appearance?

Later, Ismo and Lasse returned the pig to the owner.


Question: What is Rauni Maria Erika Luoma's most famous appearance?

Dead persons See also List of encrypted lives of persons in the television series Sources * Encrypted lives, departed persons


Question: Where can one encounter basic interactions?

Physics Research

Physics research is mostly the study of physical phenomena carried out in universities and institutes.


Question: Where can one encounter basic interactions?

Physics Research

Its goal is to understand the structure of the universe and to find a mathematical way of representation for observed phenomena.


Question: Where can one encounter basic interactions?

Physics Research

Physics research is a major part of modern society and its results underlie many inventions beneficial to humanity.


Question: Where can one encounter basic interactions?

Physics Research

[1] A characteristic feature of physics research is to discover new phenomena and to develop new measurement methods from found phenomena.


Question: Where can one encounter basic interactions?

Physics Research

For example, phenomena discovered by physicists and methods such as NMR spectroscopy, X-ray radiation, tunneling microscopy and positron emission tomography are widely used even outside of physics research.


Question: Where can one encounter basic interactions?

Physics Research

The methods are used in medicine, as well as in the fields of pharmacy, chemistry and biology for the study of various substances and organisms.


Question: Where can one encounter basic interactions?

Physics Research

[1] Many technically demanding fields of physics, such as particle physics and space exploration, in turn contribute to technical and computer skills.


Question: Where can one encounter basic interactions?

Physics Research

[2] [3] Research Areas Physics research can be divided into different areas depending on the method of study and the objectives of the study and, of course, into different specialties depending on the research subjects.


Question: Where can one encounter basic interactions?

Physics Research

Experimental and Theoretical Research At the general level, the study of physics can be divided into theoretical and experimental research.


Question: Where can one encounter basic interactions?

Physics Research

[4] The observation of natural phenomena seeks to find patterns and principles related to the phenomenon.


Question: Where can one encounter basic interactions?

Physics Research

[5] Experimental observation therefore allows the formation of theories explaining phenomena.


Question: Where can one encounter basic interactions?

Physics Research

[6] In experimental research, the physical phenomenon is tested using measuring instruments.


Question: Where can one encounter basic interactions?

Physics Research

The three main themes of experimental research in physics are (1) the discovery of new phenomena, (2) testing and applying existing theories, and (3) the attempt to measure the values of different physical constants always only more accurately.


Question: Where can one encounter basic interactions?

Physics Research

[7] An important part of quantitative experimental research is the determination of miscalculations for the measured majors.


Question: Where can one encounter basic interactions?

Physics Research

[8] Theoretical research seeks to predict new physical phenomena or explain those already observed.


Question: Where can one encounter basic interactions?

Physics Research

[9] Theoretical research can be done by deriving new ones from already known law secrets or applying them, for example in simulation.


Question: Where can one encounter basic interactions?

Physics Research

If a theoretical model is constructed from already known equations without matched parameters, it is said that the model is derived ab initio (), that is, “from the beginning”.


Question: Where can one encounter basic interactions?

Physics Research

In the ideal case, all research could be theoretical if known equations described reality well enough.


Question: Where can one encounter basic interactions?

Physics Research

Then all situations could be tested in a simulation and experiments would no longer be needed.


Question: Where can one encounter basic interactions?

Physics Research

Current simulations of molecular motion and binding are already quite capable of achieving results similar to reality, for example in the case of small molecules and short time scales.


Question: Where can one encounter basic interactions?

Physics Research

[10] More complex, large molecular set phenomena cannot be predicted very far due not only to the large parameter numbers involved, but also to the inherent chaoticism of systems.


Question: Where can one encounter basic interactions?

Physics Research

In this case, one must satisfy statistical models, that is, to study the probabilities of various numerical solutions.


Question: Where can one encounter basic interactions?

Physics Research

The chaoticism makes predicting weather and climate change accurate, for example, tricky, even on supercomputers.


Question: Where can one encounter basic interactions?

Physics Research

[11] Basic research and applied research, on the other hand, can also be divided into basic research and applied research.


Question: Where can one encounter basic interactions?

Physics Research

In basic research, the subject under study does not immediately see direct application; research is conducted out of sheer curiosity with the aim of generating new information.


Question: Where can one encounter basic interactions?

Physics Research

However, some of the basic research may sooner or later lead to significant applications that no one guessed expected.


Question: Where can one encounter basic interactions?

Physics Research

Applying the results of basic research to new practical problems is the objective of applied research, and although some of the results have followed very soon after discovery, in practice the potential for exploiting new research is often seen only years from now.


Question: Where can one encounter basic interactions?

Physics Research

Examples of physics concepts and inventions that have found applications include energy, electromagnetism, X-ray radiation, concise relativity, laser, NMR phenomenon, and high magnetoresistance.


Question: Where can one encounter basic interactions?

Physics Research

[1] History Before the 20th century, the development of modern science, including physics, can be considered to have originated in ancient Greece.


Question: Where can one encounter basic interactions?

Physics Research

When earlier attempts were made to explain natural phenomena by mythologies, in the 600th century before the beginning of the period, Greek philosophers began to explain phenomena based on observations, causes and logic.


Question: Where can one encounter basic interactions?

Physics Research

[12] However, experimental research was not done by the philosophers of the time.


Question: Where can one encounter basic interactions?

Physics Research

Famous Museion natural philosophers included Archimedes, Euclid and Ptolemy, among others.


Question: Where can one encounter basic interactions?

Physics Research

[13] The experimental research methods of modern physics, and more generally of science as a whole, have been created during the heyday of medieval Islamic science and subsequently in Europe at the beginning of a new age, at the time of the scientific revolution, initially with the work of Galileo Galilei, René Descartes and Isaac Newton.


Question: Where can one encounter basic interactions?

Physics Research

Prior to this, the empiristic philosophy of science, which had come into favour at the beginning of the new age, had been satisfied mostly with natural philosophical reflections and faith in authority.


Question: Where can one encounter basic interactions?

Physics Research

After the scientific revolution, nature was understood as if under mechanical laws as a machine that could be studied by experimental methods and whose operation could be predicted through mathematics.


Question: Where can one encounter basic interactions?

Physics Research

As recently as the 18th century, however, the study of natural philosophy was generally not quantitative — the scientific method was not yet fully developed — and there was no systematic syllabus to train scientists.


Question: Where can one encounter basic interactions?

Physics Research

[14] Physics research differed little from natural philosophy, eventually differentiating itself into its own science only during the 19th century.


Question: Where can one encounter basic interactions?

Physics Research

[14] 20th century At the end of the 19th century, the study of physics had formed into an organized and international activity.


Question: Where can one encounter basic interactions?

Physics Research

The top countries in the survey were Britain, Germany, France and the United States.


Question: Where can one encounter basic interactions?

Physics Research

From the 1890s to the beginning of the century, research focused mainly around six, fresh fundamental topics: X-ray radiation, electron, ether, statistical representation of gases, liquids and solids, radioactivity, and the long-wave part of the electromagnetic spectrum.


Question: Where can one encounter basic interactions?

Physics Research

[15] Until the beginning of the century, the study of physics was practically on the shoulders of Europeans, as there was clearly less basic research in the United States.


Question: Where can one encounter basic interactions?

Physics Research

However, an MIT rector's statement from 1889 tells of the appreciation of students: “our goal should be to take care of the student, not scientific inventions, not professional achievements.” [16] Also in early 20th-century Japan, physics was studied at universities in Tokyo and Kyoto, but Japan was not yet the top countries in physics research at that time.


Question: Where can one encounter basic interactions?

Physics Research

At the beginning of the 20th century, the German Society of Physicists was internationally viewed at the pinnacle of physics research and thus much of the physics research was published in German.


Question: Where can one encounter basic interactions?

Physics Research

[17] The level of European physics research at that time can be seen not only in the fact that 600 out of just under 900 physicists in the world came from Europe in 1900, [18] but also in the large number of Nobel physics prizes awarded to Central European physicists between 1901 and 1920.


Question: Where can one encounter basic interactions?

Physics Research

[19] There are also politics involved in handing out the Nobel Prize, but Europe's leadership over that period is still evident.


Question: Where can one encounter basic interactions?

Physics Research

In Japan, physics research didn't get properly off the ground until the 1930s.


Question: Where can one encounter basic interactions?

Physics Research

Yoshio Nishina, who built the first cyclotron at the Research Centre Rikeni, is considered the father of modern physics research in Japan, as he was the first to be able to break traditional role divisions and encouraged free exchange of ideas and collaboration to advance basic physics research.


Question: Where can one encounter basic interactions?

Physics Research

[20] At the same time, with the rise to power of the Nazis, Germany's leadership in physics research crumbled and the United States rose to the top of research.


Question: Where can one encounter basic interactions?

Physics Research

At the same time, English became established as the language of publishing physics.


Question: Where can one encounter basic interactions?

Physics Research

The US recruited talented researchers from abroad, but they also had a lot of their own expertise.


Question: Where can one encounter basic interactions?

Physics Research

In addition, many of the top physicists from countries conquered by Germany or Germany during World War II just fled to the United States and the United Kingdom.


Question: Where can one encounter basic interactions?

Physics Research

Those who have gone on the run include Albert Einstein, Niels Bohr and Erwin Schrödinger.


Question: Where can one encounter basic interactions?

Physics Research

About half of Nobel prizes in physics since the 1920s have gone to US scientists.


Question: Where can one encounter basic interactions?

Physics Research

[19] On the other hand, today a large number of researchers and students at US universities are initially foreigners.


Question: Where can one encounter basic interactions?

Physics Research

[21] In the 21st century, Europe is coming back to the top of physics research as large resources have been concentrated in large research projects.


Question: Where can one encounter basic interactions?

Physics Research

[21] The level of research in experimental physics is highly dependent on the amount of money invested in it.


Question: Where can one encounter basic interactions?

Physics Research

For example, experimental particle physics research is not possible without substantial investment in particle accelerators and the substructure they require.


Question: Where can one encounter basic interactions?

Physics Research

Since the 1970s, experimental physics research in Asia has also risen to global attention.


Question: Where can one encounter basic interactions?

Physics Research

[22] Researchers Research Group Structure The basic structure of the research group has changed over history.


Question: Where can one encounter basic interactions?

Physics Research

In 19th-century Italy, a typical research group in the field of physics consisted of a professor, assistant and technician.


Question: Where can one encounter basic interactions?

Physics Research

Some of the research was also done in middle schools because there was no academic post available for young physicists.


Question: Where can one encounter basic interactions?

Physics Research

[23] Today, research groups in universities are usually led by professor or professors, under the guidance of the department's teaching staff, postdoctoral researchers, doctoral fellows, and research assistants studying master's or master's degrees, and visiting scholars.


Question: Where can one encounter basic interactions?

Physics Research

In the study of experimental physics, the group may also include engineers or technicians.


Question: Where can one encounter basic interactions?

Physics Research

Professors and postdoctoral researchers serve as supervisors for doctoral dissertation workers and master's students.


Question: Where can one encounter basic interactions?

Physics Research

Students usually learn the basic principles of research in such a research group and they participate fully in conducting research.


Question: Where can one encounter basic interactions?

Physics Research

A researcher's career continues after dissertation usually in the postdoctoral period (), during which a recent PhD works for a few years at some other institute or university.


Question: Where can one encounter basic interactions?

Physics Research

Some of the studies or postdoctoral period may be done abroad.


Question: Where can one encounter basic interactions?

Physics Research

[24] Researchers Meetings Researchers meet each other at conferences where they present others with their latest research findings and make new connections.


Question: Where can one encounter basic interactions?

Physics Research

Presenting research results at conferences before they are published is one way to receive criticism and feedback from other researchers.


Question: Where can one encounter basic interactions?

Physics Research

The goal is also to make your own research known.


Question: Where can one encounter basic interactions?

Physics Research

The work of physicists has long been international and cooperation between physicists of different nationalities was very common in the 19th century.


Question: Where can one encounter basic interactions?

Physics Research

No sizable conferences were held until the beginning of the 20th century.


Question: Where can one encounter basic interactions?

Physics Research

It was then that the International Congress of Physics was first organized on the occasion of the Paris World Expo and in 1911 the Solvay Conference, formed as a tradition, began.


Question: Where can one encounter basic interactions?

Physics Research

[25] [26] Today there are many types of conferences.


Question: Where can one encounter basic interactions?

Physics Research

Some focus only on a specific topic, bringing together experts in the same field, regardless of educational background.


Question: Where can one encounter basic interactions?

Physics Research

In addition, many physicist clubs hold annual meetings aimed at physicists regardless of their research topic.


Question: Where can one encounter basic interactions?

Physics Research

Such general meetings are organized by the American Physical Society (APS) in the United States, the German Deutsche Physikalische Gesellschaft (DPG), and also by the Finnish Society of Physicists.


Question: Where can one encounter basic interactions?

Physics Research

The number of participants in meetings of physicist clubs depends a lot on the size of the club.


Question: Where can one encounter basic interactions?

Physics Research

For example, around 5000 participants are expected each year at the largest European Spring Meeting organised by the world's largest [27] physicist society, DPG.


Question: Where can one encounter basic interactions?

Physics Research

[28] Research Institutes Physics research is conducted around the world in various research institutes: universities, national laboratories and industrial laboratories.


Question: Where can one encounter basic interactions?

Physics Research

[29] The roles of research institutes vary somewhat and can therefore be roughly divided according to their objectives.


Question: Where can one encounter basic interactions?

Physics Research

Industrial laboratories conduct research to develop their products, universities promote basic research and teaching in the field, and national laboratories produce research that benefits their funders as well as the scientific community.


Question: Where can one encounter basic interactions?

Physics Research

[30] One can try to estimate the level of research institutes by measuring the number of studies published by the institutes and the attention they receive.


Question: Where can one encounter basic interactions?

Physics Research

In the field of physics between 1995 and 2005, the most referenced of all publications produced at the following research institutes: [31] The table shows that the top countries in physics research are the United States, Japan, Germany, Italy, Great Britain, Russia, and France.


Question: Where can one encounter basic interactions?

Physics Research

Among these twenty institutes ranked as the most referenced, there are many institutes whose scientists have contributed to publications on particle physics, which are highly cited.


Question: Where can one encounter basic interactions?

Physics Research

One particle physics paper had even been referenced more than 2000 times.


Question: Where can one encounter basic interactions?

Physics Research

[31] Publications An essential part of the research process is to find out what has already been published on the subject matter.


Question: Where can one encounter basic interactions?

Physics Research

Efforts are being made to compare research results and methods from different parties to provide a more comprehensive explanation of the desired phenomenon.


Question: Where can one encounter basic interactions?

Physics Research

[32] Finding research on a particular topic among thousands of publications would not be possible in the present day without various search engines and publication databases such as Academic Search Premier, Web of Science, Scitation, Google Scholar, and Inspec.


Question: Where can one encounter basic interactions?

Physics Research

[33] Physics studies are published in many scientific series of publications.


Question: Where can one encounter basic interactions?

Physics Research

Physics publication series and literature in the field are published by the American Institute of Physics, the American Physical Society, Elsevier, the Institute of Physics, McGraw-Hill, and John Wiley & Sons, among others.


Question: Where can one encounter basic interactions?

Physics Research

Free electronic publishing archives such as arXiv have also emerged in the 21st century as challengers to traditional publishers.


Question: Where can one encounter basic interactions?

Physics Research

The significance of a series of publications is assessed many times by an impact factor, which measures how much research published in a series of publications is referenced, but other measures of significance have also been developed.


Question: Where can one encounter basic interactions?

Physics Research

[34] Among science journals, the most respected and referenced are, in addition to the generally respected journals Science and Nature: [34] Research topics in Physics research topics can be assessed through publication databases.


Question: Where can one encounter basic interactions?

Physics Research

Scientific works published between 1995 and 2005 cited most studies covering topics such as particle physics, superfluids, superconductors, solar neutrinos, quantum dots, multi-atomic systems, magnetoresistance materials, atmospheric neutrinos, metal—insulator transitio, semiconductors, nuclear reaction, peak-quark, statistical resonance, Bosen—Einstein condensates, carbon nanotubes, photonic crystals, chaotic oscillators, Langmuir films, cosmic microwave background radiation, extra space-time dimensions, string theory solitons, great unity theory, and quantum gravity.


Question: Where can one encounter basic interactions?

Physics Research

[31] Megatiscience Megatiscience is research that requires considerably large monetary investments in equipment.


Question: Where can one encounter basic interactions?

Physics Research

The start-up costs for a large project are large and it also requires a constant substantial financial contribution to maintain the project.


Question: Where can one encounter basic interactions?

Physics Research

It is typical of megacity that it produces results only after funding reaches a certain sufficient level, as opposed to linearly behaving “normal” research, whose productivity always increases as monetary input increases.


Question: Where can one encounter basic interactions?

Physics Research

[35] Much of mega science is physics related projects.


Question: Where can one encounter basic interactions?

Physics Research

The modern megacity is considered to have begun with the Manhattan Project in the 1940s.


Question: Where can one encounter basic interactions?

Physics Research

[36] Megascience projects illustrate the change in the status and funding of science that occurred in the 20th century.


Question: Where can one encounter basic interactions?

Physics Research

Major science in the field of physics is represented today by particle accelerators, synchrotron radiation plants, research reactors, fusion reactors, free-electron lasers, the Hubble Space Telescope, and the European Southern Observatory.


Question: Where can one encounter basic interactions?

Physics Research

[37] [38] [39] Internationality Several big physics research projects are multinational.


Question: Where can one encounter basic interactions?

Physics Research

In Europe alone, a number of projects are under way, with more than ten countries contributing to the financing.


Question: Where can one encounter basic interactions?

Physics Research

[37] For example, a total of 37 countries around the world participate in the LHC accelerator project at CERN on the Franco-Swiss border.


Question: Where can one encounter basic interactions?

Physics Research

[40] In many small-scale research projects, internationalism is also commonplace.


Question: Where can one encounter basic interactions?

Physics Research

Studies are usually conducted as a collaboration between scientists working at different institutes, as different laboratories specialize in different subject areas.


Question: Where can one encounter basic interactions?

Physics Research

For example, in research published in materials physics studies, several different measurement methods may have been used, the measured samples have been prepared in one laboratory and a theoretical review of the subject carried out in another.


Question: Where can one encounter basic interactions?

Physics Research

Moreover, the transfer of researchers from one country to another, for example, to carry out a postdoctoral period makes research teams international.


Question: Where can one encounter basic interactions?

Physics Research

[24] Funding Before World War II, funding for physics research was low.


Question: Where can one encounter basic interactions?

Physics Research

During the war in the United States, the amount of money spent by the government on research rose from an annual 48 million to 500 million US dollars.


Question: Where can one encounter basic interactions?

Physics Research

[41] Wartime investments in physics research made it easier for physicists to receive money from the state for their projects even in the post-war period.


Question: Where can one encounter basic interactions?

Physics Research

[42] Physics is studied mainly through public funds.


Question: Where can one encounter basic interactions?

Physics Research

Large construction projects can be either governmental, funded by several states or by an umbrella organisation such as the UN or the European Union.


Question: Where can one encounter basic interactions?

Physics Research

For example, space exploration is funded in the United States and Russia with public funds through NASA and the Russian Space Agency.


Question: Where can one encounter basic interactions?

Physics Research

Industry is also funded by applied physics research.


Question: Where can one encounter basic interactions?

Physics Research

In Finland, industrial innovations and joint projects between industry and research institutes are financed, among others, by Tekes, whose support for various projects totalled around EUR 600 million in 2009.


Question: Where can one encounter basic interactions?

Physics Research

[43] Physics scientists usually receive their salaries either from public or private universities or independent research institutes.


Question: Where can one encounter basic interactions?

Physics Research

However, researchers can also apply for personal or project-specific project or scholarships from various science academies and foundations.


Question: Where can one encounter basic interactions?

Physics Research

Some of the foundations get their money from the state; others are compiled from funds from private people.


Question: Where can one encounter basic interactions?

Physics Research

In Finland, projects and grants are awarded annually to physicists by the Academy of Finland, among others the Finnish Academy of Science, the Finnish Cultural Foundation and the Emil Aaltonen Foundation.


Question: Where can one encounter basic interactions?

Physics Research

Research with the grant has increased the researcher's pension in Finland since the beginning of 2009 [44], but the grant still does not qualify for an earnings-related unemployment allowance if the researcher remains unemployed after the grant period.


Question: Where can one encounter basic interactions?

Physics Research

[45] Ethics of Physics Research Although much of physics research is peaceful and seeks to promote technological progress on a general level, the phenomena invented by physicists have not always produced well-being alone.


Question: Where can one encounter basic interactions?

Physics Research

A famous example of this is the World War II Manhattan Project, which aimed to produce a weapon of mass destruction.


Question: Where can one encounter basic interactions?

Physics Research

Ethical questions about physics are therefore closely related to the ethical and political purposes for which physics research is produced.


Question: Where can one encounter basic interactions?

Physics Research

As an example of purely technical research without questioning background values, one can cite the development of a neutron bomb to meet the needs of military industries.


Question: Where can one encounter basic interactions?

Physics Research

The neutron radiation from the bomb kills people, but leaves infrastructure like buildings intact.


Question: Where can one encounter basic interactions?

Physics Research

The motivation of a physicist involved in such research is not necessarily destructive or misanthropic.


Question: Where can one encounter basic interactions?

Physics Research

[46] As in other fields, in addition to general ethical issues, a researcher may face conflicts of interest requiring ethical thought in their mundane work.


Question: Where can one encounter basic interactions?

Physics Research

An entity or close colleague who funds research may require a researcher to circumvent or outright violate internal standards of science, such as transparency and integrity.


Question: Where can one encounter basic interactions?

Physics Research

[47] Scientific hoaxes and the confusion of research results All research relies on the assumption that scientists follow the common ethical rules of science, namely research ethics.


Question: Where can one encounter basic interactions?

Physics Research

There have been a few cases of much attention in the field of physics where there have been suspicions of accidental or intentional deception.


Question: Where can one encounter basic interactions?

Physics Research

The first to attract attention was a cold fusion invented in 1989, [48] whose alleged functionality is suspected to have been due to misinterpreted measurement results.


Question: Where can one encounter basic interactions?

Physics Research

Still, the possibilities of cold fusion are still being explored.


Question: Where can one encounter basic interactions?

Physics Research

[49] In 2002, a gross scientific fraud committed by Jan Hendrik Schön, a young physicist who worked at Bell Labs, was revealed.


Question: Where can one encounter basic interactions?

Physics Research

Schön had published sensational research results in well-respected journals such as Science and Nature.


Question: Where can one encounter basic interactions?

Physics Research

He had also been awarded several times for his discoveries in materials research and many even awarded him the Nobel Prize.


Question: Where can one encounter basic interactions?

Physics Research

[50] In 2001, he claimed to have invented the molecular transistor and published studies at an incredible pace, with no fewer than 90 publications over a period of about three years.


Question: Where can one encounter basic interactions?

Physics Research

[50] However, it soon became apparent that other researchers, despite their attempts, could not reproduce his results and he found himself using the same measurement results in different contexts, claiming they were from different materials.


Question: Where can one encounter basic interactions?

Physics Research

The committee investigating the case said Schön falsified the measurement results for at least sixteen publications.


Question: Where can one encounter basic interactions?

Physics Research

Around the same time, a scientific hoax was also uncovered at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL).


Question: Where can one encounter basic interactions?

Physics Research

Scientists at the lab claimed to have found elements 116 and 118, but later retracted their claims.


Question: Where can one encounter basic interactions?

Physics Research

[51] Prior to these cases, fraudulence had not been accustomed to the field of physics, since vilp had been thought to be mainly a problem for disciplines studying hard-to-replicate biological systems.


Question: Where can one encounter basic interactions?

Physics Research

[51] Schön's case shocked academia and physicists in particular.


Question: Where can one encounter basic interactions?

Physics Research

More attention began to be given to the code of ethics after that.


Question: Where can one encounter basic interactions?

Physics Research

[51] Sources Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Kragh, Helge| title = Quantum Generations: 20th Century Physics| location = Helsinki| publisher = Terra Cognita| year = 2002| version = (Quantum generations: A history of physics in the twentieth century, 2002.)


Question: Where can one encounter basic interactions?

Physics Research

Translated by Kimmo Pietiläinen| id = ISBN 952-5202-53-4}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Cahan, David (ed.


Question: Where can one encounter basic interactions?

Physics Research

) | title= From Natural Philosophy to the Sciences| publisher = University of Chicago Press| year = 2003| id = ISBN 9780226089287| language = Transclusion error: {{en}} is only for use in File namespace.


Question: Where can one encounter basic interactions?

Physics Research

Use {{lang-en}} or {{en icon}} instead.| format = [Google Books]}} References Category:Physics Category:Research


Question: How is the food web defined?

marshy

A marsh is a plant colony whose plant remains form bog peat.


Question: How is the food web defined?

marshy

Peat is most generated in northern regions because decomposition is slower in cold and humid environments.


Question: How is the food web defined?

marshy

[1] Peat has a largely preserved structure of plant remains in a state of decay.


Question: How is the food web defined?

marshy

Among them, one can often define which genus of plants or even species they belong to.


Question: How is the food web defined?

marshy

Swamps are formed as a result of overgrown waters, flooding and flood-free forest land, as well as land uplift on sea coasts.


Question: How is the food web defined?

marshy

The marshes are rich in biodiversity ecosystems and many popular hiking areas.


Question: How is the food web defined?

marshy

Definition of bog in various disciplines In geology, a marsh is defined as a peat deposit formed from the landfall of marsh plants with a thickness of more than 30 centimeters, an area of at least 20 hectares and an ash content of less than 40%.


Question: How is the food web defined?

marshy

[2] According to the biological Finnish definition, a marsh is a type of terrain pattern where the organic soil layer covering the mineral soil is peat or where 75% of the undergrowth is marsh vegetation.


Question: How is the food web defined?

marshy

The three-quarters requirement is based on A.


Question: How is the food web defined?

marshy

K. Cajander's forest type doctrine, which has long been the basis of Finnish forest and also marsh classification.


Question: How is the food web defined?

marshy

[3] Forestry bogs, in turn, include geological marshes and biological bogs, but also marshes of less than 20 hectares.


Question: How is the food web defined?

marshy

[4] The number of marshes in the world is about 400 million hectares, or about 5% of all land area.


Question: How is the food web defined?

marshy

[5] Peat swamps account for 3% of the Earth's land surface and exist on all continents except Antarctica.


Question: How is the food web defined?

marshy

[1] According to an estimate published in 1996, 95% of the world's marshes are natural.


Question: How is the food web defined?

marshy

[6] According to more recent data, about 80% of the world's peatlands are still relatively untouched and are mainly located in North America and Siberia.


Question: How is the food web defined?

marshy

[1] Western Siberia is also home to the world's most extensive peatlands, with a common extent of 60 million hectares.


Question: How is the food web defined?

marshy

[7] In Canada, bogs account for 12% of the land area.


Question: How is the food web defined?

marshy

[7] Tropical regions, for example, Indonesia have 20 million hectares of marshland, 11% of the land area.


Question: How is the food web defined?

marshy

[8] Scandinavia is one of the world's most swampy regions.


Question: How is the food web defined?

marshy

[9] For example, 5.8% of Norway's area is marshy and wetlands.


Question: How is the food web defined?

marshy

[9] In the 1930s there were 2.1 million hectares, or 12% of the land area (13.5% of the total area), and the number has therefore halved due to ditches and drainage.


Question: How is the food web defined?

marshy

[9] Protected areas in Norway comprise 68600 ha, or 3.7% of all marshland area, in addition to marshlands in national parks.


Question: How is the food web defined?

marshy

[9] In Britain, according to The Royal Society for the Protection of Birds, 90% of bogs are damaged or already destroyed.


Question: How is the food web defined?

marshy

[10] The marsh increases in thickness by some millimeters per year.


Question: How is the food web defined?

marshy

In Finland, the thickness increase is most often around 0.5 mm per year, although the range is between 0.2 and 4.0mm.


Question: How is the food web defined?

marshy

[11] Finland Finland is the sixth most swampy country in the world by marshy area.


Question: How is the food web defined?

marshy

[12] However, estimates of the swamp area vary from source to source.


Question: How is the food web defined?

marshy

Finland has about 5.1 million hectares (15%) of geological marsh and about 8.9 million hectares (26%) of forestry marsh, most in northern Finland and in the region of watershed areas.


Question: How is the food web defined?

marshy

[4] In Finland, one third of the original extent of the marsh remains.


Question: How is the food web defined?

marshy

[6] However, according to most other estimates, the marsh area is between 9.3 and 10.4 million hectares, which is approximately 26% of the total area of Finland excluding marine areas and 29% of the land area.


Question: How is the food web defined?

marshy

[12] [13] [14] [15] [5] Energy volume of Finnish swamps The energy content of the peat resources of the kingdom is approximately 13000 TWh.


Question: How is the food web defined?

marshy

Energy from peat resources is equivalent to 1100 million tonnes of oil.


Question: How is the food web defined?

marshy

Finland's peat reserves are double the known oil reserves of the North Sea and 2/3 of Norway's known oil reserves.


Question: How is the food web defined?

marshy

Finland's peat resources are almost ten times the energy of our country's wood resources and 35 times the volume of the tree.


Question: How is the food web defined?

marshy

[16] According to Metsähallitus, the use of Finnish swamps for peat production is one third of the original marsh area.


Question: How is the food web defined?

marshy

[17] For its part, the Peat Industry Union estimates that as a natural state, swamps account for 47.7% of the current marsh area, or 4.3 million hectares.


Question: How is the food web defined?

marshy

[18] The largest single bog in Finland is Teuravuoma in the municipality of Kolar, with an area of 7000 ha.


Question: How is the food web defined?

marshy

[12] Finland has protected marshlands 1.2 million hectares, or almost 13% (2013).


Question: How is the food web defined?

marshy

[19] A large number of protected areas are located in northern Finland, and there are not many bogs left in southern Finland.


Question: How is the food web defined?

marshy

[6] Bog types Classification The Finnish classification of forest types based on habitat factors, also used for the classification of marshes, is based on the system established by Aimo Kaarlo Cajander 1909—1949, in which soil structure, its nutrients, moisture and temperature conditions are considered to play a key role in determining the structure of plant colonies.


Question: How is the food web defined?

marshy

[3] Classification differs from European and Nordic classifications.


Question: How is the food web defined?

marshy

Bog types are most often classified on the basis of tubular plants, but more accurate determination occurs on the basis of mosses.


Question: How is the food web defined?

marshy

[20] Swamps can also be divided into two main types depending on whether they receive their water from soil or rain.


Question: How is the food web defined?

marshy

Minerotrophic swamps are called those bogs that have contact with groundwater through mineral soils.


Question: How is the food web defined?

marshy

[9] As peat formation continues, the connection with groundwater may be lost and the marsh receives water from the rain thereafter.


Question: How is the food web defined?

marshy

That's when it comes to ombrotrophic swamp.


Question: How is the food web defined?

marshy

[9] Ombotrophic marshes are always acidic, but minetrophic marshes can still be grouped into more specific groups according to pH.


Question: How is the food web defined?

marshy

[9] In minetrophic swamps, species variation is high: pH neutral swamps, for example, have five times more tubular plants than more acidic ones, and the number of endangered plants is also higher.


Question: How is the food web defined?

marshy

[9] Marshes are the most diverse ecosystem in Finland: there are a lot of different types of marshes that are only common to the wetness of the soil.


Question: How is the food web defined?

marshy

[6] In Europe, marsh nature is the most diverse in Finland and Russia.


Question: How is the food web defined?

marshy

[17] In Finland, marshes are grouped into different types according to vegetation.


Question: How is the food web defined?

marshy

There are more than a hundred different combinations of habitat types.


Question: How is the food web defined?

marshy

[17] The Forest Research Institute classifies marshes into three main types: raven, swamp and open marshes (neva and letto).


Question: How is the food web defined?

marshy

There are numerous additional attributes to these main types.


Question: How is the food web defined?

marshy

[21] The ears and swamps are further divided into genuine and mixed types which are combinations of wooded and open bog.


Question: How is the food web defined?

marshy

[22] For example, Scotland has many globally rare bogs called blanket bogs (Finnish blanket bog), which have even been proposed for the UNESCO World Heritage List.


Question: How is the food web defined?

marshy

[23] [24] These marshes have very watery peat, where sphagnum moss, rare marsh orchids and dwarf shrubs grow; in addition, the bird species is abundant.


Question: How is the food web defined?

marshy

[23] A similar marsh type is also found at least in Argentina and New Zealand.


Question: How is the food web defined?

marshy

[23] Raven ears are woody swamps where the most common tree species is spruce.


Question: How is the food web defined?

marshy

The peculiarity of the ears is that both salt species and species of the forest type corresponding in nutrients are present in them.


Question: How is the food web defined?

marshy

In the ears, the peat layer is thin and common plants include grey alder, forest geranium, meadowsweet and squirrelberry.


Question: How is the food web defined?

marshy

[25] The lush ears, or groves, ferns, grass and hay horns, are valuable habitats as defined by the Forest Act as natural or natural.


Question: How is the food web defined?

marshy

The swamps are woody swamps.


Question: How is the food web defined?

marshy

The most common type of wood in the swamp is pine.


Question: How is the food web defined?

marshy

Pines are often stunted in the swamp.


Question: How is the food web defined?

marshy

They correspond to dry cloth and more rugged forest types in terms of nutrients.


Question: How is the food web defined?

marshy

In the field floor of the swamp, sparrows such as marsh pursu, julukka, bog birch, marsh flower and vaivero are predominant species.


Question: How is the food web defined?

marshy

[26] Hilla, or varnish, grows on swamps.


Question: How is the food web defined?

marshy

Kitumaa swamp is a valuable habitat referred to by the Forest Act as a natural or natural state.


Question: How is the food web defined?

marshy

The Neva Neva are treeless, sometimes very wet open waters.


Question: How is the food web defined?

marshy

On them, wet and damp surfaces alternate with drier rots.


Question: How is the food web defined?

marshy

[27] The birding of Nevoi is very abundant.


Question: How is the food web defined?

marshy

In addition, nevi are also relevant, among other things, as sod sites for tea, as well as jam and cranberry mushrooms.


Question: How is the food web defined?

marshy

For example, tupaswool, cranberries and various sedges grow on nevi.


Question: How is the food web defined?

marshy

[27] Letto Letto is the equivalent of a grove in marsh types.


Question: How is the food web defined?

marshy

They only emerge from soil in the most nutrient-rich areas, which is why their vegetation is distinctive.


Question: How is the food web defined?

marshy

The pH and lime content of the marsh water are high.


Question: How is the food web defined?

marshy

[28] Most of the endangered animal and plant species are species of lettos.


Question: How is the food web defined?

marshy

[6] In addition to the plants that thrive on the Neva, there are also more demanding marsh plants such as palms, rags, flocks.


Question: How is the food web defined?

marshy

[28] Letto can be either open-bog or partially woody, in which case, among other things, letto rays and letto ears.


Question: How is the food web defined?

marshy

The Luhta Luhta are flares caused by flowing surface waters, which are most numerous on land uplift coasts, but also on floodlands by lakes, rivers and streams.


Question: How is the food web defined?

marshy

[29] Common plush plants include alder, yellowwort, marsh, willow, corpipaatsama, marsh, poison loosestrife and loosestrife.


Question: How is the food web defined?

marshy

Willow-growing slugs can be found down to Lapland, but tar alder leaves grow only in rivers and ditches along the southern coast of Finland.


Question: How is the food web defined?

marshy

A good example of the Rotter.


Question: How is the food web defined?

marshy

[29] Types of marsh compounds The types of marshes are large forms of marshes that differ in surface shape, moisture ratios and biota.


Question: How is the food web defined?

marshy

Combination types include oasis marshes, aspa marshes, and polsa marshes, which usually have several different marsh types.


Question: How is the food web defined?

marshy

In Finland, oasis swamps are especially found in southern Finland.


Question: How is the food web defined?

marshy

Their central part has been elevated above their surroundings as peat has accumulated on the site and at the same time the connection with mineral land has been lost.


Question: How is the food web defined?

marshy

Vegetation receives nutrients only from rainwater, and thus only plants adapted to barren places survive.


Question: How is the food web defined?

marshy

Oasis marshes have been destroyed from much of central Europe.


Question: How is the food web defined?

marshy

[17] Aapasoja is mainly found in central and northern Finland.


Question: How is the food web defined?

marshy

They are nutrient-rich and have developed in areas where evaporation is low and snow meltwater is high.


Question: How is the food web defined?

marshy

In apasas, the central part of the bog is usually lower than the laitas, and they usually receive their nutrients as surface runoff from groundwater or mineral soils.


Question: How is the food web defined?

marshy

[20] Further south than Finland, apasas do not exist at all, and in Finland they are more diverse than in Sweden and Russia.


Question: How is the food web defined?

marshy

[17] Plants and Animals Bog vegetation is most affected by nutrients and marsh water height.


Question: How is the food web defined?

marshy

[20] In Finland, one quarter of the native plant species grow in swamps.


Question: How is the food web defined?

marshy

[14] Varnish and cranberry are typical berries of marsh areas.


Question: How is the food web defined?

marshy

Especially the collection of strikes is of great economic importance.


Question: How is the food web defined?

marshy

[6] From other plants in the swamps often grow curlers.


Question: How is the food web defined?

marshy

Of the marsh plants, palms, some sedges, as well as many mosses and fungi are endangered.


Question: How is the food web defined?

marshy

Mosses grow on all kinds of swamps of several types.


Question: How is the food web defined?

marshy

Among mammals, moose are often inhabited by marshes, from birds to various waterfowl.


Question: How is the food web defined?

marshy

In Finland, 90% of forest geese nest in swamps and about half of ducks.


Question: How is the food web defined?

marshy

[6] In connection with the decline of swamps, for example, the cauldron and peregrine falcon are endangered.


Question: How is the food web defined?

marshy

Some of the species, on the other hand, have survived after expanding their nesting areas.


Question: How is the food web defined?

marshy

So, for example, cucumbers today live more on the shores of lakes than in swamps.


Question: How is the food web defined?

marshy

[6] Of the approximately 235 species of birds nesting in Finland, 80 species depend on swamps at some point in their life.


Question: How is the food web defined?

marshy

[14] According to the Peat Industry Union, typical swamp-living birds are found there despite peat production.


Question: How is the food web defined?

marshy

[11] Many of the endangered butterfly species live precisely in the swamp, but other insects are not very well known.


Question: How is the food web defined?

marshy

[6] Even if animals do not live in swamps, many species still use them for foraging: for example, deer eat sedge grasses, bears bear berries and arrowhawks dragonflies.


Question: How is the food web defined?

marshy

The marshes are summer pastures for roe deer and reindeer and resting places for migratory birds.


Question: How is the food web defined?

marshy

In Malaysia and other tropical regions, more than 1500 species of plants and 150 species of fish live on peatlands.


Question: How is the food web defined?

marshy

[1] In the North, the number of species is lower.


Question: How is the food web defined?

marshy

[1] In 2006 there were 5% (190 species) of species on the Norwegian list of endangered species.


Question: How is the food web defined?

marshy

[9] Various plants and animals are most numerous in the abundant nutrient groves, which are among the most endangered marsh types in addition to the ears because of the largest number of nutrient swamps being ditched.


Question: How is the food web defined?

marshy

[6] [14] In Finland, two-thirds of endangered swamp-living species live precisely on stomachs and ears.


Question: How is the food web defined?

marshy

[14] Warring General Swamps are formed especially in a climate that is humidic, i.e. precipitation is greater than evaporation.


Question: How is the food web defined?

marshy

Rambling also occurs when the decomposition of organic matter is slower than its stratification.


Question: How is the food web defined?

marshy

[30] In Finland, the cool and humid climate and relatively flat topography have contributed to warbling.


Question: How is the food web defined?

marshy

[17] Rumbling may be primary or secondary.


Question: How is the food web defined?

marshy

In the primary option, the rumbling occurs right away.


Question: How is the food web defined?

marshy

For example, on a landlift coast, warbling may begin as soon as new land rises out of the sea.


Question: How is the food web defined?

marshy

[30] However, more often than not, intermediate stages are required for ringing, i.e., a lake or old forest land that was formed earlier begins to sound, in which case it is secondary ringing.


Question: How is the food web defined?

marshy

[30] Woodland blindfolding in woodland usually occurs in heathland forests, where changes in the water economy of the forest cause water levels to rise close to the ground level.


Question: How is the food web defined?

marshy

[30] When forest soil is water-permeable rather low-nutrient sand or ridge gravel soil, it occurs when the groundwater level is elevated, for example, due to elevation of nearby swamps.


Question: How is the food web defined?

marshy

As sphagnum mosses take over the area, they suppress tree growth, and the prevailing trees begin to stunt and reel.


Question: How is the food web defined?

marshy

The pines grown on the site remain stunted, and swamp sparrows become predominant.


Question: How is the food web defined?

marshy

The forest has gradually turned into a swamp.


Question: How is the food web defined?

marshy

When the ground is poorly permeable to water, for example clay or clay sand (heath), rumbling can begin regardless of earlier swamps.


Question: How is the food web defined?

marshy

In the spring, as snow melts and rains, water accumulates in sags, which persists in them for a long time.


Question: How is the food web defined?

marshy

Bear moss appears on them and sphagnum moss in wetter areas.


Question: How is the food web defined?

marshy

In high rainfall years these small earrings expand and new ones form, but in low rainy years they do not decrease much, as sphagnum mosses in particular retain water well.


Question: How is the food web defined?

marshy

The chords gradually converge.


Question: How is the food web defined?

marshy

The fabric becomes earwigs, as sphagnum moss become predominant and the peat thickens, and as forest growth deteriorates to corve and eventually swamp.


Question: How is the food web defined?

marshy

The raven can survive without becoming a swamp if the water is running, or in places where nutrient-rich water drains from surrounding woodlands.


Question: How is the food web defined?

marshy

When swamps form in sags of different heights and each marsh increases in height until it is as high as the fabric sill separating it from the lower bog, water begins to drain from the marsh up the slope to the lower marsh.


Question: How is the food web defined?

marshy

In this case, the slope will sound.


Question: How is the food web defined?

marshy

If the slope is lean, low-nutrient land and water rainwater, a so-called watercloth is formed, characterized by a very dense understory formed by bear moss, and a stunted forest usually growing pine.


Question: How is the food web defined?

marshy

If the warbling fabric is fatter, that is, rich in nutrients, it will form a raven fabric, and if it is very lush and draining water rich in nutrients, a rich grassy, usually mixed wooded raven grove will emerge.


Question: How is the food web defined?

marshy

The water fabric continues to turn into a swamp when ringing, the raven fabric normally into a corve, and the raven grove into lush grass and hay.


Question: How is the food web defined?

marshy

Both of the latter may eventually turn into a swamp as the rumbling progresses.


Question: How is the food web defined?

marshy

When water begins to drain from the upper swamp to the lower one, the lower can water and the upper somewhat dry out.


Question: How is the food web defined?

marshy

From waterlogging, the marsh (swamp or raven growing forest) may turn into a neva, and when waterlogging is intense, the moss vegetation dies, forming a low-mossy bare-peated rimpineva (or rimpiletto) on which very abundant sedge grass may grow.


Question: How is the food web defined?

marshy

Waterlogging can occur at any degree of bog development.


Question: How is the food web defined?

marshy

Rambling of water-free swamps also arise on water-free soils, that is, land released directly from water.


Question: How is the food web defined?

marshy

The warbling of land rising from the sea occurs on the land-upwelling coasts of Finland, especially in Ostrobothnia.


Question: How is the food web defined?

marshy

The moist and flat land exposed from the sea has begun to sound as soon as the waters recede.


Question: How is the food web defined?

marshy

However, warring also occurs in the water-free and open beach meadows of the lakeside shores, known as littoral slugs.


Question: How is the food web defined?

marshy

[30] Water bodies overgrown Lakes and ponds become overgrown at times and become swampy as vegetation spreads and silt accumulates there.


Question: How is the food web defined?

marshy

[30] Rambling may occur usually caused by sphagnum moss floating on the surface of a lake or alternatively at the bottom of the lake when vegetation is pressed there.


Question: How is the food web defined?

marshy

[30] In soft-bottomed shallow lakes or their bays, among other things, reeds and sedges grow abundantly.


Question: How is the food web defined?

marshy

From the remains of this vegetation, increasingly thickening peat layers are formed on the bottom.


Question: How is the food web defined?

marshy

The layer of water covering them becomes thinner, and mosses appear to the same extent, often first some aquatic and leafy mosses, then more and more abundant sphagnum moss.


Question: How is the food web defined?

marshy

The red-like plants will disappear, and herbaceous plants and sedges characteristic of wet marshes will be replaced.


Question: How is the food web defined?

marshy

A neva is then formed on the site.


Question: How is the food web defined?

marshy

As moss vegetation increases in height each year, the marsh surface rises and dries up.


Question: How is the food web defined?

marshy

Negar grasses and grasses disappear for the most part, and sparrows are replaced.


Question: How is the food web defined?

marshy

At the same time, pine seedlings appear, which gradually grow into so-called sprout pines.


Question: How is the food web defined?

marshy

A swamp or swamp has formed from the neva.


Question: How is the food web defined?

marshy

Large-rotted raven growing in spruce, deciduous or mixed forests may occur as an intermediate stage, especially in lush areas.


Question: How is the food web defined?

marshy

In calcareous areas, a letto is formed instead of a neva.


Question: How is the food web defined?

marshy

As the peat thickens, the marsh surface rises above the sphere of influence of the calcareous aquifer, and sphagnum moss may appear, and the letto becomes neva or even almost swamp.


Question: How is the food web defined?

marshy

Swamps have also formed on floodlands along the running waters, but in Finland they have mainly arisen as forest land warts.


Question: How is the food web defined?

marshy

Ditching and exploitation of swamps General The dial may be considered wasteland.


Question: How is the food web defined?

marshy

The purpose of the ditches is mainly to dry the marsh for other uses, i.e. mostly for fields, forestry needs or for peat extraction.


Question: How is the food web defined?

marshy

As the water level decreases, the peat dries up, and over time, heath forest vegetation replaces moisture-requiring marsh plants.


Question: How is the food web defined?

marshy

[31] Even if the ditches expire, they may still be conducting water.


Question: How is the food web defined?

marshy

[31] Economic use destroys marsh nature, so many marsh types and their species of organisms are endangered.


Question: How is the food web defined?

marshy

In addition, the landscape has changed and the water bodies are burdened.


Question: How is the food web defined?

marshy

New peat also does not accumulate as long as the marsh remains dry.


Question: How is the food web defined?

marshy

[31] Finland has the largest number of ditches in the world: there are about 10.4 million hectares of marsh, of which in natural or unditched space is now about 40%.


Question: How is the food web defined?

marshy

[13] Peat production Peat is produced for example as fuel, litter for livestock and horses and horticultural production as a breeding medium.


Question: How is the food web defined?

marshy

According to the book The Future of the Environment in Finland, 120,000 hectares of marsh areas are reserved for peat production in Finland


Question: How is the food web defined?

marshy

The number has risen and will continue to rise.


Question: How is the food web defined?

marshy

[6] According to other sources, the Finnish marsh area occupies just under 60000 hectares of the peat industry, of which around 50000 ha is produced annually.


Question: How is the food web defined?

marshy

[5] [13] [18] It is profitable to lift peat if the area is at least 50 hectares and the peat layer is at least two metres high.


Question: How is the food web defined?

marshy

[6] Peat production and related ditching are subject to authorisation in Finland if the area exceeds 10 hectares.


Question: How is the food web defined?

marshy

[32] Peat production tends to be a relatively short-term bog utilization phase, most often 15 to 25 years.


Question: How is the food web defined?

marshy

[11] Peat collection changes the water economy of the marsh, which can destroy its ecosystem.


Question: How is the food web defined?

marshy

[33] Drainage waters cause problems for the waters and aquifers below peat layers, erosion takes with it plant nutrients and solid peat particles.


Question: How is the food web defined?

marshy

[6] Once the area has been drained of peat, forest can be planted in the farm, establish a wetland for birds or allow ditches to be blocked to allow peat growth to start anew.


Question: How is the food web defined?

marshy

In Britain, hobbyist gardeners consume two-thirds of the peat collected and are advised to abandon the use of peat-based products.


Question: How is the food web defined?

marshy

[10] 90% of peats raised in Finland goes to energy production and 6— 7% goes to growth peat.


Question: How is the food web defined?

marshy

[15] [13] In addition to Finland, peat is burned only in Ireland, Sweden and the territory of the former Soviet Union.


Question: How is the food web defined?

marshy

[5] In Finland, it accounts for 6-7% of total energy consumption.


Question: How is the food web defined?

marshy

[1] The municipalities of Iijokisedu are considering turning disused peat bogs into summer pastures for reindeer.


Question: How is the food web defined?

marshy

Behind the research is the Natural Resources Centre.


Question: How is the food web defined?

marshy

[34] Forestry and farming As fields, peatlands have been dried for hundreds of years, but in the last 30 years drainage has accelerated due to the needs of the lumber and paper industries, among other things.


Question: How is the food web defined?

marshy

[1] Swamps were dried in Finland as fields as early as the Middle Ages.


Question: How is the food web defined?

marshy

[6] Most of the bogs adopted for agricultural use were cleared in Finland at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries.


Question: How is the food web defined?

marshy

[14] Some 0,7-1,0 million hectares have been cleared into fields in Finland, of which 134000 to 240000 ha are currently estimated to be in economic use.


Question: How is the food web defined?

marshy

[18] The Geological Survey estimates the marsh as fields only its 0.7 million ha.


Question: How is the food web defined?

marshy

[15] Approximately 7% of the original marsh area has been converted into fields.


Question: How is the food web defined?

marshy

[6] Estimates of the swamp area dried for forestry use in Finland range from 4.7 to 5.7 million hectares, or little more than half of the swamp area.


Question: How is the food web defined?

marshy

[13] [15] [18] According to the Ministry of the Environment, the ditching of about one-sixth is unsuccessful for forestry.


Question: How is the food web defined?

marshy

[13] Systematic ditching began on state lands in the early 20th century.


Question: How is the food web defined?

marshy

In the 1950s, the number began to increase rapidly as ditching began to mechanize.


Question: How is the food web defined?

marshy

The ditching of the marshes was busiest in the 1960s and 1970s, when bogs unfit for forestry were ditched.


Question: How is the food web defined?

marshy

[14] In the 1970s, the volume of drainage of swamps was almost 300000 hectares per year, and in the early 1990s only about 15000 ha annually.


Question: How is the food web defined?

marshy

[13] Ditching of marsh areas has been economically viable due to increased timber production, [6] but the ditching destroys the original marsh nature and burdens the watershed.


Question: How is the food web defined?

marshy

In Finland, natural bogs are no longer ditched for forestry purposes, but old ditches are maintained and replenished.


Question: How is the food web defined?

marshy

[6] Renovation works are carried out annually on approximately 60000 hectares.


Question: How is the food web defined?

marshy

[35] However, the number of remediation measures in old areas is increasing [13] but they are not recommended to be carried out on sites of natural value.


Question: How is the food web defined?

marshy

There have been attempts to save ditched swamps for endangered species by blocking ditches.


Question: How is the food web defined?

marshy

Other use in Finland is about 100000 hectares of marshland, of which 30000—35000 ha is under road and about 40000 ha for power plant pools.


Question: How is the food web defined?

marshy

[18] Golf courses have also been built on top of the marsh.


Question: How is the food web defined?

marshy

In Finland, Tammer-Golf in Tampere is a good example of this.


Question: How is the food web defined?

marshy

[36] There are other options besides restoration in the swamps used for peat production after the withdrawal of peat.


Question: How is the food web defined?

marshy

Trees can be planted there, as forest growth at the bog bottom may be even more successful than if there was still a thick layer of peat.


Question: How is the food web defined?

marshy

[11] In particular, hunters preferred the establishment of bird lakes at the bottom of the marsh.


Question: How is the food web defined?

marshy

[11] Fish farming ponds have also been established in former swamps.


Question: How is the food web defined?

marshy

[11] Use as farmland is one option for bog bottoms: they have been converted into arable land for example for growing fresh fodder, but because of their weedlessness, they are good for growing strawberries and root vegetables, among other things.


Question: How is the food web defined?

marshy

[11] The marshy landscape has its own aesthetic values and through them, among other things, tourist value.


Question: How is the food web defined?

marshy

Various events have also begun to be held in the swamps.


Question: How is the food web defined?

marshy

The best known of them in Finland is probably the swamp ball, which has also gained attention elsewhere.


Question: How is the food web defined?

marshy

The Suopotkuball Championships are held annually in Hyrynsalmi, Kainulu.


Question: How is the food web defined?

marshy

Restoration and protection of peatlands Restoration is a one-off measure to try to bring a man-altered swamp area back to a natural state.


Question: How is the food web defined?

marshy

Without restoration measures, the marsh will not recover from the ditching.


Question: How is the food web defined?

marshy

In marshy areas, the primary purpose is to restore the natural water economy of the marsh, thereby filling in ditches and removing wood that benefited from ditching.


Question: How is the food web defined?

marshy

[37] If it is not possible to fill the ditches, the water level of the marsh may also be raised by damming the ditches.


Question: How is the food web defined?

marshy

[31] Under good conditions, the rumbling will restart as soon as peat production has been stopped.


Question: How is the food web defined?

marshy

[11] Since trees evaporate water, tree removal is most often necessary.


Question: How is the food web defined?

marshy

Tree removal also restores the original open marshy landscape.


Question: How is the food web defined?

marshy

Trees are therefore being removed from areas where they have not existed before ditching.


Question: How is the food web defined?

marshy

[31] The corpis, who are supposed to have many trees, are spared.


Question: How is the food web defined?

marshy

Rising water levels kill some of the trees, so the restored raven provides good habitat for species that require moist small-climate and decay wood.


Question: How is the food web defined?

marshy

[31] Mostly planted trees have caused damage to the swamp peat and, in addition, may have altered the course of water in the area and contributed to the spread of species alien to marsh environments.


Question: How is the food web defined?

marshy

[23] 8% of Finland's original marsh area has been protected, or about 800000 ha.


Question: How is the food web defined?

marshy

[38] According to the Geological Survey, conservation programmes would involve 1.1 million hectares of marsh.


Question: How is the food web defined?

marshy

[15] Most of the protected areas are in northern Finland, while in southern Finland, protected areas comprise only 2% of the original swamp area.


Question: How is the food web defined?

marshy

[38] Some protected areas have also been partially ditched in Finland and are planned to be restored.


Question: How is the food web defined?

marshy

[38] Impacts on climate Swamps have an impact on the concentrations of greenhouse gases in the climate and, consequently, global warming.


Question: How is the food web defined?

marshy

Pristine swamps release methane into the atmosphere, but at the same time they also sequester carbon dioxide, i.e. act as carbon sinks to such an extent that the combined effect is mitigating climate change.


Question: How is the food web defined?

marshy

[39] When dried, the marshes no longer release methane and carbon bonding decreases.


Question: How is the food web defined?

marshy

[39] After ditching, the tree begins to bind carbon dioxide, turning the greenhouse effect of the marsh into a strong inhibitory effect.


Question: How is the food web defined?

marshy

[39] However, the drainage of swamps did little to weaken the climate of Finland, since the decrease in the effective heat sum during the growing season has occurred in most parts of the country due to swamp ditching.


Question: How is the food web defined?

marshy

[6] In general, however, the climate impact of ditching is still unclear.


Question: How is the food web defined?

marshy

[6] Siberian swamps in particular are believed to have been huge producers of methane since the last ice age, i.e. 12000 years.


Question: How is the food web defined?

marshy

Atmospheric methane levels rose a lot about 9,000 to 11500 years ago, which scientists speculate is due to swamps.


Question: How is the food web defined?

marshy

[7] The marsh layers are up to 10 metres thick in Siberia, and plants found in them may have produced six times more methane than current plants when alive.


Question: How is the food web defined?

marshy

[7] Marshes sequester carbon dioxide as carbon in the soil.


Question: How is the food web defined?

marshy

Earth's peatlands are estimated to contain 541 billion tonnes of carbon, which, when released into the air in the form of carbon dioxide, would cause extreme consequences.


Question: How is the food web defined?

marshy

[7] As the marshes dry up due to warm weather, melting of perpetual ice and low water levels, soil oxygen levels rise and carbon dioxide can therefore begin to be emitted instead of methane.


Question: How is the food web defined?

marshy

[7] In Siberia, a greater release of CO2 is already apparently beginning because there are already signs of global warming.


Question: How is the food web defined?

marshy

[7] In Indonesia, swamps were burned because of the increase in population, and it also released carbon compounds from the soil into the atmosphere.


Question: How is the food web defined?

marshy

[8] Salt discoveries Since there is no proper decomposition of organic matter in the swamp, there have often been archaeological discoveries in peat mound.


Question: How is the food web defined?

marshy

In addition, the acidic ingredients that tann the bog will at least make the leather remain well there.


Question: How is the food web defined?

marshy

[40] A thousand-year-old Book of Psalms was found in Ireland in 2006 in a marsh from which they were to raise breeding turf.


Question: How is the food web defined?

marshy

[40] The approximately 20-page Latin book was estimated to date from around the years 800 to 1000 and was the first early medieval textual discovery in Ireland in 200 years.


Question: How is the food web defined?

marshy

[40] Hundreds of mummified sugars have been found in the northern parts of central Europe in wetlands in Ireland, Great Britain, Germany, Holland and Denmark.


Question: How is the food web defined?

marshy

[41] They date from the Iron Age and have survived because sphagnum moss has little oxygen and antimicrobial compounds.


Question: How is the food web defined?

marshy

[41] Moreover, in these areas the marshes are cold, acidic and oxygen-free, so human bodies do not rot, but mummify.


Question: How is the food web defined?

marshy

[42] Bodies have been studied, for example, through three-dimensional imaging and radiocarbon dating.


Question: How is the food web defined?

marshy

There is no obvious reason for bodies to fall into the marsh, but the reasons have been thought to be such as burial in a swamp instead of cremation, sacrifice and punishments.


Question: How is the food web defined?

marshy

Many of the bodies recovered have shown signs of torture, too.


Question: How is the food web defined?

marshy

[41] [42] Sources Annals of the Finnish Society for Marshland Farming, Acta Forestalia Finlandia Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Erik Wahlström, Eeva-Liisa Hallanaro and Sanni Manninen| title = Future of the Finnish Environment | publisher = Finnish Environment Institute, Edita| year = 1996}} References Literature Laine, J., Vasander, H., Hotanen, J-P., Nousiainen, H., Saarinen, M.


Question: How is the food web defined?

marshy

in 2012.


Question: How is the food web defined?

marshy

Bog types and peat fabrics: a guide to identifying breeding sites.


Question: How is the food web defined?

marshy

Forest cost.


Question: How is the food web defined?

marshy


Question: How is the food web defined?

marshy

Korhonen, R., Korpela, L., Sarkkola, S. 2008.