Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

[64] The Finnish government responded to the Soviet offer on 30 January, declaring that Finland would be willing in principle for peace, but only for some minor border revisions on the Karelian Isthmus and possibly also the demilitarization of the Gulf of Finland.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

The good situation on the fronts reduced Finns' appetite for further concessions.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

[65] With the weakening of the Finnish position and bending to peace terms, Finland's position changed as the Red Army began fire preparations for a major offensive on 1 February and the actual general offensive on 11 February 1940 and the Finns' defences began to falter.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

The Soviet leadership's offer of peace and a major offensive was apparently part of an overall plan that, on the one hand, still attempted at least a limited military solution on the fronts, but on the other hand aimed at preventing further escalation of the conflict.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

In early February 1940, the Finns ended up in a balancing act that had continued until peace, in which consideration was made between making peace and continuing the war.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

The pressure of the Red Army's offensive, as well as the physical fatigue and losses of its own army and the lack of reserves, advocated a peace treaty.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

On the other hand, the offer of aid from Britain and France was tempted to continue the war.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

According to the official French announcement, Western powers would have been prepared to send 50,000 men, which would have arrived in Finland at the end of March.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

[66] Aid was considered to have been militarily inadequate and coming too late for the Soviet invasion to be repelled.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

[67] Furthermore, the problem was that it could not be sure whether Sweden would allow the passage of these soldiers through its territory.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

[68] Heikki Ylikangas, for his part, has argued that Finland rejected military aid from Western powers and agreed to peace because key government ministers believed Germany would win the ongoing major war.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

The government's solution was also influenced by Marshal Hermann Göring's verbal call to T. M. Kivimäki, Finland's envoy to Germany on 22 February, to agree to peace on any conditions (see.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

Hermann Goering: Winter War Advice).


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

According to Ylikanka, Finland was acting on this advice because the political leadership believed that they would recover the territories lost in peace negotiations with interest after Germany would invade the Soviet Union.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

[69] On 23 February, as Red Army tanks and artillery drum fire straddled Finnish defensive positions in Karelia, the Soviet leadership issued minimum conditions for Finland to start peace negotiations.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

They called for Finland to cede to the Soviet Union at least Karelian Isthmus and Vyborg, as well as the northeastern half of Ladoga, including Sortavala.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

With the constant deterioration of the front situation and, among other things, Sweden's continued refusal of Finnish requests for assistance, the government decided to open negotiations for peace on 29 February [70] and agreed to Soviet terms 5.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

on March.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

[71] Sweden's motivations for neutrality must have been the preservation of the country outside the Great War, the export of iron ore, and German relations which would have been threatened by the intervention of Western powers in Scandinavia.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

Britain and France had decided on military intervention in the Winter War on 5 February and they expected Finland's official request for assistance by 5 March 1940.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

However, the Finnish military command judged that the West's assistance would have been insufficient and would not have reached it in time.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

It was also feared that accepting aid would have shifted the entire focus of World War II to Northern Europe, which would have been extremely heavy on civilians (cf.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

the Polish situation where fought throughout the war).


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

[72] The Soviet Union pressed Finland hard for peace, despite the fact that the fighting was already turning decisively in its favour in the early days of March.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

The reason was that Stalin considered it too great a risk to continue the fight, which was leading the Soviet Union against the Western powers in the overall fixture of the Great War.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

He calculated that the immediate occupation of Finland was not worth the risk, and the territory of Finland could be taken over sometime later at the opportunity.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

Peace would be a prestige defeat for the Soviet Union, but even that would be a lesser annoyance than going to war with France and Britain.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

[73] The Germans' main motive for calming the situation must have been the aid plans of the Western Allies, which threatened the supply of iron ore from northern Sweden.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

Hitler's main goal was to defeat Bolshevism and acquire living space in the east.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

[74] Thus, the Winter War shook the great war still lifes.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

However, by the beginning of March 1940, the Finnish army had come to a point where its fighting capability threatened to collapse and therefore a delegation led by Prime Minister Risto Ryti was subjected to dictating money in Moscow from 8 to 10.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

on March 1940.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

[75] Peace The Finnish government and the Committee on Foreign Affairs approved the Soviet-drafted peace treaty on 11 March and the Moscow Peace Treaty was signed on the evening of 12 March 1940.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

Combat action on the fronts ended progressively the next day, beginning at 11am.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

At 10:45 a.m., artillery and mortars of Soviet troops unexpectedly opened fire on the Finns positions.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

The concentrations did not have any direct military goal and were pure retaliation.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

Hundreds of Finns were killed or wounded by the shelling.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

[76] At the Salla front, the artillery concentration was severe and at 12 o'clock Soviet aircraft bombarded the Finnish positions.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

Of the unit of Swedish volunteers responsible for the front, ten were downed and 30 men wounded.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

[77] According to the peace treaty, Finland ceded to the Soviet Union part of Salla and Kuusamo, the Fisheryasaarenno Petsamo, the outer islands of the Gulf of Finland and a large part of Karelia including Vyborg, the second largest city in the country, practically following the border line of the 1721 Uusikaupunki Peace.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

Finland was also forced to lease Hanko to the Soviet Union as a base for 30 years and build a railway between Kantalahti and Salla.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

[78] Furthermore, the situation created a significant demographic problem when a total of 430000 Finns left the territories ceded to the Soviet Union.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

[65] Weaknesses and strengths of the parties The Finnish army had knowledge of the terrain as well as the skill to move, accommodate and fight in rough frost and snowy terrain.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

Particularly notable the aforementioned skills were north of Ladoga, a wilderness area about 1,000 kilometres long with sparse roads and little settlement.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

Ski, crate, tent, stove and Suomi submachine gun are assisted.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

This equipment and the tactics associated with their use had been developed in the 1920s and 1930s.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

The Finnish Army developed a strategy based on encirclement e.g.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

on the basis of foreign fighting as early as 1932, as the underpowered army was not thought to be capable of defeating the large army of the Soviets with direct frontal attacks [79].


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

This caused the development of a way of warfare moving in the forest [80] even before the war.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

In the war, the Finns were able to make surprise attacks of guerrilla attacks on the forest, e.g.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

on a campfire to the warm-up Soviets.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

The tactic involved burning villages and separate buildings to be left to the enemy so that the enemy could not accommodate them.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

Finnish military tactics were based on acting according to the situation.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

Attacked blockadedly wherever you could, defended in front when we had to.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

A major strength of the Finns was also radio reconnaissance, namely interception, locating enemy radio traffic, and opening cipher messages.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

Using radio reconnaissance, among other things, when launching mots, the Finns were able to concentrate force at the breakout points and leave other areas around the mot almost without occupation.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

The mobility of the Finns also caused patrols to have to travel sometimes long distances on the brink of hunger.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

The main problem for the Finns in the Winter War was the lack of anti-tank equipment [81].


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

Telamines were effective, but were insufficiently protected by anti-personnel mines or lacked altogether.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

Anti-tank guns accounted for only a third of the planned number.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

The planned procurement of anti-tank rifles did not materialise before the start of the war as the parties deciding on the procurement quarreled over its calibre selection.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

Temporary anti-tank equipment such as firebottle, birch splitter and pile charge were not always useful in unprotected terrain.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

Weaknesses in the anti-tank led to a reduction in the infantry's will to fight.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

Occasionally there was outright escapism.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

The Finnish army was not effective against a planned, gigantic attack on the Isthmus at the end of the Winter War.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

As the Finns had few troops, even worn-out, the Finns front was broken as the Soviets increased pressure.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

The Soviets had learned from their mistakes and used tanks in groups to break the trenches.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

Field artillery fire was accurate, but there was far too little ammunition.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

For comparison, one can mention that the ammunition consumption of Finnish artillery throughout the war was equivalent to that of the two days of the Red Army.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

On the Karelian Isthmus, the firepower of the Soviet artillery was seven times stronger than the Finns.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

[82] In general, the maintenance situation in Finland was critical.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

In the early stages of hostilities, Finnish military equipment was assessed as: [83] Cartridges of rifles and light machinery guns for 60 daysThe ammunition of flat field cannons21 for 120mm howitzer ammunition24 During the dayheavy and coastal gunness19 dayfuel of ground troop vehicles60 days of aircraft fuel30 days Red Army strengths and weaknesses Red Army had overwhelming equipment and male superiority on its side.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

Artillery in particular was an effective weapon against the Finns, with tanks and aircraft being added.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

On the other hand, the Red Army's tactics originated in the central regions of the Soviet Union, or steppes, where it used an open attack against the enemy.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

Thus, the mechanized army was forced to rely on openings and roads.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

The Soviets attacked in large numbers over the openings “uraata”, shouting the Finns to fire.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

This junnatic, formulaic human wave tactic was still applied at the end of the war, although it had been corrected to be more effective based on experience.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

There was a general understanding of the specialised conditions of forest warfare, but there was no time to train troops before war broke out.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

The officers were too tied to the bylaws.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

The Red Army's mechanised equipment was partially unsuitable for forest warfare, operated only on openings and roads and often could not withstand severe frosts.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

On the other hand, safety measures in accordance with the guidelines were not taken, for example, on a forest road, it was not possible to clear lanes from the forest without trees.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

The brigade's command center may have been caught off guard.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

Trusted in their own power, the Finns were not thought to be capable of significant retaliation and were not able to inquire, be cautious and vigilant.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

There was also sometimes friction in cooperation between different units and commanders.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

The cooperation between different types of weapons was not seamless and effective.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

In the beginning, for example, the armoured gun and infantry did not support each other.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

The basic idea of the Red Army was an invasion that was thought to be successful in a short period of time.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

The Red Army had no winter equipment when invading Finland, army units had been moved from the Polish Front.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

Maintenance didn't always play out as hoped.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

Skis were usually not known to be used, accommodation equipment often did not exist.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

The Soviets had very few off-road snowsuits.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

The men had to cabin in ground pits and warm up under open skies by a campfire.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

Surprise attacks of the type of guerrilla strikes carried out by the Finns on campfires often had a passivating effect, since the Soviets often did not see snow-clad soldiers firing from the dark with submachine guns.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

A major factor influencing the course of the Winter War was the Stalin purges of 1937—1938, in which an officer corps trained in the Soviet Union's new mechanised warfare was almost entirely killed or imprisoned.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

The Red Army had secretly developed mechanized warfare along with Germany in the 1920s and early 1930s.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

However, no new strategy was employed in the Winter War.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

In the Winter War, as well as in the Continuation War, the anti-landing operations developed in the Soviet Union in the 1930s were also used behind the defender's lines, although the Soviet Union was an international pioneer in development.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

Mott battles The Finns used their own tactics and enemy mistakes to effective advantage.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

The attacker's columns were motivated to forest roads.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

On the road to Raattee, an entire motorised division was destroyed and a large war booty was made.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

The mots of the Soviets tenaciously defended themselves and bound the Finns, which would have been needed elsewhere.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

The High Command of the Red Army War Action Groups was held accountable for the disaster.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

Generals and politruks were executed.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

[84] Lev Mehlis, the supreme commissioner of the 163rd Division fighting at Suomussalmi, temporarily lost his position, but was allowed to retain his life.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

He was recalled in 1941 as High Commissioner of the Red Army after Germany invaded the Soviet Union.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

After the war, among other things, he served as Director General of the State Inspectorate of the Soviet Union


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

He died in 1953.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

At the end of the 1930s, Finland's preparation for wartime conditions in Finland was still very incomplete or unfinished.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

The main shortcomings were in material preparation.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

Certainly, some legislative and administrative measures had been taken, but decisions and practical measures were unhelpfully overdue.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

[85] The readiness of Finnish society for war was therefore poor, for which both politicians and soldiers were responsible.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

Political conflicts over the use of state resources led, on the one hand, to the neglect of defence expenditure, but most obviously also led to the integration of different social classes into Finnish society, which, on the other hand, enabled the spirit of the so-called Winter War to form.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

The contribution hampering the development of the military's national defence consists, among other things, of mutual wrangling and a desire for secrecy.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

For example, the controversy over the caliber of the pst rifle, which was not agreed upon until the spring of 1939 and by the Winter War, only a prototype of the weapon had time to be developed.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

[86] During the Winter War, plans were drawn up on the basis of which Finnish economic life and industry were mobilised to support the warfare of the kingdom.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

At the same time, significant omissions in defence capability were identified, which were quickly sought to address.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

Stocks of important raw materials were almost negligible, planning and execution of transportation required far more resources than were allocated to them, etc., etc. In order to adapt Finnish society to wartime conditions, various plans began to be drawn up, which were practically implemented during the so-called intermediate peace.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

[86] Parties losses Finnish losses in the Winter War amounted to 26662 killed in the war effort and about 1,000 civilians.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

[87] After the war, the Soviet Union reported a loss of 48745 fallen and 15,8863 wounded, [88] but these numbers are now known to be far too small.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

A research team led by Lieutenant Colonel Grigory Fedotovich Krivosheyev in the 1990s examined all records in Soviet archives on losses suffered by the Soviet Union in wars (the study has been published in English as Soviet Casualties and Combat Losses in the Twentieth Century).


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

The group said that exact losses cannot be said with certainty because of discrepancies in the information, but nevertheless gives two different figures for the fallen: The loss reports of units include 95348 fallen, missing and dead of their wounds.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

The Red Army loss record, collected from 1949 to 1951, contains 126875 names.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

[89] According to the group, the latter is likely to be closer to the right.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

As a figure for wounded red soldiers, the group reports 265,000 men.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

Higher numbers, such as 200,000 to 300,000 fallen, have been presented in Russian and Soviet literature, as the top of the million-man losses cited by Nikita Khrushchev.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

However, these figures are not based on archival sources.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

In his memoirs, Mannerheim estimated, among other things, the number of Soviet soldiers who fell on the basis of destroyed divisions at 200,000.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

[90] Several times the number of men of some Finnish keepers fell in the Winter War compared to others, which is explained by the area system in use in the defence forces at the time.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

In the Continuation War, detachments were already formed differently, partly based on the experience of the Winter War.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

[91] At the beginning of the Winter War, due to the rapid attack of the Red Army, all civilians were not able to be evacuated.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

They were destined to remain in territory conquered by the Soviets.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

Starting from Petsamo, they were up to the border to Suojärvi.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

The total number of those transferred as prisoners of war across the border was about 2500.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

They were usually transferred to a labor camp.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

Some of them fell ill and died under difficult circumstances.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

Those who survived were returned at the beginning of the summer of 1940 back to their homeland.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

A very small number remained in Russia, but most of them too later returned to Finland.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

[92] War and sleep deprivation caused thousands of men to have psychological problems.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

According to Ville Kivimäki's Broken Minds book, people with mind disorders were almost not treated at all during the war and were not normally awarded war validity compensation.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

When the wounded in war were treated as heroes, the mentally ill were often perceived as cowards.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

War traumas were thought to be caused by soldiers themselves, not from experiences caused by war.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

This, on the other hand, was understandable, because if the mental fracturing of normal men had been accepted as the same principle of liberation from the front as being wounded, it would have been difficult to continue the war.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

On the other hand, there were almost no resources to diagnose mental illness either.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

The traumas of the Winter War were often evident with delay: the nervous breakdowns during the Continuation War, as well as the alcoholism of veterans in the postwar period or the nightmares they had.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

[93] Territorial pledges and population resettlement As a result of the war, Finland lost the eastern parts of Salla and Kuusamo, a large part of Karelia, the outer islands of the Gulf of Finland and the western part of Kalastajasaarenno.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

Overall, the ceded territories accounted for 12% of Finland's area.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

Finland was also forced to lease Hanko to the Soviet Union as a military base.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

About 430000 Finns lost their homes, or about 12% of the total population.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

Efforts were made to find new places to live elsewhere in Finland for those who lost their homes by enacting the Express Settlement Act.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

The Karelian Federation, founded after the war, sought to defend the interests of Karelian evars.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

[94] [95] The roles and assistance of foreign countries Finland received much sympathy around the world even in October before the Winter War, and the beginning of the war created great anti-Soviet sentiment.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

In particular, the South American states and France condemned the Soviet invasion in hostile words.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

Important help Finland received from the international press, which monitored the war closely and, apart from the communist magazines, sided with Finland.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

The League of Nations was convened in early December at the suggestion of Finland to deal with the Soviet invasion.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

The Soviet Union was expelled from the League of Nations and member countries were urged to help Finland.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

The decision was of considerable importance, especially among Western European countries, which gave them a clear political mandate and a call to help Finland.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

[96] France and the United Kingdom decided on 5 February to send an expedition to help Finland.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

Under the first plans made in December, an Allied naval detachment and possibly even troops would have been sent to Petsamo waters to retake the Soviet-occupied Petsamo continental region.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

However, the importance of Petsamo was soon understood to be minor to Finland and, moreover, would not have given the Western powers the opportunity to halt the vital German iron ore imports from the Kirunan-Jällivaara region.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

Therefore, the operation decided on 5 February consisted of a landing on the Norwegian coast, advancing into the ore regions of northern Sweden, and, situation permitting, the extension of a smaller contingent to Finland.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

The final stage could have been thwarted by strong German countermeasures in Sweden.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

[97] The basic problem of the operation was that the Swedish and Norwegian attitude towards the use of their territories was negative.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

Britain, in particular, was timid about launching an operation without guarantees from Sweden and Norway for free passage.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

Furthermore, Finland was not unequivocally willing to publicly call on the expedition to help either, as it would not have been a decisive military aid, but might have enveloped Finland into a major war.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

France and Britain also made separate bids and provided conflicting information about the amount and time of aid, making the Finns reserved.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

[98] According to schedule, the Allied detachments, about the strength of three divisions, had mobilized from their ports on 15 March and began the landings in Norway five days later.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

As Finland's peace negotiations lasted, France already had time to order an operation for its forces to be launched on 12 March, and the British were also preparing to launch in those days.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

However, the peace made by Finland interrupted the activities of both 13.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

on March.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

[99] Flygflottilj 19 (F19), an air squadron assembled from Swedish volunteers, was responsible for the defence of the airspace of Northern Finland with just under two dozen planes since January 1940.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

Thanks to a self-sufficient Swedish squadron flying under Finnish insignia, population centres were provided with protection from bombing and the Finnish Air Force's own planes could concentrate on the defence of southern Finland.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

After the war, the aircraft were returned to Sweden.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

The unit brought significant experience in combat operations to the Swedish Air Force.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

[100] Foreign Volunteers of the Winter War At the end of the Winter War, about 11660 foreigners had enrolled in the Finnish army (according to official statistics).


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

In total, they were from 28 countries [101].


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

Military significance of foreign volunteers was practically only by volunteers who arrived from Sweden.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

In addition to them, only a small number of American Finns participated in the actual combat action.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

[102] [103] As to the consequences and significance of the Winter War, the Winter War was a heavy ordeal for the peoples of both Finland and the Soviet Union: personal and material losses were high in both countries.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

Moreover, relations between the two countries were in their worst state until then, and neither sought betterment, but sought solutions to conflicts the other way.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

Since Germany had occupied Denmark and Norway, Finland's chances of gaining support from the Western Allies disappeared, so Finland was forced to rely on Germany, sparking a continuation war between Finland and the Soviet Union.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

World War II continued, and its development also had a decisive impact on the situation between the Soviet Union and Finland.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

Despite heavy losses, the Soviets did not abandon plans to conquer Finland.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

Marshal Kliment Voroshilov, who served as commander of Soviet forces in the Winter War, later admitted that he himself, the General Staff no more than the head of the Leningrad Military District in autumn 1939 had no idea what kind of war they had gone to.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

Since then serving as President of the Soviet Union, Voroshilov gave credit to the opposing side: “The Finnish army, which was well organised, armed and trained with local conditions in mind, proved to be highly mobile, defensively capable and disciplined.” [104] Finland Foreign Minister Eljas Erkko had reassured his subordinates before the Winter War broke out by assuring him that “the Russians will not attack against the winter.”


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

For his part, Stalin wanted to work out his relationship with Finland as quickly as possible in order to secure the benefits reserved for the Soviet Union in the Molotov—Ribbentrop Pact, as rumours had been borne in his ears that Germany was preparing peace with the Western powers and would soon turn its weapons to the east, against the Soviet Union.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

[105] Stalin was also in a hurry for another reason, since the issue of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina, which was still waiting for its turn, was strategically more important than the Finnish issue.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

[106] In April 1940, at a criticism meeting under Stalin, the commanders of the Finnish Front praised the Finnish Army, but Stalin silenced them by stating that the Finnish Army could not be considered a “fully modern army” because it was trained for defence rather than invasion.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

[107] During and after the Winter War, a myth arose, the “miracle of the Winter War”.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

According to it, the brave struggle and success of small Finland against great superiority was a superhuman performance in which religious elements also played a part.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

However, in the results of studies of both war and political history, rational reasons for the outcome of the war can be found.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

The Winter War brought to light the importance of the nation's intellectual resources in warfare.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

After the war, the Finnish people were internally more united than at any time in the country's history.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

There was also an effort on the political front to support and promote actions that unify the people.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

Among other things, disputes in the 1930s over funding and maintenance of the Finnish army gave way to a vigorous equipping effort.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

However, the Finnish leadership made every effort to avoid the situation experienced in the Winter War, where the country had gone to war on its own against a superpower.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

For the Finns, the Winter War was essentially a defensive war, but the loss of territory and personnel lifted the offensive mood.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

Distrusts of the Soviet Union already prevalent in Finland escalated into a hatred in which all actions of the NL were interpreted negatively.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

The history of the Winter War provides a good example of great power political policies.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

The ideological motives presented by both Germany and the Soviet Union in the 1930s and their mutual confrontations proved to be propaganda to disguise the real aspirations of power of the great powers.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

The emblems of Bolshevism and National Socialism were pushed aside when the great power's interest so demanded.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

Realizing this fact was a key factor in creating the spirit of the Winter War among the Finns.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

[108] As regards political opinion formation in society, the Winter War and the Finnish Civil War of 1918 are an interesting benchmark.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

During 1917, domestic and superpower political currents drew Finns apart and strengthened the extremes of the political field on both the right and left.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

In 1939, the development was reversed: integration took place in internal politics and the actions of the great powers broke the position of extremist groups that supported them in Finland on the right and left, and the current took the majority of Finns behind common foreign policy and national defence objectives and ultimately to the fight against actions perceived to be unjust.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

The monotism between Finns (so-called brother in arms) has been reflected in the post-World War II period, despite internal conflicts.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

The Winter War may have had a significant impact on World War II because Hitler assessed the Soviet Union as a “giant standing on clay feet”, which contributed to strengthening the Germans' decision to invade the Soviet Union in the summer of 1941.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

On the other hand, the Soviets learned lessons from the losses caused by rigid tactics and weak command ratios, as well as the shortcomings of infantry training.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

The success of the strike forces equipped with Suomi submachine guns also led to a reassessment of the importance of the submachine gun and skis in the Soviet Union.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

Along with automatic rifles, the Soviets also began to equip their infantry with their self-made PPŠ-41 submachine guns, which enabled them to increase their firepower.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

During the war in the Soviet Union, it was called the “Finnish War” or the “Finnish Campaign”.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

During the YYA period after World War II, the terminology was softened and talked about “the Soviet-Finnish local armed conflict of 1939—1940”.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

It should be noted that already in the Soviet encyclopedias of 1963, the Soviet Union was named as the aggressor.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

In volume 24.I (p. 41) of Bolšaja sovetskaja entsiklopedija published in 1976, there is a three-column article about the Soviet-Finnish war 1939—40 as well as one page of maps related to the Winter War.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

The article highlights the security aspect of Leningrad against a possible attack by “hostile forces” as the cause of war.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

As a state that acted against Soviet interests, Germany is also mentioned.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

[109] With the advent of Perestroika in the early 1980s, the Winter War again became a war and the name “zimnjaja voina” (, winter war) came into fashion.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

[110] Decorations for those who participated in the Winter War were presented with the Winter War Memorial Medal.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

[111] Other medals associated with the time include e.g.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

arms crosses such as Kainuu Cross, Central Isthmus Cross, Koivisto Cross, Kolla Cross, Ladoga Medal, Lapland Cross, Western Isthmus Cross, Muolaan Cross, Pitkäranta Cross, Summa Cross, Taipalee Cross and Tolvajärvi Cross.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

[111] Winter War in art and entertainment Immediately after the end of the war, Otava organized a Winter War-themed writing contest.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

It was won by Viljo Sarajan's Redeemed Country, second placed under Eino Hosian Tulivault and third by Pentti Haanpää's Korpisota.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

Haanpää had participated in the war in the ranks of JR 40 on Pelkosenniemi and in the final stages of the war on the Isthmus.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

The Corp War is therefore a realistic description of the stages of war from a private's point of view.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

In poetry, the Winter War was described by Yrjö Jylhä, a company manager in Taipaleenjoki, in the collection Purgatory.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

Antti Tuuri wrote the novel Talvisota, based on which Pekka Parikka directed the 1989 film of the same name.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

US-based Chuck Pfaffer announced in late summer 2010 his intention to make a film based on the Winter War.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

On the album The Art of War, released in 2008 by Swedish power metal band Sabaton, there was a song titled Winter War.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

Among the wartime propaganda songs, one of the best known is a song written by Reino Palmroth (Palle), written by Palle immediately after the end of the Winter War.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

[112] See also Winter War Diplomacy The Spirit of the Winter War Winter War Bombing Winter War Naval Warfare Winter War Air Warfare Finn's Winter War Catch War Iron Ring Continuation War Sources History of Winter War 2, Military action on the Karelian Isthmus.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

Ed.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

Military History Office of the Department of Military Science, Porvoo: WSOY, 1978.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

ISBN 951-0-08147-7.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

Tyyne Martikainen: Winter War Evails and Civil War Prisoners.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

Espoo.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

TM Books, 2008 ISBN 951-862 135-7 Ari Raunio, Yuri Kolin, Winter War Battles, 3rd Cord.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

p. Map Centre, 2010.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

ISBN 978-951-593-415-4 (Rev.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

previously in Defenders of Independence under the name Battles of War 1.)


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

Hietanen, Silvo (ed.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

): Nation at War 1.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

From war to war.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

Helsinki: State Printing Centre, 1989.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

ISBN 951-861-384-2.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

Jakobson, Max: The Diplomats Winter War.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

Huddersfield: WSOY 2002.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

ISBN 9789510356739.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

Järvinen, Y. A., Finnish and Russian tactics in the Winter War, WSOY Porvoo Helsinki 1948 Kivimäki, Ville, Broken Minds: Battle for Finnish soldiers' nerves 1939—1945.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

Huddersfield: WSOY, 2013.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

Laaksonen, Lasse: Reality and biases: Battle of the Isthmus and the state of Finnish troops at the end of the Winter War 1940.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

Helsinki: Thought, 2005.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

ISBN 951-20-6911-3.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

Manninen, Ohto: Winter War Encrypted Backgrounds.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

Helsinki: Book Counselor, 1994.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

ISBN 952-90-5251-0.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

Meinander, Henry: History of Finland.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

Lines, structures, turning points.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

Huddersfield: WSOY, 2006.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

ISBN 978-951-0-30809-7.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

Palolampi, Erkki: The collar lasts.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

Attached military historical review of the Kolla Front — a Winter War miniature.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

Written by K. J. Mikola.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

Porvoo: WSOY, 1989.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

ISBN 951-0-16034-2 Ruin, Ari: Military action: Finnish wars 1939—45 in maps.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

Vantaa: Genimap, 2004.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

ISBN 951-593-914-3.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

Ries, Tomas: Cold Will — The Defense of Finland.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

London: Brassey's Defence Publishers, 1988.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

ISBN 0-08-033592-6 Transclusion error: {{En}} is only for use in File namespace.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

Use {{lang-en}} or {{en icon}} instead.. Siilasvuo, Ensio (ed.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

): Chronicle of the Winter War.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

Gummerus: Gummerus, 1989.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

ISBN 951-20-3446-8.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

Tala, Henry: French solvers of the Winter War.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

French aid to Finland 1939—1940.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

Minerva: Helsinki 2014.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

ISBN 978-952-312-020-4.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

Ylikangas, Heikki: Finland and Germany from winter war to intermediate peace.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

WSOY, Helsinki, 2001.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

ISBN 951-0-26052-5.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

Ylikangas, Heikki: My interpretation of the Winter War.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

Huddersfield: WSOY, 2001.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

ISBN 951-0-26052-5.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Jari Eilola, Matti Rautiainen and Heikki Roiko-Jokela| title = Traveling in time| number = Winter War| publisher = WSOY| year = 2002| isbn = 951-0-27058-x}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Käkönen U. | title = Military Agent Moscow 1939| publisher = Otava| year = 1966}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Laine, Antti| title = Little Giant of Finnish History | location = Helsinki| publisher = WSOY| year = 2003| isbn = 951-0-27365-1}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Leskinen, Jari & Juutilainen, Antti (eds.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

) | title = Petty Giant of Continuation War| location = Helsinki| publisher = WSOY| year = 2005| isbn = 951-0-28690-7}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Mannerheim, C.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

G.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

E.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

& Virkkunen, Sakari| title = Memoirs of a Marshal of Finland| publisher = The Great Finnish Book Club| year = 1995| id = ISBN 951-643-469-X}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Sander, Gordon F.| title = Battle for Finland 1939—1940| others = Translated by ArtoHäilä) | publisher = WSOHÄILÄ) | publisher = WSOHÄILÄ Y | year = 2010| id = ISBN 978-951-0-35299-1}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Tanner, Väinö| title = I was foreign minister during the winter war| number = Negotiation phase| location = Helsinki| publisher = January| year = 1979| isbn = 951-30-4813-6}}, replace with {{cite book| author = Trotter, William R.| title= Frozen hell — The Russo-Finnish winter war of 1939—1940| location = Chapel Hill| publisher = Algonquin Books| year = 2000| isbn=1-56512-249-6| language = Transclusion error: {{en}} is only for use in File namespace.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

Use {{lang-en}} or {{en icon}} instead.}


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Uitto, Antero and Geust, Carl-Fredrik| title = Mannerheim Line — Winter War legend| location = Helsinki| publisher = Idea Books| year = 2006| isbn = 951-20-7042-1}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Krivoška Eyev, G. F.| title = Soviet Casualties and Combat Losses in the Twentieth Century| location = London| publisher = Greenhill Books| year = 1997| isbn = 1-85367-280-7| language = Transclusion error: {{en}} is only for use in File namespace.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Leskinen, Jari & Juutilainen, Antti| title = Winter War Little Giant| publisher = WSOY| year = 1999| id = ISBN 951-0-23536-9}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Raunio, Ari (ed.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

) | title = Defenders of Independence -series| publisher = Weilin+Göös etc.| year = 2002—2003| isbn = 951-35-6630-7}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Ruin, Jukka| title = Pilot's Perspective II| location = Kerava| publisher = personal publication: Jukka Ruunio| year 1999| 3| id = ISBN 951- 96866-0-6}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Haataja, Lauri| title = When the people gathered themselves| publisher = Oak | year = 1989| id = ISBN 951-30-9170-8}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Käkelä, Erkki| title = Marsk Armor Destroyers: Finland evolution of anti-tank and the history of anti-tank units of the tank group| publisher = WSOY| year = 2000| id = ISBN 951-0-24638-7}}.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

References Literature Winter War as an experience.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

Historical Society of Northern Finland.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

Rovaniemi, 2011.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Blücher, Wipert von| title = Fate of Finland — Recollections from 1935—1944.| publisher = WSOY| year = 1950}} Citation error, with {{cite book| author = Edwards, Robert (English) Porio, Jouni) | title = Winter War with European Eye| publisher = Minerva| year = 2007| id = ISBN 978-952-492-072-8}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Holmila, Antero| title = Winter War with others| publisher = Atena| year = 2009}} Citation with error, replace {{cite book| author = Irincheev, Bair| title = Winter War with Russian eyes.| publisher = Minerva| year = 2012}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Krohn, Aarni| title = 30.11.1939 — First Hours of Winter War | publisher = January| year = 1979| id = ISBN 951-30-9276-3}}, replace with {{cite book| author = Langdon-Davies, John| title = Attack in the snow: Winter War in the eyes of a British correspondent | location = Helsinki| publisher = Paasilinna| year = 2014| version = (Finland — the First Total War, 1940.)


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

Translated by Simo Liikanen.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

Foreword by Debbie Langdon-Davis| isbn = 978-952-299-024-2}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Mononen, Väinö| title = War Road of a Battalion.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

2016| publisher = Books on Demand, Helsinki| year = | id = ISBN 978-952-339-478-0}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Mononen, Väinö| title = Death Alley Running. | publisher = Alfamer Oy, Helsinki| year = 2006| id = ISBN 952-472-043-4} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Mononen, Väinö| title = Fireflames of Tuonela | publisher = Edico Oy, Helsinki| year = 2011| id = ISBN 978-952-5708-44-8}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Niukkanen, Juho| title = Winter War Defence Minister tells.| publisher = WSOO Y| year = 1951}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Näre, Sari & Kirves, Jenni (ed.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

) | title = The Ugly War: The Silent History of the Winter and Continuation War| location = Helsinki| publisher = Johnny Kniga| year = 2008| id = ISBN 978-951-0-32917-7}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Paasikivi, J. K.| = My Activities in Moscow and Finland 1939—1941| publisher = WSOY (4th edition 1986) .| year = 1958| id = ISBN 951-0-13576-3.}}


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Ruin, Ari & Kilin, Juri| title = Winter War Battles| publisher = Map Center| year = 2007| id = ISBN 978-951-593-068-2}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Richly, Gábor| title = Brother for Brother: Winter War and Hungary| publisher = Docendo| year = 2015| isbn = 978-952-291-168-1}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Richly, Gábor| title = Hungary and Finnish Winter Wars.| location = Helsinki| publisher = Military Historical Journal| year = | pages = 134-196}} Citation error, replace with {cite book| author = Sander, Gordon F.| title= The Hundred Day Winter War: Finland's Gallant Stand Against the Soviet Army| location = Lawrence| publisher = University Press of Kansas| year = 2013| version=Modern War Studies| isbn = 978-0-7006-1910-8}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Hedgehog, Ensio, et al.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

(ed.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

) | title = Winter War Chronicle| publisher = Gummerus| year = 1997| id = ISBN 951-20-3446-8.}


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Stepakov, Viktor & Orehov, Dmitri| title = Parade March to Finland: Winter War with the eyes of Russians | publisher = WSOY| year = 1992| version = Translated by Matti Hyvärinen| id = ISBN 951-0-18304-0}} Citation error, replace with {cite book| id = ISBN 951-0-18304-0}} Citation error, replace with {cite book| k| author = English , Juhani| title = Myrrysman — Urho Kekkonen 1936—1944.| publisher = Otava| year = 1986| id = ISBN 951-1-06567-X.}}


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Finland, Juhani| title = Winter War background — Soviet Union in Finnish foreign policy 1937—1939.| publisher = Otava| year = 1973| id = ISBN 951-1-00251-1}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Tanner, Väinö| title = I was Foreign Minister during the winter war| publisher = Oak | year = 1950}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Tepora, Tuas| title = Spirit of War: Beautiful and Ugly Winter War| location = Helsinki| publisher = WSOY| year = 2015| id = ISBN 978-951-0-40166-8}} Citation with error, replace {{cite book| author = Tuomikoski, Pekka| title = Winter War — Population Transfers.| publisher = AtlaSart| year = 2010}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Importing, Value | title = Storm| publisher = January| year = 1970}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Uitto, Antero| title = Winter War with the eyes of the Red Army| publisher = Karisto| year = 1999| id = ISBN 978-951-233-939-6}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Vihavainen, Timo & Sakharov, Andrei (ed.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

) | title = Unknown Winter War: Soviet secret police folders| location = Helsinki| publisher = Edita| year = 2009| version=Translations by Maija Dahlgren en m| id = ISBN 978-951-37-5598-0}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Vladimirov, Viktor| title = Towards winter war | publisher = Otava, 1995| year = 1995}} On topic elsewhere (135 pcs) Archives Institute.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

{{country data {{{1}}} | flaglink/core | variant = | size= | name= | altlink =national rugby union team | altvar =rugby union}} (Archives Department) Broadcasting #sota39 updates the stages of the war day by day on Twitter.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

The events of 75 years ago are recounted through actual conversations and decisions held by the country's martial government, condensed into tweets.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

* Category:Key articles of screening


Question: When was House started to be performed in Finland?

House (television series)

House (House M.D.)


Question: When was House started to be performed in Finland?

House (television series)

is an American hospital drama about a fictional doctor from Princeton-Plainsboro, a New Jersey-based teaching hospital named Gregory House and his group.


Question: When was House started to be performed in Finland?

House (television series)

It traditionally combines the characteristics of a murder mystery attached to detective sequences with a hospital setting, which is why it is often referred to as a “hospital detective”.


Question: When was House started to be performed in Finland?

House (television series)

The series' concept draws heavily on the Sherlock Holmes character created by Arthur Conan Doyle.


Question: When was House started to be performed in Finland?

House (television series)

[1] [2] Both Holmes and House (who resembles Holmes in pronunciation) are socially clumsy but supremely brilliant characters who solve their cases with their brilliant powers of reasoning.


Question: When was House started to be performed in Finland?

House (television series)

The series began in the United States in 2004 and was one of the most popular programs on the Fox channel.


Question: When was House started to be performed in Finland?

House (television series)

House also received prestigious awards; Hugh Laurie, who played the lead, was awarded the 2006 and 2007 Golden Globe for Best Actor's Work in a Drama Series.


Question: When was House started to be performed in Finland?

House (television series)

The music track of the program's initial emblem in the United States is part of the song “Teardrop” (Massive Attack).


Question: When was House started to be performed in Finland?

House (television series)

In Europe, the initial theme song was created jointly by Scott Donaldson and Richard Nolan.


Question: When was House started to be performed in Finland?

House (television series)

The series ended in May 2012 when the closing episode of its eighth and at the same time final production season aired in the United States.


Question: When was House started to be performed in Finland?

House (television series)

A total of 177 episodes were made of the series.


Question: When was House started to be performed in Finland?

House (television series)

Presenting in Finland House series is presented in Finland by TV channels MTV3 and Canal+ Series.


Question: When was House started to be performed in Finland?

House (television series)

The first production season of the series began on the MTV3 channel on September 21, 2006 and ended on February 22, 2007.


Question: When was House started to be performed in Finland?

House (television series)

The second production season began on September 13, 2007 and ended on February 21, 2008.


Question: When was House started to be performed in Finland?

House (television series)

The third production season aired from August 7, 2008 to January 8, 2009.


Question: When was House started to be performed in Finland?

House (television series)

The airing of the fourth production season began on February 11, 2010 and ended on May 27, 2010.


Question: When was House started to be performed in Finland?

House (television series)

The airing of the fifth production season began on February 10, 2011.


Question: When was House started to be performed in Finland?

House (television series)

In addition, seasons 1—4 of the series have been aired as a rerun.


Question: When was House started to be performed in Finland?

House (television series)

On the MTV3 channel, airtime for new episodes of the series has always been 9pm on Thursdays; reruns have aired on many other programming spots.


Question: When was House started to be performed in Finland?

House (television series)

On the Canal+ Series channel, House airs approx.


Question: When was House started to be performed in Finland?

House (television series)

2 months after the U.S.


Question: When was House started to be performed in Finland?

House (television series)

The 8th production season began on January 10, 2012.


Question: When was House started to be performed in Finland?

House (television series)

All eight production seasons of the series have been released on DVD (the sixth season also as blu-ray in the Nordic countries, but there is no Nordic release of the other seasons yet).


Question: When was House started to be performed in Finland?

House (television series)

All seasons of the series can also be viewed on Viasat's paid service Viaplay.


Question: When was House started to be performed in Finland?

House (television series)

[3] Production Concept References to Sherlock Holmes Series creator David Shore has said that he was always an admirer of Sherlock Holmes created by Arthur Conan Doyle and found the character's indifference to his clients unique.


Question: When was House started to be performed in Finland?

House (television series)

[4] The similarities come clearly to light in House's habit of resorting to psychology, [5] in inductive reasoning [1] and his unwillingness to treat dull cases.


Question: When was House started to be performed in Finland?

House (television series)

[6] House's method of research is to exclude diagnoses logically by finding them impossible; Holmes used a similar method.


Question: When was House started to be performed in Finland?

House (television series)

[7] Both of the characters also play an instrument (House piano, guitar and harmonica; Holmes playing violin) and use pharmaceutical substances (House is addicted to opioids; Holmes uses cocaine for recreational purposes).


Question: When was House started to be performed in Finland?

House (television series)

[1] House's relationship with James Wilson is similar to Holmes' relationship with Dr. Watson.


Question: When was House started to be performed in Finland?

House (television series)

[7] Wilson actor Robert Sean Leonard has said that House and Wilson were originally planned to work together in the manner of Holmes and Watson; he felt House's diagnostic team replaced his character in this role.


Question: When was House started to be performed in Finland?

House (television series)

[8] Shore said the House name itself was “a small tribute” to Holmes.


Question: When was House started to be performed in Finland?

House (television series)

[7] [9] House's apartment number, 221B, is a reference to Holmes' home address.


Question: When was House started to be performed in Finland?

House (television series)

[5] Individual episodes also contain references to Sherlock Holmes stories.


Question: When was House started to be performed in Finland?

House (television series)

The most pivotal patient in the first episode, Rebecca Adler, is named after Irene Adler, who appeared in the first Holmes short story.


Question: When was House started to be performed in Finland?

House (television series)

[10] In the closing episode of the second production season, the man shooting House is named in the closing credits as Moriarty after Holmes' archenemy.


Question: When was House started to be performed in Finland?

House (television series)

[11] In the fourth-season episode “Only a Lie”, House receives a “second edition of Conan Doyle” as a Christmas present.


Question: When was House started to be performed in Finland?

House (television series)

[12] In the fifth-season episode “The Itch”, House takes his keys and a jar of Vicodin from the top of Conan Doyle's The Memoirs of Sherlock Holmes.


Question: When was House started to be performed in Finland?

House (television series)

[13] In the episode “Joy to the World” of the same production season, House attempts to fool his team by using a book written by Joseph Bell that served as Sherlock Holmes' inspiration for Conan Doyle.


Question: When was House started to be performed in Finland?

House (television series)

[7] Wilson, who could not remember giving it the previous Christmas to House as a present, told the two team members it came from a patient named Irene Adler.


Question: When was House started to be performed in Finland?

House (television series)

[14] Casting In the beginning, producers were looking for a “typical American person” for the role of House.


Question: When was House started to be performed in Finland?

House (television series)

[15] Bryan Singer in particular couldn't imagine hiring anyone other than an American actor for the role.


Question: When was House started to be performed in Finland?

House (television series)

[16] Actor Hugh Laurie was in Namibia during the cast selection event filming Flight of the Phoenix — Desert Flight.


Question: When was House started to be performed in Finland?

House (television series)

He conducted his audition for a videotape in a hotel bathroom, the only place bright enough, and regretted its quality, [17] which Singer compared to the bin Laden videos.


Question: When was House started to be performed in Finland?

House (television series)

[18] Laurie improvised using an umbrella as a walking stick.


Question: When was House started to be performed in Finland?

House (television series)

Singer was very convinced of his performance and the ability of the “American actor” to empathise with the character.


Question: When was House started to be performed in Finland?

House (television series)

[16] [19] Singer did not realize Laurie was English because the American accent of this was so compelling.


Question: When was House started to be performed in Finland?

House (television series)

According to Laurie, the accent stemmed from “wasted youth working on too many TV series and movies.”


Question: When was House started to be performed in Finland?

House (television series)

[15] Although better-known American actors such as Denis Leary, Rob Morrow, and Patrick Dempsey were also considered for the role, were Shore, Jacobs, and Attanasi as convinced as Singer and ended up hiring Laurie for the role of House.


Question: When was House started to be performed in Finland?

House (television series)

[20] Later Laurie revealed that he initially thought the series' protagonist was Dr. James Wilson.


Question: When was House started to be performed in Finland?

House (television series)

Before he received the final script for the first episode, he believed House to be a minor character due to her character.


Question: When was House started to be performed in Finland?

House (television series)

[21] Laurie, who is the son of Dr. Ran Laurie, said he felt guilty because he is “paid more to emulate his own father.”


Question: When was House started to be performed in Finland?

House (television series)

[15] From the beginning of the third production season, he was paid between US$275,000 and US$300,000 per episode, three times the previous return.


Question: When was House started to be performed in Finland?

House (television series)

[22] [23] During the fifth season of production, Laurie made about $400,000 per episode, which made her one of the highest-paid television actresses.


Question: When was House started to be performed in Finland?

House (television series)

[24] [25] Robert Sean Leonard had received the script for both House and the CBS series Num3rot.


Question: When was House started to be performed in Finland?

House (television series)

[26] Leonard found Num3Roide's script interesting, but found when he read his character Charlie Eppes to be in so many scenes that he would be left with no free time.


Question: When was House started to be performed in Finland?

House (television series)

She says she realised then that the majority of people are happier working just a little bit.


Question: When was House started to be performed in Finland?

House (television series)

[26] Leonard did not think his audition for House was particularly good, but his long friendship with Singer helped him land a role as Dr. Wilson.


Question: When was House started to be performed in Finland?

House (television series)

[26] Singer had enjoyed the role of Lisa Edelstein as a prostitute in the series The West Wing and sent her a copy of the script for the first episode.


Question: When was House started to be performed in Finland?

House (television series)

[27] Edelstein was charmed by the quality of the script and her character's unwieldy dialogue with House, and was chosen to play Dr. Lisa Cuddy.


Question: When was House started to be performed in Finland?

House (television series)

[27] Filming style and locations House is often depicted using the “walk and talk” (walking talking) filming technique made famous on television by such series as St. Elsewhere, ICU, Sports Night and The West Wing.


Question: When was House started to be performed in Finland?

House (television series)

The technique uses camera driving, which depicts two or more actors talking and walking at once.


Question: When was House started to be performed in Finland?

House (television series)

Executive producer Katie Jacobs said the series uses the technique frequently, as “when a scene is put in motion, it — — creates a sense of urgency and efficiency”.


Question: When was House started to be performed in Finland?

House (television series)

He also pointed out Hugh Laurie's larger length than others makes scenes like that really work.


Question: When was House started to be performed in Finland?

House (television series)

Nancy Franklin of The New Yorker described the series Fantastic Journey-style special effects from patients' guts: “I bet you didn't know when your kidneys went out of business they were popping like bubble plastic.”


Question: When was House started to be performed in Finland?

House (television series)

“Cameras and special effects go not only down the throat,” another critic stressed, “but also up the nose and brain and inside the foot.”


Question: When was House started to be performed in Finland?

House (television series)

However, the series makes use of not only computer-produced footage (CGI), but also miniature model effects as well as motion control shooting.


Question: When was House started to be performed in Finland?

House (television series)

Many of the sets feature unscripted artifact that allows Laurie to improvise physically and create perspectives on his character and story.


Question: When was House started to be performed in Finland?

House (television series)

A brief description of the series' plot, Gregory House is by nature an annoying, easily boring and irritating specialist in infectious diseases and nephrology who is drug addicted, highly word-ready and often makes both patients and colleagues nervous.


Question: When was House started to be performed in Finland?

House (television series)

House suffers from leg muscle degeneration caused by a misdiagnosed arterial blockage, which causes him to limp his right leg and rely on a walking stick.


Question: When was House started to be performed in Finland?

House (television series)

Despite all that, House is a medical genius, able to diagnose patients” most mysterious and rare diseases that other doctors have been unable to diagnose.


Question: When was House started to be performed in Finland?

House (television series)

House avoids seeing his patient whenever possible, as he is only interested in the correct diagnosis, and not in curing the disease or the patient himself.


Question: When was House started to be performed in Finland?

House (television series)

Dr. House was aided by three assistant physicians, Dr. Allison Cameron who is a specialist in immunology, neurologist Dr. Eric Foreman and ICU physician Dr. Robert Chase, who usually perform the necessary tests to determine the disease and are involved in diagnosing.


Question: When was House started to be performed in Finland?

House (television series)

In general, House himself is not involved in patient or nursing, but mostly focuses on making diagnoses.


Question: When was House started to be performed in Finland?

House (television series)

Although if the situation requires radical treatment or other measures House usually performs these themselves.


Question: When was House started to be performed in Finland?

House (television series)

At the end of season three, House lost his team as Foreman resigned and Chase was fired, after which Cameron also resigned.


Question: When was House started to be performed in Finland?

House (television series)

In the fourth season of production, House held a competition for young doctors to find a new team.


Question: When was House started to be performed in Finland?

House (television series)

Doctors Lawrence Kutner, Chris Taub, as well as Remy Hadley (better known as 13 due to his “competition number”), with Foreman, who returns to the hospital, form House's new team.


Question: When was House started to be performed in Finland?

House (television series)

Cameron and Chase also return to the hospital, but for other missions.


Question: When was House started to be performed in Finland?

House (television series)

Kutner fires himself at the end of Season 5, leaving Foreman, Hadley (13) and Taub on the team.


Question: When was House started to be performed in Finland?

House (television series)

In Season 6, Cameron and Chase return to the team on an interim basis, but subsequently Chase decides to stay.


Question: When was House started to be performed in Finland?

House (television series)

In Season 7, Hadley leaves the team temporarily and was replaced by a student named Martha Masters.


Question: When was House started to be performed in Finland?

House (television series)

In Season 8, the team is joined by Doctors Jessica Adams and Chi Park.


Question: When was House started to be performed in Finland?

House (television series)

House's best friend is James Wilson, an oncologist who works at the hospital himself.


Question: When was House started to be performed in Finland?

House (television series)

Instead, Dr. Lisa Cuddy, the hospital's lead physician and dean, tries to keep House in and out of trouble, with more or less great results.


Question: When was House started to be performed in Finland?

House (television series)

Cuddy forces House, among other things, to work at a free clinic connected to the hospital.


Question: When was House started to be performed in Finland?

House (television series)

House has been engaged to Stacy Warner, but has since divorced.


Question: When was House started to be performed in Finland?

House (television series)

In the final episode of Season 6, House and Cuddy begin dating, but divorce in the 15th episode of Season 7.


Question: When was House started to be performed in Finland?

House (television series)

Cuddy leaves the hospital at the end of the season and Foreman becomes his successor.


Question: When was House started to be performed in Finland?

House (television series)

Series Actors In Main Roles In Side Roles Actors seasonally Production seasons Sources On topic elsewhere Please use a more specific IMDb template.


Question: When was House started to be performed in Finland?

House (television series)

See the documentation for available templates.


Question: When was House started to be performed in Finland?

House (television series)

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Question: When was House started to be performed in Finland?

House (television series)

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Question: When was House started to be performed in Finland?

House (television series)

* Category:Key articles of screening


Question: When did the Lapuan movement become illegal?

Lapuan Movement

The Lapuan movement (sometimes Lapuan movement) was a Finnish right-wing radical [1] anti-communist popular movement influenced between 1929 and 1932.


Question: When did the Lapuan movement become illegal?

Lapuan Movement

In its initial phase, the movement was pan-bourgeois in nature, but after achieving its primary objective, the prohibition of communist activities, the movement became radicalized and lost the support of the Agrarian and moderate right.


Question: When did the Lapuan movement become illegal?

Lapuan Movement

The Lapuan movement ceased after the failed Mäntsälä Rebellion (27 February — 6 March 1932), after it had failed to overthrow the legitimate government.


Question: When did the Lapuan movement become illegal?

Lapuan Movement

The political programme of the movement was continued by the Patriotic People's Movement (IKL) from 1932 to 1944.


Question: When did the Lapuan movement become illegal?

Lapuan Movement

Main features of the movement's background and development The movement said that the cornered party politicking had poisoned the state atmosphere and caused parties to forget about the interests of the Motherland and Finns.


Question: When did the Lapuan movement become illegal?

Lapuan Movement

In place of the “rampant” parliamentarianism, firm governmental powers had to be replaced by the Lapuan Liika Ry, among other things, a majority election.


Question: When did the Lapuan movement become illegal?

Lapuan Movement

In the opinion of Docent Jussi Niinistö, the Lapuan movement was the most powerful popular movement in Finnish political history, if not the most powerful in the history of Finland, since it got through all its original demands between 1929 and 1930.


Question: When did the Lapuan movement become illegal?

Lapuan Movement

[2] Initially, the People's Movement was a “posture movement” in support of the government, but soon morphed into a protest movement.


Question: When did the Lapuan movement become illegal?

Lapuan Movement

Lapua's movement had several different means of influence.


Question: When did the Lapuan movement become illegal?

Lapuan Movement

Civic assemblies, civic embassies, delegations, demonstrations of mass power and various pleadings were peaceful modes of action of the popular movement.


Question: When did the Lapuan movement become illegal?

Lapuan Movement

Also influential were mounting clamping on Labour houses and “purges” of local councils, in which local councillors known as communists were pressured and intimidated into resigning from their positions of trust.


Question: When did the Lapuan movement become illegal?

Lapuan Movement

Lapua's movement did not curl force, which also led to the breaking of the laws.


Question: When did the Lapuan movement become illegal?

Lapuan Movement

The most famous form of activity was the “pluses” (rides) of communists and other leftists, which were more or less violent.


Question: When did the Lapuan movement become illegal?

Lapuan Movement

Some of those ridden ended up across the eastern border into the Soviet Union.


Question: When did the Lapuan movement become illegal?

Lapuan Movement

Under the “Lapuan Law”, in addition to illegal rides, the Lapuans committed numerous assaults and even a few murders.


Question: When did the Lapuan movement become illegal?

Lapuan Movement

[3] From the end of 1929 until the end of 1930, the Lapua Movement functioned as a spontaneous popular movement with Ostrobothnia as a solid area of support and Vihtori Kosola, a charismatic farmer, activist and peasant as its ideological leader.


Question: When did the Lapuan movement become illegal?

Lapuan Movement

Initially, the core organisation of the popular movement was Suomen Lukko, with Artturi Leinonen as its leader.


Question: When did the Lapuan movement become illegal?

Lapuan Movement

In general, the spelling lapuanmovement refers to precisely this stage of popular movement.


Question: When did the Lapuan movement become illegal?

Lapuan Movement

In its own time, however, the popular movement was commonly referred to as just the Lapuan movement.


Question: When did the Lapuan movement become illegal?

Lapuan Movement

In November 1930, the movement reorganized into an organization under the name Lapuan Liika Ry, which, however, still retained the proportions of a popular movement thanks to its 30000 active members.


Question: When did the Lapuan movement become illegal?

Lapuan Movement

This organization was dissolved after the failed Mäntsälä Rebellion (27 February — 6 March 1932) on 24 March 1932.


Question: When did the Lapuan movement become illegal?

Lapuan Movement

The main difference between the Lapuan Movement and the Lapuan Movement was the latter's insistence on the prohibition of social democratic, that is, all remaining Marxist activities.


Question: When did the Lapuan movement become illegal?

Lapuan Movement

[2] The original popular movement relied on so-called white labour, i.e. non-socialist laborers, especially the Cörty peasants, as well as the rest of the rural population, clergy, civil servants and other educated and civilized middle classes.


Question: When did the Lapuan movement become illegal?

Lapuan Movement

Lapua's Liiku Ry, on the other hand, emerged with the gradual radicalization of the popular movement.


Question: When did the Lapuan movement become illegal?

Lapuan Movement

Its active adherence included the so-called upper middle class, namely senior civil servants, wealthier civilisation, more authoritative clergy, powerful military leaders, as well as industrialists and other representatives of the corporate world.


Question: When did the Lapuan movement become illegal?

Lapuan Movement

[4] The Lapua movement took influences from various far-right parties in Europe, especially the Fascists in Italy.


Question: When did the Lapuan movement become illegal?

Lapuan Movement

Mussolini's rise to power and activities in Italy were openly admired among the Lapuans.


Question: When did the Lapuan movement become illegal?

Lapuan Movement

[5] Although the Lapua movement was combined with the pan-European anti-communist, right-wing radical and bourgeois movement of its time, it does not always count as a right-wing radical.


Question: When did the Lapuan movement become illegal?

Lapuan Movement

Right-wing radicalism subsequently emerged from the tradition of post-activism and was represented by subsequent smaller organisations influenced from the mid-1930s onwards, which had generally emerged from the inner circle of the highly educated and many times Lapua movement in its time.


Question: When did the Lapuan movement become illegal?

Lapuan Movement

[4] At the party-political decision-level, a form of Finnish right-wing radicalism was mainly represented by the Patriotic People's Movement (IKL), which was established as an extension of the disbanded Lapuan Liika Ry on 5 June 1932 in Hämeenlinna.


Question: When did the Lapuan movement become illegal?

Lapuan Movement

The ideological basis and historical background of the whole popular movement was the Finnish Civil War and other events of 1917—1918.


Question: When did the Lapuan movement become illegal?

Lapuan Movement

After the war, it seemed that the extreme left had been wiped off the political map of Finland, and Finland's bourgeois democracy was not threatened.


Question: When did the Lapuan movement become illegal?

Lapuan Movement

However, the Communist Party of Finland (SKP), founded in the Soviet Union, began to operate in Finland in the 1920s through the Finnish Socialist Workers' Party (SSTP) (1920-1923) and its successor Socialist Workers' and Small Farmers' Electoral Organisation (STPV) (1924—1930).


Question: When did the Lapuan movement become illegal?

Lapuan Movement

The Communists won 27 seats in the parliamentary elections in 1922, 18 seats in 1924, 20 seats in 1927 and 23 in 1929.


Question: When did the Lapuan movement become illegal?

Lapuan Movement

As early as 1923, the Kallion I government had implemented the so-called “Kallio cut” and ceased operations of the SSTP, as well as arresting communist actives.


Question: When did the Lapuan movement become illegal?

Lapuan Movement

The activation of the far-left was evident in the fact that so-called white workmen, who had been icemen, tribal warriors or who had served in the war in the white forces, were forced to apologise in the labour papers for these “crimes”.


Question: When did the Lapuan movement become illegal?

Lapuan Movement

The apology took place in public, usually in a communist-controlled workers' magazine.


Question: When did the Lapuan movement become illegal?

Lapuan Movement

Unless repented, had to pay fines or pressured to resign from the job.


Question: When did the Lapuan movement become illegal?

Lapuan Movement

According to Docent Jussi Niinistö, work site terror also included violence described as an accident at work.


Question: When did the Lapuan movement become illegal?

Lapuan Movement

He describes it this way: Similarly, Professor Juha Siltala has stated in his doctoral thesis in 1985 that the Communists, with their terror at the site, provided an effective propaganda weapon to bourgeois circles.


Question: When did the Lapuan movement become illegal?

Lapuan Movement

For those who support white Finland in particular, humbling in the face of the “Moscow minions” was a bitter blow.


Question: When did the Lapuan movement become illegal?

Lapuan Movement

During his graduate work in 1967, researcher Pekka Vanhala examined 482 apology cases, 40% of which were political.


Question: When did the Lapuan movement become illegal?

Lapuan Movement

In 93% of political cases, the apology was due to the worker's belonging to a patronage council.


Question: When did the Lapuan movement become illegal?

Lapuan Movement

As many as 73% of all public apologies in Southern Ostrobothnia were from former patrons and Civil War veterans.


Question: When did the Lapuan movement become illegal?

Lapuan Movement

The Lapuan movement later took as one of its objectives the eradication of this phenomenon known as site terror.


Question: When did the Lapuan movement become illegal?

Lapuan Movement

[2] In addition, the communists organized strikes at factories and shipyards where commodities were produced for the needs of the state.


Question: When did the Lapuan movement become illegal?

Lapuan Movement

The defence industry, for example, was subjected to strike action.


Question: When did the Lapuan movement become illegal?

Lapuan Movement

In particular, the ten-month-long strike of submarine manufacturer Crichton-Vulcan in Turku in 1927 heated emotions.


Question: When did the Lapuan movement become illegal?

Lapuan Movement

The Communists received strike instructions from the Soviet Union along with monetary strike grants.


Question: When did the Lapuan movement become illegal?

Lapuan Movement

[2] For the emergence of the anti-communist popular movement, disputes between bourgeois parties also played a major role.


Question: When did the Lapuan movement become illegal?

Lapuan Movement

In the eyes of the Lapua movement, the civil war and subsequent state, or White Finland, had been the ideal state of pan-bourgeois and national existence.


Question: When did the Lapuan movement become illegal?

Lapuan Movement

The burghers had collectively been on the verge of defeating the red danger from the east, which had been left halfway to tackling.


Question: When did the Lapuan movement become illegal?

Lapuan Movement

White Finland, which mobilized Lapua, was an ideal state of aspiration, whereas for the centrist parties it was only a temporary transition.


Question: When did the Lapuan movement become illegal?

Lapuan Movement

In the Civil War victory parade, Gustaf Mannerheim had called for firm rule and the preservation of national existence, namely White Finland, but in the view of supporters of a future popular movement, neither of these had materialised.


Question: When did the Lapuan movement become illegal?

Lapuan Movement

After the government-style struggle, the ousting of Mannerheim from political life, the red-prisoner amnesties, minority governments of the centrist parties and various crises such as the patronage conflict, the Coalition, effectively excluded from governments entirely, was at odds with the centrist parties ( Agrarian League, National Progress Party) with.


Question: When did the Lapuan movement become illegal?

Lapuan Movement

The previously staunchly bourgeois Swedish People's Party again cooperated with the SDP and the SDP again supported centrist minority governments.


Question: When did the Lapuan movement become illegal?

Lapuan Movement

[6] This bourgeois dispersal, conflicts arising from front, class and group requests combined with the sense of danger created by the activation of communist activities and the spirit of war of liberation gave rise to the Lapua movement, when in fact, at the birth of the popular movement in 1929, the communist danger was at their very least, and the Social Democrats were already practically adapted and committed to bourgeois democracy.


Question: When did the Lapuan movement become illegal?

Lapuan Movement

[7] One of the foundations of the Lapuan movement were the strike breaker organisations.


Question: When did the Lapuan movement become illegal?

Lapuan Movement

The most famous of these was the Group Vientiraumaa led by Martti Pihkala.


Question: When did the Lapuan movement become illegal?

Lapuan Movement

After the strike broke out, the workers of the Vientipeace quarter were brought in to do the work and the labor struggle was broken.


Question: When did the Lapuan movement become illegal?

Lapuan Movement

The Ostrobothans played an active role in strike breaking activities, for example, during the hardest times of the Vient Peace during the nationwide port strike of 1928—1929, most of the strike breakers were Ostrobothians.


Question: When did the Lapuan movement become illegal?

Lapuan Movement

In Southern Ostrobothnia, Vihtori Kosola, a farmer who recruited the Civil War whites already served as a recruiter for picketers, tribal warriors and white people from the Civil War.


Question: When did the Lapuan movement become illegal?

Lapuan Movement

[2] In addition to the Peace of Export, a well-known organization was the Finnish Patronage Association, founded by Gustaf Mannerheim and P. E. Svinhufvud, which distributed anti-communist bulletins to the press.


Question: When did the Lapuan movement become illegal?

Lapuan Movement

In addition, anti-communist Enlightenment work was carried out by the Academic Karelia Society and the League of Independence, which broke away from it.


Question: When did the Lapuan movement become illegal?

Lapuan Movement

Perhaps the most significant organisation that contributed to the emergence of the Lapuan movement was the League of Front Men of the War of Independence, whose aim was to eradicate communism and eliminate site terror.


Question: When did the Lapuan movement become illegal?

Lapuan Movement

[2] Birth of the anti-communist popular movement Lapua Challenge party In November 1929, the Finnish Trade Union Organisation (SAJ) unsuccessfully declared a general strike in the country, with the result that the attitude atmosphere in the country quickly turned anti-communist.


Question: When did the Lapuan movement become illegal?

Lapuan Movement

[8] Members of the Communist Youth Union of Finland had begun to bully the burghers by rolling along villages in red sickle and hammer shirts, mocking independent Finland and Christian values.


Question: When did the Lapuan movement become illegal?

Lapuan Movement

[8] [9] The Youth Movement was the most active and pure-learning part of the SKP, extending the spectacular activities recommended by the VI Congress of the Comintern to the core area of “white Finland”, Southern Ostrobothnia during 1929.


Question: When did the Lapuan movement become illegal?

Lapuan Movement

[9] For example, at a celebration in Kurika, Jesus was called a “hooker's penis" [8] and a large sign depicting the Soviet flag was erected at the Lapuan Workers' House, which read: “Let us strive under this flag”.


Question: When did the Lapuan movement become illegal?

Lapuan Movement

[8] In Lapua, the communist Lapuan Young Workers' Study Association organized SKP on the mandate of the Vaasa headquarters from 23—24.


Question: When did the Lapuan movement become illegal?

Lapuan Movement

November 1929, a challenge party in Lapua, whose repertoire mocked Mannerheim and independent Finland.


Question: When did the Lapuan movement become illegal?

Lapuan Movement

[8] [9] As early as 23 November, local schoolboys had thrown odour bombs at the occasion and scrambled to grate red shirts off the performers.


Question: When did the Lapuan movement become illegal?

Lapuan Movement

Police interrupted the celebration before the situation was turning into an aerial brawl.


Question: When did the Lapuan movement become illegal?

Lapuan Movement

Communists who arrived on the evening train on 23 November were not allowed to land from the train and gunfire could be heard from the Workers' House.


Question: When did the Lapuan movement become illegal?

Lapuan Movement

[9] Finally the next day on November 24, about 1,000 people surrounded the Labor House.


Question: When did the Lapuan movement become illegal?

Lapuan Movement

The Lapuans marched inside the house under the leadership of Vihtori Kosola and said: “There have been enough mockery of God, treasonous activities and degraded the Motherland, now the play stops here once and for all!”


Question: When did the Lapuan movement become illegal?

Lapuan Movement

Following the announcement, the Lapuans violently took off their communists' red shirts and, after a harsh confession by Emil Tabell, an MP who arrived, threw out Emil Tabell, who arrived.


Question: When did the Lapuan movement become illegal?

Lapuan Movement

[8] [9] Eventually the incident turned into a mass brawl, calmed down by the newly arrived police officers.


Question: When did the Lapuan movement become illegal?

Lapuan Movement

In skirmish e.g.


Question: When did the Lapuan movement become illegal?

Lapuan Movement

were torn from the walls of the Labour House with signs “God help the burghers” and “God has empowered capitalists to be robbers”.


Question: When did the Lapuan movement become illegal?

Lapuan Movement

[8] Eventually the Communists were driven out of Lapua by schoolboy pranks and taunts.


Question: When did the Lapuan movement become illegal?

Lapuan Movement

[2] The Communist-held Lapuan Workers' House was nailed shut.


Question: When did the Lapuan movement become illegal?

Lapuan Movement

When it had to be opened again, following a change in circumstances in September 1931, a new domestic political crisis arose.


Question: When did the Lapuan movement become illegal?

Lapuan Movement

Citizens' meetings Gustav Tiitu, an agrarian farmer, contacted Artturi Leinonen, editor of newspaper Ilka, to call a citizens' assembly.


Question: When did the Lapuan movement become illegal?

Lapuan Movement

A notice was published in Ilka and Vaasa magazine: “The Citizens' Assembly of Southern Ostrobothnia in Lapuan Seuratalo next Sunday, 1 December, starting at 1 p.m.


Question: When did the Lapuan movement become illegal?

Lapuan Movement

The meeting will be presented with the growing sedition activities of the Communists.


Question: When did the Lapuan movement become illegal?

Lapuan Movement

A bunch of Lapuans”.


Question: When did the Lapuan movement become illegal?

Lapuan Movement

In the end, more than 2000 people came to the Citizens' Assembly and from other provinces, and the committee that organised it included the Coalition Rector Hilja Riipinen and the Vicar K. R. Kares of Lapua, in addition to Tiitti, Leinonen and Kosola.


Question: When did the Lapuan movement become illegal?

Lapuan Movement

The Lapua meeting lasted more than three hours and more than 80 speeches were used.


Question: When did the Lapuan movement become illegal?

Lapuan Movement

In his speech, Leinonen expressed that the common will of the people was to crush communism and asked if it could be accomplished by legitimate means.