Question: What was the population of Czechoslovakia around the time of the bifurcation?

History of Italy

The republic was governed by two elected consuls, and a senate assembled primarily from patricians formed, together with the citizens' assembly, a kind of parliament.


Question: What was the population of Czechoslovakia around the time of the bifurcation?

History of Italy

In the following centuries, Rome expanded its territory, defeating its neighbours one after the other.


Question: What was the population of Czechoslovakia around the time of the bifurcation?

History of Italy

After the wars, the Romans generally did not seek total subordination of the defeated, but forced them into a subordinate ally relationship.


Question: What was the population of Czechoslovakia around the time of the bifurcation?

History of Italy

This policy was one of the reasons for Rome's success.


Question: What was the population of Czechoslovakia around the time of the bifurcation?

History of Italy

Many weak Etruscan and Greek cities asked Rome for protection rather than confronted it in war.


Question: What was the population of Czechoslovakia around the time of the bifurcation?

History of Italy

After the Punic Wars and the loss of Carthage, Rome controlled most of the western Mediterranean and its influence grew rapidly in the east as well.


Question: What was the population of Czechoslovakia around the time of the bifurcation?

History of Italy

10th-century BC.


Question: What was the population of Czechoslovakia around the time of the bifurcation?

History of Italy

by the end Rome had defeated the Hellenistic states of Macedonia and Syria and controlled the entire Mediterranean with the exception of Egypt.


Question: What was the population of Czechoslovakia around the time of the bifurcation?

History of Italy

Empire The institutions of the Roman Republic had been developed in a city-state and were not suited to the control of a large empire.


Question: What was the population of Czechoslovakia around the time of the bifurcation?

History of Italy

In addition, there were schisms both within Rome and between Rome and its Italian allies.


Question: What was the population of Czechoslovakia around the time of the bifurcation?

History of Italy

The trend favored military commanders, who began pursuing exclusivity.


Question: What was the population of Czechoslovakia around the time of the bifurcation?

History of Italy

The first such was Sulla (d. 78 BCE.)


Question: What was the population of Czechoslovakia around the time of the bifurcation?

History of Italy

After him came Julius Caesar, who after conquering Gaul (present-day France) defeated Pompey in a civil war and effectively became a monospace, but was assassinated by republican senators in 44 BCE.


Question: What was the population of Czechoslovakia around the time of the bifurcation?

History of Italy

His successor Octavianus defeated the Senatorial Party, received the title Augustus and was elected Imperator.


Question: What was the population of Czechoslovakia around the time of the bifurcation?

History of Italy

Although he formally tolerated the laws of the republic, he ruled practically as a monopoly and the Roman Empire had emerged.


Question: What was the population of Czechoslovakia around the time of the bifurcation?

History of Italy

[5] This became clear during the time of his successor Tiberius.


Question: What was the population of Czechoslovakia around the time of the bifurcation?

History of Italy

The establishment of the Empire brought clear advantages to the provinces, which may have appealed to the emperor against local authorities instead of corrupt senators.


Question: What was the population of Czechoslovakia around the time of the bifurcation?

History of Italy

Furthermore, Roman citizenship was slowly extended to provinces and jurisdiction became less arbitrary.


Question: What was the population of Czechoslovakia around the time of the bifurcation?

History of Italy

The Roman Empire was further expanded somewhat in the Imperial period; for example Claudius annexed Britain 47 partitions..


Question: What was the population of Czechoslovakia around the time of the bifurcation?

History of Italy

In the first and second centuries, there were some civil wars (for example by the Four Emperors in 69) and rebellions (such as the Judean Uprising, which ended with the takeover of Jerusalem in 70 and started the Jewish diaspora).


Question: What was the population of Czechoslovakia around the time of the bifurcation?

History of Italy

Decay and loss The internal state of the kingdom slowly deteriorated, which was reflected in crises in the third century, when economic difficulties, barbarian invasions, and civil wars almost led to the dissolution of the Empire.


Question: What was the population of Czechoslovakia around the time of the bifurcation?

History of Italy

It was saved by Diocletian (284—305) and Constantine (306—337), who moved the capital to Byzantium, changing its name to Constantinople, thus initiating the division of the kingdom into the western and eastern part.


Question: What was the population of Czechoslovakia around the time of the bifurcation?

History of Italy

Constantine also stopped opposing Christianity.


Question: What was the population of Czechoslovakia around the time of the bifurcation?

History of Italy

Christianity became the state religion under Theodosius I in 380.


Question: What was the population of Czechoslovakia around the time of the bifurcation?

History of Italy

The Great Internationals broke the defences of Western Rome, and the Vandals and Goths eradicated the kingdom for good in the 4th century.


Question: What was the population of Czechoslovakia around the time of the bifurcation?

History of Italy

Medieval Goths, Byzantium and Langobards the Visigoths conquered Italy in the 4th century and Alarik plundered Rome in 410.


Question: What was the population of Czechoslovakia around the time of the bifurcation?

History of Italy

By the end of the century, the peninsula was for the most part controlled by the Ostrogoths, and Odovakar sacked in 476 the last emperor of Western Rome, Romulus Augustus.


Question: What was the population of Czechoslovakia around the time of the bifurcation?

History of Italy

In 493, Teoderik the Great overthrew Odovakar and became king of the Ostrogoths.


Question: What was the population of Czechoslovakia around the time of the bifurcation?

History of Italy

The capital of his kingdom was Ravenna.


Question: What was the population of Czechoslovakia around the time of the bifurcation?

History of Italy

Byzantium, or Eastern Rome, invaded Italy in the early 5th century and Emperor Justinian I's generals Belisarius and Narses conquered the Kingdom of the Ostrogoths after years of war in 552.


Question: What was the population of Czechoslovakia around the time of the bifurcation?

History of Italy

These Gothic Wars destroyed most of the surviving urban culture.


Question: What was the population of Czechoslovakia around the time of the bifurcation?

History of Italy

The departure of the Byzantine armies allowed another Germanic tribe, the Langobards, to conquer much of the peninsula.


Question: What was the population of Czechoslovakia around the time of the bifurcation?

History of Italy

The exarchate of Ravenna, which remained in Byzantine possession, was concentrated around Ravenna.


Question: What was the population of Czechoslovakia around the time of the bifurcation?

History of Italy

[6] Rise of the Catholic Church The Church and especially the Bishop of Rome, the Pope, has played an important political role since Constantine, who sought to annex the institution to imperial rule.


Question: What was the population of Czechoslovakia around the time of the bifurcation?

History of Italy

In the precarious situation following the breakup of Western Rome, the Church was often the only stable institution and the only source of doctrine.


Question: What was the population of Czechoslovakia around the time of the bifurcation?

History of Italy

Even the barbarians depended on the church to govern their lands of conquest.


Question: What was the population of Czechoslovakia around the time of the bifurcation?

History of Italy

In addition, Catholic monastic organizations such as the Benedictines played a large role both in the economic life of the time and as custodians of classical culture.


Question: What was the population of Czechoslovakia around the time of the bifurcation?

History of Italy

After the entry of the Langobards, the popes were nominally subordinate to the Eastern Emperor, but received little support from Constantinople and began to build an independent state to protect Rome from langobard attacks.


Question: What was the population of Czechoslovakia around the time of the bifurcation?

History of Italy

In the late 7th century, the popes pursued independence and found a way to do so by allying themselves with the Frankish Carolingid dynasty: the Carolings needed legitimacy to seize power from the Merovings, while the Popes needed military support against the Langobards.


Question: What was the population of Czechoslovakia around the time of the bifurcation?

History of Italy

In 751, the Langobards took over Ravenna, and the Byzantine presence in central Italy came to an end (some coastal towns and territories in southern Italy remained in Byzantium until the 10th century).


Question: What was the population of Czechoslovakia around the time of the bifurcation?

History of Italy

The Popes turned to the Franks, who in 756 defeated the Langobards and ceded to the Pope power over central Italy, thus establishing the Church State.


Question: What was the population of Czechoslovakia around the time of the bifurcation?

History of Italy

However, the rest of Italy was held by the Langobards or Byzantium.


Question: What was the population of Czechoslovakia around the time of the bifurcation?

History of Italy

Holy Roman Empire In 774, after a papal invitation, the Franks defeated the Langobards and took the crown of their kingdom.


Question: What was the population of Czechoslovakia around the time of the bifurcation?

History of Italy

Their leader Charles the Great was crowned by the pope on 25 December 800 in Rome as emperor.


Question: What was the population of Czechoslovakia around the time of the bifurcation?

History of Italy

This caused a dispute between the Frankish Empire and Byzantium over the right to the name of Rome.


Question: What was the population of Czechoslovakia around the time of the bifurcation?

History of Italy

In 812, Byzantium agreed to recognize the Roman Empire in exchange for guaranteeing its Italian holdings.


Question: What was the population of Czechoslovakia around the time of the bifurcation?

History of Italy

However, the emperor's power did not properly reach the southern parts of the peninsula, whose two langobard dukes of Spoleto and Benevento accepted Charlemagne's rule in name only.


Question: What was the population of Czechoslovakia around the time of the bifurcation?

History of Italy

Conquering Benevento would have meant full encirclement of Papal territories in the emperor's territories, and Charles the Great probably thought it was not good for relations.


Question: What was the population of Czechoslovakia around the time of the bifurcation?

History of Italy

Greco-Latin coastal cities such as Naples on the Tyrrhenian Sea and Venice on the Adriatic became increasingly independent of Byzantium.


Question: What was the population of Czechoslovakia around the time of the bifurcation?

History of Italy

Charles the Great had the papal efforts to expand power stymied, and his time meant balancing in Italy, although marked by non-Italian interests.


Question: What was the population of Czechoslovakia around the time of the bifurcation?

History of Italy

The gap between Eastern and Western Christendom continued to grow.


Question: What was the population of Czechoslovakia around the time of the bifurcation?

History of Italy

Saint Leo III was the first pope to date his bulla in accordance with the reign of Charles the Great rather than the Byzantine emperors.


Question: What was the population of Czechoslovakia around the time of the bifurcation?

History of Italy

By the beginning of the 8th century, the process that began three centuries earlier, in which Italy seceded from Byzantium and connected to Western Europe, had become broadly completed.


Question: What was the population of Czechoslovakia around the time of the bifurcation?

History of Italy

Sicily, Calabria, Apulia and some maritime cities were the main exceptions.


Question: What was the population of Czechoslovakia around the time of the bifurcation?

History of Italy

After the death of Charlemagne (814), under weak successors, the Empire quickly fell apart.


Question: What was the population of Czechoslovakia around the time of the bifurcation?

History of Italy

The equilibrium created by the emperor's charisma was shattered.


Question: What was the population of Czechoslovakia around the time of the bifurcation?

History of Italy

The crisis was exacerbated by external factors such as Saracen invasions and the intensification of maritime republics.


Question: What was the population of Czechoslovakia around the time of the bifurcation?

History of Italy

Charles the Great's son Louis the Pious died in 840.


Question: What was the population of Czechoslovakia around the time of the bifurcation?

History of Italy

The Treaty of Verdun divided the Empire in 843.


Question: What was the population of Czechoslovakia around the time of the bifurcation?

History of Italy

Louis's eldest surviving son Lothar I became emperor and ruler of the central part of the kingdom.


Question: What was the population of Czechoslovakia around the time of the bifurcation?

History of Italy

His three sons accordingly divided this kingdom between themselves, and northern Italy became the Kingdom of Italy under Louis II in 839.


Question: What was the population of Czechoslovakia around the time of the bifurcation?

History of Italy

Muslim Arabs conquered Sicily in 827, ruled until 1053.


Question: What was the population of Czechoslovakia around the time of the bifurcation?

History of Italy

In 846, the Arabs invaded Rome and plundered St. Peter's Basilica, taking all the gold and silver from there.


Question: What was the population of Czechoslovakia around the time of the bifurcation?

History of Italy

As a result, Leo IV began the construction of the Vatican Wall, which was completed in 853.


Question: What was the population of Czechoslovakia around the time of the bifurcation?

History of Italy

In 951, the Italian and German crowns were merged.


Question: What was the population of Czechoslovakia around the time of the bifurcation?

History of Italy

The ruler of the new kingdom, Otto I the Great, submitted that the Union would restore the kingdom of Charles the Great and received the title of emperor in 962.


Question: What was the population of Czechoslovakia around the time of the bifurcation?

History of Italy

In these times of turmoil, the prestige of the papacy institution had also diminished (see pornocracy, for example).


Question: What was the population of Czechoslovakia around the time of the bifurcation?

History of Italy

The end of the Middle Ages Barbarian invasions and the Gothic Wars eradicated much of Italy's urban culture.


Question: What was the population of Czechoslovakia around the time of the bifurcation?

History of Italy

It did not completely disappear, but was much more modest than in the Roman period.


Question: What was the population of Czechoslovakia around the time of the bifurcation?

History of Italy

Wars, disappearances and disease had also plummeted Italy's population.


Question: What was the population of Czechoslovakia around the time of the bifurcation?

History of Italy

In the 7th—8th centuries, some cities such as Amalfi and Venice began to flourish through trade (silk, salt), but urban life remained scarce.


Question: What was the population of Czechoslovakia around the time of the bifurcation?

History of Italy

The 10th century marked the end of the darkest period of the Middle Ages.


Question: What was the population of Czechoslovakia around the time of the bifurcation?

History of Italy

Trade slowly began to recover, especially through the sea, and the four port cities, Amalfi, Pisa, Genoa and Venice became powermakers.


Question: What was the population of Czechoslovakia around the time of the bifurcation?

History of Italy

[7] Many landlocked cities, such as Florence and Milan, also grew and effectively became independent city-states from central power, expanding their territory at the expense of feudal lords to the countryside.


Question: What was the population of Czechoslovakia around the time of the bifurcation?

History of Italy

In the 12th century, Italian cities that were part of the Empire rebelled successfully against the centralisation effort of the regime of Frederick I Barbarossa.


Question: What was the population of Czechoslovakia around the time of the bifurcation?

History of Italy

The pope regained his authority and began a long struggle against the Empire on both ecclesiastical and secular issues, the first act of which was an investment-strife.


Question: What was the population of Czechoslovakia around the time of the bifurcation?

History of Italy

At the same time, the southern parts of Italy and Sicily were conquered by the Normans.


Question: What was the population of Czechoslovakia around the time of the bifurcation?

History of Italy

The Normans eventually conquered Byzantine and Arab-controlled territories.


Question: What was the population of Czechoslovakia around the time of the bifurcation?

History of Italy

Byzantium, however, had not been defeated yet, instead invading in 1155 Italy under Emperor Manuel I Komnenos.


Question: What was the population of Czechoslovakia around the time of the bifurcation?

History of Italy

By 1158, the Byzantine army had been forced to withdraw from Italy.


Question: What was the population of Czechoslovakia around the time of the bifurcation?

History of Italy

The Renaissance Italian Renaissance, or rinascimento, ushered in the Renaissance, especially in Europe of a new era in culture and arts, which continued from the end of the 14th century until about 1600.


Question: What was the population of Czechoslovakia around the time of the bifurcation?

History of Italy

The Renaissance began in Tuscany, the cities of Florence and Siena, and its high point was towards the end of the 15th century.


Question: What was the population of Czechoslovakia around the time of the bifurcation?

History of Italy

It spread south, affecting Rome in particular, which was largely rebuilt by Renaissance popes.


Question: What was the population of Czechoslovakia around the time of the bifurcation?

History of Italy

The Italian Renaissance began to decline at the end of the 15th century with the invasion of foreign powers, after which the focus of the Renaissance shifted to Central Europe.


Question: What was the population of Czechoslovakia around the time of the bifurcation?

History of Italy

Roots In the Heart Middle Ages, the city-states of the northern part of Italy were among the most prosperous in Europe, considerably more prosperous than the southern part of Italy, including Rome.


Question: What was the population of Czechoslovakia around the time of the bifurcation?

History of Italy

The Crusades had established permanent trade ties with the Levant, and Byzantium, a trading rival of the Italian cities, had been badly damaged by the Fourth Crusade.


Question: What was the population of Czechoslovakia around the time of the bifurcation?

History of Italy

Luxury goods such as spices, dyes and silk were brought to the ports of Genoa, Pisa and Venice in Italy and exported from there to other parts of Europe.


Question: What was the population of Czechoslovakia around the time of the bifurcation?

History of Italy

Inland towns, on the other hand, benefited from good farmland, such as the Po River Valley.


Question: What was the population of Czechoslovakia around the time of the bifurcation?

History of Italy

In turn, wool, wheat and precious metals were imported via land and river routes from France, Germany and the Netherlands.


Question: What was the population of Czechoslovakia around the time of the bifurcation?

History of Italy

Trade stretching from Egypt to the Baltics created surpluses that could be invested in mining, farming and early industry.


Question: What was the population of Czechoslovakia around the time of the bifurcation?

History of Italy

Northern Italy was not richer than the rest of Europe in terms of resources, but the high rate of processing built on the bottom of commerce enabled it to succeed.


Question: What was the population of Czechoslovakia around the time of the bifurcation?

History of Italy

Florence, for example, initially emerged as one of the most prosperous cities in northern Italy largely through the production of fabrics.


Question: What was the population of Czechoslovakia around the time of the bifurcation?

History of Italy

Wool was imported from Northern Europe and Spain, and with dyes imported from the East, it was made into quality clothes.


Question: What was the population of Czechoslovakia around the time of the bifurcation?

History of Italy

In the 13th century, Italian city-states grew strongly and became virtually independent from the Empire.


Question: What was the population of Czechoslovakia around the time of the bifurcation?

History of Italy

During this period, banking and monetary methods also developed, the center of which Florence became its center, and its currency, the florin, the currency of international trade.


Question: What was the population of Czechoslovakia around the time of the bifurcation?

History of Italy

A new aristocrat class emerged, which had gained ground through their business skills and challenged the feudal upper class that ruled Europe in the Middle Ages.


Question: What was the population of Czechoslovakia around the time of the bifurcation?

History of Italy

In most of northern Italy, urban grand burghers were more formidable than rural feudal lords.


Question: What was the population of Czechoslovakia around the time of the bifurcation?

History of Italy

The economic crash of the 14th century and the beginning of the Renaissance in the 14th century saw a series of disasters that collapsed the European economy.


Question: What was the population of Czechoslovakia around the time of the bifurcation?

History of Italy

These included the beginning of the Little Ice Age, which depressed agricultural production as well as the Hundred Years' War between France and England, which stirred the economy: for example, two of Florence's largest banks, Bardi and Peruzzi, fell after Edward III of England left his debts of 1.5 million florins unserviced in in 1345.


Question: What was the population of Czechoslovakia around the time of the bifurcation?

History of Italy

[8] In the east, the formation of the Ottoman Empire cut off trade routes.


Question: What was the population of Czechoslovakia around the time of the bifurcation?

History of Italy

The most devastating was the Black Death, which killed tens of percent of Europe's population.


Question: What was the population of Czechoslovakia around the time of the bifurcation?

History of Italy

The population of Florence, for example, collapsed from 90000,0000 to 50000 and caused turmoil including, for example, the Textile Workers' Revolt of 1378.


Question: What was the population of Czechoslovakia around the time of the bifurcation?

History of Italy

Some accidents of the 14th century contributed to the Renaissance.


Question: What was the population of Czechoslovakia around the time of the bifurcation?

History of Italy

Ottoman expansion at the expense of Byzantium caused an influx of refugees from the east, and they brought with them classical Greek civilisation.


Question: What was the population of Czechoslovakia around the time of the bifurcation?

History of Italy

The Black Death wiped out a third of Europe's population, leaving the new smaller population soon more prosperous than previously thought.


Question: What was the population of Czechoslovakia around the time of the bifurcation?

History of Italy

The population had more property for luxury goods, but fewer of their producers, improving the position of the lower classes.


Question: What was the population of Czechoslovakia around the time of the bifurcation?

History of Italy

The horrors of the Black Death and the Church's inability to prevent them also undermined the Church's influence, which was one of the prerequisites for the Renaissance.


Question: What was the population of Czechoslovakia around the time of the bifurcation?

History of Italy

During this period, the first Renaissance figures such as Dante and Francesco Petrarca lived, and the first signs of the Renaissance were visible in the early 14th century.


Question: What was the population of Czechoslovakia around the time of the bifurcation?

History of Italy

The fall of the Bard and Peruzzi banks opened the way for the rise of the Medici family in Florence.


Question: What was the population of Czechoslovakia around the time of the bifurcation?

History of Italy

Robert Sabatino Lopez has even suggested that financial collapse was a necessary cause of the renaissance, as in economically favorable times businessmen invest their money quickly, while in bad times fewer investment items can be found, causing them to spend their funds on culture and to art.


Question: What was the population of Czechoslovakia around the time of the bifurcation?

History of Italy

[9] Wars Especially the early part of the Renaissance was an almost continuous war between city-states, fought by mercenaries brought from all over Europe.


Question: What was the population of Czechoslovakia around the time of the bifurcation?

History of Italy

Cities warred against each other, and on the other hand, the pope struggled for power with the emperor.


Question: What was the population of Czechoslovakia around the time of the bifurcation?

History of Italy

More powerful city-states often subjugated their weaker ones and annexed them to themselves, such as Florence of Pisa 1406 and Venice of Padua and Verona.


Question: What was the population of Czechoslovakia around the time of the bifurcation?

History of Italy

The cities depended entirely on mercenaries who, in the worst case scenario, might turn on their master and take power in the city.


Question: What was the population of Czechoslovakia around the time of the bifurcation?

History of Italy

Fleets were equipped for wars at sea.


Question: What was the population of Czechoslovakia around the time of the bifurcation?

History of Italy

Venice became the superior sea master after it dispossessed the Genoese fleet in 1380.


Question: What was the population of Czechoslovakia around the time of the bifurcation?

History of Italy

On land, the main wars were fought between Florence and Milan; these wars have been seen as important in the emergence of the Renaissance.


Question: What was the population of Czechoslovakia around the time of the bifurcation?

History of Italy

[10] The Medici family, which owned the largest bank in Europe, became Lord of Florence in the 1430s, with Cosimo de' Medici as its first leader.


Question: What was the population of Czechoslovakia around the time of the bifurcation?

History of Italy

Florence was formally preserved as a republic, but the instruments of power were firmly in the hands of the Medici and their allies.


Question: What was the population of Czechoslovakia around the time of the bifurcation?

History of Italy

Cosimo de' Medici was very popular among the townspeople due to the peace and heyday of the era.


Question: What was the population of Czechoslovakia around the time of the bifurcation?

History of Italy

His most notable achievements included making peace with the Sforza family of Milan, bringing an end to decades of war.


Question: What was the population of Czechoslovakia around the time of the bifurcation?

History of Italy

Cosimo was also a supporter of the arts, though some have regarded his reputation in this regard as exaggerated.


Question: What was the population of Czechoslovakia around the time of the bifurcation?

History of Italy

In 1469, Cosimo's grandson Lorenzo de' Medici, who was the first member of the family to receive humanistic education in his early years and the most important of the family's supporters of the arts, came to power.


Question: What was the population of Czechoslovakia around the time of the bifurcation?

History of Italy

Under Lorenzo, Medici power was consolidated with the creation of the Council of Seventy, which Lorenzo presided over.


Question: What was the population of Czechoslovakia around the time of the bifurcation?

History of Italy

The republican institutions survived, but lost their influence.


Question: What was the population of Czechoslovakia around the time of the bifurcation?

History of Italy

In business, Lorenzo was not as successful as his predecessors, and the Medici financial empire slowly began to decline.


Question: What was the population of Czechoslovakia around the time of the bifurcation?

History of Italy

Lorenzo's relations with the pope deteriorated, leading to the attempted assassination of Lorenzo orchestrated by the Pope with the Pazzi House.


Question: What was the population of Czechoslovakia around the time of the bifurcation?

History of Italy

It failed, but led to a war with the Pope by which centralized power of the Medici was later justified.


Question: What was the population of Czechoslovakia around the time of the bifurcation?

History of Italy

[11] Renaissance Spread Renaissance ideals spread from Florence first to the Tuscan neighboring cities of Siena and Lucca.


Question: What was the population of Czechoslovakia around the time of the bifurcation?

History of Italy

Tuscan culture soon became an object of imitation for all of northern Italy, with the Tuscan dialect of Italian dominant especially in the literature of the region.


Question: What was the population of Czechoslovakia around the time of the bifurcation?

History of Italy

In 1447, Francesco Sforza rose to power in Milan and quickly transformed the medieval city into an arts and civilisation centre.


Question: What was the population of Czechoslovakia around the time of the bifurcation?

History of Italy

Venice, one of the most prosperous cities, also became a cultural center, especially in architecture.


Question: What was the population of Czechoslovakia around the time of the bifurcation?

History of Italy

In 1378, the pope returned to Rome, but the former mighty city remained mostly poor and ruined through the early years of the Renaissance.


Question: What was the population of Czechoslovakia around the time of the bifurcation?

History of Italy

Nicholas V, who became pope in 1447, initiated a major rebuilding.


Question: What was the population of Czechoslovakia around the time of the bifurcation?

History of Italy

With the papacy falling into the hands of northern power families such as the Medici and the Borgias, the renaissance world and art became dominant in the Vatican.


Question: What was the population of Czechoslovakia around the time of the bifurcation?

History of Italy

Pope Sixtus IV continued the work of Nicholas, most famously his project the construction of the Sistine Chapel.


Question: What was the population of Czechoslovakia around the time of the bifurcation?

History of Italy

Popes increasingly became secular administrators, and under the “warrior popes”, the power of the Church State was centralised.


Question: What was the population of Czechoslovakia around the time of the bifurcation?

History of Italy

The character of the Renaissance changed in the late 15th century.


Question: What was the population of Czechoslovakia around the time of the bifurcation?

History of Italy

Renaissance ideals were then fully embraced in the ruling class and aristocracy.


Question: What was the population of Czechoslovakia around the time of the bifurcation?

History of Italy

Early Renaissance artists were considered craftsmen with few reputations and recognitions.


Question: What was the population of Czechoslovakia around the time of the bifurcation?

History of Italy

Later Renaissance artists were influential and billed large commissions.


Question: What was the population of Czechoslovakia around the time of the bifurcation?

History of Italy

The end of the Italian Renaissance Many view the Renaissance as the symbolic endpoint of Girolamo Savonarola's rise to power in Florence in 1497.


Question: What was the population of Czechoslovakia around the time of the bifurcation?

History of Italy

In the short reign of the unjeweled monk, many works of art were destroyed “on the pyres of vanities”.


Question: What was the population of Czechoslovakia around the time of the bifurcation?

History of Italy

Savonarola's power ran short and the Medici lineage returned to power, but similar moral resistance movements continued within the church, and in the middle of the 16th century Renaissance works were banned in connection with the Counter-Reformation.


Question: What was the population of Czechoslovakia around the time of the bifurcation?

History of Italy

At least as important a factor in the waning of the Italian Renaissance as the Church resistance movement, was a series of attacks on Italy by foreign powers, the Italian Wars that dragged on for decades.


Question: What was the population of Czechoslovakia around the time of the bifurcation?

History of Italy

They began with the 1494 French invasion, which caused widespread destruction in northern Italy and ended the independence of many city-states.


Question: What was the population of Czechoslovakia around the time of the bifurcation?

History of Italy

The most devastating blow was on 6 May 1527, when Spanish and German troops ravaged Rome, thus ending the pope's role as the greatest supporter of the Renaissance.


Question: What was the population of Czechoslovakia around the time of the bifurcation?

History of Italy

Due to chaos and contacts with foreign rulers, many of Italy's greatest artists decided to leave the country, the most famous example of Leonardo da Vinci who emigrated to France in 1516.


Question: What was the population of Czechoslovakia around the time of the bifurcation?

History of Italy

The shift of focus to the north represented a broader trend.


Question: What was the population of Czechoslovakia around the time of the bifurcation?

History of Italy

The Mediterranean was no longer the main trade route; Vasco da Gama had reached India in 1498, and the main trade routes from the Orient went to Atlantic ports in Iberia, France and England.


Question: What was the population of Czechoslovakia around the time of the bifurcation?

History of Italy

These territories soon overtook Italy in prosperity and power.


Question: What was the population of Czechoslovakia around the time of the bifurcation?

History of Italy

As the Italian Renaissance waned, however, many of its influences moved north and contributed to the Northern Renaissance.


Question: What was the population of Czechoslovakia around the time of the bifurcation?

History of Italy

The Renaissance did not mean sweeping social and economic changes, but mostly touched only a small percentage of people.


Question: What was the population of Czechoslovakia around the time of the bifurcation?

History of Italy

Admittedly, in northern Italian cities, the class of skilled craftsmen was in a much better position than in Europe in general, but the status of unskilled laborers was no longer much affected by the Renaissance.


Question: What was the population of Czechoslovakia around the time of the bifurcation?

History of Italy

Foreign power and unification in the Italian Wars involved all the major Western European countries from 1494 to 1559: France, Spain, the Holy German-Roman Empire, England, Scotland, the Republic of Venice, the Church State, and most Italian city-states.


Question: What was the population of Czechoslovakia around the time of the bifurcation?

History of Italy

Originally beginning with disputes over the succession in Naples, the wars soon formed into complex power struggles, with varied allied relations, involving the Reformation.


Question: What was the population of Czechoslovakia around the time of the bifurcation?

History of Italy

The Pope's influence diminished due to military defeats and the Reformation, and he allied himself with Charles V for the Counter-Reformation.


Question: What was the population of Czechoslovakia around the time of the bifurcation?

History of Italy

By the end of the wars, the Habsburgs” Spain had become the ruler of Italy and a European powerhouse state at the expense of France.


Question: What was the population of Czechoslovakia around the time of the bifurcation?

History of Italy

The Italian states, which had been powerful in the Middle Ages and Renaissance periods, became second-class factors or were completely destroyed.


Question: What was the population of Czechoslovakia around the time of the bifurcation?

History of Italy

[12] Reunification Main article: Risorgimento at the end of the 18th century the political situation in Italy was pretty much the same as in the 16th century, distinguished by the fact that Austria had become the dominant external power instead of Spain and the fact that the Dukes of Savoy also ruled the Northwest Piedmont, had become Sardinian rulers.


Question: What was the population of Czechoslovakia around the time of the bifurcation?

History of Italy

This situation was shaken by the 1796 invasion of Italy by Napoleon.


Question: What was the population of Czechoslovakia around the time of the bifurcation?

History of Italy

States created by Napoleon, such as the Cisalpine Republic, were merely satellites of France, but fueled the nationalist movement.


Question: What was the population of Czechoslovakia around the time of the bifurcation?

History of Italy

The Cisalpine Republic was transformed into the Italian Republic in 1802, with Napoleon as its president.


Question: What was the population of Czechoslovakia around the time of the bifurcation?

History of Italy

The Congress of Vienna (1814) restored matters close to the situation of 1795.


Question: What was the population of Czechoslovakia around the time of the bifurcation?

History of Italy

The northeastern parts of Italy, including the Venice region and also Lombardy, fell to Austria, and the rest of Italy was divided into six states, namely the Kingdom of Sardinia, the Kingdom of Sicily, the Church State, Tuscany, Parma and Modena.


Question: What was the population of Czechoslovakia around the time of the bifurcation?

History of Italy

The Kingdom of both Sicilies encompassed the whole of southern Italy, and the Kingdom of Sardinia included not only the island of Sardinia but also territories on the mainland of northern Italy.


Question: What was the population of Czechoslovakia around the time of the bifurcation?

History of Italy

The states wanted to maintain the status quo and opposed the nationalist, liberal and republican movements.


Question: What was the population of Czechoslovakia around the time of the bifurcation?

History of Italy

In the 1820s some rebellions arose, but were suppressed by the interventions of the Austrian army.


Question: What was the population of Czechoslovakia around the time of the bifurcation?

History of Italy

In the 1830s, there was a revolt which spread to the Church State and raised a popular force against the reactionary pope Gregory XVI.


Question: What was the population of Czechoslovakia around the time of the bifurcation?

History of Italy

Austria put down the rebellion, but came under pressure from France to reduce its presence in Italy and withdraw its troops from the Church State.


Question: What was the population of Czechoslovakia around the time of the bifurcation?

History of Italy

In the 1840s, the unification act, the risorgimento, began to take on more importance through, among others, Giuseppe Mazzini's Young Italy movement.


Question: What was the population of Czechoslovakia around the time of the bifurcation?

History of Italy

Sardinian monarchs, such as Carlo Alberto and especially Viktor Emanuel II, also began to warm to the idea of unification.


Question: What was the population of Czechoslovakia around the time of the bifurcation?

History of Italy

The increased movement led to extensive rebellions practically throughout Italy in the European madness of 1848.


Question: What was the population of Czechoslovakia around the time of the bifurcation?

History of Italy

In connection with the revolts, Carlo Alberto of Sardinia declared a war against Austria, which has been referred to as the First War of Independence.


Question: What was the population of Czechoslovakia around the time of the bifurcation?

History of Italy

Austria defeated the Sardinians and Carlo Alberto renounced the crown in favour of Viktor Emanuel II.


Question: What was the population of Czechoslovakia around the time of the bifurcation?

History of Italy

Rebellions were also defeated in Tuscany, Milan and Naples.


Question: What was the population of Czechoslovakia around the time of the bifurcation?

History of Italy

In Rome, the situation escalated in 1849 so that Pope Pius IX was forced to flee the city, and a republic was proclaimed there.


Question: What was the population of Czechoslovakia around the time of the bifurcation?

History of Italy

Roman defences were organized by Giuseppe Garibaldi.


Question: What was the population of Czechoslovakia around the time of the bifurcation?

History of Italy

Eventually France and Austria occupied Rome, where the rebellions ended.


Question: What was the population of Czechoslovakia around the time of the bifurcation?

History of Italy

The events of 1848—1849 strained the situation in Italy: Pius IX cancelled his liberal reforms, and Austria took control firmly in Lombardy, Venice, and virtually Tuscany.


Question: What was the population of Czechoslovakia around the time of the bifurcation?

History of Italy

The Kingdom of Sardinia, which ruled Piedmont, remained somewhat independent and presided over the unification of Italy.


Question: What was the population of Czechoslovakia around the time of the bifurcation?

History of Italy

The Crimean War weakened Austria's international standing.


Question: What was the population of Czechoslovakia around the time of the bifurcation?

History of Italy

Sardinian Prime Minister Camillo Cavour and French Emperor Napoleon III met in the summer of 1858 and agreed to war against Austria — the treaty was preceded by an attempted assassination of Napoleon III by an Italian nationalist fanatic.


Question: What was the population of Czechoslovakia around the time of the bifurcation?

History of Italy

Sardinia did not achieve its objectives in the short Second War of Independence, but through skilful diplomacy, in 1860, Cavour was able to agree the accession of Tuscany and Emilia to Sardinia, after which Sardinia controlled much of northern and central Italy.


Question: What was the population of Czechoslovakia around the time of the bifurcation?

History of Italy

Italy now had four states: Piedmont Sardinia, the Kingdom of Both Sicily, the Church State, and Austrian-ruled Venice.


Question: What was the population of Czechoslovakia around the time of the bifurcation?

History of Italy

Giuseppe Garibaldi In May 1860, freedom fighter Giuseppe Garibaldi, who had resigned from the Sardinian army, invaded Sicily with a small force of volunteers and conquered Palermo after beating, with British support, the many times larger armies of the Kingdom of Both Sicily.


Question: What was the population of Czechoslovakia around the time of the bifurcation?

History of Italy

The episode showed the weakness of the Kingdom of Sicily and made Garibaldi a national hero.


Question: What was the population of Czechoslovakia around the time of the bifurcation?

History of Italy

In six weeks, Garibaldi recaptured Messina and thereafter moved on to Italy, whose takeover of the southern parts went as fast as Sicily.


Question: What was the population of Czechoslovakia around the time of the bifurcation?

History of Italy

After winning Calabria and Naples, Garibaldi advanced towards Rome, but the ripples of forces in the Kingdom of Sicily at both slowed his advance.


Question: What was the population of Czechoslovakia around the time of the bifurcation?

History of Italy

Sardinia decided to keep the situation under its control and conquered the Church State with the exception of its core part, mainly the city of Rome.


Question: What was the population of Czechoslovakia around the time of the bifurcation?

History of Italy

Garibaldi ceded southern Italy to King Viktor Emanuel II of Sardinia.


Question: What was the population of Czechoslovakia around the time of the bifurcation?

History of Italy

Cavour confirmed the annexations by referendum, and the elected First National Parliament met on 18 February 1861 and proclaimed Viktor Emanuel King of Italy.


Question: What was the population of Czechoslovakia around the time of the bifurcation?

History of Italy

The Italian capital at first became Turin, but it was changed to Florence in 1865.


Question: What was the population of Czechoslovakia around the time of the bifurcation?

History of Italy

Venice and Rome, which Garibaldi unsuccessfully still tried to take in 1862 and 1867, had remained outside the Kingdom of Italy.


Question: What was the population of Czechoslovakia around the time of the bifurcation?

History of Italy

Venice joined Italy in 1866 in connection with the so-called Third War of Independence, but Pope Pius IX wanted nothing to do with the new state.


Question: What was the population of Czechoslovakia around the time of the bifurcation?

History of Italy

However, the Papal position was dependent on the French garrison, and when withdrawn in the context of the Franco-Prussian War, it marched the Italian army to Rome on 20 September 1870.


Question: What was the population of Czechoslovakia around the time of the bifurcation?

History of Italy

Rome was annexed by referendum to Italy and became the capital.


Question: What was the population of Czechoslovakia around the time of the bifurcation?

History of Italy

The pope barricaded himself in the Vatican and declared himself a “prisoner of the Vatican.”


Question: What was the population of Czechoslovakia around the time of the bifurcation?

History of Italy

Kingdom Until 1922, Italy was a constitutional monarchy with a parliament.


Question: What was the population of Czechoslovakia around the time of the bifurcation?

History of Italy

The constitution was largely inherited from the Constitution of the Kingdom of Sardinia of 1848 established by Carlo Alberto.


Question: What was the population of Czechoslovakia around the time of the bifurcation?

History of Italy

The king had, in principle, extensive powers, which, however, he did not often exercise.


Question: What was the population of Czechoslovakia around the time of the bifurcation?

History of Italy

The most notable change was universal male suffrage in 1912.


Question: What was the population of Czechoslovakia around the time of the bifurcation?

History of Italy

King Umberto I was assassinated on 29 July 1900.


Question: What was the population of Czechoslovakia around the time of the bifurcation?

History of Italy

He was succeeded by Viktor Emanuel III.


Question: What was the population of Czechoslovakia around the time of the bifurcation?

History of Italy

[13] In the Italian—Turkish War of 1911—1912, Italy conquered Libya.


Question: What was the population of Czechoslovakia around the time of the bifurcation?

History of Italy

[14] World War I Italy declared itself neutral at the start of World War I, claiming that the trialliance with Germany and Austria was only defensive and did not apply to the Austro-Hungarian war.


Question: What was the population of Czechoslovakia around the time of the bifurcation?

History of Italy

Both coalitions tried to win Italy over, and in April 1915 the country joined the Circum-Powers, declaring war on Austria-Hungary.


Question: What was the population of Czechoslovakia around the time of the bifurcation?

History of Italy

The aim was to have territorial extensions such as Trento, Trieste, Istria and Dalmatia at Austria's expense.


Question: What was the population of Czechoslovakia around the time of the bifurcation?

History of Italy

The fighting bogged down in the Austrian-Italian border region into a war of positions that claimed great losses.


Question: What was the population of Czechoslovakia around the time of the bifurcation?

History of Italy

In October 1917, the Austrians, with the help of German troops, broke through the Italians' lines, but with the support of the Circum-Powers, the Italian managed to halt the attack near Venice.


Question: What was the population of Czechoslovakia around the time of the bifurcation?

History of Italy

Fascist regime After the end of World War I, Italy gained most of the territories it wanted except Dalmatia, which was given to the Kingdom of Yugoslavia.


Question: What was the population of Czechoslovakia around the time of the bifurcation?

History of Italy

However, the war had claimed the lives of nearly 700,000 Italian soldiers, and the internal state of the country was chaotic.


Question: What was the population of Czechoslovakia around the time of the bifurcation?

History of Italy

Workers staged strikes demanding rights and better working conditions.


Question: What was the population of Czechoslovakia around the time of the bifurcation?

History of Italy

Some took over factories and production facilities following the model of the Russian Revolution.


Question: What was the population of Czechoslovakia around the time of the bifurcation?

History of Italy

The Fascist Party, led by Benito Mussolini, emerged from the Black shirts organisation that broke the strikes.


Question: What was the population of Czechoslovakia around the time of the bifurcation?

History of Italy

In October 1922, the Fascists marched on Rome.


Question: What was the population of Czechoslovakia around the time of the bifurcation?

History of Italy

The king forbade the army from meddling, allied himself with Mussolini and allowing him to form a fascist-led government.


Question: What was the population of Czechoslovakia around the time of the bifurcation?

History of Italy

In the following years, Mussolini, who was known as “Il Ducena”, or leader, banned other political parties and curtailed civil liberties.


Question: What was the population of Czechoslovakia around the time of the bifurcation?

History of Italy

In 1929, Mussolini signed the so-called lateran treaties with the Catholic Church, which led to the formation of a teeny Vatican City State under the papacy, ending the schism with the Pope that had been going on since 1870.


Question: What was the population of Czechoslovakia around the time of the bifurcation?

History of Italy

Mussolini was initially on quite good terms with Britain and France, but with Italy's conquest of Ethiopia in 1935—1936, relations with Western countries cooled.


Question: What was the population of Czechoslovakia around the time of the bifurcation?

History of Italy

Because of this, as well as ideological similarities, Italy was oriented towards Adolf Hitler's Nazi Germany, and formed a Berlin—Rome axis with Germany.


Question: What was the population of Czechoslovakia around the time of the bifurcation?

History of Italy

After Germany annexed Czechoslovakia without notifying Italy of the plan, Italy considered itself a lesser member of the Axis, and Mussolini decided to annex Albania to Italy.


Question: What was the population of Czechoslovakia around the time of the bifurcation?

History of Italy

Albania was occupied on 7 April 1939, its king became King Viktor Emanuel III of Italy and a Fascist government was formed there.


Question: What was the population of Czechoslovakia around the time of the bifurcation?

History of Italy

The Italian-German alliance was strengthened by the Steel Treaty on 22 May 1939.


Question: What was the population of Czechoslovakia around the time of the bifurcation?

History of Italy

World War II Mussolini dreamed of a Greater Italy encompassing the Mediterranean, but Italy remained neutral when World War II broke out.


Question: What was the population of Czechoslovakia around the time of the bifurcation?

History of Italy

Italy declared war on France and Great Britain on 10 June 1940 with France's defeat looking certain.


Question: What was the population of Czechoslovakia around the time of the bifurcation?

History of Italy

After the German occupation of Poland, Denmark, Norway, Holland, Belgium, Luxembourg and France, Mussolini decided to occupy Greece by using Albania as a support area.


Question: What was the population of Czechoslovakia around the time of the bifurcation?

History of Italy

This failed badly, for not only did the Greeks repel the attack, they pushed the front deep into Albania.


Question: What was the population of Czechoslovakia around the time of the bifurcation?

History of Italy

Fearing that the Balkans would become the Achilles heel of its European rule, Germany occupied Greece and Yugoslavia.


Question: What was the population of Czechoslovakia around the time of the bifurcation?

History of Italy

With the failure of the Soviet conquest (1941—1942) and the entry of the United States into the war (December 1941), the situation for the Axis powers deteriorated.


Question: What was the population of Czechoslovakia around the time of the bifurcation?

History of Italy

In March 1943, British and US forces were definitively defeated by the Italians and Germans in North Africa and came ashore in Sicily.


Question: What was the population of Czechoslovakia around the time of the bifurcation?

History of Italy

King Viktor Emanuel III sacked and arrested Mussolini and appointed Marshal Pietro Badoglio as prime minister.


Question: What was the population of Czechoslovakia around the time of the bifurcation?

History of Italy

The new government officially resumed the war, but initiated secret peace talks.


Question: What was the population of Czechoslovakia around the time of the bifurcation?

History of Italy

Hitler did not trust Badoglio but sent troops to Italy.


Question: What was the population of Czechoslovakia around the time of the bifurcation?

History of Italy

On 8 September 1943, Badoglio's government concluded an armistice with the Allies, but did not declare war on Germany.


Question: What was the population of Czechoslovakia around the time of the bifurcation?

History of Italy

Badoglio and the king family relocated to Allied controlled territory.


Question: What was the population of Czechoslovakia around the time of the bifurcation?

History of Italy

In the confusion that followed, most of the Italian army disintegrated and Germany took control of central and northern Italy.


Question: What was the population of Czechoslovakia around the time of the bifurcation?

History of Italy

The Germans freed Mussolini with a commando strike and installed him as puppet ruler of the Italian Social Republic established in the north.


Question: What was the population of Czechoslovakia around the time of the bifurcation?

History of Italy

As the Allies slowly forced the Germans towards the north, the official government finally declared war on Germany.


Question: What was the population of Czechoslovakia around the time of the bifurcation?

History of Italy

At the same time, the anti-fascist popular movement grew stronger and caused problems for the Germans.


Question: What was the population of Czechoslovakia around the time of the bifurcation?

History of Italy

Finally, in April 1945, the Allies had pushed the Germans out of Italy.


Question: What was the population of Czechoslovakia around the time of the bifurcation?

History of Italy

Italy's war success in World War II was something, with individual exceptions, weak.


Question: What was the population of Czechoslovakia around the time of the bifurcation?

History of Italy

The Fascists had thus utterly failed in the task they considered most important, turning Italy into a military power.


Question: What was the population of Czechoslovakia around the time of the bifurcation?

History of Italy

Republic After World War II, Italy was forced to abandon its African territories as well as Fiume and Istria, but freed itself from war reparations and received Marshall aid.


Question: What was the population of Czechoslovakia around the time of the bifurcation?

History of Italy

Elections were held in 1946 to elect a new Constituent Parliament.


Question: What was the population of Czechoslovakia around the time of the bifurcation?

History of Italy

Women had the right to vote in this election for the first time.


Question: What was the population of Czechoslovakia around the time of the bifurcation?

History of Italy

In conjunction with the election, a vote was taken to preserve the monarchy and the republican option won.


Question: What was the population of Czechoslovakia around the time of the bifurcation?

History of Italy

King Umberto II resigned after only a month in power.


Question: What was the population of Czechoslovakia around the time of the bifurcation?

History of Italy

The parliamentary election was won by Italy's Christian Democratic Party (DC), which ruled Italy for nearly the next four decades.


Question: What was the population of Czechoslovakia around the time of the bifurcation?

History of Italy

The position of the Communist Party (PCI) was also quite strong in the post-war years.


Question: What was the population of Czechoslovakia around the time of the bifurcation?

History of Italy

The new constitution had to be prepared for almost two years and eventually, apart from the king, it became quite similar to the one that preceded the Fascist rule.


Question: What was the population of Czechoslovakia around the time of the bifurcation?

History of Italy

Italy became a republic with its president essentially having nominal power.


Question: What was the population of Czechoslovakia around the time of the bifurcation?

History of Italy

Italy is a founding member of both NATO and the European Community.


Question: What was the population of Czechoslovakia around the time of the bifurcation?

History of Italy

[15] Post-war Italy was faced with poverty and agrarian domination, but in the 1950s and 1960s the northern part was heavily industrialised, which has even been spoken of as an economic miracle for Italy, but the development of the south of the country was slower.


Question: What was the population of Czechoslovakia around the time of the bifurcation?

History of Italy

[16] Under the Lateran Contracts renewed in 1948, Italian marital law was regulated by the Catholic Church.


Question: What was the population of Czechoslovakia around the time of the bifurcation?

History of Italy

In the 1970s, the church's power in this regard was breached and divorce, as well as abortion, were legalized.


Question: What was the population of Czechoslovakia around the time of the bifurcation?

History of Italy

The 1970s were marked by student riots and terrorism from both the far right and -left.


Question: What was the population of Czechoslovakia around the time of the bifurcation?

History of Italy

Of the many far-left organisations, the best known was the Red Brigades, whose most famous act is the 1978 capture and assassination of former Prime Minister Aldo Moro.


Question: What was the population of Czechoslovakia around the time of the bifurcation?

History of Italy

The single most serious act of terrorism was the 1980 bombing of Bologna railway station by a far-right organisation in which 84 people were killed.


Question: What was the population of Czechoslovakia around the time of the bifurcation?

History of Italy

The extensive Tangentopol kickback scandal of the early 1990s dissolved the DC Party and revolutionised the political map to such an extent that the period since has been talked of as a “second republic.”


Question: What was the population of Czechoslovakia around the time of the bifurcation?

History of Italy

With a broad campaign, the Italian government sought to quash corruption (the “clean hands” campaign), as well as the Mafia, whose members were arrested with the help of whistleblowers over 200 and assets were seized worth about $1 billion in 1992.


Question: What was the population of Czechoslovakia around the time of the bifurcation?

History of Italy

[17] In the March 1994 general election, the overwhelming winner was the Alliance for Freedom (Polo della Libertá), formed as an electoral alliance, formed by Forward Italy (Forza Italia, FI), founded by media mogul Silvio Berlusconi, the National Conservative National League (Alleanza Nazionale, AN) and Northern Alliance (Lega Nord, LN) called for autonomy for Northern Italy.


Question: What was the population of Czechoslovakia around the time of the bifurcation?

History of Italy

Berlusconi formed a right-wing coalition government in which the aforementioned parties participated.


Question: What was the population of Czechoslovakia around the time of the bifurcation?

History of Italy

The government was already toppled in December 1994 over bribery suspicions against Berlusconi.


Question: What was the population of Czechoslovakia around the time of the bifurcation?

History of Italy

In 1996, with Romano Prodi's centre-left coalition coming to power, Prodi's government lasted until the rest of 1998.


Question: What was the population of Czechoslovakia around the time of the bifurcation?

History of Italy

In the 2001 elections, the “House of Freedoms” (Casa delle Libertà) coalition led by Berlusconi survived the winner, and Berlusconi was allowed to form his second government.


Question: What was the population of Czechoslovakia around the time of the bifurcation?

History of Italy

Forza Italia gained from the country's upper house of parliament, the Senate (Senato della Repubblica), 82 seats out of 315 and the lower house, the Chamber of Deputies (Camera dei Deputati), 189 seats out of 630.


Question: What was the population of Czechoslovakia around the time of the bifurcation?

History of Italy

The main opposition force in the early 2000s was the centre-left “Olive Tree” (Uniti Nell'ulivo) coalition, whose largest party is the Social Democratic “Democrats of the Left” (Democratici di Sinistra).


Question: What was the population of Czechoslovakia around the time of the bifurcation?

History of Italy

The bribery trial against Berlusconi was halted in June 2003 when parliament voted on a new law guaranteeing legal immunity to politicians and judges.


Question: What was the population of Czechoslovakia around the time of the bifurcation?

History of Italy

Berlusconi's reign continued into the April 2006 elections, narrowly won by Romano Prodi's coalition.


Question: What was the population of Czechoslovakia around the time of the bifurcation?

History of Italy

Prodi's first government, made up of a dozen parties, lasted nine months before falling to a vote to keep the country's troops in Afghanistan.


Question: What was the population of Czechoslovakia around the time of the bifurcation?

History of Italy

However, Prodi was allowed to form a new government.


Question: What was the population of Czechoslovakia around the time of the bifurcation?

History of Italy

The centre-left's new party grouping has been the Democratic Party since, [18] and its ranks emerged in early 2014 as Prime Minister Matteo Renzi.


Question: What was the population of Czechoslovakia around the time of the bifurcation?

History of Italy

Sources On Topic Elsewhere * Category:Key Articles of Screening


Question: When is Team Salvato founded?

Doki Doki Literature Club!

Doki Doki Literature Club!


Question: When is Team Salvato founded?

Doki Doki Literature Club!

is a visual novel game developed and published by American team Salvato using the Ren'Py game engine.


Question: When is Team Salvato founded?

Doki Doki Literature Club!

It was released on September 22, 2017, and is available for Windows and macOS.


Question: When is Team Salvato founded?

Doki Doki Literature Club!

[1] The game follows a male high school student who joins his school's literary club and ends up dealing with its four female members.


Question: When is Team Salvato founded?

Doki Doki Literature Club!

While Doki Doki Literature Club!


Question: When is Team Salvato founded?

Doki Doki Literature Club!

appears initially to be a conventional bishōjo dating simulator in which the player seeks to mingle with members of the opposite sex, it actually represents psychological horror and contains plenty of fourth wall breaking and metafiction.


Question: When is Team Salvato founded?

Doki Doki Literature Club!

[2] [3] The game was developed over a period of about two years by Dan Salvato, who prior to the game's release was primarily known as Super Smash Bros.


Question: When is Team Salvato founded?

Doki Doki Literature Club!

From the mods they made to the Melee game.


Question: When is Team Salvato founded?

Doki Doki Literature Club!

According to Salvato, the inspiration for making the game came from his conflicting feelings towards anime and his interest in psychological horror.


Question: When is Team Salvato founded?

Doki Doki Literature Club!

[4] Doki Doki Literature Club!


Question: When is Team Salvato founded?

Doki Doki Literature Club!

Combines superficial cuteness typical of visual novel games with elements of horror, while also tackling more serious topics such as depression and anxiety.


Question: When is Team Salvato founded?

Doki Doki Literature Club!

[5] The game achieved cult fame upon its release, [4] and the metafiction and horror it contains received acclaim from critics.


Question: When is Team Salvato founded?

Doki Doki Literature Club!

PC Gamer magazine said it was one of the most surprising games of 2017.


Question: When is Team Salvato founded?

Doki Doki Literature Club!

[5] On the Steam distribution platform, 97% of user reviews it receives are positive.


Question: When is Team Salvato founded?

Doki Doki Literature Club!

[1] Playing Because Doki Doki Literature Club!


Question: When is Team Salvato founded?

Doki Doki Literature Club!

is a visual novel game, the gameplay consists mainly of following the story and dialogue without the ability to influence the flow of the plot.


Question: When is Team Salvato founded?

Doki Doki Literature Club!

Occasionally, the player is allowed to make decisions that can affect events in the game.


Question: When is Team Salvato founded?

Doki Doki Literature Club!

In addition, the game features one minigame in which the player writes poetry as part of a literary club activity.


Question: When is Team Salvato founded?

Doki Doki Literature Club!

Every girl in the literary club likes different stylistic things, and so the words chosen by the player affect who likes the poem the most.


Question: When is Team Salvato founded?

Doki Doki Literature Club!

If the player chooses words that please the girl they like and the right options in conversations, additional scenes will open in the game.


Question: When is Team Salvato founded?

Doki Doki Literature Club!

Scenes unlocked during the game affect which of the endings the player receives at the conclusion of the game.


Question: When is Team Salvato founded?

Doki Doki Literature Club!

Plot A childhood friend of the player-controlled protagonist, Sayori, invites her to accompany her to the school's literary club.


Question: When is Team Salvato founded?

Doki Doki Literature Club!

There he meets fellow club members Yuri and Natsuki, as well as club manager Monika.


Question: When is Team Salvato founded?

Doki Doki Literature Club!

The protagonist begins to participate in club activities and, among other things, write poetry and share them with others, and slowly becomes more intimate with the girls.


Question: When is Team Salvato founded?

Doki Doki Literature Club!

The club is getting ready for the impending festival when Sayori unexpectedly reveals to the protagonist that she has suffered her whole life from severe depression and confesses that she loves this.


Question: When is Team Salvato founded?

Doki Doki Literature Club!

As festival day approaches, instead of Sayor's usual, bittersweet poem in style, the protagonist receives a dark poem from him, whose speaker repeatedly tells someone to get out of his head.


Question: When is Team Salvato founded?

Doki Doki Literature Club!

When Sayori no longer responds to his text messages, the protagonist leaves the club meeting and hurries to Sayori's home.


Question: When is Team Salvato founded?

Doki Doki Literature Club!

Sayori is found hanging in his room.


Question: When is Team Salvato founded?

Doki Doki Literature Club!

Glitches begin to enter the game, and as the protagonist ponders whether he could have saved Sayor by acting differently, the game ends abruptly.


Question: When is Team Salvato founded?

Doki Doki Literature Club!

The player ends up back in the main menu, with all previous saves gone.


Question: When is Team Salvato founded?

Doki Doki Literature Club!

The new game starts in the same way as the previous one, but there is unreadable text in Sayor's lines and name status.


Question: When is Team Salvato founded?

Doki Doki Literature Club!

Glitch comes into the game again, and it starts over, but this time Sayori is missing from the game altogether, and the texts and images that previously referenced her have either been deleted or replaced with glitches and images combined with images of other characters.


Question: When is Team Salvato founded?

Doki Doki Literature Club!

Instead of Sayor, the main character invites Monika to the club.


Question: When is Team Salvato founded?

Doki Doki Literature Club!

Things are starting to happen more and more bizarre and worrying in the game.


Question: When is Team Salvato founded?

Doki Doki Literature Club!

When the protagonist finds Yuri cutting himself, the game rewinds itself backwards and continues as if nothing has happened.


Question: When is Team Salvato founded?

Doki Doki Literature Club!

The game begins to show shocking and surprising images, for example, Natsuki's neck breaks in the middle of a conversation.


Question: When is Team Salvato founded?

Doki Doki Literature Club!

The game also begins to prevent the player from making choices in conversations that do not favor Monika.


Question: When is Team Salvato founded?

Doki Doki Literature Club!

Just before the party, Yuri gives the protagonist a bloodstained, completely illegible poem, and Natsuki lacks a face in some conversations.


Question: When is Team Salvato founded?

Doki Doki Literature Club!

Yuri confesses that he loves the protagonist and then stabs himself in the stomach and chest.


Question: When is Team Salvato founded?

Doki Doki Literature Club!

The game again comes glitch, as a result of which the protagonist involuntarily spends the whole weekend at school next to Yuri's body.


Question: When is Team Salvato founded?

Doki Doki Literature Club!

On Monday, Natsuki arrives at the scene, vomits upon seeing the body and flees the scene.


Question: When is Team Salvato founded?

Doki Doki Literature Club!

Monika comes after him, apologizes and deletes Yuri and Natsuki's “character files”.


Question: When is Team Salvato founded?

Doki Doki Literature Club!

The game starts over again.


Question: When is Team Salvato founded?

Doki Doki Literature Club!

In the new game, the protagonist ends up in a room sitting face-to-face with Monika.


Question: When is Team Salvato founded?

Doki Doki Literature Club!

Monika explains that she is aware that she is in the game.


Question: When is Team Salvato founded?

Doki Doki Literature Club!

He explains that he can manipulate the game's files so that other characters' personalities change, and even remove other characters entirely from the game.


Question: When is Team Salvato founded?

Doki Doki Literature Club!

He admits that he has made Sayori more depressed and strengthened Yuri's obsessive personality in order to diminish the protagonist's interest in them.


Question: When is Team Salvato founded?

Doki Doki Literature Club!

As the reason for this, Monika recounts the identity crisis that followed from the fact that she was not conceived in the game as the kind of character the protagonist can fall in love with.


Question: When is Team Salvato founded?

Doki Doki Literature Club!

After that, he starts talking to the protagonist rather than the player himself and says he loves this.


Question: When is Team Salvato founded?

Doki Doki Literature Club!

The game continues in this room, where the player chats with Monika about various topics for so long until himself goes to the game folder and deletes Monika's character file from there.


Question: When is Team Salvato founded?

Doki Doki Literature Club!

When the player does this, glitch enters the game and Monika panics when she is removed from the game.


Question: When is Team Salvato founded?

Doki Doki Literature Club!

He's angry at the player at first, but then calms down and says he still loves the player.


Question: When is Team Salvato founded?

Doki Doki Literature Club!

She regrets everything she has done, returns the other girls to the game and removes herself.


Question: When is Team Salvato founded?

Doki Doki Literature Club!

Endings There are two different endings in the game.


Question: When is Team Salvato founded?

Doki Doki Literature Club!

The choices made during the game affect which one the player sees.


Question: When is Team Salvato founded?

Doki Doki Literature Club!

In the normal ending, after Monika is removed, the game starts again at the beginning similar to the original game.


Question: When is Team Salvato founded?

Doki Doki Literature Club!

Shortly after the protagonist has met Yuri and Natsuki, Sayori reveals to the player that now that he is the head of the literary club, he knows everything about the game and what happened to Monika.


Question: When is Team Salvato founded?

Doki Doki Literature Club!

He plans to use the game similarly to Monika.


Question: When is Team Salvato founded?

Doki Doki Literature Club!

Upon hearing this, Monika immediately returns to the game and, via a command prompt, removes Sayor's saves the player.


Question: When is Team Salvato founded?

Doki Doki Literature Club!

Monika's voice is heard for the first time as she afterwards speaks to the player and sings the song “Your Reality” while the closing credits begin to roll on screen.


Question: When is Team Salvato founded?

Doki Doki Literature Club!

During the end credits, Monika slowly deletes game files.


Question: When is Team Salvato founded?

Doki Doki Literature Club!

At the end of the credits, a message written by Monika appears on the screen in which she says she disbanded the literary club because there was no happiness to be found there.


Question: When is Team Salvato founded?

Doki Doki Literature Club!

Instead of the normal ending, it is also possible to get an alternate ending if the player has unlocked the hidden scenes of all three girls during a single walkthrough.


Question: When is Team Salvato founded?

Doki Doki Literature Club!

This requires the game to be saved and reloaded several times before Sayor's suicide.


Question: When is Team Salvato founded?

Doki Doki Literature Club!

After removing Monika, Sayori accepts in this ending her reality and tearfully thanks the player for trying to make all the girls happy.


Question: When is Team Salvato founded?

Doki Doki Literature Club!

He bids farewell to the player, hoping that he will come to visit again again and telling him that all the girls love him.


Question: When is Team Salvato founded?

Doki Doki Literature Club!

After that, he deletes the game.


Question: When is Team Salvato founded?

Doki Doki Literature Club!

During the closing credits, “Your Reality” plays again, but after them, a thank-you letter written by the game's creator Dan Salvato comes onscreen.


Question: When is Team Salvato founded?

Doki Doki Literature Club!

Although it is not an actual ending, one way to get the game to end is to delete Monika's character file even before starting the game.


Question: When is Team Salvato founded?

Doki Doki Literature Club!

Sayor then becomes the leader of the club, but after realizing the nature of the game and his role in it, he hijacks control of the game, deletes all character files and closes the game.


Question: When is Team Salvato founded?

Doki Doki Literature Club!

If the player attempts to continue the game, a black screen tells of the end of the game, followed by a picture of the hanging Sayor.


Question: When is Team Salvato founded?

Doki Doki Literature Club!

After about ten minutes, the text “Now everyone can be happy” appears next to the picture.


Question: When is Team Salvato founded?

Doki Doki Literature Club!

Regardless of how the game ends, playing it again requires either reinstalling the entire game or restoring the game files to their original state.


Question: When is Team Salvato founded?

Doki Doki Literature Club!

Authors, development and publication of Doki Doki Literature Club!


Question: When is Team Salvato founded?

Doki Doki Literature Club!

is Dan Salvato's first-born game, which he developed in secret for about two years [4] before it was released on September 22, 2017.


Question: When is Team Salvato founded?

Doki Doki Literature Club!

[1] The game is free, but you can pay the amount you want.


Question: When is Team Salvato founded?

Doki Doki Literature Club!

Ten dollars will get you a fan pack including, among other things, wallpapers and the game's soundtrack.


Question: When is Team Salvato founded?

Doki Doki Literature Club!

[6] Salvato has said he was inspired to make the game from his “hate-love affair” with the anime.


Question: When is Team Salvato founded?

Doki Doki Literature Club!

Because he knew that a stereotypical anime featuring only “cute girls doing cute things” strongly divides opinions, he sought to make a game that would be interested in both anime lovers and haters.


Question: When is Team Salvato founded?

Doki Doki Literature Club!

Salvato wanted the game to make people initially consider it just a regular anime game, but eventually care about the characters and even fear them.


Question: When is Team Salvato founded?

Doki Doki Literature Club!

According to Salvato, he is inspired by “things that are scary because they make a person feel uncomfortable, and not just because they look scary.”


Question: When is Team Salvato founded?

Doki Doki Literature Club!

[4] Doki Doki Literature Club!


Question: When is Team Salvato founded?

Doki Doki Literature Club!

Combines superficial cuteness typical of visual novel games with elements of horror, while also tackling more serious topics such as depression and anxiety.


Question: When is Team Salvato founded?

Doki Doki Literature Club!

[5] In addition to designing and programming the game itself, Salvato also scripted the game's story and composed the music for it.


Question: When is Team Salvato founded?

Doki Doki Literature Club!

The game's characters were drawn by Satchely and the backgrounds by Velinquent.


Question: When is Team Salvato founded?

Doki Doki Literature Club!

[7] Reception Doki Doki Literature Club!


Question: When is Team Salvato founded?

Doki Doki Literature Club!

gained a cult reputation shortly after its release.


Question: When is Team Salvato founded?

Doki Doki Literature Club!

[8] [4] In the first month it was downloaded million times, [9] and broke the two-million downloads limit about a month later.


Question: When is Team Salvato founded?

Doki Doki Literature Club!

[10] The game was positively received by critics.


Question: When is Team Salvato founded?

Doki Doki Literature Club!

[5] Kotaku's Gita Jackson described it as a “really special game” and urged anyone “who likes horror games, especially those that go under the skin, to check out the Doki Doki Literature Club”.


Question: When is Team Salvato founded?

Doki Doki Literature Club!

[11] GQ's Tom Philip reported it to be one of the scariest games he played and said the game contained “in a nasty way some of the most inventive ways of narrative” ever seen.


Question: When is Team Salvato founded?

Doki Doki Literature Club!

He did, however, criticise how in the game you sometimes have to click through the poetry of endless, empty, flirtatious conversations.


Question: When is Team Salvato founded?

Doki Doki Literature Club!

[8] In the audience vote for IGN Entertainment's 2017 Awards Gala, Doki Doki Literature Club!


Question: When is Team Salvato founded?

Doki Doki Literature Club!

was the best computer game and [12] adventure game of the year (in addition to which it also ranked second in the actual prize vote) [13], its story was the best [14] and it was the most innovative game.


Question: When is Team Salvato founded?

Doki Doki Literature Club!

[15] Electronic Gaming Monthly magazine's list of the 25 best games of 2017 Doki Doki Literature Club!


Question: When is Team Salvato founded?

Doki Doki Literature Club!

was ranked 16th.


Question: When is Team Salvato founded?

Doki Doki Literature Club!

[16] Sources on the topic Elsewhere Category:Video games of 2017 Category:Video games developed in the United States Category:Visual novel games Category:Free to play category:Indie video games Category:79.8 Games, games, collectible


Question: How many statues of Leni are there in Finland?

Vladimir Lenin

Vladimir Ilyich Lenin (; usually V.


Question: How many statues of Leni are there in Finland?

Vladimir Lenin

I. Lenin), from the original name Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov, () (22 April (J: 10 April) 1870 Simbirsk — 21 January 1924, Gorky) was a Russian revolutionary, leader of the Bolshevik Party and founder of Leninist ideology.


Question: How many statues of Leni are there in Finland?

Vladimir Lenin

The name Lenin was originally one of Vladimir Ulyanov's revolutionary pseudonyms, [1] which according to one explanation is a variant of the Siberian Lena River.


Question: How many statues of Leni are there in Finland?

Vladimir Lenin

[2] Early years Lenin's father Ilya Nikolaevich Ulyanov (1831—1886) was a Russian civil servant.


Question: How many statues of Leni are there in Finland?

Vladimir Lenin

From his world of thought, he was a libertarian and served as his goal the promotion of democracy in Russia and, for example, free universal education.


Question: How many statues of Leni are there in Finland?

Vladimir Lenin

The genus was originally called Ulyanin and in background according to some sources Mordavian [3] [4], some sources claim Chuvassi [5].


Question: How many statues of Leni are there in Finland?

Vladimir Lenin

Lenin's mother, Maria Aleksandrovna Blank (1835—1916), was also known as a libertarian.


Question: How many statues of Leni are there in Finland?

Vladimir Lenin

Through the mother, in Lenin's ancestry, German blood heritage can be found on the maternal side of the mother, the mother father, in turn, was Alexander Blank, a Jew who converted to Christianity.


Question: How many statues of Leni are there in Finland?

Vladimir Lenin

In addition, Lenin is said to have had a Kalmuk or Kyrgyz pedigree on his paternal side and his mother's maternal mother was of Swedish ancestry that migrated to Peter.


Question: How many statues of Leni are there in Finland?

Vladimir Lenin

[5] [4] Lenin's father died of a cerebral hemorrhage in 1886 when Lenin was only sixteen years old.


Question: How many statues of Leni are there in Finland?

Vladimir Lenin

Lenin was baptized into the Russian Orthodox Church.


Question: How many statues of Leni are there in Finland?

Vladimir Lenin

At the age of 16, however, he converted to atheist after becoming acquainted with 18th-century Enlightenment philosophy.


Question: How many statues of Leni are there in Finland?

Vladimir Lenin

Lenin's interest in Enlightenment information theory was evident in his later works.


Question: How many statues of Leni are there in Finland?

Vladimir Lenin

[6] Studies and Political Awakening In May 1887, Lenin's eldest brother, Aleksandr, who was involved in the narodnik movement, was hanged for taking part in an assassination attempt on Emperor Alexander III.


Question: How many statues of Leni are there in Finland?

Vladimir Lenin

This caused Lenin to become radicalised, and after taking part in student protests, he was arrested and expelled still that same year from Kazan University.


Question: How many statues of Leni are there in Finland?

Vladimir Lenin

Lenin continued to study independently, learning five foreign languages, Latin, Greek, German, French and English, among others.


Question: How many statues of Leni are there in Finland?

Vladimir Lenin

[7] In 1891 he obtained the right to act as a lawyer.


Question: How many statues of Leni are there in Finland?

Vladimir Lenin

Lenin, however, did not stay on for a career in law, but joined revolutionary activities and ran Marxist study clubs, concentrating their activities in Saint Petersburg for the most part.


Question: How many statues of Leni are there in Finland?

Vladimir Lenin

As a result of his revolutionary activities, he was arrested on 7 December 1895 and held in detention by the authorities for a year.


Question: How many statues of Leni are there in Finland?

Vladimir Lenin

He was then deported for three years to Siberia to the village of Šušensko in Yeniseisk Governorate.


Question: How many statues of Leni are there in Finland?

Vladimir Lenin

There, the deportees were allowed quite peacefully to continue their literary works and enter into cooperative relations with each other.


Question: How many statues of Leni are there in Finland?

Vladimir Lenin

[8] Šušenskoje was also exiled by Finnish revolutionary Oskar Engberg, with whom Lenin became friends.


Question: How many statues of Leni are there in Finland?

Vladimir Lenin

In the deportation period of July 10 of 1898, Lenin married socialist activist Nadežda Krupskaya.


Question: How many statues of Leni are there in Finland?

Vladimir Lenin

[9] In 1899 he published a work on The Development of Capitalism in Russia.


Question: How many statues of Leni are there in Finland?

Vladimir Lenin

The book was published under the pseudonym Vladimir Iljin.


Question: How many statues of Leni are there in Finland?

Vladimir Lenin

The work dealt comprehensively with the national economy of the Empire, largely drawing on the views of Georgi Plekhanov, the founder of Russian Marxism.


Question: How many statues of Leni are there in Finland?

Vladimir Lenin

[10] In 1900, Lenin's deportation sentence expired.


Question: How many statues of Leni are there in Finland?

Vladimir Lenin

He traveled in Russia and then traveled to Zurich, Switzerland, where he met Georgi Plekhanov.


Question: How many statues of Leni are there in Finland?

Vladimir Lenin

With this and Aleksandr Potresov, he planned to establish the magazine Iskra.


Question: How many statues of Leni are there in Finland?

Vladimir Lenin

After founding the magazine, Lenin travelled to Nuremberg, Germany, to negotiate with his friends belonging to the Social Democratic Party of Germany.


Question: How many statues of Leni are there in Finland?

Vladimir Lenin

The following autumn he spent in Munich editing the magazine Iskra, the first editions of which were small, amounting to a few hundred copies.


Question: How many statues of Leni are there in Finland?

Vladimir Lenin

Iskra magazines were smuggled across the German, Austrian and Turkish borders into Russia.


Question: How many statues of Leni are there in Finland?

Vladimir Lenin

[11] [12] Lenin's wife Nadežda Krupskaya arrived in Munich on 1 April 1901 and Nadežda's mother Yelizaveta Vasilievna in May 1901.


Question: How many statues of Leni are there in Finland?

Vladimir Lenin

Nadežda took care of Iskra's correspondence and Yelizaveta Vasilievna assisted in writing letters in secret language.


Question: How many statues of Leni are there in Finland?

Vladimir Lenin

[13] Lenin moved the 1902 editorial staff of Iskra magazine from Munich to London after noticing their actions were being monitored by the Bavarian police.


Question: How many statues of Leni are there in Finland?

Vladimir Lenin

[14] In the autumn of 1902, Lev Trotski, who fled Siberia, met Lenin in London and Lenin suggested him to be a member of the editorial board of the magazine “Iskra”, following Georgi Plekhanov's objection to this.


Question: How many statues of Leni are there in Finland?

Vladimir Lenin

[15] Juli Martov, a member of the editorial board of Iskra magazine, proposed at the Second Assembly to move the editorial staff of the magazine to Geneva in Switzerland due to Georgi Plekhanov.


Question: How many statues of Leni are there in Finland?

Vladimir Lenin

Lenin voted against this proposal with all the other members supporting it.


Question: How many statues of Leni are there in Finland?

Vladimir Lenin

In April 1903, the editorial staff of Iskra magazine moved to Geneva.


Question: How many statues of Leni are there in Finland?

Vladimir Lenin

The genesis of the Bolshevik Party, Lenin rose to an influential position within the Russian Social Democratic Workers' Party.


Question: How many statues of Leni are there in Finland?

Vladimir Lenin

Between 1901 and 1902, Lenin wrote a book entitled What Must Be Done, which dealt with a pure-docile Marxist view of the party's organisational problems.


Question: How many statues of Leni are there in Finland?

Vladimir Lenin

This book he wrote under the pseudonym N. Lenin, by which he was known ever since.


Question: How many statues of Leni are there in Finland?

Vladimir Lenin

The book received a highly mixed reception in Marxist circles.


Question: How many statues of Leni are there in Finland?

Vladimir Lenin

The book became a political classic of the 20th century and has been said to have led to the controversy that allowed the Communist Party to emerge.


Question: How many statues of Leni are there in Finland?

Vladimir Lenin

[16] [17] The organizing committee of the Assembly, established in March 1902, decided, with Lenin as one to decide which groups in Europe and Russia were allowed to participate in the second Belgian assembly of the party in Brussels.


Question: How many statues of Leni are there in Finland?

Vladimir Lenin

Lenin had arranged for Iskra delegates to the Assembly a majority.


Question: How many statues of Leni are there in Finland?

Vladimir Lenin

[18] The assembly was begun on 17 July 1903, but due to inconvenience caused by the Belgian police, the meeting was moved to England, London, where the meeting was held at the Church of the Brotherhood on 30 July 1902 and continued still at the English Club in Charlotte Street.


Question: How many statues of Leni are there in Finland?

Vladimir Lenin

The meeting dealt with the party's programme, the agra issue, and party rules.


Question: How many statues of Leni are there in Finland?

Vladimir Lenin

The debates over the leadership of the party ended with the victory of Lenin and Plekhanov's vision, causing representatives of the Bund and other factions to march out of the meeting.


Question: How many statues of Leni are there in Finland?

Vladimir Lenin

Lenin referred to his victorious group as the Majority, or Bolsheviks, and the losing Juli Martov group as the Minorities, or Mensheviks.


Question: How many statues of Leni are there in Finland?

Vladimir Lenin

[19] At this meeting, the Social Democratic Workers' Party of Russia was established, Gleb Krzizanovski, F.


Question: How many statues of Leni are there in Finland?

Vladimir Lenin

V. Lengnik and V.


Question: How many statues of Leni are there in Finland?

Vladimir Lenin

A. Noskov.


Question: How many statues of Leni are there in Finland?

Vladimir Lenin

The editorial council of Iskra magazine now had only Juli Martov, Lenin and Georgi Plekhanov instead of the former seven members.


Question: How many statues of Leni are there in Finland?

Vladimir Lenin

At the Assembly of the Foreign Union of Russian Socialists held in Geneva in October 1903, after Juli Mortov attacked Lenin, Georgi Plekhanov switched to the side of Juli Mortov and the Mensheviks.


Question: How many statues of Leni are there in Finland?

Vladimir Lenin

Axelrod and Martov accused Lenin of seeking to make the party a force of generals without an army.


Question: How many statues of Leni are there in Finland?

Vladimir Lenin

[20] The Bolsheviks now became a minority, Lenin resigned from Iskra and the party council.


Question: How many statues of Leni are there in Finland?

Vladimir Lenin

[21] Lenin founded Vperyod magazine (Forward) together with Anatoly Lunatsarsky and Bogdanov.


Question: How many statues of Leni are there in Finland?

Vladimir Lenin

On December 22, 1904, the magazine began its appearance.


Question: How many statues of Leni are there in Finland?

Vladimir Lenin

[22] In 1903, Lenin headed the Bolshevik section following its separation from the Mensheviks.


Question: How many statues of Leni are there in Finland?

Vladimir Lenin

[23] This division was largely due to Lenin's pamphlet What is to be done?.


Question: How many statues of Leni are there in Finland?

Vladimir Lenin

The party should be limited exclusively to professional revolutionaries, Lenin wanted the other working people and sympathetic idealists out of the party.


Question: How many statues of Leni are there in Finland?

Vladimir Lenin

The party should also be made tightly centralist in order to be capable of revolution.


Question: How many statues of Leni are there in Finland?

Vladimir Lenin

[24] [25] Lenin had noticed that the workers themselves did not have the common will demanded by the revolution, because under capitalism their conditions had improved slightly.


Question: How many statues of Leni are there in Finland?

Vladimir Lenin

Lenin admitted this was not due to capitalism but to the colonies (imperialism) and said the improvement in conditions was a form of bribery of workers.


Question: How many statues of Leni are there in Finland?

Vladimir Lenin

Later, Lenin was also persuaded by Lev Trotsky that instead of working people, the repeal would only succeed from the professional revolutionaries, resulting in Trotsky, who remained with the Mensheviks, eventually switched sides.


Question: How many statues of Leni are there in Finland?

Vladimir Lenin

[26] The Mensheviks operated more by the law of Western European parties, while the Bolsheviks were a fighting organization that sought to overthrow the Tsarist power through terror, among other things.


Question: How many statues of Leni are there in Finland?

Vladimir Lenin

The most prominent leaders of the Mensheviks were Juli Martov, Georgi Plekhanov and Vera Zasulich.


Question: How many statues of Leni are there in Finland?

Vladimir Lenin

The Bolsheviks were later joined by many of the former Mensheviks including Lev Trotski, whose skills contributed to the success of the October Revolution, and Aleksandra Kollontai.


Question: How many statues of Leni are there in Finland?

Vladimir Lenin

[27] The Mensheviks kept party membership open and also cooperated with other parties and its members later even ended up in another interim government headed by Aleksandr Kerensky.


Question: How many statues of Leni are there in Finland?

Vladimir Lenin

[28] Lenin was in Genve from late 1904 to early 1905.


Question: How many statues of Leni are there in Finland?

Vladimir Lenin

[29] Russia had started a war against Japan in 1904 and the war had turned to a loss at the end of the year.


Question: How many statues of Leni are there in Finland?

Vladimir Lenin

Eserrie had been murdered by Home Secretary V.


Question: How many statues of Leni are there in Finland?

Vladimir Lenin

K. Plehwen in the summer of 1904.


Question: How many statues of Leni are there in Finland?

Vladimir Lenin

[30] On 9 January 1905, St. Petersburg workers marched under priest Georgi Gapon to take a supplication to the Winter Palace to Emperor Nicholas II to convene the Legislative Assembly.


Question: How many statues of Leni are there in Finland?

Vladimir Lenin

Among other things, the petition envisaged the passage of the Progressive Income Tax and Occupational Protection Act legislation and ending the Russo-Japanese War.


Question: How many statues of Leni are there in Finland?

Vladimir Lenin

In front of the marchers marched Orthodox Church priest Georgi Gapon.


Question: How many statues of Leni are there in Finland?

Vladimir Lenin

Upon reaching near the Winter Palace, they were instructed to disperse, but continued their march, and soldiers opened fire, killing dozens of people.


Question: How many statues of Leni are there in Finland?

Vladimir Lenin

Every part of Russia began to strike and riots arose.


Question: How many statues of Leni are there in Finland?

Vladimir Lenin

[31] The Bolshevik Central Committee convened the Third Assembly in 1905.


Question: How many statues of Leni are there in Finland?

Vladimir Lenin

The Mensheviks; Plekhanov, Yuri Martov and other Iskrans who did not agree to attend the London meeting met in Geneva.


Question: How many statues of Leni are there in Finland?

Vladimir Lenin

The London meeting was attended by Bolsheviks and a few Menshevik delegates.


Question: How many statues of Leni are there in Finland?

Vladimir Lenin

The meeting was initiated on 12 April 1905 in a secret chamber, the place of which is unknown, with Lenin expressing strident opinions during the meetings, leading the Mensheviks to say Lenin had betrayed Marxism.