Question: When is Monolith Productions founded?

Monolith Soft

Games The company's most famous games are Xenosaga and Xenoblade games such as Xenoblade Chronicles.


Question: When is Monolith Productions founded?

Monolith Soft

The company has assisted in the development of Nintendo games such as The Legend of Zelda: Breath of the Wild.


Question: When is Monolith Productions founded?

Monolith Soft

[1] [2] Sources Elsewhere Transclusion error: {{En}} is only for use in File namespace.


Question: When is Monolith Productions founded?

Monolith Soft

Use {{lang-en}} or {{en icon}} instead.


Question: When is Monolith Productions founded?

Monolith Soft

Transclusion error: {{En}} is only for use in File namespace.


Question: When is Monolith Productions founded?

Monolith Soft

Use {{lang-en}} or {{en icon}} instead.


Question: When is Monolith Productions founded?

Monolith Soft

Category:Japanese video game companies


Question: Who was the first feminist?

Feminism

Feminism is a radical movement aimed at improving the social status of women and changing gender roles. [1].


Question: Who was the first feminist?

Feminism

The history of feminism is divided into several waves with different goals.


Question: Who was the first feminist?

Feminism

Beginning in the 19th century, the original goal of feminism (the women's agenda) was the pursuit of equal equality between men and women in social life.


Question: Who was the first feminist?

Feminism

Beginning in the 1960s, feminism has strongly emphasized women's independent culture and world of values, as well as denouncing the traditional dominance of men.


Question: Who was the first feminist?

Feminism

[2] The first Finnish women's organization was founded in 1884.


Question: Who was the first feminist?

Feminism

[3] What is feminism?


Question: Who was the first feminist?

Feminism

Feminism is a collection of movements that seek to define, bring about and defend equal political, economic, and social rights and equal opportunities for female sex.


Question: Who was the first feminist?

Feminism

The goals of feminism overlap with women's rights, but because feminism seeks gender equality, some feminists argue that men's liberation is an integral part of feminism because men also suffer from sexism and gender roles.


Question: Who was the first feminist?

Feminism

The theory of feminism exists in several different genres due to different feminism movements, but it focuses on the causes of inequality and, in some cases, the social construct of gender roles.


Question: Who was the first feminist?

Feminism

[4] Feminist activists have campaigned for women's rights.


Question: Who was the first feminist?

Feminism

These include contractual, property and voting rights, as well as women's body, autonomy and reproduction rights.


Question: Who was the first feminist?

Feminism

Feminist activists have spoken out against domestic abuse, sexual harassment and rape.


Question: Who was the first feminist?

Feminism

On economic issues, feminist activists have advocated workplace rights, including equal pay and opportunities for careers and starting a business.


Question: Who was the first feminist?

Feminism

Some early forms of feminism have been criticized for being aimed at whites, the middle class and the educated.


Question: Who was the first feminist?

Feminism

Because of this, ethnic and multicultural forms of feminism have been established.


Question: Who was the first feminist?

Feminism

[4] The practical core points of feminism are: recognizing gender as a key factor in strangling human potential, recognizing and challenging patriarchal assumptions and practices as they subjugate and undermine women and girls, women's experiences are accepted, and women are seen as individuals and not just mothers or wives or mothers or wives of potential couples, diversity is valued, equal and reciprocal interpersonal relationships are advocated.


Question: Who was the first feminist?

Feminism

[4] History Pioneers of the Women's Movement Many enlightenment thinkers of the 18th century called for women's equality, suffrage and candidacy rights.


Question: Who was the first feminist?

Feminism

Some known names include Jeremy Bentham (1781), Marquis de Condorcet (1789), and Mary Wollstonecraft (1792).


Question: Who was the first feminist?

Feminism

Jeremy Bentham, a utilitarian and liberalist, advocated gender equality on almost every issue, calling for women to have full suffrage and the right to be voted, as well as opposing the fact that women were required to have a much stricter gender morality than men.


Question: Who was the first feminist?

Feminism

[5] The French revolutionary Marquis de Condorcet was a radical defender of human rights, also an activist for women's equality in the 1780s.


Question: Who was the first feminist?

Feminism

She called for women to vote right at the beginning of the revolution in her article of 1789 and publishing the work De l'admission des femmes au droit de cité in 1790.


Question: Who was the first feminist?

Feminism

[6] The most mentioned early female affairs philosopher was Mary Wollstonecraft with her book Defence of Women's Rights (1792).


Question: Who was the first feminist?

Feminism

According to Wollstonecraft, education and upbringing led women to adopt limited expectations and a self-image dictated by the “male gaze.”


Question: Who was the first feminist?

Feminism

The work is considered one of the cornerstones of the women's cause.


Question: Who was the first feminist?

Feminism

[7] The Suffragists Women's Agenda as a political movement emerged in the 19th century.


Question: Who was the first feminist?

Feminism

In the United States in 1848, the first conference was held to call for women to vote.


Question: Who was the first feminist?

Feminism

[3] In 1903 Emmeline Pankhurst was starting a suffragettes movement in Great Britain.


Question: Who was the first feminist?

Feminism

A British newspaper used the word suffragette (from the English word suffrage) in 1905 to mock women who demanded the right to vote.


Question: Who was the first feminist?

Feminism

Soon suffragists themselves began to use this name.


Question: Who was the first feminist?

Feminism

Gradually, the means of suffragettes in suffrage struggles became drastic.


Question: Who was the first feminist?

Feminism

Among other things, they might have chained themselves to public buildings and the law was broken.


Question: Who was the first feminist?

Feminism

Many went to prison.


Question: Who was the first feminist?

Feminism

Suffragists went on hunger strike in 1909 and were force-fed by a hose inserted into the sink.


Question: Who was the first feminist?

Feminism

The operation caused permanent injuries to women, and force-feeding was banned in 1913.


Question: Who was the first feminist?

Feminism

The most famous suffragette rapture is the hurling of British Emily Davison in 1913 horse racing under the King's horse.


Question: Who was the first feminist?

Feminism

Davison died, but the act brought much attention to the women's suffrage struggle.


Question: Who was the first feminist?

Feminism

When men in World War I were at the front, women worked.


Question: Who was the first feminist?

Feminism

British women gained capped suffrage in 1918 and full suffrage in 1928.


Question: Who was the first feminist?

Feminism

In the United States, in 1920, the right to vote was given to women aged 30 and over.


Question: Who was the first feminist?

Feminism

[3] Waves of feminism The new women's movement, or feminist women's movement, is understood in the 1960s, first in the United States, later in Europe.


Question: Who was the first feminist?

Feminism

It emerged as a continuation of the general policy moves of the 1960s.


Question: Who was the first feminist?

Feminism

[8] Women demonstrated against differences in pay and pornography, among other things.


Question: Who was the first feminist?

Feminism

In 1963, a law came into force in the United States to pay equal wages to men and women alike for equal work.


Question: Who was the first feminist?

Feminism

[3] Feminism encompasses a large number of different ways of thinking so that it is often customary to talk about feminism rather than feminism.


Question: Who was the first feminist?

Feminism

Certain main trends can be distinguished from the history of feminisms.


Question: Who was the first feminist?

Feminism

Theories are often viewed in relation to each other and in parallel so that they are not considered mutually exclusive.


Question: Who was the first feminist?

Feminism

[7] The first phase of feminism has sought to promote the realization of equality between men and women.


Question: Who was the first feminist?

Feminism

The roots of the stage can be found in the late 18th century Declaration of Women's Rights by Mary Wollstonecraft.


Question: Who was the first feminist?

Feminism

The first wave of contemporary feminism is often identified with so-called liberal feminism.


Question: Who was the first feminist?

Feminism

[7] The second wave of feminism originated in the United States of the 1960s.


Question: Who was the first feminist?

Feminism

The second wave of feminism drew attention to the distribution of power between the sexes and female specificity.


Question: Who was the first feminist?

Feminism

Societal relationships and phenomena were studied from a women's perspective and women's problems.


Question: Who was the first feminist?

Feminism

Cultural feminism, Marxist feminism, and radical feminism are usually included in this phase.


Question: Who was the first feminist?

Feminism

The second wave continued into the 1990s.


Question: Who was the first feminist?

Feminism

[7] [9] Among the tendencies of the second wave, Marxist feminism has drawn attention to the class division and recidivism of society.


Question: Who was the first feminist?

Feminism

[7] Cultural feminists have often brought out the specificity of women.


Question: Who was the first feminist?

Feminism

The gender difference has been highlighted especially by French feminist thinkers, the most famous of whom are Hélène Cixous, Luce Irigaray and Julia Kristeva.


Question: Who was the first feminist?

Feminism

[7] Psychoanalytic thinking has contributed greatly to the trend.


Question: Who was the first feminist?

Feminism

[7] Radical feminism refers especially to the feminism represented by Catharine McKinnon and Andrea Dworkin, in which the subordinate position of women is seen as a result of male sexual dominance.


Question: Who was the first feminist?

Feminism

[9] The third stage is referred to as postmodern feminism or postfeminism.


Question: Who was the first feminist?

Feminism

When it comes to it, it is not a single cohesive school, but a dispersed phenomenon, under which many different forms of feminism fall.


Question: Who was the first feminist?

Feminism

Third-wave feminists share many things with previous trends, including an interest in power relations as well as the issue of equality.


Question: Who was the first feminist?

Feminism

The third wave has focused with new emphasis on power relations that produce social sex.


Question: Who was the first feminist?

Feminism

What postmodern feminists have in common is an understanding of a linguistically structured reality in which gender and sexuality are produced and renewed through language and action.


Question: Who was the first feminist?

Feminism

Postmodern feminism emphasizes disparity between women rather than a single womanhood, and draws attention to such difference-creating factors as sexuality, ethnicity, and class differences.


Question: Who was the first feminist?

Feminism

[7] Criticism of the Patriarch of the Russian Orthodox Church Kirill thinks feminism is very dangerous and can destroy Russia.


Question: Who was the first feminist?

Feminism

According to Kirill, feminism offers women the illusion of freedom, a kind of pseudo-freedom in which women act outside of marriage and family — while women should focus on their families and children.


Question: Who was the first feminist?

Feminism

According to Kirill, if a woman's important role is eradicated, everything else, such as the family, and with it the homeland is destroyed.


Question: Who was the first feminist?

Feminism

According to Kirill, it's no coincidence that the majority of feminist leaders are unmarried.


Question: Who was the first feminist?

Feminism

[10] [11] In China, young feminist women pose a unique challenge to the Communist Party that governs the country.


Question: Who was the first feminist?

Feminism

Young feminist women who are single, queer or sexually abnormal (lesbian) and often childless are challenging government-imposed policies that marriage and families are the foundation of political stability in the country.


Question: Who was the first feminist?

Feminism

As China's birth rate drops and population ages, China needs new generations.


Question: Who was the first feminist?

Feminism

Once the Chinese regime has abandoned the one-child policy in October 2015, the administration encourages having two children and women to stay at home.


Question: Who was the first feminist?

Feminism

[12] See also Antifeminism Atheist feminism Egalitarianism Ecofeminism Feminism in Finland Feminist philosophy Feminist art Feminist theology Fragen text database Dual culture theory Critical male research Male gaze and feminist theory List of feminists Liberal feminism Masculism Black feminism Othersexism The male movement History of the status of women Women's Studies Criticism of Women's Studies Patriarchy (social sciences) Domestic Violence Profeminism Queer- feminism Radical feminism Radical gender difference theory French feminism Separatist feminism Gender Studies Transgender Sources Literature Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Bonsdorff, Pauline von & Blacksmith, Anita (ed.


Question: Who was the first feminist?

Feminism

) | title = Sex of Beauty.


Question: Who was the first feminist?

Feminism

Perspectives on feminist aesthetic| location = Helsinki| publisher = Gaudeamus| year = 2002| isbn = 951-662-854-0}} References Literature Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Anttonen, Anneli & Lempiäinen, Kirsti & Liljeström, Marianne (ed.


Question: Who was the first feminist?

Feminism

) | title = Feminists.


Question: Who was the first feminist?

Feminism

Thinkers of our time| location = Tampere| publisher = Equipoino| year = 2000| isbn=951-768-066-X}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Beauvoir, Simone de| title = Second Gender 1.


Question: Who was the first feminist?

Feminism

Facts and myth| location = Helsinki| publisher = January| year = 2009| version=( Le deuxième sexe 1.


Question: Who was the first feminist?

Feminism

Les faits et les mythes, 1949.)


Question: Who was the first feminist?

Feminism

Translated by Iina Koskinen, Hanna Lukkari and Erika Ruonakoski| isbn=978-951-31-4176-9}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Beauvoir, Simone de| title = Second Gender 2.


Question: Who was the first feminist?

Feminism

Lived experience| location = Helsinki| publisher = January| year = 2011| version=( Le deuxième sexe 2.


Question: Who was the first feminist?

Feminism

l'Expérience vécue, 1949.)


Question: Who was the first feminist?

Feminism

Translated by Iina Koskinen, Hanna Lukkari and Erika Ruonakoski| isbn = 978-951-31-4645-0}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Huhta, Liisa & Meriläinen, Rosa| title = Feminist's Handbook | location = Helsinki | publisher = Thought | year = 2009| isbn 978-951-20-7585-0}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Husu, Alice et al.


Question: Who was the first feminist?

Feminism

(ed.


Question: Who was the first feminist?

Feminism

) | title = Chapbook for Finnish women| location = Helsinki| publisher = Gaudeamus| year = 1995| isbn = 951-662-642-4}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Koivunen, Anu & Liljeström, Marianne (ed.


Question: Who was the first feminist?

Feminism

) | title = Keywords.


Question: Who was the first feminist?

Feminism

10 steps to feminist research| location = Tampere| publisher = Vaspoino| year = 1996| isbn = 951-9066-96-9}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Oksala, Johanna & Werner, Laura (ed.


Question: Who was the first feminist?

Feminism

) | title = Feminist philosophy| location = Helsinki| publisher = Gaudeamus| year = 2005| isbn = 951-662-953-9}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Setälä, Päivi & Kurki, Hannele (ed.


Question: Who was the first feminist?

Feminism

) | title = Akanstream.


Question: Who was the first feminist?

Feminism

Introduction to Women's Research| location = Helsinki| publisher = University weight| year = 1988| isbn = 951-570-019-1}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Sjögren, Jennie| title = Now enough!


Question: Who was the first feminist?

Feminism

Equality in everyday life | location = Helsing| publisher = Otava| year = 2005| version = (Ordination: Vardagsfeminism.


Question: Who was the first feminist?

Feminism

Handbok i jämställdhet hemma och på jobbe, 2003.)


Question: Who was the first feminist?

Feminism

Translated by Sanna Manninen| isbn = 951-1-19835-1}} On the topic elsewhere.


Question: Who was the first feminist?

Feminism

Texts from writers of the time of second-wave feminism.


Question: Who was the first feminist?

Feminism

, Women's Studies and Gender Equality Portal.


Question: Who was the first feminist?

Feminism

16th—20th century feminist thinkers.


Question: Who was the first feminist?

Feminism

, a blog site run by Finnish feminists.


Question: Who was the first feminist?

Feminism

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Question: Who was the first feminist?

Feminism

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Question: Who was the first feminist?

Feminism

. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy: Transclusion error: {{En}} is only for use in File namespace.


Question: Who was the first feminist?

Feminism

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Question: Who was the first feminist?

Feminism

Other texts by Haparanta, Leila:.


Question: Who was the first feminist?

Feminism

so & thus 3/1997, 9—13.


Question: Who was the first feminist?

Feminism

Rantonen, Eila:.


Question: Who was the first feminist?

Feminism

so & thus 3/1997, 14—17.


Question: Who was the first feminist?

Feminism

* Category:Key articles of screening


Question: Who ruled in the Middle Ages of the First Empire?

Holy German-Roman Empire

The Holy German-Roman Empire ((H.R.R.


Question: Who ruled in the Middle Ages of the First Empire?

Holy German-Roman Empire

),,) was a central European kingdom in the Middle Ages.


Question: Who ruled in the Middle Ages of the First Empire?

Holy German-Roman Empire

The concept of the First Reich () denotes this Empire.


Question: Who ruled in the Middle Ages of the First Empire?

Holy German-Roman Empire

Its basis was the Kingdom created by the dissolution of the Frankish Empire in the Treaty of Verdun (843), later united by the Roman Empire.


Question: Who ruled in the Middle Ages of the First Empire?

Holy German-Roman Empire

Formally, the Empire survived until 1806.


Question: Who ruled in the Middle Ages of the First Empire?

Holy German-Roman Empire

The name, extent and structure of the kingdom have varied over the centuries.


Question: Who ruled in the Middle Ages of the First Empire?

Holy German-Roman Empire

The name Lands under Emperor Konrad II were called the Roman Empire in 1034, Holy Empire in 1157, and Holy Roman Empire in 1254, initially with the Latin epithet Sacrum ('blessed') and later in German as Heilig ('holy/blessed').


Question: Who ruled in the Middle Ages of the First Empire?

Holy German-Roman Empire

[1] Emperor Otto II was the first from whom the name Roman Emperor was used.


Question: Who ruled in the Middle Ages of the First Empire?

Holy German-Roman Empire

The denomination Holy German-Roman Empire dates back to 1512, when it appeared in the form of the “Heiliges Römisches Reich Deutscher Nation” (Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation).


Question: Who ruled in the Middle Ages of the First Empire?

Holy German-Roman Empire

Nature of the Empire Empire was a unique institution in the history of the world, and understanding its nature is tricky.


Question: Who ruled in the Middle Ages of the First Empire?

Holy German-Roman Empire

It is easier to present what the Empire was not than to define it: It was never a nation state.


Question: Who ruled in the Middle Ages of the First Empire?

Holy German-Roman Empire

Although most of the rulers and inhabitants were of Germanic origin, non-Germanic languages were also spoken in its territory.


Question: Who ruled in the Middle Ages of the First Empire?

Holy German-Roman Empire

At the time of the kingdom's heyday, it included parts of present-day Germany, Austria, Slovenia, Switzerland, Belgium, the Netherlands, Luxembourg, the Czech Republic, eastern France, northern Italy and western Poland.


Question: Who ruled in the Middle Ages of the First Empire?

Holy German-Roman Empire

Some of the time, however, it was more like a lax kingdom.


Question: Who ruled in the Middle Ages of the First Empire?

Holy German-Roman Empire

The Empire had its own central government and was strongly united by Christianity.


Question: Who ruled in the Middle Ages of the First Empire?

Holy German-Roman Empire

The Pope crowned the King of Germany as Emperor until 1508.


Question: Who ruled in the Middle Ages of the First Empire?

Holy German-Roman Empire

Structure and institutions from the 12th century onwards, the Empire was shaped by the efforts of local, largely independent princes to transfer the emperor's power to themselves.


Question: Who ruled in the Middle Ages of the First Empire?

Holy German-Roman Empire

Kings (emperors) repeatedly gave concessions to princes (dukes, counts, etc.) to confirm their own choice or to gain support for their endeavors.


Question: Who ruled in the Middle Ages of the First Empire?

Holy German-Roman Empire

At the same time, the kingdom dispersed into even smaller units.


Question: Who ruled in the Middle Ages of the First Empire?

Holy German-Roman Empire

The process ended in 1648 with the Peace of Westphalia.


Question: Who ruled in the Middle Ages of the First Empire?

Holy German-Roman Empire

The crowning of Charles the Great as emperor at Christmas 800 by King Pope of Germany was an example for later kings.


Question: Who ruled in the Middle Ages of the First Empire?

Holy German-Roman Empire

Charles the Great had beaten the langobards and the Roman townspeople who had opposed the Pope, which prompted the Empire's role as patron of the Church.


Question: Who ruled in the Middle Ages of the First Empire?

Holy German-Roman Empire

[2] Becoming Emperor required becoming King of Germany.


Question: Who ruled in the Middle Ages of the First Empire?

Holy German-Roman Empire

The German king was perpetually elected.


Question: Who ruled in the Middle Ages of the First Empire?

Holy German-Roman Empire

In the 8th century, the selection was carried out by the dukes of the five tribes (Franks, Saxons, Bavarians, Svaabs and Thuringians).


Question: Who ruled in the Middle Ages of the First Empire?

Holy German-Roman Empire

In 1356, the group of princes carrying out the election was formalized, which initially included seven Electors (Kurfürst), but later the number slightly changed.


Question: Who ruled in the Middle Ages of the First Empire?

Holy German-Roman Empire

Until 1508, the elected king had to travel to Rome, where the pope crowned him emperor.


Question: Who ruled in the Middle Ages of the First Empire?

Holy German-Roman Empire

[3] The emperor could never legislate and rule alone.


Question: Who ruled in the Middle Ages of the First Empire?

Holy German-Roman Empire

His power was limited by local princes.


Question: Who ruled in the Middle Ages of the First Empire?

Holy German-Roman Empire

Towards the end of the 15th century, the Reich Days (Reichstag) were established, which only became established in 1663.


Question: Who ruled in the Middle Ages of the First Empire?

Holy German-Roman Empire

Regions The kingdom was divided into counties corresponding to the states, free cities, ecclesiastical principalities and other similar territories.


Question: Who ruled in the Middle Ages of the First Empire?

Holy German-Roman Empire

The fiefdom of Reichslehen was directly obtained from the emperor.


Question: Who ruled in the Middle Ages of the First Empire?

Holy German-Roman Empire

These territories included territories ruled by princes and dukes.


Question: Who ruled in the Middle Ages of the First Empire?

Holy German-Roman Empire

The rulers of territories under the Empire were not allowed to declare themselves kings (Bohemia formed the only exception in the Middle Ages).


Question: Who ruled in the Middle Ages of the First Empire?

Holy German-Roman Empire

Ecclesiastical territories included dioceses headed by a bishop or prince-bishop, and imperial monasteries.


Question: Who ruled in the Middle Ages of the First Empire?

Holy German-Roman Empire

Imperial Free Cities were cities with a self-government similar to that of other parts of the empire.


Question: Who ruled in the Middle Ages of the First Empire?

Holy German-Roman Empire

The number of different principalities was quite large.


Question: Who ruled in the Middle Ages of the First Empire?

Holy German-Roman Empire

The size of most of them wasn't more than a few square miles.


Question: Who ruled in the Middle Ages of the First Empire?

Holy German-Roman Empire

Nor did the territories constitute unified territories surrounded by borders; instead, the realms and princes' holdings could be located scattered, long distances apart.


Question: Who ruled in the Middle Ages of the First Empire?

Holy German-Roman Empire

In the Peace of Westphalia, the number of different principalities rose to several hundred.


Question: Who ruled in the Middle Ages of the First Empire?

Holy German-Roman Empire

Reich Days In the New Age, the Reichstag was the law-making body of the Empire, including both secular rulers and representatives of the church.


Question: Who ruled in the Middle Ages of the First Empire?

Holy German-Roman Empire

For a long time in the Middle Ages, kingdom days met irregularly at the invitation of the monarch.


Question: Who ruled in the Middle Ages of the First Empire?

Holy German-Roman Empire

Meetings whose participants were not as exalted are called court days (Hoftag).


Question: Who ruled in the Middle Ages of the First Empire?

Holy German-Roman Empire

However, the expressions are modern, and no such clear distinction was made in the Middle Ages.


Question: Who ruled in the Middle Ages of the First Empire?

Holy German-Roman Empire

Medieval Reich Days also had no legislative function.


Question: Who ruled in the Middle Ages of the First Empire?

Holy German-Roman Empire

History of the Frankish Empire investing feud Otto I the Great is estimated to have founded the German-Roman Empire no later than 962.


Question: Who ruled in the Middle Ages of the First Empire?

Holy German-Roman Empire

Although some consider the Empire to have got its bud in 800 from the crowning of Charles the Great as Emperor of the Romans, Charles the Great himself used the title “King of the Franks”.


Question: Who ruled in the Middle Ages of the First Empire?

Holy German-Roman Empire

The title also indicates that the Frankish Empire covered an area that included both present-day France and Germany.


Question: Who ruled in the Middle Ages of the First Empire?

Holy German-Roman Empire

Most historians consider the genesis of the Empire to have been a process that began with the Treaty of Verdun in 843.


Question: Who ruled in the Middle Ages of the First Empire?

Holy German-Roman Empire

The ruler of the eastern part became Louis the German, followed by more rulers until Louis IV, who was the last representative of the Carolingian family in Germany.


Question: Who ruled in the Middle Ages of the First Empire?

Holy German-Roman Empire

Konrad I, followed by Henry I of Saxony, was chosen as his successor.


Question: Who ruled in the Middle Ages of the First Empire?

Holy German-Roman Empire

Henry I concluded a treaty with Charles the Simple, king of the West Franks, in which the independence of Henry I's Kingdom was guaranteed.


Question: Who ruled in the Middle Ages of the First Empire?

Holy German-Roman Empire

On Charles's death, Henry I annexed Frankish Lothringen into his kingdom.


Question: Who ruled in the Middle Ages of the First Empire?

Holy German-Roman Empire

In 933, Henry I repelled the invasions of the Madyars who had continuously sought the country.


Question: Who ruled in the Middle Ages of the First Empire?

Holy German-Roman Empire

[4] Henry I's son Otto I the Great became king in 936 when he crowned himself at Aachen as Germany's first Emperor and later in 962 he was also crowned by the Pope.


Question: Who ruled in the Middle Ages of the First Empire?

Holy German-Roman Empire

Otto had gained most of his power by conquering Bohemia in 950 and beating the Hungarians at Lechfeld Field in 955.


Question: Who ruled in the Middle Ages of the First Empire?

Holy German-Roman Empire

To unify the kingdom, Otto I the Great gave Bavaria to his brother Henry and Swaben to his son Liudolf.


Question: Who ruled in the Middle Ages of the First Empire?

Holy German-Roman Empire

Otto I the Great married Adelheid Burgundian, the widow of the king of the Kingdom of Burgundy and Italy, and thus gained possession of the Kingdom.


Question: Who ruled in the Middle Ages of the First Empire?

Holy German-Roman Empire

[5] Otto I the Great warred in Italy against the langobards and Byzantium, whose intervals his son Otto II sought to improve upon his ascension to the throne in 973.


Question: Who ruled in the Middle Ages of the First Empire?

Holy German-Roman Empire

Otto II was mired in a power struggle with his cousin Duke Henry of Bavaria and the Slavic revolt of 983 resulted in the loss of the rear territories of the Elbe.


Question: Who ruled in the Middle Ages of the First Empire?

Holy German-Roman Empire

Otto II died in the same year and his sons Otto III's regent Adelheid and Theophano were forced to defend themselves against Henry.


Question: Who ruled in the Middle Ages of the First Empire?

Holy German-Roman Empire

[5] Otto III died young in 1002 and was succeeded all the time by Henry II the Holy, the son of Henry II of Bavaria, who pursued power.


Question: Who ruled in the Middle Ages of the First Empire?

Holy German-Roman Empire

Henry II the Holy died childless in 1024.


Question: Who ruled in the Middle Ages of the First Empire?

Holy German-Roman Empire

[5] After him became emperor, Duke Konrad II of Franconia, who was succeeded by Henry III in 1039.


Question: Who ruled in the Middle Ages of the First Empire?

Holy German-Roman Empire

He was a reformist and supported the reformist popes Clement II and Leo IX, which backfired as church power grew past the emperor's rule.


Question: Who ruled in the Middle Ages of the First Empire?

Holy German-Roman Empire

[6] Henry III's son Henry IV succeeded his father in 1056.


Question: Who ruled in the Middle Ages of the First Empire?

Holy German-Roman Empire

He relied on his fiefdom lords and the strengthening bourgeoisie, and declared Pope Gregory VII excommunicated.


Question: Who ruled in the Middle Ages of the First Empire?

Holy German-Roman Empire

The Pope in turn declared the emperor to be put.


Question: Who ruled in the Middle Ages of the First Empire?

Holy German-Roman Empire

The pope removed the collar after a year after Henry IV publicly repented.


Question: Who ruled in the Middle Ages of the First Empire?

Holy German-Roman Empire

During the Panna period, the duchies had begun to revolt, and Henry IV overthrew the rebelling dukes in 1080.


Question: Who ruled in the Middle Ages of the First Empire?

Holy German-Roman Empire

However, opposition to the emperor grew and was eventually deposed by his own son Henry V in 1105.


Question: Who ruled in the Middle Ages of the First Empire?

Holy German-Roman Empire

[7] From the 12th century onwards, German emperors considered themselves successors to the emperors of the Roman Empire based on the theory of translatio imperii.


Question: Who ruled in the Middle Ages of the First Empire?

Holy German-Roman Empire

Therefore, they used the self-designation Augustus.


Question: Who ruled in the Middle Ages of the First Empire?

Holy German-Roman Empire

In the Early Middle Ages, they did not yet call themselves Roman Emperor, so as not to provoke conflict with the Roman Emperor ruling in Constantinople.


Question: Who ruled in the Middle Ages of the First Empire?

Holy German-Roman Empire

It was not until Konrad II adopted the title “Roman Emperor”.


Question: Who ruled in the Middle Ages of the First Empire?

Holy German-Roman Empire

At this time, the Eastern Kingdom was not a unified Germany but a union of principalities, which remained united thanks to the personal influence of Henry the Birdman and his son Otto I the Great.


Question: Who ruled in the Middle Ages of the First Empire?

Holy German-Roman Empire

They were also able to choose their successors themselves.


Question: Who ruled in the Middle Ages of the First Empire?

Holy German-Roman Empire

Unity broke with Henry II Saint remaining childless.


Question: Who ruled in the Middle Ages of the First Empire?

Holy German-Roman Empire

Konrad II was elected after him, but only after disagreements over the election.


Question: Who ruled in the Middle Ages of the First Empire?

Holy German-Roman Empire

The crown and princes supported the church and clergy so that power would not pass too much to the nobility, which would have decentralized the kingdom.


Question: Who ruled in the Middle Ages of the First Empire?

Holy German-Roman Empire

The church, in turn, was obliged to support the kingdom financially and militarily.


Question: Who ruled in the Middle Ages of the First Empire?

Holy German-Roman Empire

Due to the celibacy of the clergy, wealth, posts and fiefdoms could not be inherited and they reverted back to the princes and the crown.


Question: Who ruled in the Middle Ages of the First Empire?

Holy German-Roman Empire

This protected the position of the monarch, and moreover, this had a great deal of dictum in the naming of bishops and abbots.


Question: Who ruled in the Middle Ages of the First Empire?

Holy German-Roman Empire

The Church's demands for independence in the 10th century eventually led to the investment-strife that dissolved the kingdom.


Question: Who ruled in the Middle Ages of the First Empire?

Holy German-Roman Empire

[4] In the time of the House of Hohenstauf Henry V was the last Saalite emperor.


Question: Who ruled in the Middle Ages of the First Empire?

Holy German-Roman Empire

During his time with the rebelling dukes, a treaty was reached in 1121 in the Reichstag of Würzburg and disputes of investment were agreed in 1122.


Question: Who ruled in the Middle Ages of the First Empire?

Holy German-Roman Empire

[7] With the death of Henry V in 1125, Duke Lothar Supplinburgite of Saxony rose to power, allying himself with Bavaria against the Hohenstaufs of the princely line of Swabia.


Question: Who ruled in the Middle Ages of the First Empire?

Holy German-Roman Empire

Saxony and Bavaria were united by the marital trade, but upon Lothar's death in 1138 Konrad III of Swabia became King of Germany.


Question: Who ruled in the Middle Ages of the First Empire?

Holy German-Roman Empire

[8] However, he was never crowned emperor.


Question: Who ruled in the Middle Ages of the First Empire?

Holy German-Roman Empire

Frederick I Barbarossa (King of Germany 1152—1190, Roman Emperor 1155—1190) was the first whose office introduced a way of calling the Empire sacred.


Question: Who ruled in the Middle Ages of the First Empire?

Holy German-Roman Empire

During the Barbarossa period, the idea of the “Romanism” of the Empire emerged even more clearly in the spirit of the so-called 12th-century Renaissance.


Question: Who ruled in the Middle Ages of the First Empire?

Holy German-Roman Empire

Thus, the imperial assembly at Roncaglia in 1158 reintroduced imperial rights on the advice of four law scholars of the University of Bologna, quattuor doctores.


Question: Who ruled in the Middle Ages of the First Empire?

Holy German-Roman Empire

They cited phrases of Roman law such as legis solutus (“the laws do not bind the leader”).


Question: Who ruled in the Middle Ages of the First Empire?

Holy German-Roman Empire

Roncaglia also listed individually the royal rights, which had already been referred to since the Investment Dispute.


Question: Who ruled in the Middle Ages of the First Empire?

Holy German-Roman Empire

Royal rights (regalias) included public roads, customs duties, minting money, levying some fines, and the right to invest.


Question: Who ruled in the Middle Ages of the First Empire?

Holy German-Roman Empire

The House of Hohenstauf distributed land to its former unfree service men (ministerials,), who during the war served as soldiers of the emperor.


Question: Who ruled in the Middle Ages of the First Empire?

Holy German-Roman Empire

Since then, the Ministerials formed low nobility.


Question: Who ruled in the Middle Ages of the First Empire?

Holy German-Roman Empire

The Hohenstaufs hoped that these would be more loyal to the emperor than a fiefdom based, a service force formed by free men, or a church no longer controlled by the emperor.


Question: Who ruled in the Middle Ages of the First Empire?

Holy German-Roman Empire

New cities were actively established to concentrate economic power in strategic locations.


Question: Who ruled in the Middle Ages of the First Empire?

Holy German-Roman Empire

A power struggle between the Hohenstaufs and the Welfs of the Dukes of Saxe-Bavaria divided the Empire for decades.


Question: Who ruled in the Middle Ages of the First Empire?

Holy German-Roman Empire

Konrad III ousted the Welfs from Saxony, but Frerik I restored Saxony to them.


Question: Who ruled in the Middle Ages of the First Empire?

Holy German-Roman Empire

The Welfs refused to help Fredrik I this Italian war expedition and the Welfs lost Bavaria and Saxony because of this.


Question: Who ruled in the Middle Ages of the First Empire?

Holy German-Roman Empire

The infighting of the lineages only ended with the pope's intervention in the game in the early 13th century.


Question: Who ruled in the Middle Ages of the First Empire?

Holy German-Roman Empire

[9] Frederick I Barbarossa made much war in Italy against the Langobards and the Kingdom of Sicily.


Question: Who ruled in the Middle Ages of the First Empire?

Holy German-Roman Empire

He led the Third Crusade, but drowned while en route in 1190.


Question: Who ruled in the Middle Ages of the First Empire?

Holy German-Roman Empire

[8] He was succeeded by Henry VI, who conquered the southern parts of Italy and married the heiress of Sicily, but perished so young in 1197 that he did not have time to name his successor.


Question: Who ruled in the Middle Ages of the First Empire?

Holy German-Roman Empire

A power struggle began in the Empire, and his minor son Frederick II did not rule like Sicily.


Question: Who ruled in the Middle Ages of the First Empire?

Holy German-Roman Empire

In Germany, Philip of Swaben and Otto IV competed for kingship with him.


Question: Who ruled in the Middle Ages of the First Empire?

Holy German-Roman Empire

Eventually, Frederick II prevailed, and he was crowned emperor in 1220.


Question: Who ruled in the Middle Ages of the First Empire?

Holy German-Roman Empire

[10] Fredrik brought the mythical idea of the Empire to its last peak.


Question: Who ruled in the Middle Ages of the First Empire?

Holy German-Roman Empire

He also strengthened the Empire's dispersal tendency while staying for much of his reign outside Germany.


Question: Who ruled in the Middle Ages of the First Empire?

Holy German-Roman Empire

He focused on creating an exceptionally modern state in Sicily, developing public services, economy, and legislation, but he ceded rights to the clergy and secular rulers that the emperor was never able to restore for himself.


Question: Who ruled in the Middle Ages of the First Empire?

Holy German-Roman Empire

With the rise of power in the territories upon Fredrik's death in 1250, no lineage from which a new king could have come was able to impose one, and the princes elected several kings competing with each other.


Question: Who ruled in the Middle Ages of the First Empire?

Holy German-Roman Empire

The years 1246—1273 are called the interregnum.


Question: Who ruled in the Middle Ages of the First Empire?

Holy German-Roman Empire

The difficulties caused by the election of the king eventually led to the formation of the College of Electors (kurfürst).


Question: Who ruled in the Middle Ages of the First Empire?

Holy German-Roman Empire

Its composition and modes of operation were decided in the Golden Bulla of 1356.


Question: Who ruled in the Middle Ages of the First Empire?

Holy German-Roman Empire

The development is a sign that the emperor and the kingdom were no longer the same thing.


Question: Who ruled in the Middle Ages of the First Empire?

Holy German-Roman Empire

The power of kings following the House of Hohenstaufen was also based on different things than those of earlier rulers.


Question: Who ruled in the Middle Ages of the First Empire?

Holy German-Roman Empire

In the past, the power of emperors was based on the lands of the kingdom (Reichsgut), which always belonged to the respective emperor.


Question: Who ruled in the Middle Ages of the First Empire?

Holy German-Roman Empire

After the 13th century, the Reichsgut's importance shrank, and lands in the kingdom were given as pledge to local princes, either for money or obedience, or as prizes.


Question: Who ruled in the Middle Ages of the First Empire?

Holy German-Roman Empire

Kings from Rudolf the Habsburg onwards relied on the lands of their own family to support their power.


Question: Who ruled in the Middle Ages of the First Empire?

Holy German-Roman Empire

Unlike the lands of the kingdom, the lands of the ruler families were more united and easier to govern.


Question: Who ruled in the Middle Ages of the First Empire?

Holy German-Roman Empire

Henry VII of Luxembourg was in 1312 the first to be crowned emperor since King Frederick II.


Question: Who ruled in the Middle Ages of the First Empire?

Holy German-Roman Empire

After him, the power of all kings and emperors was based on their own lands.


Question: Who ruled in the Middle Ages of the First Empire?

Holy German-Roman Empire

From this era onwards, it was also the vested interest of the king to transfer power to the territories.


Question: Who ruled in the Middle Ages of the First Empire?

Holy German-Roman Empire

In the 13th century, the management of the land also changed.


Question: Who ruled in the Middle Ages of the First Empire?

Holy German-Roman Empire

Money replaced personal responsibilities and peasants increasingly had to pay tax on their land.


Question: Who ruled in the Middle Ages of the First Empire?

Holy German-Roman Empire

The concept of property increasingly replaced older forms of jurisdiction.


Question: Who ruled in the Middle Ages of the First Empire?

Holy German-Roman Empire

In the principalities, the owner of the land distributed justice and judgments, from which the rest of the power ensued.


Question: Who ruled in the Middle Ages of the First Empire?

Holy German-Roman Empire

At the same time, principalities began to take shape as predecessors of modern states.


Question: Who ruled in the Middle Ages of the First Empire?

Holy German-Roman Empire

The change was fastest in areas that most corresponded to the lands of the old Germanic tribes such as Bavaria.


Question: Who ruled in the Middle Ages of the First Empire?

Holy German-Roman Empire

Reich Reform (“Reichsreform”) The legal order of the kingdom was still very unstructured in the early 15th century, although some procedures had been agreed upon.


Question: Who ruled in the Middle Ages of the First Empire?

Holy German-Roman Empire

The rules for the cooperation of the king, king's electors, and other princes in the Empire depended much on the character of each king.


Question: Who ruled in the Middle Ages of the First Empire?

Holy German-Roman Empire

It was fatal that Sigismund Luxembourgish (king 1410, emperor 1433—1437) and Frederick III (king 1440, emperor 1452—1493) did not pay attention to the core areas of the kingdom, but remained largely on their own lands.


Question: Who ruled in the Middle Ages of the First Empire?

Holy German-Roman Empire

Without the king's presence, the importance of court days (the Hoftag, the meeting of the leading men of the kingdom) withered and the Reichstag as a legislative body did not yet exist.


Question: Who ruled in the Middle Ages of the First Empire?

Holy German-Roman Empire

The princes argued among themselves and disputes escalated into local wars at times.


Question: Who ruled in the Middle Ages of the First Empire?

Holy German-Roman Empire

At the same time, the church was in crisis, too.


Question: Who ruled in the Middle Ages of the First Empire?

Holy German-Roman Empire

Disputes between several rival popes were not resolved until the Ecclesiastical Assembly of Konstanz of 1414—1418 and much energy of 1419 was expended in the struggle against Hussite heresy.


Question: Who ruled in the Middle Ages of the First Empire?

Holy German-Roman Empire

The middle-intentioned idea of a unified Corpus Christianum</i>in which the Pope and the Empire were the leading institutions began to crumble.


Question: Who ruled in the Middle Ages of the First Empire?

Holy German-Roman Empire

Due to major changes, much debate arose in the 15th century about the Empire itself.


Question: Who ruled in the Middle Ages of the First Empire?

Holy German-Roman Empire

The old rules no longer adequately described the structures of the time and the restoration of an earlier kingdom peace, Landfrieden</i>in, was called for.


Question: Who ruled in the Middle Ages of the First Empire?

Holy German-Roman Empire

When Frederick III needed money from the princes to fight against Hungary and at the same time elected his son (later Maksimilian I) as king, the princes demanded greater representation as one man.


Question: Who ruled in the Middle Ages of the First Empire?

Holy German-Roman Empire

For the first time, the meeting of Electors and other princes was called the Riksdag.


Question: Who ruled in the Middle Ages of the First Empire?

Holy German-Roman Empire

Frederick III refused to convene the Reichstag, but two years after Fredrik's death, his more conciliatory son convened it at Worms in 1495.


Question: Who ruled in the Middle Ages of the First Empire?

Holy German-Roman Empire

In Worms, the king and princes agreed on four decisions commonly referred to as the Reich Reform, the Reichsreform.


Question: Who ruled in the Middle Ages of the First Empire?

Holy German-Roman Empire

The Reich Reform included actions intended to give the disintegrating Empire back a certain structure, such as imperial lands and chamber court, which in part lasted until the end of the Empire until 1806.


Question: Who ruled in the Middle Ages of the First Empire?

Holy German-Roman Empire

Reformation When Martti Luther in 1517 began the Reformation, many princes saw in it an opportunity to oppose the emperor.


Question: Who ruled in the Middle Ages of the First Empire?

Holy German-Roman Empire

The Empire was fatally split in two along religious boundary lines.


Question: Who ruled in the Middle Ages of the First Empire?

Holy German-Roman Empire

Eastern and northern Germany and many of the major cities like Strasbourg, Frankfurt and Nuremberg became Protestant and the southern and western regions remained Catholic.


Question: Who ruled in the Middle Ages of the First Empire?

Holy German-Roman Empire

In German historiography, the era is referred to as the “Period of Confessionalism” (Zeitalter des Konfessionalismus).


Question: Who ruled in the Middle Ages of the First Empire?

Holy German-Roman Empire

After a hundred years of quarrels, the conflict turned into the Thirty Years' War (1618—1648), which devastated the Empire.


Question: Who ruled in the Middle Ages of the First Empire?

Holy German-Roman Empire

Foreign countries including France and Sweden became involved in the war and annexed significant territories of the kingdom into themselves.


Question: Who ruled in the Middle Ages of the First Empire?

Holy German-Roman Empire

After the Peace of Westphalia in 1648, following the Peace of Westphalia, the Empire was nearing its end.


Question: Who ruled in the Middle Ages of the First Empire?

Holy German-Roman Empire

In the Peace of Westphalia, the principalities gained almost full independence, and were even allowed to independently establish alliances with third countries.


Question: Who ruled in the Middle Ages of the First Empire?

Holy German-Roman Empire

The Empire was no longer just a lax union of very independent states.


Question: Who ruled in the Middle Ages of the First Empire?

Holy German-Roman Empire

Its emperors belonging to the Habsburg lineage effectively ruled only territories belonging to the so-called Habsburg Monarchy, mainly Austria, Bohemia and Hungary, but of these territories, as well as later Prussia, only some were counted as belonging to the Empire.


Question: Who ruled in the Middle Ages of the First Empire?

Holy German-Roman Empire

In his essay on the history, customs and spirit of peoples, Voltaire mocked Germany, saying, “Neither holy, nor Roman, nor Empire”.


Question: Who ruled in the Middle Ages of the First Empire?

Holy German-Roman Empire

[11] End of Empire The Empire officially ceased to exist on 6 August 1806 when the last Emperor, Francis II, resigned after Napoleon was beaten by Austria at the Battle of Austerlitz.


Question: Who ruled in the Middle Ages of the First Empire?

Holy German-Roman Empire

The relatives of Francis II were, until 1918, emperors of Austria.


Question: Who ruled in the Middle Ages of the First Empire?

Holy German-Roman Empire

The First Empire after German reunification in 1871, the Holy German-Roman Empire was considered the first kingdom.


Question: Who ruled in the Middle Ages of the First Empire?

Holy German-Roman Empire

Nazi Germany considered itself the Third Reich and united itself with the restoration of the “former good times”.


Question: Who ruled in the Middle Ages of the First Empire?

Holy German-Roman Empire

See also List of rulers of the Holy German-Roman Empire Notes Sources Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Berndl, Hattsten, Knebel & Udelhoven| title = World history| publisher = Parragon| year = 2007| id = ISBN 978-1-4054-8283-7}} References On the Topic Elsewhere by Heinrich August Winkler: Der lange Weg nach Westen, Vol.


Question: Who ruled in the Middle Ages of the First Empire?

Holy German-Roman Empire

1: Deutsche Geschichte vom Ende des Alten Reiches bis zum Ende der Weimarer Republik.


Question: Who ruled in the Middle Ages of the First Empire?

Holy German-Roman Empire

ISBN 3-406-46001-1, p. 5.


Question: Who ruled in the Middle Ages of the First Empire?

Holy German-Roman Empire

The Holy Roman Empire by James Bryce.


Question: Who ruled in the Middle Ages of the First Empire?

Holy German-Roman Empire

ISBN 0-333-03609-3 * Category:Key articles of screening


Question: How long did the offensive phase of the Continuation War last?

Continuation War

The Continuation War was fought between Finland and the Soviet Union from 25 June 1941 to 19 September 1944.


Question: How long did the offensive phase of the Continuation War last?

Continuation War

Continuation war was fought on the Finnish front at the same time as Germany was carrying out a widespread invasion of the Soviet Union known as Operation Barbarossa.


Question: How long did the offensive phase of the Continuation War last?

Continuation War

The Finnish front had been divided between German and Finnish forces, with the Finns in charge of the Southern Front and the Germans for the Lapland Front.


Question: How long did the offensive phase of the Continuation War last?

Continuation War

Finland was not, by law, an ally of Germany, as there was no treaty of alliance.


Question: How long did the offensive phase of the Continuation War last?

Continuation War

Instead, Finland was effectively an ally of Germany, giving its territory at German disposal, subjecting its forces to Germany, and receiving arms aid from Germany.


Question: How long did the offensive phase of the Continuation War last?

Continuation War

At the beginning of the war, on the southern front section, Finnish troops recaptured areas lost in the Winter War and advanced across Syyr and the Leningrad defensive lines.


Question: How long did the offensive phase of the Continuation War last?

Continuation War

In December 1941, the offensive was halted and a station warfare phase that lasted more than two years began.


Question: How long did the offensive phase of the Continuation War last?

Continuation War

The northern front sections were unable to obtain the severed Muurmann track and the German forces were unable to advance on Murmansk.


Question: How long did the offensive phase of the Continuation War last?

Continuation War

The Soviet Grand Offensive in June 1944 broke through the Finns' foremost defensive lines.


Question: How long did the offensive phase of the Continuation War last?

Continuation War

After heavy interceptor fighting, the guns were lowered to 4—5.


Question: How long did the offensive phase of the Continuation War last?

Continuation War

on Sept.


Question: How long did the offensive phase of the Continuation War last?

Continuation War

The Moscow Intermediate Peace was signed on 19 September 1944 and was confirmed in the Peace of Paris 1947.


Question: How long did the offensive phase of the Continuation War last?

Continuation War

The intermediate peace terms of the Continuation War included, among other things, forcing German troops out of Finland, leading to the Lapland War against Germany.


Question: How long did the offensive phase of the Continuation War last?

Continuation War

Pre-war events The peace in Moscow, which ended the Winter War in March 1940, was not peace in the truest sense of the word.


Question: How long did the offensive phase of the Continuation War last?

Continuation War

Europe was at war and Finland remained under martial law as well.


Question: How long did the offensive phase of the Continuation War last?

Continuation War

During peacetime, the 100000 members of the lifting crew who remained untrained were ordered to enter service and their military training in the final stages of the Winter War to increase the low perceived reserve was commenced.


Question: How long did the offensive phase of the Continuation War last?

Continuation War

Squad leaders who had rehabilitated in the Winter War were asked to remain as loyal sub-officers for the training mission.


Question: How long did the offensive phase of the Continuation War last?

Continuation War

Finland was targeting an internationally identified possible maximum of the population, which could be disconnected from other duties to army service, i.e. 16%.


Question: How long did the offensive phase of the Continuation War last?

Continuation War

In the case of Finland, this was considered sufficient only for the operational defence of the entire eastern border.


Question: How long did the offensive phase of the Continuation War last?

Continuation War

General Aksel Airo had written a book on the subject after the Winter War, Honor - Motherland, in which he considered Finland's own defence possibilities superficially viewed only in the light of numbers to be almost non-existent.


Question: How long did the offensive phase of the Continuation War last?

Continuation War

Foreign countries' estimates of Finland's defence capabilities before the Winter War were based on the same criteria.


Question: How long did the offensive phase of the Continuation War last?

Continuation War

[1] Germany invaded Denmark and Norway in April 1940 and quickly captured the countries.


Question: How long did the offensive phase of the Continuation War last?

Continuation War

In May, Germany invaded France.


Question: How long did the offensive phase of the Continuation War last?

Continuation War

The northern part of the country was occupied directly by Germany and the southern part was formed by the German-controlled Vichy government, which refused to continue fighting.


Question: How long did the offensive phase of the Continuation War last?

Continuation War

Britain prepared for major air battles to prevent extensive German bombardment aimed at capturing the British Isles against it.


Question: How long did the offensive phase of the Continuation War last?

Continuation War

The Baltic Sea had been closed by the Soviet Union and Germany, the only free passage to the oceans for foreign trade was the troublesome and long Liinahamar route to Petsamo.


Question: How long did the offensive phase of the Continuation War last?

Continuation War

When Germany had also occupied Northern Norway by mid-June, Finland's physical isolation was almost complete: Germany would have been able to quickly cut off Finland's last open foreign trade route to the west if it wished, [2] and the same could have been done by the Soviet Fishermen and From the central blockade.


Question: How long did the offensive phase of the Continuation War last?

Continuation War

In June 1940, following the German takeover of Denmark, Norway and finally France, the Soviet Union began pressuring Finland.


Question: How long did the offensive phase of the Continuation War last?

Continuation War

The first demand was to recover all equipment taken away from the Karelian Isthmus and Hanko rental area.


Question: How long did the offensive phase of the Continuation War last?

Continuation War

A stake in Petsamo's nickel mines was also called for.


Question: How long did the offensive phase of the Continuation War last?

Continuation War

In July, the Soviet Union made a demand for the demilitarization of Åland, and the right to train transport across Finnish territory to Hanko.


Question: How long did the offensive phase of the Continuation War last?

Continuation War

[2] The agreement for transit from Finland's eastern border to Hankoniemi was signed in early September.


Question: How long did the offensive phase of the Continuation War last?

Continuation War

The Soviet Union did not reduce its pressure on Finland until early spring the following year.


Question: How long did the offensive phase of the Continuation War last?

Continuation War

[3] The political climate during the intermediate peace was pressing; for example, the demonstrations and the resulting riots of the Finnish and Soviet Peace and Friendship Society and the downshooting of the Aero airliner Kaleva in the Gulf of Finland in June 1940 at the same time as the occupation of the Soviet Union The Baltic States, was perceived very strongly in Finland.


Question: How long did the offensive phase of the Continuation War last?

Continuation War

Finland was in a tight gap in foreign policy when Norway and the Baltics were overrun, Germany and the Soviet Union were in a diplomatic state of peace with each other, and Sweden's proposed confederation with Finland in October 1940 fell into opposition from the Soviet Union and Germany.


Question: How long did the offensive phase of the Continuation War last?

Continuation War

The Soviet Red Army Staff had issued instructions to the Leningrad Military District for a new war against Finland on 18 September 1940.


Question: How long did the offensive phase of the Continuation War last?

Continuation War

The order was further refined on 25 November with the requirement to draw up an attack plan in case of a situation in which Finland would be the enemy alone.


Question: How long did the offensive phase of the Continuation War last?

Continuation War

The Baltic Fleet drew up a plan to take over Åland and the forces of the Hanko base were transferred under the Leningrad Military District and its defensive direction was reversed on 12 November 1940 parallel to the mainland.


Question: How long did the offensive phase of the Continuation War last?

Continuation War

In the Soviet Union, the management of Finnish affairs was transferred to the Main Administration of State Security (GUGB) under the People's Commissariat of Internal Affairs (Ministry), and in addition, invasion forces began to be transferred to their grouping areas.


Question: How long did the offensive phase of the Continuation War last?

Continuation War

Soviet Foreign Minister Vyacheslav Molotov visited Berlin in November to ask German leader Adolf Hitler for consent to the occupation of Finland.


Question: How long did the offensive phase of the Continuation War last?

Continuation War

However, as the Germans had already included Finland in their invasion plans Hitler warned the Soviet Union to stay out of Finland.


Question: How long did the offensive phase of the Continuation War last?

Continuation War

The rapprochement of Finland and Germany on 6 September 1940 Finland concluded a transit agreement with the Soviet Union for traffic to Hanko.


Question: How long did the offensive phase of the Continuation War last?

Continuation War

In August 1940, Field Marshal Gustaf Mannerheim, Commander-in-Chief of the Defence Forces, received an intelligence from Germany to allow the transit of German troops from ports in the Gulf of Bothnia to Kirkenes.


Question: How long did the offensive phase of the Continuation War last?

Continuation War

At the same time, it was announced that it was possible for Finland to buy military equipment from Germany.


Question: How long did the offensive phase of the Continuation War last?

Continuation War

Transit agreement: On 12 September, the Finnish General Staff and the German Air Force agreed to transport Luftwaffe crew and equipment through Finnish territory.


Question: How long did the offensive phase of the Continuation War last?

Continuation War

A political agreement between the states on 22 September also allowed for transport by German land forces.


Question: How long did the offensive phase of the Continuation War last?

Continuation War

A further increase in holiday traffic was negotiated in October.


Question: How long did the offensive phase of the Continuation War last?

Continuation War

The first troops came ashore at Vaasa on the 22nd and 26 in Oulu.


Question: How long did the offensive phase of the Continuation War last?

Continuation War

on Sept.


Question: How long did the offensive phase of the Continuation War last?

Continuation War

[4] The ore of the Kolo River in Petsamo, Germany considered vital to its war industry and Petsamo as a necessary stepping stone for the invasion of Murmansk.


Question: How long did the offensive phase of the Continuation War last?

Continuation War

The Soviet Union, on the other hand, after the end of the Winter War, felt no interest in Petsamo's nickel reserves, nor Petsamoo as a military territory.


Question: How long did the offensive phase of the Continuation War last?

Continuation War

[5] When the German authorities were planning to integrate Scandinavia into their own economic area, Finland was also included from April 1940, even though the country was part of the Soviet Union's interest.


Question: How long did the offensive phase of the Continuation War last?

Continuation War

[6] The situation at the nickel mine changed sharply in July 1940 with the Finnish and German I.G.


Question: How long did the offensive phase of the Continuation War last?

Continuation War

With the agreement reached by Farbenindustrie.


Question: How long did the offensive phase of the Continuation War last?

Continuation War

Negotiations had been taking place since the spring, with the deal promising Germany 60% of production.


Question: How long did the offensive phase of the Continuation War last?

Continuation War

German negotiators reported the ore to Berlin to be worth more than RM1 billion and enough for 20 years to cover the entire nickel need of Greater Germany.


Question: How long did the offensive phase of the Continuation War last?

Continuation War

Late in the year, the Germans increased the ore volume estimate fourfold.


Question: How long did the offensive phase of the Continuation War last?

Continuation War

After negotiations began, the Soviet Union already proposed the transfer of the mine concession to itself in June.


Question: How long did the offensive phase of the Continuation War last?

Continuation War

Soviet forces intensified the claim by grouping to the frontier, and fortifying the Fishermen's blockade.


Question: How long did the offensive phase of the Continuation War last?

Continuation War

England took a steeply negative view of mining negotiations with Germany, halting Liinahamar merchant ships.


Question: How long did the offensive phase of the Continuation War last?

Continuation War

Finland negotiated with everyone in a politically tight gap.


Question: How long did the offensive phase of the Continuation War last?

Continuation War

The Finns negotiated in tense moods in Moscow seven times, until February 1941 without agreeing to the Russians' demands.


Question: How long did the offensive phase of the Continuation War last?

Continuation War

The Soviets also negotiated with Germany until March 1941, unsuccessfully.


Question: How long did the offensive phase of the Continuation War last?

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[5] In protest, the Soviet Union stopped its exports to Finland.


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[7] Soon 90% of foreign trade was handled through Germany.


Question: How long did the offensive phase of the Continuation War last?

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Military cooperation between Finland and Germany began with negotiations between the countries' highest military command in the winter of 1940—1941.


Question: How long did the offensive phase of the Continuation War last?

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The Chiefs of General Staff held talks in Berlin in January.


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Among other things, the Germans inquired about how long it took Finland to get its army to the border with the Soviet Union, and also received a response.


Question: How long did the offensive phase of the Continuation War last?

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From February 1941, road construction and reconnaissance cooperation with the Germans were conducted in Lapland.


Question: How long did the offensive phase of the Continuation War last?

Continuation War

German troops began arriving in Finland, which eventually reached 40,000 when the Continuation War broke out.


Question: How long did the offensive phase of the Continuation War last?

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During February—March, the Germans engaged in systematic reconnaissance in northern Finland.


Question: How long did the offensive phase of the Continuation War last?

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In April 1941, an engineering company in Ratas began to recruit volunteers for the Finnish battalion of the Waffen-SS's Wiking Division.


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Enlistment continued into June 1941.


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The first recruits left for Germany for training in May 1941.


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[8] On 25 May 1941, during Operation Barbarossa and Finland, the Finnish Supreme Military Command visited the German General Staff in Salzburg, where a German military delegation led by General Alfred Jodl explained the planned invasion of the Soviet Union.


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The Germans presented a plan of cooperation between German and Finnish combat forces.


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Finland was asked to commit Soviet forces on its borders and participate in the offensive against Leningrad.


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During further negotiations between different types of weapons in Berlin 26—28.


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On May technical and tactical information was exchanged.


Question: How long did the offensive phase of the Continuation War last?

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[9] A transit permit was issued for German troops through northern Finland.


Question: How long did the offensive phase of the Continuation War last?

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The attack plan included the use of Finnish territory.


Question: How long did the offensive phase of the Continuation War last?

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In particular, Finnish Lapland played an important role in taking control of Murmansk with the Germans aiming for the Arkhangelsk equality.


Question: How long did the offensive phase of the Continuation War last?

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In the south, the attention of the Germans was drawn to the Gulf of Finland and the Karelian Isthmus, so that the recapture of Leningrad and its complete destruction would have become possible.


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In May, the Finnish Supreme Command decided to take part in Germany's planned war expedition against the Soviet Union.


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Continuation War

At the beginning of June, Germany was informed of the terms of participation: Finland should remain independent in future, Germany had to attack first, and only after the Soviet Union began the war effort would join the Finnish front.


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[10] On 3 June 1941, during negotiations with Germany in Helsinki, it was agreed that, with Finland going to war with the Soviet Union, Germany would come to Finland's aid.


Question: How long did the offensive phase of the Continuation War last?

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At the same time, negotiations in Kiel agreed to joint war efforts, including mining the southern coast of the Gulf of Finland, when war broke out.


Question: How long did the offensive phase of the Continuation War last?

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Ore and Uti airfields were made available to the German Air Force even before the war.


Question: How long did the offensive phase of the Continuation War last?

Continuation War

Beginning on 7 June 1941, German troops intended for the invasion began arriving in Finnish ports.


Question: How long did the offensive phase of the Continuation War last?

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On June 15, 1941, Mannerheim subjugated General Siilasvuo's army corps in northern Finland under German control.


Question: How long did the offensive phase of the Continuation War last?

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On June 18, 1941, Finnish Air Force aircraft were painted yellow Eastern Front insignia in accordance with the German Luftwaffe.


Question: How long did the offensive phase of the Continuation War last?

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On 22 June 1941, Germany launched the offensive and, as previously agreed, used Finnish airspace and airfields to bomb the Soviet Union.


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[11] The Germans began grouping invasion forces in northern Finland during the first week of June.


Question: How long did the offensive phase of the Continuation War last?

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Finnish protective forces began moving into their positions on June 10, 1941, on June 17 a general mobilization was declared in Finland.


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On June 21, the government ordered 45,000 residences on the Soviet borders to be evacuated.


Question: How long did the offensive phase of the Continuation War last?

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Transfers of German troops to Northern Finland Preparations for the arrival of German troops began immediately.


Question: How long did the offensive phase of the Continuation War last?

Continuation War

Arrangements were handled under the guise of transit organisation, and German forces were not authorized to move east of the Arctic Oceans until 18 June, when it was thought preparations for the invasion east had already been exposed anyway.


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Two divisions of German troops, 20,000 men from Stettin and 10600 men from Oslo, were shipped to Oulu and transferred as train transports to Rovaniemi.


Question: How long did the offensive phase of the Continuation War last?

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Shipings began on 5 June and the last troops were at Rovaniemi on 14 June.


Question: How long did the offensive phase of the Continuation War last?

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On 7 June, SS Division Nord began a march from Norway along the Arctic Sea Road via Vuoso and Sodankylä to Rovaniemi.


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The passing march of the 8000—9000 man strong division's vehicle column lasted 10 hours.


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The division was at Rovaniemi on 10 June.


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A total force of 40600 men was concentrated in the Rovaniemi region, from where on 18 June they began moving towards Salla.


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[12] The German Norwegian Army Staff moved to Rovaniemi on 15 June, Army commander Colonel General Nikolaus von Falkenhorst arrived a week later.


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Two days after the HQ, Luftwaffe aircraft landed in Rovaniemi.


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Of the corps, two mountain divisions (2nd and 3rd)


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moved from Norway to Petsamo only on 22 June, [13] [14] for preparations German pioneers in civilian attire had already been allowed into the country a day earlier.


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Petsamo's German divisions began an attack towards Murmansk on 29 June.


Question: How long did the offensive phase of the Continuation War last?

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Events just before the start of the war by order of the Finnish Air Force Staff, automatic morsing equipment was installed in the Lahti Radio Station and Turku and Oulu radio masts on 21 June for radio navigation of German bombers.


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[15] According to Dr. Hannu Valtonen, who studied aviation history, German bombers flew at night 21—22.


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June from East Prussia through southern Finnish airspace to the north of Ladoga and thence south to the Leningrad region, where Germany and the Soviet Union engaged in the first air battles of the operation after about three o'clock in the early hours of the morning.


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The German bombers then flew to Utt, Finland, where they refueled and from where they continued on to their home fields in East Prussia.


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[16] 21—22.


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During the night between, the Germans in cooperation with the Finnish State Police took over the Soviet consulate in Petsamo and the Finns arrested the entire staff of the consulate and their families.


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The German Gestapo confiscated the consulate's archives for examination and later forwarded them to Valpo.


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[17] The German naval forces were taking advantage of Finnish territory, they had been relying on the Finnish coast and ports since mid-June.


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[16] The Finnish warfare command had already ordered the U-boat squadron on 17 June to take part in mining the Estonian coast and on the evening of 21 June the U-boat squadron received an execution order for its mission.


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On the 22nd, Finnish submarines and Finnish and German ships began mining the Gulf of Finland to prevent the free passage of the Soviet Baltic Fleet.


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Continuation War

The effort was to ensure that the Soviet fleet would not be able to distract from the Gulf of Finland to the flank of the Germans' land front to the Baltics, and to prevent an attack on Åland, the control of which was vital for Finland.


Question: How long did the offensive phase of the Continuation War last?

Continuation War

On the 22nd, the mining was extended off Soviet-occupied Estonia (including Tallinn).


Question: How long did the offensive phase of the Continuation War last?

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Finnish submarines laid mines on the Estonian coast between 7:28 a.m. and 9:06 a.m. on 22 June 1941.


Question: How long did the offensive phase of the Continuation War last?

Continuation War

[18] [19] When information arrived in Finland about the start of the German invasion, the Finnish Navy immediately began Operation Kilsailing, i.e. the transfer of troops to the demilitarised Åland Islands.


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Soviet aircraft carried out the first air attack of the war against the Finns after attacking warships involved in this operation as well as coastal forts at 6:05am on 22 June.


Question: How long did the offensive phase of the Continuation War last?

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In addition, artillery fire began from Hanko to Porsöhu, Storholm and the mainland at 6:50am [20] Adolf Hitler declared in a radio speech on 22 June that Finland would fight together (Im Verein) with Germany.


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Continuation War

Finland announced that it would remain neutral in foreign policy, but Hitler's speech was embarrassing for the country's leadership, it signaled to the world that Finland was allied with Germany in the war against the Soviet Union.


Question: How long did the offensive phase of the Continuation War last?

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[21] These actions also led the Soviet Union to initiate military action against Finland, as it considered Finland to allow its territory to be used to attack itself.


Question: How long did the offensive phase of the Continuation War last?

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Despite the coordinated naval warfare initiated with Germany and the army stationed by Germany from the level of Nurmes as far as Petsamoo, Finland declared that it remained neutral in foreign policy.


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[22] [23] [24] [25] [26] The course of the war The war begins Soviet attacks against Finland began at 06:05 on 22 June, when the Soviet Union bombed a Finnish naval division at sea.


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Subsequently, on the same day, Finland participated in the mining of the southern Gulf of Finland.


Question: How long did the offensive phase of the Continuation War last?

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On the same day Germany launched its invasion of the Soviet Union.


Question: How long did the offensive phase of the Continuation War last?

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German planes returning from the bombing flight stopped in Finnish territory for refueling.


Question: How long did the offensive phase of the Continuation War last?

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The Soviets responded by bombing Finnish military targets in Finland with aircraft and cannons.


Question: How long did the offensive phase of the Continuation War last?

Continuation War

Finland refrained from returning fire and tried to assert neutrality in the new war.


Question: How long did the offensive phase of the Continuation War last?

Continuation War

A significant war effort was avoided between Finland and the Soviet Union for a few days.


Question: How long did the offensive phase of the Continuation War last?

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On June 24, 1941, the Soviet Union evacuated its legation in Helsinki.


Question: How long did the offensive phase of the Continuation War last?

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[11] On 25 June 1941, the Soviet Air Force bombed Helsinki, Turku and Porvoo, as well as a dozen other localities, with about 500 planes, of which 27 planes were shot down on Finnish territory.


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Based on these bombings and past events, in its communique to parliament, the government had reached the conclusion that the country had fallen into a state of war.


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This position was adopted by Parliament [27].


Question: How long did the offensive phase of the Continuation War last?

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On the same day 25.6, Prime Minister Jukka Rangell stated on the radio that Finland was again at war with the Soviet Union.


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War was declared on 26 June.


Question: How long did the offensive phase of the Continuation War last?

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The Finnish army and German troops in Finland began a ground offensive.


Question: How long did the offensive phase of the Continuation War last?

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The Finnish army launched a major offensive in Ladoga Karelia in the direction of Korpiselä on 10 July with its focus on the left wing.


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The brunt of the attack was the advance of the 1st Jaeger Brigade, commanded by Colonel Ruben Lagus, which reached the shores of Ladoga within days.


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[28] By the end of August, the Karelian Army, commanded by Lieutenant-General Erik Heinrichs, had reached the limits that preceded the Winter War.


Question: How long did the offensive phase of the Continuation War last?

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The Finnish people who experienced the Winter War were, with rare unanimity, behind the country's leadership and the reclamation of lost Karelia.


Question: How long did the offensive phase of the Continuation War last?

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The new war was seen as a continuation war of the Winter War, aimed at righting the wrong suffered.


Question: How long did the offensive phase of the Continuation War last?

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[21] On several occasions the Soviet Union demanded Britain declare war on Finland.


Question: How long did the offensive phase of the Continuation War last?

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British Prime Minister Winston Churchill sent Marshal Mannerheim a personal, private and secret letter expressing regret that Britain will soon have to declare war on Finland.


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Churchill also urged Finland not to cross the old border.


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The letter is preserved at Britain's Imperial War Museum.


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[29] Britain severed diplomatic relations on 1 August and threatened with war on 22 September unless the advance was cut off.


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Following Finland's accession to the Anti-Comintern Treaty on 25 November, Britain filed an ultimatum demanding a cessation of hostilities by 5 December.


Question: How long did the offensive phase of the Continuation War last?

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After remaining without a satisfactory response, London announced on Finnish Independence Day, 6 December, a declaration of war on Finland.


Question: How long did the offensive phase of the Continuation War last?

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Relations with foreign countries deteriorated as Finnish forces advanced.


Question: How long did the offensive phase of the Continuation War last?

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However, the actual war effort between the two countries was already limited to the earlier bombing of Liinahamar on 30 June.


Question: How long did the offensive phase of the Continuation War last?

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Australia, Canada and New Zealand also submitted a declaration of war to Finland.


Question: How long did the offensive phase of the Continuation War last?

Continuation War

Already during the civil war in 1918, Mannerheim had issued a declaration in Antrea on the Karelian Isthmus stating that we should not put his sword in a sheath until Finland and East Karelia were free.


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In the Continuation War, Mannerheim issued his famous so-called sword-sheath day order, in which he referred to his declaration.


Question: How long did the offensive phase of the Continuation War last?

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There were also mentions of a large Finland in the daily order, which even at that time caused negative attention in political circles.


Question: How long did the offensive phase of the Continuation War last?

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During the Continuation War, Finland occupied the most extensive territory in its history.


Question: How long did the offensive phase of the Continuation War last?

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Many people outside the right wanted to annex East Karelia to Finland.


Question: How long did the offensive phase of the Continuation War last?

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The grounds were not only ideological and political, but also military: the so-called Three Isthmus Line was easier to defend than the previous frontier.


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With Germany backed, there was an opportunity to do so.


Question: How long did the offensive phase of the Continuation War last?

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On the other hand, there were economic motives in the form of exploitation of forest reserves in East Karelia.


Question: How long did the offensive phase of the Continuation War last?

Continuation War

However, the territories were not legally annexed to Finland; only the territories lost in the Winter War were declared by Parliament as belonging to Finland.


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The management of the territories was provided by the Military Administration of East Karelia, which made preparatory measures to annex the conquered territories to Finland.


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Continuation War

Internment camps were established in the conquered territory, which in their own time were referred to at first as “concentration camps” and later as “displacement camps”.


Question: How long did the offensive phase of the Continuation War last?

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[30] They were excluded: [31] (a) “unnational population from those areas where their stay in view of military action could not be permitted”; (b) “politically unreliable persons belonging to the national and non-national population of the military administrative territory”; (c) “in exceptional cases other persons belonging to the population of the Military Administrative Region whose vacancy was deemed undesirable”.


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When defined as the national population, the Finnish population was perceived as a native population.


Question: How long did the offensive phase of the Continuation War last?

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[32] [33] The population of Väisniemi, Syyrinlaakso and Maanselänänänänänisthus, who traditionally happen to speak Russian, were moved from the front line to camps not only to prevent attacks by Soviet partisans, but also to protect civilians themselves.


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Besides this, refugees of non-Finnish descent were packed in Vänisniemi from all over the Karelian-Finnish Soviet Socialist Republic; while waiting in vain for transport across Sänisjärvi, they remained in the hands of the Finnish Defence Forces.


Question: How long did the offensive phase of the Continuation War last?

Continuation War

Based on the research literature, it can be estimated that evacuees or refugees from near the fronts may have numbered up to 16600 of the people placed in camps in East Karelia.


Question: How long did the offensive phase of the Continuation War last?

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This would mean more than 69% of the camps” highest population, which was 23984 people, on April 1, 1942.


Question: How long did the offensive phase of the Continuation War last?

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[34] Mortality in the concentration camps of occupied East Karelia was up to 3.75%, significantly higher than among the free population of the same region (2.6%), in Finland (1.31%).


Question: How long did the offensive phase of the Continuation War last?

Continuation War

The main reason for the high mortality rate among East Karelian campers appears to have been poor nutritional status and, to some extent, their age structure: a high relative proportion of women aged 20—30 years and minor children (almost 50%).


Question: How long did the offensive phase of the Continuation War last?

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[35] During the Continuation War, about 62000 Inger Finns migrated to Finland from the German-occupied Inger region.


Question: How long did the offensive phase of the Continuation War last?

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The war of positions Mannerheim and Ryti had a negative view of the conquest of Leningrad and its direct support, as well as the severing of the Muurmann line in order to hold the argument for a separate war and to keep Finland better prospects for peace negotiations even after Germany's eventual defeat context [36].


Question: How long did the offensive phase of the Continuation War last?

Continuation War

The advance of the Finns stalled on Mannerheim's orders in December 1941, when the so-called positional warfare phase began.


Question: How long did the offensive phase of the Continuation War last?

Continuation War

It lasted two and a half years.


Question: How long did the offensive phase of the Continuation War last?

Continuation War

On 6 December, the territories lost in the Winter War were annexed back to Finland by the Parliament in restoring the borders of the Peace of Tartu.


Question: How long did the offensive phase of the Continuation War last?

Continuation War

During the Continuation War, production and foreign trade declined, creating problems for the country's food supply.


Question: How long did the offensive phase of the Continuation War last?

Continuation War

The most difficult food situation was during the winter between 1942—1943.


Question: How long did the offensive phase of the Continuation War last?

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In this case, for example, frontmen experienced deficiency diseases, and especially in some younger men general weakness due to lack of food.


Question: How long did the offensive phase of the Continuation War last?

Continuation War

The situation was saved by imports of food supplies, mostly from Germany and the countries under its influence.


Question: How long did the offensive phase of the Continuation War last?

Continuation War

In addition, the situation of the frontmen was facilitated by German troops in northern Finland who victualled 50,000 Finnish soldiers in their area of responsibility.


Question: How long did the offensive phase of the Continuation War last?

Continuation War

Despite the practical problems brought with them by long transport journeys, monotonous food and limited portions the victualling of the frontmen was satisfactorily successful.


Question: How long did the offensive phase of the Continuation War last?

Continuation War

There were a total of 300 cases of deficiency disease that required hospitalisation among frontmen during the Continuation War, which can be considered quite a small number.


Question: How long did the offensive phase of the Continuation War last?

Continuation War

[37] In 1942, fighting continued fragmented at Syvär and Kiesting.


Question: How long did the offensive phase of the Continuation War last?

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The Finns' only offensive war during the entire war of positions remained the capture of Suursaari in March.


Question: How long did the offensive phase of the Continuation War last?

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[38] On June 4, Mannerheim reached the age of 75 and was promoted to Marshal of Finland.


Question: How long did the offensive phase of the Continuation War last?

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The day was designated by defensive force as a flag feast day.


Question: How long did the offensive phase of the Continuation War last?

Continuation War

In Helsinki, a street was announced to be named in his honour.


Question: How long did the offensive phase of the Continuation War last?

Continuation War

Adolf Hitler unexpectedly visited Mannerheim's birthday party in Immola and complained that he had not been able to ensure Romanian oil for Germany to do anything for Finland before or during the Winter War.


Question: How long did the offensive phase of the Continuation War last?

Continuation War

A recording of Hitler's “soliloquy” by the Finns also clarified the level of Soviet arms race that had surprised Hitler.


Question: How long did the offensive phase of the Continuation War last?

Continuation War

On his return visit to Germany, Mannerheim had apparently received further information about the German “expedition to the East” because, after his return, assessed to Defence Minister Walden the German “expedition to the east” as ending in disaster.


Question: How long did the offensive phase of the Continuation War last?

Continuation War

The Soviets sent a military detachment behind the Finns front line around Rukajärvi.


Question: How long did the offensive phase of the Continuation War last?

Continuation War

However, the Finns defeated the attempt in a short chase.


Question: How long did the offensive phase of the Continuation War last?

Continuation War

After Germany suffered defeat at Stalingrad, efforts began to be made in Finland to distance themselves from Germany.


Question: How long did the offensive phase of the Continuation War last?

Continuation War

The parliament began to show dissatisfaction towards Ryti, which was manifested by Secretary of State R.J.


Question: How long did the offensive phase of the Continuation War last?

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On Witting's criticism of Ryti's signing of an anticomintern contract.


Question: How long did the offensive phase of the Continuation War last?

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Parliament refused to extend the power law granted to Ryti.


Question: How long did the offensive phase of the Continuation War last?

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However, this did not prevent his re-election to an additional two-year term in February 1943.


Question: How long did the offensive phase of the Continuation War last?

Continuation War

However, Prime Minister Rangell's government was switched to a less pro-German one led by Edwin Linkommies.


Question: How long did the offensive phase of the Continuation War last?

Continuation War

The government held together mainly thanks to Väinö Tanner, the finance minister of the Social Democrats.


Question: How long did the offensive phase of the Continuation War last?

Continuation War

Initial peace talks on Peace were held through the year, but no agreement was reached.


Question: How long did the offensive phase of the Continuation War last?

Continuation War

As early as 8 February, the Soviet Union declared its willingness for peace.


Question: How long did the offensive phase of the Continuation War last?

Continuation War

The United States insisted on maintaining Finland's independence, and the Soviet ambassador to Washington, A. Litvinov, stated that the Soviet Union did not intend to occupy Finland as a whole.


Question: How long did the offensive phase of the Continuation War last?

Continuation War

The Finns received the same insurance from Aleksandra Kollonta in Stockholm.


Question: How long did the offensive phase of the Continuation War last?

Continuation War

Finland insisted on the 1939 borders as the basis for peace negotiations, but the Soviet Union was informed that Finland's representative is welcome to negotiate in Moscow, but Finland's proposal should not include territories not belonging to it before the war.


Question: How long did the offensive phase of the Continuation War last?

Continuation War

Peace terms were struck into lock among the Allies at a Tehran conference in December.