Question: How much did the Ford Model T cost as new?

Ford Model T

In 1914, Henry Ford doubled his workers' pay to an unheard of $5 an hour.


Question: How much did the Ford Model T cost as new?

Ford Model T

Henry Ford wanted his employees to be able to afford to buy the car they manufactured.


Question: How much did the Ford Model T cost as new?

Ford Model T

In 1914, a Model T employee was able to purchase a Model T for four months' salary.


Question: How much did the Ford Model T cost as new?

Ford Model T

[4] [8] The T model was simple in design and technology reliable.


Question: How much did the Ford Model T cost as new?

Ford Model T

The model was marketed to the middle class.


Question: How much did the Ford Model T cost as new?

Ford Model T

The Model T was sold and manufactured on all continents except Antarctica.


Question: How much did the Ford Model T cost as new?

Ford Model T

The car was also easy to repair and maintain and it suited the bad roads of the era.


Question: How much did the Ford Model T cost as new?

Ford Model T

Car parts could be sourced from all over the world and could also fit into the car.


Question: How much did the Ford Model T cost as new?

Ford Model T

Ford claimed to have invented the words “service” and “mass production.”


Question: How much did the Ford Model T cost as new?

Ford Model T

The T model was originally designed to use bioethanol (alcohol made by farmers from grain) or ethanol, but lower oil prices and US Prohibition meant that the majority of cars used gasoline made from petroleum.


Question: How much did the Ford Model T cost as new?

Ford Model T

During World War I, the Circumference Powers used the Model T on battlefields.


Question: How much did the Ford Model T cost as new?

Ford Model T

About 5745 military ambulance versions of the Model T were manufactured, most of which were sent to Europe.


Question: How much did the Ford Model T cost as new?

Ford Model T

Ernest Hemingway and Walt Disney drove a Model T military ambulance.


Question: How much did the Ford Model T cost as new?

Ford Model T

[8] Henry Ford believed that the Model T would qualify as a “universal” car (engl.


Question: How much did the Ford Model T cost as new?

Ford Model T

“The Universal Car”) all customer needs, so the model was not exactly developed over the years.


Question: How much did the Ford Model T cost as new?

Ford Model T

Competitors offered more efficient, sleeker and comfortable cars due to which Ford's market share declined.


Question: How much did the Ford Model T cost as new?

Ford Model T

[8] End of Manufacturing The last T-Ford was completed on May 26, 1927.


Question: How much did the Ford Model T cost as new?

Ford Model T

Completion of the A model, the successor to the T Model, began in October 1927


Question: How much did the Ford Model T cost as new?

Ford Model T

Model T engines were still being produced until 4 August 1941.


Question: How much did the Ford Model T cost as new?

Ford Model T

Engines were used in racing cars, among other things.


Question: How much did the Ford Model T cost as new?

Ford Model T

[8] [5] T-Ford had realised Henry Ford's dream of an affordable car for the masses and at the same time it initiated a major change in people's lifestyles and social structure.


Question: How much did the Ford Model T cost as new?

Ford Model T

[11] In 1911, the brothers Aleksander, Fritiof and Tor Nyberg who were emigrants in the United States received Ford's representation to Finland from Ford's representative in Paris.


Question: How much did the Ford Model T cost as new?

Ford Model T

The following year the brothers started their sales operations in Helsinki and their first batch of sales comprised three T-Fords.


Question: How much did the Ford Model T cost as new?

Ford Model T

Before the outbreak of World War I, T-Fords had time to be sold through eight Ford dealerships across the country in around one hundred copies.


Question: How much did the Ford Model T cost as new?

Ford Model T

[12] The reconstruction of Ford's sales network after the war began in 1919, when a Ford assembly plant was established in Copenhagen for the Scandinavian countries, and Ford Motor Company agents began looking for dealers in Finland.


Question: How much did the Ford Model T cost as new?

Ford Model T

In 1921, Ford Motor Company entered into a representative agreement with Korpivaara & Halla Ltd., but the agreement was dissolved as early as 1924 due to disagreements between the parties.


Question: How much did the Ford Model T cost as new?

Ford Model T

Ford Motor Company then leased factory and branch facilities in Hernesaari, Helsinki, where an assembly plant was also planned.


Question: How much did the Ford Model T cost as new?

Ford Model T

Twenty-one Ford dealerships were already operating in various parts of Finland in 1923.


Question: How much did the Ford Model T cost as new?

Ford Model T

In 1921, 19 Ford T passenger cars were sold in Finland, in 1922 the sales volume was 117 cars and in 1923 already more than 1000 cars.


Question: How much did the Ford Model T cost as new?

Ford Model T

In 1926, Ford Motor Company of Finland Oy, a subsidiary under the main company, was founded, which was the first automobile factory subsidiary established in Finland.


Question: How much did the Ford Model T cost as new?

Ford Model T

[13] By 1927, a total of 7000 T-Fords were imported into Finland.


Question: How much did the Ford Model T cost as new?

Ford Model T

[14] T-Ford also played a significant part in the early stages of Finnish motoring.


Question: How much did the Ford Model T cost as new?

Ford Model T

During the best selling years of the model in the first half of the 1920s, transport entrepreneurs — as it is understood today — took their first steps in Finland, and some who became professional motorists also carried out passenger transport.


Question: How much did the Ford Model T cost as new?

Ford Model T

In this case, rudimentary bus bodies were built on T-Ford platforms originally intended for freight transport, with benches mounted longitudinally in the car as seats.


Question: How much did the Ford Model T cost as new?

Ford Model T

Due to its low engine power and some other considerations, the T-Ford was not particularly well suited as a bus.


Question: How much did the Ford Model T cost as new?

Ford Model T

[15] The Automobile Ordinance, which came into force in 1926, specifying precise technical requirements for buses, effectively ended the T-Ford's use as a bus.


Question: How much did the Ford Model T cost as new?

Ford Model T

A transitional period for the removal of such cars from traffic was given until 1928.


Question: How much did the Ford Model T cost as new?

Ford Model T

[16] Sources Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Glenning, Christer & Bengt Ason Holm| title = Cars of the Year | location = Porvoo, Uusimaa| publisher = WSOY| year = 1998| version = Translation Antti Räsänen} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Chaline, Eric| title = 50 Machines that Changed the Course of History (50 Machines that Changed the Course of History) | publisher = Quid Publishing, (English version Moreni 2013) | year = 2012| id = ISBN 978-952-254-160-4| language = English | accessdate = 18.1.2014}} References about the model, as well as songs about the T-model from the 1920s (e.g.


Question: How much did the Ford Model T cost as new?

Ford Model T

Model T Encyclopedia) Model T Category:Key articles of screening category:20th century cars Category:1910s cars Category:1920s cars


Question: When did Giovanni Falcone start researching Cosa Nostra?

Giovanni Falcone

Giovanni Falcone (18 May 1939, Palermo — 23 May 1992, Capaci) was an Italian investigating magistrate who specialized in solving the crimes of the Cosa Nostra.


Question: When did Giovanni Falcone start researching Cosa Nostra?

Giovanni Falcone

Falcone's life was similar to that of his friend Paolo Borsellino: both came from a rather poor area of Palermo, made careers as anti-Mafia judges and were murdered by the Mafia within two months in 1992.


Question: When did Giovanni Falcone start researching Cosa Nostra?

Giovanni Falcone

In the same year, their memory was honored by awarding them the Medaglia d'oro al valor civile (golden medal for civilian career work) of Italy for their efforts in the Maxi trial.


Question: When did Giovanni Falcone start researching Cosa Nostra?

Giovanni Falcone

They were also named in Time's November 13, 2006 issue as one of the heroes of the last 60 years.


Question: When did Giovanni Falcone start researching Cosa Nostra?

Giovanni Falcone

[1] Life Background, Childhood and Adolescence Giovanni Falcone was born in May 1939 into a middle-class family of Arturo Falcone and Luisa Bentivegna.


Question: When did Giovanni Falcone start researching Cosa Nostra?

Giovanni Falcone

Giovanni's father was a chemist who ran a provincial chemical laboratory.


Question: When did Giovanni Falcone start researching Cosa Nostra?

Giovanni Falcone

Falcone's parents, as well as the family generally as a whole, were very believing Catholics and patriotic.


Question: When did Giovanni Falcone start researching Cosa Nostra?

Giovanni Falcone

However, they were not politically active, but obedient citizens with a very uncritical attitude towards fascism.


Question: When did Giovanni Falcone start researching Cosa Nostra?

Giovanni Falcone

[2] Giovanni Falcone spent part of his youth near the port area of La Kalsa in his hometown of Palermo, which suffered great damage during the Allied invasion of Sicily in July 1943.


Question: When did Giovanni Falcone start researching Cosa Nostra?

Giovanni Falcone

The Falcones once lived on Via Castrofilippo, an apartment previously occupied by Giovanni's great-uncle, then mayor of the city.


Question: When did Giovanni Falcone start researching Cosa Nostra?

Giovanni Falcone

During Palermo's disposal and construction boom, this building, despite several pleas from Falcone's relatives, was demolished in 1959, although the highway planned to replace it was never built.


Question: When did Giovanni Falcone start researching Cosa Nostra?

Giovanni Falcone

[2] Already in La Kalsa's youth, Giovanni Falcone got to know his future colleague, Paolo Borsellino, who lived just a couple of blocks away on Via della Vetriera.


Question: When did Giovanni Falcone start researching Cosa Nostra?

Giovanni Falcone

They used to play football at Piazza Magione in the area.


Question: When did Giovanni Falcone start researching Cosa Nostra?

Giovanni Falcone

Giovanni's family also attended church every Sunday and Giovanni served as an altar boy as a child for some time.


Question: When did Giovanni Falcone start researching Cosa Nostra?

Giovanni Falcone

Both Falcone and Borsellino had direct experiences with the Mafia at a young age, as both had classmates who ended up as mafiosi.


Question: When did Giovanni Falcone start researching Cosa Nostra?

Giovanni Falcone

Study time Giovanni Falcone's uncle forged his ID at 17 to volunteer for World War I and died at 18.


Question: When did Giovanni Falcone start researching Cosa Nostra?

Giovanni Falcone

Giovanni's uncle also died while serving with the Air Force, aged 24.


Question: When did Giovanni Falcone start researching Cosa Nostra?

Giovanni Falcone

After hearing the stories of these relatives, the siblings especially he grew a great sense of patriotism even as a young child.


Question: When did Giovanni Falcone start researching Cosa Nostra?

Giovanni Falcone

After primary education, Giovanni studied for a while at the naval war school in Livorno, after which he moved on to study law.


Question: When did Giovanni Falcone start researching Cosa Nostra?

Giovanni Falcone

During his time at university, Falcone's world of thought changed and his opinions, and his sister Mary, changed with his studies away from Fascism and Catholicism.


Question: When did Giovanni Falcone start researching Cosa Nostra?

Giovanni Falcone

Giovanni became a supporter of communism, although he never became a member of any party.


Question: When did Giovanni Falcone start researching Cosa Nostra?

Giovanni Falcone

Career After graduating in 1961, Falcone took up work in the industry, and was appointed a judge three years later.


Question: When did Giovanni Falcone start researching Cosa Nostra?

Giovanni Falcone

The further his career went, the more he became interested in criminal matters, after first being a provincial judge.


Question: When did Giovanni Falcone start researching Cosa Nostra?

Giovanni Falcone

Shortly after the murder of Judge Cesare Terranova, Falcone began work on the investigative side of the prosecutor's office in Palermo.


Question: When did Giovanni Falcone start researching Cosa Nostra?

Giovanni Falcone

In May 1980, agency director Rocco Chinnici appointed Falcone to investigate a large heroin smuggling operation run by Rosario Spatola and Salvatore Inzerillo.


Question: When did Giovanni Falcone start researching Cosa Nostra?

Giovanni Falcone

Heroin was smuggled from Sicily to the New York-based Gambino Mafia family, who were related to the Inzerillos.


Question: When did Giovanni Falcone start researching Cosa Nostra?

Giovanni Falcone

In a lawsuit against the Spatola-Inzerillo-Gambino clan smuggling network, Judge Gaetano Costa, who signed 53 warrants, was assassinated on the order of Salvatore Inzerillo on August 6, 1980.


Question: When did Giovanni Falcone start researching Cosa Nostra?

Giovanni Falcone

Falcone began using an inventive technique for his investigations, tracking the flow of money, to gather evidence for his case.


Question: When did Giovanni Falcone start researching Cosa Nostra?

Giovanni Falcone

He later became a member of the Palermo antimafia alliance created by Rocco Chinnic.


Question: When did Giovanni Falcone start researching Cosa Nostra?

Giovanni Falcone

The alliance was a group of investigative judges who shared knowledge and responsibility among themselves to prevent one person holding all information and becoming the sole target of the Mafia.


Question: When did Giovanni Falcone start researching Cosa Nostra?

Giovanni Falcone

In addition to Falcone and Chinnic, the group consisted of Paolo Borsellino, Giuseppe Di Lello and Leonardo Guarnotta.


Question: When did Giovanni Falcone start researching Cosa Nostra?

Giovanni Falcone

[2] The Maxi Trial Six months before the Maxi trial and just a few days after the funeral of Ninni Cassarà, Borsellino's wife and children, as well as Falcone, his fiancée Francesca Morvillo and his mother were secretly transferred in the middle of the night on a military plane to Asinara Island by prison premises.


Question: When did Giovanni Falcone start researching Cosa Nostra?

Giovanni Falcone

Police believed the mob would murder both accusers before they could finish the massive — 8607 pages long — indictment document.


Question: When did Giovanni Falcone start researching Cosa Nostra?

Giovanni Falcone

Their safety and the working peace of the last moments were wanted to be guaranteed, so the director of the closely guarded prison provided them with facilities.


Question: When did Giovanni Falcone start researching Cosa Nostra?

Giovanni Falcone

Falcone was part of an anti-Mafia faction that, during the pre-trial stage, laid extensive groundwork for the Maxi trial.


Question: When did Giovanni Falcone start researching Cosa Nostra?

Giovanni Falcone

He was also among the chief fixers of the trial, which began on 10 February 1986 and ended on 16 December 1987.


Question: When did Giovanni Falcone start researching Cosa Nostra?

Giovanni Falcone

The trial accused 474 mafiosos, 360 of whom were convicted of serious crimes.


Question: When did Giovanni Falcone start researching Cosa Nostra?

Giovanni Falcone

The key element in the trial was the testimony of Tommaso Buscetta, the first Sicilian mafioso to become an informant.


Question: When did Giovanni Falcone start researching Cosa Nostra?

Giovanni Falcone

It was Falcone who persuades Buscetta to turn in the Mafia's secrets.


Question: When did Giovanni Falcone start researching Cosa Nostra?

Giovanni Falcone

Later, Buscetta said that where other justices pressed him, Falcone treated him with respect.


Question: When did Giovanni Falcone start researching Cosa Nostra?

Giovanni Falcone

During 1988, Falcone collaborated much with Rudolph Giuliani.


Question: When did Giovanni Falcone start researching Cosa Nostra?

Giovanni Falcone

Giuliani was the United States Attorney General for the Southern District of New York at the time, and his cooperation with Falcone concerned actions against the Gambino and Inzerillo Mafia families.


Question: When did Giovanni Falcone start researching Cosa Nostra?

Giovanni Falcone

Assassination In May 1992, Falcone was killed near Capac, an Italian municipality, while he was on a highway en route from Palermo Airport to Palermo.


Question: When did Giovanni Falcone start researching Cosa Nostra?

Giovanni Falcone

A 350kg cargo of dynamite dug into its roadside was detonated when an armoured Fiat Croma carrying Falcone and his fiancée Francesca Morvillo drove off its spot.


Question: When did Giovanni Falcone start researching Cosa Nostra?

Giovanni Falcone

Three police officers were also killed in the blast: Rocco Di Cillo, Antonio Montinaro and Vito Schifani.


Question: When did Giovanni Falcone start researching Cosa Nostra?

Giovanni Falcone

The assassination was orchestrated by Salvatore Riina, the “chief of chiefs” of the Cosa Nostra, actions as revenge for dozens of mafiosos convicted by Falcone in the Maxi Trial.


Question: When did Giovanni Falcone start researching Cosa Nostra?

Giovanni Falcone

Shortly after the Falcone and Borsellino murders, Riina was arrested and is now serving a life prison sentence for both those murders and several other crimes.


Question: When did Giovanni Falcone start researching Cosa Nostra?

Giovanni Falcone

[3] Another mafioso convicted of Falcone's murder is Giovanni Brusca, Riina's associate who confessed to being the person who set off the explosives.


Question: When did Giovanni Falcone start researching Cosa Nostra?

Giovanni Falcone

[4] Palermo Airport is now also known as Falcone-Borsellino Airport, as a tribute to them.


Question: When did Giovanni Falcone start researching Cosa Nostra?

Giovanni Falcone

A monument to them created by Palermoese sculptor Tommaso Geraci can also be found on the territory of the airport.


Question: When did Giovanni Falcone start researching Cosa Nostra?

Giovanni Falcone

Research Methods and Character Many people who worked with Falcone have both marveled and praised his effectiveness.


Question: When did Giovanni Falcone start researching Cosa Nostra?

Giovanni Falcone

Barbara Sanzo, the longtime secretary of the Bureau of Investigators, said Falcone came to work at 5:30 a.m., continuing nonstop until 7 a.m. without visiting her home for a food break.


Question: When did Giovanni Falcone start researching Cosa Nostra?

Giovanni Falcone

On leaving work he was as refreshed as he was in the morning, resuming his cycle first thing the next morning.


Question: When did Giovanni Falcone start researching Cosa Nostra?

Giovanni Falcone

[2] Vincenzo Geraci, Falcone's colleague, also told of his work intensity, which continued six or even seven days a week for ten years, producing an immeasurable number of results.


Question: When did Giovanni Falcone start researching Cosa Nostra?

Giovanni Falcone

[2] Falcone's character as well as action divided opinions about him throughout his career.


Question: When did Giovanni Falcone start researching Cosa Nostra?

Giovanni Falcone

People who have worked with him have described Falcone as highly charged, introverted and even rude, albeit by getting to know him and earning his trust he opened up.


Question: When did Giovanni Falcone start researching Cosa Nostra?

Giovanni Falcone

In addition to perfect punctuality, Falcone was also very demanding of himself, also demanding the same qualities from his co-workers.


Question: When did Giovanni Falcone start researching Cosa Nostra?

Giovanni Falcone

With these modes of action, however, he created a staff that was utterly loyal to him.


Question: When did Giovanni Falcone start researching Cosa Nostra?

Giovanni Falcone

Private life As Giovanni Falcone returned back to Palermo, his then wife Rita Bonnici announced that she was staying in Trapani for another man.


Question: When did Giovanni Falcone start researching Cosa Nostra?

Giovanni Falcone

The situation was made even more awkward by the fact that the other man was Giovanni's superior — Trapani's chief magistrate — which made the issue a talking point in both Trapani and Palermo.


Question: When did Giovanni Falcone start researching Cosa Nostra?

Giovanni Falcone

During this time Falcone immersed himself in his work, learning new areas of legislation.


Question: When did Giovanni Falcone start researching Cosa Nostra?

Giovanni Falcone

Falcone films the last years of Falcone's life, the Maxi trial, as well as the assassination are depicted in HBO's 1998 film Excellent Cadavers.


Question: When did Giovanni Falcone start researching Cosa Nostra?

Giovanni Falcone

In the film, Falcone is played by American-Italian actor Chazz Palminteri.


Question: When did Giovanni Falcone start researching Cosa Nostra?

Giovanni Falcone

The British release of the film is called Falcone.


Question: When did Giovanni Falcone start researching Cosa Nostra?

Giovanni Falcone

The film is based on the book Excellent Cadavers written by Alexander Stille.


Question: When did Giovanni Falcone start researching Cosa Nostra?

Giovanni Falcone

The title of the work stems from a term referring to assassinations of high-status people such as politicians and judges.


Question: When did Giovanni Falcone start researching Cosa Nostra?

Giovanni Falcone

In 2006, the Italian television channel RAI broadcast a two-part television film in memory of Falcone.


Question: When did Giovanni Falcone start researching Cosa Nostra?

Giovanni Falcone

In the film, Falcone was played by Massimo Dapporto and his wife Fransesca Morvillo was played by Elena Sofia Ricci.


Question: When did Giovanni Falcone start researching Cosa Nostra?

Giovanni Falcone

The work depicts Falcone's life from the mob investigations that began in 1980 until his assassination.


Question: When did Giovanni Falcone start researching Cosa Nostra?

Giovanni Falcone

The newly aired film, Capo dei Cap, distributed in six parts by Taodue TV, depicts much of Falcone's life until his death.


Question: When did Giovanni Falcone start researching Cosa Nostra?

Giovanni Falcone

Although Falcone is not among the main characters, his part in the film was very important in his death sparking the first revolts against many politicians.


Question: When did Giovanni Falcone start researching Cosa Nostra?

Giovanni Falcone

The apprehension of Mafia boss Toto Riina, partly the result of Falcone's major anti-mafia efforts, is also depicted.


Question: When did Giovanni Falcone start researching Cosa Nostra?

Giovanni Falcone

Sources Literature Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Giovanni Falcone, Marcelle Padovani| title = Cosa Nostra — Judge and men of honor| publisher = Artemisia| year = 1995| id = ISBN 951-97294-0-2}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Alexander Stille | title = Excellent Cadavers| publisher = Vintage| year = 1995| id = ISBN 0-224-03761-7}} Category:Organized crime Category:Italian homicide victims Category:Italian homicide victims Category:People born in 1939 Class:Deaths in 1992


Question: Who developed Physicalism?

Pysicalism

Physicalism is a materialistic ontological conception that everything that exists is physical or discharges physical.


Question: Who developed Physicalism?

Pysicalism

According to it, reality is basically composed of matter and energy, and objects only have physical properties such as space-time position, mass, size, shape, electric charge, and so on.


Question: Who developed Physicalism?

Pysicalism

[1] [2] Since physicalism states that only physical things exist, physicalism is a form of monism.


Question: Who developed Physicalism?

Pysicalism

In contemporary philosophy, physicalism is often associated particularly with the philosophy of mind and its mind-body problem.


Question: Who developed Physicalism?

Pysicalism

In this case, physicalism is the view that the mind is physical — that is, all things connected to the mind are more properly related to the brain.


Question: Who developed Physicalism?

Pysicalism

General Physicalism is originally the doctrine of the Vienna Circle thinkers Otto Neurath and Rudolf Carnap that all meaningful claims can be translated into claims made in physical language.


Question: Who developed Physicalism?

Pysicalism

The term “physicalism” was coined by Neurath.


Question: Who developed Physicalism?

Pysicalism

Physicalism was a reductionist, or restorative, doctrine opposed to phenomenalism, the notion of reality based on observable phenomena.


Question: Who developed Physicalism?

Pysicalism

[3] The word “materialism” is now often conceived as a synonym of the word “physicalism”, although the original physicalism of the Vienna district was not so much an ontological as a knowledge-theoretic or language-philosophical view.


Question: Who developed Physicalism?

Pysicalism

[2] Later physicalism has a variety of materialistic ontologies intended that do not necessarily bind to reductionism.


Question: Who developed Physicalism?

Pysicalism

[3] Physicalism is spoken of, for example, as the notion that only things that are observed by the means of physics exist and such.


Question: Who developed Physicalism?

Pysicalism

These are considered to form the only basis for knowledge about reality.


Question: Who developed Physicalism?

Pysicalism

[4] “Physicalism” and “materialism” are largely congruent as terms.


Question: Who developed Physicalism?

Pysicalism

[2] [5] The term “physicalism” is used instead of “materialism” on the one hand because traditional materialism has often been seen as too restrictive, among other things, because of its concept of matter, and on the other because the term emphasizes the connection between physics and the physical sciences.


Question: Who developed Physicalism?

Pysicalism

[2] Philosopher Willard Van Orman Quine has described his own thinking in an interview as follows: Thus physicalism allows an exception in terms of the existence of abstract entities such as numbers, sets, and claims.


Question: Who developed Physicalism?

Pysicalism

[1] Supervenience Supervenience, or supervenience, is a key concept related to physicalism.


Question: Who developed Physicalism?

Pysicalism

It is used to describe the relationship between the ultimate entities of physical reality, as well as everyday experience and more abstract entities.


Question: Who developed Physicalism?

Pysicalism

Supervenience can be seen as a certain relationship between the existence of a higher level and a lower level: the higher level is dependent on the lower level so that no changes can occur at the higher level without changes occurring at the lower level.


Question: Who developed Physicalism?

Pysicalism

Within physicalism, there are different views on supervenience in terms of the extent to which different levels exist independently in relation to the most fundamental lowest level, the physical plane.


Question: Who developed Physicalism?

Pysicalism

Physicalism thus assumes that: Physicalism is true in the possible world m if and only if any world that is a physical dual of m is a duplicate simpliciter of m (without additional attributes).


Question: Who developed Physicalism?

Pysicalism

[2] or otherwise: No two possible worlds can be identical in the physical sense, but differ in some other sense.


Question: Who developed Physicalism?

Pysicalism

In accordance with supervenience, the relationship between mental and physical is such that all changes in the mental plane are causally induced by physical changes.


Question: Who developed Physicalism?

Pysicalism

With respect to the mind-body problem, the conclusion is therefore: No two beings can be identical in the physical sense, but differ in the mental sense.


Question: Who developed Physicalism?

Pysicalism

However, supervenience alone is not sufficient to provide a basis for physicalism.


Question: Who developed Physicalism?

Pysicalism

It would be possible for mental or other non-physical states to emit physical.


Question: Who developed Physicalism?

Pysicalism

Since this allows for example the mind to be a contingent phenomenon with respect to physical and not be able to influence it, physicalism is compatible with epiphenomenalism.


Question: Who developed Physicalism?

Pysicalism

Therefore, Frank Jackson, among others, has proposed defining physicalism in the following way: Physicalism is true in the possible world m if and only if any world which is a minimal physical dual of m is a duplicate of m without additional attributes.


Question: Who developed Physicalism?

Pysicalism

[2] By minimal physical duplicate, Jackson meant a possible world that is similar in the physical sense to the original world, but contains nothing else, especially anything epiphenomenal.


Question: Who developed Physicalism?

Pysicalism

[2] Type and instance physicalism Type physicalism Type physicalism is particularly utilized in mental philosophical type-identity theories, namely type—type theories.


Question: Who developed Physicalism?

Pysicalism

According to them, mental events are type-identical to physical events occurring in the brain, so that there is a correlation between them.


Question: Who developed Physicalism?

Pysicalism

In other words, mental states or characteristics are neurological states or characteristics.


Question: Who developed Physicalism?

Pysicalism

U.


Question: Who developed Physicalism?

Pysicalism

According to T. Place, who was one of the developers of type identity theory, higher level mental events consist of lower-level physical events and can eventually be analytically returned to them.


Question: Who developed Physicalism?

Pysicalism

According to Place, for example, “sensations” do not mean the same as “mental processes”, but can be returned to them because they consist of them.


Question: Who developed Physicalism?

Pysicalism

Also, according to Herbert Feigl and J. J. C. Smart, “sensations” and “brain processes” mean different things, but refer to the same physical phenomenon.


Question: Who developed Physicalism?

Pysicalism

That's how the phrase “sensations are brain processes” is about contingent, not imperative, identicity.


Question: Who developed Physicalism?

Pysicalism

If type physicalism is true, then mental state M1 is identical to brain state B1.


Question: Who developed Physicalism?

Pysicalism

It would result that, for example, a particular pain condition would be completely correlated with a particular brain condition in all organisms at all times.


Question: Who developed Physicalism?

Pysicalism

However, the idea of multifunctionality, introduced by Hilary Putnam, challenges this: it argues that many different physical brain states (or even physical states other than those generated by the brain) could produce the same mental state.


Question: Who developed Physicalism?

Pysicalism

Instance physicalism Instance or token physicalism, a form of characteristic dualism, is particularly utilized in mental philosophical theories of instance identity.


Question: Who developed Physicalism?

Pysicalism

According to instance physicalism, every actual particle (such as an object, event, or process) x is matched by some physical particle y so that x=y.


Question: Who developed Physicalism?

Pysicalism

This does not contain supervenience and supervenience does not contain this, although if supervenience is true, it does not necessarily rule out instance physicalism.


Question: Who developed Physicalism?

Pysicalism

The difference between supervenience and instance physicalism is as follows: according to instance physicalism, for example, every mental particle is matched by a physical particular with which it is identical, while according to supervenience physicalism, a set A (such as a set of mental properties) cannot change without changing a set of B (such as a set of physical properties); in this case, A superveniates B.


Question: Who developed Physicalism?

Pysicalism

Instance physicalism is problematic because it does not correspond to minimal physicalism, that is, it does not bind to the core idea of physicalism that everything is physical: the fact that every particle has some physical property does not preclude that some particulars would have non-superveniating mental properties.


Question: Who developed Physicalism?

Pysicalism

Reductive and non-reductive physicalism Reductionism is a philosophical concept related to the relationship between parts of an entity and a whole.


Question: Who developed Physicalism?

Pysicalism

According to reductionism, a given entity is recoverable, that is, reducible in its parts.


Question: Who developed Physicalism?

Pysicalism

Reductive physicalism Reductive physicalism is based on the idea that everything that exists in reality can be analytically restored to its physical, or material, basis.


Question: Who developed Physicalism?

Pysicalism

Because of this, the term “physicalism” is often used synonymously with the term “materialism”.


Question: Who developed Physicalism?

Pysicalism

Both are viewpoints that all organic and inorganic processes can be explained by relying on natural laws.


Question: Who developed Physicalism?

Pysicalism

This view has gained added impetus because physics, as a science, has been very successful in explaining many phenomena.


Question: Who developed Physicalism?

Pysicalism

The connection of sky phenomena to physics was noted in the 17th century, chemistry in the 18th century, biology in the 19th century, and since the 20th century the neurobiological base of psychology has become increasingly apparent.


Question: Who developed Physicalism?

Pysicalism

[1] [6] Instance physicalism and type physicalism are both strains consistent with ontological reductionism because they return mental states and processes to physical states and processes.


Question: Who developed Physicalism?

Pysicalism

However, reductive physicalism does not mean the same as eliminative materialism, but is compatible with it.


Question: Who developed Physicalism?

Pysicalism

According to eliminative materialism, mental states do not exist at all.


Question: Who developed Physicalism?

Pysicalism

Non-Reductive Physicalism The earliest forms of physicalism that developed on the basis of materialism were reductionist.


Question: Who developed Physicalism?

Pysicalism

After Donald Davidson introduced the concept of supervenience into physicalism, non-reductive physicalism became more popular.


Question: Who developed Physicalism?

Pysicalism

Non-reductive physicalism is the idea that although mental states are physical, they are not recoverable to physical properties.


Question: Who developed Physicalism?

Pysicalism

The form of non-reductive physicalism presented by Davidson himself was anomal monism.


Question: Who developed Physicalism?

Pysicalism

Supervenience physicalism, which Davidson has also put forward, is a form of non-reductive physicalism, whereby mental events superveniate, that is, emit physical events rather than redusing into them.


Question: Who developed Physicalism?

Pysicalism

Emergentism is a theory that gained popularity in the early part of the 20th century.


Question: Who developed Physicalism?

Pysicalism

It is a form of non-reductive supervenience, but one that states that reality is composed as if of several layers overlying each other.


Question: Who developed Physicalism?

Pysicalism

Thus it is a form of characteristic dualism, whereas physicalism is essentially monistic.


Question: Who developed Physicalism?

Pysicalism

Non-reductive physicalism has been popular, especially among many biology philosophers and some biologists.


Question: Who developed Physicalism?

Pysicalism

In their view, all biological facts are affixed by physical facts, but that biological properties and regularities superveniate the physical as so many different macromolecular realizations that you cannot restore the biological to the physical.


Question: Who developed Physicalism?

Pysicalism

This view has been advocated by Philip Kitcher and Elliot Sober, among others.


Question: Who developed Physicalism?

Pysicalism

Alexander Rosenberg brought Davidson's thinking into the field in 1978, but has since resisted non-reductive physicalism in somewhat the same way as Jaegwon Kim.


Question: Who developed Physicalism?

Pysicalism

Aprioric and aposterior physicalism Physicalism can be divided in two according to whether the truth of the following sentence can be known apriorically or aposteriorly: If physicalism is true, S is a statement describing the entire reality of physical nature, and S* is a statement describing the whole of reality the reality of nature, in which case S contains S*. According to aprioric physicalism, the above described can be known without observation, that is, regardless of experience.


Question: Who developed Physicalism?

Pysicalism

Originally physicalism was assumed to be aprioric until Saul Kripke defended the existence of necessary aposterior truths in Naming and Necessity in his book Naming and Necessity.


Question: Who developed Physicalism?

Pysicalism

[7] According to aposterior physicalism, physicalism is a necessary truth known aposteriorly, that is, through empirical observation.


Question: Who developed Physicalism?

Pysicalism

There are two main interpretations of aposterior physicalism today.


Question: Who developed Physicalism?

Pysicalism

According to the first, aposterior truths can be attained apriorically through contingent aposterior truths.


Question: Who developed Physicalism?

Pysicalism

According to another, there are aposterior truths that are obtained through non-contingent (i.e., necessary) truths.


Question: Who developed Physicalism?

Pysicalism

However, this results in a problem when combined with the phrase “S contains S*” because it leads to a contradiction.


Question: Who developed Physicalism?

Pysicalism

[2] [8] The view is still disputed in analytic philosophy.


Question: Who developed Physicalism?

Pysicalism

Arguments for physicalism The principle of exclusion One argument in favour of physicalism is based on the principle of exclusion.


Question: Who developed Physicalism?

Pysicalism

According to it, if event e causes an event e*, then there is no event e# so that e# would not superveniate e and e# would cause e*.


Question: Who developed Physicalism?

Pysicalism

It follows that if behavioral events have physical causes, and if mental events cause behavioral events, then mental events must superveniate physical.


Question: Who developed Physicalism?

Pysicalism

[2] However, some philosophers accept epiphenomenalism, which holds that mental events are induced by physical events, but mental events do not cause physical events.


Question: Who developed Physicalism?

Pysicalism

Epiphenomenalism is still debated among philosophers.


Question: Who developed Physicalism?

Pysicalism

[2] Methodological Naturalism An argument based on methodological naturalism has two starting assumptions.


Question: Who developed Physicalism?

Pysicalism

According to the first, it makes sense for a person to form his ontological concepts based on the methods of natural science.


Question: Who developed Physicalism?

Pysicalism

According to another, the conception of reality thus formed is physicalistic.


Question: Who developed Physicalism?

Pysicalism

So, phycicalism is likely true.


Question: Who developed Physicalism?

Pysicalism

One response to this argument is to reject another premise: natural sciences do not lead to physicalism.


Question: Who developed Physicalism?

Pysicalism

However, alternative views such as panpsychism in philosophy of mind or vitalism in biology have little support.


Question: Who developed Physicalism?

Pysicalism

Furthermore, they are not relevant to the question itself: according to the argument, physicalism is the most likely view; it does not present that other views are impossible.


Question: Who developed Physicalism?

Pysicalism

Arguments against physicalism There are a number of different arguments against physicalism based on Kvalites.


Question: Who developed Physicalism?

Pysicalism

Many of them are based on the idea that the existence of qualites seems contradictory to the fact that the world is entirely physical.


Question: Who developed Physicalism?

Pysicalism

The most famous argument based on this is the so-called knowledge argument presented by Frank Jackson (1982) in the form of the Mary's Room thought experiment.


Question: Who developed Physicalism?

Pysicalism

Jackson urges us to think of a particularly brilliant super-scientist named Mary, who has been locked in an entirely black and white room all her life.


Question: Who developed Physicalism?

Pysicalism

During all the years he has lived in a world stripped of colour, he has studied (through black and white books and television) all physical facts, including relating to the sensing of colours.


Question: Who developed Physicalism?

Pysicalism

According to the physicalist, this would mean that by knowing the physical facts involved in sensing colours, Mary would know what kind of sensing colour is, despite never having sensed colours.


Question: Who developed Physicalism?

Pysicalism

However, when Mary is eventually let out of her room, it becomes clear that she didn't know everything, including what sensing or experiencing colours feels like.


Question: Who developed Physicalism?

Pysicalism

If Mary did not have such knowledge, how can it be said that everything superveniated physical?


Question: Who developed Physicalism?

Pysicalism

One way a physicalist can respond to this argument is developed by Lawrence Nemerow and David Lewis.


Question: Who developed Physicalism?

Pysicalism

They made a distinction between propositional knowledge, such as “Mary knows that the sky is usually blue during the day”, and know-how, that is, competence, such as “Mary knows how to mountain climb”.


Question: Who developed Physicalism?

Pysicalism

According to Nemerow and Lewis, the only thing Mary achieves with her new experience is know-how.


Question: Who developed Physicalism?

Pysicalism

So while Mary receives new knowledge, it is not propositional knowledge what it should be for the knowledge argument to be logically sound.


Question: Who developed Physicalism?

Pysicalism

[2] Philosophical Zombies The argument based on philosophical zombies is the thought experiment that “there is a possible world in which there are zombies”.


Question: Who developed Physicalism?

Pysicalism

Zombies are organisms that are physically identical copies of organisms in the actual world.


Question: Who developed Physicalism?

Pysicalism

They seem as if they are conscious and have qualias, but in reality they have neither.


Question: Who developed Physicalism?

Pysicalism

While few philosophers think zombies are possible nomologically, in our world, some philosophers hold that they are possible metaphysically.


Question: Who developed Physicalism?

Pysicalism

This produces a problem in terms of physicalism, because the metaphysical possibility of zombies would mean that mental states do not superveniate physical.


Question: Who developed Physicalism?

Pysicalism

The task of physicalists is then to show that the existence of zombies is not imaginable, or, if imaginable, that it is not metaphysically possible.


Question: Who developed Physicalism?

Pysicalism

One argument against the imaginability of zombies comes from Daniel Dennett.


Question: Who developed Physicalism?

Pysicalism

According to him, philosophers who claim zombies are imaginable end up imagining something that violates their own definitions.


Question: Who developed Physicalism?

Pysicalism

[9] In his view, imagining that consciousness could be removed from an organism but leave all cognitive systems intact would be like imagining an organism deprived of health while leaving all bodily functions and bodily forces intact.


Question: Who developed Physicalism?

Pysicalism

Again, according to some other philosophers, the fact that the possibility of the existence of zombies is imaginable does not yet bring with it that they are possible.


Question: Who developed Physicalism?

Pysicalism

[10] Hempel's dilemma Hempel's dilemma attacks how physicalism is defined.


Question: Who developed Physicalism?

Pysicalism

For example, if physicalism is defined so that the universe consists solely of things studied by physics, then it can be pointed out that physics cannot describe how the mind works.


Question: Who developed Physicalism?

Pysicalism

If physicalism is defined so that the universe consists solely of things that physics may study sometime in the future, this says nothing.


Question: Who developed Physicalism?

Pysicalism

[11] One possible response to this dilemma is that over time we have seen increasing evidence in the neurosciences field that mental functions are related to their physical neural correlates in the brain.


Question: Who developed Physicalism?

Pysicalism

If you compare this to the fact that thermodynamics supplanted phlogiston theory, cell biology of vitalism, evolutionary theory of creationism, and other examples where the previous dualistic concept has been superseded by advances in science, it can be argued that the physical basis of the mind can be felt sometimes in the future.


Question: Who developed Physicalism?

Pysicalism

Kim on non-reductivism Jaegwon Kim has responded to Davidson's anomal monism by suggesting that it is not possible to be at once a physicalist and a non-reductivist.


Question: Who developed Physicalism?

Pysicalism

He posited the following: M1 causes M2 (these are mental events) and P1 causes P2 (these are physical events).


Question: Who developed Physicalism?

Pysicalism

P1 implements M1 and P2 implements M2.


Question: Who developed Physicalism?

Pysicalism

However, M1 does not get causally induced from P1 (i.e., M1 is an event due to P1).


Question: Who developed Physicalism?

Pysicalism

If P1 causes P2 and M1 is a consequence of P1, then M2 is a consequence of P2.


Question: Who developed Physicalism?

Pysicalism

According to Kim, the only alternative would be to accept dualism (where mental events are independent of physical events) or eliminative materialism (where mental events do not exist).


Question: Who developed Physicalism?

Pysicalism

See also Phenomenalism Materialism Mind—body problem Monism Reductionism Supervenience Sources Literature Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Enqvist, Kari| title = Being at the gates | location = Porvoo Helsinki Juva| publisher = WSOY| year = 1998| isbn = 951-0-22915-6}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Enqvist, Kari| title = Taking arugula back| location = Helsinki| publisher = WSOY| year = 2004| isbn = 951-0-29692-9}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Paloheimim o, Eero| title = Megaevolution| location = Helsinki| publisher = WSOY| year = 2002| isbn = 951-0-26913-1}} On topic elsewhere in Pihlström, Sami: In Science 2/2006.


Question: Who developed Physicalism?

Pysicalism

(PDF) entry in the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy Category:Materialism Category:Philosophy of Mind:Cognitive Neuroscience


Question: Is there only one main character in Lamentations of the Flame Princess?

Roleplay

A role-playing game is a form of interactive narrative in which participants empathize with the roles of fictional characters.


Question: Is there only one main character in Lamentations of the Flame Princess?

Roleplay

In so-called tabletop role-playing games, playing mainly takes the form of conversation, in the form of live role-playing games, or “larping”.


Question: Is there only one main character in Lamentations of the Flame Princess?

Roleplay

The plot of the games takes shape and develops in the interaction between the participants as a kind of improvisation.


Question: Is there only one main character in Lamentations of the Flame Princess?

Roleplay

In role-playing games, the portion of the predetermined script is limited to narrative background settings and premises.


Question: Is there only one main character in Lamentations of the Flame Princess?

Roleplay

In role-playing games, a prearranged rule system is usually applied.


Question: Is there only one main character in Lamentations of the Flame Princess?

Roleplay

Characters' qualities or skills are often defined in words or numbers.


Question: Is there only one main character in Lamentations of the Flame Princess?

Roleplay

Resolving conflict situations are normally influenced by both player choices, character characteristics, and coincidence, often represented by dice.


Question: Is there only one main character in Lamentations of the Flame Princess?

Roleplay

Typically, role-playing games feature a person called a game manager who has designed the premise and backgrounds of the game, as well as controlling the game's side characters.


Question: Is there only one main character in Lamentations of the Flame Princess?

Roleplay

The name of a role-playing game is also used for some computer games.


Question: Is there only one main character in Lamentations of the Flame Princess?

Roleplay

RPG predecessors Modern role-playing games have a background in communal storytelling, 1960s events and old war games.


Question: Is there only one main character in Lamentations of the Flame Princess?

Roleplay

In the 18th and 19th century war games with very detailed rules were used to train officers.


Question: Is there only one main character in Lamentations of the Flame Princess?

Roleplay

In these, troop compartments were depicted with miniatures and random events were modeled on dice.


Question: Is there only one main character in Lamentations of the Flame Princess?

Roleplay

English author and historian H. G. Wells brought war games considered long-winded closer to pastime.


Question: Is there only one main character in Lamentations of the Flame Princess?

Roleplay

He published the rules of the wargame he had played himself to the general public in a volume titled Little Wars in the early 20th century.


Question: Is there only one main character in Lamentations of the Flame Princess?

Roleplay

This, for its part, paved the way for future role-playing games.


Question: Is there only one main character in Lamentations of the Flame Princess?

Roleplay

The development of role-playing games became distinct from wargames mainly due to literature.


Question: Is there only one main character in Lamentations of the Flame Princess?

Roleplay

The first RPGs were fantasy-themed.


Question: Is there only one main character in Lamentations of the Flame Princess?

Roleplay

Published in 1954—1956, J. R.


Question: Is there only one main character in Lamentations of the Flame Princess?

Roleplay

R. Tolkien's The Lord of the Rings novel is considered to be the actual inspiration for role-playing games.


Question: Is there only one main character in Lamentations of the Flame Princess?

Roleplay

Tolkien showed how ambitiously imagination can be used.


Question: Is there only one main character in Lamentations of the Flame Princess?

Roleplay

He drew maps of the Lord of the Rings event environment, Middle-earth, and developed his own history, mythology and even several languages with his own set of spelling characters.


Question: Is there only one main character in Lamentations of the Flame Princess?

Roleplay

First RPGs In 1974, Gary Gygax and Dave Arneson published a Chainmail game in which the rules of wargames had been modified to fit the battles of fantasy creatures.


Question: Is there only one main character in Lamentations of the Flame Princess?

Roleplay

The same company also developed a Dungeons & Dragons game (D&D) a couple of years later, which can actually be considered to have started the role-playing phenomenon.


Question: Is there only one main character in Lamentations of the Flame Princess?

Roleplay

These games differed in several ways from earlier wargames: instead of troop divisions, players controlled only one role character.


Question: Is there only one main character in Lamentations of the Flame Princess?

Roleplay

one of the players took on the role of game manager who knew background information about the gameplay setting and who played opponents or allies encountered by the game characters.


Question: Is there only one main character in Lamentations of the Flame Princess?

Roleplay

the events of the game sessions were interconnected in an alternativereality into a continuous plot adventure, a campaign.


Question: Is there only one main character in Lamentations of the Flame Princess?

Roleplay

The event environments of the first role-playing games were fantasy worlds similar to Tolkien's Middle-Earth.


Question: Is there only one main character in Lamentations of the Flame Princess?

Roleplay

Parallel to fantasy role games later evolved into games on countless other subject lines.


Question: Is there only one main character in Lamentations of the Flame Princess?

Roleplay

Popular today include sci-fi and horror-themed games.


Question: Is there only one main character in Lamentations of the Flame Princess?

Roleplay

The development of role-playing games by the time it came to the 1980s, D&D and its descendant Advanced Dungeons & Dragons had received numerous competitors, placing a different emphasis on tactics, storytelling, and embodying the character's role.


Question: Is there only one main character in Lamentations of the Flame Princess?

Roleplay

In addition, the theme of role-playing games rapidly expanded from fantasy to the worlds of science fiction (for example, Traveller) and horror book worlds (Cthulhu's Call, 1981).


Question: Is there only one main character in Lamentations of the Flame Princess?

Roleplay

In 1986, the tabletop role-playing code GURPS was released, with rules to suit all kinds of topics ranging from fantasy to sci-fi, as well as realistic stories to epic fables.


Question: Is there only one main character in Lamentations of the Flame Princess?

Roleplay

Also worth mentioning is the 1988 Ars Magica, a guide to story-centric role-playing, where the responsibility of the game manager is shared among the entire team, with each acting as game leader as the game progresses.


Question: Is there only one main character in Lamentations of the Flame Princess?

Roleplay

Partly from the same creators came Vampire: The Masquerade role-playing game in 1991, which further emphasized embodying the character's worldview, hopes and fears.


Question: Is there only one main character in Lamentations of the Flame Princess?

Roleplay

Around the same time as gamification lost importance, role-playing began to seek new forms alongside traditional playing around the table.


Question: Is there only one main character in Lamentations of the Flame Princess?

Roleplay

Live role-playing was born.


Question: Is there only one main character in Lamentations of the Flame Princess?

Roleplay

In Nordic live role-playing culture in particular, the emphasis on empowerment has been particularly strong.


Question: Is there only one main character in Lamentations of the Flame Princess?

Roleplay

Types of role-playing games RPGs can be divided into at least three different groups: traditional tabletop role-playing games, live role-playing games, as well as internet role-playing games.


Question: Is there only one main character in Lamentations of the Flame Princess?

Roleplay

RPGs can also be counted on PC or console.


Question: Is there only one main character in Lamentations of the Flame Princess?

Roleplay

In tabletop role-playing games, players describe their characters' actions and the game manager describes the consequences of their actions and the world around them.


Question: Is there only one main character in Lamentations of the Flame Princess?

Roleplay

In live role-playing games, players tend to physically present their character's actions and also dress up as a character.


Question: Is there only one main character in Lamentations of the Flame Princess?

Roleplay

In Internet role-playing games, players write turn-based storylines with their own characters, empathizing with the so-called play-by-post method.


Question: Is there only one main character in Lamentations of the Flame Princess?

Roleplay

Many computer games are called role-playing games (see computer role games) if they have the potential to develop the skills of the game character.


Question: Is there only one main character in Lamentations of the Flame Princess?

Roleplay

However, this feature inherited from war games does not yet make the game an role-playing game, and for these games it might be more relevant to talk about person-tactics games.


Question: Is there only one main character in Lamentations of the Flame Princess?

Roleplay

On the other hand, some games also allow real role-playing, most typical examples of tabletop role-playing games played via IRC, MUDs, or massive multi-player online role-playing games.


Question: Is there only one main character in Lamentations of the Flame Princess?

Roleplay

Role playing games in Finland The first Finnish role-playing players started playing as early as the 1970s, most when they were an exchange student in the United States.


Question: Is there only one main character in Lamentations of the Flame Princess?

Roleplay

The hobby began to become widespread in Finland in 1985, when Finland's first company importing role-playing games Fantasiapelit was founded.


Question: Is there only one main character in Lamentations of the Flame Princess?

Roleplay

RPG specialty shops, or at the very least, role-playing departments for major bookstore chains soon sprang up in major cities.


Question: Is there only one main character in Lamentations of the Flame Princess?

Roleplay

The latter have since disappeared, but role-playing game shops still operate in several cities.


Question: Is there only one main character in Lamentations of the Flame Princess?

Roleplay

[1] By far the most famous role-playing game Dungeons & Dragons appeared in Finnish in 1988.


Question: Is there only one main character in Lamentations of the Flame Princess?

Roleplay

According to fantasy games, about 65,000 copies of its basic rules (the so-called red box) were sold [2].


Question: Is there only one main character in Lamentations of the Flame Princess?

Roleplay

In Finnish, it was published by Protocol Productions, who also translated Battletech into Finnish.


Question: Is there only one main character in Lamentations of the Flame Princess?

Roleplay

Other companies that have translated games into English include Ace Games (Astra, RuneQuest, Middle-earth role-playing game, Role Master, Road to the Stars 2300 and RPG magazine Magus), Dada games (Miniature game Laserburner and Stormark adventure series (Granag, King's City and Prisoner of the Sorcerer), Finnish Game House (Cyberpunk) 2020, Paranoia, Stormbringer, Twilight: 2000, and the role-playing game magazine Adventurer) and Pro Games (Call of Cthulhu).


Question: Is there only one main character in Lamentations of the Flame Princess?

Roleplay

Other Finnish RPGs include Shadowrun, Armed Macho Women, Minion Part and Piruja for Men.


Question: Is there only one main character in Lamentations of the Flame Princess?

Roleplay

[3] Finnish RPGs The first Finnish role-playing game was Secret Treasure of Raguoc in the Acirema Dungeons published by Risto J. “Nordic” Hieda in 1985.


Question: Is there only one main character in Lamentations of the Flame Princess?

Roleplay

Since then, Hieta designed the game Sword and Magic (1987), Elf Game Rapier (1989), horror role-playing game Astra (1991), fantasy game Elhendi (1993), and a series of minor games under the Arctic Ranger Productions name.


Question: Is there only one main character in Lamentations of the Flame Princess?

Roleplay

In the 1990s, such as Pasi Silander and Piia Makkonen's Christian games Time of Kings (1993) and Anno Domini 50 (1995), Aleksi Stenberg's Tasnar (1997), and “Ultima Thule” (1999), written by Ilmari Piela, published by SKS, were also published.


Question: Is there only one main character in Lamentations of the Flame Princess?

Roleplay

[4] In the 1990s, Ville Vuorela's Burger Games also started publishing games.


Question: Is there only one main character in Lamentations of the Flame Princess?

Roleplay

Vuorela has published the baroque fantasy game Swordsman (1995), the eco-disaster game Taigan (1997), the gangster game Mobsters (1998), Praedor (2000) based on the comic books by Petri Hiltusen, and Stalker (2008), based on the book by Arkadi and Boris Strugatski.


Question: Is there only one main character in Lamentations of the Flame Princess?

Roleplay

Taiga has also appeared overseas, and an English version of Stalker is on sale.


Question: Is there only one main character in Lamentations of the Flame Princess?

Roleplay

The first role-playing game published by a major publishing house in Finland is Mike Pohjola's fantasy game Pyräaika, which appeared in 2003 published by WSOY's Johnny Kniga unit.


Question: Is there only one main character in Lamentations of the Flame Princess?

Roleplay

The 2000s saw the emergence of a kind of boom in domestic role-playing game publishing.


Question: Is there only one main character in Lamentations of the Flame Princess?

Roleplay

Since 2004 Arkkikivi Ay has been publishing so-called indie role-playing games in Finnish.


Question: Is there only one main character in Lamentations of the Flame Princess?

Roleplay

Game publishing company Ironspine was founded in 2006 and has published role-playing games Tribes (2009), Legends of Generia (2011) and Astraterra (2014), among others.


Question: Is there only one main character in Lamentations of the Flame Princess?

Roleplay

Other titles include Bliaron (2011), Mike Pohjola's Star Wreck Roleplaying Game (2006) and Star (2007), Juhana Pettersson's penguin-themed Valley of Eternity (2009), and English-language Lamentations of the Flame Princess (2010).


Question: Is there only one main character in Lamentations of the Flame Princess?

Roleplay

The first crowdfunded Finnish role-playing game is Mike Pohjola's beginner-friendly adventure role-playing game Heroes of the Storm - Sword of the Great King, released in 2013.


Question: Is there only one main character in Lamentations of the Flame Princess?

Roleplay

It is also the first Finnish-language role-playing game in decades to be released in a box set and is on sale in bookstores and department stores in addition to traditional role-playing game stores.


Question: Is there only one main character in Lamentations of the Flame Princess?

Roleplay

Finnish role-playing game magazines in Finland have also appeared in RPG magazines such as Adventurer (9 issues, 1987—1991), Blue Dragon (4 issues, 1988-1989), (19+3 issues 1989-1994), Magus (50 issues, 1989—2001), Claymore (20 issues, 1993-2000) and Role Player (23 issues, 2006—2009).


Question: Is there only one main character in Lamentations of the Flame Princess?

Roleplay

Nordic's Game Cave (1985-1998) has been an inspiration for many people to play role-playing games.


Question: Is there only one main character in Lamentations of the Flame Princess?

Roleplay

With the increasing prevalence of the Internet, magazines have experimented with the electronic format, but have not prospered.


Question: Is there only one main character in Lamentations of the Flame Princess?

Roleplay

Role-playing game information has strongly migrated to blogs (among other things, and).


Question: Is there only one main character in Lamentations of the Flame Princess?

Roleplay

[5] Finnish role-playing events The most important industry event in Finland is the annual Ropecon, which gathers more than three thousand role-playing, collectible card game, miniature game and board game enthusiasts from all over Finland to chat and play.


Question: Is there only one main character in Lamentations of the Flame Princess?

Roleplay

Similar events take place annual role-playing events in Tampere (Tracon) and Oulu (Maracon), among others.


Question: Is there only one main character in Lamentations of the Flame Princess?

Roleplay

There are about twenty role-playing associations in Finland through which you can play games.


Question: Is there only one main character in Lamentations of the Flame Princess?

Roleplay

The largest of them are Alter Ego in the metropolitan area and Otaniemi Role Playing Club [6].


Question: Is there only one main character in Lamentations of the Flame Princess?

Roleplay

Relative phenomena With role-playing games, some of the same features share, for example, miniature games, collectible card games, and board games, but they are not considered role-playing games, as they do not normally involve the idea of empowering a single character.


Question: Is there only one main character in Lamentations of the Flame Princess?

Roleplay

Role playing fantasy worlds Middle-earth Krynn Glorantha Forgotten Realms Jaconia HârnWorld Azeroth Artesia Dark Sun Eberron Tamriel Panem Hogwarts See also List of role-playing games List of role-playing game publishers List about role-playing game designers GURPS Sources Literature Hieta, Risto J. et al: Role Playing Guide.


Question: Is there only one main character in Lamentations of the Flame Princess?

Roleplay

Arctic Ranger Production in 1996.


Question: Is there only one main character in Lamentations of the Flame Princess?

Roleplay

Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Käll, Hans| title = Journey to the Middle Ages: Guide for live role-players| location = Helsing| publisher = Otava| year = 1999| version = Adapted to Finnish conditions from Levande rollspel: En handbok (1998).


Question: Is there only one main character in Lamentations of the Flame Princess?

Roleplay

Translated by Sonja Dahlgren| id = ISBN 951-1-15985-2}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Leppälahti, Merja| title = Role Playing.


Question: Is there only one main character in Lamentations of the Flame Princess?

Roleplay

Reanimation and fantasy hobby networks| location = Helsinki| publisher = Youth Research Society, Youth Research Network publications 93| year = 2009| id = ISBN 978-952-5464-56-6}} Leppälahti, Merja: The game is life.


Question: Is there only one main character in Lamentations of the Flame Princess?

Roleplay

Ethnography of role-playing.


Question: Is there only one main character in Lamentations of the Flame Princess?

Roleplay

Licentiate work, 2002.


Question: Is there only one main character in Lamentations of the Flame Princess?

Roleplay

Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Pettersson, Juhana| title = RPG Manifest| location = Helsinki| publisher = Like| year = 2005| id = ISBN 952-471-505-8}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Särkijärvi, Jukka & Sotala, Kaj (ed.


Question: Is there only one main character in Lamentations of the Flame Princess?

Roleplay

) | title = RPG book| location = Helsinki| publisher = BTJ Cost| year = 2007| id = ISBN 978-951-692-670-7}} Vainio, Niklas (ed.)


Question: Is there only one main character in Lamentations of the Flame Princess?

Roleplay

The larpper's manual.


Question: Is there only one main character in Lamentations of the Flame Princess?

Roleplay

Finnish Live Role Players Association.


Question: Is there only one main character in Lamentations of the Flame Princess?

Roleplay

in 1997.


Question: Is there only one main character in Lamentations of the Flame Princess?

Roleplay

On the topic elsewhere on the Open Directory Project website.


Question: Is there only one main character in Lamentations of the Flame Princess?

Roleplay

* Category:Key articles of screening


Question: Where has there been a settlement in Finland?

Settlements history of Finland

The history of settlements in Finland is an interpretation of how people have spread across the territory of present-day Finland and what population changes have occurred in the region at different times.


Question: Where has there been a settlement in Finland?

Settlements history of Finland

Population history can be clarified by combining studies from archaeology, linguistics, history, paleoecology and population genetics.


Question: Where has there been a settlement in Finland?

Settlements history of Finland

Information is available only from the period after the last ice age, since the Ice Age has eradicated all archaeological remains older than that.


Question: Where has there been a settlement in Finland?

Settlements history of Finland

[1] Settlement history also wants to emphasise the national identity of Finns by demonstrating their long-term residence in Finnish territory.


Question: Where has there been a settlement in Finland?

Settlements history of Finland

[2] Theories about the origin of the Finns speak a Finno-Ugric language, and the language relates them to the Finno-Ugric peoples living in the south and east.


Question: Where has there been a settlement in Finland?

Settlements history of Finland

From its old age, it was thought that the Finns have left the Volga bend region around 2500 BCE.


Question: Where has there been a settlement in Finland?

Settlements history of Finland

moving towards Finland.


Question: Where has there been a settlement in Finland?

Settlements history of Finland

[3] Archaeology and genetics have not accepted the idea, but have since the 1960s emphasised the continuity of settlement, according to which Finland has been uninterruptedly inhabited since the end of the Ice Age.


Question: Where has there been a settlement in Finland?

Settlements history of Finland

Linguists have brought up evidence opposing continuity theory in recent years.


Question: Where has there been a settlement in Finland?

Settlements history of Finland

Some of them support the idea that there were Sami and Germans in Finland even before the coming of the Finns, which would have occurred at the beginning of the Iron Age.


Question: Where has there been a settlement in Finland?

Settlements history of Finland

The Finnish language may therefore have come from a bend in the Volga, although the Finnish population apparently does not originate there.


Question: Where has there been a settlement in Finland?

Settlements history of Finland

[4] A Finnish study published in 2008 revealed major differences in the lineage of Eastern and Western Finns.


Question: Where has there been a settlement in Finland?

Settlements history of Finland

According to the study, East and West Finns differ more genetically than English from Germans.


Question: Where has there been a settlement in Finland?

Settlements history of Finland

The cause of large differences is considered isolation.


Question: Where has there been a settlement in Finland?

Settlements history of Finland

The genetic roots of Finns lie mainly in Central Europe, according to the study.


Question: Where has there been a settlement in Finland?

Settlements history of Finland

[5] However, Eastern Finns do not appear to be any closer to Russians than Western Finns, but quite the opposite: the genetic FST distance of Western Finns to both Russians and Swedes is about 30, Eastern Finns to both about 70.


Question: Where has there been a settlement in Finland?

Settlements history of Finland

Finns from different parts of the country may therefore be genetically farther apart at present levels than people from different parts of Europe.


Question: Where has there been a settlement in Finland?

Settlements history of Finland

The closest genetic relatives of Finns are Estonians and Swedes.


Question: Where has there been a settlement in Finland?

Settlements history of Finland

Indirectly from the same explanations, it can be concluded that Finns are genetically different from the Sami.


Question: Where has there been a settlement in Finland?

Settlements history of Finland

[4] Mesolithic and Neolithic period of the Stone Age The first humans arrived in Finland around the 8850s before the beginning of the period.


Question: Where has there been a settlement in Finland?

Settlements history of Finland

When the first inhabitants arrived, Northern Finland was still covered with ice year-round, the forests were composed of hardwoods and the water level was so high that Central Finland and Savo-Karelia were the coast of the Gulf of Bothnia.


Question: Where has there been a settlement in Finland?

Settlements history of Finland

In total, the early stage of settlement can be considered the period 8850-8000 BCE.


Question: Where has there been a settlement in Finland?

Settlements history of Finland

The settlement came to Finland from the Kundan-Butovon-Veretjen cultures as well as through the Norwegian coast.


Question: Where has there been a settlement in Finland?

Settlements history of Finland

Initially, the new areas did not freeze permanently, but after the warm season the hunters returned back to the areas they had left.


Question: Where has there been a settlement in Finland?

Settlements history of Finland

Because of the unpredictable winters, exploring the new area was safest in summer.


Question: Where has there been a settlement in Finland?

Settlements history of Finland

The conditions of the new area, and as its animals became familiar, small groups of families followed the fishing teams.


Question: Where has there been a settlement in Finland?

Settlements history of Finland

[6] The oldest signs of permanent settlement date back 10700 years in southern Karelia on the shores of Lake Ancylus, where today is the Kuurmanbottom of Joutseno.


Question: Where has there been a settlement in Finland?

Settlements history of Finland

Excavations have found ovals of seven metres long and three metres wide excavated to a depth of half a metre.


Question: Where has there been a settlement in Finland?

Settlements history of Finland

Digging into the ground suggests permanent settlement.


Question: Where has there been a settlement in Finland?

Settlements history of Finland

From the excavation sites, the inhabitants of the older one, Kuurmanpohja Saareoja 2, are likely to have come from the east.


Question: Where has there been a settlement in Finland?

Settlements history of Finland

[7] The colonisation of the North began in the Stone Age about 20,000 years ago, when the ice age receded.


Question: Where has there been a settlement in Finland?

Settlements history of Finland

Ruijaan was born around 9000 BCE.


Question: Where has there been a settlement in Finland?

Settlements history of Finland

Early Mesolithic Komsa culture, the remains of which have also been found on the Finnish side.


Question: Where has there been a settlement in Finland?

Settlements history of Finland

[2] At the same time, the early Mesolithic Estonian Kunda culture spread to the Finnish side, as evidenced by the ancient settlement of Ristola in Lahti.


Question: Where has there been a settlement in Finland?

Settlements history of Finland

[8] As the culture from the south spread to Finland, the Suomusjärvi culture developed on the trail of axes, chisels, and red dirt graves along the shoreline of the Gulf of Bothnia.


Question: Where has there been a settlement in Finland?

Settlements history of Finland

[2] In the traces of people from the Younger Stone Age (Neolithic period), earthenware is found that were not known to the Mesolithic culture.


Question: Where has there been a settlement in Finland?

Settlements history of Finland

Based on the styles of dishes, different cultures can be distinguished.


Question: Where has there been a settlement in Finland?

Settlements history of Finland

Comb ceramic culture (5000—3200 BC)


Question: Where has there been a settlement in Finland?

Settlements history of Finland

is the findrichest phase of the Stone Age.


Question: Where has there been a settlement in Finland?

Settlements history of Finland

Its remains are abundant in Lake Finland, so almost all of Finland was inhabited, but there were still quite a few people.


Question: Where has there been a settlement in Finland?

Settlements history of Finland

Residents who lived in the Younger Stone Age have left behind regional styles of asbestos pottery, Kierik pottery (3600—3100 BCE.)


Question: Where has there been a settlement in Finland?

Settlements history of Finland

as well as pottery of Pölja and Jysmö (3100—1900 BCE).


Question: Where has there been a settlement in Finland?

Settlements history of Finland

The artifact found includes skis, sleighs, chisels and fishing equipment, among other things.


Question: Where has there been a settlement in Finland?

Settlements history of Finland

It has been speculated that the cultures of asbestos pottery in Inner Finland were Sami, but there is no definite information.


Question: Where has there been a settlement in Finland?

Settlements history of Finland

The Kierik culture of the Oulu region may have had links to the south.


Question: Where has there been a settlement in Finland?

Settlements history of Finland

[9] [10] The next wave of migration brought a tightrope culture, or hammeraxe people, to the coast of southwestern Finland.


Question: Where has there been a settlement in Finland?

Settlements history of Finland

It flourished around 3200/2900 BCE.


Question: Where has there been a settlement in Finland?

Settlements history of Finland

— 2300/1800 BC.


Question: Where has there been a settlement in Finland?

Settlements history of Finland

It is speculated that they were a people from the south who also engaged in farming.


Question: Where has there been a settlement in Finland?

Settlements history of Finland

Some scholars deny, for example, on the basis of coffin graves, that this is about a new people who came to the country.


Question: Where has there been a settlement in Finland?

Settlements history of Finland

Separately, there is still Åland pit pottery, whose livelihoods included seal hunting, fishing and birding.


Question: Where has there been a settlement in Finland?

Settlements history of Finland

At the end of the Neolithic period, 1200 BCE.


Question: Where has there been a settlement in Finland?

Settlements history of Finland

The Kiukaisten culture spread to southwestern Finland, which is interpreted to have represented the Scandinavian seafarer people.


Question: Where has there been a settlement in Finland?

Settlements history of Finland

[10] The so-called Gökhem skeleton found in Sweden suggests that a people arrived in the Nordic region 5000 years ago from the Mediterranean culture who brought with them the art of farming.


Question: Where has there been a settlement in Finland?

Settlements history of Finland

One discovery alone does not change the matter, but it strongly supports the notion that people who knew the principles of farming existed in the Nordic region as early as five thousand years ago.


Question: Where has there been a settlement in Finland?

Settlements history of Finland

[11] Bronze and Iron Ages The name early metal age is often used from the period beginning with the introduction of bronze in Finland in 1500 BCE.


Question: Where has there been a settlement in Finland?

Settlements history of Finland

and ends at about 300 share., by which time the iron was already in use.


Question: Where has there been a settlement in Finland?

Settlements history of Finland

The transition to farming (cascading) took place no later than that.


Question: Where has there been a settlement in Finland?

Settlements history of Finland

In the coastal region, the Bronze Age caused quite distinct changes to everyday life.


Question: Where has there been a settlement in Finland?

Settlements history of Finland

Commerce busied and many occupations (merchant, soldier, sailor) emerged.


Question: Where has there been a settlement in Finland?

Settlements history of Finland

There are more object discoveries from this period than from the beginning of the Early Metal Age, suggesting an increase in population numbers.


Question: Where has there been a settlement in Finland?

Settlements history of Finland

[12] [13] Inland changes are less pronounced.


Question: Where has there been a settlement in Finland?

Settlements history of Finland

For example, it was not until the 6th century that Kaski was cleared in the Gulf of Voud in Lake Saarijärvi.


Question: Where has there been a settlement in Finland?

Settlements history of Finland

from.


Question: Where has there been a settlement in Finland?

Settlements history of Finland

There was a shift to arable farming there, according to pollen analysis, in the 13th century.


Question: Where has there been a settlement in Finland?

Settlements history of Finland

[14] The transition from bronze to iron at the beginning of our time did not bring rapid change to life in Finland.


Question: Where has there been a settlement in Finland?

Settlements history of Finland

Language conditions were being outlined, for the year 1000 divide.


Question: Where has there been a settlement in Finland?

Settlements history of Finland

Around this time, the main dialects of the Finnish language were born.


Question: Where has there been a settlement in Finland?

Settlements history of Finland

When the Baltic Finnish dialects of Ancient Karelian, Antiquity and Ancient Northern Estonian were mixed, two main dialects emerged: Ancient Savo on the basis of the first two and Ancient Finnish based on the last two.


Question: Where has there been a settlement in Finland?

Settlements history of Finland

[15] It is difficult to estimate the prehistoric population.


Question: Where has there been a settlement in Finland?

Settlements history of Finland

After counting back in time from the known population of the 1560s, Finland's population at the end of the prehistoric period (13th century) has been estimated at 50000—80000 people.


Question: Where has there been a settlement in Finland?

Settlements history of Finland

[16] As there were few people, distant wilderness areas in Inner Finland could be considered wilderness holdings.


Question: Where has there been a settlement in Finland?

Settlements history of Finland

This wilderness economy included the use of wilderness areas in the form of batch pleasure for catching big game and fur, fishing, and to a small extent for irrigation and animal husbandry.


Question: Where has there been a settlement in Finland?

Settlements history of Finland

Wilderness holdings were economically important to the houses and villages of the fronts.


Question: Where has there been a settlement in Finland?

Settlements history of Finland

In the summer, land was cultivated, in winter fishing trips were made to the wilds of the north.


Question: Where has there been a settlement in Finland?

Settlements history of Finland

The batch gradually began to attract the overpopulation of the South to move into the wilderness as regulars.


Question: Where has there been a settlement in Finland?

Settlements history of Finland

The movers were also fleeing taxes and military-taking.


Question: Where has there been a settlement in Finland?

Settlements history of Finland

[9] For example, in the late Middle Ages, the Jyväskylä region was a wilderness ownership of the houses of the present Hauho, [17] and the distance to its own wilderness was about 200 km.


Question: Where has there been a settlement in Finland?

Settlements history of Finland

New settlement on the coasts and wilds The Swedish-speaking settlement of the coasts The Swedish population migrated to the side of present-day Finland from the 12th to 13th centuries.


Question: Where has there been a settlement in Finland?

Settlements history of Finland

Swedish settlement spread especially to archipelagos and coasts.


Question: Where has there been a settlement in Finland?

Settlements history of Finland

By the end of the 14th century, the coastal areas were already almost completely inhabited by Swedes.


Question: Where has there been a settlement in Finland?

Settlements history of Finland

[18] From the Iron Age onwards, the Savonian settlement of the wilderness countryside was under pressure from the Finns to the north and east.


Question: Where has there been a settlement in Finland?

Settlements history of Finland

Permanent holdings began to form from wilderness holdings in the early 16th century.


Question: Where has there been a settlement in Finland?

Settlements history of Finland

The Finns and Lower Catakuns who settled in place did not participate in this, but other areas moved north and east down to the waterways.


Question: Where has there been a settlement in Finland?

Settlements history of Finland

The present Northern Savo was inhabited from 1542 onwards after Klemetti Henrikinpoika Krook, a scribe of Savonlinna, started organising settlement activities that had already occurred in the Middle Ages.


Question: Where has there been a settlement in Finland?

Settlements history of Finland

[19] [9] The colonisation of the wilderness took place at the will of King Gustav Vasa.


Question: Where has there been a settlement in Finland?

Settlements history of Finland

Attempts were made to increase tax revenues, to take wilderness into state ownership and to tie border areas into part of Sweden.


Question: Where has there been a settlement in Finland?

Settlements history of Finland

The settlers then headed from Southern Savo to Eastern Finland, Northern Ostrobothnia and Lapland.


Question: Where has there been a settlement in Finland?

Settlements history of Finland

[20] The Savonian settlement activity spread in places to areas of the Hämälinen wilderness holdings.


Question: Where has there been a settlement in Finland?

Settlements history of Finland

The Hämäläs claimed the right to their lands, but from the 1550s the state favoured the Savonians, who gave rise to permanent settlement by cascading the lands by making huhtakasks.


Question: Where has there been a settlement in Finland?

Settlements history of Finland

These former Hämäläinen areas were named Rautalamm keeper at the end of the 16th century.


Question: Where has there been a settlement in Finland?

Settlements history of Finland

Similar settlement activity also occurred further west in the areas of Upper Satakunta, Ruovesi Pirkkala and Kangasala, meant for settlers from the south: Savonians were forbidden from migrating to these areas.


Question: Where has there been a settlement in Finland?

Settlements history of Finland

However, this happened both in Ruovesi and in the Lake Region of Southern Ostrobothnia, where Savonian features (Savonian wedge) came to the local dialect.


Question: Where has there been a settlement in Finland?

Settlements history of Finland

Migration of Savonians also occurred to North Karelia, Northern Ostrobothnia and Viena Karelia.


Question: Where has there been a settlement in Finland?

Settlements history of Finland

[19] Thus the strong genetic distribution of the Finnish population between Western and Eastern Finns was formed.


Question: Where has there been a settlement in Finland?

Settlements history of Finland

[20] After the Savonian settler movement, there were inhabitants throughout Finland.


Question: Where has there been a settlement in Finland?

Settlements history of Finland

There were 700 houses in North Karelia too.


Question: Where has there been a settlement in Finland?

Settlements history of Finland

Still, the focus of settlement was clearly in the south: about half of the inhabitants of Finland lived in the regions of Southwest Finland, Satakunta and Häme.


Question: Where has there been a settlement in Finland?

Settlements history of Finland

Savo and Karelia Isthmus were sparsely populated.


Question: Where has there been a settlement in Finland?

Settlements history of Finland

The total population of the kingdom is estimated at around one million people based on the silver tax list of 1571, of which in Finland around 300000.


Question: Where has there been a settlement in Finland?

Settlements history of Finland

Population growth was low, with infectious diseases, wars and years of disappearance taking people prematurely to the grave.


Question: Where has there been a settlement in Finland?

Settlements history of Finland

[19] Uniform population statistics began to be compiled in Sweden in the 1740s.


Question: Where has there been a settlement in Finland?

Settlements history of Finland

The kingdom had fewer people than thought: the population of Sweden was 1.8 million and Finland's population was just over 420,000 people.


Question: Where has there been a settlement in Finland?

Settlements history of Finland

[21] The population growth of the 19th century Finland's population grew very rapidly during the 19th century.


Question: Where has there been a settlement in Finland?

Settlements history of Finland

There had been growth as early as the late 18th century, but about 40 years of rapid growth began from the 1830s.


Question: Where has there been a settlement in Finland?

Settlements history of Finland

There were big regional differences.


Question: Where has there been a settlement in Finland?

Settlements history of Finland

The fastest growth was in rural areas of Central, Eastern and Northern Finland.


Question: Where has there been a settlement in Finland?

Settlements history of Finland

For example, the number of people in Vaasa County doubled between 1815 and 1865.


Question: Where has there been a settlement in Finland?

Settlements history of Finland

Growth was based on the development of agriculture, the establishment of new farms and a belief in the future.


Question: Where has there been a settlement in Finland?

Settlements history of Finland

The number of crofts also increased.


Question: Where has there been a settlement in Finland?

Settlements history of Finland

The fastest of all, however, was the increase in the rank-free population: the number of hilly smoked and parasitic populations doubled between 1815 and 1865.


Question: Where has there been a settlement in Finland?

Settlements history of Finland

Although agriculture developed, no grain was sufficient for the entire population as in good years.


Question: Where has there been a settlement in Finland?

Settlements history of Finland

[22] The livelihood of the unsubscribed population depended on the grain harvest.


Question: Where has there been a settlement in Finland?

Settlements history of Finland

In bad years, their survival was difficult.


Question: Where has there been a settlement in Finland?

Settlements history of Finland

The great hunger years of the 1860s forced hungry people to mobilize, “the way of miero and death.”


Question: Where has there been a settlement in Finland?

Settlements history of Finland

With hunger came infectious diseases, for example, typhoid fever, whooping cough and dysentery.


Question: Where has there been a settlement in Finland?

Settlements history of Finland

During the Great Hunger Years, some 270,000 people died, but population growth soon recovered again.


Question: Where has there been a settlement in Finland?

Settlements history of Finland

The population of Finland was approximately 2.7million people in 1900.


Question: Where has there been a settlement in Finland?

Settlements history of Finland

[23] Leaving the way to Miero, on the other hand, increased migration to the factory localities.


Question: Where has there been a settlement in Finland?

Settlements history of Finland

The base for Finnish industrialization was laid during this period.


Question: Where has there been a settlement in Finland?

Settlements history of Finland

Industrialization required labor and began the first migration from the countryside to the cities.


Question: Where has there been a settlement in Finland?

Settlements history of Finland

The number of urban workers grew rapidly: in 1870 the urban workforce and their families numbered 150,000 people and in 1910 608000 people.


Question: Where has there been a settlement in Finland?

Settlements history of Finland

[24] The period of Russian rule brought to the country with the participation of Russian soldiers e.g.


Question: Where has there been a settlement in Finland?

Settlements history of Finland

Russians, Jews, Tatars, and East Asian immigrants.


Question: Where has there been a settlement in Finland?

Settlements history of Finland

Russian rule marked the growth of internationalization and foreign entrepreneurs emigrated to the country, among others.


Question: Where has there been a settlement in Finland?

Settlements history of Finland

Russia, Germany, England and Norway.


Question: Where has there been a settlement in Finland?

Settlements history of Finland

There was also an influx of immigration, especially to America.


Question: Where has there been a settlement in Finland?

Settlements history of Finland

[23] Many Savonians went to America by way of Kotka, but stayed to work, for example, in the sawmill and factories of the Norwegian company Hans Gutzeit.


Question: Where has there been a settlement in Finland?

Settlements history of Finland

Because of this, the Eagle is even more called the “America of the Savonians”.


Question: Where has there been a settlement in Finland?

Settlements history of Finland

Karelian settlers and migration to Sweden After the Winter War, Finland had to settle around 420,000 people who lived in the ceded territory, of whom 230000 had received their livelihood from agriculture.


Question: Where has there been a settlement in Finland?

Settlements history of Finland

The Quick Settlement Act aimed at establishing 35,000 farms.


Question: Where has there been a settlement in Finland?

Settlements history of Finland

The express settlement was not fully implemented until plans were messed up by the Continuation War.


Question: Where has there been a settlement in Finland?

Settlements history of Finland

Upon its completion, about 450,000 people had to be re-evacuated and populated.


Question: Where has there been a settlement in Finland?

Settlements history of Finland

[25] In 1944, 12% of the total land area had to be handed over to the Soviet Union.


Question: Where has there been a settlement in Finland?

Settlements history of Finland

Similar to the Express Settlement Act, efforts were now being made to form farms to be handed over to the colonists.


Question: Where has there been a settlement in Finland?

Settlements history of Finland

This meant that the Karelians settled among the rest of the population, to which they adapted very quickly.


Question: Where has there been a settlement in Finland?

Settlements history of Finland

In addition, frontmen began to be colonised, some of whom were able to colonise the so-called cold space, which was an uncleared smallholding.


Question: Where has there been a settlement in Finland?

Settlements history of Finland

16,000 of these were born mostly in Eastern and Northern Finland.


Question: Where has there been a settlement in Finland?

Settlements history of Finland

[26] In the 1960s, a strong wave of migration to Sweden emerged in Finland.


Question: Where has there been a settlement in Finland?

Settlements history of Finland

Its source areas were the eastern and northern parts of the country, where some farms were unproductive due to their small size (for example, former cold farms).


Question: Where has there been a settlement in Finland?

Settlements history of Finland

During 1969—1970 there were 80,000 migrants, including 40% from the counties of Oulu and Lapland.


Question: Where has there been a settlement in Finland?

Settlements history of Finland

Around 350000 Swedish Finns live in Sweden today.


Question: Where has there been a settlement in Finland?

Settlements history of Finland

Beginning in the Second World War by the 1980s, 700000 people migrated from Finland, although about half returned.


Question: Where has there been a settlement in Finland?

Settlements history of Finland

[27] Migrants and internal migration in the 1970s saw a surge in settlement in Finland with the reception of Chilean refugees and Vietnamese boat refugees in the 1980s.


Question: Where has there been a settlement in Finland?

Settlements history of Finland

President Mauno Koivisto made a promise of return change for the Ingerians in the early 1990s.


Question: Where has there been a settlement in Finland?

Settlements history of Finland

This has meant settling 30,000 Inger Finns living in the territory of the former Soviet Union and those of Finnish descent in Finland.


Question: Where has there been a settlement in Finland?

Settlements history of Finland

Repatriation of former Finns does occur, but it is less pronounced than the exodus of Finns.


Question: Where has there been a settlement in Finland?

Settlements history of Finland

In late 2009, the Finnish government decided to limit the special treatment of Ingrian returnees.


Question: Where has there been a settlement in Finland?

Settlements history of Finland

[28] The 1990s also saw the beginning of the colonization of Somali and Kosovan refugees.


Question: Where has there been a settlement in Finland?

Settlements history of Finland

In the 2000s, refugees from war-waged countries have come to Finland e.g.


Question: Where has there been a settlement in Finland?

Settlements history of Finland

Afghanistan and Iraq.


Question: Where has there been a settlement in Finland?

Settlements history of Finland

Finland's internal migration was strong in the 1970s.


Question: Where has there been a settlement in Finland?

Settlements history of Finland

The issue is measured by the rate of inter-municipal migration, which in the early 1970s was 51.5 migrations per 1,000 inhabitants per year.


Question: Where has there been a settlement in Finland?

Settlements history of Finland

In the early 1990s, migration was slightly lower, but in the 2010s it has accelerated again to 50.5 migrations per 1,000 inhabitants.