Question: How long is the Arctic Ocean?

Arctic Ocean

Halle cleared a road from Ivalo north, through the swamps and forests along the Paatsriver valley to Kirkenes, Norway.


Question: How long is the Arctic Ocean?

Arctic Ocean

The forest opening and roadmaking on the Norwegian side took place so quickly that the local Norwegian authorities did not even have time to slow down the road.


Question: How long is the Arctic Ocean?

Arctic Ocean

Transit could thus be agreed with Norway using the “pre-made road” in accordance with international treaties.


Question: How long is the Arctic Ocean?

Arctic Ocean

The necessary crew flats and horse stables were built along this 520 km long advance road.


Question: How long is the Arctic Ocean?

Arctic Ocean

This transport of “cotton wool”, carried out in difficult conditions, was a remarkable achievement by the yardstick of that time.


Question: How long is the Arctic Ocean?

Arctic Ocean

It was started in Kirkenes on 17 January 1916 and finished in Rovaniemi on 27 April 1916.


Question: How long is the Arctic Ocean?

Arctic Ocean

There had been about 800 horses on the run, about 1000 reindeer and about 1200 crews.


Question: How long is the Arctic Ocean?

Arctic Ocean

There were 2—3 bales in the horseload, each weighing an average of 230 pounds.


Question: How long is the Arctic Ocean?

Arctic Ocean

There was one bale in reindeer loads.


Question: How long is the Arctic Ocean?

Arctic Ocean

In all, 5000 bales were transported.


Question: How long is the Arctic Ocean?

Arctic Ocean

This cotton transport caused the first time in the Reichstag of 1918 the construction of the so-called Arctic Ocean Railway to handle year-round export and import transport from Rovaniemi to either Petsamonfjord or Neidem in Norway.


Question: How long is the Arctic Ocean?

Arctic Ocean

Road to Petsamonfjord The opening of the new road through the Paatsjoki valley to the Arctic Ocean attracted more general attention to such an extent that Russian military officials in Finland immediately initiated the issue of building a road from Ivalo to Petsamonfjord.


Question: How long is the Arctic Ocean?

Arctic Ocean

Already on 22 June 1916, the case was presented to Nicholas II and he ordered the work to be started with Finnish state funds.


Question: How long is the Arctic Ocean?

Arctic Ocean

In the same autumn, the Finnish Board of Road and Civil Engineering began to build roads, telegraph and telephone lines and guesthouses between Ivalo and Petsamo.


Question: How long is the Arctic Ocean?

Arctic Ocean

The telegraph line was withdrawn even before road construction from Rovaniemi via Ivalo to Petsamo, and through it the Russians, along the sea cable, received a new connection to the British Isles (St. Petersburg—London line No.509).


Question: How long is the Arctic Ocean?

Arctic Ocean

When the Finns began preparing to send the first Petsamo expedition in 1918 to Petsamo, attention was also paid to Petsamo's transport connections.


Question: How long is the Arctic Ocean?

Arctic Ocean

Transportation possibilities from the Finnish side to Petsamo were very primitive at the time.


Question: How long is the Arctic Ocean?

Arctic Ocean

On the Finnish side there was a road ready from Rovaniemi to Ivalo (Kyröö), for which transport of up to two tonnes could be arranged during the summer and horse vehicles in winter.


Question: How long is the Arctic Ocean?

Arctic Ocean

Accommodation opportunities on this 302-mile journey were minimal.


Question: How long is the Arctic Ocean?

Arctic Ocean

Without special measures, Rovaniemi could only send about 50 people a day towards Petsamo.


Question: How long is the Arctic Ocean?

Arctic Ocean

Only more men could be accommodated at Sodankylä and Ivalo at a time.


Question: How long is the Arctic Ocean?

Arctic Ocean

From Ivalo to Petsamo, the aforementioned unfinished road existed.


Question: How long is the Arctic Ocean?

Arctic Ocean

There was a wide road ready on the Finnish side at few points, but there were completely uncleared lanes in between.


Question: How long is the Arctic Ocean?

Arctic Ocean

From the border onwards, the road was signposted and a road barely two metres wide had been built on the line.


Question: How long is the Arctic Ocean?

Arctic Ocean

Telephone and telegraph wires were ready until Petsamo. 18 military barracks had been built along the road, which could accommodate each platoon's worth of people.


Question: How long is the Arctic Ocean?

Arctic Ocean

In addition, there were newly built inns about a day march away from each other, twelve in all.


Question: How long is the Arctic Ocean?

Arctic Ocean

They had plenty of space, so the Russians had planned for them to be used for military purposes as well.


Question: How long is the Arctic Ocean?

Arctic Ocean

Guest houses on Petsamontien, along the Arctic Ocean, there were guesthouses in Virtaniemi, Nautsi, Höyhenjärvi, Pitkäjärvi, Salmijärvi, Töllev, Petsamo fells (so called. Fell hut), Vuoremi and Trifona.


Question: How long is the Arctic Ocean?

Arctic Ocean

In winter, a winter road from Ivalo to Virtaniemi (53 km) could be opened, and from that point onwards the narrow road to Petsamo (about 159km) could be used.


Question: How long is the Arctic Ocean?

Arctic Ocean

Only small horseloads could be carried throughout the voyage.


Question: How long is the Arctic Ocean?

Arctic Ocean

Horses and their feed had to be imported from the south.


Question: How long is the Arctic Ocean?

Arctic Ocean

With poor conditions, transport could only be arranged using reindeer tracks.


Question: How long is the Arctic Ocean?

Arctic Ocean

In summer, transfers could be arranged by boats from Ivalo to Virtaniemi, from there to Salmijärvi (about 100km) and from here on to Governorrinkoski (15km by water, 22km overland).


Question: How long is the Arctic Ocean?

Arctic Ocean

But the rest of the journey across the fells (about 35km) had to be completed overland by carrying loads.


Question: How long is the Arctic Ocean?

Arctic Ocean

The missing sections of road were built by 1931; the last to complete the so-called fell section.


Question: How long is the Arctic Ocean?

Arctic Ocean

From Petsamo (Lower Monastari) there was a ready connecting road to Trifona in 1918 and a new road to Liinahamar was completed in 1927.


Question: How long is the Arctic Ocean?

Arctic Ocean

Liinahamari quickly replaced Trifona as the port of Petsamone Fjord.


Question: How long is the Arctic Ocean?

Arctic Ocean

Upon completion in 1931, the new road began to be called the Ice Sea Road; this name replaced the Petsamontien which was previously in use.


Question: How long is the Arctic Ocean?

Arctic Ocean

The traffic on the Arctic Ocean road before the Winter War bus services between Rovaniemi and Liinahamar are operated by the Posti and Telegraphs Institute, as well as the private Petsamon Sekatrains bus company each on their own turn.


Question: How long is the Arctic Ocean?

Arctic Ocean

Petsamo Mixed Trains also operated the transport of goods on their bus shift with its own separate combination of passenger and truck shifts.


Question: How long is the Arctic Ocean?

Arctic Ocean

This was aimed at replacing the missing Petsamo track.


Question: How long is the Arctic Ocean?

Arctic Ocean

Traffic to Petsamo increased considerably due to construction works at the Kolosjoki mining locality and the Nautunturi nickel mine.


Question: How long is the Arctic Ocean?

Arctic Ocean

In 1937, traffic could still be handled by two daily bus shifts, but already in the summer of 1938 there were four daily bus shifts (including one mixed car shift).


Question: How long is the Arctic Ocean?

Arctic Ocean

In addition, the Board of Posts and Telegraphs organised a connection service between Salmijärvi Kirkonkylä and Kolttakönä with two daily bus shifts.


Question: How long is the Arctic Ocean?

Arctic Ocean

On the Norwegian side, a daily bus shift from Kirkenes to the Finnish border was arranged accordingly, so that the morning shift departing from Salmijärvi met the bus departing from Kirkenes in the morning at the Kolttakönä border and brought the passengers to Salmijärvi.


Question: How long is the Arctic Ocean?

Arctic Ocean

The afternoon shift, on the other hand, left Salmijärvi only after the Rovaniemen—Liinahamar bus reached.


Question: How long is the Arctic Ocean?

Arctic Ocean

In turn, the Norwegian bus left the Finnish border to Kirkkoniemi only after the Salmijärvi mail truck reached.


Question: How long is the Arctic Ocean?

Arctic Ocean

This seems to have been the first “international” bus service in Lapland and North Kaloti, opened in the summer of 1938.


Question: How long is the Arctic Ocean?

Arctic Ocean

One private Rovaniemi—Liinahamari bus shift began circulating daily from Pitkäjärvi through the settlement of Kolosjoki to Salmijärvi and on to Petsamoo and Liinahamari.


Question: How long is the Arctic Ocean?

Arctic Ocean

During the intermediate peace, the situation for freight transport was very tense throughout the country during the intermediate peace.


Question: How long is the Arctic Ocean?

Arctic Ocean

Automobile traffic performance was greatly reduced due to fleet losses caused by the war and the use of wood gas due to a shortage of petrol.


Question: How long is the Arctic Ocean?

Arctic Ocean

Rovaniemi became a busy intermediary station for exports and imports when the only possible spirit hole in the oceanic countries was the port of Liinahamar in Petsamo, which Finland was allowed to keep in Moscow's peace.


Question: How long is the Arctic Ocean?

Arctic Ocean

The transport of thousands of tonnes of grain from Liinahamar to Rovaniemi and also the transport of thousands of tonnes of paper and cellulose from Rovaniemi to Liinahamar caused a truck traffic to the Arctic Ocean, for which the peer may be sought, e.g.


Question: How long is the Arctic Ocean?

Arctic Ocean

From wartime traffic on the Alaska Road and the Central African Road.


Question: How long is the Arctic Ocean?

Arctic Ocean

The first ship after peacemaking arrived at the port of Liinahamar after the Red Army left Petsamo on 14 April 1940.


Question: How long is the Arctic Ocean?

Arctic Ocean

Army Car Companies 42 and 43 began transports from Liinahamar on 15 April 1940.


Question: How long is the Arctic Ocean?

Arctic Ocean

The cargo of the first ship included weapons and groceries.


Question: How long is the Arctic Ocean?

Arctic Ocean

Initially, only Army car companies were allowed to use the Arctic Ocean Road.


Question: How long is the Arctic Ocean?

Arctic Ocean

The organization of the transport of goods was given to the newly formed state-owned Oy Pohjolan Transport AB, which was subsequently transformed at the end of the 1940s into the State Railways auxiliary company.


Question: How long is the Arctic Ocean?

Arctic Ocean

From June 1940 to June 17, 1941, the company transported 330000 tonnes of imported goods, primarily food and raw materials needed by the country's business sector, and 203000 tonnes of export goods, mainly including preparations of the woodworking industry.


Question: How long is the Arctic Ocean?

Arctic Ocean

Oy Pohjolan Transport Ab carried out these transports with 517 of its own and around 1,000 cars rented for this task.


Question: How long is the Arctic Ocean?

Arctic Ocean

With driving at its busiest in March 1941, the company had 1517 cars at its disposal and around 3000 traffic, warehouse and sentry to keep traffic running smoothly.


Question: How long is the Arctic Ocean?

Arctic Ocean

At the same time 75 road masters and about 1400 men participated in the management of the Arctic Oceans.


Question: How long is the Arctic Ocean?

Arctic Ocean

For the maintenance of order, the company had its own police force: four members of the police officers and 32 constables.


Question: How long is the Arctic Ocean?

Arctic Ocean

Their own addition to the traffic on the Arctic Oceans was also brought by the Swedes, who began to operate their own export and import shipments from northern Sweden via Liinahamar with about 400 cars starting in May 1940.


Question: How long is the Arctic Ocean?

Arctic Ocean

In total, the traffic in Liinahamar employed around 10000 people during the intermediate peace.


Question: How long is the Arctic Ocean?

Arctic Ocean

More colour was also brought by German soldiers stationed in Kirkenes, who began using the Arctic Ocean Road between Kirkenes and Rovaniemi for their holiday transports under the transit agreement signed between Germany and Finland on 22 September 1940.


Question: How long is the Arctic Ocean?

Arctic Ocean

After an intermediate peace was concluded, bus shifts between Rovaniemi and Liinahamar were restored in May 1940 almost unchanged.


Question: How long is the Arctic Ocean?

Arctic Ocean

The Germans operated with their own fleet the holiday transport between Kirkenes and Rovaniemi.


Question: How long is the Arctic Ocean?

Arctic Ocean

In Finland, DKW and Tatra branded buses were first seen operating on the Finnish road network.


Question: How long is the Arctic Ocean?

Arctic Ocean

See also History of Highway 4 Magneettimäki Saareputaan bridge Sources Orientation 1920 p. 64 Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Olin, Matti| title = Petsamo's memories and pictures from them| others = Translated by Tolvanen, Viljo| location = Helsinki| publisher = Otava| year = 1921| version = Initial work: Minnen från Petsamo — med ett 50-tal bilder, jul.


Question: How long is the Arctic Ocean?

Arctic Ocean

(Helsingfors) Schildt, 1921| page = 86}} Olin, Matti: Petsamo, Finnish Arctic Sea Port.


Question: How long is the Arctic Ocean?

Arctic Ocean

Kuvalehti of Finland 1918.


Question: How long is the Arctic Ocean?

Arctic Ocean

Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Kuussaari, Eero| title = Tribal Wars 1918—1922:1, Battle of Petsamosta| location = Helsinki| publisher = Finnish Association of Tribal Warriors | year = 1939| version = Publications of the Military Historical Office of the Ministry of Defence, 5| page = 31—32, 45—47}} Finnish Vehicles No 2 1937, 1938, 1939, 1940, 1941 Elomaa, T. P.: Competition intensifying through wars and transport crises VR 1937—1962 p. 44—46 Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Skiftesvik, Joni (ed.


Question: How long is the Arctic Ocean?

Arctic Ocean

) | title = Petsamo — Eastern Arm of Finland| location = Helsinki| publisher = WSOY| year = 2008| isbn = 978-951-0-34506-1}} References Literature Category:Petsamo Category:Finnish Roads


Question: When is Italy founded?

History of Italy

Italy (united 1861) has deeply influenced the culture of the Mediterranean region and Europe as a whole.


Question: When is Italy founded?

History of Italy

After the Greek rule of Magna Graecia, the Etruscans and then the Roman Empire ruled Italy for centuries.


Question: When is Italy founded?

History of Italy

Italy was an important centre of philosophy, science and art during the Middle Ages and the Renaissance.


Question: When is Italy founded?

History of Italy

Origin of the name Italy is an ancient name for the country and population of southern Italy.


Question: When is Italy founded?

History of Italy

Its origin is unknown, but it might come from the Latin word vitulus (one-year-old calf): “land of calves”.


Question: When is Italy founded?

History of Italy

[1] Coins bearing the name Italy were printed by southern tribes that competed with Rome in the last century BCE.


Question: When is Italy founded?

History of Italy

After the dissolution of the Roman Empire, Italy became the joint denomination of the states of the Apennine Peninsula and their overseas holdings.


Question: When is Italy founded?

History of Italy

[2] Ancient peoples In old times Italy was inhabited by several different peoples.


Question: When is Italy founded?

History of Italy

Many of them, like Latin, Oscs and Volskis, spoke Italic languages that were closely related to each other.


Question: When is Italy founded?

History of Italy

In addition, there were many Greeks living in southern Italy, Etruscans in the area of present-day Tuscany, and Celtic peoples in northern Italy.


Question: When is Italy founded?

History of Italy

The Etruscans controlled much of Italy before the Roman Empire.


Question: When is Italy founded?

History of Italy

[3] The Etruscans did not speak an Indo-European language and their origins are shrouded in obscurity.


Question: When is Italy founded?

History of Italy

They were definitively assimilated with the Romans in the republic period.


Question: When is Italy founded?

History of Italy

The culture, which is distinctly Etruscan, emerged in the year 800 BCE.


Question: When is Italy founded?

History of Italy

after.


Question: When is Italy founded?

History of Italy

The high point of Etruscan civilization was in the times of the founding of Rome and the Kingdom period.


Question: When is Italy founded?

History of Italy

The Etruscans did not form a unified kingdom but Greek-type city-states.


Question: When is Italy founded?

History of Italy

The last kings of the Roman Empire were Etruscans and Roman culture was strongly influenced by the Etruscans.


Question: When is Italy founded?

History of Italy

As it expanded, Rome incorporated the Etruscan cities into itself.


Question: When is Italy founded?

History of Italy

Roman Empire Rising According to the myth, Rome was founded in 753 BCE.


Question: When is Italy founded?

History of Italy

Romulus and Remus and was ruled by seven kings.


Question: When is Italy founded?

History of Italy

[4] According to tradition, the last king of Rome, Tarquinius Superbus, was exiled in 509 BCE.


Question: When is Italy founded?

History of Italy

and the Roman Republic was founded.


Question: When is Italy founded?

History of Italy

The republic was governed by two elected consuls, and a senate assembled primarily from patricians formed, together with the citizens' assembly, a kind of parliament.


Question: When is Italy founded?

History of Italy

In the following centuries, Rome expanded its territory, defeating its neighbours one after the other.


Question: When is Italy founded?

History of Italy

After the wars, the Romans generally did not seek total subordination of the defeated, but forced them into a subordinate ally relationship.


Question: When is Italy founded?

History of Italy

This policy was one of the reasons for Rome's success.


Question: When is Italy founded?

History of Italy

Many weak Etruscan and Greek cities asked Rome for protection rather than confronted it in war.


Question: When is Italy founded?

History of Italy

After the Punic Wars and the loss of Carthage, Rome controlled most of the western Mediterranean and its influence grew rapidly in the east as well.


Question: When is Italy founded?

History of Italy

10th-century BC.


Question: When is Italy founded?

History of Italy

by the end Rome had defeated the Hellenistic states of Macedonia and Syria and controlled the entire Mediterranean with the exception of Egypt.


Question: When is Italy founded?

History of Italy

Empire The institutions of the Roman Republic had been developed in a city-state and were not suited to the control of a large empire.


Question: When is Italy founded?

History of Italy

In addition, there were schisms both within Rome and between Rome and its Italian allies.


Question: When is Italy founded?

History of Italy

The trend favored military commanders, who began pursuing exclusivity.


Question: When is Italy founded?

History of Italy

The first such was Sulla (d. 78 BCE.)


Question: When is Italy founded?

History of Italy

After him came Julius Caesar, who after conquering Gaul (present-day France) defeated Pompey in a civil war and effectively became a monospace, but was assassinated by republican senators in 44 BCE.


Question: When is Italy founded?

History of Italy

His successor Octavianus defeated the Senatorial Party, received the title Augustus and was elected Imperator.


Question: When is Italy founded?

History of Italy

Although he formally tolerated the laws of the republic, he ruled practically as a monopoly and the Roman Empire had emerged.


Question: When is Italy founded?

History of Italy

[5] This became clear during the time of his successor Tiberius.


Question: When is Italy founded?

History of Italy

The establishment of the Empire brought clear advantages to the provinces, which may have appealed to the emperor against local authorities instead of corrupt senators.


Question: When is Italy founded?

History of Italy

Furthermore, Roman citizenship was slowly extended to provinces and jurisdiction became less arbitrary.


Question: When is Italy founded?

History of Italy

The Roman Empire was further expanded somewhat in the Imperial period; for example Claudius annexed Britain 47 partitions..


Question: When is Italy founded?

History of Italy

In the first and second centuries, there were some civil wars (for example by the Four Emperors in 69) and rebellions (such as the Judean Uprising, which ended with the takeover of Jerusalem in 70 and started the Jewish diaspora).


Question: When is Italy founded?

History of Italy

Decay and loss The internal state of the kingdom slowly deteriorated, which was reflected in crises in the third century, when economic difficulties, barbarian invasions, and civil wars almost led to the dissolution of the Empire.


Question: When is Italy founded?

History of Italy

It was saved by Diocletian (284—305) and Constantine (306—337), who moved the capital to Byzantium, changing its name to Constantinople, thus initiating the division of the kingdom into the western and eastern part.


Question: When is Italy founded?

History of Italy

Constantine also stopped opposing Christianity.


Question: When is Italy founded?

History of Italy

Christianity became the state religion under Theodosius I in 380.


Question: When is Italy founded?

History of Italy

The Great Internationals broke the defences of Western Rome, and the Vandals and Goths eradicated the kingdom for good in the 4th century.


Question: When is Italy founded?

History of Italy

Medieval Goths, Byzantium and Langobards Visigoths conquered Italy in the 4th century and Alarik plundered Rome in 410.


Question: When is Italy founded?

History of Italy

By the end of the century, the peninsula was for the most part controlled by the Ostrogoths, and Odovakar sacked in 476 the last emperor of Western Rome, Romulus Augustus.


Question: When is Italy founded?

History of Italy

In 493, Teoderik the Great overthrew Odovakar and became king of the Ostrogoths.


Question: When is Italy founded?

History of Italy

The capital of his kingdom was Ravenna.


Question: When is Italy founded?

History of Italy

Byzantium, or Eastern Rome, invaded Italy in the early 5th century and Emperor Justinian I's generals Belisarius and Narses conquered the Kingdom of the Ostrogoths after years of war in 552.


Question: When is Italy founded?

History of Italy

These Gothic Wars destroyed most of the surviving urban culture.


Question: When is Italy founded?

History of Italy

The departure of the Byzantine armies allowed another Germanic tribe, the Langobards, to conquer much of the peninsula.


Question: When is Italy founded?

History of Italy

The exarchate of Ravenna, which remained in Byzantine possession, was concentrated around Ravenna.


Question: When is Italy founded?

History of Italy

[6] Rise of the Catholic Church The Church and especially the Bishop of Rome, the Pope, has played an important political role since Constantine, who sought to annex the institution to imperial rule.


Question: When is Italy founded?

History of Italy

In the precarious situation following the breakup of Western Rome, the Church was often the only stable institution and the only source of doctrine.


Question: When is Italy founded?

History of Italy

Even the barbarians depended on the church to govern their lands of conquest.


Question: When is Italy founded?

History of Italy

In addition, Catholic monastic organizations such as the Benedictines played a large role both in the economic life of the time and as preservers of classical culture.


Question: When is Italy founded?

History of Italy

After the entry of the Langobards, the popes were nominally subordinate to the Eastern Emperor, but received little support from Constantinople and began to build an independent state to protect Rome from langobard attacks.


Question: When is Italy founded?

History of Italy

In the late 7th century, the popes pursued independence and found a way to do so by allying themselves with the Frankish Carolingid dynasty: the Carolings needed legitimacy to seize power from the Merovings, while the Popes needed military support against the Langobards.


Question: When is Italy founded?

History of Italy

In 751, the Langobards took over Ravenna, and the Byzantine presence in central Italy came to an end (some coastal towns and territories in southern Italy remained in Byzantium until the 10th century).


Question: When is Italy founded?

History of Italy

The Popes turned to the Franks, who in 756 defeated the Langobards and ceded to the Pope power over central Italy, thus establishing the Church State.


Question: When is Italy founded?

History of Italy

However, the rest of Italy was held by the Langobards or Byzantium.


Question: When is Italy founded?

History of Italy

Holy Roman Empire In 774, after a papal invitation, the Franks defeated the Langobards and took the crown of their kingdom.


Question: When is Italy founded?

History of Italy

Their leader Charles the Great was crowned by the pope on 25 December 800 in Rome as emperor.


Question: When is Italy founded?

History of Italy

This caused a dispute between the Frankish Empire and Byzantium over the right to the name of Rome.


Question: When is Italy founded?

History of Italy

In 812, Byzantium agreed to recognize the Roman Empire in exchange for guaranteeing its Italian holdings.


Question: When is Italy founded?

History of Italy

However, the emperor's power did not properly reach the southern parts of the peninsula, whose two langobard dukes of Spoleto and Benevento accepted Charlemagne's rule in name only.


Question: When is Italy founded?

History of Italy

Conquering Benevento would have meant full encirclement of Papal territories in the emperor's territories, and Charles the Great probably thought it was not good for relations.


Question: When is Italy founded?

History of Italy

Greco-Latin coastal cities such as Naples on the Tyrrhenian Sea and Venice on the Adriatic became increasingly independent of Byzantium.


Question: When is Italy founded?

History of Italy

Charles the Great had the papal efforts to expand power stymied, and his time meant balancing in Italy, although marked by non-Italian interests.


Question: When is Italy founded?

History of Italy

The gap between Eastern and Western Christendom continued to grow.


Question: When is Italy founded?

History of Italy

Saint Leo III was the first pope to date his bulla in accordance with the reign of Charles the Great rather than the Byzantine emperors.


Question: When is Italy founded?

History of Italy

By the beginning of the 8th century, the process that began three centuries earlier, in which Italy seceded from Byzantium and connected to Western Europe, had become broadly completed.


Question: When is Italy founded?

History of Italy

Sicily, Calabria, Apulia and some maritime cities were the main exceptions.


Question: When is Italy founded?

History of Italy

After the death of Charlemagne (814), under weak successors, the Empire quickly fell apart.


Question: When is Italy founded?

History of Italy

The equilibrium created by the emperor's charisma was shattered.


Question: When is Italy founded?

History of Italy

The crisis was exacerbated by external factors such as Saracen invasions and the intensification of maritime republics.


Question: When is Italy founded?

History of Italy

Charles the Great's son Louis the Pious died in 840.


Question: When is Italy founded?

History of Italy

The Treaty of Verdun divided the Empire in 843.


Question: When is Italy founded?

History of Italy

Louis's eldest surviving son Lothar I became emperor and ruler of the central part of the kingdom.


Question: When is Italy founded?

History of Italy

His three sons accordingly divided this kingdom between themselves, and northern Italy became the Kingdom of Italy under Louis II in 839.


Question: When is Italy founded?

History of Italy

Muslim Arabs conquered Sicily in 827, ruled until 1053.


Question: When is Italy founded?

History of Italy

In 846, the Arabs invaded Rome and plundered St. Peter's Basilica, taking all the gold and silver from there.


Question: When is Italy founded?

History of Italy

As a result, Leo IV began the construction of the Vatican Wall, which was completed in 853.


Question: When is Italy founded?

History of Italy

In 951, the Italian and German crowns were merged.


Question: When is Italy founded?

History of Italy

The ruler of the new kingdom, Otto I the Great, submitted that the Union would restore the kingdom of Charles the Great and received the title of emperor in 962.


Question: When is Italy founded?

History of Italy

In these times of turmoil, the prestige of the papacy institution had also diminished (see pornocracy, for example).


Question: When is Italy founded?

History of Italy

End of the Middle Ages Barbarian invasions and Gothic Wars eradicated much of Italy's urban culture.


Question: When is Italy founded?

History of Italy

It did not completely disappear, but was much more modest than in the Roman period.


Question: When is Italy founded?

History of Italy

Wars, disappearances and disease had also plummeted Italy's population.


Question: When is Italy founded?

History of Italy

In the 7th—8th centuries, some cities such as Amalfi and Venice began to flourish through trade (silk, salt), but urban life remained scarce.


Question: When is Italy founded?

History of Italy

The 10th century marked the end of the darkest period of the Middle Ages.


Question: When is Italy founded?

History of Italy

Trade slowly began to recover, especially through the sea, and the four port cities, Amalfi, Pisa, Genoa and Venice became powermakers.


Question: When is Italy founded?

History of Italy

[7] Many landlocked cities, such as Florence and Milan, also grew and effectively became independent city-states from central power, expanding their territory at the expense of feudal lords to the countryside.


Question: When is Italy founded?

History of Italy

In the 12th century, Italian cities that were part of the Empire rebelled successfully against the centralisation effort of the regime of Frederick I Barbarossa.


Question: When is Italy founded?

History of Italy

The pope regained his authority and began a long struggle against the Empire on both ecclesiastical and secular issues, the first act of which was an investment-strife.


Question: When is Italy founded?

History of Italy

At the same time, the southern parts of Italy and Sicily were conquered by the Normans.


Question: When is Italy founded?

History of Italy

The Normans eventually conquered Byzantine and Arab-controlled territories.


Question: When is Italy founded?

History of Italy

Byzantium, however, had not been defeated yet, instead invading in 1155 Italy under Emperor Manuel I Komnenos.


Question: When is Italy founded?

History of Italy

By 1158, the Byzantine army had been forced to withdraw from Italy.


Question: When is Italy founded?

History of Italy

The Renaissance Italian Renaissance, or rinascimento, ushered in the Renaissance, especially in Europe of a new era in culture and arts, which continued from the end of the 14th century until about 1600.


Question: When is Italy founded?

History of Italy

The Renaissance began in Tuscany, the cities of Florence and Siena, and its high point was towards the end of the 15th century.


Question: When is Italy founded?

History of Italy

It spread south, affecting Rome in particular, which was largely rebuilt by Renaissance popes.


Question: When is Italy founded?

History of Italy

The Italian Renaissance began to decline at the end of the 15th century with the invasion of foreign powers, after which the focus of the Renaissance shifted to Central Europe.


Question: When is Italy founded?

History of Italy

Roots In the Heart Middle Ages, the city-states of the northern part of Italy were among the most prosperous in Europe, considerably more prosperous than the southern part of Italy, including Rome.


Question: When is Italy founded?

History of Italy

The Crusades had established permanent trade ties with the Levant, and Byzantium, a trading rival of the Italian cities, had been badly damaged by the Fourth Crusade.


Question: When is Italy founded?

History of Italy

Luxury goods such as spices, dyes and silk were brought to the ports of Genoa, Pisa and Venice in Italy and exported from there to other parts of Europe.


Question: When is Italy founded?

History of Italy

Inland towns, on the other hand, benefited from good farmland, such as the Po River Valley.


Question: When is Italy founded?

History of Italy

In turn, wool, wheat and precious metals were imported via land and river routes from France, Germany and the Netherlands.


Question: When is Italy founded?

History of Italy

Trade stretching from Egypt to the Baltics created surpluses that could be invested in mining, farming and early industry.


Question: When is Italy founded?

History of Italy

Northern Italy was not richer than the rest of Europe in terms of resources, but the high rate of processing built on the bottom of commerce enabled it to succeed.


Question: When is Italy founded?

History of Italy

Florence, for example, initially emerged as one of the most prosperous cities in northern Italy largely through the production of fabrics.


Question: When is Italy founded?

History of Italy

Wool was imported from Northern Europe and Spain, and with dyes imported from the East, it was made into quality clothes.


Question: When is Italy founded?

History of Italy

In the 13th century, Italian city-states grew strongly and became virtually independent from the Empire.


Question: When is Italy founded?

History of Italy

During this period, banking and monetary methods also developed, the center of which Florence became its center, and its currency, the florin, the currency of international trade.


Question: When is Italy founded?

History of Italy

A new aristocrat class emerged, which had gained ground through their business skills and challenged the feudal upper class that ruled Europe in the Middle Ages.


Question: When is Italy founded?

History of Italy

In most of northern Italy, urban grand burghers were more formidable than the feudal lords of the countryside.


Question: When is Italy founded?

History of Italy

The economic crash of the 14th century and the beginning of the Renaissance in the 14th century saw a series of disasters that collapsed the European economy.


Question: When is Italy founded?

History of Italy

These included the beginning of the Little Ice Age, which depressed agricultural production as well as the Hundred Years' War between France and England, which stirred the economy: for example, two of Florence's largest banks, Bardi and Peruzzi, fell after Edward III of England left his debts of 1.5 million florins unserviced in in 1345.


Question: When is Italy founded?

History of Italy

[8] In the east, the formation of the Ottoman Empire cut off trade routes.


Question: When is Italy founded?

History of Italy

The most devastating was the Black Death, which killed tens of percent of Europe's population.


Question: When is Italy founded?

History of Italy

The population of Florence, for example, collapsed from 90000,0000 to 50000 and caused turmoil including, for example, the Textile Workers' Revolt of 1378.


Question: When is Italy founded?

History of Italy

Some accidents of the 14th century contributed to the Renaissance.


Question: When is Italy founded?

History of Italy

Ottoman expansion at the expense of Byzantium caused an influx of refugees from the east, and they brought with them classical Greek civilisation.


Question: When is Italy founded?

History of Italy

The Black Death wiped out a third of Europe's population, leaving the new smaller population soon more prosperous than previously thought.


Question: When is Italy founded?

History of Italy

The population had more property for luxury goods, but fewer of their producers, improving the position of the lower classes.


Question: When is Italy founded?

History of Italy

The horrors of the Black Death and the Church's inability to prevent them also undermined the Church's influence, which was one of the prerequisites for the Renaissance.


Question: When is Italy founded?

History of Italy

During this period, the first Renaissance figures such as Dante and Francesco Petrarca lived, and the first signs of the Renaissance were visible in the early 14th century.


Question: When is Italy founded?

History of Italy

The fall of the Bard and Peruzzi banks opened the way for the rise of the Medici family in Florence.


Question: When is Italy founded?

History of Italy

Robert Sabatino Lopez has even suggested that financial collapse was a necessary cause of the renaissance, as in economically favorable times businessmen invest their money quickly, while in bad times fewer investment items can be found, causing them to spend their funds on culture and to art.


Question: When is Italy founded?

History of Italy

[9] Wars Especially the early part of the Renaissance was an almost continuous war between city-states, fought by mercenaries brought from all over Europe.


Question: When is Italy founded?

History of Italy

Cities warred against each other, and on the other hand, the pope struggled for power with the emperor.


Question: When is Italy founded?

History of Italy

More powerful city-states often subjugated their weaker ones and annexed them to themselves, such as Florence of Pisa 1406 and Venice of Padua and Verona.


Question: When is Italy founded?

History of Italy

The cities depended entirely on mercenaries who, in the worst case scenario, might turn on their master and take power in the city.


Question: When is Italy founded?

History of Italy

Fleets were equipped for wars at sea.


Question: When is Italy founded?

History of Italy

Venice became the superior sea master after it dispossessed the Genoese fleet in 1380.


Question: When is Italy founded?

History of Italy

On land, the main wars were fought between Florence and Milan; these wars have been seen as important in the emergence of the Renaissance.


Question: When is Italy founded?

History of Italy

[10] The Medici family, which owned the largest bank in Europe, became Lord of Florence in the 1430s, with Cosimo de' Medici as its first leader.


Question: When is Italy founded?

History of Italy

Florence was formally preserved as a republic, but the instruments of power were firmly in the hands of the Medici and their allies.


Question: When is Italy founded?

History of Italy

Cosimo de' Medici was very popular among the townspeople due to the peace and heyday of the era.


Question: When is Italy founded?

History of Italy

His most notable achievements included making peace with the Sforza family of Milan, bringing an end to decades of war.


Question: When is Italy founded?

History of Italy

Cosimo was also a supporter of the arts, though some have regarded his reputation in this regard as exaggerated.


Question: When is Italy founded?

History of Italy

In 1469, Cosimo's grandson Lorenzo de' Medici, who was the first member of the family to receive humanistic education in his early years and the most important of the family's supporters of the arts, came to power.


Question: When is Italy founded?

History of Italy

Under Lorenzo, Medici power was consolidated with the creation of the Council of Seventy, which Lorenzo presided over.


Question: When is Italy founded?

History of Italy

The republican institutions survived, but lost their influence.


Question: When is Italy founded?

History of Italy

In business, Lorenzo was not as successful as his predecessors, and the Medici financial empire slowly began to decline.


Question: When is Italy founded?

History of Italy

Lorenzo's relations with the pope deteriorated, leading to the attempted assassination of Lorenzo orchestrated by the Pope with the Pazzi House.


Question: When is Italy founded?

History of Italy

It failed, but led to a war with the Pope by which centralized power of the Medici was later justified.


Question: When is Italy founded?

History of Italy

[11] The spread of the Renaissance Renaissance ideals spread from Florence first to the Tuscan neighboring cities of Siena and Lucca.


Question: When is Italy founded?

History of Italy

Tuscan culture soon became an object of imitation for all of northern Italy, with the Tuscan dialect of Italian dominant especially in the literature of the region.


Question: When is Italy founded?

History of Italy

In 1447, Francesco Sforza rose to power in Milan and quickly transformed the medieval city into an arts and civilisation centre.


Question: When is Italy founded?

History of Italy

Venice, one of the most prosperous cities, also became a cultural center, especially in architecture.


Question: When is Italy founded?

History of Italy

In 1378, the pope returned to Rome, but the former mighty city remained mostly poor and ruined through the early years of the Renaissance.


Question: When is Italy founded?

History of Italy

Nicholas V, who became pope in 1447, initiated a major rebuilding.


Question: When is Italy founded?

History of Italy

With the papacy falling into the hands of northern power families such as the Medici and the Borgias, the renaissance world and art became dominant in the Vatican.


Question: When is Italy founded?

History of Italy

Pope Sixtus IV continued the work of Nicholas, most famously his project the construction of the Sistine Chapel.


Question: When is Italy founded?

History of Italy

Popes increasingly became secular administrators, and under the “warrior popes”, the power of the Church State was centralised.


Question: When is Italy founded?

History of Italy

The character of the Renaissance changed in the late 15th century.


Question: When is Italy founded?

History of Italy

Renaissance ideals were then fully embraced in the ruling class and aristocracy.


Question: When is Italy founded?

History of Italy

Early Renaissance artists were considered craftsmen with few reputations and recognitions.


Question: When is Italy founded?

History of Italy

Later Renaissance artists were influential and billed large commissions.


Question: When is Italy founded?

History of Italy

The end of the Italian Renaissance Many view the Renaissance as the symbolic endpoint of Girolamo Savonarola's rise to power in Florence in 1497.


Question: When is Italy founded?

History of Italy

In the short reign of the unjeweled monk, many works of art were destroyed “on the pyres of vanities”.


Question: When is Italy founded?

History of Italy

Savonarola's power ran short and the Medici lineage returned to power, but similar moral resistance movements continued within the church, and in the middle of the 16th century Renaissance works were banned in connection with the Counter-Reformation.


Question: When is Italy founded?

History of Italy

At least as important a factor in the waning of the Italian Renaissance as the Church resistance movement, was a series of attacks on Italy by foreign powers, the Italian Wars that dragged on for decades.


Question: When is Italy founded?

History of Italy

They began with the 1494 French invasion, which caused widespread destruction in northern Italy and ended the independence of many city-states.


Question: When is Italy founded?

History of Italy

The most devastating blow was on 6 May 1527, when Spanish and German troops ravaged Rome, thus ending the pope's role as the greatest supporter of the Renaissance.


Question: When is Italy founded?

History of Italy

Due to chaos and contacts with foreign rulers, many of Italy's greatest artists decided to leave the country, the most famous example of Leonardo da Vinci who emigrated to France in 1516.


Question: When is Italy founded?

History of Italy

The shift of focus to the north represented a broader trend.


Question: When is Italy founded?

History of Italy

The Mediterranean was no longer the main trade route; Vasco da Gama had reached India in 1498, and the main trade routes from the Orient went to Atlantic ports in Iberia, France and England.


Question: When is Italy founded?

History of Italy

These territories soon overtook Italy in prosperity and power.


Question: When is Italy founded?

History of Italy

As the Italian Renaissance waned, however, many of its influences moved north and contributed to the Northern Renaissance.


Question: When is Italy founded?

History of Italy

The Renaissance did not mean sweeping social and economic changes, but mostly touched only a small percentage of people.


Question: When is Italy founded?

History of Italy

Admittedly, in northern Italian cities, the class of skilled craftsmen was in a much better position than in Europe in general, but the status of unskilled laborers was no longer much affected by the Renaissance.


Question: When is Italy founded?

History of Italy

Foreign power and unification in the Italian Wars involved all the major Western European countries from 1494 to 1559: France, Spain, the Holy German-Roman Empire, England, Scotland, the Republic of Venice, the Church State, and most Italian city-states.


Question: When is Italy founded?

History of Italy

Originally beginning with disputes over the succession in Naples, the wars soon formed into complex power struggles, with varied allied relations, involving the Reformation.


Question: When is Italy founded?

History of Italy

The Pope's influence diminished due to military defeats and the Reformation, and he allied himself with Charles V for the Counter-Reformation.


Question: When is Italy founded?

History of Italy

By the end of the wars, the Habsburgs” Spain had become the ruler of Italy and a European powerhouse state at the expense of France.


Question: When is Italy founded?

History of Italy

The Italian states, which had been powerful in the Middle Ages and Renaissance periods, became second-class factors or were completely destroyed.


Question: When is Italy founded?

History of Italy

[12] Reunification Main article: Risorgimento At the end of the 18th century, the political situation in Italy was pretty much the same as in the 16th century, distinguished by the fact that Austria had become the dominant external power instead of Spain and the fact that the Dukes of Savoy, who also ruled the Northwest Piedmont, had become Sardinian rulers.


Question: When is Italy founded?

History of Italy

This situation was shaken by the 1796 invasion of Italy by Napoleon.


Question: When is Italy founded?

History of Italy

States created by Napoleon, such as the Cisalpine Republic, were merely satellites of France, but fueled the nationalist movement.


Question: When is Italy founded?

History of Italy

The Cisalpine Republic was transformed into the Italian Republic in 1802, with Napoleon as its president.


Question: When is Italy founded?

History of Italy

The Congress of Vienna (1814) reinstated matters close to the situation of 1795.


Question: When is Italy founded?

History of Italy

The northeastern parts of Italy, including the Venice region and also Lombardy, fell to Austria, and the rest of Italy was divided into six states, namely the Kingdom of Sardinia, the Kingdom of Sicily, the Church State, Tuscany, Parma and Modena.


Question: When is Italy founded?

History of Italy

The Kingdom of both Sicilies encompassed the whole of southern Italy, and the Kingdom of Sardinia included not only the island of Sardinia but also territories on the mainland of northern Italy.


Question: When is Italy founded?

History of Italy

The states wanted to maintain the status quo and opposed the nationalist, liberal and republican movements.


Question: When is Italy founded?

History of Italy

In the 1820s some rebellions arose, but were suppressed by the interventions of the Austrian army.


Question: When is Italy founded?

History of Italy

In the 1830s, there was a revolt which spread to the Church State and raised a popular force against the reactionary pope Gregory XVI.


Question: When is Italy founded?

History of Italy

Austria put down the rebellion, but came under pressure from France to reduce its presence in Italy and withdraw its troops from the Church State.


Question: When is Italy founded?

History of Italy

In the 1840s, the unification act, the risorgimento, began to take on more importance through, among others, Giuseppe Mazzini's Young Italy movement.


Question: When is Italy founded?

History of Italy

Sardinian monarchs, such as Carlo Alberto and especially Viktor Emanuel II, also began to warm to the idea of unification.


Question: When is Italy founded?

History of Italy

The increased movement led to extensive rebellions practically throughout Italy in the European madness of 1848.


Question: When is Italy founded?

History of Italy

In connection with the revolts, Carlo Alberto of Sardinia declared a war against Austria, which has been referred to as the First War of Independence.


Question: When is Italy founded?

History of Italy

Austria defeated the Sardinians and Carlo Alberto renounced the crown in favour of Viktor Emanuel II.


Question: When is Italy founded?

History of Italy

Rebellions were also defeated in Tuscany, Milan and Naples.


Question: When is Italy founded?

History of Italy

In Rome, the situation escalated in 1849 so that Pope Pius IX was forced to flee the city, and a republic was proclaimed there.


Question: When is Italy founded?

History of Italy

Roman defences were organized by Giuseppe Garibaldi.


Question: When is Italy founded?

History of Italy

Eventually France and Austria occupied Rome, where the rebellions ended.


Question: When is Italy founded?

History of Italy

The events of 1848—1849 strained the situation in Italy: Pius IX cancelled his liberal reforms, and Austria took control firmly in Lombardy, Venice, and virtually Tuscany.


Question: When is Italy founded?

History of Italy

The Kingdom of Sardinia, which ruled Piedmont, remained somewhat independent and presided over the unification of Italy.


Question: When is Italy founded?

History of Italy

The Crimean War weakened Austria's international standing.


Question: When is Italy founded?

History of Italy

Sardinian Prime Minister Camillo Cavour and French Emperor Napoleon III met in the summer of 1858 and agreed to war against Austria — the treaty was preceded by an attempted assassination of Napoleon III by an Italian nationalist fanatic.


Question: When is Italy founded?

History of Italy

Sardinia did not achieve its objectives in the short Second War of Independence, but through skilful diplomacy, in 1860, Cavour was able to agree the accession of Tuscany and Emilia to Sardinia, after which Sardinia controlled much of northern and central Italy.


Question: When is Italy founded?

History of Italy

Italy now had four states: Piedmont Sardinia, the Kingdom of Both Sicily, the Church State, and Austrian-ruled Venice.


Question: When is Italy founded?

History of Italy

Giuseppe Garibaldi In May 1860, freedom fighter Giuseppe Garibaldi, who had resigned from the Sardinian army, invaded Sicily with a small force of volunteers and conquered Palermo after beating, with British support, the many times larger armies of the Kingdom of Both Sicily.


Question: When is Italy founded?

History of Italy

The episode showed the weakness of the Kingdom of Sicily and made Garibaldi a national hero.


Question: When is Italy founded?

History of Italy

In six weeks, Garibaldi took Messina and thereafter moved on to Italy, whose takeover of the southern parts went as fast as Sicily.


Question: When is Italy founded?

History of Italy

After winning Calabria and Naples, Garibaldi advanced towards Rome, but his advance was slowed by ripples from the forces of the Kingdom of Sicily from both.


Question: When is Italy founded?

History of Italy

Sardinia decided to keep the situation under its control and conquered the Church State with the exception of its core part, mainly the city of Rome.


Question: When is Italy founded?

History of Italy

Garibaldi ceded southern Italy to King Viktor Emanuel II of Sardinia.


Question: When is Italy founded?

History of Italy

Cavour confirmed the annexations by referendum, and the elected First National Parliament met on 18 February 1861 and proclaimed Viktor Emanuel King of Italy.


Question: When is Italy founded?

History of Italy

The Italian capital at first became Turin, but it was changed to Florence in 1865.


Question: When is Italy founded?

History of Italy

Venice and Rome, which Garibaldi unsuccessfully still tried to take in 1862 and 1867, had remained outside the Kingdom of Italy.


Question: When is Italy founded?

History of Italy

Venice joined Italy in 1866 in connection with the so-called Third War of Independence, but Pope Pius IX wanted nothing to do with the new state.


Question: When is Italy founded?

History of Italy

However, the Papal position was dependent on the French garrison, and when withdrawn in the context of the Franco-Prussian War, it marched the Italian army to Rome on 20 September 1870.


Question: When is Italy founded?

History of Italy

Rome was annexed by referendum to Italy, and became the capital.


Question: When is Italy founded?

History of Italy

The pope barricaded himself in the Vatican and declared himself a “prisoner of the Vatican.”


Question: When is Italy founded?

History of Italy

Kingdom Until 1922, Italy was a constitutional monarchy with a parliament.


Question: When is Italy founded?

History of Italy

The constitution was largely inherited from the Constitution of the Kingdom of Sardinia of 1848 established by Carlo Alberto.


Question: When is Italy founded?

History of Italy

The king had, in principle, extensive powers, which, however, he did not often exercise.


Question: When is Italy founded?

History of Italy

The most notable change was universal male suffrage in 1912.


Question: When is Italy founded?

History of Italy

King Umberto I was assassinated on 29 July 1900.


Question: When is Italy founded?

History of Italy

He was succeeded by Viktor Emanuel III.


Question: When is Italy founded?

History of Italy

[13] In the Italian—Turkish War of 1911—1912, Italy conquered Libya.


Question: When is Italy founded?

History of Italy

[14] World War I Italy declared itself neutral at the start of World War I, claiming that the trialliance with Germany and Austria was only defensive and did not apply to the Austro-Hungarian war.


Question: When is Italy founded?

History of Italy

Both coalitions tried to win Italy over, and in April 1915 the country joined the Circum-Powers, declaring war on Austria-Hungary.


Question: When is Italy founded?

History of Italy

The aim was to have territorial extensions such as Trento, Trieste, Istria and Dalmatia at Austria's expense.


Question: When is Italy founded?

History of Italy

The fighting bogged down in the Austrian-Italian border region into a war of positions that claimed great losses.


Question: When is Italy founded?

History of Italy

In October 1917, the Austrians, with the help of German troops, broke through the Italians' lines, but with the support of the Circum-Powers, the Italian managed to halt the attack near Venice.


Question: When is Italy founded?

History of Italy

Fascist regime After the end of World War I, Italy gained most of the territories it wanted except Dalmatia, which was given to the Kingdom of Yugoslavia.


Question: When is Italy founded?

History of Italy

However, the war had claimed the lives of nearly 700,000 Italian soldiers, and the internal state of the country was chaotic.


Question: When is Italy founded?

History of Italy

Workers staged strikes demanding rights and better working conditions.


Question: When is Italy founded?

History of Italy

Some took over factories and production facilities following the model of the Russian Revolution.


Question: When is Italy founded?

History of Italy

The Fascist Party, led by Benito Mussolini, emerged from the Black Waiters organisation that broke the strikes.


Question: When is Italy founded?

History of Italy

In October 1922, the Fascists marched on Rome.


Question: When is Italy founded?

History of Italy

The king forbade the army from meddling, allied himself with Mussolini and allowing him to form a fascist-led government.


Question: When is Italy founded?

History of Italy

In the following years, Mussolini, who was known as “Il Ducena”, or leader, banned other political parties and curtailed civil liberties.


Question: When is Italy founded?

History of Italy

In 1929, Mussolini signed the so-called lateran treaties with the Catholic Church, which led to the formation of a teeny Vatican City State under the papacy, ending the schism with the Pope that had been going on since 1870.


Question: When is Italy founded?

History of Italy

Mussolini was initially on quite good terms with Britain and France, but with Italy's conquest of Ethiopia in 1935—1936, relations with Western countries cooled.


Question: When is Italy founded?

History of Italy

Because of this, as well as ideological similarities, Italy was oriented towards Adolf Hitler's Nazi Germany, and formed a Berlin—Rome axis with Germany.


Question: When is Italy founded?

History of Italy

After Germany annexed Czechoslovakia without notifying Italy of the plan, Italy considered itself a lesser member of the Axis, and Mussolini decided to annex Albania to Italy.


Question: When is Italy founded?

History of Italy

Albania was occupied on 7 April 1939, its king became King Viktor Emanuel III of Italy and a Fascist government was formed there.


Question: When is Italy founded?

History of Italy

The Italian-German alliance was strengthened by the Steel Treaty on 22 May 1939.


Question: When is Italy founded?

History of Italy

World War II Mussolini dreamed of a Greater Italy encompassing the Mediterranean, but Italy remained neutral when World War II broke out.


Question: When is Italy founded?

History of Italy

Italy declared war on France and Great Britain on 10 June 1940 with France's defeat looking certain.


Question: When is Italy founded?

History of Italy

After the German occupation of Poland, Denmark, Norway, Holland, Belgium, Luxembourg and France, Mussolini decided to occupy Greece by using Albania as a support area.


Question: When is Italy founded?

History of Italy

This failed badly, for not only did the Greeks repel the attack, they pushed the front deep into Albania.


Question: When is Italy founded?

History of Italy

Fearing that the Balkans would become the Achilles heel of its European rule, Germany occupied Greece and Yugoslavia.


Question: When is Italy founded?

History of Italy

With the failure of the Soviet conquest (1941—1942) and the entry of the United States into the war (December 1941), the situation for the Axis powers deteriorated.


Question: When is Italy founded?

History of Italy

In March 1943, British and US forces were definitively defeated by the Italians and Germans in North Africa and came ashore in Sicily.


Question: When is Italy founded?

History of Italy

King Viktor Emanuel III sacked and arrested Mussolini and appointed Marshal Pietro Badoglio as prime minister.


Question: When is Italy founded?

History of Italy

The new government officially resumed the war, but initiated secret peace talks.


Question: When is Italy founded?

History of Italy

Hitler did not trust Badoglio but sent troops to Italy.


Question: When is Italy founded?

History of Italy

On 8 September 1943, Badoglio's government concluded an armistice with the Allies, but did not declare war on Germany.


Question: When is Italy founded?

History of Italy

Badoglio and the king family relocated to Allied controlled territory.


Question: When is Italy founded?

History of Italy

In the confusion that followed, most of the Italian army disintegrated and Germany took control of central and northern Italy.


Question: When is Italy founded?

History of Italy

The Germans freed Mussolini with a commando strike and installed him as puppet ruler of the Italian Social Republic established in the north.


Question: When is Italy founded?

History of Italy

As the Allies slowly forced the Germans towards the north, the official government finally declared war on Germany.


Question: When is Italy founded?

History of Italy

At the same time, the anti-fascist popular movement grew stronger and caused problems for the Germans.


Question: When is Italy founded?

History of Italy

Eventually, in April 1945, the Allies had pushed the Germans out of Italy.


Question: When is Italy founded?

History of Italy

Italy's war success in World War II was something, with individual exceptions, weak.


Question: When is Italy founded?

History of Italy

The Fascists had thus utterly failed in the task they considered most important, turning Italy into a military power.


Question: When is Italy founded?

History of Italy

Republic After World War II, Italy was forced to abandon its African territories as well as Fiume and Istria, but freed itself from war reparations and received Marshall aid.


Question: When is Italy founded?

History of Italy

Elections were held in 1946 to elect a new Constituent Parliament.


Question: When is Italy founded?

History of Italy

Women had the right to vote in this election for the first time.


Question: When is Italy founded?

History of Italy

In conjunction with the election, a vote was taken to preserve the monarchy and the republican option won.


Question: When is Italy founded?

History of Italy

King Umberto II resigned after only a month in power.


Question: When is Italy founded?

History of Italy

The parliamentary election was won by Italy's Christian Democratic Party (DC), which ruled Italy for nearly the next four decades.


Question: When is Italy founded?

History of Italy

The position of the Communist Party (PCI) was also quite strong in the post-war years.


Question: When is Italy founded?

History of Italy

The new constitution had to be prepared for almost two years and eventually, apart from the king, it became quite similar to the one that preceded the Fascist rule.


Question: When is Italy founded?

History of Italy

Italy became a republic with its president essentially having nominal power.


Question: When is Italy founded?

History of Italy

Italy is a founding member of both NATO and the European Community.


Question: When is Italy founded?

History of Italy

[15] Post-war Italy was faced with poverty and agrarian domination, but in the 1950s and 1960s the northern part was heavily industrialised, which has even been spoken of as an economic miracle for Italy, but the development of the south of the country was slower.


Question: When is Italy founded?

History of Italy

[16] Under the Lateran Contracts renewed in 1948, Italian marital law was regulated by the Catholic Church.


Question: When is Italy founded?

History of Italy

In the 1970s, the church's power in this regard was breached and divorce, as well as abortion, were legalized.


Question: When is Italy founded?

History of Italy

The 1970s were marked by student riots and terrorism from both the far right and -left.


Question: When is Italy founded?

History of Italy

Of the many far-left organisations, the best known was the Red Brigades, whose most famous act is the 1978 capture and assassination of former Prime Minister Aldo Moro.


Question: When is Italy founded?

History of Italy

The single most serious act of terrorism was the 1980 bombing of Bologna railway station by a far-right organisation in which 84 people were killed.


Question: When is Italy founded?

History of Italy

The extensive Tangentopol kickback scandal of the early 1990s dissolved the DC Party and revolutionised the political map to such an extent that the period since has been talked of as a “second republic.”


Question: When is Italy founded?

History of Italy

With a broad campaign, the Italian government sought to quash corruption (the “clean hands” campaign), as well as the Mafia, whose members were arrested with the help of whistleblowers over 200 and assets were seized worth about $1 billion in 1992.


Question: When is Italy founded?

History of Italy

[17] In the March 1994 general election, the overwhelming winner was the Alliance for Freedom (Polo della Libertá), formed as an electoral alliance, formed by Forward Italy (Forza Italia, FI), founded by media mogul Silvio Berlusconi, the National Conservative National League (Alleanza Nazionale, AN) and Northern Alliance (Lega Nord, LN) called for autonomy for Northern Italy.


Question: When is Italy founded?

History of Italy

Berlusconi formed a right-wing coalition government in which the aforementioned parties participated.


Question: When is Italy founded?

History of Italy

The government was already toppled in December 1994 over bribery suspicions against Berlusconi.


Question: When is Italy founded?

History of Italy

In 1996, with Romano Prodi's centre-left coalition coming to power, Prodi's government lasted until the rest of 1998.


Question: When is Italy founded?

History of Italy

In the 2001 elections, the “House of Freedoms” (Casa delle Libertà) coalition led by Berlusconi survived the winner, and Berlusconi was allowed to form his second government.


Question: When is Italy founded?

History of Italy

Forza Italia gained from the country's upper house of parliament, the Senate (Senato della Repubblica), 82 seats out of 315 and the lower house, the Chamber of Deputies (Camera dei Deputati), 189 seats out of 630.


Question: When is Italy founded?

History of Italy

The main opposition force in the early 2000s was the centre-left “Olive Tree” (Uniti Nell'ulivo) coalition, whose largest party is the Social Democratic “Democrats of the Left” (Democratici di Sinistra).


Question: When is Italy founded?

History of Italy

The bribery trial against Berlusconi was halted in June 2003 when parliament voted on a new law guaranteeing legal immunity to politicians and judges.


Question: When is Italy founded?

History of Italy

Berlusconi's reign continued into the April 2006 elections, narrowly won by Romano Prodi's coalition.


Question: When is Italy founded?

History of Italy

Prodi's first government, made up of a dozen parties, lasted nine months before falling to a vote to keep the country's troops in Afghanistan.


Question: When is Italy founded?

History of Italy

However, Prodi was allowed to form a new government.


Question: When is Italy founded?

History of Italy

The centre-left's new party grouping has been the Democratic Party since, [18] and its ranks emerged in early 2014 as Prime Minister Matteo Renzi.


Question: When is Italy founded?

History of Italy

Sources On Topic Elsewhere * Category:Key Articles of Screening


Question: What is the area of Ikaalinen?

Ikaalinen

Ikaalinen () is a Finnish town located in the province of Pirkanmaa.


Question: What is the area of Ikaalinen?

Ikaalinen

The municipality is inhabited by people, [1] and covers an area of km2, of which km2 are bodies of water.


Question: What is the area of Ikaalinen?

Ikaalinen

[2] Population density is Expression error: Unrecognized punctuation character “[”.


Question: What is the area of Ikaalinen?

Ikaalinen


Question: What is the area of Ikaalinen?

Ikaalinen

Neighboring municipalities of Ikaalinen are Hämeenkyrö, Jämijärvi, Kankaanpää, Parkano, Sastamala and Ylöjärvi.


Question: What is the area of Ikaalinen?

Ikaalinen

The coat of arms of the former rural municipality is in use in Ikaalis.


Question: What is the area of Ikaalinen?

Ikaalinen

It was designed by Pentti Papunen and confirmed in 1956.


Question: What is the area of Ikaalinen?

Ikaalinen

Also, the coat of arms established in 1961 of the merchant sector was in Papuse's handwriting.


Question: What is the area of Ikaalinen?

Ikaalinen

[3] Ikaalinen is known for the Ikaalinen Spa, the international annual Sata-Häme Soi festival and the once successful Ikaalinen Tarmo baseball team.


Question: What is the area of Ikaalinen?

Ikaalinen

Ikaalinen has been and still is a place of education, commerce and administration.


Question: What is the area of Ikaalinen?

Ikaalinen

The parish of Ikaalinen belongs to the Diocese of Tampere and the Rovasty of Hämeenkyrö.


Question: What is the area of Ikaalinen?

Ikaalinen

Geography Ikaalinen's central district, or former church village and merchant farm, is located on a promontory on the shores of Lake Kyrösjärvi.


Question: What is the area of Ikaalinen?

Ikaalinen

The territory of the municipality extends in an east-west direction on both sides around the northern end of the lake.


Question: What is the area of Ikaalinen?

Ikaalinen

Kyrösjärvi as well as the whole area of the municipality is part of the Kokemäenjoki watershed.


Question: What is the area of Ikaalinen?

Ikaalinen

The main part of Ikaalis belongs to the Kyrösjärvi water area, but some lakes in the eastern part of the municipality fall into Näsijärvi.


Question: What is the area of Ikaalinen?

Ikaalinen

Ikaalinen is located in the middle of the old Upper Satakunta and was part of the Satakunta Province and Turku and Pori County for centuries, until the 1990s.


Question: What is the area of Ikaalinen?

Ikaalinen

In this case, due to the growing influence of Tampere, the municipalities of Upper Satakunta became part of Pirkanmaa Province and Häme County.


Question: What is the area of Ikaalinen?

Ikaalinen

Traffic in the region is mainly directed towards Tampere, and the Upper Satakunese sub-dialect of Hämäläis dialects is spoken in the region.


Question: What is the area of Ikaalinen?

Ikaalinen

Among the neighbouring municipalities of Ikaalinen, towns include Parkano north and Kankaanpää, which were part of the former Suur-Ikaalinen.


Question: What is the area of Ikaalinen?

Ikaalinen

Other large neighbouring municipalities are southern Hämeenkyrö and eastern Ylöjärvi.


Question: What is the area of Ikaalinen?

Ikaalinen

Tampere is 50 kilometres away from Ikaalis.


Question: What is the area of Ikaalinen?

Ikaalinen

Statistics Finland's population forecast (new 9/2012): [4] 2020:7173 as.


Question: What is the area of Ikaalinen?

Ikaalinen

2030:7192 as.


Question: What is the area of Ikaalinen?

Ikaalinen

2040:7189 as.


Question: What is the area of Ikaalinen?

Ikaalinen

The northern part of Ikaalinen extends from the side of Ylöjärvi (formerly Kuru), the Sevens National Park.


Question: What is the area of Ikaalinen?

Ikaalinen

The highest terrain point in the city area, almost 200 m above sea level, is located in the north-eastern part of the village of Juhtimäki.


Question: What is the area of Ikaalinen?

Ikaalinen

The southern part of Ikaalinen is dominated by the Hämeenkankka ridge section, whose highest point is Vatulanharju, which reaches 188 m above sea level.


Question: What is the area of Ikaalinen?

Ikaalinen

The ridge section continues west to Kankaanpää and east to Hämeenkyrö side.


Question: What is the area of Ikaalinen?

Ikaalinen

District NameDistrict NumberHakala [5] 5Hakumäki [6] 6Kiviniemi [7] 4Kurinranta [8] 2Spa [9] 10Läykkälä [6] 7Läykkälänlahti [10] 8Rahkola [11] 3Sarkkilanjärvi [12] 9Teikangas [13] 13Vanhakauppaala [14] 1 Villages Haapimaa, Heinistö, Heittola, Helle, Höytölä, Iso-Röyhiö, Juuhokuonmaa, Juhtimäki, Jyllinmaa, Kallionkylä, Kalmaankylä, Karhoinen, Karttu, Kiiala, Kilvakkala, Kolkko Kovelahti, Kurkela, Leppäsjärvi, Leutola, Lukalahti, Läykkälä, Mansoniemi, Miettinen, Myllykarttu, Niemi, Pukara, Riitiala, Sammi, Sarkkila, Otter, Inner, Chicory, Sikuri, Sipsiö, Tevaniemi, Vahojärvi, Varessalmi, Vatsiainen, Vatula, Vehuvarpe, Viljala, Vähäröyhiö and Vähäryylä.


Question: What is the area of Ikaalinen?

Ikaalinen

Population trend The following graph shows the population trend of the town every five years since 1980.


Question: What is the area of Ikaalinen?

Ikaalinen

On 1 January 2017, the regional division used is in accordance with the situation.


Question: What is the area of Ikaalinen?

Ikaalinen

Conurbations At the end of 2017, Ikaalis had 7,119 inhabitants, of whom 4,203 lived in built-up areas, 2,814 in sparsely populated areas and the coordinates of the residence of 102 inhabitants were unknown.


Question: What is the area of Ikaalinen?

Ikaalinen

The agglomeration rate is calculated from residents whose residence coordinates are known; the agglomeration rate of Ikaalinen is 59.9%.


Question: What is the area of Ikaalinen?

Ikaalinen

[15] The agglomeration population of Ikaalinen is divided between two different agglomerations: [16] The city centre area is shown in bold.


Question: What is the area of Ikaalinen?

Ikaalinen

Parishes According to the 2018 regional division, Ikaalis has the following parishes of the Evangelical Lutheran Church of Finland: [17] Ikaalinen Congregation of the Finnish Orthodox Church parishes in Ikaalinen Region is the Tampere Orthodox Congregation.


Question: What is the area of Ikaalinen?

Ikaalinen

[18] History There have been artifact discoveries from various parts of the town of Ikaalinen which prove that the area was inhabited as early as the Stone Age.


Question: What is the area of Ikaalinen?

Ikaalinen

The permanent settlement has come to Ikaalinen, judging from the south, from the direction of Karku and Hämeenkyrö, the core area of the ancient Sastamala keeper.


Question: What is the area of Ikaalinen?

Ikaalinen

According to tradition, Ikaalis and Parkano were visited in ancient times at the end of the penincorners in Karku Church.


Question: What is the area of Ikaalinen?

Ikaalinen

The Kyrösjärvi watershed and Hämeenkangas were much used routes possibly as early as another thousand years ago.


Question: What is the area of Ikaalinen?

Ikaalinen

Along the latter, the historic Kyrönkangas antie ran from Häme to Ostrobothnia.


Question: What is the area of Ikaalinen?

Ikaalinen

The tradition of navigating the waters was maintained by church boats until the early decades of the 20th century, and one Ikaalisian church boat has been donated to the Seurasaari outdoor museum in Helsinki.


Question: What is the area of Ikaalinen?

Ikaalinen

[19] Ikaalinen became independent from Hämeenkyrö in 1641 as his own vicar general, Ikaalinen Kyro.


Question: What is the area of Ikaalinen?

Ikaalinen

Prior to this, Ikaalinen had been a chapel in Hämeenkyrö for over a hundred years.


Question: What is the area of Ikaalinen?

Ikaalinen

The Ikaalinen keeper thus formed also included the present-day Jämijärvi, Kankaanpää, Karvia, Kihniö, Parkano and Honkajoki.


Question: What is the area of Ikaalinen?

Ikaalinen

[20] The first church of Ikaalinen was probably built in the Middle Ages.


Question: What is the area of Ikaalinen?

Ikaalinen

In its place, a second church in the area of the present northern cemetery was completed in the 1640s and is known to have been a long church with an edged shell section.


Question: What is the area of Ikaalinen?

Ikaalinen

There were two vestibules on the south side of the church and the saccharisto on the north side


Question: What is the area of Ikaalinen?

Ikaalinen

The present church was built in 1799—1801.


Question: What is the area of Ikaalinen?

Ikaalinen

[19] In the great hunger years of 1696—1697, more than 1,000 of the then keeper's inhabitants were reported to have died in Ikaalis, and the devastating consequences of the famine were compounded by the big-hatred that erupted a short time later.


Question: What is the area of Ikaalinen?

Ikaalinen

During the winter of 1714, both Swedish and Russian troops passed through Ikaalinen on their way to Ostrobothnia.


Question: What is the area of Ikaalinen?

Ikaalinen

Thirty years later, troops moved around the Ikaalinen region.


Question: What is the area of Ikaalinen?

Ikaalinen

From these times the largest stash of money in Finland, found in a field in the village of Vatsiainen in 1966.


Question: What is the area of Ikaalinen?

Ikaalinen

The discovery included 127 pieces of Swedish “brass breeds” from 1711 to 1740, in total weight over 211kg.


Question: What is the area of Ikaalinen?

Ikaalinen

[19] In the late 1850s, Finland's economic development was in need of new shopping centres.


Question: What is the area of Ikaalinen?

Ikaalinen

Thus, in 1858, one large estate was separated from the municipality of Ikaalinen to become the merchant of Ikaalinen.


Question: What is the area of Ikaalinen?

Ikaalinen

The charter of incorporation was signed on April 21, 1858. The merchant farm established at that time encompassed only the area now called Wanha Merchant Farm and is today the Vanhakauppa District.


Question: What is the area of Ikaalinen?

Ikaalinen

In its early stages, it had only a few dozen inhabitants, mainly well-to-do civil servants and other Swedish-speaking weathermen.


Question: What is the area of Ikaalinen?

Ikaalinen

[19] Ikaalinen was the oldest trade sector in Finland, but it was also the smallest.


Question: What is the area of Ikaalinen?

Ikaalinen

There was no need for an economic centre in the area, and Tampere, a nearby large city, took people.


Question: What is the area of Ikaalinen?

Ikaalinen

Ikaalinen did not develop almost at all; in the 1920s, the population of the municipality of Ikaalinen was about 12,500, but barely 250 in the merchant sector.


Question: What is the area of Ikaalinen?

Ikaalinen

The position of the Ikaalinen merchant sector was also hampered by the fact that it differed from other trade sectors in that it was an unindependent trade sector.


Question: What is the area of Ikaalinen?

Ikaalinen

The merchant sector had only limited right of self-government.


Question: What is the area of Ikaalinen?

Ikaalinen

[21] The rural municipality of Ikaalinen also taxed the inhabitants of the merchant sector, who were accordingly entitled to vote in municipal elections in both the merchant and rural municipality.


Question: What is the area of Ikaalinen?

Ikaalinen

Kauppala's own tax revenues were very low, so the rural municipality granted annual grants e.g.


Question: What is the area of Ikaalinen?

Ikaalinen

for municipal engineering works.


Question: What is the area of Ikaalinen?

Ikaalinen

At the end of the 1960s, Ikaalinen was the only Finnish-speaking trade sector in whose council the bourgeois parties had a 3/4 majority.


Question: What is the area of Ikaalinen?

Ikaalinen

The parish of Ikaalinen encompassed both a merchant and a rural municipality.


Question: What is the area of Ikaalinen?

Ikaalinen

[19] Yet there was also economic life in the area.


Question: What is the area of Ikaalinen?

Ikaalinen

The first bath facility in the locality was established as early as 1884, and it received a grammar school in 1902 as the first rural house in the whole of Finland.


Question: What is the area of Ikaalinen?

Ikaalinen

The school was still Finnish-speaking.


Question: What is the area of Ikaalinen?

Ikaalinen

However, it was not until the early 1930s that the Ikaalinen coeducational school became the leading educational institution to the university


Question: What is the area of Ikaalinen?

Ikaalinen

[19] Transport links also improved, so as the number of walkers increased, even more diverged to Ikaalinen Kirkonkylä on the shore of Kyrösjärvi.


Question: What is the area of Ikaalinen?

Ikaalinen

Even today, the bustling Tampere—Vaasa section of the triplets passes just past the city.


Question: What is the area of Ikaalinen?

Ikaalinen

The railway road was also sought, both in the late 19th century and in the 1950s there were hopes of making the Ostrobothnia line run along the western shore of Lake Kyrösjärvi like a road, but this did not happen.


Question: What is the area of Ikaalinen?

Ikaalinen

The Tampere—Seinäjoki section of the new Ostrobothnia line cuts across the sparsely populated eastern part of Ikaalinen, away from the centre, and its only transport point in Ikaalinen district, Innätö railway station serves exclusively as a train meeting point.


Question: What is the area of Ikaalinen?

Ikaalinen

In terms of transport links, the northern neighbouring town of Parkano has drawn a clearly longer corre.


Question: What is the area of Ikaalinen?

Ikaalinen

The Haapamäki—Pori line, completed in 1938, tangenates the northwestern border of Ikaalinen, but its importance was of very limited importance to Ikaalinen from the beginning.


Question: What is the area of Ikaalinen?

Ikaalinen

On this part of the line, which was decommissioned many years ago, only occasional military trains run between Parkano and Niinisalo.


Question: What is the area of Ikaalinen?

Ikaalinen

Long-running steamboat traffic on Lake Kyrösjärvi ceased in the late 1940s.


Question: What is the area of Ikaalinen?

Ikaalinen

[19] During the Civil War, the Ikaalinen merchant sector became one of the main bases of the Whites on the Satakunta front, and fierce fighting took place in the region during February—March.


Question: What is the area of Ikaalinen?

Ikaalinen

The Reds coming from the direction of Kyröskoski attempted to take over the merchant house and the church village.


Question: What is the area of Ikaalinen?

Ikaalinen

On 10 March 1918, Kauppala was already facing blockades until the Whites led by Colonel Ernst Linder, supported by Ostrobothian reinforcements who had arrived in Ikaalis, were pushed back to the Hämeenkyrö side and from there towards Tamperetta.


Question: What is the area of Ikaalinen?

Ikaalinen

[19] After World War II, the Ikaalinen mercantile industry became increasingly an unnecessary specialty.


Question: What is the area of Ikaalinen?

Ikaalinen

After 1960, when the state began granting urban rights to municipalities and merchant sectors, the double municipal union began to be refined.


Question: What is the area of Ikaalinen?

Ikaalinen

In 1972, the whole municipality of Ikaalinen was transformed into an independent merchant, which received the coat of arms of the old Ikaalinen rural municipality as its coat of arms.


Question: What is the area of Ikaalinen?

Ikaalinen

The population of the old non-autonomous merchant sector before unification was still less than 800.


Question: What is the area of Ikaalinen?

Ikaalinen

This final phase lasted only five years when, by decision of the state power, all merchant industries became cities from the beginning of 1977.


Question: What is the area of Ikaalinen?

Ikaalinen

Over the last 30 years, Ikaalinen has gradually become industrialised and its business structure has become service-intensive.


Question: What is the area of Ikaalinen?

Ikaalinen

Ikaalinen was inhabited after the last wars by settlers from Kaukola and Pyhäjärvi.


Question: What is the area of Ikaalinen?

Ikaalinen

[22] The current Chairman of the City Board of Ikaalinen is Ilmo Kalli and the President of the City Council is Reijo Leppänen.


Question: What is the area of Ikaalinen?

Ikaalinen

The Mayor is Kari Tolonen.


Question: What is the area of Ikaalinen?

Ikaalinen

In the autumn of 2007, Ikaalinen and Parkano held negotiations on the Association of Municipalities, but the negotiations failed to reach sufficient consensus to implement the project.


Question: What is the area of Ikaalinen?

Ikaalinen

Disagreements that remained unresolved concerned, among other things, the name of the future city, as well as the location of the governing bodies.


Question: What is the area of Ikaalinen?

Ikaalinen

In 2009, Jämijärvi invited the keepers of the former Suur-Ikaalinen to a possible joint settlement.


Question: What is the area of Ikaalinen?

Ikaalinen

However, Ikaalinen opted out in the early stages.


Question: What is the area of Ikaalinen?

Ikaalinen

Parkano, Jämijärvi and Kankaanpää are still investigating and decided 2012 and the new municipality did not come.


Question: What is the area of Ikaalinen?

Ikaalinen

Now in 2013, Ikaalinen is reinterested in Jämijärvi after the new council came to power.


Question: What is the area of Ikaalinen?

Ikaalinen

For Ikaalis, local government cooperation along the 3-way axis is important, of which Hämeenkyrö is the main partner candidate.


Question: What is the area of Ikaalinen?

Ikaalinen

Education Ikaalinen Unit of Tampere University of Applied Sciences, which trains tradenomers in tourism, business and computing.


Question: What is the area of Ikaalinen?

Ikaalinen

Education in youth level ended in spring 2014, but adult education leading to the qualification continues, and so does the development unit's activities.


Question: What is the area of Ikaalinen?

Ikaalinen

The Ikaalinen Business School, which provides basic vocational training, is also located in the same premises, where you can study business administration (merkonomi) and computing (datanomi).


Question: What is the area of Ikaalinen?

Ikaalinen

The Ikaalinen School of Arts and Crafts organizes training in object design and manufacturing (e.g. special metalwork, instrument building), textile and clothing design and manufacturing, graphic design and environmental design and construction.


Question: What is the area of Ikaalinen?

Ikaalinen

It's also home to the only gunsmith line in the country.


Question: What is the area of Ikaalinen?

Ikaalinen

Lasiala training in Kihniö has previously been transferred to Ikaalinen in autumn 2014.


Question: What is the area of Ikaalinen?

Ikaalinen

There is also adult education in Ikaalis, with the most well-known educational programme being artist training, combining artistic and commercial training.


Question: What is the area of Ikaalinen?

Ikaalinen

Not long ago this program turned 10 years and over the years tango princesses and other artists have graduated from there.


Question: What is the area of Ikaalinen?

Ikaalinen

Ikaalinen Coed Secondary School is also active in Ikaalinen.


Question: What is the area of Ikaalinen?

Ikaalinen

According to Yle's high school comparison, the first secondary school in Pirkanmaa is found in Ikaalis, where as many as 51.2 per cent of students continue their studies at higher education level immediately after receiving the matriculation law.


Question: What is the area of Ikaalinen?

Ikaalinen

Tourism Ikaalis hosts the annual Sata-Häme Soi event, which includes the Golden and Hopeinen Accordion competitions and the international competition for variety show accordion called Primus Ikaalinen Ikaalinen Spa is used by the Musical Instruments Museum Akordia (which presents especially accordions) and Spa resort village Mansocamping camp center, in Mansoniemi.


Question: What is the area of Ikaalinen?

Ikaalinen

About 15km from Ikaalis Highway 3 to Vaasa Three-star Toivolsaari Camping Centre, near the center of Ikaalinen in Toivolsaari Experience activities: Luomahaara nature and kayaking trips and Sata-Häme Tours Photos Rahkola House Main Building My main house Ikaalinen City Hall Water Tower is a landmark of Ikaalinen City Centre Erected in 2011 as Ikaalinen's landmark for people driving on Highway 3 Eränen Market House Jäätie over Kyrösjärvi Ikaalinen Coed School Ikaalinen Spa Exercise Facilities Tevaniemi fitness trail/track and ice hockey court Vatula Ski Resort, Vatula lit fitness trail/-latu Mansoniemi fitness trail/latu Poltinkoski golf course Läykkälänlahti sports ground Ikaalinen pesäpallo court Toivolsaari Pururata Ikaalinen Tennis Court Ikaalinen Sports Hall Sports clubs Ikaalinen Athletes (iKu; athletics, cross-country skiing, ice hockey, football, basketball, floorball, grappling) Mansoniemi Meno (skiing) Ikaalinen Ascenva-Voima (Nouki; orienteering) Ikaalinen Workers' Athletes Ikaalinen Tarmo Ikaalinen Equestrian Society IRAS Lahdenpohja's Vesa Luhalahti's Luja Ikaalis are based media outlets and Radio SUN local radio.


Question: What is the area of Ikaalinen?

Ikaalinen

Industry J.W.Suominen Group Oyj Upofloor Oy Katsa Oy Katsa Oy Ikaalis known persons Sulo Aittoniemi, Member of Parliament (SMP, Centre) Pentti Alhonen, environmental geologist, micropaleontologist and limnologist Outi Borgenström, orienteer Heikki Eränen, Finnish Counsellor Felix Frang, painter Oskar Gripenberg, General of Infantry Edvard Gylling, politician (SDP, SKP), statistician Lauri Hietanen, SOK Director-General, Minister, Mountain Advisor Jari Huhtasalo, singer, deacon Riku Huhtasalo, Pällikkös conductor, music major Päivi Ikola, baseball player S. Albert Kivinen, philosopher Tapani Klöf, Major General Vilho Korhonen, national school teacher, MP Jarmo Kujanpää, footballer Kalervo Kurkiala, Chaplain (1931-38) Lauri Leppihalme, MP (Agrarian League) Pirjo Markkola, Professor Valtteri Mikonmäki, MP (Agrarian League), Vicar Nils Osara, Professor, Director General of Metsähallitus Leo Pahlama, artist Pentti Papunen, non-fiction writer Eila Pienimäki, singer Matti Pitkänen, Olympic medalist in cross-country skiing Krista Pärmäkoski, cross-country skier Esko Raipia, actor Teemu Rajamäki, former bassist of Uniklub Yrjö Roos, Finnish Navy commander Lampi Rothovius, Finland's oldest person Eino Salmelainen, theatre director and theatre manager Samuli Samuelsson, sprinter Eero Selin, violin artist, conductor Yrjö Selin, cello artist, professor Timo Sinervo, discus thrower Bertel Strömmer, architect Goony Strömmer, jazz pianist, architect Jussi Tasala, high jumper Food culture Ikaalinen was named keeper dishes in the 1980s grated herring and peripheral cheese.


Question: What is the area of Ikaalinen?

Ikaalinen

[23] Twinned with Ljusdal Municipality (Sweden) Tynset (Norway) Landkreis Stade (Germany) Palamuse (Estonia) Gagra (Georgia) See also List of public works and monuments of Ikaalinen Sources on the topic elsewhere.


Question: What is the area of Ikaalinen?

Ikaalinen

* Category:Key articles of screening


Question: How are gender roles defined?

Gender of man

This article discusses human gender characteristics such as the anatomical, cultural, legal, and social levels of human sex.


Question: How are gender roles defined?

Gender of man

Human sex biologically Biologically human fertilizing sex is women and fertilizing sex men.


Question: How are gender roles defined?

Gender of man

In addition to gametes, the sex of an individual is defined in biology on the basis of sex chromosomes, genes necessary for sex determination, sex hormones, endocrinology, gonads and external genital morphology [1].


Question: How are gender roles defined?

Gender of man

Genetically, the key difference between male and female is the Y chromosome, but it has very few genes, a large number of which still only encode proteins.


Question: How are gender roles defined?

Gender of man

The genes contained in the Y chromosome are well known, and the Y chromosome is not considered relevant.


Question: How are gender roles defined?

Gender of man

[2] Social sex Social sex is a community experience and interpretation of an individual's gender.


Question: How are gender roles defined?

Gender of man

Its scope includes e.g.


Question: How are gender roles defined?

Gender of man

perceptions of what is manly and what is feminine.


Question: How are gender roles defined?

Gender of man

Legal sex may cause problems if society's interpretation conflicts with a person's psychological gender, dress and behaviour.


Question: How are gender roles defined?

Gender of man

Mm.


Question: How are gender roles defined?

Gender of man

In the Western world, there are two genders in the social sense (as well as biologically) of human species, but human communities with multiple social sexes are also known.


Question: How are gender roles defined?

Gender of man

In these societies, adult individuals who are considered neither male nor female tend to be genetically male individuals who have been rendered incapable of reproduction and who have adopted behavioral traits uncharacteristic of the male sex.


Question: How are gender roles defined?

Gender of man

In India, a person who appears in society as a woman is referred to as a “hijra”, despite being gender classified as male at birth.


Question: How are gender roles defined?

Gender of man

There are also cultures where the male sex is divided into two social genders.


Question: How are gender roles defined?

Gender of man

Of these, one might be masculine and the other more feminine.


Question: How are gender roles defined?

Gender of man

In modern Western culture, the phenomenon of gender blender has evolved, whereby a person combines feminine and manly traits in their dress and behavior.


Question: How are gender roles defined?

Gender of man

Gender equality in Finland Promoting equality and preventing discrimination is regulated by law.


Question: How are gender roles defined?

Gender of man

[3] Gender identity Gender identity refers to an individual's internal experience and awareness of their gender.


Question: How are gender roles defined?

Gender of man

It is formed in most early childhood multifactorily according to biological, anatomical, psychological and social sex.


Question: How are gender roles defined?

Gender of man

In the first years of life, the child develops an oversexed identity, during which the child forms an idea of their own gender, as well as being male and female, or the experience of gender may be genderless.


Question: How are gender roles defined?

Gender of man

The concept of CSI is also sometimes used to denote the physical appearance that occurs as a result of chromosomes, fetal genitalia, and hormonally controlled differentiation development.


Question: How are gender roles defined?

Gender of man

Gender identity also counts as a gender role, which includes all the actions and behaviour of an individual by which he or she expresses to themselves and others that they are male, female, or something else.


Question: How are gender roles defined?

Gender of man

Gender role is also a cultural and era-specific community-imposed norm by which an individual is supposed to behave.


Question: How are gender roles defined?

Gender of man

Sexual orientation, or orientation, is also among the aspects of gender identity.


Question: How are gender roles defined?

Gender of man

The difference between gender identity and gender role (i.e. social sex) is manifested, for example, in people who feel that they are of the other gender, than their body (medicine.


Question: How are gender roles defined?

Gender of man

transgender), as distinguished from people who manifest by dress their feminine or masculine side of their gender (medico.


Question: How are gender roles defined?

Gender of man

transvestism).


Question: How are gender roles defined?

Gender of man

Dressing allows a person to manifest that he belongs to another sex at the level of social sex, than his or her assumed gender through the community is (cts.


Question: How are gender roles defined?

Gender of man

also drag queen, drag king).


Question: How are gender roles defined?

Gender of man

However, those experiencing gender conflict want to live permanently in another gender role and this is often accompanied by body dysphoria [4] [5].


Question: How are gender roles defined?

Gender of man

Gender identity cannot be studied by animal experiments.


Question: How are gender roles defined?

Gender of man

For example, animal testing on rats is limited to observation of gender-typical behavior.


Question: How are gender roles defined?

Gender of man

[6] Autistic people often perceive conventional gender roles for themselves as unnatural and artificial [7].


Question: How are gender roles defined?

Gender of man

Twenty percent of female respondents to an international survey conducted in 2012 said they perceived themselves as something other than representative of their biological sex.


Question: How are gender roles defined?

Gender of man

It was also found that atypical gender identity was positively correlated with a person's autistic traits, especially in women.


Question: How are gender roles defined?

Gender of man

[8] [9] See also Gender determination Transgender and other sexuality Sexuality Intersexuality Sources Category:Gender


Question: What is the UFC weight limit at a lower heavyweight?

Daniel Cormier

Daniel Ryan Cormier (born March 20, 1979 in Lafayette, Louisiana) is an American MMA fighter.


Question: What is the UFC weight limit at a lower heavyweight?

Daniel Cormier

He is the UFC Lower Heavyweight Champion since May 2015 and the UFC Heavyweight Champion since July 2018.


Question: What is the UFC weight limit at a lower heavyweight?

Daniel Cormier

He made his debut in the UFC in April 2013.


Question: What is the UFC weight limit at a lower heavyweight?

Daniel Cormier

[1] In July 2018, Cormier became the second fighter in UFC history to have held titles in two different weight classes at the same time.


Question: What is the UFC weight limit at a lower heavyweight?

Daniel Cormier

Prior to his MMA career, Cormier was an Olympic-level free-wrestler.


Question: What is the UFC weight limit at a lower heavyweight?

Daniel Cormier

He won World Championship bronze in the 96-kg series at the 2007 World Championships.


Question: What is the UFC weight limit at a lower heavyweight?

Daniel Cormier

[1] The first defeat of his MMA career, Cormier suffered against Jon Jones by referee decision at UFC 182.


Question: What is the UFC weight limit at a lower heavyweight?

Daniel Cormier

In his next fight, however, Cormier won himself the vacant lower heavyweight championship belt by defeating Anthony Johnson by choke.


Question: What is the UFC weight limit at a lower heavyweight?

Daniel Cormier

After a career in MMA wrestling, Cormier decided to try a career as an MMA fighter and trained at the American Kickboxing Academy along with Cain Velasquez, Jon Fitch, and Josh Koscheck.


Question: What is the UFC weight limit at a lower heavyweight?

Daniel Cormier

Strikeforce Cormier took his first professional bout at Strikeforce on September 25, 2009 against Gary Frazier.


Question: What is the UFC weight limit at a lower heavyweight?

Daniel Cormier

He won the scuffle via technical knockout in the second round.