Question: How much sugar does it take to make wine?

Baking yeast

To activate dry yeast, a warmer liquid is needed than for fresh yeast.


Question: How much sugar does it take to make wine?

Baking yeast

Liquid yeast, or yeast cream, is also available, which is mainly used in the brewing and bakery industries, as well as instant yeast, which is used to make squeal and home wine, for example.


Question: How much sugar does it take to make wine?

Baking yeast

Today, artificial elevators such as baking soda can also be used to make bread.


Question: How much sugar does it take to make wine?

Baking yeast

For baking, yeast is mixed with flour, salt and warm water (or milk).


Question: How much sugar does it take to make wine?

Baking yeast

The dough is kneaded and then left to soar before baking.


Question: How much sugar does it take to make wine?

Baking yeast

Yeast cells begin to grow in the dough.


Question: How much sugar does it take to make wine?

Baking yeast

They use carbohydrates contained in the dough to energy, releasing carbon dioxide as a fermentation product.


Question: How much sugar does it take to make wine?

Baking yeast

Carbon dioxide bubbles cause the dough to rise.


Question: How much sugar does it take to make wine?

Baking yeast

When frying, the yeast fungus dies.


Question: How much sugar does it take to make wine?

Baking yeast

Biological properties To function according to its purpose, yeast needs time, oxygen, heat and nutrition (e.g. sugar, honey), as well as liquid (e.g. milk, water).


Question: How much sugar does it take to make wine?

Baking yeast

The yeast is also nourished from the starch of flour and is a heat source (36 °C for fresh yeast, 42 °C for dry yeast [3]).


Question: How much sugar does it take to make wine?

Baking yeast

Covering the dough with a cloth and placing it in a warm place will help lift.


Question: How much sugar does it take to make wine?

Baking yeast

The yeast gets time to act when the dough, root or pastry is allowed to leisurely soar.


Question: How much sugar does it take to make wine?

Baking yeast

The increase is caused by carbon dioxide.


Question: How much sugar does it take to make wine?

Baking yeast

In a warm oven, the gases expand further and so yeast pastries become spongy.


Question: How much sugar does it take to make wine?

Baking yeast

For this uplift and become spongy, yeast needs a special binding net.


Question: How much sugar does it take to make wine?

Baking yeast

Wheat flour is always put in yeast dough, as it is in wheat flour that contains the most binding stock proteins gliadin and glutenin, which when kneading dough made from flour and water are organised into gluten, i.e. a tight, stretchy and elastic network that gives on the dough its sitkon.


Question: How much sugar does it take to make wine?

Baking yeast

[4] The dough mesh is created by flour selection and sufficient kneading.


Question: How much sugar does it take to make wine?

Baking yeast

The gas produced by the yeast just expands the dough mesh pores.


Question: How much sugar does it take to make wine?

Baking yeast

Sources Category:Genuine Yeasts Category:Uplifters Category:Beer making Category:Model organisms Category:Key articles in screening


Question: How long does it take to make chocolate?

Cognac

Cognac () is a species of wine distilled from wine in France in the form of grapes.


Question: How long does it take to make chocolate?

Cognac

[1] Cognac is a subspecies of brandy.


Question: How long does it take to make chocolate?

Cognac

It is produced using juice made from white grapes and by distillation, after which it matures in oak barrels for several years.


Question: How long does it take to make chocolate?

Cognac

The appellation Cognac is named after the town of Cognac.


Question: How long does it take to make chocolate?

Cognac

[2] [3] The cognac word is protected as a geographical indication and can only be used by producers in the Cognac region.


Question: How long does it take to make chocolate?

Cognac

[4] Since the Distilled Beverages Regulation prohibits the translation of the geographical indication into Finnish, for example, the word cognac may not be used on the labelling of genuine cognac sold in Finland, but should be called Cognac in French.


Question: How long does it take to make chocolate?

Cognac

[5] [6] Production Cognac may only be produced in the AOC of Cognac under the [7] appellation d'origine contrôlée (AOC).


Question: How long does it take to make chocolate?

Cognac

The cognac producing area comprises most of the departments of Charente and Charente-Maritime on the west coast of France, the entire region of the Charente River, as well as part of the islands in the Bay of Biscay.


Question: How long does it take to make chocolate?

Cognac

The soil in the area is very lime and the climate marine and mild.


Question: How long does it take to make chocolate?

Cognac

These conditions produce a thin and acidic but very aromatic wine that is very well suited to making brandy.


Question: How long does it take to make chocolate?

Cognac

[8] In 1938, the cognac production area was divided into six growing areas, the cru.


Question: How long does it take to make chocolate?

Cognac

Each cru has its own characteristic features both in soil and climate, which gives the grapes its own kind of character.


Question: How long does it take to make chocolate?

Cognac

[9] Grande Champagne, the most prestigious and calcareous area.


Question: How long does it take to make chocolate?

Cognac

Cognacs are light and full-bodied.


Question: How long does it take to make chocolate?

Cognac

Total area 35700 hectares, cultivation area of grapes used for cognac 13000 hectares.


Question: How long does it take to make chocolate?

Cognac

[9] Petite Champagne, soil lime more dense and slightly lower quality compared to the Grande Champagne region.


Question: How long does it take to make chocolate?

Cognac

Total area 68400 hectares, grape growing area 16000 hectares.


Question: How long does it take to make chocolate?

Cognac

[9] Borderies, the smallest of the six crus.


Question: How long does it take to make chocolate?

Cognac

The soil is a mixture of lime and clay.


Question: How long does it take to make chocolate?

Cognac

The grapes ripen earlier than those of other regions, and its cognacs are soft and refined.


Question: How long does it take to make chocolate?

Cognac

Total area 13440 hectares, grape growing area 4000 hectares.


Question: How long does it take to make chocolate?

Cognac

[9] Fins Bois surrounds the three aforementioned areas.


Question: How long does it take to make chocolate?

Cognac

The soil is lime and limestone.


Question: How long does it take to make chocolate?

Cognac

Cognac is soft and supple.


Question: How long does it take to make chocolate?

Cognac

Total area 354200 hectares, grape growing area 33000 hectares.


Question: How long does it take to make chocolate?

Cognac

[9] In turn, Bons Bois surrounds Fins Bois.


Question: How long does it take to make chocolate?

Cognac

The area is even more exposed to the marine climate, and the soil is predominantly clay.


Question: How long does it take to make chocolate?

Cognac

Cognacs in the region ripen quickly, and they are strong in taste.


Question: How long does it take to make chocolate?

Cognac

Total area 386600 hectares, grape growing area 12000 hectares.


Question: How long does it take to make chocolate?

Cognac

[9] Bois Ordinaires, the soil is very sandy, and due to the influence of the marine climate, cognacs are often very salty in taste.


Question: How long does it take to make chocolate?

Cognac

Cognacs in the region are generally not considered to be of very high quality.


Question: How long does it take to make chocolate?

Cognac

Total area 274176 hectares, grape growing area 1700 hectares.


Question: How long does it take to make chocolate?

Cognac

[9] If the distillates used for cognac are produced only from grapes from the Grande and Petit Champagne region and 50% or more of the distillates are from the Grande Champagne region, the label 'Fine Champagne' may be added to the brandy label.


Question: How long does it take to make chocolate?

Cognac

[10] The four largest cognac producers are Courvoisier, Hennessy, Martell and Rémy Martin.


Question: How long does it take to make chocolate?

Cognac

[11] Preparation Cognac is made by making juice from white grapes.


Question: How long does it take to make chocolate?

Cognac

Ugni blanc grapes are 95% used for juice, but Folle blanche and Colombard are also often used.


Question: How long does it take to make chocolate?

Cognac

The grapes are picked during October and November and are immediately pressed either using traditional napkin presses or modern compressed air presses.


Question: How long does it take to make chocolate?

Cognac

After squeezing, the juice is put in fermentation containers.


Question: How long does it take to make chocolate?

Cognac

During fermentation, no sugar should be added to the wine, and sulfur dioxide is not used either.


Question: How long does it take to make chocolate?

Cognac

Fermentation takes three weeks, after which the wine is about 8-9% and sour.


Question: How long does it take to make chocolate?

Cognac

For one liter of cognac, nine liters of wine will be required.


Question: How long does it take to make chocolate?

Cognac

[12] The wine is distilled immediately after fermentation, and distillation is over by March 31.


Question: How long does it take to make chocolate?

Cognac

Cognac is distilled twice, unlike most other brandies: after the first distillation it is about 30% alcohol, and after the second distillation it is 72%.


Question: How long does it take to make chocolate?

Cognac

The wine is currently preheated before distillation.


Question: How long does it take to make chocolate?

Cognac

Distillation is required by law to be carried out in copper pans: copper distributes heat evenly and helps to retain certain sulfites and fatty acids in the wine.


Question: How long does it take to make chocolate?

Cognac

The tonnage of the pan used in the second distillation must be no more than 30 hectolitres by law.


Question: How long does it take to make chocolate?

Cognac

The entire distillation takes less than 24 hours.


Question: How long does it take to make chocolate?

Cognac

[13] Raw cognac created after distillation is called “life water” (eau-de-vie).


Question: How long does it take to make chocolate?

Cognac

Eau-de-Vie is colourless and has an alcoholic strength by volume of approximately 72% by volume.


Question: How long does it take to make chocolate?

Cognac

It is put in oak barrels to mature from at least two years up to more than 50 years.


Question: How long does it take to make chocolate?

Cognac

Oak used for oak barrels must by law be at least 50 years old.


Question: How long does it take to make chocolate?

Cognac

For barrels, wood material from the lower part of the tree is used.


Question: How long does it take to make chocolate?

Cognac

The most common volume of the barrel is 350 liters.


Question: How long does it take to make chocolate?

Cognac

The new barrels are used to store young cognac for six months before transferring it to older barrels.


Question: How long does it take to make chocolate?

Cognac

Various flavourings such as tannin and lignin are soluble from the oak barrel in the drink, and cognac also acquires its brownish colour from the oak barrel.


Question: How long does it take to make chocolate?

Cognac

Between 3 and 6 per cent of the liquid in barrels evaporates over the years, of which alcohol is 0.4 to 0.5 percentage points.


Question: How long does it take to make chocolate?

Cognac

The evaporated part is called the “share of angels”.


Question: How long does it take to make chocolate?

Cognac

It is replaced in barrels every year by fresher cognac.


Question: How long does it take to make chocolate?

Cognac

[14] Several different distillates are mixed with cognacs from different years and areas of production.


Question: How long does it take to make chocolate?

Cognac

A standard VS cognac can have 40 different distillates and up to 200 in some cognacs.


Question: How long does it take to make chocolate?

Cognac

Ready cognac is gradually diluted to 40% with the addition of distilled water or dilute brandy.


Question: How long does it take to make chocolate?

Cognac

Some producers finally dye the cognac with caramelised sugar or season it with sugar syrup.


Question: How long does it take to make chocolate?

Cognac

[15] Grades Cognac has three grades according to the maturation period: VS (Very Special) or ✯✯✯ (three stars), the youngest life water batch matured for at least two years.


Question: How long does it take to make chocolate?

Cognac

[16] VSOP (Very Superior Old Pale [17]), the youngest life water batch matured for at least four years.


Question: How long does it take to make chocolate?

Cognac

[18] XO (Extra Old), the youngest life water batch matured at least six years, but on average almost 20 years.


Question: How long does it take to make chocolate?

Cognac

[19] In the classification of the French trade association Bureau national interprofessionnel du cognac (BNIC), moreover, the grades Napoléon and Hors d'âge correspond to XO quality.


Question: How long does it take to make chocolate?

Cognac

[17] History The Charente and Charente-Maritime region has long been an important wine producer due to its mild climate, lime soil and proximity to the Charente River which serves as a passage.


Question: How long does it take to make chocolate?

Cognac

Wine has been exported from Cognac since at least the 12th century, according to documents.


Question: How long does it take to make chocolate?

Cognac

However, the wines brought to Holland via the port of La Rochelle were acidic and mild, as well as suffering from ship travel, so the Dutch began distilling them.


Question: How long does it take to make chocolate?

Cognac

Later, the French began distilling the wines of the Charente River twice, and the resulting wine began to be called brandy.


Question: How long does it take to make chocolate?

Cognac

[20] The 17th century saw the beginning of the first large cognac houses.


Question: How long does it take to make chocolate?

Cognac

Sectors associated with cognac production grew in the 18th century, when glass bottle and shipping box industries also emerged in the area.


Question: How long does it take to make chocolate?

Cognac

In 1872, wine aphid arrived in the cognac area, which prevented cognac production until the creepers had been replaced by Americans.


Question: How long does it take to make chocolate?

Cognac

[21] Ingestion Cognac can be consumed as is or in a drink mix.


Question: How long does it take to make chocolate?

Cognac

It is recommended to drink with coffee and chocolate.


Question: How long does it take to make chocolate?

Cognac

As such, cognac is usually ingested in either a large and round-domed aroma glass or a tulip-shaped upward-tapering glass.


Question: How long does it take to make chocolate?

Cognac

According to the recommendation of the Cognac Summit meeting of cognac professionals, cognac should be enjoyed in a tulip-shaped glass, as it retains the aromas of the cognac and directs them directly to the enjoyer's nose without the vapors of alcohol rushing out of the glass.


Question: How long does it take to make chocolate?

Cognac

[22] Sources Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Karlstén, Jari| title = Most noble of drinks: History and manufacture of spirits | location = Helsinki| publisher = Art House| year = 2007| id = ISBN 978-951-884-414-6}} References Literature Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Uusitalo, Antti| title = Should I tell you about cognac? | location = Jyväskylä | publisher = Minerva| year = 2005| id = ISBN 952-5591-24-7}} On topic elsewhere.


Question: How long does it take to make chocolate?

Cognac

(in French) Category:68 Household Category:Key articles of screening


Question: What is the oldest castle in France?

Castle

A castle is historically a military containment building or group of buildings, the most important parts of which include walls and one or more towers.


Question: What is the oldest castle in France?

Castle

Purpose and structure The castle is a building that is a military defensive position.


Question: What is the oldest castle in France?

Castle

Defensible is enhanced with walls, towers and moats, among other things.


Question: What is the oldest castle in France?

Castle

A castle may be a separate own building or complex of buildings, or it might be associated as a distinctively distinctive part of the city wall.


Question: What is the oldest castle in France?

Castle

Castles may always have also had secondary properties, for example as residences for rulers (e.g. Windsor Castle) and sometimes as administrative centres as well.


Question: What is the oldest castle in France?

Castle

In this case, residential and representative rooms, religious buildings, etc., have also been placed in defensive structures, depending on their intended use.


Question: What is the oldest castle in France?

Castle

Defence and attack When building the castle, the defensive position is designed in such a way as to withstand the tactics and weapons of its era as possible.


Question: What is the oldest castle in France?

Castle

The attacker has had two tactics at his disposal: siege and scramble.


Question: What is the oldest castle in France?

Castle

Weapons have included various blade and bow guns, siege towers, ramps and ejection machines including catapult, trebuchet and ballista.


Question: What is the oldest castle in France?

Castle

In a siege situation, the attacker sought victory by proposing the castle's defensive will or resources, typically drink and food.


Question: What is the oldest castle in France?

Castle

A typical method of breaching defences by rushing has been to cross the wall using ladders, ropes or siege towers.


Question: What is the oldest castle in France?

Castle

To facilitate or enable the assault, efforts have been made to breach the wall with projectiles bazooked by throwing machines, or by oppressing the wall into a tunnel dug beneath it.


Question: What is the oldest castle in France?

Castle

The military importance of the walls and towers plummeted enough after effective artillery warfare came into use.


Question: What is the oldest castle in France?

Castle

The change can be defined as having occurred in Europe mainly in the 15th and 16th centuries, when defensive tactics based on walls and towers for thousands of years became archaic.


Question: What is the oldest castle in France?

Castle

A phased move was then made to construct various fortifications where the mass of the walls was gradually increased to better withstand the increasingly destructive artillery fire.


Question: What is the oldest castle in France?

Castle

At the same time, efforts were made to create an advantageous fire position for defensive artillery.


Question: What is the oldest castle in France?

Castle

The mutual rivalry between defensive and offensive techniques quickly led to the development of the bastion system.


Question: What is the oldest castle in France?

Castle

Early castles after the breakup of the Roman Empire in Europe were built in fenced areas for defensive purposes, protected by trenches, ramparts and pile fences.


Question: What is the oldest castle in France?

Castle

In these vast fortifications, the whole community lived in safety, and it also maintained and defended them itself.


Question: What is the oldest castle in France?

Castle

[1] During the Viking invasions in the late 9th and early 10th centuries, the Counts and the nobles who owned the lower lands after them began to build their own fortifications, increasingly in the countryside, on the top of the hills.


Question: What is the oldest castle in France?

Castle

Lords built their castles to ensure their land ownership and local command, and to protect themselves and their families.


Question: What is the oldest castle in France?

Castle

The earliest castles in northern France and England between the 10th and 12th centuries were wooden towers built over earth mounds.


Question: What is the oldest castle in France?

Castle

The lake of the mound was surrounded by a pile fence, from which the inside could be accessed via a flight of stairs or a drawbridge.


Question: What is the oldest castle in France?

Castle

The mound was located in a pre-castle bounded by a moat and a pile fence.


Question: What is the oldest castle in France?

Castle

There were residential buildings in the pre-castle, and locals were allowed there for safety in times of need.


Question: What is the oldest castle in France?

Castle

The Excellency himself protected himself by going to the top of the mound to his private tower.


Question: What is the oldest castle in France?

Castle

[2] Such castles became common in England and other parts of Europe with the Norman conquests in the 10th century, and by the 12th century all sign-men were reported to have already built a castle for themselves.


Question: What is the oldest castle in France?

Castle

[2] Stone castles Wooden hedges were found to be inadequate over time, as they could burn and had to be renewed regularly.


Question: What is the oldest castle in France?

Castle

Therefore, castles began to be built out of stone.


Question: What is the oldest castle in France?

Castle

The stone tower, when too heavy, could not be built on mounds of earth, so it was built elsewhere in the pre-castle area.


Question: What is the oldest castle in France?

Castle

This thick-walled and high central tower became the main defensive tower and residence of the castle.


Question: What is the oldest castle in France?

Castle

The first stone central towers were built in the 10th-century and 12th century fold.


Question: What is the oldest castle in France?

Castle

An early example is the quadrangular White Tower of London, which began to be built in 1078.


Question: What is the oldest castle in France?

Castle

[3] In addition to the tower, walls also began to be built of stone.


Question: What is the oldest castle in France?

Castle

In some castles a perimeter wall was built around the hill tower, in some a perimeter wall around the pre-castle.


Question: What is the oldest castle in France?

Castle

Towers could be built along the perimeter wall, protruding from the walls so that archers could fire at the attackers from the side.


Question: What is the oldest castle in France?

Castle

[4] The towers were initially square in shape, but in the 12th century more durable polygonal and round towers began to be made.


Question: What is the oldest castle in France?

Castle

However, the advantage of the quadrangular tower was that it was better adapted to living rooms and a large lobby than a round one.


Question: What is the oldest castle in France?

Castle

[5] In the 13th century, the gates of castles began to be strengthened with heavily fortified gate towers, which also often became the main residential buildings of the castle rather than the central tower.


Question: What is the oldest castle in France?

Castle

[6] Portions of castles A mound is a mound of earth upon which a fortress structure, tower or house is made.


Question: What is the oldest castle in France?

Castle

First typically wood and later stone were used as material for the tower.


Question: What is the oldest castle in France?

Castle

A pre-castle was also typically built in connection with the mound.


Question: What is the oldest castle in France?

Castle

Pre-Castle Esilinna is a fortified enclosed area.


Question: What is the oldest castle in France?

Castle

This type of courtyard is a typical feature of the castle, of which many castles had at least one.


Question: What is the oldest castle in France?

Castle

The tower on top of the motte served as the last and best refuge, and functions better accommodated in the apron were placed there.


Question: What is the oldest castle in France?

Castle

[7] Central Tower The central tower was typically the strongest part of the castle.


Question: What is the oldest castle in France?

Castle

Circumwall A circumwall is a defensive wall surrounding the apron.


Question: What is the oldest castle in France?

Castle

Gate Tower The gate was typically the weakest point of a castle, often having its own tower or pre-castle built to defend.


Question: What is the oldest castle in France?

Castle

Moat The moat is a trench made into a defensive structure.


Question: What is the oldest castle in France?

Castle

The trench may have been dry or filled with water.


Question: What is the oldest castle in France?

Castle

The purpose of the trench was to prevent the approach of the attack towers, as well as the digging of tunnels under the walls.


Question: What is the oldest castle in France?

Castle

In a large dry and deep moat, the defender could gain military advantage in counterattacking against the scramble, for example by using heavy cavalry against infantry.


Question: What is the oldest castle in France?

Castle

Other typical features The saccharized walls were often at least on the perimeter walls as well as gate towers.


Question: What is the oldest castle in France?

Castle

In general terms, saccharization refers to a system in which the crest of a building (wall, tower, etc.) has a so-called short wall, in which the saddles and openings alternately alternate.


Question: What is the oldest castle in France?

Castle

The point is both to give protection to the defenders and to enable the use of weapons against the aggressor.


Question: What is the oldest castle in France?

Castle

Firearms may be present in the saddles or elsewhere in the wall.


Question: What is the oldest castle in France?

Castle

The purpose of the firearm is to protect the defending archer by decreasing the surface area exposed to the hit compared to the situation where the shooter would be visible between the sacristy.


Question: What is the oldest castle in France?

Castle

The uppermost section of the wall may extend slightly outward, allowing for various objects and fluids to be dripped from the shelter directly onto attackers beside the wall.


Question: What is the oldest castle in France?

Castle

There is often a gap in the section between the shoulder stones from which something can be dropped on the attackers at the foot of the wall.


Question: What is the oldest castle in France?

Castle

Instead of shoulder stones and a rocky defensive corridor, such a cantilevered defensive corridor could also be constructed entirely or partially of wood.


Question: What is the oldest castle in France?

Castle

Castles today Many medieval castles have partially survived to the present days, although the military part of the original use lost its importance and the layout has practically always changed significantly.


Question: What is the oldest castle in France?

Castle

Many of the attractions known to tourists are practically a complete reconstruction without knowledge of the exact original layout of any castle from the medieval construction phase.


Question: What is the oldest castle in France?

Castle

Examples include the Grand Masters Palace in Rhodes and Carcassone, in the latter though the largest completely rebuilt passages probably lie on top of the remains of the city walls.


Question: What is the oldest castle in France?

Castle

Unruined castles are almost invariably renovated, often romantically, whereby the owner has not even attempted to create an original look but has sought a visually beautiful outcome which, in retrospect, mainly reflects the remedial period's notion of 'medieval' from the layout.


Question: What is the oldest castle in France?

Castle

In this case, the original structure can be seen mostly from the placement of the masonry walls, as well as surviving Romanesque and Gothic details.


Question: What is the oldest castle in France?

Castle

Many castles, originally built for residential purposes, have been renovated over time to better serve their purpose by removing defensive structures that have remained old-fashioned, opening windows in the walls that were originally enclosed, and possibly changing the style of the building to reflect the prevailing taste to conform.


Question: What is the oldest castle in France?

Castle

Such buildings have typically served in rural areas as estates for the wealthy land-owning population (in Finland e.g. Receipt).


Question: What is the oldest castle in France?

Castle

Finnish castles Before castles, castle mountains were commonly used in Finland.


Question: What is the oldest castle in France?

Castle

The heyday of castles in Finland is set in the 14th century.


Question: What is the oldest castle in France?

Castle

The oldest surviving and largest castle is Turku Castle, which began to be built in the 1280s.


Question: What is the oldest castle in France?

Castle

Other oldest Finnish castles are Häme Castle and Vyborg Castle.


Question: What is the oldest castle in France?

Castle

Finnish castles were erected under the crown (mm.


Question: What is the oldest castle in France?

Castle

Turku, Häme, Vyborg and Olavinlinna) [8], Church (e.g.


Question: What is the oldest castle in France?

Castle

Kuusisto Castle), private individuals (most of them), or possibly as territorial defensive cooperation in the manner of the old castle mountains (e.g.


Question: What is the oldest castle in France?

Castle

Old Castle) as administrative and defence bases for important locations.


Question: What is the oldest castle in France?

Castle

Finnish castles: Grabbacka Hakastaro Castle Hakastaro Castle Häme Castle Kajaani Castle Kastelholm Castle Kokemäki Castle Defence Tower, Koroinen in connection with the Church of the Finnish Bishops in Korois Korsholma Castle Kuitia Castle Kuusisto Castle.


Question: What is the oldest castle in France?

Castle

Castle of the Bishops of Turku Käkisalmi Castle Liinmaa Castle Olavinlinna Castle Raasepori Castle Sipoonlinna Sundholma Castle Teinper Castle Turku Castle Vanhalinna Vyborg Castle Vyborg Castles Bastille, Paris, France (destroyed in connection with the revolution) Krak de Chevalier, Syria Tower of London, London, England Malbork Castle, Malbork, Poland Toompea Castle, Tallinn, Estonia See also Bastion system Castle Mountain Palace Citadelli Sources Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Bouchard, Constance Brittain (ed.


Question: What is the oldest castle in France?

Castle

) | title = Knights in History and Legend| publisher = Firefly Books| year = 2009| id = ISBN 1-55407-480-0}} References on the topic elsewhere * Category:Key articles in screening


Question: When was Pegaso founded?

Pegaso

Pegaso was a vehicle brand belonging to the 1945 consolidation of the Spanish vehicle industry by generalissimus Francisco Franco with ENASA [Empresa Nacional de Autocamiones S.A.), born in 1946 and based in Madrid.


Question: When was Pegaso founded?

Pegaso

Organisationally, the company operated under the auspices of the industrial group INI (Instituto Nacional de Industria, 1940-1995), and the founder of ENASA was Wifredo Ricart.


Question: When was Pegaso founded?

Pegaso

Pegaso, a manufacturer of commercial vehicles, passenger cars, military vehicles and buses in Barcelona, had its roots in Hispano-Suiza's Barcelonian vehicle arm, which had continued to operate on a small scale, although Hispano-Suizan French automobile production had ceased in 1938 after moving due to the looming war to military production.


Question: When was Pegaso founded?

Pegaso

Pegaso operations continued from 1945 on its predecessor's premises when Hispano-Suiza, as part of a vehicle industry arrangement, had become a minority shareholder in ENASA.


Question: When was Pegaso founded?

Pegaso

Along with Barcelona and Madrid, ENASA later carried out manufacturing activities in Valladolid as well.


Question: When was Pegaso founded?

Pegaso

The launch of the Spanish vehicle industry with state support was necessary, since in a country isolated and deprived under Franco's reign it would not have been possible for private entities to launch large resource-intensive industrial vehicle manufacturing of sufficient scale [1].


Question: When was Pegaso founded?

Pegaso

Following Spain's accession to the European Community, it privatised its government-owned vehicle industry: in 1990, ENASA transferred to Iveco, which was part of the FIAT group, and after the completion of the last truck bearing the Pegaso name in June 1994, was hereditary rich the brand remained out of use, with short-term exceptions.


Question: When was Pegaso founded?

Pegaso

Logo Pegaso's brand name, a flying Pegasos horse in a circle depicting the globe, was designed by Ricart himself, and the horse depicted the tricks of the famous Spanish riding school founded in Vienna in 1574 about a skilled Lipizza horse jumping through a ring.


Question: When was Pegaso founded?

Pegaso

On Pegaso car models powered by a V8 engine, the letter V had been placed in the background of the emblem.


Question: When was Pegaso founded?

Pegaso

The idea to use the Pegasos horse in the logo stemmed from [2] Bristol Pegasus aircraft engines manufactured under licence by Alfa Romeo Avio - Ricart had entered service in 1936 - although he may also have been inspired by the cavallino used by Ferrari since 1929 from the rampante logo: that emblem was slightly modified from fighter pilot Francesco Baracca (multi-knee story [3]).


Question: When was Pegaso founded?

Pegaso

The sleek and multilingual Ricarti and the angled Enzo Ferrari are known to have feuded during the Alfa Romeo racing stable, resulting in Ferrari being sacked by Ugo Gobbato, who led the stable in November 1939 - he would then start producing his own cars initially under the Auto-Avia Construzioni name [4] [4] [ 5] - that is, the relationship between Wilfredo Ricarti and Enzo Ferrari, who was mentioned as copious, was not frictionless.


Question: When was Pegaso founded?

Pegaso

Commercial Vehicles (1946-1994) Small-scale production started in 1946 from the Pegaso I-model (upgraded Hispano-Suiza 66G) continued with the Pegaso II, or Z-203, introduced in 1947, with some hundreds of pieces completed.


Question: When was Pegaso founded?

Pegaso

In 1951, the long-awaited version of the Z-202 Mofletes- l. chubby cheek nickname due to its chubby roundly shaped cockpit came to offer in 1951.


Question: When was Pegaso founded?

Pegaso

In 1949, production of the company's first tractor model Z-701 had also already begun.


Question: When was Pegaso founded?

Pegaso

The growth of commercial vehicle manufacturing saw the 1954 move from Barcelona to the Bajaras district of Madrid, where production of the new Z-207 “Barajas” range was started: it had a new V6 diesel engine, and the cab profile padding would become the hallmark of the Pegasos for years ahead.


Question: When was Pegaso founded?

Pegaso

The state ENASA also took care of its own country, because when manufacturing operations moved to Barajas (close to Madrid's current main airport), it began to build a model city of Ciudad Pegaso, completed 1956 in the factory, for its employees. exists as well as the Pegaso park shop established in the former and partially preserved factory area in the San Andreu district of Barcelona (entrance, branch building).


Question: When was Pegaso founded?

Pegaso

There was also a successful knob version of the Z-702 produced in Madrid with the same V6 engine.


Question: When was Pegaso founded?

Pegaso

Instead, the bus chassis Z-407, which advanced to prototype grade, as a rear-engine version, was not put into production.


Question: When was Pegaso founded?

Pegaso

Thanks to the “Spanish miracle”, especially its accession to the EEC region, rapid economic growth, both truck and passenger equipment manufacturing flourished, and the results allowed Pegaso to open up more and more vehicle product categories.


Question: When was Pegaso founded?

Pegaso

Its competitor, for example, was Barreiros (1954-1978), a Madrid-based family company, which also produced passenger cars, among them 10 pieces of the Imperial Crown limousine the Chrysler group sought for a lower-cost manufacturing site instead of the earlier GHIA bodywork tailor.


Question: When was Pegaso founded?

Pegaso

Sports cars Z-102 and Z-103 (1951-1958) In addition to heavy vehicles, Pegaso reached for the grandeur of the bygone Hispano-Suiza era by producing it in its tradition factory in Barcelona's La Sagrera district from 1951 to 1958 in limited quantities of pieces revering tradition-honouring upper price range sporty glory cars.


Question: When was Pegaso founded?

Pegaso

The purpose of the project was not only to create a halo collection that makes Pegaso and its main products more familiar to the world, but also to train a new generation of car building experts in Spain: therefore only a few components such as ignition equipment, carburetors, surface rims and tyres were sourced from outside suppliers.


Question: When was Pegaso founded?

Pegaso

During the time of Franco, Spain was still subject to international ostracism, having approached the fascist Mussolini Italy and Nazist Hitler Germany during its civil war (the latter's help turned the civil war in Franco's favour, that is, the defeat of the republicans), and an alliance had already been discussed. with previous victories over Nazi Germany from 1939 to 1941: Spain excluded from the UN as a sympathizer for war criminals would not become a member of the World Organisation until 1955 [7].


Question: When was Pegaso founded?

Pegaso

The political situation explains Spain's need to achieve self-sufficiency in the vehicle industry, but the situation also contributed to the sales potential of the Pegaso sports car, even its general image, namely salon eligibility within its small purchaser base.


Question: When was Pegaso founded?

Pegaso

The Pegaso Z-102 (1951-1955) Designed by Wilfredo Ricart, who previously worked as engine designer at Alfa Romeo, and the engineers he attracted back from Alfa Romeo, received its debut at the 1951 Paris Motor Show.


Question: When was Pegaso founded?

Pegaso

It provided exceptionally advanced technology for its era.


Question: When was Pegaso founded?

Pegaso

Powered by Pegaso's own Dry-Drum Lubricated DOHC-V8, with camshafts cog driven, valve machinery desmodromic (both intake and exhaust valves operated mechanically, exhaust valves had an additional sodium filling), and which was available in either the 2.5, B version of the base model 2.8-litre, or in the SS version as a supercharged 3.2-litre.


Question: When was Pegaso founded?

Pegaso

The engine was obtained by one, two or four two-throated Weber carburettors at the customer's choice.


Question: When was Pegaso founded?

Pegaso

An unsynchronised 5-speed “crash box” - that is, in motorcycles common in motorcycles, the gearbox allowing shifting without a clutch was positioned in connection with a differential manufactured by ZF for better weight distribution (the “transaxle” design).


Question: When was Pegaso founded?

Pegaso

The rigid, though heavy chassis, consisted of steel lower and upper bends, folds that bind the corners together and the bottom plate.


Question: When was Pegaso founded?

Pegaso

Wheel suspension was with separate suspension (torsion rods front and rear), front with twin triangle wishbones, rear De Dion axle with rear-facing wishbones, and a connecting tube in front of the driveshafts, which provided a single fulcrum point for the gearbox instead of two [8]).


Question: When was Pegaso founded?

Pegaso

Already the base model reached a top speed of 200 km/h, and Celso Fernández achieved a top speed of 243 km/h in a Pegaso SS convertible on 25 August 1953 in a Pegaso SS convertible in Jabbeke, Belgium, with a proven 243 km/h flying mile (241.602 km/h flying mile [9]) - Pegaso was, thanks to that record run, for a few weeks the fastest serial production car in the world until Jaguar reclaimed the title with their slightly modified XK140 model.


Question: When was Pegaso founded?

Pegaso

According to the taste of its subscribers, the car was most often supplied by the Milanese Superleggera Touring (Ricart's familiar collaborator from the time of Alfa Romeo) or rarely customised bodies from the Parisian company Saoutchik, and the open models were most often the work of the Catalan bodymaker Serra (Pedro Serra also subsequently repaired several Pegaso individuals affected by crash damage with new baskets).


Question: When was Pegaso founded?

Pegaso

Of course, the high proportion of handicrafts for both car and body meant a very high price: Daryl E. Murphy [10] mentions the 3.2-litre supercharged Z-102 BS as 29500 bucks in 1954, meaning it cost a fortune compared to $3523 in the same year Chevrolet Corvette.


Question: When was Pegaso founded?

Pegaso

Pegaso sports cars also received special bodywork for exhibition purposes as individual pieces, such as, say, an individual from the famous Dutch Louwman Museum with a Plexiglas ramp [11], whose design was based on Spanish students' ideas of the “car of the future”, and which was featured at the 1953 New York “Auto Show” auto show.


Question: When was Pegaso founded?

Pegaso

In the first of the two series, the headlights were driven typically on the surface of the front fenders (Fig.; Z-102B with touring bodywork).


Question: When was Pegaso founded?

Pegaso

In the second series, on the other hand, they were housed in a US-style recess with a hood - the rear fenders of the second series cars also reached for mid-1950s style wings on some body specimens.


Question: When was Pegaso founded?

Pegaso

On the short, only 2337 millimeter wheelbase car, proportions were less successful in these later bodies, even unintentionally comical carricatures compared to their large American paragons.


Question: When was Pegaso founded?

Pegaso

Pegaso sports cars also achieved small-scale success in Spanish national car races (hill races), but for the achievements of the Ferrari racing stable, or V12 engines like it, the company could not afford (initially in the planned representative limousine Z-101 left on the drawing board admittedly had to be a V12 engine [12]) and could not have been fitted to compact 102 or 103 models due to the higher weight of the V12 engine.


Question: When was Pegaso founded?

Pegaso

From the 1952 Monaco GP the cars were already withdrawn after practice [13], and from the 1953 24 Hours of Le Mans the team withdrew for safety reasons when one of its cars, driven by Juan Jover, was driven off the track on a bend following the Dunlop Arc at speeds exceeding 200 km/h, and the driver who was thrown out of the car suffered a serious leg injury (Wikipedia EN).


Question: When was Pegaso founded?

Pegaso

Pegaso was also unable to penetrate the lucrative U.S. market, which since 1951 had been named as the representative of the Italian company Luigi Chinetti Sr.


Question: When was Pegaso founded?

Pegaso

As a result of its efforts, the Maranella competitor began to significantly increase the sales volumes of the Maranella competitor, thereby laying the foundation for the brand's rise from a small business to the current legend: it has been suggested that the product development of the fine technology of Pegaso sports cars could still have been desired, among others.


Question: When was Pegaso founded?

Pegaso

for a very heavy body, steering and break-sensitive gearbox.


Question: When was Pegaso founded?

Pegaso

Enzo Ferrari would get his vindication not only by defeating his Pegaso rivals in car sales volumes, but also for his kicks by snapping a record streak of 27 GP wins for the Alfa Romeo team he previously led with Scuderia Ferrari's first, superior and emotional Formula One GP win over the old from their team at Silverstone in 1951 [14].


Question: When was Pegaso founded?

Pegaso

A Z-102B SS participated in the 1954 Carrera Panamericana competition under the sponsorship of President Trujillo of the Dominican Republic, as Spain did not yet have diplomatic relations with Mexico at the time.


Question: When was Pegaso founded?

Pegaso

Single-master Trujillo also owned a personal Pegaso Z-102 at the time.


Question: When was Pegaso founded?

Pegaso

The race car and its supercharged engine, a batch of high-octane fuel sufficient for the competition, did not arrive until four days before the start: unfortunately, none of the prepans had discovered in the rule book of the Panamericana competition that the participants came to uses the more low-octane Mexican Pemex fuel made available by the organiser.


Question: When was Pegaso founded?

Pegaso

The maintenance corps thus urgently had to change the engine adjustments to the fuel used, and while the race car was under work, the drivers had to familiarize themselves with the race conditions for the purpose in a Chevrolet passenger car they borrowed from the Dominican Republic Mission.


Question: When was Pegaso founded?

Pegaso

Despite the difficulties, the car fleet already raised its Z-102 BS in the third round finish to 4th place in its class, ahead of only mm.


Question: When was Pegaso founded?

Pegaso

the supremely fast Maglioli and Hill Ferraris.


Question: When was Pegaso founded?

Pegaso

Unfortunately, the race at Pegaso ended in the fourth round: at the end of the long straight, at a speed of more than 200 km/h, the car that reached the pluck did not notice the “Rio Hondito” bend behind the crest of the pluck and had no chance of staying on the road due to the overfast pace (to the same the Borgward team pair's Bechem/Herzog race also ended in the bend, also due to an outward run).


Question: When was Pegaso founded?

Pegaso

During the flight, those on board got out of their cars and survived as if they were miraculously, but the car derailing hit the mounted police officer who was monitoring the bend with unfortunate consequences.


Question: When was Pegaso founded?

Pegaso

Pegaso Z-103 (1956-1958) From 1955 onwards, in the Z-103, the V8 engine was offered as a 3.9-litre OHC version instead of cumbersome double logs, as well as 4.5- or 4.7-litre with pushrods and OHV construction - like pre-engine versions, they would also be available with mechanical Roots- equipped with a supercharger.


Question: When was Pegaso founded?

Pegaso

Reportedly, the biggest engine options were ultimately not implemented due to weakness in demand.


Question: When was Pegaso founded?

Pegaso

Some 103-model specimens (the volume of manufacture lie lagged at 3 pieces, one coupé for factory trade fair use did not receive its engine until the 1960s) received modern Lockheed disc brakes to curb their momentum funds.


Question: When was Pegaso founded?

Pegaso

In 1958, manufacturing of widely handcrafted Pegaso sports cars ceased to small scale after a modest 86 pieces.


Question: When was Pegaso founded?

Pegaso

Demand was strangled not only by the high price of handcrafted sports cars in the old-fashioned way and their shortcomings, but also by the entry into the market of more attractive and affordable mass-production sports cars from competing, etablated manufacturers from the same customer base: an example in 1954 introduced Mercedes-Benz's sensational log wing coupé 300 SL (W 198).


Question: When was Pegaso founded?

Pegaso

Wilfredo Ricart made a miscalculation similar to that of Anthony Lago Talbot-Lago T26 Grand Sport, as times had changed since World War I: the era of expensive custom-built vehicles was over - in this case the cars were still manufactured. in a weaned country, equipped with a very exotic technique, and the manufacturer had not yet accrued the good reputation of its long history.


Question: When was Pegaso founded?

Pegaso

Of course, the Z-102 and 103 had made the Pegaso brand known with their desired interest, and as a vessel for training a new generation of experts fulfilled their role.


Question: When was Pegaso founded?

Pegaso

Also Pegaso primus motor, Dr. Ricart had, in 1957 at the age of 60 years, remained no longer in the role of advisor (until 1958), which was the natural end point for the project.


Question: When was Pegaso founded?

Pegaso

At Franco's personal order, the equipment used to manufacture the sports car was dismantled and scrapped, and the parts stock of the sports model was sold off.


Question: When was Pegaso founded?

Pegaso

Pegaso then focused on manufacturing utility and later also military vehicles for the initially widely closed market in Spain.


Question: When was Pegaso founded?

Pegaso

Prices for rare (less than 70 pieces are known to be left) Pegaso sports cars when restored are very high: lost or broken parts must be made, and due to dimensional defects or asymmetry of the customized l. handcrafted bodywork, it can be very difficult to renew the glasses.


Question: When was Pegaso founded?

Pegaso

IAD Pegaso Z-103 Replica Under cover of British financiers, Worthing-based IAD (International Automotive Design) planned in 1988 to produce up to 60 copies of Z-103 replications of the 1955 Serra bodied paragon, the original for safe driveability technically slightly updated, equipped with Rover's 3.9-litre V8 alloy engine and Alfa Romeo 75 drivetrain, as well as equipment required by legislation of the time [15].


Question: When was Pegaso founded?

Pegaso

The replica had been thought to serve as a public relations tool for Pegaso trucks, as the original Pegaso sports cars are museumed or hidden from the general public in collectors' collections.


Question: When was Pegaso founded?

Pegaso

According to the source, 15 pieces were in the works prior to the 1990 acquisition, by which the rights to the Pegaso brand name passed to IVECO.


Question: When was Pegaso founded?

Pegaso

After negotiating with the new owner, IAD itself became the subject of an acquisition, which caused the replica project to dry up after reportedly 11 copies (Wikipedia) had been completed.


Question: When was Pegaso founded?

Pegaso

Similar Exclusive Car Models Other European vehicle manufacturers also offered compact, V8-engined sporty glory cars similar to the Pegaso Z-102/103 in the 1950s.


Question: When was Pegaso founded?

Pegaso

Italian company Fiat offered the sports car 8V (pronounced Otto Vu, after the company thought the “V8" designation was Ford's protected brand name), which was produced with only 114 pieces with a 2-litre V8 engine during 1952-1954.


Question: When was Pegaso founded?

Pegaso

The V8 engine designed by Dante Giacosa, originally intended for a representative car, was also used for Fiat models to provide tuning parts, and based on them in the two-seat convertible 208 S from the Italian company SIATA (1926-1970), which was completed in 35 pieces over the years Between 1953 and 1955, as well as in coupé model 208 CS completed with 18 pieces fitted with Balboa or Stabilimenti Farina baskets.


Question: When was Pegaso founded?

Pegaso

Both Fiat 8Vs and Siata 208s also achieved success in competitive operations.


Question: When was Pegaso founded?

Pegaso

One can also see the likeness of Pegaso, a millionaire and sports multiplayer Briggs Cunningham from 1952 to 1953, produced in 25 pieces in 25 pieces by American millionaire and sports multiplayer Briggs Cunningham, which was equipped with The Chrysler Group's sensational 331 cubic inch “Hemi” V8 at the time, as well as bodywork handcrafted by Vignale bodywork in Italy.


Question: When was Pegaso founded?

Pegaso

All 25 cars, 20 of which were coupé bodywork and 5 with open bodywork, are still there, and one has recently undergone a major full restoration after entering the collection of TV face and car collector Jay Leno [16].


Question: When was Pegaso founded?

Pegaso

One uniting factor between the Pegaso Z-102/103 and the Cunningham C3 is the fashionable dashboard at the time of their manufacture with its modern-day yardstick with remarkably large size head gauges.


Question: When was Pegaso founded?

Pegaso

Established by Cunningham for its racing and passenger car manufacturing operations, the company was unable to demonstrate profitable business activity during its next five years of operation, which was a prerequisite under the tax law at the time for the company to maintain its business status: change in status less favourably taxed as a hobby activity, and when the victory set by Cunningham as his main goal in the 24 Hours of Le Mans time, despite hard trying and good results, was ultimately unachieved, meant the Cunningham firm had run down after 1955.


Question: When was Pegaso founded?

Pegaso

The V8 engine of the 2.2-litre Vedette passenger car model Aquillon, representing the French design of the Ford subsidiary of France (Ford SAF, later sold to SIMCA), was also placed in the company's Comète top model (1951-1954), receiving from 1952 onwards its version grown to 2.4-litre.


Question: When was Pegaso founded?

Pegaso

In 1954, the 3.9-litre Mistral V8 engine used in Ford SAF trucks, originating from the parent company's Mercury division, came the 3.9-litre Mistral V8 engine in the Comète series high-speed travel car, the Monte Carlo.


Question: When was Pegaso founded?

Pegaso

After the Simca deal, the residual stock of the top model was sold out under the name Simca Comète Monte Carlo until 1955.


Question: When was Pegaso founded?

Pegaso

Due to its high price (65% more expensive than the technically similar Vedette) and the heavy taxation of cars with more than 2-litre engines in France, the outlay of the top models was modest: the total Comète production was 2195 pieces, of which the top model accounted for 699 pieces [17].


Question: When was Pegaso founded?

Pegaso

The bodywork for the Monte Carlo top model was made by the outsider Facel (1939-1964), who later produced French sporty glory cars under his own name, mainly with the large size V8 engines of the Chrysler group, and subsequently fatal to the company due to its profuse faults with its engine in the smaller Facellia model.


Question: When was Pegaso founded?

Pegaso

Alongside the West German BMW sedan models 501 and 502 (“Baroque Angel”, 1952-1964), an initiative by Maximilian Hoffmann, the manufacturer's U.S. Representative, was created, drawn by Count Albrecht von Goertz, with aluminium bodywork by BAUR and 3.2-litre V8 alloy engines from BMW 502 equipped models 503 (1956-1960) as well as the picturesque 507 (1956-1959), both presented to the public at the 1955 Frankfurt IAA Exhibition.


Question: When was Pegaso founded?

Pegaso

Due to the high price of the glory models (approximately 5.5 times the average annual salary of an employee (Wikipedia DE)), their manufacturing volumes were left at only 254 (BMW 507) and 412 (BMW 503) pieces.


Question: When was Pegaso founded?

Pegaso

The BMW 3200 CS (1962-1965), the successor to the glory models, with the same V8 engine, was fitted with bodywork drawn and produced by Bertone, which featured for the first time the reinforcement triangle of the lower part of the C-pillar, then known as the Hofmeister-knicks, the BMW styling element.


Question: When was Pegaso founded?

Pegaso

Only 532-603 copies of the model were completed.


Question: When was Pegaso founded?

Pegaso

The British Daimler Company entered the same segment a little later with their model DART/SP250 (1959-1964), which featured a 2.5-litre V8 engine created by famous mp-engine designer Edward Turner (the engine family also included a 4.5-litre version of the glorious car DR450 Majestic Major).


Question: When was Pegaso founded?

Pegaso

The design of the SP250 with fibreglass bodywork divided opinion and, unofficially, it is considered the ugliest novelty of the 1959 New York Auto Show at its first presentation.


Question: When was Pegaso founded?

Pegaso

Production ceased after 2654 pieces in 1964, though the small V8 engine excelled in Daimler sedan models based on the Jaguar Mark 2 model, the 2½-litre V8 (1962-1967) and V8-250 (1967-1969): they were the company's most successful models in terms of manufacturing volume.


Question: When was Pegaso founded?

Pegaso

Buses 1951- Pegaso bus production began in 1951.


Question: When was Pegaso founded?

Pegaso

A more traditional chassis was offered as a Z-404 city or travel bus, the remainder of which was available with the attention-grabbing dogs of the Bilbaoan Seida, or the mid-engined Z-403 “Monocasco” with a biplane self-supporting fuselage.


Question: When was Pegaso founded?

Pegaso

Electrical conductor model Z-501 with Cenemesa traction equipment was also available for cities.


Question: When was Pegaso founded?

Pegaso

After the 1960 production restructuring, Pegaso offered the 5000 series as platforms, as well as the self-supporting 6000 series extensive collections.


Question: When was Pegaso founded?

Pegaso

Today, Pegaso bus manufacturing is part of the Iveco Bus Group (from 2003 to 2013 Irisbus, following the 1999 merger of Fiat and Renault's RVI commercial vehicle group under that name), which in turn belongs to the CNH Industrial group.


Question: When was Pegaso founded?

Pegaso

Pegaso's domestic competitors included as early as 1889 in the Basque Country as a coachmaker, 1928 the first 22-seater motor car, and in 1933 the first wood-bodied bus produced by IRIZAR.


Question: When was Pegaso founded?

Pegaso

Military Vehicles 1953- Pegaso introduced the M-3 prototype of its first all-wheel-drive (4 x 4) all-terrain truck model for military use in 1953.


Question: When was Pegaso founded?

Pegaso

The company supplied military-grade multi-wheel-drive vehicles not only to the Spanish Defence Forces, but also for export.


Question: When was Pegaso founded?

Pegaso

The Model 3020 was Pegaso's first widely introduced tactical 4 x 4 all-terrain truck in 1963, and in 1970 it was replaced by models 3045 (4 x 4) as well as 3050 (6 x 6), of whose successor models 3046 or 3055 with a stronger 170 hp engine the former were sold in large numbers e.g. For the Egyptian Defence Forces (hence the Egipcio nickname of Pegaso 3046, Egyptian).


Question: When was Pegaso founded?

Pegaso

In addition to all-terrain trucks, Pegaso manufactured an armored 6 x 6 BMR personnel carrier and variants thereof.


Question: When was Pegaso founded?

Pegaso

With its all-terrain trucks, Pegaso won the 1985 Rally of the Pharaohs as well as the 1986 Paris-Dakar Desert Rally.


Question: When was Pegaso founded?

Pegaso

In the track truck World Championship series, again, the company was involved in the 1989 and 1990 seasons with its modified heavier Troner knobs, and achieved home race batch wins in addition to a few podium placings in 1990.


Question: When was Pegaso founded?

Pegaso

Creating cooperation with other commercial vehicle manufacturers, Pegaso cooperated in the 1960s, first with the British company Leyland Motors, then in the 1970s with the Dutch DAF, and finally as the saturation situation in the European truck market worsened, that is, competition intensified In the early 1980s, the International Harvester Group acquired a 35% minority shareholding in the Spanish company: however, the cooperation with these various operators did not produce the expected success, although ENASA gained the Spanish representation of IH's CASE tractors and agricultural machinery as its sponsor through the union.


Question: When was Pegaso founded?

Pegaso

Similarly, the collaboration with Allis Chalmers was not a great success in itself, but the Spanish company gained its representation of earth-moving products.


Question: When was Pegaso founded?

Pegaso

In the late 1980s, parent company ENASA incorporated IHI subsidiary Seddon Atkinson into itself, and collaborated with MAN Group on light trucks and buses based on the Volkswagen LT and MAN G series.


Question: When was Pegaso founded?

Pegaso

With privatisation and sale to IVECO in 1990, after joining the European Community, the Spanish State began planning to privatise ENASA as well as SEAT.


Question: When was Pegaso founded?

Pegaso

However, the Pegaso range was in need of a resource-intensive overhaul to do well in fiercely competitive new markets, and even its then-current engines failed to meet Euro standards without further development.


Question: When was Pegaso founded?

Pegaso

Due to the already ongoing cooperation, a consortium of Man Group and Daimler Benz AG made an offer for 80% of Pegaso's common stock, but the transaction was rejected by the EC Competition Authority because the merger of the companies would have brought them dominance.


Question: When was Pegaso founded?

Pegaso

Finally, the Spanish State sold ENASA in 1990 to Iveco, part of the Fiat group, under which Pegaso continued initially under its own name and commercial vehicle range, until the traditional brand was left with the last Pegaso Troner-model truck (June 1994) and the Pegaso engine (1995) after graduation disabled.


Question: When was Pegaso founded?

Pegaso

On military vehicles, the Pegaso brand remained for a few more years.


Question: When was Pegaso founded?

Pegaso

On the subject elsewhere Mosquera, Carlos; Coma-Cros, Enrique: Ricart Pegaso: La Pasion del Automovil, Arcris Ediciones (Barcelona) 1988, ISBN 8440429169 (in Spanish) Mosquera, Carlos; Coma-Cros, Enrique: Los Automoviles Pegaso y Sus Protagonistas, self-publishing Coma-Cros (2 books), 2005, ISBN 8460984540 (in Spanish) Sources References Category:Spanish car brands Category:1940s trucks Category:1950s trucks Class:1950s cars Class:1960s trucks Class:1970s trucks Class:1980s trucks Class :1990s trucks


Question: Who was the first ruler of France?

List of monarchs of France

This is a list of monarchs of France.


Question: Who was the first ruler of France?

List of monarchs of France

The list begins with Merovingi kings and ends with emperors of the House of Bonaparte.


Question: Who was the first ruler of France?

List of monarchs of France

The Merovingian ruler family (428—751) The Carolingian ruler family (751—987) Eudes Robert I and Rudolf did not belong to the Carolingian lineage but were of the same lineage as the future capetings.


Question: Who was the first ruler of France?

List of monarchs of France

The lineage they represent from the period before Hugo Cape is referred to as the robertien dynasty.


Question: Who was the first ruler of France?

List of monarchs of France

The ruler family of the Kapetings (987—1792, 1814—1848), male members of the Kapetingi dynasty ruled France from 987 to 1792 and from 1814 to 1848.


Question: Who was the first ruler of France?

List of monarchs of France

Different branches of the dynasty ruled after 1328 under the names Valois and Bourbon Capet ruler family (987—1328) The list does not include Hugo Magnus the eldest son of Robert II, nor Philip Louis VI's eldest son because they were co-rulers with their fathers.


Question: Who was the first ruler of France?

List of monarchs of France

Valois ruler family (1328—1589) Branch of the ruler house of Orléans (1498—1515) Branch of the ruler house of Orléans Angoulême (1515—1589) Bourbon ruler family (1589—1792) First French Republic (1792—1804) First Republic was active in 1792—1804 until Napoléon Bonaparte crowned himself emperor Bonaparte ruler family (1804—1814) Bourbon ruler family (1814—1815) ruler family of Bonaparte (1815) Bourbon ruler family (1815—1830) ruler family of Orléans (1830—1848) The Second French Republic (1848—1852) was the second French Republic from 1848 to 1852 when the President of the Republic, Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte, crowned himself Emperor of France.


Question: Who was the first ruler of France?

List of monarchs of France

Bonaparte ruler family (1852—1870) Sources Kings Kings of France Category:French history


Question: What is Shinbutsu kakuri?

Shinbutsu kakuri

Shinbutsu kakuri (, “differentiation of kami from Buddhism”) refers to the medieval and early modern period in Japanese Buddhist terminology as a way of keeping some kami separate from Buddhism.


Question: What is Shinbutsu kakuri?

Shinbutsu kakuri

While many kami were incorporated as an integral part of Buddhism, certain or in some cases even the same kami in a different context were systematically kept away from Buddhist doctrinal constructs.


Question: What is Shinbutsu kakuri?

Shinbutsu kakuri

[1] The phenomenon had important consequences for Japanese culture.


Question: What is Shinbutsu kakuri?

Shinbutsu kakuri

It should not be confused with shinbutsu bunri (“separation of kami and buddhas”) or haibutsu kishaku (“abolish buddhas and destroy Śākyamuni”), phenomena usually repeated in Japanese history for political reasons.


Question: What is Shinbutsu kakuri?

Shinbutsu kakuri

Shinbutsu kakuri accepts the existence of Buddhism, but the other two movements oppose it.


Question: What is Shinbutsu kakuri?

Shinbutsu kakuri

History When Buddhism foreign to Japan arrived in the country, it had to be reconciled in some way with local kami beliefs.


Question: What is Shinbutsu kakuri?

Shinbutsu kakuri

This was realized as syncretism (shinbutsu shūgō, “syncretism of kamies and buddhs”) on the one hand and its opposite (shinbutsu kakuri) on the other.


Question: What is Shinbutsu kakuri?

Shinbutsu kakuri

Linking Kamie and Buddhs Once Buddhism had arrived in Japan, the Japanese developed a syncretism between the local kamas and a new foreign religion called shinbutsu shūgō.


Question: What is Shinbutsu kakuri?

Shinbutsu kakuri

Buddhism entered the country through China during the Asuka period in the late 5th century.


Question: What is Shinbutsu kakuri?

Shinbutsu kakuri

Instead of abandoning their old beliefs, the Japanese tried to adapt them to the new one and assumed both were true.


Question: What is Shinbutsu kakuri?

Shinbutsu kakuri

Thus, Buddhist temples were attached to local shrines and the other way around.


Question: What is Shinbutsu kakuri?

Shinbutsu kakuri

Both were dedicated to both kami and Buddha.


Question: What is Shinbutsu kakuri?

Shinbutsu kakuri

For example, the depth of Buddhist influence can be seen in the current shrines, the shape of which, with its large prayer halls and sacred images, is of Buddhist origin in itself.


Question: What is Shinbutsu kakuri?

Shinbutsu kakuri

[2] According to the influential honji suijaku theory, which was common until the Meiji period, Buddhist deities even chose to appear to the Japanese in the form of local kamas to save them.


Question: What is Shinbutsu kakuri?

Shinbutsu kakuri

[3] Opposition to the Shinbutsu shūgō Although among the people the kami and buddhas mixed and merged into a “common religion”, they were separated elsewhere at the same time from each other in different ways.


Question: What is Shinbutsu kakuri?

Shinbutsu kakuri

[1] [4] Religions never merged perfectly with each other and although their practices and beliefs confronted each other from time to time, they retained their own identities in a difficult, for the most part unsystematic and tense context.


Question: What is Shinbutsu kakuri?

Shinbutsu kakuri

[5] The relationship was not so much between two systems as between certain kamas and certain buddhas.


Question: What is Shinbutsu kakuri?

Shinbutsu kakuri

[5] They were still considered parallel but separate beings.


Question: What is Shinbutsu kakuri?

Shinbutsu kakuri

[1] In addition to the Shinbutsu shūgō, the coin also had its reverse side, shinbutsu kakuri.


Question: What is Shinbutsu kakuri?

Shinbutsu kakuri

[5] For example, at the shrine of Iwashimizu Hachiman-gūn, some rituals were rituals intended for kami and other rituals were Buddhist, causing different persons to perform different rituals.


Question: What is Shinbutsu kakuri?

Shinbutsu kakuri

Among the Japanese, that is, as stubborn, tends to distinguish native kamis from Buddhism that arrived abroad.


Question: What is Shinbutsu kakuri?

Shinbutsu kakuri

[1] The history of anti-Buddhism thought can be derived all the way up to Nihonshok and its account of the arrival of Buddhism in Japan in the 5th century.


Question: What is Shinbutsu kakuri?

Shinbutsu kakuri

Several examples of friction between some kamas and Buddhist temples built on their territories can be found from a later period.


Question: What is Shinbutsu kakuri?

Shinbutsu kakuri

[1] For example, at Ise Shrine, the Ise-Daijungūji Shrine Temple () was moved twice because Isen kami had become angry with a temple built too close to the shrine and caused constant rains.


Question: What is Shinbutsu kakuri?

Shinbutsu kakuri

The 804 work Kōtaijingū gishikichō () decreed that certain words associated with Buddhism (buddha, sūtra, gojūnotō, monk, temple, or vegetarian) were not to be uttered in Ise lands and were to be replaced by others.


Question: What is Shinbutsu kakuri?

Shinbutsu kakuri

[1] The book even specified the words to be used instead (): nakago (“middle child”) instead of buddha, kawarabuki (“tile-roofed building”) instead of temple, and somegami (“stained paper”) instead of sūtra.


Question: What is Shinbutsu kakuri?

Shinbutsu kakuri

[4] However, this did not mean categorically rejecting Buddhism as a foreign religion; for example, in a diary piece written in Issa, Daijingū sankeiki (1286), the monk Tsūkai stated that Isen kami Amaterasu did not “actually dislike Buddhism” and that he “seeks protection within himself” from Buddhism”, even if externally it was forbidden.


Question: What is Shinbutsu kakuri?

Shinbutsu kakuri

[1] Japan thus had a conscious desire to keep kamis separate from Buddhism.


Question: What is Shinbutsu kakuri?

Shinbutsu kakuri

Around the late 8th century, the custom seems to have spread from Ise to other shrines as well.


Question: What is Shinbutsu kakuri?

Shinbutsu kakuri

[1] Jōgan shiki (871) prohibit all Buddhist rituals in court and provincial offices during the emperor's rise to power ceremony ().


Question: What is Shinbutsu kakuri?

Shinbutsu kakuri

[1] [4] Nor were monks and nuns allowed to enter the imperial palace during, before or after some of the kami rituals performed at the court.


Question: What is Shinbutsu kakuri?

Shinbutsu kakuri

[1] [4] Also according to Engi shiki (927), monks and nuns were unable to enter the palace during several festivals.


Question: What is Shinbutsu kakuri?

Shinbutsu kakuri

[1] [4] In the Heian period, this type of segregation became a common practice with many well-studied practical consequences.


Question: What is Shinbutsu kakuri?

Shinbutsu kakuri

[1] Taboo was slavishly enforced in the imperial palace for centuries.


Question: What is Shinbutsu kakuri?

Shinbutsu kakuri

[1] [4] In the Edo period, during the period of Tokugawa domination, the custom not only survived but strengthened.


Question: What is Shinbutsu kakuri?

Shinbutsu kakuri

[1] It is important to note that Buddhism was only forbidden at the time of rituals associated with the emperor and similar, so at other times the usual mixing of kami and buddhas continued unchanged.


Question: What is Shinbutsu kakuri?

Shinbutsu kakuri

[4] Origin of Shinbutsu kakuri The origin of the phenomenon of Shinbutsu kakuri does not appear to lie in Buddhism being associated with death and thus impurity.


Question: What is Shinbutsu kakuri?

Shinbutsu kakuri

Direct contact with things related to death, such as blood, was also forbidden in temples, and Buddhism was not banned in the vast majority of sanctuaries.


Question: What is Shinbutsu kakuri?

Shinbutsu kakuri

[1] Rather, the phenomenon originated in such shrines and rituals that had strong ties to the emperor, such as Ise, [6] and was always tightly tied to him and his rise to power ceremony.


Question: What is Shinbutsu kakuri?

Shinbutsu kakuri

[1] It later spread to other official ceremonies.


Question: What is Shinbutsu kakuri?

Shinbutsu kakuri

It has been argued that the phenomenon was a reaction to Buddhist monks' interference in politics: it reached its peak in the Dōkyō Incident of 768, in which Empress Shōtoku wanted to cede the throne to monk Dōkyō.


Question: What is Shinbutsu kakuri?

Shinbutsu kakuri

It seems that imperial rites were separated from Buddhism in part because of the desire to protect the inherited empress.


Question: What is Shinbutsu kakuri?

Shinbutsu kakuri

[1] Shinbutsu kakuri had significant consequences anyway.


Question: What is Shinbutsu kakuri?

Shinbutsu kakuri

The complete merger of Kami beliefs into Buddhism was prevented.


Question: What is Shinbutsu kakuri?

Shinbutsu kakuri

The prohibition of Buddhism by the shrines of Ise and Kamo also allowed them to freely develop their own theories about the nature of the kami.


Question: What is Shinbutsu kakuri?

Shinbutsu kakuri

[1] Sources on the topic elsewhere Category:Shinthism Category:Buddhism in Japan Category:Japanese History Category:24 Buddhism


Question: How to sow garlic?

Bear Gallop

Bear gallop (Allium ursinum) is a perennial spring plant belonging to the genus of gallops.


Question: How to sow garlic?

Bear Gallop

The species is found in most of Europe especially in light deciduous forests.


Question: How to sow garlic?

Bear Gallop

In Finland, the species is found only in the southwestern parts of the country and in Åland, where it is tranquilized.


Question: How to sow garlic?

Bear Gallop

[1] Appearance and size Bear Gallop grows 15—40 centimeters tall.


Question: How to sow garlic?

Bear Gallop

The plant is rhizome.


Question: How to sow garlic?

Bear Gallop

The onion is white, long and narrow.


Question: How to sow garlic?

Bear Gallop

The stem is edged and has two or three leaves at its base.


Question: How to sow garlic?

Bear Gallop

The leaves are long-swede and resemble the leaf of the lily of the lily (Convallaria majalis).


Question: How to sow garlic?

Bear Gallop

The lanceolate and flat shoulder of the leaf measures 10—20 cm long and 3—4 cm wide.


Question: How to sow garlic?

Bear Gallop

Underneath the inflorescence are 1—3 bracts, which are smaller than the inflorescence and soon crow.


Question: How to sow garlic?

Bear Gallop

Inflorescence dense topped series 2.5—6 cm wide and germ loops.


Question: How to sow garlic?

Bear Gallop

The flower spheres are 10—15 mm in length.


Question: How to sow garlic?

Bear Gallop

The white flower is star-shaped and its tepals are 7—12 mm long.


Question: How to sow garlic?

Bear Gallop

Bear gallop blooms in Finland between May and June.


Question: How to sow garlic?

Bear Gallop

After flowering, the shoots turn yellow and wither quickly.


Question: How to sow garlic?

Bear Gallop

[2] [3] The whole plant smells strongly of onions.


Question: How to sow garlic?

Bear Gallop

The scent is so strong that it sticks to the milk of cows that eat the plant abundantly.


Question: How to sow garlic?

Bear Gallop

[1] Distribution Bear's gallop is a European bulbous plant, probably spread quite a bit by man from its native growing areas.


Question: How to sow garlic?

Bear Gallop

It is found in southern and central Europe from France and Italy to Romania and on to the Baltic states and southern Scandinavia.


Question: How to sow garlic?

Bear Gallop

In addition, bear gallop is found in the British Isles and the Caucasus.


Question: How to sow garlic?

Bear Gallop

[4] In Finland, bear gallop grows only in Åland and in the archipelago of southwestern Finland.


Question: How to sow garlic?

Bear Gallop

A separate instance in the Pelling archipelago of Porvoo has disappeared.


Question: How to sow garlic?

Bear Gallop

Bear gallop is an old useful plant and is considered an ancient newcomer.


Question: How to sow garlic?

Bear Gallop

This is indicated, for example, by the presence of the species in the Archipelago Sea along an ancient Viking route.


Question: How to sow garlic?

Bear Gallop

[3] Catholic monks are also thought to have spread the plant.


Question: How to sow garlic?

Bear Gallop

[1] Cultivation and habitat Bear gallop is mainly found in lush groves, but also in leafy meadows and hooklands.


Question: How to sow garlic?

Bear Gallop

It often forms extensive, uniform growths.


Question: How to sow garlic?

Bear Gallop

In Finland, bear gallop breeding sites have been destroyed in the past, especially because of field clearing.


Question: How to sow garlic?

Bear Gallop

Today, the main threat to the species is the spruce and overgrown of breeding grounds after the end of traditional grazing.


Question: How to sow garlic?

Bear Gallop

[3] Bear gallop thrives well in shade and semi-shade.


Question: How to sow garlic?

Bear Gallop

The soil should be moist and calcareous.


Question: How to sow garlic?

Bear Gallop

If you make the bear gallop feel comfortable, it spreads quickly.


Question: How to sow garlic?

Bear Gallop

Sowing barberry is best done when the seeds are cold-processed.


Question: How to sow garlic?

Bear Gallop

Pre-breeding and propagation from small bulbs are also possible ways of cultivation.


Question: How to sow garlic?

Bear Gallop

Seeds are sown in autumn or early spring and covered thinly.


Question: How to sow garlic?

Bear Gallop

If there is no shade by the way, then ideal places to grow are, for example, the roots of bushes.


Question: How to sow garlic?

Bear Gallop

The seedling spacing is about 15—20 cm.


Question: How to sow garlic?

Bear Gallop

Use Bear's gallop is an old spice plant.


Question: How to sow garlic?

Bear Gallop

It has also been eaten as a vegetable.


Question: How to sow garlic?

Bear Gallop

[1] Bear gallop can be used almost the whole plant; leaves, flowers and onions.


Question: How to sow garlic?

Bear Gallop

The taste and aroma resembles garlic and its health effects are similar to garlic.


Question: How to sow garlic?

Bear Gallop

When drying, the taste disappears, so it is recommended to use it only fresh.


Question: How to sow garlic?

Bear Gallop

History Bear gallop was one of the vegetables favoured by sailors in the fight against scurvy and is likely to have come to Finland with them.


Question: How to sow garlic?

Bear Gallop

In its medicinal properties, it compares to garlic, which is why it is also classified among so-called monastic plants that were grown in the gardens of various monasteries, e.g. Vadstena Monastery.


Question: How to sow garlic?

Bear Gallop

In addition, it has been used to combat weeds in hop orchards.


Question: How to sow garlic?

Bear Gallop

Sources Laine, Unto: Bear Gallop.


Question: How to sow garlic?

Bear Gallop

In Our Endangered Growths.


Question: How to sow garlic?

Bear Gallop

Ed.


Question: How to sow garlic?

Bear Gallop

Ruttari, Terhi & Kettunen, Taina.


Question: How to sow garlic?

Bear Gallop

Finnish Environment Institute, Helsinki 1997, p. 54.


Question: How to sow garlic?

Bear Gallop

Hiking flora.


Question: How to sow garlic?

Bear Gallop

Ed.


Question: How to sow garlic?

Bear Gallop

Hämet-Ahti, Leena & Suominen, Juha & Ulvinen, Tauno & Uotila, Pertti.


Question: How to sow garlic?

Bear Gallop

Finnish Museum of Natural History, Plant Museum, Helsinki 1998.


Question: How to sow garlic?

Bear Gallop

Ålands flora.


Question: How to sow garlic?

Bear Gallop

Ed.


Question: How to sow garlic?

Bear Gallop

Hæggström, Carl-Adam & Hæggström, Eve.


Question: How to sow garlic?

Bear Gallop

Ålandstryckeriet, Mariehamn 2008.


Question: How to sow garlic?

Bear Gallop

Ahene 1a-2015, seed list.


Question: How to sow garlic?

Bear Gallop

Ed.


Question: How to sow garlic?

Bear Gallop

Laaksoharju, Taina & Luukkonen, Suvi & Bade, Cleo, Finland Finland, Helsinki 2015.


Question: How to sow garlic?

Bear Gallop

ISSN: 1237-6671.


Question: How to sow garlic?

Bear Gallop

Nature Gate.


Question: How to sow garlic?

Bear Gallop

References Elsewhere Transclusion error: {{En}} is only for use in File namespace.


Question: How to sow garlic?

Bear Gallop

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Question: How to sow garlic?

Bear Gallop

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Question: How to sow garlic?

Bear Gallop

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Question: How to sow garlic?

Bear Gallop


Question: How to sow garlic?

Bear Gallop

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Question: How to sow garlic?

Bear Gallop


Question: How to sow garlic?

Bear Gallop

Use {{lang-en}} or {{en icon}} instead.


Question: How to sow garlic?

Bear Gallop

Category:Onions Category:Spice plants Category:Herbs Category:Medicinal Plants Category:Key articles of screening


Question: Who was in power before Justinian I?

Justinian I

Justinian I or Justinian the Great (; [1]; 11 May 483 in Tauresium — 13/14.


Question: Who was in power before Justinian I?

Justinian I

November 565) was an Eastern Roman Emperor from 1 August 527 until his death.


Question: Who was in power before Justinian I?

Justinian I

Justinian is generally estimated to be among the most prominent rulers of late antiquity or even the entire medieval period.


Question: Who was in power before Justinian I?

Justinian I

[2] His most significant achievement is considered to be the collection of Roman laws, the Corpus Juris Civilis, which was an important collection of laws for the Eastern Roman Empire for centuries and which laid the groundwork for the legislation of several other European countries.


Question: Who was in power before Justinian I?

Justinian I

[3] Justinian is sometimes nicknamed “the last Roman”, for he was the last emperor to speak native Latin and conquered the city of Rome.


Question: Who was in power before Justinian I?

Justinian I

During the reign of Justinian, Byzantium reclaimed territories lost to the barbarians in Africa and Italy.


Question: Who was in power before Justinian I?

Justinian I

He also significantly overhauled governance and legislation.


Question: Who was in power before Justinian I?

Justinian I

Justinian began a major building program, the most famous accomplishment of which was the Church of Hagia Sophia in Constantinople.


Question: Who was in power before Justinian I?

Justinian I

Justinian's ambitious reforms and conquests also brought about negative consequences.


Question: Who was in power before Justinian I?

Justinian I

Thousands of people were killed in the so-called Nika Rebellion.


Question: Who was in power before Justinian I?

Justinian I

The plague of Justinian named after him killed tens of millions of people in the later years of his reign, including about half the population of the Byzantine Empire, thus one of the worst pandemics ever.


Question: Who was in power before Justinian I?

Justinian I

After Justinian's death, the kingdom was at the limits of its resources, or at least that is what the propaganda of his followers claimed.


Question: Who was in power before Justinian I?

Justinian I

Justinian also allowed the closure of the Athenian Academy.


Question: Who was in power before Justinian I?

Justinian I

[2] Much is known about the reign of Justinian thanks to the historians Prokopios and Agathias.


Question: Who was in power before Justinian I?

Justinian I

Juvenile Justinus, birthnamed Petrus Sabbatius, was born into modest conditions.


Question: Who was in power before Justinian I?

Justinian I

Justinian's seat was Tauresion, or Tauresium, located in a Latin-speaking area, near present-day Skopje (former.


Question: Who was in power before Justinian I?

Justinian I

Yugoslavia).


Question: Who was in power before Justinian I?

Justinian I

[4] Contemporaneous source Johannes Malalas tells of Justinian's appearance that he was short, light-skinned, curly haired, round-faced and handsome.


Question: Who was in power before Justinian I?

Justinian I

Prokopios compares Justinian's appearance to the tyrannical Domitianus, but this is probably just slander.


Question: Who was in power before Justinian I?

Justinian I

[2] Justinian's uncle Justinus I, a Thracian unlearned peasant, had arrived in Constantinople as early as the 470s and had made his way into the new guard of Emperor Leo, who became known as the excubitores.


Question: Who was in power before Justinian I?

Justinian I

Justinus I was a competent soldier and progressed easily in his career.


Question: Who was in power before Justinian I?

Justinian I

While prospering, he called his relatives to the capital, with them also came Justine's sister's son Petrus, whose education Justine I was publishing.


Question: Who was in power before Justinian I?

Justinian I

Justinus I had no children of his own, which is why he adopted a son by 520 and he adopted his new name Justinian.


Question: Who was in power before Justinian I?

Justinian I

[4] At the death of Emperor Anastasius in 518, Justinus was an officer in one of the Emperor's palatial guards.


Question: Who was in power before Justinian I?

Justinian I

[5] Anastasius had not appointed himself a successor, even though he had three nephews.


Question: Who was in power before Justinian I?

Justinian I

Chronicler Joannes Malalas recounts how Justinus I became emperor.


Question: Who was in power before Justinian I?

Justinian I

The high-ranking eunuch Amantius, who himself would not have been able to become emperor, tried to garner support for his own candidacy.


Question: Who was in power before Justinian I?

Justinian I

Amantius gave Justinus money with which he came to bribe the soldiers of the Guard.


Question: Who was in power before Justinian I?

Justinian I

Justinus bribed the soldiers, but not to support Amantius, but for himself.


Question: Who was in power before Justinian I?

Justinian I

On July 10, in 518, Justinus was proclaimed the new emperor by the Senate, army and people.


Question: Who was in power before Justinian I?

Justinian I

Justinus immediately gave his niece the title comes.


Question: Who was in power before Justinian I?

Justinian I

Prokopios claims that Justinus was almost illiterate and that Justinian had real power right from the start.


Question: Who was in power before Justinian I?

Justinian I

As soon as Justine rose to emperor, Justinian threw himself into the eaters of politics.


Question: Who was in power before Justinian I?

Justinian I

Three months after Justine came to power, Justinian already wrote an impatient letter to the Pope demanding that he come to Constantinople.


Question: Who was in power before Justinian I?

Justinian I

However, Justinian's position as Justinus' successor was not entirely clear.


Question: Who was in power before Justinian I?

Justinian I

[6] Over the next few years, Justinian's prestige grew immensely.


Question: Who was in power before Justinian I?

Justinian I

According to Prokopios, Justinian was implicated in the assassination of the consul Vitalianus of 520.


Question: Who was in power before Justinian I?

Justinian I

Vitalianus was also magister militum praesentalis, the main military commander of the capital.


Question: Who was in power before Justinian I?

Justinian I

Justinus then appointed Justinian as the new magister militum praesentalis.


Question: Who was in power before Justinian I?

Justinian I

Justinian was also appointed consul of 521.


Question: Who was in power before Justinian I?

Justinian I

Justinian organised magnificent runs in his consular year, which increased his popularity even further.


Question: Who was in power before Justinian I?

Justinian I

[5] Theodora In 522 Justinian met his future wife Theodora.


Question: Who was in power before Justinian I?

Justinian I

Justinian was already nearly 40 years old and Theodora was much younger than this.


Question: Who was in power before Justinian I?

Justinian I

Most of the information on Theodora is derived from Prokopios' “Anecdote”.


Question: Who was in power before Justinian I?

Justinian I

In this book, the historian unravels his hatred of the Empress.


Question: Who was in power before Justinian I?

Justinian I

In Prokopios' description, Theodora manipulates her weak-willed husband.


Question: Who was in power before Justinian I?

Justinian I

[6] Theodora was an actress by profession.


Question: Who was in power before Justinian I?

Justinian I

Around this time, actors were not appreciated and were counted as prostitutes.


Question: Who was in power before Justinian I?

Justinian I

Justinian could not, in fact, have married Theodora had it not been for the emperor Justinus to enact a law that allowed marriages between high-stewards and actresses.


Question: Who was in power before Justinian I?

Justinian I

Theodora's father had been active in the hippodrome as the tamer of the bears of the “Green Party”.


Question: Who was in power before Justinian I?

Justinian I

Theodora began to hate the Greens because they hadn't helped her mother since her father died.


Question: Who was in power before Justinian I?

Justinian I

Theodora was henceforth, as was Justinian, a supporter of the Blue.


Question: Who was in power before Justinian I?

Justinian I

[7] It is not known how Justinian and Theodora met, but apparently Justinian fell in love with Theodora.


Question: Who was in power before Justinian I?

Justinian I

In one of the laws he enacted later, he said that marriage arises from shared affection and does not need a dowry in addition to it.


Question: Who was in power before Justinian I?

Justinian I

Theodora was elevated to patrician by Justinian.


Question: Who was in power before Justinian I?

Justinian I

[8] The greatest threat to the union of Justinian and Theodora was Justine's wife Empress Euphemia, who could not tolerate Theodora.


Question: Who was in power before Justinian I?

Justinian I

Euphemia died, however, in 524 and in 525 Justinian and Theodora were married.


Question: Who was in power before Justinian I?

Justinian I

[7] In 527 Theodora received the title Augusta.


Question: Who was in power before Justinian I?

Justinian I

Like Justine's family in the past, Theodora's family was allowed to share the benefits of his new value.


Question: Who was in power before Justinian I?

Justinian I

Theodora's sisters were married into high-adjusted families.


Question: Who was in power before Justinian I?

Justinian I

The background of Theodora and also Justinian created much opposition in the capital.


Question: Who was in power before Justinian I?

Justinian I

At the court of Justinian and Theodora, etiquette rose to an even more important role.


Question: Who was in power before Justinian I?

Justinian I

Prokopios tells a few stories about how Theodora humiliated those who belonged to the upper class.


Question: Who was in power before Justinian I?

Justinian I

Theodora did use court etiquette to hold on to her new position.


Question: Who was in power before Justinian I?

Justinian I

[9] Theodora was a proponent of monophysitism.


Question: Who was in power before Justinian I?

Justinian I

Monophysitism had been condemned as a heretic by the Ecclesiastical Assembly of Kcracdon as early as 451.


Question: Who was in power before Justinian I?

Justinian I

Like his uncle, Justinian advocated the decisions of the meeting of Khalkedon.


Question: Who was in power before Justinian I?

Justinian I

Theodora did not keep her monophysitism secret and the couple often quarreled over religious matters.


Question: Who was in power before Justinian I?

Justinian I

On the other hand, the loyalty of the monophysitists in the kingdom to the Emperor remained steadfast when they knew the Empress was a monophysitist.


Question: Who was in power before Justinian I?

Justinian I

[10] As emperor, according to Prokopios, Justinian had real power even before Justine's death.


Question: Who was in power before Justinian I?

Justinian I

On 4 April 527, Justinus allowed to crown Justinian and Theodora as emperor and empress.


Question: Who was in power before Justinian I?

Justinian I

Four months later, Justinus died and Justinian became soliloquy.


Question: Who was in power before Justinian I?

Justinian I

Justinian's Reforms Reforming Taxation To finance all the reforms he wanted, Justinian entrusted John the Cappadocian with reforming the taxation of the kingdom.


Question: Who was in power before Justinian I?

Justinian I

Under John's leadership, the bureaucracy was pruned and new taxes were enacted.


Question: Who was in power before Justinian I?

Justinian I

Taxation hit aristocracy and peasants alike.


Question: Who was in power before Justinian I?

Justinian I

Some of the reforms were downright counterproductive.


Question: Who was in power before Justinian I?

Justinian I

John pushed through a reform that restricted the Imperial Post Office.


Question: Who was in power before Justinian I?

Justinian I

This got repercussions.


Question: Who was in power before Justinian I?

Justinian I

Peasants had previously been able to sell their grain to the Post Office, which needed food for horses.


Question: Who was in power before Justinian I?

Justinian I

Now the peasants were unable to sell their grain because transporting grain by land was usually very expensive.


Question: Who was in power before Justinian I?

Justinian I

John's attempts to prune Belisarius' expenditure on the war expedition against the Vandals were also to backfire.


Question: Who was in power before Justinian I?

Justinian I

The bread, which was part of Navy rations, was not well baked enough and was spoiled during the voyage.


Question: Who was in power before Justinian I?

Justinian I

Five hundred soldiers died from eating spoiled food.


Question: Who was in power before Justinian I?

Justinian I

Hard taxation drove peasants from their homes.


Question: Who was in power before Justinian I?

Justinian I

A large number of them moved to Constantinople.


Question: Who was in power before Justinian I?

Justinian I

John Lyydian tells the Cappadocian to have let a herd of wild beasts, or tax collectors, attack Lydia.


Question: Who was in power before Justinian I?

Justinian I

Soon John turned out to be the most hated man in the kingdom.


Question: Who was in power before Justinian I?

Justinian I

[11] In the eastern parts of the kingdom, Greek supplanted Latin as the language of government.


Question: Who was in power before Justinian I?

Justinian I

Legislation reforms Justinian allowed to rewrite the old Roman laws under Tribonianus.


Question: Who was in power before Justinian I?

Justinian I

On 8 April 529 the Codex Iustinianus was completed and a week later it superseded all the old laws in the judicial seats through the kingdom.


Question: Who was in power before Justinian I?

Justinian I

In 530, a unified Digesta began to be compiled from the texts of the old lawyers.


Question: Who was in power before Justinian I?

Justinian I

The third book related to the laws was Institutiones, intended as a textbook for those studying law.


Question: Who was in power before Justinian I?

Justinian I

These three works are known as Corpus iuris civilis.


Question: Who was in power before Justinian I?

Justinian I

Justinian and religion Justinian, like his uncle, advocated the decisions of the Ecclesiastical Assembly of Khalkedon.


Question: Who was in power before Justinian I?

Justinian I

Theodora, however, was a proponent of monophysitism.


Question: Who was in power before Justinian I?

Justinian I

At the beginning of Justine's reign, the Monophysites were oppressed, but Justinianus—encouraged by Theodora—favored negotiations.


Question: Who was in power before Justinian I?

Justinian I

[12] By 527, the Monophysitists had split into two camps, the moderates led by Severus and the so-called Julianists, who advocated a more drastic form of monophysitism.


Question: Who was in power before Justinian I?

Justinian I

The Julianists had great support among the people.


Question: Who was in power before Justinian I?

Justinian I

[13] In 531, the Monophysite delegation arrived in Constantinople where Theodora and Justinian received them.


Question: Who was in power before Justinian I?

Justinian I

For the monophysites, the emperor allowed to build even his own church in the capital.


Question: Who was in power before Justinian I?

Justinian I

Justinian attempted to establish a dialogue between the Kcracdonians and the Monophysites.


Question: Who was in power before Justinian I?

Justinian I

In 532 he organized a meeting attended by monks from both camps.


Question: Who was in power before Justinian I?

Justinian I

However, the meeting led nowhere and in 536 Severus and other Monophysite leaders arrived at the capital at Justinian's request.


Question: Who was in power before Justinian I?

Justinian I

The Monophysites met Anthimus, the new Patriarch of Constantinople.


Question: Who was in power before Justinian I?

Justinian I

Severus represented a moderate trend of monophysitism and the parties soon reached an agreement.


Question: Who was in power before Justinian I?

Justinian I

Severus also persuaded Pope John II to approve an amendment to the Kcracdon Confession of Faith to the Monophysitists.


Question: Who was in power before Justinian I?

Justinian I

However, support for Severus in Egypt was in decline.


Question: Who was in power before Justinian I?

Justinian I

In 536, Pope Agapetus I arrived in Constantinople.


Question: Who was in power before Justinian I?

Justinian I

Justinian and Agapetus both spoke native Latin and the pope easily got Justininus back on the side of the Kcracdonians.


Question: Who was in power before Justinian I?

Justinian I

Justinian sacked Anthimus and appointed a certain Paulus as patriarch instead.


Question: Who was in power before Justinian I?

Justinian I

Severus and Anthimus were expelled from the capital and Serverus died shortly after this.


Question: Who was in power before Justinian I?

Justinian I

To succeed him as leader of the Monophysites rose Theodosius, who had been elected Patriarch of Alexandria.


Question: Who was in power before Justinian I?

Justinian I

[12] [13] The next turn occurred in 541 when the Ghassanid emir Harith arrived in Constantinople.


Question: Who was in power before Justinian I?

Justinian I

As a monophysite, Harith turned to Theodora and asked to have bishops for his own tribe.


Question: Who was in power before Justinian I?

Justinian I

Harith's endorsement was important to Byzantium and Theodora was overspoken by Justinian.


Question: Who was in power before Justinian I?

Justinian I

Theodosius, the leader of the Monophysites, was thus authorized to ordain two monks as metropolitans of Edessa and Bostra.