Question: Did the Finns have 129,000 men at their disposal during the battles of the Karelian Isthmus?

Continuation War

Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Meinander, Henrik| title= | publisher = xx| year = 2008}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Paasilinna, Erno| title = World in the throes | publisher = Otava| year = 1983}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Pranttila, Anneli| title = Victualling of front men in Finland during the war years 1939—1945| chapter = abstract| location = Helsinki| publisher = University of Helsinki, Department of Applied Chemistry and Microbiology | year = 2006| version = Dissertation | accessdate = 14.6.2008}} Citation error, replace with {{ cite book| author = Raunio, Ari & Kilin, Juri| title = Fighting Continuation War 1942—44| publisher = Map Centre| year = 2008}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Silvennoinen, Oula| title = Brothers-in-arms: Finnish and German Security Police Cooperation 1933—1944| publisher = Otava| year = 2008| version = Dissertation: University of Helsinki}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Skyksi, Kyösti| title = No other glory.


Question: Did the Finns have 129,000 men at their disposal during the battles of the Karelian Isthmus?

Continuation War

Risto Ryti's alley run 1939—1945| location = Jyväskylä| publisher = Gummerus, Bookgrou| year = 1989}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Vahtola, Jous| title = History of Finland — From the Ice Age to the European Union| publisher = Otava| year = 2003}} Citation error, replace with {{ cite book| author = Ylikangas, Heikki| title = One man's Continuation War| publisher = Otava| year = 2009}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Ziemke, Earl F.| title = German military action in the Nordic region 1939—1945| publisher = WSOY| year = 1963}} Daily newspapers Web Check date values in: |accessdate= (help) Check date values in: |accessdate=, |date= (help) Check date values in: |accessdate=, |date= (help) Check date values in: |accessdate=, |date= (help) References Literature Citation error, replace with {{cite book| title = History of Continuation War 1—6| location = Porvoo| publisher = WSOY| year = 1988| version=ed.


Question: Did the Finns have 129,000 men at their disposal during the battles of the Karelian Isthmus?

Continuation War

Military History Office of the Department of Military Science}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Moisala, U.


Question: Did the Finns have 129,000 men at their disposal during the battles of the Karelian Isthmus?

Continuation War

E.


Question: Did the Finns have 129,000 men at their disposal during the battles of the Karelian Isthmus?

Continuation War

& Alanen, Pertti (eds.


Question: Did the Finns have 129,000 men at their disposal during the battles of the Karelian Isthmus?

Continuation War

) | title = When the attacker's road was closed — the Soviet Grand Offensive in the summer of 1944 on the Karelian Isthmus under the light of veteran research and Soviet sources | publisher = Publications of the Department of Military Science XXVI| year = 1988}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Siilasvuo, Ensio et al.


Question: Did the Finns have 129,000 men at their disposal during the battles of the Karelian Isthmus?

Continuation War

(ed.


Question: Did the Finns have 129,000 men at their disposal during the battles of the Karelian Isthmus?

Continuation War

) | title = Continuation War: Chronicle| location = Jyväskylä Helsinki| publisher = Gummerus| year = 1991 (2nd edition 1997)}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Kuusela, Kari| title = Wehrmacht armours in Finland: German armoured units in Finland 1941—1944| location = Helsinki| publisher = Wiking-division Oy| year = 2000}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Raunio, Ari (ed.


Question: Did the Finns have 129,000 men at their disposal during the battles of the Karelian Isthmus?

Continuation War

) | title = Defenders of Independence -series| publisher = Weilin+Göös etc.| year = 2002—2003}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Leskinen, Jari & Juutilainen, Antti (ed.


Question: Did the Finns have 129,000 men at their disposal during the battles of the Karelian Isthmus?

Continuation War

) | title = Petty Giant of Continuation War| publisher = WSOY| year = 2005}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Drabkin, Artem & Irincheev, Bair (ed.


Question: Did the Finns have 129,000 men at their disposal during the battles of the Karelian Isthmus?

Continuation War

) | title = Continuation War with the eyes of the Red Army| location = Jyväskylä| publisher = Atena| year = 2007| version = In Finnish ed.


Question: Did the Finns have 129,000 men at their disposal during the battles of the Karelian Isthmus?

Continuation War

Tiilikainen, Heikki & Laine, Jukka-Pekka}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Raunio, Ari & Kilin, Yuri | title = Continuation War Attacks 1941| publisher = Karttacentr| year = 2007}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Näre, Sari & Kirves, Jenni (ed.


Question: Did the Finns have 129,000 men at their disposal during the battles of the Karelian Isthmus?

Continuation War

) | title = Ugly War: The Silent History of the Winter and Continuation War| location = Helsinki| publisher = Johnny Kniga| year = 2008}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Ruin, Ari & Kilin, Yur| title = Continuation War Fighting 1942—44| publisher = Map Centre| year = 2008}} error, replace with {{cite book| author = Rantanen, Sponge| title = Difficult road to peace: Finland under German, Swedish and Soviet compression | location = Jyväskylä | publisher = Atena| year = 2010}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Kankare, Vilho| title = Let's go when told!


Question: Did the Finns have 129,000 men at their disposal during the battles of the Karelian Isthmus?

Continuation War

Young Men's Continuation War| location = Helsinki| publisher = Otava| year = 2011}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| title = Stalin's Secret Continuation War| publisher = Docendo| year = 2014| version=ed.


Question: Did the Finns have 129,000 men at their disposal during the battles of the Karelian Isthmus?

Continuation War

Vihavainen, Timo & Manninen, Ohto}} Films in front of the front line, a film about JR 61 on the Syvärs and Isthmus, Åke Lindman, 2004 Silence, film about the evacuation centre for the fallen, directed by Sakari Kirjainen, 2011 Abandoned houses, deserted courtyards, film Laila Hietamies by the same name novel, about the last days of Vyborg in summer 1944, directed by Lauri Törhönen, 1999 Lupaus, film about lot in winter and continuation war, directed by Ilkka Vanne, 2005 Headquarters, film about the moods of the headquarters in summer 1944, directed by Matti Kassila, 1970 Rintamalotta, a film about the lot fronts Continuation War, directed by Aarne Tarkas, 1956 Rukajärvi tie, Olli Saarela, screenplay by Antti Tuuri and Olli Saarela, 1999 Tali-Ihantala 1944, Åke Lindman and Sakari Kirjainen, screenplay by Stefan Foss, Benedict Zilliacus and Esko Salervi, 2007 The Unknown Soldier, Edvin Laine, 1955 Unknown Soldier, Rauni Mollberg, 1985 Unknown Soldier, Aku Louhimies, 2017 On the topic elsewhere Check date values in: |accessdate=, |date= (help) Check date values in: |accessdate= (help) Check date values in: |accessdate= (help) Check date values in: |accessdate=, |date= ( help) Check date values in: |accessdate= (help) Search Engine.


Question: Did the Finns have 129,000 men at their disposal during the battles of the Karelian Isthmus?

Continuation War

Check date values in: |accessdate=, |date= (help) Check date values in: |accessdate= (help) Check date values in: |accessdate= (help) Check date values in: |accessdate=, |date= (help) Book review of Pilke, Helena and Kleemola, Olli: Life in the Trenches.


Question: Did the Finns have 129,000 men at their disposal during the battles of the Karelian Isthmus?

Continuation War

The amusements and hobbies of soldiers on the fronts of the Continuation War.


Question: Did the Finns have 129,000 men at their disposal during the battles of the Karelian Isthmus?

Continuation War

SKS, 2015.


Question: Did the Finns have 129,000 men at their disposal during the battles of the Karelian Isthmus?

Continuation War

* Category:Key articles of screening


Question: When was the Finnish temperance society founded?

The temperance movement in Finland

The temperance movement in Finland originated from the temperance society founded by Axel August Granfelt, the Temperance Literature Committee founded on August 27, 1853, and many local temperance associations founded later.


Question: When was the Finnish temperance society founded?

The temperance movement in Finland

The associations circulated sobriety themed booklets and held presentation sessions detailing the adverse effects of alcohol.


Question: When was the Finnish temperance society founded?

The temperance movement in Finland

Temperance appeal and other activities aimed at reducing alcohol consumption have been practiced in Finland since the 16th century, since the time of Gustav Vasa.


Question: When was the Finnish temperance society founded?

The temperance movement in Finland

At that time, beer was sold during church spending, which, in order to reduce the calmness and ruckus, Gustav Vasa forbade beer to be sold on the church hill, but allowed beer to be sold in roadside tacos, so that each keeper was allowed to have a maximum of three to four taverns.


Question: When was the Finnish temperance society founded?

The temperance movement in Finland

[1] With the consent of the Swedish regulations, the government in 1756 declared a ban on liquor burning and confiscated 169132 wine pans.


Question: When was the Finnish temperance society founded?

The temperance movement in Finland

Under the influence of this prohibition, the general calmness on the roads ceased, the judges felt their duties were reduced, fights, quarrels and several disturbances of order almost completely disappeared.


Question: When was the Finnish temperance society founded?

The temperance movement in Finland

According to the statement of the Governor Wallen of Turku and Pori, the effects of the liquor burning ban in his county were very positive.


Question: When was the Finnish temperance society founded?

The temperance movement in Finland

The same was told by the vicar of Laitila in 1757.


Question: When was the Finnish temperance society founded?

The temperance movement in Finland

The Mysses repealed the ban on liquor burning in 1760 when the state needed more revenue due to the lost Pomeranian War.


Question: When was the Finnish temperance society founded?

The temperance movement in Finland

[2] Henrik Renqvist, a prominent pioneer of temperance, published in 1835 the temperance booklet The Abomination of Booze, printed in Helsinki, and the following year the booklet The Calling and Consent to the temperance of the Finns, which was intended as an aid for temperance promises.


Question: When was the Finnish temperance society founded?

The temperance movement in Finland

[3] In 1838, a ban on the export of liquor was imposed on Lapland, which was supplemented by 1842, when the export of other liquor to Lapland was prohibited.


Question: When was the Finnish temperance society founded?

The temperance movement in Finland

That's what prompted the Lapland Prohibition Act.


Question: When was the Finnish temperance society founded?

The temperance movement in Finland

Lostadian preacher L.


Question: When was the Finnish temperance society founded?

The temperance movement in Finland

L. Laestadius founded the First Temperance Society in Lapland in 1844.


Question: When was the Finnish temperance society founded?

The temperance movement in Finland

[4] In 1843 Elias Lönnrot translated the book Narrative Rob written by Nikolai I's sobriety man Rober Bairt.


Question: When was the Finnish temperance society founded?

The temperance movement in Finland

Bairt, A German-language book on how the North-American United Waltas, The Society of Moderation have not been distributed, 3000 copies were distributed in Finland and large volumes in Russia and Estonia.


Question: When was the Finnish temperance society founded?

The temperance movement in Finland

[5] In Finland, the history of temperance clubs has its origins in the temperance society founded by Laestadius, as well as the Temperance Literature Committee founded on 27 August 1853 and many local temperance associations founded later, which circulated temperance booklets and kept Presentation sessions, telling about the side effects of alcohol.


Question: When was the Finnish temperance society founded?

The temperance movement in Finland

On the history of Finnish temperance organizations, the Finnish temperance society in Turku was founded in 1881 by free ecclesiastics.


Question: When was the Finnish temperance society founded?

The temperance movement in Finland

The first director, Emil Hedenström, who took over as director of the Helsinki Temperance Society, was given the position by Kaarle Verkko.


Question: When was the Finnish temperance society founded?

The temperance movement in Finland

[6] A temperance society founded on 15 October 1860 by the Friends of Reason and Friends of Temperance, which had been influenced by the Swedish Wieselgrene temperance movement.


Question: When was the Finnish temperance society founded?

The temperance movement in Finland

The rules of the Society were prepared by Professor J. V. Snellman, Frans Ludvig Schauman, Stephan Baranowski, and Gabriel Mauritz Waenerberg, rapporteur secretary.


Question: When was the Finnish temperance society founded?

The temperance movement in Finland

Gabriel Rein was elected president of the Society.


Question: When was the Finnish temperance society founded?

The temperance movement in Finland

[7] The Society got its start from the Temperance Literature Committee established on 27 August 1853, which was the precursor to the Temperance Society proper.


Question: When was the Finnish temperance society founded?

The temperance movement in Finland

Founding members were Prof. Stepan Baranovski, J. V. Snellman, Gabriel Rein and Matthias Akiander, and Master August Schauman, who served as treasurer [8] [9] The temperance literature committee published temperance booklets.


Question: When was the Finnish temperance society founded?

The temperance movement in Finland

The first of these was Three Days in the Village of Saurio written in 1854 by Elias Lönnrot, and the following 1856 history of Wilhelm Linter.


Question: When was the Finnish temperance society founded?

The temperance movement in Finland

As well as Finnish translation v.


Question: When was the Finnish temperance society founded?

The temperance movement in Finland

1854 Rampa Lauri, over edition of Turku's Sanomat v.


Question: When was the Finnish temperance society founded?

The temperance movement in Finland

1854 Paimela's old man, Attractor, Gustaf Cannelin v.


Question: When was the Finnish temperance society founded?

The temperance movement in Finland

1855 written by Maunulan Matti, and Turmiolan Tommi.


Question: When was the Finnish temperance society founded?

The temperance movement in Finland

[8] [9] [10] Between 1853 and 1873, the Friends of Reasonability and the Committee for Temperance Literature, which preceded it, published 19 books in Finnish and 6 in Swedish and 2 in Lapland.


Question: When was the Finnish temperance society founded?

The temperance movement in Finland

The total volume was 108500 copies.


Question: When was the Finnish temperance society founded?

The temperance movement in Finland

[11] After 1874, the club was headed by August Schauman.


Question: When was the Finnish temperance society founded?

The temperance movement in Finland

107000 of the books were printed in this period.


Question: When was the Finnish temperance society founded?

The temperance movement in Finland

The booklets were mainly circulated free of charge.


Question: When was the Finnish temperance society founded?

The temperance movement in Finland

[11] A new Board of Trustees was elected for the Society at the annual meeting held on May 24, 1883.


Question: When was the Finnish temperance society founded?

The temperance movement in Finland

Axel August Granfelt was elected as the supervisor and the Superintendent Uno Cygnaeus, Teacher S. G. Dahlström, Master K. Lindroos, Teacher Candinate O.


Question: When was the Finnish temperance society founded?

The temperance movement in Finland

A.


Question: When was the Finnish temperance society founded?

The temperance movement in Finland

F.


Question: When was the Finnish temperance society founded?

The temperance movement in Finland

Lönnbohm.


Question: When was the Finnish temperance society founded?

The temperance movement in Finland

[12] At the annual meeting on 2 February 1884, the rules of the club were reformed, and the club was renamed Friends of Temperance.


Question: When was the Finnish temperance society founded?

The temperance movement in Finland

[13] Sources Karpio, Vihtori:, Friends of Temperance 1883-1933, Gummerus, Jyväskylä, 1938 Hytönen, Vilho:, History of the Finnish temperance movement, Wsoy, Porvoo, 1930 References Literature Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Ahonen, Jukka| = Abstinence Power: Friends of abstinence 1853—2003| location = Helsinki| publisher = Otava| year = 2003| id = ISBN 951-1-18920-4}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Sulkunen, Irma| title = Sobriety as a Civil Religion: Temperance Movement and Organisation from the 1870s to the Post-Great Strike| location = Helsinki| publisher = Historical Society of Finland| year = 1986| version = Historical studies 134| id = ISBN 951-9254-79-X}} On topic elsewhere Veera Luoma-aho:.


Question: When was the Finnish temperance society founded?

The temperance movement in Finland

Student magazine 5/2005.


Question: When was the Finnish temperance society founded?

The temperance movement in Finland

Category:The temperance movement


Question: What were the losses of the Japanese Navy in World War II?

War of the Pacific in World War II

The Pacific War in World War II () was a part of World War II fought in the Pacific, Southeast Asia and East Asia between the Allies and Japan between 1941 and 1945.


Question: What were the losses of the Japanese Navy in World War II?

War of the Pacific in World War II

War events include the Pacific War Domain, the Pacific Southwest War Domain, the Southeast Asian War Domain and the Sino-Japanese War (from December 1941) as well as the Soviet—Japanese conflict in 1945.


Question: What were the losses of the Japanese Navy in World War II?

War of the Pacific in World War II

The Pacific War is considered to have begun on the 7th of the 8th


Question: What were the losses of the Japanese Navy in World War II?

War of the Pacific in World War II

December 1941, when the Japanese went ashore on Thailand and British Malay on the Malaka Peninsula and attacked the U.S. Navy's Pacific Fleet base at Pearl Harbor.


Question: What were the losses of the Japanese Navy in World War II?

War of the Pacific in World War II

It can be considered to have begun as early as the Japanese invasion of Manchuria on 19 September 1931, or at the latest its invasion of China on 7 July 1937 and the start of the Second Sino-Japanese War.


Question: What were the losses of the Japanese Navy in World War II?

War of the Pacific in World War II

In the early stages of the Pacific War, Japan, despite Allied resistance, conquered large swaths of the Pacific region, eventually threatening the Australian coast.


Question: What were the losses of the Japanese Navy in World War II?

War of the Pacific in World War II

As Allied resistance hardened and the U.S. gained success with its industrial superiority, the Allies began an advance that culminated in dropping atomic bombs on Japan.


Question: What were the losses of the Japanese Navy in World War II?

War of the Pacific in World War II

On 2 September 1945, the Japanese delegation signed a surrender document on the deck of the USS Missouri anchored in Tokyo Bay, ending World War II.


Question: What were the losses of the Japanese Navy in World War II?

War of the Pacific in World War II

Background The Empire of Japan pursued a coherent policy of expansion beginning in the late 19th century, accompanied by the German Empire's takeover of settlements in the Pacific region after World War I.


Question: What were the losses of the Japanese Navy in World War II?

War of the Pacific in World War II

Japan began the war against China, conquering large territories and it pressured Vichy France after the surrender of French Indochina to submit to its control.


Question: What were the losses of the Japanese Navy in World War II?

War of the Pacific in World War II

Thailand Thailand (then Siam), whose regime was openly sympathetic to the Axis powers, entered into an alliance treaty with Japan after coming under attack in 1941.


Question: What were the losses of the Japanese Navy in World War II?

War of the Pacific in World War II

Similarly, the Phayap army sent troops to occupy the northeastern part of Burma, that is, the former Thai territory that the British had annexed to Burma.


Question: What were the losses of the Japanese Navy in World War II?

War of the Pacific in World War II

In addition, the area was home to the puppet states of Manchukuo and Wang Jingwei.


Question: What were the losses of the Japanese Navy in World War II?

War of the Pacific in World War II

A large number of Koreans and Formosan Chinese served in the Japanese military forces, as well as some recruited from the Vichy French region, as well as soldiers from the Indian and Burmese National Armies.


Question: What were the losses of the Japanese Navy in World War II?

War of the Pacific in World War II

The United States and the Soviet Union under U.S. policy Thailand was not an Axis power and thus the United States did not wage war against Thailand.


Question: What were the losses of the Japanese Navy in World War II?

War of the Pacific in World War II

Likewise, after the war, Thailand was treated not as a defeated state, but as a victim of Japanese war effort and political pressure.


Question: What were the losses of the Japanese Navy in World War II?

War of the Pacific in World War II

Thailand was therefore treated the same as German-invaded Belgium, Czechoslovakia, Denmark, Norway, Greece, Poland, the Netherlands and Japanese-occupied Korea.


Question: What were the losses of the Japanese Navy in World War II?

War of the Pacific in World War II

U.S. allies in the region included the Republic of China, the United Kingdom, Australia, the Philippines, the Netherlands, New Zealand and Canada.


Question: What were the losses of the Japanese Navy in World War II?

War of the Pacific in World War II

In 1938 and 1939, the Soviet Union fought brief border wars against Japan.


Question: What were the losses of the Japanese Navy in World War II?

War of the Pacific in World War II

After the wars, the Soviet Union did not participate in the war effort against Japan until August 1945, capturing Manchukuo, the Republic of China, Inner Mongolia, the Japanese protectorate of Korea, as well as Japanese-administered islands such as Sakhalin.


Question: What were the losses of the Japanese Navy in World War II?

War of the Pacific in World War II

The Sino-Japanese War (1937—1945) The Second Sino-Japanese War was fought between 1937—1945 between China and Japan before and during World War II.


Question: What were the losses of the Japanese Navy in World War II?

War of the Pacific in World War II

The war ended with the surrender of Japan in 1945.


Question: What were the losses of the Japanese Navy in World War II?

War of the Pacific in World War II

Japan's invasion of China was part of the Imperial Japanese Army's larger plan to control mainland Asia through, among other things, puppet regimes — Japan had been provoking China since the 1931 invasion of Manchuria, initiated by the Mukden Incident.


Question: What were the losses of the Japanese Navy in World War II?

War of the Pacific in World War II

The last of the smaller clashes was the Marco Polo Bridge incident that finally triggered the war in 1937.


Question: What were the losses of the Japanese Navy in World War II?

War of the Pacific in World War II

With the Japanese offensive against the Allies, Japan began its offensive against the Allies simultaneously at Pearl Harbor and Asia — due to the date limit, Pearl Harbor was still on 7 December but on the Asian side as early as 8 December.


Question: What were the losses of the Japanese Navy in World War II?

War of the Pacific in World War II

The attack on Pearl Harbor by the Imperial Japanese Navy Air Force struck on the morning of December 7, 1941, on the U.S. Pacific Fleet at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii's O'ahu.


Question: What were the losses of the Japanese Navy in World War II?

War of the Pacific in World War II

The invasion forced the United States to declare war on the Axis powers in the east and west alike.


Question: What were the losses of the Japanese Navy in World War II?

War of the Pacific in World War II

On the morning of 7 December, Vice Admiral Chuichi Nagumo's fleet sailed north of O'ahu, 440 kilometres from the bases on the island.


Question: What were the losses of the Japanese Navy in World War II?

War of the Pacific in World War II

At 6 a.m., the first Japanese planes took off toward Pearl Harbor.


Question: What were the losses of the Japanese Navy in World War II?

War of the Pacific in World War II

Japanese advance in Asia Simultaneous with the attack on Pearl Harbor, Japanese forces attacked Guam, Wake, Philippines, Thailand and Malaysia, as well as British-administered Hong Kong off the Chinese coast.


Question: What were the losses of the Japanese Navy in World War II?

War of the Pacific in World War II

Of the areas under attack, Guam, Wake and Hong Kong surrendered before the end of the year.


Question: What were the losses of the Japanese Navy in World War II?

War of the Pacific in World War II

Three days after the attack on Pearl Harbor on 10 December, Japanese aircraft sank British Royal Navy Detachment Z's battleship Prince of Wales and battlecruiser Repulse off the coast of Malaysia.


Question: What were the losses of the Japanese Navy in World War II?

War of the Pacific in World War II

Thailand entered into a military alliance with Japan on 21 December and the bases under its control passed to the Japanese.


Question: What were the losses of the Japanese Navy in World War II?

War of the Pacific in World War II

In January 1942, Japan invaded Burma, the Dutch East Indies, New Guinea, the Solomonon Islands and it captured Manila, Kuala Lumpur and Rabaul.


Question: What were the losses of the Japanese Navy in World War II?

War of the Pacific in World War II

Singapore surrendered on 15 February, leaving nearly 130,000 Allied soldiers into prisoner of war.


Question: What were the losses of the Japanese Navy in World War II?

War of the Pacific in World War II

In the Philippines, Philippine and U.S. forces conducted stiff resistance until finally surrendering on May 8.


Question: What were the losses of the Japanese Navy in World War II?

War of the Pacific in World War II

On 3 June, Japan invaded the Aleutes, conquering the islands of Attu and Kiska.


Question: What were the losses of the Japanese Navy in World War II?

War of the Pacific in World War II

Battle of the Coral Sea Allied reconnaissance caught wind of the Japanese intention to attack from the sea against Port Moresby, the capital of New Guinea.


Question: What were the losses of the Japanese Navy in World War II?

War of the Pacific in World War II

The Allies assembled two aircraft carriers as well as an American-Australian combat detachment containing many smaller ships and deployed it against the Japanese fleet.


Question: What were the losses of the Japanese Navy in World War II?

War of the Pacific in World War II

The battle lasted from the fourth day of May to the eighth of May.


Question: What were the losses of the Japanese Navy in World War II?

War of the Pacific in World War II

Initially, neither side detected the other's main contingent; instead, both struck against smaller targets.


Question: What were the losses of the Japanese Navy in World War II?

War of the Pacific in World War II

In the battle, the Americans lost a larger one of their aircraft carriers, an obsolete Lexington, and another, newer Yorktown was badly damaged.


Question: What were the losses of the Japanese Navy in World War II?

War of the Pacific in World War II

Japan lost one small support ship, the Shohon, and another support ship, Shokaku was badly damaged.


Question: What were the losses of the Japanese Navy in World War II?

War of the Pacific in World War II

In addition to the third, Zuikaku lost all of his aircraft, which was enough to lead to a Japanese retreat and the cancellation of the landings.


Question: What were the losses of the Japanese Navy in World War II?

War of the Pacific in World War II

The Japanese inflicted slightly greater losses on the Allies, but strategically the battle was a victory for the Allies; the invasion was cancelled, and it did good for the Allied will to fight to see that the Japanese could be stopped too.


Question: What were the losses of the Japanese Navy in World War II?

War of the Pacific in World War II

In addition, with neither of the Japanese aircraft carriers that survived the battle able to join the Battle of Midway, Yorktown by the Americans was repaired.


Question: What were the losses of the Japanese Navy in World War II?

War of the Pacific in World War II

The turning point of the war, June 4 — June 7, 1942, between the U.S. and Japanese navies in the waters of the Midway Islands, was the turning point of the battles fought in the Pacific Ocean of World War II.


Question: What were the losses of the Japanese Navy in World War II?

War of the Pacific in World War II

Japan lost four of its support ships in the battle: Kagan, Akagi, Soryu, and Hiruy and was unable to make up for their losses.


Question: What were the losses of the Japanese Navy in World War II?

War of the Pacific in World War II

The United States lost only one, Yorktown.


Question: What were the losses of the Japanese Navy in World War II?

War of the Pacific in World War II

Almost greater importance than aircraft carriers was the losses suffered by experienced pilots.


Question: What were the losses of the Japanese Navy in World War II?

War of the Pacific in World War II

Solomon Islands and Guadalcanal Japanese land forces continued their advance on the Solomon Islands and New Guinea.


Question: What were the losses of the Japanese Navy in World War II?

War of the Pacific in World War II

In fighting beginning in July 1942, Australian often untrained reserve battalions delayed the Japanese advance from Kokodantie across the Owen Stanley ridge towards Port Moresby.


Question: What were the losses of the Japanese Navy in World War II?

War of the Pacific in World War II

These battle-worn troops were replaced in late August by regular Australian 2nd Army () units that had returned from the Mediterranean to protect their homeland.


Question: What were the losses of the Japanese Navy in World War II?

War of the Pacific in World War II

In early September, Japanese Marines struck a strategically important Australian Air Force base in the Gulf of Milne near the eastern tip of New Guinea.


Question: What were the losses of the Japanese Navy in World War II?

War of the Pacific in World War II

The Australian Army pounded the landed Japanese and the battle was the first failed invasion by Japanese forces since the war began.


Question: What were the losses of the Japanese Navy in World War II?

War of the Pacific in World War II

In 1942, battles were still fought over the eastern Solomon Islands as well as the Santa Cruz Islands, both of which ended unresolved.


Question: What were the losses of the Japanese Navy in World War II?

War of the Pacific in World War II

The fighting, however, consumed Japan's resources more than the United States.


Question: What were the losses of the Japanese Navy in World War II?

War of the Pacific in World War II

American advance The initiative passed to the Americans, who slowly began to recapture the lost islands.


Question: What were the losses of the Japanese Navy in World War II?

War of the Pacific in World War II

The Japanese had barricaded themselves well and were fighting to the last man, so the advance was slow.


Question: What were the losses of the Japanese Navy in World War II?

War of the Pacific in World War II

The arrival of new F6F Hellcat aircraft in late 1943 also definitively sealed American air supremacy.


Question: What were the losses of the Japanese Navy in World War II?

War of the Pacific in World War II

Towards the end of the war, the Japanese began conducting kamikaze suicide attacks against American ships; the aircraft was armed with a large bomb load and was diverted facing American ships.


Question: What were the losses of the Japanese Navy in World War II?

War of the Pacific in World War II

Preparations had also begun in Japan to arm all citizens to fight if the Americans came ashore on the mother islands.


Question: What were the losses of the Japanese Navy in World War II?

War of the Pacific in World War II

However, the destruction of the cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki by atomic bombs prompted Japan to surrender.


Question: What were the losses of the Japanese Navy in World War II?

War of the Pacific in World War II

Sources Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Dull, Paul S.| title = A Battle History of the Imperial Japanese Navy (1941-1945) | location = Annapolis, MD, USA| publisher = Naval Institute Press| year = 2007| id = ISBN 978-1-59114-219-5}} On topic elsewhere * Category:Key articles on screening


Question: When did the Grand Duchy of Lithuania fall?

History of Lithuania

The historical period of Lithuanian history is considered to begin in 1009, when the name of Lithuania was first mentioned in written sources.


Question: When did the Grand Duchy of Lithuania fall?

History of Lithuania

[1] Lithuanians founded the Kingdom of Lithuania in the 13th century.


Question: When did the Grand Duchy of Lithuania fall?

History of Lithuania

The later Grand Duchy of Lithuania remained strictly independent of other kingdoms and was one of the last European countries to convert to Christianity.


Question: When did the Grand Duchy of Lithuania fall?

History of Lithuania

In the 15th century, Poland-Lithuania became the most large state in Europe by area.


Question: When did the Grand Duchy of Lithuania fall?

History of Lithuania

[2] However, in the partitions of Poland in 1772, 1793 and 1795, Polish-Lithuania was dissolved and Lithuania became part of the Russian Empire.


Question: When did the Grand Duchy of Lithuania fall?

History of Lithuania

[3] On February 16, 1918, the Republic of Lithuania declared independence from Russia.


Question: When did the Grand Duchy of Lithuania fall?

History of Lithuania

The country maintained its independence until World War II, when it was occupied by the Soviet Union under the Molotov—Ribbentrop Pact division of interests.


Question: When did the Grand Duchy of Lithuania fall?

History of Lithuania

After a brief occupation by Nazi Germany, Lithuania became part of the Soviet Union for 50 years.


Question: When did the Grand Duchy of Lithuania fall?

History of Lithuania

In the early 1990s, Lithuania regained its independence with the dissolution of the Soviet Union.


Question: When did the Grand Duchy of Lithuania fall?

History of Lithuania

Since 2004, the country has been a member of the European Union and NATO.


Question: When did the Grand Duchy of Lithuania fall?

History of Lithuania

[4] Prehistory Continental ice melted off the territory of present-day Lithuania sometime between 18,000 and 16000 BCE.


Question: When did the Grand Duchy of Lithuania fall?

History of Lithuania

The first people began settling in the territory of present-day Lithuania around 10000—9000 BCE.


Question: When did the Grand Duchy of Lithuania fall?

History of Lithuania

After the end of the Vistula Ice Age.


Question: When did the Grand Duchy of Lithuania fall?

History of Lithuania

The main means of livelihood were hunting and fishing.


Question: When did the Grand Duchy of Lithuania fall?

History of Lithuania

Bows made of wood were used for hunting; tips made of flint were attached to arrows and spears.


Question: When did the Grand Duchy of Lithuania fall?

History of Lithuania

With the help of flint, for example, knives, hooks, needles were worked from the bone.


Question: When did the Grand Duchy of Lithuania fall?

History of Lithuania

High river bumps or lakebanks from good flint occurrence areas were happy to be chosen as the camp site.


Question: When did the Grand Duchy of Lithuania fall?

History of Lithuania

[5] Kernavė, north-west of Vilnius, has been inhabited since about 12,000 years ago, according to archaeological studies.


Question: When did the Grand Duchy of Lithuania fall?

History of Lithuania

[6] [7] According to archaeologist Marija Gimbutas, people arrived from two different directions: the Jutland peninsula and present-day Poland.


Question: When did the Grand Duchy of Lithuania fall?

History of Lithuania

People who came from two different directions brought with them two different cultures, which were evident in the variety of tools.


Question: When did the Grand Duchy of Lithuania fall?

History of Lithuania

8000 BC.


Question: When did the Grand Duchy of Lithuania fall?

History of Lithuania

the climate warmed, causing the forests to begin to grow more intensively.


Question: When did the Grand Duchy of Lithuania fall?

History of Lithuania

Around the middle of the 4th millennium BCE.


Question: When did the Grand Duchy of Lithuania fall?

History of Lithuania

area hunters learn how to make earthenware.


Question: When did the Grand Duchy of Lithuania fall?

History of Lithuania

The dog was the only domestic animal and was used as an aid in hunting.


Question: When did the Grand Duchy of Lithuania fall?

History of Lithuania

New sources of food for humans became berries, mushrooms, nuts and fruits, and honey from a wild bee.


Question: When did the Grand Duchy of Lithuania fall?

History of Lithuania

The settlement became more permanent; the same places could remain for several years or even centuries.


Question: When did the Grand Duchy of Lithuania fall?

History of Lithuania

[5] Houses were built for housing.


Question: When did the Grand Duchy of Lithuania fall?

History of Lithuania

Hunters wore decorations made from the teeth or amber of wild beasts and other animals in their clothing.


Question: When did the Grand Duchy of Lithuania fall?

History of Lithuania

Human or animal figures made of amber became more common.


Question: When did the Grand Duchy of Lithuania fall?

History of Lithuania

[5] In the late third millennium BCE.


Question: When did the Grand Duchy of Lithuania fall?

History of Lithuania

Finno-Ugric tribes who had moved towards the west, by hunting and fishing, also arrived on the territory of present-day Lithuania.


Question: When did the Grand Duchy of Lithuania fall?

History of Lithuania

Of these, some continued further afield.


Question: When did the Grand Duchy of Lithuania fall?

History of Lithuania

Linguists assume that some river and lake names such as Jara, Kidė, Kivė, Ruja, Piladis and Tilka that have survived to the present day originate from these tribes.


Question: When did the Grand Duchy of Lithuania fall?

History of Lithuania

Over time, the low-figure newcomers who remained in the area merged with the rest of the population.


Question: When did the Grand Duchy of Lithuania fall?

History of Lithuania

[LT-history 1] However, tools suitable for farming did not arrive until 3000 BCE.


Question: When did the Grand Duchy of Lithuania fall?

History of Lithuania

At that time, handicrafts and trade also began to develop.


Question: When did the Grand Duchy of Lithuania fall?

History of Lithuania

ProtoIndo-Europeans arrived in Lithuanian territory around 2500 BCE.


Question: When did the Grand Duchy of Lithuania fall?

History of Lithuania

and the Baltic language group formed in 2000 BCE.


Question: When did the Grand Duchy of Lithuania fall?

History of Lithuania

Baltic tribes Lithuanians were originally one of the Baltic tribes, which also included, for example, Latvians and Prussians.


Question: When did the Grand Duchy of Lithuania fall?

History of Lithuania

The Baltic tribes were never under the rule of the Roman Empire, instead there were good trade relations on both sides (amber trade among them).


Question: When did the Grand Duchy of Lithuania fall?

History of Lithuania

Among the peoples of the Baltic tribe today, Lithuanians and Latvians still exist.


Question: When did the Grand Duchy of Lithuania fall?

History of Lithuania

The first mention of Lithuania (Litua) dates from 1009 in the chronicles of Quedlinburg Abbey.


Question: When did the Grand Duchy of Lithuania fall?

History of Lithuania

With the birth of the kingdom in the 10th century, Lithuanian territories paid tax to Kievan Russia.


Question: When did the Grand Duchy of Lithuania fall?

History of Lithuania

In the 12th century, Lithuanians were looting neighbouring territories.


Question: When did the Grand Duchy of Lithuania fall?

History of Lithuania

The looting and military action set off a power struggle among Lithuanians, which is seen as the starting shot for the genesis of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania.


Question: When did the Grand Duchy of Lithuania fall?

History of Lithuania

The time of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania in the early 13th century two Teutonic Knights, the Teutonic Order and the Kalpar Order conquered the territories of present-day Latvia and Estonia and parts of present-day Lithuania.


Question: When did the Grand Duchy of Lithuania fall?

History of Lithuania

In response to this, the Baltic tribes united under the leadership of Mindaugas and defeated the Livonians at Šiauliai at the Battle of Saule in 1236.


Question: When did the Grand Duchy of Lithuania fall?

History of Lithuania

In 1250, Mindaugas signed a treaty with the Teutonic Order, and was baptized by the Bishop of Chełmno in 1251.


Question: When did the Grand Duchy of Lithuania fall?

History of Lithuania

On July 6, 1253, Mindaugas was crowned King of Lithuania and the Kingdom of Lithuania was declared established.


Question: When did the Grand Duchy of Lithuania fall?

History of Lithuania

However, Mindaugas's nephew Treniota murdered his uncle, causing unrest and the return of the people to paganism.


Question: When did the Grand Duchy of Lithuania fall?

History of Lithuania

In 1316, Gediminas, with the support of the Germans, began rebuilding the country.


Question: When did the Grand Duchy of Lithuania fall?

History of Lithuania

He, with his brother Vytenis, reunited the Lithuanians into one nation.


Question: When did the Grand Duchy of Lithuania fall?

History of Lithuania

Gediminas expanded Lithuania in the east, challenging in this way the Mongols who invaded Kiev Russia.


Question: When did the Grand Duchy of Lithuania fall?

History of Lithuania

Through coalitions and conquests, the Lithuanians expanded their power over Ruthenia territory.


Question: When did the Grand Duchy of Lithuania fall?

History of Lithuania

That region encompassed much of present-day Belarus and Ukraine.


Question: When did the Grand Duchy of Lithuania fall?

History of Lithuania

The power of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania was at its greatest: power stretched from the Baltic Sea all the way to the Black Sea.


Question: When did the Grand Duchy of Lithuania fall?

History of Lithuania

After Gediminas was killed, power was inherited by his son Algirdas.


Question: When did the Grand Duchy of Lithuania fall?

History of Lithuania

Algirdas abolished the monasteries, while his son and successor Jogaila made secret treaties with the Teutonic Order.


Question: When did the Grand Duchy of Lithuania fall?

History of Lithuania

He was taken prisoner by Jogaila's uncle, Kęstutis, and as a result civil war broke out.


Question: When did the Grand Duchy of Lithuania fall?

History of Lithuania

Kęstutis was eventually caught and executed, but his son Vytautas got away.


Question: When did the Grand Duchy of Lithuania fall?

History of Lithuania

With the arrival of Christianity in the western parts of the Grand Principality, the Polish ruler Jadwiga, at the urging of the Poles, went to marry Jogaila.


Question: When did the Grand Duchy of Lithuania fall?

History of Lithuania

The couple married three days after the baptism taken by Jogaila.


Question: When did the Grand Duchy of Lithuania fall?

History of Lithuania

With the marriage, Poland and Lithuania became strong allies among themselves against the incessant threat of the German Empire and the Principality of Moscow.


Question: When did the Grand Duchy of Lithuania fall?

History of Lithuania

On February 2, 1386, the Polish parliament Sejm accepted Jogaila as King of Poland.


Question: When did the Grand Duchy of Lithuania fall?

History of Lithuania

Catholic Christianity spread even more with the Union of Poland.


Question: When did the Grand Duchy of Lithuania fall?

History of Lithuania

Magdeburg city rights were given to numerous Lithuanian cities, including Vilnius, which became the capital of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania in 1322.


Question: When did the Grand Duchy of Lithuania fall?

History of Lithuania

Lithuania inherited the ancient cultural heritage some 1,000 years later than the rest of Europe and did not undergo the Christian culturing process typical of the rest of Europe.


Question: When did the Grand Duchy of Lithuania fall?

History of Lithuania

European culture initially touched only a small part of the people, mainly the supremest nobility.


Question: When did the Grand Duchy of Lithuania fall?

History of Lithuania

It spread extremely slowly among the peasant class, which continued to uphold their old pagan traditions long after official Christianisation.


Question: When did the Grand Duchy of Lithuania fall?

History of Lithuania

Especially in Zemaitija, old forms of worship and customs remained vibrant among the nobility.


Question: When did the Grand Duchy of Lithuania fall?

History of Lithuania

Archaeologists have found pagan places of worship in use in the area up to the 19th century.


Question: When did the Grand Duchy of Lithuania fall?

History of Lithuania

[8] Renaissance in the 16th century many educated Lithuanians went to study abroad.


Question: When did the Grand Duchy of Lithuania fall?

History of Lithuania

In the past, pagan Lithuanians were not admitted to European universities.


Question: When did the Grand Duchy of Lithuania fall?

History of Lithuania

Prague University was among the most popular, as was Kraków, where around thirty Lithuanians were admitted to study between 1410 and 1430.


Question: When did the Grand Duchy of Lithuania fall?

History of Lithuania

Lithuanian students were also enough to attend other universities such as Paris, Bologna, Padovia, Leipzig and Wittenberg.


Question: When did the Grand Duchy of Lithuania fall?

History of Lithuania

The vast majority of Lithuanians graduating from universities in the 15th century returned to their birthland after graduation to work as diplomats, priests or other actors in state life, now equipped with an aimo dose of pan-European know-how and understanding of the currents of the time.


Question: When did the Grand Duchy of Lithuania fall?

History of Lithuania

[8] Under the influence of this, an active cultural life prevailed in the country.


Question: When did the Grand Duchy of Lithuania fall?

History of Lithuania

At the same time, Italian architecture was introduced in Lithuanian cities and the main language of literature was Latin.


Question: When did the Grand Duchy of Lithuania fall?

History of Lithuania

The Renaissance got under way in Lithuania at the initiative of both native and humanists from elsewhere.


Question: When did the Grand Duchy of Lithuania fall?

History of Lithuania

Latin poetry was quickly making its way.


Question: When did the Grand Duchy of Lithuania fall?

History of Lithuania

Joannes Vislicensis (1485—1520) wrote the poem Bellum Prutenum (“Prussian War”) describing the Battle of Grünwald.


Question: When did the Grand Duchy of Lithuania fall?

History of Lithuania

Johannes Hussovianus (1480—1533) described the hunting of European bison in Kraków in his poem published in 1523, describing the nature and inhabitants of historic Lithuania.


Question: When did the Grand Duchy of Lithuania fall?

History of Lithuania

Enthusiastic about hunting, Pope Leo X expressed his personal appreciation for Hussovianus.


Question: When did the Grand Duchy of Lithuania fall?

History of Lithuania

Wenceslaus Mikolaiewicz (1490—1560), the long-time secretary of the Grand Prince's Office, in turn wrote a tractate De moribus tartarorum, lituanorum et moscorum (“On the customs of the Tatars, Lithuanians and Muscovites”) in which he regrets the weakening of Lithuanian influence and blames it selfish interest of nobles and churchmen.


Question: When did the Grand Duchy of Lithuania fall?

History of Lithuania

Most Lithuanian-born authors seem to admire the time of Vytautas the Great, when the nobility served the country selflessly.


Question: When did the Grand Duchy of Lithuania fall?

History of Lithuania

Several poems and other texts show the wistfulness and longing of the past at a time before personal union.


Question: When did the Grand Duchy of Lithuania fall?

History of Lithuania

Similar to several other states of the Renaissance period, a form of glorification of Romanism and antiquity was also noticeable in Lithuania, as Michalo Litanus, among others, attests in his chronicle: “ruthene is a foreign language to us Lithuanians, i.e.


Question: When did the Grand Duchy of Lithuania fall?

History of Lithuania

to Italians, of Italian blood in origin”.


Question: When did the Grand Duchy of Lithuania fall?

History of Lithuania

[8] Polish-Lithuania (1569—1795) After Lithuania and Poland entered into the Union of Lublin, the Polish-Lithuanian confederation emerged.


Question: When did the Grand Duchy of Lithuania fall?

History of Lithuania

With the advent of confederation, Polish culture began to strongly influence Lithuanian culture and was a major contributor for over 140 years.


Question: When did the Grand Duchy of Lithuania fall?

History of Lithuania

Among other things, the Polish language began to become more common among Lithuanian nobility and clergy.


Question: When did the Grand Duchy of Lithuania fall?

History of Lithuania

In 1696, the Polish language became the only official language, replacing the Lithuanian and Ruthenian languages.


Question: When did the Grand Duchy of Lithuania fall?

History of Lithuania

Although Lithuania and Poland were in confederation, both retained their own armies and financial possessions.


Question: When did the Grand Duchy of Lithuania fall?

History of Lithuania

On May 3, 1791, an attempt was made in the Sejm to draft a new constitution in which Lithuanian-Polish cooperation would have intensified further.


Question: When did the Grand Duchy of Lithuania fall?

History of Lithuania

However, the project and the entire confederation fell in the partitions of Poland, after which Lithuania was annexed as part of the Russian Empire.


Question: When did the Grand Duchy of Lithuania fall?

History of Lithuania

Period of Russian Empire (1795—1914) As part of Russia After Poland-Lithuania broke up, the Russian Empire began to dominate Lithuanian territories.


Question: When did the Grand Duchy of Lithuania fall?

History of Lithuania

Among other things, Vilnius and its surrounding areas were made Vilnius Governorate.


Question: When did the Grand Duchy of Lithuania fall?

History of Lithuania

The majority of the territory of Vilnius Governorate belongs to the territory of present-day Belar


Question: When did the Grand Duchy of Lithuania fall?

History of Lithuania

The northern parts of modern Lithuania were included in Kaunas Governorate.


Question: When did the Grand Duchy of Lithuania fall?

History of Lithuania

The area south of Kaunas formed the northern part of Suwałki Governorate.


Question: When did the Grand Duchy of Lithuania fall?

History of Lithuania

In the early 19th century, there were indications that Lithuanians could have been given autonomy, but that reform never materialized.


Question: When did the Grand Duchy of Lithuania fall?

History of Lithuania

The western coastal region of the country belonged to East Prussia.


Question: When did the Grand Duchy of Lithuania fall?

History of Lithuania

Napoleon's invasion One of the reasons for freezing Russian autonomy reform may be the year 1812, when Lithuanians enthusiastically welcomed the French emperor Napoleon's army as liberators.


Question: When did the Grand Duchy of Lithuania fall?

History of Lithuania

After the French army withdrew, Emperor Nicholas I of Russia began a program of Russification in Lithuanian territory.


Question: When did the Grand Duchy of Lithuania fall?

History of Lithuania

The southwestern part of Lithuania was annexed by Prussia and was part of the short-lived Duchy of Warsaw and later Kingdom of Poland.


Question: When did the Grand Duchy of Lithuania fall?

History of Lithuania

In the same year, other parts of Lithuania were annexed as a single province by the Russian Empire.


Question: When did the Grand Duchy of Lithuania fall?

History of Lithuania

Revolts Lithuanians and Poles rebelled twice, in 1831 and 1863.


Question: When did the Grand Duchy of Lithuania fall?

History of Lithuania

However, both rebellions failed.


Question: When did the Grand Duchy of Lithuania fall?

History of Lithuania

In 1864, the teaching of the Lithuanian language and the Latin alphabet was banned in schools.


Question: When did the Grand Duchy of Lithuania fall?

History of Lithuania

In protest, Lithuanians printed books and writings in their own language secretly and abroad.


Question: When did the Grand Duchy of Lithuania fall?

History of Lithuania

The book smugglers were referred to as knygnešiai.


Question: When did the Grand Duchy of Lithuania fall?

History of Lithuania

With the national awakening of Lithuanians towards the end of Russian rule, the Lithuanian language began to gain strength: language research began and the first Lithuanian encyclopedia was published.


Question: When did the Grand Duchy of Lithuania fall?

History of Lithuania

The Russian government also opened the Academy of Sciences in the country and the Cultural Institute.


Question: When did the Grand Duchy of Lithuania fall?

History of Lithuania

Since Polish was the native language of the Lithuanian nobility, Lithuanian spoken by the peasants was not much appreciated.


Question: When did the Grand Duchy of Lithuania fall?

History of Lithuania

There were even theories that the whole language would die out with the increasing use of the Russian language and Polish language among the people.


Question: When did the Grand Duchy of Lithuania fall?

History of Lithuania

The national awakening of the Lithuanian language began among the poor population, from which later spread even among the wealthy.


Question: When did the Grand Duchy of Lithuania fall?

History of Lithuania

With the national awakening, Lithuanian-language newspapers Aušra and Varpas began to be published, and Lithuanian literature began to become widespread.


Question: When did the Grand Duchy of Lithuania fall?

History of Lithuania

Many literary books of that time praised the time of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, the power of the nation, and made historical Lithuanian figures heroes.


Question: When did the Grand Duchy of Lithuania fall?

History of Lithuania

The national awakening also gave rise to the movement that pushed for Lithuania's independence and numerous other anti-Russian organizations.


Question: When did the Grand Duchy of Lithuania fall?

History of Lithuania

To this, Russia responded with a harsher policy of Russification.


Question: When did the Grand Duchy of Lithuania fall?

History of Lithuania

The nationalist movement continued to grow.


Question: When did the Grand Duchy of Lithuania fall?

History of Lithuania

In connection with the Russian Revolution of 1905, the Lithuanian Congress demanded autonomy from the Russian leadership.


Question: When did the Grand Duchy of Lithuania fall?

History of Lithuania

Influenced by the uprising, Russia made numerous reforms: the Lithuanian language was allowed as the language of instruction and colloquial language.


Question: When did the Grand Duchy of Lithuania fall?

History of Lithuania

In addition, the Latin alphabet was reintroduced.


Question: When did the Grand Duchy of Lithuania fall?

History of Lithuania

However, autonomy was not accepted.


Question: When did the Grand Duchy of Lithuania fall?

History of Lithuania

[9] During World War I, in 1915, Germany conquered Lithuania and the Curonia.


Question: When did the Grand Duchy of Lithuania fall?

History of Lithuania

Republic of Lithuania (1918—1940) Declaration of Independence after German occupation of Lithuania and the Curonia in World War I, annexed the territories to the occupation regime of Ober Ost.


Question: When did the Grand Duchy of Lithuania fall?

History of Lithuania

[10] The February Revolution in Russia of 1917 created an opportunity for Lithuanians who wanted independence.


Question: When did the Grand Duchy of Lithuania fall?

History of Lithuania

On 26 March, Lithuanian political parties established the National Council taryba, with the help of which a meeting of representatives seimas was organized.


Question: When did the Grand Duchy of Lithuania fall?

History of Lithuania

On 16 February 1918, Taryba members signed the Declaration of Independence declaring Lithuania independence.


Question: When did the Grand Duchy of Lithuania fall?

History of Lithuania

[11] Originally, the country was to be a Kingdom, whose king would have been the German Count Wilhelm of Württemberg (so-called. Mindaugas II).


Question: When did the Grand Duchy of Lithuania fall?

History of Lithuania

However, he never ascended the throne, and after Germany lost the war, Lithuania became a republic.


Question: When did the Grand Duchy of Lithuania fall?

History of Lithuania

After the declaration of independence and Germany's defeat, Lithuania quickly established the country's first government, led by Augustinas Voldemaras.


Question: When did the Grand Duchy of Lithuania fall?

History of Lithuania

The government adopted a provisional constitution and began construction of the state.


Question: When did the Grand Duchy of Lithuania fall?

History of Lithuania

As Germany retreated, it was followed by the Red Army, thus establishing the puppet state of the Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republic.


Question: When did the Grand Duchy of Lithuania fall?

History of Lithuania

In late December 1918, the Red Army crossed Lithuania's borders, thus breaking out the Lithuanian—Soviet—Russian War.


Question: When did the Grand Duchy of Lithuania fall?

History of Lithuania

The Lithuanian government was evacuated to the temporary capital Kaunas.


Question: When did the Grand Duchy of Lithuania fall?

History of Lithuania

Lithuania was not prepared for invasion, so the Red Army quickly gained control of more than half of the country's surface, including Vilnius on 5 January 1919.


Question: When did the Grand Duchy of Lithuania fall?

History of Lithuania

In April, Poland launched the Polish—Lithuanian War against Lithuania with the intention of capturing the Vilnius region, wherever it succeeded.


Question: When did the Grand Duchy of Lithuania fall?

History of Lithuania

The Vilnius Oblast was officially annexed to Poland in 1922.


Question: When did the Grand Duchy of Lithuania fall?

History of Lithuania

In May 1919, the Lithuanian army under General Silvestras Žukauskas began a counterattack against the Red Army in the north-east of the country.


Question: When did the Grand Duchy of Lithuania fall?

History of Lithuania

By the end of August, Russian troops had been driven out of the country.


Question: When did the Grand Duchy of Lithuania fall?

History of Lithuania

After their victory over Soviet-Russia, the Lithuanians were confronted by the paramilitary West Russian Volunteer Army, which penetrated the northern part of the country.


Question: When did the Grand Duchy of Lithuania fall?

History of Lithuania

The army's objective was to re-annex Lithuania into the German sphere of influence.


Question: When did the Grand Duchy of Lithuania fall?

History of Lithuania

Lithuania was able to drive the army out of the country by the end of 1919.


Question: When did the Grand Duchy of Lithuania fall?

History of Lithuania

Dispute with Poland The first Lithuanian Constituent Assembly was held in May 1920.


Question: When did the Grand Duchy of Lithuania fall?

History of Lithuania

In June, a third provisional constitution was adopted and a Lithuanian—Soviet-Russian peace was concluded in July.


Question: When did the Grand Duchy of Lithuania fall?

History of Lithuania

In the treaty, Soviet-Russia recognised Lithuania's independence and its claims to Vilnius that joined Poland.


Question: When did the Grand Duchy of Lithuania fall?

History of Lithuania

The treaty increased hostilities between Lithuania and Poland.


Question: When did the Grand Duchy of Lithuania fall?

History of Lithuania

In order to avoid more fighting, the Suwałki Agreement was signed in October, deciding, among other things, a ceasefire.


Question: When did the Grand Duchy of Lithuania fall?

History of Lithuania

However, even before the treaty took effect, Polish general Lucjan Żeligowski started a rebellion, invading Lithuania and conquering Vilnius.


Question: When did the Grand Duchy of Lithuania fall?

History of Lithuania

In the territory he conquered, he founded the short-lived Republic of Central Lithuania.


Question: When did the Grand Duchy of Lithuania fall?

History of Lithuania

The League of Nations attempted to convey peace to the parties to the dispute, including by introducing plans for a Polish-Lithuanian union.


Question: When did the Grand Duchy of Lithuania fall?

History of Lithuania

Lithuania, however, severed diplomatic relations with Poland and refused to acknowledge the loss of Vilnius.


Question: When did the Grand Duchy of Lithuania fall?

History of Lithuania

The dispute strongly influenced Lithuanian foreign policy during the interwar period.


Question: When did the Grand Duchy of Lithuania fall?

History of Lithuania

The Constituent Assembly, which ended in October 1920 due to threats from Poland, reconvened and initiated a number of reforms needed by the new state, including: receiving confessions of independence from other countries, membership in the League of Nations, law on land reform, and introduction of its own currency.


Question: When did the Grand Duchy of Lithuania fall?

History of Lithuania

The final constitution was confirmed in August 1922.


Question: When did the Grand Duchy of Lithuania fall?

History of Lithuania

With the constitution, Lithuania became a democratic state, with the parliament, or Seimas, elected every three years by popular vote.


Question: When did the Grand Duchy of Lithuania fall?

History of Lithuania

The president was elected by a vote of Parliament.


Question: When did the Grand Duchy of Lithuania fall?

History of Lithuania

The first Seimas was voted in October 1922.


Question: When did the Grand Duchy of Lithuania fall?

History of Lithuania

However, it fell when the formation of a government failed.


Question: When did the Grand Duchy of Lithuania fall?

History of Lithuania

In 1923, Lithuania conquered Memel, which was part of the Mandate Administrative Region of Memel, namely the present-day Klaipėda region.


Question: When did the Grand Duchy of Lithuania fall?

History of Lithuania

The area was annexed as part of Lithuania in 1924.


Question: When did the Grand Duchy of Lithuania fall?

History of Lithuania

Klaipėda was important to Lithuania in every way: with its help the country got the coast to the Baltic Sea and it was an important industrial centre.


Question: When did the Grand Duchy of Lithuania fall?

History of Lithuania

The takeover of Memel was the last Lithuanian armed conflict before World War II.


Question: When did the Grand Duchy of Lithuania fall?

History of Lithuania

The new Seimas was voted in May 1923.


Question: When did the Grand Duchy of Lithuania fall?

History of Lithuania

It became the only interwar parliament to remain standing throughout its legislature.


Question: When did the Grand Duchy of Lithuania fall?

History of Lithuania

The new parliament pursued land reform and began, among other things, repayment of foreign debts.


Question: When did the Grand Duchy of Lithuania fall?

History of Lithuania

In addition, reforms were made to the school system.


Question: When did the Grand Duchy of Lithuania fall?

History of Lithuania

A census was also conducted in the same year: Lithuania had 2028971 inhabitants.


Question: When did the Grand Duchy of Lithuania fall?

History of Lithuania

Political hand-wringing the Third Seimas was voted in May 1926.


Question: When did the Grand Duchy of Lithuania fall?

History of Lithuania

For the first time, the Lithuanian Christian Democrats (krikdemai) lost their seat of government and found themselves in opposition.


Question: When did the Grand Duchy of Lithuania fall?

History of Lithuania

It had previously strongly criticised the Lithuanian-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact between Lithuania and the Soviet Union and accused Lithuanian policies of being Bolshevist.


Question: When did the Grand Duchy of Lithuania fall?

History of Lithuania

As an outcome of the ensuing tensions, the government was overthrown by a coup in December 1926.


Question: When did the Grand Duchy of Lithuania fall?

History of Lithuania

Behind the coup, in addition to the military, was the Lithuanian Nationalist Union Party and the Christian Democrats.


Question: When did the Grand Duchy of Lithuania fall?

History of Lithuania

President Kazys Grinius was taken out of power and replaced by Antanas Smetona, who had previously been President.


Question: When did the Grand Duchy of Lithuania fall?

History of Lithuania

Augustinas Voldemaras became prime minister.


Question: When did the Grand Duchy of Lithuania fall?

History of Lithuania

[12] President Smetona prevented opposition activity and served as authoritarian leader until June 1940.


Question: When did the Grand Duchy of Lithuania fall?

History of Lithuania

The Seimas view on the coup was that it was only a temporary measure and new elections would be held to restore democracy.


Question: When did the Grand Duchy of Lithuania fall?

History of Lithuania

The Seimas was dissolved in May 1927.


Question: When did the Grand Duchy of Lithuania fall?

History of Lithuania

Later that year, however, the Social Democrats and other representatives of left-wing parties attempted to organise an uprising against President Smetona in it without success.


Question: When did the Grand Duchy of Lithuania fall?

History of Lithuania

Prime Minister Voldemaras began pushing a policy that diverged from the Smetona line, causing him to be dismissed in 1929.


Question: When did the Grand Duchy of Lithuania fall?

History of Lithuania

However, he tried four more times to return to power in the early 1930s.


Question: When did the Grand Duchy of Lithuania fall?

History of Lithuania

In May 1928, without the opinion of the Seimas, Smetona drafted a new constitution.


Question: When did the Grand Duchy of Lithuania fall?

History of Lithuania

In the new constitution, presidential prerogatives were greatly increased.


Question: When did the Grand Duchy of Lithuania fall?

History of Lithuania

The party National Alliance, led by Smetona, increased its popularity and influence.


Question: When did the Grand Duchy of Lithuania fall?

History of Lithuania

Smetona gave himself the title tautos vadas (Finnish leader of the nation) and began to create a cult of personhood for himself.


Question: When did the Grand Duchy of Lithuania fall?

History of Lithuania

Relations between Lithuania and Germany cooled with the rise of the National Socialist Party, led by Adolf Hitler, to power, as the new Nazi Germany did not accept the loss of Memel territory to Lithuania.


Question: When did the Grand Duchy of Lithuania fall?

History of Lithuania

The Nazis, among other things, supported anti-Lithuanian organizations in the region.


Question: When did the Grand Duchy of Lithuania fall?

History of Lithuania

In 1934 Lithuania prosecuted and sentenced to imprisonment numerous Germans involved in such activities.


Question: When did the Grand Duchy of Lithuania fall?

History of Lithuania

In response to this, Germany declared Lithuania under economic blockade.


Question: When did the Grand Duchy of Lithuania fall?

History of Lithuania

After the declaration, Lithuania shifted its exports to Great Britain.


Question: When did the Grand Duchy of Lithuania fall?

History of Lithuania

However, this did not suit the peasants, who were striking and rebelling.


Question: When did the Grand Duchy of Lithuania fall?

History of Lithuania

The revolts were bloody suppressed by the authorities.


Question: When did the Grand Duchy of Lithuania fall?

History of Lithuania

Smetona's prestige had experienced a clatter and in September 1936 he agreed to hold parliamentary elections, the first since the 1926 coup d'état.


Question: When did the Grand Duchy of Lithuania fall?

History of Lithuania

With the exception of the National Alliance, all other parties were banned from participating in elections.


Question: When did the Grand Duchy of Lithuania fall?

History of Lithuania

In February 1938, with the new constitution, Smetona gained even more power.


Question: When did the Grand Duchy of Lithuania fall?

History of Lithuania

After Germany committed the Anschluss in Austria, political tensions in various countries escalated.


Question: When did the Grand Duchy of Lithuania fall?

History of Lithuania

In March 1938, Poland issued an ultimatum to Lithuania demanding that diplomatic relations be established under threat of war.


Question: When did the Grand Duchy of Lithuania fall?

History of Lithuania

Militarily weak and without international support, Lithuania was forced to accept the demand.


Question: When did the Grand Duchy of Lithuania fall?

History of Lithuania

Lithuanian-Polish relations became normal on the face.


Question: When did the Grand Duchy of Lithuania fall?

History of Lithuania

Countries entered into agreements such as rail, mail exchange and other agreements.


Question: When did the Grand Duchy of Lithuania fall?

History of Lithuania

Following the German occupation of Czechoslovakia, German Foreign Minister Joachim von Ribbentrop issued a verbal ultimatum to Lithuania demanding Lithuania cede the Klaipėda region to Germany.


Question: When did the Grand Duchy of Lithuania fall?

History of Lithuania

Like Poland's claim, Lithuania had no choice but to acquiesce.


Question: When did the Grand Duchy of Lithuania fall?

History of Lithuania

Political mayhem ensued in Lithuania, leaving Smetona forced to form a new government.


Question: When did the Grand Duchy of Lithuania fall?

History of Lithuania

Members of the opposition party were accepted into the cabinet since 1926.


Question: When did the Grand Duchy of Lithuania fall?

History of Lithuania

The loss of Klaipėda was an economic setback for Lithuania and it fell into the German sphere of influence.


Question: When did the Grand Duchy of Lithuania fall?

History of Lithuania

World War II (1939—1945) First Soviet occupation In August 1939, in the secret division of the Molotov—Ribbentrop Pact drafted by Germany and the Soviet Union, Lithuania was initially part of the German interest, but in the supplementary treaty of 28 September 1939 it was exchanged The Soviet sphere of interest.


Question: When did the Grand Duchy of Lithuania fall?

History of Lithuania

Like the other Baltic states and Finland, the Soviet Union began demanding permission from Lithuania to build military bases on the territory of the country.


Question: When did the Grand Duchy of Lithuania fall?

History of Lithuania

After the Polish Offensive partition of Poland, the Soviet Union ceded to Lithuania the Vilnius region on condition that the country accepted the entry of 20,000 Red Army soldiers into the country.


Question: When did the Grand Duchy of Lithuania fall?

History of Lithuania

With the end of the Winter War in Finland and Germany's wars with Denmark, Norway and France, the Soviet Union increased diplomatic pressure against Lithuania.


Question: When did the Grand Duchy of Lithuania fall?

History of Lithuania

In June 1940, it issued an ultimatum to Lithuania demanding the formation of a government sympathetic to the Soviet Union and authorising the Red Army to bring unlimited troops into the country.


Question: When did the Grand Duchy of Lithuania fall?

History of Lithuania

Vyacheslav Molotov, the Soviet foreign minister, hardened his ultimatum by saying to the Lithuanian foreign minister who arrived in Moscow: “You must be such a realist to understand that the era of small states is over.” [13] Lithuania, whose territory was already rich Soviet soldiers, had to bend to the demand.


Question: When did the Grand Duchy of Lithuania fall?

History of Lithuania

President Antanas Smetona fled the country after 15 Soviet divisions (150,000 soldiers) crossed the country's border on 15 June 1940.


Question: When did the Grand Duchy of Lithuania fall?

History of Lithuania

On that date, Lithuania is considered to have lost its independence.


Question: When did the Grand Duchy of Lithuania fall?

History of Lithuania

Augustinas Voldemaras attempted a return to power, but was captured and transported to the Soviet Union, where his fate was long shrouded in obscurity.


Question: When did the Grand Duchy of Lithuania fall?

History of Lithuania

It was not until decades later that it was discovered that he perished in captivity in 1942.


Question: When did the Grand Duchy of Lithuania fall?

History of Lithuania

[14] Lithuania's annexation to the Soviet Union came to be led by Deputy Foreign Minister Vladimir Dekanosov, who also held an official position in Moscow as head of the foreign department of the Security Service NKGB.


Question: When did the Grand Duchy of Lithuania fall?

History of Lithuania

[15] Dekanosov formed a puppet government called the so-called People's Government, which acted entirely in accordance with the will of the Soviet leadership.


Question: When did the Grand Duchy of Lithuania fall?

History of Lithuania

Justas Paleckis became the new president of Lithuania after Smetona fled the country.


Question: When did the Grand Duchy of Lithuania fall?

History of Lithuania

The Parliament of the Seimas was dissolved and replaced by the People's Seimas.


Question: When did the Grand Duchy of Lithuania fall?

History of Lithuania

The first election for the new Parliament was held in July 1940.


Question: When did the Grand Duchy of Lithuania fall?

History of Lithuania

Candidates included only communists.


Question: When did the Grand Duchy of Lithuania fall?

History of Lithuania

Official results put the turnout at more than 90.


Question: When did the Grand Duchy of Lithuania fall?

History of Lithuania

On July 21, Parliament unanimously approved the transformation of the country into a Soviet Socialist Republic and the decision to apply for membership as part of the Soviet Union.


Question: When did the Grand Duchy of Lithuania fall?

History of Lithuania

On August 3, the Soviet Union approved the application, thus becoming Lithuania the Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republic.


Question: When did the Grand Duchy of Lithuania fall?

History of Lithuania

Immediately after the accession to the Soviet Union, reforms began in Lithuania: lands, companies and banks were nationalized, large farms were distributed to small farmers.


Question: When did the Grand Duchy of Lithuania fall?

History of Lithuania

The size of the large estate was set at 30 hectares and even smaller holdings received penal taxes.


Question: When did the Grand Duchy of Lithuania fall?

History of Lithuania

Properties were nationalised and “burghers” forced to move out of their homes.


Question: When did the Grand Duchy of Lithuania fall?

History of Lithuania

This made room for Soviet officers who arrived from other parts of the Soviet Union.


Question: When did the Grand Duchy of Lithuania fall?

History of Lithuania

Small business owners were also subject to a tax, which was impossible to cope with.


Question: When did the Grand Duchy of Lithuania fall?

History of Lithuania

[16] The use of Lit was abolished.


Question: When did the Grand Duchy of Lithuania fall?

History of Lithuania

The exchange rate for the Soviet ruble was unfavorable for Lithuanians.


Question: When did the Grand Duchy of Lithuania fall?

History of Lithuania

On one liit received 0.90 rubles, while with the correct exchange ratio it would have been 5 rubles.


Question: When did the Grand Duchy of Lithuania fall?

History of Lithuania

Banks were nationalised and bank accounts were frozen.


Question: When did the Grand Duchy of Lithuania fall?

History of Lithuania

No one was allowed to remain in possession of more than a savings of 1,000 rubles.


Question: When did the Grand Duchy of Lithuania fall?

History of Lithuania

[16] The reforms brought many problems: with collectivization, agricultural taxes rose, leaving numerous farmers bankrupt, the nationalization of companies and banks caused a shortage of goods and, as a result, a collapse in living standards ensued.


Question: When did the Grand Duchy of Lithuania fall?

History of Lithuania

All religious, cultural and political organizations were banned.


Question: When did the Grand Duchy of Lithuania fall?

History of Lithuania

The only organizations accepted were the Communist Party of Lithuania and the Pioneer Movement.


Question: When did the Grand Duchy of Lithuania fall?

History of Lithuania

12000 “people's enemies” were arrested.


Question: When did the Grand Duchy of Lithuania fall?

History of Lithuania

In the June deportations, authorities deported 17,000 people, many of whom died in inhumane conditions.


Question: When did the Grand Duchy of Lithuania fall?

History of Lithuania

Alexandras Guzevičius, the Lithuanian SNT's Commissioner for Internal Affairs, signed a document listing 14 groups of people who came to be deported.


Question: When did the Grand Duchy of Lithuania fall?

History of Lithuania

The group included members of anti-Soviet (both left and right) parties, anti-state officials, churchmen, Red Cross officers, and anyone with personal connections abroad, such as philatelists.


Question: When did the Grand Duchy of Lithuania fall?

History of Lithuania

The first expulsions were enforced from 14—18.


Question: When did the Grand Duchy of Lithuania fall?

History of Lithuania

on June 1941.


Question: When did the Grand Duchy of Lithuania fall?

History of Lithuania

Men were taken to forced labour camps, women and children were taken to places of deportation.


Question: When did the Grand Duchy of Lithuania fall?

History of Lithuania

Later, Antanas Sniečkus, secretary-general of the Communist Party of Lithuania, regretted that the German invasion in the summer of 1941 prevented sufficiently effective deportations.


Question: When did the Grand Duchy of Lithuania fall?

History of Lithuania

[17] The Nazi occupation of 22 June 1941 Germany invaded the Soviet Union.


Question: When did the Grand Duchy of Lithuania fall?

History of Lithuania

The Germans experienced little resistance in Lithuanian territory and quickly occupied it completely.


Question: When did the Grand Duchy of Lithuania fall?

History of Lithuania

In their retreat, Soviet troops massacred Lithuanian political prisoners.


Question: When did the Grand Duchy of Lithuania fall?

History of Lithuania

The bloodiest of these is considered to be the Rainiai massacre.


Question: When did the Grand Duchy of Lithuania fall?

History of Lithuania

The majority of Lithuanians viewed the Germans as liberators and believed these would restore autonomy or independence to the country.


Question: When did the Grand Duchy of Lithuania fall?

History of Lithuania

The Lithuanian National Front organized an uprising in June 1941, when the country also declared independence and the prime minister of the established provisional government became Juozas Ambrazevičius.


Question: When did the Grand Duchy of Lithuania fall?

History of Lithuania

The provisional government was dissolved on 7 August, when Germany established the Reich Commissariat of Ostland to govern the Baltic region.


Question: When did the Grand Duchy of Lithuania fall?

History of Lithuania

Hinrich Lohse served as the Privy Commissioner.


Question: When did the Grand Duchy of Lithuania fall?

History of Lithuania

The “Lithuanian Activist Front” (LAF), founded in 1940, sent a memorandum to Adolf Hitler in which they appealed to the Germans for recognition of Lithuania's national aspirations and restore state life.


Question: When did the Grand Duchy of Lithuania fall?

History of Lithuania

The answer was surly: the movement was banned and the leaders were taken to concentration camps in Germany.


Question: When did the Grand Duchy of Lithuania fall?

History of Lithuania

A party of Lithuanian Fascists, the Nationalist Party (LNP), was also banned, and that leadership was imprisoned.


Question: When did the Grand Duchy of Lithuania fall?

History of Lithuania

[18] Numerous Lithuanians cooperated remarkably with German forces.


Question: When did the Grand Duchy of Lithuania fall?

History of Lithuania

The Lithuanian National Front formed the Volunteer Police Officer Tautinio Darbo Apsaugos Batalionas (TDA), who participated in numerous Holocaust-related Holocaust-related Holocaust-related Holocaust-related killings.


Question: When did the Grand Duchy of Lithuania fall?

History of Lithuania

Another participant in Nazi-led blood acts was the Lithuanian Protection Police (Saugumo policija) in Vilnius.


Question: When did the Grand Duchy of Lithuania fall?

History of Lithuania

In addition to the Holocaust, the Germans rounded up Lithuanians for forced labor and forced young men to become soldiers.


Question: When did the Grand Duchy of Lithuania fall?

History of Lithuania

What followed was a resistance movement known as the Lithuanian Liberation Committee, founded in 1943.


Question: When did the Grand Duchy of Lithuania fall?

History of Lithuania

Towards the end of the war, the Lithuanian Territorial Defence Force (LTDF), under German military command, was established to defend Lithuania from approaching Soviet forces.


Question: When did the Grand Duchy of Lithuania fall?

History of Lithuania

However, the organisation was disbanded in May 1944 as the Germans attempted to take it under tighter command.


Question: When did the Grand Duchy of Lithuania fall?

History of Lithuania

At no point did the Lithuanians make armed resistance against the Germans.


Question: When did the Grand Duchy of Lithuania fall?

History of Lithuania

It was done by Soviet partisans consisting of Russians, Belarusians and Jews.


Question: When did the Grand Duchy of Lithuania fall?

History of Lithuania

Partisans committed numerous atrocities (among them the Kaniūkai massacre) and the destruction of entire villages and towns.


Question: When did the Grand Duchy of Lithuania fall?

History of Lithuania

The Polish Resistance Armia Krajowa (AK) was also active in eastern Lithuania, with the aim of re-annexing Vilnius to Poland.


Question: When did the Grand Duchy of Lithuania fall?

History of Lithuania

In addition to German forces, the movement fought against Lithuanian police forces, regional defense forces and Soviet partisans.


Question: When did the Grand Duchy of Lithuania fall?

History of Lithuania

Holocaust in Lithuania Before the Holocaust, an estimated 210,000 or 250,000 Jews lived in Lithuania.


Question: When did the Grand Duchy of Lithuania fall?

History of Lithuania

[19] [20] The Holocaust in Lithuania can be divided into three distinct phases: mass executions (June — December 1941), ghetto period (1942 — March 1943), and final “purification” (April 1943 — July 1944).


Question: When did the Grand Duchy of Lithuania fall?

History of Lithuania

Unlike other German-occupied territories, where executions were gradually started, the Einsatzgruppen began the executions of Jews in Lithuania right in the first days of the war.


Question: When did the Grand Duchy of Lithuania fall?

History of Lithuania

The Ponary massacre was one of the bloodiest cases of Jewish persecution carried out in Lithuanian territory.


Question: When did the Grand Duchy of Lithuania fall?

History of Lithuania

An estimated 80% of Lithuanian Jews had been killed before 1942.


Question: When did the Grand Duchy of Lithuania fall?

History of Lithuania

[21] The surviving 43,000 Jews were concentrated in ghettos and forced into forced labor.


Question: When did the Grand Duchy of Lithuania fall?

History of Lithuania

On June 21, 1943, Heinrich Himmler ordered Lithuanian Jews to be transferred to concentration camps.


Question: When did the Grand Duchy of Lithuania fall?

History of Lithuania

[22] The genocide of Jews in Lithuania was definitively 95% to 97%, which was one of the highest in Europe.


Question: When did the Grand Duchy of Lithuania fall?

History of Lithuania

This was due, with few exceptions, to the close cooperation of the Lithuanians with the Germans.


Question: When did the Grand Duchy of Lithuania fall?

History of Lithuania

Among Lithuanians, Jews were generally regarded as culpable for the suffering of the Soviet-era, as numerous Jews had served as communists.


Question: When did the Grand Duchy of Lithuania fall?

History of Lithuania

However, some Lithuanians also saved their own lives under threat of Jews from concentration camps.


Question: When did the Grand Duchy of Lithuania fall?

History of Lithuania

The best known of them are the former President Kazys Grinius, who along with some other politicians protested against the killing of Jews, and the Vilniese priest Alfonsas Lipniûnas, who was imprisoned and killed in the Stutthof concentration camp after defending Jews in both words and by deed.


Question: When did the Grand Duchy of Lithuania fall?

History of Lithuania

[23] [24] Return of Soviet forces: Second Soviet occupation In the summer of 1944, the Red Army crossed the borders of eastern Lithuania at the same time as the Polish resistance had captured Vilnius in Operation Ostra Brama.


Question: When did the Grand Duchy of Lithuania fall?

History of Lithuania

In January 1945, the Soviet Union conquered Klaipėda.


Question: When did the Grand Duchy of Lithuania fall?

History of Lithuania

Lithuania was re-occupied by the Soviets with the tacit consent of the United States and Great Britain (Yalta Conference and Potsdam Treaty).


Question: When did the Grand Duchy of Lithuania fall?

History of Lithuania

Lithuania re-became a Soviet Socialist Republic.


Question: When did the Grand Duchy of Lithuania fall?

History of Lithuania

Time of the Soviet Republic (1944—1990) Stalin's persecutions and resistance against the Soviet Union, to the disappointment of several Lithuanians, Soviet power returned to the country in August—September 1944.


Question: When did the Grand Duchy of Lithuania fall?

History of Lithuania

Lithuania had been entrusted with American and British reassurances and declarations on the rights of small peoples to freedom.


Question: When did the Grand Duchy of Lithuania fall?

History of Lithuania

In an effort to restore the freedom of their country, Lithuanians founded a resistance movement (the so-called Forest Brethren) that fought against the Soviet system.


Question: When did the Grand Duchy of Lithuania fall?

History of Lithuania

In 1944, 30,000 partisans fought in the forests of Lithuania against Soviet forces.


Question: When did the Grand Duchy of Lithuania fall?

History of Lithuania

What remains in popular memory is the Battle of the Kalniškés Forest from May 1945, when 400 NKVD men were massacred by Lithuanian partisans.


Question: When did the Grand Duchy of Lithuania fall?

History of Lithuania

Particular gallantry in combat was shown by two female partisans.


Question: When did the Grand Duchy of Lithuania fall?

History of Lithuania

The partisans were declared “people's enemies” and the NKVD massacred unexpectedly suspects and burned houses and villages to the ground.


Question: When did the Grand Duchy of Lithuania fall?

History of Lithuania

Lithuanian communists established “extermination battalions” to aid the NKVD in 1944.


Question: When did the Grand Duchy of Lithuania fall?

History of Lithuania

The following year, the name was changed to “People's Protectors”, but the former name remained in the minds of citizens.


Question: When did the Grand Duchy of Lithuania fall?

History of Lithuania

[25] One of the most famous of those involved in the action was Nachmanas Dušanskis, a Jewish major of the Soviet security police, who tortured partisans.


Question: When did the Grand Duchy of Lithuania fall?

History of Lithuania

[26] Reportedly the last Lithuanian partisan to fight against the Soviet Union was killed in a firefight in 1965.


Question: When did the Grand Duchy of Lithuania fall?

History of Lithuania

The NKVD settled in the old district court house in Vilnius and began the persecution of anti-Soviet individuals.


Question: When did the Grand Duchy of Lithuania fall?

History of Lithuania

From September 1944 to April 1947, a total of 767 persons were executed in the building.


Question: When did the Grand Duchy of Lithuania fall?

History of Lithuania

Between 1944 and 1953, a total of 186,000 persons were imprisoned in Lithuania, 80000 of whom were taken to prison camps.


Question: When did the Grand Duchy of Lithuania fall?

History of Lithuania

In addition, 8000 who were in conjunction with the National Socialists during the occupation period were imprisoned.


Question: When did the Grand Duchy of Lithuania fall?

History of Lithuania

[27] Civil administration was also started to be built.


Question: When did the Grand Duchy of Lithuania fall?

History of Lithuania

The Lithuanian Special Office was established in the Russian Communist Party, with Mikhail Suslov appointed as its head.


Question: When did the Grand Duchy of Lithuania fall?

History of Lithuania

Suslov was the true leader of Lithuania until 1946 and was tasked with overseeing the Supreme Council of the Lithuanian SNT led by Mečislovas Gedvilas.


Question: When did the Grand Duchy of Lithuania fall?

History of Lithuania

The administration and civil service were largely in the hands of the Russians.


Question: When did the Grand Duchy of Lithuania fall?

History of Lithuania

In 1947 alone, 12,300 officers arrived in the country from other parts of the Soviet Union.


Question: When did the Grand Duchy of Lithuania fall?

History of Lithuania

[28] It was decided to start the forced collectivation of agriculture in Lithuania in 1948.


Question: When did the Grand Duchy of Lithuania fall?

History of Lithuania

The decision had been taken at the NKP Central Committee a year earlier and approved by the Lithuanian SNT Council of Ministers.


Question: When did the Grand Duchy of Lithuania fall?

History of Lithuania

The goal was to be achieved through financial extortion and mass deportations, among other things.


Question: When did the Grand Duchy of Lithuania fall?

History of Lithuania

Farmers' taxes were raised and in 1948 they took 75% of the income.


Question: When did the Grand Duchy of Lithuania fall?

History of Lithuania

In addition, the proportion of the crop sold at dumped prices to the state was increased.


Question: When did the Grand Duchy of Lithuania fall?

History of Lithuania

[29] By 1954, 94% of peasants had been able to join the collectives.


Question: When did the Grand Duchy of Lithuania fall?

History of Lithuania

The goal had been achieved by defeating partisans, expulsions, terror and economic blackmail.


Question: When did the Grand Duchy of Lithuania fall?

History of Lithuania

In its propaganda, the Soviet power presented agricultural collectivation as a great victory and achievement.


Question: When did the Grand Duchy of Lithuania fall?

History of Lithuania

Agricultural output, however, was down.


Question: When did the Grand Duchy of Lithuania fall?

History of Lithuania

When the 1939 census of milk cattle numbered 848000 animals, the result of the 1951 census was 504000 animals and in 1957 a total of 531000 animals.


Question: When did the Grand Duchy of Lithuania fall?

History of Lithuania

[29] In difficult times, Lithuanians turned to the church.


Question: When did the Grand Duchy of Lithuania fall?

History of Lithuania

The administration attacked the church by closing priestly seminaries, denying priests religious instruction and hospital soup care, and imposing taxes so palpable on parishes that no funds remained for priests' remuneration.


Question: When did the Grand Duchy of Lithuania fall?

History of Lithuania

No Catholic literature was allowed to be published until 1956.


Question: When did the Grand Duchy of Lithuania fall?

History of Lithuania

Churchmen were instructed in their sermons to denounce the partisans.


Question: When did the Grand Duchy of Lithuania fall?

History of Lithuania

[30] The Church was also instructed to break its relationship with the Vatican and act as a government agency.


Question: When did the Grand Duchy of Lithuania fall?

History of Lithuania

Bishop Kazimieris Paltarokis was pressured to reject the pope and to introduce Marxism-Leninism into the curriculum of priestly seminaries, to which he did not agree.


Question: When did the Grand Duchy of Lithuania fall?

History of Lithuania

Many other representatives of the clergy also felt tough.


Question: When did the Grand Duchy of Lithuania fall?

History of Lithuania

Vincentas Borisevičius, Bishop of Telšiai, was slain in Vilnius's MKGB prison and Archbishop Mečislovas Reinys was imprisoned in the summer of 1947.


Question: When did the Grand Duchy of Lithuania fall?

History of Lithuania

After six months of interrogations, he received an eight-year sentence and died in Vladimir Prison [30] Protective weather Josif Stalin died in March 1953.


Question: When did the Grand Duchy of Lithuania fall?

History of Lithuania

Gradually, a period called “protective weather” began.


Question: When did the Grand Duchy of Lithuania fall?

History of Lithuania

It was visible, among other things, as the return of the deportees.


Question: When did the Grand Duchy of Lithuania fall?

History of Lithuania

During 1955—1956, 17000 deportees returned to Lithuania.


Question: When did the Grand Duchy of Lithuania fall?

History of Lithuania

The Lithuanian SNT administration enacted laws restricting their right to choose their place of residence.


Question: When did the Grand Duchy of Lithuania fall?

History of Lithuania

In the Kremlin's internal power struggle, Lavrenti Berija sought support for himself from the Soviet republics by presenting the strengthening of the status of the indigenous population at the expense of the Russians.


Question: When did the Grand Duchy of Lithuania fall?

History of Lithuania

The resolution was passed in May 1953.


Question: When did the Grand Duchy of Lithuania fall?

History of Lithuania

Although Berija lost the struggle, a resolution remained.


Question: When did the Grand Duchy of Lithuania fall?

History of Lithuania

In Lithuania, this was reflected in the fact that 3,000 of the officers from elsewhere in the Soviet Union were recalled.


Question: When did the Grand Duchy of Lithuania fall?

History of Lithuania

The Communist Party also began to Lithuanize itself through the 1950s.


Question: When did the Grand Duchy of Lithuania fall?

History of Lithuania

Sixty percent of LKP members were Lithuanians in 1964.


Question: When did the Grand Duchy of Lithuania fall?

History of Lithuania

The party's new Lithuanian membership took a more pragmatic view of communism than its old, experienced membership of the party's underground period, whose attitude towards Lithuanian society had been hostile.


Question: When did the Grand Duchy of Lithuania fall?

History of Lithuania

[31] In 1956, Nikita Khrushchev condemned the crimes of the Stalin period and put forward the implementation of “socialist legality”.


Question: When did the Grand Duchy of Lithuania fall?

History of Lithuania

The status of national republics was strengthened when the Ministry of Justice of the Soviet Union was abolished and each Soviet republic established its own.


Question: When did the Grand Duchy of Lithuania fall?

History of Lithuania

Own legislation became possible, albeit within strict limits.


Question: When did the Grand Duchy of Lithuania fall?

History of Lithuania

[31] In economic policy, decision-making powers were transferred to the regional level.


Question: When did the Grand Duchy of Lithuania fall?

History of Lithuania

Lithuania was a member of the Western Economic Council, with its centre in Riga.


Question: When did the Grand Duchy of Lithuania fall?

History of Lithuania

Republics also gained decision-making power of their own.


Question: When did the Grand Duchy of Lithuania fall?

History of Lithuania

Lithuania had to meet production targets set by Moscow, but it was allowed to decide for itself how to achieve them.


Question: When did the Grand Duchy of Lithuania fall?

History of Lithuania

The country's old food, furniture and textile industries were expanded.