Question: What is the Subscriber Liability Act?

Gray economy

The study deals with the phenomena of the grey economy from the perspective of investment activities, international trade in goods and the domestic grey economy, namely the construction industry and the accommodation and nutrition industry, as well as the transport industry.


Question: What is the Subscriber Liability Act?

Gray economy

According to estimates in the study, the shadow economy would amount to between €10 billion and €14 billion by a calculation method based on tax audits in 2008, equivalent to between 5.5 and 7.5 per cent of gross domestic product.


Question: What is the Subscriber Liability Act?

Gray economy

In terms of fiscal damage, this translates into annual losses of between 4 and 6 billion euros in taxes and fees.


Question: What is the Subscriber Liability Act?

Gray economy

According to Olavi Ala-Nissilä, in 2012 the value of the black economy in EU countries amounted to 16% of the EU countries' economy, or more than EUR 1850 billion.


Question: What is the Subscriber Liability Act?

Gray economy

In addition, tax revenues were massively eschewed into tax havens.


Question: What is the Subscriber Liability Act?

Gray economy

According to Olavi Ala-Nissilä, if all taxable revenues were collected, it would be enough to address the budget deficit of the EU countries as a whole.


Question: What is the Subscriber Liability Act?

Gray economy

[3] According to another estimate, in the European region (EU-27, Norway, Switzerland, Croatia and Turkey) the relative share of the black economy has decreased from around 22.4% to 18.5% of the countries' GDP between 2003 and 2013 (2013 totalling €2150 billion).


Question: What is the Subscriber Liability Act?

Gray economy

Significantly higher than average values of the GDP share of the black economy were in Bulgaria (31%), Romania, Croatia, Lithuania and Estonia (28%), as well as Turkey (27%) and Latvia (26%).


Question: What is the Subscriber Liability Act?

Gray economy

The estimate of the share of the black economy in Finland in this study was 13.0% in 2013 (EUR 25.8 billion).


Question: What is the Subscriber Liability Act?

Gray economy

According to Eurostat, in 2013, a high share of the black economy in the EU region would be on average in construction activity (31%), wholesale and retail trade (20%), hotel and restaurant (19%), productive activities (15%) and agriculture (15%) and other personal services (%-share not specified: entertainment, massage, prostitution, domestic services, etc.).


Question: What is the Subscriber Liability Act?

Gray economy

[4] Financial crime Habits of acquiring and investing gray money belong as an integral part of financial crimes.


Question: What is the Subscriber Liability Act?

Gray economy

Transfers of financial crime-related funds abroad and transactions by criminals with foreign companies as well as companies set up in a tax haven state have increased.


Question: What is the Subscriber Liability Act?

Gray economy

[5] Practices to combat the black economy and interpretations of what constitutes an economic crime vary across countries.


Question: What is the Subscriber Liability Act?

Gray economy

In Finland, the grey economy is covered by financial crime investigations [6] [7].


Question: What is the Subscriber Liability Act?

Gray economy

Investigating financial crimes is difficult, as traces of them are often indirect: no direct evidence, supporting documents and contracts can be found.


Question: What is the Subscriber Liability Act?

Gray economy

The money is laundered by investing it in legitimate businesses or, for example, gambling.


Question: What is the Subscriber Liability Act?

Grey economy

Because of this, police seek to identify financial crimes, among other things, with the cover-up offences often associated with them.


Question: What is the Subscriber Liability Act?

Grey economy

A cover crime can be money laundering, for example.


Question: What is the Subscriber Liability Act?

Grey economy

In Italy, other crimes related to their connection, such as extortion, are also considered economic crimes.


Question: What is the Subscriber Liability Act?

Grey economy

In the operation of the Italian mafia, even contract killings are commonplace.


Question: What is the Subscriber Liability Act?

Grey economy

[8] In key mafia inquiries, in general, interest divisions in economic crime are underlying.


Question: What is the Subscriber Liability Act?

Grey economy

The Mafia's actions are being investigated in Italy by the Guardia di Finanza, an authority specialising in economic crimes and the grey economy.


Question: What is the Subscriber Liability Act?

Grey economy

[8] Pimping as an integral part of prostitution, but also prostitution where taxes are not paid is subject to financial criminal investigations [9].


Question: What is the Subscriber Liability Act?

Grey economy

China reads the 2008 milk powder scandal as an economic crime, for which the maximum sentence is a death sentence.


Question: What is the Subscriber Liability Act?

Grey economy

In developing countries, the average share of the national economy is larger than industrialised countries.


Question: What is the Subscriber Liability Act?

Grey economy

In Somalia, where most of the country's grip on state government is nonexistent and power rests with clan rulers at the local level, practically the entire national economy runs on the grey economy.


Question: What is the Subscriber Liability Act?

Grey economy

Piracy has become an important part of the region's economy. [10].


Question: What is the Subscriber Liability Act?

Grey economy

According to the US-based FAS, about half of Russia's economy was linked in one way or another to organised crime at the end of the 1990s.


Question: What is the Subscriber Liability Act?

Grey economy

[11] The effects of the gray economy is detrimental to the state economy.


Question: What is the Subscriber Liability Act?

Grey economy

The state loses tax revenue.


Question: What is the Subscriber Liability Act?

Grey economy

Legally operating companies are, in principle, at a disadvantage in trying to compete with those in the grey economy.


Question: What is the Subscriber Liability Act?

Grey economy

Working conditions or remuneration of official workers may suffer due to the lower price of labour input for workers in the grey economy.


Question: What is the Subscriber Liability Act?

Grey economy

The activity is beneficial to those involved in it.


Question: What is the Subscriber Liability Act?

Grey economy

After failing to pay his taxes and legal fees, the entrepreneur will be left with more money on his hand and will at the same time be able to sell his product at a more competitive price.


Question: What is the Subscriber Liability Act?

Grey economy

The employee benefits from the amount of unpaid income tax.


Question: What is the Subscriber Liability Act?

Grey economy

The consumer benefits when they get a product or service at a lower cost.


Question: What is the Subscriber Liability Act?

Grey economy

The grey economy poses certain risks to those involved in it.


Question: What is the Subscriber Liability Act?

Grey economy

The entrepreneur and employee are threatened with criminal charges if the matter is revealed.


Question: What is the Subscriber Liability Act?

Grey economy

Employees work without employment conditions or insurance and do not accrue a statutory pension.


Question: What is the Subscriber Liability Act?

Grey economy

The consumer has no statutory consumer protection, and there is no guarantee for the work or service other than the asset the seller gives it.


Question: What is the Subscriber Liability Act?

Grey economy

The grey economy often involves other criminal activity as well.


Question: What is the Subscriber Liability Act?

Grey economy

It could be, for example, money laundering and exploiting tax havens.


Question: What is the Subscriber Liability Act?

Grey economy

On the other hand, it can be neglect of labor protections or abuse of social security, such as raising unemployment benefit, for example, when actually working.


Question: What is the Subscriber Liability Act?

Grey economy

Finland The fight against the black economy and economic crime involves several authorities in Finland, which have a lot of observations and information on the subject within their statutory tasks.


Question: What is the Subscriber Liability Act?

Grey economy

The website, run with cooperation from the authorities, brings together public materials related to combating the black economy and financial crime.


Question: What is the Subscriber Liability Act?

Grey economy

The site is intended for the general public, policymakers and authorities as well as scientists.


Question: What is the Subscriber Liability Act?

Grey economy

The website provides current information on the phenomena of the black economy and economic crime, their extent and how to combat them.


Question: What is the Subscriber Liability Act?

Grey economy

In addition, the site gives businesses and citizens information on how to do the right thing and protect themselves from the harm caused by the black economy and financial crime.


Question: What is the Subscriber Liability Act?

Grey economy

Current phenomena are described by combining observations from several different authorities.


Question: What is the Subscriber Liability Act?

Grey economy

The aim is to show that the fight against the black economy and economic crime belongs to everyone: authorities, businesses and citizens.


Question: What is the Subscriber Liability Act?

Grey economy

The site also serves as a support for decision-making by authorities and policymakers.


Question: What is the Subscriber Liability Act?

Grey economy

Information can be found in new phenomena such as platform economics and virtual currencies, but also in more traditional forms of the grey economy, such as dark work and corruption.


Question: What is the Subscriber Liability Act?

Grey economy

The website implementation project is part of the operational programme of the National Black Economy and Economic Crime Combating Strategy for 2016-2020.


Question: What is the Subscriber Liability Act?

Grey economy

[12] The content is provided by an editorial board consisting of key authorities and ministries involved in combating the black economy.


Question: What is the Subscriber Liability Act?

Grey economy

The Ministry of Interior, Ministry of Finance, Ministry of Social Affairs and Health, Ministry of Justice, Ministry of Employment and the Economy, Ministry of Transport and Communications, Tax Administration, Police, Customs, Regency Office, Bankruptcy Attorney Office, Regional Administrative Office, Finnish Pension Security Centre, Unemployment Insurance Fund, Accident Insurance Centre, Competition and Consumer Agency, Valvira, Evira, ELY, Trafi and the Prosecutor General's Office.


Question: What is the Subscriber Liability Act?

Grey economy

[13] The Grey Economy Settlement Unit (HTSY) was established in 2011 in the Tax Administration, which continues the activities of Virke, a project for the development of public authority cooperation.


Question: What is the Subscriber Liability Act?

Grey economy

The Gray Economy Settlement Unit (21.12.2010/1207) shall act according to which the task of the unit is defined as (1) to promote the fight against the black economy by producing and sharing information on the grey economy and the fight against it; and (2) to prepare obligations management reports for the Authority on organisations and from organisational persons to the uses laid down in Section 6.


Question: What is the Subscriber Liability Act?

Grey economy

[14] The Act guarantees uniquely broad access rights to information.


Question: What is the Subscriber Liability Act?

Grey economy

For example, surveys may collect and combine confidential government information, classify clients or customer groups.


Question: What is the Subscriber Liability Act?

Grey economy

In addition, the clearing unit prepares public reports on phenomena describing the phenomena of the black economy and the fight against the black economy and the impact of these at general level.


Question: What is the Subscriber Liability Act?

Grey economy

The entity is therefore a service organisation which, within its rights of access to information, provides services to other authorities in support of measures.


Question: What is the Subscriber Liability Act?

Grey economy

In this way, measures to combat the black economy and economic crime are targeted on a risk-based basis to specific target groups, and there is no need to disturb businesses or citizens who are doing the right thing to do in vain.


Question: What is the Subscriber Liability Act?

Grey economy

Estimates of costs Since the turn of the millennium, the black economy and economic crime have become an integral part of the activities of organised crime in Finland.


Question: What is the Subscriber Liability Act?

Grey economy

The corporate activities of criminal groups involve concealment of income, salaries paid undeclared, receipt trading and order fraud.


Question: What is the Subscriber Liability Act?

Grey economy

[15] In 2006 there were a total of 429 convictions for tax fraud, eight of them absolute prison sentences [16].


Question: What is the Subscriber Liability Act?

Grey economy

According to Virke's report by the Authority Cooperation Development Project, the grey economy of construction increased throughout 2007, and the Finnish state lost EUR 300 million in tax revenue purely due to undeclared work.


Question: What is the Subscriber Liability Act?

Grey economy

One in ten builders worked darkly, which meant a total of more than 15,000 man-years in 2007.


Question: What is the Subscriber Liability Act?

Grey economy

[17] Economic crime and the grey economy are constantly expanding and transforming forms of crime.


Question: What is the Subscriber Liability Act?

Grey economy

In Finland, hidden and cover crime has been revealed in several different industries.


Question: What is the Subscriber Liability Act?

Grey economy

In relation to construction and restaurant activities, the undercontracting and receipt trading of companies in the sector and exploitation of foreign workers and companies they use have been typical modes of the black economy.


Question: What is the Subscriber Liability Act?

Grey economy

Clear indications of professional financial crime have also been obtained from abuses related to timber trade, forestry farm trade, foreign trade, drug trafficking, charity collecting, telemarketing, science and research activities, securities trading, and information technology crime.


Question: What is the Subscriber Liability Act?

Grey economy

Crimes related to securities markets and computer environments are new crime categories employing financial crime investigators that were previously not under investigation at all.


Question: What is the Subscriber Liability Act?

Grey economy

The extent of the phenomenon is assessed, for example, in a study commissioned by the Parliament's Audit Committee on 16 June 2010, which is Finland's most extensive study of the grey economy to date.


Question: What is the Subscriber Liability Act?

Grey economy

The study deals with the phenomena of the grey economy from the perspective of investment activities, international trade in goods and the domestic grey economy, namely the construction industry and the accommodation and nutrition industry, as well as the transport industry.


Question: What is the Subscriber Liability Act?

Grey economy

According to estimates in the study, the shadow economy would amount to between €10 billion and €14 billion by a calculation method based on tax audits in 2008, equivalent to between 5.5 and 7.5 per cent of gross domestic product.


Question: What is the Subscriber Liability Act?

Grey economy

In terms of fiscal damage, this translates into annual losses of between 4 and 6 billion euros in taxes and fees.


Question: What is the Subscriber Liability Act?

Grey economy

Pairing, often associated with prostitution as an integral part, constitutes criminal activity under Finnish law and is the subject of financial criminal investigations.


Question: What is the Subscriber Liability Act?

Grey economy

[18] But independent prostitutes do not have legal trader status in Finland, even though tax and accounting obligations apply to income from prostitution in the same way as other earned income.


Question: What is the Subscriber Liability Act?

Grey economy

[19] [20] In practice, most prostitution falls within the black economy, since, for example, according to Anna Kontula's report by MP and researcher Anna Kontula, only some of the most professional prostitutes report their income to the tax authorities [19], and the majority leave both earned income taxes and VAT and non-payment of statutory pension and social security contributions.


Question: What is the Subscriber Liability Act?

Grey economy

Statistics Finland has also identified the growth in consumption of sexual services as being in the black economy, and a written question has been tabled in Parliament, to which the Government acknowledged the extent of the problem.


Question: What is the Subscriber Liability Act?

The Gray Economy

[21] [22] If the income is undeclared, prostitutes could also receive labour market or income support and other social benefits from society.


Question: What is the Subscriber Liability Act?

The Gray Economy

The grey economy is being tackled in Finland precisely through financial crime investigations, and thus tax and accounting offences related to the practice of prostitution are also covered.


Question: What is the Subscriber Liability Act?

The Gray Economy

[23] In Finland, pre-investigation and prevention of financial crimes are carried out by the national Central Criminal Police, regional economic crime investigation units and financial crime investigation units and teams of certain engagement police departments or an individual financial criminal investigator of the police department.


Question: What is the Subscriber Liability Act?

The Gray Economy

The competence of the Customs Service in preliminary investigations is limited to customs offences under the Customs Act, some of which are economic offences [9].


Question: What is the Subscriber Liability Act?

The Gray Economy

Tax audits combat financial crime The task of tax audits is to keep the tax system credible and safeguard the accumulation of tax revenue.


Question: What is the Subscriber Liability Act?

The Gray Economy

In 2010, 3552 tax audits were completed in the Tax Administration.


Question: What is the Subscriber Liability Act?

The Gray Economy

Overall, 719 of the audits identified a grey economy.


Question: What is the Subscriber Liability Act?

The Gray Economy

[24] Construction Subscriber Liability Act 2007 requires the subscriber to works and temporary labour to ensure that subcontractors have paid their taxes and their employees' pension contributions.


Question: What is the Subscriber Liability Act?

The Gray Economy

According to Helsingin Sanomat, the law has failed to end the gray economy.


Question: What is the Subscriber Liability Act?

The Gray Economy

The construction union estimates that there are 20,000 undeclared workers in the sector and an estimated loss of more than 300 million euros per year in taxes.


Question: What is the Subscriber Liability Act?

The Gray Economy

[25] According to the Home Office, half of financial crime police officers investigate receipt trades in the construction industry: in April 2008, for example, 146 investigators acted in 142 cases.


Question: What is the Subscriber Liability Act?

The Gray Economy

The suspects included 653 people and 481 construction companies.


Question: What is the Subscriber Liability Act?

The Gray Economy

[26] Organised crime leagues engage in receipt trading and pay wages darkly to their employees.


Question: What is the Subscriber Liability Act?

The Gray Economy

Tax control on construction sites is handled by just under 20 inspectors throughout the country, and for them, too, access to tax information can be problematic.


Question: What is the Subscriber Liability Act?

The Gray Economy

The Treasury Department has floated the idea of a so-called reverse VAT, which it would hope would reduce the grey economy.


Question: What is the Subscriber Liability Act?

The Gray Economy

[16] [25] From September 2012, every person working on a new construction site must have a visible identification number and tax number and the tax numbers of all persons working on construction sites will be recorded in the public register that opens in August.


Question: What is the Subscriber Liability Act?

The Gray Economy

The new practice aims to combat the grey economy that is rampant in the construction industry.


Question: What is the Subscriber Liability Act?

The Gray Economy

[27] To facilitate compliance with the Subscriber Liability Act, an online service has been developed.


Question: What is the Subscriber Liability Act?

The Gray Economy

The service development partner is Construction Industry RT ry.


Question: What is the Subscriber Liability Act?

The Gray Economy

The owners of the company are Rakennan Luato RALA ry and the Electricity and Telecommunication Contractors Union STUL ry, who own the company together with Aspiva Oy, the developer of the Tilaajavasta.fi service.


Question: What is the Subscriber Liability Act?

The Gray Economy

Reverse VAT In the reverse VAT system, VAT is paid to the government by the buyer and not the seller.


Question: What is the Subscriber Liability Act?

The Gray Economy

Even in long chains of services, VAT would only be paid once and would be paid by the first buyer.


Question: What is the Subscriber Liability Act?

The Gray Economy

The system is in place in Sweden, Germany, Holland and Austria.


Question: What is the Subscriber Liability Act?

The Gray Economy

[28] Opinions on reverse VAT are contradictory.


Question: What is the Subscriber Liability Act?

The Gray Economy

Prosecutors handling financial crime cases in the Helsinki Prosecutor's Office have appealed in early 2008 for the introduction of the system.


Question: What is the Subscriber Liability Act?

The Gray Economy

[26] For his part, Minister of Finance Jyrki Katainen wishes to look forward to the Swedish State's experience in the change of tax system.


Question: What is the Subscriber Liability Act?

The Gray Economy

[29] In 2006, a working group appointed by the Tax Board investigated the operation of the reverse VAT system.


Question: What is the Subscriber Liability Act?

The Gray Economy

The working group failed to agree on the impact of the scheme.


Question: What is the Subscriber Liability Act?

The Gray Economy

While the majority of the group thinks the tax accumulation would increase by around 130 million euros, the minority said tax revenues could even decrease as the potential for tax evasion increases.


Question: What is the Subscriber Liability Act?

The Gray Economy

[29] Accommodation and hospitality industry Helsingin Sanomat tested [30] in 2011 the customer service of pitseri restaurants in Helsinki to manage their customers' payment for providing their services to them.


Question: What is the Subscriber Liability Act?

The Gray Economy

There were plenty of indications of tax evasion in small food restaurants.


Question: What is the Subscriber Liability Act?

The Gray Economy

Approximately one in three of the fifteen restaurants tested, when asked for a receipt, problems arose: the cash register door may have been left open for the duration of the purchase transaction; in some places, receiving the receipt required a long keystroke or may even require its current truncation to complete the purchase transaction.


Question: What is the Subscriber Liability Act?

The Gray Economy

The cash register could possibly even have been manipulated, so getting a receipt did not guarantee the integrity of the place.


Question: What is the Subscriber Liability Act?

The Gray Economy

VAT on food is 13 per cent in Finland, but receipts issued by restaurants showed up to four different VAT rates: 12, 13, 18 and 22 per cent.


Question: What is the Subscriber Liability Act?

The Gray Economy

They estimate that the black economy accounts for 8 to 10 percent of the lodging and hospitality industry's revenue.


Question: What is the Subscriber Liability Act?

The Gray Economy

That amounts to around 500 million euros.


Question: What is the Subscriber Liability Act?

The Gray Economy

Experts called for controls to be directed towards risk firms and improved information flow between authorities.


Question: What is the Subscriber Liability Act?

The Gray Economy

In Sweden, a certified and black box cash register and a legally regulated receipt obligation would also be helpful.


Question: What is the Subscriber Liability Act?

The Gray Economy

Developing countries In developing countries, the gray economy often accounts for a large part of economic activity.


Question: What is the Subscriber Liability Act?

The Gray Economy

Business legislation and control over it are smaller in these countries than in industrialized countries.


Question: What is the Subscriber Liability Act?

The Gray Economy

This is why, in the case of developing countries, there is talk of an informal economy (), which refers to economic activity outside the control of government.


Question: What is the Subscriber Liability Act?

The Gray Economy

It is estimated that in Asia, Africa and Latin America, more than half of non-agricultural employment would be informal.


Question: What is the Subscriber Liability Act?

The Gray Economy

In agriculture, the informal economy is even more common.


Question: What is the Subscriber Liability Act?

The Gray Economy

Because the activity is outside the control of the regime, it is difficult to obtain reliable information about its prevalence.


Question: What is the Subscriber Liability Act?

The Gray Economy

See also Tax Hell Tax evasion Illegal migration Piracy Corporate hospice Sources Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Saviano, Roberto| title = Gomorrah: mafia kingdom| location = Helsinki| publisher = WSOY| year = 2007| isbn = 978-951-0-33186-6}} References Elsewhere Referenced 1.4.2011.


Question: What is the Subscriber Liability Act?

The Gray Economy

Referenced as of May 2, 2012.


Question: What is the Subscriber Liability Act?

The Gray Economy

Force 5/2014 Category:Financial Crime Category:Taxation Category:Key articles of screening


Question: Who has directed Babel the film?

Guillermo Arriaga

Guillermo Arriaga Jordán (born March 13, 1958) is a Mexican writer as well as film screenwriter, producer and director.


Question: Who has directed Babel the film?

Guillermo Arriaga

He became known especially as the screenwriter of the films “Amores perros”, “21 grams” and “Babel” [1].


Question: Who has directed Babel the film?

Guillermo Arriaga

In 2008, he directed the film The Burning Plain [1].


Question: Who has directed Babel the film?

Guillermo Arriaga

He received the 2005 Cannes Film Festival Award for Best Screenplay for the film Thrice Pit.


Question: Who has directed Babel the film?

Guillermo Arriaga

Filmography Un Dulce Olor a Muerte (1999) Amores perros (2000) ISBN 0-571-21415-0 The Hire: Powder Keg (2001) 21 grams (2004) ISBN 0-571-22266-8 Thrice Pit (2005) Babel (2006) El Búfalo de la Noche (2007) The Burning Plain (2009) Novels Escuadrón Illotina ( 1991) Un Dulce Olor a Muerte (1994) ISBN 958-04-6169-4 El Búfalo de la Noche (1999) ISBN 0-7432-8666-9 Night Buffalo (2007), translated by Alan Page ISBN 0-7432-8186-1 A Sweet Scent of Death (2007), translated by Alan Page ISBN 0-7432-9679-6 The Otine Squad (2007), translated by Alan Page ISBN 0-7432-9681-8 Sources on the topic elsewhere (in Spanish) Category:Mexican film directors Category:Mexican writers Category:Born in 1958 Category:Living persons


Question: Is it free to join an association?

philanthropic

Charity means helping others without primarily involving self-interest.


Question: Is it free to join an association?

philanthropic

Charities can target subjects such as children, the elderly, the disabled and sick, sports and physical activity, the arts, science, animals, the environment or national defence.


Question: Is it free to join an association?

philanthropic

Charity is practiced through volunteer work and donations, among other things.


Question: Is it free to join an association?

philanthropic

Defining Charity Charity has been an integral part of the history of Western civilization throughout its existence.


Question: Is it free to join an association?

philanthropic

References to donation and charity can be found in the Bible as well as ancient history.


Question: Is it free to join an association?

philanthropic

The purpose of donating has been to safeguard the well-being, happiness and social balance of all members of the community.


Question: Is it free to join an association?

philanthropic

Charity can historically be divided into two strong groups, the first being to facilitate the life situation of those closest to them in a situation of need.


Question: Is it free to join an association?

philanthropic

The term “charity”, which is close to altruism in English, refers to compassion, love of fellow man, and selflessness.


Question: Is it free to join an association?

philanthropic

Aid was historically directed to help the underprivileged in their own community, but with globalization, collection sites have been accompanied by international disaster relief.


Question: Is it free to join an association?

philanthropic

In the 1870s, the Finnish Red Cross collected an international destination for the first time: the Russian starving people and the victims of the Turkish war.


Question: Is it free to join an association?

philanthropic

Modern philanthropy and its organisations emerged in the heavily industrialising Britain of the 19th century, where intense and partly uncontrolled urbanisation caused poverty, unemployment, poor living conditions and other social problems.


Question: Is it free to join an association?

philanthropic

It was common, for example, to build schools and hospitals for the poor and other aid to the poor.


Question: Is it free to join an association?

philanthropic

[1] Charity is not aimed solely at other people.


Question: Is it free to join an association?

philanthropic

From an early age, animal protection became one established object of philanthropy.


Question: Is it free to join an association?

philanthropic

Nor can support environmentalism be seen solely as building better habitat for humans.


Question: Is it free to join an association?

philanthropic

Another classic branch of philanthropy concerns support for science and the arts.


Question: Is it free to join an association?

philanthropic

In parallel with serving as a mesenatee for underprivileged students and artists, significant cultural institutions have been built through endowment funds.


Question: Is it free to join an association?

philanthropic

The earliest collections carried out in Finland in this field have been the Pension Fund for Writers and Artists, and the Finnish Theatre, both in the 1870s.


Question: Is it free to join an association?

philanthropic

The many philanthropic projects of the late 19th and early 20th centuries involved political intentions e.g.


Question: Is it free to join an association?

philanthropic

in the form of fostering Finnishness.


Question: Is it free to join an association?

philanthropic

At the time of its independence, Finland had a strong tradition of philanthropy, as evidenced by numerous collections, charitable events, lotteries, and individual large donations and philanthropists.


Question: Is it free to join an association?

philanthropic

With the Second World War and subsequent rebuilding, the image of philanthropy also changed.


Question: Is it free to join an association?

philanthropic

The role of state and predominance in funding many cultural projects, social projects and civic activities built on the generosity of civil society in the past was strengthened.


Question: Is it free to join an association?

philanthropic

With the narrowing of income disparities, the pool of citizens who had the potential to make truly significant donations also contracted.


Question: Is it free to join an association?

philanthropic

However, the economic recession of the end of the last millennium and subsequent economic development changed the situation.


Question: Is it free to join an association?

philanthropic

With the rebalancing of public finances, the opportunities for society to increase the funding of non-profit organisations were exhausted.


Question: Is it free to join an association?

philanthropic

In addition to traditional charities, many new entities turned to citizens and businesses; universities, museums, art institutions, hospitals, whose funding had rested almost exclusively on government budget funding in decades past.


Question: Is it free to join an association?

philanthropic

At the same time, a group of “neo-rich” emerged with the potential and willingness to support targets they perceive as good.


Question: Is it free to join an association?

philanthropic

Religious Background Charity is the central virtue of most power religions.


Question: Is it free to join an association?

philanthropic

In Christianity, the three virtues mentioned by the Bible are often translated as faith-hope-love, but the third virtue (agapê, caritas) can also be translated as charity or love of fellow man.


Question: Is it free to join an association?

philanthropic

In Christianity, it is thought that Christ appears in man as agapê love and this is one of the starker cornerstones of Christian life.


Question: Is it free to join an association?

philanthropic

[2] Giving tithes for merit is Christian folklore.


Question: Is it free to join an association?

philanthropic

Still, many parishes still have the practice of paying tithes and much of this is spent directly on charitable work.


Question: Is it free to join an association?

philanthropic

Even early parishes had a deacon helping the underprivileged.


Question: Is it free to join an association?

philanthropic

Today, the deacon is considered by Finns to be the most prestigious function of the Church in its job description.


Question: Is it free to join an association?

philanthropic

[3] Many Christian organisations such as the Church Foreign Aid, Fida and the Finnish Missionary Society are major development organizations, and the Church's Foreign Aid is actually the largest in all of Finland and the second largest donor of humanitarian aid.


Question: Is it free to join an association?

philanthropic

[4] Christian missionaries have often been the first helpers in poor countries.


Question: Is it free to join an association?

philanthropic

Finnish missionaries have done valuable work in places such as Namibia, where several schools and hospitals were established.


Question: Is it free to join an association?

philanthropic

[5] [6] Similarly, in social and health care, Christian organizations are well represented, for example in Finland the Salvation Army and the Deaconess Institution.


Question: Is it free to join an association?

philanthropic

Almost all bread queue grants in Finland are maintained by congregations or organisations based on Christian values, such as Veikko and Lahti Hurst's food aid in Helsinki.


Question: Is it free to join an association?

philanthropic

[7] In the Muslim faith, especially Sunni Muslims, the giving of alms, zakat, is an important part of the practice of religion.


Question: Is it free to join an association?

philanthropic

The Buddhist way of life involves showing compassion for all sentient beings.


Question: Is it free to join an association?

philanthropic

In the thinking of the Dalai Lama, this is reflected most strongly in Buddhist tradition.


Question: Is it free to join an association?

philanthropic

In Buddhism, there is a belief in karma, where good deeds bring blessings to man.


Question: Is it free to join an association?

philanthropic

[8] [9] The same idea of good deeds leading to success in a person's life holds strongly in Christendom, for example, Calvinism.


Question: Is it free to join an association?

philanthropic

Paul says in the Bible, “Whatever man sows, he also reaps.”


Question: Is it free to join an association?

philanthropic

[10] This has strongly influenced the Anglo-American tradition of philanthropy.


Question: Is it free to join an association?

philanthropic

Why do people donate The question of why people donate has dogged philosophers and economists alike throughout history.


Question: Is it free to join an association?

philanthropic

There has been a debate between altruistic thinking that emphasizes altruism and Darwinist thinking that emphasizes self-interest.


Question: Is it free to join an association?

philanthropic

In altruistic thinking, we have a special “altruism gene” in all of us.


Question: Is it free to join an association?

philanthropic

An innate, but individually variable need to help others.


Question: Is it free to join an association?

philanthropic

To counterbalance altruism, economists in particular have developed theories in which donation is no longer seen as unilateral giving but as bartering.


Question: Is it free to join an association?

philanthropic

The “common good” theory is that donating to activities of general interest benefits all of us who thus enjoy better health care, recreational opportunities, art experiences and a more stable society.


Question: Is it free to join an association?

philanthropic

On the other hand, the theory allows so-called free travel, enjoying all of the above benefits without participating in the charity itself.


Question: Is it free to join an association?

philanthropic

This should, according to general economic theories, reduce people's willingness to donate.


Question: Is it free to join an association?

philanthropic

The second theory can be called, say, “barter”.


Question: Is it free to join an association?

philanthropic

According to it, donors receive personal benefits or privileges for themselves through their donations.


Question: Is it free to join an association?

philanthropic

Donors can receive benefits in their own taxation.


Question: Is it free to join an association?

philanthropic

They get in on the high society or their names can be engraved on a copper slab wrong with a hospital door.


Question: Is it free to join an association?

philanthropic

With philanthropy, the donor's social status rises.


Question: Is it free to join an association?

philanthropic

The third phenomenon of the so-called “warm glow” highlights the psychological impact of donating.


Question: Is it free to join an association?

philanthropic

People are doing well when they donate to charity and the more they give, the better they are.


Question: Is it free to join an association?

philanthropic

Although the existence of the warm glow phenomenon has been acknowledged by modern economists, the question still remains open as to why it happens and how the effect of the phenomenon is measurable or observable.


Question: Is it free to join an association?

philanthropic

[11] In his book Asking Properly (1995), George Smith, in his book Asking Properly (1995), summarized the motivations for donating as follows: worrying guilt personal relationship with the object of the donation desire to be involved in achieving something immortal desire to belong to some group desire to be seen as a good person Various forms of charity Private people can participate in charity by donating either money, goods, time (volunteering) or their own prestige (the right to use the name).


Question: Is it free to join an association?

philanthropic

Monetary Donations The most typical way to contribute to charity is to donate money randomly to various collections.


Question: Is it free to join an association?

philanthropic

Methods of collection encountered by an individual citizen may include chest of drawers, a colander, list collections, collection letters, special paid phone numbers, and SMS messages.


Question: Is it free to join an association?

philanthropic

The authorisation of the authorities is always required to implement the collection of money.


Question: Is it free to join an association?

philanthropic

Donors sometimes want to commit themselves to regular support of their chosen destinations.


Question: Is it free to join an association?

philanthropic

A commonly used method is to issue a direct debit power of attorney, for example, for a once-a-month donation.


Question: Is it free to join an association?

philanthropic

In terms of donation recipients, committed backers are more profitable than one-time donors.


Question: Is it free to join an association?

philanthropic

The collection costs will be lower and the annual accumulation will be higher.


Question: Is it free to join an association?

philanthropic

Monthly subsidies are also based on feissaus, which has recently become widespread.


Question: Is it free to join an association?

philanthropic

Some donors are willing to support their chosen target for a more significant amount, even a donation of hundreds of thousands of euros or millions.


Question: Is it free to join an association?

philanthropic

Known as the second richest man in the world, Warren Buffett donated $37 billion to the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation in the summer of 2006.


Question: Is it free to join an association?

philanthropic

Maria Lival-Lindström, Master of Psychology, donated €1 million to university funds to promote mental health of university students in the metropolitan area in the summer of 2005.


Question: Is it free to join an association?

philanthropic

Financial magazine Forbes listed 2009 as the most donated to charity.


Question: Is it free to join an association?

philanthropic

Number one was Microsoft billionaire Bill Gates, who had donated 19.3 billion euros.


Question: Is it free to join an association?

philanthropic

Trailing behind Gates came currency speculator George Soros ($5.07 billion.


Question: Is it free to join an association?

philanthropic

euros), Intel billionaire Gordon Moore (4.77 billion billion)


Question: Is it free to join an association?

philanthropic

Euros) and major investor Warren Buffett (4.68 billion billion.


Question: Is it free to join an association?

philanthropic

Euros).


Question: Is it free to join an association?

philanthropic

[12] Bequests Established charities also regularly receive bequests, although there is no established tradition in Finland in this regard.


Question: Is it free to join an association?

philanthropic

Along with those who have donated long in the past, a significant proportion of bequests come from new donors.


Question: Is it free to join an association?

philanthropic

Bequests are normally marketed to solicitors and other entities associated with asset management firms, with whom wills and property are usually discussed.


Question: Is it free to join an association?

philanthropic

Lottery Participation in the lottery is one traditional way to participate in charitable activities.


Question: Is it free to join an association?

philanthropic

In Finland, the exclusive right to lotteries that distribute cash winnings is in Veikkaus.


Question: Is it free to join an association?

philanthropic

Its proceeds are distributed in the form of grants to public utility activities.


Question: Is it free to join an association?

philanthropic

Non-profit entities may hold merchandise lotteries (merchandise lottery, merchandise win vending machines, guess contests, and bingo games).


Question: Is it free to join an association?

philanthropic

Lottery enforcement is a licensed activity.


Question: Is it free to join an association?

philanthropic

Charitable products Charities also offer a variety of products, which by purchasing it is possible to support their activities.


Question: Is it free to join an association?

philanthropic

Some organisations even have their own shops where products are sold.


Question: Is it free to join an association?

philanthropic

Japanese slippers brand Onitsuka Tiger launched slippers in 1995 commemorating every dead person from an earthquake in the city with a small symbol.


Question: Is it free to join an association?

philanthropic

Proceeds were promised to give to earthquake victims.


Question: Is it free to join an association?

philanthropic

[13] Charity products are made by traditional clothing companies as well as charities whose products are highly branded.


Question: Is it free to join an association?

philanthropic

In Finland, Paola Suhonen has designed T-shirts for Amnesty.


Question: Is it free to join an association?

philanthropic

Many charity products have been made in the mid-2000s for the RED project to Africa started by U2's Bono, as well as the Roosa ribbon project related to breast cancer.


Question: Is it free to join an association?

philanthropic

[13] Events Various charity events; concerts, auctions and the like are often also very popular.


Question: Is it free to join an association?

philanthropic

Volunteering An alternative to financial support is to make your own time and work contribution available to charities.


Question: Is it free to join an association?

philanthropic

Handing over name and prestige Public figures and other persons in a prestige position may also contribute to the charity by making their own name, image and prestige available to the charity.


Question: Is it free to join an association?

philanthropic

A respected person may serve as chairman of the organization's board of directors and a public figure may hand over their image for use in marketing material for the collection campaign.


Question: Is it free to join an association?

philanthropic

For example, Kummit in children's clinics has successfully used this method.


Question: Is it free to join an association?

philanthropic

Charity and Tax Relief Charity is often accompanied by the possibility of receiving tax relief.


Question: Is it free to join an association?

philanthropic

In most Western countries there is such a practice, but in Finland the possibility of receiving tax breaks is limited to a minimum.


Question: Is it free to join an association?

philanthropic

Individuals in Finland have not had the opportunity to deduct donations in their own taxation.


Question: Is it free to join an association?

philanthropic

Only companies can make such a reduction after 1989.


Question: Is it free to join an association?

philanthropic

Article 57 of the Income Tax Act (TVL, 1535/1992) allows companies to deduct their income; (1) a donation of at least EUR 850 made for the purpose of promoting the preservation of Finnish cultural heritage to a Finnish state, a Finnish university or higher education institution or to such to a Finnish association designated by the Board of Revenue], an institution or foundation whose actual purpose is to preserve Finnish cultural heritage and (2) a monetary donation of at least EUR 850 and not more than EUR 25 000 made for the promotion of science or art for the purpose of the Finnish State, a Finnish university or higher education institution or a Finnish association, institution or foundation designated by the Tax Board whose actual purpose is to support science or art.


Question: Is it free to join an association?

philanthropic

In addition, according to the Tax Board's harmonisation guidance, a monetary or object donation of little value to a public interest and at the same time local or close to the business may be considered a public relations expenditure which is deductible for taxation purposes.


Question: Is it free to join an association?

philanthropic

Such a donation can be a maximum of 850 euros.


Question: Is it free to join an association?

philanthropic

The extension and extension of the right to deduct donations to individuals has also been proposed from a number of parties.


Question: Is it free to join an association?

philanthropic

In late 2006, the Economic Delegation EVA published a report [14].


Question: Is it free to join an association?

philanthropic

The Church's foreign aid, the Finnish Red Cross and the Finnish UNICEF association also took an initiative in the summer of 2006 [15] to extend the right to deduct tax.


Question: Is it free to join an association?

philanthropic

Charity and corporations Corporations say their donations are more the activities of an awakened corporate citizen than altruistic philanthropy.


Question: Is it free to join an association?

philanthropic

Donations and projects are talked about as an investment in society.


Question: Is it free to join an association?

philanthropic

Public interest activities are part of corporate social responsibility thinking, which became important in all enterprises in the late 1990s.


Question: Is it free to join an association?

philanthropic

Back then, corporate ethical image began to be taken care of thanks to consumer boycotts, so at least big corporations tend to have some sort of social responsibility program.


Question: Is it free to join an association?

philanthropic

[13] Sponsorship Sponsorship differs from donations.


Question: Is it free to join an association?

philanthropic

Sponsorship is not about pure philanthropy but about renting the image of a public interest community or event.


Question: Is it free to join an association?

philanthropic

The entity seeks to raise funds for its operations and the sponsor company seeks to shape its own corporate image and promote the sale of its products.


Question: Is it free to join an association?

philanthropic

Sponsor wagering is usually money, sometimes including goods and services or participation in marketing Several companies are willing to invest significantly larger sums in sponsorship agreements than in mere donations.


Question: Is it free to join an association?

philanthropic

Unlike donations, sponsorship is a tax-deductible item for corporations as a whole.


Question: Is it free to join an association?

philanthropic

However, sponsorship agreements are only possible for as long as the business is viable for the company.


Question: Is it free to join an association?

philanthropic

Cause Related Marketing Many big utility collaborations have entered into agreements to support the marketing of various products.


Question: Is it free to join an association?

philanthropic

The operating model is referred to by the term Cause Related Marketing (CRM).


Question: Is it free to join an association?

philanthropic

While the operating model may generate significant amounts of assistance and make the name of the community known even in the eyes of millions of consumers, the same approach can also be used at local level.


Question: Is it free to join an association?

philanthropic

Commercial promotions may involve various cooperation agreements Credit cards with which a few of the purchases made to the prom go to charity (Affinity credit card) Donating loyalty points to charity Competitions Logo royalties Paid phone lines What is common to all of the above is that they provide an opportunity to raise funds for a community or project from a brand new audience, but require working with the company to meet their marketing goals.


Question: Is it free to join an association?

philanthropic

This cooperation will benefit both the community of general interest and the commercial party.


Question: Is it free to join an association?

philanthropic

Staff participation in charity Some companies offer their staff the opportunity to devote a certain portion of their working time to charity work.


Question: Is it free to join an association?

philanthropic

An example of such an operating model is Nokia's Helping Hands program.


Question: Is it free to join an association?

philanthropic

Nokia employees can spend between one and two working days on charity work each year.


Question: Is it free to join an association?

philanthropic

Goods Donations Grocers occasionally hand over foods at the end of their operating time for distribution.


Question: Is it free to join an association?

philanthropic

Swedish clothing manufacturer Gant is also giving away surplus clothing to charity.


Question: Is it free to join an association?

philanthropic

Organisations Charities combine the opportunity for other people to donate money and the opportunity for others to give their time.


Question: Is it free to join an association?

philanthropic

In them, typically unpaid or low-wage employees engage in philanthropy and raise money from donors for this basic activity.


Question: Is it free to join an association?

philanthropic

Typical destinations run by charities have included orphanages, hospitals, hospices and, as modes of operation, also support the elderly, prisoners and the long-term ill.


Question: Is it free to join an association?

philanthropic

One of the best known charitable and aid organisations based on voluntary activities is the Red Cross.


Question: Is it free to join an association?

philanthropic

Charity in different countries Finland Finland works, stunts, organising events, working in social welfare and sports clubs, nature conservation, fundraising and other unpaid work is the most important way of philanthropy.


Question: Is it free to join an association?

philanthropic

[16] Approximately three quarters of Finns participate in charitable activities in some way, according to a survey commissioned by the organisations Economic Research 2017.


Question: Is it free to join an association?

philanthropic

In Finland, common charitable activities include working in animal shelters, bread queues, parishes or environmental organisations, as friends with immigrants or the elderly, or working with homeless people, mental health rehabilitators and disabled people.


Question: Is it free to join an association?

philanthropic

SPR runs first aid courses and blood donation sessions.


Question: Is it free to join an association?

philanthropic

Many participate in development cooperation in various projects.


Question: Is it free to join an association?

philanthropic

Various programs are designed for young people to work in developing countries, such as World Exchange.


Question: Is it free to join an association?

philanthropic

Most activities are organised by NGOs, but the state supports various organisations each year for hundreds of millions of euros.


Question: Is it free to join an association?

philanthropic

The largest grants are received by social and health care organisations.


Question: Is it free to join an association?

philanthropic

According to various studies, 29—37% of Finns regularly volunteer for an average of 18 hours per month, equivalent to 80,000 man-years.


Question: Is it free to join an association?

philanthropic

Voluntary work has been calculated at EUR 2 billion. The most commonly volunteering is carried out by people aged 35 to 54, highly skilled and working people.


Question: Is it free to join an association?

philanthropic

[17] Finland has the largest number of organisations in the world in terms of population.


Question: Is it free to join an association?

philanthropic

Living in the close-knit village communities of agrarian society is a major reason for this.


Question: Is it free to join an association?

philanthropic

There has been a great reliance on other people and there has been a strong sense of community.


Question: Is it free to join an association?

philanthropic

The Lutheran faith has necessitated helping the underprivileged.


Question: Is it free to join an association?

philanthropic

[18] One third of Finns donate sporadically and almost a fifth regularly donate money to one or more organisations.


Question: Is it free to join an association?

philanthropic

There is also participation in church collections and contributes in non-monetary terms, for example through donations of goods.


Question: Is it free to join an association?

philanthropic

[19] According to the House survey, Finnish charities raised almost EUR 300 million in donations from individuals, companies and entities, of which the ten largest organizations accounted for 139 million in fundraising terms.


Question: Is it free to join an association?

philanthropic

The Finns attach great importance to the reliability of the donated organization.


Question: Is it free to join an association?

philanthropic

[20] According to the World Giving Index, a 2017 study of the geography of philanthropy by the British Charities Aid Foundation, philanthropy is concentrated in three areas in particular in the world: 1) the developed and capitalist north of Reformed Christians, such as Countries inhabited by Calvinists and Lutherans, such as the United States, Canada, Britain, the Netherlands and the Nordic countries, as well as Australia and New Zealand (2) South and Central Africa, mainly populated by Reformed Christians, such as Kenya, Tanzania and South Africa, where hospitality has always been part of the local indigenous culture, as well as 3) Asian Buddhist countries such as Nepal, Mongolia, Bhutan and Thailand.


Question: Is it free to join an association?

philanthropic

In Buddhist culture, the importance of compassion has always been emphasized.


Question: Is it free to join an association?

philanthropic

Most successful in the study was Buddhist Myanmar, though it was done before the refugee wave of Rohingya Muslims from the country to Bangladesh.


Question: Is it free to join an association?

philanthropic

Some Muslim countries such as Libya, the UAE and Indonesia also proved willing to help in the investigation.


Question: Is it free to join an association?

philanthropic

The least philanthropic activity occurs in current or former socialist countries such as China, Russia, Eastern Europe, the Democratic Republic of Congo and Venezuela, according to the study, perhaps due to acclimatization to the prominent role of the state as a helper.


Question: Is it free to join an association?

philanthropic

There is also less charity in Catholic countries in Europe, excluding France and Spain, as well as South America.


Question: Is it free to join an association?

philanthropic

Likewise in South Asia and several Muslim countries.


Question: Is it free to join an association?

philanthropic

In poor areas, people's desire to help is often reduced by the dearth of their own resources and the difficulty of coping in their own daily lives.


Question: Is it free to join an association?

philanthropic

However, there are several exceptions, such as the African countries and Buddhist regions mentioned.


Question: Is it free to join an association?

philanthropic

Prosperity, however, clearly increases philanthropy.


Question: Is it free to join an association?

philanthropic

In Reformed countries, where Calvinism and Lutheranism are the major religions, conviction requires helping the poor and weak.


Question: Is it free to join an association?

philanthropic

In heavily capitalist countries like the U.S. and Britain, government assistance is scarce and aid work often lies on the third sector.


Question: Is it free to join an association?

philanthropic

The largest donor of development aid in the world is the United States.


Question: Is it free to join an association?

philanthropic

The study took into account three indicators: 1) donating money to charity 2) time spent volunteering, and 3) helping someone you don't know.


Question: Is it free to join an association?

philanthropic

[21] [22] [23] The 10 most successful countries based on World Giving Index were 1) Myanmar 2) Indonesia 3) Kenya 4) New Zealand 5) USA 6) Australia 7) Canada 8) Ireland 9) UAE 10) Netherlands New technology in the service of philanthropy With the development of digital telephone technology at the end of the 20th century, it became possible to donate money only by calling a number opened for a relief purpose.


Question: Is it free to join an association?

philanthropic

Aid sites were opened on the World Wide Web since the 1990s.


Question: Is it free to join an association?

philanthropic

For example, The Hunger Site, which relies on the most famous charity sites, collected 65.7 million portions of food in 2009, including 60.3 million by button clicks and 5.4 million by charity purchases [24].


Question: Is it free to join an association?

philanthropic

The increasing prevalence of the Internet has also made it possible to donate computing power from computers to various public interest computing projects that seek to benefit humanity by accelerating developments in medicine, for example.


Question: Is it free to join an association?

philanthropic

Among other things, the Finnish Cancer Society has donated calculation time to the World Community Grid's cancer research project and encouraged its members to do the same.


Question: Is it free to join an association?

philanthropic

[25] [26] Literature Bill Clinton: Given: how can each of us change the world?


Question: Is it free to join an association?

philanthropic

(Giving: how each of us can change the world) 2007.


Question: Is it free to join an association?

philanthropic

Charles & Elizabeth Handy: The New Philanthrops (2006) See also Lottery Boxing Day Money Raising Sponsorship Taksvärkki Election Collection Sources on the topic elsewhere Category:Key articles on screening


Question: When did PIK-5 make its first flight?

PIK-5

The PIK-5 was a single-seat glider manufactured by the Finnish Polytechnicians Aeronautical Club, designed by Kaarlo J. Temmes as a master's thesis.


Question: When did PIK-5 make its first flight?

PIK-5

The PIK-5A “Cumulus” was developed on the basis of the Polish W.W.S.1 Salamandra glider, similar to which the PIK-5 had an all-wood construction.


Question: When did PIK-5 make its first flight?

PIK-5

The machine type was designed to replace older training aircraft commonly used by glider clubs in Finland, such as the Grunau Babyt.


Question: When did PIK-5 make its first flight?

PIK-5

Design of the PIK-5A got underway in 1945, and the first prototype made its maiden flight the following year.


Question: When did PIK-5 make its first flight?

PIK-5

Ilkka Southmaa set out to further develop the PIK-5A design, and a follow-on modified version was given the designation PIK-5B in 1949.


Question: When did PIK-5 make its first flight?

PIK-5

A total of 16 machine specimens were produced for the B version until, following an accident for the Type B machine OH-PAA in 1951, the need to develop a new improved version.


Question: When did PIK-5 make its first flight?

PIK-5

Keijo Tiusanen was responsible for the design of the version which received the PIK-5C model designation.


Question: When did PIK-5 make its first flight?

PIK-5

The C version came with a completely reformulated rudder and fuselage, with only the wing aerodynamic design being taken from the original PIK-5A without modification.


Question: When did PIK-5 make its first flight?

PIK-5

The PIK-5 was the most common type of sailing machine in Finland at the beginning of the 1960s, but the type gradually began to be replaced by newer German reinforced plastic machines during the late 1970s.


Question: When did PIK-5 make its first flight?

PIK-5

Development and production of the machine type Taus Saillennon as a training aircraft was the German “Granau Baby II” training aircraft used in Finland from the outset, which had been built in Finnish aviation clubs by more than 30 individuals.


Question: When did PIK-5 make its first flight?

PIK-5

However, the Baby was heavy-sided in construction, heavy in the thermic flight, and the damage to the fuselage of the aircraft was difficult to repair.


Question: When did PIK-5 make its first flight?

PIK-5

There had again been very positive experiences with Polish W.S.1 Salamandra gliders used in Finland.


Question: When did PIK-5 make its first flight?

PIK-5

The PIK-5A Domestic Training Aircraft went to design by Kai Temmes in August 1945.


Question: When did PIK-5 make its first flight?

PIK-5

Salamandra Temmes, from Poland, was based on the design of the machine for her master's thesis the following year.


Question: When did PIK-5 make its first flight?

PIK-5

Also working with Temmes on the project were Raimo Häkkinen, with whom the machine's start-up study was carried out, and Lars Norrmén and Pehr Schalin, who carried out the work on Salamandra's capabilities by measuring as much different data from the machine as possible, and back modelling characteristics of the machine on their basis.


Question: When did PIK-5 make its first flight?

PIK-5

Salamandra's advantages were considered to be the plane's lightness, agility, harmonious controls, good thermic flight capabilities and a low tendency to go into a tailspin.


Question: When did PIK-5 make its first flight?

PIK-5

What was being developed in the machine was its high-speed glide number and structure.


Question: When did PIK-5 make its first flight?

PIK-5

The plane had also not been approved for aircraft towing.


Question: When did PIK-5 make its first flight?

PIK-5

Pre-designs for the machine, which received the PIK-5 insignia, were completed in late April 1946.


Question: When did PIK-5 make its first flight?

PIK-5

The wing design was copied from Salamandra approximately as such.


Question: When did PIK-5 make its first flight?

PIK-5

The PIK-5 had a slightly smaller wing area, though, with a larger lateral ratio.


Question: When did PIK-5 make its first flight?

PIK-5

The design of the PIK-5 was an upper-level wood-built glider.


Question: When did PIK-5 make its first flight?

PIK-5

The aircraft type was inspired by the Polish W.W.S.1 Salamandra glider, and was designed according to BVS load regulations.


Question: When did PIK-5 make its first flight?

PIK-5

Mounted in an upper-plane configuration, the wing was built on a single main salon, with a further two auxiliary shoots diagonal in the direction of the tip span.


Question: When did PIK-5 make its first flight?

PIK-5

The wing's main latch was box-like in cross-section, constructed of plywood sides with two pine bundles attached between them.


Question: When did PIK-5 make its first flight?

PIK-5

The wing used a Göttingen 533 profile and had a three-degree V-angle.


Question: When did PIK-5 make its first flight?

PIK-5

The wing lacked rotation between the base and the tips.


Question: When did PIK-5 make its first flight?

PIK-5

[1] The fuselage bearing structure of the PIK-5 was formed by two parallel, box-like beams in cross-section.


Question: When did PIK-5 make its first flight?

PIK-5

The lower box beam acted as the nose of the plane and was attached to it as a landing ski bent from birch wood.


Question: When did PIK-5 make its first flight?

PIK-5

The upper beam connected the rudder to the wings and the rest of the fuselage.


Question: When did PIK-5 make its first flight?

PIK-5

A lattice of three hollow rods connected the top and bottom beams to each other.


Question: When did PIK-5 make its first flight?

PIK-5

Cab Versions PIK 5A “Cumulus” - the original version by Kaarlo J. Temmes.


Question: When did PIK-5 make its first flight?

PIK-5

PIK-5B - A version developed by Ilkka Southwest.


Question: When did PIK-5 make its first flight?

PIK-5

Made in 16 specimens.


Question: When did PIK-5 make its first flight?

PIK-5

PIK-5C - A further developed version by Keijo Tiusanen with a restyled fuselage and rudder.


Question: When did PIK-5 make its first flight?

PIK-5

Only the wing aerodynamic design retained from the original PIK-5A.


Question: When did PIK-5 make its first flight?

PIK-5

Made in 11 specimens.


Question: When did PIK-5 make its first flight?

PIK-5

Sources Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Ruin, Jukka| title = Pilot's Perspective 3: PIK Series Airplanes| location = Kerava| publisher = Self-Publish| year = 1995| isbn = 951-96866-1-4}} References on the topic elsewhere Category:Polytechnicians Aeronautical Club aircraft Class:Gliders


Question: What sound waves does a person hear?

Sound

Sound is an audible mechanical wave motion or an auditory sensation in consciousness caused by said wave motion through the auditory organs.


Question: What sound waves does a person hear?

Sound

The sound wave does not propagate in a vacuum but needs a medium to advance.


Question: What sound waves does a person hear?

Sound

The medium can exist in any state, such as liquid, gas, solid or plasma.


Question: What sound waves does a person hear?

Sound

When the medium is a gas (for example, air) the sound wave propagates longitudinal.


Question: What sound waves does a person hear?

Sound

Transverse sound waves also occur in solids.


Question: What sound waves does a person hear?

Sound

[1] [2] Scientific sound research is called acoustics.


Question: What sound waves does a person hear?

Sound

Ultrasound is referred to as frequencies above 20kHz and infrasound at frequencies below 16Hz [3].


Question: What sound waves does a person hear?

Sound

Measurements using high-frequency ultrasound can be used to determine, among other things, thicknesses, distances or the location of an object.


Question: What sound waves does a person hear?

Sound

Ultrasound is used as a heat source in welding especially when welding plastics.


Question: What sound waves does a person hear?

Sound

The operation of sonars is based on ultrasound.


Question: What sound waves does a person hear?

Sound

Sound is used in music and singing to produce auditory sensations of artistic or entertainment value.


Question: What sound waves does a person hear?

Sound

Within the art sphere, sounds can also be assembled into soundscapes or used as elements of various works of art.


Question: What sound waves does a person hear?

Sound

Various unwanted sounds also occur in the environment, the generic term of which is noise.


Question: What sound waves does a person hear?

Sound

[4] Producing sound sound can be generated by the output of mass, force, momentum and heat into a gas or liquid.


Question: What sound waves does a person hear?

Sound

In a solid medium, sound can only be generated by the output of force.


Question: What sound waves does a person hear?

Sound

Common methods of sound generation include mechanical oscillation and currents.


Question: What sound waves does a person hear?

Sound

Sound may arise as a result of various chemical reactions or physical phenomena, or it may be the result of human or animal activity.


Question: What sound waves does a person hear?

Sound

Sound is also produced using various instruments and sound equipment, such as a synthesizer or keyboard instruments.


Question: What sound waves does a person hear?

Sound

The human voice is created by a person blowing air out of their lungs through the vocal cords, throat, and mouth or nose.


Question: What sound waves does a person hear?

Sound

The human voice is utilized for communication in the form of speech.


Question: What sound waves does a person hear?

Sound

Sound detection Sound can be detected as an auditory sensation, tactile sensation, or through various measurements.


Question: What sound waves does a person hear?

Sound

Sound perception is studied in psychoacoustics.


Question: What sound waves does a person hear?

Sound

Humans and most animals perceive sound through their hearing, using their ears.


Question: What sound waves does a person hear?

Sound

Humans cannot hear sounds with a frequency of less than 20 hertz or more than 20 kilohertz.


Question: What sound waves does a person hear?

Sound

Low sounds can also be felt as vibrations if the sound is strong enough.


Question: What sound waves does a person hear?

Sound

Hearing, as well as the ability to perceive high frequencies, deteriorates with age.


Question: What sound waves does a person hear?

Sound

Hearing impairment is individual.


Question: What sound waves does a person hear?

Sound

It can be affected by hereditary factors, general diseases and noise exposure.


Question: What sound waves does a person hear?

Sound

[5] Loud or high sounds can produce pain in the ears.


Question: What sound waves does a person hear?

Sound

If the ears are exposed to loud or loud sounds several times, hearing may be damaged.


Question: What sound waves does a person hear?

Sound

[6] Sound attenuation The sound can be attenuated by silencer, absorption or contrasting phase waves.


Question: What sound waves does a person hear?

Sound

To combat noise, you can use hearing protection or ear plugs.


Question: What sound waves does a person hear?

Sound

Physical Properties of Sound Frequency and Spectrum Main article Sound height The unit of sound frequency is hertz (Hz).


Question: What sound waves does a person hear?

Sound

The frequency multiplies the number of vibrations of sound waves per second.


Question: What sound waves does a person hear?

Sound

The more vibrations there are in sound waves, the higher the sound is generated.


Question: What sound waves does a person hear?

Sound

[1] The human ear is at its most sensitive to sensing sounds between 500 and 4000 hertz.


Question: What sound waves does a person hear?

Sound

The human ear usually distinguishes frequencies 20—20000Hz [1], and sounds with a frequency above them are called ultrasound.


Question: What sound waves does a person hear?

Sound

Sounds that are so low in frequency that the human ear is incapable of detecting them are called infrasound.


Question: What sound waves does a person hear?

Sound

Generally, infrasound refers to sounds with a frequency of less than 20hertz.


Question: What sound waves does a person hear?

Sound

— The piano has a sound range of about 30—5000 Hz.


Question: What sound waves does a person hear?

Sound

A doubling or halving of the frequency of the sound implies an octave change in pitch.


Question: What sound waves does a person hear?

Sound

Generally, the spectrum of sound consists of several different sounds, but a pure sine wave can be considered to be a sound with only one frequency and amplitude.


Question: What sound waves does a person hear?

Sound

Sound intensity The intensity of sound is described by the sound pressure or sound pressure level.


Question: What sound waves does a person hear?

Sound

The unit of sound pressure level is decibel (dB).


Question: What sound waves does a person hear?

Sound

[1] The hearing threshold level of a well-hearing person, that is, the quietest sound he hears, is about 0dB.


Question: What sound waves does a person hear?

Sound

The intensity of normal speech moves around 50—60dB.


Question: What sound waves does a person hear?

Sound

In a well-hearing person, the pain threshold is around 120 to 125dB phases.


Question: What sound waves does a person hear?

Sound

[7] [8] Listened from a metre away, whisper is about 30dB and ordinary speech at about 60dB.


Question: What sound waves does a person hear?

Sound

Loud sounds can cause either temporary or permanent effects on the auditory system.


Question: What sound waves does a person hear?

Sound

Noise-related hearing impairments most often arise slowly with time.


Question: What sound waves does a person hear?

Sound

[9] Speed of sound Main article The speed of sound The speed of sound is measured in meters per second.


Question: What sound waves does a person hear?

Sound

The speed is not constant, it depends on the medium and temperature.


Question: What sound waves does a person hear?

Sound

The speed of sound in 0 °C thermal air is 331.4m/s and increases for every degree as the temperature rises.


Question: What sound waves does a person hear?

Sound

At room temperature (22 °C), the speed of sound is about 345m/s.


Question: What sound waves does a person hear?

Sound

[8] [3] Examples of average speed of sound when the medium is solid: water 1410m/s steel 5100m/s glass 12—16000m/s.


Question: What sound waves does a person hear?

Sound

[9] Audio Recording Audio can be recorded in several ways.


Question: What sound waves does a person hear?

Sound

Most often, a microphone is used from which the signal is amplified and stored in a specific format, e.g. mp3 format as a digital file.


Question: What sound waves does a person hear?

Sound

In the past, magnetizing tapes such as the C cassette were used, among other things.


Question: What sound waves does a person hear?

Sound

See also Vote Voting Phonetics Vote Phoneme Audio C cassette CD MP3 Sources Literature Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Karjalainen, Matti| title = Communication acoustic| location = Espoo| publisher = TKK, Laboratory of Acoustics and Sound Processing| year = 1999| version = English textbook| isbn = 951-22-4412-8}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Pulkki, Ville & Karjalainen, Matti| title = Communication Acoustics: An Introduction to Speech, Audio and Psychoacouss| publisher = John Wiley & Sons, Ltd| year = 2015| version = International English textbook, 430 pages| isbn = 978-1-118-86654-2}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Rossing, Tomas D.


Question: What sound waves does a person hear?

Sound

& Moore, Richard F.


Question: What sound waves does a person hear?

Sound

& Wheeler, Paul A.| title = The Science of Sound| publisher = Pearson Education Limited, Third Edition| year = 2014| isbn = 1-292-03957-4}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Toivanen, Jarmo| title = Technical acoustics, “Speakers"| location = Espoo| publisher = Otakusther Mo| year = 1976| isbn = 951-671-123-5| pages = 261-359}} * Category:Acoustics Category:Key articles in screening


Question: Where did Perparim Hetemaj start his professional career?

History of Helsinki Football Club

The history of Helsinki Football Club starts from 1907, when the club was founded.


Question: Where did Perparim Hetemaj start his professional career?

History of Helsinki Football Club

The club won its first Finnish championship in football in 1911.


Question: Where did Perparim Hetemaj start his professional career?

History of Helsinki Football Club

Initially HJK had activities in several different sports, but later the club was profiled as a football club.


Question: Where did Perparim Hetemaj start his professional career?

History of Helsinki Football Club

[1] The club also won several Finnish championships in ice hockey, ice hockey and figure skating.


Question: Where did Perparim Hetemaj start his professional career?

History of Helsinki Football Club

In 1976, the club ceased its activities in handball, since which time it has concentrated only on football.


Question: Where did Perparim Hetemaj start his professional career?

History of Helsinki Football Club

[2] Since 1964, HJK has played in football at the main league level, [1] and has only been absent from the main league level for seven seasons [3].


Question: Where did Perparim Hetemaj start his professional career?

History of Helsinki Football Club

HJK is the only Finnish club to have played in the current Champions League group stage.


Question: Where did Perparim Hetemaj start his professional career?

History of Helsinki Football Club

In addition, the club is the only club to appear in each Veikkausliiga season.


Question: Where did Perparim Hetemaj start his professional career?

History of Helsinki Football Club

In its history, HJK has won the most Finnish football championships in both men and women.


Question: Where did Perparim Hetemaj start his professional career?

History of Helsinki Football Club

[1] [4] History The founding of the club in Helsinki football had already attracted interest at the beginning of the 20th century, but the city's first matches took place in 1906.


Question: Where did Perparim Hetemaj start his professional career?

History of Helsinki Football Club

Among others, Helsinki Unitas, Polytechnikkot Sports Club and Hercules Society had their own football teams.


Question: Where did Perparim Hetemaj start his professional career?

History of Helsinki Football Club

However, these were general clubs and the city lacked a club focused on football.


Question: Where did Perparim Hetemaj start his professional career?

History of Helsinki Football Club

Franz Fredrik Wathén, who belonged to Hercules, contemplated the creation of a special club for football towards the end of 1906.


Question: Where did Perparim Hetemaj start his professional career?

History of Helsinki Football Club

In February 1907, Wathén brought his plans to the public eye and gained support for them.


Question: Where did Perparim Hetemaj start his professional career?

History of Helsinki Football Club

In May of the same year, a decision in principle was made to form the club.


Question: Where did Perparim Hetemaj start his professional career?

History of Helsinki Football Club

The club was named Helsingfors Sparkbollsklubb, or Helsingfors Sparkbollsklubb.


Question: Where did Perparim Hetemaj start his professional career?

History of Helsinki Football Club

The official founding meeting of the club was held on 19 June at the Kaisaniemi bowling alley.


Question: Where did Perparim Hetemaj start his professional career?

History of Helsinki Football Club

Helsingfors Fotbollsklubb, or Helsingfors Fotbollsklubb, was chosen as the new official name, and Wathén was elected chairman.


Question: Where did Perparim Hetemaj start his professional career?

History of Helsinki Football Club

[5] HJK played their first game in Tammisaari against a local factory team and won the match with goals 4—2.


Question: Where did Perparim Hetemaj start his professional career?

History of Helsinki Football Club

In August 1907, the team also participated in a tournament organised by Tampere Pyrinnö, in the final of which it lost 1—2 to the Polyteknikkien Sports Club.


Question: Where did Perparim Hetemaj start his professional career?

History of Helsinki Football Club

In September, Wathén co-founded the Finnish Ball Association.


Question: Where did Perparim Hetemaj start his professional career?

History of Helsinki Football Club

[6] In 1908, the HJK adopted rules for the club, the most significant of which was the language issue, since Finnish was decided to be the official language of the club.


Question: Where did Perparim Hetemaj start his professional career?

History of Helsinki Football Club

As a result of the case, some of the players moved to Unitas and Helsinki IFK.


Question: Where did Perparim Hetemaj start his professional career?

History of Helsinki Football Club

[7] In the same year, the Finnish Football Championship was played for the first time.


Question: Where did Perparim Hetemaj start his professional career?

History of Helsinki Football Club

In this case, the championship was settled by a cup-shaped series and HJK was matched against Unitas.


Question: Where did Perparim Hetemaj start his professional career?

History of Helsinki Football Club

The match ended in a draw, but after Unitas won the replay, had HJK out of the final.


Question: Where did Perparim Hetemaj start his professional career?

History of Helsinki Football Club

Also the following season, HJK were relegated after the first match, as HIFK dropped the team.


Question: Where did Perparim Hetemaj start his professional career?

History of Helsinki Football Club

[8] In 1909, ice ball was introduced into the repertoire of the club, but at first there were few enthusiasts of the sport.


Question: Where did Perparim Hetemaj start his professional career?

History of Helsinki Football Club

[9] Founding members Franz Fredrik Wathén Armas Willamo Bruno Tirkkonen Walter Lindfors Oiva Willamo Vilho Suvirinne Theodor Tirkkonen Arthur Smahl Akseli Toivonen (late.


Question: Where did Perparim Hetemaj start his professional career?

History of Helsinki Football Club

Tolamaa) Jussi Rinne K. Tamminen Hirsch Bentkower Gustav Hägglund Bertil Broman Kalle Koskinen Gösta Löfgren Kaarlo Soinio [10] First Finnish Championship In 1910 Lauri Tanner was elected president of HJK.


Question: Where did Perparim Hetemaj start his professional career?

History of Helsinki Football Club

In the SM-competition, HJK were again relegated in the semi-final stage.


Question: Where did Perparim Hetemaj start his professional career?

History of Helsinki Football Club

The club lost to Åbo IFK by goals 1—3.


Question: Where did Perparim Hetemaj start his professional career?

History of Helsinki Football Club

In the same year, the team played its first international match, as Swedish club Eriksdals IF visited Helsinki.


Question: Where did Perparim Hetemaj start his professional career?

History of Helsinki Football Club

The match ended in a 4—1 defeat for HJK.


Question: Where did Perparim Hetemaj start his professional career?

History of Helsinki Football Club

[11] In the 1911 season, HJK advanced to the Championship finals for the first time.


Question: Where did Perparim Hetemaj start his professional career?

History of Helsinki Football Club

In the final, the club faced the previous year's champion, Åbo IFK, whom HJK defeated with goals 7—1.


Question: Where did Perparim Hetemaj start his professional career?

History of Helsinki Football Club

[8] In October 1911, the Palloliitto organised the first match of the Finnish national football team.


Question: Where did Perparim Hetemaj start his professional career?

History of Helsinki Football Club

Five players were invited from HJK: Jalmari Holopainen, Vilho Lietola, Kaarlo Soinio, Lauri Tanner and Artturi Nyyssönen.


Question: Where did Perparim Hetemaj start his professional career?

History of Helsinki Football Club

The players in question also qualified for the Stockholm Olympics, in addition to which Eino Soinio of HJK players qualified.


Question: Where did Perparim Hetemaj start his professional career?

History of Helsinki Football Club

In the 1912 Finnish Football Championships, HJK won all three of its matches, thus securing its second Finnish title.


Question: Where did Perparim Hetemaj start his professional career?

History of Helsinki Football Club

[12] In 1913, HJK began operating boy teams.


Question: Where did Perparim Hetemaj start his professional career?

History of Helsinki Football Club

The following year, football activities were halted by World War I, when SM-competitions also went unorganised.


Question: Where did Perparim Hetemaj start his professional career?

History of Helsinki Football Club

World War I was also reflected in HJK's economy, as a result of which matches for boys teams could no longer be held.


Question: Where did Perparim Hetemaj start his professional career?

History of Helsinki Football Club

[13] Despite financial difficulties, the club's membership numbers increased and in 1916 it rose to over a hundred for the first time.


Question: Where did Perparim Hetemaj start his professional career?

History of Helsinki Football Club

In the same year, netball was added to HJK's sport range.


Question: Where did Perparim Hetemaj start his professional career?

History of Helsinki Football Club

[14] The club won its third Finnish Football Championship in 1917.


Question: Where did Perparim Hetemaj start his professional career?

History of Helsinki Football Club

In the final of the season, HJK faced Åbo IFK and won the match with goals 4—2.


Question: Where did Perparim Hetemaj start his professional career?

History of Helsinki Football Club

[15] In 1918, the club's activities were hampered by the Finnish Civil War, in which almost all HJK members sided with the whites.


Question: Where did Perparim Hetemaj start his professional career?

History of Helsinki Football Club

The football season was not able to start until after the end of the war, when HJK travelled to Tallinn and won SK Tallinna Sport, among others.


Question: Where did Perparim Hetemaj start his professional career?

History of Helsinki Football Club

At the Finnish Championships, the club again qualified for the final, where it defeated Vyborg Reipa to secure their fourth national championship.


Question: Where did Perparim Hetemaj start his professional career?

History of Helsinki Football Club

[16] The following year, the club again advanced to the final as the opponent of Helsinki IFK.


Question: Where did Perparim Hetemaj start his professional career?

History of Helsinki Football Club

The first match ended in a tie, but HJK won the rematch with goals 3—2, securing their third consecutive Finnish title.


Question: Where did Perparim Hetemaj start his professional career?

History of Helsinki Football Club

At that time, the importance of young teams was understood in HJK, as boy teams began to be established more and more and the club was invested in school ball.


Question: Where did Perparim Hetemaj start his professional career?

History of Helsinki Football Club

[17] The 1920s began with financial losses and, athletically, 1920 was not like last years.


Question: Where did Perparim Hetemaj start his professional career?

History of Helsinki Football Club

[17] The club's divisions had a large number of athletes in terms of quantity, due to which the line-ups changed frequently.


Question: Where did Perparim Hetemaj start his professional career?

History of Helsinki Football Club

The goal of the following year was the Finnish Championship in Bandy.


Question: Where did Perparim Hetemaj start his professional career?

History of Helsinki Football Club

The ice ball division had survived its adolescence and as a testament to this it defeated Vyborg Wolves in the Finnish Championship final by goals 5—2.


Question: Where did Perparim Hetemaj start his professional career?

History of Helsinki Football Club

In football, HJK advanced to the final but lost the championship to Helsingin Palloseura.


Question: Where did Perparim Hetemaj start his professional career?

History of Helsinki Football Club

[18] In 1922, HJK did not win any championships at SM-level, but the following year it won SM-gold in both ice ball and football.


Question: Where did Perparim Hetemaj start his professional career?

History of Helsinki Football Club

In the final of Bandy, HJK defeated Wolves again and Turun Palloseura in the football final.


Question: Where did Perparim Hetemaj start his professional career?

History of Helsinki Football Club

Also in 1924, the ice ball division managed to win the Finnish championship.


Question: Where did Perparim Hetemaj start his professional career?

History of Helsinki Football Club

In the same year, the club received its first own apartment in Liisankatu.


Question: Where did Perparim Hetemaj start his professional career?

History of Helsinki Football Club

During the year of operation, bowling was included in the club's sport selection.


Question: Where did Perparim Hetemaj start his professional career?

History of Helsinki Football Club

The ice ball team also went to play against Swedish champion IF Linnéa and won the match.


Question: Where did Perparim Hetemaj start his professional career?

History of Helsinki Football Club

[19] After less than a year of operation, HJK was forced to stop maintaining its own clubhouse and due to losses the furniture was also sold.


Question: Where did Perparim Hetemaj start his professional career?

History of Helsinki Football Club

The bowling division was also forced to cease operations.


Question: Where did Perparim Hetemaj start his professional career?

History of Helsinki Football Club

[20] In football, the club returned to being the SM winner, as they defeated Turun Palloseura in the final with goals 3—2.


Question: Where did Perparim Hetemaj start his professional career?

History of Helsinki Football Club

[8] From 1927 onwards, the club's finances began to recover.


Question: Where did Perparim Hetemaj start his professional career?

History of Helsinki Football Club

In the same year, the Hungarian champion team Ferencváros played against HJK.


Question: Where did Perparim Hetemaj start his professional career?

History of Helsinki Football Club

The following year, the club's ice ball team won their fourth Finnish championship.


Question: Where did Perparim Hetemaj start his professional career?

History of Helsinki Football Club

[21] HJK also played games against foreign clubs.


Question: Where did Perparim Hetemaj start his professional career?

History of Helsinki Football Club

The team faced IFK Eskilstuna, among others, as well as ASV Hertha Wien, which were among the first European major clubs to play in Finland.


Question: Where did Perparim Hetemaj start his professional career?

History of Helsinki Football Club

From 1928 onwards, ice hockey was introduced into the sport of the club, where HJK won their first Finnish championship in 1929.


Question: Where did Perparim Hetemaj start his professional career?

History of Helsinki Football Club

[22] 1930s and war years In 1930, a league season was played in football for the first time, but in this case HJK was not involved.


Question: Where did Perparim Hetemaj start his professional career?

History of Helsinki Football Club

The following year, the club qualified for entry into the main league, but was relegated from the series without winning a match.


Question: Where did Perparim Hetemaj start his professional career?

History of Helsinki Football Club

[8] In 1932, the football division rose again to the main league, and the HJK ice hockey team won its second Finnish championship.


Question: Where did Perparim Hetemaj start his professional career?

History of Helsinki Football Club

[23] The next time HJK celebrated SM-gold in ice hockey was 1935.


Question: Where did Perparim Hetemaj start his professional career?

History of Helsinki Football Club

[24] During the decade, HJK won the Finnish Football Championship in 1936 and 1938.


Question: Where did Perparim Hetemaj start his professional career?

History of Helsinki Football Club

[8] At the end of the decade, HJK also participated in the Swedish-Finland series featuring the best football teams in the countries.


Question: Where did Perparim Hetemaj start his professional career?

History of Helsinki Football Club

In the 1939 Championship Series, the club was runner-up before the final matches, but the season was interrupted by the Winter War.


Question: Where did Perparim Hetemaj start his professional career?

History of Helsinki Football Club

The closing matches were initially decided to be moved, but eventually Turun Palloseura was declared the winner.


Question: Where did Perparim Hetemaj start his professional career?

History of Helsinki Football Club

Due to the war, the club's activities were limited and it was not until May 1940 that HJK played its first football match.


Question: Where did Perparim Hetemaj start his professional career?

History of Helsinki Football Club

[25] The Championsarja season was held in cup form and HJK was relegated after losing in the semi-finals to Vyborg Wolves.


Question: Where did Perparim Hetemaj start his professional career?

History of Helsinki Football Club

[8] During the war years, the club found it difficult to get players into their teams especially in the autumns.


Question: Where did Perparim Hetemaj start his professional career?

History of Helsinki Football Club

During the wars, the club also thought about introducing basketball as a sport selection, but the idea was eventually abandoned.


Question: Where did Perparim Hetemaj start his professional career?

History of Helsinki Football Club

[26] In 1943, HJK included handball in its sport selection, in addition to which bowling made a return to the club's repertoire.


Question: Where did Perparim Hetemaj start his professional career?

History of Helsinki Football Club

[27] In the first SM-sarja season of handball, HJK finished silver, and Turun Palloseura won the league championship.


Question: Where did Perparim Hetemaj start his professional career?

History of Helsinki Football Club

[28] Time after the wars and 1950s At the conclusion of the 1945 season, HJK was relegated from the football main league, but only for a season.


Question: Where did Perparim Hetemaj start his professional career?

History of Helsinki Football Club

[8] In 1946, the club started operating a women's section and HJK started activities in women's handball.


Question: Where did Perparim Hetemaj start his professional career?

History of Helsinki Football Club

[29] The following year, the club's hockey team was relegated from the main league and also the ice ball team as well as the football team came close to relegation.


Question: Where did Perparim Hetemaj start his professional career?

History of Helsinki Football Club

[30] In 1948, HJK's ice ball team was relegated from the main league level for the first time in its history, but the club's hockey team rose back to the main league.


Question: Where did Perparim Hetemaj start his professional career?

History of Helsinki Football Club

Instead, HJK's handball division suffered from hall shortages and only had to play short tournaments and friendlies.


Question: Where did Perparim Hetemaj start his professional career?

History of Helsinki Football Club

[31] The ice ball team made a return to the main series after only one season, but in 1949 no HJK football team won a single championship.


Question: Where did Perparim Hetemaj start his professional career?

History of Helsinki Football Club

In addition to this, the club's football team was relegated to Suomensari


Question: Where did Perparim Hetemaj start his professional career?

History of Helsinki Football Club

[32] The club's ice ball team continued the lift movement and was again relegated from the main series.


Question: Where did Perparim Hetemaj start his professional career?

History of Helsinki Football Club

[33] A new ascent to the main series took place in 1951.


Question: Where did Perparim Hetemaj start his professional career?

History of Helsinki Football Club

The HJK football team also attempted a serial boom by acquiring Hungarian Janos Nagy as coach [34], but in the end the team finished second in the series.