Question: Who was Charlemagne?

Charles the Great

The blissful Charles the Great (,,) was king of the Franks from 768—814 and king of the langobards since 774.


Question: Who was Charlemagne?

Charles the Great

From 768—771 he reigned jointly with his brother Kaarloman, and after his death from 771 he was the sole king of the Franks.


Question: Who was Charlemagne?

Charles the Great

The Pope crowned him Roman Emperor in 800.


Question: Who was Charlemagne?

Charles the Great

Charles the Great was a reformer of Western emperor power.


Question: Who was Charlemagne?

Charles the Great

Today, both Germany and France regard him as the founder of their states.


Question: Who was Charlemagne?

Charles the Great

Charles the Great was proclaimed a saint in 1166.


Question: Who was Charlemagne?

Charles the Great

Charlemagne vigorously reformed the legislation.


Question: Who was Charlemagne?

Charles the Great

Under stable conditions, economic life also progressed strongly: Charlemagne was the first Western European ruler after the Roman emperors to mint a gold coin in large measure.


Question: Who was Charlemagne?

Charles the Great

Most of the surviving records concerning Charles are written by scholars and advisers of his court.


Question: Who was Charlemagne?

Charles the Great

Their accuracy has been much mooted.


Question: Who was Charlemagne?

Charles the Great

Deficiencies have been found in Master Einhard's writings, and the text is perhaps all too laudatory.


Question: Who was Charlemagne?

Charles the Great

Administrative documents have survived, as well murals in churches of Charles as well as a bronze statue depicting him mentioned earlier.


Question: Who was Charlemagne?

Charles the Great

From the time of Charles the Great there are many Frankish uses and ornaments, money, buildings and weapons.


Question: Who was Charlemagne?

Charles the Great

Among other things, Roland's song contains information about Charles, but they are often quite exaggerated and inaccurate, later written recordings of old oral knowledge.


Question: Who was Charlemagne?

Charles the Great

Pedigree and early life Charlemagne was descended from an old Frankish lineage and was the eldest son of Pip the Little, the first Caroling king, and grandson of Charlemagne Martel.


Question: Who was Charlemagne?

Charles the Great

Upon Pipin's death, the Frankish kingdom was divided between Charles and his brother Kaarloman.


Question: Who was Charlemagne?

Charles the Great

Charleoman died on 4 December 771 and left the whole kingdom to his brother.


Question: Who was Charlemagne?

Charles the Great

Charlemagne was most probably born in 742 (according to some estimates in 747 or 748), the traditional birthday having been considered 1st/2nd.


Question: Who was Charlemagne?

Charles the Great

on april.


Question: Who was Charlemagne?

Charles the Great

The place of birth is not known.


Question: Who was Charlemagne?

Charles the Great

Although Charles the Great was not royal by birth, he was raised from a child to the duties of monarch.


Question: Who was Charlemagne?

Charles the Great

His ancestors had held senior positions and stewards of society for five generations before him, including the high post of major domus, or de facto rulers of the Franks.


Question: Who was Charlemagne?

Charles the Great

One guarantee of Charles's success may have been that no specific succession disputes to the throne emerged during his time.


Question: Who was Charlemagne?

Charles the Great

A brother had died young, and doubts have been raised that Charlemagne contributed to this.


Question: Who was Charlemagne?

Charles the Great

Charles's father, the major domus Pipin deposed the last Merovingi king with papal blessing in 751 and crowned himself the new Frankish king, and thus Charles became the second Frankish heir to the throne along with his brother.


Question: Who was Charlemagne?

Charles the Great

Upon Pipin's death, relations between Charles and his brother Kaarloman deteriorated; each felt that he was a legitimate king, Charles by virtue of being the elder, Charles because Charles was rumored to have been born before his parents' marriage.


Question: Who was Charlemagne?

Charles the Great

The brothers allegedly plotted against each other.


Question: Who was Charlemagne?

Charles the Great

Kaarloman's sudden death at the age of only about 20 prevented the situation from escalating into a succession dispute or even war.


Question: Who was Charlemagne?

Charles the Great

Personal image Although his father was particularly short, came from Charles 184 cm tall [1] [2].


Question: Who was Charlemagne?

Charles the Great

He has been described as violent, but quite often his physical strength is briskly exaggerated.


Question: Who was Charlemagne?

Charles the Great

The appearance of Charles is not exactly known.


Question: Who was Charlemagne?

Charles the Great

Pictures and statues of him have been produced in later times, usually using a bronze equestrian statue which has preserved from the 8th century.


Question: Who was Charlemagne?

Charles the Great

Charles was regarded as a pleasant and humorous socialite who, however, was very strident in nature.


Question: Who was Charlemagne?

Charles the Great

As a warlord, by contrast, he was tenacious and unconditional.


Question: Who was Charlemagne?

Charles the Great

Along with doctrinal pursuits and warring, Charles was interested in hunting and swimming.


Question: Who was Charlemagne?

Charles the Great

He was also versed in farming, and for food he had a great fondness for (this resulted in a laudable sized tummy), but drunkenness, on the other hand, he could not tolerate.


Question: Who was Charlemagne?

Charles the Great

She was said to have dressed in a very simple linen outfit on weekdays, but on festive occasions the situation was different.


Question: Who was Charlemagne?

Charles the Great

Charles had five spouses during his life, contrary to what was dictated by the principles of the Catholic Church.


Question: Who was Charlemagne?

Charles the Great

However, Charlemagne viewed religion very positively.


Question: Who was Charlemagne?

Charles the Great

There were also several children for him during life, according to various sources from 14 to 20 children [3].


Question: Who was Charlemagne?

Charles the Great

Charlemagne as king In 772, Pope Hadrian I asked Charles for help against the langobards.


Question: Who was Charlemagne?

Charles the Great

Charlemagne besieged and took Pavia and made himself king of the langobards in 774.


Question: Who was Charlemagne?

Charles the Great

Returning to his capital Aachen, Charlemagne began the expansion of the Frankish Empire by defeating the Saxons.


Question: Who was Charlemagne?

Charles the Great

The pagan peoples of the territories conquered by Charles were forced to convert to Christianity.


Question: Who was Charlemagne?

Charles the Great

In 778, Charlemagne made war in Spain against the Moors.


Question: Who was Charlemagne?

Charles the Great

On the way back, the Basques attacked the Franks.


Question: Who was Charlemagne?

Charles the Great

The famous Roland song was later written about Count Roland (Hruotland), who died in battle.


Question: Who was Charlemagne?

Charles the Great

Aquitaine was made to an underage son, Louis, his own sub-kingdom.


Question: Who was Charlemagne?

Charles the Great

He was crowned and anointed by the Pope in 781 along with his brother Pippin, who had been appointed sub-king of Italy.


Question: Who was Charlemagne?

Charles the Great

In 788, Bavaria was also definitively annexed to the kingdom.


Question: Who was Charlemagne?

Charles the Great

Most of the Christians in Western Europe had been consolidated into a single kingdom.


Question: Who was Charlemagne?

Charles the Great

Crowning as Roman Emperor on Christmas Day in 800, Pope Leo III crowned Charles Roman Emperor.


Question: Who was Charlemagne?

Charles the Great

[4] The last Western Roman emperor, Romulus Augustulus, had relinquished power in 476.


Question: Who was Charlemagne?

Charles the Great

The time was well-chosen: Byzantium was then ruled by an empress, Basileios Irene, who was not accepted in the West.


Question: Who was Charlemagne?

Charles the Great

This was the first time a pope had taken upon himself the right to appoint an emperor.


Question: Who was Charlemagne?

Charles the Great

From now on, Europe had two emperors, in the West and East.


Question: Who was Charlemagne?

Charles the Great

Pope Leo III's position was difficult.


Question: Who was Charlemagne?

Charles the Great

Leo III had initially relied more on Byzantium than on the Franks, but now Byzantium was in power by Irene, whose status as the first female ruler was uncertain, and Byzantium, in many's view, had no emperor at all.


Question: Who was Charlemagne?

Charles the Great

Leo III had already in 799 been forced to flee his Roman enemies to Charles the Great, who, on Alutin's advice, helped bring him back to power.


Question: Who was Charlemagne?

Charles the Great

It is evident that Charles's crowning as emperor took place at the initiative of the Pope.


Question: Who was Charlemagne?

Charles the Great

Thus the pope safeguarded his own and that of the church's state.


Question: Who was Charlemagne?

Charles the Great

[5] On Christmas Day in 800, while Charles was praying in St. Peter's Basilica, the pope appeared and crowned Charles Roman Emperor (Imperator Romanorum).


Question: Who was Charlemagne?

Charles the Great

There are a lot of minds about this event that historians think about.


Question: Who was Charlemagne?

Charles the Great

Charles is said to have been surprised by the crowning and that he would have failed to appear at the church if he had known about it.


Question: Who was Charlemagne?

Charles the Great

However, in the opinion of some historians, the pope would not have dared to crown Charles out of the blue.


Question: Who was Charlemagne?

Charles the Great

[6] Without Byzantine approval, crowning as Roman emperor was an illegal, actually revolutionary act.


Question: Who was Charlemagne?

Charles the Great

Charles the Great is reported to have sought Byzantine approval by seeking to marry Irene, whereby Frankish territories would have been united with Byzantium and Charlemagne elevated to its emperor.


Question: Who was Charlemagne?

Charles the Great

If there were such plans, they tapered no later than Irene's impeachment of 802.


Question: Who was Charlemagne?

Charles the Great

It meant that Charlemagne, as emperor, ruled only the Duchy of Rome and the former exarchate.


Question: Who was Charlemagne?

Charles the Great

In other territories, he was only king of the Franks and the Langobards.


Question: Who was Charlemagne?

Charles the Great

The purpose of the crowning was not to divide the empire into western and eastern, but led to it indirectly.


Question: Who was Charlemagne?

Charles the Great

Although, after a bygone war, Michael I of Byzantium had a weak recognition of Charles's Empire in 812, it was only about the Empire, not the Roman Empire.


Question: Who was Charlemagne?

Charles the Great

Byzantium still considered himself the sole heir to the Roman Empire.


Question: Who was Charlemagne?

Charles the Great

[5] In his book Michael Hart considers the title of the 100 greatest Roman emperors of mankind to be inappropriate, on the grounds that Charlemagne was not Roman by origin, culture, or appearance, and the capital of his kingdom was not Rome, but Aachen, and the kingdom was not anyway of ancient Roman magnitude.


Question: Who was Charlemagne?

Charles the Great

Although Charlemagne admired and revived the culture of antiquity, united Europe and was the strongest leader in Europe at the time.


Question: Who was Charlemagne?

Charles the Great

The family Charlemagne married the langobard Himiltrude apparently around the year 768.


Question: Who was Charlemagne?

Charles the Great

However, the relationship was short-lived, as around 769—771 her consort was named the daughter of an unknown langobard king.


Question: Who was Charlemagne?

Charles the Great

He was followed by Hildegard (ca.


Question: Who was Charlemagne?

Charles the Great

771—783), Fastrada (783—794), as well as Luitgard (ca.


Question: Who was Charlemagne?

Charles the Great


Question: Who was Charlemagne?

Charles the Great

Charlemagne crowned his son Louis the Pious as king of the Franks in 811.


Question: Who was Charlemagne?

Charles the Great

Wives of Himiltrude langobard Desiderata, daughter of King Desiderius.


Question: Who was Charlemagne?

Charles the Great

Svaabian Hildegard (marrying ca.


Question: Who was Charlemagne?

Charles the Great

771) (758—783) the East Frankish Fastrada (married 784) (died 794) the Alemanni Luitgard (married 794) (died 800) After Luitgard's death, Charles had three concubines, Gersuinda the Saxon, and Regina and Adelind.


Question: Who was Charlemagne?

Charles the Great

Children of Pipin (died 811), illegitimate child of Charles the Younger, King of Neustria (772—811) Pipin, King of Italy (773—810) Louis the Pious (778—840) Lothar (died 780) with daughters Rotrud, Bertha and Gisla Hildegard.


Question: Who was Charlemagne?

Charles the Great

Daughters Theoderata and Hiltrud with Fastrada.


Question: Who was Charlemagne?

Charles the Great

Daughter Rotheid, with a concubine.


Question: Who was Charlemagne?

Charles the Great

With concubines, he also had a daughter Adaltrud and sons Drogo, Hugo and Theoderik.


Question: Who was Charlemagne?

Charles the Great

Old age and death Charlemagne was allowed to spend his days in peace from the wars.


Question: Who was Charlemagne?

Charles the Great

He had good health, but in the last four years of his life it degenerated.


Question: Who was Charlemagne?

Charles the Great

At that time, he often manifested fever, and the gait turned into a limp.


Question: Who was Charlemagne?

Charles the Great

The deaths of the children worsened Charles's state of mind, and he died of severe fever on 28 January 814 in Aachen, the capital of the kingdom [7].


Question: Who was Charlemagne?

Charles the Great

That 28 January is still considered to be the day of remembrance of Charles the Great.


Question: Who was Charlemagne?

Charles the Great

His earthly remains are preserved in the Cathedral of Aachen [8].


Question: Who was Charlemagne?

Charles the Great

Of Charles's decent sons, only the weakest, Louis, was still alive when his father died, and he inherited the kingdom.


Question: Who was Charlemagne?

Charles the Great

When there was no strong leader, times of turmoil in the kingdom began.


Question: Who was Charlemagne?

Charles the Great

The papal position was clearly strengthened and at last in the Treaty of Verdun in 843 the kingdom was divided into three parts between Charles's grandsons.


Question: Who was Charlemagne?

Charles the Great

Background of the Frankish Empire, the Franks belonging to the Germanic peoples migrated across the Rhine River into Gaul at the time of the Great International migrations.


Question: Who was Charlemagne?

Charles the Great

In 481, the Frankish Klodovig gained the throne, fighting later successfully against many European peoples, among them the Romans.


Question: Who was Charlemagne?

Charles the Great

Klodovig's consort was a Christian, and she also gradually induced her husband to convert from paganism.


Question: Who was Charlemagne?

Charles the Great

After Klodovig, the rule of the Frankish kings, or Merovingians, began to decline, and in fact the kingdom was then ruled by top court officials, or major domuses.


Question: Who was Charlemagne?

Charles the Great

A major domus, called Charlemagne, defeated the Arabs in 732 at the Battle of Poitiers and was given the additional name Martell (“hammer”).


Question: Who was Charlemagne?

Charles the Great

Charlemagne's son Pipin the Small (or Pipin the Short) finally ascended the throne instead of the titular king, and his eldest son Charles was to become emperor, according to which the period of administration of their lineage would be called the Carolingic period.


Question: Who was Charlemagne?

Charles the Great

Charles's Wars War on the langobards Charles became, along with his brother Kaarloman, king of the Franks upon the death of their father in 768.


Question: Who was Charlemagne?

Charles the Great

When Charlemagne also died after some time, Charlemagne was alone at the top of the kingdom and began the expansion of his kingdom [9].


Question: Who was Charlemagne?

Charles the Great

The northern part of Italy was inhabited by langobards who threatened the Church State ruled by the Pope.


Question: Who was Charlemagne?

Charles the Great

At first there was peace between Charles and the langobards, and Charlemagne even married the daughter of the langobard king Desiderius.


Question: Who was Charlemagne?

Charles the Great

This was by no means accepted by Pope Hadrian I, but Charles's determination and firm grip on the Catholic Church and the Pope came to light when he entered into that marriage trade [10].


Question: Who was Charlemagne?

Charles the Great

It is not known further why Charlemagne abandoned his wife after a year-long union.


Question: Who was Charlemagne?

Charles the Great

Certainly, he had calculated what was to follow from the breakup.


Question: Who was Charlemagne?

Charles the Great

The Langobards, angered by the separation, attacked the Pope in retaliation [11].


Question: Who was Charlemagne?

Charles the Great

In that situation, the pope invited Charles and his troops to help.


Question: Who was Charlemagne?

Charles the Great

Charlemagne went on a war expedition, soon defeating the whole kingdom of Langobard and saving the Pope.


Question: Who was Charlemagne?

Charles the Great

The Langobard princess could only serve as a vessel for Charles's plans.


Question: Who was Charlemagne?

Charles the Great

Now that Charlemagne had received his troops into the surroundings of the Church State and his papal ally, he crowned himself King of Italy in 774.


Question: Who was Charlemagne?

Charles the Great

Wars against the Saxons As early as Charles the Great's grandfather Charles Martell had fought against the pagan Saxon tribes who lived on the northern and northeastern frontier of his kingdom between the Rhine and Elbe rivers.


Question: Who was Charlemagne?

Charles the Great

Charles the Great continued his grandfather's work and wanted to unite in his circle of power the Saxons.


Question: Who was Charlemagne?

Charles the Great

The Saxons were heathens, and that deficiency Charles had to correct.


Question: Who was Charlemagne?

Charles the Great

He certainly believed he would make an ally out of them.


Question: Who was Charlemagne?

Charles the Great

Attempts had been made to convert the Saxons before, but without success.


Question: Who was Charlemagne?

Charles the Great

The Saxons were made up of separate tribes who in war joined forces against a common enemy.


Question: Who was Charlemagne?

Charles the Great

After concluding some sort of treaty with the Saxons, Charlemagne returned home and then embarked on the earlier mentioned war expedition to the lands of the Langobards.


Question: Who was Charlemagne?

Charles the Great

But the insulted Saxons broke the treaty and ravaged Charles's kingdom.


Question: Who was Charlemagne?

Charles the Great

On his return from Italy, he then went out again against the Saxons and had them most of them defeated.


Question: Who was Charlemagne?

Charles the Great

Only one Saxon chieftain named Widukind tenaciously held his sides [12].


Question: Who was Charlemagne?

Charles the Great

He was a man of high esteem and had a flame of rebellion in the Saxons when Charles went on his expedition to Spain.


Question: Who was Charlemagne?

Charles the Great

The rebels mainly destroyed churches and generally anything associated with Christianity in retaliation for the cutting down of the Irminsul tree.


Question: Who was Charlemagne?

Charles the Great

From that began a lengthy war between the Franks and the Saxons.


Question: Who was Charlemagne?

Charles the Great

Alternately, the parties experienced gains and losses.


Question: Who was Charlemagne?

Charles the Great

At last Charlemagne succumbed to error: he executed 4,000 warriors whom the Saxons, under duress, had handed over to him.


Question: Who was Charlemagne?

Charles the Great

The Saxon rebellion just overcame this.


Question: Who was Charlemagne?

Charles the Great

Years of wars had consumed both sides, and at last Widukind, realizing the inconclusiveness of the fighting, converted in 785 to Christianity [13].


Question: Who was Charlemagne?

Charles the Great

Charles the Great eventually treated the Saxons favourably.


Question: Who was Charlemagne?

Charles the Great

To Widukind he handed over numerous gifts and gained from this a friend and ally.


Question: Who was Charlemagne?

Charles the Great

Widukind came to be one of Charles's most important chiefs.


Question: Who was Charlemagne?

Charles the Great

Thus came the fragmented tribes united.


Question: Who was Charlemagne?

Charles the Great

The wars had finally paid off, but it was not until 804 [14] that the Saxons were fully pacified.


Question: Who was Charlemagne?

Charles the Great

In addition to other wars with the Langobards and the Saxons of Charles the Great, Charlemagne conquered small territories from Spain, as well as gaining control of the friezes that lived along the Rhine, a well-known trading nation.


Question: Who was Charlemagne?

Charles the Great

Also against the Avaars, as well as Slavs and Danes, Charlemagne fought successfully.


Question: Who was Charlemagne?

Charles the Great

In 809, Charlemagne also subjugated parts of eastern Rome under his control.


Question: Who was Charlemagne?

Charles the Great

In total, Charlemagne made 54 expeditions during his life, and many wars were very lengthy.


Question: Who was Charlemagne?

Charles the Great

The defeated nations also revolted from time to time.


Question: Who was Charlemagne?

Charles the Great

Charles's relationship with religion and the church Charlemagne saw himself as a protector of the weak and needy, and it was important for him to instill in the people the love of his fellow man.


Question: Who was Charlemagne?

Charles the Great

He severely punished those who did not follow this principle.


Question: Who was Charlemagne?

Charles the Great

Charlemagne favored the church and the priests.


Question: Who was Charlemagne?

Charles the Great

These played a great role in spreading the spiritual civilization that unites the people.


Question: Who was Charlemagne?

Charles the Great

However, for the church he was at the same time both a patron and a stern ruler.


Question: Who was Charlemagne?

Charles the Great

Churchmen had to be obedient and strictly Christian.


Question: Who was Charlemagne?

Charles the Great

Unworthy priests who squeaked and spent their time for pleasure were dismissed from their duties by Charlemagne.


Question: Who was Charlemagne?

Charles the Great

However, it was not easy to keep these “unclean” in check, as they themselves had riches and armed entourages, as well as exalted relatives to support them.


Question: Who was Charlemagne?

Charles the Great

In his old age days, Charles the Great apparently had noticed the church's grievances, as notes referring to the Reformation have been found.


Question: Who was Charlemagne?

Charles the Great

These include questions that were apparently intended to be asked at one of the ecclesiastical meetings.


Question: Who was Charlemagne?

Charles the Great

In his questions, he refers to indulgence trading among other things.


Question: Who was Charlemagne?

Charles the Great

There was also a negative attitude towards collecting relics by Charlemagne.


Question: Who was Charlemagne?

Charles the Great

To redress the church's grievances, the emperor's admonitions were not enough; a new law was needed, by which those who lost their inheritance in the supplicant trade regained it.


Question: Who was Charlemagne?

Charles the Great

Charlemagne was a devout Christian who, however, did not blindly follow those doctrines of the Catholic Church which he himself considered false.


Question: Who was Charlemagne?

Charles the Great

He felt entitled, and had a firmer grip on the church than the church had on him.


Question: Who was Charlemagne?

Charles the Great

This was certainly influenced by the fact that the Franks had already been Christians for centuries.


Question: Who was Charlemagne?

Charles the Great

Charles's great-grandfather, Arnulf, had served as bishop of the city of Metz.


Question: Who was Charlemagne?

Charles the Great

Charlemagne was thus a holier man than many of the church's priests and bishops.


Question: Who was Charlemagne?

Charles the Great

However, in the spirit of the time, he used very brutal judgments of worship, among them the water test.


Question: Who was Charlemagne?

Charles the Great

Charlemagne also found the usefulness of cooperation between religion and state and knew how to use it too for the benefit of his kingdom, while respecting the principles of religion.


Question: Who was Charlemagne?

Charles the Great

Charles's style of governance was suited by Christianity's requirement that the individual had to be obedient to the pre-power.


Question: Who was Charlemagne?

Charles the Great

The phase of adolescence in which Europe switched from paganism to Christianity was a really important factor in Charles's success and the growth of the kingdom.


Question: Who was Charlemagne?

Charles the Great

He had to use the sword to defeat the heathen peoples and convert them to Christians.


Question: Who was Charlemagne?

Charles the Great

This was also the papal objective, allowing Charlemagne to gain ample approval for his actions.


Question: Who was Charlemagne?

Charles the Great

If in Europe the neighbouring Frankish peoples had already been Christians, Charlemagne would have come into conflict with the Church and had to come up with justifications other than converting.


Question: Who was Charlemagne?

Charles the Great

Organizing the administration of the Frankish Empire Laws and Justice Charles the Great enacted his laws, namely capitulars (statutes divided into pieces), to guarantee justice, peace and order in his kingdom.


Question: Who was Charlemagne?

Charles the Great

His bill he submitted to the State Assembly for consideration.


Question: Who was Charlemagne?

Charles the Great

These meetings were held twice a year, in spring and autumn.


Question: Who was Charlemagne?

Charles the Great

The laws limited the swelling of the power of the superiors and safeguarded the rights of the poorer people, prevented crime and imposed dimensions and weights for commerce.


Question: Who was Charlemagne?

Charles the Great

There were a couple of thousand laws, and they covered the most diverse spheres of life.


Question: Who was Charlemagne?

Charles the Great

Punishments at that time were tough, especially for violations against the church and faith.


Question: Who was Charlemagne?

Charles the Great

On the other hand, harsh penalties intensified well.


Question: Who was Charlemagne?

Charles the Great

For example, those who violently invaded a church, robbed or burned churches were sentenced to death at the stake, failure to comply with fasting ordinances carries a death sentence, and so does a death sentence for killing a bishop or priest, or, say, cremation.


Question: Who was Charlemagne?

Charles the Great

To enforce the laws, Charlemagne appointed counts who, in addition to controlling the county's holdings, collected taxes.


Question: Who was Charlemagne?

Charles the Great

The Counts represented the territory they controlled and were chiefs of the warmen of their territories, as well as the heads of the courts.


Question: Who was Charlemagne?

Charles the Great

Disobedience and illegal acts of the Counts were prevented with the help of Inspectors General.


Question: Who was Charlemagne?

Charles the Great

The people were allowed to complain to these inspectors if necessary, and efforts were made to rectify matters.


Question: Who was Charlemagne?

Charles the Great

To the judges, Charlemagne was absolute: they were not allowed to take bribes.


Question: Who was Charlemagne?

Charles the Great

The taking of bribes was therefore a major and large-scale problem in the kingdom.


Question: Who was Charlemagne?

Charles the Great

Charlemagne himself was the highest judge, and the people did not doubt his justice.


Question: Who was Charlemagne?

Charles the Great

Not only judges, but also witnesses in court were often dishonest.


Question: Who was Charlemagne?

Charles the Great

Even the accused was able to exploit bribed witnesses.


Question: Who was Charlemagne?

Charles the Great

When the legal problem could not be resolved through witnesses, sentences of worship were usually used.


Question: Who was Charlemagne?

Charles the Great

The fiefdom Warlike tribes threatened the ranchers, and these were often forced to cede their land to a more heavily equipped landowner for this reason to gain access to his protection.


Question: Who was Charlemagne?

Charles the Great

The grand ranchers thus increasing their fortunes devoted themselves mostly to warring with their cavalry, handing over farms back to ranchers as counties, as long as these merely committed themselves to performing mounted service.


Question: Who was Charlemagne?

Charles the Great

Farming work was left to peasants in the position of serfs.


Question: Who was Charlemagne?

Charles the Great

Gradually, the rulers, too, began to distribute fiefdoms to gain cavalry.


Question: Who was Charlemagne?

Charles the Great

The economy of Charles the Great's empire was mainly based on agriculture, so he used this very fiefdom in his kingdom, and the people were clearly divided into different classes: workers, fighters, as well as prayers.


Question: Who was Charlemagne?

Charles the Great

He gave rehabilitated men counties as deadlines meaning they became grand vassals.


Question: Who was Charlemagne?

Charles the Great

Subvassals acting under them, in turn.


Question: Who was Charlemagne?

Charles the Great

The disadvantage of the fiefdom was that the state became fragmented, with the grand vassals deciding for themselves quite significant matters in their county.


Question: Who was Charlemagne?

Charles the Great

This may have led to mutual wars among the vassals unless a powerful state leader could keep them in check.


Question: Who was Charlemagne?

Charles the Great

Charlemagne was strong enough to do so, and upon his death the fiefdom became a hereditary feudal institution again, contributing to the dissolution of the state more than a fixed-term fiefdom.


Question: Who was Charlemagne?

Charles the Great

Military service The aforementioned Spring Meeting was also inspected by military personnel at the so-called May Fields.


Question: Who was Charlemagne?

Charles the Great

Previously, all the men of the kingdom had been conscripted, but by the act of Charles, war service became only the duty of the landowners.


Question: Who was Charlemagne?

Charles the Great

The great ranchers could equip even a large number of soldiers, but the smallholders together chose one private from among them and procured him weapons and food.


Question: Who was Charlemagne?

Charles the Great

However, war service duty seemed onerous to small farmers, and Charles had to allocate more fiefdoms to the grand vassals to keep the powerful and necessary cavalry for the kingdom in order.


Question: Who was Charlemagne?

Charles the Great

The greatest threat to the kingdom may have come from within it, as chiefly the superiority formed the most powerful forces.


Question: Who was Charlemagne?

Charles the Great

The great vassals, however, respected their mighty leader, and Charles had a knack for dealing with them and keeping them happy.


Question: Who was Charlemagne?

Charles the Great

Charles the Cultural Work Although Charles the Great's own doctrinal civilization was weak, he wanted to improve it and the level of civilization of his kingdom as a whole.


Question: Who was Charlemagne?

Charles the Great

He admired the civilization of antiquity and diligently practiced writing and Latin and Greek languages, and established libraries.


Question: Who was Charlemagne?

Charles the Great

However, it was not until his old age that he knew how to write.


Question: Who was Charlemagne?

Charles the Great

That favourable attitude towards the sciences eventually came to be a driving force for modern Western civilization, whose roots go back as far as the cultures of ancient antiquity.


Question: Who was Charlemagne?

Charles the Great

Charlemagne understood the valuable aspects of the cultures of peoples that fell under his rule and did not want to eradicate information about the past of these peoples.


Question: Who was Charlemagne?

Charles the Great

He made a note of old Germanic songs about heroes and feats of ancient times.


Question: Who was Charlemagne?

Charles the Great

However, these writings were destroyed as a result of his son and successor Louis the Pious's enthusiasm for the eradication of paganism.


Question: Who was Charlemagne?

Charles the Great

Charlemagne also reformed the school establishment of his kingdom.


Question: Who was Charlemagne?

Charles the Great

This gave ordinary citizens the right and the opportunity to learn.


Question: Who was Charlemagne?

Charles the Great

Convent schools operate in connection with the monasteries and cathedral schools in connection with the cathedrals.


Question: Who was Charlemagne?

Charles the Great

A palace school operated at the court of Charles in Aachen.


Question: Who was Charlemagne?

Charles the Great

Other than those who intended to become priests studied at the so-called outdoor school.


Question: Who was Charlemagne?

Charles the Great

The first was taught reading and writing skills, singing, counting, and the rudiments of the Latin language.


Question: Who was Charlemagne?

Charles the Great

Charlemagne often went to inspect his educational institutions and was quite harsh towards lazy pupils.


Question: Who was Charlemagne?

Charles the Great

Charles the Great gathered scholars from his circle in the otherwise austere and brutal environment of that time.


Question: Who was Charlemagne?

Charles the Great

The kingdom did not hold together by mere war skills.


Question: Who was Charlemagne?

Charles the Great

Spiritual and spiritual culture enabled the development of the system of government.


Question: Who was Charlemagne?

Charles the Great

Charles is said to have been as happy to succeed in getting a learned man into his court as he was to conquer the city.


Question: Who was Charlemagne?

Charles the Great

At the court of Charles, the scholars formed an academy, in whose discussions he enthusiastically took part.


Question: Who was Charlemagne?

Charles the Great

All things had to be sorted out to him thoroughly.


Question: Who was Charlemagne?

Charles the Great

Ancient writings were copied, and his will was to create a “new Athens” from the Frankish kingdom, which was to become even better than the original, Christian cradle of culture.


Question: Who was Charlemagne?

Charles the Great

There was a Carolingic Renaissance.


Question: Who was Charlemagne?

Charles the Great

The guarantee of the existence of Charles's kingdom, the civilized and cultural base was already ready and it was the culture of antiquity.


Question: Who was Charlemagne?

Charles the Great

That culture had begun to decline, but was still in the memory.


Question: Who was Charlemagne?

Charles the Great

Important for its preservation was the monasteries of the Middle Ages, and monks carried out the dissemination of culture.


Question: Who was Charlemagne?

Charles the Great

Charlemagne himself admired many customs of antiquity and took an example from them.


Question: Who was Charlemagne?

Charles the Great

Among other things, he invited friends, relatives and other guests to his spa and discussed important issues with them there.


Question: Who was Charlemagne?

Charles the Great

Also in building culture, Charlemagne followed Roman customs and initiated the stylistic direction of Carolingic architecture that existed throughout the 8th century [15].


Question: Who was Charlemagne?

Charles the Great

Charlemagne took advantage of enlightened, learned persons in developing and keeping his kingdom in size.


Question: Who was Charlemagne?

Charles the Great

Charlemagne was a skilled orator and negotiator, he knew how to express his opinions clearly and was able to react quickly to the actions of the opposing party.


Question: Who was Charlemagne?

Charles the Great

Although he did not learn an avoidant writing skills until a later age, he was nevertheless linguistically gifted.


Question: Who was Charlemagne?

Charles the Great

Einhard and Alcuin The most important of the scholars of Charles's court were the Frankish Einhard and the Anglo-Saxon monk Alcuin.


Question: Who was Charlemagne?

Charles the Great

They contributed to the role of Charles's doctrinal fathers.


Question: Who was Charlemagne?

Charles the Great

Without them, much of the knowledge of ancient times (especially mathematical doctrines) would have been left in pimento from modern knees.


Question: Who was Charlemagne?

Charles the Great

Master Einhard was among Charles's most trusted advisors, and was he was remarkably gifted in mathematics and architecture.


Question: Who was Charlemagne?

Charles the Great

He was responsible for planning the cathedral of the city of Aachen and the palaces of Aachen and Ingelheim, as well as serving in diplomatic positions.


Question: Who was Charlemagne?

Charles the Great

His most important work is Vita Caroli Magni (“The Life of Charlemagne”), recounting the life work of Charlemagne.


Question: Who was Charlemagne?

Charles the Great

It is considered to be the best biographical writing of the entire medieval period.


Question: Who was Charlemagne?

Charles the Great

Most of the information on Charlemagne is precisely written by Einhard.


Question: Who was Charlemagne?

Charles the Great

His handwriting also includes the Annales Empirium Carlovingi (“Annals of the Carolingian Empire”).


Question: Who was Charlemagne?

Charles the Great

Charles's biographer Vita Caroli Magni was written by his scribe Einhard, who consciously imitated the style of the Roman Suetonius in the spirit of the so-called Carolingic Renaissance.


Question: Who was Charlemagne?

Charles the Great

[16] The monk Alcuin, on the other hand, developed the Roman literal to better suit mathematical purposes.


Question: Who was Charlemagne?

Charles the Great

He too was a talented architect and diplomat.


Question: Who was Charlemagne?

Charles the Great

Alcuin was director of Charles's palace school in Aachen and wrote textbooks at a time when doctrinal civilisation in Europe was only beginning.


Question: Who was Charlemagne?

Charles the Great

Roland's song of Charles the Great plays a central part in the French national epic in Roland's song.


Question: Who was Charlemagne?

Charles the Great

The work tells the story of Charlemagne's great vassal, Roland, Count of Brittany, who fell at the Battle of Roncevaux to an ambush by the Saracens [17].


Question: Who was Charlemagne?

Charles the Great

One of Charles's Counts, named Ganelo, betrayed him.


Question: Who was Charlemagne?

Charles the Great

Plot When Charlemagne and his troops were returning from their successful Spanish expedition, the Saracens attacked the Afterward Force and Roland who led it.


Question: Who was Charlemagne?

Charles the Great

Roland and his men fought valiantly against a superior enemy, agreeing too late to blow his ivory horn called Olifant to summon his king to help him.


Question: Who was Charlemagne?

Charles the Great

Roland was killed, but Charlemagne avenged the death of his best hero in the poetry heavily and the treacherous Ganelon had his share of revenge.


Question: Who was Charlemagne?

Charles the Great

The importance of Charles the Great The kingdom of Charles the Great was later formed by the great nation-states France, Germany and Italy.


Question: Who was Charlemagne?

Charles the Great

Charlemagne's influence on Western civilization was significant.


Question: Who was Charlemagne?

Charles the Great

Without him, Central Europe would most obviously have attracted powerful and warlike peoples from the east.


Question: Who was Charlemagne?

Charles the Great

The closest state threat was East Rome.


Question: Who was Charlemagne?

Charles the Great

Without Charles the Great, the importance of the Catholic Church and the Papacy could have remained quite limited.


Question: Who was Charlemagne?

Charles the Great

Western jurisprudence is based on so-called Roman law, which has been mediated until modern times thanks to the rule of Charlemagne.


Question: Who was Charlemagne?

Charles the Great

The norms created by that conception of law unite the countries of Europe today.


Question: Who was Charlemagne?

Charles the Great

The idea of universal monarchy The title of Emperor and the idea of a universal monarchy unifying all Christians in the West lasted long after Charles the Great.


Question: Who was Charlemagne?

Charles the Great

In particular, there were attempts to implement universal monarchy in the Heart Middle Ages in the Holy German-Roman Empire and in the 16th and 17th centuries, when the Habsburgs, who dominated Spain and Austria, sought to unify Europe.


Question: Who was Charlemagne?

Charles the Great

The idea of universal monarchy was not definitively buried until World War I.


Question: Who was Charlemagne?

Charles the Great

See also Frankish Empire Carolingic Renaissance Karlspreis, European prize awarded by the city of Aachen Sources Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Carl Grimberg| title = History of Peoples| publisher = WSOY| year = 1956—59}} References Elsewhere Category:Frankish kings Class:Medieval Persons Class:Those born in 742 Class:Those who died in 814 Class:Key articles of screening Category:Saints


Question: What year did Bosnia secede from Herzegovina?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

The Wars of Disintegration of Yugoslavia were a long series of wars fought in the former Yugoslavia on the Balkan Peninsula since 1991.


Question: What year did Bosnia secede from Herzegovina?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

The war was fought in Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia and Kosovo, as well as southern Serbia.


Question: What year did Bosnia secede from Herzegovina?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

The cause of the wars was a disagreement among Yugoslav nationalists over the country's governance, economy and division of territories.


Question: What year did Bosnia secede from Herzegovina?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

In particular, Kosovo Albanians, Slovenia and Croatia wanted to get rid of Yugoslavia, and Serbia wanted to maintain a unified Serb state even with violence.


Question: What year did Bosnia secede from Herzegovina?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

The backdrop of the wars was the patchwork habitation of different peoples due to the history of the region, but their immediate cause was stark nationalism.


Question: What year did Bosnia secede from Herzegovina?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

The collapse of Yugoslavia was also significantly aided by the sluggish economy and the faster collapse of socialism.


Question: What year did Bosnia secede from Herzegovina?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

Slobodan Milošević, a socialist and conservative Serb politician by semi-democratic means, plotted himself into the leadership of his country.


Question: What year did Bosnia secede from Herzegovina?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

Milošević took advantage of, among other things, the bigot-nationalist Serb policies pushed by Vojislav Šešelj for the creation of Greater Serbia, in which other Yugoslav nations were seen as enemies trampling Serb rights.


Question: What year did Bosnia secede from Herzegovina?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

So, in Croatia, Bosnia and Kosovo, other peoples were violently driven out by the Serb-led federal army, police and paramilitary forces known as Cheetniks.


Question: What year did Bosnia secede from Herzegovina?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

The peoples of the conquered territories were also subject to war crimes, including murder, torture, burning and pillage.


Question: What year did Bosnia secede from Herzegovina?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

[1] These violent mass deportations were referred to as ethnic cleansing [2].


Question: What year did Bosnia secede from Herzegovina?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

Ethnonationalism also rose in regions seeking to get rid of Yugoslavia, and so also other nations soon began to carry out their own ethnic cleansing.


Question: What year did Bosnia secede from Herzegovina?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

In the Bosnian War, Croats sought the creation of Greater Croatia, ethnically cleansing.


Question: What year did Bosnia secede from Herzegovina?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

The Yugoslav Wars were the bloodiest battles in Europe since World War II, with 100,000—300,000 people killed.


Question: What year did Bosnia secede from Herzegovina?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

The wars of disintegration were similar to the Civil War.


Question: What year did Bosnia secede from Herzegovina?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

Foreign powers intervened in the wars some times and peacekeepers were sent to the region.


Question: What year did Bosnia secede from Herzegovina?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

The break-up of Yugoslavia Yugoslavia broke down into Serb domination efforts and the desire of Croats and Slovenes to secede from the federation.


Question: What year did Bosnia secede from Herzegovina?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

In the beginning, the powerful central power kept the inter-quarreling peoples in one state.


Question: What year did Bosnia secede from Herzegovina?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

Background of the breakup of Yugoslavia The territory of the former Yugoslavia was home to many peoples [3] with different histories behind them.


Question: What year did Bosnia secede from Herzegovina?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

For example, Croats were predominantly Roman Catholics and Serbs Orthodox [4].


Question: What year did Bosnia secede from Herzegovina?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

In addition, the country was inhabited by Muslims from the period of Ottoman rule.


Question: What year did Bosnia secede from Herzegovina?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

Serb Četniks and army terrorized Albanians in the Balkan Wars and Croats in World War I.


Question: What year did Bosnia secede from Herzegovina?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

The Slovenes, Croats and Serbs were united into a single Kingdom after World War I.


Question: What year did Bosnia secede from Herzegovina?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

Other peoples also came along, including Kosovo Albanians.


Question: What year did Bosnia secede from Herzegovina?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

In the first inter-world war Yugoslavia, ardent Serb and Croat politicians clashed, leading to a shooting in parliament in 1928.


Question: What year did Bosnia secede from Herzegovina?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

This is why the king seized power.


Question: What year did Bosnia secede from Herzegovina?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

The predominantly Serb-led Yugoslavia broke up with the German invasion in 1941, and the country was divided between the Axis powers.


Question: What year did Bosnia secede from Herzegovina?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

The occupation created a civil war.


Question: What year did Bosnia secede from Herzegovina?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

Ante Pavelic, leader of the fascist Ustaša organisation who rose to the leadership of Croatia, killed tens of thousands of Serbs, Gypsies and Jews in concentration camps [5].


Question: What year did Bosnia secede from Herzegovina?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

The Serb Cetniks massacred Croat civilians and partisans and sought to create Greater Serbia with deportations [6].


Question: What year did Bosnia secede from Herzegovina?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

Thus, more people died in the Yugoslav civil war during the Second World War than were killed by the occupiers [7].


Question: What year did Bosnia secede from Herzegovina?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

But the communist partisans won a confused civil war, and thus partisan leader Josip Broz Tito created the Second Yugoslavia, which was a socialist federation made up of six republics.


Question: What year did Bosnia secede from Herzegovina?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

Tito, in accordance with Soviet instructions, sought to establish equality for the peoples, but did not mention Muslims, Hungarians or Albanians in his Bihac Declaration [8].


Question: What year did Bosnia secede from Herzegovina?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

He created his own kind of socialism, quarreled with the Soviet Union and opened the country's borders early on to the West.


Question: What year did Bosnia secede from Herzegovina?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

Nationalism of different peoples was often raised [9] [10], although it was tried to be curbed [11].


Question: What year did Bosnia secede from Herzegovina?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

Tito, a rather skilled politician who ruled as dictator, was unable to solve the country's complex nationality problem [12] [13], which remained largely hidden in the 1950s but began to emerge in the early 1960s [14].


Question: What year did Bosnia secede from Herzegovina?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

The opposition was prominently Croatian anti-Serb separatism [15] and Serbian Grand Serbianism [16].


Question: What year did Bosnia secede from Herzegovina?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

Serb ultra-nationalism was supported, though not directly supported [14] until 1966 by Aleksandar Ranković, chief of the Yugoslav hardline secret police [17].


Question: What year did Bosnia secede from Herzegovina?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

The Rankovicians opposed the intentions to liberalise the Slovenian and Croatian economies [14].


Question: What year did Bosnia secede from Herzegovina?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

The culture, religion and standard of living of peoples varied [18] [19] from one region to another, creating inherent disputes over the economy, augmented by memories of the wrongs suffered throughout history.


Question: What year did Bosnia secede from Herzegovina?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

Tito overthrew the nationalists, including the Croatian Spring in the early 1970s [20], as well as the corresponding movement in Slovenia.


Question: What year did Bosnia secede from Herzegovina?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

In retrospect, it has been said in some respects that Tito's socialist policy of denying national sentiments and religion suffocated political thought so that the resulting pressure later erupted as strong bigoted nationalism [21].


Question: What year did Bosnia secede from Herzegovina?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

On the other hand, the various means of force and coercive use by the authorities during Tito also excluded from later thinking, especially in Serbia, the idea of peaceful solutions, especially since already under Tito the army officers had the highest number of Serbs.


Question: What year did Bosnia secede from Herzegovina?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

Equally well, however, the War of Dissolution of Yugoslavia can be seen as a collision of various nationalisms that would have arisen without Tito or without Milošević.


Question: What year did Bosnia secede from Herzegovina?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

After Tito died in the 1980s, he began to be criticised, especially in Serbia, as Tito had divided Serb territories into other state republics.


Question: What year did Bosnia secede from Herzegovina?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

At the same time, the country was mired in an economic crisis that worsened throughout the 1980s.


Question: What year did Bosnia secede from Herzegovina?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

In 1981, Serbia crushed by force of arms the Kosovo Albanians riots.


Question: What year did Bosnia secede from Herzegovina?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

In 1986, traditional Serb nationalism was on the rise.


Question: What year did Bosnia secede from Herzegovina?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

Serb nationalists were most interested in the emptying of Kosovo due to the exodus of Serbs.


Question: What year did Bosnia secede from Herzegovina?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

They watched Kosovo Albanians commit Serb genocide and the “holy land” falling into Albanian hands.


Question: What year did Bosnia secede from Herzegovina?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

Slobodan Milošević [22], who rose to the leadership of the Serbian Communist Party, began to push the Kosovo Serb cause with impassioned speeches.


Question: What year did Bosnia secede from Herzegovina?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

In his speeches, Milošević combined populist nationalism, socialism and Serb traditional Orthodoxy faith [23].


Question: What year did Bosnia secede from Herzegovina?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

Milošević purged the Communist Party of Serbia of its opponents, took control of the media, created a cult of personnel for himself during mass rallies, and gained quite wide support.


Question: What year did Bosnia secede from Herzegovina?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

In 1988, a vigorous independence movement was underway in Slovenia, which in part sprung from the country's central European tradition and links with the West.


Question: What year did Bosnia secede from Herzegovina?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

An old nationalism rose in Croatia in 1989.


Question: What year did Bosnia secede from Herzegovina?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

At the end of the 1980s, Milošević, ridden with nationalism, crushed the autonomy of Vojvodina and Kosovo, with the federal army effectively siding with the Serbs.


Question: What year did Bosnia secede from Herzegovina?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

Milošević, though driven by force, Serb-led Yugoslavia and/or Greater Serbia intimidated Croats and Slovenes into independence.


Question: What year did Bosnia secede from Herzegovina?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

There were Serb nationalists even more radical than Milošević in opposition in Serbia in 1990, such as Vuk Draskovic and Vojislav Seselj.


Question: What year did Bosnia secede from Herzegovina?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

The state republics' power aspirations collapsed the authority of the federal government in the spring of 1991, when leaders of the state republics tried in vain to seek a political solution.


Question: What year did Bosnia secede from Herzegovina?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

Independence of Croatia and Slovenia The United States and the EU opposed the independence of Slovenia and Croatia in advance, as did the Federal Army and many other institutions of the Yugoslav administration.


Question: What year did Bosnia secede from Herzegovina?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

The Federal Council of Presidents was paralyzed and the only powerful political player was the communist-nationalist Serb clique led by Slobodan Milosevic.


Question: What year did Bosnia secede from Herzegovina?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

The Federal Parliament declared that the military was blocking attempts at independence by the republics.


Question: What year did Bosnia secede from Herzegovina?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

Croatia and Slovenia declared independence on 25 June 1991, [24].


Question: What year did Bosnia secede from Herzegovina?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

The Federal Army sent armour from Croatia to retake Croatian border posts and airfields.


Question: What year did Bosnia secede from Herzegovina?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

The purpose of the concessional military operation was mainly to show the power of the Federal Army.


Question: What year did Bosnia secede from Herzegovina?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

The Federal Army, with success, took over most of the border posts.


Question: What year did Bosnia secede from Herzegovina?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

But the Slovenes had organized a fairly effective territorial defense, defeating the Federal Army forces in many places as early as 28 June.


Question: What year did Bosnia secede from Herzegovina?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

The Slovenes blocked the panzer roads with trucks in suitable locations and blockaded the conscripts of the Federal Army in barracks.


Question: What year did Bosnia secede from Herzegovina?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

The Federal Army responded by bombing Slovenian radio and TV stations and shelling from the air [25] trucks as roadblocks.


Question: What year did Bosnia secede from Herzegovina?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

The Serb-led Federal Army's conscript, primarily composed of conscripts and non-Serbs, lacked the willingness to fight, and some 2700 soldiers from the blockaded units lacked maintenance.


Question: What year did Bosnia secede from Herzegovina?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

As the fighting lasted, lively diplomacy began, leading to the first ceasefire in theory as early as July 1.


Question: What year did Bosnia secede from Herzegovina?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

Fighting still continued until 4 July.


Question: What year did Bosnia secede from Herzegovina?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

The Slovene War lasted only a short time and caused quite small losses on the sides and otherwise, [26] because Milošević did not seriously want to consider the Lesser Serb Slovenia part of his country.


Question: What year did Bosnia secede from Herzegovina?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

Afterwards, Milošević's national-zealous Serbia began to create, first covertly, but as time went on, increasingly openly, Greater Serbia on Croatian territory [27], driving Croats out of Croatian Serb territories by violence.


Question: What year did Bosnia secede from Herzegovina?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

The Croatian administration led by Franjo Tudjman, especially Defense Minister Gojko Susak, had a partly bigoted attitude against the Serbs.


Question: What year did Bosnia secede from Herzegovina?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

In a couple of cases, extremist croats also targeted violence against Serbs, precipitating the conflict.


Question: What year did Bosnia secede from Herzegovina?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

But on the other hand, Franjo Tudjman wavered between war and peace because he belittled the Serb desire to fight Croatia and believed in an easy peaceful solution.


Question: What year did Bosnia secede from Herzegovina?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

Partly this was because the Croats lacked weapons [1].


Question: What year did Bosnia secede from Herzegovina?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

In early July, the Serbs started a continuous war in Croatia, where they cleared the village of Celije and Tenja was fought for a long time with small numbers, but drastically.


Question: What year did Bosnia secede from Herzegovina?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

These two incidents were small compared to later battles.


Question: What year did Bosnia secede from Herzegovina?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

Subsequently, Serb guerrillas attacked many villages, driving people away.


Question: What year did Bosnia secede from Herzegovina?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

Fighting began to intensify in mid-July, and the casualty rate and influx of refugees from the cleansed Serb village grew by the day.


Question: What year did Bosnia secede from Herzegovina?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

The war began to expand into new territories.


Question: What year did Bosnia secede from Herzegovina?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

Croatia's light mainly paramilitary forces fought heavily armed Serbs and were unable to prevent further expansion of Serb territory.


Question: What year did Bosnia secede from Herzegovina?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

The Serbs drove the Croat civilians from their homes, burning, blowing up, robbing, capturing, torturing and killing.


Question: What year did Bosnia secede from Herzegovina?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

Meanwhile, Croat leader Tudjman hesitated and stalled in his retaliatory measures against the Serbs.


Question: What year did Bosnia secede from Herzegovina?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

The incident, which took place in the village of Dalji in early August, was a step in an increasingly brutal warfare.


Question: What year did Bosnia secede from Herzegovina?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

The Croat village of Kijevo in Krajina was “purged” with the direct support of the federal army when panzers shelled and the air force bombed the village.


Question: What year did Bosnia secede from Herzegovina?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

Federal Army units brought into Croatia and Serb paramilites blockaded the large city of Vukovar.


Question: What year did Bosnia secede from Herzegovina?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

It began to be shelled fiercely with artillery.


Question: What year did Bosnia secede from Herzegovina?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

The city fought tenaciously for months though it was defended by only a small force because the Serb fighting motivation was nonexistent.


Question: What year did Bosnia secede from Herzegovina?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

In mid-September Croats began attacking the Yugoslav Federal Army barracks in the country [1], which brought the war into the open.


Question: What year did Bosnia secede from Herzegovina?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

The Croats managed to capture many barracks and received a fairly large number of weapons from them, which over time facilitated the difficult situation in Croatia.


Question: What year did Bosnia secede from Herzegovina?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

By September, the fronts had already roughly advanced to their final positions [28].


Question: What year did Bosnia secede from Herzegovina?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

In November, Vukovar, surrounded by Serbs, surrendered, murdered and raped by Serbs, taking those who had defended the city to concentration camps in Serbia.


Question: What year did Bosnia secede from Herzegovina?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

On the other hand, the Croats themselves began to carry out more intensive ethnic cleansing in some areas, including mass killings against Serbs in Gospic and Sisak regions and the looting of Serb homes by the Croat police.


Question: What year did Bosnia secede from Herzegovina?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

Franjo Tudjman's regime is believed to have looked at these incidents through fingers because at least the HDZ extremists supported an ethnically pure Croatia.


Question: What year did Bosnia secede from Herzegovina?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

The Federal Army was now openly engaged to help its soldiers surrounded in barracks.


Question: What year did Bosnia secede from Herzegovina?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

In retaliation for the blockade of the barracks, the Serbs blockaded Dubrovnik, which was located on the southern coast of Yugoslavia, shelling it very violently at times.


Question: What year did Bosnia secede from Herzegovina?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

The Croats began to thrive in the war in December 1991, which contributed to driving the Serbs to the 3 January 1992 ceasefire [28].


Question: What year did Bosnia secede from Herzegovina?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

The United Nations oversaw the ceasefire, but local military action among Croatian and Serb forces continued in some neighborhoods.


Question: What year did Bosnia secede from Herzegovina?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

Bosnian war As recently as 1990, Radovan Karadzic said there would be no Greater Serbia being created in Bosnia.


Question: What year did Bosnia secede from Herzegovina?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

Bosnian Serbs advocated Bosnia remaining part of Yugoslavia, and Croats and Muslims secession from it [29].


Question: What year did Bosnia secede from Herzegovina?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

In 1991, Radovan Karadzic, the Serb's bigoted nationalist leader, threatened the federal army to block Bosnia's independence, and at one point also threatened Muslims with destruction.


Question: What year did Bosnia secede from Herzegovina?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

Croat propaganda was as fierce as Serb propaganda, and Croats also aimed at ethnic cleansing.


Question: What year did Bosnia secede from Herzegovina?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

While Muslim nationalism was degrees milder, Muslim leader Aija Izetbegovic advocated war if it would take Muslims to independence.


Question: What year did Bosnia secede from Herzegovina?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

Serb propaganda painted a horror picture of Bosniakes/Muslims as enemies of Serbs, with Serbs and other nationalities isolated themselves from each other.


Question: What year did Bosnia secede from Herzegovina?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

The Serbs decided to end most military activities in Croatia in early 1992, having gained approximately recapture of Serb-majority territories from Croatia.


Question: What year did Bosnia secede from Herzegovina?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

On the other hand, the Serbs were in dire need of troops in Bosnia and Herzegovina, where the situation was drifting towards a war that was projected to be long and difficult as was the case.


Question: What year did Bosnia secede from Herzegovina?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

Different nationalities had already begun to establish their own small gun guards in 1991.


Question: What year did Bosnia secede from Herzegovina?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

In 1991, the party led by Karadzic declared the vast Serb territories autonomous [30], with the support of the Federal Army.


Question: What year did Bosnia secede from Herzegovina?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

The first pre-war incident that resulted in casualties occurred in Visegrad in November 1991, when Muslims and Croats stopped a detachment of the Federal Army for a short time [31].


Question: What year did Bosnia secede from Herzegovina?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

Bosnian Serbs dropped out of the referendum on Bosnian independence.


Question: What year did Bosnia secede from Herzegovina?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

In early March, a Serb wedding procession was shot, one was killed and a priest wounded.


Question: What year did Bosnia secede from Herzegovina?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

The Serbs erected street closures and fired into the air in response to the incident, but soon dismantled the street brackets.


Question: What year did Bosnia secede from Herzegovina?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

On 2 January 1992, Muslim-led Bosnia and Herzegovina announced that it wanted to break away from Serbia and became independent on 5 April.


Question: What year did Bosnia secede from Herzegovina?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

Minor armed incidents occurred as early as March in Bosanski Brod, among others.


Question: What year did Bosnia secede from Herzegovina?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

Serb paramilitaries later, with the support of the federal army that arrived on the scene, brutally cleared Bijeljina in early April, killing people and driving the rest on the run, looting Muslim homes.


Question: What year did Bosnia secede from Herzegovina?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

Serbs soon invaded eastern Bosnia, clearing Zvornik, Foča, Višegrad, Kupres, among others, and began creating Serb corridors in eastern and northern Bosnia and Herzegovina.


Question: What year did Bosnia secede from Herzegovina?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

The Muslim and Croat culture was to be eradicated from the territory intended for annexation to Serbia.


Question: What year did Bosnia secede from Herzegovina?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

What was going on was ethnic cleansing, which has often been described as genocide.


Question: What year did Bosnia secede from Herzegovina?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

In general, Serb nationalists threatened with killing e.g.


Question: What year did Bosnia secede from Herzegovina?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

throwing a bomb inside the family house of a Muslim or Croat, thus frightening the occupants of the house into escape.


Question: What year did Bosnia secede from Herzegovina?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

If it was a detached house, the nationalists blew up the house at night.


Question: What year did Bosnia secede from Herzegovina?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

But just as well Serbs might have killed, tortured or raped [32] and taken to a death camp to suffer hunger and violence [33].


Question: What year did Bosnia secede from Herzegovina?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

For example, in Banja Luka, there were murders of Muslims and Croats that were not investigated by the police.


Question: What year did Bosnia secede from Herzegovina?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

Before deportation, a Muslim or Croat had to pay a large sum of money to the authorities.


Question: What year did Bosnia secede from Herzegovina?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

Those on foot on the run were sometimes escorted to plunge into the ravine.


Question: What year did Bosnia secede from Herzegovina?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

Those expelled from villages and towns were rounded up by trucks and buses for train transport [34].


Question: What year did Bosnia secede from Herzegovina?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

Train transport of deportees took place without food and water in cattle wagons [35], where especially children, babies [36] and elderly people died amid piles of faeces [37].


Question: What year did Bosnia secede from Herzegovina?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

People transported in cattle wagons may have been robbed by soldiers [38].


Question: What year did Bosnia secede from Herzegovina?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

Serbs blockaded many Muslim and Croat cities, among them Sarajevo as early as 7 April.


Question: What year did Bosnia secede from Herzegovina?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

Although the UN declared a Serb-led stub Yugoslavia under economic sanctions, this did not stop Bosnian Serbs violently driving Muslims and Croats from their homes.


Question: What year did Bosnia secede from Herzegovina?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

In Bosnia and Herzegovina, Serb guerrilla chiefs such as Arkan, supported by a Serb army commanded by Ratko Mladić, raged.


Question: What year did Bosnia secede from Herzegovina?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

Serbs took over 70% of Bosnia and Herzegovina in April.


Question: What year did Bosnia secede from Herzegovina?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

The Muslim, or Bosniak, army suffered from weapons shortages.


Question: What year did Bosnia secede from Herzegovina?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

Milosevic reacted to economic sanctions in the West by appointing Milan Panic, a businessman who lived in the United States, as prime minister of stubby Yugoslavia [39].


Question: What year did Bosnia secede from Herzegovina?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

In the summer of 1992, Bosnian Croats also declared themselves an autonomous community and received some weapons from Croatia [30].


Question: What year did Bosnia secede from Herzegovina?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

They began to recapture territories from the Bosniaks, although they were officially in league with these against the Serbs.


Question: What year did Bosnia secede from Herzegovina?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

Croats began the ethnic cleansing of Bosniaks, often Muslims, as early as the spring of 1992.


Question: What year did Bosnia secede from Herzegovina?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

Subsequently, there were many skirmishes and purges initiated by Croats, which allowed Croat power to spread across Bosnia.


Question: What year did Bosnia secede from Herzegovina?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

The Bosniaks began retaliating in late 1992 against the Croats.


Question: What year did Bosnia secede from Herzegovina?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

For tactical reasons, Milošević declared the Bosnian Republika Srpska to be detached from Serbia, and said disconnected from the Bosnian violence, but secretly aided the Bosnian Serbs.


Question: What year did Bosnia secede from Herzegovina?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

Western countries did not believe Serbia was ignorant and separate from the Bosnian war.


Question: What year did Bosnia secede from Herzegovina?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

The UN started helping Bosnia and Herzegovina's Croats and Muslims as early as 1992, but on the whole the aid was pretty ineffective.


Question: What year did Bosnia secede from Herzegovina?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

Serbs, among other things, taxed relief supplies taken to the blockaded cities.


Question: What year did Bosnia secede from Herzegovina?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

Western and UN action to contain the war in Bosnia and Herzegovina was half-hearted and ineffective, and many Western countries who wanted peace were agonised by the slow actions of international organisations.


Question: What year did Bosnia secede from Herzegovina?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

The UN arms embargo mainly helped the richly armed Serb army [30].


Question: What year did Bosnia secede from Herzegovina?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

In hindsight, the West's stance has been said to have been due, among other things, to its belief that the Serbs would win the Bosnian war.


Question: What year did Bosnia secede from Herzegovina?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

NATO, for example, did not want to get embroiled in a guerrilla war against Serbs in the mountainous Balkans.


Question: What year did Bosnia secede from Herzegovina?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

Even some of the Western UN officers may have been in favour of the Serbs.


Question: What year did Bosnia secede from Herzegovina?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

Part of the war was considered to be the fault of other nationalities as well.


Question: What year did Bosnia secede from Herzegovina?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

Russia supported Serbia for historical reasons.


Question: What year did Bosnia secede from Herzegovina?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

Serbs established concentration camps in Bosnia and Herzegovina where people were killed, beaten with a kepei [40], tortured [41] and held in hunger [42].


Question: What year did Bosnia secede from Herzegovina?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

This was first revealed to West in Newsday magazine in August 1992 [43].


Question: What year did Bosnia secede from Herzegovina?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

Muslim women were beaten and raped in camps [44], some of which were set up for a purpose.


Question: What year did Bosnia secede from Herzegovina?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

Serb snipers massacred civilians on the streets of Sarajevo and grenades fired from nearby mountains into the city sometimes hit bread lines, killing dozens.


Question: What year did Bosnia secede from Herzegovina?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

In 1993, Bosnian Croats began an open, extensive war against Muslims, committing ethnic cleansing.


Question: What year did Bosnia secede from Herzegovina?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

The main stage was in the valley of the Lashva River.


Question: What year did Bosnia secede from Herzegovina?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

The most famous purge was in the village of Ahmic.


Question: What year did Bosnia secede from Herzegovina?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

The Muslims were now severely outnumbered.


Question: What year did Bosnia secede from Herzegovina?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

Croats and Serbs sought to divide Bosnia [30], and for Muslims there was no peace in 1993 either.


Question: What year did Bosnia secede from Herzegovina?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

In Bosnia and Herzegovina, organized crime flourished in many regions.


Question: What year did Bosnia secede from Herzegovina?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

Furthermore, the motive for violence perpetrated by paramilitary cetniks was usually criminal, including access to loot, sometimes extreme nationalism.


Question: What year did Bosnia secede from Herzegovina?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

Often the war in Bosnia has been seen as ethnic, but it was more associated with a certain kind of nationalist politics in which nationalist parties of different nations struggled for hegemony.


Question: What year did Bosnia secede from Herzegovina?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

In 1993, Serbia experienced hyperinflation and large protests [39] and the first opposition front called Depos was established in the country [39].


Question: What year did Bosnia secede from Herzegovina?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

In stubby Yugoslav territory, nationalist Serbs massacred and otherwise harassed opponents of the government's war policy.


Question: What year did Bosnia secede from Herzegovina?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

Many large demonstrations were organised by opponents of the regime during the war.


Question: What year did Bosnia secede from Herzegovina?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

For example, the bigoted pro-Serb opposition politician Vuk Drašković considered the Bosnian war futile, and so he was arrested and assaulted [39].


Question: What year did Bosnia secede from Herzegovina?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

In February 1994, Bosnian Croats and Bosniaks settled their dispute.


Question: What year did Bosnia secede from Herzegovina?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

Around the same time, Serbs were cleansing their territory of Muslims and other ethnic minorities as drastically as they did in the first wave of cleansing in 1992.


Question: What year did Bosnia secede from Herzegovina?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

After growing tired of the war in Bosnia and Herzegovina, Yugoslav Slobodan Milošević withdrew his support from the Bosnian Serbs led by Radovan Karadžić in 1994.


Question: What year did Bosnia secede from Herzegovina?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

This decisively weakened the position of the Serbs in the region.


Question: What year did Bosnia secede from Herzegovina?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

To top it off, the West had begun secretly supporting Croatia because of fears of the expansion of Serb influence in the region by Serbs on good terms with Russia.


Question: What year did Bosnia secede from Herzegovina?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

Serbs overran the blockaded town of Srebrenica in the summer of 1995, killing thousands of Muslim men.


Question: What year did Bosnia secede from Herzegovina?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

When NATO bombed Serb targets in Bosnia and Herzegovina, Serbs took UN soldiers hostage and clamped down on NATO to halt air strikes.


Question: What year did Bosnia secede from Herzegovina?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

In the autumn of 1995, intensifying Croats and Muslims attacked violently in Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina.


Question: What year did Bosnia secede from Herzegovina?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

The Serbs soon found themselves in a predicament.


Question: What year did Bosnia secede from Herzegovina?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

Serb civilians fled at the behest of their leaders because they feared ethnic cleansing by Croats and Muslims.


Question: What year did Bosnia secede from Herzegovina?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

Shortly after this, a grenade fired by Serbs killed dozens in the bread queue in Sarajevo, and NATO began air strikes in Bosnia.


Question: What year did Bosnia secede from Herzegovina?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

The peacekeepers had been withdrawn from the vast area and the Serbs were no longer able to resist NATO.


Question: What year did Bosnia secede from Herzegovina?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

On 20 September, the Serbs withdrew heavy weapons from the surroundings of Sarajevo, and peace was made on 14 December.


Question: What year did Bosnia secede from Herzegovina?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

War crimes committed by Croats in Krajina in the final phase of the war were printed with villasella, according to Serbs and also neutral critics, [45].


Question: What year did Bosnia secede from Herzegovina?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

Kosovo War Already in 1995 there were isolated attacks on Kosovo Serb police and Serb civilians.


Question: What year did Bosnia secede from Herzegovina?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

In January 1996, a series of attacks were carried out on Serb police officers, Serb authorities and Serb refugee camps in western Kosovo.


Question: What year did Bosnia secede from Herzegovina?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

In this case, the invaders declared themselves to be the Albanian guerrilla movement Kosovo Liberation Army (UÇK).


Question: What year did Bosnia secede from Herzegovina?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

Kosovo's moderate, pro-passive resistance Albanian leader Ibrahim Rugova believed in the beginning the UÇK guerrillas were Serbian-backed provocateurs.


Question: What year did Bosnia secede from Herzegovina?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

The Serbian regime declared the movement terrorists and strengthened its forces in the region.


Question: What year did Bosnia secede from Herzegovina?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

UÇK's confidence in the eyes of Albanian civilians rose.


Question: What year did Bosnia secede from Herzegovina?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

The UÇK had foreign fighters, predominantly Albanians from the United States and other Western countries, not a single one from Islamic countries as rumored.


Question: What year did Bosnia secede from Herzegovina?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

The official Albanian administration in Kosovo did not support the UÇK, but also did not close the guerrilla camps.


Question: What year did Bosnia secede from Herzegovina?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

UÇK grew between 1997 and 1999 and was at its strongest in 1997—98.


Question: What year did Bosnia secede from Herzegovina?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

The movement was militarily weak, as the armament was predominantly small arms.


Question: What year did Bosnia secede from Herzegovina?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

The movement, according to different estimates, had anywhere from a few hundred to a few tens of thousand members.


Question: What year did Bosnia secede from Herzegovina?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

The UÇK finally managed to take over about half of Kosovo by March 1998, then the centre of its power was the village of Prekaz in the Drenica region.


Question: What year did Bosnia secede from Herzegovina?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

Subsequently, the Serbs defeated the UÇK; on the Serb side, the guerrillas were fought by the army and special police officers.


Question: What year did Bosnia secede from Herzegovina?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

Albanian civilians were massacred by Serbs, and the UÇK also committed human rights crimes.


Question: What year did Bosnia secede from Herzegovina?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

It also killed Albanians it suspected were Serb-friendly.


Question: What year did Bosnia secede from Herzegovina?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

In the summer of 1998, Serbs invaded Orahovac with the intention of ethnically cleansing the region of all Albanians, and the UÇK was forced to withdraw.


Question: What year did Bosnia secede from Herzegovina?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

The Serbs killed the captured non-Serbs in Orahovac.


Question: What year did Bosnia secede from Herzegovina?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

The Serb actions spread into the public eye, and thousands of Albanians flowed in from the world to help UÇK.


Question: What year did Bosnia secede from Herzegovina?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

The movement reorganized itself after this defeat, and set up training camps on the Albanian side.


Question: What year did Bosnia secede from Herzegovina?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

In early 1998, the United States removed UÇK from its list of terrorist organizations.


Question: What year did Bosnia secede from Herzegovina?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

The United States and European countries are believed to have helped UÇK secretly from the beginning.


Question: What year did Bosnia secede from Herzegovina?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

The UÇK struck Serb military and civilian targets, to which the Serbs responded with great grips.


Question: What year did Bosnia secede from Herzegovina?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

In the winter of 1999, bodies were found near the remote village of Račak that Serbs thought were UÇK guerrillas dressed in civilian clothes, but Albanians believe Albanian civilians killed by Serbs.


Question: What year did Bosnia secede from Herzegovina?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

In March 1999, the Yugoslav army and other security forces began a full war against the UÇK.


Question: What year did Bosnia secede from Herzegovina?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

The UÇK quickly lost territory, and most of the fighters who got on the run lost to Albania, with a few thousand guerrillas from the organisation remaining in Kosovo.


Question: What year did Bosnia secede from Herzegovina?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

NATO offensive NATO led by Javier Solana wanted to prevent bloodwork on Albanians.


Question: What year did Bosnia secede from Herzegovina?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

It demanded from Yugoslavia during negotiations in Rambouillet, France, the right of movement of foreign military vehicles throughout Yugoslavia.


Question: What year did Bosnia secede from Herzegovina?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

The Serbs had agreed to the arrival of UN troops in Kosovo.


Question: What year did Bosnia secede from Herzegovina?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

Tough conditions imposed by the West led to Yugoslavia being unable to accept the Rambouillet Agreement.


Question: What year did Bosnia secede from Herzegovina?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

When NATO considered the persecution of Albanians to be under way, it began bombing Yugoslavia in the spring of 1999.


Question: What year did Bosnia secede from Herzegovina?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

This is why the Serbs decided to drive out the Kosovo Albanians, which had been talked about for a long time.


Question: What year did Bosnia secede from Herzegovina?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

Some of the Albanians fled themselves, fearing the Serbs.


Question: What year did Bosnia secede from Herzegovina?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

The world saw how NATO sort of provoked the Serbs with its airstrikes to drive out the Albanians.


Question: What year did Bosnia secede from Herzegovina?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

The Serbs themselves claimed the Albanians were spooked by NATO airstrikes.


Question: What year did Bosnia secede from Herzegovina?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

Began the Kosovo War.


Question: What year did Bosnia secede from Herzegovina?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

Serb police and paramilitaries operating in Kosovo drove hundreds of thousands of Albanians by violence, killing and ransacking out of their homes.


Question: What year did Bosnia secede from Herzegovina?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

For the Serbs, the expulsion of Albanians had the benefit of eliminating the possibility of even a small UÇK in the exiled regions, but at the same time it was politically absurd because it turned world opinion against the Serbs.


Question: What year did Bosnia secede from Herzegovina?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

For a long time, NATO airstrikes seemed to have no effect on the Yugoslav military, and certainly not on the deportations and bloodwork against Albanians.


Question: What year did Bosnia secede from Herzegovina?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

For the duration of the war, the UÇK remained very weak militarily.


Question: What year did Bosnia secede from Herzegovina?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

NATO targeted its attacks on Serb infrastructure with the intention of making life difficult for Serbs, thus turning Serbs to a rebellion spirit against their rule.


Question: What year did Bosnia secede from Herzegovina?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

Missiles also accidentally hit the necks of fleeing Albanians and Serb civilian targets.


Question: What year did Bosnia secede from Herzegovina?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

NATO bombed the main building of Radio-Televizija Srbije, Serbia's broadcasting and television broadcaster, on 23 April 1999, considered a war crime by Amnesty International among others, and on 7 May the Chinese Embassy in Belgrade, which the United States itself considered an accident.


Question: What year did Bosnia secede from Herzegovina?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

The bombing killed three Chinese journalists and it caused asphyxiation in China.


Question: What year did Bosnia secede from Herzegovina?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

The Serb's defensive will was running high.


Question: What year did Bosnia secede from Herzegovina?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

They were human shields for, among other things, holding rock concerts on bridges.


Question: What year did Bosnia secede from Herzegovina?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

The Serb propaganda war was skillful: TV showed how old grannies danced down atop the ultra-modern stealth fighter F-117 “Nighthawk.”


Question: What year did Bosnia secede from Herzegovina?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

Otherwise NATO was allowed to conduct its airstrikes fairly freely.


Question: What year did Bosnia secede from Herzegovina?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

The Serbs did not dare with their planes to take off in the air, but hid their aircraft.


Question: What year did Bosnia secede from Herzegovina?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

Some of the world thought NATO airstrikes were justified; some strongly condemned them.


Question: What year did Bosnia secede from Herzegovina?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

Some NATO generals, too, had beforehand feared Serbs would retaliate against Albanians with NATO air strikes.


Question: What year did Bosnia secede from Herzegovina?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

Over time, the air strikes intensified.


Question: What year did Bosnia secede from Herzegovina?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

NATO, with a smaller number of flights than the Gulf War, had succeeded in destroying the maintenance and combat morale of the Yugoslav Serb army.


Question: What year did Bosnia secede from Herzegovina?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

Now Yugoslav and Serb leader Milošević was threatened by a ground invasion of Belgrade by NATO forces and the overthrow of Milošević.


Question: What year did Bosnia secede from Herzegovina?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

Eventually Milošević bent on peace and cancelled the expulsion of the Albanians when NATO threatened to invade Serbia with ground troops.


Question: What year did Bosnia secede from Herzegovina?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

Milošević's overthrow in the late 2000 ended the most violent period in Serbian history, but smaller clashes of the type of demonstration and weak guerrilla warfare between different nationalities have existed since then.


Question: What year did Bosnia secede from Herzegovina?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

A tribunal investigating Yugoslav war crimes got Milošević to The Hague for trial, but he died during the long trial process from a heart attack in his cell.


Question: What year did Bosnia secede from Herzegovina?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

Albanian guerrillas killed and kidnapped Serbs in Kosovo some time after the war.


Question: What year did Bosnia secede from Herzegovina?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

Many war criminals who fought on the side of Serbs and other nationalities are still in hiding.


Question: What year did Bosnia secede from Herzegovina?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

In Kosovo, Albanians have driven Serbs to move out of the province in the 21st century.


Question: What year did Bosnia secede from Herzegovina?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

A topical topic in 2007-08 is the independence of Kosovo, which Serbia was not yet ready to recognise at the beginning of March 2008.


Question: What year did Bosnia secede from Herzegovina?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

Increasingly Serbian ultra-nationalists want Kosovo for Serbs.


Question: What year did Bosnia secede from Herzegovina?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

Human rights violations in the Yugoslav War Serbs sought Bosniak genocide in Bosnia and committed many war crimes in Croatia too.


Question: What year did Bosnia secede from Herzegovina?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

Serb crimes in Croatia were revenge against the actions of the World War II Croat organization Ustaša.


Question: What year did Bosnia secede from Herzegovina?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

Bosnia and Herzegovina was called “little Yugoslavia” because the region's population was particularly mixed there.


Question: What year did Bosnia secede from Herzegovina?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

This caused a widespread, long-lasting and difficult war because of the pressure of Serb nationalism there.


Question: What year did Bosnia secede from Herzegovina?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

Besieged by Serbs, Sarajevo was in turn Bosnia and Herzegovina in miniature.


Question: What year did Bosnia secede from Herzegovina?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

The Bosnian war was the bloodiest of the Yugoslav wars of all.


Question: What year did Bosnia secede from Herzegovina?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

Millions of people were deported or fled for fear of killing.


Question: What year did Bosnia secede from Herzegovina?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

Men, children, elderly and women were indiscriminately killed.


Question: What year did Bosnia secede from Herzegovina?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

The killers usually included Serb paramilitary Chetniks and other similar forces.


Question: What year did Bosnia secede from Herzegovina?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

The towns were shelled with cannons and mortars.


Question: What year did Bosnia secede from Herzegovina?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

Snipers were killing people off the streets.


Question: What year did Bosnia secede from Herzegovina?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

95% of the grenades fired in Croatia hit civilian targets.


Question: What year did Bosnia secede from Herzegovina?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

At one point, Serbs set up concentration camps for Croats and Bosniaks, some of which were disbanded by international pressure.


Question: What year did Bosnia secede from Herzegovina?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

It was not widely realised abroad at first that Yugoslavia was falling apart.


Question: What year did Bosnia secede from Herzegovina?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

Some foreign experts noticed what was happening, but they were unable to influence the opinion of the United States, for example.


Question: What year did Bosnia secede from Herzegovina?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

The Western powers allowed the war to swell and even made solutions that exacerbated the war, as the arms blockade policy instituted by the West favoured Serbs who had guns galore.


Question: What year did Bosnia secede from Herzegovina?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

Although the arms embargo year like a sieve, it prevented states from publicly supporting weaker Croats and Bosniaks.


Question: What year did Bosnia secede from Herzegovina?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

Still, the United States sent aid to Croatia from 1992.


Question: What year did Bosnia secede from Herzegovina?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

Foreign countries share The threat of war was palpable at the beginning of 1990, from which time the situation worsened all the time.


Question: What year did Bosnia secede from Herzegovina?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

But foreign powers are trying to shun dealing with the problem [46], and as recently as April Viktor Meier, who was a Balkan connoisseur of the Frankfurter Allgemeine newspaper, said directly that Yugoslavia risks becoming another example of the EC's inability to see things and act on them [ 46].


Question: What year did Bosnia secede from Herzegovina?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

The US Central Intelligence Agency CIA claimed in the autumn Yugoslavia would fall apart in 18 months and very likely to go to war [47].