Question: How many expeditions did Columbus complete?

Indiana Jones

They then travel to Turkey with the intention of finding the Grail before the Nazis.2008Indiana Jones and the Crystal Skull KingdomsDiana Jones and the Kingdom of Crystal SkullIn 1957, Soviet soldiers have captured Indiana so that this would help them find the body of an alien in the Region Out of 51.


Question: How many expeditions did Columbus complete?

Indiana Jones

Indiana helps them and escapes, but loses his job at the university because FBI agents suspect he has communist connections.


Question: How many expeditions did Columbus complete?

Indiana Jones

However, young Mutt Williams asks Indiana to help him in the search for missing Dr. Harold Oxley.


Question: How many expeditions did Columbus complete?

Indiana Jones

Mutt's mother, who, unbeknownst to Indiana, is his former female friend Marion Ravenwood, has also disappeared.


Question: How many expeditions did Columbus complete?

Indiana Jones

Oxley's tracks lead to Peru, where Indiana and Mutt find the crystal skull of Akator (better known by its Spanish name Eldorado).


Question: How many expeditions did Columbus complete?

Indiana Jones

However, the Soviets catch them and force Jones again to help them find Akator.


Question: How many expeditions did Columbus complete?

Indiana Jones

Jones, Mutt, Ravenwood, and the captured and gone mad Oxley escape from the Soviets and make their way to Akator, which is revealed to be a ship of interdimensional beings.


Question: How many expeditions did Columbus complete?

Indiana Jones

Financial success of movies Sources CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link) References On the topic elsewhere Transclusion error: {{En}} is only for use in File namespace.


Question: How many expeditions did Columbus complete?

Indiana Jones

Use {{lang-en}} or {{en icon}} instead.


Question: How many expeditions did Columbus complete?

Indiana Jones

* Category:Key articles of screening


Question: Where was Aarne Arunen born?

Aarne Aronnen

Aarne Armas Arminen (4 August 1897 Helsinki — 1 January 2009, Järvenpää) was a Finnish carpenter who, when he died, was the last surviving Finn born in the 19th century.


Question: Where was Aarne Arunen born?

Aarne Aronnen

At the age of 111, he was also the oldest person in Finland, the third oldest man in Europe and the seventh oldest man in the whole world.


Question: Where was Aarne Arunen born?

Aarne Aronnen

[1] In addition, Arvonen is remembered as the last surviving veteran to participate in the battles of the Finnish Civil War, as well as the last Red Guards.


Question: Where was Aarne Arunen born?

Aarne Aronnen

To the general public, he became well known after appearing several times in public after turning 100.


Question: Where was Aarne Arunen born?

Aarne Aronnen

[2] Life Early years in Helsinki, the parents of Aarne Vaste, who was born as the firstborn of a four-child family, were Heikki Arvonen and Amanda “Mandi” Salminen (b. 1872) [3].


Question: Where was Aarne Arunen born?

Aarne Aronnen

His birth home was located in the Kallio district of Zoo Road.


Question: Where was Aarne Arunen born?

Aarne Aronnen

[4] Heikki Arvonen was an editor and trade unionist from Pori, whose father was Heinrich August Hilpert, a German sailor, and Maria Josefina Arvelin, mother.


Question: Where was Aarne Arunen born?

Aarne Aronnen

[5] During Aarne Vaste's childhood years, the family moved several times from one place to another.


Question: Where was Aarne Arunen born?

Aarne Aronnen

They lived for a short time in Turku before Heikki Arminen from 1906 to 1911 worked as a journalist for social-democratic newspapers in Hämeenlinna, Kuopio and Lappeenranta.


Question: Where was Aarne Arunen born?

Aarne Aronnen

In addition to the national school, Aarne had time to attend Kuopio Classical Lyceum for one academic year in 1908—1909.


Question: Where was Aarne Arunen born?

Aarne Aronnen

Raste's mother, Mandi Salminen, died at the age of 39 in February 1912 while giving birth to the family's fourth child.


Question: Where was Aarne Arunen born?

Aarne Aronnen

The Rajet lived in Huopalahdi, Helsinki at the time.


Question: Where was Aarne Arunen born?

Aarne Aronnen

Widowed Heikki Arvonen soon married Elsa Pylnäinen and they later had two daughters.


Question: Where was Aarne Arunen born?

Aarne Aronnen

[2] After his father's new marriage, Aarne was no longer comfortable at home, but lived since the summer of 1914 as a street boy.


Question: Where was Aarne Arunen born?

Aarne Aronnen

He supported himself by begging, occasional jobs and even theft.


Question: Where was Aarne Arunen born?

Aarne Aronnen

According to the rating, the poet Eino Leino always gave plenty of money, while the writer Juhani Aho gave nothing to the beggars.


Question: Where was Aarne Arunen born?

Aarne Aronnen

[4] In the autumn of 1916 Arminen received a fine of 40 marks for shoplifting, which he carried out in prison.


Question: Where was Aarne Arunen born?

Aarne Aronnen

Arminen then left as a volunteer for fortification works during World War I in Minsk.


Question: Where was Aarne Arunen born?

Aarne Aronnen

However, the train carrying volunteers did not continue to its destination when all its passengers contracted typhoid fever.


Question: Where was Aarne Arunen born?

Aarne Aronnen

Arvonen survived the disease but didn't have time to get to the actual fortification work before they were sent back.


Question: Where was Aarne Arunen born?

Aarne Aronnen

After returning to Finland, he did fortification work in Uusimaa, where the Helsinki land and sea fortress were being built.


Question: Where was Aarne Arunen born?

Aarne Aronnen

In the autumn of 1917, Arvonen was on similar fortification work in the Estonian Governorate for three months.


Question: Where was Aarne Arunen born?

Aarne Aronnen

[2] Civil War After returning from Estonia, Arvonen was unemployed and living in Sirkuskadu, Siltasaari district (now.


Question: Where was Aarne Arunen born?

Aarne Aronnen

Paasivuorenkatu) in a homeless nighthut.


Question: Where was Aarne Arunen born?

Aarne Aronnen

After the civil war broke out on 27 January 1918, Arvonen attended the mass meetings of the labour movement held at the Mäntymäki field and finally joined the Helsinki Red Guards on 6 March, where he was placed in the 1st Battalion of the III Regiment.


Question: Where was Aarne Arunen born?

Aarne Aronnen

In addition to accommodation, clothing and food, Arvonen received a salary of 15 marks a day.


Question: Where was Aarne Arunen born?

Aarne Aronnen

[2] Valuen's company initially served in Helsinki on guard duty.


Question: Where was Aarne Arunen born?

Aarne Aronnen

In mid-March, it was sent to the Karelian Front, where since 19 March the company took part in the battles of Joutseno.


Question: Where was Aarne Arunen born?

Aarne Aronnen

Initially Arvonen was involved in the battles fought in Pentti, the keeper of Jääske, where actor Jalmari Parikka acted as the Reds frontman.


Question: Where was Aarne Arunen born?

Aarne Aronnen

After just over a month, the Red forces were withdrawn from the front of the White attack to defend Vyborg.


Question: Where was Aarne Arunen born?

Aarne Aronnen

In a turmoil situation, Arminen attempted to move to the Soviet-Russian side and finally ended up on 23 April near the border at Terijoki Kuokkala, which, however, was already held by the Whites.


Question: Where was Aarne Arunen born?

Aarne Aronnen

After this, the retreating company still managed to avoid being captured in connection with the Battle of Vyborg from 27 to 28 April, attempting the following night to break through the White cordon towards Hamina.


Question: Where was Aarne Arunen born?

Aarne Aronnen

Some 500 reds fell during the failed breakthrough attempt, but Arvonen managed to survive and surrendered to the whites at Tienhaara railway station 29.


Question: Where was Aarne Arunen born?

Aarne Aronnen

april.


Question: Where was Aarne Arunen born?

Aarne Aronnen

[2] After the surrender, Arvonen was transferred to Vyborg Prison Camp and from there on 4 June to Tammisaari Prison Camp, where he became remand prisoner No.4842.


Question: Where was Aarne Arunen born?

Aarne Aronnen

Arvonen contracted the Spanish sickness that killed thousands of prisoners, but survived that too.


Question: Where was Aarne Arunen born?

Aarne Aronnen

In Tammisaari was by chance his uncle Ivar Hilpert, who belonged to his patron, who supplied Raste with food parcels.


Question: Where was Aarne Arunen born?

Aarne Aronnen

He was questioned not only at his own stages but also about the dealings of his father, who was active in the civil administration of the Reds during the war


Question: Where was Aarne Arunen born?

Aarne Aronnen

Eventually, on July 30, Arvonen was sentenced to a suspended 3-year and 8-month discipline room sentence and, in the process, let go free on 5 years' probation.


Question: Where was Aarne Arunen born?

Aarne Aronnen

In addition, he lost his civil trust for eight years over the sentence period.


Question: Where was Aarne Arunen born?

Aarne Aronnen

The Civil War period caused Raste traumas, and he never looked back on the war years with pleasure.


Question: Where was Aarne Arunen born?

Aarne Aronnen

In his final years, however, he criticized the reheating of the Revolutionary War myth.


Question: Where was Aarne Arunen born?

Aarne Aronnen

[2] Later stages After the Civil War Arminen supported himself with mixed works in various parts of Finland.


Question: Where was Aarne Arunen born?

Aarne Aronnen

In the 1920s he worked in buildings, as tyres in Kylmäkoski and as a car helper at the Nobel Standard oil depot in Sörnäis, Helsinki.


Question: Where was Aarne Arunen born?

Aarne Aronnen

Arminen also went to prison again for petty crimes.


Question: Where was Aarne Arunen born?

Aarne Aronnen

During his imprisonment, he studied mathematics and acquired the profession of decorative carver, which, after his release, Arvonen got a job in the Kutvonen furniture factory in Suonenjoki.


Question: Where was Aarne Arunen born?

Aarne Aronnen

His spouse, Sylvi Emilia Salonen (1897—1938), with whom Arminen had two daughters, soon arrived in Helsinki.


Question: Where was Aarne Arunen born?

Aarne Aronnen

From Suonenjoki, the family moved to Helsinki in the early 1930s in the Kallio district.


Question: Where was Aarne Arunen born?

Aarne Aronnen

Sylvi Arvonen died in 1938, after which Arminen and his children moved to Järvenpää in a house they had built in Terhola district.


Question: Where was Aarne Arunen born?

Aarne Aronnen

For the Winter and Continuation War, Value did not qualify because of his background, but served on a duty duty basis.


Question: Where was Aarne Arunen born?

Aarne Aronnen

[2] In the summer of 1948 Arminen was rebuilding the village of Loka, destroyed in the Lapland War, as a volunteer for the International Volunteer Labour Camp Organization.


Question: Where was Aarne Arunen born?

Aarne Aronnen

[6] After the war years, Arvonen worked for a long time as a decorative carpenter in a furniture factory.


Question: Where was Aarne Arunen born?

Aarne Aronnen

He also became interested in languages, studying French and English.


Question: Where was Aarne Arunen born?

Aarne Aronnen

In addition, Arvonen pursued arithmetics and astronomy, which he became interested in as a young man.


Question: Where was Aarne Arunen born?

Aarne Aronnen

Arvonen was a founding member of Ursa, an astronomical association founded in 1921 and later was named an honorary member of the association.


Question: Where was Aarne Arunen born?

Aarne Aronnen

Raste's membership in Ursa lasted almost 87 years.


Question: Where was Aarne Arunen born?

Aarne Aronnen

Astronomy remained his dearest hobby right up to the last years of his life.


Question: Where was Aarne Arunen born?

Aarne Aronnen

[2] Arminen also took part in the activities of the Central Uusimaa Astronomical Association Altair ry, of which he, like Ursa, was an honorary member.


Question: Where was Aarne Arunen born?

Aarne Aronnen

[7] In the 1920s Arvonen was also engaged in painting.


Question: Where was Aarne Arunen born?

Aarne Aronnen

Smoking and drinking concentrated alcohol, he told me he left as early as 1933.


Question: Where was Aarne Arunen born?

Aarne Aronnen

Arminen was not interested in politics, and never even belonged to a trade union.


Question: Where was Aarne Arunen born?

Aarne Arunen

His spouse Sylvi, by contrast, was an avid left-winger.


Question: Where was Aarne Arunen born?

Aarne Arunen

[2] For the last years of his life Arminen lived with his second daughter and son-in-law in a detached house built by himself until the summer of 2005, when he was placed in the bed ward of the health centre due to kidney infection and waiting for a nursing home.


Question: Where was Aarne Arunen born?

Aarne Arunen

[8] Arvon came to the consciousness of the whole people in August 1997 when, turning 100, he began giving interviews to the media.


Question: Where was Aarne Arunen born?

Aarne Arunen

Vaste's birthdays were celebrated in Järvenpää at his base bar Pub Winston, where Helsingin Sanomat was also present.


Question: Where was Aarne Arunen born?

Aarne Arunen

[4] In addition, Arvo was interviewed on Ylen AAM-TV, and a year later he appeared on TV news on the occasion of the 80th anniversary of the Civil War.


Question: Where was Aarne Arunen born?

Aarne Arunen

[9] Arvonen travelled abroad in his old days, Arvonen went on a pub crawl in London to mark his 100th birthday.


Question: Where was Aarne Arunen born?

Aarne Arunen

On 5 December 2006, after Elsa Tilkanen died at the age of 110, she became Finland's oldest resident.


Question: Where was Aarne Arunen born?

Aarne Arunen

[10] In August 2007, news of Raste's 110th birthday was announced.


Question: Where was Aarne Arunen born?

Aarne Arunen

He was nearly blind at the time, but was still following and commenting on the news on the radio.


Question: Where was Aarne Arunen born?

Aarne Arunen

Arvon was celebrating his anniversary at a lakehead pub, to which friends picked him up from a care home.


Question: Where was Aarne Arunen born?

Aarne Arunen

[8] Artunen lived before his death in the bed ward of Vanhankylänniemi Health Centre Hospital in Järvenpää.


Question: Where was Aarne Arunen born?

Aarne Arunen

[11] In August 2008 Arvonen celebrated his 111th birthday with his family members.


Question: Where was Aarne Arunen born?

Aarne Arunen

The traditional pub visit was missed, of his own accord.


Question: Where was Aarne Arunen born?

Aarne Arunen

[12] Raste's daughter Irma Roiha described her father as intelligent and reading knowledge-wise.


Question: Where was Aarne Arunen born?

Aarne Arunen

According to him, Arvonen was also not demented, but memory remained good until death.


Question: Where was Aarne Arunen born?

Aarne Arunen

In his final days, however, he could no longer walk and instead had to move around on a wheelchair.


Question: Where was Aarne Arunen born?

Aarne Arunen

Arvon died in Järvenpää on the evening of New Year's Day 2009 from rapidly advanced pneumonia.


Question: Where was Aarne Arunen born?

Aarne Arunen

Even the night before, he was involved in the celebration of the New Year and Valuen was even told that he had Marseljees' words in French.


Question: Where was Aarne Arunen born?

Aarne Arunen

He was 111 years and 150 days old when he died.


Question: Where was Aarne Arunen born?

Aarne Arunen

Aarne Arvonen was buried in a family grave in the Hietaniemi Cemetery in Helsinki.


Question: Where was Aarne Arunen born?

Aarne Arunen

[2] Sources on the topic elsewhere Category:Finns who lived over 110 years of age Category:Finnish Civil War Red Class:People born in 1897 Class:Persons who died in 2009 Category:Key articles of screening


Question: When was Finland's first motorway completed?

Motorway

A motorway is a road for rapid movement solely for motor vehicle traffic.


Question: When was Finland's first motorway completed?

Motorway

On the freeway, the different directions of travel are physically separated, and the freeway does not intersect on the same plane with other thoroughfares.


Question: When was Finland's first motorway completed?

Motorway

The motorway practically always has at least two driving lanes in both directions and intersections with other roads have been implemented at interchanges.


Question: When was Finland's first motorway completed?

Motorway

The world's first motorway was completed in 1924 to Italy between Milan and Varese.


Question: When was Finland's first motorway completed?

Motorway

The first highways in Germany and the United States were built in the 1930s


Question: When was Finland's first motorway completed?

Motorway

In actual terms, however, the construction of motorways did not get off the ground until after World War II.


Question: When was Finland's first motorway completed?

Motorway

Finland's first motorway was completed in 1962 between Munkkiniemi in Helsinki and Gumböle in Espoo.


Question: When was Finland's first motorway completed?

Motorway

Definition of motorway In the 1968 International Convention on Road Traffic, the so-called Vienna Road Traffic Agreement, a motorway is defined as follows: From the last point, it is incurred that a road that meets all the requirements for the motorway but which is not marked as a motorway by road signs, is not a motorway.


Question: When was Finland's first motorway completed?

Motorway

So, for example, Itäväylä, the initial part of Hämeenlinnanvää from The Haaga to Kehä III, and part of Kehä I with dual carriageways and interchanges resemble motorways but are not marked as motorways.


Question: When was Finland's first motorway completed?

Motorway

Although it is not directly prescribed by the road contract, there are mostly at least two lanes on the motorway in both directions.


Question: When was Finland's first motorway completed?

Motorway

Highways are also always duration-paved.


Question: When was Finland's first motorway completed?

Motorway

The exact definition of a motorway and the technical requirements for highways vary somewhat from country to country.


Question: When was Finland's first motorway completed?

Motorway

Traffic rules to be followed on motorways Also, traffic rules followed on motorways vary somewhat from country to country.


Question: When was Finland's first motorway completed?

Motorway

However, the Road Traffic Agreement [1] provides for some general principles: The use of the road is prohibited for pedestrians, animals and vehicles who cannot reach the specified speed on a flat road.


Question: When was Finland's first motorway completed?

Motorway

Stopping and parking on a motorway for no compelling reason is prohibited.


Question: When was Finland's first motorway completed?

Motorway

Doing a U-turn is forbidden.


Question: When was Finland's first motorway completed?

Motorway

Highways typically have a speed limit of 80 to 130 kilometres per hour.


Question: When was Finland's first motorway completed?

Motorway

In Germany, some of the motorways have no speed limits at all.


Question: When was Finland's first motorway completed?

Motorway

In Finland, only a motor vehicle with a maximum permissible or design speed exceeding 50km/h is allowed on motorway.


Question: When was Finland's first motorway completed?

Motorway

[2] Since not all vehicles can use the motorway, it must also have a parallel connection.


Question: When was Finland's first motorway completed?

Motorway

A frequent parallel connection is the so-called old road, which has been the main road before the freeway was completed.


Question: When was Finland's first motorway completed?

Motorway

A parallel connection can also run on the downtown street network.


Question: When was Finland's first motorway completed?

Motorway

In countries where motorways or some of them are tolled, parallel access is usually free of charge.


Question: When was Finland's first motorway completed?

Motorway

Highways in Finland Finland is a sparsely populated country and traffic volumes are generally small.


Question: When was Finland's first motorway completed?

Motorway

Therefore, it has not been necessary to build a comprehensive motorway network similar to that in Germany, for example.


Question: When was Finland's first motorway completed?

Motorway

At the beginning of 2018, there were 893 kilometers of motorways in Finland.


Question: When was Finland's first motorway completed?

Motorway

[3] The longest continuous motorways are the section between Vantaa and Ylöjärvi on highway 3, the Helsing-Turku section on highway 1, the Helsing-Hamina section on highway 7 and the Helsing-Heinola section on highway 4.


Question: When was Finland's first motorway completed?

Motorway

Other highways tend to be short stretches in major cities.


Question: When was Finland's first motorway completed?

Motorway

There is also a freeway along Highway 9 for about 130 kilometres on a total of six sections separate from each other.


Question: When was Finland's first motorway completed?

Motorway

The definition of a motorway in Finnish legislation follows the definition of the Vienna Road Traffic Agreement: Almost all motorways in Finland are 2+2 lanes: there are several lanes in the Helsinki and Tampere regions, as well as Turku, Lahti, Hyvinkää and Akaa.


Question: When was Finland's first motorway completed?

Motorway

In addition, there is a parallel ramped section in Kotka.


Question: When was Finland's first motorway completed?

Motorway

Only the widest section of motorways defined by law is on road 51 in Espoo, where the road with parallel ramps reaches a total of 12 lanes.


Question: When was Finland's first motorway completed?

Motorway

Parallel ramp sections exist only on Kantatie 51 in Westend in Espoo, Highway 3 in Tampere Lakalaiva and Highway 7 in Karhula, Kotka.


Question: When was Finland's first motorway completed?

Motorway

Without taking into account parallel ramps, the widest sections are on Highway 1 in Espoo Leppävaara, Highway 4 in Viikki in Helsinki, road 45 in Pakila in Helsinki and Tikkurila in Vantaa, and on road 51 from Espoo between Haukilahti and Westend, which are all 4+4 lane sections.


Question: When was Finland's first motorway completed?

Motorway

Parallel ramps are generally intended to separate mixing areas of local and long-distance traffic on busy stretches of road.


Question: When was Finland's first motorway completed?

Motorway

Specific requirements for road geometry, interchange and other technical characteristics are imposed on motorways.


Question: When was Finland's first motorway completed?

Motorway

On just under two-thirds of highways, the speed limit is 120 kilometres per hour.


Question: When was Finland's first motorway completed?

Motorway

On other highways, the limit is usually 100 kilometres per hour, sometimes lower than this as well.


Question: When was Finland's first motorway completed?

Motorway

In winter, the speed limit is no more than 100 kilometres per hour on all highways.


Question: When was Finland's first motorway completed?

Motorway

Highways are divided into four categories based on their significance: [4] Category A comprises national motorway sections with rural sections.


Question: When was Finland's first motorway completed?

Motorway

The speed limit is usually 120km/h.


Question: When was Finland's first motorway completed?

Motorway

Category B includes national motorway sections on bypass sections of urban agglomerations.


Question: When was Finland's first motorway completed?

Motorway

The speed limit is between 100 and 120km/h.


Question: When was Finland's first motorway completed?

Motorway

Category C comprises motorways (1st class urban motorways) serving as a trunk road in urban urban areas.


Question: When was Finland's first motorway completed?

Motorway

The speed limit is 80—100km/h.


Question: When was Finland's first motorway completed?

Motorway

Category D comprises motorways that serve as a feeder ring for city centres, integral to the built-up structure and do not have transit traffic (2nd class urban motorways).


Question: When was Finland's first motorway completed?

Motorway

The speed limit is usually 80km/h.


Question: When was Finland's first motorway completed?

Motorway

Classification relates mainly to road planning and there is no way to mark the class on the road by road signs.


Question: When was Finland's first motorway completed?

Motorway

On lower-class highways, the technical requirements for the road are not so strict.


Question: When was Finland's first motorway completed?

Motorway

The name urban motorway is also sometimes used for motorway roads, e.g. Perimeter III, which, however, are not motorways.


Question: When was Finland's first motorway completed?

Motorway

In Finland, a parallel road running parallel to a motorway is usually a sub-regional road.


Question: When was Finland's first motorway completed?

Motorway

A parallel connection can also run on the downtown street network.


Question: When was Finland's first motorway completed?

Motorway

Building and impacts of motorways When deciding on the construction of a motorway, the solution is made on the basis of factors such as traffic volumes, road safety, community structure and environmental considerations.


Question: When was Finland's first motorway completed?

Motorway

In general, the construction of a motorway may be justified if the average traffic volume exceeds 15000 vehicles per day, [5] although the construction of a motorway always requires a closer examination of the hourly variation and composition of traffic.


Question: When was Finland's first motorway completed?

Motorway

[6] In terms of road safety, motorways have the advantage of the absence of opposite-directional and intersecting traffic, eliminating encounter and crossing accidents almost completely.


Question: When was Finland's first motorway completed?

Motorway

On the other hand, higher speeds increase the number of derailment accidents.


Question: When was Finland's first motorway completed?

Motorway

Due to high volumes of traffic, the risk of rear-end accidents also increases, although this is not directly related to road type but more to traffic volumes regardless of road type.


Question: When was Finland's first motorway completed?

Motorway

Statistically, fewer fatal accidents and other personal injury accidents occur on highways relative to traffic volumes than other roads.


Question: When was Finland's first motorway completed?

Motorway

[7] The environmental impact of motorways is twofold: on the one hand, motorways streamline traffic and allow steady speeds, which may reduce exhaust emissions, at least in the short term.


Question: When was Finland's first motorway completed?

Motorway

However, motorways also decentralise the community structure and generate traffic when, for example, work is possible for longer periods, thus increasing air pollution.


Question: When was Finland's first motorway completed?

Motorway

In addition, motorways take up a lot of space compared to other types of roads, and buildings often need to be demolished under motorways.


Question: When was Finland's first motorway completed?

Motorway

Admittedly, the latter problem can be countered by planning for a sufficiently long term.


Question: When was Finland's first motorway completed?

Motorway

The Transportation Agency has developed a central railed motorway that lacks the traditional wide green lane between carriageways.


Question: When was Finland's first motorway completed?

Motorway

Today, a through road similar to the Hämeenlinna motorway, which was built in the 1960s, would hardly be built anymore through the city centre.


Question: When was Finland's first motorway completed?

Motorway

A shopping centre is currently under construction in Hämeenlinna on top of the motorway as well as street connections, the obstacle effect will also be reduced.


Question: When was Finland's first motorway completed?

Motorway

A concrete deck is also planned over the highway in Lautosaari, on which housing would be located.


Question: When was Finland's first motorway completed?

Motorway

Noise caused by high traffic volumes and high speeds adversely affects the environment, which can be countered by noise barriers, fences and railings.


Question: When was Finland's first motorway completed?

Motorway

Highways also create a barrier effect, which can be countered by building greenbacks and flyovers and tunnels, for example.


Question: When was Finland's first motorway completed?

Motorway

In Finland, the cost of building a motorway is on average between 3 and 5 million euros per kilometer [8], although the cost varies from case to case: bridges and especially tunnels increase road prices.


Question: When was Finland's first motorway completed?

Motorway

List of motorways in Finland Listed below are Finnish motorways.


Question: When was Finland's first motorway completed?

Motorway

[9] If a motorway section is part of several roads, this is noted at the end of the line.


Question: When was Finland's first motorway completed?

Motorway

Highway 1 Helsinki—Turku (length 165km) [10] Highway 2 Palojärvi, Vihti (length 1km, joins another motorway) Highway 3 Vantaa—Hämeenlinna—Tampere—Ylöjärvi (length 180km, partly shared with highway 9) Helsingby, Mustatasaari—Vaasa (length 15km, part joint Highway 8) Highway 4 Helsinki—Lahti—Lusi, Heinola (length 140km, partly shared with highway 7) Vaajakoski—Jyväskylä (length 6km, shared with highways 9, 13 and 23) Jyväskylä — Kirri (length 5km, joint with highway 13) Huutionmäki, Äänekoski (length 3km) Haaranilta, Liminka—Kello, Oulu (length 30km) Maksniemi, Simo—Kemi—Keminmaa (length 21km) Highway 5 Lusi, Heinola (4,3km) Humalajoki—Kuopio—Siilinjärvi (length 47km, partly shared with highway 9) Highway 6 Strawberry — Käpykangas— Imatra (length 10,4km) Käpykangas— Niittylahti, Joensuu (length 14 km, shared with highway 9).


Question: When was Finland's first motorway completed?

Motorway

Highway 7 Tatttarisuo, Helsinki—Kotka—Vaalimaa (length 173km, partly shared with Highway 15) Highway 8 Turku—Nousiainen (length 20km) Mustatasaari—Vaasa (14km, partly shared with Highway 3) Highway 9 Turku—Lieto as.


Question: When was Finland's first motorway completed?

Motorway

(length 13km) Järviö—Konho, Akaa (length 1,2km) Konho-Lakalaiva— (length 32 km, shared with highway 3) Lakalaiva—Atala, Tampere (length 11km) Pukinniitty—Pumperi, Jyväskylä (length 4,8km) Vaajakoski—Jyväskylä (length 6 km, common highways 4, 13 and 23 with) Hop River- Kuopio-Vuorela (length 34 km, common share with highway 5) Ylämylly—Niittylahti, Joensuu (26 km, common share with highway 6 14 km and 11 km with highway 23) Highway 12 Tampere—Nokia (length 8.2km) Highway 25 Lohja, (length 1km, joins another motorway) Highway 29 Keminmaa—Tornio (length 14km) Kantatie 45 Helsinki—Ruotsinkylä, Tuusula (length 17.9km) Kantatie 51 Helsinki—Kirkkonummi (length 27km) Yhtetie 3495 Viinikka—Lakalaiva (Tampere Southern Entrance Road, length 2km) Yhtetie 6018 Jyväskylä (Jyväskylä — Vaajakoski motorway Jyväskylä, length 0,5km) The construction of Finland's first motorway, Helsinki Eastern Motorway (part of present-day Itäväkylä), started in 1950 on the Kulosaari Bridge.


Question: When was Finland's first motorway completed?

Motorway

The bridge and section through Kulosaari to Herttoniemi were opened in 1957 and a short section at Herttoniemi was completed in 1962 [11].


Question: When was Finland's first motorway completed?

Motorway

The road is similar to a motorway (interchanges, separated carriageways), but does not fully meet the existing quality requirements for the motorway (there are bus stops, acceleration lanes very short, etc).


Question: When was Finland's first motorway completed?

Motorway

Finland's first actual motorway, Tardontie (now.


Question: When was Finland's first motorway completed?

Motorway

Turunväylä), began to be built in 1956 between Munkkiniemi in Helsinki and Gumböle in Espoo.


Question: When was Finland's first motorway completed?

Motorway

The road was commissioned in 1962.


Question: When was Finland's first motorway completed?

Motorway

Over the next ten years, a large number of short motorway sections were built in Finland near major cities, especially Helsinki.


Question: When was Finland's first motorway completed?

Motorway

[12] The following motorways were completed in 1963 to Highway 8 from Turku to Raisio and the 1964 Hämeenlinna bypass to highway 3.


Question: When was Finland's first motorway completed?

Motorway

1968 completed the motorway Lempääläntie from Tampere to Lempäälän Kulju.


Question: When was Finland's first motorway completed?

Motorway

In Helsinki Helsinki, Lahdenväylä was first completed in 1967 from Old Town to Viikki, from where it was extended to Tattariharju in 1971 and Järvenpää in 1974.


Question: When was Finland's first motorway completed?

Motorway

The first section of Porvoonväylä was completed in 1972.


Question: When was Finland's first motorway completed?

Motorway

Compared to what is now, highways were generally aligned to run from a considerable close proximity to the city centre.


Question: When was Finland's first motorway completed?

Motorway

During the 1960s, three sections parallel to the city centre were built; in Hämeenlinna, highway 3 was built to run as a motorway through the centre, as was Highway 7 to Karhula city centre in present-day Kotka as well as motorway but not fully meeting current motorway standards Passage of Rovaniemi on highway 4.


Question: When was Finland's first motorway completed?

Motorway

A motorway was also planned in Jyväskylä and Tampere just off the centre.


Question: When was Finland's first motorway completed?

Motorway

In Jyväskylä, the road would have started from Keljo, running between Hippos and the university, beyond Harju and along Rajakatu to Taulumäki.


Question: When was Finland's first motorway completed?

Motorway

[13] It was possible to implement a 1.8 kilometre-long section of the planned road to the south of the centre.


Question: When was Finland's first motorway completed?

Motorway

After the plans changed, the road has been classified as a regular road and is now called Länä-Päijänteentie, thus Finland's only discontinued motorway.


Question: When was Finland's first motorway completed?

Motorway

In Tampere, the road that bisects the centre would have run from Ratina to Lielahti.


Question: When was Finland's first motorway completed?

Motorway

A tunnel would have been built in Pyynikki and the terrain in Pispala was leveled with a cross-country cut.


Question: When was Finland's first motorway completed?

Motorway

In the 1960s and 1970s, a motorway was planned in Helsinki from Länväkylä Ruoholahti through the centre to Sörnäinen in Itäväkylä.


Question: When was Finland's first motorway completed?

Motorway

It would have run in the shaft of the harbour track from Ruoholahti to Parliament House and continued east of Mannerheimintie through Kaisaniemi Park to the North Shore and further along the Sörnäinen boardwalk to Itäväylä.


Question: When was Finland's first motorway completed?

Motorway

There were also plans for a motorway next to the railway line, Liberty Street, from central Helsinki to Pasila.


Question: When was Finland's first motorway completed?

Motorway

Many variations of the plans were put forward, many of which would have required the demolition of several historic buildings.


Question: When was Finland's first motorway completed?

Motorway

According to some later plans, the freeway leading through the centre would be built in its entirety as an underground tunnel.


Question: When was Finland's first motorway completed?

Motorway

According to the plans, among other things, the Northern Shore would have been motorway level, and the current Mallaskatu Tunnel was intended to be the southern ramp of the Länvävää branch along Hietalahti beach.


Question: When was Finland's first motorway completed?

Motorway

For the first time motorways were proposed for the Helsinki city area already in the Kråkströmin-Lindegren plan of 1954.


Question: When was Finland's first motorway completed?

Motorway

As a result of the first oil crisis, the construction of motorways was greatly reduced, but because the effects of the crisis were visible in Finland somewhat later than other European states; for example, the 23 km motorway between Sipoo Massby and Porvoo was completed in 1979.


Question: When was Finland's first motorway completed?

Motorway

Many motorway lanes with interchanges were also built in major cities, including Hämeenlinnanväylä from The Hague to Kehä III in the Helsinki Metropolitan Area 1975-1977, among others.


Question: When was Finland's first motorway completed?

Motorway

Green motorway road signs were introduced in 1982.


Question: When was Finland's first motorway completed?

Motorway

[14] In the late 1980s, on the basis of the new economic outlook, it began to design new motorways again on a large scale, and with the coming into the 1990s, longer sections of motorway began to be built.


Question: When was Finland's first motorway completed?

Motorway

First, a motorway was built from Vantaa to Hämeenlinna in 1988-1992 and later on to Lempäälä in 2000.


Question: When was Finland's first motorway completed?

Motorway

The motorway section of Lahdenvää (highway 4) was extended from Järvenpää first to Lahti and later to Heinola in 2005.


Question: When was Finland's first motorway completed?

Motorway

The most recently completed motorways include Highway 7 from Helsinki to Hamina (2015) and further from Hamina to Vaalimaa (2018).


Question: When was Finland's first motorway completed?

Motorway

Finland committed to building the entire E18 road between Turku and Vaalimaa as a motorway by 2018.


Question: When was Finland's first motorway completed?

Motorway

[15] The sections of the E18 road on Kehä III and the Turku Ring Road will not be signposted as motorways, although they will be upgraded to motorway levels in all respects.


Question: When was Finland's first motorway completed?

Motorway

The table at the end of the article lists the motorway sections in Finland by year of completion.


Question: When was Finland's first motorway completed?

Motorway

The future of Finland's motorways The table below lists the motorway projects to be implemented in the next few years.


Question: When was Finland's first motorway completed?

Motorway

[16] [17] In addition, some motorway sections were still built in major urban areas, but otherwise the construction of highways is likely to decline.


Question: When was Finland's first motorway completed?

Motorway

Instead, the Transportation Agency will focus on improving the main road network with lighter solutions, such as building midrailed bypass lanes.


Question: When was Finland's first motorway completed?

Motorway

The proposal of a Task Force of the Ministry of Transport and Communications for a trunk road network, completed in 2006, envisages the construction of a total of 240 km of motorways for the proposed trunk road network by 2030.


Question: When was Finland's first motorway completed?

Motorway

[8] Between 1990 and 2013, 595 km of new motorways have been completed.


Question: When was Finland's first motorway completed?

Motorway

[18] [19] On the other hand, 2+2 lanes, practically motorway lanes such as the Luumäki-Imatra road section, will be built roughly the same, including between Kangasala and Orivesi and Lauka and Äänekoski.


Question: When was Finland's first motorway completed?

Motorway

[17] In Finland, the definition of motorway is very strict and, like the aforementioned section of Highway 6 or Rehä III, there are many road sections in Finland which in many other European countries would be defined directly as motorways.


Question: When was Finland's first motorway completed?

Motorway

History of highways in the rest of the world United States The world's oldest actual freeway Automobilisation progressed fastest in the United States and there state and federal road administrations began building highways mostly for urban commuter rail in the 1920s halfway through.


Question: When was Finland's first motorway completed?

Motorway

However, until the end of the 1930s they were generally short and single carriageway, known as motor transport roads.


Question: When was Finland's first motorway completed?

Motorway

After the Depression period in the 1930s, public power would rather invest in more employable projects rather than building roads.


Question: When was Finland's first motorway completed?

Motorway

The oldest freeway in the world, subsequently partially demolished and partially converted into parkland, was the six-lane West Side Elevated Highway in New York City, the first sections of which were completed between 1929 and 1930.


Question: When was Finland's first motorway completed?

Motorway

Development of interurban motorways began in the United States in the 1930s when private companies built a few toll automobile only roads.


Question: When was Finland's first motorway completed?

Motorway

Of these, too, the first served only commuter rail lines to major cities.


Question: When was Finland's first motorway completed?

Motorway

Such was apparently the world's first actual freeway built between 1914 and 1925 on the Bronx River Parkway in New York City (25km).


Question: When was Finland's first motorway completed?

Motorway

However, it was designed for a speed of only 40 kilometres per hour, which admittedly was quite adequate for 1910s cars in mind.


Question: When was Finland's first motorway completed?

Motorway

Toll urban commuter motorways built in the 1930s included the Henry Hudson Parkway in New York City in 1934 (16km), the Merrit Parkway in Boston in 1940 (60km), and the Arroyo Seco Parkway in Los Angeles in 1940 (15km).


Question: When was Finland's first motorway completed?

Motorway

However, due to the clammy attitude adopted by the federal government for building highways, the United States had already fallen behind Germany, where construction of a unified highway network had begun in 1933.


Question: When was Finland's first motorway completed?

Motorway

In the United States, freeways were sporadic and there was no overall plan, although car traffic there was many times that of Europe.


Question: When was Finland's first motorway completed?

Motorway

Freeway in the United States from highways are used for historical reasons with a variety of designations.


Question: When was Finland's first motorway completed?

Motorway

The oldest of the designations is Parkway (Parkway), which meant roads built in urban parks, which were intended to serve before the rest of the leisure movement of urban dwellers into the countryside.


Question: When was Finland's first motorway completed?

Motorway

The generic name was defined in 1930 as Freeway (Freeway), which meant a road that was free of intersections, light traffic, and pedestrians and thus allowed traffic to flow freely.


Question: When was Finland's first motorway completed?

Motorway

First Interurban Motorway in the United States The first actual interurban freeway in the United States was the 160-mile (257km) long Pennsylvania Turnpike, built in 1935—40.


Question: When was Finland's first motorway completed?

Motorway

The road, made with private funding, relayed traffic across the Appalachian Mountains from the direction of Pittsburgh toward the East Coast.


Question: When was Finland's first motorway completed?

Motorway

Significantly, there was no major city near either terminus of the road; its only function was to speed up and ease traffic across the mountainous area.


Question: When was Finland's first motorway completed?

Motorway

Construction was facilitated and costs reduced by the fact that it could exploit sections of the railway which had remained unfinished and nearly finished tunnels.


Question: When was Finland's first motorway completed?

Motorway

Construction of the Interstate Highway Network The federal attitude towards interurban highways began to change in the late 1930s.


Question: When was Finland's first motorway completed?

Motorway

Particularly getting acquainted with the German motorway network helped to understand its economic and military importance.


Question: When was Finland's first motorway completed?

Motorway

In the United States, it was determined that it would not be possible to achieve a unified highway network through private funding and only by state action.


Question: When was Finland's first motorway completed?

Motorway

The federal government began planning for a nationwide freeway barrier in 1941 and in 1944 a plan was adopted to build a 65,000 mile long highway network under federal guidance and support, The Federal-Aid Highway Act.


Question: When was Finland's first motorway completed?

Motorway

However, World War II delayed the start of its implementation.


Question: When was Finland's first motorway completed?

Motorway

It was not until 1947 that construction of some sections of road was initiated, but spending on the Korean War, which broke out just three years later, forced the federal government to cut road appropriations again.


Question: When was Finland's first motorway completed?

Motorway

The states were not willing to fund roads serving non-local transportation needs.


Question: When was Finland's first motorway completed?

Motorway

The federal contribution was also understated.


Question: When was Finland's first motorway completed?

Motorway

The Federal-Aid Highway Act of 1944 thus did not yet result in the desired outcome.


Question: When was Finland's first motorway completed?

Motorway

Dwight D. Eisenhower, who became president in 1953, had seen the value of German highways in practice while serving as commander-in-chief of Allied forces during World War II.


Question: When was Finland's first motorway completed?

Motorway

He had become an ardent supporter of motorway construction and, by his order, the 1944 plan was thoroughly overhauled in 1956.


Question: When was Finland's first motorway completed?

Motorway

The new Federal-Aid Highway Act initiated the construction of the 66,000 kilometre freeway network as federal funding accounted for 90% of expenditure.


Question: When was Finland's first motorway completed?

Motorway

For funding, steps were taken to tax fuels.


Question: When was Finland's first motorway completed?

Motorway

Thus, the United States highway system is officially referred to as The Eisenhower Interstate System.


Question: When was Finland's first motorway completed?

Motorway

The plan period was 20 years, meaning the network was to be ready in 1975.


Question: When was Finland's first motorway completed?

Motorway

Implementation started at a rapid pace: in the first five years, i.e. by 1961, about 9000 km of new highway had been built, and the total length of the Interstate network was already 16000 km, after previously built public and toll roads were connected to the system.


Question: When was Finland's first motorway completed?

Motorway

Since the mid-1970s, construction of highways has continued such that in 2000 the total length of highways in the United States was already nearly 90,000 miles.


Question: When was Finland's first motorway completed?

Motorway

Sweden Europe's first urban motorway was completed in 1943 as Söderleden across southern Stockholm.


Question: When was Finland's first motorway completed?

Motorway

Later the section is tunneled.


Question: When was Finland's first motorway completed?

Motorway

The first rural motorway, which is not considered an actual motor road today, was completed in the late 1940s near Gothenburg.


Question: When was Finland's first motorway completed?

Motorway

Europe's first complete interchange Slussen was also completed in Stockholm as early as 1935.


Question: When was Finland's first motorway completed?

Motorway

The then rural section from Malmö to Lund was completed as early as 1952-1953, when Britain, for example, had not even put the first to the structures.


Question: When was Finland's first motorway completed?

Motorway

The Germany Autobahn is a German concept roughly equivalent to a motorway.


Question: When was Finland's first motorway completed?

Motorway

Motorway standards abroad See also Motorway Traffic Road Sources Citation error, replace with {{cite book| title = Traffic and Fairways I| location = Helsinki| publisher = Finnish Association of Civil Engineers RIL r.y.| year = 2005| id = RIL 165-1.


Question: When was Finland's first motorway completed?

Motorway

ISBN 951-758-459-8.


Question: When was Finland's first motorway completed?

Motorway

ISSN 0356-9403}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| title = Traffic and Fairways II| location = Helsinki| publisher = Association of Finnish Civil Engineers RIL r.y.| year = 2006| id = RIL 165-2.


Question: When was Finland's first motorway completed?

Motorway

ISBN 951-758-464-4.


Question: When was Finland's first motorway completed?

Motorway

ISSN 0356-9403}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| title = Highways interfaces.


Question: When was Finland's first motorway completed?

Motorway

Part A| location = Helsinki| publisher = Tielaitos, Development Centre| year = 1994| id = TIEL 2130009.


Question: When was Finland's first motorway completed?

Motorway

ISBN 951-47-6844-2| format = [online version] (PDF) | accessdate=23.9.2007}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| title = Highways interfaces.


Question: When was Finland's first motorway completed?

Motorway

Part B| location = Helsinki| publisher = Tielaitos, Development Centre| year = 1993| id = TIEL 2130008.


Question: When was Finland's first motorway completed?

Motorway

ISBN 951-47-6843-4| format = [online version] (PDF) | accessdate = 23.9.2007}} References Literature Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Castrén, Sampo & Wicker, Ances| title = Monoa for highways!


Question: When was Finland's first motorway completed?

Motorway

Pamphlet against the further construction of motorways | location = Helsinki| publisher = Like| year = 2003| id = ISBN 952-471-092-7}} On the subject elsewhere The locations of the ends of motorway sections are mentioned in parentheses.


Question: Where was Richard Attenborough born?

Richard Attenborough

Richard Samuel Attenborough, Baron Attenborough (29 August 1923, Cambridge — 24 August 2014 [1] London) was an English theatre and film actor and film director and producer whose most successful film is Gandhi, narrating Mahatma Gandhi with eight Oscars.


Question: Where was Richard Attenborough born?

Richard Attenborough

Attenborough began his career in Britain in theatre and film, appearing for two years in the original composition of Agatha Christie's play The Mousetrap.


Question: Where was Richard Attenborough born?

Richard Attenborough

In 1959, Attenborough co-founded Beaver Films with Bryan Forbes, for which Attenborough produced some films.


Question: Where was Richard Attenborough born?

Richard Attenborough

His first Hollywood film was The Great Getaway Trip (1963) and his first directorial work for Oi!


Question: Where was Richard Attenborough born?

Richard Attenborough

What a Wonderful War (1969).


Question: Where was Richard Attenborough born?

Richard Attenborough

Finally, in 1982, Gandhi, designed by Attenborough for some 20 years, appeared, for which Attenborough was awarded the Best Directing Oscar.


Question: Where was Richard Attenborough born?

Richard Attenborough

Even after Gandhi, many of Attenborough's directorships were biography films, and in addition he returned to still acting in Jurassic Park and its sequel.


Question: Where was Richard Attenborough born?

Richard Attenborough

Adolescent Richard Attenborough was born in 1923 in Cambridge to Frederick and Mary Attenborough.


Question: Where was Richard Attenborough born?

Richard Attenborough

Richard was the eldest of three children in the family.


Question: Where was Richard Attenborough born?

Richard Attenborough

His younger brother David became a renowned biologist and documentarian and John a leading figure in the automotive industry.


Question: Where was Richard Attenborough born?

Richard Attenborough

[2] When Richard was nine years old, the family moved to Leicester, where Frederick's father began working as Principal of University College Leicester.


Question: Where was Richard Attenborough born?

Richard Attenborough

[3] The mother of the family was socially active: during the Spanish Civil War she chaired the committee that handled the evacuation of Basque children, and was involved in the march protesting the bombing of Guernica.


Question: Where was Richard Attenborough born?

Richard Attenborough

At the start of World War II, Attenborough took two Jewish girls into their home, where they lived for eight years.


Question: Where was Richard Attenborough born?

Richard Attenborough

[4] Richard did not aspire to an academic career, unlike his brothers, but he was interested in acting at a young age.


Question: Where was Richard Attenborough born?

Richard Attenborough

He decided, in his own words, to become an actor after witnessing Charles Chaplin's Gold Fever in 1935.


Question: Where was Richard Attenborough born?

Richard Attenborough

[2] Career Beginning a career as a student Attenborough first exhibited at Leicester's Little Theatre and was admitted in 1941 to study at the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art (RADA).


Question: Where was Richard Attenborough born?

Richard Attenborough

During his time as a student, Attenborough made his film debut in the film The Sea Is Our Fate (1942).


Question: Where was Richard Attenborough born?

Richard Attenborough

[3] The same year she appeared at the West End Theatre in Clifford Odets's play Awake and Sing!.


Question: Where was Richard Attenborough born?

Richard Attenborough

[2] Attenborough's breakthrough was in the 1943 theatre adaptation of Graham Greene's play Brighton Rock, where he played Pinkie Brown, a young and vicious Catholic gangster.


Question: Where was Richard Attenborough born?

Richard Attenborough

It was written in the New Statesman that Attenborough deserved to be made famous for his role “overnight.”


Question: Where was Richard Attenborough born?

Richard Attenborough

Attenborough still joined the British Air Force during 1943.


Question: Where was Richard Attenborough born?

Richard Attenborough

[4] There he was assigned to the film production unit, in the film Journey Together made by which he also starred.


Question: Where was Richard Attenborough born?

Richard Attenborough

[3] In theatre and film After his discharge from the Air Force, Attenborough starred in 1946 as a soldier in the films Question of Life and Death and School for Secrets.


Question: Where was Richard Attenborough born?

Richard Attenborough

Son of a Smuggler (1947) was one of Attenborough's few costume dramas.


Question: Where was Richard Attenborough born?

Richard Attenborough

After that, she returned to the role of Pinkie Brown in the film version of Brighton Rock Harder than Stone.


Question: Where was Richard Attenborough born?

Richard Attenborough

Attenborough still played other teenage roles in the late 1940s, although in film The Guinea Pig, for example, the 25-year-old Attenborough was hard to believe as a 15-year-old student.


Question: Where was Richard Attenborough born?

Richard Attenborough

[4] Attenborough performed in both theatre and film in the 1950s.


Question: Where was Richard Attenborough born?

Richard Attenborough

He scored a neurotic role at the theatre in 1949, as a mind-shaken soldier in Arthur Laurents' play Home of the Brave.


Question: Where was Richard Attenborough born?

Richard Attenborough

In the West End, starting in November 1950, she starred in the farce To Dorothy a Son, which has been spinning for more than a year.


Question: Where was Richard Attenborough born?

Richard Attenborough

Attenborough was also a member of the original line-up of The Mousetrap, which premiered Agatha Christie in 1952.


Question: Where was Richard Attenborough born?

Richard Attenborough

[4] He was attached to the play for two years.


Question: Where was Richard Attenborough born?

Richard Attenborough

[3] Along with theatrical performances, he also starred in films and did roles in films such as Operation Normandy (1952) and Ship Died of Shame (1955).


Question: Where was Richard Attenborough born?

Richard Attenborough

In the mid-1950s, Attenborough starred in a few satirical films by the Boulting brothers attacking British social institutions.


Question: Where was Richard Attenborough born?

Richard Attenborough

[4] With his own production company and a place out of Hollywood Attenborough's 1950s film roles largely began to repeat themselves.


Question: Where was Richard Attenborough born?

Richard Attenborough

Disillusioned with the direction of his career, he reached out to his old friend Bryan Forbes, whose career was also pedalling in place.


Question: Where was Richard Attenborough born?

Richard Attenborough

They started their own production company, Beaver Films, in 1959.


Question: Where was Richard Attenborough born?

Richard Attenborough

Forbes scripted it for the first film Angry Silence, starring Attenborough.


Question: Where was Richard Attenborough born?

Richard Attenborough

Made for just under £100,000, the film was timely about the influence of trade unions.


Question: Where was Richard Attenborough born?

Richard Attenborough

Beaver Films' subsequent films weren't as impressive.


Question: Where was Richard Attenborough born?

Richard Attenborough

Attenborough starred in films including Bank Robbers Club and Behind Locked Doors, as well as producing the films Innocents and Concealed Love.


Question: Where was Richard Attenborough born?

Richard Attenborough

Behind locked doors remained Beaver Films' last production.


Question: Where was Richard Attenborough born?

Richard Attenborough

The people distributing the films didn't like it, which is why it was only disseminated in a fragmented way.


Question: Where was Richard Attenborough born?

Richard Attenborough

This forced Beaver Films to go out of business.


Question: Where was Richard Attenborough born?

Richard Attenborough

[3] Attenborugh already had an idea in the early 1960s for a film about Mahatma Gandhi.


Question: Where was Richard Attenborough born?

Richard Attenborough

However, she did not get funding for it, so decided to continue to focus on her career as an actress and accept offers from Hollywood.


Question: Where was Richard Attenborough born?

Richard Attenborough

Attenborough's first Hollywood film was the very successful Great Escape Excursion (1963).


Question: Where was Richard Attenborough born?

Richard Attenborough

His next films in the United States, namely Desert Flight (1965), Gunboat on the Yangtze River (1966) and Doctor Dolittle (1967), were not quite as successful.


Question: Where was Richard Attenborough born?

Richard Attenborough

Attenborough's most impressive role since the film Harder than the Stone was as serial killer John Christie in the film The Rillington Strangler (1971).


Question: Where was Richard Attenborough born?

Richard Attenborough

[3] For the 1966 film Gunboat on the Yangtze River, he received the Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actor.


Question: Where was Richard Attenborough born?

Richard Attenborough

From his first directing to his Gandhi success, Attenborough was given the chance in 1969 to direct his first film when John Mills asked him to do a film version of Joan Littlewood's play.


Question: Where was Richard Attenborough born?

Richard Attenborough

Attenborough's Oi!


Question: Where was Richard Attenborough born?

Richard Attenborough

What a wonderful war prospered both artistically and financially.


Question: Where was Richard Attenborough born?

Richard Attenborough

It was a promising start for the fledgling director, but his next films The Young Adventurer (1972), about a young Winston Churchill, and the war spectacle One Bridge Too Many failed to live up to the expectations caused by the first film.


Question: Where was Richard Attenborough born?

Richard Attenborough

Attenborough also pursued an acting career in the 1970s, appearing in the film Chess Players by Indian Satyajit Ray, among others.


Question: Where was Richard Attenborough born?

Richard Attenborough

[4] Attenborough finally managed in the early 1980s to realise his long dream of a film about Gandhi.


Question: Where was Richard Attenborough born?

Richard Attenborough

He eventually produced his film himself, as Hollywood producers did not believe the film would garner an audience.


Question: Where was Richard Attenborough born?

Richard Attenborough

Among other things, he mortgaged his London house and sold works of art he owned.


Question: Where was Richard Attenborough born?

Richard Attenborough

[2] Recommended by Gandhi, the National Film Company of India ultimately invested a third of the film's $22 million budget into the film.


Question: Where was Richard Attenborough born?

Richard Attenborough

[3] No one thought the massive film would even make it into its own, but its return in theaters eventually exceeded 20 times its budget.


Question: Where was Richard Attenborough born?

Richard Attenborough

[2] Gandhi received eight Academy Awards, or more than any British film before.


Question: Where was Richard Attenborough born?

Richard Attenborough

Attenborough himself received the Best Film Oscar as its producer and the award for Best Directing.


Question: Where was Richard Attenborough born?

Richard Attenborough

In addition, for example, lead actor Ben Kingsley was awarded for Best Actor.


Question: Where was Richard Attenborough born?

Richard Attenborough

[3] In the final years after Gandhi, Attenborough directed another theatrical film, a Broadway adaptation of Chorus Line (1985).


Question: Where was Richard Attenborough born?

Richard Attenborough

Attenborough's attempt to bring a Broadway musical to the big screen, however, was unsuccessful.


Question: Where was Richard Attenborough born?

Richard Attenborough

However, he testified with the film Shout for Freedom (1987), which told the story of the friendship between South African freedom fighter Steve Biko and Caucasian journalist Donald Woods, that he was at home working on biography films.


Question: Where was Richard Attenborough born?

Richard Attenborough

Attenborough sought to make a film about philosopher Thomas Paine, but after that project fell, he directed the film from his second prequel.


Question: Where was Richard Attenborough born?

Richard Attenborough

[4] In Chaplin, which appeared in 1992, the title part was played by Robert Downey Jr.


Question: Where was Richard Attenborough born?

Richard Attenborough

[3] After Chaplin, Attenborough continued to work on biographies, Lands of Shadows (1993) narrated by C.


Question: Where was Richard Attenborough born?

Richard Attenborough

On the friendship between S. Lewis and Joy Davidman.


Question: Where was Richard Attenborough born?

Richard Attenborough

That same year, Attenborough returned to the big screen after 13 years as an actor when Steven Spielberg's Jurassic Park premiered.


Question: Where was Richard Attenborough born?

Richard Attenborough

He also reprised his role in its sequel The Lost World — Jurassic Park (1997).


Question: Where was Richard Attenborough born?

Richard Attenborough

[4] There were also films directed by Attenborough in the 1990s about young Ernest Hemingway in War and Love (1996) and about conservationist Archie Belaney about Love in the Wilderness (1999).


Question: Where was Richard Attenborough born?

Richard Attenborough

His final film was the love story Closing the Ring, released in December 2007.


Question: Where was Richard Attenborough born?

Richard Attenborough

[4] Attenborough served as Chairman of the Board of Trustees of RADA, BAFTA, the Gandhi Foundation, the British National School of Film and Television (NFTS) and Capital Radio, among others, and as Chancellor of the University of Sussex.


Question: Where was Richard Attenborough born?

Richard Attenborough

He was also Honorary President of Chelsea FC.


Question: Where was Richard Attenborough born?

Richard Attenborough

Titles Attenborough was awarded the rank of Commander of the British Empire (CBE) in 1969.


Question: Where was Richard Attenborough born?

Richard Attenborough

The rank of knighthood he received in 1976.


Question: Where was Richard Attenborough born?

Richard Attenborough

In 1993, Attenborough was awarded a lifetime principal rank and became Baron Attenborough of Richmond upon Thames.


Question: Where was Richard Attenborough born?

Richard Attenborough

Family Attenborough was married to Sheila Sim since 1945.


Question: Where was Richard Attenborough born?

Richard Attenborough

The family included three children.


Question: Where was Richard Attenborough born?

Richard Attenborough

His eldest daughter Jane Holland, his daughter and mother-in-law died in the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami.


Question: Where was Richard Attenborough born?

Richard Attenborough

Attenborough's brother is renowned BBC nature documentaries maker David Attenborough.


Question: Where was Richard Attenborough born?

Richard Attenborough

A third brother, John Attenborough, has forged a career as a car dealer.


Question: Where was Richard Attenborough born?

Richard Attenborough

Sources on the topic elsewhere Category:British film directors Category:British film producers Category:English actors Category:Best Directing Academy Award winners Category:Golden Globe Award recipients Category:BAFTA Award winners Category:People born in 1923 Class:Those who died in 2014 Category:Key articles in screening


Question: When was VR founded?

VR Group

VR-yhmä Oy or VR Group [1] is a Finnish government-owned logistics group engaged in passenger and freight transport on Finnish railways and roads.


Question: When was VR founded?

VR Group

VR has a contractual monopoly on long-distance passenger transport by railways, which will continue until 2024, [2] making Finnish rail transport free to competition.


Question: When was VR founded?

VR Group

The group's emblem letters VR are derived from the word State Railways, which operated from 1862 to 1995.


Question: When was VR founded?

VR Group

Group structure The transformation of the State Railways into a joint-stock company was completed during Eino Saarinen's general manager 1988—1995.


Question: When was VR founded?

VR Group

It had been started before him, but he pushed it forward strongly, and VR was formed in 1995 by the state-owned joint-stock company VR Group Oy.


Question: When was VR founded?

VR Group

[3] In 2009-2010, a programme of changes was implemented in the context of the reform of the group structure.


Question: When was VR founded?

VR Group

Oy Pohjolan Transport Ab, the parent company of the Pohjolan Transport Group owned by the VR Group, was first merged into VR Joint Stock Company, which operated train services, leaving Pohjolan Transport Passenger Transport to the passenger transport division and freight transport to the Logistics Division.


Question: When was VR founded?

VR Group

Subsequently, VR Limited Liability Company was merged into VR Group.


Question: When was VR founded?

VR Group

The name of Oy Pohjolan Passenger Transport AB was changed to Oy Pohjolan Transport AB.


Question: When was VR founded?

VR Group

In addition, Megasiirto Oy was merged with Oy VR-rata AB, which supplied track keeping design, construction and maintenance services, becoming VR Track Oy.


Question: When was VR founded?

VR Group

In logistics, the Transpoint companies and VR Cargo were merged under the VR Transpoint brand, and the Transpoint companies (with the exception of Transpoint International) were merged into the VR Group.


Question: When was VR founded?

VR Group

At the beginning of 2011, VR Group took over as its business brand VR Group, which was previously the English-language parallel business name of the company.


Question: When was VR founded?

VR Group

[1] VR Group consists of five divisions, namely Passenger Transport (VR and Nordic Transport), Logistics (VR Transpoint), Services and Production, Track Building and Maintenance (VR Track) and Russian and International Operations.


Question: When was VR founded?

VR Group

Support functions, information technology, finance and personnel are centralized at the group level.


Question: When was VR founded?

VR Group

Divisions consist of units and legal corporations.


Question: When was VR founded?

VR Group

Passenger transport: train services are operated by VR, bus services Pohjolan Transport and catering and catering operations Avecra Oy Logistics: VR Transpoint In total, the VR Group has 28 companies and eight associates.


Question: When was VR founded?

VR Group

Traffic control services were differentiated in early 2015 to a company called Finrail, which is not part of the VR group.


Question: When was VR founded?

VR Group

[4] VR Group is defined as the operator or railway undertaking, while the Finnish Transport Agency is the infrastructure manager and is responsible for its maintenance.


Question: When was VR founded?

VR Group

The different roles of the Finnish Transport Agency and VR Group will become more pronounced as other operators may be allowed to operate on the network.


Question: When was VR founded?

VR Group

Financial years VR's performance deteriorated in 2015 compared to the previous year, [5] which is explained inter alia by the Vectron locomotive fleet transactions with German company Siemens.


Question: When was VR founded?

VR Group

[6] In 2017, VR's performance improved as passenger numbers increased by 8% due to price reductions.


Question: When was VR founded?

VR Group

Operations VR Group consists of three businesses around customer groups, namely VR, which operates passenger transport, VR Transpoint, logistics, and VR Track specialising in infrastructure construction.


Question: When was VR founded?

VR Group

In terms of passenger transport, VR Group operates both metropolitan commuter rail and long-distance services, including international connection to St. Petersburg and Moscow.


Question: When was VR founded?

VR Group

There is no actual commuter rail and no local trains outside the metropolitan area.


Question: When was VR founded?

VR Group

There, built-up trains stop more densely than express and intercity trains, thus connecting smaller towns and municipalities.


Question: When was VR founded?

VR Group

Express trains, Intercity trains and Pendolinos connect the larger cities.


Question: When was VR founded?

VR Group

Most long-distance trains have a starting or destination station in Helsinki, but they also run from Turku to Tampere and Jyväskylä, for example, to Pieksämäki and vice versa.


Question: When was VR founded?

VR Group

A direct night train service with sleeping cars is also between Turku and Oulu and Turku and Rovaniemi, but in this case the carriages are transferred from one train to another in Tampere along the way.


Question: When was VR founded?

VR Group

The safety and functionality of the railways is the responsibility of the Transport Safety Agency under the Ministry of Transport and Communications.


Question: When was VR founded?

VR Group

The construction magazine selected VR Track's Lielahti-Kokemämäki Alliance project site as Site of the Year 2012.


Question: When was VR founded?

VR Group

This line project was the first public procurement alliance project in Europe.


Question: When was VR founded?

VR Group

[8] Juha Jalamaa and Jussi Takamaa were awarded with the H. Roos Foundation's Occupational Safety Award on 18 March 2014.


Question: When was VR founded?

VR Group

[9] Ville Saks' maintenance contract awarded by VR Track in Sweden during the period resulted in considerable losses for the Finnish State and was terminated before the end of the contract, and Saxony was terminated at the same time as it was announced.


Question: When was VR founded?

VR Group

During his time on the line, VR Track received reproaches from the Transport Agency for its poor maintenance.


Question: When was VR founded?

VR Group

Due to negligence, VR Track was excluded from the tender for maintenance on the line by the Transport Agency.


Question: When was VR founded?

VR Group

[10] Dismantling the monopoly VR Group has a monopoly on passenger transport on Finnish railways.


Question: When was VR founded?

VR Group

It will end in 2024, as VR Group's exclusive contract for passenger train services ends then.


Question: When was VR founded?

VR Group

Competitive for passenger train services in Finland will start with built-up train services in southern Finland in 2020.


Question: When was VR founded?

VR Group

The intention is to open the entire Finnish passenger train service to competition by 2026.


Question: When was VR founded?

VR Group

Dismantling the VR Group's monopoly does not require any changes in law or budgetary processing.


Question: When was VR founded?

VR Group

Provinces and cities are also wanted to involve the competitiveness of transport in order to achieve regional transport as well.


Question: When was VR founded?

VR Group

[11] Splitting VR Group VR Group will remain owned by the State even after the dissolution of its monopoly status, but will be unbundled in order to allow competition between three different state companies, namely a fleet, maintenance and real estate company.


Question: When was VR founded?

VR Group

The real estate company effectively includes only VR train stations.


Question: When was VR founded?

VR Group

They will also have access to VR's competitors.


Question: When was VR founded?

VR Group

The fleet company will also lease VR's fleet to other operators.


Question: When was VR founded?

VR Group

Acquiring equipment could otherwise be too expensive for VR's competitors.


Question: When was VR founded?

VR Group

[11] Fleet Locomotives VR Group has three electric locomotive types in service in commercial service: Sr1, Sr2 and Sr3 and three diesel locomotive types: Dv12, Dr14 and Dr16.


Question: When was VR founded?

VR Group

Electric Locomotives Sr1 The first SR1 class locomotives were ordered in 1973 from the Soviet Novochenerkassk Locomotive Factory, which produced 110 pieces of locomotives and before them a single prototype.


Question: When was VR founded?

VR Group

Sr1 is today the most numerous electric locomotive type in Finland.


Question: When was VR founded?

VR Group

After initial difficulties, it has proven to be very reliable.


Question: When was VR founded?

VR Group

The first SR1 locomotive, 3001, arrived in Finland on 4 September 1973.


Question: When was VR founded?

VR Group

In 1993, Hyvinkää's engineering shop assembled locomotive 3111 from extra bodywork and other spare parts.


Question: When was VR founded?

VR Group

Compared to Western electric locomotives of comparable age, the Sr1 has a lower power output.


Question: When was VR founded?

VR Group

Three SR1 locomotives are currently abandoned.


Question: When was VR founded?

VR Group

SR1 locomotives have had a total of three colourings.


Question: When was VR founded?

VR Group

Sr2 The first Sr2 was manufactured in 1995.


Question: When was VR founded?

VR Group

By 2003, 46 locomotives were built.


Question: When was VR founded?

VR Group

The maximum permissible speed of the SR2 is 210 km/h.


Question: When was VR founded?

VR Group

In test runs, it has been driving at 232 mph.


Question: When was VR founded?

VR Group

A speed of 230 km/h was marked on some locomotives, but since then this figure has been reduced to conform to existing approval.


Question: When was VR founded?

VR Group

To date, none of the SR2 series locomotives have been abandoned.


Question: When was VR founded?

VR Group

Sr3 In December 2013, VR released a fleet deal worth over €300 million, which will see it acquire 80 new Vectron electric locomotives from German company Siemens and an option for 97 additional locomotives.


Question: When was VR founded?

VR Group

The first locomotives entered service in June 2017 and the entire batch will be delivered by 2026.


Question: When was VR founded?

VR Group

[6] The type designation of Siemens Vectron becomes Sr3.


Question: When was VR founded?

VR Group

Diesel Locomotives VR Group operates three diesel locomotive types for commercial service; these are Dv12, Dr14 and Dr16.


Question: When was VR founded?

VR Group

A DR16 locomotive is a diesel-electric locomotive from which it is possible to supply power to passenger coaches.


Question: When was VR founded?

VR Group

Intercity carriages miniature|Intercity train control and passenger carriage at Jyväskylä railway station in 2013 In Finland, VR Group operates InterCity trains on all major routes (including Helsinki-Tampere—Oulu—Rovaniemi, Helsinki-Kuopio, Helsinki-Turku, Helsinki-Kajaani, Helsinki—Joensuu and Turku—Tampere/Pieksämäki).


Question: When was VR founded?

VR Group

The trains have a top speed of 140—200 km/h, depending on the line, locomotive and train type.


Question: When was VR founded?

VR Group

Single decker Intercity coaches have a speed limit of 160 km/h and newer double-decker Intercity trains up to 200 km/h.


Question: When was VR founded?

VR Group

The intercity train is identified by the green-white (formerly red-white) colouring and the letter x (single deck) or d (double-decker) on the carriage litter.


Question: When was VR founded?

VR Group

The two-deck carriages are equipped with air conditioning and WLAN and are modern and modern.


Question: When was VR founded?

VR Group

Pendolino miniature|Pendolino train at Helsinki Central Station in Finland the fastest train type is the six-carriage Pendolino.


Question: When was VR founded?

VR Group

Trains can be combined up to two units.


Question: When was VR founded?

VR Group

The tilting bodywork allows the Pendolino to be driven into curves 35 percent faster than other trains.


Question: When was VR founded?

VR Group

Pendolinas serve the busiest travel times and mostly stop only at major stations.


Question: When was VR founded?

VR Group

The maximum speed of the train is 220 km/h.


Question: When was VR founded?

VR Group

The first Pendolinos were ordered in 1992 and they started operating on the waterfront line between Helsinki and Turku in 1995.


Question: When was VR founded?

VR Group

Allegro Allegro (Sm6) is a Pendolino-like train unit with few deviations.


Question: When was VR founded?

VR Group

They are operated by Karelian Trains, which is owned by the VR Group and the Russian Railway Company.


Question: When was VR founded?

VR Group

The train unit is seven-carriage and are used for services between Helsinki and Saint Petersburg.


Question: When was VR founded?

VR Group

Blue carriages Blue carriages, or German carriages, or VR's blue-grey steel-bodied express railcars, have been the primary express railcars in VR services since the 1970s.


Question: When was VR founded?

VR Group

They replaced long-distance brown carriages that were wood-bodied.


Question: When was VR founded?

VR Group

The oldest carriages are already quite old and have been scrapped with the completion of new single- or double-decker Intercity coaches and Pendolino trains.


Question: When was VR founded?

VR Group

Old carriages have also been positioned as built-up train cars.


Question: When was VR founded?

VR Group

The use of blue sleeping carriages has declined with the completion of the new double-decker sleeping carriages.


Question: When was VR founded?

VR Group

The last carriages are expected to be removed from traffic by 2020.


Question: When was VR founded?

VR Group

Almost all the smooth-roofed blue carriages of the older series have been scrapped and the scrapping of the newer, pleated roof series has already begun.


Question: When was VR founded?

VR Group

Commuter rail fleet Commuter rail shifts are run on electrically powered Sm2, Sm4 or SM5 motor cars, and diesel-powered DM12 motor cars.


Question: When was VR founded?

VR Group

Until 19 June 2017, the commuter rail service also had separate green-coloured commuter railcars running on the Helsinki-Riihimäki and Helsinki-Kouvola routes.


Question: When was VR founded?

VR Group

Number of passenger transport fleet Train/number of carriages type locationPendolinosm318High-speed railunit309Intercity wagons 1Expt18Single deck 2nd class pet carriage with smoker52EX50Single deck 2nd class carriage79ED68Double deck 2nd class carriage113EDB40Double deck business and 2nd class Wagon110EDFS31Double Decker 2nd Class Conductor and Cart Sales Support Point Carrier72+2EDS12Double Decker 2nd Class Service Troll83+2EDM40Double deck sleeping wagon38EDO25Double deck steering wagon101RX12Single deck restaurant wagon53ERD26Double deck restaurant wagon10666ISET daytime and night express wagons78Single-deck 2nd class wagon80EI15Single deck 2nd class wagon with smoking62EIP32Single deck 2nd class wagon, seats for travelers with pets76EIPT14Single deck 2nd class carriage, cabin for travelers46EFIT24Single deck 2nd class carriage, cabin for travelers46EFIT24Single deck 2. class trolley, conductor and luggage department46EFITI14Single deck 2nd class trolley with disabled services, conductor and luggage department31+3RK11Single-deck restaurant wagon60RKT18Single deck restaurant wagon44RBKT6Single deck bar wagon56CEMT70Single-deck Sleeping Trolley 35 201Single storey conference carriage24A 401Single-deck salonwagon 14A 411Single-storey salonVaunu14A 421Single deck salon carriage (President's carriage 1992—2004) 10 seating and 6 berths 601Single deck show carriageTrains and commuter rail TrainsDM1216Diesel Engine Train63EIL49Commuter Carriag113EILF8Commuter Carriage with Conductor Cabin (Ticket Sales) 93SM1/Non Electric Motor Train191SM2/EIOC50Commuter Electric Motor Train200SM430Low-floor Commuter Train+184418430100SM5 281Low-floor commuter rail232+28 1 Of the intercity carriages, VR Group has leased 20 new two-decker coaches (15 Ed, 5 Edfs).


Question: When was VR founded?

VR Group

2 SM5 train units are owned by Helsinki Helsinki Junakalusto Oy (JKOY), of which VR Group owns 35%.


Question: When was VR founded?

VR Group

Other VR Group's headquarters have been located in the Helsinki Central Station building for a long time.


Question: When was VR founded?

VR Group

VR Group moved its headquarters to the Iso Paja office house owned by the Yle Pension Company in Pasila, where VR Group is rented.


Question: When was VR founded?

VR Group

[12] The Competition and Consumer Agency decided not to examine the request for investigation by Marecap Trans Oy into international road transport by VR Transpoint, justifying the decision by the number of companies operating in the field of road transport.


Question: When was VR founded?

VR Group

[13] Marecap Trans Ltd suspected illegal cross-subvention in which VR patched up road transport losses with profits from other businesses.


Question: When was VR founded?

VR Group

[14] See also Finnish rail transport Sources Literature Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Zetterberg, Seppo| title = On a common trip.


Question: When was VR founded?

VR Group

VR 150 year| location = Helsinki| publisher = WSOY| year = 2012| id = ISBN 978-951-0-34742-3}} On topic elsewhere (passenger rail transport) (bus transport).


Question: When was VR founded?

VR Group

Rantapallo.fi 19.1.2012.


Question: When was VR founded?

VR Group

(PDF, from Internet archive, saved on November 8, 2007).


Question: When was VR founded?

VR Group

From VR's 2017 financial statements, VR Leaks on 17 March 2018.


Question: When was VR founded?

VR Group

* Category:Key articles of screening


Question: When did Aleksis Kivi die?

Aleksis Stone

Aleksis Kivi (right called Alexis Stenvall [1], 10 October 1834, Nurmijärvi — 31 December 1872 Tuusula) was a Finnish writer.


Question: When did Aleksis Kivi die?

Aleksis Stone

Kivi wrote the novel Seven Brothers (1870), plays such as Nummisuutarrit (1864), and poems.


Question: When did Aleksis Kivi die?

Aleksis Stone

[2] [3] The stone texts have both romantic and realistic features.


Question: When did Aleksis Kivi die?

Aleksis Stone

Kivi was able to create a high level of production in several fields of literature at a time when the tradition of Finnish-language literature, with the exception of folk poetry, did not exist.


Question: When did Aleksis Kivi die?

Aleksis Stone

[2] [3] Kivi was the first Finnish professional writer.


Question: When did Aleksis Kivi die?

Aleksis Stone

[4] Since the Kivi Renaissance of the early 20th century, he has been Finland's national writer.


Question: When did Aleksis Kivi die?

Aleksis Stone

[5] A number of Aleksis Kivi's poems and song texts included in his works have been composed as songs.


Question: When did Aleksis Kivi die?

Aleksis Stone

These include “The Happy Ones”, “The Swing”, “Song of the Forest Man”, “Song of the Squirrel”, “Song of My Heart”, “The Power of Seven Men”, “What I Worried About”.


Question: When did Aleksis Kivi die?

Aleksis Stone

[6] Family background Kivi's grandfather Johan Stenvall had had a military croft in Nurmijärvi Palojoki since 1766.


Question: When did Aleksis Kivi die?

Aleksis Stone

The oldest known ancestors are, according to Yrjö Blomstedt, from Janakkala.


Question: When did Aleksis Kivi die?

Aleksis Stone

His maternal father Antti Hamberg lived as a blacksmith in Nahkela, Tuusula.


Question: When did Aleksis Kivi die?

Aleksis Stone

Aleksis Stone's paternal grandfather Anders Johan Stenvall was a sailor.


Question: When did Aleksis Kivi die?

Aleksis Stone

The writer's own father, Erik Stenvall, had lived in Helsinki during his childhood.


Question: When did Aleksis Kivi die?

Aleksis Stone

[3] In his 1979 book “Paloon Stenvallit”, the art historian Jaakko Puokka suggested that Kivi's father would have been an illegitimate son of the noble family of Adlercreutz.


Question: When did Aleksis Kivi die?

Aleksis Stone

Scientists have queried this.


Question: When did Aleksis Kivi die?

Aleksis Stone

[7] [8] Teemu Keskisarja also considers this in his biography of Kivi the Bootskin Tower, [9] which in turn Mervi Kantokorpi is surprised when previous biographers have already rejected the gossip that is devoid of fact [10].


Question: When did Aleksis Kivi die?

Aleksis Stone

Biographer Aleksis Stenvall was born in 1834 in Nurmijärvi in the village of Palojoki to the family of tailor Erik Johan Stenvall (1798−1866) and Anna-Kristiina Hamberg (1793−1863).


Question: When did Aleksis Kivi die?

Aleksis Stone

The family had a pre-existing three sons, John, Emanuel and Albert.


Question: When did Aleksis Kivi die?

Aleksis Stone

Aleksis also had a sister Agnes, who died in 1851 aged just 13.


Question: When did Aleksis Kivi die?

Aleksis Stone

[3] Literary tendencies Aleksis showed evident early in his exploitation of “runeberg” to the home crowd.


Question: When did Aleksis Kivi die?

Aleksis Stone

[11] Aleksis Stenvall wrote in the form of his first name Alexis and performed through his life as Stenvall.


Question: When did Aleksis Kivi die?

Aleksis Stone

Stone was essentially a writer's name.


Question: When did Aleksis Kivi die?

Aleksis Stone

[3] Stone's native language was Finnish, but his parents also knew Swedish.


Question: When did Aleksis Kivi die?

Aleksis Stone

[7] Aleksis Kivi acquired proficiency in Swedish after moving to Helsinki at the age of 12 for school, which was a prerequisite for reading as a matriculation and still a priest.


Question: When did Aleksis Kivi die?

Aleksis Stone

[3] The mother wished Alexis to become a priest.


Question: When did Aleksis Kivi die?

Aleksis Stone

[7] Lack of funds forced Stone to suspend regular schooling and resign from the third grade in 1852.


Question: When did Aleksis Kivi die?

Aleksis Stone

Thereafter, he continued his chapters privately, matriculating at the age of 23 in the autumn of 1857.


Question: When did Aleksis Kivi die?

Aleksis Stone

In 1821—1868, only seven Nurmijärvi boys wrote matriculation.


Question: When did Aleksis Kivi die?

Aleksis Stone

Of these seven, Aleksis was the only child of the common people; all the others were children of weathermen.


Question: When did Aleksis Kivi die?

Aleksis Stone

In his matriculation year 1857, Kivi decided to abandon priestly dreams and become a Finnish-language writer.


Question: When did Aleksis Kivi die?

Aleksis Stone

[3] After his university studies, Kivi moved to Siuntio, first in a rented residence, but he subsequently found a benefactor in Charlotta Lönnqvist, twenty years older, who allowed Stone to live in full board practically free of charge.


Question: When did Aleksis Kivi die?

Aleksis Stone

Later scholars have argued over whether the relationship between Stone and Lönnqvist was erotic or not.


Question: When did Aleksis Kivi die?

Aleksis Stone

[7] Stone's most prominent supporter was Fredrik Cygnaeus, to whom Kivi matriculated.


Question: When did Aleksis Kivi die?

Aleksis Stone

Cygnaeus repeatedly placed his entire expertise and prestige in support of Stone's career as a writer.


Question: When did Aleksis Kivi die?

Aleksis Stone

Financial support Kivi also received from Julius Krohn and his father.


Question: When did Aleksis Kivi die?

Aleksis Stone

[7] [12] Stone's best friends were a group of J. V. Snellman's pro-Finnish upbringing from Ostrobothnia: Jaakko Forsman, Johan Calamnius and C.


Question: When did Aleksis Kivi die?

Aleksis Stone

G. Swan.


Question: When did Aleksis Kivi die?

Aleksis Stone

Other important friends of Stone included A.


Question: When did Aleksis Kivi die?

Aleksis Stone

R. Svanström, Adolf Theodor Forssell, Ernst Albert Forssell, Emil Nervander, Thiodolf Rein and Viktor Löfgren-Lounasmaa.


Question: When did Aleksis Kivi die?

Aleksis Stone

[4] Since the performance of the play Lea in 1869, Kaarlo Bergbom, the theatre manager who made Kivi's plays familiar with him since 1864.


Question: When did Aleksis Kivi die?

Aleksis Stone

As his best friend, he has mentioned his fellow forester Robert Svanström in his letters.


Question: When did Aleksis Kivi die?

Aleksis Stone

[3] Aleksis Kivi had no regular income at all.


Question: When did Aleksis Kivi die?

Aleksis Stone

Stone suffered in the last years of his life from insomnia and worsening alcoholism.


Question: When did Aleksis Kivi die?

Aleksis Stone

Shortages of money, debts, poor track record of books, constant criticism of Professor August Ahlqvist and compulsory living in rural areas depressed Stone.


Question: When did Aleksis Kivi die?

Aleksis Stone

[13] Alexis Kivi had suffered pains and bodily weakness all his life, and he also had typhoid fever on more than one occasion.


Question: When did Aleksis Kivi die?

Aleksis Stone

Stone's condition took a distinct turn for the worse beginning in the spring of 1870, and he began to suffer from severe headaches, heart problems, attacks of nausea and thermoregulation disorders, among other things.


Question: When did Aleksis Kivi die?

Aleksis Stone

[14] Stone's only first-born novel The Seven Brothers was first published as a booklet from the Novelli Library.


Question: When did Aleksis Kivi die?

Aleksis Stone

[15] [14] Following criticism from Ahlqvist, the publisher suspended the sale of the booklets. [16] [17].


Question: When did Aleksis Kivi die?

Aleksis Stone

The reason was that August Ahlqvist, Professor of Finnish Language and Literature at the University of Helsinki, who had slated all of Kivi's previous works, wrote a murderous review published in Finlands Allmänna Tidning immediately after the novel appeared.


Question: When did Aleksis Kivi die?

Aleksis Stone

Numerous people agreed with Ahlqvist's reproaches without anyone rising up to defend the novel.


Question: When did Aleksis Kivi die?

Aleksis Stone

[14] Kivi began to have transient “mental attacks” in the autumn and was delivered in spring 1871 to the New Clinic in Helsinki, from where he was sent further to Lapinlahti Asylum.


Question: When did Aleksis Kivi die?

Aleksis Stone

In Lapinlahti, Kivi's illness was diagnosed as chronic melancholy, thought to be caused by blood loss, drunkenness and insulted writer glory.


Question: When did Aleksis Kivi die?

Aleksis Stone

As treatments, quinine [14], defecation and expectorants and morphine [16] were used.


Question: When did Aleksis Kivi die?

Aleksis Stone

Stone was still able to speak when he was hospitalised in June, but lost his ability to speak and exercise during the fall and did not even recognise his brother in the end.


Question: When did Aleksis Kivi die?

Aleksis Stone

The stone was discharged in February 1872 after doctors found that the treatments had no desirable effect on the condition of the patient.


Question: When did Aleksis Kivi die?

Aleksis Stone

Alpertti brother took him to live with him at that time in Syvälahti, Tuusula, where he died aged just 38 in December 1872.


Question: When did Aleksis Kivi die?

Aleksis Stone

[14] There is no definite information as to the true disease and cause of death of the stone.


Question: When did Aleksis Kivi die?

Aleksis Stone

Psychiatrist Lauri Saarnio said Kivi's symptoms were indicative of some organ brain disease.


Question: When did Aleksis Kivi die?

Aleksis Stone

In the 2010s, it has been suggested that Stone's symptoms and death would have been caused by encephalitis or Alzheimer's disease caused by the bacterium borrelia.


Question: When did Aleksis Kivi die?

Aleksis Stone

[18] The tomb of Aleksis Kivi is in the Tuusula Church cemetery.


Question: When did Aleksis Kivi die?

Aleksis Stone

[19] After the death of the stone, Ahlqvist wrote a poem of desecration which appeared in the collection Saken (1874): [20] [21] A poet from his grave “Poets” was crossed, was said to be Shakespeare, Verra Väinö claimed: Other' I was not like The most inept grower and crazy liquor drinker but.


Question: When did Aleksis Kivi die?

Aleksis Stone

Production, style and reputation The early stages of Stone's literary development were marked by romanticism, but his actual inclinations clearly suggested realism.


Question: When did Aleksis Kivi die?

Aleksis Stone

Aleksis Kivi — whose name he first used as a writer in connection with the Kullervo manuscript of 1860 — was unable to go abroad for financial reasons, but at least he did visit Turku.


Question: When did Aleksis Kivi die?

Aleksis Stone

However, the circle of his readership extended from school and university books to world literature.


Question: When did Aleksis Kivi die?

Aleksis Stone

Stone read everything from Held and Corvin's World History to works on chemistry analyses, newspapers, plays by Erik Stagnelius and William Shakespeare.


Question: When did Aleksis Kivi die?

Aleksis Stone

Literary influences he received especially from Shakespeare, Miguel de Cervantes and Louis Holberg.


Question: When did Aleksis Kivi die?

Aleksis Stone

[2] Stone's most significant literary production can be considered to have started with the subsequently lost Swedish play Bröllopsdansen.


Question: When did Aleksis Kivi die?

Aleksis Stone

[2] In 1860, Kivi won a competition organised by the Finnish Literature Society with Kullervo.


Question: When did Aleksis Kivi die?

Aleksis Stone

[7] As a result of the Finnish version of Bröllopsdansen, Nummisuutarit was awarded the State Prize in 1865.


Question: When did Aleksis Kivi die?

Aleksis Stone

The prize was presented for the first time at the time and was competed for by Johan Ludvig Runeberg, the leading author of his time.


Question: When did Aleksis Kivi die?

Aleksis Stone

Moor mutars is still the most produced domestic speech play.


Question: When did Aleksis Kivi die?

Aleksis Stone

[3] In 1866 the plays Fugitive, Betrothal and Olviretki appeared in Schleusingen, as well as Kanervala, a poetry collection published by Kivi himself.


Question: When did Aleksis Kivi die?

Aleksis Stone

The following year appeared the plays Leo and Liina, Night and Day, Heroics, Lea and Canzio.


Question: When did Aleksis Kivi die?

Aleksis Stone

[7] Of Kivi's fifteen plays, only Lea was performed during his lifetime, whose first performance in 1869 is calculated to have originated the Finnish theatre.


Question: When did Aleksis Kivi die?

Aleksis Stone

[2] The Seven Brothers, which attained the status of national novel, were published in 1870 as booklets from the Novelli Library.


Question: When did Aleksis Kivi die?

Aleksis Stone

The Finnish Literature Society's scholars issued a commendable statement about the novel and defended the writer at a meeting of the Society after August Ahlqvist's crushing criticism.


Question: When did Aleksis Kivi die?

Aleksis Stone

Subsequent readers have spoken to include the novel's character description, humour and rich language [2].


Question: When did Aleksis Kivi die?

Aleksis Stone

Stone's plays and novel combine realism and humour.


Question: When did Aleksis Kivi die?

Aleksis Stone

The combination is still one of the most distinctive features of Finnish literature.


Question: When did Aleksis Kivi die?

Aleksis Stone

The proximity to nature and the understanding depiction of non-adaptable individuals, folk people, have also been central themes of Finnish literature since those times.


Question: When did Aleksis Kivi die?

Aleksis Stone

[22] Stone became a national writer.


Question: When did Aleksis Kivi die?

Aleksis Stone

He was the first professional writer published in Finnish.


Question: When did Aleksis Kivi die?

Aleksis Stone

[23] He showed with his work that in Finnish you can write poetry and plays, even a novel.


Question: When did Aleksis Kivi die?

Aleksis Stone

[24] The stone fulfilled Snellman's ambitions for national literature better than the writers of the National Romanticism period: he wrote in Finnish and told of his own time.


Question: When did Aleksis Kivi die?

Aleksis Stone

[22] The best plays of Kivi have been part of the permanent repertoire of Finnish theatre.


Question: When did Aleksis Kivi die?

Aleksis Stone

Film adaptations have also been made of Nummisuutari, Seven Brothers, Betrothal and Life of Kivi.