Question: What is the boundary ordinal?

Ordinal

Downward closed sets of ordinals A subset B of an ordered set is downwardly closed if all of A's embryos smaller than any embryo of B are also embryos of B.


Question: What is the boundary ordinal?

Ordinal

If any set of ordinals is downwardly bounded, it is the ordinal itself, the smallest ordinal not belonging to that set.


Question: What is the boundary ordinal?

Ordinal

Examples: The set of ordinals smaller than ordinal 3 is 3 = {0, 1, 2], the smallest ordinal not less than 3.


Question: What is the boundary ordinal?

Ordinal

The set of finite ordinals is infinite, and the smallest infinite ordinal is ω. The set of ordinals to be numbered is overnumberable, and the smallest overnumbering ordinal is ω1.


Question: What is the boundary ordinal?

Ordinal

Sources Citation error, replace with {{cite book| title = The Book of Numbers| number = Cantor's Ordinal Numbers| location = New York| publisher = Springer-Verlag| year = 1996| pages = 266—267, 274}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Hamilton, A. G.| title =, Numbers, Sets and Axioms: the Apparatus of Mathematics| number = Ch.


Question: What is the boundary ordinal?

Ordinal

6, Ordinal and cardinal numbers| publisher = Cambridge University Press| year = 1982| id = ISBN 0-521-24509-5}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Hazewinkel, Michiel (ed.


Question: What is the boundary ordinal?

Ordinal

) | title = Encyclopedia of Mathematics| number = Ordinal number| publisher = Springer| year = 2001| id = ISBN 978-1-55608-010-4| format = [online version]}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Kanamori, Akihiro (letter)


Question: What is the boundary ordinal?

Ordinal

& Irvine, Andrew & Woods, Joh H. (ed) | title = The Handbook of the Philosophy of Science, vol.


Question: What is the boundary ordinal?

Ordinal

4| number = Set Theory from Cantor to Cohen| publisher = Cambridge University Press| year =}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Sierpiński, W.| title = Cardinal and Ordinal Numbers (2nd ed) | location = Warsaw | publisher = Państwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe| year = 1965}} error, replace with {{cite book| author = Suppes, Patrick| title = Axiomatic Set Theory| publisher = D.Van Nostrand Company Inc.| year = 1960| id = ISBN 0-486-61630-4}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = von Neumann, John & van Heijenoort, Jean (ed.


Question: What is the boundary ordinal?

Ordinal

) | title = From Frege to Gödel: A Source Book in Mathematical Logic, 1879-1931| number = On the introduction of transfinite numbers| publisher = Harvard University Press| year = 2002 (3rd edition; originally 1923) | id = ISBN 0-674-32449-8| format = [online version] | pages = 346-354}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Devlin, Keith| title = The Joy of Sets, Fundamentals of Contemporary Set Theory, 2nd ed| location =, U.S.A.| publisher = Springer-Verlag, Inc.| year = 1992| id = ISBN 0-387-94094-4| language = Transclusion error: {{En}} is only for use in File namespace.


Question: What is the boundary ordinal?

Ordinal

Use {{lang-en}} or {{en icon}} instead.}


Question: What is the boundary ordinal?

Ordinal

Check date values in: |accessdate= (help) References on the topic elsewhere MathWorld | urlname=ordinalNumber| title=Ordinal Number}} Category:Mass Doctrine


Question: Is there an industrial zone in Leipzig?

Frankfurt, Main

Frankfurt am Main, shorter just Frankfurt, is the largest city in the state of Hesse in Germany and the fifth largest city in the country along the Main River.


Question: Is there an industrial zone in Leipzig?

Frankfurt, Main

In 843, Frankfurt became the capital of the East Frankish Empire, and in the 13th century it became its own city-state, the Free City of Frankfurt.


Question: Is there an industrial zone in Leipzig?

Frankfurt, Main

In 1866 it was annexed to Prussia and in 1871 to unified Germany.


Question: Is there an industrial zone in Leipzig?

Frankfurt, Main

Frankfurt is a major centre of economic life as well as Germany's most significant financial centre.


Question: Is there an industrial zone in Leipzig?

Frankfurt, Main

The European Central Bank, Deutsche Bundesbank, Frankfurt Securities Exchange and Frankfurt Fair (Frankfurter Messe) are located there.


Question: Is there an industrial zone in Leipzig?

Frankfurt, Main

The city is also a major ground and air transport hub.


Question: Is there an industrial zone in Leipzig?

Frankfurt, Main

[1] Frankfurt has a remarkably valuable art collection.


Question: Is there an industrial zone in Leipzig?

Frankfurt, Main

Well-known Frankfurt buildings include the Town Hall der Römer from the 15th century, Goethe's birthplace, and the cathedral, which dates back to 852.


Question: Is there an industrial zone in Leipzig?

Frankfurt, Main

The city university was founded in 1914.


Question: Is there an industrial zone in Leipzig?

Frankfurt, Main

Frankfurt was badly damaged by aerial bombardment in World War II, among other things, the Old Town was almost completely destroyed.


Question: Is there an industrial zone in Leipzig?

Frankfurt, Main

Frankfurt's three central attractions are located in close proximity to each other in the Old Town: Kaiserdom St. Bartholomäus, Römerberg and Paavalin Church ().


Question: Is there an industrial zone in Leipzig?

Frankfurt, Main

Frankfurt is home to approximately 748,000 people (2018) [2], and its metropolitan area of five million respectively, making it the second largest of Germany's metropolis.


Question: Is there an industrial zone in Leipzig?

Frankfurt, Main

The longer name Frankfurt am Main (Frankfurt on the Main River) is used when there is a risk of confusion with Frankfurt an der Oder on the Polish border.


Question: Is there an industrial zone in Leipzig?

Frankfurt, Main

History of the Frankish wading site as the centre of the eurozone The area of present-day Frankfurt am Main has been populated since the younger Stone Age.


Question: Is there an industrial zone in Leipzig?

Frankfurt, Main

Before year 100, a Roman military base developed in the Main Valley.


Question: Is there an industrial zone in Leipzig?

Frankfurt, Main

It was followed by the settlement of Nida by the Romans, which was located in the area of the present-day Heddernheim borough.


Question: Is there an industrial zone in Leipzig?

Frankfurt, Main

The Alemanns destroyed the colony with their attack.


Question: Is there an industrial zone in Leipzig?

Frankfurt, Main

There was a Frankish (Frank+Furt=Frankfurt or “Frankish ford”) king door on the north bank of the Main, which rose to its heyday in the 7th century.


Question: Is there an industrial zone in Leipzig?

Frankfurt, Main

The earliest written mention of Frankfurt am Main is in a document addressed by Charles the Great to the Regensburg Abbey of St. Emmeram on 22 February 794.


Question: Is there an industrial zone in Leipzig?

Frankfurt, Main

In 843 Frankfurt became the capital of the East Frankish Empire and in 1220 it gained the status of a free emperor city (Freie Reichsstadt).


Question: Is there an industrial zone in Leipzig?

Frankfurt, Main

There had been royal elections in Frankfurt since 1147, around the same time a wall was built around the city.


Question: Is there an industrial zone in Leipzig?

Frankfurt, Main

In 1356, it officially became the seat of electing the kings of Germany.


Question: Is there an industrial zone in Leipzig?

Frankfurt, Main

From 1562 to 1792, the city was the crowning seat of emperors.


Question: Is there an industrial zone in Leipzig?

Frankfurt, Main

In the 12th and 14th century, Frankfurt served as the main seat of the union of cities in the Rhine-Main region.


Question: Is there an industrial zone in Leipzig?

Frankfurt, Main

Around 1300, Frankfurt inherited the status of French Champagne as an intermediary of trade between the west and east and grew into a hub for European trade and goods traffic.


Question: Is there an industrial zone in Leipzig?

Frankfurt, Main

Frankfurt was in constant strife with the land counts of Hanau and Hesse, and the city's relations with the Archdiocese of Mainz were poor.


Question: Is there an industrial zone in Leipzig?

Frankfurt, Main

These confrontations lasted all the way into the 19th century.


Question: Is there an industrial zone in Leipzig?

Frankfurt, Main

This century-old feud has been seen as one of the reasons Wiesbaden became the capital of Hesse instead of Frankfurt.


Question: Is there an industrial zone in Leipzig?

Frankfurt, Main

In the 16th and 17th century, the development of the town was overshadowed by Jewish persecutions and disputes among Lutherans and Calvinists.


Question: Is there an industrial zone in Leipzig?

Frankfurt, Main

Despite this, the arts, sciences and business began to flourish in the 16th century.


Question: Is there an industrial zone in Leipzig?

Frankfurt, Main

From the 15th century until the 17th century Frankfurt held the most significant book fair in Germany.


Question: Is there an industrial zone in Leipzig?

Frankfurt, Main

The tradition was revived again in 1949.


Question: Is there an industrial zone in Leipzig?

Frankfurt

In the late days of the Old Empire, in 1806, Prince-Priimas Karl Theodor von Dalberg merged Frankfurt with the principalities of Regensburg and Aschaffenburg.


Question: Is there an industrial zone in Leipzig?

Frankfurt

In 1810 Dalberg lost Regensburg to Bavaria, gaining territories from Hanau and Fulda, as a recompense, which together with Frankfurt and Aschaffenburg formed the short-lived Grand Duchy of Frankfurt between 1810 and 1813.


Question: Is there an industrial zone in Leipzig?

Frankfurt

On 8 June 1815, the Congress of Vienna decided to restore to Frankfurt the status of a free city in connection with the new German union.


Question: Is there an industrial zone in Leipzig?

Frankfurt

The Bundestag was held in Frankfurt.


Question: Is there an industrial zone in Leipzig?

Frankfurt

The so-called Pre-Parliament and National Assembly met in Frankfurt in 1848 to plan for the confluence of Germany.


Question: Is there an industrial zone in Leipzig?

Frankfurt

In the Prussian-Austrian War of 1866, Frankfurt remained loyal to the German Federation.


Question: Is there an industrial zone in Leipzig?

Frankfurt

Public opinion remained more on the side of Austria and the emperor, although some felt economic and foreign policy reasons were in favour of voluntary accession to Prussia.


Question: Is there an industrial zone in Leipzig?

Frankfurt

On July 18, Prussian troops occupied Frankfurt and on 2 October it was annexed to Prussia and thus Germany.


Question: Is there an industrial zone in Leipzig?

Frankfurt

Thus Frankfurt lost its status as an independent city-state for good.


Question: Is there an industrial zone in Leipzig?

Frankfurt

Accession to Prussia meant rapid growth for the city into an industrial center.


Question: Is there an industrial zone in Leipzig?

Frankfurt

In the coming decades, the administrative area of Frankfurt doubled.


Question: Is there an industrial zone in Leipzig?

Frankfurt

During the period of National Socialism, 11134 Jews were deported from the city to be murdered.


Question: Is there an industrial zone in Leipzig?

Frankfurt

Allied aerial bombardment during World War II destroyed about 70% of the city's building stock, including the near total destruction of the Old Town.


Question: Is there an industrial zone in Leipzig?

Frankfurt

The cityscape, preserved from the Middle Ages, was lost forever and after the war saw the replacement of land efficient new architecture.


Question: Is there an industrial zone in Leipzig?

Frankfurt

The US military administration had its headquarters in Frankfurt and soon the city became the joint administrative centre of the Trizone, or the US, French and British occupation zones.


Question: Is there an industrial zone in Leipzig?

Frankfurt

In deciding the capital of the new federal republic, Frankfurt lost to Konrad Adenauer's favourite Bonn.


Question: Is there an industrial zone in Leipzig?

Frankfurt

A house had already been built in Frankfurt for Parliament, now it houses the Hessischer Rundfunk public broadcaster.


Question: Is there an industrial zone in Leipzig?

Frankfurt

The city's status as an economic centre was re-established and in 1998 it became the main seat of the European Central Bank.


Question: Is there an industrial zone in Leipzig?

Frankfurt

[3] Climate Frankfurt's earliest temperature measurements are from December 1695.


Question: Is there an industrial zone in Leipzig?

Frankfurt

There are continuous statistics since 1826.


Question: Is there an industrial zone in Leipzig?

Frankfurt

Frankfurt and the Rhine-Main region are located in the northern part of the Upper Rhine Plain, which is one of the warmest regions of Germany in terms of climate.


Question: Is there an industrial zone in Leipzig?

Frankfurt

For the period 1961—1990, the average annual temperature was 9.7°C (cf.


Question: Is there an industrial zone in Leipzig?

Frankfurt

Berlin 8,9°C, Bremen 8,8°C, Essen 9,6°C, Hamburg 9,0°C, Munich 7,6°C, Stuttgart 8,7°C).


Question: Is there an industrial zone in Leipzig?

Frankfurt

In November—December, there are one to two daily sun hours.


Question: Is there an industrial zone in Leipzig?

Frankfurt

In January, the maximum daily temperature averages 3.8°C and the lowest is −1.1°C respectively (1971—2000 season).


Question: Is there an industrial zone in Leipzig?

Frankfurt

On average, there is snow cover for seven days in January, and its depth rarely exceeds ten centimeters.


Question: Is there an industrial zone in Leipzig?

Frankfurt

In Taunus, in the north-west of Frankfurt, however, snow is more abundant.


Question: Is there an industrial zone in Leipzig?

Frankfurt

On average ten days a year the temperature rises above 30°C.


Question: Is there an industrial zone in Leipzig?

Frankfurt

Occasional showers and thunderstorms make the climate quite variable.


Question: Is there an industrial zone in Leipzig?

Frankfurt

There are 7—8 daily sun hours during the summer.


Question: Is there an industrial zone in Leipzig?

Frankfurt

Especially in the midtown, the air is sometimes grinding hot.


Question: Is there an industrial zone in Leipzig?

Frankfurt

In June—August, average temperatures are 17.1... 19.4°C and 1.6... 2.7°C respectively in December—February.


Question: Is there an industrial zone in Leipzig?

Frankfurt

The lowest temperature measured (−21.6°C) is from January 1929 and the highest (+39.2°C) is from August 2003.


Question: Is there an industrial zone in Leipzig?

Frankfurt

In the 1971—2000 season, the average temperature of the year increased by 0.4 degrees to 10.1°C.


Question: Is there an industrial zone in Leipzig?

Frankfurt

Due to microclimatic differences, temperatures in the central city are on average 0.6°C higher than at the airport.


Question: Is there an industrial zone in Leipzig?

Frankfurt

The average rainfall for the year is 611 millimetres (1971—2000).


Question: Is there an industrial zone in Leipzig?

Frankfurt

The most rain is received in July (63mm on average), and the least in February (38mm).


Question: Is there an industrial zone in Leipzig?

Frankfurt

The prevailing wind direction is westerly.


Question: Is there an industrial zone in Leipzig?

Frankfurt

At the time of the summer solstice, the length of the day in Frankfurt is approximately 16 hours 20 minutes.


Question: Is there an industrial zone in Leipzig?

Frankfurt

At noon, the sun's angle is 63°23 (solar declination: 23°26) and radiated power is 1089 W/m2.


Question: Is there an industrial zone in Leipzig?

Frankfurt

For the winter solstice, the corresponding figures are 8 hours 4 minutes, 16°31 (-23°26) and 269 W/m2.


Question: Is there an industrial zone in Leipzig?

Frankfurt

[4] Demographics In 1520 the population of Frankfurt am Main was about 10,000.


Question: Is there an industrial zone in Leipzig?

Frankfurt

By 1605, the number of population doubled.


Question: Is there an industrial zone in Leipzig?

Frankfurt

The population further doubled until 1810, when the town had 40000 inhabitants.


Question: Is there an industrial zone in Leipzig?

Frankfurt

With industrialization, population growth accelerated so that in 1875 Frankfurt had 100,000 inhabitants.


Question: Is there an industrial zone in Leipzig?

Frankfurt

Twenty years later, the population had more than doubled to 23,000.


Question: Is there an industrial zone in Leipzig?

Frankfurt

The population in 1925 was 467000.


Question: Is there an industrial zone in Leipzig?

Frankfurt

The annexation of Hoechst am Main (31439 inhabitants 1925) into Frankfurt and the 1928 municipal junctions increased the city's population to 548,000.


Question: Is there an industrial zone in Leipzig?

Frankfurt

World War II was fatal to Frankfurt's demographics.


Question: Is there an industrial zone in Leipzig?

Frankfurt

With its 30000 Jews, the city was the second largest concentration of Jews in Germany in 1933.


Question: Is there an industrial zone in Leipzig?

Frankfurt

By 1945, 12000 Jews had been murdered, the rest had been deported or had fled.


Question: Is there an industrial zone in Leipzig?

Frankfurt

By the end of the war, there were about 100 Jews in the city.


Question: Is there an industrial zone in Leipzig?

Frankfurt

4800 Frankfurt civilians and 12,700 soldiers were killed in the war.


Question: Is there an industrial zone in Leipzig?

Frankfurt

A British air raid on 22 March 1944 saw 1001 people killed.


Question: Is there an industrial zone in Leipzig?

Frankfurt

In 1939 the population of Frankfurt had been about 554000; in December 1945 it was no longer 358000.


Question: Is there an industrial zone in Leipzig?

Frankfurt

The pre-war level was reached in 1951.


Question: Is there an industrial zone in Leipzig?

Frankfurt

More than 150,000 dwellings were built to replace homes destroyed in the Great War between 1945 and 1964.


Question: Is there an industrial zone in Leipzig?

Frankfurt

[5] In 1963 the population reached its astic peak of 691257 inhabitants.


Question: Is there an industrial zone in Leipzig?

Frankfurt

By 1986, it fell to 592411.


Question: Is there an industrial zone in Leipzig?

Frankfurt

At the turn of the year 2009/2010 Frankfurt had an official population of 679664.


Question: Is there an industrial zone in Leipzig?

Frankfurt

In twenty-three years, growth accrued 14.7 per cent.


Question: Is there an industrial zone in Leipzig?

Frankfurt

The number of foreign nationals was 166177 and their share of the population of the city in 2010 was 24.3%.


Question: Is there an industrial zone in Leipzig?

Frankfurt

[6] In the 2010s Frankfurt population growth has continued, along with the positive migration balance, natural population change has been positive, which is quite unusual in Germany.


Question: Is there an industrial zone in Leipzig?

Frankfurt

[7] Boroughs Frankfurt has 46 boroughs.


Question: Is there an industrial zone in Leipzig?

Frankfurt

The widest in its area is Sachsenhausen, where around 55000 people live in an area of 59,19km².


Question: Is there an industrial zone in Leipzig?

Frankfurt

Most of the boroughs are suburbs and former independent municipalities that Frankfurt has absorbed into.


Question: Is there an industrial zone in Leipzig?

Frankfurt

Some boroughs, such as Nordend with 54,000 inhabitants, originated during a period of rapid growth known as Gründerzeit in the 19th century.


Question: Is there an industrial zone in Leipzig?

Frankfurt

Others have originally belonged to other boroughs and have grown further into their own boroughs, such as Dornbusch and Frankfurter Berg.


Question: Is there an industrial zone in Leipzig?

Frankfurt

[8] Until the mid-19th century, the area of Frankfurt am Main encompassed the present boroughs Altstadt, Innenstadt, Bahnhofsviertel, Gutleutviertel, Gallusviertel, Westend, Ostend, Riederwald, Sachsenhausen, as well as parts of Nordend.


Question: Is there an industrial zone in Leipzig?

Frankfurt

Beginning in 1877, numerous environmental municipalities were annexed to the city of Frankfurt.


Question: Is there an industrial zone in Leipzig?

Frankfurt

With a population and area of the boroughs, Innenstadt Innenstadt (also Neustadt) is the central district of Frankfurt, the main city.


Question: Is there an industrial zone in Leipzig?

Frankfurt

It forms a semi-hot perimeter to the north and east of the Old Town.


Question: Is there an industrial zone in Leipzig?

Frankfurt

Other neighbouring boroughs include Bahnhofsviertel to the west, Westend to the northwest, Nordend to the north and Ostend to the east.


Question: Is there an industrial zone in Leipzig?

Frankfurt

In the vestibule, Innenstadt borders the River Main.


Question: Is there an industrial zone in Leipzig?

Frankfurt

On the vastarandah lies the borough of Sachsenhausen.


Question: Is there an industrial zone in Leipzig?

Frankfurt

Frankfurt's most significant trading street, Zeil, is located in Innenstadt, as are the central squares Hauptwache, Konstablerwache and Roßmarkt.Notable buildings in the borough include the Old Opera (Alte Oper), the 47 metre-high late-medieval Eschenheimer Turm, the Securities Exchange (die Börse), Courthouse (Justizpalast) and Hotel Frankfurter Hof.


Question: Is there an industrial zone in Leipzig?

Frankfurt

The quarter-kilometre high skyscraper Commerzbank Tower and the two-hundred-metre Main Tower are also located in Innenstadt.


Question: Is there an industrial zone in Leipzig?

Frankfurt

[11] The borough of Sachsenhausen Sachsenhausen is the largest in Frankfurt in terms of area and population.


Question: Is there an industrial zone in Leipzig?

Frankfurt

It accounts for 24% of the city's area and 8% of the population.


Question: Is there an industrial zone in Leipzig?

Frankfurt

The earliest mention of Sachsenhausen is from 1192.


Question: Is there an industrial zone in Leipzig?

Frankfurt

It is located south of the Main River.


Question: Is there an industrial zone in Leipzig?

Frankfurt

Colloquially it is also referred to as Dribb de Bach (dribbe = that side, meaning across the river; as opposed to Hibb de Bach, meaning this side of the river).


Question: Is there an industrial zone in Leipzig?

Frankfurt

Describing the idiosyncrasy of the borough is that it is characterised as a “city in the city”.


Question: Is there an industrial zone in Leipzig?

Frankfurt

[12] In the Middle Ages, Sachsenhausen was inhabited mainly by fishermen, farm labourers and artisans.


Question: Is there an industrial zone in Leipzig?

Frankfurt

During the 18th and 19th century, people from good incomes moved into the borough as well and became a popular outdoor recreation venue.


Question: Is there an industrial zone in Leipzig?

Frankfurt

In Sachsenhausen there are various traditional and some very old apple cider cider poos (Apfelwein-Kneipe).


Question: Is there an industrial zone in Leipzig?

Frankfurt

The look of the district has been enhanced by renovating buildings and attracting small shops and ateliers in addition to taverns.


Question: Is there an industrial zone in Leipzig?

Frankfurt

The Museumsufer, or “museum beach”, is located in Sachsenhausen.


Question: Is there an industrial zone in Leipzig?

Frankfurt

Cityscape Like many other major cities in Germany, Frankfurt has changed fundamentally since World War II.


Question: Is there an industrial zone in Leipzig?

Frankfurt

The reason is, on the one hand, the devastation caused by major bombings; on the other hand, the style of reconstruction that favoured the overhaul of the street grid to suit automobile traffic.


Question: Is there an industrial zone in Leipzig?

Frankfurt

Of the more than four thousand truss houses in the Old Town, only one has survived damaged: the Haus Wertheym, located just outside the Fahrtor City Gate.


Question: Is there an industrial zone in Leipzig?

Frankfurt

In the fold of the 20th century, significant street alignments were implemented, such as the four-hundred-metre Braubachstraße, punctured across the Old Town between 1904 and 1906.


Question: Is there an industrial zone in Leipzig?

Frankfurt

The Judengasse Jewish ghetto was demolished.


Question: Is there an industrial zone in Leipzig?

Frankfurt

The historic Old Town confessions are around Römerberg.


Question: Is there an industrial zone in Leipzig?

Frankfurt

The current boundaries of Frankfurt-Altstadt (Old Town) correspond to the alignment of the city wall, or Stafenmauer, built in the 12th century.


Question: Is there an industrial zone in Leipzig?

Frankfurt

Remains of the wall have been preserved, among others, along Farhgasse.


Question: Is there an industrial zone in Leipzig?

Frankfurt

Old Town Catholic Cathedral Kaiserdom St. Bartholomäus with late-Gothic turrets was the place of election and crowning of German emperors.


Question: Is there an industrial zone in Leipzig?

Frankfurt

Located in the Old Town's central square on the Römerberg are the town hall, or der Römer from the 14th century, and the early Gothic church Alte Nikolaikirche.


Question: Is there an industrial zone in Leipzig?

Frankfurt

The Paavalin Church, which served as the evangelical main church in Frankfurt until 1944, was built 1789—1833 on the site of the medieval Barfüßerkirche demolished in 1786.


Question: Is there an industrial zone in Leipzig?

Frankfurt

The church served as the seat of the National Assembly of Frankfurt from 1848 to 1849.


Question: Is there an industrial zone in Leipzig?

Frankfurt

Among the main streets of the old town is Neue Kräme.


Question: Is there an industrial zone in Leipzig?

Frankfurt

Built in the 12th century, the 170-metre street connects the main squares of the old town, Römerberg in the south and Liebfrauenberg in the north.


Question: Is there an industrial zone in Leipzig?

Frankfurt

Liebfrauenberg houses the Liebfrauenkirche, built in the 14th century, as well as the Liebfrauenbrunnen from 1770 and the Zum Paradies/Grimmvogel, one of Frankfurt's few surviving Baroque houses.


Question: Is there an industrial zone in Leipzig?

Frankfurt

The culinary focal point of the town is Kleinmarkthalle, a new building dating from 1954.


Question: Is there an industrial zone in Leipzig?

Frankfurt

In the western part of the old town at Großer Hirschgraben 23 lies Goethe-Haus, where Johann Wolfgang von Goethe was born and lived until 1795.


Question: Is there an industrial zone in Leipzig?

Frankfurt

The present house is a new building built on the site of the original house destroyed in World War II from 1947.


Question: Is there an industrial zone in Leipzig?

Frankfurt

The movable furniture and books, on the other hand, is original.


Question: Is there an industrial zone in Leipzig?

Frankfurt

Museums Museumsufer (“museum beach”) (Schaumainkai) is located on the banks of the Main in the Sachsenhausen district in the area between Eiserner Steg and Friedensbrücke.


Question: Is there an industrial zone in Leipzig?

Frankfurt

It is among the key museum concentrations in Germany and Europe.


Question: Is there an industrial zone in Leipzig?

Frankfurt

The nine museums on the south shore of the Museumufer are: Deutschordenskirche/Frankfurter Ikonenmuseum (“Icon Museum”) [16] Museum für Angewandte Kunst (“Museum of Arts and Crafts”); opened 1990 [17] Museum der Weltkulturer (“Museum of World Culture”); opened 1904, Ethnological Museum Deutsches Filmmuseum (“German Film Museum”); opened 1984, subject of film art and film history [18] Deutsches Architekturmuseum (DAM) (“German Architecture Museum”) [19] Museum für Kommunikation (“Communication Museum”); opened 1958, former postal museum [20] Städelsches Kunstinstitut (“Städel Art Institute”) ( Städel); opened 1816, founded by banker and mesenate Johann Friedrich Städel (1728—1816) [21] Liebieghaus (Städtische Galerie Liebieghaus); sculpture museum in Liebieghaus built in 1896 [22] Museum Giersch; opened 2000, subject art and cultural history of the Rhine-Main region.


Question: Is there an industrial zone in Leipzig?

Frankfurt

[23] On the northern bank on the Innenstadt side are located two museums: the Jüdisches Museum (“Jewish Museum”); opened in 1988, the subject of Jewish history in Frankfurt from the 12th century to the 20th century [24] Historisches Museum (“Historical Museum”); opened 1878, subject of the Frankfurt region cultural history, located on the Römerberg Square.


Question: Is there an industrial zone in Leipzig?

Frankfurt

[25] Naturmuseum Senckenberg is Germany's most notable natural history museum, alongside Museum für Naturkunde in Berlin.


Question: Is there an industrial zone in Leipzig?

Frankfurt

It is located outside the core centre, in the immediate vicinity of Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität University.


Question: Is there an industrial zone in Leipzig?

Frankfurt

Skyscrapers Frankfurt is among the few European cities with a “skyline” formed of skyscrapers (more than 150 meters tall) and tower blocks.


Question: Is there an industrial zone in Leipzig?

Frankfurt

Because of this, the city has been nicknamed “Mainhattan”, a reference to New York City's Manhattan borough.


Question: Is there an industrial zone in Leipzig?

Frankfurt

Most high-rise buildings in Frankfurt are located in what is known as a bank block (Bankenviertel) in the western part of the central city.


Question: Is there an industrial zone in Leipzig?

Frankfurt

At the end of 2007, there were ten buildings over 150 metres in Frankfurt as well as one Opernturm under construction, intended to reach 168 metres.


Question: Is there an industrial zone in Leipzig?

Frankfurt

Germany's only house to be classified as a skyscraper outside Frankfurt is the Bonn Post Tower.


Question: Is there an industrial zone in Leipzig?

Frankfurt

Completed in 1961, the 120-metre Henningerturm in the Sachsenhausen district was the first building in Frankfurt to rise higher than the western tower of the Kaiserdom.


Question: Is there an industrial zone in Leipzig?

Frankfurt

The 1970s saw the rise of the approximately 160-foot Marriott-Hotel as well as the Dresdner Bank.


Question: Is there an industrial zone in Leipzig?

Frankfurt

The 257-metre Messeturm was completed in 1990 and seven years later elevated to the 259-metre Commerzbank Tower.


Question: Is there an industrial zone in Leipzig?

Frankfurt

The tallest structure in Frankfurt is the 337.5-metre Europaturm built between 1974 and 1978 and referred to by Frankfurtians as the Ginnheimer Spargel.


Question: Is there an industrial zone in Leipzig?

Frankfurt

However, it is not a skyscraper, but a tower built for telecommunications needs in the vicinity of the Bundesbank, Grüneburgpark and Palmengarten.


Question: Is there an industrial zone in Leipzig?

Frankfurt

The tower was closed to the public in 1999 due to financial reasons.


Question: Is there an industrial zone in Leipzig?

Frankfurt

Since the Henningerturm was also closed to visitors in 2002, the Maintower has been the only building open to the public in Frankfurt to admire the scenery from two hundred metres high.


Question: Is there an industrial zone in Leipzig?

Frankfurt

The 25th floor of the 115-metre Japan Center houses a restaurant and on the 22nd Lounge, the 22nd Lounge, the city's tallest residential building, the 110-metre Eurotheum.


Question: Is there an industrial zone in Leipzig?

Frankfurt

During the so-called Wolkenkratzer Festival held at irregular intervals, other skyscrapers are also open to the public.


Question: Is there an industrial zone in Leipzig?

Frankfurt

Streets and squares The main of Frankfurt's streets and squares are the Hauptwache of the core centre and Zeil, a pedestrian promenade from it.


Question: Is there an industrial zone in Leipzig?

Frankfurt

Grüngürtel Grüngürtel (Der Frankfurter Grüngürtel) is a green space spanning about 8000 hectares.


Question: Is there an industrial zone in Leipzig?

Frankfurt

It is protected and thus prohibited from construction.


Question: Is there an industrial zone in Leipzig?

Frankfurt

Grüngürtel surrounds the city and comprises about one-third of the city's area.


Question: Is there an industrial zone in Leipzig?

Frankfurt

The green space also includes a 4902 hectare (Frankfurter Stadtwald) town forest in the south of Frankfurt, one of the largest of its kind in Germany.


Question: Is there an industrial zone in Leipzig?

Frankfurt

Palmengarten Frankfurt is an internationally renowned botanical garden founded in 1871 with about 2500 species of plants.


Question: Is there an industrial zone in Leipzig?

Frankfurt

Its immediate connection lies the second botanical garden Botanische Garten Frankfurt (Botanischer Garten der Goethe-Universität Frankfurt am Main) and Grüneburgpark.


Question: Is there an industrial zone in Leipzig?

Frankfurt

Economy Frankfurt's gross domestic product is among the highest in Germany, both per capita and employed.


Question: Is there an industrial zone in Leipzig?

Frankfurt

[26] Internationally, Frankfurt is particularly known as a banking and commercial city.


Question: Is there an industrial zone in Leipzig?

Frankfurt

[27] [28] It houses the headquarters of the European Central Bank and the Frankfurt Stock Exchange (DAX [29]).


Question: Is there an industrial zone in Leipzig?

Frankfurt

Frankfurt is the largest financial centre in continental Europe.


Question: Is there an industrial zone in Leipzig?

Frankfurt

In addition to business in the financial sector, the city is home to a large number of international companies from industries such as chemistry, advertising and computer programming.


Question: Is there an industrial zone in Leipzig?

Frankfurt

Industriepark Höchst Industriepark is one of the largest concentrations of chemical and pharmaceutical industries in Europe.


Question: Is there an industrial zone in Leipzig?

Frankfurt

[30] The city is also home to the German headquarters of food groups Nestlé and Ferrero.


Question: Is there an industrial zone in Leipzig?

Frankfurt

The auditing firms PricewaterhouseCoopers and KPMG have their German headquarters in Frankfurt.


Question: Is there an industrial zone in Leipzig?

Frankfurt

Several foreign automakers have German or European headquarters in Frankfurt.


Question: Is there an industrial zone in Leipzig?

Frankfurt

The Japanese company Mazda has a design centre in Oberursel.


Question: Is there an industrial zone in Leipzig?

Frankfurt

Frankfurt area automakers and industry subcontractors form the cluster Automotive Cluster Rhein Main Neckar.


Question: Is there an industrial zone in Leipzig?

Frankfurt

Notable companies in the IT and telecommunications sectors in Frankfurt include T-Systems, DB Systel and Sparkassen Informatik.


Question: Is there an industrial zone in Leipzig?

Frankfurt

International IT companies Colt, Level 3 and Avaya have German headquarters in the city.


Question: Is there an industrial zone in Leipzig?

Frankfurt

Frankfurt-based computer game manufacturers include Crytek, as well as U.S.-based Atari and Japanese Konami.


Question: Is there an industrial zone in Leipzig?

Frankfurt

Particularly rich IT mergers exist in the former industrial areas along Hanauer Landstraße, Mainzer Landstraße and Gutleutstraße.


Question: Is there an industrial zone in Leipzig?

Frankfurt

In the Frankfurt metropolitan area, IT companies are notably in Bad Homburg, Eschborn, Kronberg, Langen and Neu-Isenburg.


Question: Is there an industrial zone in Leipzig?

Frankfurt

Media Frankfurt's most prominent newspapers are the Frankfurter Allgemeine and the Frankfurter Rundschau.


Question: Is there an industrial zone in Leipzig?

Frankfurt

In addition, the five-day (Tuesday-Saturday) economic magazine Börsen-Zeitung appears in the city.


Question: Is there an industrial zone in Leipzig?

Frankfurt

Regionally significant publications include Frankfurter Neue Presse.


Question: Is there an industrial zone in Leipzig?

Frankfurt

The most significant of the city journals is the biweekly Journal Frankfurt, published on Tuesdays, with an edition of around 30000 copies.


Question: Is there an industrial zone in Leipzig?

Frankfurt

The Oeko-TEST consumer magazine and the satirical monthly magazine Titanic are also published in the city.


Question: Is there an industrial zone in Leipzig?

Frankfurt

The first radio station in Frankfurt was the Südwestdeutsche Rundfunkdienst AG, which began operations in 1924.


Question: Is there an industrial zone in Leipzig?

Frankfurt

The television channels of its successor, Hessischer Rundfunk (hr), part of the ARD Group, include hr-fernsehen, ARTE and 3sat.


Question: Is there an industrial zone in Leipzig?

Frankfurt

The company's radio channels include hr1—hr4 as well as hr-info and YOU FM.


Question: Is there an industrial zone in Leipzig?

Frankfurt

The independent radio channels Main FM and Radio X. Founded in Frankfurt in 1989, Hit Radio FFH maintains its lodge in the neighbouring town of Bad Vilbel.


Question: Is there an industrial zone in Leipzig?

Frankfurt

The German office of US media group Bloomberg TV is located in Frankfurt.


Question: Is there an industrial zone in Leipzig?

Frankfurt

The media giant RTL Group also has a regional studio in the city.


Question: Is there an industrial zone in Leipzig?

Frankfurt

International information agencies Reuters and Associated Press have offices in Frankfurt.


Question: Is there an industrial zone in Leipzig?

Frankfurt

Wikimedia Deutschland has had an office in Frankfurt since October 2006.


Question: Is there an industrial zone in Leipzig?

Frankfurt

Transport Frankfurt Airport (Flughafen Frankfurt am Main) is located about twelve kilometers southwest of the city's core center.


Question: Is there an industrial zone in Leipzig?

Frankfurt

The station opened in July 1936.


Question: Is there an industrial zone in Leipzig?

Frankfurt

It is the third busiest in Europe, after London's Heathrow Airport and Paris Charles de Gaulle, as measured by number of passengers.


Question: Is there an industrial zone in Leipzig?

Frankfurt

In the amount of air cargo it is the first.


Question: Is there an industrial zone in Leipzig?

Frankfurt

In 2010, there were 53.0 million passengers and 2.2 million tonnes of cargo.


Question: Is there an industrial zone in Leipzig?

Frankfurt

[31] Frankfurt-Hahn Airport, despite its name, is located approximately 120km west of Frankfurt am Main in Lautzenhausen in the state of Rhineland-Palatinate.


Question: Is there an industrial zone in Leipzig?

Frankfurt

Frankfurt-Egelsbach Aerodrome is located in the municipality of Egelsbach, 17km south of Frankfurt.


Question: Is there an industrial zone in Leipzig?

Frankfurt

Frankfurt Central Railway Station, on the other hand, is one of the most important rail transport hubs in Europe.


Question: Is there an industrial zone in Leipzig?

Frankfurt

In terms of passenger volume (350000 passengers per day), it is the second largest in Germany after Hamburg Central Station, along with Munich Central Station.


Question: Is there an industrial zone in Leipzig?

Frankfurt

In terms of area, along with the main stations in Leipzig and Zurich, it is among the largest in Europe.


Question: Is there an industrial zone in Leipzig?

Frankfurt

The station opened in August 1888.


Question: Is there an industrial zone in Leipzig?

Frankfurt

In 2002, a new high-speed line for ICE trains was completed from Frankfurt to Cologne, reducing travel time by 1¼ hours.


Question: Is there an industrial zone in Leipzig?

Frankfurt

In addition, the station has a high-speed track to Paris Gare de l'Est station, where the journey takes four hours.


Question: Is there an industrial zone in Leipzig?

Frankfurt

[32] Frankfurt also plays a central role in road transport.


Question: Is there an industrial zone in Leipzig?

Frankfurt

In Frankfurter Kreuz (“Frankfurt Junction”) near the main airport, the motorways A5 (Hattenbacher Dreieck—Weil am Rhein) and the A3 (Arnhem—Passau) are intersected.


Question: Is there an industrial zone in Leipzig?

Frankfurt

More than 300,000 vehicles pass through the busiest motorway crossing in Europe every day.


Question: Is there an industrial zone in Leipzig?

Frankfurt

Motorway A 66 takes you west to Wiesbaden and east to Fulda.


Question: Is there an industrial zone in Leipzig?

Frankfurt

The forty-kilometre A661 runs in a south-north direction from Egelsbach via Frankfurt to Oberursel.


Question: Is there an industrial zone in Leipzig?

Frankfurt

The A5 in the west, the A661 in the northeast and the A3 in the south form the motorway circle surrounding Frankfurt.


Question: Is there an industrial zone in Leipzig?

Frankfurt

There are approximately 1150km of municipal streets in Frankfurt.


Question: Is there an industrial zone in Leipzig?

Frankfurt

There are several long-distance bus lines from the city to Berlin, Hamburg, Mannheim and Munich, among others.


Question: Is there an industrial zone in Leipzig?

Frankfurt

The frame for local traffic in Frankfurt and the surroundings is formed by the more than three hundred kilometre Rhine-Main S-Bahn rail network.


Question: Is there an industrial zone in Leipzig?

Frankfurt

The history of the city's tramway network goes back to 1872.


Question: Is there an industrial zone in Leipzig?

Frankfurt

The network has a length of about 63km and runs nine regular and two special lines.


Question: Is there an industrial zone in Leipzig?

Frankfurt

The largest company that operates local transport is Verkehrsgesellschaft Frankfurt (VGF).


Question: Is there an industrial zone in Leipzig?

Frankfurt

Frankfurt's car density, at 715 cars per 1,000 inhabitants, is the highest among Germany's major cities.


Question: Is there an industrial zone in Leipzig?

Frankfurt

Ports There is some freight traffic running along the Mainriver.


Question: Is there an industrial zone in Leipzig?

Frankfurt

The Rhine River again connects Frankfurt with the major industrial centres of North Rhine-Westphalia and the Netherlands.


Question: Is there an industrial zone in Leipzig?

Frankfurt

In turn, via the Rhine—Main—Danube Canal, there is a connection to southeastern Central Europe.


Question: Is there an industrial zone in Leipzig?

Frankfurt

The importance of the city's ports has diminished considerably, and due to their central location, harbour areas have been converted into residential areas.


Question: Is there an industrial zone in Leipzig?

Frankfurt

Ports in Frankfurt include: Hafen Mainkur (formerly Cassella-Hafen) in the Fechenheim Industrial Estate, an occasional use by Industriepark Cassella companies Hafen Offenbach, decommissioned 2004 and located opposite Oberhafen harbour with two still in use the pool of Osthafen, which is the largest of the Frankfurt ports in Mainkai Old Town (das Altstädter Mainufer), which is the oldest of the ports and the current beach promenade on the Schaumainkai Sachsenhäusen side, known as the museum centre Westhafen, which has been converted into a residential area and whose harbour pool is adapted for pleasure boat use, over the pool have been built two footbridges at Kraftwerk West, which is the coal port of the previous neighbouring Flusshafen Gutleuthof, which is still in use by Chemiewerk Griesheim's rarely used loading site Höchster Hafen, which abolished in the 1980s, former times are commemorated by loading cranes from the 1950s and the 18th-century Industriepark Höchst industrial area harbour.


Question: Is there an industrial zone in Leipzig?

Frankfurt

Cultural life The Speech Theatre Schauspiel Frankfurt and the city's opera institution Oper Frankfurt operate under the joint name Städtische Bühnen Frankfurt.


Question: Is there an industrial zone in Leipzig?

Frankfurt

The Alte Oper, opened in 1881, was destroyed in World War II, in 1981 it reopened as a concert hall.


Question: Is there an industrial zone in Leipzig?

Frankfurt

Frankfurt's well-known boulevard theatres include the Komödie Neuen on Mainzer Straße and the Fritz Rémond-Theater.


Question: Is there an industrial zone in Leipzig?

Frankfurt

Two major symphony orchestras operate in the city, the Frankfurter Museumsorchester founded in 1808 and the HR SymphonieOrchester.


Question: Is there an industrial zone in Leipzig?

Frankfurt

Well-known choirs include the Cäcilien-Chor, founded in 1818, the Frankfurter Singakademie, as well as the Frankfurter Kantorei.


Question: Is there an industrial zone in Leipzig?

Frankfurt

Frankfurt am Main was a key city in the US occupation zone after World War II, and received considerable US cultural influences.


Question: Is there an industrial zone in Leipzig?

Frankfurt

Radio station American Forces Network (AFN) broadcast a wealth of both rock and jazz music.


Question: Is there an industrial zone in Leipzig?

Frankfurt

In the decades after the war, Frankfurt developed into one of Germany's most important cities in the field of jazz.


Question: Is there an industrial zone in Leipzig?

Frankfurt

In the 1990s, along with Berlin, the city was the birthplace of German techno-music.


Question: Is there an industrial zone in Leipzig?

Frankfurt

The Frankfurt Book Fair (Frankfurter Buchmesse) has been organized beginning in the 15th century and in a contemporary format since 1949.


Question: Is there an industrial zone in Leipzig?

Frankfurt

[33] Events regularly held in Frankfurt include the biannual Dippemess, or Dippemarkt, of which the earliest mention is from the 12th century.


Question: Is there an industrial zone in Leipzig?

Frankfurt

The Tuesday day after Pentecost is referred to as Wäldchestag.


Question: Is there an industrial zone in Leipzig?

Frankfurt

That's when a folk festival is held in Oberforsthaus in the city forest.


Question: Is there an industrial zone in Leipzig?

Frankfurt

The history of the celebration goes back to the late 18th century.


Question: Is there an industrial zone in Leipzig?

Frankfurt

The Höchst district has held the Höchster Schloßfest, a folk festival, in the summer since 1957.


Question: Is there an industrial zone in Leipzig?

Frankfurt

Starting in 1490, the Sachsenhäuser Brunnenfest was held in the borough of Sachsenhausen to celebrate the cleaning of the wells.


Question: Is there an industrial zone in Leipzig?

Frankfurt

The tradition faded with the advent of aqueducts, but was revived again in 1953.


Question: Is there an industrial zone in Leipzig?

Frankfurt

A well celebration is held every August and Brunnenkönig, or “well queen”, is chosen during it.


Question: Is there an industrial zone in Leipzig?

Frankfurt

A Christmas market, the Frankfurter Weihnachtsmarkt, is held annually in the Old Town.


Question: Is there an industrial zone in Leipzig?

Frankfurt

The first mention of the market dates from 1393.


Question: Is there an industrial zone in Leipzig?

Frankfurt

In the 21st century, Frankfurt Christmas markets have also taken place in some British cities.


Question: Is there an industrial zone in Leipzig?

Frankfurt

The largest of them is in Birmingham.


Question: Is there an industrial zone in Leipzig?

Frankfurt

Education Frankfurt am Main has two universities and several polytechnics.


Question: Is there an industrial zone in Leipzig?

Frankfurt

The oldest and most famous university is Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität, founded in 1914.


Question: Is there an industrial zone in Leipzig?

Frankfurt

In addition, the city has the Frankfurt School of Finance & Management, which has a campus area in Frankfurter Ostend.


Question: Is there an industrial zone in Leipzig?

Frankfurt

Artistic higher education is provided by the Staatliche Hochschule für bildende Künste (Städelschule), founded in 1817 by Johann Friedrich Städel, and the Dr. Hoch's Conservatorium, founded in 1878.


Question: Is there an industrial zone in Leipzig?

Frankfurt

Founded in 1971, the Fachhochschule Frankfurt am Main trains engineers and economists.


Question: Is there an industrial zone in Leipzig?

Frankfurt

In addition, Frankfurt is home to the Max-Planck-Institute für europäische Rechtsgeschichte (MPIER), Biophysik und Hirnforschung.


Question: Is there an industrial zone in Leipzig?

Frankfurt

Sports in Frankfurt include the following sports teams and clubs: Eintracht Frankfurt, football SV 07 Heddernheim, football FSV Frankfurt, football 1.


Question: Is there an industrial zone in Leipzig?

Frankfurt

FFC Frankfurt, football Frankfurter FC Germania 1894, football Frankfurt Lions, ice hockey Deutsche Bank Skyliners, basketball Frankfurt Universe, American football Frankfurt's former sports clubs include: 1.


Question: Is there an industrial zone in Leipzig?

Frankfurt

Bockenheimer FC 1899, a football Frankfurt Galaxy, was an American football in Frankfurt held every year as a road cycling race at the Rund um den Henninger Turm.


Question: Is there an industrial zone in Leipzig?

Frankfurt

Frankfurt am Main born celebrities A—H Theodor Adorno, sociologist, philosopher, musicologist and composer Bettina von Arnim, author Robert J. Aumann, mathematician Otto Bayer, chemist Nadja Benaissa, pop singer Gerd Binnig, physicist Trudi Birger Clemens Brentano, Romantic-period writer Karl Enslin, poet and teacher Hans Fischer, chemist Joschka Fischer, politician Wolfgang Flür, musician Anne Frank, German Jewish girl, Holocaust best-known victim Jean Frankfurter, composer and producer Erich Fromm, humanist philosopher and non-fiction writer Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, general genius Michael Groß, swimmer and Olympic champion Otto Hahn, scientist Heinrich Hoffmann, psychiatrist and author K—Z Charles the Bald Head, Franco-Roman emperor Roland Koch, politician Otto Loewi, pharmacologist Ernst May, architect Maria Sibylla Merian, visual artist Willy Messerschmitt, aircraft designer Ulrike Meyfarth, high jumper Andreas Möller, footballer Henri Nestlé, businessman and pharmacist Marcel Reich-Ranicki, literary critic Thomas A. Reiter, astronaut Eduard Rüppell, naturalist and explorer Arthur Schopenhauer, philosopher Karl Schwarzschild, mathematician, physicist and astronomer Philipp Uffenbach, painter August Weismann, biologist Frank Edwin Wright III, American Green Day band drummer Friedrich Wöhler, chemist Hans Zimmer, composer Jan Zweyer, author of Friendships Lyon, France, since 1960 Birmingham, United Kingdom, 1966 Milan, Italy, 1971 Cairo, Egypt, 1979 Tel Aviv, Israel, 1980 Canton (Canton), China, 1988 Toronto, Canada, 1989 Budapest, Hungary, 1990 Prague, Czech Republic, 1990 Granada, Nicaragua, 1991 Krakow, Poland, 1991 Dubai, United Arab Emirates, 2005 Sources on Topic Elsewhere (PDF) (2.93 MB) * Category:Key to Screening Articles


Question: How long did the Savonian migration continue?

Savolian settlement movement

The Savonian settlement movement was a migration that targeted previously sparsely populated or uninhabited areas in much of Finland.


Question: How long did the Savonian migration continue?

Savolian settlement movement

The migration began in the 14th century, reached its peak period in the 16th century when it was also taken under its protection by the Crown, and finally ended at the end of the 17th century.


Question: How long did the Savonian migration continue?

Savolian settlement movement

The Savonians were engaged in cascading, fishing and hunting, so their livelihoods required a lot of land.


Question: How long did the Savonian migration continue?

Savolian settlement movement

Crop farming also required a mobile lifestyle.


Question: How long did the Savons' migration continue?

Savolian settlement movement

Thus, the Savonians moved into areas that had previously been the wilderness of the Ostrobothians, the Hämäs and the Hundred.


Question: How long did the Savons' migration continue?

Savolian settlement movement

These themselves had already established or established as their main livelihoods in arable farming and animal husbandry, so they did not have the same kind of need or opportunity to migrate to wilderness areas.


Question: How long did the Savons' migration continue?

Savolian settlement movement

In 1542, King Gustav Vasa of Sweden declared the wildernesses property of the Crown and authorised their settling and colonisation.


Question: How long did the Savons' migration continue?

Savolian settlement movement

The background was the need for new tax revenues and also the spread of Swedish influence.


Question: How long did the Savons' migration continue?

Savolian settlement movement

The Savonians inhabited areas which officially belonged to Russia, leading to border skirmishes and two wars.


Question: How long did the Savons' migration continue?

Savolian settlement movement

The Great Russian War of 1555—1557 ended unresolved, but at the conclusion of the Nordic Five Thirty Years' War of 1570—1595, Sweden and Russia agreed in the Peace of Full Self that Northern Savo and the region as far as the Arctic Ocean belonged to Sweden.


Question: How long did the Savons' migration continue?

Savolian settlement movement

The Savolese established new farms in the wilds of Savo, Ostrobothnia, Häme and Satakunta (these included Kainuu, Pirkanmaa and Central Finland), as well as in North Karelia, Inker, Lapland and Central Sweden (Forest Finns).


Question: How long did the Savons' migration continue?

Savolian settlement movement

From central Sweden, they also ended up in New Sweden, in the area of present-day Philadelphia, among the first Europeans.


Question: How long did the Savons' migration continue?

Savolian settlement movement

With the Savonian settlement movement, among others, Kainuu gained its first permanent peasant settlement.


Question: How long did the Savons' migration continue?

Savolian settlement movement

The early stages of the Savonian settlement movement have been attributed to strong population growth and the need for new wilderness, fishing grounds and casque lands.


Question: How long did the Savons' migration continue?

Savolian settlement movement

Crop farming by the Savonians constantly demanded new lands, but yielded such good harvests that it supported large families.


Question: How long did the Savons' migration continue?

Savolian settlement movement

On the other hand, cascading also required a lot of labor.


Question: How long did the Savons' migration continue?

Savolian settlement movement

[1] In the 14th century, the settlement of Savonians and subsequent settlement spread heavily in the area between Päijänne and Saimaa and north and east of Saimaa.


Question: How long did the Savons' migration continue?

Savolian settlement movement

By the 15th century, the Savonians had increased and the migration from Karelia continued so that in the middle of the 15th century the keepers of Juva and Sääming were established and in the 1470s the Olavinlinna castle was built.


Question: How long did the Savons' migration continue?

Savolian settlement movement

[1] According to established conception, the colonisation of Northern Savo began at the end of the 15th century.


Question: How long did the Savons' migration continue?

Savolian settlement movement

[2] At the beginning of the 16th century, the area of Leppävirta was inhabited.


Question: How long did the Savons' migration continue?

Savolian settlement movement

[1] According to Arvo M. Soininen, the colonisation of Northern Savo was at its most vibrant in the 1520s and 1530s.


Question: How long did the Savons' migration continue?

Savolian settlement movement

[2] According to Jukka Korpela, this was not really about the colonisation of Savo, but the recording of the population that had already lived in the area in the tax registers and the intensification of grain cultivation required by the tax payment.


Question: How long did the Savons' migration continue?

Savolian settlement movement

[3] The king taking settlers under his protection as King Gustav Vasa sought to increase the crown's revenues.


Question: How long did the Savons' migration continue?

Savolian settlement movement

He tried to raise the land tax, but the peasants opposed it so fiercely that it was easier to encourage them to set up new farms.


Question: How long did the Savons' migration continue?

Savolian settlement movement

Thus the Crown received new taxables.


Question: How long did the Savons' migration continue?

Savolian settlement movement

Especially in Finland there were a lot of opportunities to set up new facilities.


Question: How long did the Savons' migration continue?

Savolian settlement movement

South of the then settlement was land that indisputably belonged to houses and villages, but the uninhabited lands north of the settlement were wilderness areas to which peasants had perpetual right of pleasure.


Question: How long did the Savons' migration continue?

Savolian settlement movement

[4] In 1542, the king took possession of the wildernesses by the Crown and declared that they could be freely colonised.


Question: How long did the Savons' migration continue?

Savolian settlement movement

With this, the Vouds of Savonlinna urged the Savonians to move to the wilds.


Question: How long did the Savons' migration continue?

Savolian settlement movement

[2] Klemet Krok, the vouti of Savonlinna, already pointed out to Kustata at that time that the colonisation of Northern Savonia was also the benefit of strengthening the region's connection with Sweden.


Question: How long did the Savons' migration continue?

Savolian settlement movement

Northern Savo, under the Peace of Nutäsaari, officially belonged to Russia.


Question: How long did the Savons' migration continue?

Savolian settlement movement

[4] At the end of Gustavus Vasa's reign (1523—1560), Leppävirta was already populated quite densely and Kuopio, Lapinlahti and Maaninka moderately densely.


Question: How long did the Savons' migration continue?

Savolian settlement movement

As far as the northernmost keepers of Savo, there was solid but sparse settlement.


Question: How long did the Savons' migration continue?

Savolian settlement movement

The Keeper of Tavinsalmi, or Northern Savo, was mainly populated by Juvians, Rantasalmians and Sääminkians.


Question: How long did the Savons' migration continue?

Savolian settlement movement

The settlement of Savo extended far to the Russian side from the border of the peace of Nutäsaari.


Question: How long did the Savons' migration continue?

Savolian settlement movement

[2] The Savonian settlement movement is often seen as a result of Gustav Vasa's settlement policy, but migration had begun long before the 1542 declaration.


Question: How long did the Savons' migration continue?

Savolian settlement movement

At this point, the colonisation of Northern Savo was at its end, so an administrator of Tavinsalmi could already be established.


Question: How long did the Savons' migration continue?

Savolian settlement movement

Gustav and his vout directed the colonization of the wilds of Häme and Satakunta, when the inhabitants of these regions did not inhabit their wilderness themselves.


Question: How long did the Savons' migration continue?

Savolian settlement movement

[1] Most of the settlers in the Häme wilderness areas were Savonian, as Southern Savo is barren land, while the southern and central parts of Häme had plenty of fertile land suitable for settling and good casque lands.


Question: How long did the Savons' migration continue?

Savolian settlement movement

[2] The Savonian migration had therefore started spontaneously, but from the 1540s onwards it was controlled by the Crown.


Question: How long did the Savons' migration continue?

Savolian settlement movement

[1] The movement also grew stronger when the king and vouti positioned themselves to support it.


Question: How long did the Savons' migration continue?

Savolian settlement movement

[4] The Savonian settlement spreads into the wilds of the Ostrobothians the Savonians had fought for wilderness with the Hämäites in the Middle Ages, so prior to the settlement of the wildernesses in present-day Central Finland, the Savonian settlement movement headed to Ostrobothnia.


Question: How long did the Savons' migration continue?

Savolian settlement movement

[2] From the 1530s, Savonian settlement spread to the wilds of the Ostrobothians.


Question: How long did the Savons' migration continue?

Savolian settlement movement

The river Siikajoki was inhabited as far as Revonlahti, along the Oulujoki river Utajärvi and Muhos, and the shores of Oulujärvi were also inhabited.


Question: How long did the Savons' migration continue?

Savolian settlement movement

In the 1540s, Savonians migrated as far as Lake Region in Southern Ostrobothnia, Evijärvi and Lappajärvi.


Question: How long did the Savons' migration continue?

Savolian settlement movement

In the north, the settlement spread to Haapajärvi and Pyhäjärvi, where there were also wildernesses of Hämäläinen.


Question: How long did the Savons' migration continue?

Savolian settlement movement

The Savonian settlement in the southern parts of Ostrobothnia expanded and grew rapidly.


Question: How long did the Savons' migration continue?

Savolian settlement movement

[2] Along with animal husbandry, fishing and hunting were still significant livelihoods for the Ostrobothians in the 16th century.


Question: How long did the Savons' migration continue?

Savolian settlement movement

Of particular importance were the fishing expeditions made in the summer to wilderness lakes.


Question: How long did the Savons' migration continue?

Savolian settlement movement

In the Keeper of Liminga, for example, arable farming and animal husbandry already played a significant role in 1558, but almost 40% of the houses sent their representatives to fish in Lake Oulu.


Question: How long did the Savons' migration continue?

Savolian settlement movement

The 120 boats sent by the Liminkans on the journey had almost 4000 nets with them that year.


Question: How long did the Savons' migration continue?

Savolian settlement movement

From the 1570s onwards, wilderness lake fishing by coastal inhabitants began to decline due to the Savonian settlement movement and the Five Thirteenth Years' War.


Question: How long did the Savons' migration continue?

Savonist settlement movement

[5] Kronu, the first permanent settlement of Kainuu, contributed particularly strongly to the colonisation of the wilderness of Lake Oulujärvi.


Question: How long did the Savons' migration continue?

Savonist settlement movement

[1] The first inhabitants of the Oulujärvi region, or present-day Kainuu, came from the eastern and central parts of Savo.


Question: How long did the Savons' migration continue?

Savonist settlement movement

In the 1530s, the Savonian settlement spread to the western end of Lake Oulujärvi and the Oulujokilavalley, Liminga Wilderness.


Question: How long did the Savons' migration continue?

Savonist settlement movement

[1] [2] At that time, 10 to 20 Savonians moved to the region.


Question: How long did the Savons' migration continue?

Savonist settlement movement

[2] Savonlinna vouti Gustaf Fincke pressured the Savonians to move to Oulujärvi and in spring 1552 140 families from the Savo front moved to Oulujärvi, 400 kilometres to the north.


Question: How long did the Savons' migration continue?

Savonist settlement movement

[1] Gustav Vasa forbade the Ostrobothians from harassing the settlers and Fincke sent soldiers to Lake Oulujärvi to protect the Savonians not only from the Ostrobothians, but also from the Viankaryans.


Question: How long did the Savons' migration continue?

Savonist settlement movement

[2] The king's intention was therefore to consolidate Swedish power over the disputed border region and to seize lands which, in accordance with the Peace of Nut Island, would have belonged to Russia.


Question: How long did the Savons' migration continue?

Savonist settlement movement

[1] In the Middle Ages, the wilderness of Häme is settled in Häme and Lower Satakunta had been fishing.


Question: How long did the Savons' migration continue?

Savonist settlement movement

When wilderness areas were no longer available nearby, they were acquired further away, as far away as present-day Central Finland, Northern Savo and the Oulujärvi region.


Question: How long did the Savons' migration continue?

Savonist settlement movement

By the time of the 16th century, however, the importance of fur decreased and only 20% of the houses in Häme and 15% of the houses in Satakunta owned distant wilderness areas.


Question: How long did the Savons' migration continue?

Savonist settlement movement

At the end of the 16th century these wildernesses were colonized by the Savonians.


Question: How long did the Savons' migration continue?

Savonist settlement movement

[5] Only a couple of Savonians migrated to the wilds of Hämäläinen in the 1540s.


Question: How long did the Savons' migration continue?

Savonist settlement movement

The solid Hämäläinen settlement did not extend further north than the Jyväskylä region, but the Hämäläinen protected their wilderness lands.


Question: How long did the Savons' migration continue?

Savonist settlement movement

[2] King Gustavus Vasa insisted on the Hämites, the Hundred and the Ostrobothians to set up facilities in their wilderness, but they were not willing.


Question: How long did the Savons' migration continue?

Savonist settlement movement

[4] In 1551, the Jämsäläs burned the houses of Haapajärvi and Pyhäjärvi, which had been built in their old wilderness.


Question: How long did the Savons' migration continue?

Savonist settlement movement

The settlers complained to the king.


Question: How long did the Savons' migration continue?

Savonist settlement movement

The following year, the Hollola districts declared that the inhabitants of the wildernesses were under the protection of the king, and that if the former owners of the lands wished to keep the lands, they should send one of their representatives to settle on the lands.


Question: How long did the Savons' migration continue?

Savonist settlement movement

Subsequently, the settlers of the obscure wilderness were no longer disturbed.


Question: How long did the Savons' migration continue?

Savonist settlement movement

[2] Many Hämäläinen indicated that they were willing to move to their wilderness themselves.


Question: How long did the Savons' migration continue?

Savonist settlement movement

The king guaranteed them the privilege of doing so and appointed Gustaf Fincke to a high post in Häme, so that this would lead the settlement activities of the Hämäläs.


Question: How long did the Savons' migration continue?

Savonist settlement movement

[4] However, most of the settlers were Savonians.


Question: How long did the Savons' migration continue?

Savonist settlement movement

[2] The revelations of the Hämäläs were mostly subterfuges by which they sought to preserve their right of enjoyment to the wilderness.


Question: How long did the Savons' migration continue?

Savonist settlement movement

In some places this may have put off colonization of wilderness areas, but it did not prevent it.


Question: How long did the Savons' migration continue?

Savonist settlement movement

[4] In the reign of Gustavus Vasa, more than a hundred houses were established in the great keeper of Rautalami, namely northern central Finland and western Northern Savo, a fifth of which were founded by the Hämäläs.


Question: How long did the Savons' migration continue?

Savonist settlement movement

During the Gustav period in Central Finland, houses were established mainly along the Rautalamm and Viitasaari routes, very few of them were established along the Saarijärvi route.


Question: How long did the Savons' migration continue?

Savonist settlement movement

In the northeastern wilds of the Satakuns, on the shores of the upper waters of Näsijärvi, houses were founded in the 1540s and 1550s by more Savuthans than Savonians.


Question: How long did the Savons' migration continue?

Savonist settlement movement

After Gustav's death, the Keeper of Ruovesi was established in the area and the share of Savonians grew rapidly.


Question: How long did the Savons' migration continue?

Savonist settlement movement

[2] The Savonian settlement spreads over Sami lands According to folklore, the Sami retreated northwards when the settlers spread out on their lands.


Question: How long did the Savons' migration continue?

Savonist settlement movement

Still, according to tradition, some of the Sami were killed.


Question: How long did the Savons' migration continue?

Savonist settlement movement

Pentti Virrankoski assumes that these are later invented stories.


Question: How long did the Savons' migration continue?

Savonist settlement movement

Later, when Lappia was colonized, the Sami people did not retreat nor were they killed; instead they embraced the Finns' means of livelihood and assimilated into these.


Question: How long did the Savons' migration continue?

Savonist settlement movement

Also in southern Finland, most of the Sami remained in place.


Question: How long did the Savons' migration continue?

Savonist settlement movement

Virrankoski assumes that this was commonly the case even when the Savonians migrated to the lands of the Sami people.


Question: How long did the Savons' migration continue?

Savonist settlement movement

Virrankoski also points out that the Forest Sami were fishermen and hunters, so it would not have been easy for them to migrate, as their livelihood required knowledge of lands and waters.


Question: How long did the Savons' migration continue?

Savonist settlement movement

Had they moved further north, this would also have disrupted the livelihood of the Sami people living there.


Question: How long did the Savons' migration continue?

Savonist settlement movement

Many cases are known from Savo and Ostrobothnia where the Sami people have remained in place.


Question: How long did the Savons' migration continue?

Savonist settlement movement

In addition, Lappalainen became a common surname in Savo.


Question: How long did the Savons' migration continue?

Savonist settlement movement

[2] In the dispute over the border of the kingdoms in the peace of Nutäsaari, it was agreed that the border between Sweden and Russia ran from Sääming through Varkaus to Pyhäjoki.


Question: How long did the Savons' migration continue?

Savonist settlement movement

Savonian settlers settled east of this border, leading to disputes between Sweden and Russia as well as the Savonians under Sweden and the Karelians under Russia.


Question: How long did the Savons' migration continue?

Savonist settlement movement

In Sweden, it was suggested that the border of the kingdoms would have run roughly along the current eastern border of Kerimäki, then along Orivä, Juojärvi and Ryövesi to the eastern border of Nilsia and from there to Tiilika in Rautavaara.


Question: How long did the Savons' migration continue?

Savonist settlement movement

Approximately this border has subsequently been established as the border between Karelia and Savo.


Question: How long did the Savons' migration continue?

Savonist settlement movement

[2] The spread of Savonian settlements on the Russian side of the border with Nutäsaari hampered the migration of the North Karelians, so the Savonian and North Karelians quarreled over the border from the 1520s onwards.


Question: How long did the Savons' migration continue?

Savonist settlement movement

The population of North Karelia increased sharply: according to Veijo Saloheimo, the house count increased from 568 houses between 1500 and 1618 to 1408.


Question: How long did the Savons' migration continue?

Savonist settlement movement

By the middle of the 16th century, there were probably already well over 1,000 houses.


Question: How long did the Savons' migration continue?

Savonist settlement movement

The population grew especially in Kitee, Liper and Tohmajärvi.


Question: How long did the Savons' migration continue?

Savonist settlement movement

At the end of the 16th century, Kaavi, Rautavaara, Säyneinen and Arterial were still wilderness.


Question: How long did the Savons' migration continue?

Savonist settlement movement

However, the population of Savo was three times larger than that of North Karelia.


Question: How long did the Savons' migration continue?

Savonist settlement movement

[2] Border skirmishes and war in the 1530s were border skirmishes, in connection with which the Savonians made disposal expeditions as far as Eno.


Question: How long did the Savons' migration continue?

Savonist settlement movement

Between 1545 and 1548, skirmishes were overrun: the North Karelians attacked Kerimäki, Säämink and the eastern part of Northern Savo, killing over 200 persons.


Question: How long did the Savons' migration continue?

Savonist settlement movement

The Savolites retaliated by attacking as far as Ilomants, the Kurkiriver and Nurmes.


Question: How long did the Savons' migration continue?

Savonist settlement movement

The skirmishes ended when Gustaf Fincke sent soldiers from Savonlinna to restore peace to the frontier region.


Question: How long did the Savons' migration continue?

Savonist settlement movement

There were also border skirmishes in the Karelian Isthmus, Northern Ostrobothnia and Lapland.


Question: How long did the Savons' migration continue?

Savonist settlement movement

In 1548, the “Russians”, probably mainly Vienheryans, killed a few of the Savonians of Lake Oulujärvi.


Question: How long did the Savons' migration continue?

Savonist settlement movement

[2] In early 1555, the Finnish nobility urged Gustav Vasa to start a war with Russia.


Question: How long did the Savons' migration continue?

Savonist settlement movement

The Great Russian War broke out in March.


Question: How long did the Savons' migration continue?

Savonist settlement movement

It was mostly fought on the Karelian Isthmus, but Savoak was threatened.


Question: How long did the Savons' migration continue?

Savonist settlement movement

Gustaf Fincke supplemented his forces with a drawdown.


Question: How long did the Savons' migration continue?

Savonist settlement movement

The lifting force was provided to be armed with about three thousand men, mostly Savonians.


Question: How long did the Savons' migration continue?

Savonist settlement movement

Additional permanent military personnel were also brought to Savo, who were dispersed to castle camps around the province.


Question: How long did the Savons' migration continue?

Savonist settlement movement

For the most part, however, the Savonian peasants had no one to assist in battles against the enemies.


Question: How long did the Savons' migration continue?

Savonist settlement movement

In Savo, the enemies were Orthodox Karelians and from time to time also Russians.


Question: How long did the Savons' migration continue?

Savonist settlement movement

They disposed of the eastern parts of Savo, especially the keeper of the Strait of Tavi, which was a settler in the northern parts.


Question: How long did the Savons' migration continue?

Savonist settlement movement

The Savonians again obliterated Karelia in the southeast all the way to Hiitola.


Question: How long did the Savons' migration continue?

Savonist settlement movement

In the summer of 1555, the war spread to Ostrobothnia, in connection with which the Karelians also killed three hundred Savonian settlers of Lake Oulujärvi and burned dozens of their houses.


Question: How long did the Savons' migration continue?

Savonist settlement movement

The war ended unresolved in 1557.


Question: How long did the Savons' migration continue?

Savonist settlement movement

The boundary of the kingdoms remained disputed.


Question: How long did the Savons' migration continue?

Savonist settlement movement

[2] New skirmishes and the Five Thirteenth Years' War In 1567, border skirmishes began anew when peasants from Savo and Swedish Karelia made disposal expeditions to the Russian side.


Question: How long did the Savons' migration continue?

Savonist settlement movement

The following year, they had with them clamps from Vyborg Castle.


Question: How long did the Savons' migration continue?

Savonist settlement movement

In 1570, Russian forces invaded the Swedish-side Estonia.


Question: How long did the Savons' migration continue?

Savonist settlement movement

This began the Nordic Five Thirty Years' War, with Inkeri, Karelia and Estonia as its main stages.


Question: How long did the Savons' migration continue?

Savonist settlement movement

The Savonians self-made sustained and devastating attacks on the Russian-side Karelia, while the Orthodox Karelians failed to mentionably eradicate the eastern parts of Savo.


Question: How long did the Savons' migration continue?

Savonist settlement movement

Hundreds of Savonian liftmen also fought in support of the Swedish regulars.


Question: How long did the Savons' migration continue?

Savonist settlement movement

[6] The destruction and re-settlement of the Oulujärvi settlement during Sodanki in the 1570s saw an increase in the Savonian settlement of Oulujärvi, so that there were eventually 208 taxable houses.


Question: How long did the Savons' migration continue?

Savonist settlement movement

Most lived around Lake Oulujärvi, but settlement continued all the way to the area where Sotkamo Church was later built.


Question: How long did the Savons' migration continue?

Savonist settlement movement

There were also houses along Eemäjoki, mostly in Ristijärvi, but also as far as Hyrynsalmi.


Question: How long did the Savons' migration continue?

Savonist settlement movement

There were also many houses on Puolanga, and along Iijoki in Pudasjärvi some.


Question: How long did the Savons' migration continue?

Savonist settlement movement

Apparently there were not many Sami people left in Kainuu; their winter village was as far as Kuusamo.


Question: How long did the Savons' migration continue?

Savonist settlement movement

They may have fled there from the raids of the Export Herjans.


Question: How long did the Savons' migration continue?

Savonist settlement movement

[6] Between 1574 and 1576, houses in Kainuu were burned, mostly in the Oulujärvi region.


Question: How long did the Savons' migration continue?

Savonist settlement movement

Heikki Kirkinen assumes that the invaders were North Karelians and not Export Hergians.


Question: How long did the Savons' migration continue?

Savonist settlement movement

The Vianhajans joined the war in 1578.


Question: How long did the Savons' migration continue?

Savonist settlement movement

They razed Lapland and Sami villages and made a larger attack on Lake Ouluvi, where they burned a lot of houses.


Question: How long did the Savons' migration continue?

Savonist settlement movement

In the north, the war was continuous and no truce was brokered, as Russia complied with the original Nut Island peace boundary and sought to eradicate the settlement that had come from Sweden.


Question: How long did the Savons' migration continue?

Savonist settlement movement

By 1585, there was no more settlement in the keeper of Lake Oulujärvi other than a few remote houses.


Question: How long did the Savons' migration continue?

Savonist settlement movement

Most of the residents were killed.


Question: How long did the Savons' migration continue?

Savonist settlement movement

[6] Those who survived fled to the banks of the River Tornio and Kemijoki, to Pudasjärvi, to the coast of Ostrobothnia and to Savo.


Question: How long did the Savons' migration continue?

Savonist settlement movement

With the refugees, a large Savonian population came to Kemi.


Question: How long did the Savons' migration continue?

Savonist settlement movement

[6] The Oulujärvi area was repopulated after the war, mostly from Savo.


Question: How long did the Savons' migration continue?

Savonist settlement movement

[7] Many families who fled the area also returned to the area.


Question: How long did the Savons' migration continue?

Savonist settlement movement

The move to Kainuusen was encouraged by the fact that there were only military recruits in the area from the 1630s onwards and few after that.


Question: How long did the Savons' migration continue?

Savonist settlement movement

It was known from experience that those taken as privates fled Kainui easily behind the border of the kingdom.


Question: How long did the Savons' migration continue?

Savonist settlement movement

I don't think the tax was pretty light in Kainulu.


Question: How long did the Savons' migration continue?

Savonist settlement movement

The end of the war and the Kajaani Castle, built in 1605—1619, increased security in the area.


Question: How long did the Savons' migration continue?

Savonist settlement movement

In addition, there was a lot of uncleared land in the area, so in the 1620s there were already more houses in the area around Lake Oulujärvi and on the shores of the water routes that descend to it than before the Five Thirteenth Years' War.


Question: How long did the Savons' migration continue?

Savonist settlement movement

[8] Peace and the New Frontier War ended when Sweden and Russia concluded the Peace of Full-Self in 1595.


Question: How long did the Savons' migration continue?

Savonist settlement movement

The peace treaty agreed that the border of the kingdoms ran along the Savon—Karelian border to Rautavaara and thence through Kuusamo Iivaara to the Arctic Ocean.


Question: How long did the Savons' migration continue?

Savonist settlement movement

[6] The settlement movement of Savonians during the desolation of farms in Finland began in the Middle Ages, continued until the 1560s.


Question: How long did the Savons' migration continue?

Savonist settlement movement

In the 1570s taxation became tighter due to wars, leading to the demise of settler settlement and desolation in western and southern Finland.


Question: How long did the Savons' migration continue?

Savonist settlement movement

Also in Eastern and Northern Finland, houses began to become poorer and depopulated from the 1570s, but settling continued.


Question: How long did the Savons' migration continue?

Savonist settlement movement

By about 1570, the Savonians had colonized Northern Savo, Northern Häme and North Satakunta.


Question: How long did the Savons' migration continue?

Savonist settlement movement

Subsequently, the Savonian settlement movement continued to the lake regions and river floors of southern and central Ostrobothnia.


Question: How long did the Savons' migration continue?

Savonist settlement movement

At the end of the 16th and early 17th centuries, the Savonians established hundreds of new farms in the river valleys of Northern Ostrobothnia from Kalajoki to Tornionjoki.


Question: How long did the Savons' migration continue?

Savonist settlement movement

In this case, among others, Pudasjärvi and Taivalkoski were established.


Question: How long did the Savons' migration continue?

Savonist settlement movement

Between 1545 and 1610, the Savonians established at least 1650 new farms north of Kalajoki, though not all were long-lived.


Question: How long did the Savons' migration continue?

Savonist settlement movement

At the end of the 16th century and the beginning of the 17th century, the Savonians established farms further north and in this case Kemijärvi, Kolari, Muonio, Pajala and Tervola were established.


Question: How long did the Savons' migration continue?

Savonist settlement movement

[7] Desolation began to torment Savoak from the 1580s onwards.


Question: How long did the Savons' migration continue?

Savonist settlement movement

The number of farms in the county fell by a fifth between 1620 and 1635, after which the number began to rise, but very slowly.


Question: How long did the Savons' migration continue?

Savonist settlement movement

In the Mikkeli region, the number of holdings decreased relatively little, while in Eastern Savo the decline was very large.


Question: How long did the Savons' migration continue?

Savonist settlement movement

There was a strong increase in the number of farms in the north, Kuopio and Iisalmi.


Question: How long did the Savons' migration continue?

Savonist settlement movement

The desolation of Southern Savo explains that a lot of people moved from there to Käkisalmi County and Inker, as well as to Kainuusen, which was repopulated after the war.


Question: How long did the Savons' migration continue?

Savonist settlement movement

[8] Savonian settling in the mother country in the late 16th century, Savonians began to migrate to central Sweden.


Question: How long did the Savons' migration continue?

Savonist settlement movement

Finns had migrated to the mother country since at least the 14th century, but the migrants had mostly been from southwestern Finland and the coast of Ostrobothnia and had moved to Stockholm and Uplann.


Question: How long did the Savons' migration continue?

Savonist settlement movement

Around the year 1580 Savonians began to emigrate to the duchy of Charles duke.


Question: How long did the Savons' migration continue?

Savonist settlement movement

Charlemagne attracted Savonians to the wilds of Södermanland, Närke and Västmanland belonging to his duchy.


Question: How long did the Savons' migration continue?

Savonist settlement movement

He had agents in Finland who recruited Savonians as emigrants.


Question: How long did the Savons' migration continue?

Savonist settlement movement

Kari Tarkiainen's research shows that Savo people migrated to central Sweden, especially from Rautalammi and Ruovede, but some migration also came from Savo proper.


Question: How long did the Savons' migration continue?

Savonist settlement movement

The reasons for the move were the reasons for the move, the heaviness of taxation and military recruitment, the arbitrariness of officials and soldiers, and the need for new casque lands.


Question: How long did the Savons' migration continue?

Savonist settlement movement

Savonians migrated to central Sweden also partly outside the Duchy of Charles.


Question: How long did the Savons' migration continue?

Savonist settlement movement

[9] Migration to the mother's casque forests continued until the middle of the 17th century.


Question: How long did the Savons' migration continue?

Savonist settlement movement

At that point there was also a move to southern Norland, including Gästrikland and Hälsingland.


Question: How long did the Savons' migration continue?

Savonist settlement movement

Dalarna and Värmlanti were also moved, and the Finnish language remained until the 20th century.


Question: How long did the Savons' migration continue?

Savonist settlement movement

Some smokestacks still remain.


Question: How long did the Savons' migration continue?

Savonist settlement movement

The Finnish settlement of Värmland continued to the Norwegian side as well.


Question: How long did the Savons' migration continue?

Savonist settlement movement

Not much is known about the places of origin of Finns who migrated to Evamaa and Norway, but many of them moved to Rautalami and Lauka from the great keepers in Central Finland.


Question: How long did the Savons' migration continue?

Savonist settlement movement

So they were of Savonian origin.


Question: How long did the Savons' migration continue?

Savonist settlement movement

According to Kari Tarkiainen's estimate, in the 1650s there were around 20,000 Forest Finns.


Question: How long did the Savons' migration continue?

Savonist settlement movement

[8] In 1638, the New Swedish colony was founded on the Southern River (now.


Question: How long did the Savons' migration continue?

Savonist settlement movement

the Delaware River) along.


Question: How long did the Savons' migration continue?

Savonian settlement movement

Hundreds of Finns moved to the colony, especially Värmland's cascading farmers.


Question: How long did the Savons' migration continue?

Savonian settlement movement

The colonizers were the first European inhabitants of the present-day Philadelphia area.


Question: How long did the Savons' migration continue?

Savonian settlement movement

[8] The Savonian settlement spreads to the victorious lands of the peace of Stolbova, Inkeri and Käkisalmi County had become the victorious lands of Sweden with the Treaty of Stolbova of 1617.


Question: How long did the Savons' migration continue?

Savonian settlement movement

Orthodox inhabitants of the territories were pressured and persecuted.


Question: How long did the Savons' migration continue?

Savonian settlement movement

They were deemed politically unreliable by the state, so they were heavily taxed.


Question: How long did the Savons' migration continue?

Savonian settlement movement

Local officials also taxed them more than the law required, and the issue could not be effectively monitored in the border area.


Question: How long did the Savons' migration continue?

Savonian settlement movement

Beginning in the 1630s, the Orthodox were supposed to be involved in building Lutheran churches and paying their share of the salaries of Lutheran priests.


Question: How long did the Savons' migration continue?

Savonian settlement movement

After the peace of Stolbova, Orthodox churches began to emigrate to Russia.


Question: How long did the Savons' migration continue?

Savonian settlement movement

Migration strengthened in the 1630s and by 1650 most of the Karelians in Käkisalmi County had moved out.


Question: How long did the Savons' migration continue?

Savonian settlement movement

[8] When the premises of the victorious countries were deserted, Finnish Lutherans migrated to the area.


Question: How long did the Savons' migration continue?

Savonian settlement movement

Mostly Savonians migrated to North Karelia, but also Ostrobothians, although many of them also had Savonian roots.


Question: How long did the Savons' migration continue?

Savonian settlement movement

Mainly Lutheran Karelians migrated to the southern parts of Käkisalmi county, including Savonians to Inker.


Question: How long did the Savons' migration continue?

Savonian settlement movement

In 1643, there were at least 200 Savonian families, or more than 1,000 persons, according to Veijo Saloheimo in Inker.


Question: How long did the Savons' migration continue?

Savonian settlement movement

They lived especially in the northern parts of the region, but Savonian people had also migrated to West Inker.


Question: How long did the Savons' migration continue?

Savonian settlement movement

Later there was some change to Inker from Western Finland.


Question: How long did the Savons' migration continue?

Savonian settlement movement

Karelians who migrated to Inker from Sweden proper later began to be called badgers and Savonians as savakos.


Question: How long did the Savons' migration continue?

Savonian settlement movement

Until the 19th century, these tribes had different customs and dialects.


Question: How long did the Savons' migration continue?

Savonian settlement movement

[8] When Russia invaded Sweden in the 1650s, the orthodoxies of the victorious countries sided with Russia.


Question: How long did the Savons' migration continue?

Savonian settlement movement

During the war, the migration of Orthodox to Russia intensified and when Sweden and Russia concluded the Peace of Kardis in 1658, Orthodox churches fled en masse to Russia.


Question: How long did the Savons' migration continue?

Savonian settlement movement

They feared the retribution of the Lutherans, for they had destroyed their property and also killed them.


Question: How long did the Savons' migration continue?

Savonian settlement movement

Almost all the Orthodox people who still lived there migrated from the Käkisalmi region and Ladoga Karelia.


Question: How long did the Savons' migration continue?

Savonian settlement movement

In some parts of Käkisalmi County, there were still quite a few Orthodox churches.


Question: How long did the Savons' migration continue?

Savonian settlement movement

Northern Karelia was also emigrated to Russia, but by the end of the 17th century 2000—3000 Orthodox people still lived in the area.


Question: How long did the Savons' migration continue?

Savonian settlement movement

In total, about 30,000 Orthodox people fled to Russia from Karelia.


Question: How long did the Savons' migration continue?

Savonian settlement movement

Of the Ingrian Orthodoxs—Russians, Ingerians and Vatyans—almost all fled, so the population of the region became mostly Lutheran.


Question: How long did the Savons' migration continue?

Savonian settlement movement

After the war, the Savonians and Finnish Karelians were able to colonize large areas that were depleted of their population.


Question: How long did the Savons' migration continue?

Savonian settlement movement

Attracted to the move, there were no military pickets in Inker and Käkisalmi County.


Question: How long did the Savons' migration continue?

Savonian settlement movement

[8] In the 1630s, new premises were established in Savo and Northern Ostrobothnia, while the premises were depopulated elsewhere.


Question: How long did the Savons' migration continue?

Savonian settlement movement

Desolation ended in Finland in the mid-17th century.


Question: How long did the Savons' migration continue?

Savonian settlement movement

At this point, Savonki's house count was falling and the settling of Northern Ostrobothnia ended.


Question: How long did the Savons' migration continue?

Savonian settlement movement

The new farms were easily deserted, especially since the years 1632—1643 were almost purely canopy years in the northern parts of Finland.


Question: How long did the Savons' migration continue?

Savonian settlement movement

[7] Settlement in Lapland in the middle of the 16th centurythe Sami people lived mostly in the area of present-day Lapland and Kuusamo.


Question: How long did the Savons' migration continue?

Savonian settlement movement

In this case, there was already a lapland limit, over which the peasants were not allowed to go to ask without the permission of the Sami people.


Question: How long did the Savons' migration continue?

Savonian settlement movement

Settlement began to spread across the Lapland border with the orders of King Charles IX (the same Charles as the previously mentioned Duke Charles, to whose duchy in central Sweden the Savonians emigrated) in the early 17th century and the declaration of 1673.


Question: How long did the Savons' migration continue?

Savonian settlement movement

[1] The settlement expansion, which began in the 1670s, lasted until greathate.


Question: How long did the Savons' migration continue?

Savonian settlement movement

[7] In the middle of the 17th century, only individual settlers moved to Lapland, mainly to Enontekiö, Kemijärvi and Kittilä.


Question: How long did the Savons' migration continue?

Savonian settlement movement

In 1673, the Crown issued a proclamation in which it promised those moving to Lapland exemption from taxes for five years and then only a low lap-tax, as well as perpetual exemption from troopers.


Question: How long did the Savons' migration continue?

Savonian settlement movement

This led to a rush in which almost a hundred families, mostly Savonians, moved to the Lapin villages of Kitka and Maanselä at one time.


Question: How long did the Savons' migration continue?

Savonian settlement movement

[7] Migration and livelihoods The main source of livelihood of the Savonian settlers was initially cascading.


Question: How long did the Savons' migration continue?

Savonian settlement movement

Most remained in their new residence as regulars and began to engage in arable farming in addition to crop burning.


Question: How long did the Savons' migration continue?

Savonian settlement movement

In Ostrobothnia, settlers adopted the hold of large cattle from the Ostrobothians.


Question: How long did the Savons' migration continue?

Savonian settlement movement

In northern and central Ostrobothnia, the Aatra plow and the high-headed working sleigh were adopted from the Savonians.


Question: How long did the Savons' migration continue?

Savonian settlement movement

Some Savonian settlers practiced plain cascading, which is why they had to migrate frequently.


Question: How long did the Savons' migration continue?

Savonian settlement movement

[2] In addition to cultivation, fishing and hunting were the main means of livelihood for the Savonians until the 16th century.


Question: How long did the Savons' migration continue?

Savonian settlement movement

The migration of Savonians is also motivated by the need for new fishing grounds and fur-fishing grounds.


Question: How long did the Savons' migration continue?

Savonian settlement movement

[5] Sources Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Jutikkala, Eino & Pirinen, Far| title = Finnish history| publisher = WSOY| year = 1999| version = Fifth edition| id = ISBN 951-0-24280-2| pages = 92—94}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Vahtola, Troop| title = Finnish history| publisher = Otava| year = 2003| id = ISBN 951-1-17397-9}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Virrankoski, Pentti| title = History of Finland 1| publisher = Society of Finnish Literature| year = 2001| id = ISBN 951-746-341-3}} References Category:Settlement Activities Category:Swedish History Category:Settlement and Social History of Finland Category:Migration


Question: When was Outokumpu Museum founded?

Outokumpu mine

The Outokumpu mine produced copper ore and concentrate between 1910 and 1989.


Question: When was Outokumpu Museum founded?

Outokumpu mine

[1] [2] The Outokumpu mine was the first mine in Finland whose ore was discovered through boulder exploration.


Question: When was Outokumpu Museum founded?

Outokumpu mine

The honour of the discovery of the copper deposit belongs to Otto Trüstedt, who clarified the location of the mother rock of a metal-rich boulder found during the dredging of the Kivisstrait in Rääkkylä in 1908.


Question: When was Outokumpu Museum founded?

Outokumpu mine

A total of about four kilometres long, 400 metres wide and 40 metres high copper ore deposit was subsequently created around Outokumpu Oy.


Question: When was Outokumpu Museum founded?

Outokumpu mine

[1] Outokumpu ore was hit by drilling on 17 March 1910.