Question: How many local government areas does France own?

Archive 44

In the Finnish language region, where up-to-date map books today consist of a number of thin maps of the world with the fingers of one hand, these map books are sources of such a general level that only limited information can be obtained from them.


Question: How many local government areas does France own?

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In cases where a decision is made to either preserve or change the name outfit or add a Finnish attribute, they may be reliable as regards this modification and insertion.


Question: How many local government areas does France own?

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A good test can be, for example, veäläinen names: They should be transliterated differently in Finnish than in English.


Question: How many local government areas does France own?

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The quality and “Finnish language” of the map book can then be judged by whether this has been done.


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But when Russia is a large country and many other countries small, then what is the consideration of the corresponding nipples by country?


Question: How many local government areas does France own?

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In map books that are made in large language areas, these nipples can be made or not, depending on the quality of the source.


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The highest-quality and thickest map books may not even be finalized.


Question: How many local government areas does France own?

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Or if you do Finnish or translate into other languages, will you be taken into account if the initial language of the map is English? —Urjanhai (debate) 17 August 2018 at 08:26am (EEST) There is a very extensive instruction on naming geographical places in Enkkuwiki.


Question: How many local government areas does France own?

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I have not read it completely, and I do not know if it is entirely in line with my own position, but as far as I can see, even there, many times, the texts written in that Wikipedia's own language (English there, we have English, respectively Finnish) are given priority.


Question: How many local government areas does France own?

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It says “When a widely accepted English name, in a modern context, exists for a place, we should use it.”


Question: How many local government areas does France own?

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and the section “Widely accepted name” defines mentioned “widely accepted names”.


Question: How many local government areas does France own?

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Atlases are also mentioned at the top of the list of nomenclature sources.


Question: How many local government areas does France own?

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—Savir (debate) 16 August 2018 at 11:25pm (EEST) The arguments and arguments of other wikis really worth examining and exploiting carefully, because often there has been extensive development and experience in structuring issues and structuring them according to Wikipedia principles.


Question: How many local government areas does France own?

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This detailed instruction is well suited as a starting point and it is worth copying it accurately rather than ragging.


Question: How many local government areas does France own?

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In other things, we have had the biggest problems with copying a line from en-wiki instructions from there and another from here and then trying to fill the gaps with minnow instead of returning to the sources.


Question: How many local government areas does France own?

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Of course, only when Finnish is a small language and English is a big one, then the boundaries will be met at a different point.


Question: How many local government areas does France own?

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But atlases really in Finland, where there are a few map books in Finland where e.g. Wales is the size of a pack of matches, are completely marginal source.


Question: How many local government areas does France own?

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That is, “general” Finnish-language sources are non-existent.


Question: How many local government areas does France own?

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So then we will be forced to go further than the sea to fish. —Urjanhai (debate) 17 August 2018 at 08:09am (EEST) The second policy page mentions “For lesser known geographical objects or structures with few reliable English sources, follow the translation convention, if any, used for well known objects or structures of the same type e.g.


Question: How many local government areas does France own?

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because Rheintal and Moseltal are translated Rhine Valley and Moselle Valley, it makes sense to translate lesser known valley names in the same way.”


Question: How many local government areas does France own?

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That means that if no Finnish name source is found for a minor place, it can be named in Finnish like similar places, even if that name has not been found anywhere.


Question: How many local government areas does France own?

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—Savir (debate) 16 August 2018 at 11:34pm (EEST) In fact, that doesn't mean it, because that means a different thing.


Question: How many local government areas does France own?

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About the case.


Question: How many local government areas does France own?

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that name is chosen from local names has its own points in that guideline.


Question: How many local government areas does France own?

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That reasoning that language choice should be similarly done is your own.


Question: How many local government areas does France own?

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In Finland, we also have Närpiö Närpes, Merikarvia Sastmola, etc. on the coast, and they change on a case-by-case basis, and there are name-naming principles defined for them out there (i.e. in an agency called kotus in Finland) and lists of permits on how to name the place and how to name the place the list of deadlines will be updated.


Question: How many local government areas does France own?

Archive 44

We cannot know anything about similar stuff in some other bilingual region of the country, but it sits on top of that information, if there is such a thing. —Urjanhai (debate) 17 August 2018 at 08:09am (EEST) The pragmatic perspective on the matter is that when we are a small country, most things are enmeshed in our consciousness through the main language of each country or, more generally, the languages of the world, and at least some countries have a chosen line uses the country's power language in place names.


Question: How many local government areas does France own?

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(E.g. In Russia, excluding places with a Finnish name, because the language of our own wiki is Finnish.)


Question: How many local government areas does France own?

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And this principle has been upheld here, and it may be that it was written into something.


Question: How many local government areas does France own?

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Then, of course, if this principle is to be followed, it will be followed, and it will be clearly written out and justified.


Question: How many local government areas does France own?

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- Or if there are arguments to discuss, they will be discussed.


Question: How many local government areas does France own?

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But not that the fig leaf of this principle, driving a snake into a gun, is put something like “map books”, insofar as the introductions to the map books do not have the principles followed in them expresslynot opened.


Question: How many local government areas does France own?

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To the extent that has been opened, and the reasoning is ok, can be followed.


Question: How many local government areas does France own?

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Because there is a bias in that filtering principle that if a proxy language along the way uses its own forms, then are they always correct as such when transferred to the Finnish context.


Question: How many local government areas does France own?

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If the Finnish text says e.g. Tagus, Vienna, Florence, Lakhdenpokhya, Ulyanovsk or Ulyanowsk, then they are wrong.


Question: How many local government areas does France own?

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- These examples are easy when almost everyone with general education knows what is right, but what about more complex cases?


Question: How many local government areas does France own?

Archive 44

—Urjanhai (debate) 17 August 2018 at 09:01am (EEST) The above method of using place names according to the country's national language (if there is no Finnish name format) would be at least a simple practice.


Question: How many local government areas does France own?

Archive 44

I guess there is no statistic from Germany as to whether some municipalities in Schleswig-Holstein have a Danish- or Frisian-speaking majority.


Question: How many local government areas does France own?

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Likewise, Austria has a few municipalities where the majority speak Slovene, Hungarian or Croatian.


Question: How many local government areas does France own?

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In South Tyrol, one would need to investigate whether the majority language of the municipality is German, Italian or Ladini.


Question: How many local government areas does France own?

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If there were language statistics, then in small municipalities the majority language might change frequently and article names would have to be changed back and forth.


Question: How many local government areas does France own?

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—Raksa123 (debate) 19 August 2018 at 12:51pm (EEST) Kappas but.


Question: How many local government areas does France own?

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, tar.


Question: How many local government areas does France own?

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—Feathers (debate) 20 August 2018 at 3:40pm (EEST) If the debate is to continue, it would be better suited to the discussion page of the Naming Policy Guide, because here it is, for example, under the threat of filing.


Question: How many local government areas does France own?

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I opened a chain there.


Question: How many local government areas does France own?

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I also added a reminder to the instruction that foreign-language place names are, in principle, subject to the same naming guidelines as other articles.


Question: How many local government areas does France own?

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I think that rule has not been repealed so far.


Question: How many local government areas does France own?

Archive 44

—Savir (debate) 5 September 2018 at 7:30pm (EEST)


Question: Why has Paavo Talvela changed his original surname?

SpongeBob Talvela

Paavo Juho Talvela (from


Question: Why has Paavo Talvela changed his original surname?

SpongeBob Talvela

Thorén; 19 February 1897, Helsinki Rural Municipality — 30 September 1973, Helsinki) was a Finnish officer who received a jaeger training in Germany.


Question: Why has Paavo Talvela changed his original surname?

SpongeBob Talvela

[1] He participated in the Civil War, Tribal Wars, and Winter and Continuation War.


Question: Why has Paavo Talvela changed his original surname?

SpongeBob Talvela

He became commander of the army corps as well as a credit man to Marshal Mannerheim, negotiating with the German High Command.


Question: Why has Paavo Talvela changed his original surname?

SpongeBob Talvela

He was also involved in the far-right Lapua movement and later served as a businessman in the 1930s and, after the Continuation War, among other services to the paper industry.


Question: Why has Paavo Talvela changed his original surname?

SpongeBob Talvela

Family, childhood and adolescence Paavo Juho Talvela's parents were rented by Johan Fredrik Thorén and Helena o.s. Uino.


Question: Why has Paavo Talvela changed his original surname?

SpongeBob Talvela

Kulopus was the eleventh child in the family.


Question: Why has Paavo Talvela changed his original surname?

SpongeBob Talvela

In a 1905 name change, the children changed their surname to Talvela.


Question: Why has Paavo Talvela changed his original surname?

SpongeBob Talvela

SpongeBob attended middle school without missing class, although the quads of the Russian language adorned his certificates.


Question: Why has Paavo Talvela changed his original surname?

SpongeBob Talvela

At the age of 16, Winter washed up as Jungmann aboard a Norwegian ship sailing around Cape Horn to Australia.


Question: Why has Paavo Talvela changed his original surname?

SpongeBob Talvela

Talvela was ordained into his second marriage in 1923 to Karin Johanna Tengman.


Question: Why has Paavo Talvela changed his original surname?

SpongeBob Talvela

[2] [3] Tengman was a cousin of Talvela's good friend, minister Armas Saastamoinen.


Question: Why has Paavo Talvela changed his original surname?

SpongeBob Talvela

[4] The first marriage to Martha Sofia Nicoskelainen had ended in divorce.


Question: Why has Paavo Talvela changed his original surname?

SpongeBob Talvela

Studies Talvela took five classes at the Finnish Reaalilyseo (“Ressu”) in Helsinki and started the Business School for Finnish Businessmen, but resigned from its first class in order to join the Jäkärkki movement.


Question: Why has Paavo Talvela changed his original surname?

SpongeBob Talvela

He matriculated as a private student at the Helsinki Finnish Lyceum (“Ressu”, the school's official name changed in 1914) in 1921.


Question: Why has Paavo Talvela changed his original surname?

SpongeBob Talvela

He attended artillery shooting school from 1920 to 1921 and completed artillery courses in England in 1923 (Coast artillery school, Shoeburyness, battery commander course).


Question: Why has Paavo Talvela changed his original surname?

SpongeBob Talvela

He completed the General Department of the Military College from 1924 to 1926.


Question: Why has Paavo Talvela changed his original surname?

SpongeBob Talvela

[2] [3] Jääkäririseason After a sea adventure, Talvela studied at the Finnish Business School of Business.


Question: Why has Paavo Talvela changed his original surname?

SpongeBob Talvela

His teacher activist Elmo Kaila lured 19-year-old Talvela to join the ice cap shop.


Question: Why has Paavo Talvela changed his original surname?

SpongeBob Talvela

Talvela joined as a volunteer in Germany with the 1st Company of Jaeger Battalion 27 providing military training on 28 January 1916.


Question: Why has Paavo Talvela changed his original surname?

SpongeBob Talvela

He took part in fighting in World War I on Germany's Eastern Front on the River Misse and the Gulf of Riga, from where he was transferred to the battalion's replenishment force on 20 December 1916.


Question: Why has Paavo Talvela changed his original surname?

SpongeBob Talvela

The motivation behind his move was participation in blasting classes held in Berlin.


Question: Why has Paavo Talvela changed his original surname?

SpongeBob Talvela

After taking detonation courses, he was commanded in the spring of 1917 on special assignments to Sweden and Finland.


Question: Why has Paavo Talvela changed his original surname?

SpongeBob Talvela

On this trip, he and his fellow icemen were arrested by Swedish authorities at the Swedish-Finnish border in Muonionjoki valley on suspicion of arms smuggling.


Question: Why has Paavo Talvela changed his original surname?

SpongeBob Talvela

[2] [3] After his arrest, he was interned in Sweden initially in Luleå, from where he was later transferred to Uppsala.


Question: Why has Paavo Talvela changed his original surname?

SpongeBob Talvela

From Upsala he was discharged in late summer in 1917, after which he continued preparations to complete his original mission until in the autumn winter he was ordered to return to Finland, where he was tasked with participating in the establishment and training of patronage municipalities.


Question: Why has Paavo Talvela changed his original surname?

SpongeBob Talvela

He returned to Finland under the cover of a forged passport in December 1917 via Åland to Turku using the name Max Strömsten.


Question: Why has Paavo Talvela changed his original surname?

SpongeBob Talvela

[2] [3] [5] Finnish Civil War and Tribal Wars In January 1918, Talvela was assigned as head of the Suupohja Patron District.


Question: Why has Paavo Talvela changed his original surname?

SpongeBob Talvela

Led by Talvela, the Whites took Kristiinankaupunki on 31 January.


Question: Why has Paavo Talvela changed his original surname?

SpongeBob Talvela

The decisive battles of the coastal block belonging to the Satakunta Front took place in Ahlais on 14 March.


Question: Why has Paavo Talvela changed his original surname?

SpongeBob Talvela

In Major-General Ernst Linder's group as commander of the 2nd Battalion of the Pori Regiment, Talvela, who led the White attacks, was promoted to captain.


Question: Why has Paavo Talvela changed his original surname?

SpongeBob Talvela

[2] [3] After the Civil War, Talvela served as commander of his wartime battalion in Tammisaari.


Question: Why has Paavo Talvela changed his original surname?

SpongeBob Talvela

Talvela was 21 years old at the time and, following his promotion on 20 May 1918, Finland's youngest major.


Question: Why has Paavo Talvela changed his original surname?

SpongeBob Talvela

[6] Talvela resigned from the army in April 1919 and joined the semi-official Karelian Expedition since to take over from Aunus.


Question: Why has Paavo Talvela changed his original surname?

SpongeBob Talvela

Winter's regiment reached seven kilometres from Petrozavodsk in early June.


Question: Why has Paavo Talvela changed his original surname?

SpongeBob Talvela

A couple of days before the planned takeover of Petrozavodsk, the Bolsheviks came ashore on the shores of Ladoga.


Question: Why has Paavo Talvela changed his original surname?

SpongeBob Talvela

The Finnish troops disintegrated and Talvela's regiment was forced to withdraw.


Question: Why has Paavo Talvela changed his original surname?

SpongeBob Talvela

In September 1919, Talvela was assigned as the commander of the expedition, replacing Jääkär Colonel Aarne Sihvo.


Question: Why has Paavo Talvela changed his original surname?

SpongeBob Talvela

In the Peace of Tartu in October 1920, Finland was forced to cede the municipalities of Repola and Porajärvi, which had joined itself, to Soviet Russia.


Question: Why has Paavo Talvela changed his original surname?

SpongeBob Talvela

In December 1921, Karelian forest guerrillas led by Talvela recaptured Repola and Porajärvi.


Question: Why has Paavo Talvela changed his original surname?

SpongeBob Talvela

The objective was the destruction of the Muurmann Track and the cleansing of East Karelia from the Bolsheviks.


Question: Why has Paavo Talvela changed his original surname?

SpongeBob Talvela

But Soviet-Russia went on a counter-offensive and recaptured the territories.


Question: Why has Paavo Talvela changed his original surname?

SpongeBob Talvela

After the Civil War, Talvela's first wife was Martta Sofia Nicoskelainen.


Question: Why has Paavo Talvela changed his original surname?

SpongeBob Talvela

From the marriage was born in 1919 a daughter, Maija.


Question: Why has Paavo Talvela changed his original surname?

SpongeBob Talvela

The union ended in separation in 1922.


Question: Why has Paavo Talvela changed his original surname?

SpongeBob Talvela

With his second wife, Karin Johanna Tengman, Talvela had three children.


Question: Why has Paavo Talvela changed his original surname?

SpongeBob Talvela

Tulema Johanna was born in 1923, Martti Juhani in 1925 and Sirkka Johanna in 1926.


Question: Why has Paavo Talvela changed his original surname?

SpongeBob Talvela

After the expeditions of Aunus, Talvela studied war skills at the Artillery Shooting School founded by General Vilho Nenonen.


Question: Why has Paavo Talvela changed his original surname?

SpongeBob Talvela

He was also educated at the English Coast Artillery School, or Coastal Artillery School.


Question: Why has Paavo Talvela changed his original surname?

SpongeBob Talvela

In 1924, the Finnish School of War was founded.


Question: Why has Paavo Talvela changed his original surname?

SpongeBob Talvela

Talvela was the student elder and undisputed valedictorian of the first course.


Question: Why has Paavo Talvela changed his original surname?

SpongeBob Talvela

Talvela made his master's thesis on Offensive possibilities in Ladoga Karelia and highlighted in particular the importance of the offensive spirit in the conditions of East Karelia.


Question: Why has Paavo Talvela changed his original surname?

SpongeBob Talvela

In early 1927, Lieutenant Colonel Talvela was assigned as Chief of the General Staff Command Division.


Question: Why has Paavo Talvela changed his original surname?

SpongeBob Talvela

The supervisor was Colonel Martti Wallenius.


Question: Why has Paavo Talvela changed his original surname?

SpongeBob Talvela

Among other things, Talvela included personal matters.


Question: Why has Paavo Talvela changed his original surname?

SpongeBob Talvela

There was a “purge” going on in the army, posts were being tenured and there was a desire to get rid of officers who served in Russia.


Question: Why has Paavo Talvela changed his original surname?

SpongeBob Talvela

However, Winter did not thrive in the military.


Question: Why has Paavo Talvela changed his original surname?

SpongeBob Talvela

He clashed with Wallenius, who “considered most important his own self and the act of propaganda.”


Question: Why has Paavo Talvela changed his original surname?

SpongeBob Talvela

In addition, in his opinion, Aarne Sihvo, the chief of the military forces, was “uninitiated and ill-advised”.


Question: Why has Paavo Talvela changed his original surname?

SpongeBob Talvela

The colonel left at the age of 32 to become assistant director of Suomi-Film in 1929.


Question: Why has Paavo Talvela changed his original surname?

SpongeBob Talvela

At the turn of the 1920s—1930s, Talvela was among the key influencers of the far-right Lapuan movement.


Question: Why has Paavo Talvela changed his original surname?

SpongeBob Talvela

Talvela, who was part of the movement's inner circle, among others, was the organiser of a peasant march in 1930.


Question: Why has Paavo Talvela changed his original surname?

SpongeBob Talvela

Later in the 1930s, however, his views apparently moderated, [7] [8] and he stood as a Coalition MP candidate in the 1936 elections.


Question: Why has Paavo Talvela changed his original surname?

SpongeBob Talvela

[9] When Prohibition ended in 1932, Talvela was appointed Deputy Director of Oy Alcoholiliike AB.


Question: Why has Paavo Talvela changed his original surname?

SpongeBob Talvela

Talvela built up the store network and organization of Alcohol Movement, selecting numerous former Jaeger officers to the leadership positions, among them Lieutenant Colonel Toivo Veistaro became the head of the retail division.


Question: Why has Paavo Talvela changed his original surname?

SpongeBob Talvela

[10] In 1937, Talvela took over as assistant director of Finncell, the Finnish Cellulose Association.


Question: Why has Paavo Talvela changed his original surname?

SpongeBob Talvela

Winter War The Soviet Union severed diplomatic relations with Finland on November 29, 1939 and the Winter War began the next day.


Question: Why has Paavo Talvela changed his original surname?

SpongeBob Talvela

Suojärvi was recaptured by the Soviets, which Talvela regarded as a lock for the entire eastern border.


Question: Why has Paavo Talvela changed his original surname?

SpongeBob Talvela

A shocked Talvela marched to Marshal Mannerheim and asked for access to the front.


Question: Why has Paavo Talvela changed his original surname?

SpongeBob Talvela

With him, he wanted Pajar.


Question: Why has Paavo Talvela changed his original surname?

SpongeBob Talvela

[11] Mannerheim ordered Talvela to the front at 1:00am on 5 December.


Question: Why has Paavo Talvela changed his original surname?

SpongeBob Talvela

The group Talvela was formed in the area of Lake Tolvajärvi and Ilomants.


Question: Why has Paavo Talvela changed his original surname?

SpongeBob Talvela

Led by Lieutenant Colonel Aaro Pajar, JR 16 was moved to Lake Tolvajärvi where it formed the core force of Detachment P.


Question: Why has Paavo Talvela changed his original surname?

SpongeBob Talvela

With the direction of Ilomants, Colonel Per Olof Ekholm formed Detachment A in the size of three battalions.


Question: Why has Paavo Talvela changed his original surname?

SpongeBob Talvela

Group Talvela's mission was unequivocal to “defeat the enemy forces advancing in the direction of Korpiselä and Ilomants”.


Question: Why has Paavo Talvela changed his original surname?

SpongeBob Talvela

It was up against the Soviet divisions Div 139 and Div 75, aiming at Tolvajärvi kapeikko, as well as Div.


Question: Why has Paavo Talvela changed his original surname?

SpongeBob Talvela

155 and 56 by Ilomantsi and Värtsilä.


Question: Why has Paavo Talvela changed his original surname?

SpongeBob Talvela

On 12 December 1939, Talvela saw the direction of Tolvajärvi in which Detachment P struck the enemy in the Battle of Tolvajärven—Ägläjärvi on 12 December 1939.


Question: Why has Paavo Talvela changed his original surname?

SpongeBob Talvela

This victory also facilitated the defenses of Ilomants' direction where the enemy could no longer advance.


Question: Why has Paavo Talvela changed his original surname?

SpongeBob Talvela

The battle was the first Finnish offensive victory in the Winter War, but the losses were heavy.


Question: Why has Paavo Talvela changed his original surname?

SpongeBob Talvela

Group Talvela's losses in December—January amounted to nearly 1,000 fallen, more than two thousand wounded, and over 800 missing.


Question: Why has Paavo Talvela changed his original surname?

SpongeBob Talvela

It is estimated that more than 8000 Russians fell.


Question: Why has Paavo Talvela changed his original surname?

SpongeBob Talvela

Winter was made major-general and Pajar was made colonel.


Question: Why has Paavo Talvela changed his original surname?

SpongeBob Talvela

The Isthmian forces withdrew in late February 1940.


Question: Why has Paavo Talvela changed his original surname?

SpongeBob Talvela

Mannerheim ordered Talvela to clarify the situation on 19 February.


Question: Why has Paavo Talvela changed his original surname?

SpongeBob Talvela

On the isthmus, Talvela criticized the commander of the II Army Corps, Lieutenant-General Harald Öhquist, who was unable to infuse faith in his commanders.


Question: Why has Paavo Talvela changed his original surname?

SpongeBob Talvela

However, Öhquist was allowed to keep his army corps.


Question: Why has Paavo Talvela changed his original surname?

SpongeBob Talvela

Instead, the commander of the Army of the Isthmus, Lieutenant-General Hugo Österman requested the resignation, which he was granted.


Question: Why has Paavo Talvela changed his original surname?

SpongeBob Talvela

Major General Erik Heinrichs was appointed commander of the Army of the Isthmus and Talvela received Heinrichs' III Army Corps on the Eastern Isthmus on 20 February.


Question: Why has Paavo Talvela changed his original surname?

SpongeBob Talvela

The Russians began a major offensive on 3 March.


Question: Why has Paavo Talvela changed his original surname?

SpongeBob Talvela

The Winter War ended at 11 a.m. on March 13.


Question: Why has Paavo Talvela changed his original surname?

SpongeBob Talvela

Intermediate peace period after the Winter War from April 1940 to June 1941, Talvela was assigned to handle a large-scale foreign trade transport operation from Finland to Liinahamar in Petsamo, the only free route to the oceans.


Question: Why has Paavo Talvela changed his original surname?

SpongeBob Talvela

The task was challenging, and the government promised to arrange for Talvela, if necessary, the rights of a dictator under martial law.


Question: Why has Paavo Talvela changed his original surname?

SpongeBob Talvela

The operating name was given to Pohjolan Transport.


Question: Why has Paavo Talvela changed his original surname?

SpongeBob Talvela

Mannerheim also assigned his creditmen to become chairman of the Finnish Red Cross Invalid Committee and the Union of Arms.


Question: Why has Paavo Talvela changed his original surname?

SpongeBob Talvela

Talvela made several trips to Germany at Mannerheim's initiative.


Question: Why has Paavo Talvela changed his original surname?

SpongeBob Talvela

In December 1940, he met Reich Marshal Hermann Göring.


Question: Why has Paavo Talvela changed his original surname?

SpongeBob Talvela

However, although Talvela had received a jaeger training in Germany he was more Anglophile than pro-German.


Question: Why has Paavo Talvela changed his original surname?

SpongeBob Talvela

However, orientation to Germany was Finland's only chance after Germany occupied Norway.


Question: Why has Paavo Talvela changed his original surname?

SpongeBob Talvela

In Germany, Winter was burdened by Freemasonry, among other things, which led to the departure of Mannerheim as a representative of Mannerheim close to fall.


Question: Why has Paavo Talvela changed his original surname?

SpongeBob Talvela

In the Continuation War Germany invaded the Soviet Union on 22 June 1941.


Question: Why has Paavo Talvela changed his original surname?

SpongeBob Talvela

The Karelian Army, commanded by Erik Heinrichs, had been formed for the Finnish offensives, which included the VI Army Corps under the command of Talvela.


Question: Why has Paavo Talvela changed his original surname?

SpongeBob Talvela

On 10 July, after the Continuation War began, Talvela attacked Karelia.


Question: Why has Paavo Talvela changed his original surname?

SpongeBob Talvela

Armoured colonel Ruben Lagus and Talvela were awarded Mannerheim Crosses during the attack.


Question: Why has Paavo Talvela changed his original surname?

SpongeBob Talvela

The attack cost Talvela's forces 10,475 men fallen, wounded or missing.


Question: Why has Paavo Talvela changed his original surname?

SpongeBob Talvela

After the offensive phase, a war of positions began.


Question: Why has Paavo Talvela changed his original surname?

SpongeBob Talvela

In January 1942, Mannerheim ordered Talvela as Army Representative to German Headquarters.


Question: Why has Paavo Talvela changed his original surname?

SpongeBob Talvela

In March, Talvela met with Reich Chancellor Adolf Hitler in his bunker.


Question: Why has Paavo Talvela changed his original surname?

SpongeBob Talvela

The meeting lasted 50 minutes and was chiefly Hitler's “smooth talk, flooded with a flurry.”


Question: Why has Paavo Talvela changed his original surname?

SpongeBob Talvela

For the second time, Talvela met Hitler on the 75th anniversary of Mannerheim (Talvela travelled with Hitler on the same plane from Berlin to Immola) and for the third time during Marski's counter-visit on 27 June 1942.


Question: Why has Paavo Talvela changed his original surname?

SpongeBob Talvela

During dinner, Talvela sat to Hitler's right.


Question: Why has Paavo Talvela changed his original surname?

SpongeBob Talvela

The Führer and Talvela discussed, among other things, “the rump and its characteristics”.


Question: Why has Paavo Talvela changed his original surname?

SpongeBob Talvela

Hitler also told “secret things about his weapons.”


Question: Why has Paavo Talvela changed his original surname?

SpongeBob Talvela

Winter's German deployment lasted until the spring of 1944, although as early as 1942 he had asked Mannerheim for a transfer to the front because he was tired of what he thought was empty diplomatic work.


Question: Why has Paavo Talvela changed his original surname?

SpongeBob Talvela

In March 1944, Talvela was given command of the II Army Corps on the Isthmus of Maaselä.


Question: Why has Paavo Talvela changed his original surname?

SpongeBob Talvela

As commander of the Group at Aunus, he was assigned on 14 June.


Question: Why has Paavo Talvela changed his original surname?

SpongeBob Talvela

The front line ran along Sydri.


Question: Why has Paavo Talvela changed his original surname?

SpongeBob Talvela

The major offensive at Aunus began on 21 June.


Question: Why has Paavo Talvela changed his original surname?

SpongeBob Talvela

After delaying battles, the troops retreated to U position, a weakly fortified 50-kilometer-long line on the old Finnish side.


Question: Why has Paavo Talvela changed his original surname?

SpongeBob Talvela

The U-line was fought for a week.


Question: Why has Paavo Talvela changed his original surname?

SpongeBob Talvela

At the same time, enemy penetration into Inner Finland and the circumvention of Ladoga along the back of the Isthmus Front were prevented.


Question: Why has Paavo Talvela changed his original surname?

SpongeBob Talvela

The front situation stabilized and Talvela was again commanded to Germany.


Question: Why has Paavo Talvela changed his original surname?

SpongeBob Talvela

At the time, Reichsführer-SS Heinrich Himmler proposed that Talvela become head of the Finnish Refugee Board.


Question: Why has Paavo Talvela changed his original surname?

SpongeBob Talvela

Talvela announced that he would only take orders from Marshal of Finland.


Question: Why has Paavo Talvela changed his original surname?

SpongeBob Talvela

After the war, Talvela arranged for his wife Karin and both daughters to Stockholm.


Question: Why has Paavo Talvela changed his original surname?

SpongeBob Talvela

Paavo and, in the retreat, Martti Son, who was wounded at the front, remained in Helsinki, but kept their “knapsacks packed and pistols loaded” in case of a quick departure.


Question: Why has Paavo Talvela changed his original surname?

SpongeBob Talvela

However, Mannerheim, Heinrichs and Talvela avoided court-martial guilt trials.


Question: Why has Paavo Talvela changed his original surname?

SpongeBob Talvela

Businessman and politician Talvela's civil work in the Finncell association became impossible because the Americans did not want to buy cellulose from a man who collaborated with the Germans.


Question: Why has Paavo Talvela changed his original surname?

SpongeBob Talvela

In the spring of 1946, Talvela moved to South America to sell pulp.


Question: Why has Paavo Talvela changed his original surname?

SpongeBob Talvela

He returned to Finland in 1949, initially to become CEO of Suomen Väriteollisuus Oy and from 1950 to become CEO of Converta, the Finnish paper and board processors association.


Question: Why has Paavo Talvela changed his original surname?

SpongeBob Talvela

From Converta, Talvela retired in 1962.


Question: Why has Paavo Talvela changed his original surname?

SpongeBob Talvela

Talvela also became involved in politics within the ranks of the Coalition.


Question: Why has Paavo Talvela changed his original surname?

SpongeBob Talvela

He had been an elector when Svinhufvud was elected President of the Republic.


Question: Why has Paavo Talvela changed his original surname?

SpongeBob Talvela

After the election was resolved, Talvela was relieved.


Question: Why has Paavo Talvela changed his original surname?

SpongeBob Talvela

He was aware that there was a plan to liquidate Ståhlberg if the election had ended in his favour.


Question: Why has Paavo Talvela changed his original surname?

SpongeBob Talvela

[12] Paasikivi also appreciated Talvela and cooperated with him.


Question: Why has Paavo Talvela changed his original surname?

SpongeBob Talvela

After the war, Talvela became involved in municipal politics and was from 1954 to 1960 a member of the Helsinki City Council.


Question: Why has Paavo Talvela changed his original surname?

SpongeBob Talvela

Talvela was promoted to General of Infantry by President Urho Kekkonen on Independence Day in 1966, largely on the merits of trade in the East.


Question: Why has Paavo Talvela changed his original surname?

SpongeBob Talvela

For his retirement days, Talvela bought himself the house of the late artillery general Vilho Nenose in Kulosaari.


Question: Why has Paavo Talvela changed his original surname?

SpongeBob Talvela

Paavo Talvela was a member of the Finnish Masonic Loosi 1, which had wartime scouting men.


Question: Why has Paavo Talvela changed his original surname?

SpongeBob Talvela

[13] The anniversaries of the battles of Lake Tolvajärvi caused Talvela to have a stroke in 1967 and 1969.


Question: Why has Paavo Talvela changed his original surname?

SpongeBob Talvela

Paavo Talvela died on 30 September 1973.


Question: Why has Paavo Talvela changed his original surname?

SpongeBob Talvela

He is buried in Kulosaari Cemetery in Helsinki.


Question: Why has Paavo Talvela changed his original surname?

SpongeBob Talvela

His wife, Karin Johanna Talvela, died in 1989.


Question: Why has Paavo Talvela changed his original surname?

SpongeBob Talvela

Works Talvela, SpongeBob: Life of a Soldier: Memoirs 1—2.


Question: Why has Paavo Talvela changed his original surname?

SpongeBob Talvela

Edited by Vilho Tervasmäki and Sampo Ahto.


Question: Why has Paavo Talvela changed his original surname?

SpongeBob Talvela

Book Group, 1976.


Question: Why has Paavo Talvela changed his original surname?

SpongeBob Talvela

Lieutenant General P. Talvela: Battles of Lake Tolvajärvi and Ilomants.


Question: Why has Paavo Talvela changed his original surname?

SpongeBob Talvela

Overprint of the book Honorary Fatherland, edited by W. E. Tuompo and V.


Question: Why has Paavo Talvela changed his original surname?

SpongeBob Talvela

A.


Question: Why has Paavo Talvela changed his original surname?

SpongeBob Talvela

M. Karikoski.


Question: Why has Paavo Talvela changed his original surname?

SpongeBob Talvela

Helsinki Finnish Literary Society Kirjapainon Oy 1942 Sources Literature Onttonen, Markku: Jääkärikirja.


Question: Why has Paavo Talvela changed his original surname?

SpongeBob Talvela

Thought Books, Jyväskylä 2005.


Question: Why has Paavo Talvela changed his original surname?

SpongeBob Talvela

ISBN 951-20-6232-1.


Question: Why has Paavo Talvela changed his original surname?

SpongeBob Talvela

Biography of Finnish Jääkäers.


Question: Why has Paavo Talvela changed his original surname?

SpongeBob Talvela

Publications of the Department of Defense War Historical Office IV.


Question: Why has Paavo Talvela changed his original surname?

SpongeBob Talvela

WSOY, Porvoo 1938.


Question: Why has Paavo Talvela changed his original surname?

SpongeBob Talvela

Biography of Finnish Jakeers 1975.


Question: Why has Paavo Talvela changed his original surname?

SpongeBob Talvela

Publications of the Department of Military Science XIV.


Question: Why has Paavo Talvela changed his original surname?

SpongeBob Talvela

Vaasa in 1975.


Question: Why has Paavo Talvela changed his original surname?

SpongeBob Talvela

ISBN 951-99046-8-9.


Question: Why has Paavo Talvela changed his original surname?

SpongeBob Talvela

Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Vahe, Juha| title = General Paavo Talvela in War and Peace | location = Helsinki| publisher = WSOY| year = 1994| isbn = 951-0-19458-1}} References on the topic elsewhere in YLE's living archive.


Question: Why has Paavo Talvela changed his original surname?

SpongeBob Talvela

YLE's living archive.


Question: Why has Paavo Talvela changed his original surname?

SpongeBob Talvela

National Archives.


Question: Why has Paavo Talvela changed his original surname?

SpongeBob Talvela

Category:Jääkärikenrals Class:Knights of the Mannerheim Cross Class:City of Helsinki Councillors Class:Finnish Freemasons Category:People born in 1897 Class:Persons who died in 1973 Class:Key articles of screening


Question: How was Tom Dooley sentenced to death?

Tom Dooley

Tom Dooley (originally Thomas C. Dula) (June 22, 1845 — May 1, 1868) was a former soldier who served in the American Civil War who was arrested and sentenced to death for the murder of his fiancée Laura Foster.


Question: How was Tom Dooley sentenced to death?

Tom Dooley

The trial of the case and the subsequent hanging conviction received national publicity, and Tom Dooley's short life took shape in North Carolina as a folk tale.


Question: How was Tom Dooley sentenced to death?

Tom Dooley

In 1958, the American vocal group Kingston Trio recorded the ballad “Tom Dooley” and made the name known across the world.


Question: How was Tom Dooley sentenced to death?

Tom Dooley

Not very much is known about Dooley's childhood and adolescence in Elkville, North Carolina and surrounding Happy Valley.


Question: How was Tom Dooley sentenced to death?

Tom Dooley

He has been described as a carefree youngster who enjoyed the popularity of girls and loved music.


Question: How was Tom Dooley sentenced to death?

Tom Dooley

Particularly fond of Dooley were cousins Laura and Ann Foster, described by the New York Tribune as very beautiful and moody.


Question: How was Tom Dooley sentenced to death?

Tom Dooley

The later lives of both girls wrapped closely around Tom.


Question: How was Tom Dooley sentenced to death?

Tom Dooley

[1] Falling into the Civil War took Dooley, at the age of 18, for three years to the front, where he served in the Confederate States Forces against the Northern States.


Question: How was Tom Dooley sentenced to death?

Tom Dooley

Dooley went through many clashes on the warfields and entertained troops between battles by singing and playing guitar.


Question: How was Tom Dooley sentenced to death?

Tom Dooley

He served for the remainder of the time as the drummer for his regiment.


Question: How was Tom Dooley sentenced to death?

Tom Dooley

In the spring of 1865, Dooley was placed as a prisoner of war in Maryland.


Question: How was Tom Dooley sentenced to death?

Tom Dooley

Over the next few months, the Confederates surrendered, and Dooley was released.


Question: How was Tom Dooley sentenced to death?

Tom Dooley

He began a long march to Elkville to be with his widowed mother.


Question: How was Tom Dooley sentenced to death?

Tom Dooley

[2] Laura's Murder Disappearance Laura and Ann, who had been the object of enthusiastic admiration of the village boys, had already had time to forget about Dooley, but her arrival from the front sparked the girls' memories.


Question: How was Tom Dooley sentenced to death?

Tom Dooley

Ann had married James Melton, a local station wagon, but Laura was still free.


Question: How was Tom Dooley sentenced to death?

Tom Dooley

Dooley began a courtship with her early in 1866.


Question: How was Tom Dooley sentenced to death?

Tom Dooley

Ann Melton's love for Tom was also rekindled.


Question: How was Tom Dooley sentenced to death?

Tom Dooley

Finding himself at the centre of cousins' interest, Dooley decided to flee the village with Laura.


Question: How was Tom Dooley sentenced to death?

Tom Dooley

[3] Young put the plan into effect in late May 1866.


Question: How was Tom Dooley sentenced to death?

Tom Dooley

[4] In the middle of the night Laura gathered her most important clothes with her and rode a horse to the meeting place where Tom was waiting for her.


Question: How was Tom Dooley sentenced to death?

Tom Dooley

After this, Laura disappeared.


Question: How was Tom Dooley sentenced to death?

Tom Dooley

The girl's family conducted extensive searches with no result.


Question: How was Tom Dooley sentenced to death?

Tom Dooley

Villagers believed Laura had ridden off with Dooley.


Question: How was Tom Dooley sentenced to death?

Tom Dooley

Laura's horse came back starved and broken her harness.


Question: How was Tom Dooley sentenced to death?

Tom Dooley

Traces of hooves in the soaked dirt led searchers to the spot where the steed had been tied to a tree.


Question: How was Tom Dooley sentenced to death?

Tom Dooley

No trace of Laura was visible, but some of the searchers believed the girl had been killed and moved elsewhere.


Question: How was Tom Dooley sentenced to death?

Tom Dooley

[3] Dooley's arrest Dooley, who used the fake name Tom Hall, left Elkville very soon after Laura's disappearance and rode to Tennessee.


Question: How was Tom Dooley sentenced to death?

Tom Dooley

Here he asked for work from Colonel James Grayson, who had been known as a former officer of the Northern States Infantry.


Question: How was Tom Dooley sentenced to death?

Tom Dooley

[5] Dooley said he wanted to earn money mainly to get new boots, and entered into a brief working relationship.


Question: How was Tom Dooley sentenced to death?

Tom Dooley

He was able to continue his journey before Walkes County sheriff's deputies arrived at Grayson's house to tell him they were pursuing a would-be murderer.


Question: How was Tom Dooley sentenced to death?

Tom Dooley

After hearing Dooley's description Grayson recognized his former employee Tom Hall from the description. [5].


Question: How was Tom Dooley sentenced to death?

Tom Dooley

Dooley's camp was found along a nearby creek.


Question: How was Tom Dooley sentenced to death?

Tom Dooley

In a departure from common practice, he was arrested without any evidence of foul play, as Laura Foster's body had not yet been found.


Question: How was Tom Dooley sentenced to death?

Tom Dooley

[6] Tomb In August 1866, a loud quarrel between Ann Melton and Pauline Foster, who was employed by her, led forensic investigators to become interested in the backgrounds of the girls' dispute.


Question: How was Tom Dooley sentenced to death?

Tom Dooley

[4] A devastated Pauline told her that Dooley had killed Laura, and Ann knew the grave site of the body.


Question: How was Tom Dooley sentenced to death?

Tom Dooley

The girl led searchers to the terrain where she told him her body would be found.


Question: How was Tom Dooley sentenced to death?

Tom Dooley

In early September, the body of a young woman was exhumed from a shallow earth grave.


Question: How was Tom Dooley sentenced to death?

Tom Dooley

[4] The deceased was identified as missing Laura Foster.


Question: How was Tom Dooley sentenced to death?

Tom Dooley

His shins were broken and he had been stabbed in the chest.


Question: How was Tom Dooley sentenced to death?

Tom Dooley

A bag containing the clothes Laura had taken with her was found next to the deceased.


Question: How was Tom Dooley sentenced to death?

Tom Dooley

Laura's face was covered with a carriage leg covering, neatly folded from all its corners as if from the trail of a woman's hands.


Question: How was Tom Dooley sentenced to death?

Tom Dooley

[7] Laura's body was later buried on a high hill known as “Laura Foster Hill”.


Question: How was Tom Dooley sentenced to death?

Tom Dooley

[3] Criminal Investigations and Trial Motives for Murder Criminal investigations revealed a triangle drama, in the background of which despair, threats and accusations were found in addition to passion.


Question: How was Tom Dooley sentenced to death?

Tom Dooley

A few weeks before Laura disappeared, Dooley had mentioned to one of her friends that she had contracted an STD, most likely syphilis.


Question: How was Tom Dooley sentenced to death?

Tom Dooley

Dooley threatened to take revenge on the person who had infected him.


Question: How was Tom Dooley sentenced to death?

Tom Dooley

Ann Melton had told her maid Pauline Foster around the same time that she had caught the “pox” that Dooley had given her.


Question: How was Tom Dooley sentenced to death?

Tom Dooley

Along with loose sex relations, the disease spread rapidly, and Ann's husband James Melton and Pauline Foster have also been mentioned as its sufferers.


Question: How was Tom Dooley sentenced to death?

Tom Dooley

According to some sources, Pauline herself had brought the disease from another locality.


Question: How was Tom Dooley sentenced to death?

Tom Dooley

[8] However, Dooley believed he had been infected by Laura Foster and had been seen a few days before the girl's disappearance threatening her in a public place.


Question: How was Tom Dooley sentenced to death?

Tom Dooley

[9] There was one sighting of Laura from the night of the murder.


Question: How was Tom Dooley sentenced to death?

Tom Dooley

He had ridden past his neighbor and mentioned he was fleeing to Tennessee.


Question: How was Tom Dooley sentenced to death?

Tom Dooley

However, the girl had ridden in the exact opposite direction to the east and ended up slain in a land grave.


Question: How was Tom Dooley sentenced to death?

Tom Dooley

[8] Evidence obtained from Pauline Foster proved incriminating against Dooley.


Question: How was Tom Dooley sentenced to death?

Tom Dooley

According to her description, Ann Melton returned home on the night of Laura's disappearance in the early morning with her clothes and shoes wet.


Question: How was Tom Dooley sentenced to death?

Tom Dooley

Later in the day, Pauline claimed Dooley had stood by Ann's bed and talked about Laura.


Question: How was Tom Dooley sentenced to death?

Tom Dooley

[10] In addition to Pauline's testimony, many other local residents rose up against Dooley.


Question: How was Tom Dooley sentenced to death?

Tom Dooley

He had been seen hoeing near Laura's grave and many had heard his previous threats.


Question: How was Tom Dooley sentenced to death?

Tom Dooley

During the trial, Dooley declared himself innocent but did not name any other possible suspect.


Question: How was Tom Dooley sentenced to death?

Tom Dooley

The defence described Laura Foster as an immoral woman who had seduced a brave soldier, but the prosecution found the accused himself to be devoid of any morality.


Question: How was Tom Dooley sentenced to death?

Tom Dooley

[11] Verdict In October 1866, a jury found Dooley guilty of murder.


Question: How was Tom Dooley sentenced to death?

Tom Dooley

However, the verdict was not enforced, as Zebulon Baird Vance, who was the defendant's defence counsel, who later became a senator, brought about a change of sentencing district to guarantee jury impartiality.


Question: How was Tom Dooley sentenced to death?

Tom Dooley

[4] Dooley's trial dragged on.


Question: How was Tom Dooley sentenced to death?

Tom Dooley

In the spring of 1868, the North Carolina Supreme Court took up the case again.


Question: How was Tom Dooley sentenced to death?

Tom Dooley

Dooley was handed a new death sentence.


Question: How was Tom Dooley sentenced to death?

Tom Dooley

However, his true part in the murder of Laura Foster remained unclear, as the verdict was based on unproven eyewitness observations and witness testimony from Pauline Foster.


Question: How was Tom Dooley sentenced to death?

Tom Dooley

In addition to Dooley, Ann Melton, who was in custody, served two years in prison on suspicion of involvement in the murder.


Question: How was Tom Dooley sentenced to death?

Tom Dooley

The woman was unable to be proved indisputably guilty of the crime under investigation, and the case against her lapsed into a confession written by Dooley that Ann had no part in the blood act.


Question: How was Tom Dooley sentenced to death?

Tom Dooley

[12] When Dooley was being transported in a wagon to the hangings in May 1868, he sat on his coffin and keyed his banjo.


Question: How was Tom Dooley sentenced to death?

Tom Dooley

The string placed around Dooley's neck on the noose led him to joke to those around, “I would have washed my neck if I knew you had a new fine rope like that”.


Question: How was Tom Dooley sentenced to death?

Tom Dooley

[3] The New York Herald, which appeared the following day, published a three-column wide headline detailing the execution of Tom Dooley.


Question: How was Tom Dooley sentenced to death?

Tom Dooley

The case attracted widespread interest in the United States.


Question: How was Tom Dooley sentenced to death?

Tom Dooley

[12] It stood out for conventionality, and both fascinated and disgusted people.


Question: How was Tom Dooley sentenced to death?

Tom Dooley

[4] Released from captivity, Ann failed to rearrange her life.


Question: How was Tom Dooley sentenced to death?

Tom Dooley

Shame followed everywhere he went.


Question: How was Tom Dooley sentenced to death?

Tom Dooley

Disregarding the speeches around her, Ann tried to redirect men's attention to herself.


Question: How was Tom Dooley sentenced to death?

Tom Dooley

His life was cut short and ended already as a result of a wagon accident a few years later.


Question: How was Tom Dooley sentenced to death?

Tom Dooley

[12] It has later been established that numerous missteps occurred in both of Dooley's trials.


Question: How was Tom Dooley sentenced to death?

Tom Dooley

Lies have been found in the accounts of people who appeared as witnesses against the accused and eyewitness observations have been exaggerated.


Question: How was Tom Dooley sentenced to death?

Tom Dooley

[13] The story and song The story of Tom Dooley remained alive, but numerous writers and narrators changed its content.


Question: How was Tom Dooley sentenced to death?

Tom Dooley

Dooley became an unhappy victim of circumstances, Laura an innocent young girl and Ann a jealous wicked witch.


Question: How was Tom Dooley sentenced to death?

Tom Dooley

[4] A sad ballad about Dooley's fate was sung very soon after his execution.


Question: How was Tom Dooley sentenced to death?

Tom Dooley

According to some sources, the song was based on a verse performed by Dooley himself, which he had sung in his cell while incarcerated.


Question: How was Tom Dooley sentenced to death?

Tom Dooley

[3] Local poet Thomas Land wrote the unfinished song, and it was first recorded as early as 1929.


Question: How was Tom Dooley sentenced to death?

Tom Dooley

The song achieved worldwide popularity in 1958 as performed by The Kingston Trio.


Question: How was Tom Dooley sentenced to death?

Tom Dooley

[14] In Finland, the song was recorded in 1959 by Olavi Virta in Finnish words written by Reino Helismaa.


Question: How was Tom Dooley sentenced to death?

Tom Dooley

[15] Sauk's play in Finnish was recorded by Kauko Käyhkö.


Question: How was Tom Dooley sentenced to death?

Tom Dooley

The recording of the band Olavi Virta and Per-Erik Förars, adapted by Jaakko Borg, was subject to a ban on performance at Yleisradio.


Question: How was Tom Dooley sentenced to death?

Tom Dooley

The action stemmed not so much from the song itself, but because Virta was alleged at that time to have been in a relationship with an underage woman.


Question: How was Tom Dooley sentenced to death?

Tom Dooley

[16] The story was also made into a 1959 film called Tom Dooley — Rebel, starring Michael Landon.


Question: How was Tom Dooley sentenced to death?

Tom Dooley

[17] Sources Casstevens, Frances H. Death in North Carolina's Piedmont: tales of murder, suicide and causes unknown, History Press, 2006, ISBN 9781596291966 References Category:American murderers Category:United States Executed Class:Those born in 1845 Category:Those who died in 1868


Question: When is Helsinki founded?

History of Helsinki

This article discusses the history of Finland's capital, Helsinki.


Question: When is Helsinki founded?

History of Helsinki

Early history In the Iron Age Helsinki, like most of the rest of Uusimah, belonged to the Hämäläite regions.


Question: When is Helsinki founded?

History of Helsinki

Their routes to the sea ran inland along the Vantaa River.


Question: When is Helsinki founded?

History of Helsinki

The modest, named after the fish roe, Mätäoja, connected the river Vantaa to the sea at Huopalahti, along which it escaped the river's sea-side rapids.


Question: When is Helsinki founded?

History of Helsinki

In addition to this waterway, the inhabitants of Southern Häme also used Sipoonriver when they went to the sea.


Question: When is Helsinki founded?

History of Helsinki

The population of Orimattila, formerly part of Hattula, was still late able to tell about their fishing trips to the sea and a written source has survived from 1347 mentioning the fishing grounds located in the area of the Hattulans and Hauholites.


Question: When is Helsinki founded?

History of Helsinki

[1] [2] In place names, remnants of an early obscure settlement are preserved.


Question: When is Helsinki founded?

History of Helsinki

For example, the name Konala was interpreted to derive from the name Konhola, in which case the settlement of the area would originally originate from the village of Konho, the keeper of Aka.


Question: When is Helsinki founded?

History of Helsinki

[3] In addition to the Hämälians, Estonians also used the coastal area for fishing and migration from the south of the Gulf of Finland was a longer-lasting phenomenon throughout the ages.


Question: When is Helsinki founded?

History of Helsinki

[4] The Swedes came to the Helsinki region in the Middle Ages with the victorious crusade against the Hästians.


Question: When is Helsinki founded?

History of Helsinki

Colonization was aimed at consolidating fresh territorial claims.


Question: When is Helsinki founded?

History of Helsinki

[2] The coat of arms of Helsinki was designed later to depict this event.


Question: When is Helsinki founded?

History of Helsinki

However, Swedish settlement in the Helsinki region is quite young compared to Sipoose, Pernaya and Porvoose, which were the main sites of Swedish colonization in the region in the late 13th century and especially in the 14th century.


Question: When is Helsinki founded?

History of Helsinki

The Swedish migration in Eastern Uusimaa is thought to have started with one large population transfer from central Sweden to Porvoo, from where the population would then have spread to the area.


Question: When is Helsinki founded?

History of Helsinki

[5] The place name Helsinge (Helsinki) has been interpreted as referring to the origin of migrants in Hälsingland.


Question: When is Helsinki founded?

History of Helsinki

[6] Today, however, the notion is considered questionable, as based on dialect research, settlers came from Uplann and its neighbouring areas.


Question: When is Helsinki founded?

History of Helsinki

[7] However, parts of the western and northern part of the keeper retained their Finnish settlement.


Question: When is Helsinki founded?

History of Helsinki

A village called Tolkby was located in the keeper, where deciphering and translating between new and old inhabitants has been considered to have taken place.


Question: When is Helsinki founded?

History of Helsinki

The genesis of the keeper of Helsinki can be dated to roughly the end of the 14th century.


Question: When is Helsinki founded?

History of Helsinki

[5] Period of Swedish rule in Vantaa Helsinki King Gustav Vasa founded at the mouth of the Vantaa River in Helsinki on the site of Forsby, or the medieval village of Koskela, on 12 June 1550, mainly to compete with Tallinn on the other side of the bay.


Question: When is Helsinki founded?

History of Helsinki

The day has since started to be spent on Helsinki Day.


Question: When is Helsinki founded?

History of Helsinki

The inhabitants of the town were obtained when the burghers of the cities of Porvoo, Tammisaari, Rauma and Ulvila were ordered to move to the new city.


Question: When is Helsinki founded?

History of Helsinki

[8] However, the creation of the city did not achieve the desired results as Tallinn's rival to the Gulf of Finland trade.


Question: When is Helsinki founded?

History of Helsinki

In the preceding centuries, Tallinn had established itself as a trading post under the influence of the Hanseatic League.


Question: When is Helsinki founded?

History of Helsinki

[9] Helsinki, on the other hand, was not part of the wider network of market towns to which it was attempted to connect.


Question: When is Helsinki founded?

History of Helsinki

[10] The relations of the German merchants in Tallinn covered the Baltic Sea extensively, and Tallinn also previously had wealth [11] of which Helsinki did not have.


Question: When is Helsinki founded?

History of Helsinki

Helsinki's location in the pitted northern Gulf of Finland was also disadvantageous relative to the more easily navigable Estonian coastline.


Question: When is Helsinki founded?

History of Helsinki

Sweden conquered northern Estonia and Tallinn in 1561, reducing Helsinki's envisaged importance.


Question: When is Helsinki founded?

History of Helsinki

However, due to wars in the Baltic Sea region, the city became a military centre: a wintering place for the fleet and a loading point for warmen.


Question: When is Helsinki founded?

History of Helsinki

Since the mouth of the Vantaa River was located in the bottomland of the pitted Old Town Bay and was a tricky beaching place for large sailing ships, early on there were plans to move the town closer to the open sea.


Question: When is Helsinki founded?

History of Helsinki

Initially the intention was to rebuild Helsinki in Santahamina and then in the area of present-day Sörnäinen, where the city plan was already ready, but it was found to be too small for growth.


Question: When is Helsinki founded?

History of Helsinki

Vironniemi Helsinki In 1640, under Governor-General Peter Brahe, Vironniemi (Swedish: Estnässkatan) was chosen as the site, located between Sörnäistenniemi (Södernäs) and Helsinginniemi (Helsingenäs).


Question: When is Helsinki founded?

History of Helsinki

Today, Kruununhaa district and Senate Square are located in the area.


Question: When is Helsinki founded?

History of Helsinki

The old town, inhabited for 90 years on the shores of the Old Town Bay, was left unoccupied.


Question: When is Helsinki founded?

History of Helsinki

In 1639, the mayor of Helsinki, Anders Larsson Ehredt, wrote to the then Governor General of Finland, Peter Brahe, that the city should retain its old name on the new site.


Question: When is Helsinki founded?

History of Helsinki

The name Helsingfors should not be changed to a new name, for example Södernäs (Sörnäis), even if it would have better indicated the location of the city.


Question: When is Helsinki founded?

History of Helsinki

According to the mayor, the name Helsingfors was “a reminder of the victorious arms of our ancestors” and a praise for immigrants who came to the area from Hälsingland in Sweden in the Middle Ages.


Question: When is Helsinki founded?

History of Helsinki

The Governor-General approved the request and thus the city was permitted in its charter of incorporation on 2 October 1639 to retain its name as well as the coat of arms of Helsinki reproduced from the coat of arms of Uusimaa.


Question: When is Helsinki founded?

History of Helsinki

The coat of arms depicts a ship travelling at sea transporting Hälsinglantians to their new country.


Question: When is Helsinki founded?

History of Helsinki

[12] The intensification of the Russian Empire and the 1703 establishment of the city of Saint Petersburg had a significant impact on Helsinki.


Question: When is Helsinki founded?

History of Helsinki

The time of big-hatred was tough for the city.


Question: When is Helsinki founded?

History of Helsinki

First, in 1710, a plague entered the city, killing 2/3 of the town's inhabitants — 1185 people over a four-month period.


Question: When is Helsinki founded?

History of Helsinki

In connection with the 1713 Battle of Helsinki, the retreating Swedish army burned the city so that it could not be exploited by the enemy, and finally Russian military forces occupied the abandoned city between 1713 and 1721.


Question: When is Helsinki founded?

History of Helsinki

The area was held by the Russians until 1721, when the Peace of Uusikaupunki ended the Great Wrath.


Question: When is Helsinki founded?

History of Helsinki

After the war, Helsinki began to be rebuilt according to the old city plan.


Question: When is Helsinki founded?

History of Helsinki

However, development in the city remained weak.


Question: When is Helsinki founded?

History of Helsinki

During the War of the Hats and the Little Pickah of 1742—1743, the town was re-occupied by the Russians, but the buildings survived intact.


Question: When is Helsinki founded?

History of Helsinki

Following the loss of Sweden in the Peace of Turku in 1743 to Russia, the Hamina border fortress was started to build a new sea fortress Sveaborg (Suomenlinna) in front of Helsinki.


Question: When is Helsinki founded?

History of Helsinki

The plans for “Viapori” were drawn up by the Swedish count and fortress officer Augustin Ehrensvärd.


Question: When is Helsinki founded?

History of Helsinki

The fort site increased the town's population numbers profusely, and several brickworks and estates were established in the town.


Question: When is Helsinki founded?

History of Helsinki

Due to the power policies of Napoleon and Alexander I, Sweden was drawn into war with Russia in 1808.


Question: When is Helsinki founded?

History of Helsinki

In the Finnish War the Russians captured the city of Helsinki in 1808.


Question: When is Helsinki founded?

History of Helsinki

During the siege of Viapori, a fire broke out in the city, destroying almost the entire city.


Question: When is Helsinki founded?

History of Helsinki

During the period of autonomy, Gustav Fredrik Stjernvall, the county lord of Uusimaa County, made a proposal in 1810 to move the capital to Helsinki.


Question: When is Helsinki founded?

History of Helsinki

The proposal gained support, among other things, thanks to the fortress of Viapori, and finally the capital was moved from Turku to Helsinki with 4000 inhabitants in 1812 three years after Finland had become part of the Russian Empire.


Question: When is Helsinki founded?

History of Helsinki

[13] Alexander I, Emperor of Russia and Grand Duke of Finland, wanted the Finnish capital closer to Saint Petersburg and further away from Sweden.


Question: When is Helsinki founded?

History of Helsinki

On the same occasion, Carl Ludvig Engel was chosen to redesign the center of Helsinki from the fire's trail, more to look like the administrative city of the Empire.


Question: When is Helsinki founded?

History of Helsinki

The second director of the construction works was Johan Albrecht Ehrenström from Helsinki, who also created the Helsinki City Plan.


Question: When is Helsinki founded?

History of Helsinki

[14] Many of the Neoclassical buildings in Helsinki, especially the surroundings of the Senate Square with their cathedrals, are Engel's handwriting.


Question: When is Helsinki founded?

History of Helsinki

However, the buildings of Art Nouveau, which prevail in the street image of many neighborhoods of Helsinki, date back to the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries.


Question: When is Helsinki founded?

History of Helsinki

After the Turku Fire in 1827, the university that had remained in connection with the transfer of the capital to Turku was also moved to Helsinki.


Question: When is Helsinki founded?

History of Helsinki

Helsinki developed into an administrative, university and garrison city and grew into a real industrial centre of the country.


Question: When is Helsinki founded?

History of Helsinki

In 1840, the town already had 20,000 inhabitants.


Question: When is Helsinki founded?

History of Helsinki

[15] Important railway connections were built to Hämeenlinna in 1862 and Saint Petersburg in 1870.


Question: When is Helsinki founded?

History of Helsinki

The population of the border with 100,000 inhabitants exceeded by the beginning of the 20th century.


Question: When is Helsinki founded?

History of Helsinki

During World War I, three fortress zones were built around Helsinki as part of the defences of Saint Petersburg.


Question: When is Helsinki founded?

History of Helsinki

[16] In 1906, cannons were pounded in the Viapori revolt for a few days off Helsinki.


Question: When is Helsinki founded?

History of Helsinki

[17] Development of Helsinki from the beginning of the 20th century to the 21st century Helsinki became the capital of independent Finland immediately with the Declaration of Independence on December 6, 1917.


Question: When is Helsinki founded?

History of Helsinki

However, the Finnish Civil War began already the following month, on 27 January 1918, when a red lantern was lit on the tower of the Helsinki Workers' House in Hakaniemi to mark the beginning of the revolution.


Question: When is Helsinki founded?

History of Helsinki

The Red Guard soon took control of Helsinki, and the Senate was forced to go to Vaasa.


Question: When is Helsinki founded?

History of Helsinki

The highest municipal authority in the city was exercised during the war by the Helsinki Parliament of Labour Organizations.


Question: When is Helsinki founded?

History of Helsinki

On 8 April, the Finnish People's Delegation and the rest of the Reds leadership fled to Vyborg, after which German troops under General Rüdiger von der Goltz took the city 12—13.


Question: When is Helsinki founded?

History of Helsinki

April, and the White Army led by Mannerheim arrived in Helsinki on 16 May.


Question: When is Helsinki founded?

History of Helsinki

After the civil war, the Suomenlinna prison camp operated in the fortress of Viapori.


Question: When is Helsinki founded?

History of Helsinki

In 1918, the name of the fortress in Viapori was changed to Suomenlinna.


Question: When is Helsinki founded?

History of Helsinki

The first democratic municipal elections based on universal and equal suffrage were held in Helsinki on 27-28 December 1918.


Question: When is Helsinki founded?

History of Helsinki

A total of 60 councillors were elected to the city council.


Question: When is Helsinki founded?

History of Helsinki

Twenty-six representatives were elected from the Social Democrat list, including Väinö Tanner, Miina Sillanpää and Matti Paasivuori.


Question: When is Helsinki founded?

History of Helsinki

Eight representatives were elected from the Coalition's list, including Hedvig Gebhard, K. A. Paloheimo and Eino Suolahti.


Question: When is Helsinki founded?

History of Helsinki

Progress won four delegates, of whom the afterworld is perhaps best known to Santeri Ivalo.


Question: When is Helsinki founded?

History of Helsinki

And the council's largest bourgeois group, the RKP's List, got 22 councillors.


Question: When is Helsinki founded?

History of Helsinki

This included council president-elect Alexander Frey, E. von Frenckell and Jenny af Forselles, among others.


Question: When is Helsinki founded?

History of Helsinki

[18] During World War II, the city was bombed on several occasions.


Question: When is Helsinki founded?

History of Helsinki

The greatest destruction was caused by the Grand Bombing of Helsinki during the Continuation War, but the devastation was left relatively minor if you compare it to cities in other countries that fought the war.


Question: When is Helsinki founded?

History of Helsinki

Along with London and Moscow, Helsinki remained the only capital of a European country involved in the war that was not conquered during the war.


Question: When is Helsinki founded?

History of Helsinki

Helsinki had been awarded the 1940 Olympic Games, but they were missed due to World War II.


Question: When is Helsinki founded?

History of Helsinki

For the 1940 Olympics, the city was much built in the spirit of funkis architecture.


Question: When is Helsinki founded?

History of Helsinki

From this period are the Olympic Stadium, Tennis Palace, Käpylä Olympic Village and Lasipalatsi.


Question: When is Helsinki founded?

History of Helsinki

In 1952, the Helsinki Olympic Games were held.


Question: When is Helsinki founded?

History of Helsinki

In 1975, the Summit of the Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe (EEC) was held at Finlandia House, the final act of which is called the Helsinki Agreement.


Question: When is Helsinki founded?

History of Helsinki

Heads of state from 35 countries took part in the conference.


Question: When is Helsinki founded?

History of Helsinki

The meeting reaffirmed Europe's postwar borders.


Question: When is Helsinki founded?

History of Helsinki

In August 1982, Helsinki Metro was opened between Rautatientori — Itäkeskus.


Question: When is Helsinki founded?

History of Helsinki

Helsinki was one of the European Capitals of Culture in 2000.


Question: When is Helsinki founded?

History of Helsinki

2006 took place in Athens, Greece, Finland's first victory in the Eurovision Song Contest, which led to the following year's contest being held at Helsinki's Hartwall Arena.


Question: When is Helsinki founded?

History of Helsinki

Helsinki Regional Expansion Helsinki was originally established in the area of the village of Koskela at the mouth of the Vantaa River, next to the current Arabianranta Bay.


Question: When is Helsinki founded?

History of Helsinki

The town took its name from Helsinginkoski, which was nearby.


Question: When is Helsinki founded?

History of Helsinki

However, it was quickly realised that the city did not live up to expectations, mainly due to the shallow nature of the Old Town Bay.


Question: When is Helsinki founded?

History of Helsinki

Governor-General Peter Brahe decided to move the town to a better harbour site on the windy Vironcape in 1640, to the south of present-day Kruununhaha.


Question: When is Helsinki founded?

History of Helsinki

The actual urban-built area encompassed only a small area around the present Senate Square, but Queen Kristiina donated to the City of Helsinki the entire area of the village of Töölö, which included most of the current city.


Question: When is Helsinki founded?

History of Helsinki

Most of the area of the present district town was gradually built up in an urban style by the middle of the 20th century.


Question: When is Helsinki founded?

History of Helsinki

In 1906, areas from neighbouring villages were also annexed to Helsinki, including Meilahti and Kumpula and Käpylä district.


Question: When is Helsinki founded?

History of Helsinki

At the beginning of the 20th century, urban settlement also emerged outside the central city.


Question: When is Helsinki founded?

History of Helsinki

A number of suburbs were formed into built-up communities, and in the 1920s a few of them were separated from the rural municipality of Helsinki into separate honours.


Question: When is Helsinki founded?

History of Helsinki

Such were Huopalahti Municipality, Haaga Kauppaala, Oulunkylä Municipality and Kulosaari Villa Town.


Question: When is Helsinki founded?

History of Helsinki

However, they were short-lived, as they were all annexed to Helsinki in 1946 in a large regional union, as well as a substantial part of the then territory of Helsinki rural municipality.


Question: When is Helsinki founded?

History of Helsinki

Later, Vuosaari was also annexed to Helsinki from the rural municipality of Helsinki in 1966.


Question: When is Helsinki founded?

History of Helsinki

The most recent major regional union occurred in early 2009 when an area of 2660 hectares from the western part of Sipoo and 200 hectares from Vantaa was annexed to Helsinki.


Question: When is Helsinki founded?

History of Helsinki

On 21 June 2006, the City Council had decided to propose to the Government that a 5000 hectare area be annexed from West Sipoo and 200 hectares from Southeast Vantaa to Helsinki.


Question: When is Helsinki founded?

History of Helsinki

The liquidator Pekka Myllyniemi proposed that the size of the annexed area be reduced to 3000 hectares.


Question: When is Helsinki founded?

History of Helsinki

On 28 June 2007, the Government decided to approve the territorial union as proposed by the liquidator.


Question: When is Helsinki founded?

History of Helsinki

[19] Following the rejection of the Council of State [20] the appeals against the decision of 15 January 2008, the annexation entered into force from 1 January 2009.


Question: When is Helsinki founded?

History of Helsinki

As part of the discussion on Finnish municipal reform, it has been proposed to merge Helsinki, Espoo, Vantaa and Kauniainen, although other cities are extremely negative about the idea of joining with Helsinki.


Question: When is Helsinki founded?

History of Helsinki

Sources Literature Aalto, Seppo: Sotakaupunki: History of the Old Town of Helsinki.


Question: When is Helsinki founded?

History of Helsinki

Helsinki: Otava, 2012.


Question: When is Helsinki founded?

History of Helsinki

ISBN 978-951-1-26234-3 Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Inha, I. K.| title = Helsinki.


Question: When is Helsinki founded?

History of Helsinki

City of Light | location = Helsinki| publisher = Finnish Museum of Photography: WSOY| year = 2009| version = Edited by Jukka Kukkonen, Riitta Toiviainen and Kjell Westö| id = ISBN 978-951-0-35022-5}} Kervanto Nevanlinna, Anja: History of Helsinki since 1945.


Question: When is Helsinki founded?

History of Helsinki


Question: When is Helsinki founded?

History of Helsinki

The forces that built Helsinki 1945—2010.


Question: When is Helsinki founded?

History of Helsinki

Helsinki: Otava, 2012.


Question: When is Helsinki founded?

History of Helsinki

ISBN 978-951-1-26836-9 Klinge, Matti: Capital, Helsinki and the State of Finland 1808-1863.


Question: When is Helsinki founded?

History of Helsinki

Otava, 2012.


Question: When is Helsinki founded?

History of Helsinki

ISBN 978-951-1-26235-0 Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Klinge, Matti & Kolbe, Laura| title = Helsinki, daughter of the Baltic Sea.


Question: When is Helsinki founded?

History of Helsinki

Brief history| location = Helsing| publisher = Otava| year = 2007| version = Renewed institution| id = ISBN 978-951-1-21812-8}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Klinge, Matti| title = Capital.


Question: When is Helsinki founded?

History of Helsinki

Helsinki and Finland 1808—1863| location = Helsing| publisher = Otava| year = 2012| id = ISBN 978-951-1-26235-0}}


Question: When is Helsinki founded?

History of Helsinki

* Category:Key articles of screening


Question: How are swamps come about?

marshy

A marsh is a plant colony whose plant remains form bog peat.


Question: How are swamps come about?

marshy

Peat is most generated in northern regions because decomposition is slower in cold and humid environments.


Question: How are swamps come about?

marshy

[1] Peat has a largely preserved structure of plant remains in a state of decay.


Question: How are swamps come about?

marshy

Among them, one can often define which plant genus or even species they belong to.


Question: How are swamps come about?

marshy

Swamps are formed as a result of overgrown waters, flooding and flood-free forest land, as well as land uplift on sea coasts.


Question: How are swamps come about?

marshy

The marshes are rich in biodiversity ecosystems and many popular hiking areas.


Question: How are swamps come about?

marshy

Definition of bog in various disciplines In geology, a marsh is defined as a peat deposit formed from the landfall of marsh plants with a thickness of more than 30 centimeters, an area of at least 20 hectares and an ash content of less than 40%.


Question: How are swamps come about?

marshy

[2] According to the biological Finnish definition, a marsh is a type of terrain pattern where the organic soil layer covering the mineral soil is peat or where 75% of the undergrowth is marsh vegetation.


Question: How are swamps come about?

marshy

The three-quarters requirement is based on A.


Question: How are swamps come about?

marshy

K. Cajander's forest type doctrine, which has long been the basis of Finnish forest and also marsh classification.


Question: How are swamps come about?

marshy

[3] Forestry bogs, in turn, include geological marshes and biological bogs, but also marshes of less than 20 hectares.


Question: How are swamps come about?

marshy

[4] The number of marshes in the world is about 400 million hectares, or about 5% of all land area.


Question: How are swamps come about?

marshy

[5] Peat swamps account for 3% of the Earth's land surface and exist on all continents except Antarctica.


Question: How are swamps come about?

marshy

[1] According to an estimate published in 1996, 95% of the world's marshes are natural.


Question: How are swamps come about?

marshy

[6] According to more recent data, about 80% of the world's peatlands are still relatively untouched and are mainly located in North America and Siberia.


Question: How are swamps come about?

marshy

[1] Western Siberia is also home to the world's most extensive peatlands, with a common extent of 60 million hectares.


Question: How are swamps come about?

marshy

[7] In Canada, bogs account for 12% of the land area of the country.


Question: How are swamps come about?

marshy

[7] Tropical regions, for example, Indonesia have 20 million hectares of marshland, 11% of the land area.


Question: How are swamps come about?

marshy

[8] Scandinavia is one of the world's most swampy regions.


Question: How are swamps come about?

marshy

[9] For example, 5.8% of Norway's area is marshy and wetlands.


Question: How are swamps come about?

marshy

[9] In the 1930s there were 2.1 million hectares, or 12% of the land area (13.5% of the total area), and the number has therefore halved due to ditches and drainage.


Question: How are swamps come about?

marshy

[9] Protected areas in Norway comprise 68600 ha, or 3.7% of all marshland area, in addition to marshlands in national parks.


Question: How are swamps come about?

marshy

[9] In Britain, according to The Royal Society for the Protection of Birds, 90% of bogs are damaged or already destroyed.


Question: How are swamps come about?

marshy

[10] The marsh increases in thickness by some millimeters per year.


Question: How are swamps come about?

marshy

In Finland, the thickness increase is most often around 0.5 mm per year, although the range is between 0.2 and 4.0mm.


Question: How are swamps come about?

marshy

[11] Finland Finland is the sixth most swampy country in the world by marshy area.


Question: How are swamps come about?

marshy

[12] However, estimates of the swamp area vary from source to source.


Question: How are swamps come about?

marshy

Finland has about 5.1 million hectares (15%) of geological marsh and about 8.9 million hectares (26%) of forestry marsh, most in northern Finland and in the region of watershed areas.


Question: How are swamps come about?

marshy

[4] In Finland, one third of the original extent of the marsh remains.


Question: How are swamps come about?

marshy

[6] However, according to most other estimates, the marsh area is between 9.3 and 10.4 million hectares, which is approximately 26% of the total area of Finland excluding marine areas and 29% of the land area.


Question: How are swamps born?

marshy

[12] [13] [14] [15] [5] Energy volume of Finnish swamps The energy content of the peat resources of the kingdom is approximately 13000 TWh.


Question: How are swamps born?

marshy

Energy from peat resources is equivalent to 1100 million tonnes of oil.


Question: How are swamps born?

marshy

Finland's peat reserves are double the known oil reserves of the North Sea and 2/3 of Norway's known oil reserves.


Question: How are swamps born?

marshy

Finland's peat resources are almost ten times the energy of our country's wood resources and 35 times the volume of the tree.


Question: How are swamps born?

marshy

[16] The use of Finnish swamps for peat production According to Metsähallitus, one third of the original marsh area is natural.


Question: How are swamps born?

marshy

[17] For its part, the Peat Industry Union estimates that as a natural state, swamps account for 47.7% of the current marsh area, or 4.3 million hectares.


Question: How are swamps born?

marshy

[18] The largest single bog in Finland is Teuravuoma in the municipality of Kolar, with an area of 7000 ha.


Question: How are swamps born?

marshy

[12] Finland has protected marshlands 1.2 million hectares, or almost 13% (2013).


Question: How are swamps born?

marshy

[19] A large number of protected areas are located in northern Finland, and there are not many bogs left in southern Finland.


Question: How are swamps born?

marshy

[6] Bog types Classification The Finnish classification of forest types based on habitat factors, also used for the classification of marshes, is based on the system established by Aimo Kaarlo Cajander 1909—1949, in which soil structure, its nutrients, moisture and temperature conditions are considered to play a key role in determining the structure of plant colonies.


Question: How are swamps born?

marshy

[3] Classification differs from European and Nordic classifications.


Question: How are swamps born?

marshy

Bog types are most often classified on the basis of tubular plants, but more accurate determination occurs on the basis of mosses.


Question: How are swamps born?

marshy

[20] Swamps can also be divided into two main types depending on whether they receive their water from soil or rain.


Question: How are swamps born?

marshy

Minerotrophic bogs are called those bogs that have contact with groundwater through mineral soils.


Question: How are swamps born?

marshy

[9] As peat formation continues, the connection with groundwater may be lost and the marsh receives water from the rain thereafter.


Question: How are swamps born?

marshy

That's when it comes to ombrotrophic swamp.


Question: How are swamps born?

marshy

[9] Ombotrophic marshes are always acidic, but minetrophic marshes can still be grouped into more specific groups according to pH.


Question: How are swamps born?

marshy

[9] In minetrophic swamps, species variation is high: pH neutral swamps, for example, have five times more tubular plants than more acidic ones, and the number of endangered plants is also higher.


Question: How are swamps born?

marshy

[9] Marshes are the most diverse ecosystem in Finland: there are a lot of different types of marshes that are only common to the wetness of the soil.


Question: How are swamps born?

marshy

[6] In Europe, marsh nature is the most diverse in Finland and Russia.


Question: How are swamps born?

marshy

[17] Marshes are grouped into different types according to vegetation in Finland.


Question: How are swamps born?

marshy

There are more than a hundred different combinations of habitat types.


Question: How are swamps born?

marshy

[17] The Forest Research Institute classifies marshes into three main types: raven, swamp and open marshes (neva and letto).


Question: How are swamps born?

marshy

There are numerous additional attributes to these main types.


Question: How are swamps born?

marshy

[21] The ears and swamps are further divided into genuine and mixed types which are combinations of wooded and open bog.


Question: How are swamps born?

marshy

[22] For example, Scotland has many globally rare bogs called blanket bogs (Finnish blanket bog), which have even been proposed for UNESCO World Heritage List.


Question: How are swamps born?

marshy

[23] [24] These marshes have very watery peat, where sphagnum moss, rare marsh orchids and dwarf shrubs grow; in addition, the bird species is abundant.


Question: How are swamps born?

marshy

[23] A similar marsh type is also found at least in Argentina and New Zealand.


Question: How are swamps born?

marshy

[23] Raven ears are woody swamps where the most common tree species is spruce.


Question: How are swamps born?

marshy

The peculiarity of the ears is that both salt species and species of the forest type corresponding in nutrients are present in them.


Question: How are swamps born?

marshy

In the ears, the peat layer is thin and common plants include grey alder, forest geranium, meadowsweet and squirrelberry, among others.


Question: How are swamps born?

marshy

[25] The lush ears, or groves, ferns, grass and hay horns, are valuable habitats as defined by the Forest Act as natural or natural.


Question: How are swamps born?

marshy

The swamps are woody swamps.


Question: How are swamps born?

marshy

The most common type of wood in the swamp is pine.


Question: How are swamps born?

marshy

Pines are often stunted in the swamps.


Question: How are swamps born?

marshy

They correspond to dry cloth and more rugged forest types in terms of nutrients.


Question: How are swamps born?

marshy

In the field floor of the swamp, sparrows such as marsh pursu, julukka, bog birch, marsh flower and vaivero are predominant species.


Question: How are swamps born?

marshy

[26] Hilla, or varnish, grows on swamps.


Question: How are swamps born?

marshy

Kitumaa swamp is a valuable habitat referred to by the Forest Act as a natural or natural state.


Question: How are swamps born?

marshy

The Neva Neva are treeless, sometimes very wet open waters.


Question: How are swamps born?

marshy

On them, wet and damp surfaces alternate with drier rots.


Question: How are swamps born?

marshy

[27] The birding of Nevoi is very abundant.


Question: How are swamps born?

marshy

In addition, nevi are also relevant, among other things, as sod sites for tea, as well as jam and cranberry mushrooms.


Question: How are swamps born?

marshy

For example, tupaswool, cranberries and various sedges grow on nevi.


Question: How are swamps born?

marshy

[27] Letto Letto is the equivalent of a grove in marsh types.


Question: How are swamps born?

marshy

They only emerge from soil in the most nutrient-rich areas, which is why their vegetation is distinctive.


Question: How are swamps born?

marshy

The pH and lime content of the marsh water are high.


Question: How are swamps born?

marshy

[28] Most of the endangered animal and plant species are species of lettos.


Question: How are swamps born?

marshy

[6] In addition to the plants that thrive on the Neva, there are also more demanding marsh plants such as palms, rags, flocks.


Question: How are swamps born?

marshy

[28] Letto can be either open-bog or partially woody, in which case, among other things, letto rays and letto ears.


Question: How are swamps born?

marshy

The Luhta Luhta are flares caused by flowing surface waters, which are most numerous on land uplift coasts, but also on floodlands by lakes, rivers and streams.


Question: How are swamps born?

marshy

[29] Common plush plants include alder, yellowwort, marsh, willow, corpipaatsama, marsh, poison loosestrife and loosestrife.


Question: How are swamps born?

marshy

Willow-growing slugs can be found down to Lapland, but tar alder leaves grow only in rivers and ditches along the southern coast of Finland.


Question: How are swamps born?

marshy

A good example of the Rotter.


Question: How are swamps born?

marshy

[29] Types of marsh compounds The types of marshes are large forms of marshes that differ in surface shape, moisture ratios and biota.


Question: How are swamps born?

marshy

Combination types include oasis marshes, aspa marshes, and polsa marshes, which usually have several different marsh types.


Question: How are swamps born?

marshy

In Finland, oasis swamps are especially found in southern Finland.


Question: How are swamps born?

marshy

Their central part has been elevated above their surroundings as peat has accumulated on the site and at the same time the connection with mineral land has been lost.


Question: How are swamps born?

marshy

Vegetation receives nutrients only from rainwater, and thus only plants adapted to barren places survive.


Question: How are swamps born?

marshy

Oasis marshes have been destroyed from much of central Europe.


Question: How are swamps born?

marshy

[17] Aapasoja is mainly found in central and northern Finland.


Question: How are swamps born?

marshy

They are nutrient-rich and have developed in areas where evaporation is low and snow meltwater is high.


Question: How are swamps born?

marshy

In apasas, the central part of the bog is usually lower than the laitas, and they usually receive their nutrients as surface runoff from groundwater or mineral soils.


Question: How are swamps born?

marshy

[20] Further south than Finland, apasas do not exist at all, and in Finland they are more diverse than in Sweden and Russia.


Question: How are swamps born?

marshy

[17] Plants and animals Bog vegetation is most affected by nutrients and marsh water height.


Question: How are swamps born?

marshy

[20] In Finland, one quarter of the native plant species grow in swamps.


Question: How are swamps born?

marshy

[14] Varnish and cranberry are typical berries of marsh areas.


Question: How are swamps born?

marshy

Especially the collection of strikes is of great economic importance.


Question: How are swamps born?

marshy

[6] From other plants in the swamps often grow curlers.


Question: How are swamps born?

marshy

Of the marsh plants, palms, some sedges, as well as many mosses and fungi are endangered.


Question: How are swamps born?

marshy

Mosses grow on all kinds of swamps of several types.


Question: How are swamps born?

marshy

Among mammals, moose are often inhabited by marshes, from birds to various waterfowl.


Question: How are swamps born?

marshy

In Finland, 90% of forest geese nest in swamps, and about half of ducks are found.


Question: How are swamps born?

marshy

[6] In connection with the decline of swamps, for example, the cauldron and peregrine falcon are endangered.


Question: How are swamps born?

marshy

Some of the species, on the other hand, have survived after expanding their nesting areas.


Question: How are swamps born?

marshy

So, for example, cucumbers today live more on the shores of lakes than in swamps.


Question: How are swamps born?

marshy

[6] Of the approximately 235 species of birds nesting in Finland, 80 species depend on swamps at some point in their life.


Question: How are swamps born?

marshy

[14] According to the Peat Industry Union, typical swamp-living birds are found there despite peat production.


Question: How are swamps born?

marshy

[11] Many of the endangered butterfly species live precisely in the swamp, but other insects are not very well known.


Question: How are swamps born?

marshy

[6] Even if animals do not live in swamps, many species still use them for foraging: for example, deer eat sedge grasses, bears bear berries and arrowhawks dragonflies.


Question: How are swamps born?

marshy

The marshes are summer pastures for roe deer and reindeer and resting places for migratory birds.


Question: How are swamps born?

marshy

In Malaysia and other tropical regions, more than 1500 species of plants and 150 species of fish live on peatlands.


Question: How are swamps born?

marshy

[1] In the North, the number of species is lower.


Question: How are swamps born?

marshy

[1] In 2006 there were 5% (190 species) of species on the Norwegian list of endangered species.


Question: How are swamps born?

marshy

[9] Various plants and animals are most numerous in the abundant nutrient groves, which are among the most endangered marsh types in addition to the ears because of the largest number of nutrient swamps being ditched.


Question: How are swamps born?

marshy

[6] [14] In Finland, two-thirds of endangered swamp-living species live precisely on stomachs and ears.


Question: How are swamps born?

marshy

[14] Warring General Swamps are formed especially in a climate that is humidic, i.e. precipitation is greater than evaporation.


Question: How are swamps born?

marshy

Rambling also occurs when the decomposition of organic matter is slower than its stratification.


Question: How are swamps born?

marshy

[30] In Finland, the cool and humid climate and relatively flat topography have contributed to warbling.


Question: How are swamps born?

marshy

[17] Rumbling may be primary or secondary.


Question: How are swamps born?

marshy

In the primary option, the rumbling occurs right away.


Question: How are swamps born?

marshy

For example, on a landlift coast, warbling may begin as soon as new land rises out of the sea.


Question: How are swamps born?

marshy

[30] However, more often than not, intermediate stages are required for ringing, i.e., a lake or old forest land that was formed earlier begins to sound, in which case it is secondary ringing.


Question: How are swamps born?

marshy

[30] Woodland blindfolding in woodland usually occurs in heathland forests, where changes in the water economy of the forest cause water levels to rise close to the ground level.


Question: How are swamps born?

marshy

[30] When the forest soil is water-permeable rather low-nutrient sandy or ridge gravel soil, it occurs when the groundwater level is elevated, for example, due to elevation of nearby swamps.


Question: How are swamps born?

marshy

As sphagnum mosses take over the area, they suppress tree growth, and the prevailing trees begin to stunt and reel.


Question: How are swamps born?

marshy

Pines grown on the site remain stunted, and swamp sparrows become predominant.


Question: How are swamps born?

marshy

The forest has gradually turned into swampland.


Question: How are swamps born?

marshy

When the ground is poorly permeable to water, for example clay or clay sand (heath), rumbling can begin regardless of earlier swamps.


Question: How are swamps born?

marshy

In the spring, as snow melts and rains, water accumulates in sags, which persists in them for a long time.


Question: How are swamps born?

marshy

Bear moss appears on them and sphagnum moss in wetter areas.


Question: How are swamps born?

marshy

In high rainfall years, these small earrings expand and new ones form, but in low rainy years they do not decrease much, as sphagnum mosses in particular retain water well.


Question: How are swamps born?

marshy

The chords gradually converge.


Question: How are swamps born?

marshy

The fabric becomes earwigs, as sphagnum moss become predominant and the peat thickens, and as forest growth deteriorates to corve and eventually swamp.


Question: How are swamps born?

marshy

The raven can survive without becoming a swamp if the water is running, or in places where nutrient-rich water drains from surrounding woodlands.


Question: How are swamps born?

marshy

When swamps form in sags of different heights and each marsh increases in height until it is as high as the fabric sill separating it from the lower bog, water begins to drain from the marsh up the slope to the lower marsh.


Question: How are swamps born?

marshy

In this case, the slope will sound.


Question: How are swamps born?

marshy

If the slope is lean, low-nutrient land and water rainwater, a so-called watercloth is formed, characterized by a very dense understory formed by bear moss, and a stunted forest usually growing pine.