Question: How many terms did Johannes Estonian serve as an MP?

Centre of Finland

Presidential elections The centrist presidents have been Lauri Kristian Relander, Kyösti Kallio and Urho Kekkonen.


Question: How many terms did Johannes Estonian serve as an MP?

Centre of Finland

Among them, Relander was chosen on the first attempt and Kallio on the second.


Question: How many terms did Johannes Estonian serve as an MP?

Centre of Finland

Kekkonen was also elected by a second attempt for president; he was then nominated three more times after being elected at all times.


Question: How many terms did Johannes Estonian serve as an MP?

Centre of Finland

After Kekkonen's long term as president, Johannes Virolainen, Paavo Väyrynen (three times), Esko Aho and Matti Vanhanen (twice) have run for president.


Question: How many terms did Johannes Estonian serve as an MP?

Centre of Finland

However, they have been defeated in elections by SDP and Coalition candidates.


Question: How many terms did Johannes Estonian serve as an MP?

Centre of Finland

In the presidential elections held during the direct popular election, Aho has been the only candidate for President of the Centre Centre to reach the second round.


Question: How many terms did Johannes Estonian serve as an MP?

Centre of Finland

Notable politicians Chairmen and Party Secretaries Chairmen The following lists the Chairmen of the Centre of Finland and its predecessors with terms of office.


Question: How many terms did Johannes Estonian serve as an MP?

Centre of Finland

The current chairman, Juha Sipilä, is the 14th chairman in order.


Question: How many terms did Johannes Estonian serve as an MP?

Centre of Finland

The following lists the secretaries of the Agrarian League, Centre Party and the Centre Party of Finland with terms of office starting with Väinö Kaasalainen.


Question: How many terms did Johannes Estonian serve as an MP?

Centre of Finland

Kaasalainen was the Executive Director of the Agrarian League; the others have been party secretaries.


Question: How many terms did Johannes Estonian serve as an MP?

Centre of Finland

Presidents Lauri Kristian Relander, youngest president in Finnish history from 1925 to 1931 Kyösti Kallio, President during the Winter War 1937—1940 Urho Kekkonen, longest-serving president in 1956—1982 Prime Ministers Kyösti Kallio (4 times: 1922—1924, 1925—1926, 1929—1930 and 1936 —1937) Juho Sunila (2 times: 1927—1928 and 1931—1932) Urho Kekkonen (5 times: 1950—1951, 1951, 1951—1953, 1953 and 1954—1956) Vieno Johannes Sukselainen (2 times: 1957 and 1959—1961) Martti Miettunen (3 times: 1961—1962, 1975—1976 and 1976—1977) Ahti Karjalainen (2 times: 1962 and 1970—1971) Johannes Virolainen (1 time: 1964—1966) Esko Aho (1 time: 1991—1995) Anneli Jäätteenmäki (1 time: 2003) Matti Vanhanen (2 times: 2003—2007 and 2007—2010) Mari Kiviniemi (1 time: 2010—2011) Juha Sipilä (1 time: 2015—) Kristian Relander, 1919—1920 Kyösti Kallio, 1920—1921, 1922, 1924—1925, 1927—1928, 1929 and 1930—1936 J. E. Sunila, 1930 Urho Kekkonen, 1948—1950 V. J. Sukselainen, 1956—1957, 1958, 1968—1970 and 1972—1976 Kauno Kleemola, 1962—1965 Johannes Virolainen, 1966—1968 and 1979—1983 Ahti Pekkala, 1978—1979 Esko Aho, 1991 Anneli Jäätteenmäki, 2003 Timo Kalli, 2007 Juha Sipilä, 2015 State Counsellors E. Y. Pehkonen, 1948 Martti Miettunen, 1977 Johannes Virolainen, 1989 European Parliamentarians Sirkka-Liisa Anttila (1996—1999) Timo Järvilahti (1995— 1996) Anneli Jäätteenmäki (2004—) Elsi Katainen (2018—) Riikka Pakarinen (2009—2014) Seppo Pelttari (1995—96) Samuli Pohjamo (1999—2004, 2007—2009) Olli Rehn (1995—96, 2014—2015) Mirja Ryynänen (1995—1999) Hannu Takkula (2004—2014, 2015—2018) Mirja Vehkaperä (2018— ) Kyösti Virrankoski (1996—2009) Paavo Väyrynen (1995—2007, 2014—2018) Samuli Pohjamo rose to the European Parliament from deputy office twice: in the spring of 1999 to replace Sirkka-Liisa Anttila, who was elected MP, and in spring 2007 to replace Paavo Väyrysen, who was elected Minister.


Question: How many terms did Johannes Estonian serve as an MP?

Centre of Finland

Olli Rehn served as EU Commissioner for Industry and Enterprise in 2004, Enlargement Commissioner from 2004 to 2010, and Economic and Monetary Affairs Commissioner from 2010 to 2014.


Question: How many terms did Johannes Estonian serve as an MP?

Centre of Finland

See also Centre Parliamentary Group List of MPs: Agrarian League, Centre Party and Centre Party of Finland Category:Finnish Central Politicians Other centrist, social liberal or agrarian parties in the Nordic and Baltic countries:: Centre of Åland () : Union Party (): Atassut (): Progress Party (): Latvian Farmers' Union (): Liberal and centrist alliance (): Centre Party (): Centre Party (): Venstre (): Estonian Centre Party () Sources Literature Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Aho, Esko| title = Waking World: The 90th Anniversary Book| location = Helsinki| publisher = Book group| year = 1996| id = ISBN 951-26-4169-0}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Antila, Jaakko Olavi| title = “Politics is in the Church”: The formation of the church political objectives of the Centre Party in 1966—1978| location = Helsinki| publisher = Church Historical Society of Finland| year = 2010| id = ISBN 978-952-5031-57-7}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Kalliokoski, Matti ja Allonen, Pekka| title = Hundred image from center| location = Helsinki| publisher = Country spirit| year = 2006| id = ISBN 952-5328-83-X}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Kärriäinen, Seppo| title = What you sow: Strategic choices in the centre 1964—2001| location = Helsinki| publisher = Gummerus| = 2002| id = ISBN 951-20-6372-7}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Salokangas, Raimo| title = Arms of the Party: Birth of the Agrarian newspaper press and its position in the party and newspaper market 1906-1916| location = Vammala| publisher = Historical Society of Finland | year = 1982| id = ISBN 951-9254-34-X}} Agraria-Centre History Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Hakalehto, Ilkka| title = Agraria-Centre Party History 1.


Question: How many terms did Johannes Estonian serve as an MP?

Centre of Finland

Agrarian Autonomy during 1906—1917| location = Helsinki| publisher = Book Consortium| year = 1986| id = ISBN 951-26-2910-0}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Milly, Juhani| title = History of the Agrarian Centre Party 2.


Question: How many terms did Johannes Estonian serve as an MP?

Centre of Finland

Agrarian League 1918—1939| location = Helsinki| publisher = Book group| year = 1989| id = ISBN 951-26-3035-4}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Hokkanen, Kari| title = History of Agrarian Centre 3.


Question: How many terms did Johannes Estonian serve as an MP?

Centre of Finland

Agrarian War and Danger in 1939—1950| location = Helsinki| publisher = Otava| year = 1996| id = ISBN 951-1-14523-1}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Hokkanen, Kari| title = Agrarian Center History 4.


Question: How many terms did Johannes Estonian serve as an MP?

Centre of Finland

Kekkonen Agrarian Association 1950—1962| location = Helsinki| publisher = Otava| year = 2002| id = ISBN 951-1-18339-7}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Isohookana-Asunmaa, Tytti| title = Agrarian Town History 5.


Question: How many terms did Johannes Estonian serve as an MP?

Centre of Finland

Agrarian League Centre Party 1963—1981| location = Helsinki| publisher = WSOY| year = 2006| id = ISBN 951-0-32695-X}} On topic elsewhere * Category:Liberal Democratic Party of Europe Category:Key articles of screening


Question: When was Louis XIV born?

Louis XIV

Louis XIV (Louis God-given,, nicknames the Sun King,, and earlier Louis the Great,; 5 September 1638 in Saint-Germain-en-Laye — 1 September 1715, Versailles) was King of France and Navarre from 1643 to 1715.


Question: When was Louis XIV born?

Louis XIV

He was the third ruler of the Bourbon lineage and thus a ruler belonging to the Capetingian dynasty.


Question: When was Louis XIV born?

Louis XIV

At the age of four, Louis XIV, who ascended the throne, is the longest-reigning European head of state ever.


Question: When was Louis XIV born?

Louis XIV

The monarchy based on absolutism, or absolute autocracy, reached its peak in his time, and the monarch became the centre of all activities.


Question: When was Louis XIV born?

Louis XIV

Louis XIV is perhaps best remembered as the builder of the flamboyant Palace of Versailles, an eliminator of the last vestiges of feudalism, and as a reinforcement of kingship who felt that the king had a divine right to his position.


Question: When was Louis XIV born?

Louis XIV

During his reign, France also fought numerous wars, the most notable being the Franco-Dutch War (1672—1678), the Nine Years' War (1688—1697), and the War of the Spanish Succession (1701—1714).


Question: When was Louis XIV born?

Louis XIV

In Louis's reign, the military might of Royal France was at its peak, and the French army was considered almost invincible right up until the War of the Spanish Succession.


Question: When was Louis XIV born?

Louis XIV

With his wars, he significantly expanded French territories in Europe.


Question: When was Louis XIV born?

Louis XIV

Moreover, during his reign the French colonies expanded greatly and by the end of his reign much of North America belonged to France.


Question: When was Louis XIV born?

Louis XIV

Louis XIV is one of the most famous and respected kings of France, but on the other hand his wars were very costly and the human and economic losses they caused were enormous.


Question: When was Louis XIV born?

Louis XIV

In addition, Louis XIV persecuted French Protestants, or Huguenots, and caused the escape of over two hundred thousand citizens from France to Switzerland, the Netherlands and Germany, among others.


Question: When was Louis XIV born?

Louis XIV

Childhood Louis — God-given On Sunday, 5 September 1638, at about 11 o'clock, the heir to the throne, the dauphin, was born at Château-Neuf de Saint-Germain-en-Laye.


Question: When was Louis XIV born?

Louis XIV

His birth was considered quite a miracle: after all, his parents Louis XIII and Anna the Austrian had been married for 23 years.


Question: When was Louis XIV born?

Louis XIV

The child was given the name Louis Dieudonné, Louis God-given, as his birth was seen as a token of heavenly grace.


Question: When was Louis XIV born?

Louis XIV

Some contemporaries thought that Louis XIII would not have been the biological father of the child, as he was widely rumored to be homosexual.


Question: When was Louis XIV born?

Louis XIV

The little Louis was already given the rank of “First Son of France” (premier fils de France) at birth and the more traditional title of Dauphin of Vienne.


Question: When was Louis XIV born?

Louis XIV

Two years after Louis's birth, he was born a younger brother Philip, who was made at first Duke of Anjou and later of Orléans.


Question: When was Louis XIV born?

Louis XIV

Upon the death of his father Louis XIII, Louis XIV inherited the throne.


Question: When was Louis XIV born?

Louis XIV

He was then only four years old, so his mother Anna the Austrian acted as regent, but handed over the exercise of power to Cardinal Mazarin.


Question: When was Louis XIV born?

Louis XIV

The French high nobility was unhappy with the transfer of power, as it could not accept the transfer of power to Cardinal Richelieu's loyal deputy.


Question: When was Louis XIV born?

Louis XIV

King's upbringing In March 1646, Cardinal Mazarin, in addition to his ministerial duties and responsibilities, was also given responsibility for the upbringing of Louis XIV and his younger brother Philip.


Question: When was Louis XIV born?

Louis XIV

He was appointed High Supervisor of the personal upbringing of the King and the Duke of Anjou.


Question: When was Louis XIV born?

Louis XIV

Louis XIV was not a very industrious or diligent pupil in Latin, history, mathematics, Italian or drawing, but he showed great aptitude in the art of painting, architecture and music.


Question: When was Louis XIV born?

Louis XIV

Particularly close to Louis's heart was dance, which at that time was an essential part of a gentleman's upbringing.


Question: When was Louis XIV born?

Louis XIV

It has been said that the young Louis XIV used to dance every day from the age of seven until the age of 27.


Question: When was Louis XIV born?

Louis XIV

He was also an avid enthusiast of the jeu de paume, a precursor of tennis, as well as a hunter.


Question: When was Louis XIV born?

Louis XIV

Colourful Childhood In his childhood Louis XIV was often in danger of life but narrowly avoided death.


Question: When was Louis XIV born?

Louis XIV

His mother and Mazarin gave him to be supervised by servants, but they did not look after him.


Question: When was Louis XIV born?

Louis XIV

When Louis was nine years old, the French nobles and the burghers of Paris turned against Mazarin, broke out a bourgeoisie war, the Fronde, which lasted six years.


Question: When was Louis XIV born?

Louis XIV

Louis never forgave the fear, submission and embarrassment that the nobles did him.


Question: When was Louis XIV born?

Louis XIV

This was likely to reinforce the belief of the God-given child and his special protection.


Question: When was Louis XIV born?

Louis XIV

Aged five, he was rescued at the last minute from drowning in a pool of water in the Palais-Royale garden.


Question: When was Louis XIV born?

Louis XIV

At the age of ten, Louis contracted smallpox.


Question: When was Louis XIV born?

Louis XIV

Still ten days after falling ill, doctors did not give any hope of saving the child, but the young king nevertheless survived the illness.


Question: When was Louis XIV born?

Louis XIV

The third near-misses situation was on 30 June 1648, when the king contracted food poisoning during his conquest of the town of Bergues.


Question: When was Louis XIV born?

Louis XIV

Louis was given the final anointing on 7 July, and preparations were already beginning to be made for the succession to power.


Question: When was Louis XIV born?

Louis XIV

However, Anna's anti-vomiting medicine administered by an Austrian spirit doctor caused the king to recover.


Question: When was Louis XIV born?

Louis XIV

The trials of Fronde After reaching the confession and enjoying his first communion at the age of 12 in the church of Saint-Eustache on 25 December 1649, the young king became a member of the King's Council.


Question: When was Louis XIV born?

Louis XIV

Just at the same time, the supreme aristocracy sided itself in the Fronde Rebellion against the prestige and authority of the king.


Question: When was Louis XIV born?

Louis XIV

Already in 1648, the movement of the supreme aristocracy had begun, with Armand de Bourbon-Conti, Prince of Conti at the head.


Question: When was Louis XIV born?

Louis XIV

His brother Louis II Condé was a contributor to the rebellion; both princes were descended from the House of Bourbon.


Question: When was Louis XIV born?

Louis XIV

Their aim was to oust Cardinal Mazarin, who was accused in particular of taxation that had gone too hard.


Question: When was Louis XIV born?

Louis XIV

In 1650, the high-ranking princes were arrested, but counted fairly soon back to freedom.


Question: When was Louis XIV born?

Louis XIV

However, the Fronde Rebellion caused Cardinal Mazarin to flee twice from France to Spain.


Question: When was Louis XIV born?

Louis XIV

The Queen Mother Anna and the young Louis sought to join the exiles on 8 February 1651, but the people occupied the Louvre Palace and prevented the royal family's departure.


Question: When was Louis XIV born?

Louis XIV

The rebellion left indelible marks on Louis XIV.


Question: When was Louis XIV born?

Louis XIV

He reacted to the event later by continuing the work of Cardinal Richelieu aimed at systematically reducing the power of the so-called sword-nobility, and obliged them to serve in various court positions.


Question: When was Louis XIV born?

Louis XIV

In doing so, in reality, he shifted the administration in the direction of centralized power, operating on the nobility of the civil service.


Question: When was Louis XIV born?

Louis XIV

The lit de justice, assembled at the Parliament of Paris, declared the king to be of age on 7 September 1651.


Question: When was Louis XIV born?

Louis XIV

All prominent aristocrats and princes of the kingdom went to swear their oaths of allegiance to the king, with the exception of the princes of Condé who were assembling an army in Guyenne to invade Paris.


Question: When was Louis XIV born?

Louis XIV

Louis XIV was anointed at Reims on 7 June 1651, but left all political activities to Cardinal Mazarin.


Question: When was Louis XIV born?

Louis XIV

He himself focused on continuing his military training under Henri Turenne.


Question: When was Louis XIV born?

Louis XIV

Domestic politics The defense of autocracy by Louis XIV was also known by the additional name the Great, as he strengthened the monarchy's position in society.


Question: When was Louis XIV born?

Louis XIV

He himself became an autocrat with a divine right to his power.


Question: When was Louis XIV born?

Louis XIV

On April 13, 1655, the king promulgated 17 edicts intended to fill chronically empty state coffers.


Question: When was Louis XIV born?

Louis XIV

It is claimed that in this context Louis would have said his immortal phrase “the state is me” (l'État, c'est moi).


Question: When was Louis XIV born?

Louis XIV

The topic is moot, but apparently he really said that.


Question: When was Louis XIV born?

Louis XIV

[1] On his deathbed in 1715, Louis stated, “I exited, but the state will always be preserved”.


Question: When was Louis XIV born?

Louis XIV

Louis XIV perceived himself as the first servant of the state.


Question: When was Louis XIV born?

Louis XIV

Elimination of Fouquet after the death of Cardinal Mazarin on 9 March 1661, Louis XIV's first action was to abolish the function of Minister of Money and take personal charge of running the entire government, but the king's close circle was not convinced of his abilities as a statesman.


Question: When was Louis XIV born?

Louis XIV

Louis XIV came to show his talents and thus prove his prestige.


Question: When was Louis XIV born?

Louis XIV

Six months later, on 5 September 1661, having reached the age of 23, the king followed the opinions of his advisers and allowed the arrest of his influential minister, Nicolas Fouquet (1615—1680), who had been an all-powerful economy minister and the most powerful person in France under the monarch himself after.


Question: When was Louis XIV born?

Louis XIV

The young king deposed his minister accused of wrongdoing to demonstrate the magnitude of his power.


Question: When was Louis XIV born?

Louis XIV

Even if Fouquet had committed some wrongdoing, in no case had he acted worse than his predecessor, Mazarin, or his successor, Colbert.


Question: When was Louis XIV born?

Louis XIV

He had even demonstrated a certain effectiveness during his eight-year ministry, as the French state economy had improved from the state it had fallen into as a result of the Thirty Years' War and the Fronde Rebellion in the regions of 1648.


Question: When was Louis XIV born?

Louis XIV

However, King had a need to show that he was in control himself and that he could eliminate anyone who had become overly ambitious.


Question: When was Louis XIV born?

Louis XIV

After a three-year legal process under the King's program, Fouquet was replaced by Jean-Baptiste Colbert in 1665.


Question: When was Louis XIV born?

Louis XIV

In this case, it can be said that the real exercise of power of the Sun King


Question: When was Louis XIV born?

Louis XIV

The first major reforms The first half of the reign of Louis XIV the Great was a time of major administrative reforms.


Question: When was Louis XIV born?

Louis XIV

In particular, it was a time of growth in the tax burden.


Question: When was Louis XIV born?

Louis XIV

He created in 1667 Louis's legal system, a form of civil law standard.


Question: When was Louis XIV born?

Louis XIV

A similar legal standard for the field of criminal law he created in 1670.


Question: When was Louis XIV born?

Louis XIV

Forest use and shipping legislation he created in 1669, as well as trade legislation in 1673.


Question: When was Louis XIV born?

Louis XIV

Over time, two separate clans formed around the king, competing with each other in almost everything.


Question: When was Louis XIV born?

Louis XIV

The Colbert clan controlled almost everything that touched the economy, foreign policy, shipping and culture, while the clan of François Michel Louvois held in particular the territory of French defence.


Question: When was Louis XIV born?

Louis XIV

The king therefore adopted his motto: “Divide so that you will rule better.”


Question: When was Louis XIV born?

Louis XIV

The king had two rival factions to command, and it was clear that they exercised effective control over each other.


Question: When was Louis XIV born?

Louis XIV

In this way, possible coup plans of the ministers against the king were prevented.


Question: When was Louis XIV born?

Louis XIV

By 1671 the Colbert clan played a leading role, but as preparations for the war against Holland began and Colbert had great reservations about the increase in government expenditure required for the war, he fell out of favour in the eyes of the king.


Question: When was Louis XIV born?

Louis XIV

On top of this, the age difference between Colbert (52 years at that time) and King (33 years) caused the King to approach his peer Louvois, who was only 30 years old and had the same hobby as the king: war.


Question: When was Louis XIV born?

Louis XIV

Until 1685, the Louvois clan was highly influential in relation to the king.


Question: When was Louis XIV born?

Louis XIV

Foreign policy Since the birth of Louis XIV, France had been constantly at war with Spain, particularly to oppose the Habsburgs” rule in Europe.


Question: When was Louis XIV born?

Louis XIV

France participated in the final stages of the Thirty Years' War, which ended with the Peace of Westphalia in 1648.


Question: When was Louis XIV born?

Louis XIV

Moreover, the country had to deal with its internal conflicts related to the revolt led by Condé, principally Spanish-backed.


Question: When was Louis XIV born?

Louis XIV

As a soldier under Louis XIV on 23 June 1658, the French, who had recently made an alliance with the English, achieved a significant victory at Dunkirk over Condé, supported by the Spanish, at the Battle of Denes.


Question: When was Louis XIV born?

Louis XIV

The English were led at that time by Lord Protector Oliver Cromwell.


Question: When was Louis XIV born?

Louis XIV

It was only about 20-year-old Louis XIV's first major victory.


Question: When was Louis XIV born?

Louis XIV

Of the 54 years of his reign, Louis XIV devoted a total of 32 years to warfare.


Question: When was Louis XIV born?

Louis XIV

The king allowed Colbert to rule, and with the assistance of Michel Le Tellier and subsequently that son Louvois, he reorganised the army: unified the expenditure of funds, established the Hôtel des Invalides (a pensioner and invalid home) in 1670, and reformed the system of calling for service.


Question: When was Louis XIV born?

Louis XIV

This new political action reduced the number of fugitives from the army, and the standard of living of soldiers rose significantly.


Question: When was Louis XIV born?

Louis XIV

The king asked Sébastien Le Prestre de Vauban to build a belt of defensive systems on the territory of the kingdom.


Question: When was Louis XIV born?

Louis XIV

Louis XIV had at his disposal a 300,000-man strong army and, in order to strengthen France's positions in the world political field, he led the country into numerous wars and conflicts.


Question: When was Louis XIV born?

Louis XIV

Louis XIV's First War was the Dévolution War, caused by the death of the King of Spain and lasted from 1667 until 1668.


Question: When was Louis XIV born?

Louis XIV

The next larger conflict was the Dutch War, which lasted from 1672 until 1678, ending in the well-known Peace of Nijmegen.


Question: When was Louis XIV born?

Louis XIV

The Nine Years' War, or War of the Augsburg League or War of the Palatinate Succession, was fought in 1688—1697, with the last major conflict being the War of the Spanish Succession of 1701—1714.


Question: When was Louis XIV born?

Louis XIV

In this conflict, French interests were really great, as Louis XIV's grandson had been obtained as King of Spain and the Habsburgs were attempting to seize the throne for themselves.


Question: When was Louis XIV born?

Louis XIV

These wars greatly increased the territorial ensemble of France.


Question: When was Louis XIV born?

Louis XIV

Under Louis XIV, Upper Alsace, Metz, Toul, Verun (Meuse), French-speaking Flanders, Franche-Comté, Depertement of Sarre, County of Haineut and Lower Alsace were annexed to France.


Question: When was Louis XIV born?

Louis XIV

This all significantly increased French hegemony in Europe.


Question: When was Louis XIV born?

Louis XIV

However, the state's continued existence in a state of war led it to the brink of bankruptcy and forced an increase in the tax burden of the people already pregnant, although the nobles were also subject to taxation.


Question: When was Louis XIV born?

Louis XIV

The royal family also had to pay their taxes.


Question: When was Louis XIV born?

Louis XIV

During the reign of Louis XIV, the nobility became an enactment of courtesans, subjugated to the king's will.


Question: When was Louis XIV born?

Louis XIV

King gave political power to the bourgeoisie, of which Colbert exemplifies well.


Question: When was Louis XIV born?

Louis XIV

He allowed only limited initiative to the nobility he despised.


Question: When was Louis XIV born?

Louis XIV

His successor Louis XV did not follow the same policy.


Question: When was Louis XIV born?

Louis XIV

At the beginning of Louis XIV's reign, the other great and powerful state was Spain, while at the end of the reign England emerged as the most dangerous adversary.


Question: When was Louis XIV born?

Louis XIV

Economic policy Economy Louis XIV's economic policy was very simple: the king spent all the money that Colbert managed to fade into the state coffers in the war.


Question: When was Louis XIV born?

Louis XIV

Extortionate taxation under Mazarin was the instigator of numerous uprisings, similar to that had been the nobility's revolt against the Fronde and the popular revolt of the Jacquerie: the revolt of the land labourers of the Sologne region, or wooden shoe wearers, from April to August 1658, and the Boulonnais revolt in May 1662 ( the event is sometimes called the Lustucrus Rebellion).


Question: When was Louis XIV born?

Louis XIV

After Mazarin, Colbert continued to make new economic inventions.


Question: When was Louis XIV born?

Louis XIV

He developed his own version of mercantilism, which was subsequently called colbertism.


Question: When was Louis XIV born?

Louis XIV

This economic policy can be explained in a couple of words: you have to increase exports and reduce imports.


Question: When was Louis XIV born?

Louis XIV

He established manufactures that may have been owned by the state, such as the Beuvais Weaving and the Gobelins Manufacture, or privately owned such as the Manufacture of Saint-Cobain.


Question: When was Louis XIV born?

Louis XIV

For the currency to flow into the country, Colbert favored exports and subsidized it through the state.


Question: When was Louis XIV born?

Louis XIV

His policies also included restricting imports and strong protectionism.


Question: When was Louis XIV born?

Louis XIV

He urged and enticed Europe's best craftsmen to come to work in France, so that the country could have offered the best quality products that would also be easy to sell on behalf of their quality.


Question: When was Louis XIV born?

Louis XIV

To facilitate commerce, Colbert improved France's infrastructure, especially through the construction of new roads.


Question: When was Louis XIV born?

Louis XIV

With the assistance of his son Jan-Baptiste Colbert, or Marquess of Seignelay, he also developed a merchant navy to promote exports and the Royal Warship to secure voyage by convoys.


Question: When was Louis XIV born?

Louis XIV

Increasing colonies and developing so-called merchant companies were also part of Colbert's program.


Question: When was Louis XIV born?

Louis XIV

Although the interest of the zealous monarch and his minister was the whole then known world, only the French East Indies Trade Company, the French West Indies (American) Trade Company, the Mediterranean and the Ottoman Empire's trading partner were established in their time, and Senegal ( African) trading company, part of which became the organization of the tripartite trade of slaves.


Question: When was Louis XIV born?

Louis XIV

Evolution of colonial poverty In 1654, Canada was colonized for its abundant natural resources, especially fur.


Question: When was Louis XIV born?

Louis XIV

The territories were controlled by the New France Trade Company.


Question: When was Louis XIV born?

Louis XIV

In 1659, a trading post named after King Louis the Saint was established and was located on Ndar Island off the coast of Senegal.


Question: When was Louis XIV born?

Louis XIV

In 1673, the Senegalese trading company obtained the right to convey slaves to the islands of the Antilles.


Question: When was Louis XIV born?

Louis XIV

In 1665, Louis XIV established the East India Trade Company, which was stationed on the island of Madagascar.


Question: When was Louis XIV born?

Louis XIV

In the same year, Colbert purchased the Charfles Houel du Petit Pré of Guadeloupe, leader of the American Islands Trading Company, and the island of Martinique from Jecques Dryel Duparque.


Question: When was Louis XIV born?

Louis XIV

All these territories were ceded to the control of the Indian Trade Company, which experienced bankruptcy in 1674.


Question: When was Louis XIV born?

Louis XIV

In this case, the territories were re-annexed to


Question: When was Louis XIV born?

Louis XIV

In 1677, Admiral Jean d'Estrées usurped French Guiana from the Dutch by order of the King.


Question: When was Louis XIV born?

Louis XIV

Additionally, in 1682, René La Salle founded a French colony at the mouth of the Mississippi River, which was named Louisiane (Nouvelle-France) in honour of Louis XIV.


Question: When was Louis XIV born?

Louis XIV

In 1697, in the Peace of Ryswick, France was assigned the western half of the island of Haiti, the present-day Republic of Haiti.


Question: When was Louis XIV born?

Louis XIV

Despite all that, Colbert was more interested in the colonies than Louis XIV.


Question: When was Louis XIV born?

Louis XIV

The king had a need to obtain cannon fodder to continue wars in Europe, and only a very small number of the inhabitants were sent to the colonies: committed and young orphan girls—les filles du roi, the king's girls—were sent to Canada.


Question: When was Louis XIV born?

Louis XIV

Colbert saw the wide potential for the development of colonies, but stated in his correspondence with the intendent of the region of the American continent strictly that the role of the colonies is to serve the Kingdom and should not develop at the expense of the Kingdom's industry.


Question: When was Louis XIV born?

Louis XIV

However, in order to promote the natural development of the colonies, he established a penalty fee for unmarried men aged 20 and over and for unmarried women aged 16 and over.


Question: When was Louis XIV born?

Louis XIV

On the other hand, he started supporting families with children: a special allowance of 300 livres was allocated to families with more than ten children.


Question: When was Louis XIV born?

Louis XIV

Black Legislation In March 1685, Louis XIV enacted the so-called “Black Legislation”, which allowed the complete exploitation of slaves in the colonies.


Question: When was Louis XIV born?

Louis XIV

This legislation, which opponents felt allowed the institutionalization of slavery, was intended to restrict trade and give slaves their own status, for prior to this they were merely the movable property of their owners in the same way as chairs or tables.


Question: When was Louis XIV born?

Louis XIV

The law guaranteed ownership of slaves, naturally very limited.


Question: When was Louis XIV born?

Louis XIV

They got the right to an old-age pension, they had to be treated well and had to get proper sustenance.


Question: When was Louis XIV born?

Louis XIV

The legislation thus regulated the frameworks for the treatment of blacks.


Question: When was Louis XIV born?

Louis XIV

Religion Politics The Wars of Religion in France took place 40 years of bloody wars of faith, the so-called Huguenot Wars (1562—1598) between Catholics and Protestants (Huguenots).


Question: When was Louis XIV born?

Louis XIV

The wars ended momentarily in 1598 with the Edict of Nantes proclaimed by Henry IV of Navarre.


Question: When was Louis XIV born?

Louis XIV

It guaranteed the Huguenots freedom of faith and they got their rights secured to some extent.


Question: When was Louis XIV born?

Louis XIV

Under the Catholic Louis XIII (1601—1643), the Wars of Religion continued.


Question: When was Louis XIV born?

Louis XIV

Richelieu and Louis XIV rescinded the Edicts and began systematic persecutions of Protestants, which escalated in 1685, when some 250,000 Huguenots were forced by oppression and persecution to move out of France to countries including the Netherlands, Switzerland, Germany and England.


Question: When was Louis XIV born?

Louis XIV

Religious Reforms Louis XIV was a partisan of Gallikanism, aiming for papal control of an independent and united Christian France.


Question: When was Louis XIV born?

Louis XIV

On 13 December 1660, the king made it known to Parliament that he had decided to abolish Jansenism, a form of post-Reformed interpretation of Catholic religion by its roots.


Question: When was Louis XIV born?

Louis XIV

However, this did not prevent him from electing Simon Arnauld de Pompenne, a prominent Jansenist, as his Secretary of State in 1671 after peace in ecclesiastical affairs had been established.


Question: When was Louis XIV born?

Louis XIV

For the same reason, Louis XIV also acted against Protestantism and the Order of the Holy Sacrament.


Question: When was Louis XIV born?

Louis XIV

If, early in his reign, Louis XIV had disagreements with the Pope and even the threat of war in 1662 against Pope Alexander VII, then from 1684 onwards the Sun King was considerably more religiously oriented.


Question: When was Louis XIV born?

Louis XIV

Queen Marie-Thérèse and Colbert had both died in 1683, and Madame de Maintenon had become the king's secret consort.


Question: When was Louis XIV born?

Louis XIV

It is reported that he was an ardent defender of the Nantes Declaration, but current research cannot confirm such a view.


Question: When was Louis XIV born?

Louis XIV

The Cancellation of the Declaration of Nantes The Declaration of Nantes is a law signed in the city of Nantes on 13 April 1598 and issued by King Henry IV of France.


Question: When was Louis XIV born?

Louis XIV

In it, the king allowed Protestants freedom of religion within some conditions, and at the same time they were allowed some military fortifications.


Question: When was Louis XIV born?

Louis XIV

The guarantees given to Protestants by the Nantes Declaration to maintain military bases were already revoked under Louis XIII.


Question: When was Louis XIV born?

Louis XIV

Its religious passages were revoked under Louis XIV in 1685 by the Fontainebleau Declaration, which, in addition to the king, had been signed by his chancellor, Michel Le Tellier (1603—1685).


Question: When was Louis XIV born?

Louis XIV

Protestant religion was subsequently banned throughout the territory of the French state.


Question: When was Louis XIV born?

Louis XIV

As a result of this repeal, several Huguenots went on to become emigrants to Protestant countries: England, Germany, Switzerland, the Netherlands and its colonies.


Question: When was Louis XIV born?

Louis XIV

One can talk about 200,000 refugees, several of whom were artisans and members of urban bourgeoisie families.


Question: When was Louis XIV born?

Louis XIV

Recently, historians Michel Morrineau and Jannine Garrisson have been creating a considerably more multi-strong picture of the economic consequences of this declaration of expulsion.


Question: When was Louis XIV born?

Louis XIV

It can therefore be observed that the French economy was handsomely large in 1686.


Question: When was Louis XIV born?

Louis XIV

The emergence of French settlements across Europe also allowed new export markets to be opened, but at the same time marked the rise of French-speaking culture in the coming century to dominate Europe.


Question: When was Louis XIV born?

Louis XIV

The revocation of the Nantes Declaration also had indirect effects on Protestants revolts, such as the so-called Camisard War.


Question: When was Louis XIV born?

Louis XIV

Converts to the Catholic faith also increased.


Question: When was Louis XIV born?

Louis XIV

The Protestant creed was not like a small minority in France under Louis XIV.


Question: When was Louis XIV born?

Louis XIV

It was never more than 10% higher, neither was it during the wars of faith.


Question: When was Louis XIV born?

Louis XIV

By domesticating the nobility, Louis XIV also tamed religion.


Question: When was Louis XIV born?

Louis XIV

If numerous members of the nobility professed Protestant religion in the 16th century, then the issue was more about politics than faith, though some of them are also associated with Jean Calvin's forces.


Question: When was Louis XIV born?

Louis XIV

Louis XIV created a court based on the balance between the various grouping of nobles.


Question: When was Louis XIV born?

Louis XIV

The king succeeded in converting numerous Protestant nobles who, in pursuit of missions at court, converted to the religion of the most Catholic prince, Catholicism.


Question: When was Louis XIV born?

Louis XIV

Some historians have interpreted this as saying that France was to be governed “on the basis of one king, one faith and one law”.


Question: When was Louis XIV born?

Louis XIV

After Mazarin's death, Louis and his ministers reduced, piece by piece, the privileges of Protestants that the monarchy had permitted since 1598.


Question: When was Louis XIV born?

Louis XIV

The abolition of these rights was not a measure made in quick temper, but a slow and soft continuation, as Protestants lacked a competent and charismatic leader who might have competed with the diverse and strong propaganda of the Catholic.


Question: When was Louis XIV born?

Louis XIV

Cultural politics Louis as builder In King Louis XIV's ideas, the greatness of the Kingdom was measured by the awesomeness of its construction.


Question: When was Louis XIV born?

Louis XIV

As well as gradually expanding throughout his reign the grandiose Palace of Versailles, he also built the Marly Palace to which he could invite his most intimate guests.


Question: When was Louis XIV born?

Louis XIV

In all his palaces, as in Saint Germain during the early period of his reign, he executed the gardens designed by André Le Nôtre.


Question: When was Louis XIV born?

Louis XIV

In Paris, he built the Royal Bridge over the Seine (Pont Royal).


Question: When was Louis XIV born?

Louis XIV

It was financed from the king's personal funds, which were admittedly collected in taxes from the people.


Question: When was Louis XIV born?

Louis XIV

Other building sites substantially related to the cityscape of Paris included the Champs-Élysées street, the Hôtel des Invalides, or home barracks for war valids and pensioners, and the Vendôme and Victoires squares.


Question: When was Louis XIV born?

Louis XIV

His interest in the sciences he expressed by building the Paris Observatory.


Question: When was Louis XIV born?

Louis XIV

These are all still part of the Paris cityscape.


Question: When was Louis XIV born?

Louis XIV

Louis XIV thoroughly reformed urban structures in Lille, Besançon, Belfort and Briançon, among others; he, you see, entrusted the creation of urban fortifications to Vauban.


Question: When was Louis XIV born?

Louis XIV

Some cities such as Versailles and Neuf-Brisach he either founded or developed to great extent.


Question: When was Louis XIV born?

Louis XIV

In order to improve the Royal Navy, Louis XIV developed the ports and arsenals of both Brest and Toulon.


Question: When was Louis XIV born?

Louis XIV

He established the war port of Rochefort on the Atlantic shore, but also developed the trading ports of Lorient and Sète, and established a free port and galley fleet in Marseille.


Question: When was Louis XIV born?

Louis XIV

Louis XIV's works across France also include: the creation of the Comédie-Française, which began in 1680, and the opening of the Midi Canal to traffic in 1681.


Question: When was Louis XIV born?

Louis XIV

This canal connects the Atlantic and Mediterranean and passes through Toulouse.


Question: When was Louis XIV born?

Louis XIV

In November 1682, the king laid the foundation stone of the Lycée Louis-le-Grand collège in Paris; the educational institution quickly became very popular and at the same time also prestigious.


Question: When was Louis XIV born?

Louis XIV

In 1702, he divided Paris into 20 blocks, or arrondissement, and established public street lighting in the city as well as a police force tasked with being on call on the streets of the capital.


Question: When was Louis XIV born?

Louis XIV

Louis XIV — patron of the arts after Fouquet's arrest, the Sun King wanted to imitate the gloriously luxurious life of his minister.


Question: When was Louis XIV born?

Louis XIV

Louis XIV was extremely profligate, spending immense sums on the expenditure of the royal court.


Question: When was Louis XIV born?

Louis XIV

He acted as a mesenate and patron of the arts, financially supporting the great cultural figures of his era, such as Molière (as a seal of friendship, he agreed to become the lap godparents of his first child), musician Jean-Baptiste Lully or decorator Charles Le Brun and gardener André Le Nôtre.


Question: When was Louis XIV born?

Louis XIV

He placed the French Academy under his personal supervision, and became a “protecteur” of the academy.


Question: When was Louis XIV born?

Louis XIV

Louis XIV spent significant sums reforming the Louvre before he had definitively decided to choose Versailles as his royal residence.


Question: When was Louis XIV born?

Louis XIV

He moved to Versailles in 1682 after twenty years of reform and expansion work.


Question: When was Louis XIV born?

Louis XIV

Louis XIV's lifestyle and cultural pursuits were imitated in almost every court in Europe.


Question: When was Louis XIV born?

Louis XIV

The effects of the life form spread to the bourgeoisie, albeit with diluted and minor references to the original.


Question: When was Louis XIV born?

Louis XIV

The Sun King era is generally considered to be the Baroque era, although in France there is an established denomination of the Louis XIV style and period.


Question: When was Louis XIV born?

Louis XIV

Louis XIV and women Louis XIV had numerous mistresses, among whom must be mentioned including: Anne de Rohan-Chabot, Princess of Soubise (1641—1709) Catherine-Charlotte de Gramont, Princess of Monaco (1639—1678) Louise Françoise de la Baume le Blanc, Demoiselle de de La Vallière, Duchess of Vaujours (1644—1710) Françoise Athénaïs de Rochechouart de Mortemart, Marquess of Montespan (1640—1707) Madame de Ludres (1687—1722) Claude de Vin des Œillets (1637—1687) Françoise d'Aubigné, Markigné of Maintenon Sess (1635—1719), to whom he married secretly after the death of his wife, apparently in the autumn of 1683 to Marie Angélique de Scoraille de Roussi, Duchess of Fontanges (1661—1681) As a teenager, Louis XIV encountered Mazarin's niece Marie Mancini, and a great passion arose between them.


Question: When was Louis XIV born?

Louis XIV

This was contrary to the cardinal's purposes, hence the interest of France, but also for his own interests, he wished to marry his niece to the heir to the Spanish throne.


Question: When was Louis XIV born?

Louis XIV

In 1670, the writer Jean Racine obtained the subject of the relationship between the king and Marie Mancini for writing the Bérénice—play.


Question: When was Louis XIV born?

Louis XIV

Several stories claim that Catherine de Bauvais would have gained the privilege of taking away the king's boyhood, but historians sharply disagree with the stories.


Question: When was Louis XIV born?

Louis XIV

In any case, this woman of low descent received immense honour when the king's mother, Anna the Austrian, gifted her the building stones intended for the Louvre site.


Question: When was Louis XIV born?

Louis XIV

De Bauvais built a private palace of stones in Paris, where it is still located at 68 Place des Vosgues.


Question: When was Louis XIV born?

Louis XIV

The palace thus built is simply just the Bauvais Palace.


Question: When was Louis XIV born?

Louis XIV

Later, as a great female hero, the king built a secret staircase to the Palace of Versailles so that she could join her numerous mistresses secretly and at any time.


Question: When was Louis XIV born?

Louis XIV

These relationships irritated the religious and bigoted secret society known as the Compagnie du Saint-Sacrement.


Question: When was Louis XIV born?

Louis XIV

Jacques Bénigne Bossuet and Mrs. de Maintenon tried to lead the king towards greater virtue.


Question: When was Louis XIV born?

Louis XIV

Marriage of Reason The Spanish accepted on 7 November 1659 the signing of the Peace Treaty of the Pyrenees.


Question: When was Louis XIV born?

Louis XIV

The treaty carefully laid down the border between France and Spain in the Pyrenees.


Question: When was Louis XIV born?

Louis XIV

Louis XIV accepted, perhaps reluctantly, the adherence to the articles of the treaty, even that he was expected to marry the infanta Marie-Thérèse d'Autriche (1638—1683).


Question: When was Louis XIV born?

Louis XIV

Marie-Thérèse was the daughter of Philip IV, King of Spain, and Elisabeth, Princess of France.


Question: When was Louis XIV born?

Louis XIV

The marriage took place in the Basque Country, in the town of Saint-Jean-de-Luz, on 9 June 1660.


Question: When was Louis XIV born?

Louis XIV

Louis XIV had been acquainted with his future spouse just three days earlier.


Question: When was Louis XIV born?

Louis XIV

This did not speak French at all, but gossip reports that Louis fulfilled his manly duties with fervor, in the presence of witnesses.


Question: When was Louis XIV born?

Louis XIV

The question of succession The problems of succession to power and at the same time also the health of Louis XIV became relevant towards the end of the reign.


Question: When was Louis XIV born?

Louis XIV

In 1711, his son Louis (“Grand Dauphin”) died of smallpox at the age of 49.


Question: When was Louis XIV born?

Louis XIV

The following year Louis XIV's grandson, Duke Louis of Burgundy (1682—1713), who had become a dauphin after his father's death, and his second son Duke Louis of Brittany both died of measles.


Question: When was Louis XIV born?

Louis XIV

The eldest son of the Duke of Burgundy had died as early as 1705.


Question: When was Louis XIV born?

Louis XIV

He was left with only one son, the Duke of Anjou, the future Louis XV.


Question: When was Louis XIV born?

Louis XIV

The second son of the Grand dauphin, a Spanish lineage, was elected King of Spain in 1700, taking the title Philip V.


Question: When was Louis XIV born?

Louis XIV

At the same time, he renounced all his claims to the French crown in the so-called. In connection with the War of the Spanish Succession and the Peace of Utrecht that ended it.


Question: When was Louis XIV born?

Louis XIV

Thus Louis XIV realized his dream of having a member of the Bourbon dynasty of his own lineage on the Spanish throne.


Question: When was Louis XIV born?

Louis XIV

Despite several changes, the House of Bourbon has retained possession of the Spanish crown right up to our days, and King Felipe VI is thus a descendant of Louis XIV in a direct descending knee.


Question: When was Louis XIV born?

Louis XIV

French lineage As for the rest of the succession, Charles the Duke of Berry (born.


Question: When was Louis XIV born?

Louis XIV

1686) died in 1714.


Question: When was Louis XIV born?

Louis XIV

Apart from the Spanish lineage, Louis XIV's only legitimate male heir was the Duke of Anjou, Louis's great-grandson.


Question: When was Louis XIV born?

Louis XIV

He was a small boy born in 1710 and of poor health.


Question: When was Louis XIV born?

Louis XIV

When there were none left but a very small number of so-called blood princes belonging to the younger branches of the House of Bourbon, King Louis XIV decided to strengthen the royal family by regularising the succession as well as Louis August Burbon, Duke of Maine, and Louis, Count of Toulouse Alexandren, who were the king's illegitimate children from an affair with Mrs. de Montespan.


Question: When was Louis XIV born?

Louis XIV

However, a legitimate direct descendant of the king, Count of Anjou, became dauphin and eventually ruler under the name Louis XV.


Question: When was Louis XIV born?

Louis XIV

The duties of regent for the sake of his underage had been entrusted to Philip of Orléans (1674—1723), who was Louis XIV's nephew and son-in-law.


Question: When was Louis XIV born?

Louis XIV

Last stages As an old man, the Sun King had many diseases that doctors tried to cure according to the best knowledge of the time.


Question: When was Louis XIV born?

Louis XIV

However, they only worsened the patient's condition.


Question: When was Louis XIV born?

Louis XIV

One treatment involved pulling teeth out of the mouth and being offered ground squats and eating icy fruit as medicine.


Question: When was Louis XIV born?

Louis XIV

The most recent ailment was gangrene, and it was being medicated with donkey milk.


Question: When was Louis XIV born?

Louis XIV

[2] When the monarch felt his end was near, he asked his great-grandson, the future Louis XV, to join him and gave him important advice.


Question: When was Louis XIV born?

Louis XIV

The advice read: 'Don't love, like me, building art and wars.


Question: When was Louis XIV born?

Louis XIV

On the contrary, try to live in peace with your neighbors...


Question: When was Louis XIV born?

Louis XIV

Listen to good advice and follow them, try to improve the living conditions of the people, which, unfortunately, I was never able to do...” You can see this as honest self-accounts of a dying monarch.


Question: When was Louis XIV born?

Louis XIV

[3] Louis XIV died at the age of 76 on 1 September 1715 from septicemia caused by necrosis in his leg.


Question: When was Louis XIV born?

Louis XIV

He would have turned 77 in four days.


Question: When was Louis XIV born?

Louis XIV

He is said to have declared on his deathbed, “I will leave, but the state will always be preserved”.


Question: When was Louis XIV born?

Louis XIV

Louis XIV's reign had lasted 72 years and one hundred days, and was indeed one of the longest reigns of all time.


Question: When was Louis XIV born?

Louis XIV

He was buried with all possible ecclesiastical sacraments dedicated to the “most Christian king”, and his grave was located in the basilica of the Abbey of Saint-Denis.


Question: When was Louis XIV born?

Louis XIV

During the French Revolution, the tomb of Louis XIV was looted by rebels and the remains of the king were lost.


Question: When was Louis XIV born?

Louis XIV

According to one story, at a dinner in Britain, the host presented his guests with a rare valuable item: the embalmed heart of Louis XIV, France's sun king, which he told him he had bought from revolutionaries.


Question: When was Louis XIV born?

Louis XIV

Also among the guests was William Buckland, a priest and pedagogue known for his peculiar eating habits.


Question: When was Louis XIV born?

Louis XIV

He could offer his own guests a field mouse, a crocodile, a penguin or even a puppy.


Question: When was Louis XIV born?

Louis XIV

On seeing Louis's heart, he stated: “I have eaten many strange things in my life, but never the heart of a king.” Then he snatched the organ in his fork and ate it.


Question: When was Louis XIV born?

Louis XIV

Descendants Louis XIV had numerous descendants both conjugal and extramarital.


Question: When was Louis XIV born?

Louis XIV

With his spouse Maria-Teresa of Austria, the king had five children, two sons and three daughters, only one of whom lived beyond childhood: Louis (1661—1711) or “Grand Dauphin” Marie-Thérèse (1667—1672) Anne-Elisabeth (1662—1662) Louis de France (1667—1683) Marie-Anne (1664— 1664— 1664).


Question: When was Louis XIV born?

Louis XIV

With his mistresses, Louis XIV had 16 or 17 children, eight of whom gained official child status: From the union with Mlle de La Vallière, six children were born, two of whom reached adulthood and were formalized: Marie Anne de Bourbon, who was called “The First of Blois Mademoiselle” (2 October 1666 — 3 May 1739), legalised (13 April 1667), married (16 January 1680) Louis Armand I of Bourbon-Conti.


Question: When was Louis XIV born?

Louis XIV

Louis de Bourbon, Count of Vermandois (3 October 1667 — 18 November 1683), legalized (February 1669).


Question: When was Louis XIV born?

Louis XIV

With Françoise Athénaïs de Rochechouart de Mortemart, Marquisess of Montespan, the king had eight children, six of whom were legitimized and four lived until adulthood: Louis Auguste de Bourbon, Duke of Maine (31 March 1670 — 14 May 1736), legalized (20 December 1673), and he married Anne-Louise Bénédicte de Bourbon-Condé on 19 March 1692.


Question: When was Louis XIV born?

Louis XIV

Seven children were born from this marriage, all of whom died leaving no offspring.


Question: When was Louis XIV born?

Louis XIV

Louise Françoise de Bourbon, who was called “Mademoiselle de Nantes” (1 June 1673 — 16 June 1743), legitimized (20 December 1673), she married on 24 July 1685 to Louis III de Bourbon-Condé, Duke of Bourbon and 6th Prince of Condé.


Question: When was Louis XIV born?

Louis XIV

Nine children were born from this marriage.


Question: When was Louis XIV born?

Louis XIV

Françoise-Marie de Bourbon, who was called “The Second Mademoiselle of Blois” (4 May 1677 — 1 February 1749), legitimized (November 1681), she married (18 February 1692) Philippe, the future regent, Duke of Orléans.


Question: When was Louis XIV born?

Louis XIV

Louis-Alexandre de Bourbon, Count of Toulouse (6 June 1678 — 1 December 1737), legitimized (November 1681), he married on 22 February 1723 Marie Victoire de Noailles and from this marriage one son was born.


Question: When was Louis XIV born?

Louis XIV

Literature in English Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Louis Bertrand| title = Louis XIV's Love Adventures: 1—2 part| publisher = Patria| year = 1926}} Citation error, replace {{cite book| author = Carl Grimberg| title = History of Peoples (Part 15-16) | publisher = WSOY| year = 1958}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Vincent Cronin| title = Louis XIV: king and human| publisher = Otava| year = 1969}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Nancy Mitford| title = Sun King| publisher = Weilin+Göös| year = 1979| id = IS| BN 951-35-1968-6}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Claude Duneton| title = Sun King: Louis XIV's Childhood | publisher = Otava| year = 1986| id = ISBN 951-1-08990-0}}} Films Roberto Rossellini: La Prise du pouvoir par Louis XIV, 1967 Bernard Broderini: Merveilleuse Angélique, 1965 Randal Wallace: The Man in the Iron Mask, 1998 Gérard Corbiau: Le Roi danse, 2000 Roland Joffé: Vatel.


Question: When was Louis XIV born?

Louis XIV

2000 George Blagden: “Versailles” (series), 2015— Sources Biographies Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Yves Marie Bercé| title = Louis XIV| publisher = Cavalier Bleu| year = 2005| id = ISBN 2-84670-122-9}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Lucien Ben Bély| title = Louis XIV premier d'entre les roi| publisher = Gisserot| year = 2005| id = ISBN 2-87747-772-X}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = François Bluche| title = Louis XIV premier d'entre les roi| publisher = Hachette| year = 1999| id = ISBN 2-0271-89| 87-0}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Jean-Christian Petitfils| title = Louis XIV| publisher = Perrin| year = 1995| id = ISBN 2-235-02314-2}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Gérard Sabatier| title = Versailles ou la figure du roi| publisher = Albin Michel| year = 1999| | id = ISBN 2- 226-10472-0}} Syntheses written by Voltaire — 1751 Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Olivier Chaline| title = Le régne de Louis XIV| publisher = Flammarion| year = 2005| id = 2082105180}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Pierre Goubert| author = Pierre Goubert| title = Le Louis XIV| year = 1998| id = 2253905453)}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Joel Cornette| title = Chronique du règne de Louis XIV| publisher = SEDES| year = 1997| id = 2718190116}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Hubert Methivier| title = Le siècle de Louis XIV| publisher = PUF| year = 1995| id = ISBN 2-253-90545-3}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = André Corvisier| title = La France de Louis XIV Ordre intérieur et place en Europe| publisher = SEDES| year = 1994| id = ISBN 2-7181-3676-3676-6}} Citation error, replace with {{ cite book| author = François Bluche| title = Le temps de Louis XIV| publisher = Hachette| year = 1994| id = ISBN 2-01-235105-0}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Ragnhild Hatton| title = L'Époque de Louis XIV| publisher = Flammarion| year = 1992| | id = ASIN 2080609904}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Robert Mandrou| title = Louis XIV en son temps| publisher = PUF| year = 1990| id = ISBN 2-13-035864-0}} Monographs Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Faruk Bilici| title = Louis XIV et son projet de conquête d'Istanbul| publisher = Turk Tarih Kurumu| year = 2004| id = ISBN 975-16-1701-4}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Daniel Dessert| title = 1661, Naissance d'un mythe?


Question: When was Louis XIV born?

Louis XIV

Louis XIV prend le pouvoir| publisher = Complexe| year = 2000| id = ISBN 2-87027-792-X}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Peter Burke| title= Louis XIV: les stratégies de la gloire| publisher = Seuil| year = 1998| id = ISBN 2-02-02063| publisher = Seuil| year = 1998| id = ISBN 2-02-02063| publisher = Seuil| year = 1998| id = ISBN 2-02-02068-2}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Pierre Goubert| title = Louis XIV et vingt millions de français| publisher = Hachette| year= 1998| id = ISBN 2-01-278870-X}} Citation error, replace {{cite book| author = Hervé Hasquin| title = Louis XIV à face l'Europe du Nord| publisher = Racin| publisher = Racin| title = Louis XIV à face l'Europe du Nord| publisher = Racin| = 1995| id = ISBN 2- 87386-390-0}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Jean Meyer| title = 1638 la naissance de Louis XIV| publisher = Complexe| year = 1989| id = ISBN 2-87027-303-7}} Science Picture History, 5/2013, Bonnier Publications Ltd References on the topic elsewhere Transclusion error: {{En}} is only for use in File namespace.


Question: When was Louis XIV born?

Louis XIV

Use {{lang-en}} or {{en icon}} instead.


Question: When was Louis XIV born?

Louis XIV

On the pages of the castle of Versailles (in French) Category:French rulers Category:Born in 1638 Class:Those who died in 1715 Class:Key articles of screening


Question: How long distance can salmon roam?

Salmon

Salmon (Salmo salar) is a migratory fish in the salmonid family with an original range in cool North Atlantic waters and rivers flowing into them.


Question: How long distance can salmon roam?

Salmon

Salmon is an important food fish, and globally one of the most produced fish species in fish farming.


Question: How long distance can salmon roam?

Salmon

It is additionally an aspired prey fish.


Question: How long distance can salmon roam?

Salmon

Two ecological forms are known from salmon.


Question: How long distance can salmon roam?

Salmon

Salmon stocks migrating to the seas are referred to as Atlantic salmon as a distinction from lake salmon to refer to salmon populations that spend their entire lives in inland waters [1].


Question: How long distance can salmon roam?

Salmon

Distinctive features Salmon resembles a lot of trout.


Question: How long distance can salmon roam?

Salmon

The easiest distinguishing marks are on the tail and blotches.


Question: How long distance can salmon roam?

Salmon

In salmon, the spot pattern extends up to the costal line on the upper body, but trout has blotching throughout the flank.


Question: How long distance can salmon roam?

Salmon

Salmon's tail has a notch, while trout's tail is flat-topped.


Question: How long distance can salmon roam?

Salmon

Salmon flanks are silvery, with dark grey back and pale belly.


Question: How long distance can salmon roam?

Salmon

Dog salmon, or kojamo</b>ille [2], grow a mandible hook during spawning.


Question: How long distance can salmon roam?

Salmon

The salmon caught is normally 70—110 cm long and weigh 3—27 kg.


Question: How long distance can salmon roam?

Salmon

Distribution in Europe The natural distribution of salmon covers rivers and marine areas descending into the Baltic Sea, the Barents Sea, the Norwegian Sea, the North Sea and the Atlantic coast of Europe up to Spain and the Mino River in the north of Portugal.


Question: How long distance can salmon roam?

Salmon

Also in the British Isles and Icelandic rivers live salmon populations.


Question: How long distance can salmon roam?

Salmon

Lake salmon populations are found in some inland waters of Norway, Sweden and Russia, and in Finland in the Vuoksen watershed.


Question: How long distance can salmon roam?

Salmon

On the North American side, salmon are found in the marine area between Greenland and northern parts of the United States.


Question: How long distance can salmon roam?

Salmon

The southernmost salmon spawning river in America is the Connecticut River.


Question: How long distance can salmon roam?

Salmon

Harnessing rivers for hydroelectric power has destroyed salmon reproductive opportunities, and salmon populations are maintained in many places through chick rearing and plantations.


Question: How long distance can salmon roam?

Salmon

In Finland, salmon have initially increased in more than 20 rivers descending into the Baltic Sea, but only two remain the original wild reproducing population, Simo River and Tornionjoki.


Question: How long distance can salmon roam?

Salmon

[1] In addition to these, Iijoki salmon are stored in fish farms, but downstream power plants built without fish roads prevent the spawning of Iijoki salmon.


Question: How long distance can salmon roam?

Salmon

Efforts have been made to restore wild life cycles in some rivers, including the Kymi River.


Question: How long distance can salmon roam?

Salmon

[3] The wild reproduction of Lake Salmon in Saimaa has also been broken off and is in reserve for brood plantations.


Question: How long distance can salmon roam?

Salmon

[1] At Rautjärvi, some lake salmon in Lake Lake Lake Hiitolani, which descends to Russia, but the Kangaskoski Power Plant, which is one kilometre from the border, prevents the climb to the higher Finnish side.


Question: How long distance can salmon roam?

Salmon

However, all three power stations on the river are planned to have fish roads.


Question: How long distance can salmon roam?

Salmon

In addition to the Baltic Sea, wild salmon are found in Tenojoki and Näämöjoki, which descend into the Barents Sea in Finland.


Question: How long distance can salmon roam?

Salmon

[1] There have been plans in Russia to have a fish road to the Upper Tuuloma power plant to replace the one built by the Finns in the 1960s.


Question: How long distance can salmon roam?

Salmon

Then salmon still rising under the power plant would always reach Finland's side e.g.


Question: How long distance can salmon roam?

Salmon

Luttoo and Nuortt.


Question: How long distance can salmon roam?

Salmon

Nutrition and lifestyle The diet of chicks consists mainly of various invertebrates.


Question: How long distance can salmon roam?

Salmon

After 1—2 years, roe and fish fry come as an addition to this diet.


Question: How long distance can salmon roam?

Salmon

Upon reaching the sea, young salmon fill themselves initially with small fish and shellfish, but soon the fish fill the entire diet.


Question: How long distance can salmon roam?

Salmon

In the Baltic Sea, salmon's main prey are sprat and herring.


Question: How long distance can salmon roam?

Salmon

The proportion of herring in food increases as it goes north and becomes the main food site at the height of the Bothnian Sea [4].


Question: How long distance can salmon roam?

Salmon

Salmon is a real hiking fish.


Question: How long distance can salmon roam?

Salmon

Salmon native to the rivers of the Bothnian Sea head towards the sea, where they arrive in June and the main basin of the Baltic Sea they reach as early as September.


Question: How long distance can salmon roam?

Salmon

Hiking from the Baltic Sea to the North Sea is very rare, but that happens too.


Question: How long distance can salmon roam?

Salmon

The longest known trekking trip was from the Bothnian Sea to the west coast of Greenland, accumulating over 5000 km.


Question: How long distance can salmon roam?

Salmon

Reproduction and lifespan Salmon spawn in rivers in autumn, after 1—4 years spent in the sea or lake.


Question: How long distance can salmon roam?

Salmon

Spawning commonly occurs in rapids, on gravel bottoms.


Question: How long distance can salmon roam?

Salmon

The female seeks a suitable spawning site where it digs a pit with its tail.


Question: How long distance can salmon roam?

Salmon

When the pit is complete, the female signals she is spawning ready by pressing her stern part to the bottom of the pit and then popping up abruptly.


Question: How long distance can salmon roam?

Salmon

The male swims with its mouth open and spawning beam next to the coloured female and the salmon pair lowers their family products into the pit.


Question: How long distance can salmon roam?

Salmon

A spawning pair of salmon always spawn in several pits.


Question: How long distance can salmon roam?

Salmon

The chicks hatch in the spring around the time the ice leaves.


Question: How long distance can salmon roam?

Salmon

Many salmon die soon after spawning, but some individuals may spawn two to three times.


Question: How long distance can salmon roam?

Salmon

The oldest salmon studied have been 13 years old.


Question: How long distance can salmon roam?

Salmon

Salmon may sometimes live in flocks, but usually they live alone.


Question: How long distance can salmon roam?

Salmon

A single gene has been found in salmon that regulates its sexual maturity and migration.


Question: How long distance can salmon roam?

Salmon

The same gene regulates human puberty.


Question: How long distance can salmon roam?

Salmon

[5] As a food source, Salmon is known as a valuable and tasty food fish.


Question: How long distance can salmon roam?

Salmon

Salmon reddish meat has a high fat content (10— 18%), which makes salmon meat well suited for salting, smoked, boiled or fried.


Question: How long distance can salmon roam?

Salmon

Salmon fishing has been perhaps the first destination for recreational fishing.


Question: How long distance can salmon roam?

Salmon

Free-grown salmon in the Baltic Sea is distinguished from Norwegian salmon produced in breeding pools and domestic similarly reared rainbow trout by the less red colour of its flesh.


Question: How long distance can salmon roam?

Salmon

[6] Health Benefits and Harms The Swedish Food Agency recommends that children and young women eat Baltic salmon, trout or herring no more than 2-3 times a year.


Question: How long distance can salmon roam?

Salmon

Evira allows 1-2 times a month if a single dose is 100 grams.


Question: How long distance can salmon roam?

Salmon

The EU has banned the sale of these fish because of the high dioxin content, but Finland, Sweden and Lithuania have waivers.


Question: How long distance can salmon roam?

Salmon

[7] Removing the skin removes one third of the fish's dioxins and PCBs.


Question: How long distance can salmon roam?

Salmon

In reared fish, there are few of them because breeding feed is controlled.


Question: How long distance can salmon roam?

Salmon

[8] Evira still recommends eating fish within the recommended limits because the fish has good fatty acids, especially omega-3s, as well as D and other vitamins, minerals and protein.


Question: How long distance can salmon roam?

Salmon

Fatty acids in fish reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease.


Question: How long distance can salmon roam?

Salmon

[8] According to biologist Sesse Koivisto, Norwegian “sea salmon” is “cash salmon” grown in fjords.


Question: How long distance can salmon roam?

Salmon

It accumulates environmental toxins, PCB and dioxin.


Question: How long distance can salmon roam?

Salmon

Therefore, Norway recommends that pregnant women avoid eating cassette salmon and Koivisto recommends Finnish rainbow trout to others instead because it is grown in land pools, thus avoiding eutrophication and spreading parasites to wild fish and not requiring hormones or medicine.


Question: How long distance can salmon roam?

Salmon

[9] According to the Consumer Magazine, Baltic salmon contains ten times the amount of environmental toxins compared to salmon raised.


Question: How long distance can salmon roam?

Salmon

[10] On the other hand, the EPA and DHA fatty acid content in salmon has halved in ten years, since farmed salmon are now largely fed with vegetables instead of fish oil and flour.


Question: How long distance can salmon roam?

Salmon

That's why Norwegian salmon no longer gets good fatty acids better than rainbow trout.


Question: How long distance can salmon roam?

Salmon

At the same time, though, dioxin and PCB concentrations have decreased.


Question: How long distance can salmon roam?

Salmon

For an unknown reason, a person does not get the same benefit from fish oil capsules as from fish.


Question: How long distance can salmon roam?

Salmon

[10] Stock Management Many salmonid stocks are limited by factors such as overfishing, poor water quality, hydrological changes in catchments or lack of suitable habitat areas.


Question: How long distance can salmon roam?

Salmon

Salmon stocks in rivers descending into the Baltic and Arctic Ocean were classified as endangered in Finland's 2010 endangerment classification.


Question: How long distance can salmon roam?

Salmon

[11] In the Baltic Sea, the natural reproduction of salmon has decreased to a fraction of recent years, so plantations play a key role in conjunction with the dismantling of migratory barriers and habitat restoration.


Question: How long distance can salmon roam?

Salmon

It is not appropriate to forget about the drastic regulation of fishing either.


Question: How long distance can salmon roam?

Salmon

The potential for reproduction of salmon stocks is enhanced by rehabilitation of water bodies in which salmon live.


Question: How long distance can salmon roam?

Salmon

Numerous salmon repatriation projects are underway in Finland.


Question: How long distance can salmon roam?

Salmon

Projects are financed by e.g.


Question: How long distance can salmon roam?

Salmon

ELY centres and the Finnish Association for Conservation of Nature Ekoenergy label.


Question: How long distance can salmon roam?

Salmon

Salmon farming Salmon are the most produced fish species worldwide in fish farming, after several species of freshwater fish related to carp and Nile slap.


Question: How long distance can salmon roam?

Salmon

In 2012, the annual production of salmon farming was already in the range of 2.1 million tonnes, while the catch of salmon caught in the wild is only about 0.15%, 3000 tonnes.


Question: How long distance can salmon roam?

Salmon

[12] Net pool farming of salmon in seawaters began in Norway in the 1960s, and production spread and embarked on a sharp linear increase in the 1980s.


Question: How long distance can salmon roam?

Salmon

Growth has continued to this day.


Question: How long distance can salmon roam?

Salmon

About a third of farmed salmon still comes from Norway, other areas of production include Chile, Scotland, Ireland, the Faroe Islands, the east and west coasts of North America and Tasmania (Australia).


Question: How long distance can salmon roam?

Salmon

Lesser producers include New Zealand, Spain and France.


Question: How long distance can salmon roam?

Salmon

[13] The largest markets for farmed salmon are Japan, the EU and the United States.


Question: How long distance can salmon roam?

Salmon

The fish is mostly sold fresh or frozen, in Europe also smoked.


Question: How long distance can salmon roam?

Salmon

Due to the rapid increase in production, producer price levels have fallen sharply, which in turn has curbed production growth in salmon's native northern areas.


Question: How long distance can salmon roam?

Salmon

Production is now growing fastest in low-cost Chile, which is already responsible for nearly a third of total growth.


Question: How long distance can salmon roam?

Salmon

[13] In Finland, salmon are not farmed in online pools.


Question: How long distance can salmon roam?

Salmon

Salmon chicks are produced in fresh water in fish farming plants for planting in the Baltic Sea.


Question: How long distance can salmon roam?

Salmon

The world's first genetically engineered animal approved for food was the AquAdvantage salmon developed by AquaBounty Technologies in 2015.


Question: How long distance can salmon roam?

Salmon

[14] [15] Environmental impact Salmon farming has long been controversial due to its environmental impact.


Question: How long distance can salmon roam?

Salmon

Nitrogen and phosphorus emissions from feed and fish faeces entering the waters cause local eutrophication.


Question: How long distance can salmon roam?

Salmon

Hazardous chemicals are also used in salmon farming.


Question: How long distance can salmon roam?

Salmon

Salmon escaping salmon farms spread disease among natural fish.


Question: How long distance can salmon roam?

Salmon

[13] Crossbreeding of escaped “domesticated” salmon in river waters with native salmon is also seen as a threat to the lineage of salmon populations.


Question: How long distance can salmon roam?

Salmon

Among other things, salmon that have escaped from cultivation occur in Teno River, and crossbreeds have been found.


Question: How long distance can salmon roam?

Salmon

The Norwegian Parliament therefore banned fish farming in Tenvuono.


Question: How long distance can salmon roam?

Salmon

[16] Fish farming is also criticized from the perspective of sustainable use of natural resources.


Question: How long distance can salmon roam?

Salmon

Salmon farming relies on a massive catch of pelagic forage fish with global implications.


Question: How long distance can salmon roam?

Salmon

[13] Sources Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Hannu Lehtonen| title = Big Book of Fish - From Perch to Orgian| publisher = WSOY| year = 2003| id = ISBN 951-0-28134-4| page = 69—75}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Ulla Bonfire | title = Ulla Nice to fish!


Question: How long distance can salmon roam?

Salmon

: fishing and fish guide| location = Helsinki| publisher = WSOY| year = 2003| id = ISBN 951-0-27406-2| page = 98-99}} References on the topic elsewhere Froese, Rainer and Pauly, Daniel, eds.


Question: How long distance can salmon roam?

Salmon


Question: How long distance can salmon roam?

Salmon

in FishBase.


Question: How long distance can salmon roam?

Salmon

April 2006 version.


Question: How long distance can salmon roam?

Salmon

Category:Salmonids Category:Swedish Provincial Animals Category:Key articles of screening


Question: Have mafiosos ruled Sicily before the 21st century?

History of Italy

Italy (united 1861) has deeply influenced the culture of the Mediterranean region and Europe as a whole.


Question: Have mafiosos ruled Sicily before the 21st century?

History of Italy

After the Greek rule of Magna Graecia, the Etruscans and then the Roman Empire ruled Italy for centuries.


Question: Have mafiosos ruled Sicily before the 21st century?

History of Italy

Italy was an important centre of philosophy, science and art during the Middle Ages and the Renaissance.


Question: Have mafiosos ruled Sicily before the 21st century?

History of Italy

Origin of the name Italy is an ancient name for the country and population of southern Italy.


Question: Have mafiosos ruled Sicily before the 21st century?

History of Italy

Its origin is unknown, but it might come from the Latin word vitulus (one-year-old calf): “land of calves”.


Question: Have mafiosos ruled Sicily before the 21st century?

History of Italy

[1] Coins bearing the name Italy were printed by southern tribes that competed with Rome in the last century BCE.


Question: Have mafiosos ruled Sicily before the 21st century?

History of Italy

After the dissolution of the Roman Empire, Italy became the joint denomination of the states of the Apennine Peninsula and their overseas holdings.


Question: Have mafiosos ruled Sicily before the 21st century?

History of Italy

[2] Ancient peoples In old times Italy was inhabited by several different peoples.


Question: Have mafiosos ruled Sicily before the 21st century?

History of Italy

Many of them, like Latin, Oscs and Volskis, spoke Italic languages that were closely related to each other.


Question: Have mafiosos ruled Sicily before the 21st century?

History of Italy

In addition, there were many Greeks living in southern Italy, Etruscans in the area of present-day Tuscany, and Celtic peoples in northern Italy.


Question: Have mafiosos ruled Sicily before the 21st century?

History of Italy

The Etruscans controlled much of Italy before the Roman Empire.


Question: Have mafiosos ruled Sicily before the 21st century?

History of Italy

[3] The Etruscans did not speak an Indo-European language and their origins are shrouded in obscurity.


Question: Have mafiosos ruled Sicily before the 21st century?

History of Italy

They were definitively assimilated with the Romans in the republic period.


Question: Have mafiosos ruled Sicily before the 21st century?

History of Italy

The culture, which is distinctly Etruscan, emerged in the year 800 BCE.


Question: Have mafiosos ruled Sicily before the 21st century?

History of Italy

after.


Question: Have mafiosos ruled Sicily before the 21st century?

History of Italy

The high point of Etruscan civilization was in the times of the founding of Rome and the Kingdom period.


Question: Have mafiosos ruled Sicily before the 21st century?

History of Italy

The Etruscans did not form a unified kingdom but Greek-type city-states.


Question: Have mafiosos ruled Sicily before the 21st century?

History of Italy

The last kings of the Roman Empire were Etruscans and Roman culture was strongly influenced by the Etruscans.


Question: Have mafiosos ruled Sicily before the 21st century?

History of Italy

As it expanded, Rome incorporated the Etruscan cities into itself.


Question: Have mafiosos ruled Sicily before the 21st century?

History of Italy

Roman Empire Rising According to the myth, Rome was founded in 753 BCE.


Question: Have mafiosos ruled Sicily before the 21st century?

History of Italy

Romulus and Remus and was ruled by seven kings.


Question: Have mafiosos ruled Sicily before the 21st century?

History of Italy

[4] According to tradition, the last king of Rome, Tarquinius Superbus, was exiled in 509 BCE.


Question: Have mafiosos ruled Sicily before the 21st century?

History of Italy

and the Roman Republic was founded.


Question: Have mafiosos ruled Sicily before the 21st century?

History of Italy

The republic was governed by two elected consuls, and a senate assembled primarily from patricians formed, together with the citizens' assembly, a kind of parliament.


Question: Have mafiosos ruled Sicily before the 21st century?

History of Italy

In the following centuries, Rome expanded its territory, defeating its neighbours one after the other.


Question: Have mafiosos ruled Sicily before the 21st century?

History of Italy

After the wars, the Romans generally did not seek total subordination of the defeated, but forced them into a subordinate ally relationship.


Question: Have mafiosos ruled Sicily before the 21st century?

History of Italy

This policy was one of the reasons for Rome's success.


Question: Have mafiosos ruled Sicily before the 21st century?

History of Italy

Many weak Etruscan and Greek cities asked Rome for protection rather than confronted it in war.


Question: Have mafiosos ruled Sicily before the 21st century?

History of Italy

After the Punic Wars and the loss of Carthage, Rome controlled most of the western Mediterranean and its influence grew rapidly in the east as well.


Question: Have mafiosos ruled Sicily before the 21st century?

History of Italy

10th century BCE


Question: Have mafiosos ruled Sicily before the 21st century?

History of Italy

by the end Rome had defeated the Hellenistic states of Macedonia and Syria and controlled the entire Mediterranean with the exception of Egypt.


Question: Have mafiosos ruled Sicily before the 21st century?

History of Italy

Empire The institutions of the Roman Republic had been developed in a city-state and were not suited to the control of a large empire.


Question: Have mafiosos ruled Sicily before the 21st century?

History of Italy

In addition, there were schisms both within Rome and between Rome and its Italian allies.


Question: Have mafiosos ruled Sicily before the 21st century?

History of Italy

The trend favored military commanders, who began pursuing exclusivity.


Question: Have mafiosos ruled Sicily before the 21st century?

History of Italy

The first such was Sulla (d. 78 BCE.)


Question: Have mafiosos ruled Sicily before the 21st century?

History of Italy

After him came Julius Caesar, who after conquering Gaul (present-day France) defeated Pompey in a civil war and effectively became a monospace, but was assassinated by republican senators in 44 BCE.


Question: Have mafiosos ruled Sicily before the 21st century?

History of Italy

His successor Octavianus defeated the Senatorial Party, received the title Augustus and was elected Imperator.


Question: Have mafiosos ruled Sicily before the 21st century?

History of Italy

Although he formally tolerated the laws of the republic, he ruled practically as a monopoly and the Roman Empire had emerged.


Question: Have mafiosos ruled Sicily before the 21st century?

History of Italy

[5] This became clear under his successor Tiberius.


Question: Have mafiosos ruled Sicily before the 21st century?

History of Italy

The establishment of the Empire brought clear advantages to the provinces, which may have appealed to the emperor against local authorities instead of corrupt senators.


Question: Have mafiosos ruled Sicily before the 21st century?

History of Italy

Furthermore, Roman citizenship was slowly extended to provinces and jurisdiction became less arbitrary.


Question: Have mafiosos ruled Sicily before the 21st century?

History of Italy

The Roman Empire was further expanded somewhat in the Imperial period; for example Claudius annexed Britain 47 partitions..


Question: Have mafiosos ruled Sicily before the 21st century?

History of Italy

In the first and second centuries, there were some civil wars (for example by the Four Emperors in 69) and rebellions (such as the Judean Uprising, which ended with the takeover of Jerusalem in 70 and started the Jewish diaspora).


Question: Have mafiosos ruled Sicily before the 21st century?

History of Italy

Decay and loss The internal state of the kingdom slowly deteriorated, which was reflected in crises in the third century, when economic difficulties, barbarian invasions, and civil wars almost led to the dissolution of the Empire.


Question: Have mafiosos ruled Sicily before the 21st century?

History of Italy

It was saved by Diocletian (284—305) and Constantine (306—337), who moved the capital to Byzantium, changing its name to Constantinople, thus initiating the division of the kingdom into the western and eastern part.


Question: Have mafiosos ruled Sicily before the 21st century?

History of Italy

Constantine also stopped opposing Christianity.


Question: Have mafiosos ruled Sicily before the 21st century?

History of Italy

Christianity became the state religion under Theodosius I in 380.


Question: Have mafiosos ruled Sicily before the 21st century?

History of Italy

The Great Internationals broke the defences of Western Rome, and the Vandals and Goths eradicated the kingdom for good in the 4th century.


Question: Have mafiosos ruled Sicily before the 21st century?

History of Italy

Medieval Goths, Byzantium and Langobards the Visigoths conquered Italy in the 4th century and Alarik plundered Rome in 410.


Question: Have mafiosos ruled Sicily before the 21st century?

History of Italy

By the end of the century, the peninsula was for the most part controlled by the Ostrogoths, and Odovakar sacked in 476 the last emperor of Western Rome, Romulus Augustus.


Question: Have mafiosos ruled Sicily before the 21st century?

History of Italy

In 493, Teoderik the Great overthrew Odovakar and became king of the Ostrogoths.


Question: Have mafiosos ruled Sicily before the 21st century?

History of Italy

The capital of his kingdom was Ravenna.


Question: Have mafiosos ruled Sicily before the 21st century?

History of Italy

Byzantium, or Eastern Rome, invaded Italy in the early 5th century and Emperor Justinian I's generals Belisarius and Narses conquered the Kingdom of the Ostrogoths after years of war in 552.


Question: Have mafiosos ruled Sicily before the 21st century?

History of Italy

These Gothic Wars destroyed most of the surviving urban culture.


Question: Have mafiosos ruled Sicily before the 21st century?

History of Italy

The departure of the Byzantine armies allowed another Germanic tribe, the Langobards, to conquer much of the peninsula.


Question: Have mafiosos ruled Sicily before the 21st century?

History of Italy

The exarchate of Ravenna, which remained in Byzantine possession, was concentrated around Ravenna.


Question: Have mafiosos ruled Sicily before the 21st century?

History of Italy

[6] Rise of the Catholic Church The Church and especially the Bishop of Rome, the Pope, has played an important political role since Constantine, who sought to annex the institution to imperial rule.


Question: Have mafiosos ruled Sicily before the 21st century?

History of Italy

In the precarious situation following the breakup of Western Rome, the Church was often the only stable institution and the only source of doctrine.


Question: Have mafiosos ruled Sicily before the 21st century?

History of Italy

Even the barbarians depended on the church to govern their lands of conquest.


Question: Have mafiosos ruled Sicily before the 21st century?

History of Italy

In addition, Catholic monastic organizations such as the Benedictines played a large role both in the economic life of the time and as custodians of classical culture.


Question: Have mafiosos ruled Sicily before the 21st century?

History of Italy

After the entry of the Langobards, the popes were nominally subordinate to the Eastern Emperor, but received little support from Constantinople and began to build an independent state to protect Rome from langobard attacks.


Question: Have mafiosos ruled Sicily before the 21st century?

History of Italy

In the late 7th century, the popes pursued independence and found a way to do so by allying themselves with the Frankish Carolingid dynasty: the Carolings needed legitimacy to seize power from the Merovings, while the Popes needed military support against the Langobards.


Question: Have mafiosos ruled Sicily before the 21st century?

History of Italy

In 751, the Langobards took over Ravenna, and the Byzantine presence in central Italy came to an end (some coastal towns and territories in southern Italy remained in Byzantium until the 10th century).


Question: Have mafiosos ruled Sicily before the 21st century?

History of Italy

The Popes turned to the Franks, who in 756 defeated the Langobards and ceded to the Pope power over central Italy, thus establishing the Church State.


Question: Have mafiosos ruled Sicily before the 21st century?

History of Italy

However, the rest of Italy was held by the Langobards or Byzantium.


Question: Have mafiosos ruled Sicily before the 21st century?

History of Italy

Holy Roman Empire In 774, after a papal invitation, the Franks defeated the Langobards and took the crown of their kingdom.


Question: Have mafiosos ruled Sicily before the 21st century?

History of Italy

Their leader Charles the Great was crowned by the pope on 25 December 800 in Rome as emperor.


Question: Have mafiosos ruled Sicily before the 21st century?

History of Italy

This caused a dispute between the Frankish Empire and Byzantium over the right to the name of Rome.


Question: Have mafiosos ruled Sicily before the 21st century?

History of Italy

In 812, Byzantium agreed to recognize the Roman Empire in exchange for guaranteeing its Italian holdings.


Question: Have mafiosos ruled Sicily before the 21st century?

History of Italy

However, the emperor's power did not properly reach the southern parts of the peninsula, whose two langobard dukes of Spoleto and Benevento accepted Charlemagne's rule in name only.


Question: Have mafiosos ruled Sicily before the 21st century?

History of Italy

Conquering Benevento would have meant full encirclement of Papal territories in the emperor's territories, and Charles the Great probably thought it was not good for relations.


Question: Have mafiosos ruled Sicily before the 21st century?

History of Italy

Greco-Latin coastal cities such as Naples on the Tyrrhenian Sea and Venice on the Adriatic became increasingly independent of Byzantium.


Question: Have mafiosos ruled Sicily before the 21st century?

History of Italy

Charles the Great had the papal efforts to expand power stymied, and his time meant balancing in Italy, although marked by non-Italian interests.


Question: Have mafiosos ruled Sicily before the 21st century?

History of Italy

The gap between Eastern and Western Christendom continued to grow.


Question: Have mafiosos ruled Sicily before the 21st century?

History of Italy

Saint Leo III was the first pope to date his bulla in accordance with the reign of Charles the Great rather than the Byzantine emperors.


Question: Have mafiosos ruled Sicily before the 21st century?

History of Italy

By the beginning of the 8th century, the process that began three centuries earlier, in which Italy seceded from Byzantium and connected to Western Europe, had become broadly completed.


Question: Have mafiosos ruled Sicily before the 21st century?

History of Italy

Sicily, Calabria, Apulia and some maritime cities were the main exceptions.


Question: Have mafiosos ruled Sicily before the 21st century?

History of Italy

After the death of Charlemagne (814), under weak successors, the Empire quickly fell apart.


Question: Have mafiosos ruled Sicily before the 21st century?

History of Italy

The equilibrium created by the emperor's charisma was shattered.


Question: Have mafiosos ruled Sicily before the 21st century?

History of Italy

The crisis was exacerbated by external factors such as Saracen invasions and the intensification of maritime republics.


Question: Have mafiosos ruled Sicily before the 21st century?

History of Italy

Charles the Great's son Louis the Pious died in 840.


Question: Have mafiosos ruled Sicily before the 21st century?

History of Italy

The Treaty of Verdun divided the Empire in 843.


Question: Have mafiosos ruled Sicily before the 21st century?

History of Italy

Louis's eldest surviving son Lothar I became emperor and ruler of the central part of the kingdom.


Question: Have mafiosos ruled Sicily before the 21st century?

History of Italy

His three sons accordingly divided this kingdom between themselves, and northern Italy became the Kingdom of Italy under Louis II in 839.


Question: Have mafiosos ruled Sicily before the 21st century?

History of Italy

Muslim Arabs conquered Sicily in 827, ruled until 1053.


Question: Have mafiosos ruled Sicily before the 21st century?

History of Italy

In 846, the Arabs invaded Rome and plundered St. Peter's Basilica, taking all the gold and silver from there.


Question: Have mafiosos ruled Sicily before the 21st century?

History of Italy

As a result, Leo IV began the construction of the Vatican Wall, which was completed in 853.


Question: Have mafiosos ruled Sicily before the 21st century?

History of Italy

In 951, the Italian and German crowns were merged.


Question: Have mafiosos ruled Sicily before the 21st century?

History of Italy

The ruler of the new kingdom, Otto I the Great, submitted that the Union would restore the kingdom of Charles the Great and received the title of emperor in 962.


Question: Have mafiosos ruled Sicily before the 21st century?

History of Italy

In these times of turmoil, the prestige of the papacy institution had also diminished (see pornocracy, for example).


Question: Have mafiosos ruled Sicily before the 21st century?

History of Italy

End of the Middle Ages Barbarian invasions and Gothic Wars eradicated much of Italy's urban culture.


Question: Have mafiosos ruled Sicily before the 21st century?

History of Italy

It did not completely disappear, but was much more modest than in the Roman period.


Question: Have mafiosos ruled Sicily before the 21st century?

History of Italy

Wars, disappearances and disease had also collapsed Italy's population.


Question: Have mafiosos ruled Sicily before the 21st century?

History of Italy

In the 7th—8th centuries, some cities such as Amalfi and Venice began to flourish through trade (silk, salt), but urban life remained scarce.


Question: Have mafiosos ruled Sicily before the 21st century?

History of Italy

The 10th century marked the end of the darkest period of the Middle Ages.


Question: Have mafiosos ruled Sicily before the 21st century?

History of Italy

Trade slowly began to recover, especially through the sea, and the four port cities, Amalfi, Pisa, Genoa and Venice became powermakers.


Question: Have mafiosos ruled Sicily before the 21st century?

History of Italy

[7] Many landlocked cities, such as Florence and Milan, also grew and effectively became independent city-states from the central power, expanding their territory at the expense of feudal lords to the countryside.


Question: Have mafiosos ruled Sicily before the 21st century?

History of Italy

In the 12th century, Italian cities that were part of the Empire rebelled successfully against the centralisation effort of the regime of Frederick I Barbarossa.


Question: Have mafiosos ruled Sicily before the 21st century?

History of Italy

The pope regained his authority and began a long struggle against the Empire on both ecclesiastical and secular issues, the first act of which was an investment-strife.


Question: Have mafiosos ruled Sicily before the 21st century?

History of Italy

At the same time, the southern parts of Italy and Sicily were conquered by the Normans.


Question: Have mafiosos ruled Sicily before the 21st century?

History of Italy

The Normans eventually conquered Byzantine and Arab-controlled territories.


Question: Have mafiosos ruled Sicily before the 21st century?

History of Italy

Byzantium, however, had not been defeated yet, instead invading in 1155 Italy under Emperor Manuel I Komnenos.


Question: Have mafiosos ruled Sicily before the 21st century?

History of Italy

By 1158, the Byzantine army had been forced to withdraw from Italy.


Question: Have mafiosos ruled Sicily before the 21st century?

History of Italy

The Renaissance Italian Renaissance, or rinascimento, ushered in the Renaissance, especially in Europe of a new era in culture and arts, which continued from the late 14th century until about 1600.


Question: Have mafiosos ruled Sicily before the 21st century?

History of Italy

The Renaissance began in Tuscany, the cities of Florence and Siena, and its high point was towards the end of the 15th century.


Question: Have mafiosos ruled Sicily before the 21st century?

History of Italy

It spread south, affecting Rome in particular, which was largely rebuilt by Renaissance popes.


Question: Have mafiosos ruled Sicily before the 21st century?

History of Italy

The Italian Renaissance began to decline at the end of the 15th century with the invasion of foreign powers, after which the focus of the Renaissance shifted to Central Europe.


Question: Have mafiosos ruled Sicily before the 21st century?

History of Italy

Roots In the Heart Middle Ages, the city-states of the northern part of Italy were among the most prosperous in Europe, considerably more prosperous than the southern part of Italy, including Rome.


Question: Have mafiosos ruled Sicily before the 21st century?

History of Italy

The Crusades had established permanent trade ties with the Levant, and Byzantium, a trading rival of the Italian cities, had been badly damaged by the Fourth Crusade.


Question: Have mafiosos ruled Sicily before the 21st century?

History of Italy

Luxury goods such as spices, dyes and silk were brought to the ports of Genoa, Pisa and Venice in Italy and exported from there to other parts of Europe.