Question: How long is Pyhäjärvi?

Pyhäjärvi (Tampere)

[1] [5] At the southeastern end of Toutose, just under 100 metres wide, a seven kilometre long bay with several smaller backs and narrow straits remain between them.


Question: How long is Pyhäjärvi?

Pyhäjärvi (Tampere)

The bay pushes south and when going in that direction comes first against Lake Hulaus, which is three kilometres long and less than a kilometre wide.


Question: How long is Pyhäjärvi?

Pyhäjärvi (Tampere)

At Himaussaari, a strait is less than 100 metres wide to Lake Mannannenjärvi to the west, where the Koskenjoki falls.


Question: How long is Pyhäjärvi?

Pyhäjärvi (Tampere)

A small Sauvonselkä remains south of Himaussaari, where you can continue to travel south through the narrow Rikalanjärvi and Sarkkilan river (strait) to wider Heinälahti.


Question: How long is Pyhäjärvi?

Pyhäjärvi (Tampere)

It forms the southern stern of Pyhäjärvi.


Question: How long is Pyhäjärvi?

Pyhäjärvi (Tampere)

All beaches south of Toutose are fringed by arable land.


Question: How long is Pyhäjärvi?

Pyhäjärvi (Tampere)

[1] [5] East of Toutose remains between the island and the mainland to Hahkalanvou, behind which opens Kirkkojärvi.


Question: How long is Pyhäjärvi?

Pyhäjärvi (Tampere)

The northern and eastern shores of Kirkkojärvi are circled by the residential areas of central Lempäälä.


Question: How long is Pyhäjärvi?

Pyhäjärvi (Tampere)

The Kuokkalankoski river of Vanajavesi falls to the northeastern end of Kirkkojärvi and the Lempäälä Canal from Hiidenvuoltee falls to the southern end of Kirkkojärvi.


Question: How long is Pyhäjärvi?

Pyhäjärvi (Tampere)

[1] [5] History Natural history Towards the end of the Ice Age, after the continental glacier's edge receded to the north of the region, the water of the Baltic Sea covered the Pyhäjärvi basin and its surroundings.


Question: How long is Pyhäjärvi?

Pyhäjärvi (Tampere)

The water extended about 80 meters above the present surface of Pyhäjärvi.


Question: How long is Pyhäjärvi?

Pyhäjärvi (Tampere)

As a result of land uplift, the surface forms of the environment rose higher and the highest points rose above the water level.


Question: How long is Pyhäjärvi?

Pyhäjärvi (Tampere)

Eventually, the present lake basin, where was deeper than elsewhere, differentiated into a sea bay that was strung apart from the Baltic Sea about 9000 years ago.


Question: How long is Pyhäjärvi?

Pyhäjärvi (Tampere)

From the moment of breakage, the landing threshold of the lake has been located in its current location in the Nokianvirta marsh.


Question: How long is Pyhäjärvi?

Pyhäjärvi (Tampere)

After constriction, due to the unevenness of the land uplift, the earth's crust has been tilted towards the southeast, due to which the water level has increased in almost the entire area of the lake.


Question: How long is Pyhäjärvi?

Pyhäjärvi (Tampere)

The strongest water rise has been at the southern end of the lake, where water levels have risen several metres.


Question: How long is Pyhäjärvi?

Pyhäjärvi (Tampere)

At the same time as the water level rose, the lake basin expanded southwards and in this slow flood the low backs of Vesilahti and Lempäälä were created.


Question: How long is Pyhäjärvi?

Pyhäjärvi (Tampere)

[6] During the time of the strangulation, the waters of Längelmävesi, Roine and Mallasvesi fell to the northeastern part of Pyhäjärvi through Kaukajärvi to Viinikanlahti.


Question: How long is Pyhäjärvi?

Pyhäjärvi (Tampere)

This stream drainage dried up early and a new stream seam opened in Valkeakoski 7500 years ago.


Question: How long is Pyhäjärvi?

Pyhäjärvi (Tampere)

At first, Näsijärvi did not fall into Pyhäjärvi but fell into the Gulf of Bothnia down to the northern Lapuanjoki River.


Question: How long is Pyhäjärvi?

Pyhäjärvi (Tampere)

Due to the tilt of the land, the southern end of Näsijärvi flooded over the edge of Pispalanharju, puncturing the Tammerkoski ridge at its shallowest point.


Question: How long is Pyhäjärvi?

Pyhäjärvi (Tampere)

The outbreak has been drastic because the water level in Näsijärvi decreased by a couple of metres and the water level of Pyhäjärvi rose by a couple of metres accordingly.


Question: How long is Pyhäjärvi?

Pyhäjärvi (Tampere)

The flood inundated shallow beaches and swamps.


Question: How long is Pyhäjärvi?

Pyhäjärvi (Tampere)

The traces found in them have been able to date the date of the outbreak to about 7500 years ago.


Question: How long is Pyhäjärvi?

Pyhäjärvi (Tampere)

[6] Pyhäjärvi has thus been the lake coast during the heat period 6000 years ago, when a large number of noble deciduous trees were found in southern Finland.


Question: How long is Pyhäjärvi?

Pyhäjärvi (Tampere)

An example is the now-endangered pen elm, especially found in Valkeakoski, Vanajavesi.


Question: How long is Pyhäjärvi?

Pyhäjärvi (Tampere)

[7] In recent history in the 18th century, the northern shores of Pyhäjärvi were mainly forest, which is clearly reflected in the 1758 big division map.


Question: How long is Pyhäjärvi?

Pyhäjärvi (Tampere)

The situation changed when the city of Tampere was founded in 1779 and the beaches were taken up for housing and industrial use.


Question: How long is Pyhäjärvi?

Pyhäjärvi (Tampere)

There were a few houses in the area before the town was founded, of which the Hatanpää Manor, founded in 1690, was the most substantial and the house in Pyyniki was the second.


Question: How long is Pyhäjärvi?

Pyhäjärvi (Tampere)

The arable lands of these were located on the banks of Tammerkoski and Hatannäniemi.


Question: How long is Pyhäjärvi?

Pyhäjärvi (Tampere)

[8] The Lake District has been served by, among other things, the Silver Line water bus route [9].


Question: How long is Pyhäjärvi?

Pyhäjärvi (Tampere)

See also List of the 100 largest lakes in Finland M/S Silver Sky Sources Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Tom Frisk, Ämer Bilaletdin, Heikki Kaipainen, Arto Paananen and Anu Peltonen| title = Pyhäjärvi remediation | location = Tampere| publisher = Pirkanmaa Environment Center| year = 2007| version = Pirkanmaa Environment Agency reports 3/2007| id = ISBN 978-952-11-2747-2 (printed) ISBN 978-952-11-2752-6 (pdf) | format = [Online version of publication] | accessdate = 20.6.2009}} References on the topic elsewhere *


Question: What age did Aleksis Kivi die?

Aleksis Stone

Aleksis Kivi (right called Alexis Stenvall [1], 10 October 1834, Nurmijärvi — 31 December 1872 Tuusula) was a Finnish writer.


Question: What age did Aleksis Kivi die?

Aleksis Stone

Kivi wrote the novel Seven Brothers (1870), plays such as Nummisuutarrit (1864) and poems.


Question: What age did Aleksis Kivi die?

Aleksis Stone

[2] [3] The stone texts have both romantic and realistic features.


Question: What age did Aleksis Kivi die?

Aleksis Stone

Kivi was able to create a high level of production in several fields of literature at a time when the tradition of Finnish-language literature, with the exception of folk poetry, did not exist.


Question: What age did Aleksis Kivi die?

Aleksis Stone

[2] [3] Kivi was the first Finnish professional writer.


Question: What age did Aleksis Kivi die?

Aleksis Stone

[4] Since the Kivi Renaissance of the early 20th century, he has been Finland's national writer.


Question: What age did Aleksis Kivi die?

Aleksis Stone

[5] A number of Aleksis Kivi's poems and song texts included in his works have been composed as songs.


Question: What age did Aleksis Kivi die?

Aleksis Stone

These include “The Happy Ones”, “The Swing”, “Song of the Forest Man”, “Song of the Squirrel”, “Song of My Heart”, “The Power of Seven Men”, “What I Worried About”.


Question: What age did Aleksis Kivi die?

Aleksis Stone

[6] Family background Kivi's grandfather Johan Stenvall had had a military croft in Nurmijärvi Palojoki since 1766.


Question: What age did Aleksis Kivi die?

Aleksis Stone

The oldest known ancestors are, according to Yrjö Blomstedt, from Janakkala.


Question: What age did Aleksis Kivi die?

Aleksis Stone

His maternal father Antti Hamberg lived as a blacksmith in Nahkela, Tuusula.


Question: What age did Aleksis Kivi die?

Aleksis Stone

Aleksis Stone's paternal grandfather Anders Johan Stenvall was a sailor.


Question: What age did Aleksis Kivi die?

Aleksis Stone

The writer's own father, Erik Stenvall, had lived in Helsinki during his childhood.


Question: What age did Aleksis Kivi die?

Aleksis Stone

[3] In his 1979 book “Paloon Stenvallit”, the art historian Jaakko Puokka suggested that Kivi's father would have been an illegitimate son of the noble family of Adlercreutz.


Question: What age did Aleksis Kivi die?

Aleksis Stone

Scientists have queried this.


Question: What age did Aleksis Kivi die?

Aleksis Stone

[7] [8] Teemu Keskisarja also considers this in his biography of Kivi the Bootskin Tower, [9] which in turn Mervi Kantokorpi is surprised when previous biographers have already rejected the gossip that is devoid of fact [10].


Question: What age did Aleksis Kivi die?

Aleksis Stone

Biographer Aleksis Stenvall was born in 1834 in Nurmijärvi in the village of Palojoki to the family of tailor Erik Johan Stenvall (1798−1866) and Anna-Kristiina Hamberg (1793−1863).


Question: What age did Aleksis Kivi die?

Aleksis Stone

The family had a pre-existing three sons, John, Emanuel and Albert.


Question: What age did Aleksis Kivi die?

Aleksis Stone

Aleksis also had a sister Agnes, who died in 1851 aged just 13.


Question: What age did Aleksis Kivi die?

Aleksis Stone

[3] Literary tendencies Aleksis showed evident early in his exploitation of “runeberg” to the home crowd.


Question: What age did Aleksis Kivi die?

Aleksis Stone

[11] Aleksis Stenvall wrote in the form of his first name Alexis and performed through his life as Stenvall.


Question: What age did Aleksis Kivi die?

Aleksis Stone

Stone was essentially a writer's name.


Question: What age did Aleksis Kivi die?

Aleksis Stone

[3] Stone's native language was Finnish, but his parents also knew Swedish.


Question: What age did Aleksis Kivi die?

Aleksis Stone

[7] Aleksis Kivi acquired proficiency in Swedish after moving to Helsinki at the age of 12 for school, which was a prerequisite for reading as a matriculation and still a priest.


Question: What age did Aleksis Kivi die?

Aleksis Stone

[3] The mother wished Alexis to become a priest.


Question: What age did Aleksis Kivi die?

Aleksis Stone

[7] Lack of funds forced Stone to suspend regular schooling and resign from the third grade in 1852.


Question: What age did Aleksis Kivi die?

Aleksis Stone

Thereafter, he continued his chapters privately, matriculating at the age of 23 in the autumn of 1857.


Question: What age did Aleksis Kivi die?

Aleksis Stone

In 1821—1868, only seven Nurmijärvi boys wrote matriculation.


Question: What age did Aleksis Kivi die?

Aleksis Stone

Of these seven, Aleksis was the only child of the common people; all the others were children of weathermen.


Question: What age did Aleksis Kivi die?

Aleksis Stone

In his matriculation year 1857, Kivi decided to abandon priestly dreams and become a Finnish-language writer.


Question: What age did Aleksis Kivi die?

Aleksis Stone

[3] After his university studies, Kivi moved to Siuntio, first in a rented residence, but he subsequently found a benefactor in Charlotta Lönnqvist, twenty years older, who allowed Stone to live in full board practically free of charge.


Question: What age did Aleksis Kivi die?

Aleksis Stone

Later scholars have argued over whether the relationship between Stone and Lönnqvist was erotic or not.


Question: What age did Aleksis Kivi die?

Aleksis Stone

[7] Stone's most prominent supporter was Fredrik Cygnaeus, to whom Kivi matriculated.


Question: What age did Aleksis Kivi die?

Aleksis Stone

Cygnaeus repeatedly placed his entire expertise and prestige in support of Stone's career as a writer.


Question: What age did Aleksis Kivi die?

Aleksis Stone

Financial support Kivi also received from Julius Krohn and his father.


Question: What age did Aleksis Kivi die?

Aleksis Stone

[7] [12] Stone's best friends were a group of J. V. Snellman's pro-Finnish upbringing from Ostrobothnia: Jaakko Forsman, Johan Calamnius and C.


Question: What age did Aleksis Kivi die?

Aleksis Stone

G. Swan.


Question: What age did Aleksis Kivi die?

Aleksis Stone

Other important friends of Stone included A.


Question: What age did Aleksis Kivi die?

Aleksis Stone

R. Svanström, Adolf Theodor Forssell, Ernst Albert Forssell, Emil Nervander, Thiodolf Rein and Viktor Löfgren-Lounasmaa.


Question: What age did Aleksis Kivi die?

Aleksis Stone

[4] Since the performance of the play Lea in 1869, Kaarlo Bergbom, the theatre manager who had known Stone's plays since 1864, was a friend of Stone's.


Question: What age did Aleksis Kivi die?

Aleksis Stone

As his best friend, he has mentioned his fellow forester Robert Svanström in his letters.


Question: What age did Aleksis Kivi die?

Aleksis Stone

[3] Aleksis Kivi had no regular income at all.


Question: What age did Aleksis Kivi die?

Aleksis Stone

Stone suffered in the last years of his life from insomnia and worsening alcoholism.


Question: What age did Aleksis Kivi die?

Aleksis Stone

Shortages of money, debts, poor track record of books, constant criticism of Professor August Ahlqvist and compulsory living in rural areas depressed Stone.


Question: What age did Aleksis Kivi die?

Aleksis Stone

[13] Alexis Kivi had suffered pains and bodily weakness all his life, and he also had typhoid fever on more than one occasion.


Question: What age did Aleksis Kivi die?

Aleksis Stone

Stone's condition took a distinct turn for the worse beginning in the spring of 1870, and he began to suffer from severe headaches, heart problems, attacks of nausea and thermoregulation disorders, among other things.


Question: What age did Aleksis Kivi die?

Aleksis Stone

[14] Stone's only first-born novel The Seven Brothers was first published as a booklet from the Novelli Library.


Question: What age did Aleksis Kivi die?

Aleksis Stone

[15] [14] Following criticism from Ahlqvist, the publisher suspended the sale of the booklets. [16] [17].


Question: What age did Aleksis Kivi die?

Aleksis Stone

The reason was that August Ahlqvist, Professor of Finnish Language and Literature at the University of Helsinki, who had slated all of Kivi's previous works, wrote a murderous review published in Finlands Allmänna Tidning immediately after the novel appeared.


Question: What age did Aleksis Kivi die?

Aleksis Stone

Numerous people agreed with Ahlqvist's reproaches without anyone rising up to defend the novel.


Question: What age did Aleksis Kivi die?

Aleksis Stone

[14] Kivi began to have transient “mental attacks” in the autumn and was delivered in spring 1871 to the New Clinic in Helsinki, from where he was sent further to Lapinlahti Asylum.


Question: What age did Aleksis Kivi die?

Aleksis Stone

In Lapinlahti, Kivi's illness was diagnosed as chronic melancholy, thought to be caused by blood loss, drunkenness and insulted writer glory.


Question: What age did Aleksis Kivi die?

Aleksis Stone

As treatments, quinine [14], defecation and expectorants and morphine [16] were used.


Question: What age did Aleksis Kivi die?

Aleksis Stone

Stone was still able to speak when he was hospitalised in June, but lost his ability to speak and exercise during the fall and did not even recognise his brother in the end.


Question: What age did Aleksis Kivi die?

Aleksis Stone

The stone was discharged in February 1872 after doctors found that the treatments had no desirable effect on the condition of the patient.


Question: What age did Aleksis Kivi die?

Aleksis Stone

Alpertti brother took him to live with him at that time in Syvälahti, Tausula, where he died aged just 38 in December 1872.


Question: What age did Aleksis Kivi die?

Aleksis Stone

[14] There is no definite information as to the true disease and cause of death of the stone.


Question: What age did Aleksis Kivi die?

Aleksis Stone

Psychiatrist Lauri Saarnio said Kivi's symptoms were indicative of some organ brain disease.


Question: What age did Aleksis Kivi die?

Aleksis Stone

In the 2010s, it has been suggested that Stone's symptoms and death would have been caused by encephalitis or Alzheimer's disease caused by the bacterium borrelia.


Question: What age did Aleksis Kivi die?

Aleksis Stone

[18] Aleksis Kivi's tomb is in the cemetery of Tausula Church.


Question: What age did Aleksis Kivi die?

Aleksis Stone

[19] After the death of the stone, Ahlqvist wrote a poem of desecration which appeared in the collection Saken (1874): [20] [21] A poet from his grave “Poets” was crossed, was said to be Shakespeare, Verra Väinö claimed: Other' I was not like The most inept grower and crazy liquor drinker but.


Question: What age did Aleksis Kivi die?

Aleksis Stone

Production, style and reputation The early stages of Stone's literary development were marked by romanticism, but his actual inclinations clearly suggested realism.


Question: What age did Aleksis Kivi die?

Aleksis Stone

Aleksis Kivi — whose name he first used as a writer in connection with the Kullervo manuscript of 1860 — was unable to go abroad for financial reasons, but at least he did visit Turku.


Question: What age did Aleksis Kivi die?

Aleksis Stone

However, the circle of his readership extended from school and university books to world literature.


Question: What age did Aleksis Kivi die?

Aleksis Stone

Stone read everything from Held and Corvin's World History to works on chemistry analyses, newspapers, plays by Erik Stagnelius and William Shakespeare.


Question: What age did Aleksis Kivi die?

Aleksis Stone

Literary influences he received especially from Shakespeare, Miguel de Cervantes and Louis Holberg.


Question: What age did Aleksis Kivi die?

Aleksis Stone

[2] Stone's most significant literary production can be considered to have started with the subsequently lost Swedish play Bröllopsdansen.


Question: What age did Aleksis Kivi die?

Aleksis Stone

[2] In 1860, Kivi won a competition organised by the Finnish Literature Society with Kullervo.


Question: What age did Aleksis Kivi die?

Aleksis Stone

[7] As a result of the Finnish version of Bröllopsdansen, Nummisuutarit was awarded the State Prize in 1865.


Question: What age did Aleksis Kivi die?

Aleksis Stone

The prize was presented for the first time at the time and was competed for by Johan Ludvig Runeberg, the leading author of his time.


Question: What age did Aleksis Kivi die?

Aleksis Stone

Moor mutars is still the most produced domestic talk show.


Question: What age did Aleksis Kivi die?

Aleksis Stone

[3] In 1866 the plays Fugitive, Betrothal and Olviretki appeared in Schleusingen, as well as Kanervala, a poetry collection published by Kivi himself.


Question: What age did Aleksis Kivi die?

Aleksis Stone

The following year appeared the plays Leo and Liina, Night and Day, Heroics, Lea and Canzio.


Question: What age did Aleksis Kivi die?

Aleksis Stone

[7] Of Kivi's fifteen plays, only Lea was performed during his lifetime, whose first performance in 1869 is calculated to have originated the Finnish theatre.


Question: What age did Aleksis Kivi die?

Aleksis Stone

[2] The Seven Brothers, which attained the status of national novel, were published in 1870 as booklets from the Novelli Library.


Question: What age did Aleksis Kivi die?

Aleksis Stone

The Finnish Literature Society's scholars issued a commendable statement about the novel and defended the writer at a meeting of the Society after August Ahlqvist's crushing criticism.


Question: What age did Aleksis Kivi die?

Aleksis Stone

Subsequent readers have spoken to include the novel's character description, humour and rich language [2].


Question: What age did Aleksis Kivi die?

Aleksis Stone

Stone's plays and novel combine realism and humour.


Question: What age did Aleksis Kivi die?

Aleksis Stone

The combination is still one of the most distinctive features of Finnish literature.


Question: What age did Aleksis Kivi die?

Aleksis Stone

The proximity to nature and the understanding depiction of non-adaptable individuals, folk people, have also been central themes of Finnish literature since those times.


Question: What age did Aleksis Kivi die?

Aleksis Stone

[22] Stone became a national writer.


Question: What age did Aleksis Kivi die?

Aleksis Stone

He was the first professional writer published in Finnish.


Question: What age did Aleksis Kivi die?

Aleksis Stone

[23] He showed with his work that in Finnish you can write poetry and plays, even a novel.


Question: What age did Aleksis Kivi die?

Aleksis Stone

[24] The stone fulfilled Snellman's ambitions for national literature better than the writers of the National Romanticism period: he wrote in Finnish and told of his own time.


Question: What age did Aleksis Kivi die?

Aleksis Stone

[22] The best plays of Kivi have been part of the permanent repertoire of Finnish theatre.


Question: What age did Aleksis Kivi die?

Aleksis Stone

Film adaptations have also been made of Nummisuutari, Seven Brothers, Betrothal and Life of Kivi.


Question: What age did Aleksis Kivi die?

Aleksis Stone

His works have been translated into an estimated 40 languages [25], including the Seven Brothers into more than 20 languages and the Kullervo play being translated into Chinese.


Question: What age did Aleksis Kivi die?

Aleksis Stone

[26] Selected works of stone have appeared as a number of institutions, first occurring in 1877—1878.


Question: What age did Aleksis Kivi die?

Aleksis Stone

Otava published in 1969 a trinite selection of Aleksis Kivi's masterpieces illustrated by Erkki Tantu.


Question: What age did Aleksis Kivi die?

Aleksis Stone

[27] In 2010, text-critical editions of Kivi's works began to be published by the Finnish Literature Society.


Question: What age did Aleksis Kivi die?

Aleksis Stone

The editions are based on research into manuscripts and first editions and other original material.


Question: What age did Aleksis Kivi die?

Aleksis Stone

Attached to the text are an introduction and an extensive commentary section.


Question: What age did Aleksis Kivi die?

Aleksis Stone

So far, a selection of letters has been published under the direction of Jyrki Nummi and the plays Nummisuutarit and Kullervo.


Question: What age did Aleksis Kivi die?

Aleksis Stone

[28] Commendations National writer Aleksis Kivi's day is celebrated on his birthday on October 10, which is also the day of flagging.


Question: What age did Aleksis Kivi die?

Aleksis Stone

At the same time, it is also the Day of Finnish Literature and the anniversary of the University of Helsinki University of Southern Finland.


Question: What age did Aleksis Kivi die?

Aleksis Stone

Until the 1960s, it was also a public holiday in Finnish schools.


Question: What age did Aleksis Kivi die?

Aleksis Stone

Seven brothers have had a strong position in Finnish school education.


Question: What age did Aleksis Kivi die?

Aleksis Stone

[2] In memory of the writer and poet, the Aleksis Kiven Society has been founded in 1941.


Question: What age did Aleksis Kivi die?

Aleksis Stone

The Aleksis Kivi club of Turku has been based in Turku since 1945.


Question: What age did Aleksis Kivi die?

Aleksis Stone

His birth home in Palojoki, Nurmijärvi, was restored and organized as a museum in 1952.


Question: What age did Aleksis Kivi die?

Aleksis Stone

Aleksis Kivi's death cottage, purchased by the University of Helsinki Student Union from Albert Stenvall in 1910, can be seen in Tuusula.


Question: What age did Aleksis Kivi die?

Aleksis Stone

In the cottage you can see the Stone Bible and the deathbed.


Question: What age did Aleksis Kivi die?

Aleksis Stone

[29] There are plaques marking the writer's residence in Katajanokka, the Forum Business Centre and Tapaninkylä in Helsinki.


Question: What age did Aleksis Kivi die?

Aleksis Stone

[30] During their tenement, the Russians dismantled the croft of Fanjunkars in Siuntio, where Kivi wrote the main part of his production.


Question: What age did Aleksis Kivi die?

Aleksis Stone

New Fanjunkars was inaugurated as a cultural house in 2006.


Question: What age did Aleksis Kivi die?

Aleksis Stone

[31] Since 1953, in Aleksis Kivi's birthplace, Palojoki, Nurmijärvi, a Kivi-Juhti theatre event has been held during the summer, where Kivi's production is performed.


Question: What age did Aleksis Kivi die?

Aleksis Stone

The performance venue is Stone's childhood playground.


Question: What age did Aleksis Kivi die?

Aleksis Stone

Streets called Aleksis Kivi street can be found in several Finnish cities, including Helsinki Alppiharju and central Tampere.


Question: What age did Aleksis Kivi die?

Aleksis Stone

[32] On the 100th anniversary of Kivi's birth in the Helsinki Alppiharju in 1934, Finland's largest national school was named Aleksis Kivi School.


Question: What age did Aleksis Kivi die?

Aleksis Stone

Today it is a unified elementary school for grades 1-9.


Question: What age did Aleksis Kivi die?

Aleksis Stone

[33] [34] The following films have been made about the life of the stone: [35] I Live, Dir.


Question: What age did Aleksis Kivi die?

Aleksis Stone

Ilmari Unho in 1946.


Question: What age did Aleksis Kivi die?

Aleksis Stone

Aleksis Kivi starred as Rauli Tuomi.


Question: What age did Aleksis Kivi die?

Aleksis Stone

Aleksis Kivi, Dir.


Question: What age did Aleksis Kivi die?

Aleksis Stone

Tapani Itäranta in 1984.


Question: What age did Aleksis Kivi die?

Aleksis Stone

Aleksis Kivi starred as Asko Sarkola.


Question: What age did Aleksis Kivi die?

Aleksis Stone

The Life of Aleksis Kivi, Dir.


Question: What age did Aleksis Kivi die?

Aleksis Stone

Jari Halonen in 2002.


Question: What age did Aleksis Kivi die?

Aleksis Stone

Aleksis Kivi was played by Marko Tiusanen.


Question: What age did Aleksis Kivi die?

Aleksis Stone

Harri Saksala has composed and recorded an album of Kivi's poems.


Question: What age did Aleksis Kivi die?

Aleksis Stone

The Aleksis Kivi album containing eleven works appeared in 1984.


Question: What age did Aleksis Kivi die?

Aleksis Stone

[36] Einojuhani Rautavaara has composed an opera by Aleksis Kivi, which tells stylistically about Kivi's life.


Question: What age did Aleksis Kivi die?

Aleksis Stone

The opera makes extensive use of both Stone's own texts and that of his opponent August Ahlqvist.


Question: What age did Aleksis Kivi die?

Aleksis Stone

[37] In the Great Finns competition 2004, the stone was voted to ninth place.


Question: What age did Aleksis Kivi die?

Aleksis Stone

[38] Monuments There are a total of 11 statues and monuments of Aleksis Stone.


Question: What age did Aleksis Kivi die?

Aleksis Stone

No photographs have reportedly survived of him; therefore all sculptures and images made of him are based on drawings.


Question: What age did Aleksis Kivi die?

Aleksis Stone

[39] At the Helsinki Rautatientori, in front of the National Theatre, there is a statue of Aleksis Kivi sculpted by Wäinö Aaltonen in 1939.


Question: What age did Aleksis Kivi die?

Aleksis Stone

The park in front of Nurmijärvi Library contains a statue sculpted by Aukusti Veuro in 1934.


Question: What age did Aleksis Kivi die?

Aleksis Stone

[7] The stone busts are in the ballroom of the Nurmijärvi Community School and sculpted by Erland Stenberg (1879) at the National Theatre.


Question: What age did Aleksis Kivi die?

Aleksis Stone

Erland Stenberg, who may have known or seen the stone, also designed the writer's grave statue (1877).


Question: What age did Aleksis Kivi die?

Aleksis Stone

[19] In the park of the Old Library Hall in Tampere there is a sculpture of the Poet and the Muse, sculpted by Wäinö Aaltonen, unveiled in 1928.


Question: What age did Aleksis Kivi die?

Aleksis Stone

A statue of Aleksis Kivi by Wäinö Aaltonen was unveiled in 1949 in front of the former Hotel Phoenix, the main building of the University of Turku, which was reerected in 1962 in front of the theatre building.


Question: What age did Aleksis Kivi die?

Aleksis Stone

[40] There is also a memorial statue of Aleksis Kivi by Wäinö Aaltonen (1930) at the Central Market in Mänttä.


Question: What age did Aleksis Kivi die?

Aleksis Stone

[41] In Hyrylä in Tuusula, Jääkäri Park there is a statue of Aleksis Kivi by Alpo and sculpted by Nina Sailo (1984).


Question: What age did Aleksis Kivi die?

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[42] Works Plays Kullervo (1864).


Question: What age did Aleksis Kivi die?

Aleksis Stone

E-book at the Gutenberg Project.


Question: What age did Aleksis Kivi die?

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Lea (published 1869).


Question: What age did Aleksis Kivi die?

Aleksis Stone

E-book at the Gutenberg Project.


Question: What age did Aleksis Kivi die?

Aleksis Stone

Moor Moors (1864).


Question: What age did Aleksis Kivi die?

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E-book at the Gutenberg Project.


Question: What age did Aleksis Kivi die?

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The Deserters (1865).


Question: What age did Aleksis Kivi die?

Aleksis Stone

E-book at the Gutenberg Project.


Question: What age did Aleksis Kivi die?

Aleksis Stone

Engagement (1866).


Question: What age did Aleksis Kivi die?

Aleksis Stone

E-book at the Gutenberg Project.


Question: What age did Aleksis Kivi die?

Aleksis Stone

Straw excursion in Schleusingen (1866).


Question: What age did Aleksis Kivi die?

Aleksis Stone

E-book at the Gutenberg Project.


Question: What age did Aleksis Kivi die?

Aleksis Stone

Night and Day (1866).


Question: What age did Aleksis Kivi die?

Aleksis Stone

E-book at the Gutenberg Project.


Question: What age did Aleksis Kivi die?

Aleksis Stone

Leo and Liina (1867).


Question: What age did Aleksis Kivi die?

Aleksis Stone

E-book at the Gutenberg Project.


Question: What age did Aleksis Kivi die?

Aleksis Stone

Canzio (1868).


Question: What age did Aleksis Kivi die?

Aleksis Stone

E-book at the Gutenberg Project.


Question: What age did Aleksis Kivi die?

Aleksis Stone

Margareta (published 1871).


Question: What age did Aleksis Kivi die?

Aleksis Stone

E-book at the Gutenberg Project.


Question: What age did Aleksis Kivi die?

Aleksis Stone

Selma plots.


Question: What age did Aleksis Kivi die?

Aleksis Stone

E-book at the Gutenberg Project.


Question: What age did Aleksis Kivi die?

Aleksis Stone

Novel of Seven Brothers (1870).


Question: What age did Aleksis Kivi die?

Aleksis Stone

E-book at the Gutenberg Project.


Question: What age did Aleksis Kivi die?

Aleksis Stone

Poetry collection Kanervala (1866) Poems; Short narratives (1916).


Question: What age did Aleksis Kivi die?

Aleksis Stone

E-book at the Gutenberg Project.


Question: What age did Aleksis Kivi die?

Aleksis Stone

Tales of Mountain Trolls.


Question: What age did Aleksis Kivi die?

Aleksis Stone

Story from Nurmijärvi (1864) Erika (1859) Koto and shackles (1850s) The stories of Aleksis Kivi.


Question: What age did Aleksis Kivi die?

Aleksis Stone

Illustrated by Matti Visanti.


Question: What age did Aleksis Kivi die?

Aleksis Stone

Publishing company Nide Oy, Hämeenlinna (no year of publication).


Question: What age did Aleksis Kivi die?

Aleksis Stone

Letters (Agricola-Finnish History Network, Finnish Languages Research Centre) Kivi, Aleksis, Letters.


Question: What age did Aleksis Kivi die?

Aleksis Stone

Critical edition.


Question: What age did Aleksis Kivi die?

Aleksis Stone

Ed.


Question: What age did Aleksis Kivi die?

Aleksis Stone

Juhani Niemi (editor-in-chief), Sakari Katajamäki, Ossi Kokko, Petri Lauerma and Jyrki Nummi.


Question: What age did Aleksis Kivi die?

Aleksis Stone

Editorials of the Finnish Literature Society 1386, Science.


Question: What age did Aleksis Kivi die?

Aleksis Stone

Huddersfield: SKS 2012.


Question: What age did Aleksis Kivi die?

Aleksis Stone

ISBN 978-952-222-390-6 Translations into other languages by Alex Matson, Seven Brothers.


Question: What age did Aleksis Kivi die?

Aleksis Stone

1st Institution, New York: Coward-McCann, 1929.


Question: What age did Aleksis Kivi die?

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2nd institution, Helsinki: January, 1952.


Question: What age did Aleksis Kivi die?

Aleksis Stone

3rd Institution, ed.


Question: What age did Aleksis Kivi die?

Aleksis Stone

Irma Rantavaaran, Helsinki: January, 1973.


Question: What age did Aleksis Kivi die?

Aleksis Stone

Impola, Richard A., Seven Brothers.


Question: What age did Aleksis Kivi die?

Aleksis Stone

New Paltz, NY: Finnish-American Translators Association, 1991.


Question: What age did Aleksis Kivi die?

Aleksis Stone

Douglas Robinson, Heath Cobblers (Moor Muthers) and Kullervo.


Question: What age did Aleksis Kivi die?

Aleksis Stone

St. Cloud, MN: North Star Press of St. Cloud, 1993.


Question: What age did Aleksis Kivi die?

Aleksis Stone

Douglas Robinson, The Brothers Seven.


Question: What age did Aleksis Kivi die?

Aleksis Stone

Bucharest, Romania: Zeta Books, 2017.


Question: What age did Aleksis Kivi die?

Aleksis Stone

Sources Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Teemu Middleweight| title = Boot Leather Tower| publisher = Bridge| year = 2018| isbn = 978-952-234-497-7}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| title = Finnish encyclopedia 4, kanar—kar| location = Espoo| publisher = Weilin + Göös| year = 1990| id = ISBN 951-35-4648-9| page = 307-308}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| title = Large person| location = Helsinki| publisher = WSOY| year = 2001| id = ISBN 951-0-26140-8| page = 336}} Check date values in: |daaccessory te= (help) References Literature Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Aaltonen, Jukka & Lahti, Ilpo & Salminen, Jouko K.| title = Now neither fear nor tremor helps.


Question: What age did Aleksis Kivi die?

Aleksis Stone

Aleksis Kivi's health, letters, dreams and seven brothers| location = Turku| publisher = Turku Aleksis Kivi -Club| year = 2015| id = ISBN 978-952-93-5532-7}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Holma Jaakko| title = True or Fable?


Question: What age did Aleksis Kivi die?

Aleksis Stone

The museum value and authenticity of Aleksis Kivi's death cottage| publisher = University of Jyväskylä | year = 2011| version = pro gradu| format = [online version] | accessdate = 28.3.2016}} Juutinen, Juha: Birds in Aleksis Kivi's production.


Question: What age did Aleksis Kivi die?

Aleksis Stone

Birdman 4/1985, p.174—181.


Question: What age did Aleksis Kivi die?

Aleksis Stone

Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Ketonen, Oiva| title = Destiny Options.


Question: What age did Aleksis Kivi die?

Aleksis Stone

Aleksis Kivi, August Ahlqvist and the low civic bravery of civilization| location = Porvoo Helsinki Juva| publisher = WSOY| year = 1989| id = ISBN 951-0-16013-X}} Kinnunen, Aarne: Nummisuutarrit comedy in five acts (1994) Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Kinnununen En, Aarne| title = Plays by Aleksis Kivi.


Question: What age did Aleksis Kivi die?

Aleksis Stone

Analysis and examination of time flows in light | location = Porvoo Helsinki| publisher = WSOY| year = 1967| version = Dissertation: University of Helsinki}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Kivi, Aleksis| title = Letters.


Question: What age did Aleksis Kivi die?

Aleksis Stone

Critical editio| location = Helsinki| publisher = Society of Finnish Literature| year = 2012| version = Editor-in-Chief Juhani Niemi| id = ISBN 978-952-222-390-6}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Lehtonen, J. V.| title = Nurmijärvi's son.


Question: What age did Aleksis Kivi die?

Aleksis Stone

Photos of Aleksis Kivi's life| location = Helsinki| publisher = Otava| year = 1934| id = ISBN 978-951-0-34891-8}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Meri, Veijo| title = Aleksis Stenvall's life| location = Helsinki| publisher = Otava| year = 1975| version = 4th augmented edition (1st edition 1973) | id = ISBN 951-1-10489-6}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Sea, Veijo| title = Elon island here.


Question: What age did Aleksis Kivi die?

Aleksis Stone

Aleksis Kivi background| location = Helsing| publisher = Otava| year = 1984| id = ISBN 951-1-07994-8}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Rahikainen, Esko| title = Kivi| location = Jyväskylä | publisher = Gummerus| year = 1984| id = ISBN 951-20-| 2525-6}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Rahikainen, Esko| title = Snow-White Cloth.


Question: What age did Aleksis Kivi die?

Aleksis Stone

Aleksis Kivi and love| location = Helsinki| publisher = Like| year = 1998| id = ISBN 951-578-579-0}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Rahikainen, Esko| title = Son of the Forest.


Question: What age did Aleksis Kivi die?

Aleksis Stone

Aleksis Kivi life| location = Helsing| publisher = Thought | year = 2004| id = ISBN 951-20-6677-7}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Rahikainen, Esko| title = Impivaaran Kaski.


Question: What age did Aleksis Kivi die?

Aleksis Stone

Aleksis Kivi as a corner| location = Helsinki| publisher = Society of Finnish Literature | year = 2009| id = ISBN 978-952-222-107-0}} Douglas Robinson, Aleksis Kivi and/as World Literature.


Question: What age did Aleksis Kivi die?

Aleksis Stone

Leiden and Boston: Brill.


Question: What age did Aleksis Kivi die?

Aleksis Stone

Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Sihvo, Hannes| title = Living Stone: Aleksis Kivi during his time | location = Helsinki| publisher = Society of Finnish Literature| year = 2002| isbn = 951-746-421-5}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Tarkiainen, Viljo| title = Aleksis Stone.


Question: What age did Aleksis Kivi die?

Aleksis Stone

Life and works| location = Porvoo Helsinki Juva| publisher = WSOY| year = 1984| version = 6th edition (1st edition 1915) | id = ISBN 951-0-12389-7}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Yli-Paavola, Jaakko & Laaksonen, Pekka (ed.


Question: What age did Aleksis Kivi die?

Aleksis Stone

) | title = Fireside.


Question: What age did Aleksis Kivi die?

Aleksis Stone

Aleksis Kivi's Society album| location = Helsinki| publisher = Society of Finnish Literature | year = 2009| id = ISBN 978-952-222-135-3}} On the subject elsewhere Free to download Aleksis Kivi e-books from the National Library, and.


Question: What age did Aleksis Kivi die?

Aleksis Stone

. (The page publishes current writer-related news.)


Question: What age did Aleksis Kivi die?

Aleksis Stone

. web publication, Finnish Literature Society, 2007.


Question: What age did Aleksis Kivi die?

Aleksis Stone

Ed.


Question: What age did Aleksis Kivi die?

Aleksis Stone

Sakari Katajamäki, Ossi Kokko and Elina Kela.


Question: What age did Aleksis Kivi die?

Aleksis Stone

FIN-CLARIN: Finnish Language Resource Infrastructure/CSC — Centre for Science Technology: Kielipankki 2013.


Question: What age did Aleksis Kivi die?

Aleksis Stone

(A corpus of Aleksis Kivi's letters, works manuscripts and editions published during the writer's lifetime.)


Question: What age did Aleksis Kivi die?

Aleksis Stone

Material from the Kivifooty seminars organised by the University of Helsinki in Finnish Literature 1999-2002.


Question: What age did Aleksis Kivi die?

Aleksis Stone

Category:86.1 General history of literature * Category:Those born in 1834 Category:Those who died in 1872 Category:Key articles of screening


Question: In which year the Eurovision was first held?

Eurovision Song Contest

The Eurovision Song Contest (, for which the abbreviation ESC;), colloquially Eurovision, is an annual song contest in which active member countries of the European Broadcasting Union (EBU) are allowed to participate.


Question: In which year the Eurovision was first held?

Eurovision Song Contest

Each country participating in the singing contest sends one musical performance to the competition and they are voted in the international final as ranked.


Question: In which year the Eurovision was first held?

Eurovision Song Contest

Only new songs intended to participate in the Eurovision Song Contest are allowed to enter the contest.


Question: In which year the Eurovision was first held?

Eurovision Song Contest

The song may not be promoted until each country's national qualifier, where a representative tune is selected for the competition.


Question: In which year the Eurovision was first held?

Eurovision Song Contest

The title of the competition comes from EBU's television distribution network Eurovision ().


Question: In which year the Eurovision was first held?

Eurovision Song Contest

[1] [2] The members of the EBU are the television broadcasters who select and broadcast the entrant to the competition.


Question: In which year the Eurovision was first held?

Eurovision Song Contest

All independent European countries except Liechtenstein, the Vatican, the Soviet Union and the disputed Kosovo have entered the contest.


Question: In which year the Eurovision was first held?

Eurovision Song Contest

In the early decades, Eurovision was essentially a competition between Western Europe, with only Yugoslavia participating from Eastern European countries.


Question: In which year the Eurovision was first held?

Eurovision Song Contest

A Europe-wide event, Eurovisas came when countries from the former Eastern Bloc finally got on board in 1994.


Question: In which year the Eurovision was first held?

Eurovision Song Contest

The EBU, on the other hand, also has members from outside Europe: Caucasian countries Armenia, Azerbaijan and Georgia, Middle Eastern countries Israel, Jordan and Lebanon, and North African countries Algeria, Egypt, Libya, Morocco and Tunisia.


Question: In which year the Eurovision was first held?

Eurovision Song Contest

Of these, however, only Israel, Armenia, Georgia and Azerbaijan participate in the competition regularly, Israel since 1973 and the Caucasian countries since the 2000s.


Question: In which year the Eurovision was first held?

Eurovision Song Contest

Morocco has participated once, in 1980.


Question: In which year the Eurovision was first held?

Eurovision Song Contest

Tunisia entered for the 1977 [3] and Lebanon for the 2005 competition [4], but the countries withdrew their participation.


Question: In which year the Eurovision was first held?

Eurovision Song Contest

Associate members EBU has around the world.


Question: In which year the Eurovision was first held?

Eurovision Song Contest

Australia, which closely followed Eurovisas since 1983, was granted the right to participate by special permission in 2015, to mark the 60th anniversary of Eurovisas.


Question: In which year the Eurovision was first held?

Eurovision Song Contest

The following year, the country was granted a permanent right of participation.


Question: In which year the Eurovision was first held?

Eurovision Song Contest

To participate in the song contest, therefore, the state does not have to be geographically located in Europe.


Question: In which year the Eurovision was first held?

Eurovision Song Contest

The race has always been televised since 1956, but at the time of black-and-white television it was mostly listened to on the radio.


Question: In which year the Eurovision was first held?

Eurovision Song Contest

The Eurovision Song Contest final is watched by over one hundred million television viewers and is the most popular non-sports broadcast in Europe.


Question: In which year the Eurovision was first held?

Eurovision Song Contest

[5] The combined viewership of all three broadcasts is closer to 200 million.


Question: In which year the Eurovision was first held?

Eurovision Song Contest

[6] [7] Until 2003, the competition was held on a single night, most often on a Saturday in April or May, but since 2004 the competition has been held as a two-part event including a semi-final and a final.


Question: In which year the Eurovision was first held?

Eurovision Song Contest

Since 2008, the semifinal has also been divided into two parts, with the first semifinal taking place on Tuesday and the second semifinal on Thursday the week before the final shots.


Question: In which year the Eurovision was first held?

Eurovision Song Contest

Broadcast of the Eurovision Song Contest In the telecast of the Eurovision Song Contest, the traditional structure involves the presentation of all song performances, as well as a vote in which each participating country votes songs in ranked order.


Question: In which year the Eurovision was first held?

Eurovision Song Contest

The competition has a presenter or pair of presenters who host the competition in English and French.


Question: In which year the Eurovision was first held?

Eurovision Song Contest

Traditionally, each country that televises the contest has its own commentary who explains the events of the contest and presents the competition songs in its own language.


Question: In which year the Eurovision was first held?

Eurovision Song Contest

Between performances, brief video streaks are seen, so-called postcards, in which the host country usually (not always) showcases its own country's culture.


Question: In which year the Eurovision was first held?

Eurovision Song Contest

[8] Since 2013, the main role in “Postcards” has been played by artists from each country.


Question: In which year the Eurovision was first held?

Eurovision Song Contest

[9] [10] [11] [12] The length of the Eurovisa consignment was about three hours for a long time.


Question: In which year the Eurovision was first held?

Eurovision Song Contest

Today, the duration ranges from three and a half hours to four hours.


Question: In which year the Eurovision was first held?

Eurovision Song Contest

All participating countries are required to broadcast the competition live.


Question: In which year the Eurovision was first held?

Eurovision Song Contest

Nowadays, space is also reserved in the competition for ad breaks that don't prevent competition shows from being seen.


Question: In which year the Eurovision was first held?

Eurovision Song Contest

As the theme tune for the EBU broadcasts, which is always also played in conjunction with the Eurovision Song Contest, an overture from Marc-Antoine Charpentier's “Te Deum” is used.


Question: In which year the Eurovision was first held?

Eurovision Song Contest

[13] First Eurovision The first Eurovision Song Contest was held in Lugano, Switzerland, in 1956.


Question: In which year the Eurovision was first held?

Eurovision Song Contest

The father of the idea was the EBU's French power figure Marcel Bezençon.


Question: In which year the Eurovision was first held?

Eurovision Song Contest

The founding companies of the EBU had a need to invent television programmes of interest to all member countries.


Question: In which year the Eurovision was first held?

Eurovision Song Contest

[14] The lowest common denominator was found in the singing competition and the festival di Sanremo, a national singing competition organised by the Italian state TV company RAI and Sanremo Casino, started in 1951.


Question: In which year the Eurovision was first held?

Eurovision Song Contest

The EEC countries, namely France, Italy, the Netherlands, Luxembourg, Belgium and the Federal Republic of Germany, and Switzerland participated in the Eurovision Song Contest 1956.


Question: In which year the Eurovision was first held?

Eurovision Song Contest

Each participating country was allowed to send two songs, most also had two soloists.


Question: In which year the Eurovision was first held?

Eurovision Song Contest

Swiss Lys Assia won the competition with her song “Refrain”.


Question: In which year the Eurovision was first held?

Eurovision Song Contest

Assia could be considered a prior favourite, as he was by far the most titled of the artists.


Question: In which year the Eurovision was first held?

Eurovision Song Contest

The winner was chosen by a jury consisting of two members from each participating country.


Question: In which year the Eurovision was first held?

Eurovision Song Contest

The Luxembourg broadcaster could not afford to send judges apart from one soloist, so the country asked the Swiss to vote for them.


Question: In which year the Eurovision was first held?

Eurovision Song Contest

Austria, Great Britain and Denmark would have entered the 1956 Song Contest, but the countries did not register in time.


Question: In which year the Eurovision was first held?

Eurovision Song Contest

[15] In the following years, the number of participating countries soared to the top twenty.


Question: In which year the Eurovision was first held?

Eurovision Song Contest

Despite Switzerland's victory, the 1957 competition was held in Frankfurt am Main, West Germany, where a rule was imposed requiring the previous year's winner to hold the following year's competition.


Question: In which year the Eurovision was first held?

Eurovision Song Contest

[16] The winning country of the previous year has, with some exceptions, organised the following competition.


Question: In which year the Eurovision was first held?

Eurovision Song Contest

Country debuts Successful songs and performers Starting in the 1960s, songs that were successful in the competition more often also performed commercially well in Western Europe.


Question: In which year the Eurovision was first held?

Eurovision Song Contest

Among the most famous and successful Eurovisa winners is the Swedish company ABBA, whose international career kicked off after “Waterloo” won the competition in 1974.


Question: In which year the Eurovision was first held?

Eurovision Song Contest

In 1988, Canadian Céline Dion, who represented Switzerland, emerged as an international star some years after winning her visa after starting to sing in English.


Question: In which year the Eurovision was first held?

Eurovision Song Contest

Ireland's Johnny Logan has won the competition twice as a singer (1980 and 1987) and once as a composer (1992), but has nevertheless not achieved much international success outside of Eurovision.


Question: In which year the Eurovision was first held?

Eurovision Song Contest

Actually, no world-successful artists have popped up from the competition since Dion.


Question: In which year the Eurovision was first held?

Eurovision Song Contest

Other internationally known artists who have participated in Eurovisas have included Cliff Richard, Olivia Newton-John, Julio Iglesias, Baccara, Lara Fabian, The Shadows, Nana Mouskouri, Sandie Shaw, Alla Pugacheva, T.A.t.u., Las Ketchup, Dima Bilan, DJ Bobo, Patricia Kaas, Andrew Lloyd Webber, Blue, Engelbert Humperdinck and Bonnie Tyler.


Question: In which year the Eurovision was first held?

Eurovision Song Contest

Finland won the 2006 Eurovision Song Contest Lord's with the song “Hard Rock Hallelujah” with a record 292 points.


Question: In which year the Eurovision was first held?

Eurovision Song Contest

It is currently Finland's only Eurovisa win.


Question: In which year the Eurovision was first held?

Eurovision Song Contest

In 2006, 37 countries were involved.


Question: In which year the Eurovision was first held?

Eurovision Song Contest

Lord's score was broken in 2009, when Alexander Rybak of Norway sang the song “Fairytale” and won with 387 points.


Question: In which year the Eurovision was first held?

Eurovision Song Contest

In 2009, five more countries were involved than 2006, making a total of 42 countries.


Question: In which year the Eurovision was first held?

Eurovision Song Contest

Eurovisa rules Performers and language According to current rules, a country's performance on stage can have up to six performers and each performer must have reached the age of 16 by the date of the final.


Question: In which year the Eurovision was first held?

Eurovision Song Contest

[19] Under current rules, there is no restriction on the nationality of performers or the language of the performance and the EBU does not interfere in how each country chooses its competition song and performer.


Question: In which year the Eurovision was first held?

Eurovision Song Contest

Each country was forced to sing in one of its official languages between 1966 and 1972 and 1978—1998.


Question: In which year the Eurovision was first held?

Eurovision Song Contest

Due to the language rule, songs from many commonly known historical figures and internationally understood concepts have been heard at the competitions, as well as rallying.


Question: In which year the Eurovision was first held?

Eurovision Song Contest

Prior to 1966, it was considered clear that the songs would be sung in their own language.


Question: In which year the Eurovision was first held?

Eurovision Song Contest

In 1965, Sweden performed their songs entirely in English, which is why a language rule was drawn up.


Question: In which year the Eurovision was first held?

Eurovision Song Contest

[20] In Eurovision, a song must last no more than three minutes, and no profanity, product names, political or sexist references may be used in the lyrics.


Question: In which year the Eurovision was first held?

Eurovision Song Contest

For example, the lyrics of a song that represented San Marino in 2012 had to be changed, as they reported on Facebook.


Question: In which year the Eurovision was first held?

Eurovision Song Contest

Accompaniment Until 1998 in the Eurovision Song Contest, songs were accompanied by a large entertainment orchestra with strings, fans and comp groups.


Question: In which year the Eurovision was first held?

Eurovision Song Contest

Each country sent its own conductor to the competition, who was responsible for the arrangement of the song, accompanied by a big orchestra.


Question: In which year the Eurovision was first held?

Eurovision Song Contest

The 1973 Song Contest allowed the use of backing tapes provided that instruments had to be able to impersonate onstage with the backing tape.


Question: In which year the Eurovision was first held?

Eurovision Song Contest

[22] Most of the time, vocal groups did not play really on stage, but their accompaniment came from the tape.


Question: In which year the Eurovision was first held?

Eurovision Song Contest

The 1979 contest saw the first performance without orchestral accompaniment, this was the Italian competition piece “Raggio di luna”.


Question: In which year the Eurovision was first held?

Eurovision Song Contest

The mixed use of backing tapes and orchestra became more common in the 1980s as more electronic instruments were used in music.


Question: In which year the Eurovision was first held?

Eurovision Song Contest

In the early 1990s, visas sought to ban background strips, but that rule was not officially in effect, although the use of background tape for a while decreased.


Question: In which year the Eurovision was first held?

Eurovision Song Contest

The 1997 Song Contest allowed performances to be accompanied by a backing tape alone, with no onstage impersonation.


Question: In which year the Eurovision was first held?

Eurovision Song Contest

[23] For the 1999 competition, the obliging section for orchestra arranging was removed from the rules, after which the orchestra has always been replaced with backing tapes.


Question: In which year the Eurovision was first held?

Eurovision Song Contest

[22] However, the rules are absolute in that tapes must by no means contain any vocal contributions.


Question: In which year the Eurovision was first held?

Eurovision Song Contest

All possible human voice performers must present live.


Question: In which year the Eurovision was first held?

Eurovision Song Contest

Violation of this rule has led, for example, to Croatia losing some of its points in 1999.


Question: In which year the Eurovision was first held?

Eurovision Song Contest

[24] Cheating On 6 February 2014, the European Broadcasting Association EBU confirmed that a broadcaster from a country had tried to cheat at the 2013 Eurovisa in Malmö by buying votes.


Question: In which year the Eurovision was first held?

Eurovision Song Contest

After the Eurovisas in Malmö, a video circulated on the internet showing two Azerbaijanis having tried to buy votes from Lithuanian youths during the run-off vote.


Question: In which year the Eurovision was first held?

Eurovision Song Contest

Azerbaijanis would have given money in return for being allowed to use Lithuanians” phones and vote with them.


Question: In which year the Eurovision was first held?

Eurovision Song Contest

Lithuania gave Azerbaijan the full 12 points in the final.


Question: In which year the Eurovision was first held?

Eurovision Song Contest

Azerbaijan eventually finished in second place.


Question: In which year the Eurovision was first held?

Eurovision Song Contest

The EBU made a change to the rules that if any TV company buys votes or tries to cheat, it must be subject to a three-year ban on participation.


Question: In which year the Eurovision was first held?

Eurovision Song Contest

[26] One country, Lebanon, has been subject to a ban on participation in Eurovision, when it did not intend to show Israel's appearance at the 2005 Eurovisa.


Question: In which year the Eurovision was first held?

Eurovision Song Contest

[27] Lebanon withdrew from the Games because Israel announced at the last minute that they would participate in the Games.


Question: In which year the Eurovision was first held?

Eurovision Song Contest

There are tensions between the two countries and Lebanese law says that Israeli material must not be performed in Lebanon.


Question: In which year the Eurovision was first held?

Eurovision Song Contest

Participating countries The length of the Eurovision broadcast has always been desired to be no more than three hours, so the songs should be available in about three minutes.


Question: In which year the Eurovision was first held?

Eurovision Song Contest

In 1987, the maximum number of competitors was set at 22 countries [28] and 23 in 1992.


Question: In which year the Eurovision was first held?

Eurovision Song Contest

[29] [30] When the Eastern European Radio Organisation OIRT in 1993 became a member of the European Broadcasting Union EBU, Eastern European countries also became eligible to participate in the competition.


Question: In which year the Eurovision was first held?

Eurovision Song Contest

This gradually increased the number of participating countries and eventually the broadcast time of the competition threatened to become too long.


Question: In which year the Eurovision was first held?

Eurovision Song Contest

The number of participating countries was restricted so that countries that did poorly in the previous year were forced to spend a gap year.


Question: In which year the Eurovision was first held?

Eurovision Song Contest

As the traditional countries of Eurovisas began to be threatened with relegation from the competitions, the rules were changed from 2000 onwards [31] so that France, Germany, Spain and Great Britain, the largest contributors to the EBU were granted automatic entry.


Question: In which year the Eurovision was first held?

Eurovision Song Contest

Italy also claimed automatic participation on the same basis.


Question: In which year the Eurovision was first held?

Eurovision Song Contest

When the EBU did not agree to this, Italy withdrew from the entire event permanently.


Question: In which year the Eurovision was first held?

Eurovision Song Contest

Eventually, after years of wrangling, the EBU agreed to Italy's demand and after a 13-year hiatus for the 2011 Eurovisa, the returned Italy became the fifth ruler of the right to participate.


Question: In which year the Eurovision was first held?

Eurovision Song Contest

These countries are therefore referred to as the BIG5 bloc in Eurovision.


Question: In which year the Eurovision was first held?

Eurovision Song Contest

Due to the increasing number of visa participants in Europe, in early 2003 the EBU decided to change the competition to two days since 2004, allowing up to 40 countries to participate in visas each year, although Finland broke the rule in 2007 with 42 participating countries.


Question: In which year the Eurovision was first held?

Eurovision Song Contest

The direct finals berth was held by the ten best-performing countries from the previous year's final, as well as the Big4 countries.


Question: In which year the Eurovision was first held?

Eurovision Song Contest

The others had to claim a finals spot via a qualifying competition held on the first day of the race (often Thursday), the semifinal.


Question: In which year the Eurovision was first held?

Eurovision Song Contest

As the popularity of the Eurovision Song Contest continued to grow, it was decided to split the semi-final into two parts from 2008 onwards.


Question: In which year the Eurovision was first held?

Eurovision Song Contest

Under the new rules, only the organizer and BIG5 are automatically in the finals.


Question: In which year the Eurovision was first held?

Eurovision Song Contest

Twenty countries will be selected in the qualifying competitions for the final and their results will not be announced until the close of voting for the final competition.


Question: In which year the Eurovision was first held?

Eurovision Song Contest

At the end of the qualifying competitions, only those who made it to the final are indicated in random order.


Question: In which year the Eurovision was first held?

Eurovision Song Contest

Up to 44 active members of the EBU can participate in the competition at one time.


Question: In which year the Eurovision was first held?

Eurovision Song Contest

[19] In 2015, in contrast to the previous procedure, 7 countries automatically went to the finals, when the Eurovision turned 60 years old and in honor of them, the EBU invited Australia to join.


Question: In which year the Eurovision was first held?

Eurovision Song Contest

[18] The assumption was that Australia's participation would be a one-off, and therefore would not hamper the chances of countries competing in the semi-finals to qualify for an extension.


Question: In which year the Eurovision was first held?

Eurovision Song Contest

In autumn 2015, the EBU announced that Australia would nevertheless continue to participate, but without the right to automatically qualify for the finals.


Question: In which year the Eurovision was first held?

Eurovision Song Contest

Participating companies are required to broadcast the competition live on television.


Question: In which year the Eurovision was first held?

Eurovision Song Contest

The winner of the previous contest will be the host country for Eurovisas, but the large expenses incurred from this honour have periodically become a problem for broadcasters.


Question: In which year the Eurovision was first held?

Eurovision Song Contest

Voting The song that receives the most points in the voting is chosen as the winner of the competition.


Question: In which year the Eurovision was first held?

Eurovision Song Contest

Beginning in 1957, juries gathered in each country and scores were distributed via telephone lines.


Question: In which year the Eurovision was first held?

Eurovision Song Contest

Race organizers take direct satellite contact with each representative on the country's points board, who reads the points given out aloud.


Question: In which year the Eurovision was first held?

Eurovision Song Contest

The presenter traditionally repeats the given score in English and French.


Question: In which year the Eurovision was first held?

Eurovision Song Contest

One must not vote for one's own country.


Question: In which year the Eurovision was first held?

Eurovision Song Contest

In 1997, five countries experimented with telephone voting, which was already introduced in almost every country the following year.


Question: In which year the Eurovision was first held?

Eurovision Song Contest

[32] [33] In the spring of 2003, there was a lot of research in the media claiming that the Eurovisa juries agreed their scores, usually with neighbouring countries in advance.


Question: In which year the Eurovision was first held?

Eurovision Song Contest

Because of this, in 2004, the EBU ordered every country to use telephone voting as the only possible way to vote in Eurovisas.


Question: In which year the Eurovision was first held?

Eurovision Song Contest

[34] However, an eight-person panel continued to sit in each country, the results of which were used in the event of a failure to vote by telephone.


Question: In which year the Eurovision was first held?

Eurovision Song Contest

Sounds have also been introduced if telephone votes are so minimal that it does not represent the opinion of a wide enough range.


Question: In which year the Eurovision was first held?

Eurovision Song Contest

In Monaco, for example, the sound of the panel has been used regularly, as they give only one hundred votes, where in Germany, for example, almost one million telephone voices are accumulated every year.


Question: In which year the Eurovision was first held?

Eurovision Song Contest

During the telephone voting, many public figures, most often former Eurovisa representatives of the country, have been invited as point-sharers.


Question: In which year the Eurovision was first held?

Eurovision Song Contest

During the election voting, the points-splitters have generally been the presidents of each country's jury.


Question: In which year the Eurovision was first held?

Eurovision Song Contest

Since the 2009 Eurovisa, the final and since 2010 also the semifinals have used mixed technology, with half of the points determined by telephone voting and half by factual hour ratios.


Question: In which year the Eurovision was first held?

Eurovision Song Contest

Since 2013 has also been able to vote through the official mobile software of the contest.


Question: In which year the Eurovision was first held?

Eurovision Song Contest

[35] Between 1997 and 2003, the voting time was five minutes (the time started only after the compilation), between 2004 and 2006 ten minutes and 15 minutes since 2007 (although in the most recent years this has slipped well).


Question: In which year the Eurovision was first held?

Eurovision Song Contest

In 2010 and 2011, phone lines were already opened at the beginning of the broadcast before the first competition song, but in 2012 this custom was abandoned and switched back to a 15-minute practice.


Question: In which year the Eurovision was first held?

Eurovision Song Contest

In 2002 and 2003, compilations were seen in reverse order relative to the order of appearance, while in other years they have always been in order of appearance.


Question: In which year the Eurovision was first held?

Eurovision Song Contest

Since 1975, voting practice has been such that in each country votes are cast for 10 of the best performances in that country's opinion.


Question: In which year the Eurovision was first held?

Eurovision Song Contest

The best performance gets 12 points, the second best 10 and are followed by 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2 and 1 points each.


Question: In which year the Eurovision was first held?

Eurovision Song Contest

[36] Since 2006, only the three highest scores have been reported aloud by point dealers in order to speed up the drop of points, and the lowest points appear immediately in the box.


Question: In which year the Eurovision was first held?

Eurovision Song Contest

[37] Prior to 1975 visas had different voting practices, for example each judge had one vote available to him or two judges from each country were sent on the spot to rate all songs on the same rating scale.


Question: In which year the Eurovision was first held?

Eurovision Song Contest

In 1969, the top four countries received the same number of points and all of them were declared the winner, as the Eurovision rules did not state the procedure in the event of a draw.


Question: In which year the Eurovision was first held?

Eurovision Song Contest

Accordingly, an addition to the rules was made in 1970 that if two or more countries share the number one status after scoring points, these countries perform their songs again and then the juries of different countries, except for the countries in the event of a tie, vote on their favourites.


Question: In which year the Eurovision was first held?

Eurovision Song Contest

[38] [39] The rule was in force until the 1989 competition, when it was superseded by the practice of the highest number of points decided by the winner in the event of a tie.


Question: In which year the Eurovision was first held?

Eurovision Song Contest

[40] [41] In 1991 Sweden and France received the same score and the same number of times the full 12 points, but as Sweden had scored the second highest points (10) more often than France, Sweden was declared the winner.


Question: In which year the Eurovision was first held?

Eurovision Song Contest

[42] Since 2004, this practice has also been changed so that in the event of a tie, the higher ranking is awarded by a song that has received points from more countries.


Question: In which year the Eurovision was first held?

Eurovision Song Contest

In 2016, the vote changed to have each country give scores of 1-8, 10 and 12 twice.


Question: In which year the Eurovision was first held?

Eurovision Song Contest

In the first round, scores given by each country's expert panel are published and the second round publishes the scores determined by the public vote of all countries combined.


Question: In which year the Eurovision was first held?

Eurovision Song Contest

[43] Eurovision will publish the results of the public vote by country after broadcast.


Question: In which year the Eurovision was first held?

Eurovision Song Contest

In this way, the aim is to maintain the tension until the last, because in the previous years the votes had been very focused on the winner and the winner had already survived in the middle of scoring points so that many countries still shared their points after the declaration of the winner.


Question: In which year the Eurovision was first held?

Eurovision Song Contest

Due to the new scoring system, points records have been broken, with twice as many votes cast as before.


Question: In which year the Eurovision was first held?

Eurovision Song Contest

In 2017, Portugal would have broken the points record with the old system as well.


Question: In which year the Eurovision was first held?

Eurovision Song Contest

[44] Score records The score records in the singing competition have been broken every couple of years in the 2000s.


Question: In which year the Eurovision was first held?

Eurovision Song Contest

In the old point-counting fashion, where votes from each country's expert and telephone polling are added together, the biggest ever point haul was collected by the 2009 winner, Norway's Alexander Rybak with his song “Fairytale.”


Question: In which year the Eurovision was first held?

Eurovision Song Contest

Since 2016, the scores have been allocated differently, meaning judges give scores of 1-8, 10 and 12, and then audience votes are given in aggregate.


Question: In which year the Eurovision was first held?

Eurovision Song Contest

Thus, the points were doubled, and the new point-counting system is not comparable with the old system.


Question: In which year the Eurovision was first held?

Eurovision Song Contest

The current points record is held by the 2017 winner, Portugal's Salvador Sobral.


Question: In which year the Eurovision was first held?

Eurovision Song Contest

Semifinals Since 2008, nine entries from each of the two semifinals will be selected for the final competition via telephone votes.


Question: In which year the Eurovision was first held?

Eurovision Song Contest

The tenth participant is selected from the votes of the “vicarades”, so that the seat receives the most votes from the songs that are not among the nine who received the highest number of votes in the telephone vote.


Question: In which year the Eurovision was first held?

Eurovision Song Contest

In 2010, the rule changed and the so-called town venue is no longer used, instead the 50/50 voting that had been in the final will also be introduced for the semi-final.


Question: In which year the Eurovision was first held?

Eurovision Song Contest

The participating country must hold a vote in the semifinal in which it itself participates.


Question: In which year the Eurovision was first held?

Eurovision Song Contest

The BIG5 and the organizing country are divided by lot into two groups voting in different semifinals.


Question: In which year the Eurovision was first held?

Eurovision Song Contest

As of 2016, the host country and the five largest contributing countries perform in the semifinals, where voting.


Question: In which year the Eurovision was first held?

Eurovision Song Contest

However, these countries automatically qualify for the finals.


Question: In which year the Eurovision was first held?

Eurovision Song Contest

Official supervisors of Eurovisas Since 1964, voting at the competition venue has been supervised by the official EBU supervisor.


Question: In which year the Eurovision was first held?

Eurovision Song Contest

[45] [46] Eurovisa winners By 2018, the most successful country has been Ireland, which has won the Games seven times.


Question: In which year the Eurovision was first held?

Eurovision Song Contest

The second most successful country is Sweden, which has six victories.


Question: In which year the Eurovision was first held?

Eurovision Song Contest

Luxembourg has five victories, as do Great Britain and France, one of whose victories have been shared between four countries.


Question: In which year the Eurovision was first held?

Eurovision Song Contest

The highest number of second places, 15 pieces, is in Great Britain.


Question: In which year the Eurovision was first held?

Eurovision Song Contest

Top ranking of non-profit countries Countries' previous participation times 42 countries participate in the 2019 Eurovisa.


Question: In which year the Eurovision was first held?

Eurovision Song Contest

The following list shows the most recent entries of inactive member nations: Countries' previous times in the finals There were 26 countries competing in the 2018 final.


Question: In which year the Eurovision was first held?

Eurovision Song Contest

The following list shows other countries' last times in the final: See also European Broadcasting Union Finland in the Eurovision Song Contest Languages in the Eurovision Song Contest Children's Eurovision Song Contest Eurovision Dance Contest Asiavision Song Contest Turkvision singing contest Sources Literature Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Pajala, Mari| title = Differences in order!


Question: In which year the Eurovision was first held?

Eurovision Song Contest

Eurovision Song Contest, Nationality and Television History| location = Jyväskylä| publisher = University of Jyväskylä | year = 2006| version = Dissertation, University of Turku.


Question: In which year the Eurovision was first held?

Eurovision Song Contest

Studies of the Centre for Contemporary Culture 88| id = ISBN 951-39-2583-8}} References Literature Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Kaivanto, Petri & Leskelä, Ari| title = Finnish Eurovision through times| location = Helsinki| publisher = F-cost| year = 2007| id = ISBN 978-952-461-122-0}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Kennedy O'Connor, John| title = Eurovision: Official history| location = Helsing| publisher = Thought | year = 2007| version = (The Eurovision Song Contest: The Official History, 2005.)


Question: In which year the Eurovision was first held?

Eurovision Song Contest

Translated by Maria Lyytinen| id = ISBN 978-951-20-7007-7}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Loivamaa, Ismo & Seitajärvi, Juha| title = Eurovisutrivia year by year| location = Helsinki| publisher = Helsinki| publisher = Helsinki| year = 2007| id = ISBN 951-556-119-119 1}} Citation error, replace with {{ cite book| author = Murtomäki, Asko| title = Finland 12 points! | location = Helsinki| publisher = Works| year = 2007| id = ISBN 978-951-851-106-2}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Pajala, Mari| title = Differences in order!


Question: In which year the Eurovision was first held?

Eurovision Song Contest

Eurovision Song Contest, Nationality and Television History| location = Jyväskylä | publisher = University of Jyväskylä, Contemporary Culture| year = 2006| version = Doctoral dissertation: University of Turku | id = ISBN 951-39-2583-8| format = [online version] (PDF)}} Transclusion error: {{En}} is only for use in File namespace.


Question: In which year the Eurovision was first held?

Eurovision Song Contest

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Question: In which year the Eurovision was first held?

Eurovision Song Contest

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Question: In which year the Eurovision was first held?

Eurovision Song Contest

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Question: In which year the Eurovision was first held?

Eurovision Song Contest


Question: In which year the Eurovision was first held?

Eurovision Song Contest

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Question: In which year the Eurovision was first held?

Eurovision Song Contest

(in French) * Category:Key articles of screening


Question: What are South Africa's neighbor countries?

South Africa

The Republic of South Africa, or South Africa, is a republic in southern Africa, right at the southernmost tip of the African continent.


Question: What are South Africa's neighbor countries?

South Africa

It is bordered by Namibia, Botswana, Zimbabwe, Mozambique and Swaziland.


Question: What are South Africa's neighbor countries?

South Africa

The state of Lesotho lies as an enclave within South Africa.


Question: What are South Africa's neighbor countries?

South Africa

The climate of the country varies from region to region.


Question: What are South Africa's neighbor countries?

South Africa

The western Cape Country has a Mediterranean climate, and the hinterland is steppe, where it rains in summer.


Question: What are South Africa's neighbor countries?

South Africa

There is a subtropical zone in KwaZulu-Natal.


Question: What are South Africa's neighbor countries?

South Africa

South Africa can be considered a superpower on the African continent and has the second largest economy in Africa after Nigeria [1].


Question: What are South Africa's neighbor countries?

South Africa

The country is among the world's leading exporters of minerals.


Question: What are South Africa's neighbor countries?

South Africa

[2] Black African nationalists in particular call South Africa Azania.


Question: What are South Africa's neighbor countries?

South Africa

[3] Archbishop Desmond Tutu and Nelson Mandela, among others, have described post-1994 democratic multicultural South Africa as a Rainbow State ().


Question: What are South Africa's neighbor countries?

South Africa

[4] Geography South Africa lies at the southern tip of the African continent between the Atlantic Ocean and the Indian Ocean.


Question: What are South Africa's neighbor countries?

South Africa

Its shoreline is over 2500km long and stretches from the Namibian Desert to the subtropical region of Mozambique.


Question: What are South Africa's neighbor countries?

South Africa

The shallow coastal strip is narrow for the most part, with a mountainous area towering behind it separating the coast from the inland highlands.


Question: What are South Africa's neighbor countries?

South Africa

By place, especially in the province of KwaZulu-Natal, the coastal lowland is wider.


Question: What are South Africa's neighbor countries?

South Africa

[5] The soil in South Africa is exceptionally old and rich in mineral.


Question: What are South Africa's neighbor countries?

South Africa

The foundation of the Earth was already part of the Gondwana continent, which 100—300 million years ago broke up into numerous parts, forming new continents like Africa.


Question: What are South Africa's neighbor countries?

South Africa

Over the years that followed, geological, tectonic and volcanic processes, as well as erosion, shaped South Africa to the likeness of what is now.


Question: What are South Africa's neighbor countries?

South Africa

[6] The most significant of South African mineral formations are the gold-containing Witwatersrand quartzite, the platinum-bearing Bushveld igneous rock complex, and carbon resources formed from Karoo sediments.


Question: What are South Africa's neighbor countries?

South Africa

[7] There is a cold Antarctic Benguela stream in Earth's Atlantic-side marine area, whose plankton sustains rich fishing grounds.


Question: What are South Africa's neighbor countries?

South Africa

On the east coast, in turn, pass the warm sea currents of Mozambique and Agulhas.


Question: What are South Africa's neighbor countries?

South Africa

Ocean currents significantly affect the climate of the country.


Question: What are South Africa's neighbor countries?

South Africa

[6] The country's main rivers are the Limpopo River on the border with Zimbabwe and the Oranje River and its tributary the Vaal, which flows from west to east and descends into the Atlantic at the border with Namibia.


Question: What are South Africa's neighbor countries?

South Africa

The importance of the Oranje River, among other things, for farming in the dry central part of the country is great.


Question: What are South Africa's neighbor countries?

South Africa

[6] South Africa's climate varies a lot from region to region.


Question: What are South Africa's neighbor countries?

South Africa

The inland Great Karoo Plateau is arid steppe and turns northwestward as it slowly goes into the Kalahari Desert.


Question: What are South Africa's neighbor countries?

South Africa

The southwestern parts of the country have a Mediterranean climate with rainy winters and hot, dry summers.


Question: What are South Africa's neighbor countries?

South Africa

[6] Average Heat (°C) Urban SummerWinterCape Town20,012,6Durban23,617,0Johannesburg19,411,1Pretoria22,412,9Source:Lew Leppan: The South African Book of Records.


Question: What are South Africa's neighbor countries?

South Africa

Cape Town, Don Nelson, 1999.


Question: What are South Africa's neighbor countries?

South Africa

Nature South Africa has five different vegetation zones: fynbos, forest, karoo, grassy and savannah.


Question: What are South Africa's neighbor countries?

South Africa

The Fynbos vegetation zone is located in the southwestern parts of the country, and its species range consists mainly of heather, proteas and herbaceous plants belonging to the family Restionaceae.


Question: What are South Africa's neighbor countries?

South Africa

[8] Although over a thousand native tree species grow in South Africa, large trees are quite rare in many parts of the country.


Question: What are South Africa's neighbor countries?

South Africa

However, the country has extensive forests in the Knysna-Tsitsikamma region and the northeastern parts of the provinces of Mpumalanga and Limpopo, where the tree is composed of pine palms.


Question: What are South Africa's neighbor countries?

South Africa

In the northern parts of the country, monkey bread trees also grow.


Question: What are South Africa's neighbor countries?

South Africa

[8] The best known of South Africa's native animals are the so-called 'big five': elephant, lion, rhinoceros, leopard and kaffer buffalo, which live in bushveld and savanna areas.


Question: What are South Africa's neighbor countries?

South Africa

Of the large felines, the lion's range is almost exclusively restricted to the country's national parks, but leopards are also found in a larger area in the southern Cape Country and northern parts of the country.


Question: What are South Africa's neighbor countries?

South Africa

The cheetah population is quite small and restricted to the northernmost parts of the country and nature parks.


Question: What are South Africa's neighbor countries?

South Africa

About 850 species of birds occur in South Africa, of which about 50 are endemic.


Question: What are South Africa's neighbor countries?

South Africa

The best-known bird species are the ostrich, which is found almost all over the country, hornbells, cucumbers, and several species of eagle and vulture.


Question: What are South Africa's neighbor countries?

South Africa

[9] Eight different species of whale occur in coastal waters of South Africa.


Question: What are South Africa's neighbor countries?

South Africa

The most commonly observed of them is the black whale, which calves in coastal bay coves.


Question: What are South Africa's neighbor countries?

South Africa

The species was once hunted to near extinction, but with conservation, its population has strengthened.


Question: What are South Africa's neighbor countries?

South Africa

There are more than 2000 species of fish in the territorial waters of the country, which is 16% of all fish species in the world.


Question: What are South Africa's neighbor countries?

South Africa

The most commercially significant fish are sardines and hake.


Question: What are South Africa's neighbor countries?

South Africa

[9] History Plenty of 10,000 years ago large areas of southern Africa prevailed the ancestral culture of the present ferns.


Question: What are South Africa's neighbor countries?

South Africa

The life form of the ferns was based on hunting, fishing, and gathering, and they had formed strolling hunter groups of about 50—500 people.


Question: What are South Africa's neighbor countries?

South Africa

[10] Around 2200 years ago, some Pan groups in the northern parts of present-day Botswana domesticated the first domesticated animals and began moving towards the south.


Question: What are South Africa's neighbor countries?

South Africa

The new socioeconomic system they created has, in the circle of anthropologists, been called the Khoikhoi hunter nomadic.


Question: What are South Africa's neighbor countries?

South Africa

[11] Bantu-speaking populations began arriving from East Africa in the area of present-day Transvaal as early as the 3rd century.


Question: What are South Africa's neighbor countries?

South Africa

In the 16th century, the Nguni-tsongas already inhabited much of present-day South Africa, such as the coastal areas of Natal, and the sotho-tswanas north of the confluence of the Oranje and Vaalal rivers.


Question: What are South Africa's neighbor countries?

South Africa

However, in the southernmost part of the country they were not spread out; only the Khoikhoi and San peoples were still inhabited there, and the area was very sparsely populated.


Question: What are South Africa's neighbor countries?

South Africa

By the time of the 18th century, the Nguni tsongas had split into numerous smaller ethnic groups including the Zulus, Xhos and Swazis.


Question: What are South Africa's neighbor countries?

South Africa

[12] Colonial era The first Boers settled on the Cape of Good Hope in the area of present-day Kapma in 1652.


Question: What are South Africa's neighbor countries?

South Africa

The colony's population grew to 15,000 by the end of the century, and its area expanded even faster.


Question: What are South Africa's neighbor countries?

South Africa

Many colonizers also migrated to the hinterland inhabited by the Sans and Khos.


Question: What are South Africa's neighbor countries?

South Africa

The colonists skirmished constantly with the surrounding African tribes.


Question: What are South Africa's neighbor countries?

South Africa

Between 1785 and 1795, 2000 men and women belonging to the San tribe died in these skirmishes and an additional 700 were put into slavery.


Question: What are South Africa's neighbor countries?

South Africa

[13] In 1795, the British conquered Kapma as a strategic base against the French to control the sea road to the east.


Question: What are South Africa's neighbor countries?

South Africa

[14] Between 1835 and 1843, about 12000 Boers embarked on the Great Hike towards the North.


Question: What are South Africa's neighbor countries?

South Africa

The reasons for the migration included economic problems, armed conflict between the Xhos and the Boers, and especially dissatisfaction with British rule.


Question: What are South Africa's neighbor countries?

South Africa

The Voortrekkers felt that the British administration had not provided refuge against the Xhos, but had promoted equality between blacks and Caucasians and banned the slave trade in Kapma.


Question: What are South Africa's neighbor countries?

South Africa

[15] [16] [17] In the late 18th century, political unrest arose among the northern Ngunis as a result of excessive population growth and commercial competition.


Question: What are South Africa's neighbor countries?

South Africa

Ethnic clashes between the Nguns led to the emergence of a new kind of military and administrative system.


Question: What are South Africa's neighbor countries?

South Africa

Under the leadership of Shaka Zulu called the Black Napoleon, a strong Zulu state emerged.


Question: What are South Africa's neighbor countries?

South Africa

[18] By the middle of the 1820s, Shaka already controlled a kingdom of over 100,000 people, with 40000 men in his army.


Question: What are South Africa's neighbor countries?

South Africa

[19] The Shaka conquests escaped a large number of populations that formed the so-called Mfecan movement () and whose effects were felt in Central and East Africa.


Question: What are South Africa's neighbor countries?

South Africa

The state development of the various Bantu groups accelerated, and several new kingdoms such as Ndebele and Gaza emerged in Africa and the still existing Besotho (present-day Lesotho) and Swazi (present-day Swaziland).


Question: What are South Africa's neighbor countries?

South Africa

[18] Mfecane's period mayhem also allowed the Boers to spread further north, starting in the 1830s, laying the groundwork for the myth put forward during apartheid about moving the Boers into “empty land”.


Question: What are South Africa's neighbor countries?

South Africa

[14] The Boer Wars The British forcibly annexed the Transvaal to their colony in 1877.


Question: What are South Africa's neighbor countries?

South Africa

The Boers protested forced annexation by rising up in rebellion of 1880 in December.


Question: What are South Africa's neighbor countries?

South Africa

At the Battle of Majuba Hill, the Boer forces divided into several small groups were beaten by the British forces, who suffered heavy losses.


Question: What are South Africa's neighbor countries?

South Africa

The British government led by William Gladstone deemed the war forfeit and signed an armistice on 6 March.


Question: What are South Africa's neighbor countries?

South Africa

The final peace treaty was signed on March 23, 1881.


Question: What are South Africa's neighbor countries?

South Africa

The Boers were granted self-government in the Transvaal under British control.


Question: What are South Africa's neighbor countries?

South Africa

In 1887, gold prospectors discovered the world's largest gold deposit on the Witwatersrand (“Randi”) ridge.


Question: What are South Africa's neighbor countries?

South Africa

After the discovery of gold, thousands of British colonists began rolling across the border from Kapma.


Question: What are South Africa's neighbor countries?

South Africa

Afrikaaners became nervous about the uitlanders' presence and denied them the right to vote.


Question: What are South Africa's neighbor countries?

South Africa

The Transvaal issued an ultimatum in 1899 leading to war.


Question: What are South Africa's neighbor countries?

South Africa

Oranje joined the Transvaal at that time.


Question: What are South Africa's neighbor countries?

South Africa

Despite a well-started guerrilla war, in 1902 the Boers were forced to surrender to British forces.


Question: What are South Africa's neighbor countries?

South Africa

Despite the defeat they suffered, they managed to retain their own language and culture and were able to gain political influence.


Question: What are South Africa's neighbor countries?

South Africa

The Union of South Africa came into existence on 31 May 1910 with the merger of four British colonies (Kapmaan, Natal, Transvaal and the Free State of Oranje) into a new independent British dominion.


Question: What are South Africa's neighbor countries?

South Africa

Among the first key political issues facing the country were the transition of South West Africa (now Namibia) with a League of Nations mandate to control South Africa and the organization of status between blacks and whites in the country's cities.


Question: What are South Africa's neighbor countries?

South Africa

[20] The government sought to address these issues with the Mines and Works Act 1911, which denied Africans most of the high-skilled mining works reserved for whites.


Question: What are South Africa's neighbor countries?

South Africa

[21] In 1931, South Africa gained definitively independent state status by the Act of Westminster, but continued to remain a member of the Commonwealth.


Question: What are South Africa's neighbor countries?

South Africa

In 1961, the country seceded from the Commonwealth, but rejoined it in 1994.


Question: What are South Africa's neighbor countries?

South Africa

During the 1930s, the ethno-nationalist ideology known as Afrikaaner nationalism intensified, and the Pure-Doctrinal National Party (), founded by Daniel François Malan, who resigned from the National Party, emerged as its central implementer.


Question: What are South Africa's neighbor countries?

South Africa

[22] Under the Second World War, the Afrikaaners were mired in a dispute over South Africa's participation in the war.


Question: What are South Africa's neighbor countries?

South Africa

However, Jan Smuts, who rose to become Prime Minister in 1939, took the country to war alongside Great Britain.


Question: What are South Africa's neighbor countries?

South Africa

[22] Apartheid After World War II, the National Party, reunited for the 1948 elections, set out to campaign for a new policy it called apartheid.


Question: What are South Africa's neighbor countries?

South Africa

The National Party also pledged to safeguard “the interests and job opportunities of white workers in white areas”, and its election campaign used slogans such as Swart gewar (black peril) and Die kaffer op sy plek (Kafferi where he belongs).


Question: What are South Africa's neighbor countries?

South Africa

The party won a parliamentary majority in the election, despite receiving less than half of the votes cast, and formed a government under Daniel François Malan.


Question: What are South Africa's neighbor countries?

South Africa

[23] The apartheid system was developed during the 1950s through the enactment of numerous different laws.


Question: What are South Africa's neighbor countries?

South Africa

These laws were usually associated with some acute situation that threatened white supremacy, and their combined effects had not been considered.


Question: What are South Africa's neighbor countries?

South Africa

Because of this, the laws caused numerous unwanted effects and conflicts that increasingly began to manifest as the 1960s wore on.


Question: What are South Africa's neighbor countries?

South Africa

For example, the purpose of Bantu teaching was to produce obedient African laborers who had been taught to believe that they were less deserving in society than the role of servant.


Question: What are South Africa's neighbor countries?

South Africa

Instead, it produced young activists who realised they had nothing to lose by violently opposing the government.


Question: What are South Africa's neighbor countries?

South Africa

[24] A key feature of the apartheid system was the so-called “grand partheid”.


Question: What are South Africa's neighbor countries?

South Africa

In it, various racial groups sought to create their own independent homelands where they were to “develop independently”.


Question: What are South Africa's neighbor countries?

South Africa

Ten homelands for blacks, or Bantustans, were established in South Africa.


Question: What are South Africa's neighbor countries?

South Africa

Residential areas, buildings, services and public spaces were also classified by race.


Question: What are South Africa's neighbor countries?

South Africa

Elsewhere in South Africa, the places of residence and jobs of blacks were accurately determined and they were to have passports.


Question: What are South Africa's neighbor countries?

South Africa

The Bantustans were unlivable, and more than half of South Africa's blacks lived outside them despite racial encroachment.


Question: What are South Africa's neighbor countries?

South Africa

Yet from the 1970s onwards there were attempts to make them independent.


Question: What are South Africa's neighbor countries?

South Africa

As the first of these, Transkei declared independence in 1976, followed by Bophuthatswana, Venda and Ciskei.


Question: What are South Africa's neighbor countries?

South Africa

In practice, their independence did not materialize, and the independence of any of them was not recognised by any state other than South Africa.


Question: What are South Africa's neighbor countries?

South Africa

[25] [26] South Africa was separated from the United Nations due to racial ortho policy in 1974.


Question: What are South Africa's neighbor countries?

South Africa

It was admitted to membership again in 1994.


Question: What are South Africa's neighbor countries?

South Africa

[27] The end of apartheid The resistance of the ANC and other organizations to apartheid policies grew over the decades, and eventually the country drifted into a stalemate where the black opposition was unable by force to topple the white government, but the government also failed to succeed to eradicate the opposition.


Question: What are South Africa's neighbor countries?

South Africa

Frederik de Klerk, who became president of the country in 1989, felt that the foreign and domestic political situation required the opening of negotiations with organisations that opposed apartheid.