Question: What did Louis XIV die of?

Louis XIV

Later, as a great female hero, the king built a secret staircase to the Palace of Versailles so that she could join her numerous mistresses secretly and at any time.


Question: What did Louis XIV die of?

Louis XIV

These relationships irritated the religious and bigoted secret society known as the Compagnie du Saint-Sacrement.


Question: What did Louis XIV die of?

Louis XIV

Jacques Bénigne Bossuet and Mrs. de Maintenon tried to lead the king towards greater virtue.


Question: What did Louis XIV die of?

Louis XIV

Marriage of Reason The Spanish accepted on 7 November 1659 the signing of the Peace Treaty of the Pyrenees.


Question: What did Louis XIV die of?

Louis XIV

The treaty carefully laid down the border between France and Spain in the Pyrenees.


Question: What did Louis XIV die of?

Louis XIV

Louis XIV accepted, perhaps reluctantly, the observance of the articles of the treaty, even that he was expected to marry the infanta Marie-Thérèse d'Autriche (1638—1683).


Question: What did Louis XIV die of?

Louis XIV

Marie-Thérèse was the daughter of Philip IV, King of Spain, and Elisabeth, Princess of France.


Question: What did Louis XIV die of?

Louis XIV

The marriage took place in the Basque Country, in the town of Saint-Jean-de-Luz, on 9 June 1660.


Question: What did Louis XIV die of?

Louis XIV

Louis XIV had been acquainted with his future spouse just three days earlier.


Question: What did Louis XIV die of?

Louis XIV

This did not speak French at all, but gossip reports that Louis fulfilled his manly duties with fervor, in the presence of witnesses.


Question: What did Louis XIV die of?

Louis XIV

The question of succession The problems of succession to power and at the same time also the health of Louis XIV became relevant towards the end of the reign.


Question: What did Louis XIV die of?

Louis XIV

In 1711, his son Louis (“Grand Dauphin”) died of smallpox at the age of 49.


Question: What did Louis XIV die of?

Louis XIV

The following year Louis XIV's grandson, Duke Louis of Burgundy (1682—1713), who had become a dauphin after his father's death, and his second son Duke Louis of Brittany both died of measles.


Question: What did Louis XIV die of?

Louis XIV

The eldest son of the Duke of Burgundy had died as early as 1705.


Question: What did Louis XIV die of?

Louis XIV

He was left with only one son, the Duke of Anjou, the future Louis XV.


Question: What did Louis XIV die of?

Louis XIV

The second son of the Grand dauphin, a Spanish lineage, was elected King of Spain in 1700, taking the title Philip V.


Question: What did Louis XIV die of?

Louis XIV

At the same time, he renounced all his claims to the French crown in the so-called. In connection with the War of the Spanish Succession and the Peace of Utrecht that ended it.


Question: What did Louis XIV die of?

Louis XIV

Thus Louis XIV realized his dream of having a member of the Bourbon dynasty of his own lineage on the Spanish throne.


Question: What did Louis XIV die of?

Louis XIV

Despite several changes, the House of Bourbon has retained possession of the Spanish crown right up to our days, and King Felipe VI is thus a descendant of Louis XIV in a direct descending knee.


Question: What did Louis XIV die of?

Louis XIV

French lineage As for the rest of the succession, Charles the Duke of Berry (born.


Question: What did Louis XIV die of?

Louis XIV

1686) died in 1714.


Question: What did Louis XIV die of?

Louis XIV

Apart from the Spanish lineage, Louis XIV's only legitimate male heir was the Duke of Anjou, Louis's great-grandson.


Question: What did Louis XIV die of?

Louis XIV

He was a small boy born in 1710 and of poor health.


Question: What did Louis XIV die of?

Louis XIV

When there were none left but a very small number of so-called blood princes belonging to the younger branches of the House of Bourbon, King Louis XIV decided to strengthen the royal family by regularising the succession as well as Louis August Burbon, Duke of Maine, and Louis, Count of Toulouse Alexandren, who were the king's illegitimate children from an affair with Mrs. de Montespan.


Question: What did Louis XIV die of?

Louis XIV

However, the king's legitimate direct descendant, Count of Anjou, became dauphin and eventually ruler under the name Louis XV.


Question: What did Louis XIV die of?

Louis XIV

The duties of regent for the sake of his underage had been entrusted to Philip of Orléans (1674—1723), who was Louis XIV's nephew and son-in-law.


Question: What did Louis XIV die of?

Louis XIV

Last stages As an old man, the Sun King had many diseases that doctors tried to cure according to the best knowledge of the time.


Question: What did Louis XIV die of?

Louis XIV

However, they only worsened the patient's condition.


Question: What did Louis XIV die of?

Louis XIV

One treatment involved pulling teeth out of the mouth and being offered ground squats and eating icy fruit as medicine.


Question: What did Louis XIV die of?

Louis XIV

The most recent ailment was gangrene, and it was being medicated with donkey milk.


Question: What did Louis XIV die of?

Louis XIV

[2] When the monarch felt his end was near, he asked his great-grandson, the future Louis XV, to join him and gave him important advice.


Question: What did Louis XIV die of?

Louis XIV

The advice read: 'Don't love, like me, building art and wars.


Question: What did Louis XIV die of?

Louis XIV

On the contrary, try to live in peace with your neighbors...


Question: What did Louis XIV die of?

Louis XIV

Listen to good advice and follow them, try to improve the living conditions of the people, which, unfortunately, I was never able to do...” You can see this as honest self-accounts of a dying monarch.


Question: What did Louis XIV die of?

Louis XIV

[3] Louis XIV died at the age of 76 on 1 September 1715 from septicemia caused by necrosis in his leg.


Question: What did Louis XIV die of?

Louis XIV

He would have turned 77 in four days.


Question: What did Louis XIV die of?

Louis XIV

He is said to have declared on his deathbed, “I will leave, but the state will always be preserved”.


Question: What did Louis XIV die of?

Louis XIV

Louis XIV's reign had lasted 72 years and one hundred days, and was indeed one of the longest reigns of all time.


Question: What did Louis XIV die of?

Louis XIV

He was buried with all possible ecclesiastical sacraments dedicated to the “most Christian king”, and his grave was located in the basilica of the Abbey of Saint-Denis.


Question: What did Louis XIV die of?

Louis XIV

During the French Revolution, the tomb of Louis XIV was looted by rebels and the remains of the king were lost.


Question: What did Louis XIV die of?

Louis XIV

According to one story, at a dinner in Britain, the host presented his guests with a rare valuable item: the embalmed heart of Louis XIV, France's sun king, which he told him he had bought from revolutionaries.


Question: What did Louis XIV die of?

Louis XIV

Also among the guests was William Buckland, a priest and pedagogue known for his peculiar eating habits.


Question: What did Louis XIV die of?

Louis XIV

He could offer his own guests a field mouse, a crocodile, a penguin or even a puppy.


Question: What did Louis XIV die of?

Louis XIV

On seeing Louis's heart, he stated: “I have eaten many strange things in my life, but never the heart of a king.” Then he snatched the organ in his fork and ate it.


Question: What did Louis XIV die of?

Louis XIV

Descendants Louis XIV had numerous descendants both conjugal and extramarital.


Question: What did Louis XIV die of?

Louis XIV

With his spouse Maria-Teresa of Austria, the king had five children, two sons and three daughters, only one of whom lived beyond childhood: Louis (1661—1711) or “Grand Dauphin” Marie-Thérèse (1667—1672) Anne-Elisabeth (1662—1662) Louis de France (1667—1683) Marie-Anne (1664— 1664— 1664).


Question: What did Louis XIV die of?

Louis XIV

With his mistresses, Louis XIV had 16 or 17 children, eight of whom gained official child status: From the union with Mlle de La Vallière, six children were born, two of whom reached adulthood and were formalized: Marie Anne de Bourbon, who was called “The First of Blois Mademoiselle” (2 October 1666 — 3 May 1739), legalised (13 April 1667), married (16 January 1680) Louis Armand I of Bourbon-Conti.


Question: What did Louis XIV die of?

Louis XIV

Louis de Bourbon, Count of Vermandois (3 October 1667 — 18 November 1683), legalized (February 1669).


Question: What did Louis XIV die of?

Louis XIV

With Françoise Athénaïs de Rochechouart de Mortemart, Marquisess of Montespan, the king had eight children, six of whom were legitimized and four lived until adulthood: Louis Auguste de Bourbon, Duke of Maine (31 March 1670 — 14 May 1736), legalized (20 December 1673), and he married Anne-Louise Bénédicte de Bourbon-Condé on 19 March 1692.


Question: What did Louis XIV die of?

Louis XIV

Seven children were born from this marriage, all of whom died without leaving any offspring.


Question: What did Louis XIV die of?

Louis XIV

Louise Françoise de Bourbon, who was called “Mademoiselle de Nantes” (1 June 1673 — 16 June 1743), legitimized (20 December 1673), she married on 24 July 1685 to Louis III de Bourbon-Condé, Duke of Bourbon and 6th Prince of Condé.


Question: What did Louis XIV die of?

Louis XIV

Nine children were born from this marriage.


Question: What did Louis XIV die of?

Louis XIV

Françoise-Marie de Bourbon, who was called “The Second Mademoiselle of Blois” (4 May 1677 — 1 February 1749), legitimized (November 1681), she married (18 February 1692) Philippe, the future regent, Duke of Orléans.


Question: What did Louis XIV die of?

Louis XIV

Louis-Alexandre de Bourbon, Count of Toulouse (6 June 1678 — 1 December 1737), legitimized (November 1681), he married on 22 February 1723 Marie Victoire de Noailles and from this marriage one son was born.


Question: What did Louis XIV die of?

Louis XIV

Literature in English Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Louis Bertrand| title = Louis XIV's Love Adventures: 1—2 part| publisher = Patria| year = 1926}} Citation error, replace {{cite book| author = Carl Grimberg| title = History of Peoples (Part 15-16) | publisher = WSOY| year = 1958}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Vincent Cronin| title = Louis XIV: king and human| publisher = Otava| year = 1969}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Nancy Mitford| title = Sun King| publisher = Weilin+Göös| year = 1979| id = IS| BN 951-35-1968-6}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Claude Duneton| title = Sun King: Louis XIV's Childhood | publisher = Otava| year = 1986| id = ISBN 951-1-08990-0}}} Films Roberto Rossellini: La Prise du pouvoir par Louis XIV, 1967 Bernard Broderini: Merveilleuse Angélique, 1965 Randal Wallace: The Man in the Iron Mask, 1998 Gérard Corbiau: Le Roi danse, 2000 Roland Joffé: Vatel.


Question: What did Louis XIV die of?

Louis XIV

2000 George Blagden: “Versailles” (series), 2015— Sources Biographies Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Yves Marie Bercé| title = Louis XIV| publisher = Cavalier Bleu| year = 2005| id = ISBN 2-84670-122-9}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Lucien Ben Bély| title = Louis XIV premier d'entre les roi| publisher = Gisserot| year = 2005| id = ISBN 2-87747-772-X}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = François Bluche| title = Louis XIV premier d'entre les roi| publisher = Hachette| year = 1999| id = ISBN 2-0271-89| 87-0}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Jean-Christian Petitfils| title = Louis XIV| publisher = Perrin| year = 1995| id = ISBN 2-235-02314-2}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Gérard Sabatier| title = Versailles ou la figure du roi| publisher = Albin Michel| year = 1999| | id = ISBN 2- 226-10472-0}} Syntheses written by Voltaire — 1751 Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Olivier Chaline| title = Le régne de Louis XIV| publisher = Flammarion| year = 2005| id = 2082105180}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Pierre Goubert| author = Pierre Goubert| title = Le Louis XIV| year = 1998| id = 2253905453)}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Joel Cornette| title = Chronique du règne de Louis XIV| publisher = SEDES| year = 1997| id = 2718190116}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Hubert Methivier| title = Le siècle de Louis XIV| publisher = PUF| year = 1995| id = ISBN 2-253-90545-3}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = André Corvisier| title = La France de Louis XIV Ordre intérieur et place en Europe| publisher = SEDES| year = 1994| id = ISBN 2-7181-3676-3676-6}} Citation error, replace with {{ cite book| author = François Bluche| title = Le temps de Louis XIV| publisher = Hachette| year = 1994| id = ISBN 2-01-235105-0}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Ragnhild Hatton| title = L'Époque de Louis XIV| publisher = Flammarion| year = 1992| | id = ASIN 2080609904}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Robert Mandrou| title = Louis XIV en son temps| publisher = PUF| year = 1990| id = ISBN 2-13-035864-0}} Monographs Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Faruk Bilici| title = Louis XIV et son projet de conquête d'Istanbul| publisher = Turk Tarih Kurumu| year = 2004| id = ISBN 975-16-1701-4}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Daniel Dessert| title = 1661, Naissance d'un mythe?


Question: What did Louis XIV die of?

Louis XIV

Louis XIV prend le pouvoir| publisher = Complexe| year = 2000| id = ISBN 2-87027-792-X}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Peter Burke| title= Louis XIV: les stratégies de la gloire| publisher = Seuil| year = 1998| id = ISBN 2-02-02063| publisher = Seuil| year = 1998| id = ISBN 2-02-02063| publisher = Seuil| year = 1998| id = ISBN 2-02-02068-2}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Pierre Goubert| title = Louis XIV et vingt millions de français| publisher = Hachette| year= 1998| id = ISBN 2-01-278870-X}} Citation error, replace {{cite book| author = Hervé Hasquin| title = Louis XIV à face l'Europe du Nord| publisher = Racin| publisher = Racin| title = Louis XIV à face l'Europe du Nord| publisher = Racin| = 1995| id = ISBN 2- 87386-390-0}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Jean Meyer| title = 1638 la naissance de Louis XIV| publisher = Complexe| year = 1989| id = ISBN 2-87027-303-7}} Science Picture History, 5/2013, Bonnier Publications Ltd References on the topic elsewhere Transclusion error: {{En}} is only for use in File namespace.


Question: What did Louis XIV die of?

Louis XIV

Use {{lang-en}} or {{en icon}} instead.


Question: What did Louis XIV die of?

Louis XIV

On the pages of the castle of Versailles (in French) Category:French rulers Category:Born in 1638 Class:Those who died in 1715 Class:Key articles of screening


Question: Where was Merzifonlu Kara Mustafa Pasha born?

Merzifonlu Kara Mustafa Pasha

Merzifonlu Kara Mustafa paša [1] () (1634/1635 Merzifon — 25 December 1683, Belgrade) was a military leader of the Ottoman Empire as well as Grand Vizier from 1676 to 1683.


Question: Where was Merzifonlu Kara Mustafa Pasha born?

Merzifonlu Kara Mustafa Pasha

During his Grand Vizier period, Kara Mustafa Pasha sought to expand the territories of the Ottoman Empire deeper into Central and Eastern Europe.


Question: Where was Merzifonlu Kara Mustafa Pasha born?

Merzifonlu Kara Mustafa Pasha

He was executed shortly after the 1683 Battle of Vienna, which ended in defeat.


Question: Where was Merzifonlu Kara Mustafa Pasha born?

Merzifonlu Kara Mustafa Pasha

He is particularly known as the instigator and loser of the Great Turkish War and, especially in older Western historiography, have been very critical of him.


Question: Where was Merzifonlu Kara Mustafa Pasha born?

Merzifonlu Kara Mustafa Pasha

As Grand Vizier, he was conservative, but succeeded, among other things, in initiating the modernisation of the Ottoman Navy.


Question: Where was Merzifonlu Kara Mustafa Pasha born?

Merzifonlu Kara Mustafa Pasha

Early life The part of her name Kara means black, and was often given to dark-haired or dark-skinned children, for example.


Question: Where was Merzifonlu Kara Mustafa Pasha born?

Merzifonlu Kara Mustafa Pasha

It may also be given sometimes to strong-willed children.


Question: Where was Merzifonlu Kara Mustafa Pasha born?

Merzifonlu Kara Mustafa Pasha

If it was later given as an additional name for an adult, it meant specifically strong-willed or strong-willed.


Question: Where was Merzifonlu Kara Mustafa Pasha born?

Merzifonlu Kara Mustafa Pasha

[2] According to the official history of the Ottoman Empire, Kara Mustafa was born into an Anatolian land-noble family according to the Islamic calendar in 1081, which ranks the years 1634—1635 in the Gregorian period.


Question: Where was Merzifonlu Kara Mustafa Pasha born?

Merzifonlu Kara Mustafa Pasha

His father, who died during the 1638 siege of Baghdad, is mentioned as having belonged to the descendants of Urudj bey.


Question: Where was Merzifonlu Kara Mustafa Pasha born?

Merzifonlu Kara Mustafa Pasha

The father is reported to have been a friend of Köprülü Mehmet Pasha.


Question: Where was Merzifonlu Kara Mustafa Pasha born?

Merzifonlu Kara Mustafa Pasha

After the death of her father, Kara Mustafa was adopted into the Köprülü family and received her education together with Fazıl Ahmet, who belonged to the family.


Question: Where was Merzifonlu Kara Mustafa Pasha born?

Merzifonlu Kara Mustafa Pasha

[3] Kara Mustafa's early stages are also told by contemporaries of French diplomat Charles Olier de Nointel and Venetian envoy [4] Morosini de Alvise, which give a somewhat different description of the early years of Kara Mustafa's life.


Question: Where was Merzifonlu Kara Mustafa Pasha born?

Merzifonlu Kara Mustafa Pasha

Diplomats said his pedigree and starting point may have been more modest than the official description.


Question: Where was Merzifonlu Kara Mustafa Pasha born?

Merzifonlu Kara Mustafa Pasha

In any case, Kara Mustafa was born according to her name on the territory of the city of Merzifon, more precisely in the village of Marindja (now.


Question: Where was Merzifonlu Kara Mustafa Pasha born?

Merzifonlu Kara Mustafa Pasha

Bahçecik).


Question: Where was Merzifonlu Kara Mustafa Pasha born?

Merzifonlu Kara Mustafa Pasha

He was in the service and education of Köprülü Mehmet Pashša from a young age and he later married the daughter of Köprülü Mehmet.


Question: Where was Merzifonlu Kara Mustafa Pasha born?

Merzifonlu Kara Mustafa Pasha

Ties with the illustrious and influential Köprülü family contributed to his career.


Question: Where was Merzifonlu Kara Mustafa Pasha born?

Merzifonlu Kara Mustafa Pasha

[3] Career before Grand Vizier, Köprülü Mehmet Pasha rose to Grand Vizier in 1656 and at the same time also gave Mustafa Kara the first public and influential post in his council.


Question: Where was Merzifonlu Kara Mustafa Pasha born?

Merzifonlu Kara Mustafa Pasha

He took part in the Transylvania War Expedition led by the Grand Vizier and in the 1658 besieging of the town fort of Ineu which ended in victory.


Question: Where was Merzifonlu Kara Mustafa Pasha born?

Merzifonlu Kara Mustafa Pasha

He was tasked with passing the news of the victory to Sultan Mehmed IV, who appointed him to the post of küċük mir akhür [5], thus serving in the vicinity of the court.


Question: Where was Merzifonlu Kara Mustafa Pasha born?

Merzifonlu Kara Mustafa Pasha

In February 1660, he was appointed beylerbeyi of Silistria, or Governor-General.


Question: Where was Merzifonlu Kara Mustafa Pasha born?

Merzifonlu Kara Mustafa Pasha

In April 1641 he was transferred to handle the transfer of Valide Sultan from Edirne to Istanbul and thereafter he was appointed governor of Diyarbakır Province.


Question: Where was Merzifonlu Kara Mustafa Pasha born?

Merzifonlu Kara Mustafa Pasha

[3] The grand vizier period of Köprülü Mehmet Pashša ended with his death in October 1661.


Question: Where was Merzifonlu Kara Mustafa Pasha born?

Merzifonlu Kara Mustafa Pasha

His son Köprülü Fazıl Ahmet pašša, who appointed Mustafa Kara as Grand Admiral in December of the same year, rose to become Grand Vizier next.


Question: Where was Merzifonlu Kara Mustafa Pasha born?

Merzifonlu Kara Mustafa Pasha

Mustafa Kara was given command of the Aegeian fleet, which he led when the armed forces of the Ottoman Empire held a major military parade at Edirne in April 1663 for the Sultan.


Question: Where was Merzifonlu Kara Mustafa Pasha born?

Merzifonlu Kara Mustafa Pasha

Mustafa Kara was the second highest-ranking of those who took part in the parade, which informed his rise on the Ottoman rank scale.


Question: Where was Merzifonlu Kara Mustafa Pasha born?

Merzifonlu Kara Mustafa Pasha

[3] Relations with the Sultan converge Kara Mustafa did not take part in Fazıl Ahmet's war expeditions in Hungary, but was appointed to the post of kaymakami.


Question: Where was Merzifonlu Kara Mustafa Pasha born?

Merzifonlu Kara Mustafa Pasha

Kaymakam simultaneously served both as a liaison officer between the armed forces and the sultan and as one of the Sultan's advisers and official representatives, so in this position Kara Mustafa was able to increase her influence both in the state administration and in direct relation to the Sultan.


Question: Where was Merzifonlu Kara Mustafa Pasha born?

Merzifonlu Kara Mustafa Pasha

He also briefly served as a ceremonial admiral before being re-appointed Grand Admiral.


Question: Where was Merzifonlu Kara Mustafa Pasha born?

Merzifonlu Kara Mustafa Pasha

According to Western observers, he was already reaching for the post of Grand Vizier at the time from Köprülü Fazıl Ahmet Pashša and managed to gain the favour of Sultan Mehmed IV, as he appointed him a kaymakam more than one time.


Question: Where was Merzifonlu Kara Mustafa Pasha born?

Merzifonlu Kara Mustafa Pasha

[3] Kara Mustafa was dismissed from his post of admiral in February 1666, but was given the post of second vizier created in the reorganisation of the administration as compensation.


Question: Where was Merzifonlu Kara Mustafa Pasha born?

Merzifonlu Kara Mustafa Pasha

However, her rival Mustafa Agha managed to climb her further, resulting in Kara Mustafa being demoted to third vizier.


Question: Where was Merzifonlu Kara Mustafa Pasha born?

Merzifonlu Kara Mustafa Pasha

In the spring of 1668, he accompanied the Sultan to Crete to observe the siege of Iraklion, which had been ongoing for 20 years.


Question: Where was Merzifonlu Kara Mustafa Pasha born?

Merzifonlu Kara Mustafa Pasha

[6] They made several hunting expeditions to Tessalia, and on one of these Kara Mustafa could present the Sultan with the news of the siege that ended in victory.


Question: Where was Merzifonlu Kara Mustafa Pasha born?

Merzifonlu Kara Mustafa Pasha

During the period of peace that followed 1669—1672, however, he remained in the rank of third vizier.


Question: Where was Merzifonlu Kara Mustafa Pasha born?

Merzifonlu Kara Mustafa Pasha

[3] War with Poland In 1672, war with Poland broke out.


Question: Where was Merzifonlu Kara Mustafa Pasha born?

Merzifonlu Kara Mustafa Pasha

Although Kara Mustafa had last led armies in the field almost 15 years earlier, so was very successful as a military leader.


Question: Where was Merzifonlu Kara Mustafa Pasha born?

Merzifonlu Kara Mustafa Pasha

He was involved in the siege of H'otyn and led the right flank of the army in the battle leading up to the Siege of Kamjanets-Podilskyi.


Question: Where was Merzifonlu Kara Mustafa Pasha born?

Merzifonlu Kara Mustafa Pasha

He also led the Turkish army in the operation that ended with the recapture of Butshach.


Question: Where was Merzifonlu Kara Mustafa Pasha born?

Merzifonlu Kara Mustafa Pasha

Because of his merits, he was appointed one of the chief negotiators of the peace treaty that ended the war, and he agreed on the annexation of Podolia to the Ottoman Empire, as well as the transfer of western Ukraine as an Ottoman protectorate.


Question: Where was Merzifonlu Kara Mustafa Pasha born?

Merzifonlu Kara Mustafa Pasha

[3] As Grand Vizier upon his return from Ukraine, Kara Mustafa received as his second wife the Sultan's daughter Küçük Sultan.


Question: Where was Merzifonlu Kara Mustafa Pasha born?

Merzifonlu Kara Mustafa Pasha

Grand Vizier Fazıl Ahmet Pashša had fallen seriously ill and Kara Mustafa was appointed as his officiant in July 1676.


Question: Where was Merzifonlu Kara Mustafa Pasha born?

Merzifonlu Kara Mustafa Pasha

The Grand Vizier died while travelling between Çorlu and Karistran, and Kara Mustafa was appointed the new Grand Vizier on 3 November 1676.


Question: Where was Merzifonlu Kara Mustafa Pasha born?

Merzifonlu Kara Mustafa Pasha

[3] Kara Mustafa has been described as a very greedy grand vizier.


Question: Where was Merzifonlu Kara Mustafa Pasha born?

Merzifonlu Kara Mustafa Pasha

According to Morosini de Alvise's contemporaneous description, his regime was tutto venale, crudele e ingiusto, “nothing but corruption, cruelty and injustice”.


Question: Where was Merzifonlu Kara Mustafa Pasha born?

Merzifonlu Kara Mustafa Pasha

A similar description was given by Giacomo Querini to the Signoria of Venice.


Question: Where was Merzifonlu Kara Mustafa Pasha born?

Merzifonlu Kara Mustafa Pasha

According to Querin, Kara Mustafa was “brave, violent, arrogant and harsh.”


Question: Where was Merzifonlu Kara Mustafa Pasha born?

Merzifonlu Kara Mustafa Pasha

Although for a long time, Giovanbattista Doná, the envoy to Venice who remained last, seemed to get along well with Kara Mustafa.


Question: Where was Merzifonlu Kara Mustafa Pasha born?

Merzifonlu Kara Mustafa Pasha

[7] Kara Mustafa's domestic politics were conservative in nature, and her economic policies were aimed at preparing for war as well as the pursuit of personal gain.


Question: Where was Merzifonlu Kara Mustafa Pasha born?

Merzifonlu Kara Mustafa Pasha

He restored the ancient custom that the grand vizier and his closest aides could spend Wednesdays making shopping trips in Istanbul's bazaar districts.


Question: Where was Merzifonlu Kara Mustafa Pasha born?

Merzifonlu Kara Mustafa Pasha

[3] He was also religiously conservative and sought to raise extremism among Turkish Islamists.


Question: Where was Merzifonlu Kara Mustafa Pasha born?

Merzifonlu Kara Mustafa Pasha

In December 1680, he abolished the tax imposed on the manufacture of wine because, in his view, the state's profit from the manufacture of wine was contrary to Sharia law.


Question: Where was Merzifonlu Kara Mustafa Pasha born?

Merzifonlu Kara Mustafa Pasha

[7] Foreign Policy Kara Mustafa's foreign policy was especially unthinkable.


Question: Where was Merzifonlu Kara Mustafa Pasha born?

Merzifonlu Kara Mustafa Pasha

He made communication between states more difficult by limiting the right of interpreters of Western ambassadors to meet with the Grand Vizier.


Question: Where was Merzifonlu Kara Mustafa Pasha born?

Merzifonlu Kara Mustafa Pasha

According to him, the interpreters belonged to the rayah, that is, a large inferior segment of the population.


Question: Where was Merzifonlu Kara Mustafa Pasha born?

Merzifonlu Kara Mustafa Pasha

The status of those belonging to Rayah was too low for its members to participate in high-level political debates.


Question: Where was Merzifonlu Kara Mustafa Pasha born?

Merzifonlu Kara Mustafa Pasha

His attitude towards envoys from Christian countries has also been described as highly xenophobic, although according to some Western contemporaries sources he was a quick-thinking and acting man who showed great interest in the internal conditions of European states, as well as those between them events and political relations.


Question: Where was Merzifonlu Kara Mustafa Pasha born?

Merzifonlu Kara Mustafa Pasha

[3] Kara Mustafa's intermittent interest in Western politics may also have stemmed from his foreign policy, which has been described as an opportunistic effort to expand Ottoman territories westward and north by exploiting vassal princes of the frontier regions, such as Cossack hetmani Petro Dorošenko, Hungarian magnate Imre Thököly and Crimean khan Selim Giray II.


Question: Where was Merzifonlu Kara Mustafa Pasha born?

Merzifonlu Kara Mustafa Pasha

He has been said to have been belligerent in his politics and sought to start wars for the joy of warring, but some have seen the main aim of his policies as an attempt to consolidate the position of the Ottoman regime in the often hard-to-govern border regions.


Question: Where was Merzifonlu Kara Mustafa Pasha born?

Merzifonlu Kara Mustafa Pasha

[3] The indignation felt by the West towards Kara Mustafa was also enhanced by the fact that during her time the Barbaresque pirates holding their bases on the southern coasts of the Mediterranean were overwhelmed and were able to endanger even more of the merchant shipping in the Mediterranean.


Question: Where was Merzifonlu Kara Mustafa Pasha born?

Merzifonlu Kara Mustafa Pasha

[7] Fleet renewal Kara Mustafa maintained contact with the Barbaresques for other purposes.


Question: Where was Merzifonlu Kara Mustafa Pasha born?

Merzifonlu Kara Mustafa Pasha

Moving into the 1680s, the Ottoman fleet, formed mostly of galleys, began to be obsolete.


Question: Where was Merzifonlu Kara Mustafa Pasha born?

Merzifonlu Kara Mustafa Pasha

Sailing ships of the time were represented by only a few merchant ships chartered from Europeans.


Question: Where was Merzifonlu Kara Mustafa Pasha born?

Merzifonlu Kara Mustafa Pasha

Instead, sailing vessels had been used for years by the Barbary esques, which had proved worthy as warships.


Question: Where was Merzifonlu Kara Mustafa Pasha born?

Merzifonlu Kara Mustafa Pasha

In 1682, Kara Mustafa asked the Barbariesques for information on the type of ship they were using and ended up hiring the Tripolese Misırhoğlu Ibrahim Pashša to build modern liner ships for the Ottomans.


Question: Where was Merzifonlu Kara Mustafa Pasha born?

Merzifonlu Kara Mustafa Pasha

The renewal of the fleet got off to an effective start: the old galley dock of the Istanbul Navy was dismantled and a new shipyard for sailing ships sprang up in place.


Question: Where was Merzifonlu Kara Mustafa Pasha born?

Merzifonlu Kara Mustafa Pasha

The first sailing vessel was laid down in the waters still in the same year.


Question: Where was Merzifonlu Kara Mustafa Pasha born?

Merzifonlu Kara Mustafa Pasha

Two years later, the fleet had a total of six new ships and an additional ten were under construction.


Question: Where was Merzifonlu Kara Mustafa Pasha born?

Merzifonlu Kara Mustafa Pasha

[8] [9] War with Russia During the years 1676—1681, the main attention of the administration was directed to the problems of the Dnieper region.


Question: Where was Merzifonlu Kara Mustafa Pasha born?

Merzifonlu Kara Mustafa Pasha

The treaty with Poland signed in Žuravno had opened up the possibility for the Ottomans to compete for territories in Ukraine, but the Russo-Turkish War got off to a bad start.


Question: Where was Merzifonlu Kara Mustafa Pasha born?

Merzifonlu Kara Mustafa Pasha

The Ottoman strategy was of a highly defensive nature and sought to preserve the territories that had been achieved by the peace treaty with Poland.


Question: Where was Merzifonlu Kara Mustafa Pasha born?

Merzifonlu Kara Mustafa Pasha

The defection of hetmann Petro Doroshenko to the Russian side led to the failure of the 1677 war expedition.


Question: Where was Merzifonlu Kara Mustafa Pasha born?

Merzifonlu Kara Mustafa Pasha

During the second war expedition, the Ottoman army achieved some victories; it captured the Cossack fortress that existed in Chigirin, as well as erecting fortifications of its own along the Dnieper and Bug.


Question: Where was Merzifonlu Kara Mustafa Pasha born?

Merzifonlu Kara Mustafa Pasha

Yet the second expedition, as a rule, remained inconclusive, as did the third war expedition of 1680, after which the Ottoman peace with Russia in 1681.


Question: Where was Merzifonlu Kara Mustafa Pasha born?

Merzifonlu Kara Mustafa Pasha

[3] War against the Habsburgs The peace established the situation in the north, so Kara Mustafa could shift his attention to the west.


Question: Where was Merzifonlu Kara Mustafa Pasha born?

Merzifonlu Kara Mustafa Pasha

[3] With his conservative religious politics, he had attracted the support of bigoted Islamists whose popularity he wished to entrench.


Question: Where was Merzifonlu Kara Mustafa Pasha born?

Merzifonlu Kara Mustafa Pasha

Taking territory from Christians suited that goal.


Question: Where was Merzifonlu Kara Mustafa Pasha born?

Merzifonlu Kara Mustafa Pasha

He began preparing for a war of aggression against Austria.


Question: Where was Merzifonlu Kara Mustafa Pasha born?

Merzifonlu Kara Mustafa Pasha

Politically, he acknowledged the Hungarians' dissatisfaction with the Habsburg monarchy and installed Imre Thököly as vassal ruler.


Question: Where was Merzifonlu Kara Mustafa Pasha born?

Merzifonlu Kara Mustafa Pasha

Thököly was a Lutheran Protestant, like the majority of Hungarians.


Question: Where was Merzifonlu Kara Mustafa Pasha born?

Merzifonlu Kara Mustafa Pasha

The Hungarians felt that the Ottoman Empire's attitude towards the Lutheran Church was more permissive than that of the Catholic Habsburgs, so they joined in support of the Ottoman people when Kara Mustafa offered them their help.


Question: Where was Merzifonlu Kara Mustafa Pasha born?

Merzifonlu Kara Mustafa Pasha

[10] [3] [7] Kara Mustafa garrisoned a large army and chose the Austrian capital Vienna as the target of the war.


Question: Where was Merzifonlu Kara Mustafa Pasha born?

Merzifonlu Kara Mustafa Pasha

[3] The conditions for the operation were favourable at first, but strength relations turned when the Ottoman army began to besiege the capital.


Question: Where was Merzifonlu Kara Mustafa Pasha born?

Merzifonlu Kara Mustafa Pasha

Pope Innocentius XI managed to finance and raise a multinational army composed of soldiers from Catholic countries, whose leader became King John III Sobieski of Poland.


Question: Where was Merzifonlu Kara Mustafa Pasha born?

Merzifonlu Kara Mustafa Pasha

He led an army to Vienna and defeated the Ottoman and Hungarian siege forces at the Battle of Vienna in September 1683.


Question: Where was Merzifonlu Kara Mustafa Pasha born?

Merzifonlu Kara Mustafa Pasha

[10] Death Kara Mustafa initially withdrew to Budapest to assemble his army in confessions.


Question: Where was Merzifonlu Kara Mustafa Pasha born?

Merzifonlu Kara Mustafa Pasha

The Austrian forces marched in the stern, so next he retreated to the waters off Belgrade, where he remained to overwinter with his army.


Question: Where was Merzifonlu Kara Mustafa Pasha born?

Merzifonlu Kara Mustafa Pasha

He created a plan for a new Belgrade launching offensive for the following year, but, having suffered defeat, began to lose confidence in the eyes of the Sultan.


Question: Where was Merzifonlu Kara Mustafa Pasha born?

Merzifonlu Kara Mustafa Pasha

His political enemies and rivals were additionally free to influence the Sultan, who ended up issuing an order to execute Kara Mustafa on 13 December.


Question: Where was Merzifonlu Kara Mustafa Pasha born?

Merzifonlu Kara Mustafa Pasha

Officers sent from Edirne executed Merzifonlu Kara Mustafa Pasha in Belgrade on 25 December 1683 by strangulation.


Question: Where was Merzifonlu Kara Mustafa Pasha born?

Merzifonlu Kara Mustafa Pasha

[11] His head was carried to Edirne, where it was buried in the Saridja Pasha Mosque under his tombstone.


Question: Where was Merzifonlu Kara Mustafa Pasha born?

Merzifonlu Kara Mustafa Pasha

[3] After becoming prosperous, Kara Mustafa supported the infrastructure of her birth village and established a school there and a mosque dedicated to her mother's memory, and built a clean water well in its centre.


Question: Where was Merzifonlu Kara Mustafa Pasha born?

Merzifonlu Kara Mustafa Pasha

[3] The waqf (charitable foundation) he established in Aleppo additionally funded a number of construction projects over fifty years.


Question: Where was Merzifonlu Kara Mustafa Pasha born?

Merzifonlu Kara Mustafa Pasha

[12] His grandchildren established the Merzifonlu Kara Mustafa Paşa Charitable Foundation, which was run by his descendants until the 1970s.


Question: Where was Merzifonlu Kara Mustafa Pasha born?

Merzifonlu Kara Mustafa Pasha

[13] One of Kara Mustafa's notable descendants was his granddaughter's son Grand Admiral Mustafa Pasha, who was slain by rebels led by Patrona Halili, even though Mustafa Pasha had saved Halil, who had previously served on his flagship, from death sentence twice.


Question: Where was Merzifonlu Kara Mustafa Pasha born?

Merzifonlu Kara Mustafa Pasha

Mustafa Pasha was buried near the tomb of Kara Mustafa.


Question: Where was Merzifonlu Kara Mustafa Pasha born?

Merzifonlu Kara Mustafa Pasha

[14] [15] Sources Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = C.


Question: Where was Merzifonlu Kara Mustafa Pasha born?

Merzifonlu Kara Mustafa Pasha

E. Bosworth, E. van Donzel, B. Lewis & Ch.


Question: Where was Merzifonlu Kara Mustafa Pasha born?

Merzifonlu Kara Mustafa Pasha

Pellat| title = The Encyclopaedia of Islam (Vol.


Question: Where was Merzifonlu Kara Mustafa Pasha born?

Merzifonlu Kara Mustafa Pasha

4 Iran-Kha) | publisher = E. J. Brill| year = 1997| id = ISBN 90-04-05745-5}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Boyar, Ebru & Fleet, Kate| title = A Social History of Ottoman Istanbul| publisher = Cambridge University Press| year = 2010| id = ISBN 11394843}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Setton, Kenneth Meyer| title = Venice, Austria, and the Turks in the Seventeenth Century| publisher = American Philosophical Society| year = 1991| id = ISBN 0871691922}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Varvounis, Miltiades| title = Jan Sobiades| title = Jan Sobiades| Esque: The King Who Saved Europe| publisher = Xlibris Corporation| year = 2012| id = ISBN 1462880827}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Watenpaugh, Heghnar Zeitlian| title = The Image Of An Ottoman City: Imperial Architecture And Urban Experience In Aleppo In The 16th And 17th Centuries | publisher = BRILL| year = 2004| id = ISBN 9004124543}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Wheatcroft, Andrew| title = The Enemy at the Gate - Habsburgs, Ottomans and the Battle for Europe| publisher = Basic Books| year = 2009| id = ISBN 978-0-465-0131313| 4-6}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Zarinebaf, Fariba| title = Crime and Punishment in Istanbul: 1700-1800| publisher = University of California Press| year = 2011| id = ISBN 0520947568}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Işın, Ekrem| title = Osmanlı Donanmasın ın Seyir Defteri/The Logbook of the Ottoman Navy| publisher = Pera Müzesi| year = 2009| id = ISBN 9759123592}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Zurcher, Erik J.| title = Arming the State: Military Conscription in the Middle East and Central Asia, 1775-1925| publisher = I.B.Tauris| year = 1999| id = ISBN 186064404X}} References Category:99.3 Representatives of society Category:Grand vizier of the Ottoman Empire Category:Soldiers of the Ottoman Empire Category:Admirals Class:Pashat Class:Executed by the Ottoman Empire Class:Born in the 1630s Class:In 1683 dead


Question: How many planes have been hijacked in the US in the 1990s?

Terrorist acts of 9/11

Referred to as the 9/11 terrorist acts (also referred to as September 11, WTC attacks, and 9/11), the series of terrorist attacks that took place in the United States on September 11, 2001.


Question: How many planes have been hijacked in the US in the 1990s?

Terrorist acts of 9/11

Four passenger aircraft were hijacked in this case, [1] two of which were deliberately diverted facing the twin towers of the World Trade Center in New York City.


Question: How many planes have been hijacked in the US in the 1990s?

Terrorist acts of 9/11

The South Tower was destroyed in less than an hour and the North Tower in less than two hours.


Question: How many planes have been hijacked in the US in the 1990s?

Terrorist acts of 9/11

A third aircraft was diverted facing the Pentagon building just off the nation's capital, Washington.


Question: How many planes have been hijacked in the US in the 1990s?

Terrorist acts of 9/11

A fourth aircraft crashed in Shanksville, Pennsylvania.


Question: How many planes have been hijacked in the US in the 1990s?

Terrorist acts of 9/11

[2] [3] After nine hours, another third tower block, WTC 7, was destroyed, which was not hit by an aircraft.


Question: How many planes have been hijacked in the US in the 1990s?

Terrorist acts of 9/11

[4] The hijackers of the aircraft were 19 Al Qaeda terrorists operating under the command of Osama bin Laden [5] and Khalid Sheikh Mohammed.


Question: How many planes have been hijacked in the US in the 1990s?

Terrorist acts of 9/11

[6] Based on investigations, structural damage and fires caused by aircraft collisions are considered to be the cause of the collapse of the WTC's twin towers.


Question: How many planes have been hijacked in the US in the 1990s?

Terrorist acts of 9/11

[7] The collapse of WTC 7, in turn, was caused by fires causing the structures to fail.


Question: How many planes have been hijacked in the US in the 1990s?

Terrorist acts of 9/11

[8] A total of nearly 3000 people were killed in the attacks, of which more than 2700 were killed in the twin towers and aircraft flown into them [3].


Question: How many planes have been hijacked in the US in the 1990s?

Terrorist acts of 9/11

Indirectly, at least 1064 people have died as a result of the attack by July 2016, mostly emergency workers with cancer.


Question: How many planes have been hijacked in the US in the 1990s?

Terrorist acts of 9/11

In total, about 5500 cancer sufferers have turned up.


Question: How many planes have been hijacked in the US in the 1990s?

Terrorist acts of 9/11

[9] After the acts of terrorism, the United States began a war on terror that has lasted to this day.


Question: How many planes have been hijacked in the US in the 1990s?

Terrorist acts of 9/11

Terrorist Acts Early in the morning of September 11, 2001, a total of 19 hijackers took control of four passenger aircraft.


Question: How many planes have been hijacked in the US in the 1990s?

Terrorist acts of 9/11

They were American Airlines Flight AA 11 and United Airlines Flight UA 175 bound from Boston to Los Angeles; American Airlines Flight AA 77 from Washington to Los Angeles; and United Airlines Flight UA 93 from Newark to San Francisco.


Question: How many planes have been hijacked in the US in the 1990s?

Terrorist acts of 9/11

[10] AA 11 collided with the North Tower of the World Trade Center at 8:46 a.m. and UA 175 South Tower at 9:03am [11].


Question: How many planes have been hijacked in the US in the 1990s?

Terrorist acts of 9/11

Initially there was no certainty about the cause of the collision.


Question: How many planes have been hijacked in the US in the 1990s?

Terrorist acts of 9/11

It was not known in the media whether it was an accident or a deliberate act.


Question: How many planes have been hijacked in the US in the 1990s?

Terrorist acts of 9/11

After the second blow, the intentionality of the acts began to be apparent.


Question: How many planes have been hijacked in the US in the 1990s?

Terrorist acts of 9/11

At 9:30 a.m., President George W. Bush issued a statement saying there had been an “apparent terrorist attack.”


Question: How many planes have been hijacked in the US in the 1990s?

Terrorist acts of 9/11

[12] A third group of hijackers directed AA 77 facing the Pentagon at 9:37 [11].


Question: How many planes have been hijacked in the US in the 1990s?

Terrorist acts of 9/11

A fourth flight, UA 93, probably targeting either the White House or the U.S. Congress Building Capitol, crashed near Shanksville, Pennsylvania at 10:03am, after passengers had attempted to regain control of the aircraft from hijackers [2] [10].


Question: How many planes have been hijacked in the US in the 1990s?

Terrorist acts of 9/11

Some passengers and staff were able to call from planes via radio or mobile phones and give details such as that each aircraft had multiple hijackers and that they had used a spray similar to tear gas or pepper spray [13] [14].


Question: How many planes have been hijacked in the US in the 1990s?

Terrorist acts of 9/11

The hijackers were carrying knives with which they stabbed flight attendants and at least one passenger [15].


Question: How many planes have been hijacked in the US in the 1990s?

Terrorist acts of 9/11

The 9/11 Commission set to investigate the attacks later confirmed the information that two of the hijackers had recently purchased a Leatherman multi-function knife [16].


Question: How many planes have been hijacked in the US in the 1990s?

Terrorist acts of 9/11

Both an AA 11 flight attendant and passengers aboard UA 175 and 93 mentioned the hijackers had a bomb, but one of the passengers speculated it was a fake bomb.


Question: How many planes have been hijacked in the US in the 1990s?

Terrorist acts of 9/11

Apparently that held true, as no remains of explosives were found at the fall sites.


Question: How many planes have been hijacked in the US in the 1990s?

Terrorist acts of 9/11

[15] Based on the black box recordings of Flight 93 and phone calls from the aircraft, it is known that staff and passengers attempted to take over the aircraft after learning by telephone that planes hijacked in the same manner had already crashed into buildings that morning.


Question: How many planes have been hijacked in the US in the 1990s?

Terrorist acts of 9/11

The hijackers made sharp steering maneuvers and eventually reversed the aircraft into landing when it became apparent that the passengers would gain control of the aircraft.


Question: How many planes have been hijacked in the US in the 1990s?

Terrorist acts of 9/11

Eventually, the aircraft flipped upside down and crashed.


Question: How many planes have been hijacked in the US in the 1990s?

Terrorist acts of 9/11

[15] Khalid Sheikh Mohammed, considered the chief planner of the terrorist attacks, mentioned in a 2002 interview with al Jazeera that the target of Flight 93 was the Capitol, which had been given the codename “Faculty of Law” [17].


Question: How many planes have been hijacked in the US in the 1990s?

Terrorist acts of 9/11

Due to the terrorist attacks, three buildings were caved in from the World Trade Center.


Question: How many planes have been hijacked in the US in the 1990s?

Terrorist acts of 9/11

Although the South Tower was struck later than the North Tower, it caved in earlier.


Question: How many planes have been hijacked in the US in the 1990s?

Terrorist acts of 9/11

The South Tower caved in 56 minutes after impact, at 9:59 a.m., in nine seconds, and the North Tower caved in at 10:28 a.m., one hour and 42 minutes after impact in 11 seconds.


Question: How many planes have been hijacked in the US in the 1990s?

Terrorist acts of 9/11

[18] [19] [11] When the planes collided with the towers, kerosene explosively caught fire and spread into the air and buildings.


Question: How many planes have been hijacked in the US in the 1990s?

Terrorist acts of 9/11

Intense fire destroyed the fire insulation of the load-bearing steel structures, and their strength and load-bearing capacity were greatly reduced due to the heat.


Question: How many planes have been hijacked in the US in the 1990s?

Terrorist acts of 9/11

As the steel pillars warped, the floors pressed to sag, pulling the outer perimeter pillars inward.


Question: How many planes have been hijacked in the US in the 1990s?

Terrorist acts of 9/11

Then the pillars of the inner perimeter were under such severe strain that their joints could no longer stand and the buildings began to collapse.


Question: How many planes have been hijacked in the US in the 1990s?

Terrorist acts of 9/11

The South Tower caved in faster than the North Tower because the aircraft that hit it already destroyed more load-bearing structures on impact than the North Tower.


Question: How many planes have been hijacked in the US in the 1990s?

Terrorist acts of 9/11

[20] When the North Tower caved in, the southern facade of WTC 7 was damaged and several fires broke out in the building.


Question: How many planes have been hijacked in the US in the 1990s?

Terrorist acts of 9/11

According to results published by NIST in 2008, WTC7's cave-in was caused by the failure of frame structures caused by multiple storey-wide, per se conventional but uncontrolled fires.


Question: How many planes have been hijacked in the US in the 1990s?

Terrorist acts of 9/11

The heating of the steel support structures and beams of the midsoles caused, according to NIST, an extraordinary event, the failure of an important structural pillar due to thermal expansion of the structures.


Question: How many planes have been hijacked in the US in the 1990s?

Terrorist acts of 9/11

In this case, the rapidly advancing damage caused the collapse of the entire building.


Question: How many planes have been hijacked in the US in the 1990s?

Terrorist acts of 9/11

[8] At Arlington, the aircraft crashed nearly ground-level into the western wall of the Pentagon, causing the first two floors of the outermost perimeter to be destroyed, and after about 20 minutes, all five floors caved in to the width of the seven-column gap.


Question: How many planes have been hijacked in the US in the 1990s?

Terrorist acts of 9/11

Several fires immediately broke out in the building.


Question: How many planes have been hijacked in the US in the 1990s?

Terrorist acts of 9/11

[21] Air traffic was quickly curtailed due to the attacks.


Question: How many planes have been hijacked in the US in the 1990s?

Terrorist acts of 9/11

At 9:08 a.m., the U.S. Federal Aviation Administration FAA banned takeoff of any aircraft that were supposed to fly in the airspace of New York or the surrounding area.


Question: How many planes have been hijacked in the US in the 1990s?

Terrorist acts of 9/11

The ban was extended to all civilian aircraft throughout the country at 9:26 a.m. and U.S. airspace was closed at 9:45 a.m.


Question: How many planes have been hijacked in the US in the 1990s?

Terrorist acts of 9/11

All 4500 aircraft in the air were ordered to land at the nearest airport as soon as possible.


Question: How many planes have been hijacked in the US in the 1990s?

Terrorist acts of 9/11

The airspace was empty of civilian planes at 12:15 a.m.


Question: How many planes have been hijacked in the US in the 1990s?

Terrorist acts of 9/11

[22] Planes coming to the United States had to either turn back or find a landing site somewhere else, mostly in Canada [23].


Question: How many planes have been hijacked in the US in the 1990s?

Terrorist acts of 9/11

The media broadcast unconfirmed and often contradictory news throughout the day.


Question: How many planes have been hijacked in the US in the 1990s?

Terrorist acts of 9/11

The news agency Associated Press, for example, relayed the news of a car bomb that had exploded at the foreign ministry.


Question: How many planes have been hijacked in the US in the 1990s?

Terrorist acts of 9/11

CNN reported on a fire that broke out at Washington Mall Park.


Question: How many planes have been hijacked in the US in the 1990s?

Terrorist acts of 9/11

[12] [24] Authorities also thought the 1989 Delta Airlines flight was hijacked, but the plane eventually landed safely at Cleveland Airport [15] [25].


Question: How many planes have been hijacked in the US in the 1990s?

Terrorist acts of 9/11

Several television channels, e.g.


Question: How many planes have been hijacked in the US in the 1990s?

Terrorist acts of 9/11

CNN, reporting explosions in the WTC towers at the time of the attacks.


Question: How many planes have been hijacked in the US in the 1990s?

Terrorist acts of 9/11

[26] Victims of attacks In total, almost 3000 people were killed in terrorist attacks and hijackings, but it is difficult to determine the exact figure.


Question: How many planes have been hijacked in the US in the 1990s?

Terrorist acts of 9/11

A few weeks after the attacks, casualties were estimated at more than 6000.


Question: How many planes have been hijacked in the US in the 1990s?

Terrorist acts of 9/11

[36] After one year since the attacks, the memorial service, led by the then mayor of New York, Rudolph Giuliani, read the names of 2801 victims who perished in New York City.


Question: How many planes have been hijacked in the US in the 1990s?

Terrorist acts of 9/11

Dozens of names had shortly before been removed from the list due to suspicions of fraud.


Question: How many planes have been hijacked in the US in the 1990s?

Terrorist acts of 9/11

[37] Even after this, the estimate of the number of deaths in New York has decreased to [38].


Question: How many planes have been hijacked in the US in the 1990s?

Terrorist acts of 9/11

In 2004, the Commission report gave the number of New York victims as 2749 [31], but since then people have been added to the official list of those killed in attacks [39] [40].


Question: How many planes have been hijacked in the US in the 1990s?

Terrorist acts of 9/11

Most recently added to the list was Leon Heyward, who died of lymph node cancer in 2008, followed by the official number of deaths in New York at 2752 [27].


Question: How many planes have been hijacked in the US in the 1990s?

Terrorist acts of 9/11

The number of deaths in Arlington was 184 [30] and 40 [34] in Shanksville, bringing the total number of casualties to 2976.


Question: How many planes have been hijacked in the US in the 1990s?

Terrorist acts of 9/11

All 19 hijackers were killed.


Question: How many planes have been hijacked in the US in the 1990s?

Terrorist acts of 9/11

Among the dead were citizens of more than 90 different countries [41].


Question: How many planes have been hijacked in the US in the 1990s?

Terrorist acts of 9/11

The New York National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) estimated in its report that about 18,000 people were in the twin towers of the World Trade Center when the attacks occurred, roughly equal numbers in each [42].


Question: How many planes have been hijacked in the US in the 1990s?

Terrorist acts of 9/11

According to the NIST report, a total of 2150—2160 people died in the Twin Towers: the deaths in the North Tower numbered 1460−1530 and 630−700 in the South Tower [42].


Question: How many planes have been hijacked in the US in the 1990s?

Terrorist acts of 9/11

Many people who were in the South Tower learned that some accident had occurred in the North Tower and some had time to exit even before the second aircraft crashed [11].


Question: How many planes have been hijacked in the US in the 1990s?

Terrorist acts of 9/11

Of all the casualties, only 160−190 had been below the collision zone [43].


Question: How many planes have been hijacked in the US in the 1990s?

Terrorist acts of 9/11

The New York Times mentions that at least 18 people were able to escape the impact zone or the floors above the South Tower because one stairwell survived intact.


Question: How many planes have been hijacked in the US in the 1990s?

Terrorist acts of 9/11

In the North Tower, no one is known to have survived from or above the 91st floor.


Question: How many planes have been hijacked in the US in the 1990s?

Terrorist acts of 9/11

[44] As the aircraft crashed into the North Tower, hundreds of people died instantly.


Question: How many planes have been hijacked in the US in the 1990s?

Terrorist acts of 9/11

Hundreds more were trapped because the crab corridors were destroyed as unpassable from the 92nd floor up.


Question: How many planes have been hijacked in the US in the 1990s?

Terrorist acts of 9/11

People were getting stuck in elevators as well.


Question: How many planes have been hijacked in the US in the 1990s?

Terrorist acts of 9/11

[11] Many people jumped out of windows because of the smoke and heat and died after falling to the ground or on the roofs of lower-lying buildings.


Question: How many planes have been hijacked in the US in the 1990s?

Terrorist acts of 9/11

According to an estimate by USA Today newspaper, there were at least two hundred jumpers.


Question: How many planes have been hijacked in the US in the 1990s?

Terrorist acts of 9/11

[45] People working in the tower had the mistaken impression that they could have been evacuated by helicopters, so some of those trapped tended to the roof.


Question: How many planes have been hijacked in the US in the 1990s?

Terrorist acts of 9/11

However, rescue flights were not part of evacuation plans and doors to roofs were locked.


Question: How many planes have been hijacked in the US in the 1990s?

Terrorist acts of 9/11

Helicopters would not have been able to land on roofs anyway because of the smoke, heat and equipment attached to the roof.


Question: How many planes have been hijacked in the US in the 1990s?

Terrorist acts of 9/11

[11] [46] Hundreds of police officers and rescue and health workers were also killed during rescue and extinguishing missions at the World Trade Center.


Question: How many planes have been hijacked in the US in the 1990s?

Terrorist acts of 9/11

The New York City Fire Department FDNY lost 341 firefighters and two paramedics.


Question: How many planes have been hijacked in the US in the 1990s?

Terrorist acts of 9/11

[47] The New York Police Department lost 23 and the Port Authority Police Department 37 police officers [48] [49].


Question: How many planes have been hijacked in the US in the 1990s?

Terrorist acts of 9/11

Cantor Fitzgerald, an investment bank that is one of the world's biggest players in its sector, lost the largest number of its employees of private companies, 658 lives.


Question: How many planes have been hijacked in the US in the 1990s?

Terrorist acts of 9/11

The company's premises were on floors 101 to 105 in the North Tower.


Question: How many planes have been hijacked in the US in the 1990s?

Terrorist acts of 9/11

[50] Marsh & McLennan, the insurance company, lost 355 and 175 employees [51], the insurance company Aon Corporation.


Question: How many planes have been hijacked in the US in the 1990s?

Terrorist acts of 9/11

In February 2005, authorities announced that just under 1600 of the victims at the World Trade Center had been able to be identified and identification work would be halted.


Question: How many planes have been hijacked in the US in the 1990s?

Terrorist acts of 9/11

About 1100 victims could not be identified and authorities are in possession of about 10,000 bone and tissue remains that have not been able to be linked to any individual.


Question: How many planes have been hijacked in the US in the 1990s?

Terrorist acts of 9/11

[52] The remains of the bodies were found during the demolition of the Deutsche Bank branch in September 2005 and further in September 2006 [53] [54] and summer 2010 [55].


Question: How many planes have been hijacked in the US in the 1990s?

Terrorist acts of 9/11

According to the New York Post, the furthest remains of the victims were found 346 feet away from the center of WTC Square.


Question: How many planes have been hijacked in the US in the 1990s?

Terrorist acts of 9/11

[56] In Arlington, 125 people were killed in the Pentagon building and 64 in hijacked aircraft [32].


Question: How many planes have been hijacked in the US in the 1990s?

Terrorist acts of 9/11

55 of the victims were army employees [57].


Question: How many planes have been hijacked in the US in the 1990s?

Terrorist acts of 9/11

In inquiries after the attack, the remains of the dead were found only on the first and second floors, but it is likely that in the collapsed area there have also been casualties on the upper floors.


Question: How many planes have been hijacked in the US in the 1990s?

Terrorist acts of 9/11

About a third died in the collision and another third in fires, and the cause of death for the rest was the combined effect of collision and fire.


Question: How many planes have been hijacked in the US in the 1990s?

Terrorist acts of 9/11

[21] In addition to the fatalities, 106 people were seriously injured [11].


Question: How many planes have been hijacked in the US in the 1990s?

Terrorist acts of 9/11

Material damage As a result of the attacks, the 110-story World Trade Center twin towers and the 47-story WTC 7 caved in.


Question: How many planes have been hijacked in the US in the 1990s?

Terrorist acts of 9/11

As the tower blocks caved in, plenty of parts fell from them, hitting the 22-story Marriott Hotel, or WTC 3.


Question: How many planes have been hijacked in the US in the 1990s?

Terrorist acts of 9/11

WTC 3 suffered severe damage and partially succumbed.


Question: How many planes have been hijacked in the US in the 1990s?

Terrorist acts of 9/11

WTC 4, WTC 5, and WTC 6 were also badly damaged by fires and parts of collapsed buildings, and their internal surface materials burned.


Question: How many planes have been hijacked in the US in the 1990s?

Terrorist acts of 9/11

Other buildings were also damaged around WTC Plaza.


Question: How many planes have been hijacked in the US in the 1990s?

Terrorist acts of 9/11

The water network was also damaged at several points in the WTC area.


Question: How many planes have been hijacked in the US in the 1990s?

Terrorist acts of 9/11

[58] Molten metal flowed in piles of debris from the collapsed WTC towers [59] One of the buildings outside the WTC, one of the Orthodox St. Nicholas Church was completely destroyed by fragments that hit it.


Question: How many planes have been hijacked in the US in the 1990s?

Terrorist acts of 9/11

Among the World Financial Center buildings, the American Express Building (WFC3) and Winter Garden were hardest hit.


Question: How many planes have been hijacked in the US in the 1990s?

Terrorist acts of 9/11

[60] The Deutsche Bank building on the other side of Liberty Street was so badly damaged that it was later demolished [61].


Question: How many planes have been hijacked in the US in the 1990s?

Terrorist acts of 9/11

The 15-story Fiterman Hall on West Broadway also suffered severe damage and was destroyed uninhabitable.


Question: How many planes have been hijacked in the US in the 1990s?

Terrorist acts of 9/11

It was decided to demolish it, and demolition finished in November 2009.


Question: How many planes have been hijacked in the US in the 1990s?

Terrorist acts of 9/11

[62] Located on the north and south sides of the WTC complex along West Street, the 1926 Art Deco style Verizon building and the 1907 neo-Gothic style 90 West Street were severely damaged, but both were restored by the end of the decade. [63] [64].


Question: How many planes have been hijacked in the US in the 1990s?

Terrorist acts of 9/11

According to a report by the Federal Emergency Management (FEMA), five buildings (WTC 1, 2, 3 and 7 and the Orthodox Church) and partially three (WTC4, 5, and 6) were completely caved in in the New York attacks.


Question: How many planes have been hijacked in the US in the 1990s?

Terrorist acts of 9/11

Eleven buildings received additional severe damage.


Question: How many planes have been hijacked in the US in the 1990s?

Terrorist acts of 9/11

The total number of buildings damaged or collapsed was 56.


Question: How many planes have been hijacked in the US in the 1990s?

Terrorist acts of 9/11

[65] Rescue efforts from the New York Fire Department (FDNY) arrived at the World Trade Center site with more than 200 units, half the strength of the department.


Question: How many planes have been hijacked in the US in the 1990s?

Terrorist acts of 9/11

More than 100 ambulances from emergency medical units also arrived at the scene, accounting for about 30 per cent of those available.


Question: How many planes have been hijacked in the US in the 1990s?

Terrorist acts of 9/11

Because the shift had just changed, many firefighters and paramedics who finished their shifts returned to their units.


Question: How many planes have been hijacked in the US in the 1990s?

Terrorist acts of 9/11

It was a complex situation and the fire department management was not entirely clear about who all were present.


Question: How many planes have been hijacked in the US in the 1990s?

Terrorist acts of 9/11

[66] The New York Police Department (NYPD) quickly dispatched its Emergency Response (ESU) and helicopter units, as well as other police forces [67] to the scene.


Question: How many planes have been hijacked in the US in the 1990s?

Terrorist acts of 9/11

By 12 p.m., one-quarter of the NYPD's entire personnel were stationed at the WTC compound [68].


Question: How many planes have been hijacked in the US in the 1990s?

Terrorist acts of 9/11

The fire department and two different police departments were unable to establish a unified lead at the scene.


Question: How many planes have been hijacked in the US in the 1990s?

Terrorist acts of 9/11

Their command posts were located separate and were unable to convey to each other information that would have been vital to decision-making.


Question: How many planes have been hijacked in the US in the 1990s?

Terrorist acts of 9/11

For example, information relayed by NYPD helicopters that large portions of the South Tower were about to fall did not pass to fire department chiefs.


Question: How many planes have been hijacked in the US in the 1990s?

Terrorist acts of 9/11

[11] The command post established by the Fire Department had no senior police department chiefs, and there was very little contact between the senior chiefs of the Fire Department and the Police Department [69].


Question: How many planes have been hijacked in the US in the 1990s?

Terrorist acts of 9/11

Search operations failed to coordinate, and often different units searched civilians in vain at the same targets [11].


Question: How many planes have been hijacked in the US in the 1990s?

Terrorist acts of 9/11

When the South Tower caved in, both the NYPD and the FDNY received word of it all at once.


Question: How many planes have been hijacked in the US in the 1990s?

Terrorist acts of 9/11

Contrary to popular perception helicopters could not anticipate the South Tower's cave-in, the NYPD did not evacuate its personnel before then.


Question: How many planes have been hijacked in the US in the 1990s?

Terrorist acts of 9/11

[11] The firefighters and chiefs in the North Tower still did not know exactly what was happening.


Question: How many planes have been hijacked in the US in the 1990s?

Terrorist acts of 9/11

The chief who was in the lobby of the north tower gave his subordinates the order to withdraw, but with radios malfunctioning, not all firefighters heard the orders.


Question: How many planes have been hijacked in the US in the 1990s?

Terrorist acts of 9/11

Many left the building only after hearing orders from other firefighters.


Question: How many planes have been hijacked in the US in the 1990s?

Terrorist acts of 9/11

The Supreme Chief of the Fire Department and several other chiefs were killed when the North Tower also caved in.


Question: How many planes have been hijacked in the US in the 1990s?

Terrorist acts of 9/11

The scene was briefly left without a commander.


Question: How many planes have been hijacked in the US in the 1990s?

Terrorist acts of 9/11

[70] Given that the situation was complicated, it is difficult to assess how much the lack of cooperation between the various institutions affected the course of the rescue effort.


Question: How many planes have been hijacked in the US in the 1990s?

Terrorist acts of 9/11

However, the commission's report said the lack of joint action did not decisively hamper the evacuation of civilians.


Question: How many planes have been hijacked in the US in the 1990s?

Terrorist acts of 9/11

With only 5.4% of casualties working below the impact point, the evacuation was very successful and the death toll remained much lower than it could have been.


Question: How many planes have been hijacked in the US in the 1990s?

Terrorist acts of 9/11

Rescue personnel carried the disabled people away from the towers, and firefighters rescued a crowd of people who had been trapped on the 22nd floor of the North Tower.


Question: How many planes have been hijacked in the US in the 1990s?

Terrorist acts of 9/11

In addition, the presence of firefighters and police reassured people, and there was no panicky mass exodus.


Question: How many planes have been hijacked in the US in the 1990s?

Terrorist acts of 9/11

Police officers directed people on ground floors and helped them exit buildings quickly along safe routes.


Question: How many planes have been hijacked in the US in the 1990s?

Terrorist acts of 9/11

[11] In hindsight, there has been much criticism of the failure of WTC security personnel to evacuate the South Tower immediately following the attack on the North Tower.


Question: How many planes have been hijacked in the US in the 1990s?

Terrorist acts of 9/11

No one could expect another strike and evacuating thousands of people was already inherently risky.


Question: How many planes have been hijacked in the US in the 1990s?

Terrorist acts of 9/11

Conditions, moreover, were dangerous in some areas outside the towers.


Question: How many planes have been hijacked in the US in the 1990s?

Terrorist acts of 9/11

Twelve minutes after the attack, however, police officers were ordered to evacuate the building.


Question: How many planes have been hijacked in the US in the 1990s?

Terrorist acts of 9/11

[11] In Arlington, county, state and federal authorities cooperate significantly more smoothly than in New York City.


Question: How many planes have been hijacked in the US in the 1990s?

Terrorist acts of 9/11

An official command system (Incident Command System) for emergencies was in place in the area, and many police and fire units had already operated together in regional events and exercises earlier.


Question: How many planes have been hijacked in the US in the 1990s?

Terrorist acts of 9/11

Conditions were also easier in Arlington.


Question: How many planes have been hijacked in the US in the 1990s?

Terrorist acts of 9/11

Only one strike was carried out there, the venue was easily cordoned off and there were no other buildings in the surrounding area.


Question: How many planes have been hijacked in the US in the 1990s?

Terrorist acts of 9/11

No rescue workers were injured there.


Question: How many planes have been hijacked in the US in the 1990s?

Terrorist acts of 9/11

[11] Terrorists and Their Motives Naming suspects After the attacks, the FBI was able to quickly name the suspected hijackers and also provide more details about many.


Question: How many planes have been hijacked in the US in the 1990s?

Terrorist acts of 9/11

Namely, the authorities gained possession of the suitcase of Mohammed Atta, who had not made it from a previous flight to join the hijacked plane.


Question: How many planes have been hijacked in the US in the 1990s?

Terrorist acts of 9/11

The suitcase contained a Boeing 757 flight simulator-instructional video, a pick knife, pepper spray and papers that revealed the identities of all 19 hijackers and details of their plans, motives and backgrounds.


Question: How many planes have been hijacked in the US in the 1990s?

Terrorist acts of 9/11

[71] In addition, the passport of one of the hijackers was found near the WTC towers.


Question: How many planes have been hijacked in the US in the 1990s?

Terrorist acts of 9/11

[72] According to authorities, the National Security Agency NSA intercepted phone calls on the day of the attacks in which known Osama bin Laden supporters rejoiced in the attacks and said, “We have hit targets” [73].


Question: How many planes have been hijacked in the US in the 1990s?

Terrorist acts of 9/11

German intelligence officials also said they intercepted phone calls from bin Laden supporters giving details of the hijackers' plans [74].


Question: How many planes have been hijacked in the US in the 1990s?

Terrorist acts of 9/11

The day after the attacks, German, French and British intelligence officials said they suspected “strongly” that bin Laden was the culprit [75].


Question: How many planes have been hijacked in the US in the 1990s?

Terrorist acts of 9/11

Two days after the attacks, on 13 September, US Secretary of State Colin Powell announced that the prime suspect is Osama bin Laden [76].


Question: How many planes have been hijacked in the US in the 1990s?

Terrorist acts of 9/11

On the third day after the attacks, the names of the hijackers were made public and they were linked to bin Laden [54].


Question: How many planes have been hijacked in the US in the 1990s?

Terrorist acts of 9/11

On 15 September, President Bush declared the United States to be at war and named bin Laden as the prime suspect [77].


Question: How many planes have been hijacked in the US in the 1990s?

Terrorist acts of 9/11

On September 27, 2001, the FBI released the names, photos of all 19 hijackers, as well as information about their likely nationality, dates of birth, places of residence, and pseudonyms they used [78].


Question: How many planes have been hijacked in the US in the 1990s?

Terrorist acts of 9/11

Fifteen of the hijackers were from Saudi Arabia, two from the United Arab Emirates, one from Egypt and one from Lebanon.


Question: How many planes have been hijacked in the US in the 1990s?

Terrorist acts of 9/11

The number of Saudi Arabians has been explained by the fact that the planners of the attacks would have deliberately wanted to damage US-Saudi relations.


Question: How many planes have been hijacked in the US in the 1990s?

Terrorist acts of 9/11

On the other hand, troubled Saudi Arabian youths were easy to recruit and got visas to the United States quickly.


Question: How many planes have been hijacked in the US in the 1990s?

Terrorist acts of 9/11

[79] The leader of the force was the Egyptian Mohammed Atta [80].


Question: How many planes have been hijacked in the US in the 1990s?

Terrorist acts of 9/11

Based on letters found in Atta's suitcase, it has been speculated that the hijackers have been psychologically maneuvered and influenced by religious mysticism, long prayers and other rituals that have led to self-suggestion.


Question: How many planes have been hijacked in the US in the 1990s?

Terrorist acts of 9/11

Opposing opinions have also been expressed: according to Jerrold Post, a professor of psychology at George Washington University, the hijackers were well-educated, mature adults with a history of strong religious beliefs.


Question: How many planes have been hijacked in the US in the 1990s?

Terrorist acts of 9/11

[81] Investigations into the FBI's attacks, codenamed “PENTTBOM”, were the most extensive and complex in FBI history, involving more than 7000 agents [82].


Question: How many planes have been hijacked in the US in the 1990s?

Terrorist acts of 9/11

According to Dale L. Watson, director of the FBI's counterterrorism division, the evidence linking Osama bin Laden and al-Qaeda to the attacks is “clear and irrefutable” [83].


Question: How many planes have been hijacked in the US in the 1990s?

Terrorist acts of 9/11

The British government also considers al-Qaida and Osama bin Laden to be responsible for the September attacks [84], on the basis of intelligence.


Question: How many planes have been hijacked in the US in the 1990s?

Terrorist acts of 9/11

However, bin Laden was not wanted for the attacks, despite being on the FBI's Ten Most Wanted Persons list [85] [86].


Question: How many planes have been hijacked in the US in the 1990s?

Terrorist acts of 9/11

Al-Qaeda Al Qaeda was formed in 1989 when the Soviets withdrew from Afghanistan.


Question: How many planes have been hijacked in the US in the 1990s?

Terrorist acts of 9/11

The foundation of the organisation was a network of volunteer fighters who arrived in the country in the 1980s.


Question: How many planes have been hijacked in the US in the 1990s?

Terrorist acts of 9/11

They waged anti-Soviet holy war jihad and received funding from both the United States and Saudi Arabia.


Question: How many planes have been hijacked in the US in the 1990s?

Terrorist acts of 9/11

[87] Between 1985 and 1992, an estimated 12,500 foreigners received training in bomb making, sabotage and urban warfare in camps established with CIA assistance [88].


Question: How many planes have been hijacked in the US in the 1990s?

Terrorist acts of 9/11

It has been suspected that the CIA might have trained Osama bin Laden as well.


Question: How many planes have been hijacked in the US in the 1990s?

Terrorist acts of 9/11

In the early 1990s, al-Qaida was active in Sudan, but after 1996 the organization's headquarters and training camps were moved to Afghanistan, where bin Laden forged firm ties with the Taliban.


Question: How many planes have been hijacked in the US in the 1990s?

Terrorist acts of 9/11

[87] In 1996, bin Laden issued his first fatwa.


Question: How many planes have been hijacked in the US in the 1990s?

Terrorist acts of 9/11

In it, he declared war on the Americans because they had troops in Saudi Arabia occupying a country with two Muslim holy cities.


Question: How many planes have been hijacked in the US in the 1990s?

Terrorist acts of 9/11

[89] According to former FBI Director Louis J. Freeh, the 1996 fatwa amounted to a declaration of war by al-Qaeda on the United States [90].


Question: How many planes have been hijacked in the US in the 1990s?

Terrorist acts of 9/11

In 1998, another fatwa was declared, signed by Osama bin Laden and Ayman al-Zawahiri.


Question: How many planes have been hijacked in the US in the 1990s?

Terrorist acts of 9/11

It declared jihad against Western countries and Israel.


Question: How many planes have been hijacked in the US in the 1990s?

Terrorist acts of 9/11

Among other things, the fatwa declares that the killing of Americans and their allies is the personal duty of every Muslim in order to free holy mosques from their rule and their military to leave all Islamic countries.


Question: How many planes have been hijacked in the US in the 1990s?

Terrorist acts of 9/11

[91] [92] Osama bin Laden Osama bin Laden initially denied any involvement in the attacks in a statement broadcast on 16 September 2001 by the Qatar-based Al-Jazeera satellite channel [93].


Question: How many planes have been hijacked in the US in the 1990s?

Terrorist acts of 9/11

In December 2001, the U.S. government made public a videotape in which a right-handed figure resembling bin Laden rejoiced in the attacks and said he had known about them in advance.


Question: How many planes have been hijacked in the US in the 1990s?

Terrorist acts of 9/11

[94] Bin Laden was left-handed.


Question: How many planes have been hijacked in the US in the 1990s?

Terrorist acts of 9/11

[95] Authorities said the tape had been made in September in Kandahar.


Question: How many planes have been hijacked in the US in the 1990s?

Terrorist acts of 9/11

[96] In the same month, al-Jazeera posted a new video in which a person resembling bin Laden praised the terrorist attacks against the United States and called for strikes against the economy in particular.


Question: How many planes have been hijacked in the US in the 1990s?

Terrorist acts of 9/11

However, he did not say he was behind the attacks himself.


Question: How many planes have been hijacked in the US in the 1990s?

Terrorist acts of 9/11

[97] Four days before the U.S. presidential election, in October 2004, al-Jazeera broadcast a recording in which bin Laden admitted his involvement in the September 11 attacks.


Question: How many planes have been hijacked in the US in the 1990s?

Terrorist acts of 9/11

Al-Jazeera reported the tape originated in Pakistan and was deemed authentic by U.S. security officials.


Question: How many planes have been hijacked in the US in the 1990s?

Terrorist acts of 9/11

[98] [99] In the recording, bin Laden says, among other things: According to him, less damage would have come if Bush had acted faster.


Question: How many planes have been hijacked in the US in the 1990s?

Terrorist acts of 9/11

In September 2002, al-Jazeera broadcast an interview in which Khalid Sheikh Mohammed and Ramzi Binalshibh detailed the planning of the attacks.


Question: How many planes have been hijacked in the US in the 1990s?

Terrorist acts of 9/11

According to what they reported, the attacks had been decided in early 1999 and bin Laden learned the exact date of September 6, 2001.


Question: How many planes have been hijacked in the US in the 1990s?

Terrorist acts of 9/11

[100] Khalid Sheikh Mohammed al-Jazeera journalist Yosri Fouda reported in April 2002 that Khalid Sheikh Mohammed has admitted in an interview to his involvement in the “Holy Tuesday operation” along with Ramzi Binalshibh.


Question: How many planes have been hijacked in the US in the 1990s?

Terrorist acts of 9/11

“I am the chief of al Qaeda's military committee, and Ramzi is the mastermind of the Holy Tuesday operation.


Question: How many planes have been hijacked in the US in the 1990s?

Terrorist acts of 9/11

Yes, we did it.” [6] The Commission report calls Mohammed as the “chief architect” of the attacks [101].


Question: How many planes have been hijacked in the US in the 1990s?

Terrorist acts of 9/11

He was captured by Pakistani security officials in March 2003 in Rawalpindi, Pakistan [102].


Question: How many planes have been hijacked in the US in the 1990s?

Terrorist acts of 9/11

Mohammed confessed in March 2007 under questioning by US authorities that he was responsible for the September 11 attacks “from beginning to end.”


Question: How many planes have been hijacked in the US in the 1990s?

Terrorist acts of 9/11

He claimed to have been tortured after his arrest, but said he nevertheless made a confession without being coerced or pressured.


Question: How many planes have been hijacked in the US in the 1990s?

Terrorist acts of 9/11

[103] [104] Kenneth Roth, director of Human Rights Watch, has questioned the legality of closed-door interrogation and confession and considers it possible that the confession was obtained by torture [104].


Question: How many planes have been hijacked in the US in the 1990s?

Terrorist acts of 9/11

The CIA has admitted to using waterboarding in the interrogations of Khalid Sheikh Mohammed [105].


Question: How many planes have been hijacked in the US in the 1990s?

Terrorist acts of 9/11

According to a memo published in 2009, Mohammed was tortured by “water treatment” 183 times and another suspect Abu Zubaydah 83 times [106].


Question: How many planes have been hijacked in the US in the 1990s?

Terrorist acts of 9/11

A military tribunal trial was held at the Guantanamo Bay prison camp in June 2008, in addition to Khalid Sheikh Mohammed, four other al-Qaeda members: Ramzi Binalshibh, Mustafa Ahmad al-Hawsawi, Ali Abd al-Aziz Ali and Walid Bin Attash.


Question: How many planes have been hijacked in the US in the 1990s?

Terrorist acts of 9/11

Mohammed referred to the trial as an “inquisition” and refused counsel.


Question: How many planes have been hijacked in the US in the 1990s?

Terrorist acts of 9/11

On hearing that he could be sentenced to the death penalty, he replied: “That's exactly what I want, I have long wanted to be martyred.” [107] In November 2009, U.S. Attorney General Eric Holder announced that Mohammed and four other defendants would be transferred out of the Guantanamo Bay prison camp, so they could participate in a civil trial in New York.


Question: How many planes have been hijacked in the US in the 1990s?

Terrorist acts of 9/11

However, no precise date was given for the trial.


Question: How many planes have been hijacked in the US in the 1990s?

Terrorist acts of 9/11

Holder believed prosecutors would come to demand the death sentence for all defendants, and the trial would be equitable and “open both to the public and the world at large.”


Question: How many planes have been hijacked in the US in the 1990s?

Terrorist acts of 9/11

[108] In January 2010, White House Press Secretary Robert Gibbs said that Mohammad would likely be sentenced to death and executed.


Question: How many planes have been hijacked in the US in the 1990s?

Terrorist acts of 9/11

His testimony has alarmed legal experts, who think the testimony has compromised the fairness of the trial.


Question: How many planes have been hijacked in the US in the 1990s?

Terrorist acts of 9/11

[109] Motive In addition to the 1996 and 1998 fatwas, Osama bin Laden has detailed his motives in his 2002 letter to the Americans published on the internet.


Question: How many planes have been hijacked in the US in the 1990s?

Terrorist acts of 9/11

In the letter, he briefly replies that he is fighting the Americans because “you have attacked and are still attacking us.”


Question: How many planes have been hijacked in the US in the 1990s?

Terrorist acts of 9/11

As examples, he cites the occupation of Palestine, the creation of the state of Israel, and attacks on Muslims by or supported by Americans in Somalia, Chechnya, Kashmir and Lebanon.


Question: How many planes have been hijacked in the US in the 1990s?

Terrorist acts of 9/11

He also blames the United States for the fact that 1.5 million children have died in Iraq as a result of economic sanctions.


Question: How many planes have been hijacked in the US in the 1990s?

Terrorist acts of 9/11

[110] Osama has also cited as one of the main reasons that the United States had kept its forces in Saudi Arabia since the 1991 Gulf War [111].


Question: How many planes have been hijacked in the US in the 1990s?

Terrorist acts of 9/11

Khalid Sheikh Mohammed studied in the United States in the 1980s and is not known then to have shown any hostility towards the country [112].


Question: How many planes have been hijacked in the US in the 1990s?

Terrorist acts of 9/11

According to the Commission's report, his hostile stance is motivated by US policies favoring Israel [113].


Question: How many planes have been hijacked in the US in the 1990s?

Terrorist acts of 9/11

Mohammed Atta, too, was very critical of US policy, viewing the UN as a partisan organization that has never acted against the United States or Israel.


Question: How many planes have been hijacked in the US in the 1990s?

Terrorist acts of 9/11

He grew most agitated, according to a student acquaintance, on two subjects: the Yugoslav civil war, which he felt was being fought specifically against Muslims, and American influence in the Middle East.


Question: How many planes have been hijacked in the US in the 1990s?

Terrorist acts of 9/11

[114] Hijacker Abdulaziz Alomari said his actions told the “infidels” that “you should leave the Arabian Peninsula, defeated, and stop supporting the poor Jews in Palestine” [115].


Question: How many planes have been hijacked in the US in the 1990s?

Terrorist acts of 9/11

According to American Middle East scholar Michael Scott Doran, Osama bin Laden's ultimate goal was for US retaliation to unite Muslims against the West, raise revolutions in Arab states and promote radical Islam.


Question: How many planes have been hijacked in the US in the 1990s?

Terrorist acts of 9/11

[116] Planning the attacks Khalid Sheikh Mohammed has said during questioning that he first raised the idea of strikes with hijacked aircraft to Osama bin Laden in 1996.


Question: How many planes have been hijacked in the US in the 1990s?

Terrorist acts of 9/11

Mohammed's plan was to hijack ten planes, five on the east coast of the United States and five off the west coast, but bin Laden did not think the idea was viable.


Question: How many planes have been hijacked in the US in the 1990s?

Terrorist acts of 9/11

[117] By then bin Laden had returned from Sudan back to Afghanistan and was focused on strengthening his position there.


Question: How many planes have been hijacked in the US in the 1990s?

Terrorist acts of 9/11

According to Mohammed, it was not until the 1998 East African embassy bombings that demonstrated that bin Laden really wanted to attack the United States, and they were a turning point in the planning of the September 11 attacks.


Question: How many planes have been hijacked in the US in the 1990s?

Terrorist acts of 9/11

[101] At the end of 1998 or early the following year, Bin Laden gave Mohammed permission to continue planning attacks, and in March April he told Mohammed in Kandahar that al-Qaeda would support the plan. [101].


Question: How many planes have been hijacked in the US in the 1990s?

Terrorist acts of 9/11

In the spring of 1999, Khalid Sheikh Mohammed, Osama bin Laden and his subordinate Mohammed Atef met several times in Kandahar and discussed the plan.


Question: How many planes have been hijacked in the US in the 1990s?

Terrorist acts of 9/11

Mohammed's original plan also included the idea of making a statement to the media about one of the hijacked aircraft, but the idea was dropped.


Question: How many planes have been hijacked in the US in the 1990s?

Terrorist acts of 9/11

Mohammed, bin Laden and Atef jointly chose the targets for the attacks, which were the White House, the Capitol, the Pentagon and the World Trade Center.


Question: How many planes have been hijacked in the US in the 1990s?

Terrorist acts of 9/11

[101] Bin Laden led the plans, gave financial support and was in the process of selecting the perpetrators.


Question: How many planes have been hijacked in the US in the 1990s?

Terrorist acts of 9/11

[118] Bin Laden first selected Nawaf al-Hazmi and Khalid al-Mihdhar, both of whom were experienced jihad warriors and had fought in Bosnia.


Question: How many planes have been hijacked in the US in the 1990s?

Terrorist acts of 9/11

Hazmi and Mihdhar arrived in the United States in January 2000 after attending an al Qaeda rally in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, before that.


Question: How many planes have been hijacked in the US in the 1990s?

Terrorist acts of 9/11

In the spring of 2000, Hazmi and Mihdhar took flying lessons in San Diego, California.


Question: How many planes have been hijacked in the US in the 1990s?

Terrorist acts of 9/11

They knew English only a little, so didn't excel in flying lessons.


Question: How many planes have been hijacked in the US in the 1990s?

Terrorist acts of 9/11

After all, they only serve as sidekicks.


Question: How many planes have been hijacked in the US in the 1990s?

Terrorist acts of 9/11

[119] [120] from Hamburg arrived in Afghanistan at the end of 1999, a group of men including Mohamed Atta, Marwan al-Shehhi, Ziad Jarrah and Ramzi Binalshibh.


Question: How many planes have been hijacked in the US in the 1990s?

Terrorist acts of 9/11

[121] Bin Laden chose the men to carry out the plan because they were educated, spoke English and had lived in the West.


Question: How many planes have been hijacked in the US in the 1990s?

Terrorist acts of 9/11

[122] New aspirants were searched on the basis of special abilities, whereby al-Qaeda leaders also found Hani Hanjour, who already had a pilot's license.


Question: How many planes have been hijacked in the US in the 1990s?

Terrorist acts of 9/11

[123] Hanjour arrived in San Diego on 8 December 2000 and joined Hamzi.


Question: How many planes have been hijacked in the US in the 1990s?

Terrorist acts of 9/11

They soon left for Arizona, where Hanjour was still receiving refresher training.


Question: How many planes have been hijacked in the US in the 1990s?

Terrorist acts of 9/11

Marwan al-Shehhi arrived in the United States at the end of May, Atta on 3 June and Jarrah on 27 June 2000.


Question: How many planes have been hijacked in the US in the 1990s?

Terrorist acts of 9/11

Binalshibh applied several times for a visa to enter the United States, but it was not granted because he was a Yemenite and was feared to remain in the country as an illegal immigrant.


Question: How many planes have been hijacked in the US in the 1990s?

Terrorist acts of 9/11

Binalshibh remained in Hamburg and acted as an intermediary between Atta and Khalid Sheikh Mohammed.


Question: How many planes have been hijacked in the US in the 1990s?

Terrorist acts of 9/11

The other three Hamburg cell members received flight instruction in South Florida.


Question: How many planes have been hijacked in the US in the 1990s?

Terrorist acts of 9/11

The hijackers' sidekicks began arriving in the United States in spring 2001.


Question: How many planes have been hijacked in the US in the 1990s?

Terrorist acts of 9/11

[124] In July 2001, Atta met with Binalshibh in Spain, and they discussed in secret the details of the plan, including the selection of final sites.


Question: How many planes have been hijacked in the US in the 1990s?

Terrorist acts of 9/11

Binalshibh also conveyed bin Laden's wish that attacks should take place as soon as possible.


Question: How many planes have been hijacked in the US in the 1990s?

Terrorist acts of 9/11

[125] Consequences of the attack Immediately after the incident, the United States and many other countries imposed security measures to prevent further attacks.


Question: How many planes have been hijacked in the US in the 1990s?

Terrorist acts of 9/11

Traffic in New York City was shut down immediately after the attacks, and a total ban on civil aviation was declared in the United States until September 13.


Question: How many planes have been hijacked in the US in the 1990s?

Terrorist acts of 9/11

A similar restriction was also imposed in London.


Question: How many planes have been hijacked in the US in the 1990s?

Terrorist acts of 9/11

As the US closed its airspace from Europe and Asia, about 500 flights were heading to North America, with planes no more than halfway around turning back.


Question: How many planes have been hijacked in the US in the 1990s?

Terrorist acts of 9/11

Of the rest, some were rerouted to fields in Mexico and the majority, some 239 planes, to Canadian fields.


Question: How many planes have been hijacked in the US in the 1990s?

Terrorist acts of 9/11

The Canadian Federal Aviation Administration launched an emergency program, Operation Yellow Ribbon, to coordinate the control of planes for fifteen fields around the country.


Question: How many planes have been hijacked in the US in the 1990s?

Terrorist acts of 9/11

In total, more than 33,000 passengers arrived in Canadian fields.


Question: How many planes have been hijacked in the US in the 1990s?

Terrorist acts of 9/11

[126] Later travel regulations to the United States were permanently tightened, especially with regard to air transport.


Question: How many planes have been hijacked in the US in the 1990s?

Terrorist acts of 9/11

The attacks had significant political consequences.


Question: How many planes have been hijacked in the US in the 1990s?

Terrorist acts of 9/11

Several countries toughened anti-terrorism laws even so drastically that the actions of the authorities were seen as restricting civil rights.


Question: How many planes have been hijacked in the US in the 1990s?

Terrorist acts of 9/11

The US government considerably tightened its attitude towards groups accused of terrorism and the governments that support them.


Question: How many planes have been hijacked in the US in the 1990s?

Terrorist acts of 9/11

Shortly after the attacks, the hastily prepared Patriot Act was passed in the United States, giving authorities the right to detain an alien person presumed to be a national threat indefinitely without trial or rights.


Question: How many planes have been hijacked in the US in the 1990s?

Terrorist acts of 9/11

This allows Taliban and al-Qaida suspects to be held in Cuba at the Guantanamo Bay detention camp.


Question: How many planes have been hijacked in the US in the 1990s?

Terrorist acts of 9/11

Domestically, a whole new federal ministry, the Department of Homeland Security, was created for security oversight.


Question: How many planes have been hijacked in the US in the 1990s?

Terrorist acts of 9/11

The most significant U.S. response to the attacks was President Bush's declaration of the War on Terror, which included the invasion of Afghanistan in October 2001.


Question: How many planes have been hijacked in the US in the 1990s?

Terrorist acts of 9/11

Criticism of official investigations, Thomas H. Kane, the chairman of the 9/11 Commission and former governor of New Jersey, and Lee H. Hamilton, vice chairman of the commission, have said in his book Without Precedent: The Inside Story of the 9/11 Commission that some information was withheld from the commission and their investigations were hampered on some issues including by the White House and various authorities.


Question: How many planes have been hijacked in the US in the 1990s?

Terrorist acts of 9/11

The White House said the independent commission's investigation interfered with the then-ongoing congressional investigation and the ongoing war on terror to justify the commission's various difficulties in conducting investigations.


Question: How many planes have been hijacked in the US in the 1990s?

Terrorist acts of 9/11

Former New Jersey public prosecutor John Farmer Jr., who also served as a senior adviser to the 9/11 Commission.


Question: How many planes have been hijacked in the US in the 1990s?

Terrorist acts of 9/11

has witnessed the same thing in terms of concealing and covering up facts related to the attacks.


Question: How many planes have been hijacked in the US in the 1990s?

Terrorist acts of 9/11

In his book The Ground Truth: The Story Behind America's Defense on 9/11, Farmer Jr.


Question: How many planes have been hijacked in the US in the 1990s?

Terrorist acts of 9/11

told The Washington Post in an interview in 2006 that one is “shocked at how much the right truth differed from what was told to the public.”


Question: How many planes have been hijacked in the US in the 1990s?

Terrorist acts of 9/11

This he justifies, among other things, with recordings from NORAD, whose contents differ from what is officially narrated.