Question: Why was the Lapuan movement founded?

Lapuan Movement

Similar events took place around the country and eventually police had 10,000 suspects to question.


Question: Why was the Lapuan movement founded?

Lapuan Movement

The government again found itself in an embarrassing situation.


Question: Why was the Lapuan movement founded?

Lapuan Movement

The Lord of Vaasa, K. V. Martonen, on the other hand, did not even agree to continue the investigations, justifying that the province was so pro-Lapuan that it was impossible to catch the riders.


Question: Why was the Lapuan movement founded?

Lapuan Movement

In Ostrobothnia, the violence against communists was seen as patriotic acts, not crimes.


Question: Why was the Lapuan movement founded?

Lapuan Movement

The mass enrolments of riders across Finland were the last events of the anti-communist movement known as the Lapuan movement.


Question: Why was the Lapuan movement founded?

Lapuan Movement

[2] In the end, 14% of those taking part in the ride were challenged.


Question: Why was the Lapuan movement founded?

Lapuan Movement

There were 656 charges filed for the rides, 38 per cent of which lapsed.


Question: Why was the Lapuan movement founded?

Lapuan Movement

10% of those convicted were handed an unconditional prison sentence.


Question: Why was the Lapuan movement founded?

Lapuan Movement

So, of the riders, the vast majority did not receive any kind of conviction.


Question: Why was the Lapuan movement founded?

Lapuan Movement

One in five people who were victims of political violence during the rides demanded and received justice.


Question: Why was the Lapuan movement founded?

Lapuan Movement

[2] Although the rides of Väinö Hakkila and K. J. Ståhlberg were a bad blow to Lapua's movement, in a sense these two rides had the effect that the paraphrasers hoped for.


Question: Why was the Lapuan movement founded?

Lapuan Movement

After his amusement, Hakkila sharpened his attitude towards the Communists and got along well with the MPs of the Patriotic People's Movement, or former Lapuans, during the wars.


Question: Why was the Lapuan movement founded?

Lapuan Movement

Ståhlberg continued to stand on his line of legality, but no longer criticised the actions of the Lapuan movement as sharply.


Question: Why was the Lapuan movement founded?

Lapuan Movement

[2] However, this was not enough for the more radical supporters of the Lapuan movement.


Question: Why was the Lapuan movement founded?

Lapuan Movement

In February 1931, with the presidential election battle at its hottest, the main pro-Lapuans' activist magazine called for the assassination of President Ståhlberg.


Question: Why was the Lapuan movement founded?

Lapuan Movement

By order of the Minister of the Interior, the edition of that issue was confiscated, but editor-in-chief Vihtori Kosola was not dared to be arrested.


Question: Why was the Lapuan movement founded?

Lapuan Movement

[25] The Lapua Movement Ry Presidential elections of 1931 and the objectives of Lapua Joint Ry With the radicalization of Summer and Autumn 1930, moderate circles left the Lapua Movement.


Question: Why was the Lapuan movement founded?

Lapuan Movement

22—23 p.m.


Question: Why was the Lapuan movement founded?

Lapuan Movement

At a popular movement meeting held on November 1930, the Lapuan Liiku Ry was established


Question: Why was the Lapuan movement founded?

Lapuan Movement

The founders were practically representatives of the radical wing of the popular movement.


Question: Why was the Lapuan movement founded?

Lapuan Movement

The purpose was to create more organizational features of the popular movement and to clarify its ambiguous leadership.


Question: Why was the Lapuan movement founded?

Lapuan Movement

The Lapua Joko Ry introduced district division and local divisions according to patron municipal districts.


Question: Why was the Lapuan movement founded?

Lapuan Movement

At the turn of 1931—1932, the organization had a membership of about 30,000.


Question: Why was the Lapuan movement founded?

Lapuan Movement

Although it is difficult to calculate, and it is not exactly known how much active part of the Spring—Summer 1930 Lapuan movement, the number of members of the organisation was probably considerably less than the previous popular movement.


Question: Why was the Lapuan movement founded?

Lapuan Movement

[2] However, the organisation of the movement remained halfway.


Question: Why was the Lapuan movement founded?

Lapuan Movement

In late autumn 1931, the former Chief of the General Staff Kurt Martti Wallenius, who as a good organiser, was elected General Secretary, Kurt Martti Wallenius, who, as a good organiser, was able to hold the wires in some way in his hands.


Question: Why was the Lapuan movement founded?

Lapuan Movement

Although the organisation had important financial supporters from the business and business world, such as Rafael Haarla and Petter Forsström, Wallenius' salary was paid by a volunteer group of Ostrobothian men assembled by Jussi Muilu.


Question: Why was the Lapuan movement founded?

Lapuan Movement

[2] However, the Lapua Movement, which transformed itself from the People's Movement to Lapua Ry, still managed to influence the country's politics in the future, especially in the March 1931 presidential election, which can be counted as the last show of political strength for the movement before the Mäntsälä rebellion.


Question: Why was the Lapuan movement founded?

Lapuan Movement

Although it was already more difficult to influence, as support for the movement had diminished considerably in the circles of the Agrarian League, the National Progress Party and the Swedish People's Party.


Question: Why was the Lapuan movement founded?

Lapuan Movement

[2] The presidential elections in March 1931 were becoming another political crisis for good reason, because Pehr Evind Svinhufvud, who was firmly supported by the Lapuan Movement, and K. J. Ståhlberg of the Legality Front.


Question: Why was the Lapuan movement founded?

Lapuan Movement

In the Agrarian League, leaders such as Juho Niukkanen tried to get supporters behind Svinhufvud.


Question: Why was the Lapuan movement founded?

Lapuan Movement

Svinhufvud's endorsement was partly based on the fact that the election of Ståhlberg might lead to unrest and derail the country into a really bad crisis.


Question: Why was the Lapuan movement founded?

Lapuan Movement

Svinhufvud was also believed to hold with his authority the Lapuan Movement and the extremists that sympathize with it in check.


Question: Why was the Lapuan movement founded?

Lapuan Movement

This was especially hoped for in agrarian circles.


Question: Why was the Lapuan movement founded?

Lapuan Movement

[2] Svinhufvud tried to cool the feelings of the sharpest Lapuans by releasing a communique through STT in February saying that all districts should accept the election result, whatever it may be.


Question: Why was the Lapuan movement founded?

Lapuan Movement

A couple of days after this communication, the ingredients for the crisis emerged when Activist magazine, which advocated the steep line of the Lapua Movement, published a writing that was interpreted to mean that Ståhlberg should be fired if Svinhufvud did not get elected.


Question: Why was the Lapuan movement founded?

Lapuan Movement

Owned by Yrjö Nikula, Activist was edited by Vilho Viita and also had its Swedish language sister magazine, Aktivisten.


Question: Why was the Lapuan movement founded?

Lapuan Movement

The activist's cover featured a picture of Mannerheim, set by Kosti-Paavo Eerolainen, under which read “History always repeats”.


Question: Why was the Lapuan movement founded?

Lapuan Movement

An article written by Kosti-Paavo Eerolainen called “Shots” was found on the inside pages.


Question: Why was the Lapuan movement founded?

Lapuan Movement

In the article, it was written to readers that heroes like Eugen Schauman and Bobi Sivén would still be needed.


Question: Why was the Lapuan movement founded?

Lapuan Movement

New Finland tried to explain and understand the writing in its editorial, writing that Eerolainen's “uneasy mood can be embraced in light of recent state cases”.


Question: Why was the Lapuan movement founded?

Lapuan Movement

Erkki V. Kuokkanen, an agrarian minister of the interior, ordered the magazine's entire edition to be seized and the editor arrested.


Question: Why was the Lapuan movement founded?

Lapuan Movement

However, since the formal editor-in-chief of the magazine was Vihtori Kosola, the arrest was not carried out so as not to escalate the situation.


Question: Why was the Lapuan movement founded?

Lapuan Movement

[26] [2] Eventually, in the first round of electors in the presidential election, they were facing off against P. E. Svinhufvud, K. J. Ståhlberg and Kyösti Kallio, who was still in the second round.


Question: Why was the Lapuan movement founded?

Lapuan Movement

Ståhlberg did not become selected in the third round, as the Agrarian selectors went behind Svinhufvud.


Question: Why was the Lapuan movement founded?

Lapuan Movement

When it was announced in parliament that Svinhufvud was elected president by a vote of 151—149, the audience in the parliament's galleries erupted into applause, but Svinhufvud roared, “Shut up, this is no theatre!”.


Question: Why was the Lapuan movement founded?

Lapuan Movement

Those who supported the Lapua Movement had come to follow the election, as was the case when voting for the Republic's Protection Act.


Question: Why was the Lapuan movement founded?

Lapuan Movement

The receding Relanderkin found the result easing, writing in his diary: “The cause of the fatherland came to be saved.”


Question: Why was the Lapuan movement founded?

Lapuan Movement

Svinhufvud managed to keep the Lapuans practically in complete silence for the next six months.


Question: Why was the Lapuan movement founded?

Lapuan Movement

And even so Svinhufvud played a great role in stopping the Mäntsälä rebellion.


Question: Why was the Lapuan movement founded?

Lapuan Movement

Later, it has been concluded that the election of Ståhlberg would have raised a larger wave of Lapuan lawlessness than in the summer of 1930.


Question: Why was the Lapuan movement founded?

Lapuan Movement

[2] [27] Svinhufvud also generally implemented policies desired by bourgeois circles and the Lapuan Movement.


Question: Why was the Lapuan movement founded?

Lapuan Movement

For example, he decided to improve the state of national defence, which failed to improve for party political reasons, and was not easy in the future.


Question: Why was the Lapuan movement founded?

Lapuan Movement

The Lapuan Movement had called for Mannerheim as Chairman of the Defence Council, whom Svinhufvud immediately appointed to this post.


Question: Why was the Lapuan movement founded?

Lapuan Movement

Svinhufvud also secretly appointed Mannerheim as wartime commander-in-chief.


Question: Why was the Lapuan movement founded?

Lapuan Movement

Ståhlberg, on the other hand, disliked Mannerheim.


Question: Why was the Lapuan movement founded?

Lapuan Movement

[2] The Lapuan Movement really went silent for six months.


Question: Why was the Lapuan movement founded?

Lapuan Movement

Support for the movement fell further once the last goal had been achieved.


Question: Why was the Lapuan movement founded?

Lapuan Movement

Support for the movement had fallen all along as it had achieved its objectives.


Question: Why was the Lapuan movement founded?

Lapuan Movement

In general, the movement thus began to be seen as futile, once communism and the far left had been eradicated, a bourgeois government erected, site terror removed and Svinhufvud elected president.


Question: Why was the Lapuan movement founded?

Lapuan Movement

The movement began to focus on its next target, the eradication of social democracy.


Question: Why was the Lapuan movement founded?

Lapuan Movement

The Lapua Movement had already shown signs of anti-social democracy in the autumn of 1930, but in November at the founding meeting of the Lapua Joint RY it adopted the abolition of the SDP as its official goal.


Question: Why was the Lapuan movement founded?

Lapuan Movement

The whole of the popular movement had been based on high and strong risks for and against feelings, but the goal of eradicating the Social Democrats has many times been regarded as its biggest mistake.


Question: Why was the Lapuan movement founded?

Lapuan Movement

The Finnish people did not see the SDP as a threat, but they were not sympathetic to communism, as demonstrated by the results of the parliamentary elections.


Question: Why was the Lapuan movement founded?

Lapuan Movement

However, the movement began to believe truly in its phrase “We do what we will” and considered it possible that the SDP could be removed wherever the communists were.


Question: Why was the Lapuan movement founded?

Lapuan Movement

Especially it believed in direct action, because the demands of a popular movement, would not have passed without foreign parliamentary direct means, lawlessness and violence.


Question: Why was the Lapuan movement founded?

Lapuan Movement

The eradication of social democracy was justified by the fact that the SDP had voted against the Republic's Protection Act and tried to slow down the implementation of communist legislation.


Question: Why was the Lapuan movement founded?

Lapuan Movement

Similarly, it held that the remaining communists or other far-leftists in Finland had infiltrated this only remaining left-wing party.


Question: Why was the Lapuan movement founded?

Lapuan Movement

Accordingly, it was necessary to eradicate the entire left.


Question: Why was the Lapuan movement founded?

Lapuan Movement

Some extremists of the Lapuans were also apparently planning to get rid of the legal front, which was on good terms with the SDP.


Question: Why was the Lapuan movement founded?

Lapuan Movement

[2] With the radicalisation and destruction of the Lapua Movement on 17 September 1931, the RKP Minister of the Interior Ernst von Born gave the order to open the Lapua Workers' House, which had been nailed up in November 1929 immediately after the Communist Challenge Party.


Question: Why was the Lapuan movement founded?

Lapuan Movement

The movement had lived in silence, but von Born re-raised its will to fight, especially as von Born had challenged to ask which one would impose, the government or Kosola.


Question: Why was the Lapuan movement founded?

Lapuan Movement

A citizens' assembly was again held in Lapua, at the conclusion of which on 21 September 1931, the Lapuan Workers' House was nailed and boarded up with a force of two thousand men.


Question: Why was the Lapuan movement founded?

Lapuan Movement

Iivari Koivisto gave a speech before nailing, and after nailing, a telegram was sent to the makers which read: “The house is closed and remains”.


Question: Why was the Lapuan movement founded?

Lapuan Movement

The nailing of the Labour House became a true Lapuan folk celebration and the government was forced to bend again in the face of Lapuan mass force.


Question: Why was the Lapuan movement founded?

Lapuan Movement

[2] Threat of coup The incident caused the coup rumours to start swirling again as it did among the left in the autumn of 1930.


Question: Why was the Lapuan movement founded?

Lapuan Movement

The rumours gained further impetus when statements were released from the Lapuan movement that spoke only vaguely of the need to change the state order.


Question: Why was the Lapuan movement founded?

Lapuan Movement

The Union of Revolutionary War Frontmen and the Provincial Movement were suspected as possible planners of the coup project.


Question: Why was the Lapuan movement founded?

Lapuan Movement

In November, the domestic political situation began to escalate and rumors grew.


Question: Why was the Lapuan movement founded?

Lapuan Movement

On November 14, 1931, a meeting was held in Lapua to draft the so-called Programme Declaration, calling for a transition to a majority electoral system, tying the right to vote to the ability to pay taxes, abandonment of social reforms, delegation of the power of parliament to the government, agricultural production support for the liberation of those involved in the illegal activities of the Lapuan movement and the prohibition of social democratic activities.


Question: Why was the Lapuan movement founded?

Lapuan Movement

The majority electoral system was intended to create a strong one-party bourgeois government, which would be strengthened by delegating the power of parliament to it.


Question: Why was the Lapuan movement founded?

Lapuan Movement

Tying the right to vote to the ability to pay taxes was apparently to guarantee that the poorer working population would not be allowed to vote Left, which would, however, be effectively wiped out by the banning of the Social Democrats (in which case the majority of voters on the left would probably have moved to vote “left-wing burghers”).


Question: Why was the Lapuan movement founded?

Lapuan Movement

The demands tell the Lapua Movement, with its demands, moved considerably more to the right from the original popular movement.


Question: Why was the Lapuan movement founded?

Lapuan Movement

[28] In particular, the restriction of the right to vote by wealth informed this, especially since the adherence to the original popular movement included many low-resourced peasants and entrepreneurs affected by the depression.


Question: Why was the Lapuan movement founded?

Lapuan Movement

[4] On 7 November 1931, in an editorial in Helsingin Sanomat, Eljas Erkko wrote that a coup d'état was going to be carried out in the country, probably led by K. M. Wallenius, who had just been elected secretary-general, and Arne Somersalo, editor of Aika's Suunta magazine.


Question: Why was the Lapuan movement founded?

Lapuan Movement

Instead, Esko Riekki, the chief of the Detective Central Police (EK), said, along with the Coalition and the press supporting it, that no action was planned in the country, at most a level of vandalism.


Question: Why was the Lapuan movement founded?

Lapuan Movement

Late in the year, the rebellion among the Lapuans was the failure of Svinhufvud to carry out the measures advocated by the Lapuans to bring down social democratic activities.


Question: Why was the Lapuan movement founded?

Lapuan Movement

As the BC was not trusted, the secret society Pro Patria et Lege — For the Fatherland and Law, which, as a moderate-bourgeois counterforce to the Lapua Movement, had been founded in autumn 1931.


Question: Why was the Lapuan movement founded?

Lapuan Movement

[29] The situation really began to escalate on January 25, 1932.


Question: Why was the Lapuan movement founded?

Lapuan Movement

A citizens' meeting was held in Mäntsälä, at the end of which, according to the Social Democrat of Finland, it was decided to nail down all the working houses in Mäntsälä.


Question: Why was the Lapuan movement founded?

Lapuan Movement

The Ohkola Workers' House and many other workers' houses had time to close and Bruno Jalander, the mayor of Uusimaa County, sent the Mobile Police Department to calm the situation.


Question: Why was the Lapuan movement founded?

Lapuan Movement

The Lapuans began to regard von Born as a traitor to the earth because he protected the socialists and their activities by his actions.


Question: Why was the Lapuan movement founded?

Lapuan Movement

On 27 February, Mikko Erich, MP Mikko Erich, who had defected from the Coalition Party to the Social Democratic Party, was scheduled to be held at the Ohkola Workers' House in Mäntsälä.


Question: Why was the Lapuan movement founded?

Lapuan Movement

Erich was considered a traitor to the ground, as he had before unveiled statues commemorating the Revolutionary War and had been an active Coalition, but later converted to socialist.


Question: Why was the Lapuan movement founded?

Lapuan Movement

On 24 February 1932, support troops from the Lapua Movement arrived in Mäntsälä and the district chief of the Patron Municipal District of Northern Uusimaa, Paavo Susitaival, asked to cancel Erich's speaking event because unrest might arise, but this request was refused.


Question: Why was the Lapuan movement founded?

Lapuan Movement

[2] Mäntsälä Rebellion Finally, on 27 February 1932, 400—700 patrons interrupted by shooting Erich's speech session at the Ohkola Workers' House.


Question: Why was the Lapuan movement founded?

Lapuan Movement

Initially it was supposed to disperse after the meeting was broken up, but the patrons, under Lieutenant Artturi Vuorimaa, moved to the Mäntsälä patronage house and refused to surrender to the authorities.


Question: Why was the Lapuan movement founded?

Lapuan Movement

On 28 February 1932, Vuorimaa issued a rebellion declaration and the Mäntsälä rebellion, or nerve battle between the government and the Lapuan Movement, began.


Question: Why was the Lapuan movement founded?

Lapuan Movement

On the same day, Pro Patria et Lege — For the Fatherland and the Law was activated.


Question: Why was the Lapuan movement founded?

Lapuan Movement

On 29 February, the Lapuan Movement leadership positioned itself to support the rebellion after evening and nightly reflection.


Question: Why was the Lapuan movement founded?

Lapuan Movement

The next day the Coalition positioned itself to support the rebels and the rebels as well as the Lapua Movement appeared to be on the head of the neck.


Question: Why was the Lapuan movement founded?

Lapuan Movement

Eventually, Ostrobothian troops arrived in Mäntsälä and 5000 to 7000 patrons moved throughout the country.


Question: Why was the Lapuan movement founded?

Lapuan Movement

Jyväskylä was held by the rebels and 1000 armed patron municipalities had gathered at Pori's patron council house.


Question: Why was the Lapuan movement founded?

Lapuan Movement

Similarly, there was movement in Salo.


Question: Why was the Lapuan movement founded?

Lapuan Movement

Although President Svinhufvud was right-wing, he could not allow another civil war and the wreckage of democracy.


Question: Why was the Lapuan movement founded?

Lapuan Movement

Thus, he gave his famous radio speech on 3 March 1932, appealing to the patron municipalities.


Question: Why was the Lapuan movement founded?

Lapuan Movement

This promise and appeal caused the rebellion colonies to disintegrate: [2] [30] 4—5.


Question: Why was the Lapuan movement founded?

Lapuan Movement

On March 1932, the Lapuan Movement leadership decided to put down the rebellion.


Question: Why was the Lapuan movement founded?

Lapuan Movement

On 5 March, the rebellion colony in Jyväskylä broke up, and the following night it was reported that the rebels in Mäntsälä would surrender.


Question: Why was the Lapuan movement founded?

Lapuan Movement

By 10:00 in the morning of 7 March, the insurgency leadership reported and thus definitively the rebellion came to an end.


Question: Why was the Lapuan movement founded?

Lapuan Movement

Lapuan Movement leadership was sentenced to prison terms.


Question: Why was the Lapuan movement founded?

Lapuan Movement

The activities of Lapua Joko Ry had been banned in practice as early as 29 February under the Republic's Protection Act, but Interior Minister Arvo Mainland dissolved the organisation on 24 March.


Question: Why was the Lapuan movement founded?

Lapuan Movement

The decision was upheld by the Court of Racing 28.


Question: Why was the Lapuan movement founded?

Lapuan Movement

May.


Question: Why was the Lapuan movement founded?

Lapuan Movement

[31] The heirs of the Lapuan movement Vihtori Kosola returned from captivity on 20 October 1932 to Lapua and the event was a great folk festival.


Question: Why was the Lapuan movement founded?

Lapuan Movement

To continue the legacy of the Lapua movement, the Patriotic People's Movement was founded on 5 June 1932.


Question: Why was the Lapuan movement founded?

Lapuan Movement

The party began its activities on 14 June 1932 at the Assembly of Representatives in Lapua.


Question: Why was the Lapuan movement founded?

Lapuan Movement

The Patriotic People's Movement continued to see the goal of eradicating social democracy in its party program, but operated as a party with the rules of the game of democracy and parliamentarism, despite the background of its predecessor.


Question: Why was the Lapuan movement founded?

Lapuan Movement

The Patriotic People's Movement was only a parliamentary party among others in its emphasis on legality, parliamentarism and democracy.


Question: Why was the Lapuan movement founded?

Lapuan Movement

This annoyed many old representatives of the radical wing of the Lapua Movement who relied on active direct action, such as Kosti-Paavo Eerolalainen.


Question: Why was the Lapuan movement founded?

Lapuan Movement

However, the Patriotic People's Movement was quite a different political movement from the Lapua Movement and operated in a completely different social situation.


Question: Why was the Lapuan movement founded?

Lapuan Movement

[2] The Patriotic People's Movement formed a “Patriotic Electoral Union” with the Coalition in the 1933 parliamentary elections, obtaining 14 seats, eating the votes of the Coalition so that the Coalition's number of seats fell from 42 to 18.


Question: Why was the Lapuan movement founded?

Lapuan Movement

In the 1936 elections it gained 14 seats again and in the 1939 elections 8 seats.


Question: Why was the Lapuan movement founded?

Lapuan Movement

The party sat in Rangell's government from 4 January 1941 to 5 March 1943.


Question: Why was the Lapuan movement founded?

Lapuan Movement

Article 21 of the Moscow Interim Peace Treaty called for the abolition of all “pro-Hitlerite organisations”.


Question: Why was the Lapuan movement founded?

Lapuan Movement

These were interpreted by Finnish policymakers as referring to patriotic and national defence organisations such as the Academic Karelala-Seura, Lotta-Svärd, Patronuskunta and Patriotic People's Movement.


Question: Why was the Lapuan movement founded?

Lapuan Movement

In addition, the Finnish Brothers-in-Arms Federation had to be abolished.


Question: Why was the Lapuan movement founded?

Lapuan Movement

The Patriotic People's Movement was ordered disbanded four days after the conclusion of a peace treaty on 23 September 1944.


Question: Why was the Lapuan movement founded?

Lapuan Movement

[4] Leadership of the Lapua Movement Many times the Lapua movement is thought to have been a more derived organisation than it was.


Question: Why was the Lapuan movement founded?

Lapuan Movement

The only region under the effective control of the Lapua movement was Southern Ostrobothnia, which was almost in mystical value during the Lapuan years.


Question: Why was the Lapuan movement founded?

Lapuan Movement

In fact, the “Lapua Movement” was commonly referred to as the anti-communist movement in the country, as well as the events connected to it.


Question: Why was the Lapuan movement founded?

Lapuan Movement

Ultimately, the movement was united only by anti-communism, in the signs of which quite diverse persons, directions and circles participated in the movement.


Question: Why was the Lapuan movement founded?

Lapuan Movement

The Lapua movement did not have any membership book or card, but anyone could act in the name of the Lapua movement.


Question: Why was the Lapuan movement founded?

Lapuan Movement

In the provinces outside southern Ostrobothnia, the spirit of Lapua, or anti-communist movement, relied on local organisations, patrons and former activists, as well as anyone who considered it necessary to eradicate communism in Finland.


Question: Why was the Lapuan movement founded?

Lapuan Movement

From the House of Kosola, contact was maintained by telegram and telephone with these major non-Ostrobothnian anti-communist circles; however, these were not directly under the command of Kosola or Lapua.


Question: Why was the Lapuan movement founded?

Lapuan Movement

The vaguely and sporadically assembled leadership of the Lapuan movement made no more than a few line-pulling decisions, which included organising “uprisings”, preparations for the eradication of Communist printings for 16 June 1930, the capture of communist MPs from the Reichstag before 1. Reichstag meeting on July 1930, cessation of direct action for the duration of the Peasant March (7 July 1930) and Communist Acts and its resumption on 18 July 1930 with the Väinö Hakkila ride, purges of local councils from communists Lapua Movement based on the recommendation of the delegation on 24 July 1930, the purges ending in confrontation with the state power on 8—10.


Question: Why was the Lapuan movement founded?

Lapuan Movement

September 1930 and the cessation of violence on 15 September 1930 to guarantee a bourgeois electoral victory and a pan-bourgeois front in parliamentary elections 1—2.


Question: Why was the Lapuan movement founded?

Lapuan Movement

on October 1930.


Question: Why was the Lapuan movement founded?

Lapuan Movement

Even these, the capture of the communists did not work like the capture of Rötkö-Pekkala by Eerolainen and Vuorimaa.


Question: Why was the Lapuan movement founded?

Lapuan Movement

Especially K. R. Kares, as a former Reichstag, had opposed the capture of communist representatives in the middle of the Reichstag.


Question: Why was the Lapuan movement founded?

Lapuan Movement

A kind of general staff of the informal Lapua movement (before becoming an organization) was the House of Kosola in Lapua.


Question: Why was the Lapuan movement founded?

Lapuan Movement

The attention of the media, citizens and politicians was just drawn to Kosola in the summer of 1930.


Question: Why was the Lapuan movement founded?

Lapuan Movement

The leadership in Kosola as well as throughout the popular movement was not very tightly organised.


Question: Why was the Lapuan movement founded?

Lapuan Movement

Communications were sent from Kosola and contacted by telegram and telephone with various provinces and politicians.


Question: Why was the Lapuan movement founded?

Lapuan Movement

A lot of support telegrams also arrived in Kosola, but also barking telegrams, especially from the American-Finnish Communists.


Question: Why was the Lapuan movement founded?

Lapuan Movement

Kai Donner referred to Kosola's house as “the post office.”


Question: Why was the Lapuan movement founded?

Lapuan Movement

Similarly, several different persons visited the house with different requirements.


Question: Why was the Lapuan movement founded?

Lapuan Movement

Lieutenant Artturi Vuorimaa, who worked in Kosola, described the leadership of the popular movement thus: defining the personnel leadership of the Lapuan movement is not easy either.


Question: Why was the Lapuan movement founded?

Lapuan Movement

Many times, only Lapuan management has been spoken of, which is intended only for “Kosola and partners”.


Question: Why was the Lapuan movement founded?

Lapuan Movement

In the spring of 1930, Gustav Tiitu, Artturi Leinonen and Vihtori Kosola were the leaders of the movement.


Question: Why was the Lapuan movement founded?

Lapuan Movement

His inner circle also included the rector Hilja Riipinen and the vicar of Lapua, K. R. Kares, whose position was important especially at the beginning.


Question: Why was the Lapuan movement founded?

Lapuan Movement

Martti Pihkala also played a role in the organization of the early stages.


Question: Why was the Lapuan movement founded?

Lapuan Movement

Like the Agrarian League, Pihkala advocated maintaining a popular movement as a support movement for the government, rather than as a protest movement.


Question: Why was the Lapuan movement founded?

Lapuan Movement

So did docent Kai Donner, who had always been involved in various activist circles and right-wing organizations.


Question: Why was the Lapuan movement founded?

Lapuan Movement

Donner was not among the leading figures; he was essentially laying the ideological underpinnings of the movement.


Question: Why was the Lapuan movement founded?

Lapuan Movement

He had prestige in the old activist circles of Helsinki and thus was a major player in the Lapuan movement in southern Finland.


Question: Why was the Lapuan movement founded?

Lapuan Movement

He remained a strong background influence throughout the existence of the Lapuan movement.


Question: Why was the Lapuan movement founded?

Lapuan Movement

The moderate legal line Suomen Lukko, led by Leinonen, operated from March to October 1930, but drifted to sidings from the popular movement shortly after its founding, after direct action began.


Question: Why was the Lapuan movement founded?

Lapuan Movement

Originally, the Finnish Lukko was intended as an anti-communist umbrella organization.


Question: Why was the Lapuan movement founded?

Lapuan Movement

However, the Lukko operated as an independent anti-communist organization and had footholds in various provinces of Finland, although in Lapua, a leadership of its own had formed around Kosola.


Question: Why was the Lapuan movement founded?

Lapuan Movement

Kosola's own management came about after the sledgehamming of the Voice of Work (28 March 1930) and the Vaasa riot (4 June 1930).


Question: Why was the Lapuan movement founded?

Lapuan Movement

In the summer of 1930, the so-called Lapua Triumvirate, or the Tri-Lead of the Popular Movement, was born, consisting of the bank manager Iivari Koivisto and Vihtori Duke in addition to Vihtori Kosola.


Question: Why was the Lapuan movement founded?

Lapuan Movement

K. R. Kares' influence in the movement grew after the Peasant March (7 July 1930) and by autumn he was actively included in the leadership and his place in photographs alongside Koivisto, Kosola, and the Duke.


Question: Why was the Lapuan movement founded?

Lapuan Movement

To some extent, the election of Kares informed the rise in power of the radical wing.


Question: Why was the Lapuan movement founded?

Lapuan Movement

There were many organizers in the Lapuan movement who put Lapuan activities into practice.


Question: Why was the Lapuan movement founded?

Lapuan Movement

The most famous of these organisers are Heikki Castrén, Lieutenant Artturi Vuorimaa and former detective Kosti-Paavo Eerolainen of the Detective Central Police (EK).


Question: Why was the Lapuan movement founded?

Lapuan Movement

The latter two represented the steep wing of the movement.


Question: Why was the Lapuan movement founded?

Lapuan Movement

Eerolainen turned Activisti magazine into a radical wing sympathizer while working as a journalist at the magazine and was known as a hard paraphraser.


Question: Why was the Lapuan movement founded?

Lapuan Movement

Later, Lieutenant Colonel Paavo Susitaival, older brother of Bobi Sivén, Repola's titular man, rose to become a well-known representative of the radical wing.


Question: Why was the Lapuan movement founded?

Lapuan Movement

Susitaival served as district chief of the patron municipal district of Northern Uusimaa and is known to have taken part in the activities of the Lapua movement at least as early as the time of the peasant march.


Question: Why was the Lapuan movement founded?

Lapuan Movement

Since then, Susitaival was involved in the final stages of the radical Lapuan Movement and in the leadership of the Mäntsälä rebellion.


Question: Why was the Lapuan movement founded?

Lapuan Movement

Several powerful men revolved around the leadership of the Lapuan movement, so the leadership was not entirely in the hands of these three, then four men.


Question: Why was the Lapuan movement founded?

Lapuan Movement

There has always been controversy over Kosola's leadership.


Question: Why was the Lapuan movement founded?

Lapuan Movement

He was more of an ideological leader, elevated to the great peasant leader of the peasant uprising, who was made the new James Ilkka.


Question: Why was the Lapuan movement founded?

Lapuan Movement

In late November 1930, the People's Movement was organized into an organization, thus becoming somewhat easier to define its leadership.


Question: Why was the Lapuan movement founded?

Lapuan Movement

The new leading name was Kurt Martti Wallenius, who remained from the Reich's policy for siding in Ståhlberg, who became the organisation's general secretary.


Question: Why was the Lapuan movement founded?

Lapuan Movement

Similarly, leading figures in the business world such as Rafael Haarla and Petter Forsström grew in importance as sponsors of the organisation.


Question: Why was the Lapuan movement founded?

Lapuan Movement

Hilja “Hurja-Hilja” Riipinen, who was known for his radical opinions, was also raised in the organisation.


Question: Why was the Lapuan movement founded?

Lapuan Movement

The main voice supporter of the Lapuan Movement of the Activist in 1930 was counted as the leaders of the movement: farmer K. V. Huhtala farmer and Awakening manager Vihtori Duke bank manager Yrjö Nikula farmer Vihtori Kosola Jaegermajor Gunnar von Hertzen ice steward Antti Isotalo farmer Matti Malkamäki farmer Erkki Perheentupa Lt. Col. P. A. Helped farmer Juho (Jussi) Tala Captain Torsten Hedman Vicar of Lapua, Asseror K. R. Kares Later found guilty of the Mäntsälä revolt The basis can also be deduced from the organization's leading figures.


Question: Why was the Lapuan movement founded?

Lapuan Movement

These individuals, though, represented the last radical phase of the Lapuan movement.


Question: Why was the Lapuan movement founded?

Lapuan Movement

The main persons responsible for the Mäntsälä revolt (27.2.-6 March 1931) were considered: Vihtori Kosola (farmer and peasant, leader of the Lapua Movement) Kurt Martti Wallenius (Major General, General Secretary of the Lapua Movement) Arne Somersalo (Lieutenant Colonel, Editor-in-Chief of Ajan Sanaa magazine, Finnish Former Commander of the Air Force) Paavo Susitaival (Lieutenant Colonel, District Head of Northern Uusimaa Patron District) Artturi Vuorimaa (Lieutenant, Chief Operating Officer of the Mäntsälä Rebellion) Arvo Lindh (former City Viscal of Kokkola, Treasurer of the Lapuan Movement) Rafael Haarla (trade advisor, financial supporter of the Lapua Movement) Walde Sario (leader, Mäntsälä insurgency leader and leader of the Lapua movement alongside Wallenius and Kosola) Professor Juha Siltala has mentioned as leading hit-and-ride hitmen and organisers following Lapua movement actives: (In parentheses, the locality of which the person was the leader and organizer of the strike force.)


Question: Why was the Lapuan movement founded?

Lapuan Movement

bank manager Yrjö Nikula (Lapua) Jaakko Muilu (Lapua) Jaakko Muilu (Lapua) deputy judge Ilmari Talvitie (Ilmajoki) businessman Arvo Sihto (Ilmajoki) Detective Central Police Detective Kosti-Paavo Eerolainen (Kokkola) Executive Secretary Vilho Viita (Kokkola) Captain Eino A. Laitakari (Turku) Paavo Markkula (Loimaa) National Coalition MP, peasant Erkki Perheentupa (Loimaa) leader Ahto Sippola (Helsinki) activist, farmer Toivo Pohjala (Pori region) War of Independence President of the Association of Front Men Eino Haarla (Tampere) Secretary of the Association of Front Men of the War of Independence, journalist Eero Rekola (Tampere) Chief of the Kainuu Patron District Major Pauli Kontio (Kajaani) Detective Central Police Detective, Head of Order of Kajaanin Puutavara Oy Albin Tolonen (Kajaani) bank manager Isak Kaitera (Oulu) former Group Vientipeace Principal Agent, Ilmari Takkala (Karstula) former Power League active, activist, innkeeper Einar Sarlin (Viitasaari) activist, peasant Paavo Jauhiainen (Kiuruvesi) veterinarian Aaro Hokkanen (Leppävirta) Member of the Joensuu patron district staff, pharmacist Karl Mannelin (Joensuu) Founder of the Nurmes patron council, organizer of tribal wars, member of district staff, pharmacist Matti Calonius (Nurmes) Sources Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Perälä , Reijo| title = Lapuan Lieutenan| location = Jyväskylä | publisher = Historical Society of Northern Finland| year = 1998}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Torsten Edgren, Merja Manninen and Jari Ukkonen| title = Epic, Finnish History Handbook | location = Helsinki| publisher = WSOY| year = 2003| id = ISBN 951-0-27651-0}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Niinistö, Jussi| title = Lapua Movement — Photo history of uprising 1929—1932| location = Helsinki| publisher = NIMOX KY| year = 2003}} Citation error, replace with {cite book| publisher = NIMOX KY| year = 2003}} Citation error, replace {{cite book| | author = Nestori Parkkari| title = Years of Violence: Memoirs in Tammisaari Prison | location = Tampere| publisher = Folk Culture| year = 1961}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Heikki Ylikangas| title = Finnish History Nodes| publisher = WSOY| year = 2007| id = ISBN 978-951 -0-32864-4| accessdate = 20.10.2007| page=236}} References on the topic elsewhere * Category:Key articles on screening


Question: Do the Japanese believe in spirits?

Zilla

Zilla is the American version of Godzilla.


Question: Do the Japanese believe in spirits?

Zilla

At first, thus, according to the custom, was called American Godzilla (engl: American Godzilla), but fans decided to name it better with the abbreviation Zilla.


Question: Do the Japanese believe in spirits?

Zilla

Zilla is more like a dinosaur than Japanese Godzilla.


Question: Do the Japanese believe in spirits?

Zilla

First appearance Zilla is first seen in the film Godzilla (1998 film), where Zilla was a mere sea leguann in an egg but after the nuclear explosion hatched from the egg it grew larger and more monstrous.


Question: Do the Japanese believe in spirits?

Zilla

Zilla destroyed a Japanese ship that beached Jamaica.


Question: Do the Japanese believe in spirits?

Zilla

Zilla arrived in Panama where After that Zilla continued her journey to Manhattan and beached New York underground.


Question: Do the Japanese believe in spirits?

Zilla

They try to destroy Zilla, but just can't succeed.


Question: Do the Japanese believe in spirits?

Zilla

At Madison Square Gardens, Zilla, as an unnatural male, has managed to tole 200 eggs and they hatch.


Question: Do the Japanese believe in spirits?

Zilla

The chicks try to eat Nick and this team, but Nick's team manages to get out of the building and afterwards the building is blown up and the chicks with it.


Question: Do the Japanese believe in spirits?

Zilla

The adult Zilla arrives and tries to burn Nick's team alive.


Question: Do the Japanese believe in spirits?

Zilla

It is not until the Brooklyn Bridge that Zilla is managed to be destroyed by missiles, but one of its eggs managed to survive.


Question: Do the Japanese believe in spirits?

Zilla

Godzilla: Final Wars Zilla also does a short cameo role in Godzilla: Final Wars.


Question: Do the Japanese believe in spirits?

Zilla

In it, Zilla tries to attack Godzilla, but Godzilla slams it on top of the Sydney Opera House and then Godzilla burns down the entire Opera House, causing the airfield to explode and Zilla with it.


Question: Do the Japanese believe in spirits?

Zilla

However, there is no full certainty and some fans believe that Zilla swam away before the explosion and thus survived.


Question: Do the Japanese believe in spirits?

Zilla

The whole battle lasts only 40 seconds.


Question: Do the Japanese believe in spirits?

Zilla

Background information Zilla is smaller and weaker than Japanese-Godzilla, as Japanese Godzilla is indestructible but managed to kill Zilla with missiles.


Question: Do the Japanese believe in spirits?

Zilla

Zilla is much faster and more agile than Japanese-Godzilla in terms of its small size compared to Japanese-Godzilla.


Question: Do the Japanese believe in spirits?

Zilla

In addition, Zilla can plunge explosive fire.


Question: Do the Japanese believe in spirits?

Zilla

With a height of 60 to 90 meters, a length of about 450 meters (according to most dinosaur proportions), as well as being able to swim for kilometres, is able to make underground caves where one could lay their eggs and have quite fluid movement thanks to its speed and strong muscles.


Question: Do the Japanese believe in spirits?

Zilla

Category:Movie Characters Category:Godzilla Category:Fictional reptiles


Question: When was the Finnish alphabet invented?

Alphabet

The alphabet, or alphabet, is an organized collection of letters established in the pronunciation of a particular language.


Question: When was the Finnish alphabet invented?

Alphabet

In sound or alphabetic writing, each letter represents, either alone or together with others, some voice or group of sounds in the spoken language.


Question: When was the Finnish alphabet invented?

Alphabet

Pronograph is one of the three basic types of writing systems in the world, along with syllable writing and dictionary.


Question: When was the Finnish alphabet invented?

Alphabet

Alphabet, lettering, and character set Literature can be considered the superconcept of the alphabet.


Question: When was the Finnish alphabet invented?

Alphabet

Literature typically has more letters than is required to write any individual language.


Question: When was the Finnish alphabet invented?

Alphabet

Literature also does not specify alphabetical order.


Question: When was the Finnish alphabet invented?

Alphabet

For example, the alphabet of Western European languages is based on the Latin literal, while the alphabets of many Eastern European languages are based on the Cyrillic literal.


Question: When was the Finnish alphabet invented?

Alphabet

Often, however, the alphabet and the lettering are understood as synonyms, so that when speaking of the Latin alphabet, for example, it is usually not just the Latin alphabet but an extended Latin-derived letter that also includes, among other things, the Finnish-Swedish alphabet precise letters Å, Ä and Ö. From a computer point of view, one can talk about a character set, which includes other spelling characters, such as punctuation and numbers, in addition to letters.


Question: When was the Finnish alphabet invented?

Alphabet

Concise character sets may have only been formed on the basis of a single alphabet (such as ASCII primarily for American English), but wider character sets may include letters needed for multiple alphabets.


Question: When was the Finnish alphabet invented?

Alphabet

The Unicode character set strives to cover all the writing systems in the world.


Question: When was the Finnish alphabet invented?

Alphabet

Some alphabets and letters include parallel alphabets, such as the upper and lower case alphabets of the Latin letter, which in pairs represent the same pronunciation but in different situations.


Question: When was the Finnish alphabet invented?

Alphabet

History Almost all alphabets in use today have evolved from the ancient Semitic alphabet.


Question: When was the Finnish alphabet invented?

Alphabet

Their emergence was contributed to by Egyptian hieroglyphics.


Question: When was the Finnish alphabet invented?

Alphabet

Hieroglyph writing used both an entire word and characters meaning some pronunciation, but only signs of phonemes were present in the Semitic alphabet from the beginning.


Question: When was the Finnish alphabet invented?

Alphabet

Initially, it had characters only for consonants, as is currently the case in the Hebrew and Arabic alphabets.


Question: When was the Finnish alphabet invented?

Alphabet

The inscription of the Amharic language spoken in Ethiopia has evolved with additional characters into syllable writing.


Question: When was the Finnish alphabet invented?

Alphabet

The Greek alphabet was introduced, according to the Phoenician prequel, most likely in the 7th century BCE.


Question: When was the Finnish alphabet invented?

Alphabet

In this case, their own letters were also developed for vowels, using Semitic letters whose phonemes were not present in the Greek language as a model.


Question: When was the Finnish alphabet invented?

Alphabet

Like the Semitic languages, Greek was initially written from right to left, but soon it was shifted to writing from left to right, and reflecting this, for example, the saccharats of epsilon (Ε) turned to point left to right.


Question: When was the Finnish alphabet invented?

Alphabet

On the basis of the Greek alphabet, both the Latin literal, currently in use in much of the world, and the Cyrillic literal used in some Slavic languages have been formed.


Question: When was the Finnish alphabet invented?

Alphabet

According to the same pattern, runic letters once used in Germanic languages also developed.


Question: When was the Finnish alphabet invented?

Alphabet

In most alphabets, the order of letters corresponds to the alphabetical order of the original Semitic alphabet.


Question: When was the Finnish alphabet invented?

Alphabet

Differences exist mainly at the far end of the alphabet, to which the new letters needed in different alphabets have mainly been added.


Question: When was the Finnish alphabet invented?

Alphabet

In the Hebrew alphabet, for example, however, the tav equivalent to T is still the last letter of the alphabet.


Question: When was the Finnish alphabet invented?

Alphabet

In a completely different order, however, are the letters in the runic alphabet.


Question: When was the Finnish alphabet invented?

Alphabet

Letter Names Although the Semitic alphabet denoted different phonemes, letters were initially formed from stylized images of objects or animals.


Question: When was the Finnish alphabet invented?

Alphabet

Each letter represented an object whose name in the Semitic language began with that letter.


Question: When was the Finnish alphabet invented?

Alphabet

For example, the names of the first four letters of the alphabet, alef, beth, gimel and dalet, actually meant bull, house, camel, and door.


Question: When was the Finnish alphabet invented?

Alphabet

When the alphabet came into use in Greek, their names too borrowed into the Greek language, where they converted to alpha, beta, gamma and delta.


Question: When was the Finnish alphabet invented?

Alphabet

Unlike the Semitic languages, in Greek these names meant letters only.


Question: When was the Finnish alphabet invented?

Alphabet

[1] The alphabet word (alphabet or alfabet) of many languages using Latin coat letters is formed from the name of the first two letters of the Greek alphabet.


Question: When was the Finnish alphabet invented?

Alphabet

However, in the Latin alphabet, the specific names of letters remained out of use from the beginning.


Question: When was the Finnish alphabet invented?

Alphabet

Typically, a vowel is referred to simply by pronunciating it as long, while it is customary to attach some vowel to facilitate pronunciation (b = bee, s = äs) to the front or aft of the consonant.


Question: When was the Finnish alphabet invented?

Alphabet

The name of a consonant beginning with a vowel becomes easily two-syllable in Finnish, so that between two vowels, the consonant is pronounced long (ace).


Question: When was the Finnish alphabet invented?

Alphabet

Some letters rarely used in Finland have longer, often descriptive names: hattuäs, double vee, Swedish oo, German yy, Danish öö, thorn, etc. Alphabets based on different letters Arabic alphabets Armenian alphabet Georgian alphabet based on Glagolitic letters Hebrew alphabets based on Greek letters Cyrillic alphabets based on letters Latin alphabets based on Thai letters The Finnish alphabet The Finnish language alphabet The Finnish language uses a Latin letter with the addition of a few letters that are not present in Latin: Å, Ä, Ö and Š and Ž.


Question: When was the Finnish alphabet invented?

Alphabet

See also Alphabetical order Alphabet Type Inscription Writing system List of letters Radio alphabet Idiots Sources * Category:Key articles in screening


Question: How much does the dry dock weigh?

Dry dock

A drydock is a dry-docking structure, function or apparatus related to a shipyard and shipbuilding to move a ship or other vessel out of the water above the water line or to another dry-surface working plane, and back into the water.


Question: How much does the dry dock weigh?

Dry dock

The most common types of drydock are the pool dock, the floating dock, as well as the drag dock.


Question: How much does the dry dock weigh?

Dry dock

Dry dock is mainly used for the construction, maintenance, repair or inspection of ships or other watercraft and is usually the main function and structure of the shipyard.


Question: How much does the dry dock weigh?

Dry dock

Most ships are required to dry dock twice in a five-year period, but for example, some cruise ships are used in dry dock about every year and a half.


Question: How much does the dry dock weigh?

Dry dock

Some ships can avoid dry-docking by diving by submerged inspection.


Question: How much does the dry dock weigh?

Dry dock

[1] Dry docking of large vessels is always preceded by calculations of the balance of the vessel to be docked, the durability of the supports used for docking, and other safety factors.


Question: How much does the dry dock weigh?

Dry dock

Depending on the region, the calculations may also include calculations of factors caused by different forces of nature.


Question: How much does the dry dock weigh?

Dry dock

Calculations are also made separately for putting the vessel back into the water.


Question: How much does the dry dock weigh?

Dry dock

As a rule, the floating dock requires the most accurate safety calculations.


Question: How much does the dry dock weigh?

Dry dock

[2] In cold areas, dry docks are also used for wintering vessels out of the water, which often involves maintenance and repairs during the winter.


Question: How much does the dry dock weigh?

Dry dock

Dry dock can also be used for example.


Question: How much does the dry dock weigh?

Dry dock

as a launching pad for marine rescue vessels.


Question: How much does the dry dock weigh?

Dry dock

History The first references to drydock is the mention of a pool dock by the Greek Naukratis Athenaios from about the year 200, according to which the drydock would have been invented four hundred years earlier, around the year 200 BCE in Egypt.


Question: How much does the dry dock weigh?

Dry dock

The shipyard described by Athenaios was simply a short canal built on the beach, where the ship was hauled for repair by male force.


Question: How much does the dry dock weigh?

Dry dock

The canal was then dammed and drained of water, leaving the ship at the bottom of the pool on top of the bandage beams laid from the front.


Question: How much does the dry dock weigh?

Dry dock

Dry dock was also in use in China no later than the 10th century, where a large basin had been dug on the northern shore of Chin-ming Lake.


Question: How much does the dry dock weigh?

Dry dock

Repairs were made to the dry dock designed by Shen Kuo e.g.


Question: How much does the dry dock weigh?

Dry dock

Ships from the time of the Song Dynasty.


Question: How much does the dry dock weigh?

Dry dock

The image, in the book Descrittione dell' artifitiosa machina printed in Italy in 1560, is one of the first images published of a swimming dock.


Question: How much does the dry dock weigh?

Dry dock

An unknown author of the book describes the way in which a ship that received ground-contact can be towed for repair.


Question: How much does the dry dock weigh?

Dry dock

Two large pontoons, a bridge-like trestle built on top of them, and a ship hanging from them on strong ropes can be seen.


Question: How much does the dry dock weigh?

Dry dock

Types of drydocks There are several different models of dry docks, which differ depending on the need for their use, the size of the vessels to be lifted, the budget available, and the time of construction.


Question: How much does the dry dock weigh?

Dry dock

The most common types of drydock are the pool dock, which is a fixed pool built on land from the shoreline with sluice gates, and a swimming dock, which is a movable vessel equipped with ballast tanks.


Question: How much does the dry dock weigh?

Dry dock

The operation of both of them is based on water lift and are practical for lifting very heavy ships.


Question: How much does the dry dock weigh?

Dry dock

One of the most modern dry docks in modern times is a shiplift consisting of a separate hoist, as well as a transport system.


Question: How much does the dry dock weigh?

Dry dock

In lifting slightly smaller vessels, one of the most common types of drydock is a traction dock, the operation of which is based on gently sloping ramps equipped with a pulley system and railing.


Question: How much does the dry dock weigh?

Dry dock

In addition to the former, there are a few other different ways known as drydocks to move a working vessel onto land above the water surface, as well as back into the water.


Question: How much does the dry dock weigh?

Dry dock

The largest ships are dry-docked mostly in the pool and swimming shipyard.


Question: How much does the dry dock weigh?

Dry dock

The largest dry docks in the world are several hundred metres long built on land, as well as pool yards over 100m wide that can accommodate virtually all of the largest ships in modern times.


Question: How much does the dry dock weigh?

Dry dock

[1] [3] A pool dock is a permanently built basin that protruding inland from the shoreline and can be pumped empty for the duration of the work carried out on a repair site.


Question: How much does the dry dock weigh?

Dry dock

The solid drydock consists mainly of a long and narrow basin made of concrete, and a sluice gate separating it from the rest of the water.


Question: How much does the dry dock weigh?

Dry dock

In addition, it is often connected with one or more port cranes, as well as other equipment of the shipyard.


Question: How much does the dry dock weigh?

Dry dock

A pool dock may be a pool structure dug into the ground or, for example, a high tide basin dammed into a small bay.


Question: How much does the dry dock weigh?

Dry dock

Some of the basins are built as large shipyards to accommodate multiple ships, where you can service more ships at the same time.


Question: How much does the dry dock weigh?

Dry dock

The oldest pool dock in Finland is the Suomenlinna Shipyard in Suomenlinna, in the northern part of Susisaari, which was once the largest dry dock in the world.


Question: How much does the dry dock weigh?

Dry dock

[4] Today, the largest dry dock in Finland and the Nordic countries is located in Naantali.


Question: How much does the dry dock weigh?

Dry dock

The principle of operation of the pool dock The operating principle of a solidly ground-built dry dock is somewhat parallel to that of a canal intended for water transport, however, in deviation from its intended use.


Question: How much does the dry dock weigh?

Dry dock

When using the pool dock, the vessel under work is moved to the location specified in the docking plan (), after which the dock's sluice gate is closed.


Question: How much does the dry dock weigh?

Dry dock

The sluice gate prevents the entry of water into the pool, and as a result of pumping, the height of the water level in the basin decreases, leaving the working vessel resting on the supporting structures laid beneath it.


Question: How much does the dry dock weigh?

Dry dock

[1] Maintenance and repair work at the pool dock below the ship's normal waterline takes place below the water level surrounding the pool.


Question: How much does the dry dock weigh?

Dry dock

Upon completion of the work, the valves in the dock pool are opened, allowing water outside it to flow and fill the pool.


Question: How much does the dry dock weigh?

Dry dock

When the water surfaces are at the same level again, the sluice gate is opened and the vessel can be moved out.


Question: How much does the dry dock weigh?

Dry dock

Floating Dock A floating drydock, or floating dock, consists mainly of box-like pontoons, as well as a working area between them and a platform used to support the object being repaired.


Question: How much does the dry dock weigh?

Dry dock

Pontoons can be a series of interconnected blocks, changing the number of which can accommodate ships of different dimensions for the shipyard.


Question: How much does the dry dock weigh?

Dry dock

For attachment to the tug, a special end block may also be attached to the dock, which sometimes also serves as a loading dock for ground transport, as well as a staging area.


Question: How much does the dry dock weigh?

Dry dock

In smaller floating yards, the end piece is fixed and can be equipped with its own control system.


Question: How much does the dry dock weigh?

Dry dock

[5] Pontoons have built-in ballast chambers, the purpose of which is to either raise or lower the height of the dock relative to the water surface.


Question: How much does the dry dock weigh?

Dry dock

The ballast in the chambers is usually water, the amount of which is varied by valves and pumps built into each block.


Question: How much does the dry dock weigh?

Dry dock

In larger floating yards, rails are usually attached to pontoons for one or more cranes similar to a port crane to handle much of the freight traffic during the repair site docking.


Question: How much does the dry dock weigh?

Dry dock

The advantage of a swimming dock is its mobility.


Question: How much does the dry dock weigh?

Dry dock

The dock can be moved by towing to virtually anywhere in the world.


Question: How much does the dry dock weigh?

Dry dock

This is also an advantage when selling the yard forward because it is not tied to a specific location.


Question: How much does the dry dock weigh?

Dry dock

The operating principle of the floating yard The operation of the floating dock is based on the regulation of the amount of water inside the ballast chambers.


Question: How much does the dry dock weigh?

Dry dock

Water discharged into the chambers during loading causes the entire yard to slip into deeper water, causing the countertop to sink below the water's surface.


Question: How much does the dry dock weigh?

Dry dock

When the dock is deep enough, the ship or other vessel under repair can be moved between the pontoons.


Question: How much does the dry dock weigh?

Dry dock

While the repair item is at the point specified by the docking plan (), the water in the ballast chambers of the pontoon is pumped away.


Question: How much does the dry dock weigh?

Dry dock

The chambers pumped to empty cause a lift on the pontoons, under the influence of which the dock with its load increases.


Question: How much does the dry dock weigh?

Dry dock

Water is pumped out so much that the working area between the pontoons is completely above the surface of the water.


Question: How much does the dry dock weigh?

Dry dock

The vessel under repair also remains completely above the water level, so that maintenance and repairs can also be carried out to places otherwise under the waterline.


Question: How much does the dry dock weigh?

Dry dock

[1] Upon completion of the work, the valves in the chambers are opened, whereby water flowing into the chambers causes a decrease in the lift affecting the pontoons.


Question: How much does the dry dock weigh?

Dry dock

As the chambers fill with water, the dock becomes deeper, after which the vessel that was under repair can be moved away.


Question: How much does the dry dock weigh?

Dry dock

Shiplift Shiplift is a hoist built for dry land lifting of ships to be repaired at the shipyard, as well as a conveyor system.


Question: How much does the dry dock weigh?

Dry dock

With the Shiplift hoist, the ship entering repair is lifted up to the dock in the dock area, from where it is rolled forward atop strong dollys running on the lines installed in the dock area.


Question: How much does the dry dock weigh?

Dry dock

[6] Shiplift's advantages include its mobility in the dock area and, for example, its horizontal trajectory compared to a traction yard.


Question: How much does the dry dock weigh?

Dry dock

For dollys belonging to Shiplift, several lines are also built in the transverse direction, so that it is itself also a conveyor for ships and their blocks to be moved in and out of the dock area into the water in the order required at any given time.


Question: How much does the dry dock weigh?

Dry dock

Since the shiplift includes a hoist separate from the conveyor, it is also possible to use it for lifting other vessels, while others are working.


Question: How much does the dry dock weigh?

Dry dock

Depending on the hoist, its trajectory can also be changed to an incline if necessary.


Question: How much does the dry dock weigh?

Dry dock

The first shiplift yards were powered by oil pressure controlled directly to hydraulic cylinders, but today they use winches controlled by hydraulic or electric motors.


Question: How much does the dry dock weigh?

Dry dock

A drive dock is a track leading from land to water, where traversing sleds or dollys are moved to them by means of pullbows connected by wire ropes.


Question: How much does the dry dock weigh?

Dry dock

The operation of the traction dock is not based on the regulation of the water level, but on the movement on an inclined platform.


Question: How much does the dry dock weigh?

Dry dock

The drive dock is not suitable for lifting the largest vessels, but is practical for lifting vessels of almost any other size.


Question: How much does the dry dock weigh?

Dry dock

A drag dock is also used when building ships due to its simple design.


Question: How much does the dry dock weigh?

Dry dock

Some traction yards are covered, where maintenance of the vessel under work can be carried out indoors.


Question: How much does the dry dock weigh?

Dry dock

A traction dock covered with a hangar structure is used, for example, in the building of new ships.


Question: How much does the dry dock weigh?

Dry dock

A system similar to a traction dock has also been used on log transfer tracks on forest railways, or on so-called iron canals, where by winch, horse or steam locomotive was hauled by swimming bundles of timber piled on train cars onto dry land and onwards either across the isthmus to the next to a water system or directly to a sawmill for processing.


Question: How much does the dry dock weigh?

Dry dock

In Finland, there has been at least the Kuluntalahti Transfer Track located in the area of present-day Kajaani, as well as the Honkataipalee circuit located on the border with the municipality of Ristiina.


Question: How much does the dry dock weigh?

Dry dock

Boat Landing Site A boat-landing site is a simple construction equivalent to a dry dock where smaller watercraft can be lowered or lifted out of the water from land along a ramp leading under the waterline.


Question: How much does the dry dock weigh?

Dry dock

Like a drag dock, the operation of a boat-landing site is not based on regulating the water level, but on movement on an inclined platform.


Question: How much does the dry dock weigh?

Dry dock

At the landing point, a boat or other watercraft on a cart is rolled into or up the water, usually using a car, tractor or ATV as an aid.


Question: How much does the dry dock weigh?

Dry dock

Other solutions The heavy carrier is a vessel resembling a floating yard for loading, although its purpose differs slightly from a normal dry dock, mainly intended for maintenance.


Question: How much does the dry dock weigh?

Dry dock

By adjusting the intensity of the lift and partially submerging, a heavy carrier can carry very heavy loads like wrecks over long distances, while floating yards for maintenance and repair work are not usually moved long distances with the load.


Question: How much does the dry dock weigh?

Dry dock

The heavy carrier usually runs on its own and has additional facilities for the crew.


Question: How much does the dry dock weigh?

Dry dock

So-called swimming. “flo/flo” loading method comes from “swim in/swim away” () (cf.


Question: How much does the dry dock weigh?

Dry dock

Ro-Ro ship).


Question: How much does the dry dock weigh?

Dry dock

Photos of drydocks The interwelding of the ship's first bottom plates at a dry dock in the United States in 1942.


Question: How much does the dry dock weigh?

Dry dock

The remains of an old tide-operated pool dock on the Isle of Anglesey in Wales.


Question: How much does the dry dock weigh?

Dry dock

The Ohio-class USS Michigan arriving at the submarine-intended drydock at Naval Base Kitsap, Bangor, Washington.


Question: How much does the dry dock weigh?

Dry dock

Siemens Schottel Helm thrusters inspection while the ship is in dry dock.


Question: How much does the dry dock weigh?

Dry dock

MV Coastal Inspiration propeller installation at the dry dock of Flensburger Schiffbau-Gesellschaft, Germany.


Question: How much does the dry dock weigh?

Dry dock

Landing into the waters of M/S Yasmine from the covered traction yard of the Flensburger Schiffbau-Gesellschaft company in Flensburg, Germany.


Question: How much does the dry dock weigh?

Dry dock

A ship under construction at the Northern Shipyard shipyard in Gdańsk, Poland.


Question: How much does the dry dock weigh?

Dry dock

The waterlanding of a ship under construction at the Northern Shipyard shipyard in Gdańsk, Poland.


Question: How much does the dry dock weigh?

Dry dock

See also Canal, waterborne construction resembling a pool dock Shipyard, a complex of areas intended for shipbuilding to which the drydock belongs Sources Check date values in: |accessdate= (help) CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link) Check date values in: |accessdate= (help) CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link) Check date values in: |accessdate= (help) CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link) Check date values in: |accessdate= (help) CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link) Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Noel, John V.| title = Knight's Modern Seamanship| publisher = John Wiley and Sons| year = 1988| id = ISBN = 0471289485| language = Transclusion error: {{En}} is only for use in File namespace.


Question: How much does the dry dock weigh?

Dry dock

Use {{lang-en}} or {{en icon}} instead.| accessdate= 03/2010| page = 81-82}} Check date values in: |accessdate= (help) CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link) Check date values in: |accessdate=, |date= (help) CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link) Check date values in: |daaccessaccess= te=, |date= (help) CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link) Check date values in: |accessdate= (help) CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link) References elsewhere - Industry journal on dry docks and shipbuilding - Bosch animation demonstration of Shiplift's activities - “A tragic event in Dubai, March 2002", webpage of an accident at a dry dock in Dubai in 2002 - Example of a dry dock in Finland * Category:Shipping technology


Question: How long is it from Helsinki to Petsamo?

Liinahamari route

The Liinahamar route was during the intermediate peace of 1940—1941 the only free foreign trade route between Finland and Sweden past German and Soviet-controlled territories.


Question: How long is it from Helsinki to Petsamo?

Liinahamari route

The Liinahamar route comprised the section of road from Rovaniemi gravel paved along the Arctic Ocean Road to Liinahamar, in one direction 531 kilometres.


Question: How long is it from Helsinki to Petsamo?

Liinahamari route

As far as Rovaniemi, goods could be chartered by rail.


Question: How long is it from Helsinki to Petsamo?

Liinahamari route

The route was cut off after Britain banned shipping from the port in June 1941; defying the ban would have meant ships at high risk of being sunk by Allied powers in the North Sea.


Question: How long is it from Helsinki to Petsamo?

Liinahamari route

The situation after the Winter War After the end of the Winter War, the always ice-free port of Liinahamar in Petsamo rose to an invaluable position for the maintenance of the whole country.


Question: How long is it from Helsinki to Petsamo?

Liinahamari route

The kingdom's exports were at a standstill, and the country was in dire need of grain, sugar, grease, machinery and lubricants.


Question: How long is it from Helsinki to Petsamo?

Liinahamari route

Britain had closed the North Sea and Germany the Baltic.


Question: How long is it from Helsinki to Petsamo?

Liinahamari route

Most of the Finnish merchant fleet was closed to the Baltic Sea, while the rest of the ships were dispersed across different oceans.


Question: How long is it from Helsinki to Petsamo?

Liinahamari route

These could now be reported as their domestic port of destination Liinahamari.


Question: How long is it from Helsinki to Petsamo?

Liinahamari route

[1] The first ship to be in a cargo of food arrived in port on 14 April 1940, the day after the Soviet troops had disembarked.


Question: How long is it from Helsinki to Petsamo?

Liinahamari route

[2] The only free route of foreign trade The Finnish government quickly implemented an exceptional project: a large-scale transport operation across northern Finland was needed to support the Liinahamar port connection.


Question: How long is it from Helsinki to Petsamo?

Liinahamari route

Land transport by trucks along the Arctic Ocean Road completed in 1931 was planned for this purpose.


Question: How long is it from Helsinki to Petsamo?

Liinahamari route

On the initiative of the Minister of Defence, General Rudolf Walden, an advisory board was assembled in March 1940, which was assigned the task of preparing a motion to the State Council on the organization of land transportation to Petsamo.


Question: How long is it from Helsinki to Petsamo?

Liinahamari route

In its report, completed in April 1940, the advisory board proposed that the transport would be given to a state-majority limited company with exclusive rights over freight traffic between Rovaniemi and Petsamo.


Question: How long is it from Helsinki to Petsamo?

Liinahamari route

The Council of State approved the proposal and in May 1940 Pohjolan Liikköni Oy was established.


Question: How long is it from Helsinki to Petsamo?

Liinahamari route

The company was originally intended to act as a transport organiser, whereby actual transportation would have come to the care of private motorists.


Question: How long is it from Helsinki to Petsamo?

Liinahamari route

Contrary to expectations, however, these did not enter the route as expected, so the company purchased 150 Ford trucks with trailers from the Defence Force as its own fleet.


Question: How long is it from Helsinki to Petsamo?

Liinahamari route

General Paavo Talvela was placed in charge of the transport in April 1940, to whom the government promised to organise the dictator's rights under martial law if necessary.


Question: How long is it from Helsinki to Petsamo?

Liinahamari route

Traffic was brought up and running in June.


Question: How long is it from Helsinki to Petsamo?

Liinahamari route

[1] [4] Aero Oy also opened a flight line from Malmi in Helsinki to Petsamo; three-engine Junkers Ju 52 aircraft used the peat-faced airfield of Upper Monastari completed in 1939.


Question: How long is it from Helsinki to Petsamo?

Liinahamari route

The plane journey took nine hours.


Question: How long is it from Helsinki to Petsamo?

Liinahamari route

[1] Liinahamar Port of Liinahamar encompassed only one pier and a goods magazine in the early 1930s.


Question: How long is it from Helsinki to Petsamo?

Liinahamari route

A cargo ship of the Hamburg-Petsamo line arrived once a month.


Question: How long is it from Helsinki to Petsamo?

Liinahamari route

In 1934, a fish processing plant and a pier for the mill were built, as well as branch and magazine buildings.


Question: How long is it from Helsinki to Petsamo?

Liinahamari route

[5] After the Winter War, port facilities were improved led by a team of engineers sent to the site: six piers, 10 oil tanks, a 25-ton crane and 10000 m2 of warehouses were built.


Question: How long is it from Helsinki to Petsamo?

Liinahamari route

The port had a daily discharge power of 2000 tonnes thereafter.


Question: How long is it from Helsinki to Petsamo?

Liinahamari route

The engineering team was led by architect Lars Sonck.


Question: How long is it from Helsinki to Petsamo?

Liinahamari route

[1] Labour and housing conditions The large-scale transportation operation also required extensive construction.


Question: How long is it from Helsinki to Petsamo?

Liinahamari route

Various barrack settlements were erected at rapid speed for thousands of men.


Question: How long is it from Helsinki to Petsamo?

Liinahamari route

Maintenance facilities, canteens and accommodation went up along Petsamoo and the Arctic Oceans.


Question: How long is it from Helsinki to Petsamo?

Liinahamari route

For example, the stevedores of Liinahamar harbour lived in dozens of hundred-person barracks for months without any opportunity to wash up.


Question: How long is it from Helsinki to Petsamo?

Liinahamari route

A shack village sprang up on the slopes of Liinahamari.


Question: How long is it from Helsinki to Petsamo?

Liinahamari route

Crime, prostitution and heavy alcohol consumption spread rapidly.


Question: How long is it from Helsinki to Petsamo?

Liinahamari route

In the fall of 1940-41, the shack village was hit by a scarlet fever epidemic that was fatal for many children.


Question: How long is it from Helsinki to Petsamo?

Liinahamari route

[1] The private motorists involved in the traffic of the Arctic Oceans were mostly single-car entrepreneurs who were gainfully employed for them in normal freight driving.


Question: How long is it from Helsinki to Petsamo?

Liinahamari route

They too were guided by Pohjolan Traffic, but they can go without driving if they wish.


Question: How long is it from Helsinki to Petsamo?

Liinahamari route

An important incentive was continued contract-based services, assured spare parts maintenance, and the fact that transport was allowed to use petrol instead of wood and carbon monoxide gas.


Question: How long is it from Helsinki to Petsamo?

Liinahamari route

As good gainful employment might not have been found in southern Finland at that time.


Question: How long is it from Helsinki to Petsamo?

Liinahamari route

[6] Carriage of the Arctic Oceans 1600 trucks were reserved for land transport, and 3000 drivers and auxiliaries were hired, as well as 2000 loaders.


Question: How long is it from Helsinki to Petsamo?

Liinahamari route

1400 permanent and 4000 part-time road workmen were taken for the maintenance of the road, 1,000 men for equipment maintenance work.


Question: How long is it from Helsinki to Petsamo?

Liinahamari route

[1] Sweden suffered from the same maritime blockade as Finland, and part of the port's capacity was promised to Swedish use.


Question: How long is it from Helsinki to Petsamo?

Liinahamari route

The Swedish freight was carried by 400 Swedish trucks with Swedish drivers from Rovaniemi, where freight was brought by rail via Haparanda.


Question: How long is it from Helsinki to Petsamo?

Liinahamari route

This brought aircraft purchased from the United States, among other things, into the country.


Question: How long is it from Helsinki to Petsamo?

Liinahamari route

[7] One round trip from Rovaniemi to Liinahamar meant a 1100 km ride along the gravel-faced Arctic Ocean Road.


Question: How long is it from Helsinki to Petsamo?

Liinahamari route

Some of the cars were trucks carrying a 10-ton load, some were smaller trucks.


Question: How long is it from Helsinki to Petsamo?

Liinahamari route

Instead of wood gas cars, the high fell area had to use gasoline-powered engines.


Question: How long is it from Helsinki to Petsamo?

Liinahamari route

As the cars slowly climbed towards the fells, the precious cargo was easily missed by the thieves, who took to the stage and knocked the load down.


Question: How long is it from Helsinki to Petsamo?

Liinahamari route

After the initial period, transports were arranged as guarded columns, and the road was divided into checkpoints every 50 kilometers.


Question: How long is it from Helsinki to Petsamo?

Liinahamari route

[1] At least the Swedish drivers were armed.


Question: How long is it from Helsinki to Petsamo?

Liinahamari route

[7] The main difficulties in Petsamo traffic related to weather and coeliac conditions and road safety.


Question: How long is it from Helsinki to Petsamo?

Liinahamari route

Before shipments began, the load capacity of the road had been estimated at 400 tons of goods per day, but at worst — or at best — more than 5000 tonnes of goods were carried on the road in a single day.


Question: How long is it from Helsinki to Petsamo?

Liinahamari route

Thus, it was clear that in places the road was softening and caving in under the cars.


Question: How long is it from Helsinki to Petsamo?

Liinahamari route

However, the road's resilience was improved during traffic.


Question: How long is it from Helsinki to Petsamo?

Liinahamari route

In addition to high loads and hard driving, the endurance of the cars was hit by a severe frost in January 1941, which tightened between Rovaniemi and Sodankylä for 16 days below —30 and four days to less than —40 degrees.


Question: How long is it from Helsinki to Petsamo?

Liinahamari route

Heating and defrosting equipment for the cars at the time were completely inadequate for such conditions; there were also no valid cooling water antifreezing agents available.


Question: How long is it from Helsinki to Petsamo?

Liinahamari route

[4] The most challenging road points in traffic was the long, steep hill on the northern slope of the Saariselä Fells, then left as a museum road, which was strenuous for cars in either direction.


Question: How long is it from Helsinki to Petsamo?

Liinahamari route

Motorists crisscrossed the place into Magnetic Hill.


Question: How long is it from Helsinki to Petsamo?

Liinahamari route

[8] Due to the narrowness of the Arctic Oceans and the high traffic traffic on the route, single and ditch runs occurred daily.


Question: How long is it from Helsinki to Petsamo?

Liinahamari route

Car drivers even took conscious risks, leaving fatigue, high loads, haste and “whiplash money” aimed at speeding up transport had no road safety effect.


Question: How long is it from Helsinki to Petsamo?

Liinahamari route

Pohjolan Transport acquired its drivers partly from conscripts who had no previous experience driving a car.


Question: How long is it from Helsinki to Petsamo?

Liinahamari route

Its own addition to the issue was brought by the Swedish chauffeurs' habit of left-hand traffic.


Question: How long is it from Helsinki to Petsamo?

Liinahamari route

At worst, road derailments occurred every few hundred metres.


Question: How long is it from Helsinki to Petsamo?

Liinahamari route

According to the calculations of Eric Björklund, a Swede who studied traffic in Petsamo, 54 drivers had been killed in accidents on the Arctic Ocean Road by the beginning of 1941; according to this, an average of two drivers occurred on the 531 km long road from June 1940 until the end of the year fatalities in a week.


Question: How long is it from Helsinki to Petsamo?

Liinahamari route

[4] Cargo goods and passengers during the one-year duration of the transport operation, more than two hundred ships passed through the port of Liinahamar.


Question: How long is it from Helsinki to Petsamo?

Liinahamari route

340000 tonnes of goods were imported to Finland and 180000 tonnes were exported.


Question: How long is it from Helsinki to Petsamo?

Liinahamari route

The majority of imports, 85 per cent, were groceries, but cars, planes, engines, lubricants and metals were also among them.


Question: How long is it from Helsinki to Petsamo?

Liinahamari route

Exports comprised traditional timber industry products.


Question: How long is it from Helsinki to Petsamo?

Liinahamari route

The most unusual cargo was a shipment of gold freighted from the Bank of Finland to the United States as payment for the national debt.


Question: How long is it from Helsinki to Petsamo?

Liinahamari route

[1] All shipping had to be approved by the German and British consulates, which verified that no military goods were included for either party.


Question: How long is it from Helsinki to Petsamo?

Liinahamari route

The consulates had arrived in Petsamo immediately after the Winter War.


Question: How long is it from Helsinki to Petsamo?

Liinahamari route

[1] There was also a Soviet consulate in Petsamo.


Question: How long is it from Helsinki to Petsamo?

Liinahamari route

In addition to freight, passengers were also carried.


Question: How long is it from Helsinki to Petsamo?

Liinahamari route

The Liinahamar Free Port attracted refugees from different countries.


Question: How long is it from Helsinki to Petsamo?

Liinahamari route

In the summer of 1940, citizens living in Europe of the United States sought to go home with a bunch


Question: How long is it from Helsinki to Petsamo?

Liinahamari route

In August, they were awaited for two weeks on the red of the port by the large US passenger ship American Legion.


Question: How long is it from Helsinki to Petsamo?

Liinahamari route

900 passengers were admitted, some had to wait for the next chance to get out of Europe.


Question: How long is it from Helsinki to Petsamo?

Liinahamari route

[1] Most of Petsamo's traffic-related stories have been told of so-called jobbars who, in one way or another, acquire goods subject to rationing from transport for sale on the black market.


Question: How long is it from Helsinki to Petsamo?

Liinahamari route

By far the most sought-after product was coffee, for which there were both professional intermediaries and home-needs purchasers.


Question: How long is it from Helsinki to Petsamo?

Liinahamari route

The price of coffee on the black market was more than ten times the rationing price.


Question: How long is it from Helsinki to Petsamo?

Liinahamari route

Many of the chauffeurs were even allied with the “jobbars,” whereupon he dropped a bag of coffee at a pre-arranged spot from where it made its way down forest roads to markets in the south.


Question: How long is it from Helsinki to Petsamo?

Liinahamari route

The most common method for homeware purveyors to obtain coffee was by punching sacks, thus crowing coffee on the side of the road.


Question: How long is it from Helsinki to Petsamo?

Liinahamari route

Attempts were made to prevent usurpation of coffee and other supplies by guarding, and at the end of 1940, Pohjolan Kääteki had 26 permanent observers to monitor the flow of transports.


Question: How long is it from Helsinki to Petsamo?

Liinahamari route

In addition to these, the road was divided over the winter of 1941 into 50 km of control stretches where motorcycle police officers and tow teams patrolled 24/7.


Question: How long is it from Helsinki to Petsamo?

Liinahamari route

Mutual control of cars was enhanced by arranging transports into a column, allowing those in the rear to keep an eye on the load that was driving ahead of them.


Question: How long is it from Helsinki to Petsamo?

Liinahamari route

The most effective means of reducing usurpation turned out to be an increase in the responsibility of the driver, whereby he had to replace all goods lost from his load during the trip at black market prices.


Question: How long is it from Helsinki to Petsamo?

Liinahamari route

However, the impact of precautions on merchandise thefts remained minimal.


Question: How long is it from Helsinki to Petsamo?

Liinahamari route

An unsolved case was the disappearance of an entire Chevrolet truck without trace between Ivalo and Rovaniemi in the winter of 1941, despite all crossings and side roads being guarded.


Question: How long is it from Helsinki to Petsamo?

Liinahamari route

The motormen involved in the traffic on the Arctic Oceans crossed this incident that they still remembered decades later as the “Flying Dutchman”.


Question: How long is it from Helsinki to Petsamo?

Liinahamari route

[4] Britain closes route Finland had allowed German military forces transit services from the Bothnian ports across Finland to Petsamo and Kirkenes in Norway since September 1940.


Question: How long is it from Helsinki to Petsamo?

Liinahamari route

Traffic had begun with supply and personnel transport for the German Air Force, and had expanded to include military and supply and arms transport of all weapons species.


Question: How long is it from Helsinki to Petsamo?

Liinahamari route

A network of points permanently manned by German troops had been built in northern Finland.


Question: How long is it from Helsinki to Petsamo?

Liinahamari route

The issue was also noticed by foreign powers, and Britain went after Finland several times why and how many German troops were in the country.


Question: How long is it from Helsinki to Petsamo?

Liinahamari route

German activity in Lapland increased in the spring of 1941.


Question: How long is it from Helsinki to Petsamo?

Liinahamari route

[9] In early June, the Germans began massive troop concentrations in Finnish Lapland for the invasion of the Soviet Union.


Question: How long is it from Helsinki to Petsamo?

Liinahamari route

Britain lodged its objections and on 14 June 1941 cut off shipping from Liinahamar.


Question: How long is it from Helsinki to Petsamo?

Liinahamari route

The Allies had maritime superiority in the Arctic Ocean, and an unauthorized cargo ship would likely have been sunk.


Question: How long is it from Helsinki to Petsamo?

Liinahamari route

Preparations under the German Barbarossa plan were already long and there were already 40000 German troops in Finland.


Question: How long is it from Helsinki to Petsamo?

Liinahamari route

Continuation War began on the 25th.


Question: How long is it from Helsinki to Petsamo?

Liinahamari route

June.


Question: How long is it from Helsinki to Petsamo?

Liinahamari route

[10] [9] After the Continuation War broke out, Swedish trucks were also seized for use by the Finnish state, although some drivers, knowing this, drove their cars secretly to the Swedish side.


Question: How long is it from Helsinki to Petsamo?

Liinahamari route

[7] The end result of the Petsamo transport has been found that this was a unique collaborative effort of the Ministry of People's Supply, the Ministry of Trade and Industry, the Ministry of Access and Public Works and the Ministry of Defence, involving thousands of private operators.


Question: How long is it from Helsinki to Petsamo?

Liinahamari route

This cooperation served as the basis for a centralized transportation system during the Continuation War.


Question: How long is it from Helsinki to Petsamo?

Liinahamari route

In this way, the Petsamo traffic greatly increased Finland's defence capability.


Question: How long is it from Helsinki to Petsamo?

Liinahamari route

In addition, it demonstrated for the first time in Finnish history that trucks were possible to carry out important transport operations for the national economy.


Question: How long is it from Helsinki to Petsamo?

Liinahamari route

The connection through Petsamo to the United States, the “free world”, also had great intellectual significance.


Question: How long is it from Helsinki to Petsamo?

Liinahamari route

Overall, the traffic on the Arctic Ocean road, which left Petsamo and around 130 trucks arrived daily in Rovaniemi, is still at a peak.


Question: How long is it from Helsinki to Petsamo?

Liinahamari route

[4] Sources Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Herranen, Timo| title = Petsamo to Hanko: 50 years| location = Jyväskylä | publisher = Gummerus| year = 1990| id = ISBN 952-90-1900-9.}}


Question: How long is it from Helsinki to Petsamo?

Liinahamari route

Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Junila, Marianne| title = Brother-in-arms of the Home Front | location = Helsinki| publisher = Society of Finnish Literature| year = 2000| version = dissertation | id = ISBN 951-746-216-6| accessdate = 2.7.2008}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Paasilinna, Erno| title = In the throes of the world.


Question: How long is it from Helsinki to Petsamo?

Liinahamari route

History and memories of Petsamosta| location = Keuruu| publisher = Otava| year = 1983| id = ISBN 951-1-07631-0| accessdate = 2.7.2008}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| title = Petsamo - Eastern Arm| location = Helsinki| publisher = WSOY| year = 2008| version = Ed.


Question: How long is it from Helsinki to Petsamo?

Liinahamari route

Joni Skiftesvik| id=ISBN 978-951-0-34506-1| accessdate = 1.1.2011}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Kimmo Levä and Martti Piltz (ed.


Question: How long is it from Helsinki to Petsamo?

Liinahamari route

) | title = Mobilia yearbook 1993| location = Fabric Sala| publisher = Vehoniemi Automuseum Foundation| year = 1993}} References Category:41.1 English Category:Petsamo Category:Intermediate Peace


Question: What is Chechnya area?

Chechnya

Chechnya (,), or Chechen Republic (,), is a republic belonging to the Russian Federation.


Question: What is Chechnya area?

Chechnya

Geografi Lua error in module:location_map/multi at line 27: Unable to find the specified location map definition: “Module:Location map/data/Rusland Chechnya” does not exist.


Question: What is Chechnya area?

Chechnya

Chechnya is located in the Caucasus, the southern federal district of Russia.


Question: What is Chechnya area?

Chechnya

Chechnya is bordered by Stavropol Krai to the north, the Republic of Dagestan to the east, independent Georgia to the south, and the republics of Ingushetia and North Ossetia-Alania of the Russian Federation to the west.


Question: What is Chechnya area?

Chechnya

In terms of terrain forms, Chechnya can be divided into three parts: the mountains of the south, the valleys of the central region, and the Nogai steppe and hills in the north.


Question: What is Chechnya area?

Chechnya

The highest peak of the mountain range is the 4493 m Tebulosmta.


Question: What is Chechnya area?

Chechnya

Thickened forest grows on the slopes of the mountains, lower slope species include beech, hornbeam and oak, higher up there is coniferous forest, and even further up there are alpine meadows.


Question: What is Chechnya area?

Chechnya

The central part of the country is bisected by the valleys of the Terek and Sunchza rivers.


Question: What is Chechnya area?

Chechnya

The Nogai steppe is semi-deserted.


Question: What is Chechnya area?

Chechnya

[1] The border with Georgia runs high in the Caucasus Mountains.


Question: What is Chechnya area?

Chechnya

[2] The climate varies in different parts of the country, but is everywhere continental in its basic nature.


Question: What is Chechnya area?

Chechnya

[1] In Grozny, summers are warm and winters are mild, rain is obtained quite evenly on 5—8 days of the month throughout the year.


Question: What is Chechnya area?

Chechnya

The lowest temperature of the day is frosty from December to March, in January it averages -6.2 degrees.


Question: What is Chechnya area?

Chechnya

The warmest time is in July, when the average maximum temperature is above 30 degrees.


Question: What is Chechnya area?

Chechnya

[3] Years of war caused environmental problems in the region.


Question: What is Chechnya area?

Chechnya

Oil and sewer water have spilled from damaged infrastructure, ruining many rivers.


Question: What is Chechnya area?

Chechnya

Environmental toxins and radioactive materials were feared to spread from laboratories and industrial facilities targeted by the bombings.


Question: What is Chechnya area?

Chechnya

Formerly placid forests have been logged illegally and uncontrollably.


Question: What is Chechnya area?

Chechnya

[4] History in the Caucasian region was felt since the younger Stone Age the development of the Middle East towards civilization.


Question: What is Chechnya area?

Chechnya

At the end of the Old Age, the Scythians arrived in


Question: What is Chechnya area?

Chechnya

Chechens migrated to their territory in the North Caucasus in or before the 6th century from somewhere in the south.


Question: What is Chechnya area?

Chechnya

The influence of Islam spread to the region after the Mongol invasion.


Question: What is Chechnya area?

Chechnya

The Chechen style of governance was democratic, there were no actual chiefs.


Question: What is Chechnya area?

Chechnya

The land was well wooded, which facilitated the defences of the area.


Question: What is Chechnya area?

Chechnya

Chechnya was invaded by Russia in the 19th century.


Question: What is Chechnya area?

Chechnya

From this point on, the intervals between Chechens and Russians were generally poor.


Question: What is Chechnya area?

Chechnya

Communist dictator Josif Stalin persecuted Chechens, forcibly displacing them elsewhere.


Question: What is Chechnya area?

Chechnya

At the end of the 1950s, the remigration of Chechens caused unrest between Russians and Chechens.


Question: What is Chechnya area?

Chechnya

After the Soviet Union broke up in 1991, Chechens began demanding independence.


Question: What is Chechnya area?

Chechnya

However, Russia led by Boris Yeltsin considered the country's independence illegitimate and began a 1994 war against the country.


Question: What is Chechnya area?

Chechnya

The Chechens kept their ground pretty well in the war despite the drastic bombardment.


Question: What is Chechnya area?

Chechnya

So the countries agreed on peace in 1996.


Question: What is Chechnya area?

Chechnya

However, the country remained fragmented and unsettled.


Question: What is Chechnya area?

Chechnya

In 1999, there were apartment block blasts in Russia, allegedly committed by Chechens and Russia retaliated for this by invading the country.


Question: What is Chechnya area?

Chechnya

Various estimates put between 25,000 and 250,000 civilians killed in the war and Russian bombing badly ruined the capital.


Question: What is Chechnya area?

Chechnya

The Chechens retaliated for this and the war crimes committed by Russia with few terrorist attacks.


Question: What is Chechnya area?

Chechnya

However, the ranks of the separarists rebelling against Russia quickly thinned and their support faded.