Question: How many statues of Leni are there in Finland?

Vladimir Lenin

Lenin insisted that the party should take advantage of the revolutionary situation that has arisen and the party must therefore change its policies.


Question: How many statues of Leni are there in Finland?

Vladimir Lenin

[32] Lenin travelled with Nadežda Krupskaya from Geneva via Germany to Stockholm, from where they travelled by steamship to Helsinki, arriving by train in Saint Petersburg on 8 November 1905.


Question: How many statues of Leni are there in Finland?

Vladimir Lenin

During his time in St. Petersburg, Lenin wrote newspaper articles and maintained contacts with his fellow party members, visiting to speak at party events and people's assemblies.


Question: How many statues of Leni are there in Finland?

Vladimir Lenin

Lenin, among other things, urged Bolshevik departments to take active action.


Question: How many statues of Leni are there in Finland?

Vladimir Lenin

[33] In December 1905, the Social Democratic Labour Party held a party conference in Tampere, where Lenin and Stalin met each other for the first time.


Question: How many statues of Leni are there in Finland?

Vladimir Lenin

After the Russian Revolution of 1905 in December in Moscow, an armed coup attempt by the Bolsheviks failed and Lenin was forced to go into exile in Finland for security reasons in 1907.


Question: How many statues of Leni are there in Finland?

Vladimir Lenin

Lenin lived several times in Finland thereafter and travelled in Europe, attending various socialist meetings and other activities.


Question: How many statues of Leni are there in Finland?

Vladimir Lenin

[34] Lenin began collaborating with the Mensheviks.


Question: How many statues of Leni are there in Finland?

Vladimir Lenin

The Mensheviks opposed many of Lenin's views, but Lenin supported their proposal to participate in the electoral campaign in the Caucasus.


Question: How many statues of Leni are there in Finland?

Vladimir Lenin

The party's central committee now included seven Mensheviks and three Bolsheviks, but Lenin was not among them.


Question: How many statues of Leni are there in Finland?

Vladimir Lenin

The Bolshevik group established a secret Bolshevik centre, of which Lenin, Bogdanov and Leonid Krasinin were elected as members.


Question: How many statues of Leni are there in Finland?

Vladimir Lenin

[35] On the Finnish side of Kuokkala, the Bolshevik group established their base in the large two-storey Villa Vasa villa, where Lenin and a few other Bolsheviks worked for 15 months.


Question: How many statues of Leni are there in Finland?

Vladimir Lenin

From Kuokkala, Lenin travelled to important meetings held in Finland and London as well as Stuttgart, Russia Lenin no longer travelled until 1917.


Question: How many statues of Leni are there in Finland?

Vladimir Lenin

[36] [37] Lenin had achieved his political goals for the Mensheviks and ceased cooperation in 1907.


Question: How many statues of Leni are there in Finland?

Vladimir Lenin

[38] From Kuokkala, Lenin and other Bolsheviks were forced to leave in June 1907, a new Bolshevik center was established in Paris.


Question: How many statues of Leni are there in Finland?

Vladimir Lenin

[39] February Revolution The humiliations and shortages of the First World War brought the tsarist power to the bottom of its popularity.


Question: How many statues of Leni are there in Finland?

Vladimir Lenin

Yet as recently as January 1917, Lenin estimated that the tsar power would not be overthrown in his lifetime.


Question: How many statues of Leni are there in Finland?

Vladimir Lenin

[40] [41] In the February Revolution of 1917, the Duma took power in its hands and installed a provisional government.


Question: How many statues of Leni are there in Finland?

Vladimir Lenin

It was led by Prince Georgi Lvov of the Liberal Democratic Cadet Party and nine other ministers of the Cadet Party due to the liberal majority in the Duma.


Question: How many statues of Leni are there in Finland?

Vladimir Lenin

[42] Since the Petrograd Council was already as significant, or more significant, a centre of power than the government, the Council's second-in-command, Aleksandr Kerenski of the Socialist Revolutionaries, was included in the government as the sole socialist.


Question: How many statues of Leni are there in Finland?

Vladimir Lenin

The Provisional Government gave human rights to the people, abolished censorship and the death penalty, and released political prisoners but did not bend to German peace terms, where all parties, down to socialist ones, supported it.


Question: How many statues of Leni are there in Finland?

Vladimir Lenin

However, the people were still extremely dissatisfied with the continuing war, which over the months took away the government's favour.


Question: How many statues of Leni are there in Finland?

Vladimir Lenin

[43] Back to Russia 1917, the German government saw its opportunity and sent Lenin through Finland to Russia to make a revolution so that the country would break away from the war.


Question: How many statues of Leni are there in Finland?

Vladimir Lenin

With permission from the German government, Lenin was able to travel from Switzerland in a “sealed train” through Germany to Sweden and from there on to Finland.


Question: How many statues of Leni are there in Finland?

Vladimir Lenin

[44] Despite “sealing” in July, SR's Kerenski, who received the Prime Minister's seat from the Liberals, later claimed Lenin as an agent for the Germans.


Question: How many statues of Leni are there in Finland?

Vladimir Lenin

[45] [46] On 16 April 1917, Lenin arrived in Saint Petersburg (at that time Petrograd) at the Finnish Station and took command of the Bolshevik movement, berating the Pravda journalists Lev Kamenev and Josif Stalin, who supported the Provisional Government.


Question: How many statues of Leni are there in Finland?

Vladimir Lenin

Lenin positioned himself in the April Theses to support Soviet rule, although the Bolsheviks did not yet have significant power in the councils.


Question: How many statues of Leni are there in Finland?

Vladimir Lenin

[47] October Revolution The Bolsheviks already attempted a coup d'état under Trotsky's plans in July, but the attempt failed.


Question: How many statues of Leni are there in Finland?

Vladimir Lenin

At that time, rumours circulated within the machine-gun company supporting the Bolsheviks that the unit would be moved to the front against Germany.


Question: How many statues of Leni are there in Finland?

Vladimir Lenin

The regimental assembly urged the soldiers to revolt and the Matruses moved on to ships and set out to take control of Petersburg.


Question: How many statues of Leni are there in Finland?

Vladimir Lenin

The force headed for the Bolshevik headquarters at Krzezińska Palace, where Lenin was required to take the leadership.


Question: How many statues of Leni are there in Finland?

Vladimir Lenin

On the way to the Tauria Palace to demand the Council take control, Viktor Chernov, the leader of the SR, was met, who was being taken to be shot, but Trotsky had him rescued.


Question: How many statues of Leni are there in Finland?

Vladimir Lenin

Eventually, troops from the front laid siege to Krzezińska Palace and the Provisional Government ordered the Bolshevik leaders Lenin, Trotsky, Zinovyev, Kamenev and Lunazharski arrested.


Question: How many statues of Leni are there in Finland?

Vladimir Lenin

[48] The Liberals soon withdrew from the government and it remained to the Socialists with Kerensky in charge.


Question: How many statues of Leni are there in Finland?

Vladimir Lenin

With the failure of the invasion planned by Kerenski and the loss of one hundred thousand men by the army, the position of the Provisional Government was further weakened.


Question: How many statues of Leni are there in Finland?

Vladimir Lenin

Kerenski feared that accusations against the Bolsheviks would strengthen the right, and the Bolshevik newspapers were allowed to continue appearing, and the Red Guards were not disarmed.


Question: How many statues of Leni are there in Finland?

Vladimir Lenin

[49] Commander-in-Chief Lavr Kornilov demanded full powers to restore order and prevent a Bolshevik capture and sent Krymov's cavalry army corps to Saint Petersburg.


Question: How many statues of Leni are there in Finland?

Vladimir Lenin

The provisional government interpreted this as a rebellion and Kerenski asked for help from “all democratic forces”, including the Bolsheviks.


Question: How many statues of Leni are there in Finland?

Vladimir Lenin

The Bolsheviks were allowed to arm their Red Guards and the matruses of the armoured canister cruiser Aurora were called in to defend the Winter Palace.


Question: How many statues of Leni are there in Finland?

Vladimir Lenin

After the Kornilov rebellion, Bolsheviks began to be released from prisons and the leaders returned, except for Lenin, who was hiding in Finland.


Question: How many statues of Leni are there in Finland?

Vladimir Lenin

[50] In September, Lenin sent letters announcing that the moment of the uprising had come.


Question: How many statues of Leni are there in Finland?

Vladimir Lenin

The provisional government experienced its last defeats as the Germans occupied the Baltic islands, and Kronstadt and Peter were preparing for the attack and the evacuation of the city was being prepared.


Question: How many statues of Leni are there in Finland?

Vladimir Lenin

The palaces of the Grand Dukes began to be looted and rebellion was already widely spoken of.


Question: How many statues of Leni are there in Finland?

Vladimir Lenin

Trotsky was named president of the St. Petersburg Council.


Question: How many statues of Leni are there in Finland?

Vladimir Lenin

An armed clash ensued between the garrison and the government as the government sought to move the unreliable troops to the front.


Question: How many statues of Leni are there in Finland?

Vladimir Lenin

[51] The Bolsheviks started a revolt under Trotsky's leadership.


Question: How many statues of Leni are there in Finland?

Vladimir Lenin

Its centre was the former Institute of Noble Maidens in Smolna.


Question: How many statues of Leni are there in Finland?

Vladimir Lenin

The hijacking proceeded discreetly, encountering no resistance whatsoever.


Question: How many statues of Leni are there in Finland?

Vladimir Lenin

The force of perpetrators was quite small, among them some thousands of garrison soldiers and some hundreds of Bolsheviks, but the Kerensky government had become so weak that opposition was nonexistent and the subversion actually bloodless.


Question: How many statues of Leni are there in Finland?

Vladimir Lenin

Overnight, Lenin convened a central committee to form a government.


Question: How many statues of Leni are there in Finland?

Vladimir Lenin

Ministers were appointed People's Commissars on the model of the Great French Revolution.


Question: How many statues of Leni are there in Finland?

Vladimir Lenin

Lenin proposed Trotsky as chairman of the Council of People's Commissars, but this was refused, among other things, because of his Jewishness and Lenin took the position.


Question: How many statues of Leni are there in Finland?

Vladimir Lenin

For Trotsky came foreign affairs.


Question: How many statues of Leni are there in Finland?

Vladimir Lenin

[52] On the same evening, the Second Pan-Russian Assembly of Workers' and Soldiers' Councils began in the Smolna Ballroom.


Question: How many statues of Leni are there in Finland?

Vladimir Lenin

Trotsky declared the Provisional Government had ceased to exist and the Lenin Workers' and Peasants' Revolution had won.


Question: How many statues of Leni are there in Finland?

Vladimir Lenin

In the meantime, the provisional government was still sitting in the Winter Palace, from where Kerenski fled to the front in search of reinforcements.


Question: How many statues of Leni are there in Finland?

Vladimir Lenin

The defenders of the Winter Palace quietly went away, and at last a single shot was fired from the Aurora cannon and the Winter Palace was overrun and the ministers were hurtled into the Peter — Paul Fortress.


Question: How many statues of Leni are there in Finland?

Vladimir Lenin

[45] [53] With the leadership of Soviet-Russia, the Bolshevik Party blessed the land distributions made by many village communities already in the summer of 1917, but in a couple of months it stripped power from the councils, trade unions, socialist parties, block committees, et al. against the old power.


Question: How many statues of Leni are there in Finland?

Vladimir Lenin

In December, extensive strikes against the Bolsheviks ensued.


Question: How many statues of Leni are there in Finland?

Vladimir Lenin

Lenin set up the secret police of the Czech Republic on 20 December 1917 to pursue “opponents of the revolution”.


Question: How many statues of Leni are there in Finland?

Vladimir Lenin

[54] On November 8, 1917, Lenin was elected Speaker of the Council of People's Commissars, or leader of Soviet-Russia.


Question: How many statues of Leni are there in Finland?

Vladimir Lenin

Lenin wanted to make immediate peace with the Germans, while many other Bolsheviks judged the war to lead to revolution in Germany too, and Lenin did not win approval for Germany's strict peace terms until Germany took over the Baltics and drew closer to Saint Petersburg.


Question: How many statues of Leni are there in Finland?

Vladimir Lenin

In the Brest-Litovsk Peace Treaty of 3 March 1918, Soviet-Russia gave up the Baltic states, its territories in Poland, Ukraine and Finland.


Question: How many statues of Leni are there in Finland?

Vladimir Lenin

[55] [56] Lenin bans other parties in the elections to the Constituent National Assembly held on 25 November 1917, the Bolsheviks received only 25% of the vote.


Question: How many statues of Leni are there in Finland?

Vladimir Lenin

The Socialist-Revolutionary Party (SR) emerged as the largest party, receiving about 40% of the vote.


Question: How many statues of Leni are there in Finland?

Vladimir Lenin

However, the left wing of the SR party, or Left Socialist-Revolutionaries, were allied with the Bolsheviks and Lenin sent the Matruses who supported the Bolsheviks to close the Constituent Assembly on 19 January 1918.


Question: How many statues of Leni are there in Finland?

Vladimir Lenin

[57] Instead of a Constitutional Assembly, the Bolsheviks declared their government accountable to the councils (“sovjet”), in whose assembly Bolsheviks and Left-SRs gained a majority of over 90%.


Question: How many statues of Leni are there in Finland?

Vladimir Lenin

The Bolsheviks formed a government together with the Left-SRs who supported them, but subsequently dissatisfied with the Peace Treaty (3 March 1918), the Left-SR:S began to oppose the Bolsheviks.


Question: How many statues of Leni are there in Finland?

Vladimir Lenin

[58] In an effort by all non-Bolshevik groups (socialist and non-socialist) to counter Bolshevik power aspirations, Lenin imprisoned or shot their members as well as disbanded organizations.


Question: How many statues of Leni are there in Finland?

Vladimir Lenin

The Left-SR:S Jakov Bljumkin assassinated the German envoy, Count von Mirbach, in July with the intention of restarting the war against Germany.


Question: How many statues of Leni are there in Finland?

Vladimir Lenin

On the same occasion, the party staged a revolt in Moscow, where the government had relocated.


Question: How many statues of Leni are there in Finland?

Vladimir Lenin

On 30 August, the SRs assassinated Bolshevik leaders Moisei Uritsky and V.


Question: How many statues of Leni are there in Finland?

Vladimir Lenin

Volodarsky.


Question: How many statues of Leni are there in Finland?

Vladimir Lenin

[59] An assassination attempt on August 30, 1918, Lenin was shot three times by socialist revolutionary Faina Kaplan; this wounded but healed.


Question: How many statues of Leni are there in Finland?

Vladimir Lenin

The incident may still have contributed to the subsequent deterioration of Lenin's health.


Question: How many statues of Leni are there in Finland?

Vladimir Lenin

[60] Kaplan, who belonged to the Left-SRs, had served life imprisonment 1906—1917 for the attempted assassination of a Tsarist official.


Question: How many statues of Leni are there in Finland?

Vladimir Lenin

He was a supporter of the Constitutional Assembly and regarded Lenin as a traitor to the revolution.


Question: How many statues of Leni are there in Finland?

Vladimir Lenin

It is estimated that Kaplan acted on his own initiative.


Question: How many statues of Leni are there in Finland?

Vladimir Lenin

[61] Even under interrogation by the Czech Republic, Kaplan refused to reveal his accomplices, so he was shot on 3 September 1918.


Question: How many statues of Leni are there in Finland?

Vladimir Lenin

On the same day, in the Izvestiya magazine, the Bolsheviks demanded to “crush the hydra of the counter-revolution with massive terror”, and on September 5, the Czech Republic, led by Polish Feliks Dzerzhinsky, issued an order for “red terror.” In the following months, 800 SR and other opponents of the trial were also executed.


Question: How many statues of Leni are there in Finland?

Vladimir Lenin

Over time the numbers only went up, even the official figures spoke of thousands, some estimates of 200,000 victims.


Question: How many statues of Leni are there in Finland?

Vladimir Lenin

The Socialist-Revolutionary Party was banned.


Question: How many statues of Leni are there in Finland?

Vladimir Lenin

The Mensheviks were allowed to resume operations in November after pledging to remain loyally in the opposition.


Question: How many statues of Leni are there in Finland?

Vladimir Lenin

[62] Civil War The Russian Civil War broke out in a way in May—June 1918, six months after the revolution, initially in cities along the Volga between the councils supporting the Bolsheviks and the Czechoslovak Legion assembled from Austro-Hungarian prisoners of war.


Question: How many statues of Leni are there in Finland?

Vladimir Lenin

The fighting encouraged the SR opposition to set up a committee in Samara for the Saving of the Constitutional Assembly (Комуч).


Question: How many statues of Leni are there in Finland?

Vladimir Lenin

This prompted the Bolsheviks to expel the SRs and Mensheviks from local councils.


Question: How many statues of Leni are there in Finland?

Vladimir Lenin

In turn, the Cadet Party convened in July 1918 in Omsk, establishing the Siberian Provisional Government.


Question: How many statues of Leni are there in Finland?

Vladimir Lenin

These parties even allied themselves in Ufa in September, but Admiral Kolchak declared himself supreme leader and expelled the Socialists.


Question: How many statues of Leni are there in Finland?

Vladimir Lenin

[63] In actual terms, the Civil War is considered to have broken out in March 1919.


Question: How many statues of Leni are there in Finland?

Vladimir Lenin

White armies consisting of mixed groups (including those supporting the Tsarist power, Cossacks) fought against the Red Army, supported by Western powers.


Question: How many statues of Leni are there in Finland?

Vladimir Lenin

The White Guard initially achieved significant success, but by early 1920 the Red Army had virtually defeated the Whites and the war was largely over, though with Pyotr Wrangel's forces in Crimea the Red Army could not reach the end of the year.


Question: How many statues of Leni are there in Finland?

Vladimir Lenin

The 1919 victories in the civil war had prompted the Red Army to attack Poland, which had conquered Ukraine, with the intention of reaching as far as Germany.


Question: How many statues of Leni are there in Finland?

Vladimir Lenin

Former Emperor Nicholas II was executed and his family in July 1918 in Yekaterinburg with Lenin certainly aware of the order.


Question: How many statues of Leni are there in Finland?

Vladimir Lenin

[64] Lenin claimed capitalism was linked to imperialism and in 1917 declared unlimited sovereignty for all peoples and minorities.


Question: How many statues of Leni are there in Finland?

Vladimir Lenin

However, when after the civil war he had the strength to limit it, he also did so and conquered the independents of Armenia, Georgia and Azerbaijan.


Question: How many statues of Leni are there in Finland?

Vladimir Lenin

[65] The radical transition to socialism, the Tsarist reign of terror had formally executed 3932 people between 1825 and 1917 through legal trials in which “defence lawyers had at least the same amount of speaking power as the prosecutors”.


Question: How many statues of Leni are there in Finland?

Vladimir Lenin

Under Lenin, the Bolsheviks exceeded this number in four months (by March 1918).


Question: How many statues of Leni are there in Finland?

Vladimir Lenin

[66] However, it should be noted that most of the people killed by the Tsars never came to official knowledge.


Question: How many statues of Leni are there in Finland?

Vladimir Lenin

[65] The Bolsheviks violently attacked the opposition, and Lenin did not prevent the execution of numerous executions.


Question: How many statues of Leni are there in Finland?

Vladimir Lenin

[67] After the February Revolution, the Liberal Provisional Government had abolished capital punishment, released political prisoners and declared freedoms of speech, printing and assembly.


Question: How many statues of Leni are there in Finland?

Vladimir Lenin

However, these freedoms were of no use to the people in the squalid conditions created by prolonged war and famine.


Question: How many statues of Leni are there in Finland?

Vladimir Lenin

After the revolution, Lenin saw no reason to restore these rights, as it could have harmed the young communist regime.


Question: How many statues of Leni are there in Finland?

Vladimir Lenin

He is reported to have intended to restore these rights at a later date when conditions have leveled and socialism materialised at will.


Question: How many statues of Leni are there in Finland?

Vladimir Lenin

[68] Russia, under the leadership of the tsar, had fought a war in which more than a million Russians had fallen in the preceding three years.


Question: How many statues of Leni are there in Finland?

Vladimir Lenin

Most of those killed were forced recruited rowmen, used in World War I battles mainly as cannon fodder.


Question: How many statues of Leni are there in Finland?

Vladimir Lenin

Civilian losses caused directly and indirectly by the war, which have not been reliably statised, were also not negligible.


Question: How many statues of Leni are there in Finland?

Vladimir Lenin

Despite its liberal domestic political line, the Provisional Government sought to continue this same war effort during 1917.


Question: How many statues of Leni are there in Finland?

Vladimir Lenin

The final nail in this coffin was the miserably unsuccessful summer of 1917 and the lives of up to 400,000 Russians claimed by the invasion of Kerensk, as a result of which the Russian army practically collapsed.


Question: How many statues of Leni are there in Finland?

Vladimir Lenin

Opposing the war was Lenin's main goals, and he wanted to end it as soon as possible.


Question: How many statues of Leni are there in Finland?

Vladimir Lenin

[69] Lenin was very harsh on his opponents.


Question: How many statues of Leni are there in Finland?

Vladimir Lenin

Even in his speeches before the revolution, he had vowed to destroy the bourgeoisie class altogether.


Question: How many statues of Leni are there in Finland?

Vladimir Lenin

For this reason, he meticulously intervened in countless details of persecutions, as evidence of which his numerous letters have survived.


Question: How many statues of Leni are there in Finland?

Vladimir Lenin

For example, in his letter on August 10, 1918, Lenin wrote: In support of this, Lenin commanded to exclude “kulaks” (peasants), priests and burghers into concentration camps on the basis of social class or profession, regardless of their actions.


Question: How many statues of Leni are there in Finland?

Vladimir Lenin

[70] An instruction from the Czech Republic of 1 November 1918 read: Lenin wrote in 1917: Discontent leads to revolts Soviet-Russian leadership began a radical transition to socialism on 13 May 1918 by forming huge command municipalities to confiscate the extras of the peasants foods.


Question: How many statues of Leni are there in Finland?

Vladimir Lenin

Members of the commanding municipalities received a portion for themselves as a reward, plus money.


Question: How many statues of Leni are there in Finland?

Vladimir Lenin

Thus, incentives were taken away from the peasants.


Question: How many statues of Leni are there in Finland?

Vladimir Lenin

This did not prove to be a good solution, as food production collapsed and food shortages worsened further.


Question: How many statues of Leni are there in Finland?

Vladimir Lenin

[71] There was no satisfaction among the people with the way socialism was implemented.


Question: How many statues of Leni are there in Finland?

Vladimir Lenin

Shortage, economic collapse and hunger prompted countless revolts of peasants, sailors and even laborers across the country, occasionally with hay pitchforks and spears against cannons and machine guns.


Question: How many statues of Leni are there in Finland?

Vladimir Lenin

[72] The uprisings were suppressed by, among other things, shooting protesters, declaring lockouts against striking workers and arresting them and opposition activists, bombing and burning villages, using chemical weapons and hanging suspects, and closing dozens thousands of rebel family members held hostage to concentration camps (mainly women, children and the elderly).


Question: How many statues of Leni are there in Finland?

Vladimir Lenin

[73] Lenin himself said the mistreatment of the innocent bothered him, but did not interfere in these matters.


Question: How many statues of Leni are there in Finland?

Vladimir Lenin

For him was the most important goal and he gave orders separately to destroy opposition demonstrations.


Question: How many statues of Leni are there in Finland?

Vladimir Lenin

For example, about the most famous of the peasants, namely the Tambov Revolt (where there had been calls for the abolition of confiscations and the Czech Republic, free elections and freedom of trade), Lenin wrote to the Czech Republic: This movement must be crushed as soon as possible and in such a way as to make an example as possible clear.


Question: How many statues of Leni are there in Finland?

Vladimir Lenin

[74] These participants in the rebellion were clearly harmful to the construction of socialism and representatives of the opposition.


Question: How many statues of Leni are there in Finland?

Vladimir Lenin

An army of over 30,000 men led by General Mikhail Tuhachevsky took two years (1919—21) to destroy the resistance despite superior armament and brutal grip.


Question: How many statues of Leni are there in Finland?

Vladimir Lenin

The concentration camps of the Tambov rebellion held 50,000 “hostages” et al and the death rate was 15— 20% per month.


Question: How many statues of Leni are there in Finland?

Vladimir Lenin

Although the Tambov Rebellion had also arisen spontaneously, unlike other uprisings it was orchestrated as systematic by SR's former active Aleksandr Antonov.


Question: How many statues of Leni are there in Finland?

Vladimir Lenin

[75] Famine The radical transition to socialism scuppered the country's economy, and in 1921 the Great Famine arose.


Question: How many statues of Leni are there in Finland?

Vladimir Lenin

Despite food shipments from Western countries, at least five million people perished from starvation in 1921—22.


Question: How many statues of Leni are there in Finland?

Vladimir Lenin

In the earlier famine of 1891, Lenin himself had lived in the famine zone but resisted giving food aid.


Question: How many statues of Leni are there in Finland?

Vladimir Lenin

His friend A. Beljakov recalled in his book “The Youth of the Road Setter”: [76] In a letter to Politburo members on 19 March 1922, he explained, in his characteristic cynical way, how famine could be exploited New Economic Policy (NEP) Socialism did not materialized in Russia nearly as easily as Lenin had perhaps imagined.


Question: How many statues of Leni are there in Finland?

Vladimir Lenin

[77] The peasants did not want to give their cereals for the benefit of the whole people, because food was short anyway.


Question: How many statues of Leni are there in Finland?

Vladimir Lenin

The laborers, on the other hand, did not want to work for small or entirely missing wages.


Question: How many statues of Leni are there in Finland?

Vladimir Lenin

You couldn't build a socialist society without funds.


Question: How many statues of Leni are there in Finland?

Vladimir Lenin

Because of this, Lenin launched a new economic policy, the NEP, in which he restored partial private ownership in the hope that the land would prosper and then be able to transition to a socialist model of society.


Question: How many statues of Leni are there in Finland?

Vladimir Lenin

Factories were returned to private possession and peasants were guaranteed the right of ownership and sale to their own products.


Question: How many statues of Leni are there in Finland?

Vladimir Lenin

[57] In 1928, the Soviet economy reached pre-World War I levels, but at that time, Stalin disbanded the NEP despite opposition from a minority of the party.


Question: How many statues of Leni are there in Finland?

Vladimir Lenin

It is alleged that Lenin had intended the NEP to be longer term.


Question: How many statues of Leni are there in Finland?

Vladimir Lenin

Admittedly, it was already put forward in 1920 by Lev Trotski (who later advocated for its abolition), but at that time the motion was rejected.


Question: How many statues of Leni are there in Finland?

Vladimir Lenin

In his books, however, Lenin has implied that NEP was meant to be short-lived.


Question: How many statues of Leni are there in Finland?

Vladimir Lenin

[78] Death of Lenin In May 1922 Lenin had his first heart attack, after a December seizure he left active politics.


Question: How many statues of Leni are there in Finland?

Vladimir Lenin

In May 1923, Lenin, on the advice of a doctor, moved to a villa in Gorky near Moscow.


Question: How many statues of Leni are there in Finland?

Vladimir Lenin

In the Kremlin, he visited only a few times before his death in January 1924.


Question: How many statues of Leni are there in Finland?

Vladimir Lenin

The cause of death was apparently a hardening of the cerebral vessels, atherosclerosis, and a part of the cause was a Kaplan bullet preserved in his neck.


Question: How many statues of Leni are there in Finland?

Vladimir Lenin

[60] In his “Will”, Lenin criticised all senior figures of the Central Committee, but it was not read at the party conference.


Question: How many statues of Leni are there in Finland?

Vladimir Lenin

Stalin was allowed to keep his Secretary-General seat, granted in 1922, and emerged victorious in debates and infighting.


Question: How many statues of Leni are there in Finland?

Vladimir Lenin

[79] After his death, Lenin's body was embalmed and placed on display in a mausoleum built on the edge of Red Square.


Question: How many statues of Leni are there in Finland?

Vladimir Lenin

[80] The embalming of Lenin was chiefly an idea of Stalin admired by Lenin, as Stalin regarded Lenin as a divine teacher.


Question: How many statues of Leni are there in Finland?

Vladimir Lenin

Lenin himself would have liked to be buried in all the silence.


Question: How many statues of Leni are there in Finland?

Vladimir Lenin

Lenin, in 1924, doubted Stalin's prowess as a leader.


Question: How many statues of Leni are there in Finland?

Vladimir Lenin

He considered Stalin too crude to lead the Communist Party.


Question: How many statues of Leni are there in Finland?

Vladimir Lenin

[81] Lenin and Finland Lenin often acted from Finland during their expulsion.


Question: How many statues of Leni are there in Finland?

Vladimir Lenin

In Finland, Lenin had supporters and also friends.


Question: How many statues of Leni are there in Finland?

Vladimir Lenin

Lenin expressed his sympathy for Finland's independence for the first time at meetings held in Tampere in 1905 and 1906.


Question: How many statues of Leni are there in Finland?

Vladimir Lenin

The meetings were held in the same house where Lenin for the first time met his future successor Josif Stalin.


Question: How many statues of Leni are there in Finland?

Vladimir Lenin

Today, that house houses the Lenin Museum unique to the West.


Question: How many statues of Leni are there in Finland?

Vladimir Lenin

The museum has been proposed to be turned into a museum for victims of totalitarianism.


Question: How many statues of Leni are there in Finland?

Vladimir Lenin

[82] In Helsinki, Lenin lived at the following addresses: [83] Vironkatu 7, November 1905 Liisankatu 19, February 1906 Vuorimiehenkatu 35, March—April 1906 Yläänkötie 8, Oulunkylä, autumn 1907 K. H. Wiikin street, Malmi, one night in August 1917 Sörnäinen Rantatie 1 B, August—September 1917 Fredrikinkatu 64, August—September 1917 Töölönkatu 46, September 1917 After the revolution, Lenin incited the Finnish SDP in his letters to carry out an armed revolution in Finland and sent Stalin to the party conference to support his demands.


Question: How many statues of Leni are there in Finland?

Vladimir Lenin

However, the party convention of the SDP voted against this on 26 November 1917 by a vote of 59 to 43; [84] a similar decision was already taken by the Workers' Revolutionary Central Council on 10 November by a vote of 18—8).


Question: How many statues of Leni are there in Finland?

Vladimir Lenin

After the Parliament of Finland declared Finland unilaterally independent with a bourgeois majority on 6 December, Lenin recognised Finland's independence on 31 December 1917.


Question: How many statues of Leni are there in Finland?

Vladimir Lenin

Various assessments have been given as to why Lenin accepted bourgeois Finland's independence.


Question: How many statues of Leni are there in Finland?

Vladimir Lenin

The most obvious are the ideological reasons enshrined in Lenin's party programme, which also led to a number of other countries — including Estonia and Ukraine — gaining independence from Soviet Russia.


Question: How many statues of Leni are there in Finland?

Vladimir Lenin

Lenin has been shown to have hoped for a revolution in Finland that would return Finland to Soviet Russia again.


Question: How many statues of Leni are there in Finland?

Vladimir Lenin

The request of the Finnish SDP may also have played a role.


Question: How many statues of Leni are there in Finland?

Vladimir Lenin

Lenin issued orders to supply weapons “for the Finnish proletariat” on 7 January 1918 - 10,000 rifles and on 17 January 1918 - 25,000 rifles to the “Commissar of the Finnish Railway”.


Question: How many statues of Leni are there in Finland?

Vladimir Lenin

[85] Lenin declared in his closing speech to the General Russian Conference of the Councils on 30 January 1918 that Finland was the circumference power of revolutionary Russia and in confederation with it, in the way of the International.


Question: How many statues of Leni are there in Finland?

Vladimir Lenin

[85] In Finland, Lenin's position as a confessor of independence has been emphasised above all by leftists.


Question: How many statues of Leni are there in Finland?

Vladimir Lenin

Ideologically, those on another stance see it as a falsification of history.


Question: How many statues of Leni are there in Finland?

Vladimir Lenin

[86] Recognition of Finnish independence was not an end in itself for Len, but was primarily a means of facilitating the implementation of the socialist revolution in Finland.


Question: How many statues of Leni are there in Finland?

Vladimir Lenin

[87] After World War II, the Finns, citing recognition, said “Lenin gave Finland independence” so that the followers of this would not dare “take it away”.


Question: How many statues of Leni are there in Finland?

Vladimir Lenin

[88] The character of Lenin has been presented by Lenin's supporters as a humane and gentle Soviet leader.


Question: How many statues of Leni are there in Finland?

Vladimir Lenin

[78] Lenin was hardly nationalistic, but, in accordance with Marx's doctrines, advocated internationalism.


Question: How many statues of Leni are there in Finland?

Vladimir Lenin

Lenin thought Soviet Russia was the first piece of the communist ideal world.


Question: How many statues of Leni are there in Finland?

Vladimir Lenin

[78] He considered that he built it best by destroying the obstructionists, namely the bourgeoisie, the clergy and the upper class.


Question: How many statues of Leni are there in Finland?

Vladimir Lenin

He condoned violence against these “enemies of the working people.”


Question: How many statues of Leni are there in Finland?

Vladimir Lenin

This contrasts with the pacifist and gentle image given of Lenin, but Lenin felt that he thought primarily in the interest of the Russian ruling population.


Question: How many statues of Leni are there in Finland?

Vladimir Lenin

On the other hand, studies have also appeared in Finland describing Lenin as mainly a petty criminal and an inherently anarchist “professional revolutionary” in nature.


Question: How many statues of Leni are there in Finland?

Vladimir Lenin

This is also accompanied by the emphasis that the original and driving force behind Lenin's actions was personal bitterness and outright antagonism towards the prevailing system.


Question: How many statues of Leni are there in Finland?

Vladimir Lenin

[89] Lenin and Stalin Lenin met Josif Stalin for the first time in 1905 at the Bolshevik Conference in Tampere.


Question: How many statues of Leni are there in Finland?

Vladimir Lenin

[90] In 1913, Stalin wrote his renowned book Marxism and the Issue of Nationality, which Lenin considered so brilliant that he wanted to publish it as the party's official political programme.


Question: How many statues of Leni are there in Finland?

Vladimir Lenin

[91] There were almost no political differences between Lenin and Stalin, and Stalin considered himself a student of Lenin.


Question: How many statues of Leni are there in Finland?

Vladimir Lenin

In the party's debates, Stalin almost invariably joined Lenin's side in opposing, among others, the former Menshevik Trotsky and other opposition.


Question: How many statues of Leni are there in Finland?

Vladimir Lenin

In 1922, Stalin was appointed general secretary of the party at the suggestion of Lenin.


Question: How many statues of Leni are there in Finland?

Vladimir Lenin

[92] After Lenin fell ill, doctors denied him political activity, and Stalin was appointed by the Politburo of the party as an information broker.


Question: How many statues of Leni are there in Finland?

Vladimir Lenin

During this time, Stalin quarreled with Lenin's spouse Nadežda Krupskaya.


Question: How many statues of Leni are there in Finland?

Vladimir Lenin

Upon hearing of the dispute, Lenin took offence and dictated his “will”, in which he criticised Stalin's manners and criticised other leading figures in the party as well.


Question: How many statues of Leni are there in Finland?

Vladimir Lenin

After Lenin's death, the “will” was read at the Bolsheviks 13th party congress and the councillors willed Stalin to continue as the party's secretary-general.


Question: How many statues of Leni are there in Finland?

Vladimir Lenin

[93] Even Trotsky did not oppose the continuation of Stalin's leadership.


Question: How many statues of Leni are there in Finland?

Vladimir Lenin

[94] Worldview and Politics Lenin's worldview had taken shape in the last decades of the nineteenth century, and he subsequently reckoned that there was no longer much intellectual or informational to give him in the 20th century.


Question: How many statues of Leni are there in Finland?

Vladimir Lenin

[95] Instead, he focused on Karl Marx, Friedrich Engels, Georgi Plekhanov and Karl Kautsky, for the last two of whom he later turned his back.


Question: How many statues of Leni are there in Finland?

Vladimir Lenin

Lenin, however, admired Niccolò Machiavelli and Charles Darwin (his study in the Kremlin had a small monkey-shaped table ornament reading Darwin's name), later returned to Aristotle as well, and discovered during World War I G. W. F. Hegel and the German war theorist Carl von Clausewitz, who left their own marks in Lenin's thinking.


Question: How many statues of Leni are there in Finland?

Vladimir Lenin

As his absolute paragons, he regarded Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, and himself as the only true and irreplaceable interpreter of Marx.


Question: How many statues of Leni are there in Finland?

Vladimir Lenin

[95] The relationship with Friedrich Nietzsche's moral philosophy was ambivalent.


Question: How many statues of Leni are there in Finland?

Vladimir Lenin

[96] Lenin was essentially a theorist and disliked the sensibility of politics.


Question: How many statues of Leni are there in Finland?

Vladimir Lenin

Therefore, he also stressed the leading role of intellectuals in politics, considering foreign the idea that the working people themselves would govern themselves.


Question: How many statues of Leni are there in Finland?

Vladimir Lenin

He was not really in touch with the poor, but regarded statistics and studies of personal experiences as a more true description of the living conditions of the Russian people.


Question: How many statues of Leni are there in Finland?

Vladimir Lenin

[95] Based on these statistics and studies, he, among other things, suggested that Russia was already a capitalist country in the 1860s.


Question: How many statues of Leni are there in Finland?

Vladimir Lenin

Lenin's character traits also included a strong confidence that he was always right.


Question: How many statues of Leni are there in Finland?

Vladimir Lenin

He trusted himself, and this is how he ended up leading the revolution.


Question: How many statues of Leni are there in Finland?

Vladimir Lenin

[97] Lenin speculated that the “democratic dictatorship of the proletariat” he called for (see:


Question: How many statues of Leni are there in Finland?

Vladimir Lenin

dictatorship of the proletariat) would especially appeal to the lower social class.


Question: How many statues of Leni are there in Finland?

Vladimir Lenin

At the same time, he believes it would also be the most effective way to safeguard general civil liberties and economic development.


Question: How many statues of Leni are there in Finland?

Vladimir Lenin

Lenin initially advocated the model of two-stage revolution commonly put forward by Russian Marxists: first a democratic and capitalist state, followed by a socialist revolution and finally communism.


Question: How many statues of Leni are there in Finland?

Vladimir Lenin

However, as the revolution progressed, he did not commit to this, but moved quickly to implement in Russia his own model of socialism.


Question: How many statues of Leni are there in Finland?

Vladimir Lenin

[98] Bolsheviks sought to gain popular favour for their party by participating in general propaganda, as well as in the activities of the Reich Duma and other general decision-making.


Question: How many statues of Leni are there in Finland?

Vladimir Lenin

According to some claims, the Russian secret police Ohrana also provided Lenin with an opportune opportunity.


Question: How many statues of Leni are there in Finland?

Vladimir Lenin

Ohrana was somewhat well-informed about the mutual disputes between socialist revolutionaries and sought to foment the polemic that ripped the party.


Question: How many statues of Leni are there in Finland?

Vladimir Lenin

Ohrana supported the Bolsheviks position in Russia also by imprisoning Mensheviks and other opponents of Lenin.


Question: How many statues of Leni are there in Finland?

Vladimir Lenin

[99] During World War I, Lenin adopted the position that socialists should oppose all warring governments and the workers of every country had to oppose their own country's war effort.


Question: How many statues of Leni are there in Finland?

Vladimir Lenin

Lenin emphasized the Marx doctrine that proletarians have no homeland: thus, the primary sympathy and assistance of the Russian laborers should have been directed towards other laborers — including those of enemy countries — and not the bourgeoisie of their own country.


Question: How many statues of Leni are there in Finland?

Vladimir Lenin

Lenin's internationalism was also emphasized by the International, which was chosen as the national anthem


Question: How many statues of Leni are there in Finland?

Vladimir Lenin

Lenin believed the Russian Revolution would expand very quickly into a global socialist revolution.


Question: How many statues of Leni are there in Finland?

Vladimir Lenin

[100] Lenin's death and legacy Lenin was paralyzed from his right side in May 1922 and retired definitively from political life as early as December of the same year.


Question: How many statues of Leni are there in Finland?

Vladimir Lenin

Lenin, due to his stroke, found his condition hopeless and asked Stalin to poison himself, which Stalin refused.


Question: How many statues of Leni are there in Finland?

Vladimir Lenin

[101] Upon Lenin's death in January 1924, his body was embalmed and is still on display in his mausoleum in Moscow's Red Square.


Question: How many statues of Leni are there in Finland?

Vladimir Lenin

Petrograd, formerly Sankt-Peterburg (Saint Petersburg) was named Leningrad after Lenin.


Question: How many statues of Leni are there in Finland?

Vladimir Lenin

The name was changed back to Sankt-Peterburg only after the dissolution of the Soviet Union.


Question: How many statues of Leni are there in Finland?

Vladimir Lenin

Known as Leninism, the system of doctrine was formulated on the basis of his works and was later made into a kind of state religion.


Question: How many statues of Leni are there in Finland?

Vladimir Lenin

All this happened against Lenin's own wishes.


Question: How many statues of Leni are there in Finland?

Vladimir Lenin

[102] However, his understanding of popular power was different from that of, say, Western democracy or the social democratic system.


Question: How many statues of Leni are there in Finland?

Vladimir Lenin

Lenin opposed grassroots democracy and a multi-party system.


Question: How many statues of Leni are there in Finland?

Vladimir Lenin

[103] He opposed the 1917 idea of a country ruled by democratic, people-elected councils, and advocated a “dictatorship of the proletariat” in which all power would be centralized to the Bolshevik Party.


Question: How many statues of Leni are there in Finland?

Vladimir Lenin

The rejection of the ideas of 1917 led, among other things, to the rebellion of his most loyal soldiers, the Matrimony of Kronstadt.


Question: How many statues of Leni are there in Finland?

Vladimir Lenin

Lenin's concept of popular power was well illustrated by the response he gave Trotsky to the demands of the matrus when asked about Lenin's opinion: “The parliamentary and democratic system is a step backwards, the dictatorship of the proletariat led solely by the Bolsheviks is a step forward in the way of revolution”.


Question: How many statues of Leni are there in Finland?

Vladimir Lenin

Among the Soviet heads, Lenin has always been the most popular thanks to his cult of personhood.


Question: How many statues of Leni are there in Finland?

Vladimir Lenin

The retrospective criticism levelled at the directors” persons and actions almost never extended as far as Lenin.


Question: How many statues of Leni are there in Finland?

Vladimir Lenin

In addition, for example, in murals inspired by the Mexican Revolution, Lenin was often painted next to local revolutionary leaders such as Emiliano Zapata.


Question: How many statues of Leni are there in Finland?

Vladimir Lenin

[104] A person cult around Lenin formed the first person cult of the Soviet Union, which has been described as “semi-religious” by several historians and biographies.


Question: How many statues of Leni are there in Finland?

Vladimir Lenin

[105] [106] [107] [108] [109] His ascetic, industrious and orderly nature set him apart from many other Communist Party leaders.


Question: How many statues of Leni are there in Finland?

Vladimir Lenin

Partly against his own will, he soon came to be regarded as a “good tsar”, modest and folk, but at the same time the creator of a new just system.


Question: How many statues of Leni are there in Finland?

Vladimir Lenin

From 1918 onwards, he began to be appointed vožd, that is, leader.


Question: How many statues of Leni are there in Finland?

Vladimir Lenin

In the 1920s, the term expanded to the entire Communist Party leadership.


Question: How many statues of Leni are there in Finland?

Vladimir Lenin

During the Russian Civil War, the party already began to consciously exploit and spread this view of Lenin when, through religious-tinged interpretations of the revolution, the Civil War began to be regarded as good and evil, revolutionary saints and counter-revolutionary evil spirits as a battle between.


Question: How many statues of Leni are there in Finland?

Vladimir Lenin

Lenin became the main saint of the revolution, the author of the Holy Bible of the Work, as he was described by the poet Demjan Bednyi in 1918 in the poem “To the Leader”.


Question: How many statues of Leni are there in Finland?

Vladimir Lenin

Until his death, Lenin was able to prevent this cult that had arisen among the people from ending up as part of official party propaganda.


Question: How many statues of Leni are there in Finland?

Vladimir Lenin

However, immediately upon his death, this Christ-like Savior-Lenin was taken into the official party's Lenin cult, although many of the party's leaders, including Lenin's widow Nadežda Krupskaya, opposed it.


Question: How many statues of Leni are there in Finland?

Vladimir Lenin

[110] [78] Monumental propaganda Monumental propaganda was a plan put forward by Lenin at the beginning of the Russian Revolution, which began to be implemented in the Soviet Republic starting in 1918.


Question: How many statues of Leni are there in Finland?

Vladimir Lenin

It introduced visual monument art, revolutionary slogans and monumental sculpture as important propagoers of revolutionary causes and communist ideals.


Question: How many statues of Leni are there in Finland?

Vladimir Lenin

The plan created a demand for monumental, state-commissioned sculpture, laying the foundations for the entire later school of Soviet sculpture.


Question: How many statues of Leni are there in Finland?

Vladimir Lenin

Statues of Lenin There are three statues of Lenin in Finland, several memorial plaques and other memorials dedicated to him.


Question: How many statues of Leni are there in Finland?

Vladimir Lenin

After the fall of the Soviet Union in 1991, the Great Destruction of Lenin statues began in Eastern European countries and Russia.


Question: How many statues of Leni are there in Finland?

Vladimir Lenin

Almost all Lenin statues on the side of Eastern European states have been destroyed or moved to museums.


Question: How many statues of Leni are there in Finland?

Vladimir Lenin

On the Russian side, many more statues of Lenin have survived.


Question: How many statues of Leni are there in Finland?

Vladimir Lenin

The southernmost statue on Earth is located at the pole of inaccessibility to Antarctica.


Question: How many statues of Leni are there in Finland?

Vladimir Lenin

A few surviving Lenin statues: Lenin statue in the city of Tula, Russia.


Question: How many statues of Leni are there in Finland?

Vladimir Lenin

A statue of Lenin in the city of Tiraspol in Transnistria, Moldova.


Question: How many statues of Leni are there in Finland?

Vladimir Lenin

A statue of Lenin in Donetsk city, Ukraine.


Question: How many statues of Leni are there in Finland?

Vladimir Lenin

A statue of Lenin in the city of Abakan, Russia.


Question: How many statues of Leni are there in Finland?

Vladimir Lenin

Lenin statue in Eagle.


Question: How many statues of Leni are there in Finland?

Vladimir Lenin

Lenin statue in the city of Norilsk, Russia.


Question: How many statues of Leni are there in Finland?

Vladimir Lenin

Lenin's works What is to be done?


Question: How many statues of Leni are there in Finland?

Vladimir Lenin

[111] Materialism and Empiriocritism (1909) The Wraths of Philosophy (1914/1915, published only in the 1920s) Socialism and War (1915, together with Grigory Zinovyev) [112] State and Revolution (1917) [113] Imperialism as the highest stage of capitalism (1917) [114] Leftism as a child disease in communism (i.e. “Penikkatau') Development of capitalism in Russia Some of Lenin's writings have been published in the Finnish section of the Marxist Internet Archive Citation error, replace with {{cite book| title = Materialism and Empiriocritism| location = Moscow| publisher = Progress| year = 1975| version = (Materializm i empiriokritisizm, 1909)}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| title = Selected works| location = Moscow| publisher = Progres| year = 1976—1977| version = 10 parts}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| title = Works| location = Petrozavodsk & Moscow| publisher = Karelian-Finnish SST State Publishing Movement & Progression| year = 1953—1970| version = 45 parts}} Sources Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Courtois, Stéphane etc.| title = Black Book of Communism: Crimes, Terror, oppression| others = Translated by Kaarina Turtia, Matti Brotherus and Heikki Eskelinen| location = Helsinki| publisher = WSOY| year = 2000| id = ISBN 951-0-25073-2}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Marek, Franz & Fischer, Ernst| title = What Lenin really said| others = Translated by Erkki Murto.


Question: How many statues of Leni are there in Finland?

Vladimir Lenin

2nd edition (1st edition 1970).


Question: How many statues of Leni are there in Finland?

Vladimir Lenin

Pocket information 57| location = Porvoo Helsinki Juva| publisher = WSOY| year = 1980| version = (Was Lenin wirklich sagte, 1969.


Question: How many statues of Leni are there in Finland?

Vladimir Lenin

) | id = ISBN 951-0-02557-7}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Service, Robert| title = Lenin: Biography| others = Translated by Arto Hälä| location = Helsinki| publisher = WSOY| year = 2001| version = (Lenin: A biography, 2001.


Question: How many statues of Leni are there in Finland?

Vladimir Lenin

) | id = ISBN 951-0-26280-3}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Polvinen, Tuom| title = Russian Revolution and Finland, Part 1| location = Helsinki| publisher = WSOY| year = 1967}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Karlgren, Anton| title = Red Dictator: Development of Stalin and Bolshevism from Leninism to Stalinism| others = Translated by J. W. Tuura| location = Helsinki| publisher = Gummerus| year = 1942}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Montefiore, Simon Sebag| title = Stalin: The Red Czar's Court | Translated others = by Kari Klemelä| location = Helsinki| publisher = WSOY| year = 2004| version=( Stalin: The court of the red tsar, 2004.


Question: How many statues of Leni are there in Finland?

Vladimir Lenin

) | id = ISBN 951-0-29502-7}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Service, Robert| title = Stalin: A Biography| publisher = Harvard University Press| year = 2005| id = ISBN 978-0-330-41913-0}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Massie, Robert K.| title = Nikolai and Aleksandra| others = Translated by Mirja Rutanen.


Question: How many statues of Leni are there in Finland?

Vladimir Lenin

2nd edition (1st edition 1968) | location = Helsinki| publisher = Tamil| year = 1987| version = (Nicholas and Alexandra: An intimate account of the last of the Romanovs and the fall of imperial Russia, 1967.


Question: How many statues of Leni are there in Finland?

Vladimir Lenin

) | id = ISBN 951-30-6733-5}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Kochan, Lionel| title = Revolution Russia 1890—1918| location = Helsinki| publisher = Oak| year= 1966}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Jussila, Osmo| title = Soviet tragedy| location = Helsinki| publisher = Otava| year = 2012| id = ISBN 978-951-1-26521-4}} References on the topic elsewhere (Red — against, Dark blue — for, Grey — I abstain) * Category:Born in 1870 Class:Dead in 1924 Category:Key Articles of Screening


Question: How many species belong to the ungulate sect?

Ungulates

Ungulates (Artiodactyla) is a sect of bulky land-living herbivorous mammals.


Question: How many species belong to the ungulate sect?

Ungulates

Ungulates concentrate their weight on an even number (two or four) of corneal-coated toes, or hooves.


Question: How many species belong to the ungulate sect?

Ungulates

In bedbugs, on the other hand, there are an odd number of toes.


Question: How many species belong to the ungulates sect?

Ungulates

There are ten ungulate tribes, and traditionally these were further divided into three subspecies, porcine (Suiformes), camellias (Tylopoda) and ruminants (Ruminantia).


Question: How many species belong to the ungulates sect?

Ungulates

The division in all respects does not conform to the current notion of tribal kinship relations, and the traditional ungulate sect itself does not constitute a coherent line of development, as whales have been found to be the closest relatives of hippos belonging to hoofed animals.


Question: How many species belong to the ungulates sect?

Ungulates

The traditional subsect classification is therefore not always used.


Question: How many species belong to the ungulates sect?

Ungulates

[1] Ungulates have been very successful mammals.


Question: How many species belong to the ungulates sect?

Ungulates

These include 240 different surviving species today [1], and different species have adapted to cold and also scorching hot neighborhoods.


Question: How many species belong to the ungulates sect?

Ungulates

Although the species are large in size, more new species have been found in Southeast Asia, among others.


Question: How many species belong to the ungulates sect?

Ungulates

Many species are threatened with extinction due to poaching and reduced living areas due to forest logging or other factors.


Question: How many species belong to the ungulates sect?

Ungulates

Hippos are the only ones of the traditional ungulates that have adapted, at least partially, to aquatic life.


Question: How many species belong to the ungulates sect?

Ungulates

The heaviest species is the hippopotamus living in Africa, weighing about 4.5 tonnes, while the lightest and smallest ungulates are the pygmy deers (approx.


Question: How many species belong to the ungulates sect?

Ungulates

1 kg, height at the withers 35 cm).


Question: How many species belong to the ungulates sect?

Ungulates

The longest neck is on a giraffe.


Question: How many species belong to the ungulates sect?

Ungulates

Many ungulates are important in the game economy and agricultural production, among them pig, sheep, goat and cattle.


Question: How many species belong to the ungulates sect?

Ungulates

Evolution Origin of ungulates The earliest fossil of an animal to be classified as an ungulate dates to the Early Eocene period, about 54 million years ago.


Question: How many species belong to the ungulates sect?

Ungulates

The animal belonged to the genus Diacodexis and is classified as camellias.


Question: How many species belong to the ungulates sect?

Ungulates

Dinosaurs had become extinct about 10 million years earlier, which allowed new eco-trays to be released for use by mammals and the possibility for mammals to become larger and make more diverse use of different food sources.


Question: How many species belong to the ungulates sect?

Ungulates

Before the mass extinction of the late Cretaceous period, or the reign of dinosaurs, mammals were mostly small in size (the largest around one metre in length) and ate mainly invertebrates.


Question: How many species belong to the ungulates sect?

Ungulates

Towards the end of the Cretaceous, mammals also began to more utilize plants for sustenance.


Question: How many species belong to the ungulates sect?

Ungulates

[2] [3] Diacodexis ungulates were omnivorous and had five toes on each leg, but the third and fourth toes had begun to lengthen, strongly suggesting ungulates.


Question: How many species belong to the ungulates sect?

Ungulates

Their talus bone structure was also like that of existing ungulates.


Question: How many species belong to the ungulates sect?

Ungulates

These first ungulates were still small in size (50 cm), but long-limbed, suggesting agility and quick-footedness.


Question: How many species belong to the ungulates sect?

Ungulates

Of the present species, they resembled dwarf oats, whose tail, though, is clearly more modest than its predecessors.


Question: How many species belong to the ungulates sect?

Ungulates

The origins of the prehistoric ungulates have remained somewhat unclear, but the closest relative probably has been the “Chriacus” mammals that evolved in the Early Paleocene period and belonged to the order Condylartha.


Question: How many species belong to the ungulates sect?

Ungulates

This is where the ungulate development line with the development lines of bedbugs, whales and Paenungulata mammals (elephants, siren animals and tamans) are encountered.


Question: How many species belong to the ungulates sect?

Ungulates

The rapid evolution of ungulates during the Eocene period has been seen as a sign that they could not evolve in the cold Holarctic, but it is from this region that the earliest fossils date from.


Question: How many species belong to the ungulates sect?

Ungulates

[4] At an early stage, hoofed animals developed that had adapted to water life in damp marshes.


Question: How many species belong to the ungulates sect?

Ungulates

Among them evolved the predecessors of hippos (Anthracotheriidae) and whales (Archeoceti).


Question: How many species belong to the ungulates sect?

Ungulates

[5] Ungulate evolution Current ungulate subclasses (pigs, camellias and ruminants) evolved in 10 to 15 million years after the first ungulates appeared, or about 46 mvs.


Question: How many species belong to the ungulates sect?

Ungulates

The development of porcine animals is thought to have started with entelodonts.


Question: How many species belong to the ungulates sect?

Ungulates

The first pigs apparently evolved in Asia during the Oligocene period about 40 million years ago.


Question: How many species belong to the ungulates sect?

Ungulates

Since then, pigs have migrated to other parts of the old continent and the first pekars evolved.


Question: How many species belong to the ungulates sect?

Ungulates

The earliest pekars have been found throughout Asia, Africa and the Americas, but since the Miocene period, pekari are only found in soil strata of the Americas.


Question: How many species belong to the ungulates sect?

Ungulates

Camellias evolved in North America, some of which migrated through the Bering Strait to Asia, Europe, and Africa.


Question: How many species belong to the ungulates sect?

Ungulates

Camellias still colonized the continents of North America and Europe during the Pliocene period, but by the Pleistocene period they disappeared from both.


Question: How many species belong to the ungulates sect?

Ungulates

In South America, the first camellias appeared in the Pleistocene period.


Question: How many species belong to the ungulates sect?

Ungulates

Based on dental discoveries, the ruminants' stem form was the four-toed (vestigial fifths were on the front legs) Hypertragulidae, which lived in the late Eocene period.


Question: How many species belong to the ungulates sect?

Ungulates

[6] The earliest horned ungulates appeared in the Early Miocene period and by the end of the Miocene at the latest, all surviving ungulate tribes existed today.


Question: How many species belong to the ungulates sect?

Ungulates

The early separation of ungulates from each other is strongly supported by the nature of their digestive systems.


Question: How many species belong to the ungulates sect?

Ungulates

In pigs, it is simpler than all others, when ruminants have a very complex and highly developed digestion.


Question: How many species belong to the ungulates sect?

Ungulates

Of the herbivores, the hoofed animals had managed to gain dominance, forcing the ungulates into the cramped.


Question: How many species belong to the ungulates sect?

Ungulates

Under these conditions, ruminant complex digestive system is believed to have developed.


Question: How many species belong to the ungulates sect?

Ungulates

It is superior to rival herbivores, such as bedbugs, in exploiting plant food.


Question: How many species belong to the ungulates sect?

Ungulates

Towards the end of the Eocene period (38 mvs.)


Question: How many species belong to the ungulates sect?

Ungulates

Earth's climate changed, which also led to changes in vegetation and through this in the biology of herbivores on all continents.


Question: How many species belong to the ungulates sect?

Ungulates

With the exception of pigs and pecks, all ungulates evolved into herbivores, with the margins of the crowns of their molars evolving to be sickle-like ().


Question: How many species belong to the ungulates sect?

Ungulates

Giraffes and deer evolved from the Eumeryx moose ruminant that lived during the Oligocene period.


Question: How many species belong to the ungulates sect?

Ungulates

The earliest giraffes were short-necked.


Question: How many species belong to the ungulates sect?

Ungulates

The first long-necked giraffes evolved in the Pliocene period.


Question: How many species belong to the ungulates sect?

Ungulates

Eumeryx elk also evolved into the predecessors of the existing deer species.


Question: How many species belong to the ungulates sect?

Ungulates

Dwarf deer and musk deer have originated apparently from these early deer species.


Question: How many species belong to the ungulates sect?

Ungulates

Hollowhorns appeared in the Late Soligocene Period or at the very beginning of the Miocene Era (Eotragus).


Question: How many species belong to the ungulates sect?

Ungulates

The beginning of the Miocene period (20 mvs.)


Question: How many species belong to the ungulates sect?

Ungulates

vegetation is characterized by a strong spread of grasses and the landscape turned into plains.


Question: How many species belong to the ungulates sect?

Ungulates

Grasses are a tricky food, but for ungulates, especially ruminants, it did not produce problems in previous seasons thanks to an evolved digestive system.


Question: How many species belong to the ungulates sect?

Ungulates

For bedbugs, on the other hand, it posed such a tough challenge that ungulates took the dominant role of herbivores.


Question: How many species belong to the ungulates sect?

Ungulates

This is thought to be an explanatory reason why hoofed animals are a very abundant group today, when bedbugs do not include even 20 species.


Question: How many species belong to the ungulates sect?

Ungulates

Herbivores were now increasingly beginning to graze.


Question: How many species belong to the ungulates sect?

Ungulates

Classification The surviving ungulates have traditionally been divided into three suborders, with a total of ten tribes.


Question: How many species belong to the ungulates sect?

Ungulates

The current classification will change quite substantially in the future, as DNA studies and two new fossils discovered in Pakistan (e.g.


Question: How many species belong to the ungulates sect?

Ungulates

Using Artiocetus clavis, 2000), it has been discovered that hippos and whales are closely related to each other, having evolved from the same parent parent.


Question: How many species belong to the ungulates sect?

Ungulates

In the past, hippos were imagined to have evolved from pigs, but this has proved to be an erroneous conclusion.


Question: How many species belong to the ungulates sect?

Ungulates

Already from fossil finds, a close link between hoofed animals and whales was known, but no clear picture of this connection was obtained until DNA studies.


Question: How many species belong to the ungulates sect?

Ungulates

Some scientists have proposed merging cetaceans (Cetecean) and ungulates (Artiodactyla) into the new (upper) order Cetartiodactyla.


Question: How many species belong to the ungulates sect?

Ungulates

At the same time, the classification of porcine animals will have to be corrected so that hippos are moved away into their own subfamily Ancondata.


Question: How many species belong to the ungulates sect?

Ungulates

Consequently, the ungulates would include a total of five tribes.


Question: How many species belong to the ungulates sect?

Ungulates

Below a classification based on this, above is given an indefinite classification that lacks the classification of extinct developmental lineages.


Question: How many species belong to the ungulates sect?

Ungulates

Below, extinct prehistoric groups are marked with a cross (†) and trailing are the ages when that group was still vibrant and includes the lower groups.


Question: How many species belong to the ungulates sect?

Ungulates

The classification is based on the online version of the Encyclopedia Britannica's “artiodactyl” article (12 February 2009).


Question: How many species belong to the ungulates sect?

Ungulates

[7] (No whales in the classification).


Question: How many species belong to the ungulates sect?

Ungulates

The classifications used in different sources may differ greatly.


Question: How many species belong to the ungulates sect?

Ungulates

For example, in Gentryn & Hooker's (1988) classification, ungulates are divided based on their teeth into “Bunodontia” and “Selenodontia” subsections.


Question: How many species belong to the ungulates sect?

Ungulates

Pigs belong to the first and all others to the latter.


Question: How many species belong to the ungulates sect?

Ungulates

In McKenna & Bell's (1997) classification, the subclasses conform to the classification below; however, the classification below does not conform to McKenna & Bell.


Question: How many species belong to the ungulates sect?

Ungulates

Subsect: Suiformes † Sub-sect: Palaeodonta (Eocene—Early Miocene; Upper females: Dichobunoidea and Entelodontoidea) Suina Family: Suidae Family: Tayassuidae Subsect: Ancodonta † Tribe: Anoplotheriidae Europe) † Tribe: Anthracotheriidae ( Eocene-Pleistocene period, old continent, but with some discoveries from the North American Oligocene period) Tribe: Hippopotamidae Sub-sect: Tylopoda † Tribe: Hypertragulidae (Miocene period in North America) † Tribe: Merycoidodontidae (Eocene-Early Pliocene period North Americas) † Tribe: Agriochoeriidae (Eocene—Early Miocene in North America) † Tribe: Cainotheriidae (Oligocene period in Europe) Tribe: Camelidae † Tribe: Xiphodontidae (Eocene-early-isoligocene period in Europe) Sub-sect: Ruminantia Subsect: Tragulina † Tribe Protoceratidae (Oligocene-Early Pliocene period in North America) † Upper name: Amphimerycoidea (families: Amphimerycidae and Gelocidae; Eocene-Oligocene period in Europe and Asia) Upper name: Traguloidea Tribe: Tragulidae Sub-sect: Pecora Upper name: Giraffoidea † Family: Traguloidea Palaeomerycidae (Late Soligocene to Late Pliocene period, North America, Europe and Africa; subfamilies: Palaeomerycinae, Blastomerycinae and Dromomerycinae) Family: Giraffidae Upper name: Cervoidea Family: Cervidae Upper name: Bovoidea Family: Antilocapridae Family: Bovidae Appearance and structure General The smallest ungulates belong to the dwarf deer family.


Question: How many species belong to the ungulates sect?

Ungulates

The largest pair toe by mass is a hippopotamus weighing 4.5 tonnes, while the tallest is a giraffe.


Question: How many species belong to the ungulates sect?

Ungulates

The skull of ungulates is elongated and the eyes are located on the sides of the head.


Question: How many species belong to the ungulates sect?

Ungulates

Their ears are either tapered or nearly round and the tail length ranges from long to a small stub.


Question: How many species belong to the ungulates sect?

Ungulates

The vast majority of ungulates have thick fur, the northernmost species the thickest.


Question: How many species belong to the ungulates sect?

Ungulates

The exception is hippos, which are practically bare, and which are also exceptionally adapted to aquatic life.


Question: How many species belong to the ungulates sect?

Ungulates

The fur consists of two layers, the lower of which, undercoat, is shorter and more dense than the longer covering hair.


Question: How many species belong to the ungulates sect?

Ungulates

The main purpose of the coat is to prevent heat escaping, but also from moisture.


Question: How many species belong to the ungulates sect?

Ungulates

As a secondary function, the fur, or its patterns and coloring, distract or deceive predators.


Question: How many species belong to the ungulates sect?

Ungulates

In some species, body hair also signals age, social status in the herd, or even danger.


Question: How many species belong to the ungulates sect?

Ungulates

[8] Like most mammals, hoofed animals breastfeed their chicks with milk secreted by their nipples.


Question: How many species belong to the ungulates sect?

Ungulates

The number of nipples varies from two to four, but in pigs the range is 6—12.


Question: How many species belong to the ungulates sect?

Ungulates

The majority of ungulate species have some kind of external defense mechanism.


Question: How many species belong to the ungulates sect?

Ungulates

Admittedly the most common and striking are their single-arm straight or curly horns, or multi-branched, as in deer.


Question: How many species belong to the ungulates sect?

Ungulates

Only hollow horns have horns classified as actual horns.


Question: How many species belong to the ungulates sect?

Ungulates

For actual horns, it is required that they are not multi-branched and grow directly from the forehead bone.


Question: How many species belong to the ungulates sect?

Ungulates

The horns of giraffes grow from the parietal bones, so they are not actual horns, although they are single-arm.


Question: How many species belong to the ungulates sect?

Ungulates

Species with overlong canines are also found in porcine animals.


Question: How many species belong to the ungulates sect?

Ungulates

These defensive devices are not used by animals as protection against beasts, as, for example, Charles Darwin speculated, but only in intra-species showdowns.


Question: How many species belong to the ungulates sect?

Ungulates

The horns of males are longer than females because males compete for females during mating by buffing their heads against each other.


Question: How many species belong to the ungulates sect?

Ungulates

Teeth are specialized in herbivorous and various tasks.


Question: How many species belong to the ungulates sect?

Ungulates

In the majority of ruminants, the upper anterior and upper canines have disappeared and for cutting plant parts they use lower canines.


Question: How many species belong to the ungulates sect?

Ungulates

In pygmy deer and musk deer, the upper canines have not disappeared, but rather enlarged.


Question: How many species belong to the ungulates sect?

Ungulates

In other ungulates, no atrophy of any kind is observed in the canines.


Question: How many species belong to the ungulates sect?

Ungulates

In some pigs, the teeth have grown very large, out of the mouth.


Question: How many species belong to the ungulates sect?

Ungulates

For example, warthog has handsome curved canines.


Question: How many species belong to the ungulates sect?

Ungulates

They are completely absent by the wing canal () of the palate, and there is no posterior extension in their nasal bones.


Question: How many species belong to the ungulates sect?

Ungulates

The number of teeth in ungulates varies between 30 and 44.


Question: How many species belong to the ungulates sect?

Ungulates

[9] Movement All ungulates walk on four legs.


Question: How many species belong to the ungulates sect?

Ungulates

Each foot has an even number of toes on which they calculate their weight.


Question: How many species belong to the ungulates sect?

Ungulates

The feet have two vestigial toes slightly higher and a third, but it is not visible externally.


Question: How many species belong to the ungulates sect?

Ungulates

It recalls early predecessors of hoofed animals, which had five toes.


Question: How many species belong to the ungulates sect?

Ungulates

In some species, the toes higher up are not atrophied as much, causing them to step on all four toes.


Question: How many species belong to the ungulates sect?

Ungulates

For example, hippos have four equal toes and, in deer living in the Arctic regions, the hind legs have survived quite large because they facilitate passage in the snow glove.


Question: How many species belong to the ungulates sect?

Ungulates

Ungulates are also so-called tip-steppers, meaning when walking, the tips of their toes touch the ground before the rest of the foot.


Question: How many species belong to the ungulates sect?

Ungulates

An exception to the pair toe is made by the collar and lip lobe, which have a third vestigial toe on the hind legs in addition to the two toes.


Question: How many species belong to the ungulates sect?

Ungulates

The front feet have four toes each.


Question: How many species belong to the ungulates sect?

Ungulates

In ungulates, the second and third metatarsal bones are either completely or at least partially united, the longest this unification has gone in camels (cannon bone).


Question: How many species belong to the ungulates sect?

Ungulates

The limbs are usually long with respect to the rest of the body and the bones light.


Question: How many species belong to the ungulates sect?

Ungulates

Due to their paired toe, the limbs of ungulates are paraxonic (), that is, the axis running between the third and fourth toes divides the foot into symmetrical parts.


Question: How many species belong to the ungulates sect?

Ungulates

These features, together with the talus structure of the hind limbs, allow agile and fast movement.


Question: How many species belong to the ungulates sect?

Ungulates

[10] In normal walking, the ungulate's feet move in the order where the front foot takes a step, with the hind foot of the opposite side taking a step and next the front foot of the hind leg with the same side and finally the last leg taking a step.


Question: How many species belong to the ungulates sect?

Ungulates

For example, therefore, left front, right rear, right front and left rear.


Question: How many species belong to the ungulates sect?

Ungulates

This, in addition to the foot characteristics already above, improves the speed of movement of hoofed animals and provides a partial explanation of why hoofed animals are such a rich group.


Question: How many species belong to the ungulates sect?

Ungulates

In faster running, the step pace resembles a canter noticeable on horses, too.


Question: How many species belong to the ungulates sect?

Ungulates

[7] The giraffe is the only hoofed animal in which most of the force required for movement comes from the front legs, in the others it comes from the hind legs.


Question: How many species belong to the ungulates sect?

Ungulates

[7] Camel, giraffe and okapi differ from the formula to the extent that when they walk, the front and hind legs of the same side move simultaneously.


Question: How many species belong to the ungulates sect?

Ungulates

The camel is also able to move in the manner typical of other ungulates.


Question: How many species belong to the ungulates sect?

Ungulates

[7] [11] The fastest ungulate is thomsoningaselli.


Question: How many species belong to the ungulates sect?

Ungulates

Its top speed reaches 80 kilometers per hour.


Question: How many species belong to the ungulates sect?

Ungulates

The top speed of giraffe, kaffer buffalo and warthog reaches about 50 km/h.


Question: How many species belong to the ungulates sect?

Ungulates

[7] Habitats Ungulates can be found on all continents except Australia and the polar regions.


Question: How many species belong to the ungulates sect?

Ungulates

Wild ungulates can't be met on marine islands like, say, New Zealand.


Question: How many species belong to the ungulates sect?

Ungulates

Humans have since transported hoofed animals to these areas as well.


Question: How many species belong to the ungulates sect?

Ungulates

Evolutionarily historically speaking, hoofed animals are quite new species in South America as well.


Question: How many species belong to the ungulates sect?

Ungulates

[7] The most diverse ungulate species is found in Africa.


Question: How many species belong to the ungulates sect?

Ungulates

Ungulates include species adapted to very different conditions and ungulates have colonized all vegetation zone types.


Question: How many species belong to the ungulates sect?

Ungulates

Ungulates can be found very high in the mountains and diving in fresh waters on the other.


Question: How many species belong to the ungulates sect?

Ungulates

Because species have adapted to life in such diverse areas, hoofed animals are the dominant herbivores today.


Question: How many species belong to the ungulates sect?

Ungulates

Due to their size, they face little competition from other herbivores for food.


Question: How many species belong to the ungulates sect?

Ungulates

When larger, they would compete with elephants and rhinos, and smaller with lagomorphs or rodents.


Question: How many species belong to the ungulates sect?

Ungulates

[7] Despite the abundant species, hoofed animals specialise to live only in a certain type of environment, other mammalian species have better adaptability in proportion.


Question: How many species belong to the ungulates sect?

Ungulates

Hippos, giraffes and okapis are animals that do not live in the wild outside Africa.


Question: How many species belong to the ungulates sect?

Ungulates

Camels and other camellias (e.g., llama) are found today in North Africa, the Arabian Peninsula and South America.


Question: How many species belong to the ungulates sect?

Ungulates

Pigs live more widely in Africa, Asia and Europe.


Question: How many species belong to the ungulates sect?

Ungulates

In South and Central America, pig-like peckers live very much.


Question: How many species belong to the ungulates sect?

Ungulates

Hollow-horned ungulates have spread a few species to North America, but more abundantly exist in semi-arid and grassy areas of Africa and Eurasia.


Question: How many species belong to the ungulates sect?

Ungulates

[7] Some species thrive in dense forests, while others thrive in open tundra or savanna.


Question: How many species belong to the ungulates sect?

Ungulates

For example, dense forests have the advantage of being able to hide from predators and there is no lack of food due to abundant vegetation, but on the other hand it is trickier to detect beasts.


Question: How many species belong to the ungulates sect?

Ungulates

On the savannah, for example, hoofed animals are able to locate an approaching danger faster and escape, but especially in dry seasons there may be a shortage of food.


Question: How many species belong to the ungulates sect?

Ungulates

The long neck of giraffes allows tall tree leaves to be eaten where other herbivores cannot access, and camels are able to store fat (not water) in humps for bad times.


Question: How many species belong to the ungulates sect?

Ungulates

Semi-aquatic hippos have again adopted the habit of grazing on dry land and eating aquatic plants during the day.


Question: How many species belong to the ungulates sect?

Ungulates

The advantage of hoofed animals living high in the mountains is primarily the dearth of beasts, but the higher risk is, for example, falling off a cliff and low food.


Question: How many species belong to the ungulates sect?

Ungulates

Nutrition All ungulates are herbivores, or herbivores.


Question: How many species belong to the ungulates sect?

Ungulates

Pigs and pecks make up a small exception, as they may also eat eggs, young bird chicks, reptiles or animal carrion of nesting birds on the ground.


Question: How many species belong to the ungulates sect?

Ungulates

[12] However, their main source of food is plants, fruits or roots, and the behaviour described above is marginal.


Question: How many species belong to the ungulates sect?

Ungulates

[13] All ungulates have digestive systems different from other mammals.


Question: How many species belong to the ungulates sect?

Ungulates

Ruminants, with the exception of dwarf oats, have three other stomacies in addition to the actual stomach, i.e. four different stomats in total.


Question: How many species belong to the ungulates sect?

Ungulates

Camellias, hippos and pygmy deers have three stomachs, while pigs and pecars have one quite small stomach before the actual stomach.


Question: How many species belong to the ungulates sect?

Ungulates

All four stomachs of ruminants have their own name: rumen, reticulum, hundredstomach, and treadmill.


Question: How many species belong to the ungulates sect?

Ungulates

No mammals have developed an enzyme capable of breaking down plant lignin or cellulose, but they are able to do this with the help of symbiotic bacteria that live in the stomach.


Question: How many species belong to the ungulates sect?

Ungulates

Bacteria are also an important protein source for animals.


Question: How many species belong to the ungulates sect?

Ungulates

This trait is common in hoofed and hoofed animals.


Question: How many species belong to the ungulates sect?

Ungulates

However, some of the ungulates have developed a peculiar habit of eating food, rumination.


Question: How many species belong to the ungulates sect?

Ungulates

After the food chewed in it first enters the rumen, bacteria first break down cellulose from it.


Question: How many species belong to the ungulates sect?

Ungulates

The pH of the rumen is slightly acidic because under highly acidic conditions, bacteria in the stomach would not be able to break down food.


Question: How many species belong to the ungulates sect?

Ungulates

From the rumen, food enters the mesh stomach, where food is sorted into coarse and finer pieces thanks to muscle contractions in the stomach.


Question: How many species belong to the ungulates sect?

Ungulates

There are also bacteria in the mesh stomach that break down additional ingested food.


Question: How many species belong to the ungulates sect?

Ungulates

The coarse pieces are sent back to the rumen, from which the animal “vomits” the food to be chewed again and swallows the food again.


Question: How many species belong to the ungulates sect?

Ungulates

This trait allows ruminants to exploit plant food more efficiently than other herbivores.


Question: How many species belong to the ungulates sect?

Ungulates

[14] In the meantime, small pieces of food push towards one hundred times, where the liquids of the table melt are absorbed.


Question: How many species belong to the ungulates sect?

Ungulates

After absorption, the food next enters the treadmill stomach, which can be compared to that of monogastric gastritis, as the pH of the treadmill is very low due to hydrochloric acid and pepsin.


Question: How many species belong to the ungulates sect?

Ungulates

[15] From the treadle stomach, food enters the small intestine and exits the animal through the colon and rectum from the anus.


Question: How many species belong to the ungulates sect?

Ungulates

Behavior Herds Only a few ungulates live alone, and only a few species form groups of three individuals in a pair, usually species living in forests move on their own.


Question: How many species belong to the ungulates sect?

Ungulates

[7] More common, on the other hand, is herd life.


Question: How many species belong to the ungulates sect?

Ungulates

The positive aspect of herd life is that there is no such great threat from predators and the chance of survival is higher.


Question: How many species belong to the ungulates sect?

Ungulates

As the predator threatens the herd, individuals go running in different directions, making it awkward for the predator to select a target.


Question: How many species belong to the ungulates sect?

Ungulates

Typically, prey is a pack of physically weaker individuals, such as the old, wounded, or youngest.


Question: How many species belong to the ungulates sect?

Ungulates

The phenomenon in which the actions of one of the herd causes others to do the same is called social faciliation.


Question: How many species belong to the ungulates sect?

Ungulates

Sexual segregation, or segregation, has also been observed in herds.


Question: How many species belong to the ungulates sect?

Ungulates

This means that the females in the herd are separated from the young males of the herd for most of the year.


Question: How many species belong to the ungulates sect?

Ungulates

There is a hierarchy of its own among males, which defines, for example, for hippos, how close a given male is allowed to be to a female.


Question: How many species belong to the ungulates sect?

Ungulates

The leader male of the pack has the widest rights, but males further down can challenge it in battle and, if winning, rise to replace the male at the head of the pack.


Question: How many species belong to the ungulates sect?

Ungulates

The former leader can either be evicted or still allowed to remain in the pack, but as a lower male.


Question: How many species belong to the ungulates sect?

Ungulates

An example of such behavior is the red deer.


Question: How many species belong to the ungulates sect?

Ungulates

[7] The youngest individuals pass with females.


Question: How many species belong to the ungulates sect?

Ungulates

There are distinguishable altruistic traits in nurturing the offspring of females.


Question: How many species belong to the ungulates sect?

Ungulates

They graze in areas where the risk of falling prey is low, even if it means lower-quality nutrition.


Question: How many species belong to the ungulates sect?

Ungulates

Males, on the other hand, take a risk in order to get better nutrition.


Question: How many species belong to the ungulates sect?

Ungulates

A number of ungulates exhibit seasonal region-to-area migration.


Question: How many species belong to the ungulates sect?

Ungulates

The benefit of the migration is to make efficient use of regional and seasonal vegetation growth for nutrition, even if it takes a lot of energy to make the migration itself.


Question: How many species belong to the ungulates sect?

Ungulates

With the arrival of winter, food intake in northern or high snowy areas is inconvenient because the growing season for plants is exhausted and food would have to be searched under the snow hangover.


Question: How many species belong to the ungulates sect?

Ungulates

It is advantageous for animals to move to graze further south or alternatively lower up the mountain slope.


Question: How many species belong to the ungulates sect?

Ungulates

[7] Communication Around the body of ungulates there are glands that produce odors.


Question: How many species belong to the ungulates sect?

Ungulates

By rubbing the glands into the environment, the animal leaves odor marks with which it can signal the limits of its turf or anything else, such as the result of rut.


Question: How many species belong to the ungulates sect?

Ungulates

If an animal has horns, it may also scrub its horns on the tree trunk, leaving either abrasion marks or glands around the corner of the horns leaving marks.


Question: How many species belong to the ungulates sect?

Ungulates

However, the most common way to mark the boundaries of the territory is defecation and urination.


Question: How many species belong to the ungulates sect?

Ungulates

In addition to smells, ungulates communicate with vocalizations and gestures.


Question: How many species belong to the ungulates sect?

Ungulates

Gestures may include defiant behaviour, such as in hippos spreading their jaws open apposen.


Question: How many species belong to the ungulates sect?

Ungulates

The orientation of the ears, the physical size of the individual, and the magnitude of the horns are also intra-species means of communication.


Question: How many species belong to the ungulates sect?

Ungulates

Reproduction Ungulates typically give birth at the time of the breeding season when food supply is best guaranteed for offspring.


Question: How many species belong to the ungulates sect?

Ungulates

Offspring grow and strengthen faster thanks to such timing, thus not falling prey to beasts so delicately.


Question: How many species belong to the ungulates sect?

Ungulates

Ungulates are already so advanced by birth that after birth they are able to walk and even run in a few hours.


Question: How many species belong to the ungulates sect?

Ungulates

The bearing time of females varies abundantly from species to species.


Question: How many species belong to the ungulates sect?

Ungulates

For example, in giraffes and okapes, pregnancy lasts about 450 days, and in dwarf oats about 150 days.


Question: How many species belong to the ungulates sect?

Ungulates

In the majority of ruminants, the carrier period is 6—9 months.


Question: How many species belong to the ungulates sect?

Ungulates

[16] Ungulates give birth to only one chick at one time, with the exception of pigs with a pahnue size of 4 to 8.


Question: How many species belong to the ungulates sect?

Ungulates

In domesticated pigs used for agricultural meat production, the pahnue may include 12 offspring.


Question: How many species belong to the ungulates sect?

Ungulates

[13] A female gives birth only once during the year, but in tropical regions, giving birth twice is possible.


Question: How many species belong to the ungulates sect?

Ungulates

The mother usually either hides her young, if only in the living zone is possible, or keeps it constantly with her and as part of the herd.


Question: How many species belong to the ungulates sect?

Ungulates

The mother transports her young to an area where the cub hides.


Question: How many species belong to the ungulates sect?

Ungulates

Consequently, the mother herself does not know where the cub is.


Question: How many species belong to the ungulates sect?

Ungulates

The mother goes to take care of her young a few times during the day until old enough to take the chick with her.


Question: How many species belong to the ungulates sect?

Ungulates

Some ungulates, such as pigs, build a small nest where they give birth and nurture their chicks for the first few days.


Question: How many species belong to the ungulates sect?

Ungulates

[13] Males mate with several different females during the same mating season.


Question: How many species belong to the ungulates sect?

Ungulates

It is very rare for a male and female to stay together after the mating season.


Question: How many species belong to the ungulates sect?

Ungulates

However, blue diver antelopes remain loyal to their pair throughout the year until the new mating season begins.


Question: How many species belong to the ungulates sect?

Ungulates

[13] During the horny period, males engage in fierce battles with each other to gain the right to mate with the female.


Question: How many species belong to the ungulates sect?

Ungulates

Harmless as the fights are, they can be very exhausting, making the males involved in them an easy target for predators.


Question: How many species belong to the ungulates sect?

Ungulates

Therefore, battlepukars seek, with vocalizations and gestures, to persuade the opposing party to give up.


Question: How many species belong to the ungulates sect?

Ungulates

The male can defend either one particular female (e.g., bison) or an entire harem from other males.


Question: How many species belong to the ungulates sect?

Ungulates

It is also possible that the male is not directly fighting for females, but for a living area that attracts females.


Question: How many species belong to the ungulates sect?

Ungulates

For example, food may attract females to a particular territory, in which case the dominant male of the territory gains the right to mate with females there.


Question: How many species belong to the ungulates sect?

Ungulates

Topic antelopes and spruce deer have gone even further in this type of mating strategy: land patches (lekking) of land (lekking) the size of only a few square metres can be a defensible area.


Question: How many species belong to the ungulates sect?

Ungulates

[13] Ungulates and humans According to the IUCN Red List of over 240 ungulate species worldwide, 97 of the more than 240 ungulate species worldwide are classified as endangered, extremely endangered or already out of the wild (living only in zoos, etc.).


Question: How many species belong to the ungulates sect?

Ungulates

Populations of almost all species are on a downward trend.


Question: How many species belong to the ungulates sect?

Ungulates

[17] The major factors threatening ungulates are forest logging, the conversion of land into crops, the road network, and poaching.


Question: How many species belong to the ungulates sect?

Ungulates

[18] Ungulates have been the main source of human protein since gatherer-hunter cultures.


Question: How many species belong to the ungulates sect?

Ungulates

The first ungulates (sheep and goat) were domesticated by man about 8000—9000 years ago.