Question: Who ruled before Justinian I?

Justinian I

Theodora was elevated to patrician by Justinian.


Question: Who ruled before Justinian I?

Justinian I

[8] The greatest threat to the union of Justinian and Theodora was Justine's wife Empress Euphemia, who could not tolerate Theodora.


Question: Who ruled before Justinian I?

Justinian I

Euphemia died, however, in 524 and in 525 Justinian and Theodora were married.


Question: Who ruled before Justinian I?

Justinian I

[7] In 527 Theodora received the title Augusta.


Question: Who ruled before Justinian I?

Justinian I

Like Justine's family in the past, Theodora's family was allowed to share the benefits of his new value.


Question: Who ruled before Justinian I?

Justinian I

Theodora's sisters were married into high-adjusted families.


Question: Who ruled before Justinian I?

Justinian I

The background of Theodora and also Justinian created much opposition in the capital.


Question: Who ruled before Justinian I?

Justinian I

At the court of Justinian and Theodora, etiquette rose to an even more important role.


Question: Who ruled before Justinian I?

Justinian I

Prokopios tells a few stories about how Theodora humiliated those who belonged to the upper class.


Question: Who ruled before Justinian I?

Justinian I

Theodora did use court etiquette to hold on to her new position.


Question: Who ruled before Justinian I?

Justinian I

[9] Theodora was a proponent of monophysitism.


Question: Who ruled before Justinian I?

Justinian I

Monophysitism had been condemned as a heretic by the Ecclesiastical Assembly of Kcracdon as early as 451.


Question: Who ruled before Justinian I?

Justinian I

Like his uncle, Justinian advocated the decisions of the meeting of Khalkedon.


Question: Who ruled before Justinian I?

Justinian I

Theodora did not keep her monophysitism secret and the couple often quarreled over religious matters.


Question: Who ruled before Justinian I?

Justinian I

On the other hand, the loyalty of the monophysitists in the kingdom to the Emperor remained steadfast when they knew the Empress was a monophysitist.


Question: Who ruled before Justinian I?

Justinian I

[10] As emperor, according to Prokopios, Justinian had real power even before Justine's death.


Question: Who ruled before Justinian I?

Justinian I

On 4 April 527, Justinus allowed to crown Justinian and Theodora as emperor and empress.


Question: Who ruled before Justinian I?

Justinian I

Four months later, Justinus died and Justinian became soliloquy.


Question: Who ruled before Justinian I?

Justinian I

Justinian's Reforms Reforming Taxation To finance all the reforms he wanted, Justinian entrusted John the Cappadocian with reforming the taxation of the kingdom.


Question: Who ruled before Justinian I?

Justinian I

Under John's leadership, the bureaucracy was pruned and new taxes were enacted.


Question: Who ruled before Justinian I?

Justinian I

Taxation hit aristocracy and peasants alike.


Question: Who ruled before Justinian I?

Justinian I

Some of the reforms were downright counterproductive.


Question: Who ruled before Justinian I?

Justinian I

John pushed through a reform that restricted the Imperial Post Office.


Question: Who ruled before Justinian I?

Justinian I

This got repercussions.


Question: Who ruled before Justinian I?

Justinian I

Peasants had previously been able to sell their grain to the Post Office, which needed food for horses.


Question: Who ruled before Justinian I?

Justinian I

Now the peasants were unable to sell their grain because transporting grain by land was usually very expensive.


Question: Who ruled before Justinian I?

Justinian I

John's attempts to prune Belisarius' expenditure on the war expedition against the Vandals were also to backfire.


Question: Who ruled before Justinian I?

Justinian I

The bread, which was part of Navy rations, was not well baked enough and was spoiled during the voyage.


Question: Who ruled before Justinian I?

Justinian I

Five hundred soldiers died from eating spoiled food.


Question: Who ruled before Justinian I?

Justinian I

Hard taxation drove peasants from their homes.


Question: Who ruled before Justinian I?

Justinian I

A large number of them moved to Constantinople.


Question: Who ruled before Justinian I?

Justinian I

John Lyydian tells the Cappadocian to have let a herd of wild beasts, or tax collectors, attack Lydia.


Question: Who ruled before Justinian I?

Justinian I

Soon John turned out to be the most hated man in the kingdom.


Question: Who ruled before Justinian I?

Justinian I

[11] In the eastern parts of the kingdom, Greek supplanted Latin as the language of government.


Question: Who ruled before Justinian I?

Justinian I

Legislation reforms Justinian allowed to rewrite the old Roman laws under Tribonianus.


Question: Who ruled before Justinian I?

Justinian I

On April 8, 529, the Codex Iustinianus was completed and a week later it superseded all the old laws in the judicial seats through the kingdom.


Question: Who ruled before Justinian I?

Justinian I

In 530, a unified Digesta began to be compiled from the texts of the old lawyers.


Question: Who ruled before Justinian I?

Justinian I

The third book related to the laws was Institutiones, intended as a textbook for those studying law.


Question: Who ruled before Justinian I?

Justinian I

These three works are known as Corpus iuris civilis.


Question: Who ruled before Justinian I?

Justinian I

Justinian and religion Justinian, like his uncle, advocated the decisions of the Ecclesiastical Assembly of Khalkedon.


Question: Who ruled before Justinian I?

Justinian I

Theodora, however, was a proponent of monophysitism.


Question: Who ruled before Justinian I?

Justinian I

At the beginning of Justine's reign, the Monophysites were oppressed, but Justinianus—encouraged by Theodora—favored negotiations.


Question: Who ruled before Justinian I?

Justinian I

[12] By 527, the Monophysitists had split into two camps, the moderates led by Severus and the so-called Julianists, who advocated a more drastic form of monophysitism.


Question: Who ruled before Justinian I?

Justinian I

The Julianists had great support among the people.


Question: Who ruled before Justinian I?

Justinian I

[13] In 531, the Monophysite delegation arrived in Constantinople where Theodora and Justinian received them.


Question: Who ruled before Justinian I?

Justinian I

For the monophysites, the emperor allowed to build even his own church in the capital.


Question: Who ruled before Justinian I?

Justinian I

Justinian attempted to establish a dialogue between the Kcracdonians and the Monophysites.


Question: Who ruled before Justinian I?

Justinian I

In 532 he organized a meeting attended by monks from both camps.


Question: Who ruled before Justinian I?

Justinian I

However, the meeting led nowhere and in 536 Severus and other Monophysite leaders arrived at the capital at Justinian's request.


Question: Who ruled before Justinian I?

Justinian I

The Monophysites met Anthimus, the new Patriarch of Constantinople.


Question: Who ruled before Justinian I?

Justinian I

Severus represented a moderate trend of monophysitism and the parties soon came to an agreement.


Question: Who ruled before Justinian I?

Justinian I

Severus also persuaded Pope John II to approve an amendment to the Kcracdon Confession of Faith to the Monophysitists.


Question: Who ruled before Justinian I?

Justinian I

However, support for Severus in Egypt was in decline.


Question: Who ruled before Justinian I?

Justinian I

In 536, Pope Agapetus I arrived in Constantinople.


Question: Who ruled before Justinian I?

Justinian I

Justinian and Agapetus both spoke native Latin and the pope easily got Justininus back on the side of the Kcracdonians.


Question: Who ruled before Justinian I?

Justinian I

Justinian sacked Anthimus and appointed a certain Paulus as patriarch instead.


Question: Who ruled before Justinian I?

Justinian I

Severus and Anthimus were expelled from the capital and Serverus died shortly after this.


Question: Who ruled before Justinian I?

Justinian I

To succeed him as leader of the Monophysites rose Theodosius, who had been elected Patriarch of Alexandria.


Question: Who ruled before Justinian I?

Justinian I

[12] [13] The next turn occurred in 541 when the Ghassanid emir Harith arrived in Constantinople.


Question: Who ruled before Justinian I?

Justinian I

As a monophysite, Harith turned to Theodora and asked to have bishops for his own tribe.


Question: Who ruled before Justinian I?

Justinian I

Harith's endorsement was important to Byzantium and Theodora was overspoken by Justinian.


Question: Who ruled before Justinian I?

Justinian I

Theodosius, the leader of the Monophysites, was thus authorized to ordain two monks as metropolitans of Edessa and Bostra.


Question: Who ruled before Justinian I?

Justinian I

Bostra was the capital of the Arabian province and its new metropolis Theodoros was himself an Arab.


Question: Who ruled before Justinian I?

Justinian I

However, he did not stay in Bostra but accompanied the Ghassanid tribe.


Question: Who ruled before Justinian I?

Justinian I

The Metropolitan Jakob of Edessa also moved around the Middle East and according to allegations he consecrated 100,000 priests and almost 30 bishops.


Question: Who ruled before Justinian I?

Justinian I

Even if the figures were not true, then in the East the Monophysites built their own parallel hierarchy.


Question: Who ruled before Justinian I?

Justinian I

The loyalty of the Ghassanids was thus guaranteed, but achieving religious unity in the kingdom was further hampered.


Question: Who ruled before Justinian I?

Justinian I

[14] [15] At the same time, the emperor tried to achieve an agreement between the parties.


Question: Who ruled before Justinian I?

Justinian I

The main problem was the Popes, who were not ready for any kind of theological compromise.


Question: Who ruled before Justinian I?

Justinian I

When Agapetus died, Theodora wanted to succeed him a certain Vigilius, who had arrived in Constantinople in the company of Agapetus and who had shown himself willing to mediate.


Question: Who ruled before Justinian I?

Justinian I

In Rome, however, Silverius was elected as the new pope with the support of the Ostrogoths.


Question: Who ruled before Justinian I?

Justinian I

With the help of Belisarius and Antonina, Silverius was deposed and Vigilius elected pope.


Question: Who ruled before Justinian I?

Justinian I

In 542—543, Justinian issued an edict condemning the doctrines of Origenee.


Question: Who ruled before Justinian I?

Justinian I

Origenism had caused major problems in Palestine.


Question: Who ruled before Justinian I?

Justinian I

In 544, Justinian published another Edict, known as the “three chapters” (), condemning several doctrines of persons associated with Nestorian.


Question: Who ruled before Justinian I?

Justinian I

In the view of monophysitists, there was no great difference between the Kcracdonians and the Nestorians.


Question: Who ruled before Justinian I?

Justinian I

Some of the condemned doctrines had been approved by the Khalkedon Ecclesiastical Assembly.


Question: Who ruled before Justinian I?

Justinian I

Justinian believed the Edict would help bring reconciliation between the Monophysites and the Kcracdonites.


Question: Who ruled before Justinian I?

Justinian I

In Latin-speaking Italy and Africa, however, there was staunch opposition to the Edict.


Question: Who ruled before Justinian I?

Justinian I

A surprised Justinian summoned the pope to Constantinople to negotiate.


Question: Who ruled before Justinian I?

Justinian I

Vigilius arrived in 547.


Question: Who ruled before Justinian I?

Justinian I

Justinian forced him to accept the Edict.


Question: Who ruled before Justinian I?

Justinian I

As a result, Vigilius was condemned at a meeting in Carthage.


Question: Who ruled before Justinian I?

Justinian I

Justinian then asked the bishops of Africa to arrive in Constantinople.


Question: Who ruled before Justinian I?

Justinian I

Upon reaching there, Justinian allowed the dismissal and imprisonment of several bishops, among them Raptus, Bishop of Carthage.


Question: Who ruled before Justinian I?

Justinian I

There were problems in the East too and Justinian got the patriarchs to sign the Edict only in the face of duress.


Question: Who ruled before Justinian I?

Justinian I

[16] [17] Justinian decided to convene an ecclesiastical assembly to discuss the matter.


Question: Who ruled before Justinian I?

Justinian I

Before the meeting, Patriarch Menas of Constantinople died in 552 and Eutykcius, who was a staunch supporter of Justinian, was elected as his successor.


Question: Who ruled before Justinian I?

Justinian I

The fifth ecumenical ecclesiastical assembly was held in Constantinople in 553.


Question: Who ruled before Justinian I?

Justinian I

The meeting was attended by 166 bishops.


Question: Who ruled before Justinian I?

Justinian I

Of Illyria, only nine bishops attended and from Italy, excluding Rome and Milan, none.


Question: Who ruled before Justinian I?

Justinian I

The Patriarch of Jerusalem did not attend the meeting, although he was in the city and Vigilius refused to attend.


Question: Who ruled before Justinian I?

Justinian I

However, Vigilius gave in 554 and accepted the decisions of the assembly.


Question: Who ruled before Justinian I?

Justinian I

The meeting began on 5 May.


Question: Who ruled before Justinian I?

Justinian I

Justinian himself did not attend the meeting, but got all the things he wanted pushed through.


Question: Who ruled before Justinian I?

Justinian I

The end result, however, was lean.


Question: Who ruled before Justinian I?

Justinian I

The Monophysites were still not ready for reconciliation.


Question: Who ruled before Justinian I?

Justinian I

[18] Justinian's building programme upon becoming Emperor, Justinian began an ambitious building programme.


Question: Who ruled before Justinian I?

Justinian I

For the protection of the kingdom, he allowed new fortifications to be built and renovated old ones.


Question: Who ruled before Justinian I?

Justinian I

In Constantinople, he built underground cisterns.


Question: Who ruled before Justinian I?

Justinian I

In the capital Justinian also allowed to build the huge church of Hagia Sophia.


Question: Who ruled before Justinian I?

Justinian I

Justinian, his own birthtown, rebuilt and renamed it Justiniana Prima.


Question: Who ruled before Justinian I?

Justinian I

The Basilica of San Vitale in Ravenna was also built during Justinian's time, where the famous mosaics depicting Justinian and Theodora are located.


Question: Who ruled before Justinian I?

Justinian I

The war against Persia in the Caucasus, between the Byzantine and Sassanid empires, located several smaller Christian kingdoms.


Question: Who ruled before Justinian I?

Justinian I

During Justine's final years, the Byzantines and Sassanids made smaller war expeditions in the region.


Question: Who ruled before Justinian I?

Justinian I

The war was truly broken out in Justinian's first year as a monopoly.


Question: Who ruled before Justinian I?

Justinian I

The troops in the east were led by Hypatius, nephew of the former emperor Anastasius.


Question: Who ruled before Justinian I?

Justinian I

However, Justinian appointed Belisarius, who had previously belonged to his own bodyguard, to replace Hypatius as magister militum per Orientem as Belisarius' assessor, a sort of scribe and advisor, acted as the future historian Prokopios.


Question: Who ruled before Justinian I?

Justinian I

At the same time, the Samaritans rose up in revolt, instigated by Kavadhi.


Question: Who ruled before Justinian I?

Justinian I

[19] Belisarius defeated the Persians at the Battle of Dara in June in 530.


Question: Who ruled before Justinian I?

Justinian I

At the same time, Sittas prevented the Sassanids from advancing into Armenia.


Question: Who ruled before Justinian I?

Justinian I

The Battle of Callinicum the following year ended up in defeat for the Byzantines.


Question: Who ruled before Justinian I?

Justinian I

The war ended in 531 with the death of King Kavadh I.


Question: Who ruled before Justinian I?

Justinian I

At a peace negotiation in 532, Byzantium pledged his years to pay 11,000 lbs of gold to the Sassanids.


Question: Who ruled before Justinian I?

Justinian I

The peace treaty was called “eternal peace” but came to last only seven years.


Question: Who ruled before Justinian I?

Justinian I

[20] In the same year, Justinian sent a mighty 30000-headed army to take Armenia from Persia.


Question: Who ruled before Justinian I?

Justinian I

However, this army was easily defeated by the Persians and Justinian had to make peace in 545.


Question: Who ruled before Justinian I?

Justinian I

However, the war continued in Lazica, on the eastern shore of the Black Sea.


Question: Who ruled before Justinian I?

Justinian I

The Persians were left outnumbered here and were eventually forced to abandon the territory.


Question: Who ruled before Justinian I?

Justinian I

In 561, a new peace was concluded, which was to last for 50 years.


Question: Who ruled before Justinian I?

Justinian I

The Nika Rebellion on 11 January 532 in Constantinople was triggered by a rebellion led by a green and blue “party” operating in the Hippodrome, or horse track.


Question: Who ruled before Justinian I?

Justinian I

Justinian was a supporter of the Blue, but they turned against him.


Question: Who ruled before Justinian I?

Justinian I

The mutineers demanded that the emperor sack John the Cappadocian, Tribonianus, and the urban prefect Eudaimon.


Question: Who ruled before Justinian I?

Justinian I

They were exchanged by order of the emperor, but afterwards the mutineers wanted to plunge the emperor himself from power.


Question: Who ruled before Justinian I?

Justinian I

On 17 January Justinian could no longer control the situation with the entire city rioting, and he could not even rely on his Imperial Guard.


Question: Who ruled before Justinian I?

Justinian I

The rebels retrieved Hypatius, the nephew of Emperor Anastasius, intending to crown him emperor.


Question: Who ruled before Justinian I?

Justinian I

The emperor ordered Belisarius, who had just returned from Persia, and Mundus, who still had loyal heruls under his command, to put down the rebellion.


Question: Who ruled before Justinian I?

Justinian I

The forces of Belisarius and Mundo killed the rebels in the Hippodrome and took Hypatius to the emperor.


Question: Who ruled before Justinian I?

Justinian I

Hypatius and another nephew of Anastasius, Pompey, were killed and their bodies dumped into the sea.


Question: Who ruled before Justinian I?

Justinian I

As many as 30,000 persons were killed during the rebellion.


Question: Who ruled before Justinian I?

Justinian I

Conquests in the West Conquest of North Africa In 533, Justinian sent the kingdom's most promising officer, Belisarius, to reclaim the North African coast from the Vandals.


Question: Who ruled before Justinian I?

Justinian I

Belisarius' forces came ashore in Tunisia and defeated King Gelimer of the Vandals in the Battle of Ad Decimum on 13 September.


Question: Who ruled before Justinian I?

Justinian I

On 15 September Belisarius marched to Carthage, which surrendered to the Romans.


Question: Who ruled before Justinian I?

Justinian I

The Romans defeated Gelimer on a repeat occasion at the Battle of Trikamaron in December 533.


Question: Who ruled before Justinian I?

Justinian I

Gelimer surrendered to Belisarius in March 534 and the war ended.


Question: Who ruled before Justinian I?

Justinian I

[21] Although the war was over, the Eastern Roman forces had to fight against the Moors who had invaded from the south for many more years.


Question: Who ruled before Justinian I?

Justinian I

Belisarius' successor was his subordinate, domesticus Solomon.


Question: Who ruled before Justinian I?

Justinian I

He was appointed landlord of the new African province in April 534.


Question: Who ruled before Justinian I?

Justinian I

Solomon began a war expedition against the Moors and built fortifications to protect the Eastern Roman frontier.


Question: Who ruled before Justinian I?

Justinian I

Some of them have survived to the present.


Question: Who ruled before Justinian I?

Justinian I

In 536, however, the army rebelled against Solomon, who was forced to flee to Sicily.


Question: Who ruled before Justinian I?

Justinian I

Belisarius returned from Italy to North Africa and repelled a rebel attack on Carthage, but he soon had to return to lead the war effort in Italy.


Question: Who ruled before Justinian I?

Justinian I

Justinian sent his cousin Germanus to Africa.


Question: Who ruled before Justinian I?

Justinian I

He managed to put down the rebellion and North Africa was peaceful for two years.


Question: Who ruled before Justinian I?

Justinian I

In 539, Solomon was reappointed commander of the forces in Africa.


Question: Who ruled before Justinian I?

Justinian I

He got new troops with him.


Question: Who ruled before Justinian I?

Justinian I

[21] Solomon eradicated the cores of the rebellion from his army and began a war expedition against the Moors in the Aurès Mountains.


Question: Who ruled before Justinian I?

Justinian I

The Romans took over Mauretania Prima and incorporated it into their kingdom.


Question: Who ruled before Justinian I?

Justinian I

Solomon built more fortifications to protect the area.


Question: Who ruled before Justinian I?

Justinian I

In 543, the Moors revolted again.


Question: Who ruled before Justinian I?

Justinian I

This time the blame lay with Solomon's nephew Sergius, who was appointed first as dux of Tripolitania and then as Solomon's successor upon his death in 544.


Question: Who ruled before Justinian I?

Justinian I

However, he was completely incompetent and widely hated.


Question: Who ruled before Justinian I?

Justinian I

In 545, Justinian appointed another officer to head Areobindus' army, but he too proved incompetent and was assassinated the following year.


Question: Who ruled before Justinian I?

Justinian I

Next, Justinian sent the experienced John Troglita to the region, who defeated the Moors in 548.


Question: Who ruled before Justinian I?

Justinian I

Subsequently, North Africa seems to have enjoyed a period of relative calm right up to the Arab conquests in the 6th century.


Question: Who ruled before Justinian I?

Justinian I

[21] In the Gothic War Justinian sent Belisarius to conquer Italy from the Ostrogoths in 534.


Question: Who ruled before Justinian I?

Justinian I

He went ashore in Sicily and took the island without difficulty.


Question: Who ruled before Justinian I?

Justinian I

Rome was taken in 536 and Milan and Ravenna in 540.


Question: Who ruled before Justinian I?

Justinian I

Justinian now proposed peace to the Goths and would have allowed them to maintain their own kingdom in northern Italy, but this was opposed by Belisarius.


Question: Who ruled before Justinian I?

Justinian I

The Goths at this point would have preferred Belisarius as their own king.


Question: Who ruled before Justinian I?

Justinian I

Belisarius accepted the crown, but upon reaching Ravenna he captured the leaders of the Goths and recaptured the entire Gothic Empire for Byzantium.


Question: Who ruled before Justinian I?

Justinian I

For Justinian this was not good enough, he would have wanted a neutral state between Byzantium and the Franks, since the Persians had again begun to trouble the eastern frontier.


Question: Who ruled before Justinian I?

Justinian I

Justinian sent Belisarius to wage war against the Persians and installed the eunuch Narses in his place in Italy.


Question: Who ruled before Justinian I?

Justinian I

Plague In 542, a plague struck Constantinople.


Question: Who ruled before Justinian I?

Justinian I

In Constantinople alone, an estimated 300,000 died, perhaps as many as 40% of the city's inhabitants.


Question: Who ruled before Justinian I?

Justinian I

Justinian fell ill and for a little while it looked as if he too would pass away.


Question: Who ruled before Justinian I?

Justinian I

According to custom, the army chose the next emperor.


Question: Who ruled before Justinian I?

Justinian I

The army in the east rallied and decided that it would not accept a new emperor if one was elected in the absence of the army.


Question: Who ruled before Justinian I?

Justinian I

Justinian, however, was cured of the disease.


Question: Who ruled before Justinian I?

Justinian I

Theodora, who had never liked Belisarius, saw his chance and convinced Justinian to dismiss him from the Eastern army.


Question: Who ruled before Justinian I?

Justinian I

Belisarius' property was confiscated and his personal guard disbanded.


Question: Who ruled before Justinian I?

Justinian I

Justinian pardoned Belisarius in 543, and he regained his possessions.


Question: Who ruled before Justinian I?

Justinian I

Belisarius' only child Joannina married Theodora's great-granddaughter Anastasius.


Question: Who ruled before Justinian I?

Justinian I

Theodora accepted this perhaps because he was good friends with Belisarius' wife Antonina.


Question: Who ruled before Justinian I?

Justinian I

Antonina had a similar background when Theodora.


Question: Who ruled before Justinian I?

Justinian I

In 544, Justinian sent Belisarius again to Italy.


Question: Who ruled before Justinian I?

Justinian I

In Belisarius' absence, the Goths had beaten the troops remaining in Italy.


Question: Who ruled before Justinian I?

Justinian I

However, Belisarius was unable to prevent Totila, the leader of the Ostrogoths, from taking over Rome in 546.


Question: Who ruled before Justinian I?

Justinian I

However, Totila left Rome and was recaptured by Belisarius.


Question: Who ruled before Justinian I?

Justinian I

In 549, Belisarius was recalled to Constantinople and Totila regained control of Rome.


Question: Who ruled before Justinian I?

Justinian I

In 550, Justinian planned to send an army under his cousin Germanus, but he died before leaving.


Question: Who ruled before Justinian I?

Justinian I

In 551, Byzantium recaptured southern Spain from the Visigoths.


Question: Who ruled before Justinian I?

Justinian I

Sources Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = John Julius Norwich| title = Byzantium: The Early Centuries| publisher = Viking| year = 1991| id = ISBN 0-394-53778-5}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Averil Cameron et al.| title = The Cambridge Ancient History, Second Edition, Volume XIV: Late Antiquity, Empire and Successors| publisher = Cambridge University Press| year = 2000| id = ISBN 0-521-32591-9}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Prokopios| title = Vandalkrigen Hemlig history (translated into Swedish by Sture Linnér) | publisher = Wahlström & Widstrand classickerserie| year = 2000| id = ISBN 91-46-20209-9}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = James Allan Stewart Evans| title=Age of Justinian: The Circumstances of Imperial Power| publisher = Routledge| year = 2000| id = ISBN 978041523233 260}} Michael H. Hart:The Hundred Greatest of Humanity — One Hundred Most Significant Persons in World History in Order of Importance, Artifact Oy 1979, ISBN 951-99229-1-1 Check date values in: |accessdate=, |date= (help) CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link) References on the topic elsewhere Prokopios Anecdota Transclusion error: {{En}} is only for use in File namespace.


Question: Who ruled before Justinian I?

Justinian I

Use {{lang-en}} or {{en icon}} instead.


Question: Who ruled before Justinian I?

Justinian I

Transclusion error: {{En}} is only for use in File namespace.


Question: Who ruled before Justinian I?

Justinian I

Use {{lang-en}} or {{en icon}} instead.


Question: Who ruled before Justinian I?

Justinian I

Category:Persons of Late Antiquity Category:Those born in 483 Class:Deaths in 565


Question: Where did the Irish language come from?

Irish

Irish (Gaeilge) is the first official language of Ireland.


Question: Where did the Irish language come from?

Irish

Following the Stádas Campaign of 2003—04, the Irish government also applied to it for official language status in the European Union, which it was decided to give it in June 2005 from 2007 onwards.


Question: Where did the Irish language come from?

Irish

Irish is a Celtic language and belongs to the so-called Q-Celtic or Gaelic (Goidelic) subgroup of the Celtic languages.


Question: Where did the Irish language come from?

Irish

The closest relatives of the Irish language are Scottish Highland Gaelic, or Scots Gaelic (Gàidhlig), as well as the Manxi language (Engl), which became extinct in the Isle of Man in the 1970s but still maintained by language enthusiasts.


Question: Where did the Irish language come from?

Irish

Manx Gaelic, self-language designation Gaelg or Çspirituy-ny-Mairey Vannin).


Question: Where did the Irish language come from?

Irish

More distantly related are Welsh (Welsh) and Breton spoken in Brittany, belonging to another subgroup in the Celtic language group, the British languages, or P-Celtic languages.


Question: Where did the Irish language come from?

Irish

These differ so much from Irish and other Goidelic languages that, for example, Welsh, apart from English loanwords fresh to an Irish speaker, is a completely foreign and incomprehensible language.


Question: Where did the Irish language come from?

Irish

Sound structure Writing system Only the following letters are required to write original words in Irish: a á b c d e é f g h i í l m n o ó p r s t u ú The acute accent on top of a vowel letter is basically a length sign; though some combinations of letters ( especially rl, rd, rn, nn, ll) the vowel above is always or usually long, and the first vowel of a word may dialectively diphthonged, especially if it is trailed by any of the lengthening consonant groups.


Question: Where did the Irish language come from?

Irish

Consonants are either dissolved or insoluble in iris—in Irish grammar the terms “narrow” (engl are usually used.


Question: Where did the Irish language come from?

Irish

slender, iir.


Question: Where did the Irish language come from?

Irish

caol) and “broad” (engl.


Question: Where did the Irish language come from?

Irish

broad, iir.


Question: Where did the Irish language come from?

Irish

leathan).


Question: Where did the Irish language come from?

Irish

In spelling, this is shown so that when a consonant is narrow, a narrow vowel (e, i, é, í) is next to it, while wide, a wide vowel is written next to it.


Question: Where did the Irish language come from?

Irish

For example, if a narrow consonant is followed or preceded by a long wide vowel, the letter e or i should be set as a narrowing mark in spelling.


Question: Where did the Irish language come from?

Irish

Such combinations of letters as bh, dh, gh and others are the result of a consonant change called an attenuation at the beginning of a word, caused by the preposition, article, or other grammatical particle above.


Question: Where did the Irish language come from?

Irish

Within a word, by contrast, they tend to merge with the preceding vowel to form a diphthong, for example in the word meabhair “mind, reason” is pronounced diphthong [au] or [ou], in meidhir “elation, hilarity” is pronounced diphthong [ai] or [oi].


Question: Where did the Irish language come from?

Irish

Such letter combinations can also be used to denote diphthongs in loanwords, for example treabhsar “pants” (< engl.


Question: Where did the Irish language come from?

Irish

trousers).


Question: Where did the Irish language come from?

Irish

However, the dialects differ quite a bit in terms of pronunciation of these intra-word impaired consonants: for example, the word togha “valio” is pronounced in Connemara [tau] but in Ulster rather [te:].


Question: Where did the Irish language come from?

Irish

Instead of attenuated consonant letters (ch, dh, et al.), the old spelling of Irish usually preferred scored letters: for example, the old spelling /ċ/ = current /ch/.


Question: Where did the Irish language come from?

Irish

The old spelling, which was based on the classical letter circuitry of the 17th century, contained a large number of mute letters.


Question: Where did the Irish language come from?

Irish

With old spelling (scored letters converted to h:llish letters): Is breagh an rud sgíthiste i ndiaidh trí mhíle de mhílte sligheadh a chur tharat, agus caithfear an aidmheáil go rabh Buck ag éirghe fallsa de réir mar bí a chuid cneadhach ag cneasú, de réir mar bhí na feitheógaí ag líonadh ann, agus an fheóil ag teacht arais air le n-a chuid cnámh a chumhdach.


Question: Where did the Irish language come from?

Irish

(from Scairt an Dúchais, Niall Ó Dónaill's translation of Jack London's classic The Call of the Wild, Finnish. Call of the Wilderness) With the present (Ulster dialect following the general principles of current spelling): Is breá an rud scíste i ndiaidh trí mhíle de mhílte slíodh a chur tharat, agus caithfear an aidmheáil go rabh Buck ag éirí falsa de réir mar a bí a bí a chuid cneadhach ag cneasú, de réir mar a bhí na feitheogaí ag líonadh ann, agus an fheoil ag teacht ar ais air lena chuid cnámh a chumhdach.


Question: Where did the Irish language come from?

Irish

In the current standard language (Ulster dialect form-doctrinal and lexical specialties removed): Is breá an rud scíth i ndiaidh trí mhíle de mhílte slí a chur tharat, agus caithfear an admháil go raibh Buck ag éirí falsa de réir mar a bhí a chuid cneácha ag cneasú, de réir mar a bhí na féitheoga ag líonadh ann, agus an fheoil ag teacht ar ais air lena chuid cnámh a chumhdach.


Question: Where did the Irish language come from?

Irish

Jack London's English Original: A rest comes very good after one has traveled three thousand miles, and it must be confessed that Buck waxed lazy as his wounds healed, his muscles swelled out, and the flesh came back to cover his bones.


Question: Where did the Irish language come from?

Irish

The old spelling fell out of use a bit after World War II.


Question: Where did the Irish language come from?

Irish

Since Ireland gained independence as a dominion known as a free state in the early 1920s, there was a heated debate about the best way to simplify the many bends of spelling.


Question: Where did the Irish language come from?

Irish

When the committees appointed to consider the issue failed to reach results, the Executive Director of Rannóg an Aistriúcháin</i>(the Irish State Agency for Irish Translations) finally published his own standard at the end of the 1940s.


Question: Where did the Irish language come from?

Irish

It maintained in principle the general principles of spelling, but shortened the words to a tolerable form.


Question: Where did the Irish language come from?

Irish

To write fresh English loanwords, such letters as j, v, x or z are also needed: veain “van”, jab “job”, jaingléir “sunday fisherman”, joltaeir “easypoheikh, (wagon-going) market trader, xileafón “xylophone”, zú “zoo”.


Question: Where did the Irish language come from?

Irish

The letter k is redundant in Irish because c is always pronounced as k (unless followed by h, in which case it is pronounced like the German ach or ich sound).


Question: Where did the Irish language come from?

Irish

Weight is in Irish usually on the first syllable except for some English loanwords as well as a set of important place and time adverbs, all of which are stressed from the second syllable: inniu “today”, inné “yesterday”, aréir “last night”, amárach “tomorrow”, and others. In the Munster dialect, however, long vowels tend to draw weight even if they are not on the first syllable.


Question: Where did the Irish language come from?

Irish

Irish grammar Despite the influence of Latin, Normandy French, Ancient Norwegian and, of course, English, Irish has retained the peculiarities typical of Celtic languages, such as two olla-verbs and verbal consonant changes.


Question: Where did the Irish language come from?

Irish

Irish verbs do not have infinitives; instead, their post is supplied by a verbal substantive, which is nonetheless a derived, often irregular form, and cannot be considered a basic form of the verb.


Question: Where did the Irish language come from?

Irish

From a Finnish point of view, it is interesting that it is not said “I own” in Irish, but “I have”.


Question: Where did the Irish language come from?

Irish

The word order in the sentence is VSO, therefore the verb comes first.


Question: Where did the Irish language come from?

Irish

The tenses of verbs include praesens (labhraíonn “speaks”, glanann “cleans, cleans up”), preteriti, that is, a common bygone age form (labhair spoke, ghlan “cleaned, cleaned up”), imperfect, i.e., a form of repeated or habitual past time (labhraíodh “used to speak”, ghlanadh “used to clean up”), and fulanadh “used to clean up”) and fulanadh ture that is, the coming time (labhróidh “speaks, comes to speak”, glanfaidh “cleans up, comes to clean up”).


Question: Where did the Irish language come from?

Irish

The specific conditional form can refer to both the present and the past (labhródh “would speak, would have spoken”, ghlanfadh “would clean up, would have cleaned up”).


Question: Where did the Irish language come from?

Irish

Verbs have some personal endings, but in general they are fading out of the language: for example, “I would clean, clean up” may be ghlanfainn, but colloquially the form ghlanfadh mé (mé = “me”) is entirely fair and cannot be considered incorrect.


Question: Where did the Irish language come from?

Irish

Nouns inflect in rank (nominative, genetic, and vocative; remnants of the dative remain) and chapter (singular and plural).


Question: Where did the Irish language come from?

Irish

More important than the endings, however, are the verbal consonant changes: fear “man”, ag an bhfear in “man”.


Question: Where did the Irish language come from?

Irish

An interesting form is the specific form of speaking, i.e., a vocative preceded by the particle a that causes a consonant change, the so-called lenition: Gael “Gaelic, Irish Celtic”, Gaeil “Gaelic”, a Ghaela!


Question: Where did the Irish language come from?

Irish

“(Listen, oh) the Gaelics!”


Question: Where did the Irish language come from?

Irish

The adjectives follow their main word and to some extent follow its initial changes: an fear mór “great man”, éacht an fhir mhóir “achievement of a great man”.


Question: Where did the Irish language come from?

Irish

The reference forms of adjectives are difficult in iris because the comparative and superlative have a single form, and it is necessary to deduce from the sentence connection which one is concerned: an fear mór “great man” fear is mó ná é” a man greater than him “an fear is mó “greatest man”.


Question: Where did the Irish language come from?

Irish

Irish is happy to use noun-based constructions to twist both verbs and adjectives: dá mbeadh sé gan titim “had he not fallen” (proverbially “if he had been without falling”), tá na cúrsaí ag dul chun donais “things are getting worse” (proverbially “things are getting worse” (proverbially “things are getting worse” (proverbially “things are getting worse” (proverbially “things are getting worse” (proverbially “things are getting worse” are heading towards badness”).


Question: Where did the Irish language come from?

Irish

Irish has been called a noun-centric language.


Question: Where did the Irish language come from?

Irish

Who speak Irish is spoken by at least 30000 people as their native speakers.


Question: Where did the Irish language come from?

Irish

However, this figure includes only the Irish-speaking countryside, the so-called. In Gaeltacht areas, persons born or living.


Question: Where did the Irish language come from?

Irish

Extensive Irish-language cultural activities are often practiced in cities, and many English-speaking parents raise their children in Irish for culture-nationalist reasons.


Question: Where did the Irish language come from?

Irish

Therefore, in the name of “realism”, the number of Irish speakers may be estimated in the lower canvas.


Question: Where did the Irish language come from?

Irish

A good and fluent Irish breast probably accounts for between 5% and 10% of the Irish, but two-thirds of the population at least understand the language and is treated with passive encouragement rather than hostility.


Question: Where did the Irish language come from?

Irish

In 2000, five Irish-speaking individuals lived in Finland.


Question: Where did the Irish language come from?

Irish

[2] Irish The kinship between Scots Gaelic and Irish is evident to the unknowledgeable of languages if he is shown the same text written in both languages: both languages are based on classical Neusir for their spelling, although they have evolved in their own directions.


Question: Where did the Irish language come from?

Irish

Kinship is clear, for example, from such a mundane expression as “how are you?”


Question: Where did the Irish language come from?

Irish

which is in the southern dialect of Irish conas tá tú? , in western dialect cén chaoi a bhfuil tú? , in the northern dialect of cad é mar tá tú?


Question: Where did the Irish language come from?

Irish

and in Scots Gaelic ciamar a tha thu?.


Question: Where did the Irish language come from?

Irish

What distinguishes Scots Gaelic from Irish is that it usually uses a gravis accent over vowel markers — à, è, ù, Irish exclusively acute — á, é, ú.


Question: Where did the Irish language come from?

Irish

In contrast, the manx, which is closer to Scots Gaelic than to Irish, differs markedly from both in its written form, as it has completely lost its connection to the Irish spelling tradition and appears (with reason) to be written by an Englishman in ear-sounding: Irish words Éireannach “Irish” , albanach “scotsman”, pósadh “marriage”, deireadh an tsamhraidh “end of summer” are equivalent in manksi Yernagh, Albinagh, poosey, jerrey yn touree.


Question: Where did the Irish language come from?

Irish

The British languages Cornish, Welsh and Breton are more distant relatives.


Question: Where did the Irish language come from?

Irish

In them, too, there are plenty of familiar words for those who can search: hence the Welsh pen 'head' has the same root as Irish ceann, and Welsh gwasg, 'book print', the same as the verb fáisc for blousing or squeezing Irish.


Question: Where did the Irish language come from?

Irish

History of Irish The written history of the Irish language goes back thirteen centuries.


Question: Where did the Irish language come from?

Irish

Irish is such an old civilizing language that “modern Irish” is considered to have started as early as the 12th century.


Question: Where did the Irish language come from?

Irish

The Classical New Irish period lasted until the 17th century, when the English crushed the old overlord who spoke the Irish language and replaced it with English-speaking colonists.


Question: Where did the Irish language come from?

Irish

In the Classical Neusir period, the language was very severely standardized and was first used for sophisticated court poems.


Question: Where did the Irish language come from?

Irish

After the 17th century, literary use of Irish ceased almost entirely, and when cultural nationalism revived the language at the end of the 19th century, the struggle of dialects delayed standardization.


Question: Where did the Irish language come from?

Irish

Even in our days, the differences between Ulster dialects in particular and the more southerly language forms cause faltering in the norm of the literary language.


Question: Where did the Irish language come from?

Irish

Irish nowadays the status of Irish in Irish society is peculiar in that it is a minority language, but at the same time the country's first national language.


Question: Where did the Irish language come from?

Irish

It is also a compulsory subject in Irish schools, similar to, for example, Swedish in Finland.


Question: Where did the Irish language come from?

Irish

As recently as the early 19th century, the majority of Irish people spoke Irish as their native tongue, but the Great Famine that hit poor Irish speakers worst, and the mass scale migration it fomented to the United States and other countries in the English-speaking world completely changed the situation.


Question: Where did the Irish language come from?

Irish

Following Ireland's accession to the European Community, the Irish did not claim the status of an official language for Irish.


Question: Where did the Irish language come from?

Irish

Instead, Irish was given an eccentric semi-official status, in practice equivalent to its largely merely ceremonial use in the Irish state.


Question: Where did the Irish language come from?

Irish

In the early 2000s, however, the situation changed, largely thanks to Brian Ó Cuív, Minister of Irish-Language: Parliament confirmed a new Language Act, which re-affirmed the official status of Irish.


Question: Where did the Irish language come from?

Irish

This was followed by the so-called. The Stádas campaign, which resulted in Ireland seeking official status in the EU for Irish in 2004.


Question: Where did the Irish language come from?

Irish

On June 13, 2005, the Foreign Ministers of the European Union decided to grant Irish equal official status as one of the languages of the Union, i.e.


Question: Where did the Irish language come from?

Irish

the same position, which is, for example, in the Finnish language.


Question: Where did the Irish language come from?

Irish

The status of Irish in Irish society has, at least since the independence of Ireland, been peculiar in that it is spoken by native rural Irish speakers in addition to Gaeilgeoirs, or enthusiasts of the language, who have learned Irish from cultural nationalist influences.


Question: Where did the Irish language come from?

Irish

Irish language teaching is offered at universities such as Helsinki and Uppsala.


Question: Where did the Irish language come from?

Irish

Irish in Northern Ireland Northern Ireland Irish has not really been a spoken vernacular since the early 20th century, although the dialects of the area have been fairly well documented by enthusiasts and scholars of the language.


Question: Where did the Irish language come from?

Irish

At the time when the eastern and southern parts of the province of Ulster were still Irish, significant literature and poetry emerged there, preserving knowledge of the vocabulary and other features of the dialects in that country.


Question: Where did the Irish language come from?

Irish

As Irish began to be revived as a cultural language, Protestants in Northern Ireland were actively involved.


Question: Where did the Irish language come from?

Irish

Thereafter, however, Irish-language work in the north drifted into the hands of Catholic nationalists.


Question: Where did the Irish language come from?

Irish

When it became clear in the 1920s that Ireland would not be quite immediately reunified, Northern Irish work differentiated organisationally from the rest of Ireland with the establishment of Comhaltas Uladh, a fellowship of Ulster, in charge of Irish language work throughout Ireland, Conradh na Gaeilge</i>'s quite as an autonomous subordinate organization.


Question: Where did the Irish language come from?

Irish

The organisation's activities were stamped on the persona of Reverend Lorcán Ó Muirí.


Question: Where did the Irish language come from?

Irish

He was a dialect separatist who sought to advance the cause of Ulster's own dialect at the expense of southern attempts at standardisation.


Question: Where did the Irish language come from?

Irish

Using individual phrases in Irish-language (for example, the party name Sinn Féin) to emphasise patriotism without knowledge of the language is a habit that the IRA has maintained for its part, and this has been liable to create a terrorist and Catholic reputation for Irish in Northern Ireland.


Question: Where did the Irish language come from?

Irish

The language has therefore been viewed with suspicion and hostility by a large proportion of Protestants.


Question: Where did the Irish language come from?

Irish

On the other hand, individual Irish knowledgeable Northern Protestants and unionists, such as Ian Malcolm, editor of the Belfast News Letter, have become all the more famous.


Question: Where did the Irish language come from?

Irish

Modern Irish Literature Older Irish Literature Irish has been used for literary expression for over a millennium.


Question: Where did the Irish language come from?

Irish

Irish-language literature originated in the 7th century in monk monasteries and was initially very spiritual-oriented.


Question: Where did the Irish language come from?

Irish

However, because Irish monks were tolerant of pagan lore, ancient heroines were left to live on both folklore and literature and poetry.


Question: Where did the Irish language come from?

Irish

In the dark centuries, from the 17th to the 20th century, when Irish was an exclusively spoken language, it was used primarily by folk poets and songwriters.


Question: Where did the Irish language come from?

Irish

However, the life work of many poets such as Dáibhí Ó Bruadair, Aogán Ó Rathaille, Piaras Feiritéar and Anthony Raftery survived for posterity and inspired new generations of writers.


Question: Where did the Irish language come from?

Irish

The Genesis and Development of Contemporary Literature Modern Irish-language literature originated in the late 19th century when cultural nationalists set about reviving Irish as a civilising language.


Question: Where did the Irish language come from?

Irish

Initially, the main literary genre were autobiographies of native Irish speakers, from which other educational material and stylistic paragons were sought before other forms of study.


Question: Where did the Irish language come from?

Irish

Modernist literature did not emerge until later and faced an effort in a headwind because the atmosphere of austere Catholic Ireland was not always very favourable to the freedom of the arts.


Question: Where did the Irish language come from?

Irish

Where controversial English-language writers such as James Joyce might have escaped the nutty conditions of Ireland to other Anglo-Saxon countries, Irish-speakers found themselves censoring their own works or frustrated as line translators of the major ironing projects of the An Gúm publishing house.


Question: Where did the Irish language come from?

Irish

However, the achievements of Irish-language writers are far from insignificant.


Question: Where did the Irish language come from?

Irish

Such writers as Seosamh Mac Grianna, Máirtín Ó Cadhain and Caitlín Maude were entirely on the nerve of their time, both in terms of their world of thought and the literary means they used, but at the same time firmly entrenched in traditional Irish-language culture.


Question: Where did the Irish language come from?

Irish

Currently, the most notable Irish-language writers are the novelist Pádraic Breathnach, the novelist Pádraig Ó Cíobháin and the lyricists Cathal Ó Searcaigh, Biddy Jenkinson and Máire Mhac an Tsaoi.


Question: Where did the Irish language come from?

Irish

The main literary genres are the short story and the lyric.


Question: Where did the Irish language come from?

Irish

In the field of novel, Irish-language literature has not achieved equal success.


Question: Where did the Irish language come from?

Irish

Entertainment Literature There is also some original Irish entertainment literature: in the past decades, fame was achieved by Cathal Ó Sándair's James Bond character Reics Carló, and Annraoi Ó Liatháin, who died in the early 1980s, rejuvenated stereotypes bust out with his translating, parodic agent tense Nead na gCreabhar.


Question: Where did the Irish language come from?

Irish

Clearly in character of an entertainment writer is also Maidhc Dainín Ó Sé, whose violent, sexual B-movie style thrillers often feature disturbing and racist anti-Englishness.


Question: Where did the Irish language come from?

Irish

However, he has also written notable autobiographical works from his American-emigrant years, as well as the sympathetic rural love story Tae le Tae.


Question: Where did the Irish language come from?

Irish

Another contemporary Irish-language writer who returned to his roots after the emigration is Colm Ó Ceallaigh, whose success came after wobbling early arguments with Brídín an Dilleachta.


Question: Where did the Irish language come from?

Irish

This is a gripping adventure novel about an Irish orphan girl growing up in America of the Wild West years.


Question: Where did the Irish language come from?

Irish

Sources On the topic elsewhere Vicipéid.


Question: Where did the Irish language come from?

Irish

Príomhleathanach Irish Wikipedia (also English) (English also) (English also) (English also) (English) (English) (English also) (full Irish link) (full Irish link) (wholly Irish link) (wholly Irish link) (also English) * Category:Key articles of screening


Question: What field did Oy W. Rosenlew Ab start in?

Timo Sarpaneva

Timo Tapani Sarpaneva (31 October 1926 Helsinki — 6 October 2006 Helsinki) was an internationally acclaimed Finnish artist and professor.


Question: What field did Oy W. Rosenlew Ab start in?

Timo Sarpaneva

[1] He is particularly known for his art and design.


Question: What field did Oy W. Rosenlew Ab start in?

Timo Sarpaneva

Sarpaneva also worked as a designer for art and design exhibitions.


Question: What field did Oy W. Rosenlew Ab start in?

Timo Sarpaneva

[2] His preferred materials were glass and metal, but porcelain, wood and textile were also used.


Question: What field did Oy W. Rosenlew Ab start in?

Timo Sarpaneva

Biography Youth and First Works Timo Sarpaneva was born in Helsinki 1926.


Question: What field did Oy W. Rosenlew Ab start in?

Timo Sarpaneva

His parents were Martta and Akseli Sarpaneva.


Question: What field did Oy W. Rosenlew Ab start in?

Timo Sarpaneva

Timo Sarpaneva studied at the School of Art and Design, where he graduated in 1948 as a graphic artist.


Question: What field did Oy W. Rosenlew Ab start in?

Timo Sarpaneva

His work was exhibited the following year at the Youth Exhibition held at the Kunsthalle Helsinki.


Question: What field did Oy W. Rosenlew Ab start in?

Timo Sarpaneva

Sarpaneva began experimenting with many different materials, including steel, wool and cotton.


Question: What field did Oy W. Rosenlew Ab start in?

Timo Sarpaneva

Fame he gained at the Milan Triennial in 1951 when his cock-themed pot pulp was rewarded with a silver medal.


Question: What field did Oy W. Rosenlew Ab start in?

Timo Sarpaneva

[3] To world fame Sarpaneva's career as a glass artist began in 1949, when she won second prize in the Nordic competition organized by Riihimäki Glass Factory.


Question: What field did Oy W. Rosenlew Ab start in?

Timo Sarpaneva

His first glass works represented surrealism, but he soon switched to abstract form language.


Question: What field did Oy W. Rosenlew Ab start in?

Timo Sarpaneva

[3] Sarpeneva created the Lancet series, Orchid and Kayak, among others.


Question: What field did Oy W. Rosenlew Ab start in?

Timo Sarpaneva

His glass vase won the 1954 Milan Triennial Grand Prix and US magazine House Beautiful selected it 1956 as the world's most beautiful object.


Question: What field did Oy W. Rosenlew Ab start in?

Timo Sarpaneva

[3] Sarpaneva made numerous glassworks for the Iittala glassworks since the 1950s.


Question: What field did Oy W. Rosenlew Ab start in?

Timo Sarpaneva

Designed by [3], the i-glass series is one of the most familiar products to Finns and has remained a common use item for decades.


Question: What field did Oy W. Rosenlew Ab start in?

Timo Sarpaneva

Iittala's logo, the letter i on the red ball, is also designed by him.


Question: What field did Oy W. Rosenlew Ab start in?

Timo Sarpaneva

In 1955, the Pori Cotton Works chose Sarpaneva as its artistic director.


Question: What field did Oy W. Rosenlew Ab start in?

Timo Sarpaneva

He designed many colourful fabrics, the more famous of which are the fabrics that obey the Ambiente brand name.


Question: What field did Oy W. Rosenlew Ab start in?

Timo Sarpaneva

Sarpaneva created color tints for Winter's Colour Factory 1960—1961 and designed a series of thick Pohjanlahti-rugs for the Villagroupö in 1960—1962.


Question: What field did Oy W. Rosenlew Ab start in?

Timo Sarpaneva

[3] In a more practical direction, a miniature image|S cauldron designed by Sarpaneva.


Question: What field did Oy W. Rosenlew Ab start in?

Timo Sarpaneva

Manufactured by Rosenlew & Co.


Question: What field did Oy W. Rosenlew Ab start in?

Timo Sarpaneva

In production 1960—1972.


Question: What field did Oy W. Rosenlew Ab start in?

Timo Sarpaneva

[4] Top names in Finnish art industry also received criticism for their aesthetism.


Question: What field did Oy W. Rosenlew Ab start in?

Timo Sarpaneva

Sarpanevakin changed his style in the 1960s and moved on to designing even more mundane products.


Question: What field did Oy W. Rosenlew Ab start in?

Timo Sarpaneva

Among other things, he designed red enamel-faced frying pans, fish stews and black cast iron stews.


Question: What field did Oy W. Rosenlew Ab start in?

Timo Sarpaneva

[3] The Finlandia Collection, made of glass by Sarpaneva, which included bowls, glasses and bowls, also tells a less sublime and coarse form language.


Question: What field did Oy W. Rosenlew Ab start in?

Timo Sarpaneva

For Opa Oy, Sarpaneva designed use objects made of steel in 1970.


Question: What field did Oy W. Rosenlew Ab start in?

Timo Sarpaneva

In the same year, he began collaborating with the German company Rosenthal.


Question: What field did Oy W. Rosenlew Ab start in?

Timo Sarpaneva

For it, Sarpaneva executed, among other things, a collection made of almost 100 porcelain porcelain.


Question: What field did Oy W. Rosenlew Ab start in?

Timo Sarpaneva

[3] The continuum of the Suomi series is represented by the Jurmo series, completed at the end of the 1970s, which includes many of Sarpanova's most reduced drives.


Question: What field did Oy W. Rosenlew Ab start in?

Timo Sarpaneva

They were presented in 1979 with the Arkipelago sculptures.


Question: What field did Oy W. Rosenlew Ab start in?

Timo Sarpaneva

Sarpaneva's most successful work of the 1980s were Claritas art glassware made in 1984 at the Iittala glassworks.


Question: What field did Oy W. Rosenlew Ab start in?

Timo Sarpaneva

[3] Sarpaneva moved in 1997 to make glass in Murano, Venice.


Question: What field did Oy W. Rosenlew Ab start in?

Timo Sarpaneva

The move from Finland was influenced by difficulties with Hackman-Iittala.


Question: What field did Oy W. Rosenlew Ab start in?

Timo Sarpaneva

[3] Recognitions Sarpaneva received numerous awards and international recognitions and awards, among them the Lunning Prize 1956 [2].


Question: What field did Oy W. Rosenlew Ab start in?

Timo Sarpaneva

He was awarded the Pro Finlandia Medal in 1958.


Question: What field did Oy W. Rosenlew Ab start in?

Timo Sarpaneva

Sarpaneva received the title of professor in 1976.


Question: What field did Oy W. Rosenlew Ab start in?

Timo Sarpaneva

[5] He was named an honorary doctorate from the School of Art and Design in 1993.


Question: What field did Oy W. Rosenlew Ab start in?

Timo Sarpaneva

[6] Private life Timo Sarpaneva's brother was Pentti Sarpaneva.


Question: What field did Oy W. Rosenlew Ab start in?

Timo Sarpaneva

Timo Sarpaneva's first spouse was the interior architect Pi Sarpaneva (o.s. Holmberg) and the second was Marjatta Svennevig.


Question: What field did Oy W. Rosenlew Ab start in?

Timo Sarpaneva

The first union lasted from 1954 to 1970 and the second from 1997 to 2006.


Question: What field did Oy W. Rosenlew Ab start in?

Timo Sarpaneva

Two children were born from both unions.


Question: What field did Oy W. Rosenlew Ab start in?

Timo Sarpaneva

[3] [7] [8] Sarpaneva is buried in the Artistjainmäki of Hietaniemi Cemetery.


Question: What field did Oy W. Rosenlew Ab start in?

Timo Sarpaneva

[9] Sources Literature References on the subject elsewhere in Yle Living Archives.


Question: What field did Oy W. Rosenlew Ab start in?

Timo Sarpaneva

Category:Finnish designers Category:Finnish glass artists Category:Pro Finlandia awardees Category:Finnish people with the title of Professor Category:People born in 1926 Class:Persons who died in 2006 Category:Key articles of screening


Question: Where does metal music come from?

Adam

Adam is a common first and surname that dates back to Adam, according to the Bible to the first man created by God.


Question: Where does metal music come from?

Adam

Numerous other things are also known by Adam names and acronyms.


Question: Where does metal music come from?

Adam

In Finland, the name is also in use as a variant of Adam.


Question: Where does metal music come from?

Adam

In Finland, according to data from the Population Register Centre, the name Adam has been given to 3,447 men and about 60 women by 2016.


Question: Where does metal music come from?

Adam

In form, the name Adam has been given to about 225 men and fewer than 15 women.


Question: Where does metal music come from?

Adam

[1] Adam as a given name Finnish names Adam Fredenstierna (1685—1772), court counsel, attorney general and politician Adam Halme (1873—1933), MP (SDP) Adam Honkanen (1835—1913), folk poet and fortune teller Adam Ivendorff (1814—1879), churchwarden, suntio and Adam Krogerus (d. 1918), Finnish Red Guard Adam Laakkonen (1883—1926), MP (SDP) Adam Leino (1858—1897), journalist and Finnish actor Adam Malm (1892—1983), Finnish wrestler and head of Jyry Company of the Helsinki Red Guard ( 1795—1849), farmer, promoter of Finnish folk education, founder of Jumesniemi church-school Adam Vidjeskog (born 1998), footballer Adam Wallius (born 1832), blacksmith and aviation pioneer Adam Wilke (1798—1847), mesenate.


Question: Where does metal music come from?

Adam

Other names Adam Almqvist (born 1991), Swedish ice hockey player Adam Anderson (born 1984), British guitarist and keyboardist Adam Ant, Oik. Stuart Leslie Goddard (born 1954), British pop and punk musician, vocal soloist of the band Adam & the Ants (born 1997), English footballer Adam Bałabuch (born 1961), Polish Catholic bishop Adam Baldwin (born 1962), American actor Adam Barwood (born 1961). 1992), New Zealand-born alpine skier Adam Batirov (born 1985), Russian free-wrestler Adam Beach (born 1972), is an American actor.


Question: Where does metal music come from?

Adam

Adam Beechen (born 1968), American comic book writer Adam Beyer (born 1976), Swedish techno-artist and DJ Adam Bielan (born 1974), Polish politician and European parliamentarian Ádám Bogdán (born 1987), Hungarian footballer Adam Boqvist (born 2000), Swedish ice hockey player Adam Borzęcki (born 1978), Polish-German ice hockey player Adam Bremenian (ca.


Question: Where does metal music come from?

Adam

1045—1081), Bremen priest and history writer Adam Brody (born 1979), American actor Adam Brown (born 1980), English actor Adam Burish (born 1983), American ice hockey player Adam Burt (born 1969), American ice hockey player Adam Busch (born 1978), American actor Adam Cabral (born 1994), Canadian actor Adam Campbell (born 1980), is an English actor.


Question: Where does metal music come from?

Adam

Adam Carl (born 1971), also known as Adam Carolla (born 1964), is an American radio and TV personality and comedian.


Question: Where does metal music come from?

Adam

Adam Carroll (born 1982), Northern Irish racing driver Adam Cieślar (born 1992), Polish combined skier Adam Clayton (born 1960), English rock musician Adam Clendening (born 1992), American ice hockey player Adam Copeland, Edge (born 1973), Canadian professional wrestler Adam Cracknell (born 1985), Canadian ice hockey player Adam Creighton (born 1965), Canadian ice hockey player Adam Philippe de Custine (1740—1793), French general Adam Czartoryski (1770—1861), Polish prince and rebel leader Adam Czerniaków (1880—1942), Polish senator and Warsaw Ghetto leader Adam Darius (1930—2017), American dancer, mime artist, writer and choreographer Adam Darski (born 1977), Polish behemoth band founder Adam Deacon (born 1983), English actor and hip hop artist Adam Deadmarsh (born 1975), American ice hockey player Adam Deutsch (born 1995), Swedish ice hockey player Adam DeVine (born 1983), American actor Adam Driver (born 1983), American actor Adam Dutkiewicz (born 1977), American guitarist and composer Adam Dyczkowski (born 1932), Polish Catholic Bishop Adam Eckersley (born 1985), English footballer Adam Joseph Exner (born 1928), is a Canadian Catholic Archbishop. Terence Nelhams-Wright (1940—2003), English rock singer, actor, investor and business expert Adam Federici (born 1985), Australian footballer Adam Ferguson (1723—1816), Scottish philosopher Adam le Fondre (born 1986), was an English footballer. Foote (born 1971), Canadian ice hockey player Adam Fox (born 1998), American ice hockey player Adam Freeland (born 1973), British music producer Adam Friberg (born 1991), Swedish computer gaming professional Adam Garcia (born 1973), Australian actor Adam Gaudette (born 1996), American ice hockey player Adam Gemili (born 1993), British sprinter Adam Gilljam (born 1990), Swedish ice hockey player Adam Ginning (born 2000), Swedish ice hockey player Adam Goldstein (1973—2009), American club DJ and mixer Adam Gontier (b. 1978), Canadian rock musician Adam Taylor Gordon (born 1993), American child actor Adam Graves (born 1968), Canadian ice hockey player Adam Green (born 1975), American television film director, actor, screenwriter and producer, Adam Green (born 1981), American singer and songwriter Adam Green (born 1990), American downhill skater Adam Gregory (born 1987), American actor Adam Hall (born 1980), American ice hockey player Adam de la Halle (1237—1288), French truveer, poet, and composer Hammill (born 1988), is an English footballer.


Question: Where does metal music come from?

Adam

Adam Hann-Byrd (born 1982), an American actor.


Question: Where does metal music come from?

Adam

Adam Hansen (born 1981), Australian road bicycle racer Adam Hefter (1871—1970), Austrian Catholic Archbishop Adam Henrique (born 1990), Canadian ice hockey player Adam Holzman (born 1960), American guitarist Adam Horovitz (born 1956), American musician, Beastie Boys band member Adam Horowitz (born 1971), American television screenwriter and producer Adam Horst (born 1986), Canadian downhill skater Adam Huss (born 1977), American actor Adam Irigoyen (born 1997), American actor, singer and dancer Adam Jarzębski (born 1997). n.


Question: Where does metal music come from?

Adam

1590—1648), Polish composer, violinist, poet and writer Adam Johnson (born 1987), English footballer Adam Jones (born 1965), American guitarist Adam Kaczmarek (born 1961), Polish pistol shooter and world champion Adam Ismaeel Khamis (born 1989), Bahraini endurance runner Adam Khan (born 1985), British-Pakistani motor racer Adam Killian (born 1975), American porn actor Adam Korpak (born 1936), Polish graphic artist, photographer, painter and writer Adam Kozłowiecki (1911—2007), Polish graphic artist, photographer, painter and writer Catholic Archbishop and Cardinal Adam Kszczot (born 1989), Polish 800 metres runner Adam Lallana (born 1988), English footballer Adam Lamberg, is an American actor.


Question: Where does metal music come from?

Adam

Adam Lambert (born 1982), American singer, songwriter and actor Adam Lamhamedi (born 1995), a Canadian-Moroccan alpine skier, and Adam Larsson (born 1992), Swedish ice hockey player, and Adam Laxman (1766—1806), was a Russian explorer.


Question: Where does metal music come from?

Adam

Adam Ledwoń (1974—2008), Polish footballer and commentator Adam Lepa (born 1939), Polish Catholic bishop Adam Levine (born 1979), was an American musician, in the band Maroon 5.


Question: Where does metal music come from?

Adam

Adam Ludvig Lewenhaupt (1659—1719), Swedish general and warlord Adam Josipovich Lipski (born 1860), Russian senator and secret advisor, Acting Governor-General of Finland in March 1917, Adam Lisewski (born 1944), Polish fencer Adam Liška (born 1999), Slovak Adam Lowry (born 1993), American professional ice hockey player Adam Maher (born 1993), Dutch football player Adam Joseph Maida (born 1930), American Catholic Archbishop and Cardinal Adam Malinowski (born 1977), Polish metal musician and composer Adam Małysz Ádám Marosi (born 1977), Polish ski jumper and rally driver Ádám Marosi (born 1984), Hungarian contemporary pentathlon and Olympic champion Adam Masuhr, o.s. Andersson (born 1983), Swedish ice hockey player Adam Matuszczyk (born 1989), Polish footballer Adam McKay (born 1968), American film director, producer, screenwriter, comedian and actor Adam McQuaid (born 1986), Canadian ice hockey player Adam Mickiewicz (1798—1855), was a Polish poet.


Question: Where does metal music come from?

Adam

Adam Miller (born 1984), American ice hockey player Adam Mitchell (born 1944), British songwriter and music producer Adam Gottlob Moltke (1710—1792), Danish land count and courtier Adam Wilhelm Moltke (1785—1864), Danish count and statesman, Prime Minister of Denmark 1848— 1852 Adam Morrison (born 1984), American professional basketball player Adam Muraszko (born 1976), Czech musician and composer Adam Nagy (born 1993), Slovak ice hockey goaltender Ádám Nagy (born 1995), Hungarian football player Adam Nawałka (born 1957), Polish football player and coach Adam Neiman (born 1978), American pianist and composer Adam Nelson (born 1975), American ball pusher Adam Oates (born 1962), Canadian ice hockey player Adam Odzimek (born 1944), Polish Catholic bishop Adam Gottlob Oehlenschläger (1779—1850), Danish Catholic bishop author and professor of aesthetics Adam Friedrich Oeser (1717—1799), German painter, sculptor and brass drawer Adam Okruašvili (born 1989), Georgian judoka Adam Olearius (1603—1671), German mathematician, geographer and librarian Adam Ollas-Mattsson (b. 1996), Swedish ice hockey player Adam Opel (1837—1895), German car manufacturer, Opel founder Adam Papée (1895—1990), Polish fencer Adam Pardy (born 1984), Canadian ice hockey player Adam Parr (born 1965), British businessman Adam Pavlásek (born 1994), Czech tennis player Adam Peaty (born 1994), British swimmer Adam Pelech (born 1994), Canadian ice hockey player Ádám Pintér (born 1988), Hungarian footballer Adam Polášek (born 1991), Czech ice hockey player Adam Price (born 1968), British politician Adam Ptáček (born 1980), Czech pole jumper Adam Raga (born 1982), Spanish trial-driver Adam Reideborn (born 1992), Swedish ice hockey goaltender Adam Riess (born 1969), American astrophysicist, Nobel Physics Prize laureate Adam Rippon (born 1989), American figure skater Adam Adam Rodríguez (born 1973), British scholar, critic and author Adam Rodríguez (born 1975), American actor Adam Russo (born 1983), Canadian-Italian ice hockey goaltender Adam Ružička (born 1999), Slovak ice hockey player Adam Saitiyev (born 1977), Chechen free-wrestler Adam Sandler (born 1966), American actor, comedian and producer Adam Aleksander Sanguszko (1590—1653), Polish nobleman and voivode, and Adam Stefan Sapieha (1867—1951), Polish Catholic archbishop and Cardinal Adam Savage (born 1967), American television journalist, Mythbusters.


Question: Where does metal music come from?

Adam

Adam Scott (born 1980), Australian golfer Adam Scott (born 1973), is an American actor, comedian, producer and podcaster; Adam G. Sevani, an English geologist; Adam G. Sevani (born 1992), an Armenian-American actor and dancer; and Adam Shankman (born 1964), American film director and producer.


Question: Where does metal music come from?

Adam

Adam Silver (born 1962), American lawyer and NBA Basketball League Commissioner Adam Sinclair (born 1977), Scottish actor Adam Smith (1723—1790), Scottish economist and moral philosopher Adam Szal (born 1953), Polish Catholic bishop Ádám Szalai (born 1987), Hungarian footballer Adam Tambellini (born 1994), Canadian ice hockey player Adam Taubitz (born 1967), German jazz musician, bandleader and composer Adam Tensta (born 1983), Swedish hip hop artist Adam Thomas (born 1987), British actor Adam Tilander (b. 1998), Swedish ice hockey player Adam Tooze (born 1961), British economic historian Adam von Trott zu Solz (1909—1944), German lawyer and diplomat, Adam Van Wyk, member of the July 20 Conspiracy, American animator Ádám Vay (born 1994), Hungarian ice hockey goaltender Adam Vella (born 1971), Australian shooter Adam Victorialainen (d. 1146), is a French poet and composer.


Question: Where does metal music come from?

Adam

Adam Vinatieri (born 1972), American football player Adam Waczyński (born 1989), Polish basketball player Adam Wakeman (born 1974), English keyboardist Adam Weishaupt (1748—1830), German professor of church-law, founder of the Bavarian Illuminati.


Question: Where does metal music come from?

Adam

Adam West (1928—2017), born Adam Wilcox (born 1992), American ice hockey goaltender Adam Wiltzie (born 1969), American composer and ambient musician Adam Wójcik (1970—2017), Polish basketball player, and Adam Woodyatt (born 1968), was a British actor.


Question: Where does metal music come from?

Adam

Adam Wylie (born 1984), American actor Adam Yates (born 1992), English road bicycle racer Adam Yauch (1964—2012), American musician, Beastie Boys Adam Young (born 1986), American musician Adam Žampa (born 1990), Slovak alpine skier Adam Zbořil (born 1990). 1995), Czech ice hockey player Adam Åhman (born 1999), a Swedish ice hockey goaltender.


Question: Where does metal music come from?

Adam

Rulers named Adam were Hans Adam I (1657—1712), Prince of Liechtenstein from 1684 to 1712 as Hans Adam II (d. 1945), Prince of Liechtenstein from 1989 to Josef Johann Adam (1690—1732), Prince of Liechtenstein 1721—1732.


Question: Where does metal music come from?

Adam

Adam as surname Adolphe Adam (1803—1856), French composer, son of Louis Adam, Albrecht Adam (1786—1862), German painter Charlie Adam (born 1985), Scottish footballer François-Nestor Adam (1903—1990), Swiss Catholic bishop Gene Adam, U.S. metal music singer Karl Adam (1876—1966), German theologian Ken Adam (1921—2016), British film composer Louis Adam (1758—1848), French composer and piano pedagogue, Adolphe Adam's father Luke Adam (born 1990), Canadian ice hockey player Lucien Adam (1833—1918), French judge and language researcher Marianne Adam (born 1951), East German ball-pusher Marie-Christine Adam (born 1950), French actor Paul Adam (1862—1920), French writer Peter Adam (born 1929), German-English documentary film director Robert Adam (born c. 1728—1972), Scottish architect Samir Adam (born 1983), Mozambican basketball player Theo Adam (1926—2019), German opera singer Wilhelm Adam (1877—1949), German general.


Question: Where does metal music come from?

Adam

Fictional Adam named Adam, Adam, Adam, the first created human according to the Bible Adam Carrington, a character in the television series Dynasty Black Adam, a supervillain, DC cartoon character.


Question: Where does metal music come from?

Adam

Adam Park, in the television series Power Rangers as Adam Strange, is a superhero in the DC Comics comic books as Adam Warlock, a Marvel comic book character.


Question: Where does metal music come from?

Adam

Other meanings of Adam, city and wilayat (2nd tier unit of regional government) in Oman's Al-Dakhiliyya Governorate Adam & the Ants, English punk band Adam Air, Indonesian airline Opel Adam, passenger car model Adam A500, US passenger aircraft Adam style, Scottish style direction of architecture and interior design, according to Robert Adam of Coleco ADAM, a 1980s computer brand.


Question: Where does metal music come from?

Adam

Sources Category:First Names Category:Last names


Question: What is the height of roe deer at the withers?

Roe deer

The roe deer or swamp deer or petra (“Rangifer tarandus fennicus”) is a large-sized subspecies of deer (Rangifer tarandus), adapted to living in coniferous forests, found only in Finland and northwestern Russia.


Question: What is the height of roe deer at the withers?

Roe deer

Since the Stone Age, roe deer was one of the most important prey animals of the Finnish batch and catching culture, leading to its disappearance from the territory of present-day Finland in the late 19th century.


Question: What is the height of roe deer at the withers?

Roe deer

The stock survived only in Viena Karelia, from where roe deer began to spread back to Kainuusen on the Finnish side in the 1940s—1950s.


Question: What is the height of roe deer at the withers?

Roe deer

Later they were also replanted in Suomensela.


Question: What is the height of roe deer at the withers?

Roe deer

The roe deer is currently classified as eye-keeping in Finland and is no longer considered endangered.


Question: What is the height of roe deer at the withers?

Roe deer

In Russia, the survival of the stock, on the other hand, is threatened by poaching and interbreeding with reindeer.


Question: What is the height of roe deer at the withers?

Roe deer

In size and appearance The roe deer resembles other deer subspecies in appearance, such as the fell deer and its domesticated form of reindeer, but is bulkier and longer-legged than them.


Question: What is the height of roe deer at the withers?

Roe deer

[1] The roe deer is one of the largest deer subspecies.


Question: What is the height of roe deer at the withers?

Roe deer

It has a body length of 180—220 centimeters and a tail length of 10—15 centimeters.


Question: What is the height of roe deer at the withers?

Roe deer

Elks are clearly larger than they require, which is especially evident in weight.


Question: What is the height of roe deer at the withers?

Roe deer

Vain weighs 60—100 kilograms, but moose can weigh 150—250 kilograms.


Question: What is the height of roe deer at the withers?

Roe deer

Despite its size, roe deer appear to be lighter structured than reindeer.


Question: What is the height of roe deer at the withers?

Roe deer

[1] The reason is its higher legs, more shined legs and slender body.


Question: What is the height of roe deer at the withers?

Roe deer

Long limbs are an adaptation to the deep and soft snow of the coniferous forest zone.


Question: What is the height of roe deer at the withers?

Roe deer

[2] In the habitat of fell deer and reindeer on the tundra and fells, snow is little or hard packed, so they have shorter legs and broad, snowshoe-like hooves than roe deer.


Question: What is the height of roe deer at the withers?

Roe deer

[2] The hooves of roe deer are relatively long, which allows the crescent-shaped steps to be slightly longer than those of reindeer.


Question: What is the height of roe deer at the withers?

Roe deer

[3] There is also a difference between darker and smoother coloration, wider snout and larger nostril odorous fish than reindeer.


Question: What is the height of roe deer at the withers?

Roe deer

As typical of deer, both sexes have antlers.


Question: What is the height of roe deer at the withers?

Roe deer

[1] Roe deer have narrower antlers than reindeer.


Question: What is the height of roe deer at the withers?

Roe deer

[4] Narrow horns facilitate movement in the forest.


Question: What is the height of roe deer at the withers?

Roe deer

[4] The height of roe deer is 10—20 centimeters higher at the withers and the head is longer and narrower than that of reindeer.


Question: What is the height of roe deer at the withers?

Roe deer

[5] However, making a definite determination is tricky, [1] especially since the subspecies in Kainui and Russia have interbreeded.


Question: What is the height of roe deer at the withers?

Roe deer

Distribution Original distribution The first roe deer migrated into northern Europe after the last ice age about 10000 [6] or 7000 [7] years ago from the east and southeast.


Question: What is the height of roe deer at the withers?

Roe deer

[6] They occurred elsewhere in Europe, for example from Poland the roe deer disappeared only in the 16th century.


Question: What is the height of roe deer at the withers?

Roe deer

[6] Even in the 17th century, roe deer were found throughout Finland [8] except northernmost Lapland.


Question: What is the height of roe deer at the withers?

Roe deer

In Russian Karelia, the distribution extended from Kantalahti to Vänisjärvi in the 18th century.


Question: What is the height of roe deer at the withers?

Roe deer

Later, reindeer herding, excessive hunting and global warming [9] began to take a toll on the stock, especially in Finland.


Question: What is the height of roe deer at the withers?

Roe deer

[10] The deer population first regressed, especially in northern Ostrobothnia and western and central Finland.


Question: What is the height of roe deer at the withers?

Roe deer

[6] The last herds on Earth were seen in the 1880s in Suomenselia and in 1910 in Kuhmo, [6] after which roe deer disappeared completely from Finland.


Question: What is the height of roe deer at the withers?

Roe deer

[11] In 1913, the roe deer already lost from the Finnish species was tranquilized.


Question: What is the height of roe deer at the withers?

Roe deer

[6] In 1921, a lone elk wandered across the border from the direction of Kola, which, however, was shot by a reindeer man.


Question: What is the height of roe deer at the withers?

Roe deer

[6] Kainuu It was only after forty years of absence that roe deer began migrating back to Kuhmo in Finland, mainly from the wilds of the Pieningä region, then Soviet Union.


Question: What is the height of roe deer at the withers?

Roe deer

[6] The first herds were seen inside the country's borders in 1953.


Question: What is the height of roe deer at the withers?

Roe deer

[6] An extensive nature reserve was established in Elimyssalo in the early 1970s, especially to protect the population of the region's roe deer.


Question: What is the height of roe deer at the withers?

Roe deer

[12] Today roe deer are found in Finland as three populations in Kainulu, Suomenselä and a small number in the Lieksa region.


Question: What is the height of roe deer at the withers?

Roe deer

[8] Finland's population of deer, which has recovered since the 1960s, was the largest in Kainulu for decades.


Question: What is the height of roe deer at the withers?

Roe deer

There were between 500 and 600 [6] in the late 1980s and around 1700 roe deer in 2001 [13] but in the early 2000s the population has declined sharply.


Question: What is the height of roe deer at the withers?

Roe deer

In 2006, the number of deer was more than 1,000, 960 in 2007, 811 [14] in 2010 and 802 in 2011 [14].


Question: What is the height of roe deer at the withers?

Roe deer

In 2011, most of the deer in Kainuu existed in the districts of the municipalities of Ristijärvi, Kuhmo and Sotkamo [14].


Question: What is the height of roe deer at the withers?

Roe deer

According to researcher Ilpo Kojola, interviewed by the journal Hunting and Fisheries, the biggest reason for the decline in roe deer populations is the abundance of wolf populations.


Question: What is the height of roe deer at the withers?

Roe deer

[15] With the wolf population at its highest abundance in 2007, more than 60 individuals, the following year saw a trough of roe deer population in Kainui.


Question: What is the height of roe deer at the withers?

Roe deer

[15] Since the wolf population has reduced, to an estimated 30—40 individuals in 2010, the number of calves surviving over the winter has increased by about 40%.


Question: What is the height of roe deer at the withers?

Roe deer

[15] However, the total number of deer has not translated into growth.


Question: What is the height of roe deer at the withers?

Roe deer

[8] In later interviews, Kojola has recalled that roe deer are preyed upon, along with the wolf, by other large beasts, the bear especially in early summer.


Question: What is the height of roe deer at the withers?

Roe deer

[16] The number of permits to catch bears in Kuhmo has been increased to twice the normal level precisely to protect deer.


Question: What is the height of roe deer at the withers?

Roe deer

[16] Hunting roe deer itself has been prohibited in Kainui since 2003 [13].


Question: What is the height of roe deer at the withers?

Roe deer

In addition to the abundance of large beasts, forest fragmentation is thought to have had an impact on deer decline.


Question: What is the height of roe deer at the withers?

Roe deer

[17] The survival of the deer population in Kainuu is also hampered by the fact that the deer population in Karelia in Russia has collapsed due to poaching and no more new specimens are being floated on the Finnish side [17].


Question: What is the height of roe deer at the withers?

Roe deer

In the early 1970s, Finland wanted to create another population of roe deer outside the reindeer herding area, so that this subspecies would not only be on one stock, and not interbreed with reindeer.


Question: What is the height of roe deer at the withers?

Roe deer

[6] In addition, there was concern that logging was being carried out around Kuhmo Elimyssalo which might reduce the life chances of deer.


Question: What is the height of roe deer at the withers?

Roe deer

[6] In 1973, an attempt was made to transfer a herd of six individuals from Kuhmo to Korkeasaari Zoo.


Question: What is the height of roe deer at the withers?

Roe deer

[6] The attempt failed, as only two specimens were recovered.


Question: What is the height of roe deer at the withers?

Roe deer

[6] Of these, too, another died soon, and there was a lonely old Vahin left.


Question: What is the height of roe deer at the withers?

Roe deer

[6] Between 1979 and 1980, eight demurs and two moose were moved from Kainui 300 km away to Kivijärvi in Suomenselä, a 15-hectare corral near Koirajärvi, Salamanperä, Salamajärvi National Park.


Question: What is the height of roe deer at the withers?

Roe deer

[6] [1] [12] At the end of 1981, three demerits born in the corral and one elk were released, and in 1984 the rest of the specimens were released.


Question: What is the height of roe deer at the withers?

Roe deer

[6] At the time of the plantations, the relocation was fiercely opposed by local farmers for fear of deer causing damage to agriculture.


Question: What is the height of roe deer at the withers?

Roe deer

[13] Attitudes have now changed, and Ostrobothians mostly view roe deer living in their region with pride.


Question: What is the height of roe deer at the withers?

Roe deer

[13] For deer, the transfer was more successful than prior expectations, and the rapid growth of the stock has surprised both local residents and authorities.


Question: What is the height of roe deer at the withers?

Roe deer

The stock grew even faster in the plantation area than in Kainuu, [12] and today is larger than Kainuu's steadily decreasing stock.


Question: What is the height of roe deer at the withers?

Roe deer

[8] In 2006, about 1200 roe deer were estimated to live in Suomenselä, [4] as many as 1500 according to some sources.


Question: What is the height of roe deer at the withers?

Roe deer

[1] In precise censuses by helicopter, 1006 deer were detected in 2008 and 1076 individuals in 2011.


Question: What is the height of roe deer at the withers?

Roe deer

[14] Today, the majority (almost 900 individuals) of Suomenselä roe deer are present in Alajärvi during winter and smaller herds in Soini and Vimpel.


Question: What is the height of roe deer at the withers?

Roe deer

[14] [13] The previous winter pasture was on Halsua, but deer change their eating areas regularly to allow lichens to recover from grazing.


Question: What is the height of roe deer at the withers?

Roe deer

[13] Suomenselä roe deer are gradually spreading further south into Ostrobothnia and central Finland, [12] especially on lichen fabrics surrounding Lake Oulujärvi [18].


Question: What is the height of roe deer at the withers?

Roe deer

In the autumn of 2010, a herd of about 15—20 individuals was unexpectedly spotted in Northern Ostrobothnia, near the village of St.


Question: What is the height of roe deer at the withers?

Roe deer

[8] Pyhänä is about halfway between Suomenselä and Kainuu roe deer areas.


Question: What is the height of roe deer at the withers?

Roe deer

[8] Unconfirmed sightings of roe deer had been carried out at St. Näänä as early as 2004, when a dam with a small vass was reported there.


Question: What is the height of roe deer at the withers?

Roe deer

[19] Based on these observations, it is thought that part of Suomenselä's planting stock is spreading towards the east.


Question: What is the height of roe deer at the withers?

Roe deer

[8] Other regions in Finland Roe deer have migrated from Russia to Kainuu in addition to the Lieksa region, where a small population currently lives.


Question: What is the height of roe deer at the withers?

Roe deer

As in Kainulu, stock size has also decreased in the 21st century [8].


Question: What is the height of roe deer at the withers?

Roe deer

The deer population in Lieksa peaked at 200 individuals at the turn of the 1970s—1980s, when stocks were also strong in the Republic of Karelia, Russia.


Question: What is the height of roe deer at the withers?

Roe deer

Today, there are only a few dozen remaining roe deer in Lieksa.


Question: What is the height of roe deer at the withers?

Roe deer

[4] A small population of roe deer, approximately 25 individuals, lives in the Ähtär region, which originated from specimens transplanted into the wild from Ähtär Animal Park.


Question: What is the height of roe deer at the withers?

Roe deer

[20] In 1997 roe deer originating from the Ähtäri animal park were released in the northern parts of Häme.


Question: What is the height of roe deer at the withers?

Roe deer

[17] However, no permanent strain was formed in the area, as deer did not begin to breed.


Question: What is the height of roe deer at the withers?

Roe deer

[17] Some of them wandered from Häme all the way to Jämijärvi.


Question: What is the height of roe deer at the withers?

Roe deer

[17] In 2011, there were thought to be about 20 individuals left of these planted deer.


Question: What is the height of roe deer at the withers?

Roe deer

[17] In the 2000s, the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry began planning new transplants to Finland to ensure the survival of roe deer.


Question: What is the height of roe deer at the withers?

Roe deer

[17] The intention is to relocate to new areas both representatives of the Kainuu or Suomenselä stock and the surplus deer of zoos.


Question: What is the height of roe deer at the withers?

Roe deer

[17] It has been provisionally studied that forest areas suitable for roe deer are located at least in North Satakunta and in the Pieksämäki region.


Question: What is the height of roe deer at the withers?

Roe deer

[17] Before plantings can be implemented, precise plans must be drawn up with consultations with local residents.


Question: What is the height of roe deer at the withers?

Roe deer

[17] Planning has been delayed from its original schedule due to game management reforms.


Question: What is the height of roe deer at the withers?

Roe deer

[17] A total of about 8500 roe deer live in Russia in Russia, according to an estimate published in 2010.


Question: What is the height of roe deer at the withers?

Roe deer

[8] They are distributed among three regions: around 2500 deer in Karelia, 2500 in Arkhangelsk and 3500 individuals in Komi.


Question: What is the height of roe deer at the withers?

Roe deer

[8] Quantities have decreased rapidly, as the size of the Karelian population alone was still estimated at 7000 in the early 1980s [8] and around 3000 in 1994 [21].


Question: What is the height of roe deer at the withers?

Roe deer

Of the 1994 count, about 500 individuals were hunted during the same year.


Question: What is the height of roe deer at the withers?

Roe deer

[21] Today roe deer is officially tranquilized in Russia, but poaching is widespread.


Question: What is the height of roe deer at the withers?

Roe deer

[8] Populations in different regions have differentiated, which impairs their gene turnover.


Question: What is the height of roe deer at the withers?

Roe deer

[8] The migration of deer from Russia to Finland has also stopped [17].


Question: What is the height of roe deer at the withers?

Roe deer

The Moscow Zoo has started collecting roe deer into a kind of gene bank.


Question: What is the height of roe deer at the withers?

Roe deer

[17] In 2011, a total of 16 deer specimens were planned to be transported from the Ranua and Ähtär animal parks in Finland.


Question: What is the height of roe deer at the withers?

Roe deer

[17] There are a total of about 400 specimens of roe deer in 17 different zoos worldwide [20].


Question: What is the height of roe deer at the withers?

Roe deer

Habitat Roe deer graze in lush marshes in summer and migrate to forests with good lichen fabrics for the winter.


Question: What is the height of roe deer at the withers?

Roe deer

They also move along the shores of the lakes, grazing, and in winter on open marshes and lake ice sheltered from beasts [12].


Question: What is the height of roe deer at the withers?

Roe deer

The lakes are also used as hiking trails.


Question: What is the height of roe deer at the withers?

Roe deer

[22] Some individuals thrive in the hay fields during winter eating grass.


Question: What is the height of roe deer at the withers?

Roe deer

[18] Living habits Nutrition In winter, roe deer feed almost exclusively on lichens, mainly reindeer lichen, which they dig out of the snow with their hooves. [2].


Question: What is the height of roe deer at the withers?

Roe deer

Lichen contains few trace elements and proteins, but a lot of carbohydrates [23].


Question: What is the height of roe deer at the withers?

Roe deer

The proportion of lichen in winter nutrition depends largely on how difficult it is to pre-excavate.


Question: What is the height of roe deer at the withers?

Roe deer

Deer find the most lichen-like spots under the snow with their precise sense of smell.


Question: What is the height of roe deer at the withers?

Roe deer

The safety marks left on the project are a sign that the smell was not strong enough to excavate the site.


Question: What is the height of roe deer at the withers?

Roe deer

[24] In the severe snow conditions of mid and spring spring, lichen excavation is concentrated in thinnest snowiest areas, such as lakeside shores, where there is less snow than deeper in the forest.


Question: What is the height of roe deer at the withers?

Roe deer

[25] Once the beaches have been dug through once, the deer move to the next lake.


Question: What is the height of roe deer at the withers?

Roe deer

When lichen intake becomes more difficult, roe deer rely on the lups and poles that grow on the lower branches of trees.


Question: What is the height of roe deer at the withers?

Roe deer

Even in winter, deer also use plant food and eat sparrows, sedges, previous summer hay and lake buckthorn which they dig from swamps and lake shores, especially in the absence of lichen. [24].


Question: What is the height of roe deer at the withers?

Roe deer

For example, roe deer are good for grain roots [23].


Question: What is the height of roe deer at the withers?

Roe deer

They may also enter the fields to dig out grass and grain remnants from under the snow [18].


Question: What is the height of roe deer at the withers?

Roe deer

In winter, roe deer's winter grazing area accounts for about a tenth of summer pasture due to the small number of winter eating areas suitable for deer, among other things.


Question: What is the height of roe deer at the withers?

Roe deer

In general, it is harder for deer to obtain nourishment in winter than in summer.


Question: What is the height of roe deer at the withers?

Roe deer

Roe deer eat and rest around the clock for 2—4 hours at a time even in the dark [23].


Question: What is the height of roe deer at the withers?

Roe deer

Already in April, roe deer begin to eat tupaswool that has left to grow [23].


Question: What is the height of roe deer at the withers?

Roe deer

Roe deer usually switch to a plant diet for the summer, [1] and can migrate up to tens of kilometres from winter pastures [23].


Question: What is the height of roe deer at the withers?

Roe deer

Deer are able to eat hundreds of different plant species, including sedge, hay, horsetail and milkweed [23].


Question: What is the height of roe deer at the withers?

Roe deer

Moose in particular are usually left on or off winter pastures.


Question: What is the height of roe deer at the withers?

Roe deer

Their summer nutrition includes deciduous leaves, grasses, and reindeer lichen.


Question: What is the height of roe deer at the withers?

Roe deer

Demands eat only green plants in summer, and graze with their vases, especially in swamps.


Question: What is the height of roe deer at the withers?

Roe deer

A special delicacy is raw, which was previously known as deer wheat.


Question: What is the height of roe deer at the withers?

Roe deer

[25] In autumn, mushrooms are important food for roe deer.


Question: What is the height of roe deer at the withers?

Roe deer

[26] The amount of nutrition and sex greatly influence the movement of deer.


Question: What is the height of roe deer at the withers?

Roe deer

In centuries past, deer were known for their long winter hikes, extending hundreds of miles from summer pastures.


Question: What is the height of roe deer at the withers?

Roe deer

The reason for the migrations was grazing pressure from the abundant deer population, forcing the deer to move over a wider area.


Question: What is the height of roe deer at the withers?

Roe deer

Today, there are fewer deer and hikes are smaller, too, thanks to the better condition of lichens and lakeside pastures.