Question: When did Johann Sebastian Bach die?

Johann Sebastian Bach

Other works from this period included the Italian Concerto and the first volume of Das wohltemperierte Klavier, in which a prelude and fugue have been composed for each of the compositions.


Question: When did Johann Sebastian Bach die?

Johann Sebastian Bach

Thomasschule In 1720, when Bach was 36 years old, his wife died, and a year later he took Anna Magdalena Wilcke as his new wife, with whom he had a total of 13 children.


Question: When did Johann Sebastian Bach die?

Johann Sebastian Bach

Wilcke was musical himself, and he supported Bach's composing as did Bach's singing career.


Question: When did Johann Sebastian Bach die?

Johann Sebastian Bach

Prince Leopold also married around the same time, and since his wife did not like music, Bach's career in Köthen began to face headwinds.


Question: When did Johann Sebastian Bach die?

Johann Sebastian Bach

Luckily for him, in 1722, the post of cantor was opened in the Tuomaskoulu () in Leipzig, which until then had been held by Johann Kuhnau.


Question: When did Johann Sebastian Bach die?

Johann Sebastian Bach

[1] The post was offered first to Telemann and then to Johann Graupner, but these could not leave the service of their employers.


Question: When did Johann Sebastian Bach die?

Johann Sebastian Bach

Bach accepted the place, moved to Leipzig in 1723 and spent the rest of his life in the city.


Question: When did Johann Sebastian Bach die?

Johann Sebastian Bach

In addition to teaching, Bach's duties included making cantatas for Sunday services of worship and ecclesiastical holidays.


Question: When did Johann Sebastian Bach die?

Johann Sebastian Bach

Due to the large number of singers and players at the school, he was also able to compose works of great scale, such as the John Passion and the Matthew Passion, which received its premiere performance at Tuomas Church in 1727 or 1729.


Question: When did Johann Sebastian Bach die?

Johann Sebastian Bach

Despite his prolific zeal in his work, Bach expressed dissatisfaction with his place in a letter to a diplomat in 1730; he later tried unsuccessfully to seek a place in Dresden.


Question: When did Johann Sebastian Bach die?

Johann Sebastian Bach

His workload increased further, and he eventually had to be absent from some ecclesiastical duties, either because of teaching or compositional work.


Question: When did Johann Sebastian Bach die?

Johann Sebastian Bach

Late-life Bach never once in his lifetime visited outside the German-speaking area.


Question: When did Johann Sebastian Bach die?

Johann Sebastian Bach

At his northernmost he attended Lübeck, Karlsbad to the south, Kassel to the west and Dresden to the east.


Question: When did Johann Sebastian Bach die?

Johann Sebastian Bach

In the last decade of his life, Bach composed many fugues as well as, in 1741, Goldberg variations which are reported to have been intended to be played by his student, Johann Gottlieb Goldberg.


Question: When did Johann Sebastian Bach die?

Johann Sebastian Bach

In the last days, a mass in H minor, which was part of Bach's main works, as well as the unfinished Die Kunst der Fuge, also arose.


Question: When did Johann Sebastian Bach die?

Johann Sebastian Bach

Bach had problems with his eyesight.


Question: When did Johann Sebastian Bach die?

Johann Sebastian Bach

In late March in 1750, he enlisted the help of John Taylor, an English ophthalmologist who had come to Leipzig.


Question: When did Johann Sebastian Bach die?

Johann Sebastian Bach

Taylor cut Bach's eyes.


Question: When did Johann Sebastian Bach die?

Johann Sebastian Bach

After this, he went completely blind and died four months later.


Question: When did Johann Sebastian Bach die?

Johann Sebastian Bach

[2] After his death, Bach's legacy was left to live on in his numerous musically gifted children, among whom Wilhelm Friedemann Bach, Johann Gottfried Bernhard Bach, Johann Christoph Friedrich Bach, Johann Christian Bach and, perhaps most significantly, Carl Philipp Emanuel Bach, created for himself a professional musician career.


Question: When did Johann Sebastian Bach die?

Johann Sebastian Bach

Bach's daughters in all likelihood also sang and played in his performances.


Question: When did Johann Sebastian Bach die?

Johann Sebastian Bach

Bach's reputation during his lifetime was based, in addition to his skill in composition, on his masterful playing technique on the organ.


Question: When did Johann Sebastian Bach die?

Johann Sebastian Bach

Some of his huge output has not survived to our days, as even Bach himself took issue with many of his compositions as disposable material.


Question: When did Johann Sebastian Bach die?

Johann Sebastian Bach

In addition, many of Bach's works, given the musical and playing technique of their time, were very difficult and were therefore performed little.


Question: When did Johann Sebastian Bach die?

Johann Sebastian Bach

After Bach's death, his sheet music manuscript was divided between his two sons Carl Philipp Emanuel and Wilhelm Friedemann.


Question: When did Johann Sebastian Bach die?

Johann Sebastian Bach

Wilhelm Friedemann had already faced frequent financial difficulties during his father's lifetime, and after his death he had to sell many of his father's manuscripts, some of which so disappeared without trace.


Question: When did Johann Sebastian Bach die?

Johann Sebastian Bach

The manuscripts left in the custody of Carl Philipp Emanuel, in turn, survived for the most part.


Question: When did Johann Sebastian Bach die?

Johann Sebastian Bach

In the 19th century, among other things Felix Mendelssohn brought up the Matthew Passion, which was now performed for the first time since the master composer's death and which enjoyed huge success.


Question: When did Johann Sebastian Bach die?

Johann Sebastian Bach

In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, many of Bach's compositions were rediscovered, and more Bach's music is being performed today than ever before.


Question: When did Johann Sebastian Bach die?

Johann Sebastian Bach

In the second half of the 20th century there was also a revival of interest in performing Bach's music using authentic instruments and assemblies, and further attempts have been made to reconstruct the original style of performance consistent with Baroque ideals.


Question: When did Johann Sebastian Bach die?

Johann Sebastian Bach

Music General It is generally considered that the music of the Baroque period culminated in him, and can also be considered to have ended after he died.


Question: When did Johann Sebastian Bach die?

Johann Sebastian Bach

During his lifetime, Bach was subject to e.g.


Question: When did Johann Sebastian Bach die?

Johann Sebastian Bach

He was criticised by Johann Adolph Scheibe for his musical old-fashionability for not following a budding galant style.


Question: When did Johann Sebastian Bach die?

Johann Sebastian Bach

Along with Vivaldi and Telemann, he was one of the most prolific composers in musical history: more than 1000 works are known to have emerged from Bach's pen.


Question: When did Johann Sebastian Bach die?

Johann Sebastian Bach

He composed a huge amount of ecclesiastical music, including fairs, oratorios, passions and at least 215 cantatas; concertos for various instruments including claveer, harpsichord and violin; works for individual instruments such as claveer, lute, violin and cello; organ music such as fugue and preludes; as well as plenty of chamber music.


Question: When did Johann Sebastian Bach die?

Johann Sebastian Bach

The fugue he developed to perfection: he created very complex, but still beautiful melodies that developed in songs simultaneously in groups of several melodies, contrapunctly.


Question: When did Johann Sebastian Bach die?

Johann Sebastian Bach

Kari Rydman has compared Bach to two reflective mirrors in the history of music.


Question: When did Johann Sebastian Bach die?

Johann Sebastian Bach

On the other hand, Bach brought together all that had been accomplished before him, and elevated the forms developed by his predecessors to their peak artistically and technically, even so that in many cases there was no longer any way forward.


Question: When did Johann Sebastian Bach die?

Johann Sebastian Bach

On the other hand, he signaled the future development of music for about a century, anticipating the emblems and methods by which Joseph Haydn, Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, Ludwig van Beethoven and other later composer-masters opened new prospects.


Question: When did Johann Sebastian Bach die?

Johann Sebastian Bach

[3] Periods Musicologists have found roughly three stylistic periods in Bach's production.


Question: When did Johann Sebastian Bach die?

Johann Sebastian Bach

The end of the first period can be considered the year 1713.


Question: When did Johann Sebastian Bach die?

Johann Sebastian Bach

The works set in this period (which are mainly works for organ and clave) include a strong influence from the German late-17th-century compositional tradition.


Question: When did Johann Sebastian Bach die?

Johann Sebastian Bach

German composers who served as Bach's paragons had been influenced by France and Italy, but had not embraced the new operatic styles of Naples and Venice.


Question: When did Johann Sebastian Bach die?

Johann Sebastian Bach

No opera Bach, by the nature of his career, ever composed, though passions and some secular cantatas are largely reminiscent of operas when listened to, as recitatives took the plot forward.


Question: When did Johann Sebastian Bach die?

Johann Sebastian Bach

During the period of mastery stretching from 1713 to 1739, Bach was influenced by the new Italian musical styles of his time, particularly the Italian concerto form.


Question: When did Johann Sebastian Bach die?

Johann Sebastian Bach

In this period's production, the melodic clarity of the Italian style and structures defined by cadences meet the seriousness of Lutheran chorals and the German contrapuncture tradition.


Question: When did Johann Sebastian Bach die?

Johann Sebastian Bach

Bach's last period of creation is initiated by Clavier-Übung III.


Question: When did Johann Sebastian Bach die?

Johann Sebastian Bach

In his compositions of the late Creation period, Bach produced, like Ludwig van Beethoven, mostly instrument music (with the exception of Mass in H minor).


Question: When did Johann Sebastian Bach die?

Johann Sebastian Bach

The compositions of the late period were characterised that they were often not composed for any particular performance, but rather perhaps as a kind of musical testament to the composer master.


Question: When did Johann Sebastian Bach die?

Johann Sebastian Bach

Wolfgang Schmieder catalogued Bach's production in 1950, and based on this list there is a BWV catalogue number (Bach-Werke-Verzeichnis) for all compositions.


Question: When did Johann Sebastian Bach die?

Johann Sebastian Bach

Compositions Orchestral works Brandenburg concertos Nos. 1—6, BWV 1046—51 Series No 1, C major, BWV 1066 Series No. 2, H minor, BWV 1067 Series No. 3, D major, BWV 1068 Series No 4, D major, BWV 1069 Choral works Mass, H minor, BWV 232 Matthew Passion, BWV 244 John Passio, BWV 245 Christmas Oratory, BWV 248 6 Motets, BWV 225-230 Magnificat, BWV 243 n.350 cantatas of which n.209 have been preserved.


Question: When did Johann Sebastian Bach die?

Johann Sebastian Bach

The most famous of the cantatas are: BWV 4, Christ lag in Todesbanden BWV 78, Jesu, der du meine Seele BWV 80, Eine feste Burg ist unser Gott BWV 82, Ich habe genug BWV 140, Wachet Auf BWV 147, Herz und Mund BWV 202, Weichet nur, Beebtrur Scatte Scatten BWV 208, Was mir behagt Works for keyboard instruments Das Wohltemperierte Klavier I to II (48 preludes and fugues), BWV 846—93 Goldberg variations, BWV 988 Clavier-Übung 15 two-tone inventories and 15 three-tone symphonies, BWV 772-801 Fantasy and Fugue in A minor, BWV 904 Italian Concerto, BWV 971 Organ works Fantasy and Fugue in C minor, BWV 537 Prelude and Fugue in A minor, BWV 543 Toccata and Fugue in D minor, BWV 565 Toccata and Fugue in E major, BWV 566 Orgelbüchlein, BWV 599—644, Chamber music 6 for violin, flute and piano, BWV 1020—1025 Die Kunst der Fuge, BWV 1080 Musikalisches Opfer, BWV 1079 Preludes of choral works Audio samples Sources Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = John Stanley| title = Classical Music — The Great Composers and their Masterworks| publisher = Mitchell Beazley| year = 1994| id = ISBN 1 -85732-343-2}} References Literature Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Boyd, Malcolm| title = Bach| location = Helsing| publisher = Otava| year = 1991 (2nd edition 2002) | version = (Bach, 1983.)


Question: When did Johann Sebastian Bach die?

Johann Sebastian Bach

Translated by Kati Hämäläinen| id = ISBN 951-1-09991-4}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Gardiner, John Eliot| title = Music in the Vaults of Heaven: Johann Sebastian Bach — portrait| location = Helsinki| publisher = Fuga| year = 2015| version = (Music in the Castle of Heaven: A Portrait of Johann Sebastian Bach, 2013.)


Question: When did Johann Sebastian Bach die?

Johann Sebastian Bach

Translated by Sampsa Laurinen| isbn = 978-952-93-5106-0}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Rabe, Julius| title = Bach| location = Helsinki| publisher = Fazer Music Shop| year = 1958| version = (Bach, 1948.)


Question: When did Johann Sebastian Bach die?

Johann Sebastian Bach

Translated by Anna Kerttu Wiik, Paavo Soinne}} On the topic elsewhere Mutopia Project Free scores by Johann Sebastian Bach at the International Music Score Library Project (IMSLP) Transclusion error: {{En}} is only for use in File namespace.


Question: When did Johann Sebastian Bach die?

Johann Sebastian Bach

Use {{lang-en}} or {{en icon}} instead.


Question: When did Johann Sebastian Bach die?

Johann Sebastian Bach

Category:German composers Category:Baroque composers Category:Those born in 1685 Class:Those who died in 1750 Category:Key articles of screening


Question: What was part of the ice-making training?

Ice warp movement

Launched in late 1914 in Finnish male student circles and led to the formation of Jääkäribattalion 27, the Jääkäribattalion 27 was an initiative of activists to obtain military training for the detachment of Finland from Russia.


Question: What was part of the ice-making training?

Ice warp movement

After the First World War in 1914, Finland was initially cautious in the circles of the Kagal and old activists of the First Repressive Resistance Group.


Question: What was part of the ice-making training?

Ice warp movement

[1] In the men's matriculation circles, the ice movement emerged, which took as its goal the armed detachment of Finland from Russia.


Question: What was part of the ice-making training?

Ice warp movement

Overall, 1895 volunteers began the Jääkärike training 1915—1918.


Question: What was part of the ice-making training?

Ice warp movement

Of them, 1261 (67%) participated in the Finnish Civil War.


Question: What was part of the ice-making training?

Ice warp movement

Of those involved, 128 (10%) fell in the fighting and 238 (19%) were wounded.


Question: What was part of the ice-making training?

Ice warp movement

The Winter War involved 774 Icemen in all kinds of war duties in front and home forces, as well as civilian administrative duties in the army, of which 24 (3%) fell as well as 19 (2%) were wounded.


Question: What was part of the ice-making training?

Ice warp movement

The Mannerheim Cross was awarded to 20 former Jäägers.


Question: What was part of the ice-making training?

Ice warp movement

Forty-nine icemen were promoted to the general corps.


Question: What was part of the ice-making training?

Ice warp movement

As the ice cap movement expanded, its social base widened, encompassing all layers of folk.


Question: What was part of the ice-making training?

Ice warp movement

Relative to the population, the largest number of icemen enlisted from Lake Kortes (the area today part of the city of Kauhava), who on this basis declared themselves to be a jockey.


Question: What was part of the ice-making training?

Ice warp movement

Stages of the Ice Pass Movement The Central Committee of the Independence Movement considered it necessary to form a People's Army.


Question: What was part of the ice-making training?

Ice warp movement

Military training could not be obtained in Finland, so it was sought abroad.


Question: What was part of the ice-making training?

Ice warp movement

In January 1915, Germany announced its readiness to train 200 Finns.


Question: What was part of the ice-making training?

Ice warp movement

Partly by lettuce, nearly two hundred young men moved first to Sweden and from there on to Germany to be trained for the Pfadfinder course (this was an alias referring to the Scouting movement).


Question: What was part of the ice-making training?

Ice warp movement

[2] The Finns were trained at Lockstedt camp in Holstein.


Question: What was part of the ice-making training?

Ice warp movement

In the autumn of 1915, Germany decided to raise the strength of the Finnish contingent to 2000 men.


Question: What was part of the ice-making training?

Ice warp movement

A covert recruitment covering the whole country was initiated in Finland.


Question: What was part of the ice-making training?

Ice warp movement

The busiest recruitment activities were in Uusimaa, Ostrobothnia and Karelia.


Question: What was part of the ice-making training?

Ice warp movement

The following spring, the corps was formed into the Royal Prussian Jääger Battalion 27 under Major Maximilian Bayer.


Question: What was part of the ice-making training?

Ice warp movement

[3] Russia received word of the ice cap movement in September 1915.


Question: What was part of the ice-making training?

Ice warp movement

Of the 19 caught, 13 were taken to Špalernaya prison in Saint Petersburg, where 60 other activists had also been imprisoned, including Vihtori Kosola, Artturi Leinonen, Esko Riekki, Aarne Sihvo and Kyösti Wilkuna.


Question: What was part of the ice-making training?

Ice warp movement

The “Bar-iceers” were released after the February Revolution of 1917.


Question: What was part of the ice-making training?

Ice warp movement

The battalion took part in the fighting against Russia in the Baltics.


Question: What was part of the ice-making training?

Ice warp movement

The Jääkärs swore an oath to the legitimate government of Finland in the church of Liepāja.


Question: What was part of the ice-making training?

Ice warp movement

In the autumn of 1917, 60 ice kaurs entered Finland.


Question: What was part of the ice-making training?

Ice warp movement

The Jääkärs had sought training for combat against Russia, but by the time of their return to Finland in early 1918 the situation had changed significantly.


Question: What was part of the ice-making training?

Ice warp movement

In addition to the Russian forces, the opposing side had a working population of their own country organised as the Red Guard.


Question: What was part of the ice-making training?

Ice warp movement

For this reason, about one third of the ice hangers did not return to Finland.


Question: What was part of the ice-making training?

Ice warp movement

However, the main force of 950 men arrived in Vaasa on 25 February 1918 and moved mainly into the ranks of government forces.


Question: What was part of the ice-making training?

Ice warp movement

They considered this to be specifically the Finnish War of Independence, which would effectively determine whether the country would be “free” from Russian rule.


Question: What was part of the ice-making training?

Ice warp movement

Not all of the ice keepers were as loyal to the regime as is widely believed.


Question: What was part of the ice-making training?

Ice warp movement

Shortly after the Jääkäris' return to Finland for reasons related to the ice conflict, a group of Jakeers made an unsuccessful bomb attendant on General Mannerheim's staff train.


Question: What was part of the ice-making training?

Ice warp movement

After the war, the vast majority of icebrees returned to civilian life.


Question: What was part of the ice-making training?

Ice warp movement

The majority were laborers, small farmers and operatives; one in five had completed the baccalaureate.


Question: What was part of the ice-making training?

Ice warp movement

Some glaciers rose to the pinnacle of economic or cultural life.


Question: What was part of the ice-making training?

Ice warp movement

Some went on to military careers.


Question: What was part of the ice-making training?

Ice warp movement

A few icemen migrated to Soviet Russia.


Question: What was part of the ice-making training?

Ice warp movement

The vast majority of ice ranchers participated in the Winter and Continuation War.


Question: What was part of the ice-making training?

Ice warp movement

A total of 49 Jäkär officers received the military rank of general, among them infantry generals Erik Heinrichs, Kaarlo Heiskanen, Taavetti Latakainen, Armas-Eino Martola, Aarne Sihvo, Alonzo Sundman, Paavo Talvela and Väinö Valve.


Question: What was part of the ice-making training?

Ice warp movement

The influence of Jääkäres in the development of the Finnish Defence Forces was very large until the 1950s.


Question: What was part of the ice-making training?

Ice warp movement

The last ice keeper, Jääkärikrikanal Väinö Valve died in 1995.


Question: What was part of the ice-making training?

Ice warp movement

According to Matti Lackman, a Doctor of Philosophy who studied the ice carriage movement, the ice keepers committed treason on the basis of a law in force in Russia at the time [4].


Question: What was part of the ice-making training?

Ice warp movement

The early 20th century activism, whose ideological heir, arose in response to the situation created by the Russification measures and the acquiescence of some Finns, where Finland's self-governing status was threatened and the laws were felt. lost its relevance.


Question: What was part of the ice-making training?

Ice warp movement

The abolition of their own Finnish military personnel and the threat of being forced to serve in Russian troop detachments on Russian soil strongly influenced moods.


Question: What was part of the ice-making training?

Ice warp movement

[5] Activists felt that the prevailing illegal situation justified and obliged, if necessary, to respond to violence with violence.


Question: What was part of the ice-making training?

Ice warp movement

A programme of activism was put forward in 1903, and an active opposition party was formed the following year.


Question: What was part of the ice-making training?

Ice warp movement

In the activities of these early activists, future forms of activity of the Ickeers and Activists were foreshadowed by arms supplies such as the voyage of the SS John Grafton, the emergence of patronage municipalities during the Grand Strike, and the 1906 creation of the paramilitary Force League.


Question: What was part of the ice-making training?

Ice warp movement

Revolutionary peacefulness in Russia still suppressed these forms of activity within 1906.


Question: What was part of the ice-making training?

Ice warp movement

[6] Another period of repression began to develop in late 1908 and brought behind the force of Russian law in June 1910 to last until the end of the Russian Empire until March 1917.


Question: What was part of the ice-making training?

Ice warp movement

The idea of Finland's independence was considered pending in party activities by activists, among others, in the magazine Framtid—Anti-Issue until its abolition in 1910 ended the old period of activism.


Question: What was part of the ice-making training?

Ice warp movement

[7] In the university's constituent municipalities, the idea of independence was fostered in various forms.


Question: What was part of the ice-making training?

Ice warp movement

In speeches at the Conferment Celebration in May 1914, the idea of independence was widely expressed, though cautiously worded.


Question: What was part of the ice-making training?

Ice warp movement

Many future prominent men appear in the conferment committee: Kai Donner, Väinö Kokko, Pehr Norrmén and Yrjö Ruuth (late.


Question: What was part of the ice-making training?

Ice warp movement

Screen).


Question: What was part of the ice-making training?

Ice warp movement

[8] Establishment Finland was placed in a state of war on 30 July 1914 [9]: Russian military leadership feared Germany would rise ashore and invade Finland.


Question: What was part of the ice-making training?

Ice warp movement

Critical targets in different parts of Finland began to be fortified by the forces of Finns hired for the “movails” but under Russian leadership.


Question: What was part of the ice-making training?

Ice warp movement

These works caused labour shortages in areas such as agriculture.


Question: What was part of the ice-making training?

Ice warp movement

On November 17, an extensive Russification program was published, which definitively launched the action that led to the ice cap movement.


Question: What was part of the ice-making training?

Ice warp movement

[10] The publication of the Russification programme broke the dams.


Question: What was part of the ice-making training?

Ice warp movement

Already on the same day, several independent meetings were held outlining the forms and implementation of resistance.


Question: What was part of the ice-making training?

Ice warp movement

For example, it is reported that when Väinö Kokko, Yrjö Ruuth and Väinö Tiiri gave advice in Gardin's restaurant, students were gathered in the same place, among whom they came to a well-known trio to demand measures.


Question: What was part of the ice-making training?

Ice warp movement

[11] Around the same time, some individual matriculates joined the Russian Army as volunteers to gain military training and war experience.


Question: What was part of the ice-making training?

Ice warp movement

Later, a few such people who were “ahead of time” even deserted from the Russian army and went on to become an iceman.


Question: What was part of the ice-making training?

Ice warp movement

After the ice cap movement began, the equivalent no longer appeared.


Question: What was part of the ice-making training?

Ice warp movement

The meeting of Ostrobotnia The organisation of the independence movement is considered to have started on 20 November 1914 with a meeting held at the House of Ostrobotnia in Ostrobotnia (the date is not unequivocal, as the protocol was not held for reasons of concealment).


Question: What was part of the ice-making training?

Ice warp movement

The meeting consisted of about 20 participants from different municipalities as well as the Old Finnish Student Association Suomalainen Nuija.


Question: What was part of the ice-making training?

Ice warp movement

Instead of an outright start, this meeting rather meant a gathering of several smaller groups together, a form of critical mass formation.


Question: What was part of the ice-making training?

Ice warp movement

Among other things, the meeting said, in the words of Pehr Norrmén, that passive resistance has lost its relevance and must go down the path of state fraud, since the law had been rejected by the opposing party (the Russians) as well.


Question: What was part of the ice-making training?

Ice warp movement

Finland had to be disconnected from Russia's connection.


Question: What was part of the ice-making training?

Ice warp movement

When discussing foreign aid, Väinö Kokko — curator of Osakunta in Northern Ostrobothnia — considered German help important, even the only possibility.


Question: What was part of the ice-making training?

Ice warp movement

Members of the meeting declared themselves the Provisional Central Committee of the Activist Movement.


Question: What was part of the ice-making training?

Ice warp movement

Contact had to be contacted both potential training organisers, as well as senior politicians and activists and socialist representatives.


Question: What was part of the ice-making training?

Ice warp movement

[12] The idea of sending a negotiator to Stockholm to explore the possibilities of military training through the former German Consul in Helsinki, Albert Goldbeck-Löwe, was strengthened in late November 1914.


Question: What was part of the ice-making training?

Ice warp movement

Walter Horn and Bertel Paulig were named negotiators because they knew the liaison with pre-existing conditions and their German language proficiency was excellent.


Question: What was part of the ice-making training?

Ice warp movement

The trip was disguised as the maintenance of sports links with Swedish organisations (the Finnish side was covered by the Suomen Palloliitto).


Question: What was part of the ice-making training?

Ice warp movement

[13] Germany was not the only option to be a supporter and training provider at this stage.


Question: What was part of the ice-making training?

Ice warp movement

At the turn of the year 1914—1915, several small groups from different municipalities travelled to reconnoisseur the Swedish atmosphere.


Question: What was part of the ice-making training?

Ice warp movement

Numerous public figures, both for the Church, the scientific community and the press, were the targets of the visits.


Question: What was part of the ice-making training?

Ice warp movement

The Swedish hosts showed interest in the situation in Finland and were convinced that in Finland the project also represented Finnish-speaking circles, but the answer to the actual question was obvious: no active support for Finland's independence would be forthcoming.


Question: What was part of the ice-making training?

Ice warp movement

While the possibilities of military training were recognised from abroad, self-made training was also organised at home: reading literature and improving fitness through skiing exercises, among other things.


Question: What was part of the ice-making training?

Ice warp movement

Shooting drills were held by those with guns and cartridges in use.


Question: What was part of the ice-making training?

Ice warp movement

Preparation for sabotage activities was done by studying pioneer fields under the guidance of engineering students.


Question: What was part of the ice-making training?

Ice warp movement

Espionage activities for the Germans were also tried to organise.


Question: What was part of the ice-making training?

Ice warp movement

[14] Training for armed insurrection from Germany Herman Gummerus, Walter Horn and Bertel Paulig had sent a report to the German War Ministry on 8 December 1914 describing moods in Finland as well as welcoming arms assistance and training of 150 volunteers from Germany.


Question: What was part of the ice-making training?

Ice warp movement

The trained would be tasked with supporting the invasion of German troops into Finland while an uprising against Russia would break out in the country.


Question: What was part of the ice-making training?

Ice warp movement

In his own right, the ground in Germany was shaped by Fritz Wetterhoff, a Finnish-born deputy judge who moved to Germany.


Question: What was part of the ice-making training?

Ice warp movement

As early as September, Wetterhoff had presented a plan for the invasion of Finland, which was quite similar to the one made by activists under the leadership of Gummerus.


Question: What was part of the ice-making training?

Ice warp movement

Proper preparation of the resistance and support of German troops would be essential.


Question: What was part of the ice-making training?

Ice warp movement

The matter of training Finnish volunteers proceeded to a conclusion at a meeting held at the premises of the German War Ministry on 26 January 1915, with representation not only from the Ministry of War but from the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and two different staffs.


Question: What was part of the ice-making training?

Ice warp movement

The main points of the decision were: Education would be given to 200 Finnish students with German skills who were “cultured, trustworthy and from good families”.


Question: What was part of the ice-making training?

Ice warp movement

The duration of training would initially be four weeks, but time could be extended.


Question: What was part of the ice-making training?

Ice warp movement

The content would emphasize topics such as military spirit, marksmanship, command of small units, and extermination and guerrilla activities.


Question: What was part of the ice-making training?

Ice warp movement

Mid-February 1915 was decided as the start date and the Lockstedter Lager camp site as the training site.


Question: What was part of the ice-making training?

Ice warp movement

Pfadfinders — volunteers in the cover role of patrol leaders The call to begin sending volunteers reached Wetterhoff mediated by Herman Gummerus in Stockholm on February 1, 1915.


Question: What was part of the ice-making training?

Ice warp movement

The information was transmitted to Finland in the form of a password, ostensibly dealing with Harald Öhquist's father staying in Germany: “The doctor hopes for a full recovery within two weeks.”


Question: What was part of the ice-making training?

Ice warp movement

On 25 February [9] arrived in Lockstedt the first 55 to train for scout courses (Pfadfinderkursus).


Question: What was part of the ice-making training?

Ice warp movement

Their trip had led first to Stockholm to report to Herman Gummerus.


Question: What was part of the ice-making training?

Ice warp movement

The trips were explained as being related to studies, for example.


Question: What was part of the ice-making training?

Ice warp movement

In Stockholm, many had their names changed, pruned unnecessary equipment and received German passports as well as travel money for the rest of the trip.


Question: What was part of the ice-making training?

Ice warp movement

In Sweden, an advance was made via Malmö to Trelleborg, from where a ferry link took to Sassnitz in Germany.


Question: What was part of the ice-making training?

Ice warp movement

A train ride away, Berlin was up against Wetterhoff and his aides.


Question: What was part of the ice-making training?

Ice warp movement

The last leg of the journey took first to Hamburg and on to Lockstedter Lager (now Hohenlockstedt).


Question: What was part of the ice-making training?

Ice warp movement

Once there, the course was divided into two companies and participants were given covert scout outfits and the designation Feldmeister referring to the German patrol leader.


Question: What was part of the ice-making training?

Ice warp movement

The impression was complemented by the fact that the head of the course, Major Maximilian Bayer, was also the leader of the German Boy Scout Movement (Jugendwehr).


Question: What was part of the ice-making training?

Ice warp movement

Education of Pfadfinders The agreement on the education of pfadfinderite emphasized, among other things, familiarization with German culture and “military spirit”.


Question: What was part of the ice-making training?

Ice warp movement

Although the course time was only a few weeks, it was therefore envisaged, among other things, field trips.


Question: What was part of the ice-making training?

Ice warp movement

Contemporaries” memoirs emphasise that the Finns longed for an authentic feel for German education, but “they soon found that their teaching did not follow the methods of German military education, but rather Boy Scout education”.


Question: What was part of the ice-making training?

Ice warp movement

The covert role therefore seemed to extend, along with external frameworks, to the content of education as well.


Question: What was part of the ice-making training?

Ice warp movement

At first, the hosts' extracts seemed to be trained even too gentlemanly, while the views of the course director and the actual trainers on training were still looking for their forms: “The Finns were treated with caution and gentle hands.


Question: What was part of the ice-making training?

Ice warp movement

Against the will gestured as 'lords'.” The background was Major Bayer's view that resourceful Free Force leaders from the Finns could be obtained by scouting rather than military doctrines.


Question: What was part of the ice-making training?

Ice warp movement

Bayer's values were also associated with the fact that at first it was forbidden to consume beer for Finns.


Question: What was part of the ice-making training?

Ice warp movement

It was soon discovered, however, that Major Bayer, with his emphasis, fell short of a minority over the actual trainer officers, Captains Bade, Heldt, Just and Knaths.


Question: What was part of the ice-making training?

Ice warp movement

The number of students gradually increased, reaching a strength of about 180 in three weeks.


Question: What was part of the ice-making training?

Ice warp movement

However, some of the coursemen began to be out of strength with various deployments.


Question: What was part of the ice-making training?

Ice warp movement

[15] Despite the Boy Scouting outfit, Finnish volunteers had possession since 28 February the main soldier's hallmark — a weapon: the Russian three-line rifle M/91, which the Germans had received in abundance as spoils of war.


Question: What was part of the ice-making training?

Ice warp movement

It was easy to justify this choice because the Finns would, in any case, in their eventual struggle for independence, come to rely on weapons taken from the Russians.


Question: What was part of the ice-making training?

Ice warp movement

Pistols and hand grenades were among the equipment.


Question: What was part of the ice-making training?

Ice warp movement

The course instead received the first heavier weapons—two Maxim machine guns—on hold until mid-April.


Question: What was part of the ice-making training?

Ice warp movement

[16] After the first few days of adulation, the training sought attitudes towards Prussian military training, although the content was deviant, educated, voluntary “civilists” were trained.


Question: What was part of the ice-making training?

Ice warp movement

According to Lauerma's characterisation, pfadfinders received “somewhat simultaneously instruction belonging to a recruit, a cadet, a student officer at the War College, and a Particle Scout leader.”


Question: What was part of the ice-making training?

Ice warp movement

Efforts were made to create the capacity to lead the team, platoon and “evasively company”.


Question: What was part of the ice-making training?

Ice warp movement

Theory instruction sided subjects all the way up to regimental level.


Question: What was part of the ice-making training?

Ice warp movement

[17] The content and scope of training changed as the length of the course was increased to a minimum.


Question: What was part of the ice-making training?

Ice warp movement

In the original plan, the exclusion order, as well as tobacco services, became part of the programme.


Question: What was part of the ice-making training?

Ice warp movement

In March, the first promotions to the rank of zug and gruppenführers (team and group leaders) had been obtained, foreshadowing the possibility that the course would be extended.


Question: What was part of the ice-making training?

Ice warp movement

[18] In all, four different promises were made in April 1915 to extend courses; for example, on Day 2 it was reported that the course would last until 16 April and on 14 April an extension to May was announced.


Question: What was part of the ice-making training?

Ice warp movement

Uncertainty racked minds: it was not known what the future of each would be itself after the course.


Question: What was part of the ice-making training?

Ice warp movement

Initially, the four-week absence from the homeland had already stretched into months.


Question: What was part of the ice-making training?

Ice warp movement

In July, proper military uniforms were obtained to replace the scout uniforms that were worn in tatters and had gone unsavoury: field greys for the German infantry.


Question: What was part of the ice-making training?

Ice warp movement

The PfadFinder period had ended, and the coursemen were now musketeers.


Question: What was part of the ice-making training?

Ice warp movement

The independence movement entered its next phase.


Question: What was part of the ice-making training?

Ice warp movement

From the initial form of the Ostrobotnian meeting, the organization of the movement also expanded and diversified.


Question: What was part of the ice-making training?

Ice warp movement

The forces behind the independence of Finland and the Ice Participation movement can be considered A.K. (“Aktionskommittén”, “Action Committee” or “Active Committee”).


Question: What was part of the ice-making training?

Ice warp movement

In it were represented the various parties, old and young activism, as well as officers of the old people who later organized themselves as M.K:si (“Militärkommittén”, “Military Committee”).


Question: What was part of the ice-making training?

Ice warp movement

Ahti (1999) has characterized MK as a “comrade circle of former Hamina cadets”.


Question: What was part of the ice-making training?

Ice warp movement

[19] The active committee was supported by C.K.


Question: What was part of the ice-making training?

Ice warp movement

(“Centralkommittén”, “Central Committee”), which was a group formed by politicians of the older knee.


Question: What was part of the ice-making training?

Ice warp movement

It included, among others, state councils (Edvard Hjelt, Alexis Gripenberg), senators (Hugo Rautapää) and professors (Rafael Erich, Edward Westermarck).


Question: What was part of the ice-making training?

Ice warp movement

The representation of the Swedish language group prevailed.


Question: What was part of the ice-making training?

Ice warp movement

The fact that Old Finns (Iron Head and Samuli Sario) also joined showed a change in their attitudes.


Question: What was part of the ice-making training?

Ice warp movement

As of June 1917, the key practical player of the Active Committee was the Works Division.


Question: What was part of the ice-making training?

Ice warp movement

Its activities, in turn, were disguised as a forestry enterprise.


Question: What was part of the ice-making training?

Ice warp movement

The company, called Uusi Forest Office, was located in Helsinki at Yrjönkatu 25.


Question: What was part of the ice-making training?

Ice warp movement

Ostensibly, the “office” bought and sold lumber and other forest supplies, as well as conveying workers to forestry sites.


Question: What was part of the ice-making training?

Ice warp movement

This could cloak the real tasks, the most significant of which was the launch of patronage activities across the country.


Question: What was part of the ice-making training?

Ice warp movement

The most central figure in the new Forest Office was Master Elmo E. Kaila.


Question: What was part of the ice-making training?

Ice warp movement

From 1916 onwards, the influential Finnish Independence Movement Foreign Mission was active in Stockholm.


Question: What was part of the ice-making training?

Ice warp movement

Through it, connections with Sweden and Germany existed.


Question: What was part of the ice-making training?

Ice warp movement

In the autumn of the following year the delegation was subjected to A.K


Question: What was part of the ice-making training?

Ice warp movement

to which it received a liaison body facing the Germans.


Question: What was part of the ice-making training?

Ice warp movement

In Germany, the affairs of the movement had been handled by Büro Wetterhoff, led by Fritz Wetterhoff.


Question: What was part of the ice-making training?

Ice warp movement

After Wetterhoff fell out of favour with the Germans, a new, more independent liaison body Das Finnländische Büro was established in November 1916, led by Samuli Sario.


Question: What was part of the ice-making training?

Ice warp movement

According to him and with the name model of the predecessor, the office was also called Büro Sario.


Question: What was part of the ice-making training?

Ice warp movement

The price of independence was modesty: the archives and contacts in Wetterhoff's office were unavailable and money was lacking, too.


Question: What was part of the ice-making training?

Ice warp movement

Socialist representation was lacking in these bodies.


Question: What was part of the ice-making training?

Ice warp movement

Although cooperation with the burghers was refused, the idea of independence had to be supported.


Question: What was part of the ice-making training?

Ice warp movement

K. H. Wiik, Oskari Tokoi and Yrjö Mäkelin, among others, supported the ice cap movement.


Question: What was part of the ice-making training?

Ice warp movement

The latter's son Leo Mäkelin joined the ranks of the Jäägers on 14 February 1916.


Question: What was part of the ice-making training?

Ice warp movement

The complex organisation of the Finnish “liberation movement” is summarized by Ahti (1999) as follows: “CoR, New Forest Office and MK operated in Finland.


Question: What was part of the ice-making training?

Ice warp movement

Stockholm had a Foreign Mission and a Staff under Nikolai Mexmontan Military Committee, in Berlin the office of Samuli Sario, and finally in Liepāja the Jääkäri Battalion and its representatives.


Question: What was part of the ice-making training?

Ice warp movement

“[20] For Finland's independence, the Russian Revolution was a lucky event, but so was Germany's defeat in World War I.


Question: What was part of the ice-making training?

Ice warp movement

According to Professor Matti Lackman, Germany did not care about Finland's freedom, but supported the icemen for the same reason as the Bolsheviks: the goal was to weaken Germany's enemy Russia.


Question: What was part of the ice-making training?

Ice warp movement

Germany also did not allow icebrees into Finland until it deemed necessary.


Question: What was part of the ice-making training?

Ice warp movement

The Jaegers didn't have much of a chance to make a difference in this matter.


Question: What was part of the ice-making training?

Ice warp movement

In addition, Germany planned to make Finland its own vassal state.


Question: What was part of the ice-making training?

Ice warp movement

[21] Large enlistment — from scout course to Lockstedt training force When the expansion of the pfadfinder force into a battalion was approved by an order signed by Emperor William II on 28 August 1915, recruitment was increased over the original force multiple.


Question: What was part of the ice-making training?

Ice warp movement

“Great enlistment” came to last from September 1915 to May 1916.


Question: What was part of the ice-making training?

Ice warp movement

The strength of the battalion — four rifle companies, a machine gun company and a pioneer company — required 1439 men by standard strengths.


Question: What was part of the ice-making training?

Ice warp movement

Excluding from this pfadfinders, as well as German officers and underpavers, the net need was about 1200 men.


Question: What was part of the ice-making training?

Ice warp movement

However, Major Bayer, commander of the battalion — at this point Ausbildungstruppe Lockstedt — put forward enough up to 2000 men possibly thinking that the Finns would not be turned back, but the unit would be expanded or new ones would be created depending on the situation.


Question: What was part of the ice-making training?

Ice warp movement

Central to the organisation of recruitment activities was the student community activities and, to a lesser extent, other communities of male students.


Question: What was part of the ice-making training?

Ice warp movement

The link between the active committee and the student union was Master Kai Donner.


Question: What was part of the ice-making training?

Ice warp movement

Student Actives recruited their fellow students and made trips to the provinces to acquire recrytes and to support and initiate local recruitment.


Question: What was part of the ice-making training?

Ice warp movement

In order to gain a wide and diverse pool of participants and supporters, recruiters were sought to acquire recruiters from different social groups.


Question: What was part of the ice-making training?

Ice warp movement

In Lauerman's words, “Among the recruits were laborers, foremen and craftsmen, farmers, teachers, chaplains and lockers, even some police officer.


Question: What was part of the ice-making training?

Ice warp movement

“[22] Local recruits were easiest to find in Ostrobothnia and Karelia.


Question: What was part of the ice-making training?

Ice warp movement

Student recruits from Helsinki had to be sent elsewhere and ice runners from Germany had to be sent.


Question: What was part of the ice-making training?

Ice warp movement

Well-known recruiter icers include Aarne Sihvo and Sulo-Weikko Pekkola.


Question: What was part of the ice-making training?

Ice warp movement

An example of recruitment Iivari Kauranen has told of his own recruitment as follows: Several descriptive elements appear in the description: recruitment has started a few months earlier and you expand beyond academic circles the recruiter and recruit feel in some way each other, so the trust can be judged by the recruiter is in a mobile profession, which involves a lot of social interaction with the motives of the company and the requirements for recruitals are brought to light The fact that the color color knew the ice movement well can perhaps be considered exceptional; background information could often be weak and descriptions of the purpose of the trip vague.


Question: What was part of the ice-making training?

Ice warp movement

The open-mindedness in the report, on the other hand, indicates that perhaps we are unwary, those present are known and later to be in the region of the ice cap movement in southern Ostrobothnia.


Question: What was part of the ice-making training?

Ice warp movement

Here, “recruitment evenings” or “departure dances” might even be held openly.


Question: What was part of the ice-making training?

Ice warp movement

Typical recrytes at that point were no longer linguistic, experienced travellers who would drop by abroad in their studies: Kauranen says in the section after the quote that the trip from Jyväskylä to the Volt in Ala-Härmä was his first train journey.


Question: What was part of the ice-making training?

Ice warp movement

Kem's pitch has been revealed (20 January 1916) or just about to be revealed and undergoing detours.


Question: What was part of the ice-making training?

Ice warp movement

After various stages and expectations, the border crossing takes place from Tornio skiing under the guidance of a local guide.


Question: What was part of the ice-making training?

Ice warp movement

From Haparanda, the journey continues under the direction of an ice tiller operating in “Halkonttorissa”.


Question: What was part of the ice-making training?

Ice warp movement

We travel through Sweden with a staple of paper clearing the onward connection.


Question: What was part of the ice-making training?

Ice warp movement

The remainder of the route is conventional: Malmö—Trelleborg—Sassnitz.


Question: What was part of the ice-making training?

Ice warp movement

Oats and four other recrytes are on duty at Lockstedter Lager on 28 January 1916 to become part of the Lockstedt Training Force named after the training site.


Question: What was part of the ice-making training?

Ice warp movement

[23] Ausbildungstruppe Lockstedt Main article: Lockstedt's training force Lockstedt training corps was officially established on 2 September 1915.


Question: What was part of the ice-making training?

Ice warp movement

Initially only the original pfadfinders were available, now numbering 143.


Question: What was part of the ice-making training?

Ice warp movement

Of them, 6 team leaders (Zugführer), 30 team leaders (Gruppenführer) and also 30 group vice-leaders (Hilfsgruppenführer) were promoted.


Question: What was part of the ice-making training?

Ice warp movement

Around mid-September, Ausbildungstruppe Lockstedt received his first new recruits, initially mainly from the Finns interned in prison camps while recruitment in Finland just started.


Question: What was part of the ice-making training?

Ice warp movement

The entry of men into the corps division accelerated as the autumn and early winter wore on so that a third company could be formed in November and, in late December, a 4th Company could be formed.


Question: What was part of the ice-making training?

Ice warp movement

By early 1916 the strength was 881 men and the 1,000th recryte entered service with 13.


Question: What was part of the ice-making training?

Ice warp movement

on Jan.


Question: What was part of the ice-making training?

Ice warp movement

[24] Etapit Just under 200 of the first German pfadfinder providers were taken to Stockholm and forward, for example, under the guise of field trips.


Question: What was part of the ice-making training?

Ice warp movement

A different type of organization had to be designed for the recruitment and transport of the Lockstedt Training Force crew.


Question: What was part of the ice-making training?

Ice warp movement

Legal crossing of the border became difficult as early as autumn 1915 wore on and in February 1916 it closed completely to “jaeger-aged” men aged 19—35 when passports were no longer issued.


Question: What was part of the ice-making training?

Ice warp movement

On the Finnish and Swedish side, a total of 52 points are shown in the map of the road road drawn up afterwards, some of them depicting an individual house, part of an entire locality.


Question: What was part of the ice-making training?

Ice warp movement

On the walls of the preserved staple houses are plaques telling of this.


Question: What was part of the ice-making training?

Ice warp movement

One of the most famous houses was the Halla house in Hyrynsalmi Hallavaara, home to Juho Alfred Heikkinen, Halla's old man and his wife Lic.


Question: What was part of the ice-making training?

Ice warp movement

Halle's advance was led by Friedel Jacobson.


Question: What was part of the ice-making training?

Ice warp movement

The Haparanan—Tornio area constituted a major international hub in the context of World War I.


Question: What was part of the ice-making training?

Ice warp movement

The Icefer Pin brought its own addition to a place that was pre-existing important for the practice of “espionage, secret politics, Russian revolutionary activities, refugees, smuggling [and] prostitution”.


Question: What was part of the ice-making training?

Ice warp movement

[25] In this concoction, an icer pin operated under the alias of “Halo Contor” boiled as one coincidence.


Question: What was part of the ice-making training?

Ice warp movement

The Tornio etapi had been established by Eero Heickell (Kuussaari) as early as 1915 to support the crossing of the pfadfinder coursemen.


Question: What was part of the ice-making training?

Ice warp movement

The Haaparanda Etapi Centre was created as a further deployment of the information and reconnaissance mission headed there by pfadfinders Heikki Kekon and W. E. Tuompo, when the Lockstedt training force had been assured and the etapi would thus be used.


Question: What was part of the ice-making training?

Ice warp movement

The Kemi Etapi was established on 3 September 1915, when Heickell negotiated the matter with Konstu Pietilä and Arvi Hällfors, among others.


Question: What was part of the ice-making training?

Ice warp movement

In Kemi, the Etapi was located in Osula, owned by Juho Heiskanen.


Question: What was part of the ice-making training?

Ice warp movement

On 6 January 1916, Etappi was subjected to a whistleblowing and was cut off by sending the telegram “Patient does not arrive” to Helsinki.


Question: What was part of the ice-making training?

Ice warp movement

Despite this, Osula's host, Juho Heiskanen, was arrested.


Question: What was part of the ice-making training?

Ice warp movement

He became the first Shpalernite, or activist cooped up in St. Petersburg's Špalernaya prison.


Question: What was part of the ice-making training?

Ice warp movement

Later, they would be called bar icers.


Question: What was part of the ice-making training?

Ice warp movement

[26] In urban conditions, the headway could be set up in connection with a suitable business undertaking.


Question: What was part of the ice-making training?

Ice warp movement

For example, in Oulu there was an operating point in Högsten's gentlemen's clothing shop operated by the branch manager Amatus Johansson.


Question: What was part of the ice-making training?

Ice warp movement

In the same city, Iikka Castrén serviced and accommodated the Valio premises moving in the name of the ice warehouse.


Question: What was part of the ice-making training?

Ice warp movement

[27] Yrjö Mäkelin and Hannes Uksila, a local workers' newspaper, gathered the recruits to the magazine's editorial staff, from which they were directed to Jaakko Kemppainen's clothing shop and from there either across the ice or through Tornio to Sweden.


Question: What was part of the ice-making training?

Ice warp movement

Etapways led across the border from the north, starting at Muonio, Kangasjärvi, Pello, Tengeliö, Palovaara, Karung, Tornio and Haparanna.


Question: What was part of the ice-making training?

Ice warp movement

The sea cucumber was carried by etapes beginning at Jepua and Volt, with a meeting point on the island of Holmö.


Question: What was part of the ice-making training?

Ice warp movement

Measured by the number of passes, the main crossing points were the routes to Kemin-Haaparta and Tornio.


Question: What was part of the ice-making training?

Ice warp movement

After the Kemi Etapi was revealed and Kvarku was in uniform ice, the importance of the route from Southern Ostrobothnia to Umeå became great.


Question: What was part of the ice-making training?

Ice warp movement

[28] Initially, efforts were made to isolate advancing activities from recruitment, but later these activities inevitably became mixed, although this increased security risk.


Question: What was part of the ice-making training?

Ice warp movement

Lackman cites as an example how, along the road route in Seittenkar in northern Sweden, at least 20 men were recruited to Germany from Finnish forestry workers who worked there.


Question: What was part of the ice-making training?

Ice warp movement

[29] Jääger Battalion as 27th to the Front Main article: Jääger Battalion 27 Towards the end of 1915, Major Bayer estimated that training of Ausbildungstruppe Lockstedt men would be appropriately supplemented by front experience.


Question: What was part of the ice-making training?

Ice warp movement

He brought it up with the Finnish leaders of the movement — Adolf von Bonsdorff, Rafael Erich and Samuli Sario — when they were visiting Lockstedter Lager.


Question: What was part of the ice-making training?

Ice warp movement

Consent to the matter was obtained in March 1916 and the mobilization order was issued on 3 May 1916.


Question: What was part of the ice-making training?

Ice warp movement

Estimated to be front-worthy, the part of the training force was designated as Royal Icefer Battalion 27 (Königlich Preussisches Jägerbataillon Nr.


Question: What was part of the ice-making training?

Ice warp movement


Question: What was part of the ice-making training?

Ice warp movement

[9] The supplement still remaining in training received the old name of the training set Ausbildungstruppe Lockstedt.


Question: What was part of the ice-making training?

Ice warp movement

Bahrenfeld's Penalty Division Discontent and biting manifested among the icebirds, both because of outright circumstances and ill-awareness.


Question: What was part of the ice-making training?

Ice warp movement

Many of those who arrived from Finland at the time of the “great enlistment” did not have a clear idea of the situation to be expected (when recruits did not have it either).


Question: What was part of the ice-making training?

Ice warp movement

Although the Jääkäribattalion on the one hand was a Finnish company and a community, on the other hand it was only one unit under German military discipline.


Question: What was part of the ice-making training?

Ice warp movement

So the indiscipline was eradicated with great grips.


Question: What was part of the ice-making training?

Ice warp movement

The first perpetrators of more serious retreats were sent to court-martial and from there to prison camps.


Question: What was part of the ice-making training?

Ice warp movement

A special penal division was established at Zerksten Manor ten kilometres from the front line in the autumn of 1916.


Question: What was part of the ice-making training?

Ice warp movement

The division was commanded by Sergeant Major Höfelmeyer.


Question: What was part of the ice-making training?

Ice warp movement

In addition to forced training, leaving food, planting in a dark brig and keeping in freezing temperatures were used as disciplinary methods.


Question: What was part of the ice-making training?

Ice warp movement

However, the “jermut” taken to Zerksten were not discouraged and the department did not achieve its purpose: those commanded to the penal division did not “return to order”.


Question: What was part of the ice-making training?

Ice warp movement

[30] A special penal company, the Altona-Bahrenfeld Working Command, was formed for the battalion in November 1916, operating in an artillery depot near Hamburg.


Question: What was part of the ice-making training?

Ice warp movement

A total of 216 men ended up in this department, the “bahrenfeltters”, according to Lackman (224 men in Lauerman 1966 calculations).


Question: What was part of the ice-making training?

Ice warp movement

The service was heavy and it was greatly hampered by the fact that the superiors of the penitentiaries spoke German alone.


Question: What was part of the ice-making training?

Ice warp movement

Nutrition, on the other hand, was scarce and one-sided.


Question: What was part of the ice-making training?

Ice warp movement

About the unfortunate conditions of the “Bahrenfelttars” carried information to the battalion, which contributed to increased discontent in the main forces.


Question: What was part of the ice-making training?

Ice warp movement

However, the situation of the Penal Company was not corrected until Zugführer Aarne Sihvo, later Commander of the Defence Forces, who had been released from Špalernaya prison by the revolution, visited Bahrenfeld.


Question: What was part of the ice-making training?

Ice warp movement

Sihvo stated that the penal company would cause a distortion in the external image of the icebrees when their return to Finland would become timely.


Question: What was part of the ice-making training?

Ice warp movement

Compared to his firsthand, fresh prison experiences, he may have understood the plight of the Bahrenfeltters.


Question: What was part of the ice-making training?

Ice warp movement

Only five Bahrenfelttars returned from the Penal Company to the Battalion, of the remainder those employed were stationed in predominantly civilian industrial facilities.


Question: What was part of the ice-making training?

Ice warp movement

The Bahrenfelttars could not return to Finland until after the end of the 1918 war, the main part in the autumn of 1918.


Question: What was part of the ice-making training?

Ice warp movement

Those left behind lived in miserable conditions in Germany; some had left the country on their own help and everyone's fate never became clear.


Question: What was part of the ice-making training?

Ice warp movement

[31] Disclosure of the ice cap movement to the authorities When large-scale recruitment had begun in September 1915, the matter of the ice cap movement was no longer known only to small circles and its disclosure in some form would only be a matter of time.


Question: What was part of the ice-making training?

Ice warp movement

A report dated 28 September to Governor-General Seyn shows the Russians already know the core of the operation of the ice cap movement: in Finland “there is a strong sedition to bring Finnish youth, notably matriculates, to German officer schools where they would be prepared as leaders of the rebellion to Finland”.


Question: What was part of the ice-making training?

Ice warp movement

[32] The revelation of the ice cap movement lacks neither tragicomic nor profoundly tragic features: the vice-consul in Haparanda, Russia, received a questionnaire about travel money to Germany.


Question: What was part of the ice-making training?

Ice warp movement

The information about the money was correct, but the address was wrong: in Haaparanda, the correct place would have been “Halkontori” instead of the consular office.


Question: What was part of the ice-making training?

Ice warp movement

[32] On 23 December 1915 pfadfinder Edvard Bruhn was captured in Tornio.


Question: What was part of the ice-making training?

Ice Pitch Movement

Bruhn had managed one of the recruiting bodies of the Ice Borough Movement, the so-called. Liisankatu office in Helsinki.


Question: What was part of the ice-making training?

Ice Pitch Movement

After being caught, Bruhn, aged just 21, revealed his knowledge during questioning.


Question: What was part of the ice-making training?

Ice Pitch Movement

Even before he was caught, Bruhn had attracted attention with his “frivolous” lifestyle, resulting in suspected notes relating to recruitment and etapes, among other things, to have fallen into the wrong hands.


Question: What was part of the ice-making training?

Ice Pitch Movement

He was due to be delivered out of the country for security reasons, but the travelling party was subjected to shadowing and a fatal inspection at Tornio station.


Question: What was part of the ice-making training?

Ice Pitch Movement

After his release in connection with the revolution, Bruhn fought in both the Finnish and Estonian Revolutionary Wars, and fell in 1919 in Estonia.


Question: What was part of the ice-making training?

Ice Pitch Movement

[33] In 1916—1917, the authority investigation into the ice cap movement was led by a Russian investigating judge, Nikolai Mashkevich.


Question: What was part of the ice-making training?

Ice Pitch Movement

Trials of imprisoned ice colours began in December 1916 and the main evidence was the information and confessions gathered by Mashkevich.


Question: What was part of the ice-making training?

Ice Pitch Movement

The process was interrupted as a result of the February Revolution of 1917, when a mob released those imprisoned and destroyed most of the documents.


Question: What was part of the ice-making training?

Ice Pitch Movement

[34] According to Red Jääkärit Lackman, at the time of the negotiations for the replenishment of the peace of Brest-Litovsk in August 1918 in Berlin, a group of Icekeers who remained there submitted a letter to be forwarded to the founding meeting of the SKP stating their willingness to cooperate.


Question: What was part of the ice-making training?

Ice Pitch Movement

However, the letter did not arouse any interest, as in SKP the ice keepers were considered bays, even though some of them were proletariat, such as laborers and sailors.


Question: What was part of the ice-making training?

Ice Pitch Movement

A group of Berlin Red Icicers were repatriated later in the autumn, and some of them teamed up to co-organize an organisation with the Reds.


Question: What was part of the ice-making training?

Ice Pitch Movement

The project was clotted when a few were arrested by the secret police, or General Staff Section III.


Question: What was part of the ice-making training?

Ice Pitch Movement

[35] A brief history of the ice pot movement on 17 November 1914 in the press of the Grand Principality of Finland publishes the so-called Great Russification Programme.


Question: What was part of the ice-making training?

Ice Pitch Movement

On November 20, 1914, the Jäkäri movement gets its start when a group of student activists gather at the Ostrobotnia House in Helsinki.


Question: What was part of the ice-making training?

Ice Pitch Movement

The Russification program is seen as a major threat that would virtually end the self-rule of the Grand Principality of Finland and Finland would have become just one of the provinces of the Russian Empire among others.


Question: What was part of the ice-making training?

Ice Pitch Movement

It is decided to acquire both weapons and training abroad in order to separate Finland from Russia.


Question: What was part of the ice-making training?

Ice Pitch Movement

On February 25, 1915 The first group of volunteer ice keepers arrives in Germany at Lockstedt camp to be trained.


Question: What was part of the ice-making training?

Ice Pitch Movement

On 26 August 1915, Finnish ice keepers are established in Germany with their own troop division.


Question: What was part of the ice-making training?

Ice Pitch Movement

The number of recruits will increase considerably.


Question: What was part of the ice-making training?

Ice Pitch Movement

On 9 May 1915, the Finnish Jääkär Battalion in Germany becomes Royal Prussian Jääkär Battalion 27.


Question: What was part of the ice-making training?

Ice Pitch Movement

On 31 May 1916, the Finns leave for Latvia for the Eastern Front.


Question: What was part of the ice-making training?

Ice Pitch Movement

27 October 1917 The first forward command force and guns leaves Germany for Finland.


Question: What was part of the ice-making training?

Ice Pitch Movement

5 February 1918 A decision is made that the ice keepers return to Finland.


Question: What was part of the ice-making training?

Ice Pitch Movement

On 13 February 1918, the Jääkär Battalion is disbanded.


Question: What was part of the ice-making training?

Ice Pitch Movement

Military Oath and Flag Inauguration Ceremony in Libau (Liepāja), Latvia.


Question: What was part of the ice-making training?

Ice Pitch Movement

On 25 February 1918, the main force of Jääkärie arrives in a convoy led by icebreaker Sampo in Vaasa, Vaskiluoto harbour.


Question: What was part of the ice-making training?

Ice Pitch Movement

[36] On 30 July 1914, Russia initiates a mobilisation to support Serbia, on which Austria-Hungary declared war, was briefly linked to the Icebar movement.


Question: What was part of the ice-making training?

Ice Pitch Movement

On August 1, 1914, Germany declares war on Russia.


Question: What was part of the ice-making training?

Ice Pitch Movement

War also breaks out between Germany and France.


Question: What was part of the ice-making training?

Ice Pitch Movement

On March 15, 1917, Tsar Nicholas II relinquishes power.


Question: What was part of the ice-making training?

Ice Pitch Movement

November 7, 1917 October Revolution in Russia.


Question: What was part of the ice-making training?

Ice Pitch Movement

On December 6, 1917, the Finnish Parliament approves the Declaration of Independence.


Question: What was part of the ice-making training?

Ice Pitch Movement

First Independence Day.


Question: What was part of the ice-making training?

Ice Pitch Movement

On December 15, 1917, Germany and the new state Soviet Union agreed to an armistice.


Question: What was part of the ice-making training?

Ice Pitch Movement

On January 27, 1918, Finland is mired in civil war.


Question: What was part of the ice-making training?

Ice Pitch Movement

On February 18, 1918, the German-Russian armistice is broken because there is no agreement on the peace treaty.


Question: What was part of the ice-making training?

Ice Pitch Movement

On March 3, 1918, Soviet Russia and Germany with their allied states agreed on the Peace of Brest-Litovsk.


Question: What was part of the ice-making training?

Ice Pitch Movement

World War I on the Eastern Front comes to an end.


Question: What was part of the ice-making training?

Ice Pitch Movement

On May 15, 1918, the Finnish Civil War ends.


Question: What was part of the ice-making training?

Ice Pitch Movement

[36] See also List of ice keepers Jääkäri Jääkärietappi Finnish Jääkärimuseo Sources Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Ahti, Martti| title = Ryssänvihassa: Elmo Kaila 1888—1935: Activist, Armed Forces Grey Eminence and Academic Karelia Society biography| location = Porvoo Helsinki Juva| publisher = WSOY| year = 1999| id = ISBN 951-0-22043-4}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Enckell, Olof| title = Jäkärien story| location = Helsinki| publisher = Otava| year = 2005| version = (Jägarnas history, 1943.)


Question: What was part of the ice-making training?

Ice Pitch Movement

Translated by Emerik Olsoni.


Question: What was part of the ice-making training?

Ice Pitch Movement

1st edition 1956| id = ISBN 951-1-20826-8}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Lackman, Matti| title = For Finland or Germany?


Question: What was part of the ice-making training?

Ice Pitch Movement

Unknown history of Jääkäri: The genesis, nature, mood swings and internal crises and their reflections on the next years of independent Finland | location = Helsinki| publisher = Otava| year = 2000| id = ISBN 951-1-16158-X}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Lauerma, Matti (ed.


Question: What was part of the ice-making training?

Ice Pitch Movement

Markku Onttonen and Hilkka Vitikka) | title = Jääkärien tie| location = Helsinki| publisher = WSOY| year = 1984| id = ISBN 951-0-12588-1}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Lauerma, Matti| title = Royal Prussian Jaeger Battalion 27: Stages and effect| location = Helsinki | publisher = WSOY| year = 1966}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Olin, K.-G.| title = Gunship John Grafton| location = Canvas| publisher = ASE-magazine Oy| year= 1994| id = ISBN 952-90-5260-X}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Onttonen, Markku (ed.


Question: What was part of the ice-making training?

Ice Pitch Movement

) | title = Jääkärikirja| location = Helsinki| publisher = Thought Books| year = 2002| id = ISBN 951-20-6232-1}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Suomen, Jaakko — Sundvall, Johannes — Olsoni, Emerik — Jaatinen, Arno (ed.


Question: What was part of the ice-making training?

Ice Pitch Movement

) | title = Finnish Jäkärit: Activities in words and pictures I to I| publisher = Kuopio: Joint Stock Company War images| year = 1933| version = 2nd edition}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Wegelius, K. A.| title = Frost and iron I: Tornion front| location = Porvoo| publisher = Wererner Söderströrit M Limited Liability Company| year = 1926}} References Literature Into Auer: Kalteriicekärit III, WSOY 1935.


Question: What was part of the ice-making training?

Ice Pitch Movement

Erik Heinrichs: From the extreme of the Baltic Sea: Photos and observations from the Jäkär excursions, Krohn, Helmi) Otava 1918.


Question: What was part of the ice-making training?

Ice Pitch Movement

Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Jarkko Kemppi| title = For the Motherland: History of the Ice Markets and Ice Sheets | location = Helsinki| publisher = Minerva| year = 2011| id = ISBN 978-952-492-524-2}} Sulo-Weikko Pekkola: Gummerus Veikko Pekkola: Bullied by the people, WSOY 1928.


Question: What was part of the ice-making training?

Ice Pitch Movement

Sulo-Weikko Pekkola: Kalteriicekärit I—II, WSOY 1931.


Question: What was part of the ice-making training?

Ice Pitch Movement

Sulo-Weikko Pekkola: Petsamoa in the lineage, WSOY 1930.


Question: What was part of the ice-making training?

Ice Pitch Movement

Aarne Sihvo: My Memoirs I—II, Otava 1954, 1956.


Question: What was part of the ice-making training?

Ice Pitch Movement

A. Aijal Uppala: K. A. Wegelius: Personal photo — life's work 1964—1939, Otava 1968.


Question: What was part of the ice-making training?

Ice Pitch Movement

Anni Wallenius: Born in the Sun: Memoirs of Youth, WSOY 1978.


Question: What was part of the ice-making training?

Ice Pitch Movement

Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Pentti Airio| title= Walter Horn — First Jaeger and Cold War Northern Activist | publisher = Docendo| year = 2013| id = ISBN 978-952-5912-98-2}} On the topic elsewhere Yle Live Archives.


Question: What was part of the ice-making training?

Ice Pitch Movement

* Category:Finnish Defence Forces Category:Key articles of screening


Question: When did Paul Kariya start his professional career?

Chris Kariya

Steve Kariya (born December 22, 1977 in North Vancouver, Canada) is a Canadian professional ice hockey player who finished his career.


Question: When did Paul Kariya start his professional career?

Chris Kariya

He won SM-bronze in Finland in 2010 and was awarded with the Veli-Pekka Ketola Award as the best pointman of the regular season in 2005.


Question: When did Paul Kariya start his professional career?

Chris Kariya

In addition to his career, he played in the NHL, North American Farm Series and Sweden.


Question: When did Paul Kariya start his professional career?

Chris Kariya

Career Kariya began his pro career with the Maine college team, from where he went on to join the AHL after four seasons.


Question: When did Paul Kariya start his professional career?

Chris Kariya

There, Kariya played for the Syracuse Crunch.


Question: When did Paul Kariya start his professional career?

Chris Kariya

Kariya was never booked to the NHL.


Question: When did Paul Kariya start his professional career?

Chris Kariya

Kariya started in the NHL during the 1999—2000 season for the Vancouver Canucks.


Question: When did Paul Kariya start his professional career?

Chris Kariya

Kariya played 45 matches in that season, making powers of 8 + 11 in them.


Question: When did Paul Kariya start his professional career?

Chris Kariya

The following season, Kariya was passed to the IHL, the Kansas City Blades, where he played a good season.


Question: When did Paul Kariya start his professional career?

Chris Kariya

This allowed Kariya to get back into the Canucks' playing lineup.


Question: When did Paul Kariya start his professional career?

Chris Kariya

Kariya betrayed expectations again and again traveled to the AHL, where he continued all the way through to the 2003—04 season.


Question: When did Paul Kariya start his professional career?

Chris Kariya

After this season, Kariya decided to try his skills in the Finnish SM-liiga, Tampere Ilves.


Question: When did Paul Kariya start his professional career?

Chris Kariya

Before joining Ilves, Kariya was on a test in Oulu Kärp but couldn't fit into the lineup.


Question: When did Paul Kariya start his professional career?

Chris Kariya

At Ilves he played a great season making 55 matches even powers 24 + 35 = 59 and winning the regular season points exchange.


Question: When did Paul Kariya start his professional career?

Chris Kariya

For the next season, Kariya stayed in the SM-liiga, but switched club to Espoo Blues.


Question: When did Paul Kariya start his professional career?

Chris Kariya

Kariya played a great season there too, being the best point man in his team.


Question: When did Paul Kariya start his professional career?

Chris Kariya

He was selected in November 2005 as Player of the Month.


Question: When did Paul Kariya start his professional career?

Chris Kariya

In the summer of 2006, Kariya signed a one-year deal with Frölunda, who plays in the Swedish Elitserien [1].


Question: When did Paul Kariya start his professional career?

Chris Kariya

In Sweden, the power points were not level with Suomi seasons, so Kariya returned to Finland for the 2008—09 season, this time to the Hämeenlinna Pallokerho team on a one-season contract [2].


Question: When did Paul Kariya start his professional career?

Chris Kariya

The following season, Kariya played for JYP and was on the verge of winning the SM-bronze.


Question: When did Paul Kariya start his professional career?

Chris Kariya

Change Also Steve Kariya's brothers Paul and Martin have played hockey as a professional.


Question: When did Paul Kariya start his professional career?

Chris Kariya

Steve and Martin are the first and to date only brothers in SM-liiga history to win the regular season points exchange.


Question: When did Paul Kariya start his professional career?

Chris Kariya

The brothers also have a sister, Noriko, who is a professional boxer.


Question: When did Paul Kariya start his professional career?

Chris Kariya

Statistics 1994—1995Nanaimo ClippersBCJHL603660964————— 1995—1996Univ.


Question: When did Paul Kariya start his professional career?

Chris Kariya

of Mainencaa39715228—————1996—1997Univ.


Question: When did Paul Kariya start his professional career?

Chris Kariya

of Mainencaa3519315010—————1997—1998Univ.


Question: When did Paul Kariya start his professional career?

Chris Kariya

of Mainencaa3525255022——————1998—1999UNIV.


Question: When did Paul Kariya start his professional career?

Chris Kariya

of Mainencaa4127386524———— 1999—2000Syracuse Crunchahl291823412242130Vancouver CanucksnHL458111922——————2000—2001Kansas City Bladesihl4315294451—————Vancouver CanucksNHL171678—————2001—2001—2001—2002ManitManitMan2——————Vancouver CanucksNHL171678—————2001—2001Kansas City Bladesihl4315294451————————Vancouver OBA MOOSEAHL672537624871232Vancouver CanucksNHL30112———————2002—2003Manitoba Mooseahl38142818—————Albany River Ratsahl3112193120—————2003—2004Albany River Ratsahl5717314828———————2004—2005ILVESSM-League5524355932732542005—2006Bluessm-League56222749619336102006—2007Frölunda HcelitSerien5523163934—————2007—2008Frölunda HcelitSerien411171818——————2008—2009HPKSM-League5821335426612342009—2010JYPSM- leagua46161228203 throughalNHL659182732—————4 throughTotalsm-leagua21583107190139227714182 throughTotalelitserien9624335752———— Sources at References on the topic elsewhere at Category:Canadian ice hockey players Category:Veli-Pekola Ketola award winners Category:People born in 1977 Category:Living persons


Question: When was Himos founded?

Himos

Himos is a tourist resort located in Jämsä, which has become known for Himos Skitovuori ski resort.


Question: When was Himos founded?

Himos

The first ski slopes were opened in 1984.


Question: When was Himos founded?

Himos

The maximum height difference on the slopes of Himos is 151 meters.


Question: When was Himos founded?

Himos

[1] The founders of the area were Juhani Ojala and Päivi Kuokkanen.


Question: When was Himos founded?

Himos

[2] Himos has been selected as Ski Resort of the Year for the first time in 1995 and again in 2001.


Question: When was Himos founded?

Himos

In addition, Himos Ski School has been selected as Ski School of the Year in 1998 and 2002.


Question: When was Himos founded?

Himos

[1] The area has a network of barns, snowmobile trails and plenty of cabins suitable for year-round use.


Question: When was Himos founded?

Himos

During the summer, Himos hosts events, the most famous of which is the Himos Festival.


Question: When was Himos founded?

Himos

In summer, Himos can enjoy activities such as golf, ATV rides, kayaking, fishing, mountain biking, Nordic walking and hiking.


Question: When was Himos founded?

Himos

Colorball shooting, dog sleight rides, horseback riding, and cultural events are also available in the neighbourhood.


Question: When was Himos founded?

Himos

Slope services West Himos 13 slopes: Bonus slope (148 m/600 m) Middle ground (148 m/600 m) ABC slope (148 m/600 m) Himm slope (120 m/650 m) Mountain Dew Snow Park Hiski slope (120 m/500 m) MC slope Mukkeli (120 m/500 m) Torvinokan slope (120 m/650 m) Edward's slope (120 m/700 m) Cabin slope (76 m/400 m) Murri slope (76 m/400 m) Troll slopes (18 m/150 m) Jonah's mound (5 m/33) 8 lifts: lift 9, anchor lift 10, four-person chairlift lift 11-12, double anchor lift 14, sompahlift lift 15, Anchor elevator 16, Troll lift, free lift 17, Peikkonaru, free lift 18, Troll mat, free North and Northwest Himos 8 slopes Mountain Dew Beginner Snow Park (135 m/950 m) /Coffee stall Chairlift/Street (135 m/750 m) Tourist slope (135 m/700 m) Kilparinne (140 m/600 m) Ski school slope (40 m/300 m) Kumparerinne (140 m/700 m) Päivi curve (126 m/550 m) Juss steep (126 m/550 m) 5 lifts: lift 1, double chairlift lift 2—3, double anchor lift 4, ski school lift, sompa, free lift 5 , sompahlift lift 6, anchor elevator additionally: Beginner Pipe sledge hill Sources on the topic elsewhere Category:Jämsä buildings and structures Category:Jämsä sports Category:Finnish winter sports complexes Category:Central Finland attractions


Question: How long did Operation Bagration last?

Normandy invasion

The Normandy invasion was a major invasion of northern France by Western Allied armies in World War II in 1944.


Question: How long did Operation Bagration last?

Normandy invasion

It was called Operation Overlord.


Question: How long did Operation Bagration last?

Normandy invasion

Nazi Germany had occupied France at the time and was losing territory on the Eastern Front.


Question: How long did Operation Bagration last?

Normandy invasion

The Allies sought to open a new front against Germany.


Question: How long did Operation Bagration last?

Normandy invasion

The Germans had been building a long chain of defences known as the “Atlantic rampart” since as early as 1940.


Question: How long did Operation Bagration last?

Normandy invasion

In Germany, it was known that the invasion would come, but not its exact time and place.


Question: How long did Operation Bagration last?

Normandy invasion

British military and intelligence officials misled the Germans into believing the invasion would take place near Calais.


Question: How long did Operation Bagration last?

Normandy invasion

The Allies bombarded northern France for months before the landings, dropping paratroops at some points as early as night.


Question: How long did Operation Bagration last?

Normandy invasion

A couple of hours before the attack, shipping artillery and bombers began sledgehamming the positions of the Atlantic rampart.


Question: How long did Operation Bagration last?

Normandy invasion

On the morning of 6 June at 6:30, 1944, the moment called D-Day came when Allied landings were beached in Normandy at many different points [1].


Question: How long did Operation Bagration last?

Normandy invasion

The armies of the United States, Great Britain, Canada and Free France managed to move some 150,000 men into separate bridgeheads already on the first day of the invasion.


Question: How long did Operation Bagration last?

Normandy invasion

The Germans delayed the transfer of reinforcements for 12 hours.


Question: How long did Operation Bagration last?

Normandy invasion

Major losses came to the Allies on two strips, Juno Beach and Omaha Beach.


Question: How long did Operation Bagration last?

Normandy invasion

On 13 June, the Allies were able to connect the various positions on the bridgehead.


Question: How long did Operation Bagration last?

Normandy invasion

Then, for a long time, the attack stuck almost in place because of the severe resistance and broken terrain of the Germans.


Question: How long did Operation Bagration last?

Normandy invasion

But on the other hand, the German forces were not enough to destroy the bridgehead.


Question: How long did Operation Bagration last?

Normandy invasion

The Germans had better armour and artillery armament and skill to repel Allied tanks, but shortages of men, supplies and ammunition.


Question: How long did Operation Bagration last?

Normandy invasion

The main part of the German army was tied to the Eastern Front.


Question: How long did Operation Bagration last?

Normandy invasion

The Allies had air superiority and could replenish their forces.


Question: How long did Operation Bagration last?

Normandy invasion

The Normandy front did not begin to move until the end of July when the US “Operation Cobra” prospered.


Question: How long did Operation Bagration last?

Normandy invasion

A counterattack by the Germans at that time turned into a mass exodus.


Question: How long did Operation Bagration last?

Normandy invasion

It was not until August that Allied attacks advanced far inland.


Question: How long did Operation Bagration last?

Normandy invasion

The Allies liberated Paris in September.


Question: How long did Operation Bagration last?

Normandy invasion

At the turn of the year, the Germans attempted a counterattack in the Ardennes, but it faded after good initial success.


Question: How long did Operation Bagration last?

Normandy invasion

The invasion involved the United States, which had entered the war comparatively late.


Question: How long did Operation Bagration last?

Normandy invasion

The Normandy invasion is the event in which US troops entered Europe.


Question: How long did Operation Bagration last?

Normandy invasion

The event was significant for the course of the war, as Nazi Germany was coming to be drawn into a two-front war, meaning both the Eastern Front and the Western Front were warring at the same time.


Question: How long did Operation Bagration last?

Normandy invasion

Facing west, the troops advanced towards Berlin and later the war ended with the conquest of Berlin and the surrender of Nazi Germany.


Question: How long did Operation Bagration last?

Normandy invasion

Precise timing Politically the invasion of the Western European continent had been driven by Josif Stalin to ease the Red Army's losses starting as early as 1942, but the Western Allies had rebuffed the hopes.


Question: How long did Operation Bagration last?

Normandy invasion

Once the Tehran conference had agreed on the invasion, the actual timing for the operation depended on the weather.


Question: How long did Operation Bagration last?

Normandy invasion

A critical edge condition for the start of the operation was the correct weather status, assessed by British and US meteorologists alike.


Question: How long did Operation Bagration last?

Normandy invasion

The operation was planned for May or the early days of June.


Question: How long did Operation Bagration last?

Normandy invasion

Commander-in-Chief Eisenhower's chief meteorologist was Scottish Dr James Stagg, who had been promoted to colonel in the UK Air Force for the purpose of his post.


Question: How long did Operation Bagration last?

Normandy invasion

To try the functionality of the forecasts of the group making weather forecasts, from April 1944 onwards, a three-day weather forecast had been given to the military command on Mondays, compared with the weather that had been realised.


Question: How long did Operation Bagration last?

Normandy invasion

[2] In preparation for the invasion of the country for information security, on 17 April 1944, the communications of foreign diplomats enjoying diplomatic immunity in principle had been subjected to censorship.


Question: How long did Operation Bagration last?

Normandy invasion

In addition, the British conducted numerous scavenging operations, lest the Germans concentrated their defences in the most likely areas, but instead split their strength.


Question: How long did Operation Bagration last?

Normandy invasion

The scuffles were centrally planned by the XX Committee (), whose achievements included Operation Fortitude.


Question: How long did Operation Bagration last?

Normandy invasion

[3] The operation was planned to begin on 2 June, but on 1 June, observations from weather stations at Scapa Flow suggested deep low pressures were developing in the North Atlantic.


Question: How long did Operation Bagration last?

Normandy invasion

Rainy and cloudy weather could have jeopardized the planned operations of the first wave of the invasion of 130,000 troops and 45000 troops in the second wave, as the delivery of air support would have been difficult and shipping would have been a disadvantage as well.


Question: How long did Operation Bagration last?

Normandy invasion

[4] Impact The invasion of Normandy is the largest sea-borne takeover operation in military history.


Question: How long did Operation Bagration last?

Normandy invasion

It began in the early hours of the morning with a paratroop landing, a massive bombardment and naval cannon fire.


Question: How long did Operation Bagration last?

Normandy invasion

Early in the morning, an attack by ground troops by landing ships began.


Question: How long did Operation Bagration last?

Normandy invasion

The battle for Normandy that followed the invasion dragged on for more than two months, during which the Allies secured and expanded their bridgeheads and broke out of them.


Question: How long did Operation Bagration last?

Normandy invasion

The battle ended with the recapture of Paris and the surrender of Chambois' mot.


Question: How long did Operation Bagration last?

Normandy invasion

Significant male and material superiority is considered to be the reason for the success of the Normandy invasion.


Question: How long did Operation Bagration last?

Normandy invasion

Troops were transported to beachheads in large numbers after D-Day and by the end of June, about 1 million Allied soldiers were in position in Normandy — mostly US, British and Canadian.


Question: How long did Operation Bagration last?

Normandy invasion

The success of the operation opened up another front on the European war scene.


Question: How long did Operation Bagration last?

Normandy invasion

As a result, the German war forces had to shift their troops from the Eastern Front and Italian fronts to the new front that had formed in France.


Question: How long did Operation Bagration last?

Normandy invasion

The operation is considered to have hastened Germany's defeat and is considered one of the most important battles of World War II.


Question: How long did Operation Bagration last?

Normandy invasion

Background Ever since the German invasion of the Soviet Union in 1941 (Operation Barbarossa), the Red Army had handled most of the fighting in the war against Germany in continental Europe.


Question: How long did Operation Bagration last?

Normandy invasion

U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt and British Prime Minister Winston Churchill had promised Josif Stalin that the Americans and British would open a “second front” in Europe to facilitate the Soviet war effort.


Question: How long did Operation Bagration last?

Normandy invasion

The pledge was originally made in 1942 and repeated in 1943.


Question: How long did Operation Bagration last?

Normandy invasion

To avoid the World War I experience of a direct attack on enemy forces, the British first advocated an invasion of the periphery of Europe, but under American pressure the plan was switched to a direct attack towards France across the English Channel.


Question: How long did Operation Bagration last?

Normandy invasion

Two plans were made before Overlord: Operation Sledgehammer for the 1942 landings and Operation Roundup for a larger offensive in 1943.


Question: How long did Operation Bagration last?

Normandy invasion

The latter plan continued to live in Operation Overlord, though its implementation was postponed until 1944.


Question: How long did Operation Bagration last?

Normandy invasion

SHAEF began design work in January 1943.


Question: How long did Operation Bagration last?

Normandy invasion

The plan for the Normandy invasion was long overshadowed by political disputes and mutual Allied pursuit of vested interests.


Question: How long did Operation Bagration last?

Normandy invasion

There was a lot of disagreement about timing, command structure and place.


Question: How long did Operation Bagration last?

Normandy invasion

Because the Western Allies, despite their promises, had not opened a second front to facilitate the Red Army's war effort in the east, much friction had arisen between the Allies.


Question: How long did Operation Bagration last?

Normandy invasion

Stalin had been pushing the Allies since 1942.


Question: How long did Operation Bagration last?

Normandy invasion

Winston Churchill had been against this plan and would only have launched the invasion once the possibility of failure had been eliminated and attacks carried out in Italy and North Africa.


Question: How long did Operation Bagration last?

Normandy invasion

Churchill had been on the verge of deciding the fateful Gallipoli invasion in World War I as British Minister of Marine and was also therefore sceptical about the invasion.


Question: How long did Operation Bagration last?

Normandy invasion

Montgomery's appointment to the leadership was criticized by the Americans.


Question: How long did Operation Bagration last?

Normandy invasion

Montgomery himself had similarly prejudice against Eisenhower's nomination, as this one had almost no on-field experience.


Question: How long did Operation Bagration last?

Normandy invasion

However, during the attack Montgomery and Eisenhower cooperated well, their known conflicts only resurfaced later.


Question: How long did Operation Bagration last?

Normandy invasion

Normandy was a key logistical problem.


Question: How long did Operation Bagration last?

Normandy invasion

The only usable port in the area was Cherbourg and had been carefully fortified by the Germans.


Question: How long did Operation Bagration last?

Normandy invasion

At the top end of the command structure, many argued that Pas-de-Calais would be a significantly better landing point.


Question: How long did Operation Bagration last?

Normandy invasion

Politically, the Normandy invasion created a tense situation between Colonel Charles de Gaulle, who sought to become head of state of France, and Franklin Roosevelt, who opposed old-fashioned imperialism.


Question: How long did Operation Bagration last?

Normandy invasion

Roosevelt in no way wanted to support de Gaulle in his efforts to use the Normandy invasion as a reason to become France's authoritarian head of state without free elections in France.