Question: How did Dareios III rise to power?

Dareios

Megabates and Aristagoras feuded and the war trip ended with the defeat of the Persians.


Question: How did Dareios III rise to power?

Dareios

To save his own skin, Aristagoras began to incite the Ionians to rise up in revolt.


Question: How did Dareios III rise to power?

Dareios

Ionian Revolt In 499 BC


Question: How did Dareios III rise to power?

Dareios

The Ionian Greeks rose in revolt against the Persians.


Question: How did Dareios III rise to power?

Dareios

Led by Aristagora, the tyrant of Miletos, the rebellion soon spread throughout Ionia.


Question: How did Dareios III rise to power?

Dareios

Athens and Eretria both sent aid to the Ionians.


Question: How did Dareios III rise to power?

Dareios

Together with the Athenians and Eretrians, the Ionians attacked Sarde, the capital of Artaferne, the local satrap.


Question: How did Dareios III rise to power?

Dareios

The Greeks caught Artafernee by surprise and burned the city to the ground.


Question: How did Dareios III rise to power?

Dareios

After Sardi's destruction, the rebellion spread to Cyprus and Hellespontos.


Question: How did Dareios III rise to power?

Dareios

By 494 BC.


Question: How did Dareios III rise to power?

Dareios

by the time, however, the rebellion had been defeated.


Question: How did Dareios III rise to power?

Dareios

Dareios sent 492 BC.


Question: How did Dareios III rise to power?

Dareios

Mardonios to Greece for a retaliatory expedition against Athens and Eretria.


Question: How did Dareios III rise to power?

Dareios

However, Mordonios's fleet suffered a shipwreck at Athos.


Question: How did Dareios III rise to power?

Dareios

According to Herodotus, Mardonios lost 300 ships and 20,000 men.


Question: How did Dareios III rise to power?

Dareios

Dareios then ordered Dati and Artafrene to attack Athens and Eretria.


Question: How did Dareios III rise to power?

Dareios

The Persians besieged and recaptured Eretria, but were defeated by the Athenians at the Battle of Marathon in 490 BCE.. The death of Dareios died probably around the year 485 BC..


Question: How did Dareios III rise to power?

Dareios

He left behind twelve sons and at least six daughters.


Question: How did Dareios III rise to power?

Dareios

Dareios had chosen his son Xerus as his successor even before his death.


Question: How did Dareios III rise to power?

Dareios

Xerxes, through his mother Atossa, was related to Cyrus the Great.


Question: How did Dareios III rise to power?

Dareios

Dareios's body was embalmed and he was buried in a rock-hewn tomb located a few miles from Persepolii.


Question: How did Dareios III rise to power?

Dareios

Around the entrance to the tomb, Dareios had allowed to write about how he had been accomplished during his reign.


Question: How did Dareios III rise to power?

Dareios

Ancient sources about the reign of Dareios I are rich in information relative to the time.


Question: How did Dareios III rise to power?

Dareios

Located in Behistun, the illustration can be found 100 metres above the ground, in a place where it is almost impossible for people to reach.


Question: How did Dareios III rise to power?

Dareios

The inscription describes Dareios and the leaders of the nations he defeated and details how Dareios killed the wrong king Gaumata and how he defeated his enemies.


Question: How did Dareios III rise to power?

Dareios

The illustration contains the same text in three different languages, Ancient Persian, Elam, and Babylonian.


Question: How did Dareios III rise to power?

Dareios

[13] Drawing inscriptions have also been found in several buildings built by Dareios, including in Susa je Persepoli.


Question: How did Dareios III rise to power?

Dareios

Another important source is the Greek historian Herodotus, whose work deals with Persian history.


Question: How did Dareios III rise to power?

Dareios

The Greek Ctesias also wrote a work on the history of Persia, but this has not survived in its entirety to the present day.


Question: How did Dareios III rise to power?

Dareios

Literature Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Herodotos| title = History work.


Question: How did Dareios III rise to power?

Dareios

1—2| location = Helsinki| publisher = WSOY| year = 1997| version = (History.)


Question: How did Dareios III rise to power?

Dareios

Translated and with a foreword by Edvard Rhine.


Question: How did Dareios III rise to power?

Dareios

4th edition (1st edition 1907).


Question: How did Dareios III rise to power?

Dareios

Quality books| id = ISBN 951-0-17869-1}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Tom Holland| title = Persian Fire: The First World Empire and the Battle for the West| publisher = Little, Brown| year = 2005| id = ISBN 0-316-72664-8}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = A. T. Olmstead| title= History of the Persian Empire.| publisher = The University of Chicago Press| year = 1959| id = ISBN 0-226-62777-2}} Check date values in: |accessdate=, |date= (help) References on topic elsewhere Category:Persian kings Category:Egyptian pharaohs Category:Akhaimenids Category:Those born before the beginning of our time Category:Before the beginning of our time dead


Question: How many castles are there in Finland?

List of castles and fortresses in Finland

This is an incomplete list of castles and fortifications in Finland in chronological order built before the 20th century.


Question: How many castles are there in Finland?

A list of ancient castles in Finland can be found here and the ancient castles of surrendered Karelia here.


Question: How many castles are there in Finland?

See also List of ancient castles in Finland List of ancient castles of ceded Karelia * castles and fortresses


Question: Who founded Lithuania?

History of Lithuania

The historical period of Lithuanian history is considered to begin in 1009, when the name of Lithuania was first mentioned in written sources.


Question: Who founded Lithuania?

History of Lithuania

[1] Lithuanians founded the Kingdom of Lithuania in the 13th century.


Question: Who founded Lithuania?

History of Lithuania

The later Grand Duchy of Lithuania remained strictly independent of other kingdoms and was one of the last European countries to convert to Christianity.


Question: Who founded Lithuania?

History of Lithuania

In the 15th century, Poland-Lithuania became the most large state in Europe by area.


Question: Who founded Lithuania?

History of Lithuania

[2] However, in the partitions of Poland in 1772, 1793 and 1795, Polish-Lithuania was dissolved and Lithuania became part of the Russian Empire.


Question: Who founded Lithuania?

History of Lithuania

[3] On February 16, 1918, the Republic of Lithuania declared independence from Russia.


Question: Who founded Lithuania?

History of Lithuania

The country maintained its independence until World War II, when it was occupied by the Soviet Union under the Molotov—Ribbentrop Pact division of interests.


Question: Who founded Lithuania?

History of Lithuania

After a brief occupation by Nazi Germany, Lithuania became part of the Soviet Union for 50 years.


Question: Who founded Lithuania?

History of Lithuania

In the early 1990s, Lithuania regained its independence with the dissolution of the Soviet Union.


Question: Who founded Lithuania?

History of Lithuania

Since 2004, the country has been a member of the European Union and NATO.


Question: Who founded Lithuania?

History of Lithuania

[4] Prehistory Continental ice melted off the territory of present-day Lithuania sometime between 18,000 and 16000 BCE.


Question: Who founded Lithuania?

History of Lithuania

The first people began settling in the territory of present-day Lithuania around 10000—9000 BCE.


Question: Who founded Lithuania?

History of Lithuania

After the end of the Vistula Ice Age.


Question: Who founded Lithuania?

History of Lithuania

The main livelihood was hunting and fishing.


Question: Who founded Lithuania?

History of Lithuania

Bows made of wood were used for hunting; tips made of flint were attached to arrows and spears.


Question: Who founded Lithuania?

History of Lithuania

With the help of flint, for example, knives, hookes, needles were worked from the bone.


Question: Who founded Lithuania?

History of Lithuania

High river bumps or lakebanks from good flint occurrence areas were happy to be chosen as the camp site.


Question: Who founded Lithuania?

History of Lithuania

[5] Kernavė, north-west of Vilnius, has been inhabited since about 12,000 years ago, according to archaeological studies.


Question: Who founded Lithuania?

History of Lithuania

[6] [7] According to archaeologist Marija Gimbutas, people arrived from two different directions: the Jutland peninsula and present-day Poland.


Question: Who founded Lithuania?

History of Lithuania

People who came from two different directions brought with them two different cultures, which were evident in the variety of tools.


Question: Who founded Lithuania?

History of Lithuania

8000 BC.


Question: Who founded Lithuania?

History of Lithuania

the climate warmed, causing the forests to begin to grow more intensively.


Question: Who founded Lithuania?

History of Lithuania

Around the middle of the 4th millennium BCE.


Question: Who founded Lithuania?

History of Lithuania

area hunters learn how to make earthenware.


Question: Who founded Lithuania?

History of Lithuania

The dog was the only domestic animal and was used as an aid in hunting.


Question: Who founded Lithuania?

History of Lithuania

New sources of food for humans became berries, mushrooms, nuts and fruits, and honey from a wild bee.


Question: Who founded Lithuania?

History of Lithuania

The settlement became more permanent; the same places could remain for several years or even centuries.


Question: Who founded Lithuania?

History of Lithuania

[5] Houses were built for housing.


Question: Who founded Lithuania?

History of Lithuania

Hunters wore decorations made from the teeth or amber of wild beasts and other animals in their clothing.


Question: Who founded Lithuania?

History of Lithuania

Human or animal figures made of amber became more common.


Question: Who founded Lithuania?

History of Lithuania

[5] In the late third millennium BCE.


Question: Who founded Lithuania?

History of Lithuania

Finno-Ugric tribes who had moved towards the west, by hunting and fishing, also arrived on the territory of present-day Lithuania.


Question: Who founded Lithuania?

History of Lithuania

Of these, some continued further afield.


Question: Who founded Lithuania?

History of Lithuania

Linguists assume that some river and lake names such as Jara, Kidė, Kivė, Ruja, Piladis and Tilka that have survived to the present day originate from these tribes.


Question: Who founded Lithuania?

History of Lithuania

Over time, the low-figure newcomers who remained in the area merged with the rest of the population.


Question: Who founded Lithuania?

History of Lithuania

[LT-history 1] However, tools suitable for farming did not arrive until 3000 BCE.


Question: Who founded Lithuania?

History of Lithuania

At that time, handicrafts and trade also began to develop.


Question: Who founded Lithuania?

History of Lithuania

ProtoIndo-Europeans arrived in Lithuanian territory around 2500 BCE.


Question: Who founded Lithuania?

History of Lithuania

and the Baltic language group formed in 2000 BCE.


Question: Who founded Lithuania?

History of Lithuania

Baltic tribes Lithuanians were originally one of the Baltic tribes, which also included, for example, Latvians and Prussians.


Question: Who founded Lithuania?

History of Lithuania

The Baltic tribes were never under the rule of the Roman Empire, instead both sides enjoyed good trade relations (amber trade among them).


Question: Who founded Lithuania?

History of Lithuania

Among the peoples of the Baltic tribe today, Lithuanians and Latvians still exist.


Question: Who founded Lithuania?

History of Lithuania

The first mention of Lithuania (Litua) dates from 1009 in the chronicles of Quedlinburg Abbey.


Question: Who founded Lithuania?

History of Lithuania

With the birth of the kingdom in the 10th century, Lithuanian territories paid tax to Kievan Russia.


Question: Who founded Lithuania?

History of Lithuania

In the 12th century, Lithuanians were looting neighbouring territories.


Question: Who founded Lithuania?

History of Lithuania

The looting and military action set off a power struggle among Lithuanians, which is seen as the starting shot for the genesis of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania.


Question: Who founded Lithuania?

History of Lithuania

The time of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania in the early 13th century two Teutonic Knights, the Teutonic Order and the Kalpar Order conquered the territories of present-day Latvia and Estonia and parts of present-day Lithuania.


Question: Who founded Lithuania?

History of Lithuania

In response to this, the Baltic tribes united under the leadership of Mindaugas and defeated the Livonians at Šiauliai at the Battle of Saule in 1236.


Question: Who founded Lithuania?

History of Lithuania

In 1250, Mindaugas signed a treaty with the Teutonic Order, and was baptized by the Bishop of Chełmno in 1251.


Question: Who founded Lithuania?

History of Lithuania

On July 6, 1253, Mindaugas was crowned King of Lithuania and the Kingdom of Lithuania was declared established.


Question: Who founded Lithuania?

History of Lithuania

However, Mindaugas's nephew Treniota murdered his uncle, causing unrest and the return of the people to paganism.


Question: Who founded Lithuania?

History of Lithuania

In 1316, Gediminas, with the support of the Germans, began rebuilding the country.


Question: Who founded Lithuania?

History of Lithuania

He, with his brother Vytenis, reunited the Lithuanians into one nation.


Question: Who founded Lithuania?

History of Lithuania

Gediminas expanded Lithuania in the east, challenging in this way the Mongols who had invaded Kiev Russia.


Question: Who founded Lithuania?

History of Lithuania

Through coalitions and conquests, the Lithuanians expanded their power over Ruthenia territory.


Question: Who founded Lithuania?

History of Lithuania

That region encompassed much of present-day Belarus and Ukraine.


Question: Who founded Lithuania?

History of Lithuania

The power of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania was at its greatest: power stretched from the Baltic Sea all the way to the Black Sea.


Question: Who founded Lithuania?

History of Lithuania

After Gediminas was killed, power was inherited by his son Algirdas.


Question: Who founded Lithuania?

History of Lithuania

Algirdas abolished the monasteries, while his son and successor Jogaila made secret treaties with the Teutonic Order.


Question: Who founded Lithuania?

History of Lithuania

He was taken prisoner by Jogaila's uncle, Kęstutis, and as a result civil war broke out.


Question: Who founded Lithuania?

History of Lithuania

Kęstutis was eventually caught and executed, but his son Vytautas got away.


Question: Who founded Lithuania?

History of Lithuania

With the arrival of Christianity in the western parts of the Grand Principality, the Polish ruler Jadwiga, at the urging of the Poles, went to marry Jogaila.


Question: Who founded Lithuania?

History of Lithuania

The couple married three days after the baptism taken by Jogaila.


Question: Who founded Lithuania?

History of Lithuania

With the marriage, Poland and Lithuania became strong allies among themselves against the incessant threat of the German Empire and the Principality of Moscow.


Question: Who founded Lithuania?

History of Lithuania

On February 2, 1386, the Polish parliament Sejm accepted Jogaila as King of Poland.


Question: Who founded Lithuania?

History of Lithuania

Catholic Christianity spread even more with the Union of Poland.


Question: Who founded Lithuania?

History of Lithuania

Magdeburg city rights were given to numerous Lithuanian cities, including Vilnius, which became the capital of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania in 1322.


Question: Who founded Lithuania?

History of Lithuania

Lithuania inherited the ancient cultural heritage some 1,000 years later than the rest of Europe and did not undergo the Christian culturing process typical of the rest of Europe.


Question: Who founded Lithuania?

History of Lithuania

European culture initially touched only a small part of the people, mainly the supremest nobility.


Question: Who founded Lithuania?

History of Lithuania

It spread extremely slowly among the peasant class, which continued to uphold their old pagan traditions long after official Christianisation.


Question: Who founded Lithuania?

History of Lithuania

Especially in Zemaitija, old forms of worship and customs remained vibrant among the nobility.


Question: Who founded Lithuania?

History of Lithuania

Archaeologists have found pagan places of worship in use in the area up to the 19th century.


Question: Who founded Lithuania?

History of Lithuania

[8] Renaissance in the 16th century many educated Lithuanians went to study abroad.


Question: Who founded Lithuania?

History of Lithuania

In the past, pagan Lithuanians were not admitted to European universities.


Question: Who founded Lithuania?

History of Lithuania

Prague University was among the most popular, as was Kraków, where around thirty Lithuanians were admitted to study between 1410 and 1430.


Question: Who founded Lithuania?

History of Lithuania

Lithuanian students were also enough to attend other universities such as Paris, Bologna, Padovia, Leipzig and Wittenberg.


Question: Who founded Lithuania?

History of Lithuania

The vast majority of Lithuanians graduating from universities in the 15th century returned to their birthland after graduation to work as diplomats, priests or other actors in state life, now equipped with an aimo dose of pan-European know-how and understanding of the currents of the time.


Question: Who founded Lithuania?

History of Lithuania

[8] Under the influence of this, an active cultural life prevailed in the country.


Question: Who founded Lithuania?

History of Lithuania

At the same time, Italian architecture was introduced in Lithuanian cities and the main language of literature was Latin.


Question: Who founded Lithuania?

History of Lithuania

The Renaissance got under way in Lithuania at the initiative of both native and humanists from elsewhere.


Question: Who founded Lithuania?

History of Lithuania

Latin poetry was quickly making its way.


Question: Who founded Lithuania?

History of Lithuania

Joannes Vissuensis (1485—1520) wrote the poem Bellum Prutenum (“Prussian War”) describing the Battle of Grünwald.


Question: Who founded Lithuania?

History of Lithuania

Johannes Hussovianus (1480—1533) described the hunting of European bison in Kraków in his poem published in 1523, describing the nature and inhabitants of historic Lithuania.


Question: Who founded Lithuania?

History of Lithuania

Enthusiastic about hunting, Pope Leo X expressed his personal appreciation for Hussovianus.


Question: Who founded Lithuania?

History of Lithuania

Wenceslaus Mikolaiewicz (1490—1560), the long-time secretary of the Grand Prince's Office, in turn wrote a tractate De moribus tartarorum, lituanorum et moscorum (“On the customs of the Tatars, Lithuanians and Muscovites”) in which he regrets the weakening of Lithuanian influence and blames it selfish interest of nobles and churchmen.


Question: Who founded Lithuania?

History of Lithuania

Most Lithuanian-born authors seem to admire the time of Vytautas the Great, when the nobility served the country selflessly.


Question: Who founded Lithuania?

History of Lithuania

Several poems and other texts show the wistfulness and longing of the past at a time before personal union.


Question: Who founded Lithuania?

History of Lithuania

Similar to several other states of the Renaissance period, a form of glorification of Romanism and antiquity was also noticeable in Lithuania, as Michalo Litanus, among others, attests in his chronicle: “ruthene is a foreign language to us Lithuanians, i.e.


Question: Who founded Lithuania?

History of Lithuania

to Italians, of Italian blood in origin”.


Question: Who founded Lithuania?

History of Lithuania

[8] Polish-Lithuania (1569—1795) After Lithuania and Poland entered into the Union of Lublin, the Polish-Lithuanian confederation emerged.


Question: Who founded Lithuania?

History of Lithuania

With the advent of confederation, Polish culture began to strongly influence Lithuanian culture and was a major contributor for over 140 years.


Question: Who founded Lithuania?

History of Lithuania

Among other things, the Polish language began to become more common among Lithuanian nobility and clergy.


Question: Who founded Lithuania?

History of Lithuania

In 1696, the Polish language became the only official language, replacing the Lithuanian and Ruthenian languages.


Question: Who founded Lithuania?

History of Lithuania

Although Lithuania and Poland were in confederation, both retained their own armies and financial possessions.


Question: Who founded Lithuania?

History of Lithuania

On May 3, 1791, an attempt was made in the Sejm to draft a new constitution in which Lithuanian-Polish cooperation would have intensified further.


Question: Who founded Lithuania?

History of Lithuania

However, the project and the entire confederation fell in the partitions of Poland, after which Lithuania was annexed as part of the Russian Empire.


Question: Who founded Lithuania?

History of Lithuania

Period of Russian Empire (1795—1914) As part of Russia After Poland-Lithuania broke up, the Russian Empire began to dominate Lithuanian territories.


Question: Who founded Lithuania?

History of Lithuania

Among other things, Vilnius and its surrounding areas were made Vilnius Governorate.


Question: Who founded Lithuania?

History of Lithuania

The majority of the territory of Vilnius Governorate belongs to the territory of present-day Belar


Question: Who founded Lithuania?

History of Lithuania

The northern parts of modern Lithuania were included in Kaunas Governorate.


Question: Who founded Lithuania?

History of Lithuania

The area south of Kaunas formed the northern part of Suwałki Governorate.


Question: Who founded Lithuania?

History of Lithuania

In the early 19th century, there were indications that Lithuanians could have been given autonomy, but that reform never materialized.


Question: Who founded Lithuania?

History of Lithuania

The western coastal region of the country belonged to East Prussia.


Question: Who founded Lithuania?

History of Lithuania

Napoleon's invasion One of the reasons for freezing Russian autonomy reform may be the year 1812, when Lithuanians enthusiastically welcomed the French emperor Napoleon's army as liberators.


Question: Who founded Lithuania?

History of Lithuania

After the French army withdrew, Emperor Nicholas I of Russia began a program of Russification in Lithuanian territory.


Question: Who founded Lithuania?

History of Lithuania

The southwestern part of Lithuania was annexed by Prussia and was part of the short-lived Duchy of Warsaw and later Kingdom of Poland.


Question: Who founded Lithuania?

History of Lithuania

In the same year, other parts of Lithuania were annexed as a single province by the Russian Empire.


Question: Who founded Lithuania?

History of Lithuania

Revolts Lithuanians and Poles rebelled twice, in 1831 and 1863.


Question: Who founded Lithuania?

History of Lithuania

However, both rebellions failed.


Question: Who founded Lithuania?

History of Lithuania

In 1864, the teaching of the Lithuanian language and the Latin alphabet was banned in schools.


Question: Who founded Lithuania?

History of Lithuania

In protest, Lithuanians printed books and writings in their own language secretly and abroad.


Question: Who founded Lithuania?

History of Lithuania

The book smugglers were referred to as knygnešiai.


Question: Who founded Lithuania?

History of Lithuania

With the national awakening of Lithuanians towards the end of Russian rule, the Lithuanian language began to gain strength: language research began and the first Lithuanian encyclopedia was published.


Question: Who founded Lithuania?

History of Lithuania

The Russian government also opened the Academy of Sciences in the country and the Cultural Institute.


Question: Who founded Lithuania?

History of Lithuania

Since Polish was the native language of the Lithuanian nobility, Lithuanian spoken by the peasants was not much appreciated.


Question: Who founded Lithuania?

History of Lithuania

There were even theories that the whole language would die out with the increasing use of the Russian language and Polish language among the people.


Question: Who founded Lithuania?

History of Lithuania

The national awakening of the Lithuanian language began among the poor population, from which later spread even among the wealthy.


Question: Who founded Lithuania?

History of Lithuania

With the national awakening, Lithuanian-language newspapers Aušra and Varpas began to be published, and Lithuanian literature began to become widespread.


Question: Who founded Lithuania?

History of Lithuania

Many literary books of that time praised the time of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, the power of the nation, and made historical Lithuanian figures heroes.


Question: Who founded Lithuania?

History of Lithuania

The national awakening also gave rise to the movement that pushed for Lithuania's independence and numerous other anti-Russian organizations.


Question: Who founded Lithuania?

History of Lithuania

To this, Russia responded with a harsher policy of Russification.


Question: Who founded Lithuania?

History of Lithuania

The nationalist movement continued to grow.


Question: Who founded Lithuania?

History of Lithuania

In connection with the Russian Revolution of 1905, the Lithuanian Congress demanded autonomy from the Russian leadership.


Question: Who founded Lithuania?

History of Lithuania

Influenced by the uprising, Russia made numerous reforms: the Lithuanian language was allowed as the language of instruction and colloquial language.


Question: Who founded Lithuania?

History of Lithuania

In addition, the Latin alphabet was reintroduced.


Question: Who founded Lithuania?

History of Lithuania

However, autonomy was not accepted.


Question: Who founded Lithuania?

History of Lithuania

[9] During World War I in 1915, Germany conquered Lithuania and the Curonia.


Question: Who founded Lithuania?

History of Lithuania

Republic of Lithuania (1918—1940) Declaration of Independence after German occupation of Lithuania and the Curonia in World War I, annexed the territories to the occupation regime of Ober Ost.


Question: Who founded Lithuania?

History of Lithuania

[10] The February Revolution in Russia of 1917 created an opportunity for Lithuanians who wanted independence.


Question: Who founded Lithuania?

History of Lithuania

On 26 March, Lithuanian political parties established the National Council taryba, with the help of which a meeting of delegates seimas was organized.


Question: Who founded Lithuania?

History of Lithuania

On 16 February 1918, Taryba members signed the Declaration of Independence declaring Lithuania independence.


Question: Who founded Lithuania?

History of Lithuania

[11] Originally, the country was supposed to be a Kingdom, whose king would have been the German Count Wilhelm of Württemberg (so-called. Mindaugas II).


Question: Who founded Lithuania?

History of Lithuania

However, he never ascended the throne, and after Germany lost the war, Lithuania became a republic.


Question: Who founded Lithuania?

History of Lithuania

After the declaration of independence and Germany's defeat, Lithuania quickly established the country's first government, led by Augustinas Voldemaras.


Question: Who founded Lithuania?

History of Lithuania

The government adopted a provisional constitution and began construction of the state.


Question: Who founded Lithuania?

History of Lithuania

As Germany retreated, it was followed by the Red Army, thus establishing the puppet state of the Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republic.


Question: Who founded Lithuania?

History of Lithuania

In late December 1918, the Red Army crossed Lithuania's borders, thus breaking out the Lithuanian—Soviet—Russian War.


Question: Who founded Lithuania?

History of Lithuania

The Lithuanian government was evacuated to the temporary capital Kaunas.


Question: Who founded Lithuania?

History of Lithuania

Lithuania was not prepared for invasion, so the Red Army quickly gained control of more than half of the country's surface, including Vilnius on 5 January 1919.


Question: Who founded Lithuania?

History of Lithuania

In April, Poland launched the Polish—Lithuanian War against Lithuania with the intention of capturing the Vilnius region, wherever it succeeded.


Question: Who founded Lithuania?

History of Lithuania

The Vilnius Oblast was officially annexed to Poland in 1922.


Question: Who founded Lithuania?

History of Lithuania

In May 1919, the Lithuanian army under General Silvestras Žukauskas began a counterattack against the Red Army in the north-east of the country.


Question: Who founded Lithuania?

History of Lithuania

By the end of August, Russian troops had been driven out of the country.


Question: Who founded Lithuania?

History of Lithuania

After their victory over Soviet-Russia, the Lithuanians were confronted by the paramilitary West Russian Volunteer Army, which penetrated the northern part of the country.


Question: Who founded Lithuania?

History of Lithuania

The army's objective was to re-annex Lithuania into the German sphere of influence.


Question: Who founded Lithuania?

History of Lithuania

Lithuania was able to drive the army out of the country by the end of 1919.


Question: Who founded Lithuania?

History of Lithuania

Dispute with Poland The first Lithuanian Constituent Assembly was held in May 1920.


Question: Who founded Lithuania?

History of Lithuania

In June, a third provisional constitution was adopted and a Lithuanian—Soviet-Russian peace was concluded in July.


Question: Who founded Lithuania?

History of Lithuania

In the treaty, Soviet-Russia recognised Lithuania's independence and its claims to Vilnius that joined Poland.


Question: Who founded Lithuania?

History of Lithuania

The treaty increased hostilities between Lithuania and Poland.


Question: Who founded Lithuania?

History of Lithuania

In order to avoid more fighting, the Suwałki Agreement was signed in October, deciding, among other things, a ceasefire.


Question: Who founded Lithuania?

History of Lithuania

However, even before the treaty took effect, Polish general Lucjan Żeligowski started a rebellion, invading Lithuania and conquering Vilnius.


Question: Who founded Lithuania?

History of Lithuania

In the territory he conquered, he founded the short-lived Republic of Central Lithuania.


Question: Who founded Lithuania?

History of Lithuania

The League of Nations attempted to convey peace to the parties to the dispute, including by introducing plans for a Polish-Lithuanian union.


Question: Who founded Lithuania?

History of Lithuania

Lithuania, however, severed diplomatic relations with Poland and refused to acknowledge the loss of Vilnius.


Question: Who founded Lithuania?

History of Lithuania

The dispute strongly influenced Lithuanian foreign policy during the interwar period.


Question: Who founded Lithuania?

History of Lithuania

The Constituent Assembly, which ended in October 1920 due to threats from Poland, reconvened and initiated a number of reforms needed by the new state, including: receiving confessions of independence from other countries, membership in the League of Nations, law on land reform, and introduction of its own currency.


Question: Who founded Lithuania?

History of Lithuania

The final constitution was confirmed in August 1922.


Question: Who founded Lithuania?

History of Lithuania

With the constitution, Lithuania became a democratic state, with the parliament, or Seimas, elected every three years by popular vote.


Question: Who founded Lithuania?

History of Lithuania

The president was elected by a vote of Parliament.


Question: Who founded Lithuania?

History of Lithuania

The first Seimas was voted in October 1922.


Question: Who founded Lithuania?

History of Lithuania

However, it fell when the formation of a government failed.


Question: Who founded Lithuania?

History of Lithuania

In 1923, Lithuania conquered Memel, which was part of the Mandate Administrative Region of Memel, namely the present-day Klaipėda region.


Question: Who founded Lithuania?

History of Lithuania

The area was annexed as part of Lithuania in 1924.


Question: Who founded Lithuania?

History of Lithuania

Klaipėda was important to Lithuania in every way: with its help the country got the coast to the Baltic Sea and it was an important industrial centre.


Question: Who founded Lithuania?

History of Lithuania

The takeover of Memel was the last Lithuanian armed conflict before World War II.


Question: Who founded Lithuania?

History of Lithuania

The new Seimas was voted in May 1923.


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History of Lithuania

It became the only interwar parliament to remain standing throughout its legislature.


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History of Lithuania

The new parliament pursued land reform and began, among other things, repayment of foreign debts.


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History of Lithuania

In addition, reforms were made to the school system.


Question: Who founded Lithuania?

History of Lithuania

A census was also conducted in the same year: Lithuania had 2028971 inhabitants.


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History of Lithuania

Political hand-wringing the Third Seimas was voted in May 1926.


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History of Lithuania

For the first time, the Lithuanian Christian Democrats (krikdemai) lost their seat of government and found themselves in opposition.


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History of Lithuania

It had previously strongly criticised the Lithuanian-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact between Lithuania and the Soviet Union and accused Lithuanian policies of being Bolshevist.


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History of Lithuania

As an outcome of the ensuing tensions, the government was overthrown by a coup in December 1926.


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History of Lithuania

Behind the coup, in addition to the military, was the Lithuanian Nationalist Union Party and the Christian Democrats.


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History of Lithuania

President Kazys Grinius was taken out of power and replaced by Antanas Smetona, who had previously been President.


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History of Lithuania

Augustinas Voldemaras became prime minister.


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History of Lithuania

[12] President Smetona prevented opposition activity and served as authoritarian leader until June 1940.


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History of Lithuania

The Seimas view on the coup was that it was only a temporary measure and new elections would be held to restore democracy.


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History of Lithuania

The Seimas was dissolved in May 1927.


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History of Lithuania

Later that year, however, the Social Democrats and other representatives of left-wing parties attempted to organise an uprising against President Smetona in it without success.


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History of Lithuania

Prime Minister Voldemaras began pushing a policy that diverged from the Smetona line, causing him to be dismissed in 1929.


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History of Lithuania

However, he tried four more times to return to power in the early 1930s.


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History of Lithuania

In May 1928, without the opinion of the Seimas, Smetona drafted a new constitution.


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History of Lithuania

In the new constitution, presidential prerogatives were greatly increased.


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History of Lithuania

The party National Alliance, led by Smetona, increased its popularity and influence.


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History of Lithuania

Smetona gave himself the title tautos vadas (Finnish leader of the nation) and began to create a cult of personhood for himself.


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History of Lithuania

Relations between Lithuania and Germany cooled with the rise of the National Socialist Party, led by Adolf Hitler, to power, as the new Nazi Germany did not accept the loss of Memel territory to Lithuania.


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History of Lithuania

The Nazis, among other things, supported anti-Lithuanian organizations in the region.


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History of Lithuania

In 1934, Lithuania prosecuted and sentenced to imprisonment numerous Germans involved in such activities.


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History of Lithuania

In response to this, Germany declared Lithuania under economic blockade.


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History of Lithuania

After the declaration, Lithuania shifted its exports to Great Britain.


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History of Lithuania

However, this did not suit the peasants, who were striking and rebelling.


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History of Lithuania

The revolts were bloody suppressed by the authorities.


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History of Lithuania

Smetona's prestige had experienced a clatter and in September 1936 he agreed to hold parliamentary elections, the first since the 1926 coup d'état.


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History of Lithuania

With the exception of the National Alliance, all other parties were banned from participating in elections.


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History of Lithuania

In February 1938, with the new constitution, Smetona gained even more power.


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History of Lithuania

After Germany carried out the Anschluss in Austria, political tensions in various countries escalated.


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History of Lithuania

In March 1938, Poland issued an ultimatum to Lithuania demanding that diplomatic relations be established under threat of war.


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History of Lithuania

Militarily weak and without international support, Lithuania was forced to accept the demand.


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History of Lithuania

Lithuanian-Polish relations became normal on the face.


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History of Lithuania

Countries entered into agreements such as rail, mail exchange and other agreements.


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History of Lithuania

Following the German occupation of Czechoslovakia, German Foreign Minister Joachim von Ribbentrop issued a verbal ultimatum to Lithuania demanding Lithuania cede the Klaipėda region to Germany.


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History of Lithuania

Like Poland's claim, Lithuania had no choice but to acquiesce to the claim.


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History of Lithuania

Political mayhem ensued in Lithuania, leaving Smetona forced to form a new government.


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History of Lithuania

Members of the opposition party were accepted into the cabinet since 1926.


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History of Lithuania

The loss of Klaipėda was an economic setback for Lithuania and it fell into the German sphere of influence.


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History of Lithuania

World War II (1939—1945) First Soviet occupation In August 1939, in the secret division of the Molotov—Ribbentrop Pact drafted by Germany and the Soviet Union, Lithuania was initially part of the German interest, but in the supplementary treaty of 28 September 1939 it was exchanged The Soviet sphere of interest.


Question: Who founded Lithuania?

History of Lithuania

Like the other Baltic states and Finland, the Soviet Union began demanding permission from Lithuania to build military bases on the territory of the country.


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History of Lithuania

After the Polish Offensive partition of Poland, the Soviet Union ceded to Lithuania the Vilnius region on condition that the country accepted the entry of 20,000 Red Army soldiers into the country.


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History of Lithuania

With the end of the Winter War in Finland and Germany's wars with Denmark, Norway and France, the Soviet Union increased diplomatic pressure against Lithuania.


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History of Lithuania

In June 1940, it issued an ultimatum to Lithuania demanding the formation of a government sympathetic to the Soviet Union and authorising the Red Army to bring unlimited troops into the country.


Question: Who founded Lithuania?

History of Lithuania

Vyacheslav Molotov, the Soviet foreign minister, hardened his ultimatum by saying to the Lithuanian foreign minister who arrived in Moscow: “You must be such a realist to understand that the era of small states is over.” [13] Lithuania, whose territory was already rich Soviet soldiers, had to bend to the demand.


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History of Lithuania

President Antanas Smetona fled the country after 15 Soviet divisions (150,000 soldiers) crossed the country's border on 15 June 1940.


Question: Who founded Lithuania?

History of Lithuania

On that date, Lithuania is considered to have lost its independence.


Question: Who founded Lithuania?

History of Lithuania

Augustinas Voldemaras attempted a return to power, but was captured and transported to the Soviet Union, where his fate was long shrouded in obscurity.


Question: Who founded Lithuania?

History of Lithuania

It was not until decades later that it was discovered that he perished in captivity in 1942.


Question: Who founded Lithuania?

History of Lithuania

[14] Lithuania's annexation to the Soviet Union came to be led by Deputy Foreign Minister Vladimir Dekanosov, who also held an official position in Moscow as head of the foreign department of the Security Service NKGB.


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History of Lithuania

[15] Dekanosov formed a puppet government called the so-called People's Government, which acted entirely in accordance with the will of the Soviet leadership.


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History of Lithuania

Justas Paleckis became the new president of Lithuania after Smetona fled the country.


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History of Lithuania

The Parliament of the Seimas was dissolved and replaced by the People's Seimas.


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History of Lithuania

The first election for the new Parliament was held in July 1940.


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History of Lithuania

Candidates included only communists.


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History of Lithuania

Official results put the turnout at more than 90.


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History of Lithuania

On July 21, Parliament unanimously approved the transformation of the country into a Soviet Socialist Republic and the decision to apply for membership as part of the Soviet Union.


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History of Lithuania

On August 3, the Soviet Union approved the application, thus becoming Lithuania the Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republic.


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History of Lithuania

Immediately after the accession to the Soviet Union, reforms began in Lithuania: lands, companies and banks were nationalized, large farms were distributed to small farmers.


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History of Lithuania

The size of the large estate was set at 30 hectares and even smaller holdings received penal taxes.


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History of Lithuania

Properties were nationalised and “burghers” forced to move out of their homes.


Question: Who founded Lithuania?

History of Lithuania

This made room for Soviet officers who arrived from other parts of the Soviet Union.


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History of Lithuania

Small business owners were also subject to a tax, which was impossible to cope with.


Question: Who founded Lithuania?

History of Lithuania

[16] The use of Lit was abolished.


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History of Lithuania

The exchange rate for the Soviet ruble was unfavorable for Lithuanians.


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History of Lithuania

On one liit received 0.90 rubles, while with the correct exchange ratio it would have been 5 rubles.


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History of Lithuania

Banks were nationalised and bank accounts were frozen.


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History of Lithuania

No one was allowed to remain in possession of more than a savings of 1,000 rubles.


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History of Lithuania

[16] The reforms brought many problems: with collectivization, agricultural taxes rose, leaving numerous farmers bankrupt, the nationalization of companies and banks caused a shortage of goods and, as a result, a collapse in living standards ensued.


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History of Lithuania

All religious, cultural and political organizations were banned.


Question: Who founded Lithuania?

History of Lithuania

The only organizations accepted were the Communist Party of Lithuania and the Pioneer Movement.


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History of Lithuania

12000 “people's enemies” were arrested.


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History of Lithuania

In the June deportations, authorities deported 17,000 people, many of whom died in inhumane conditions.


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History of Lithuania

Alexandras Guzevičius, the Lithuanian SNT's Commissioner for Internal Affairs, signed a document listing 14 groups of people who came to be deported.


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History of Lithuania

The group included members of anti-Soviet (both left and right) parties, anti-state officials, churchmen, Red Cross officers, and anyone with personal connections abroad, such as philatelists.


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History of Lithuania

The first expulsions were enforced from 14—18.


Question: Who founded Lithuania?

History of Lithuania

on June 1941.


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History of Lithuania

Men were taken to forced labour camps, women and children were taken to places of deportation.


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History of Lithuania

Later, Antanas Sniečkus, secretary-general of the Communist Party of Lithuania, regretted that the German invasion in the summer of 1941 prevented sufficiently effective deportations.


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History of Lithuania

[17] The Nazi occupation of 22 June 1941 Germany invaded the Soviet Union.


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History of Lithuania

The Germans experienced little resistance in Lithuanian territory and quickly occupied it completely.


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History of Lithuania

In their retreat, Soviet troops massacred Lithuanian political prisoners.


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History of Lithuania

The bloodiest of these is considered to be the Rainiai massacre.


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History of Lithuania

The majority of Lithuanians viewed the Germans as liberators and believed these would restore autonomy or independence to the country.


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History of Lithuania

The Lithuanian National Front organized an uprising in June 1941, when the country also declared independence and the prime minister of the established provisional government became Juozas Ambrazevičius.


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History of Lithuania

The provisional government was dissolved on 7 August, when Germany established the Reich Commissariat of Ostland to govern the Baltic region.


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History of Lithuania

Hinrich Lohse served as the Privy Commissioner.


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History of Lithuania

The “Lithuanian Activist Front” (LAF), founded in 1940, sent a memorandum to Adolf Hitler in which they appealed to the Germans for recognition of Lithuania's national aspirations and restore state life.


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History of Lithuania

The answer was surly: the movement was banned and the leaders were taken to concentration camps in Germany.


Question: Who founded Lithuania?

History of Lithuania

A party of Lithuanian Fascists, the Nationalist Party (LNP), was also banned, and that leadership was imprisoned.


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History of Lithuania

[18] Numerous Lithuanians cooperated remarkably with German forces.


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History of Lithuania

The Lithuanian National Front formed the Volunteer Police Officer Tautinio Darbo Apsaugos Batalionas (TDA), who participated in numerous Holocaust-related Holocaust-related Holocaust-related Holocaust-related killings.


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History of Lithuania

Another participant in Nazi-led blood acts was the Lithuanian Protection Police (Saugumo policija) in Vilnius.


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History of Lithuania

In addition to the Holocaust, the Germans rounded up Lithuanians for forced labor and forced young men to become soldiers.


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History of Lithuania

What followed was a resistance movement known as the Lithuanian Liberation Committee, founded in 1943.


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History of Lithuania

Towards the end of the war, the Lithuanian Territorial Defence Force (LTDF), under German military command, was established to defend Lithuania from approaching Soviet forces.


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History of Lithuania

However, the organisation was disbanded in May 1944 as the Germans attempted to take it under tighter command.


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History of Lithuania

At no point did the Lithuanians make armed resistance against the Germans.


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History of Lithuania

It was done by Soviet partisans consisting of Russians, Belarusians and Jews.


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History of Lithuania

Partisans committed numerous atrocities (among them the Kaniūkai massacre) and the destruction of entire villages and towns.


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History of Lithuania

The Polish Resistance Armia Krajowa (AK) was also active in eastern Lithuania, with the aim of re-annexing Vilnius to Poland.


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History of Lithuania

In addition to German forces, the movement fought against Lithuanian police forces, regional defense forces and Soviet partisans.


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History of Lithuania

Holocaust in Lithuania Before the Holocaust, an estimated 210,000 or 250,000 Jews lived in Lithuania.


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History of Lithuania

[19] [20] The Holocaust in Lithuania can be divided into three distinct phases: mass executions (June — December 1941), ghetto period (1942 — March 1943), and final “purification” (April 1943 — July 1944).


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History of Lithuania

Unlike other German-occupied territories, where executions were gradually started, the Einsatzgruppen began the executions of Jews in Lithuania right in the first days of the war.


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History of Lithuania

The Ponary massacre was one of the bloodiest cases of Jewish persecution carried out in Lithuanian territory.


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History of Lithuania

An estimated 80% of Lithuanian Jews had been killed before 1942.


Question: Who founded Lithuania?

History of Lithuania

[21] The surviving 43,000 Jews were concentrated in ghettos and forced into forced labor.


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History of Lithuania

On June 21, 1943, Heinrich Himmler ordered Lithuanian Jews to be transferred to concentration camps.


Question: Who founded Lithuania?

History of Lithuania

[22] The genocide of Jews in Lithuania was definitively 95% to 97%, which was one of the highest in Europe.


Question: Who founded Lithuania?

History of Lithuania

This was due, with few exceptions, to the close cooperation of the Lithuanians with the Germans.


Question: Who founded Lithuania?

History of Lithuania

Among Lithuanians, Jews were generally regarded as culpable for the suffering of the Soviet-era, as numerous Jews had served as communists.


Question: Who founded Lithuania?

History of Lithuania

However, some Lithuanians also saved their own lives at the risk of Jews from concentration camps.


Question: Who founded Lithuania?

History of Lithuania

The best known of them are the former President Kazys Grinius, who along with some other politicians protested against the killing of Jews, and the Vilniese priest Alfonsas Lipniûnas, who was imprisoned and killed in the Stutthof concentration camp after defending Jews in both words and by deed.


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History of Lithuania

[23] [24] Return of Soviet forces: Second Soviet occupation In the summer of 1944, the Red Army crossed the borders of eastern Lithuania at the same time as the Polish resistance had captured Vilnius in Operation Ostra Brama.


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History of Lithuania

In January 1945, the Soviet Union conquered Klaipėda.


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History of Lithuania

Lithuania was re-occupied by the Soviets with the tacit consent of the United States and Great Britain (Yalta Conference and Potsdam Treaty).


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History of Lithuania

Lithuania re-became a Soviet Socialist Republic.


Question: Who founded Lithuania?

History of Lithuania

Time of the Soviet Republic (1944—1990) Stalin's persecutions and resistance against the Soviet Union, to the disappointment of several Lithuanians, Soviet power returned to the country in August—September 1944.


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History of Lithuania

Lithuania had been entrusted with American and British reassurances and declarations on the rights of small peoples to freedom.


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History of Lithuania

In an effort to restore the freedom of their country, Lithuanians founded a resistance movement (the so-called Forest Brethren) that fought against the Soviet system.


Question: Who founded Lithuania?

History of Lithuania

In 1944, 30,000 partisans fought in the forests of Lithuania against Soviet forces.


Question: Who founded Lithuania?

History of Lithuania

What remains in popular memory is the Battle of the Kalniškés Forest from May 1945, when 400 NKVD men were massacred by Lithuanian partisans.


Question: Who founded Lithuania?

History of Lithuania

Particular gallantry in combat was shown by two female partisans.


Question: Who founded Lithuania?

History of Lithuania

The partisans were declared “people's enemies” and the NKVD massacred unexpectedly suspects and burned houses and villages to the ground.


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History of Lithuania

Lithuanian communists established “extermination battalions” to aid the NKVD in 1944.


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History of Lithuania

The following year, the name was changed to “People's Protectors”, but the former name remained in the minds of citizens.


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History of Lithuania

[25] One of the most famous of those involved in the action was Nachmanas Dušanskis, a Jewish major of the Soviet security police, who tortured partisans.


Question: Who founded Lithuania?

History of Lithuania

[26] Reportedly, the last Lithuanian partisan to fight against the Soviet Union was killed in a firefight in 1965.


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History of Lithuania

The NKVD settled in the old district court house in Vilnius and began the persecution of anti-Soviet individuals.


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History of Lithuania

From September 1944 to April 1947, a total of 767 persons were executed in the building.


Question: Who founded Lithuania?

History of Lithuania

Between 1944 and 1953, a total of 186,000 persons were imprisoned in Lithuania, 80000 of whom were taken to prison camps.


Question: Who founded Lithuania?

History of Lithuania

In addition, 8000 who were in conjunction with the National Socialists during the occupation period were imprisoned.


Question: Who founded Lithuania?

History of Lithuania

[27] Civil administration was also started to be built.


Question: Who founded Lithuania?

History of Lithuania

The Lithuanian Special Office was established in the Russian Communist Party, with Mikhail Suslov appointed as its head.


Question: Who founded Lithuania?

History of Lithuania

Suslov was the true leader of Lithuania until 1946 and was tasked with overseeing the Supreme Council of the Lithuanian SNT led by Mečislovas Gedvilas.


Question: Who founded Lithuania?

History of Lithuania

The administration and civil service were largely in the hands of the Russians.


Question: Who founded Lithuania?

History of Lithuania

In 1947 alone, 12,300 officers arrived in the country from other parts of the Soviet Union.


Question: Who founded Lithuania?

History of Lithuania

[28] It was decided to start the forced collectivation of agriculture in Lithuania in 1948.


Question: Who founded Lithuania?

History of Lithuania

The decision had been taken at the NKP Central Committee a year earlier and approved by the Lithuanian SNT Council of Ministers.


Question: Who founded Lithuania?

History of Lithuania

The goal was to be achieved through financial extortion and mass deportations, among other things.


Question: Who founded Lithuania?

History of Lithuania

Farmers' taxes were raised and in 1948 they took 75% of the income.


Question: Who founded Lithuania?

History of Lithuania

In addition, the proportion of the crop sold at dumped prices to the state was increased.


Question: Who founded Lithuania?

History of Lithuania

[29] By 1954, 94% of peasants had been able to join the collectives.


Question: Who founded Lithuania?

History of Lithuania

The goal had been achieved by defeating partisans, expulsions, terror and economic blackmail.


Question: Who founded Lithuania?

History of Lithuania

In its propaganda, the Soviet power presented the collectivation of agriculture as a great victory and achievement.


Question: Who founded Lithuania?

History of Lithuania

Agricultural output, however, was down.


Question: Who founded Lithuania?

History of Lithuania

When the 1939 census of milk cattle numbered 848000 animals, the result of the 1951 census was 504000 animals and in 1957 a total of 531000 animals.


Question: Who founded Lithuania?

History of Lithuania

[29] In difficult times, Lithuanians turned to the church.


Question: Who founded Lithuania?

History of Lithuania

The administration attacked the church by closing priestly seminaries, denying priests religious instruction and hospital soup care, and imposing taxes so palpable on parishes that no funds remained for priests' remuneration.


Question: Who founded Lithuania?

History of Lithuania

No Catholic literature was allowed to be published until 1956.


Question: Who founded Lithuania?

History of Lithuania

Churchmen were instructed in their sermons to denounce the partisans.


Question: Who founded Lithuania?

History of Lithuania

[30] The Church was also instructed to break its relationship with the Vatican and act as a government agency.


Question: Who founded Lithuania?

History of Lithuania

Bishop Kazimieris Paltarokis was pressured to reject the pope and to introduce Marxism-Leninism into the curriculum of priestly seminaries, to which he did not agree.


Question: Who founded Lithuania?

History of Lithuania

Many other representatives of the clergy also felt tough.


Question: Who founded Lithuania?

History of Lithuania

Vincentas Borisevičius, Bishop of Telšiai, was slain in Vilnius's MKGB prison and Archbishop Mečislovas Reinys was imprisoned in the summer of 1947.


Question: Who founded Lithuania?

History of Lithuania

After six months of interrogations, he received an eight-year sentence and died in Vladimir Prison [30] Protective Weather Josif Stalin died in March 1953.


Question: Who founded Lithuania?

History of Lithuania

Gradually, a period called “protective weather” began.


Question: Who founded Lithuania?

History of Lithuania

It was visible, among other things, as the return of the deportees.


Question: Who founded Lithuania?

History of Lithuania

During 1955—1956, 17000 deportees returned to Lithuania.


Question: Who founded Lithuania?

History of Lithuania

The Lithuanian SNT administration enacted laws restricting their right to choose their place of residence.


Question: Who founded Lithuania?

History of Lithuania

In the Kremlin's internal power struggle, Lavrenti Berija sought support for himself from the Soviet republics by presenting the strengthening of the status of the indigenous population at the expense of the Russians.


Question: Who founded Lithuania?

History of Lithuania

The resolution was passed in May 1953.


Question: Who founded Lithuania?

History of Lithuania

Although Berija lost the struggle, a resolution remained.


Question: Who founded Lithuania?

History of Lithuania

In Lithuania, this was reflected in the fact that 3,000 of the officers from elsewhere in the Soviet Union were recalled.


Question: Who founded Lithuania?

History of Lithuania

The Communist Party also began to Lithuanize itself through the 1950s.


Question: Who founded Lithuania?

History of Lithuania

Sixty percent of LKP members were Lithuanians in 1964.


Question: Who founded Lithuania?

History of Lithuania

The party's new Lithuanian membership took a more pragmatic view of communism than its old, experienced membership of the party's underground period, whose attitude towards Lithuanian society had been hostile.


Question: Who founded Lithuania?

History of Lithuania

[31] In 1956, Nikita Khrushchev condemned the crimes of the Stalin period and put forward the implementation of “socialist legality”.


Question: Who founded Lithuania?

History of Lithuania

The status of national republics was strengthened when the Ministry of Justice of the Soviet Union was abolished and each Soviet republic established its own.


Question: Who founded Lithuania?

History of Lithuania

Own legislation became possible, albeit within strict limits.


Question: Who founded Lithuania?

History of Lithuania

[31] In economic policy, decision-making powers were transferred to the regional level.


Question: Who founded Lithuania?

History of Lithuania

Lithuania was a member of the Western Economic Council, with its centre in Riga.


Question: Who founded Lithuania?

History of Lithuania

Republics also gained decision-making power of their own.


Question: Who founded Lithuania?

History of Lithuania

Lithuania had to meet production targets set by Moscow, but it was allowed to decide for itself how to achieve them.


Question: Who founded Lithuania?

History of Lithuania

The country's old food, furniture and textile industries were expanded.


Question: Who founded Lithuania?

History of Lithuania

Wholly new was the chemical industry.


Question: Who founded Lithuania?

History of Lithuania

Environmental problems originated in the 1950s.


Question: Who founded Lithuania?

History of Lithuania

In agriculture, a preference was taken to favour more sophisticated sovhoos over collective farms.


Question: Who founded Lithuania?

History of Lithuania

The Sovhooses paid better wages than the Kolkhooses.


Question: Who founded Lithuania?

History of Lithuania

Producer prices were increased and taxes on private farms were relaxed.


Question: Who founded Lithuania?

History of Lithuania

In 1959, private columns comprised 5.8% of Lithuania's agriculture, but they produced 80% of the country's fruit and 72.4% of the potato.


Question: Who founded Lithuania?

History of Lithuania

By the mid-1960s, production rates for the pre-war period had been reached.


Question: Who founded Lithuania?

History of Lithuania

[32] Shelter weather also extended to cultural life.


Question: Who founded Lithuania?

History of Lithuania

The peculiarities of the national culture received a certain recognition.


Question: Who founded Lithuania?

History of Lithuania

In Lithuania, national level science and art awards were created.


Question: Who founded Lithuania?

History of Lithuania

Some writers who remained silent after the war regrouped to publish their texts and put the proclaimed National Artist M.


Question: Who founded Lithuania?

History of Lithuania

The works taken to the warehouse of K. Čiurlionis went back on display again in museums.


Question: Who founded Lithuania?

History of Lithuania

The Hungarian uprising in 1956 raised hopes in Lithuania as well.


Question: Who founded Lithuania?

History of Lithuania

Students held a candlelight demonstration in Vilnius and Kaunas by gathering at the graves of national markers.


Question: Who founded Lithuania?

History of Lithuania

Lithuania's communist leadership undertook its own purges and in 1957—1958 several cultural figures were dismissed from their posts “for lack of ideological vigilance”.


Question: Who founded Lithuania?

History of Lithuania

[33] A new generation emerged in literature, breaking the canon of socialist realism.


Question: Who founded Lithuania?

History of Lithuania

Mykolas Slukis dared to portray the partisans who fought against the Soviet regime in his novel Stairs to Heaven as human beings.


Question: Who founded Lithuania?

History of Lithuania

Fine art, too, broke boundaries by abandoning socialist realism and experimenting again with stained glass windows, which had been banned because of their ecclesiastical resemblances.


Question: Who founded Lithuania?

History of Lithuania

However, the atmosphere began to intensify again in the 1960s.


Question: Who founded Lithuania?

History of Lithuania

[34] A period of stagnation The first signs of a tightening atmosphere were received as early as the early 1960s, when a new campaign was launched which emphasised the commonality of Soviet peoples against national peculiarities.


Question: Who founded Lithuania?

History of Lithuania

Leonid Brežnev rose to become Secretary-General in 1964.


Question: Who founded Lithuania?

History of Lithuania

He initiated in the Soviet Union a return to economic centralization.


Question: Who founded Lithuania?

History of Lithuania

At the same time, the policy of Russification of the Baltic States began.


Question: Who founded Lithuania?

History of Lithuania

Moscow decreed in the 1970s that doctoral dissertations must be written exclusively in Russian.


Question: Who founded Lithuania?

History of Lithuania

In addition, a bilingualism program was started, by which, already in elementary schools, instruction was given in both Lithuanian and Russian.


Question: Who founded Lithuania?

History of Lithuania

In addition, television reduced the number of Lithuanian-language programs.


Question: Who founded Lithuania?

History of Lithuania

[35] The educated population began to adapt to the system and the proportion of Lithuanians in the party membership began to rise.


Question: Who founded Lithuania?

History of Lithuania

Approximately 20% of the members held any higher degree in 1975.


Question: Who founded Lithuania?

History of Lithuania

The reason for joining the party was that membership could further one's career in the power structure or create professional careers.


Question: Who founded Lithuania?

History of Lithuania

This led to a situation where Soviet communism was publicly praised and privately, among the trusted, there was a hard-handed criticism of the system.


Question: Who founded Lithuania?

History of Lithuania

There were also idealists who believed that the position of the workers needed further improvement and that the party can be reformed from the inside out while promoting the Lithuanian cause.


Question: Who founded Lithuania?

History of Lithuania

No policy was made in Lithuania, but followed the instructions given by Moscow.


Question: Who founded Lithuania?

History of Lithuania

[36] The longtime local leader Antanas Sniečku was succeeded in 1974 by Petras Griškevičius.


Question: Who founded Lithuania?

History of Lithuania

Griškevičius was a long-line communist and had in his youth served in the Lithuanian 16th Division of the Soviet Army.


Question: Who founded Lithuania?

History of Lithuania

He implemented a policy of Russification and until the end was loyal to Brezhnev.


Question: Who founded Lithuania?

History of Lithuania

During his time, the Russians had a clear overrepresentation in the Lithuanian administration and it is remarkable that it was only in 1988 that Lithuanian was spoken at the meetings of the party's Central Committee.


Question: Who founded Lithuania?

History of Lithuania

In the 1970s, an average of 7,000 persons migrated annually from the rest of the Soviet Union to Lithuania, compared with an average of 4,300 in the 1960s.


Question: Who founded Lithuania?

History of Lithuania

[37] Although an apolitical consumerist society began to emerge in Lithuania in the 1970s, there was also resistance to the system beneath the surface.


Question: Who founded Lithuania?

History of Lithuania

The growing economic difficulties of the Soviet Union from the 1970s onward slowed the emergence of a consumer society.


Question: Who founded Lithuania?

History of Lithuania

At the centre of civil rights activities were persecuted Catholic priests who were supported by colossal houseboys and laborers.


Question: Who founded Lithuania?

History of Lithuania

In 1968, a law was declared in the Soviet Union stating that citizens have the right to submit petitions to the authorities.


Question: Who founded Lithuania?

History of Lithuania

Lithuanian Catholics launched a petition to open priestly seminaries.


Question: Who founded Lithuania?

History of Lithuania

In 1979, a petition was made to restore the new church in Klaipėda to believers.


Question: Who founded Lithuania?

History of Lithuania

The petition was signed by a total of 148,149 citizens.


Question: Who founded Lithuania?

History of Lithuania

In 1972, an underground, chronicle of the Lithuanian Catholic Church began to appear, spread to readers with copies made on a typewriter.


Question: Who founded Lithuania?

History of Lithuania

It dealt with religious freedom and civil rights issues.


Question: Who founded Lithuania?

History of Lithuania

Its makers kept in touch with Moscow dissidents such as Andrei Sakharov.


Question: Who founded Lithuania?

History of Lithuania

[38] There was a movement in Lithuanian youth at the turn of the 1960s and 1970s.


Question: Who founded Lithuania?

History of Lithuania

To protest against the occupation, 19-year-old Romas Kalanta committed an incineration murder in Kaunas.


Question: Who founded Lithuania?

History of Lithuania

Kalanta's funeral became a protest of youth against the system.


Question: Who founded Lithuania?

History of Lithuania

3,000 young people sang the banned national anthem, carried the banned flag and knocked over miile cars.


Question: Who founded Lithuania?

History of Lithuania

The protests lasted several days and only ceased when 7,000 militiamen quelled the riot.


Question: Who founded Lithuania?

History of Lithuania

Only 500 young people were arrested and most were released as soon as their hair was cut neater.


Question: Who founded Lithuania?

History of Lithuania

[39] In the struggle for the minds of Lithuanians, the Soviet power took a variety of actions.


Question: Who founded Lithuania?

History of Lithuania

Secular replacements were developed for ecclesiastical festivities in the 1960s and 1970s.


Question: Who founded Lithuania?

History of Lithuania

In place of Easter, the feast of spring was taken and the marriage was initiated in the glorious marriage palaces.


Question: Who founded Lithuania?

History of Lithuania

The pilgrimage to the place of appearance of the Virgin Mary in Šiluva was hampered year after year by roadblocks, among other things, and in 1979 the locality was quarantined there due to an alleged “rampaging pestilence”.


Question: Who founded Lithuania?

History of Lithuania

The country's traditional woodcarving art was taken to serve the dominant ideology.


Question: Who founded Lithuania?

History of Lithuania

Memorials to the Great Patriotic War of 1941—1945 were commissioned from the People's Artists.


Question: Who founded Lithuania?

History of Lithuania

Folk dance groups with state support were also established and Lithuanian communist veteran V. Kapsuskas-Mickevičius was elevated to hero status.


Question: Who founded Lithuania?

History of Lithuania

The priestly poet Kristijonas Donelaitis, who lived in the 18th century, was praised and regarded as an early pre-fighter of quasi-socialist realism.


Question: Who founded Lithuania?

History of Lithuania

[40] On a per-capita basis, Lithuania appeared with the highest number of dissident samizdat publications and the largest number of demonstrations and mass events occurred throughout the Soviet Union.


Question: Who founded Lithuania?

History of Lithuania

Between 1965 and 1978, 10.3% of demonstrations took place in Lithuania, although only 1.3% of the Soviet population Lithuanians comprised Lithuanians.


Question: Who founded Lithuania?

History of Lithuania

Of the prisoners of conscience in the 1970s—1980s, 150 were Lithuanians.


Question: Who founded Lithuania?

History of Lithuania

Between 1968 and 1970, 103 lives were sentenced in court for anti-Soviet sentiment and the KGB handled the cases of 375 people under its administration.


Question: Who founded Lithuania?

History of Lithuania

[41] Perestroika and the Rebirth of the Republic In 1988, all political, economic and cultural activities were under the control of the Communist Party of Lithuania.


Question: Who founded Lithuania?

History of Lithuania

Lithuanians, Latvians and Estonians were more opposed to the Soviet system than other Soviet peoples and supported Mikhail Gorbachev's reform policies (glasnost and perestroika).


Question: Who founded Lithuania?

History of Lithuania

Ronald Reagan visited the Soviet Union in May in 1988.


Question: Who founded Lithuania?

History of Lithuania

He also got to meet dissidents, and among those met were also Lithuanians Nijole Sadunaitè and Antanas Terleckas.


Question: Who founded Lithuania?

History of Lithuania

The Lithuanian party newspaper strongly condemned the meeting, but the verdict of the party newspaper brought the issue to the attention of the general public.


Question: Who founded Lithuania?

History of Lithuania

It also raised the esteem of dissidents among the people.


Question: Who founded Lithuania?

History of Lithuania

[42] Shortly after the meeting, the public activities of the Lithuanian Freedom Union began.


Question: Who founded Lithuania?

History of Lithuania

In July of the same year, the union submitted that its leadership included Sadunaitè and Terlecas.


Question: Who founded Lithuania?

History of Lithuania

The Federation set its goal of raising the national consciousness of Lithuanians and the goal of restoring Lithuanian independence.


Question: Who founded Lithuania?

History of Lithuania

The union did not exist as a mass movement, but in the years to come it played an important part in organizing the protests.


Question: Who founded Lithuania?

History of Lithuania

As early as 1988, it introduced into public debate the crimes of the Stalinism period, such as expulsions from the country.


Question: Who founded Lithuania?

History of Lithuania

[42] Under the leadership of Lithuanian intellectuals, the reform movement Sąjūdis.Two important issues preceded the emergence of the New People's Movement.


Question: Who founded Lithuania?

History of Lithuania

A Popular Front (Eesti Rahvarinne) had already been established in Estonia, but Lithuanian media reported nothing on the matter.


Question: Who founded Lithuania?

History of Lithuania

In May 1988, two Estonian researchers visited the Lithuanian Academy of Sciences and reported what happened, which inspired the Lithuanian intellectuals by their example to do the same.


Question: Who founded Lithuania?

History of Lithuania

Another factor was the secretive proceedings of Lithuanian communists under the 19th Conference of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union.


Question: Who founded Lithuania?

History of Lithuania

Moscow had called for transparent action in selecting party conference delegates for each republic.


Question: Who founded Lithuania?

History of Lithuania

The party announced its representatives on 28 May 1988, who had been elected at a secret meeting of the party while the candidate layout was officially in progress.


Question: Who founded Lithuania?

History of Lithuania

The Lithuanian Representative Council had a clear overrepresentation of the old people.


Question: Who founded Lithuania?

History of Lithuania

[43] The incident caused a surge of protest at the Academy of Sciences and a large colloquium was held in early June, with 500 delegates arriving.


Question: Who founded Lithuania?

History of Lithuania

At the event, the Lithuanian perestroika initiative group, "Sajūdžio iniciatyvinè grupė” [44], or “Sąjūdis” for short, was founded.


Question: Who founded Lithuania?

History of Lithuania

The People's Movement began to shape its agenda by installing a social commission.


Question: Who founded Lithuania?

History of Lithuania

There was a desire to abolish the privileges of the Soviet elite, more social assistance and an improvement in the standard of living of the working people, and the authorities wanted to be held accountable for the decisions they had taken.


Question: Who founded Lithuania?

History of Lithuania

Sąjūdis also installed a cultural commission, which in its program called for the preservation of cultural heritage, the preservation of cultural monuments and the establishment of contacts with foreign Lithuanians.


Question: Who founded Lithuania?

History of Lithuania

The Committee on Nationality Relations argued for the elevation of Lithuanian to an official language and the restoration of history to the people by making significant documents public.


Question: Who founded Lithuania?

History of Lithuania

Price reform, reduction of migration, trade development and ecologically sustainable use of natural resources were also proposed.


Question: Who founded Lithuania?

History of Lithuania

Nothing was said about independence at this stage yet.


Question: Who founded Lithuania?

History of Lithuania

[45] On September 28, 1988, the Lithuanian Alliance for Freedom held a demonstration on the anniversary of the Second Soviet-German Pact.


Question: Who founded Lithuania?

History of Lithuania

In that treaty, Lithuania had been ceded to the Soviet sphere of interest.


Question: Who founded Lithuania?

History of Lithuania

The union was looking for a confrontation with the authorities and got what it wanted.


Question: Who founded Lithuania?

History of Lithuania

The Supreme Party leadership had called the demonstration to suppress 800 men, which also included Soviet Interior Ministry special forces from Minsk.


Question: Who founded Lithuania?

History of Lithuania

Clashes broke out between militiamen and protesters that lasted into the following night.


Question: Who founded Lithuania?

History of Lithuania

[46] The next day, Sąjūdis also awoke to the situation.


Question: Who founded Lithuania?

History of Lithuania

Together with the Freedom League, it organised a demonstration condemning the violence used by security officials.


Question: Who founded Lithuania?

History of Lithuania

On the fourth of October, the Central Committee of the Communist Party invited Sąjūdis for talks.


Question: Who founded Lithuania?

History of Lithuania

To stoke the tension, the Communist Party made concessions: it introduced tricolor during the republic, set Lithuanian as the official language, and met with Cardinal Sladkevičius to discuss the problems of the Catholic Church.The authorities and the Sąjūdis together commissioned a study of the violence in connection with the demonstration.


Question: Who founded Lithuania?

History of Lithuania

Party leader Songaila was found guilty and he resigned, as Moscow withdrew its support from him.


Question: Who founded Lithuania?

History of Lithuania

He was replaced by Algirdas Brazauskas [47] Sąjūdis also organized.


Question: Who founded Lithuania?

History of Lithuania

It held an assembly of deputies, which was referred to as the “Second Great Seimas of Vilnius”.


Question: Who founded Lithuania?

History of Lithuania

At the meeting, Vytautas Landsbergis was elected chairman.


Question: Who founded Lithuania?

History of Lithuania

[48] In response to the Lithuanian nationalist movement, a group of Russians founded the Unity Movement (Jedinstvo) in 1988.


Question: Who founded Lithuania?

History of Lithuania

It opposed the formalization of the Lithuanian language.


Question: Who founded Lithuania?

History of Lithuania

The organisation prompted some protests, but was not supported by the country's Polish minority and the Russian cultural association.


Question: Who founded Lithuania?

History of Lithuania

The movement withered the following year.


Question: Who founded Lithuania?

History of Lithuania

[49] In 1989, events progressed rapidly.


Question: Who founded Lithuania?

History of Lithuania

In January, Sąjūdis crushingly won a by-election for the Supreme Soviet of Lithuania.


Question: Who founded Lithuania?

History of Lithuania

The Republic's Independence Day was spectacularly celebrated on 16 February.


Question: Who founded Lithuania?

History of Lithuania

Elections for the Assembly of the General Ally were held at Easter and Sąjūdis, in his programme, fully openly, argued for the restoration of full independence.


Question: Who founded Lithuania?

History of Lithuania

Algirdas Brazauskas became nervous and posed to limit Sąjūdis's activities.


Question: Who founded Lithuania?

History of Lithuania

Electoral tactically, Sąjūdis fielded a counter-candidate for the Communists in every other district except Brazauskas and Second Secretary Beriozov's constituencies.


Question: Who founded Lithuania?

History of Lithuania

Barazauskas and Beriosov were the only Communist candidates to go through in the first round.


Question: Who founded Lithuania?

History of Lithuania

After the election defeat, the Communists agreed to negotiations with Sąjūdis.


Question: Who founded Lithuania?

History of Lithuania

[50] On 23 August 1989, after 50 years of the Molotov—Ribbentrop Pact, Lithuanians, Latvians and Estonians formed a 600 km long human chain in protest.


Question: Who founded Lithuania?

History of Lithuania

Influenced by the Sąjūdis, the Supreme Soviet of the Lithuanian Soviet Republic reversed the 1940 decision to be part of the Soviet Union, adopted a multi-party system on 7 December and the national anthem.


Question: Who founded Lithuania?

History of Lithuania

A significant portion of the Lithuanian Communist Party membership supported Sąjūd.


Question: Who founded Lithuania?

History of Lithuania

From 19 to 20 1989, the Communist Party of Lithuania decided in its 20th Assembly of Deputies under Brazauskas to declare independence from the Soviet Union.


Question: Who founded Lithuania?

History of Lithuania

The party later became the Lithuanian Democratic Workers' Party.


Question: Who founded Lithuania?

History of Lithuania

[51] Republic of Lithuania (1990—) Struggle for independence (1990—1991) In 1990, Sąjūdis won the elections to the Supreme Council of Lithuania.


Question: Who founded Lithuania?

History of Lithuania

[52] On March 11, 1990, the Supreme Soviet declared Lithuania independent as the first Soviet territory.


Question: Who founded Lithuania?

History of Lithuania

The Supreme Council also appointed new leaders of the state and drafted an interim constitution.


Question: Who founded Lithuania?

History of Lithuania

On that date, the Lithuanian Soviet Republic is considered to have ceased to exist.


Question: Who founded Lithuania?

History of Lithuania

Vytautas Landsbergis became head of state and Kazimira Prunskienė president of the Cabinet of Ministers.


Question: Who founded Lithuania?

History of Lithuania

On March 15, the Soviet Union imposed political and economic sanctions against Lithuania.


Question: Who founded Lithuania?

History of Lithuania

The Red Army occupied a few important public buildings in Vilnius.


Question: Who founded Lithuania?

History of Lithuania

In addition, tanks were ordered to patrol the streets.


Question: Who founded Lithuania?

History of Lithuania

Lithuanians, encouraged by the government, protested the Soviet actions in a non-violent manner.


Question: Who founded Lithuania?

History of Lithuania

On January 10, 1991, Soviet authorities attempted to suppress the Lithuanian government by supporting the National Salvation Committee, composed of Lithuanian communists.


Question: Who founded Lithuania?

History of Lithuania

Three days later, in the so-called January events, the Red Army violently took control of the Vilnius Television Tower.


Question: Who founded Lithuania?

History of Lithuania

Fourteen unarmed Lithuanian protesters were killed in the takeover and 700 wounded.


Question: Who founded Lithuania?

History of Lithuania

The National Rescue Committee declared the Lithuanian government dissolved, although the main buildings of the Supreme Council and the government were never taken over.


Question: Who founded Lithuania?

History of Lithuania

The Soviet Union failed to crush the independence movement when the television tower massacre entered the consciousness of foreign countries.


Question: Who founded Lithuania?

History of Lithuania

The Lithuanian government was allowed to continue operating.


Question: Who founded Lithuania?

History of Lithuania

In the referendum held on February 9, more than 90% of those who voted (voter turnout 76% of those eligible to vote) voted for an independent Lithuania.


Question: Who founded Lithuania?

History of Lithuania

During the Soviet coup attempt, Soviet forces took control of numerous important buildings in Vilnius.


Question: Who founded Lithuania?

History of Lithuania

After the coup failed, the soldiers returned back to their barracks.


Question: Who founded Lithuania?

History of Lithuania

The Lithuanian government banned the activities of the Communist Party and ordered its property confiscation.


Question: Who founded Lithuania?

History of Lithuania

First Lithuanian independence was recognized by Iceland and finally Russia recognized independence in September 1991 several months after the referendum.


Question: Who founded Lithuania?

History of Lithuania

Building a new state As in many other countries of the former Soviet Union, the reform movement Sąjūdis also lost support in Lithuania.


Question: Who founded Lithuania?

History of Lithuania

People expected to quickly enter the capitalist system, which was impossible.


Question: Who founded Lithuania?

History of Lithuania

Moving to a market economy, unemployment rose sharply.


Question: Who founded Lithuania?

History of Lithuania

The Lithuanian Democratic Workers' Party became the opposing candidate to Sąjūdis in the 1992 general election.


Question: Who founded Lithuania?

History of Lithuania

Sąjūdis experienced defeat in the elections with the Labour Party gaining a majority in the Seimas.


Question: Who founded Lithuania?

History of Lithuania

However, the Labour Party did not have enough power to amend the constitution.


Question: Who founded Lithuania?

History of Lithuania

However, the left experienced defeat at the next election in 1996, in which the right-wing Homeland Alliance secured an electoral victory.


Question: Who founded Lithuania?

History of Lithuania

Slowly losing their importance, Sąjūdis transformed from a party into a public organization.


Question: Who founded Lithuania?

History of Lithuania

Privatization In order to transition to a market economy, state-owned enterprises and housing rented to people were privatized.


Question: Who founded Lithuania?

History of Lithuania

Because people had no money, the government distributed vouchers that could be used to privatise property, for example.


Question: Who founded Lithuania?

History of Lithuania

The privatization of the companies was held at auctions.


Question: Who founded Lithuania?

History of Lithuania

Unlike in Russia, privatization in Lithuania did not create a small group richer than the rest of the population.


Question: Who founded Lithuania?

History of Lithuania

This was possibly because privatisation was started with small companies rather than large ones.


Question: Who founded Lithuania?

History of Lithuania

There were also problems with privatisation.


Question: Who founded Lithuania?

History of Lithuania

Many companies that were successful in the internal market of the USSR lost their customers.


Question: Who founded Lithuania?

History of Lithuania

Defense policy Although Lithuania became an independent state, remained on the territory of the state nevertheless a significant number of soldiers of the Russian army.


Question: Who founded Lithuania?

History of Lithuania

The repatriation of Russian troops to Russia was one of the main objectives of the Lithuanian foreign policy of the 1990s.


Question: Who founded Lithuania?

History of Lithuania

On 8 September 1992, Lithuania and Russia signed an agreement agreeing that Russian troops would leave the country by 31 August 1993, which also came to fruition.


Question: Who founded Lithuania?

History of Lithuania

The first military organization of the new republic was the Lithuanian Volunteer Corps, founded shortly after the declaration of independence.


Question: Who founded Lithuania?

History of Lithuania

Later, the Lithuanian Defence Force was formed, with the Land Forces, Navy, Air Force and Volunteer Corps as military branches.


Question: Who founded Lithuania?

History of Lithuania

Lithuanian Special Forces officially began operations in 2008.


Question: Who founded Lithuania?

History of Lithuania

The creation and integration of a national currency with the West After independence, the litas already in use during the interwar period were desired as the new currency of Lithuania.


Question: Who founded Lithuania?

History of Lithuania

However, this did not happen quickly and after the Russian ruble was introduced as the temporary currency the talonas (also called Vagnorkė and Vagnorėlis after Prime Minister Gediminas Vagnorius).


Question: Who founded Lithuania?

History of Lithuania

However, Talonas was very simply created, so it was easily forged and inflation increased.


Question: Who founded Lithuania?

History of Lithuania

The liti was reintroduced in June 1993.


Question: Who founded Lithuania?

History of Lithuania

In October 2004, Lithuania became a member of the European Union and NATO.


Question: Who founded Lithuania?

History of Lithuania

One of the biggest conditions for Lithuania's membership of the EU was that the country had to promise to close the Ignalina nuclear power plant, which represents Soviet technology and the Chernobyl accident type.


Question: Who founded Lithuania?

History of Lithuania

The plant closed for good on 31 December 2009.


Question: Who founded Lithuania?

History of Lithuania

[53] Lithuania intends to build a new nuclear power plant in the region.


Question: Who founded Lithuania?

History of Lithuania

[54] As a NATO member, Lithuania participates in crisis management operations in Afghanistan (ISAF), Kosovo and Bosnia and Herzegovina.


Question: Who founded Lithuania?

History of Lithuania

On July 12, 2009, Dalia Grybauskaitė became the new president of the country, after Valdas Adamkus.


Question: Who founded Lithuania?

History of Lithuania

Grybauskaitė is the country's first female president.


Question: Who founded Lithuania?

History of Lithuania

[55] Sources Kallio, Aulis: History of Lithuania.


Question: Who founded Lithuania?

History of Lithuania

Jagellonica Cultural Association, Tampere, Tampere University Print- Juvenes Print Oy, 2009 ISBN 978-951-98665-3-6 Transclusion error: {{En}} is only for use in File namespace.


Question: Who founded Lithuania?

History of Lithuania

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Question: Who founded Lithuania?

History of Lithuania

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Question: Who founded Lithuania?

History of Lithuania

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Question: Who founded Lithuania?

History of Lithuania

References *


Question: What is the main goal of the Hegelism trend?

Pragmatism

Pragmatism (< 'action, work') is a philosophical school that emerged in the United States in the late 19th century under its developer Charles Sanders Peirce and later in the early 20th century by William James and John Dewey.


Question: What is the main goal of the Hegelism trend?

Pragmatism

Pragmatism is the only American tradition of academic philosophy in origin.


Question: What is the main goal of the Hegelism trend?

Pragmatism

Pragmatism has been central to naturalism, anticartesianism, empiricism, instrumentalism, antiskepticism, fallibilism and, above all, practical emphasis on things like truth and meaning.


Question: What is the main goal of the Hegelism trend?

Pragmatism

Pragmatism arose at a time when psychology and knowledge theory were not considered separate fields of study.


Question: What is the main goal of the Hegelism trend?

Pragmatism

It has attracted renewed interest today, partly due to the receding dominance of analytic philosophy, as well as the growing popularity of naturalistic theory of knowledge.


Question: What is the main goal of the Hegelism trend?

Pragmatism

Pragmatism opposes the view that human intellect and language alone reflect reality perfectly.


Question: What is the main goal of the Hegelism trend?

Pragmatism

In this respect, pragmatism is an opposing view to the formalist and rationalist school.


Question: What is the main goal of the Hegelism trend?

Pragmatism

Pragmatism considers that knowledge and theories only become relevant when they are applied by living beings operating in their environment.


Question: What is the main goal of the Hegelism trend?

Pragmatism

However, in the pragmatist's view, anything useful or workable is not immediately true, but rather truth is determined by what, in the long run, delivers the most benefit to mankind.


Question: What is the main goal of the Hegelism trend?

Pragmatism

In practice, pragmatists believe that theories should always be combined with verification; that is, predictions should always be able to be made and tested on the basis of theories.


Question: What is the main goal of the Hegelism trend?

Pragmatism

Thus, the different needs of people should ultimately determine the objects of human study.


Question: What is the main goal of the Hegelism trend?

Pragmatism

According to philosopher Sami Pihlström, pragmatists emphasize a functional and value-oriented image of man as a being attached to reality through a wide range of practices, which through its intellectual problem-solving activities seeks to realize his various human endeavors and thus cope with their problematic situations.


Question: What is the main goal of the Hegelism trend?

Pragmatism

Philosophical concepts and problems are seen in pragmatism as integral to practice, as “practice-oriented”.


Question: What is the main goal of the Hegelism trend?

Pragmatism

Humans act driven by a wide range of practical considerations and goals, and these goals govern what kind of reality is perceived to people.


Question: What is the main goal of the Hegelism trend?

Pragmatism

A pragmatist can be said to question the boundary between “principle” (or “theory”) and “practice”.


Question: What is the main goal of the Hegelism trend?

Pragmatism

[1] History As a philosophical movement, pragmatism originated in the United States during the latter part of the 19th century.


Question: What is the main goal of the Hegelism trend?

Pragmatism

The founder of pragmatism is normally considered to be the American Charles S. Peirce, whose 1870s writings on the scientific method, the formation of perceptions, and the doctrine of meaning served as a kind of stone foot of pragmatism.


Question: What is the main goal of the Hegelism trend?

Pragmatism

[2] However, Peirce was not a renowned thinker during his lifetime, and the pragmatic school made his place famous by William James, a professor at Harvard University.


Question: What is the main goal of the Hegelism trend?

Pragmatism

James was the first to use the term “pragmatism” in publications, saying Peirce invented it in the early 1870s.


Question: What is the main goal of the Hegelism trend?

Pragmatism

After James used the appellation and put it in Peirce's name, Peirce too began lecturing on pragmatism to present his own interpretation.


Question: What is the main goal of the Hegelism trend?

Pragmatism

He later developed his own denomination of pragmatism to describe his original pragmatism more for the sake of clarity than because he would have had major disagreements with James.


Question: What is the main goal of the Hegelism trend?

Pragmatism

[3] Peirce and James were inspired by several thinkers before them, most notably Alexander Bain, who explored connections between beliefs, behaviour and tendencies.


Question: What is the main goal of the Hegelism trend?

Pragmatism

He said belief is a statement under which a person is prepared to act.


Question: What is the main goal of the Hegelism trend?

Pragmatism

Depending on how loosely “pragmatism” is interpreted, early thinkers who inspired pragmatism can be read the naturalistic conception of knowledge and action as represented by David Hume, the realist Thomas Reid, the statement “knowledge is power” made famous by Francis Bacon as well as in antiquity sophists with their humanism and nonformal logic.


Question: What is the main goal of the Hegelism trend?

Pragmatism

The international debate sparked by traditional pragmatism gradually fell silent in the 1920s.


Question: What is the main goal of the Hegelism trend?

Pragmatism

In Anglo-American philosophy, dominance was gained, along with the British analytic tradition, by the logical empiricism of the Vienna district.