Question: What is a Catalise panel?

Developmental language disorder

A child's language tends to improve with time and without controlled studies, it can be difficult to know what part of the observed change is due to a particular rehabilitation.


Question: What is a Catalise panel?

Developmental language disorder

However, research data is that direct speech therapist intervention can be effective in improving vocabulary and expressive language [56].


Question: What is a Catalise panel?

Developmental language disorder

The rehabilitation of speech comprehension has been less studied [57], but positive results from speech therapy for speech comprehension have also been found [46] [58] [59] [52].


Question: What is a Catalise panel?

Developmental language disorder

The Finnish Review on Speech Therapeutic Rehabilitation for Linguistic Specific Difficulty in Children examines the issue broadly and presents research-based good speech therapy practices to support the clinical work of speech therapists [60].


Question: What is a Catalise panel?

Developmental language disorder

Forecast Longitudinal studies show that language delay in 4-year-olds without other risk factors disappears in approximately 40% of children by age 5 [24].


Question: What is a Catalise panel?

Developmental language disorder

Children with significant linguistic difficulties at age 5 typically have difficulty reading, including those who receive expert advice [61].


Question: What is a Catalise panel?

Developmental language disorder

Their educational attainment also typically falls low [62].


Question: What is a Catalise panel?

Developmental language disorder

Final linguistic skills are poor most commonly among individuals who have difficulties in both understanding and producing speech [63].


Question: What is a Catalise panel?

Developmental language disorder

There are also research findings that nonverbal ability test scores decrease with age in children with developmental language disorder [64].


Question: What is a Catalise panel?

Developmental language disorder

Language and cognition development therefore appear to be closely linked and influenced by each other.


Question: What is a Catalise panel?

Developmental language disorder

Developmental language disorder is associated with an increased risk of social, emotional and mental health problems [65].


Question: What is a Catalise panel?

Developmental language disorder

In a UK study, 64% of children aged 11 with developmental language disorder exceeded the clinical threshold in a survey of psychiatric problems, and 36% of children experienced regular bullying, compared to 12% of the typically developed control group [66].


Question: What is a Catalise panel?

Developmental language disorder

Longitudinal studies show that individuals who were diagnosed with developmental language disorder as children and difficulties in speech comprehension experienced higher than normal unemployment rates in adulthood, more social isolation and psychiatric disorders [67].


Question: What is a Catalise panel?

Developmental language disorder

Children whose problems were less severe and who did not need special education had more favourable development [68].


Question: What is a Catalise panel?

Developmental language disorder

There are also protective factors that may be in preventing the realisation of risks associated with long-term linguistic difficulties.


Question: What is a Catalise panel?

Developmental language disorder

Such a protective factor may be, for example, the child's sociability [69].


Question: What is a Catalise panel?

Developmental language disorder

Research There has been a lot of research into why learning a language is difficult for some children [70].


Question: What is a Catalise panel?

Developmental language disorder

Theories are divided into those that the cause of difficulties lies in auditory temporal processing [71] and those that the problem is a deficiency in a specialized system of language acquisition [72] [73].


Question: What is a Catalise panel?

Developmental language disorder

Some theories place emphasis on the shortcomings of learning and memory [74] [75].


Question: What is a Catalise panel?

Developmental language disorder

It has also been suggested that developmental language disorder occurs only if more than one latent factor is present [76].


Question: What is a Catalise panel?

Developmental language disorder

See also Dysphasia Specific difficulty in reading Language disorders and multilingualism Speech therapy Speech therapist site on speech disability, communication and plain language The English Developmental Language Disorder — wikipedia article is based on the text.


Question: What is a Catalise panel?

Developmental language disorder

Sources Category:Neurological Diseases Category:Mental Illnesses


Question: What did Carl Sagan die of?

Carl Sagan

Carl Edward Sagan (November 9, 1934 — December 20, 1996) was an American astronomer, astrophysicist, astrobiologist, and science general artist.


Question: What did Carl Sagan die of?

Carl Sagan

For most of his career, he worked at Cornell University, of which he was a professor from 1971 until his death.


Question: What did Carl Sagan die of?

Carl Sagan

Sagan is known for his numerous studies and theories in the field of exobiology and for his great influence in initiating the SETI programme for extraterrestrial intelligence exploration.


Question: What did Carl Sagan die of?

Carl Sagan

In his works he repeatedly sought to promote scientific research methods.


Question: What did Carl Sagan die of?

Carl Sagan

[1] Sagan was also a well-known folk consciousness of science and gained worldwide fame for his science books and a television series called Cosmos, which he co-plotted and scripted with his wife Ann Druyan.


Question: What did Carl Sagan die of?

Carl Sagan

From his thought-world, Sagan was skeptical and atheistic.


Question: What did Carl Sagan die of?

Carl Sagan

He also chaired the committee that compiled the Voyager Golden Record, an interstellar message transmitted with the Voyager probes, in 1977.


Question: What did Carl Sagan die of?

Carl Sagan

[1] [2] He was one of the two founding members of the Planetary Society and its first president.


Question: What did Carl Sagan die of?

Carl Sagan

[3] Educational and scientific career Carl Sagan was born in Brooklyn, New York.


Question: What did Carl Sagan die of?

Carl Sagan

His father, Sam Sagan, was a Jewish costume worker and his mother, Rachel Molly Gruber, was a homemaker.


Question: What did Carl Sagan die of?

Carl Sagan

Sagan attended the University of Chicago, where he earned a lower college degree (1955) as well as an upper college degree in physics (1956) until finally graduating with a Ph.D. in astronomy and astrophysics in 1960.


Question: What did Carl Sagan die of?

Carl Sagan

He taught at Harvard University until 1968, when he transferred to Cornell University.


Question: What did Carl Sagan die of?

Carl Sagan

Sagan became a professor at Cornell in 1971, and served as a laboratory supervisor there.


Question: What did Carl Sagan die of?

Carl Sagan

He was instrumental in the implementation of most of the unmanned spaceflights sent to explore our solar system.


Question: What did Carl Sagan die of?

Carl Sagan

Sagan also spawned the idea that a generalized message could be sent with the spacecraft that any extraterrestrial intellectual being could interpret upon discovering it.


Question: What did Carl Sagan die of?

Carl Sagan

The first message sent into space was a gold-plated disc sent on the journey along with the space probe Pioneer 10.


Question: What did Carl Sagan die of?

Carl Sagan

He developed his design work in this sphere forward and the most groomed version of the message, the development of which Sagan was involved in was the Voyager Golden Record, which was transmitted with the Voyager probes.


Question: What did Carl Sagan die of?

Carl Sagan

Scientific achievements Sagan was among the first to make the assumption that Saturn's Titan moon and Jupiter's Europa moon might have oceans (in Europa's case it was a sub-surface ocean) or lakes that might make the moons worthy for life.


Question: What did Carl Sagan die of?

Carl Sagan

The Galileo probe later indirectly confirmed Europa's subsurface ocean.


Question: What did Carl Sagan die of?

Carl Sagan

Sagan developed the concept of Venus' atmosphere, the variation of the seasons on Mars, and Saturn's moon, Titan.


Question: What did Carl Sagan die of?

Carl Sagan

Sagan proved that Venus' atmosphere is extremely hot and dense.


Question: What did Carl Sagan die of?

Carl Sagan

He also saw global warming as a growing, man-made danger and compared it to the natural evolution of Venus, which has progressed into a hot, life-hostile planet under the influence of greenhouse gases.


Question: What did Carl Sagan die of?

Carl Sagan

He suggested that Martian seasonal fluctuations are caused by dusts blown by winds, not vegetation changes as some had suggested.


Question: What did Carl Sagan die of?

Carl Sagan

Developments and setbacks in science career Sagan promoted and pioneered the search for extraterrestrial intellect.


Question: What did Carl Sagan die of?

Carl Sagan

He incited the scientific community to listen, with the assistance of large radio telescopes, for signals from extraterrestrial intelligence.


Question: What did Carl Sagan die of?

Carl Sagan

He also promoted sending probes to other planets.


Question: What did Carl Sagan die of?

Carl Sagan

For 12 years, Sagan was the corresponding editor-in-chief of the journal Icarus, a professional publication on planetary exploration.


Question: What did Carl Sagan die of?

Carl Sagan

He was a co-founder in the Planetary Society community and was also a member of the council of the SETI Institute.


Question: What did Carl Sagan die of?

Carl Sagan

Sagan was also known as the second principal contributor to a scientific paper that predicted that nuclear war would follow a nuclear winter (he later acknowledged some of the dissertations expressed in the publication to have been a propagandistic exaggeration, or even partly a hoax, against the nuclear arms race).


Question: What did Carl Sagan die of?

Carl Sagan

Sagan also famously predicted that smoky oil fires in Kuwait (lit by Saddam Hussein's army) would cause an eco-disaster in the form of black clouds.


Question: What did Carl Sagan die of?

Carl Sagan

[4] Retired climate physicist Fred Singer refuted Sagan's claims as nonsense, thus personally taking the view that the smoke would clear within days.


Question: What did Carl Sagan die of?

Carl Sagan

Societal Interests Sagan was of the opinion that Drake's formula shows that a large number of extraterrestrial civilizations are formed in the universe, but the lack of evidence for such civilizations (Fermi's paradox) would suggest that with technologized civilizations have a tendency to destroy themselves pretty quickly.


Question: What did Carl Sagan die of?

Carl Sagan

This inspired him to identify and publish ways in which mankind could destroy itself, hoping that consequently destruction would be avoided and humanity eventually become a species spreading into space.


Question: What did Carl Sagan die of?

Carl Sagan

Throughout his life, Sagan was politically libertarian, and he became radicalised in his causes after marrying Ann Druyan, a leftist.


Question: What did Carl Sagan die of?

Carl Sagan

In his most radical days, he, among other things, carried out acts classified as civil disobedience in the vicinity of nuclear weapons targets.


Question: What did Carl Sagan die of?

Carl Sagan

Sagan is also known to have been an active cannabis user, though never publicly admitted to doing so.


Question: What did Carl Sagan die of?

Carl Sagan

In 1971, under the pseudonym “Mr. X”, he wrote an essay on cannabis burning for the book Reconsidering Marijuana.


Question: What did Carl Sagan die of?

Carl Sagan

[5] In the essay, Sagan stated that cannabis use inspired some of his work and intensified his experiences.


Question: What did Carl Sagan die of?

Carl Sagan

Lester Grinspoon, who edited the book, told Keay Davidson, who wrote this biography after Sagan's death.


Question: What did Carl Sagan die of?

Carl Sagan

[6] The revelation received media attention after the biography's publication in 1999.


Question: What did Carl Sagan die of?

Carl Sagan

[7] Folk realization of science Sagan's ability to bring his ideas to the fore helped many people to know the universe better.


Question: What did Carl Sagan die of?

Carl Sagan

He co-wrote with his wife Ann Druyan and co-hosted the Cosmos television series.


Question: What did Carl Sagan die of?

Carl Sagan

He also wrote books to popularize science (for example, The Dragons of Eden, which won the Pulitzer Prize, Broca's Brain and others) and the novel Contact (Finnish. First Connection, 1987), which became a blockbuster piece and in 1997 a film version also starred by Jodie Foster.


Question: What did Carl Sagan die of?

Carl Sagan

He also made frequent guest appearances on television on The Tonight Show.


Question: What did Carl Sagan die of?

Carl Sagan

Sagan's Pale Blue Dot: A Vision of the Human Future in Space book ended up being The New York Times's signature piece of 1995.


Question: What did Carl Sagan die of?

Carl Sagan

Carl Sagan also wrote the introduction to Stephen Hawking's success work A Brief History of Time (Finnish. A Brief History of Time).


Question: What did Carl Sagan die of?

Carl Sagan

In his book Comet Sagan presented reflections on the origins of the swastika emblem.


Question: What did Carl Sagan die of?

Carl Sagan

In the work, Sagan put forward the assumption that in time the comet passed the earth at such close range that gases flowing out of it were visible to the human eye, and these gases were again bent by the comet's rotation.


Question: What did Carl Sagan die of?

Carl Sagan

The book reproduces an ancient Chinese inscription depicting the divergence of comet tails.


Question: What did Carl Sagan die of?

Carl Sagan

Most of them are small differences in the tails of comets, but the last one shows the comet's nucleus so that four bent members, bent in the shape of a swastika, leave it.


Question: What did Carl Sagan die of?

Carl Sagan

Sagan caused mixed reactions in the circles of other professional scientists.


Question: What did Carl Sagan die of?

Carl Sagan

His promotion of the popularization of science was generally supported, as were his efforts to cultivate scientific understanding among the general public.


Question: What did Carl Sagan die of?

Carl Sagan

Sagan's habit of favoring skepticism over pseudo-scientificity also gained support.


Question: What did Carl Sagan die of?

Carl Sagan

On the other hand, there were also concerns that the general public would perceive some of Sagan's personal positions and interests as a general scholarly consensus rather than the latter's own personal views.


Question: What did Carl Sagan die of?

Carl Sagan

Some of the criticism directed at Sagan may have been generated by professional envy, as scientific views opposed to Sagan's views (such as the severity of a nuclear winter brought about by a possible nuclear war) were not properly presented to the general public.


Question: What did Carl Sagan die of?

Carl Sagan

One significant setback for Sagan was also when his comments and prediction of fires in Kuwait's oil fields during the First Gulf War later proved incorrect.


Question: What did Carl Sagan die of?

Carl Sagan

Late in his life, books written by Sagan developed his skeptical and naturalistic view of reality.


Question: What did Carl Sagan die of?

Carl Sagan

In his book Demon-Haunted World: Science as a Candle in the Dark, he set out tools for testing arguments and refuting misleading as well as downright untrue claims, particularly highlighting the importance of the scientific method.


Question: What did Carl Sagan die of?

Carl Sagan

In the same piece, Sagan presented a list of mistakes he had made (including his prediction of Kuwait oil fires), to show how science is a self-healing system.


Question: What did Carl Sagan die of?

Carl Sagan

Published after Sagan's death, the compilation work Billions and Billions: Thoughts on Life and Death at the End of the Millennium includes his writings and essays, including views on abortion, and wife Ann Druyan's inscription on Sagan's death as a non-believing human being.


Question: What did Carl Sagan die of?

Carl Sagan

Personality Some agreed that Sagan had a big inflated ego.


Question: What did Carl Sagan die of?

Carl Sagan

In 1994, Apple Computer began development work on the Power Macintosh 7100 computer.


Question: What did Carl Sagan die of?

Carl Sagan

“Carl Sagan” was chosen as the internal codename for the project because the new computer was thought to generate astronomical sums for Apple.


Question: What did Carl Sagan die of?

Carl Sagan

Although the project name was completely internal to the company and never used for public marketing, after learning about it, Sagan sued Apple to have them change the project name to something else.


Question: What did Carl Sagan die of?

Carl Sagan

Apple's other projects had names like “Cold fusion” (cold fusion) and “Piltdown man” (Piltdown man), and Sagan was extremely unhappy about his name being linked to something he considered pseudoscience.


Question: What did Carl Sagan die of?

Carl Sagan

Although Sagan lost the court battle, Apple employees agreed to his demands anyway and changed the name of the project to “BHA” (Butthead Astronomer, Finnish. Ass astronomer).


Question: What did Carl Sagan die of?

Carl Sagan

Sagan sued Apple again, claiming the new name defamed him.


Question: What did Carl Sagan die of?

Carl Sagan

Sagan lost this court battle too, but still the project name of the 7100 model was changed once more.


Question: What did Carl Sagan die of?

Carl Sagan

It received the name “LAW” (Lawyers Are Wimps, Finnish. Lawyers are skinned).


Question: What did Carl Sagan die of?

Carl Sagan

[8] [9] Sagan is broadly described as an atheist or agnostic.


Question: What did Carl Sagan die of?

Carl Sagan

Among other things, he has stated: “The idea that God is an oversized white man with a long beard, and who sits in the sky, being responsible for catching every sparrow, is utterly ridiculous.


Question: What did Carl Sagan die of?

Carl Sagan

But if by 'God' you mean the physical laws that determine the structure of the universe, then clearly such a God exists.


Question: What did Carl Sagan die of?

Carl Sagan

However, such a God is emotionally unsatisfying... praying to the law of gravity doesn't make much sense.”


Question: What did Carl Sagan die of?

Carl Sagan

Sagan married three times during his life: first in 1957 to a famous biologist, Lynn Margulis (mother of Dorion Sagan), then in 1968 to artist Linda Salzman (mother of Nick Sagan), and finally to writer Ann Druyan in 1981.


Question: What did Carl Sagan die of?

Carl Sagan

To Druyan, he was married until his death.


Question: What did Carl Sagan die of?

Carl Sagan

Death Carl Sagan waged a long and difficult struggle with myelodysplasia, a blood disorder in which bone marrow stops producing cells.


Question: What did Carl Sagan die of?

Carl Sagan

He died at the age of 62, on December 20, 1996, at the Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center in Seattle, Washington state, United States.


Question: What did Carl Sagan die of?

Carl Sagan

On 5 July 1997, the landing point of the unmanned Mars Pathfinder spacecraft was renamed Carl Sagan Memorial Station to honor his memory.


Question: What did Carl Sagan die of?

Carl Sagan

The asteroid 2709 Sagan is also named after Sagan.


Question: What did Carl Sagan die of?

Carl Sagan

In 1997, Robert Zemeckis directed the film The First Connection, based on Sagan's novel of the same name The First Connection (1985).


Question: What did Carl Sagan die of?

Carl Sagan

The film ends with the commemorative words “For Carl” (for Carl).


Question: What did Carl Sagan die of?

Carl Sagan

In 2015, symphonic metal band Nightwish released an additional song dedicated to Sagan on their Élan single “Sagan”.


Question: What did Carl Sagan die of?

Carl Sagan

Literature and Media Sagan, Carl and Jonathon Norton Leonard and Editors of Life, Planets.


Question: What did Carl Sagan die of?

Carl Sagan

Time, Inc., 1966 Sagan, Carl and I.S.


Question: What did Carl Sagan die of?

Carl Sagan

Shklovskii, Intelligent Life in the Universe.


Question: What did Carl Sagan die of?

Carl Sagan

Random House, 1966 Sagan, Carl, Communication with Extraterrestrial Intelligence.


Question: What did Carl Sagan die of?

Carl Sagan

MIT Press, 1973 Sagan, Carl, et.


Question: What did Carl Sagan die of?

Carl Sagan

al.


Question: What did Carl Sagan die of?

Carl Sagan

Mars and the Mind of Man.


Question: What did Carl Sagan die of?

Carl Sagan

Harper & Row, 1973 Sagan, Carl, Other Worlds.


Question: What did Carl Sagan die of?

Carl Sagan

Bantam Books, 1975 Sagan, Carl, et.


Question: What did Carl Sagan die of?

Carl Sagan

al.


Question: What did Carl Sagan die of?

Carl Sagan

Murmurs of Earth: The Voyager Interstellar Record.


Question: What did Carl Sagan die of?

Carl Sagan

Random House, 1977 Sagan, Carl et.


Question: What did Carl Sagan die of?

Carl Sagan

al.


Question: What did Carl Sagan die of?

Carl Sagan

The Nuclear Winter: The World After Nuclear War.


Question: What did Carl Sagan die of?

Carl Sagan

Sidgwick & Jackson, 1985 Sagan, Carl, First Connection.


Question: What did Carl Sagan die of?

Carl Sagan

English. Hanna-Liisa Timone.


Question: What did Carl Sagan die of?

Carl Sagan

Gummerus, 1987.


Question: What did Carl Sagan die of?

Carl Sagan

ISBN 951-20-2737-2.


Question: What did Carl Sagan die of?

Carl Sagan

(Contact.


Question: What did Carl Sagan die of?

Carl Sagan

Simon and Schuster, 1985; Re-issued August 1997 by Doubleday Books, ISBN 1-56865-424-3.)


Question: What did Carl Sagan die of?

Carl Sagan

Sagan, Carl and Richard Turco, A Path Where No Man Thought: Nuclear Winter and the End of the Arms Race.


Question: What did Carl Sagan die of?

Carl Sagan

Random House, 1990 Sagan, Carl, The Dragons of Eden: Speculations on the Evolution of Human Intelligence.


Question: What did Carl Sagan die of?

Carl Sagan

Ballantine Books, December 1989, ISBN 0-345-34629-7, 288 pgs Sagan, Carl, Broca's Brain: Reflections on the Romance of Science.


Question: What did Carl Sagan die of?

Carl Sagan

Ballantine Books, October 1993, ISBN 0-345-33689-5, 416 pgs Sagan, Carl and Ann Druyan, Shadows of Forgotten Ancestors: A Search for Who We Are.


Question: What did Carl Sagan die of?

Carl Sagan

Ballantine Books, October 1993, ISBN 0-345-38472-5, 528 pgs Sagan, Carl and Ann Druyan, Comet.


Question: What did Carl Sagan die of?

Carl Sagan

Ballantine Books, February 1997, ISBN 0-345-41222-2, 496 pgs Sagan, Carl, Pale Blue Dot: A Vision of the Human Future in Space.


Question: What did Carl Sagan die of?

Carl Sagan

Ballantine Books, September 1997, ISBN 0-345-37659-5, 384 pgs Sagan, Carl and Ann Druyan, Billions & Billions: Thoughts on Life and Death at the Brink of the Millennium.


Question: What did Carl Sagan die of?

Carl Sagan

Ballantine Books, June 1998, ISBN 0-345-37918-7, 320 pgs Sagan, Carl, The Demon-Haunted World: Science As a Candle in the Dark.


Question: What did Carl Sagan die of?

Carl Sagan

Ballantine Books, March 1997, ISBN 0-345-40946-9, 480 pgs Sagan, Carl and Jerome Agel, Cosmic Connection: An Extraterrestrial Perspective.


Question: What did Carl Sagan die of?

Carl Sagan

Cambridge University Press, January 15, 2000, ISBN 0-521-78303-8, 301 pgs Sagan, Carl, Cosmos.


Question: What did Carl Sagan die of?

Carl Sagan

Random House, May 7, 2002, ISBN 0-375-50832-5, 384 pgs Zemeckis, Robert, First Contact.


Question: What did Carl Sagan die of?

Carl Sagan

Warner Studios, 1997, ASIN 0790736330 Davidson, Keay, Carl Sagan: A Life.


Question: What did Carl Sagan die of?

Carl Sagan

John Wiley & Sons, August 31, 2000, ISBN 0-471-39536-6, 560 pgs Finnish article in compilation Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Häyry, Heta & Karttunen, Hannu & Virtanen, Matti (ed.


Question: What did Carl Sagan die of?

Carl Sagan

) | title = Devil's Advocate: Guidebook for skeptic| publisher = Helsinki: Astronomical Association Ursa| year = 1989| version=Ursa publications 38| id = ISBN 951-9269-48-7| format = [online version]}} Sources elsewhere Transclusion error: {{En}} is only for use in File namespace.


Question: What did Carl Sagan die of?

Carl Sagan

Use {{lang-en}} or {{en icon}} instead.


Question: What did Carl Sagan die of?

Carl Sagan

Category:American science fiction writers Category:American non-fiction writers Category:Humanities Category:Skeptics Category:Pulitzer Prizes Category:People born in 1934 Class:Key articles of screening


Question: How long has glass been made in Finland?

Glass

Glass is an amorphous mass formed when melted silicates solidify.


Question: How long has glass been made in Finland?

Glass

Glass is brittle, hard and generally transparent.


Question: How long has glass been made in Finland?

Glass

As the melted silicate cools, the atoms no longer revert to crystalline form; instead, the solidified mass remains in glass.


Question: How long has glass been made in Finland?

Glass

[1] Ordinary window glass transmits visible light, but only slightly ultraviolet radiation.


Question: How long has glass been made in Finland?

Glass

Glass does little to conduct electricity, after it has solidified, but before that, when it is still running, it conducts electricity very well.


Question: How long has glass been made in Finland?

Glass

Glass also does not conduct heat particularly well, which is why it needs to be cooled slowly.


Question: How long has glass been made in Finland?

Glass

If the glass is cooled or heated too quickly, the temperature binds unevenly and creates stress states.


Question: How long has glass been made in Finland?

Glass

Even a slight outside force might defuse these stresses, causing the glass to fragment almost exponentially.


Question: How long has glass been made in Finland?

Glass

This may have been noticed by many when pouring hot or cold liquid into a drinking glass that has been opposite in temperature.


Question: How long has glass been made in Finland?

Glass

Bevelled glass “jewelry stones” are also called Similitimant.


Question: How long has glass been made in Finland?

Glass

[2] Composition The components of glass include glass formers, melts, flushes, stabilizers and secondary materials such as cleaning and dyeing agents.


Question: How long has glass been made in Finland?

Glass

[3] The basic raw material and principal glass forming agent of glass is silica, or quartz, in the form of silica (SiO2).


Question: How long has glass been made in Finland?

Glass

It makes up 60% to 80% of the weight of most types of glass.


Question: How long has glass been made in Finland?

Glass

When melted, quartz binds into a thick liquid.


Question: How long has glass been made in Finland?

Glass

When this liquid is supervised cooled to the solidification point, the atoms do not settle in the regular order characteristic of crystals, but solidify in an irregular structure like liquids.


Question: How long has glass been made in Finland?

Glass

However, they cannot move like atoms in a fluid.


Question: How long has glass been made in Finland?

Glass

[3] Quartz is the basic raw material for glass.


Question: How long has glass been made in Finland?

Glass

Typical of glass of SiO2 molecules, irregular crystal lattice If quartz is melted alone in the form of sand, easily shattering and fragile material is created from which objects cannot be shaped.


Question: How long has glass been made in Finland?

Glass

Therefore, compounds are mixed among quartz that give rise to harder and more machinable glass while lowering its melting point, which was also important in the past.


Question: How long has glass been made in Finland?

Glass

[3] Fuses, or flushes, are added to the material to increase its chemical resistance and to allow it to melt at a lower temperature.


Question: How long has glass been made in Finland?

Glass

As a flush, soda glass of soda or a calicose glass of potash is used.


Question: How long has glass been made in Finland?

Glass

[3] Stabilizers such as limestone are added to increase the chemical resistance of glass.


Question: How long has glass been made in Finland?

Glass

[3] Opaque glass, i.e. opal or milk glass, is created by adding crystallizing substances, for example cryolite, fluorspar or bone ash, to the raw material mixture of glass.


Question: How long has glass been made in Finland?

Glass

Metal oxides and some other substances are used to dye glass: [1] iron oxide — green chromium oxide — green uranium — yellow-green cobalt oxide — blue neodymium oxide — lavender mixture of selenium and cadmium sulfide — red (selenium rubine glass) carbon — brown gold — red (gold rubin glass).


Question: How long has glass been made in Finland?

Glass

If colourless glass is to be made, the staining metal oxides usually contained in sand must be removed.


Question: How long has glass been made in Finland?

Glass

[4] Raw materials for glass types Satron lime glass, or soda glass, is made by mixing silica, sodium carbonate and calcium carbonate.


Question: How long has glass been made in Finland?

Glass

[5] Its composition is silica, (SiO2) n.70— 75% (from quartz sand), sodium oxide (Na2O) n.10-15% (from soda) and calcium oxide, (CaO) n.8— 14% (from limestone).


Question: How long has glass been made in Finland?

Glass

[1] Satron lime glass is easy to digest and inexpensive, with most of the clear and transparent glass available on the market.


Question: How long has glass been made in Finland?

Glass

[5] Lead glass, or crystal, is produced by mixing and melting oxides of silicon, potassium and lead.


Question: How long has glass been made in Finland?

Glass

Crystal is thick glass with a high refractive index of light.


Question: How long has glass been made in Finland?

Glass

Crystal is also soft and retains its plastic plasticity, so it is used to make milled and engraved glassware.


Question: How long has glass been made in Finland?

Glass

[5] Optical glass is crystal glass, for the production of which lanthanum oxide and thorium are added to the glass mass.


Question: How long has glass been made in Finland?

Glass

Optical glass is used as a raw material for camera lenses because it disperses, that is, disperses light of all colors.


Question: How long has glass been made in Finland?

Glass

[5] Borosilicate glass is made from silica, boric acid, phosphoric acid and sometimes also alumina.


Question: How long has glass been made in Finland?

Glass

The chemical structure of borosilicate glass is remarkably durable, its thermal expansion is vanishingly small, and it can withstand even strong thermal shocks.


Question: How long has glass been made in Finland?

Glass

Therefore, it is used, for example, in the preparation of heat-resistant cooking dishes.


Question: How long has glass been made in Finland?

Glass

[5] The known trade name is for borosilicate glass is PYREX.


Question: How long has glass been made in Finland?

Glass

Quartz glass is non-alloy glass with challenging post-processing.


Question: How long has glass been made in Finland?

Glass

It has a melting temperature of about 2000°C and is resilient.


Question: How long has glass been made in Finland?

Glass

It also transmits ultraviolet light.


Question: How long has glass been made in Finland?

Glass

[1] A significant part of the glass raw material is recycled glass.


Question: How long has glass been made in Finland?

Glass

Preparation of glass Raw materials are mixed in the right proportions, yielding piston.


Question: How long has glass been made in Finland?

Glass

This mixture is melted at approximately 1500°C in a crucible or swamp inside a glass furnace.


Question: How long has glass been made in Finland?

Glass

After defrosting, the temperature of the glass mass is lowered to the working temperature, about 1000°C.


Question: How long has glass been made in Finland?

Glass

Machining and shaping the glass mass is followed by cooling of the glass.


Question: How long has glass been made in Finland?

Glass

Window glass (flat glass, glass panels) were made earlier, among other things, by pulling.


Question: How long has glass been made in Finland?

Glass

The most used method of manufacturing flat glass today is the float method, which was in use at the Pilkington Lahti glassworks, among others.


Question: How long has glass been made in Finland?

Glass

In the float method, at the beginning end of a long furnace line, the raw materials are fed in.


Question: How long has glass been made in Finland?

Glass

Their melted glass is drained over molten tin.


Question: How long has glass been made in Finland?

Glass

The mass is constantly pulled forward, and the thickness of the glass plate is adjusted by the traction rate.


Question: How long has glass been made in Finland?

Glass

In this case, the glass will be very smooth and smooth on both surfaces.


Question: How long has glass been made in Finland?

Glass

After cooling, at the other end of the oven line, the plate is cut into suitable pieces.


Question: How long has glass been made in Finland?

Glass

Another method of preparation is glassblowing.


Question: How long has glass been made in Finland?

Glass

Bottles and incandescent lamps are currently manufactured by machine blowing.


Question: How long has glass been made in Finland?

Glass

Automatic machines blow up to 590,000 bottles a day with compressed air, or 900 light bulbs per minute.


Question: How long has glass been made in Finland?

Glass

Glass plates, ashtrays, and inexpensive drinking glasses are made in cast iron molds by pressing.


Question: How long has glass been made in Finland?

Glass

Glass is produced in Finland in factories such as Nuutajärvi, Humppila and Iittala.


Question: How long has glass been made in Finland?

Glass

The only manufacturer of packaging glass in Finland was Karhula Packing Glass Factory.


Question: How long has glass been made in Finland?

Glass

Other well-known glass factories that have now already been defunct include Riihimäki, Kumela glassworks in Riihimäki and Ryttylä and Nyby glassworks.


Question: How long has glass been made in Finland?

Glass

In addition to these, there are numerous smaller glass factories in Finland, as well as individual glass blowers and other manufacturers.


Question: How long has glass been made in Finland?

Glass

Post-processing Mirror glass and high-quality window glasses are obtained by grinding and polishing sheet glass.


Question: How long has glass been made in Finland?

Glass

Glass can be decorated, for example, by engraving, etching or painting.


Question: How long has glass been made in Finland?

Glass

Glass is very resistant to acids, but the exception is made by fluorine compounds, which can corrode patterns on the surface of the glass.


Question: How long has glass been made in Finland?

Glass

Sandblasting glass through a plate with patterns cut into it makes the patterns appear on the glass as a dimmed surface.


Question: How long has glass been made in Finland?

Glass

Skill and Art In the present day, most glass is made by machines.


Question: How long has glass been made in Finland?

Glass

However, a small percentage of some glass art and decorative objects are made by blowing.


Question: How long has glass been made in Finland?

Glass

Glassblowing is an old prestigious craftsmanship.


Question: How long has glass been made in Finland?

Glass

The iron blowing whistle, about one and a half meters long, has a special mouthpiece.


Question: How long has glass been made in Finland?

Glass

At the other end of the whistle, a chunk of glass smelter is taken, which is blown hollow.


Question: How long has glass been made in Finland?

Glass

By adding the melt and rotating the whistle all the time, the glass is molded into the desired object, either freely or using a mold.


Question: How long has glass been made in Finland?

Glass

Finnish glass art Finnish glass art has gained world fame since the 1940s with several companies.


Question: How long has glass been made in Finland?

Glass

The most notable companies are Riihimäen Lasi and Nuutajärvi and Iittala, which manufactures e.g.


Question: How long has glass been made in Finland?

Glass

Glasses designed by Tapio Wirkkala and Alvar Aalto.


Question: How long has glass been made in Finland?

Glass

Other well-known Finnish designers include Kaj Franck, Timo Sarpaneva, Kerttu Nurminen and Nanny Still.


Question: How long has glass been made in Finland?

Glass

They have variously crafted glassware for both festive and everyday wear.


Question: How long has glass been made in Finland?

Glass

Special properties of glass Glass is an amorphous substance, which are sometimes referred to as solid liquids due to their disorganization and because no clear first-order phase change occurs in the glass as it cools.


Question: How long has glass been made in Finland?

Glass

Also, the glass does not have a clear melting point, but when heated it gradually softens.


Question: How long has glass been made in Finland?

Glass

[1] However, there is a phase transformation of the second order, the so-called glass transition.


Question: How long has glass been made in Finland?

Glass

Thus, glass at room temperature does not deform over a long period of time, as the popular city story of old draining window glasses suggests.


Question: How long has glass been made in Finland?

Glass

An easier explanation for these is that poor quality window glass is mounted with a heavier head down.


Question: How long has glass been made in Finland?

Glass

[6] [7] This was done for the stability and appearance of the window.


Question: How long has glass been made in Finland?

Glass

The runoff rate of glass depends on the temperature.


Question: How long has glass been made in Finland?

Glass

At very high temperatures, significant deflection can be observed.


Question: How long has glass been made in Finland?

Glass

Glass blowing is based on this.


Question: How long has glass been made in Finland?

Glass

In contrast, at room temperature, the runoff from the windows will not be noticeable in very long periods of time.


Question: How long has glass been made in Finland?

Glass

According to some calculations, significant runoff would take many times the age of the entire universe at room temperature.


Question: How long has glass been made in Finland?

Glass

If the window glass in churches had spilled out so much in a few hundred years that the lower parts of the windows would be thicker than the tops, then glass objects that are thousands of years old should already have spilled into shapeless blobs.


Question: How long has glass been made in Finland?

Glass

However, this has not happened.


Question: How long has glass been made in Finland?

Glass

A number of glassware have survived from the times of Ancient Egypt and Ancient Rome to the present day and no runoff has been observed at all.


Question: How long has glass been made in Finland?

Glass

Glass is resistant to corrosive sulfuric acid.


Question: How long has glass been made in Finland?

Glass

History The oldest known grade of glass is alkali lime glass, which is made from a mixture of soda, sand and lime.


Question: How long has glass been made in Finland?

Glass

In Egypt, glazed stone beads were made from it as early as about the year 4000 BCE.


Question: How long has glass been made in Finland?

Glass

[8] Early on it was discovered that glass could be made coloured by adding different ores to it.


Question: How long has glass been made in Finland?

Glass

Such colored glass was used for glazing ceramics, as well as imitations of precious stones.


Question: How long has glass been made in Finland?

Glass

[8] The oldest known glass vessels are from Egypt from c. 1500 BCE.


Question: How long has glass been made in Finland?

Glass

[9], and were manufactured in Egypt in considerable quantities as early as the 14th century BCE.


Question: How long has glass been made in Finland?

Glass

They were usually made by immersion in a metal bar attached, cloth-coated sand core into molten glass, where it was rotated to shape the vessel into the desired shape.


Question: How long has glass been made in Finland?

Glass

The sand core was removed when the glass was ready.


Question: How long has glass been made in Finland?

Glass

Glassblowing was invented in Egypt or Syria [1] around the year 50 BCE, and it quickly supplanted older methods of making glass vessels.


Question: How long has glass been made in Finland?

Glass

[8] In the Middle Ages, the most famous centre of the glass industry was Venice.


Question: How long has glass been made in Finland?

Glass

[1] The first glass factory in Finland was founded by G. Jung in Uuteenkaupunki in 1681.


Question: How long has glass been made in Finland?

Glass

[10] The Romans began to use glass in windows in the 3rd century.


Question: How long has glass been made in Finland?

Glass

In 674, the first glass window was obtained in England.


Question: How long has glass been made in Finland?

Glass

The windows were made by rapidly rotating the mass of glass at the end of the bar, creating pieces of glass similar to the bottle bottom, which were then joined together.


Question: How long has glass been made in Finland?

Glass

In Finland, glass windows began to become common in the 18th and 19th centuries.


Question: How long has glass been made in Finland?

Glass

[9] Glass-pressing machines came into use in the 1810s, and as semi-automatic they were obtained around 1900.


Question: How long has glass been made in Finland?

Glass

[1] See also Stained glass glass recycling List of glass factories in Finland Sources Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Beveridge, Philippa & Doménech, Ignasi & Pascual, Eva| title = Glasswork| others = Translated by the English institution Katja Kangasniemi| publisher = Family Media| year = 2009| id = ISBN 978-952-494-178-5}} References on the topic elsewhere (pdf) * Category:Building Materials Category:Complementary Building Parts Category:Key articles of screening


Question: How do you measure radioactivity?

Geigermeter

The Geigermeter, Geigertube or Geiger—Müller detector is an electron tube type particle detector invented in 1908 that measures ionizing radiation.


Question: How do you measure radioactivity?

Geigermeter

It detects alpha and beta particles as well as gamma rays.


Question: How do you measure radioactivity?

Geigermeter

Inside the geigertube there is a strong electric field and the tube is filled with low pressure gas, where the radiation ionizes gas molecules.


Question: How do you measure radioactivity?

Geigermeter

Each ionization event induces a short current pulse that can be measured.


Question: How do you measure radioactivity?

Geigermeter

Often, in addition to the meter, a small speaker is connected to the circuit, from which there is a slimming whenever a quantum of radiation is detected.


Question: How do you measure radioactivity?

Geigermeter

The ticking of the geigermeter indicates the intensity of the radiation but not the energy of the individual radiation quants.


Question: How do you measure radioactivity?

Geigermeter

Due to their simplicity, geiger tubes are used today in radiation protection, as well as everywhere there is a need to monitor the intensity of radioactive radiation.


Question: How do you measure radioactivity?

Geigermeter

The Geiger—Müller gauge has uses in areas such as nuclear physics and geophysics (extractive operations), as well as medicine in X-ray imaging.


Question: How do you measure radioactivity?

Geigermeter

Geigermeter working principle The radiation-detecting part of a Geigermeter is a Geiger—Müller tube closed and filled with gas (often helium, neon or argon with added halogen).


Question: How do you measure radioactivity?

Geigermeter

The wall of the tube acts as a cathode and there is usually an anode spike parallel to the tube inside.


Question: How do you measure radioactivity?

Geigermeter

The voltage between the cathode and the anode causes a strong electric field in the gas.


Question: How do you measure radioactivity?

Geigermeter

The operation of the Geiger gauge relies on the radiation poking gas molecules inside the tube to ionise these, i.e. breaking the molecule into electrons and ions, which, forced by an electric field, move towards the electrodes.


Question: How do you measure radioactivity?

Geigermeter

The electron nudges more gas molecules on its way to ionise these, creating an electron swath towards the anode, or gas resistance.


Question: How do you measure radioactivity?

Geigermeter

Electrons in the electron belt excite molecules in the gas so that when the excitation state discharges photons are emitted, producing new electron swings.


Question: How do you measure radioactivity?

Geigermeter

They cause a detectable stream of signals to the device.


Question: How do you measure radioactivity?

Geigermeter

[1] Positively charged ions generated in electron swings travel much slower than electrons due to their size, so they accumulate a large number near the anode.


Question: How do you measure radioactivity?

Geigermeter

This reduces the electric field so drastically that the output of new electron belts stops.


Question: How do you measure radioactivity?

Geigermeter

However, before the end of the phenomenon, a strong signal pulse has already been generated.


Question: How do you measure radioactivity?

Geigermeter

[2] The number of voltage pulses is indicated by the visarine needle, lamp and/or audible ticking.


Question: How do you measure radioactivity?

Geigermeter

Modern geigermeters can detect several different orders of magnitude of radiation emitted from radioactive material.


Question: How do you measure radioactivity?

Geigermeter

Some geigermeters can also recognize gamma radiation, although the observation sensitivity of strong gamma radiation may be lower than that of certain other measuring instruments.


Question: How do you measure radioactivity?

Geigermeter

This is often due to the low density of gas in the device, whereby high energy photons of gamma radiation can most often pass through the device without being able to measure it.


Question: How do you measure radioactivity?

Geigermeter

Lower-energy photons are easier to identify, as they are better absorbed by a radiation meter.


Question: How do you measure radioactivity?

Geigermeter

Use and limitations of geigermeter Geiger—Müller pipeline belongs to the category of gas-filled radiation detectors.


Question: How do you measure radioactivity?

Geigermeter

Geigermeters can only identify the intensity of radiation, but not the energy of radiation or particles.


Question: How do you measure radioactivity?

Geigermeter

A proportional counter is a detector similar to the Geiger-Müller tube that measures not only the number of radiation particles, but also their kinetic energy: the magnitude of the electrical signal measured in the proportional counters is proportional to the energy of the radiation quants.


Question: How do you measure radioactivity?

Geigermeter

Multi-wire curvature counters () can also measure the location of the radiation source and the angle of radiation input.


Question: How do you measure radioactivity?

Geigermeter

A better device for measuring gamma radiation is a sodium iodide support detector.


Question: How do you measure radioactivity?

Geigermeter

Good alpha and beta scintillation detectors exist, but geiger meters are generally considered more convenient multimeters because of their easier transportability, cheaper price and durability.


Question: How do you measure radioactivity?

Geigermeter

The geigertube variation is used to measure neutrons.


Question: How do you measure radioactivity?

Geigermeter

The gas used in the neutron detector is boron trifluoride and plastic is used to slow down neutrons.


Question: How do you measure radioactivity?

Geigermeter

This elicits alpha particles that can be detected.


Question: How do you measure radioactivity?

Geigermeter

History Hans Geiger developed the device (which later came to be called a geigermeter) in 1908 together with Ernest Rutherford.


Question: How do you measure radioactivity?

Geigermeter

The meter they developed was capable of detecting alpha radiation.


Question: How do you measure radioactivity?

Geigermeter

In 1928, Geiger and Walther Müller (Geiger's pupil) improved the meter so that it could detect any ionizing radiation.


Question: How do you measure radioactivity?

Geigermeter

The modern version of the geigermeter is called the halogen meter and was developed in 1947 by Sidney H. Liebson [3].


Question: How do you measure radioactivity?

Geigermeter

This device became widespread because its service life was much longer and the required voltage lower than that of the original.


Question: How do you measure radioactivity?

Geigermeter

See also Radiation detection Radioactivity Sources on the topic elsewhere Category:Particle detectors Category:Sensor technology


Question: Who was the German-Romanian emperor the last emperor of the municipality?

Russian Empire

The Russian Empire () was an empire extending from the eastern parts of Europe to the Bering Sea and existed from 1721 to 1917.


Question: Who was the German-Romanian emperor the last emperor of the municipality?

Russian Empire

It originated during the period of Peter the Great, when Russia was expanding from the Baltics to the Pacific, and lasted right up until the February Revolution of 1917, when Emperor Nicholas II was deposed.


Question: Who was the German-Romanian emperor the last emperor of the municipality?

Russian Empire

[1] The Empire was preceded by Moscow Russia and succeeded by the Russian Republic.


Question: Who was the German-Romanian emperor the last emperor of the municipality?

Russian Empire

History Russia was considered after the fall of Byzantium, the freeze of Constantinople in 1453 to be conquered by the Turkic Ottomans, the heir of Rome and patron of the Orthodoxies, and Moscow as the “Third Rome”.


Question: Who was the German-Romanian emperor the last emperor of the municipality?

Russian Empire

[2] Already the title Tsar assumed by Ivan IV came from Caesar.


Question: Who was the German-Romanian emperor the last emperor of the municipality?

Russian Empire

The first Russian emperor was crowned in 1721 Peter the Great.


Question: Who was the German-Romanian emperor the last emperor of the municipality?

Russian Empire

[3] 18th century Peter the Great Peter was born from the second marriage of Tsar Alexei I of the Romanov House.


Question: Who was the German-Romanian emperor the last emperor of the municipality?

Russian Empire

Alexei was succeeded by Fyodor III, who, being ill, died already in 1682.


Question: Who was the German-Romanian emperor the last emperor of the municipality?

Russian Empire

Peter became co-ruler with his half-brother Ivan, but his half-sister Sofia exercised real power.


Question: Who was the German-Romanian emperor the last emperor of the municipality?

Russian Empire

In 1689 he, along with his guard, thwarted Sofia's plot to become crowned Tsaraté, and when Ivan V died in 1696, Peter became monospace.


Question: Who was the German-Romanian emperor the last emperor of the municipality?

Russian Empire

[4] Peter was interested in warring, especially artillery and shipping.


Question: Who was the German-Romanian emperor the last emperor of the municipality?

Russian Empire

He warred against the Tatars and Ottomans and conquered Azov in 1696, obtaining Russia its first port on the Black Sea.


Question: Who was the German-Romanian emperor the last emperor of the municipality?

Russian Empire

To continue the war against the Ottomans, Peter traveled as the first tsar to Western Europe to seek allies in Brandenburg, the Netherlands, England, and the Holy Roman Empire.


Question: Who was the German-Romanian emperor the last emperor of the municipality?

Russian Empire

On the way, he recruited hundreds of experts and masters.


Question: Who was the German-Romanian emperor the last emperor of the municipality?

Russian Empire

The voyage was cut short by the attempted capture of Sofia, which was defeated by Peter's backers.


Question: Who was the German-Romanian emperor the last emperor of the municipality?

Russian Empire

Peter executed hundreds of those involved in the conspiracy and left their bodies on display as a warning to others.


Question: Who was the German-Romanian emperor the last emperor of the municipality?

Russian Empire

[3] While remaining unsupported against the Turks, Peter made peace with the Ottoman Empire in 1700 and decided to seek to gain control of ports from the Baltic Sea.


Question: Who was the German-Romanian emperor the last emperor of the municipality?

Russian Empire

Taking advantage of the war between Sweden and Poland, he attacked Narva, which had belonged to Sweden.


Question: Who was the German-Romanian emperor the last emperor of the municipality?

Russian Empire

Charles XII of Sweden, however, was more powerful.


Question: Who was the German-Romanian emperor the last emperor of the municipality?

Russian Empire

The Russian army suffered a heavy setback at the Battle of Narva in November 1700.


Question: Who was the German-Romanian emperor the last emperor of the municipality?

Russian Empire

However, the Swedish king did not take advantage of the opportunity further, instead concentrating on waging war against Poland to put his own candidate on the throne.


Question: Who was the German-Romanian emperor the last emperor of the municipality?

Russian Empire

Peter reassembled his army and finally defeated Charles of Poltava, who had advanced to Russia, at the 1709 Battle of Poltava.


Question: Who was the German-Romanian emperor the last emperor of the municipality?

Russian Empire

As Charles fled to the Ottoman Sultan, Peter re-declared war on the Turks, in which, however, he again lost his port on the Sea of Azov.


Question: Who was the German-Romanian emperor the last emperor of the municipality?

Russian Empire

However, the Great Northern War continued until 1721, during which time Russia conquered Livonia, Estonia, Inkeria, Finland and invaded as far as the western base to destroy Umeå.


Question: Who was the German-Romanian emperor the last emperor of the municipality?

Russian Empire

In the peace of New Town, Sweden's great dominance was over, and Peter was awarded the title of emperor for his brilliant success.


Question: Who was the German-Romanian emperor the last emperor of the municipality?

Russian Empire

[3] Peter reformed Russia in several ways.


Question: Who was the German-Romanian emperor the last emperor of the municipality?

Russian Empire

He established a navy and defeated Sweden with it, Westernized the army, reformed the system of government, established the first civil service and senate.


Question: Who was the German-Romanian emperor the last emperor of the municipality?

Russian Empire

The Moscow Patriarchate was annexed as part of the state and the post of patriarch was replaced by a holy synod headed by a chief procurator appointed by the emperor.


Question: Who was the German-Romanian emperor the last emperor of the municipality?

Russian Empire

The amount of taxes collected under St. Petersburg tripled.


Question: Who was the German-Romanian emperor the last emperor of the municipality?

Russian Empire

In addition to the mental tax, booze and salt began to be taxed.


Question: Who was the German-Romanian emperor the last emperor of the municipality?

Russian Empire

He westernized Russia in terms of customs and art, founded the first book printing and the Russian Academy of Sciences.


Question: Who was the German-Romanian emperor the last emperor of the municipality?

Russian Empire

Westernization, though, led to a drink between the people and the superiority.


Question: Who was the German-Romanian emperor the last emperor of the municipality?

Russian Empire

The capital was moved to the Western-style city of Saint Petersburg, founded in 1703, which had been built on lands reclaimed from Sweden in the bottomland of the Gulf of Finland.


Question: Who was the German-Romanian emperor the last emperor of the municipality?

Russian Empire

[3] [4] Peter died in 1725.


Question: Who was the German-Romanian emperor the last emperor of the municipality?

Russian Empire

[5] In 1727 Russia wrote a border treaty with China, however, for the first time already during Moscow Russia in the 1689 Nerchinsk Peace Treaty.


Question: Who was the German-Romanian emperor the last emperor of the municipality?

Russian Empire

[6] The time of the palace revolutions Peter changed the succession to the throne by slaying his own son Alexei, who opposed his father's reforms and gathered troops opposing them.


Question: Who was the German-Romanian emperor the last emperor of the municipality?

Russian Empire

Under the new law, the Tsar was allowed to choose his successor himself, but Peter did not have time to do this; he died accidentally in 1725 while rescuing his men.


Question: Who was the German-Romanian emperor the last emperor of the municipality?

Russian Empire

The ambiguous succession to the throne led to coups in which the crown was inherited by whoever managed to persuade the Palace Guard in St. Petersburg to its side.


Question: Who was the German-Romanian emperor the last emperor of the municipality?

Russian Empire

[5] After Peter's death, his wife Catherine I (reigned 1725—1727) assumed the throne.


Question: Who was the German-Romanian emperor the last emperor of the municipality?

Russian Empire

However, Catherine died as early as 1727, and Peter's grandson Peter II (reigned 1727—1730) was crowned emperor.


Question: Who was the German-Romanian emperor the last emperor of the municipality?

Russian Empire

In 1730 Peter II died of smallpox, and Ivan V's daughter Anna Ivanovna (reigned 1730—1740), who had been Peter's co-ruler, ascended the throne.


Question: Who was the German-Romanian emperor the last emperor of the municipality?

Russian Empire

He gained power with the support of the top brass, but had to bend to many concessions.


Question: Who was the German-Romanian emperor the last emperor of the municipality?

Russian Empire

[5] Anna adopted the eight-week-old son of Anna Leopoldnovna, the daughter of her sister Catherine.


Question: Who was the German-Romanian emperor the last emperor of the municipality?

Russian Empire

Empress Anna herself already died a few weeks later on 28 October 1740, and the four-faced Ivan VI (1740—1764) (reigned 1740—1741) ascended the throne.


Question: Who was the German-Romanian emperor the last emperor of the municipality?

Russian Empire

As regent, Anna had ordered Ernst Johann von Biron (1690—1772), duke of Curunland, who was loathed by the Russians, and Anna Leopoldovna eaten him from power in November.


Question: Who was the German-Romanian emperor the last emperor of the municipality?

Russian Empire

In December 1741, Peter the Great's daughter Yelizaveta Petrovna (1709—1762) seized power with the favored assistance of the Guard and ascended the throne under the monarch name Elizabeth (reigned 1741—1762).


Question: Who was the German-Romanian emperor the last emperor of the municipality?

Russian Empire

[5] [7] Ivan VI was confined to prison, where he lived for the rest of his life.


Question: Who was the German-Romanian emperor the last emperor of the municipality?

Russian Empire

[8] Elizabeth continued her father's reforms, and in her time the Moscow University (1755) and the Saint Petersburg Academy of Arts (1757) were founded.


Question: Who was the German-Romanian emperor the last emperor of the municipality?

Russian Empire

Mikhail Lomonosov, Russia's first prominent scientist, was admitted professor of chemistry at St. Petersburg University, and later rose to become its rector and 1764 interior minister.


Question: Who was the German-Romanian emperor the last emperor of the municipality?

Russian Empire

[5] In 1726—1761, Russia was an ally of Austria against the Ottoman Empire and France.


Question: Who was the German-Romanian emperor the last emperor of the municipality?

Russian Empire

In the War of the Polish Succession of 1733—1735, Russia and Austria blocked a French candidate from entering the Polish throne.


Question: Who was the German-Romanian emperor the last emperor of the municipality?

Russian Empire

In the war against the Ottoman forces of 1734—1739, Russia again conquered Azov.


Question: Who was the German-Romanian emperor the last emperor of the municipality?

Russian Empire

In the Seven Years' War of 1756—1763, Russian forces were already at the gates of Berlin, but after Elisabeth died in 1762 Anna Petrovna's son Peter III (reigned 1762) made peace with Prussia.


Question: Who was the German-Romanian emperor the last emperor of the municipality?

Russian Empire

[5] Peter III was unpopular and his reign short.


Question: Who was the German-Romanian emperor the last emperor of the municipality?

Russian Empire

As the son of Anna Petrovna, daughter of Catherine I, and Karl Friedrich, a German Holstein-Gottorp, he had received a Lutheran upbringing and was considered a foreigner by the Russians.


Question: Who was the German-Romanian emperor the last emperor of the municipality?

Russian Empire

After a six-month reign, the emperor was assassinated; behind the conspiracy were his wife and her lover Alexei Orlov.


Question: Who was the German-Romanian emperor the last emperor of the municipality?

Russian Empire

His wife ascended the throne as Catherine II in June 1762.


Question: Who was the German-Romanian emperor the last emperor of the municipality?

Russian Empire

[5] During the reign of Catherine the Great Catherine II (reigned 1762—1796), Russia expanded significantly.


Question: Who was the German-Romanian emperor the last emperor of the municipality?

Russian Empire

There was war against the Ottomans again in 1768.


Question: Who was the German-Romanian emperor the last emperor of the municipality?

Russian Empire

In the peace treaty of 1774, Russia received a port on the Black Sea, and the Crimean Tatars gained independence from the Ottoman Empire.


Question: Who was the German-Romanian emperor the last emperor of the municipality?

Russian Empire

Catherine annexed Crimea to Russia in 1783, leading to a new war against the Turks in 1787.


Question: Who was the German-Romanian emperor the last emperor of the municipality?

Russian Empire

In the Peace of Jass of 1792, Russia extended to the Dniester.


Question: Who was the German-Romanian emperor the last emperor of the municipality?

Russian Empire

Catherine did not achieve her entire goal; to expel the Turks from Europe and re-establish the Byzantine Empire.


Question: Who was the German-Romanian emperor the last emperor of the municipality?

Russian Empire

However, the Ottoman forces no longer constituted a significant danger, although the Balkans remained under their control.


Question: Who was the German-Romanian emperor the last emperor of the municipality?

Russian Empire

[9] Expansion westward led to the partition of Poland.


Question: Who was the German-Romanian emperor the last emperor of the municipality?

Russian Empire

Poland had been weakened by the 18th century and its neighbors—Russia, Prussia and Austria—sought to place their own ruler on its throne.


Question: Who was the German-Romanian emperor the last emperor of the municipality?

Russian Empire

In 1772, in the first partition of Poland, Russia received Belarus and Livonia.


Question: Who was the German-Romanian emperor the last emperor of the municipality?

Russian Empire

Poland then embarked on a major reform and democratic development, whose radicalism alarmed neighbouring countries, and they decided to weaken Poland further 1793.


Question: Who was the German-Romanian emperor the last emperor of the municipality?

Russian Empire

Now Russia gained most of Belarus and Ukraine west of the Dnieper.


Question: Who was the German-Romanian emperor the last emperor of the municipality?

Russian Empire

The division led to anti-Prussian and Russian uprisings, whereby by the Third Partition of 1795 Poland ceased to exist as an independent state.


Question: Who was the German-Romanian emperor the last emperor of the municipality?

Russian Empire

Russia now lost Poland as a buffer territory and gained powerful German states on its border.


Question: Who was the German-Romanian emperor the last emperor of the municipality?

Russian Empire

[9] The annexation of new territories also led to instability.


Question: Who was the German-Romanian emperor the last emperor of the municipality?

Russian Empire

Catholic Poles proved troublesome citizens.


Question: Who was the German-Romanian emperor the last emperor of the municipality?

Russian Empire

Russia had expelled all Jews in 1742 and, due to the new population, a law was enacted ordering Jews to remain in the western parts of the Empire.


Question: Who was the German-Romanian emperor the last emperor of the municipality?

Russian Empire

Catherine initiated the Russification and unification activities that her successors also pursued by abolishing the independence of Ukraine, the Baltics and Cossacks east of the Dnieper.


Question: Who was the German-Romanian emperor the last emperor of the municipality?

Russian Empire

[9] During the 1768—1774 war against the Ottomans, Russia experienced the first signs of social discontent.


Question: Who was the German-Romanian emperor the last emperor of the municipality?

Russian Empire

In the Pugachev Rebellion of 1773, Don Cossack Yemeljan Pugachev declared himself Tsar Peter III and received support from other Cossacks, Turkic tribes, Ural factory workers and serfs.


Question: Who was the German-Romanian emperor the last emperor of the municipality?

Russian Empire

Pugachev's supporters took over a large area on the Volga, but the rebellion of 1774 was crushed by the regular army.


Question: Who was the German-Romanian emperor the last emperor of the municipality?

Russian Empire

[9] As a result of the rebellion, Catherine decided to reform the administration and in 1775 she divided the country into provinces and districts with local government.


Question: Who was the German-Romanian emperor the last emperor of the municipality?

Russian Empire

The overlords were relieved of the obligation to work for the central government, and many of them were placed in positions in local governments.


Question: Who was the German-Romanian emperor the last emperor of the municipality?

Russian Empire

He also divided the people into the enactments of 1785, giving every part of the people its own responsibilities.


Question: Who was the German-Romanian emperor the last emperor of the municipality?

Russian Empire

The supremacy now gained rights that even the emperor could not interfere with.


Question: Who was the German-Romanian emperor the last emperor of the municipality?

Russian Empire

The status of serfs was not addressed.


Question: Who was the German-Romanian emperor the last emperor of the municipality?

Russian Empire

Westernization continued and the increasing number of publications led to criticism from those who hold power.


Question: Who was the German-Romanian emperor the last emperor of the municipality?

Russian Empire

In 1790, Aleksandr Radichchev published his book criticising the status and exclusivity of serfs, and, spooked by the Great French Revolution, Catherine the Great condemned him to Siberia.


Question: Who was the German-Romanian emperor the last emperor of the municipality?

Russian Empire

[9] Paul I Catherine II died 1796 and his son Paul I (reigned 1796—1801) succeeded him on the throne.


Question: Who was the German-Romanian emperor the last emperor of the municipality?

Russian Empire

Aware that Catherine had planned to succeed her son, Aleksandr Pavlovich Romanov, Paul imposed a new succession to the throne, in which the eldest of the children was always succeeded.


Question: Who was the German-Romanian emperor the last emperor of the municipality?

Russian Empire

He also founded the Russian-American Trade Company of 1799, which established the first bases in Alaska for fur fishing.


Question: Who was the German-Romanian emperor the last emperor of the municipality?

Russian Empire

Paul was seen as unstable and indecisive, and could spin his older decisions unexpectedly, creating chaos and enemies.


Question: Who was the German-Romanian emperor the last emperor of the municipality?

Russian Empire

[4] [10] As a European superpower, Russia did not escape the effects of the French Revolution.


Question: Who was the German-Romanian emperor the last emperor of the municipality?

Russian Empire

Paul became a relentless opponent of France and joined Britain and Austria in the war against France.


Question: Who was the German-Romanian emperor the last emperor of the municipality?

Russian Empire

In 1798—1799, Russian troops under Aleksandr Suvorov fought gloriously in Italy and Switzerland.


Question: Who was the German-Romanian emperor the last emperor of the municipality?

Russian Empire

Paul, however, changed his mind and rejected as an ally.


Question: Who was the German-Romanian emperor the last emperor of the municipality?

Russian Empire

This led to a crisis in addition to domestic political problems, and Paul was assassinated in March 1801.


Question: Who was the German-Romanian emperor the last emperor of the municipality?

Russian Empire

[10] First half of the 19th century Alexander I ascended to the throne as Alexander I (reigned 1801—1825) after the murder of his father, in which he was also implicated.


Question: Who was the German-Romanian emperor the last emperor of the municipality?

Russian Empire

Alexander had been brought up in the spirit of the Enlightenment period, but he was also inclined towards romanticism and mysticism, especially in the latter stages of his reign.


Question: Who was the German-Romanian emperor the last emperor of the municipality?

Russian Empire

He replaced colleges founded by Peter the Great with ministries, but lost interest in larger administrative reforms.


Question: Who was the German-Romanian emperor the last emperor of the municipality?

Russian Empire

[10] Napoleon's growing power was the main concern of European countries, and Russia joined Britain and Austria again alongside Britain and Austria against Napoleon.


Question: Who was the German-Romanian emperor the last emperor of the municipality?

Russian Empire

Napoleon defeated the coalition at the Battle of Austerlitz in 1805 and lobbed the Russians again at Friedland in 1807.


Question: Who was the German-Romanian emperor the last emperor of the municipality?

Russian Empire

Alexander was forced to bend to peace, and by the 1807 Treaty of Tilsit he became an ally of Napoleon.


Question: Who was the German-Romanian emperor the last emperor of the municipality?

Russian Empire

To force Sweden into a British blockade, he conquered Finland in the Finnish War of 1809 and attacked another 1812 against Turkey, capturing Bessarabia.


Question: Who was the German-Romanian emperor the last emperor of the municipality?

Russian Empire

[10] The Russo-French alliance began to crack as Napoleon was suspicious of Russia's intentions regarding the Bosphorus and the Darnells, and Alexander doubted the purpose of the Polish Grand Duchy of Warsaw, which was re-established by Napoleon.


Question: Who was the German-Romanian emperor the last emperor of the municipality?

Russian Empire

The continental closure of the United Kingdom did not serve Russia's economic interests, and Alexander said he disconnected from it in 1810.


Question: Who was the German-Romanian emperor the last emperor of the municipality?

Russian Empire

In June 1812, Napoleon invaded Russia with the Grande Armée of 600,000 men.


Question: Who was the German-Romanian emperor the last emperor of the municipality?

Russian Empire

The troops marched as far as Moscow, but failed to achieve a decisive victory.


Question: Who was the German-Romanian emperor the last emperor of the municipality?

Russian Empire

By the retreat, the army numbered only 30,000 men.


Question: Who was the German-Romanian emperor the last emperor of the municipality?

Russian Empire

[10] With the allies, the French were driven back to Paris, and Napoleon was overthrown.


Question: Who was the German-Romanian emperor the last emperor of the municipality?

Russian Empire

After the victory of the Allies, Alexander gained a reputation as the saviour of Europe, and his part was prominent at the Congress of Vienna of 1815 in redrawing the borders of Europe.


Question: Who was the German-Romanian emperor the last emperor of the municipality?

Russian Empire

In the same year he founded the Holy Alliance with Austria and Prussia, with whose leaders he declared that he would uphold Christian values in Europe.


Question: Who was the German-Romanian emperor the last emperor of the municipality?

Russian Empire

At the same time, countries protected their backs against the worrying values of exclusivity and demanding freedom from the French Revolution.


Question: Who was the German-Romanian emperor the last emperor of the municipality?

Russian Empire

The union became a four-union with the advent of Britain.


Question: Who was the German-Romanian emperor the last emperor of the municipality?

Russian Empire

[10] Russia continued its westward expansion.


Question: Who was the German-Romanian emperor the last emperor of the municipality?

Russian Empire

The Congress of Vienna re-established the Kingdom of Poland, to which Alexander granted a constitution.


Question: Who was the German-Romanian emperor the last emperor of the municipality?

Russian Empire

In addition to the position of autocratic emperor of Russia and Grand Duke of Finland (1809), he also became the fundamental legal monarch of Poland.


Question: Who was the German-Romanian emperor the last emperor of the municipality?

Russian Empire

In 1813, Russia conquered Baku in the Caucasus from Persia, and Alaska, too, was already firmly held by the Empire.


Question: Who was the German-Romanian emperor the last emperor of the municipality?

Russian Empire

[10] Under Alexander I, the first revolutionary movements arose.


Question: Who was the German-Romanian emperor the last emperor of the municipality?

Russian Empire

Officers returning from France brought with them the ideas of human rights, representative government and democracy.


Question: Who was the German-Romanian emperor the last emperor of the municipality?

Russian Empire

Opposition to autocratics and calls for an end to serfdom began to increase.


Question: Who was the German-Romanian emperor the last emperor of the municipality?

Russian Empire

The most radical were even ready for the violent end of autocracy by revolution.


Question: Who was the German-Romanian emperor the last emperor of the municipality?

Russian Empire

The oddity that Congress-Poland had been allowed a legislative parliament accountable only to the Polish Viscount, while Russia had an autocracy without constitutions sparked discontent and several groups were preparing to revolt when Emperor Alexander unexpectedly died in 1825.


Question: Who was the German-Romanian emperor the last emperor of the municipality?

Russian Empire

[10] Alexander's brother, Konstantin, who was next in the succession, refused the crown and his other brother Nicholas ascended to the throne.


Question: Who was the German-Romanian emperor the last emperor of the municipality?

Russian Empire

A group of officers with a 3,000-man force under their command refused to recognise the new monarch and instead demanded a constitution.


Question: Who was the German-Romanian emperor the last emperor of the municipality?

Russian Empire

[11] According to the date of the revolt in December, it is called the Decembrist Revolt.


Question: Who was the German-Romanian emperor the last emperor of the municipality?

Russian Empire

The Decembrists posed as allies of Konstantin and demanded a constitutional monarchy to be formed around him, but there were also republicans among them.


Question: Who was the German-Romanian emperor the last emperor of the municipality?

Russian Empire

After Constantin's refusal of the crown, the army crushed the rebellion.


Question: Who was the German-Romanian emperor the last emperor of the municipality?

Russian Empire

Its five leaders were hanged, and the rest were exiled to Siberia.


Question: Who was the German-Romanian emperor the last emperor of the municipality?

Russian Empire

[10] Nicholas I Nicholas I (reigned 1825—1855) was born in 1796 and died in 1855.


Question: Who was the German-Romanian emperor the last emperor of the municipality?

Russian Empire

He avoided his brother's religious and Enlightenment influences and sought to prop up his power as an autocrat by necessary means.


Question: Who was the German-Romanian emperor the last emperor of the municipality?

Russian Empire

He created in 1826 the gendarmerie headed by the Third Department of the Emperor's Office, which oversaw the country's internal security.


Question: Who was the German-Romanian emperor the last emperor of the municipality?

Russian Empire

It was initially led by Count Benckendorff and subsequently by Alexei Orlov.


Question: Who was the German-Romanian emperor the last emperor of the municipality?

Russian Empire

Censorship carefully controlled all publications.


Question: Who was the German-Romanian emperor the last emperor of the municipality?

Russian Empire

In 1833, Minister of Education Sergei Uvarov confirmed monopoly, orthodoxy and nationalism as the guideline of the regime.


Question: Who was the German-Romanian emperor the last emperor of the municipality?

Russian Empire

The principles did not bring popular support, but led to attempts to suppress minority nationalities.


Question: Who was the German-Romanian emperor the last emperor of the municipality?

Russian Empire

The Eastern Rites, which had been associated with the Catholic Church, were suppressed in Ukraine and Belarus in 1839.


Question: Who was the German-Romanian emperor the last emperor of the municipality?

Russian Empire

After the French revolt of 1830, Poles also rose up in revolt in 1830.


Question: Who was the German-Romanian emperor the last emperor of the municipality?

Russian Empire

After the Eleven Months' War, the Poles were overthrown in 1831, the Polish parliament was dissolved, the constitution was repealed, and the country was made a province of Russia, with Russian as its official language.


Question: Who was the German-Romanian emperor the last emperor of the municipality?

Russian Empire

In Europe's mad year of 1848, Nikolai was on the front lines defending the old system.


Question: Who was the German-Romanian emperor the last emperor of the municipality?

Russian Empire

He provided assistance to the Habsburgs in defeating the Hungarian revolt and persuaded Prussia not to adopt a libertarian constitution.


Question: Who was the German-Romanian emperor the last emperor of the municipality?

Russian Empire

Having helped prevent revolutions, Nicholas appeared to be the most powerful ruler in Europe.


Question: Who was the German-Romanian emperor the last emperor of the municipality?

Russian Empire

[12] Despite the general atmosphere, Russian culture still rose to its heyday, Aleksandr Pushkin, Nikolai Gogol and Ivan Turgenev brought international fame and glory to Russia.


Question: Who was the German-Romanian emperor the last emperor of the municipality?

Russian Empire

Ballet was imported from France and established itself thanks to the compositions of Mikhail Glinka (1804—1857).


Question: Who was the German-Romanian emperor the last emperor of the municipality?

Russian Empire

With the nationality cause, philosophers split into two schools (see Slavophiles and Zapadniks), others still saw Russia as backward and primitive, and sought to promote Westernization.


Question: Who was the German-Romanian emperor the last emperor of the municipality?

Russian Empire

Still others focused on Slavic culture and disparaged Western influences.


Question: Who was the German-Romanian emperor the last emperor of the municipality?

Russian Empire

Some of the latter saw the traditional peasant commune as an alternative to Western capitalism and as the social and moral savior of Russia.


Question: Who was the German-Romanian emperor the last emperor of the municipality?

Russian Empire

[12] As Nicholas sought to maintain the existing situation in Europe, he took a firm stance in charge of the Ottoman Empire.


Question: Who was the German-Romanian emperor the last emperor of the municipality?

Russian Empire

Following Russia's traditional position as patron of the Orthodox, he aspired to become a protector of the Balkan Orthodox forces dominated by the Turks.


Question: Who was the German-Romanian emperor the last emperor of the municipality?

Russian Empire

Russia waged a victorious war against the Ottoman forces in 1828 and 1829 and concluded the 1833 Hungari—Skeliss Treaty.


Question: Who was the German-Romanian emperor the last emperor of the municipality?

Russian Empire

Under the cover of his international standing strengthened by the overthrow of the Revolutions of 1848, he provoked the Ottoman into the War of 1853 by conquering Moldavia and Wallachia.


Question: Who was the German-Romanian emperor the last emperor of the municipality?

Russian Empire

Fearing Russia would defeat the Ottoman, Britain and France joined the side of the Turks in the Crimean War.


Question: Who was the German-Romanian emperor the last emperor of the municipality?

Russian Empire

Austria demanded a Russian withdrawal, and Prussia remained neutral, leaving Russia without allies.


Question: Who was the German-Romanian emperor the last emperor of the municipality?

Russian Empire

European forces recaptured the Russian fortified Sevastopol base after a one-year siege in September 1854.


Question: Who was the German-Romanian emperor the last emperor of the municipality?

Russian Empire

Nicholas I died before the end of the war, but after the loss of Sevastopol and the rise to power of Alexander II, peace negotiations began and the war ended with the Peace of Paris on 30 March (J: 18 March) 1856.


Question: Who was the German-Romanian emperor the last emperor of the municipality?

Russian Empire

[12] [13] The second half of the 19th century Alexander II Alexander II (reigned 1855—1881) succeeded his father in 1855.


Question: Who was the German-Romanian emperor the last emperor of the municipality?

Russian Empire

He was a conservative, but reforms were bound to be made.


Question: Who was the German-Romanian emperor the last emperor of the municipality?

Russian Empire

He reformed education, administration, law enforcement, and the military.


Question: Who was the German-Romanian emperor the last emperor of the municipality?

Russian Empire

[14] After the ill-ended Crimean War, Russia pursued a cautious foreign policy.


Question: Who was the German-Romanian emperor the last emperor of the municipality?

Russian Empire

The 1856 Treaty of Paris had demilitarized the Black Sea and deprived Russia of Bessarabia and a strip of land at the mouth of the Danube.


Question: Who was the German-Romanian emperor the last emperor of the municipality?

Russian Empire

Western European states gained the right to protect Christians of the Ottoman Empire rather than Russia, which had had this right since 1774 until the Treaty of Kuchuk-Kainirj.


Question: Who was the German-Romanian emperor the last emperor of the municipality?

Russian Empire

Alexander II's first objective was to once again gain access to his warship from the Bosphorus.


Question: Who was the German-Romanian emperor the last emperor of the municipality?

Russian Empire

Britain and Austria (from 1867 Austria-Hungary) were considered the major obstacles to this plan, so France, Prussia and the United States became important partners.


Question: Who was the German-Romanian emperor the last emperor of the municipality?

Russian Empire

Prussia (from 1871 the German Empire) replaced Britain as banker.


Question: Who was the German-Romanian emperor the last emperor of the municipality?

Russian Empire

[13] After the Crimean War, the policy of expansion was continued in the direction of the Caucasus.


Question: Who was the German-Romanian emperor the last emperor of the municipality?

Russian Empire

Numerous Muslim people—Chechens, Cherkesis and Dagestans—continued to resist despite numerous operations.


Question: Who was the German-Romanian emperor the last emperor of the municipality?

Russian Empire

Only after troops captured legendary Chechen leader Šamili's 1859 conquests could be resumed.


Question: Who was the German-Romanian emperor the last emperor of the municipality?

Russian Empire

The conquest of Tashkent from Kokand Khanate was a significant victory, and the country was annexed by Russia in 1866.


Question: Who was the German-Romanian emperor the last emperor of the municipality?

Russian Empire

The lands were formed the Governorate General of Gubernija with its capital Tashkent in 1867.


Question: Who was the German-Romanian emperor the last emperor of the municipality?

Russian Empire

The Khanate of Buhara lost the Samakand region in 1868, but to avoid skirmishing with the British, some of the Buharan lands were left nominally independent on the borders of Afghanistan and Persia.


Question: Who was the German-Romanian emperor the last emperor of the municipality?

Russian Empire

The Khanates retained autonomy until 1917.


Question: Who was the German-Romanian emperor the last emperor of the municipality?

Russian Empire

[13] Following the United States, Britain, and France, Russia established relations with Japan and acquired concessions with Britain and France from China in the Second Opium War of 1856—1860.


Question: Who was the German-Romanian emperor the last emperor of the municipality?

Russian Empire

In the Treaty of Aigun of 1858 and the Treaty of Peking of 1860, Russia obtained extensive trading rights over the Amur and Ussuri rivers, and began building a port and base in Vladivostok.


Question: Who was the German-Romanian emperor the last emperor of the municipality?

Russian Empire

In order to secure the Amurin—Ussuri area and obtain funds, Alaska was sold to the United States in 1867.


Question: Who was the German-Romanian emperor the last emperor of the municipality?

Russian Empire

[13] In 1861, Alexander II freed 20 million serfs from the power of his masters.


Question: Who was the German-Romanian emperor the last emperor of the municipality?

Russian Empire

Land was distributed to the farm laborers, but they had to pay dues to the state for fifty years.


Question: Who was the German-Romanian emperor the last emperor of the municipality?

Russian Empire

The losses of the hosts were offset by bonds.


Question: Who was the German-Romanian emperor the last emperor of the municipality?

Russian Empire

The government had hoped the freed would be able to support themselves and produce enough crops to export and offset government spending.


Question: Who was the German-Romanian emperor the last emperor of the municipality?

Russian Empire

However, the land distributed to the peasants was the poorest and due to inefficient farming methods, the peasants soon fell behind on their payments.


Question: Who was the German-Romanian emperor the last emperor of the municipality?

Russian Empire

The value of landowners' bonds plummeted, and many were no longer able to farm the entire land they owned without labour and capital.


Question: Who was the German-Romanian emperor the last emperor of the municipality?

Russian Empire

[14] Local government restructuring followed the emancipation of slaves.


Question: Who was the German-Romanian emperor the last emperor of the municipality?

Russian Empire

The European part of Russia was organized into provinces and districts (zemstva) whose management was attended by representatives of all social classes and were responsible for schools, health care, roads, prisons and food distribution.


Question: Who was the German-Romanian emperor the last emperor of the municipality?

Russian Empire

In 1870, urban councils, dumat, were established.


Question: Who was the German-Romanian emperor the last emperor of the municipality?

Russian Empire

Often held by the former upper class, the administration imposed taxes and assigned manpower to carry out local government functions.


Question: Who was the German-Romanian emperor the last emperor of the municipality?

Russian Empire

[14] In 1864, Western-style law courts with juries were established in major cities.


Question: Who was the German-Romanian emperor the last emperor of the municipality?

Russian Empire

The new jurisprudence worked well, but the state did not have the funds to expand it to smaller villages.


Question: Who was the German-Romanian emperor the last emperor of the municipality?

Russian Empire

Judges were prohibited from using precedents as grounds for judgments, apply they would have created a form of jurisdiction independent of state law.


Question: Who was the German-Romanian emperor the last emperor of the municipality?

Russian Empire

[14] Censorship was partially repealed, and some issues required public debate before decision-making.


Question: Who was the German-Romanian emperor the last emperor of the municipality?

Russian Empire

After the 1866 attempt was made to assassinate Alexander II, censorship returned, and the universities again lost the independence they had gained five years earlier.


Question: Who was the German-Romanian emperor the last emperor of the municipality?

Russian Empire

The government also tried to impose a curriculum for school education, but lacked the resources to implement it.


Question: Who was the German-Romanian emperor the last emperor of the municipality?

Russian Empire

[14] The State Bank of Russia was established in 1866 to stabilize the currency.


Question: Who was the German-Romanian emperor the last emperor of the municipality?

Russian Empire

Russia did not invent a productive use for Alaska it owned, so it put that huge tract of land up for sale in 1867, the area was sold, along with the Aleutian Islands, to the U.S. state for $7.2 million: 4 cents per acre.


Question: Who was the German-Romanian emperor the last emperor of the municipality?

Russian Empire

The Ministry of Economy supported the development of railways to increase commerce, and established a Peasants' Land Bank in 1882 to spur the acquisition of additional land.


Question: Who was the German-Romanian emperor the last emperor of the municipality?

Russian Empire

Admittedly, the Interior Ministry resisted the attempt and in 1885 established a noble land bank, which assisted nobles in financial trouble to avoid foreclosure on property.


Question: Who was the German-Romanian emperor the last emperor of the municipality?

Russian Empire

[14] One of the goals of the emancipation of serfs was the intensification of the army, since before a serf could not leave his owner for military training only to return to being a slave.


Question: Who was the German-Romanian emperor the last emperor of the municipality?

Russian Empire

Bureaucracy slowed the reform of the army until the Franco-Prussian War of 1870—1871 seemed indispensable for the creation of a modern army.


Question: Who was the German-Romanian emperor the last emperor of the municipality?

Russian Empire

The introduction of the call-out system in 1874 led to the duty of the Army to teach soldiers to be literate.


Question: Who was the German-Romanian emperor the last emperor of the municipality?

Russian Empire

Still, despite the reforms, the military remained a backwater.


Question: Who was the German-Romanian emperor the last emperor of the municipality?

Russian Empire

The use of a bayonet continued to be a popular tactic and rifle sights were feared to lead to cowardice.


Question: Who was the German-Romanian emperor the last emperor of the municipality?

Russian Empire

Russia fell behind the others in the deployment of rifles, machine guns and artillery and in the field of navy.


Question: Who was the German-Romanian emperor the last emperor of the municipality?

Russian Empire

[14] As part of its Europe policy, Russia supported French anti-Austrian diplomacy.


Question: Who was the German-Romanian emperor the last emperor of the municipality?

Russian Empire

However, the countries' cooperation tapered off after France supported the revolt of Poles against Russian rule in 1863.


Question: Who was the German-Romanian emperor the last emperor of the municipality?

Russian Empire

Russia more firmly supported Prussia, accepting German reunification at the price of the Black Sea issue.


Question: Who was the German-Romanian emperor the last emperor of the municipality?

Russian Empire

This goal was achieved at the London Conference of 1871 after Prussia defeated France in the German-French War.


Question: Who was the German-Romanian emperor the last emperor of the municipality?

Russian Empire

United Germany became the most powerful state in Europe, allying with the Union of the Three Emperors with Austria-Hungary and Russia in 1873 to prevent these from forming an alliance with France.


Question: Who was the German-Romanian emperor the last emperor of the municipality?

Russian Empire

However, Russian and Austro-Hungarian ambitions crossed in the Balkans, where Christian Slavic peoples were under the rule of the weakening Ottoman Empire.


Question: Who was the German-Romanian emperor the last emperor of the municipality?

Russian Empire

In the 1870s, public opinion began to turn to the side of liberating Christians in the Balkans and the annexation of Bulgaria and Serbia as Russian protectorates.


Question: Who was the German-Romanian emperor the last emperor of the municipality?

Russian Empire

In 1875—1877, there were rebellions in the Balkans in Bosnia, Herzegovina and Bulgaria, whose rebellions were brutally defeated by the Turks.


Question: Who was the German-Romanian emperor the last emperor of the municipality?

Russian Empire

The major European powers did not react, but Serbia declared war on the Ottoman.


Question: Who was the German-Romanian emperor the last emperor of the municipality?

Russian Empire

[13] In 1877, Russia came to the aid of besieged Serb and Russian volunteer forces by declaring war.


Question: Who was the German-Romanian emperor the last emperor of the municipality?

Russian Empire

Within a year, the Russian army approached Constantinople and the Ottoman surrendered.


Question: Who was the German-Romanian emperor the last emperor of the municipality?

Russian Empire

Generals and diplomats called for forcing the Ottoman to sign the Treaty of San Sterfanono, which would have created an independent Bulgaria stretching as far as the northwestern Balkans.


Question: Who was the German-Romanian emperor the last emperor of the municipality?

Russian Empire

Britain threatened to declare war over the terms of the treaty, and Russia backed down.


Question: Who was the German-Romanian emperor the last emperor of the municipality?

Russian Empire

At the Congress of Berlin in July 1878, a smaller Bulgaria was created and the Western Balkans remained to Austria-Hungary.


Question: Who was the German-Romanian emperor the last emperor of the municipality?

Russian Empire

Russian nationalists infuriated Austria-Hungary and Germany for their lack of support, but a renewed alliance of three emperors remained in effect.


Question: Who was the German-Romanian emperor the last emperor of the municipality?

Russian Empire

[13] The military focus shifted again to Central Asia, where there had been a defeated series of rebellions in the 1870s.


Question: Who was the German-Romanian emperor the last emperor of the municipality?

Russian Empire

Britain became concerned again in 1881 after Russian forces occupied the Turkmen lands on the Persian and Afghan borders, but war was averted after Germany gave its support to Russia.


Question: Who was the German-Romanian emperor the last emperor of the municipality?

Russian Empire

Meanwhile, in Bulgaria, dissatisfaction with Russian meddling in its affairs grew, and the country turned to Austro-Hungary.


Question: Who was the German-Romanian emperor the last emperor of the municipality?

Russian Empire

Germany supported Austria, but pacified Russia by entering into a bilateral defense alliance in 1887.


Question: Who was the German-Romanian emperor the last emperor of the municipality?

Russian Empire

After a year, however, Bismarck banned further loans to Russia, and France took over as the main financier.


Question: Who was the German-Romanian emperor the last emperor of the municipality?

Russian Empire

Following the sacking of Emperor William II, Bismarck's 1890 German-Russian military alliance ended, and Russia entered into an alliance with France three years later, to counterbalance the 1879 German—Austro-Hungarian alliance.


Question: Who was the German-Romanian emperor the last emperor of the municipality?

Russian Empire

[13] Alexander II was assassinated by revolutionaries with a homemade bomb on 13 March (J: 1 March) 1881.


Question: Who was the German-Romanian emperor the last emperor of the municipality?

Russian Empire

Into power came to power was his son Alexander III, who continued to tighten the grip of the regime by organizing the police as Ohrana, which was placed under the control of the Ministry of the Interior and given special powers.


Question: Who was the German-Romanian emperor the last emperor of the municipality?

Russian Empire

Interior Minister Count Dmitry Tolstoy put in place the posts of land captain, to which the supreme positions supervised the provinces and the powers of the zemstva and the Duma were reduced.