Question: How long did the Winter War last?

Winter War

However, the importance of Petsamo was soon understood to be minor to Finland and, moreover, would not have given the Western powers the opportunity to halt the vital German iron ore imports from the Kirunan-Jällivaara region.


Question: How long did the Winter War last?

Winter War

Therefore, the operation decided on 5 February consisted of a landing on the Norwegian coast, advancing into the ore regions of northern Sweden, and, situation permitting, the extension of a smaller contingent to Finland.


Question: How long did the Winter War last?

Winter War

The final stage could have been thwarted by strong German countermeasures in Sweden.


Question: How long did the Winter War last?

Winter War

[97] The basic problem of the operation was that the Swedish and Norwegian attitude towards the use of their territories was negative.


Question: How long did the Winter War last?

Winter War

Britain, in particular, was timid about launching an operation without guarantees from Sweden and Norway for free passage.


Question: How long did the Winter War last?

Winter War

Furthermore, Finland was not unequivocally willing to publicly call on the expedition to help either, as it would not have been a decisive military aid, but might have enveloped Finland into a major war.


Question: How long did the Winter War last?

Winter War

France and Britain also made separate bids and provided conflicting information about the amount and time of aid, making the Finns reserved.


Question: How long did the Winter War last?

Winter War

[98] According to schedule, the Allied detachments, about the strength of three divisions, had mobilized from their ports on 15 March and began the landings in Norway five days later.


Question: How long did the Winter War last?

Winter War

As Finland's peace negotiations lasted, France already had time to order an operation for its forces to be launched on 12 March, and the British were also preparing to launch in those days.


Question: How long did the Winter War last?

Winter War

However, the peace made by Finland interrupted the activities of both 13.


Question: How long did the Winter War last?

Winter War

on March.


Question: How long did the Winter War last?

Winter War

[99] Flygflottilj 19 (F19), an air squadron assembled from Swedish volunteers, was responsible for the defence of the airspace of Northern Finland with just under two dozen planes since January 1940.


Question: How long did the Winter War last?

Winter War

Thanks to a self-sufficient Swedish squadron flying under Finnish insignia, population centres were provided with protection from bombing and the Finnish Air Force's own planes could concentrate on the defence of southern Finland.


Question: How long did the Winter War last?

Winter War

After the war, the aircraft were returned to Sweden.


Question: How long did the Winter War last?

Winter War

The unit brought significant experience in combat operations to the Swedish Air Force.


Question: How long did the Winter War last?

Winter War

[100] Foreign Volunteers of the Winter War At the end of the Winter War, about 11660 foreigners had enrolled in the Finnish army (according to official statistics).


Question: How long did the Winter War last?

Winter War

In total, they were from 28 countries [101].


Question: How long did the Winter War last?

Winter War

Military significance of foreign volunteers was practically only by volunteers who arrived from Sweden.


Question: How long did the Winter War last?

Winter War

In addition to them, only a small number of American Finns participated in the actual fighting.


Question: How long did the Winter War last?

Winter War

[102] [103] As to the consequences and significance of the Winter War, the Winter War was a heavy ordeal for the peoples of both Finland and the Soviet Union: personal and material losses were high in both countries.


Question: How long did the Winter War last?

Winter War

Moreover, relations between the two countries were in their worst state until then, and neither sought betterment, but sought solutions to conflicts the other way.


Question: How long did the Winter War last?

Winter War

Since Germany had occupied Denmark and Norway, Finland's chances of gaining support from the Western Allies disappeared, so Finland was forced to rely on Germany, sparking a continuation war between Finland and the Soviet Union.


Question: How long did the Winter War last?

Winter War

World War II continued, and its development also had a decisive impact on the situation between the Soviet Union and Finland.


Question: How long did the Winter War last?

Winter War

Despite heavy losses, the Soviets did not abandon plans to conquer Finland.


Question: How long did the Winter War last?

Winter War

Marshal Kliment Voroshilov, who served as commander of Soviet forces in the Winter War, later admitted that he himself, the General Staff no more than the head of the Leningrad Military District, in the autumn of 1939, had no idea what kind of war they had gone to.


Question: How long did the Winter War last?

Winter War

Since then serving as President of the Soviet Union, Voroshilov gave credit to the opposing side: “The Finnish army, which was well organised, armed and trained with local conditions in mind, proved to be highly mobile, defensively capable and disciplined.” [104] Finland Foreign Minister Eljas Erkko had reassured his subordinates before the Winter War broke out by assuring him that “the Russians will not attack against the winter.”


Question: How long did the Winter War last?

Winter War

For his part, Stalin wanted to work out his relationship with Finland as quickly as possible in order to secure the benefits reserved for the Soviet Union in the Molotov—Ribbentrop Pact, as rumours had been borne in his ears that Germany was preparing peace with the Western powers and would soon turn its weapons east, against the USSR.


Question: How long did the Winter War last?

Winter War

[105] Stalin was also in a hurry for another reason, since the issue of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina, which was still waiting for its turn, was strategically more important than the Finnish issue.


Question: How long did the Winter War last?

Winter War

[106] In April 1940, at a criticism meeting under Stalin, the commanders of the Finnish Front praised the Finnish Army, but Stalin silenced them by stating that the Finnish Army could not be considered a “fully modern army” because it was trained for defence rather than invasion.


Question: How long did the Winter War last?

Winter War

[107] During and after the Winter War, a myth arose, the “miracle of the Winter War”.


Question: How long did the Winter War last?

Winter War

According to it, the brave struggle and success of small Finland against great superiority was a superhuman performance in which religious elements also played a part.


Question: How long did the Winter War last?

Winter War

However, in the results of studies of both war and political history, rational reasons for the outcome of the war can be found.


Question: How long did the Winter War last?

Winter War

The Winter War brought to light the importance of the nation's intellectual resources in warfare.


Question: How long did the Winter War last?

Winter War

After the war, the Finnish people were internally more united than at any time in the country's history.


Question: How long did the Winter War last?

Winter War

There was also an effort on the political front to support and promote actions that unify the people.


Question: How long did the Winter War last?

Winter War

Among other things, disputes in the 1930s over funding and maintenance of the Finnish army gave way to a vigorous equipping effort.


Question: How long did the Winter War last?

Winter War

However, the Finnish leadership made every effort to avoid the situation experienced in the Winter War, where the country had gone to war on its own against a superpower.


Question: How long did the Winter War last?

Winter War

For the Finns, the Winter War was essentially a defensive war, but the loss of territory and personnel lifted the offensive mood.


Question: How long did the Winter War last?

Winter War

Distrusts of the Soviet Union already prevalent in Finland escalated into a hatred in which all actions of the NL were interpreted negatively.


Question: How long did the Winter War last?

Winter War

The history of the Winter War provides a good example of great power political policies.


Question: How long did the Winter War last?

Winter War

The ideological motives presented by both Germany and the Soviet Union in the 1930s and their mutual confrontations proved to be propaganda to disguise the real aspirations of power of the great powers.


Question: How long did the Winter War last?

Winter War

The emblems of Bolshevism and National Socialism were pushed aside when the great power's interest so demanded.


Question: How long did the Winter War last?

Winter War

Realizing this fact was one of the key factors in creating the spirit of the Winter War among the Finns.


Question: How long did the Winter War last?

Winter War

[108] As regards political opinion formation in society, the Winter War and the Finnish Civil War of 1918 are an interesting benchmark.


Question: How long did the Winter War last?

Winter War

During 1917, domestic and superpower political currents drew Finns apart and strengthened the extremes of the political field on both the right and left.


Question: How long did the Winter War last?

Winter War

In 1939, the development was reversed: integration took place in internal politics and the actions of the great powers broke the position of extremist groups that supported them in Finland on the right and left, and the current took the majority of Finns behind common foreign policy and national defence objectives and ultimately to the fight against actions perceived to be unjust.


Question: How long did the Winter War last?

Winter War

The monotism between Finns (so-called brother in arms) has been reflected in the post-World War II period, despite internal conflicts.


Question: How long did the Winter War last?

Winter War

The Winter War may have had a significant impact on World War II because Hitler assessed the Soviet Union as a “giant standing on clay feet”, which contributed to strengthening the Germans' decision to invade the Soviet Union in the summer of 1941.


Question: How long did the Winter War last?

Winter War

On the other hand, the Soviets learned lessons from the losses caused by rigid tactics and weak command ratios, as well as the shortcomings of infantry training.


Question: How long did the Winter War last?

Winter War

The success of the strike forces equipped with Suomi submachine guns also led to a reassessment of the importance of the submachine gun and skis in the Soviet Union.


Question: How long did the Winter War last?

Winter War

Along with automatic rifles, the Soviets also began to equip their infantry with their self-made PPŠ-41 submachine guns, which enabled them to increase their firepower.


Question: How long did the Winter War last?

Winter War

During the war in the Soviet Union it was called the “Finnish War” or the “Finnish Campaign”.


Question: How long did the Winter War last?

Winter War

During the YYA period after World War II, the terminology was softened and talked about “the Soviet-Finnish local armed conflict of 1939—1940”.


Question: How long did the Winter War last?

Winter War

It should be noted that already in the Soviet encyclopedias of 1963, the Soviet Union was named as the aggressor.


Question: How long did the Winter War last?

Winter War

In volume 24.I (p. 41) of Bolšaja sovetskaja entsiklopedija published in 1976, there is a three-column article about the Soviet-Finnish war 1939—40 as well as one page of maps related to the Winter War.


Question: How long did the Winter War last?

Winter War

The article highlights the security aspect of Leningrad against a possible attack by “hostile forces” as the cause of war.


Question: How long did the Winter War last?

Winter War

As a state acting against Soviet interests, Germany is also mentioned.


Question: How long did the Winter War last?

Winter War

[109] With the advent of Perestroika in the early 1980s, the Winter War again became a war and the name “zimnjaja voina” (, winter war) came into fashion.


Question: How long did the Winter War last?

Winter War

[110] Decorations for those who participated in the Winter War were presented with the Winter War Memorial Medal.


Question: How long did the Winter War last?

Winter War

[111] Other medals associated with the time include e.g.


Question: How long did the Winter War last?

Winter War

arms crosses such as Kainuu Cross, Central Isthmus Cross, Koivisto Cross, Kolla Cross, Ladoga Medal, Lapland Cross, Western Isthmus Cross, Muolaan Cross, Pitkäranta Cross, Summa Cross, Taipalee Cross and Tolvajärvi Cross.


Question: How long did the Winter War last?

Winter War

[111] Winter War in art and entertainment Immediately after the end of the war, Otava organized a Winter War-themed writing contest.


Question: How long did the Winter War last?

Winter War

It was won by Viljo Sarajan's Redeemed Country, second placed under Eino Hosian Tulivault and third by Pentti Haanpää's Korpisota.


Question: How long did the Winter War last?

Winter War

Haanpää had participated in the war in the ranks of JR 40 on Pelkosenniemi and in the final stages of the war on the Isthmus.


Question: How long did the Winter War last?

Winter War

The Corp War is therefore a realistic description of the stages of war from a private's point of view.


Question: How long did the Winter War last?

Winter War

In poetry, the Winter War was described by Yrjö Jylhä, a company manager in Taipaleenjoki, in the collection Purgatory.


Question: How long did the Winter War last?

Winter War

Antti Tuuri wrote the novel Talvisota, based on which Pekka Parikka directed the 1989 film of the same name.


Question: How long did the Winter War last?

Winter War

US-based Chuck Pfaffer announced in late summer 2010 his intention to make a film based on the Winter War.


Question: How long did the Winter War last?

Winter War

On the album The Art of War, released in 2008 by Swedish power metal band Sabaton, there was a song titled Winter War.


Question: How long did the Winter War last?

Winter War

Among the wartime propaganda songs, one of the best known is a song written by Reino Palmroth (Palle), written by Palle immediately after the end of the Winter War.


Question: How long did the Winter War last?

Winter War

[112] See also Winter War Diplomacy The Spirit of the Winter War Winter War Bombing Winter War Naval Warfare Winter War Air Warfare Finn's Winter War Catch War Iron Ring Continuation War Sources History of Winter War 2, Military action on the Karelian Isthmus.


Question: How long did the Winter War last?

Winter War

Ed.


Question: How long did the Winter War last?

Winter War

Military History Office of the Department of Military Science, Porvoo: WSOY, 1978.


Question: How long did the Winter War last?

Winter War

ISBN 951-0-08147-7.


Question: How long did the Winter War last?

Winter War

Tyyne Martikainen: Winter War Evails and Civil War Prisoners.


Question: How long did the Winter War last?

Winter War

Espoo.


Question: How long did the Winter War last?

Winter War

TM Books, 2008 ISBN 951-862 135-7 Ari Raunio, Yuri Kilin, Winter War Battles, 3rd Cord.


Question: How long did the Winter War last?

Winter War

p. Map Centre, 2010.


Question: How long did the Winter War last?

Winter War

ISBN 978-951-593-415-4 (Rev.


Question: How long did the Winter War last?

Winter War

previously in Defenders of Independence under the name Battles of War 1.)


Question: How long did the Winter War last?

Winter War

Hietanen, Silvo (ed.


Question: How long did the Winter War last?

Winter War

): Nation at War 1.


Question: How long did the Winter War last?

Winter War

From war to war.


Question: How long did the Winter War last?

Winter War

Helsinki: State Printing Centre, 1989.


Question: How long did the Winter War last?

Winter War

ISBN 951-861-384-2.


Question: How long did the Winter War last?

Winter War

Jakobson, Max: The Diplomats Winter War.


Question: How long did the Winter War last?

Winter War

Huddersfield: WSOY 2002.


Question: How long did the Winter War last?

Winter War

ISBN 9789510356739.


Question: How long did the Winter War last?

Winter War

Järvinen, Y. A., Finnish and Russian tactics in the Winter War, WSOY Porvoo Helsinki 1948 Kivimäki, Ville, Broken Minds: Battle for Finnish soldiers' nerves 1939—1945.


Question: How long did the Winter War last?

Winter War

Huddersfield: WSOY, 2013.


Question: How long did the Winter War last?

Winter War

Laaksonen, Lasse: Reality and biases: The battles of the Isthmus and the state of Finnish troops at the end of the Winter War 1940.


Question: How long did the Winter War last?

Winter War

Helsinki: Thought, 2005.


Question: How long did the Winter War last?

Winter War

ISBN 951-20-6911-3.


Question: How long did the Winter War last?

Winter War

Manninen, Ohto: Winter War Encrypted Backgrounds.


Question: How long did the Winter War last?

Winter War

Helsinki: Book Counselor, 1994.


Question: How long did the Winter War last?

Winter War

ISBN 952-90-5251-0.


Question: How long did the Winter War last?

Winter War

Meinander, Henry: History of Finland.


Question: How long did the Winter War last?

Winter War

Lines, structures, turning points.


Question: How long did the Winter War last?

Winter War

Huddersfield: WSOY, 2006.


Question: How long did the Winter War last?

Winter War

ISBN 978-951-0-30809-7.


Question: How long did the Winter War last?

Winter War

Palolampi, Erkki: The collar lasts.


Question: How long did the Winter War last?

Winter War

Attached military historical review of the Kolla Front — a Winter War miniature.


Question: How long did the Winter War last?

Winter War

By K. J. Mikola.


Question: How long did the Winter War last?

Winter War

Porvoo: WSOY, 1989.


Question: How long did the Winter War last?

Winter War

ISBN 951-0-16034-2 Ruin, Ari: Military action: Finnish wars 1939—45.


Question: How long did the Winter War last?

Winter War

Vantaa: Genimap, 2004.


Question: How long did the Winter War last?

Winter War

ISBN 951-593-914-3.


Question: How long did the Winter War last?

Winter War

Ries, Tomas: Cold Will — The Defense of Finland.


Question: How long did the Winter War last?

Winter War

London: Brassey's Defence Publishers, 1988.


Question: How long did the Winter War last?

Winter War

ISBN 0-08-033592-6 Transclusion error: {{En}} is only for use in File namespace.


Question: How long did the Winter War last?

Winter War

Use {{lang-en}} or {{en icon}} instead.. Siilasvuo, Ensio (ed.


Question: How long did the Winter War last?

Winter War

): Chronicle of the Winter War.


Question: How long did the Winter War last?

Winter War

Gummerus, 1989.


Question: How long did the Winter War last?

Winter War

ISBN 951-20-3446-8.


Question: How long did the Winter War last?

Winter War

Tala, Henry: French solvers of the Winter War.


Question: How long did the Winter War last?

Winter War

French aid to Finland 1939—1940.


Question: How long did the Winter War last?

Winter War

Minerva: Helsinki 2014.


Question: How long did the Winter War last?

Winter War

ISBN 978-952-312-020-4.


Question: How long did the Winter War last?

Winter War

Ylikangas, Heikki: Finland and Germany from winter war to intermediate peace.


Question: How long did the Winter War last?

Winter War

WSOY, Helsinki, 2001.


Question: How long did the Winter War last?

Winter War

ISBN 951-0-26052-5.


Question: How long did the Winter War last?

Winter War

Ylikangas, Heikki: My interpretation of the Winter War.


Question: How long did the Winter War last?

Winter War

Huddersfield: WSOY, 2001.


Question: How long did the Winter War last?

Winter War

ISBN 951-0-26052-5.


Question: How long did the Winter War last?

Winter War

Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Jari Eilola, Matti Rautiainen and Heikki Roiko-Jokela| title = Traveling in time| number = Winter War| publisher = WSOY| year = 2002| isbn = 951-0-27058-x}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Käkönen U. | title = Military Agent Moscow 1939| publisher = Otava| year = 1966}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Laine, Antti| title = Little Giant of Finnish History | location = Helsinki| publisher = WSOY| year = 2003| isbn = 951-0-27365-1}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Leskinen, Jari & Juutilainen, Antti (eds.


Question: How long did the Winter War last?

Winter War

) | title = Petty Giant of Continuation War| location = Helsinki| publisher = WSOY| year = 2005| isbn = 951-0-28690-7}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Mannerheim, C.


Question: How long did the Winter War last?

Winter War

G.


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Winter War

E.


Question: How long did the Winter War last?

Winter War

& Virkkunen, Sakari| title = Memoirs of a Marshal of Finland| publisher = The Great Finnish Book Club| year = 1995| id = ISBN 951-643-469-X}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Sander, Gordon F.| title = Battle for Finland 1939—1940| others = Translated by ArtoHäilä) | publisher = WSOHÄILÄ) | publisher = WSOHÄILÄ Y | year = 2010| id = ISBN 978-951-0-35299-1}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Tanner, Väinö| title = I was foreign minister during the winter war| number = Negotiation phase| location = Helsinki| publisher = January| year = 1979| isbn = 951-30-4813-6}}, replace with {{cite book| author = Trotter, William R.| title= Frozen hell — The Russo-Finnish winter war of 1939—1940| location = Chapel Hill| publisher = Algonquin Books| year = 2000| isbn=1-56512-249-6| language = Transclusion error: {{en}} is only for use in File namespace.


Question: How long did the Winter War last?

Winter War

Use {{lang-en}} or {{en icon}} instead.}


Question: How long did the Winter War last?

Winter War

Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Uitto, Antero and Geust, Carl-Fredrik| title = Mannerheim Line — Winter War legend| location = Helsinki| publisher = Idea Books| year = 2006| isbn = 951-20-7042-1}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Krivoška Eyev, G. F.| title = Soviet Casualties and Combat Losses in the Twentieth Century| location = London| publisher = Greenhill Books| year = 1997| isbn = 1-85367-280-7| language = Transclusion error: {{en}} is only for use in File namespace.


Question: How long did the Winter War last?

Winter War


Question: How long did the Winter War last?

Winter War

Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Leskinen, Jari & Juutilainen, Antti| title = Winter War Little Giant| publisher = WSOY| year = 1999| id = ISBN 951-0-23536-9}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Raunio, Ari (ed.


Question: How long did the Winter War last?

Winter War

) | title = Defenders of Independence -series| publisher = Weilin+Göös etc.| year = 2002—2003| isbn = 951-35-6630-7}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Ruin, Jukka| title = Pilot's Perspective II| location = Kerava| publisher = personal publication: Jukka Ruunio| year 1999| 3| id = ISBN 951- 96866-0-6}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Haataja, Lauri| title = When the people gathered themselves| publisher = Oak | year = 1989| id = ISBN 951-30-9170-8}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Käkelä, Erkki| title = Marsk Armor Destroyers: Finland evolution of anti-tank and the history of anti-tank units of the tank group| publisher = WSOY| year = 2000| id = ISBN 951-0-24638-7}}.


Question: How long did the Winter War last?

Winter War

References Literature Winter War as an experience.


Question: How long did the Winter War last?

Winter War

Historical Society of Northern Finland.


Question: How long did the Winter War last?

Winter War

Rovaniemi, 2011.


Question: How long did the Winter War last?

Winter War

Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Blücher, Wipert von| title = Fate of Finland — Recollections from 1935—1944.| publisher = WSOY| year = 1950}} Citation error, with {{cite book| author = Edwards, Robert (English) Porio, Jouni) | title = Winter War with European Eye| publisher = Minerva| year = 2007| id = ISBN 978-952-492-072-8}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Holmila, Antero| title = Winter War with others| publisher = Atena| year = 2009}} Citation with error, replace {{cite book| author = Irincheev, Bair| title = Winter War with Russian eyes.| publisher = Minerva| year = 2012}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Krohn, Aarni| title = 30.11.1939 — First Hours of Winter War | publisher = January| year = 1979| id = ISBN 951-30-9276-3}}, replace with {{cite book| author = Langdon-Davies, John| title = Attack in the snow: Winter War in the eyes of a British correspondent | location = Helsinki| publisher = Paasilinna| year = 2014| version = (Finland — the First Total War, 1940.)


Question: How long did the Winter War last?

Winter War

Translated by Simo Liikanen.


Question: How long did the Winter War last?

Winter War

Foreword by Debbie Langdon-Davis| isbn = 978-952-299-024-2}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Mononen, Väinö| title = War Road of a Battalion.


Question: How long did the Winter War last?

Winter War

2016| publisher = Books on Demand, Helsinki| year = | id = ISBN 978-952-339-478-0}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Mononen, Väinö| title = Death Alley Running. | publisher = Alfamer Oy, Helsinki| year = 2006| id = ISBN 952-472-043-4} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Mononen, Väinö| title = Fireflames of Tuonela. | publisher = Edico Oy, Helsinki| year = 2011| id = ISBN 978-952-5708-44-8}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Niukkanen, Juho| title = Winter War Defence Minister tells.| publisher = WSOO Y| year = 1951}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Näre, Sari & Kirves, Jenni (ed.


Question: How long did the Winter War last?

Winter War

) | title = The Ugly War: The Silent History of the Winter and Continuation War| location = Helsinki| publisher = Johnny Kniga| year = 2008| id = ISBN 978-951-0-32917-7}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Paasikivi, J. K.| = My Activities in Moscow and Finland 1939—1941| publisher = WSOY (4th edition 1986) .| year = 1958| id = ISBN 951-0-13576-3.}}


Question: How long did the Winter War last?

Winter War

Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Ruin, Ari & Kilin, Juri| title = Winter War Battles| publisher = Map Center| year = 2007| id = ISBN 978-951-593-068-2}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Richly, Gábor| title = Brother for Brother: Winter War and Hungary| publisher = Docendo| year = 2015| isbn = 978-952-291-168-1}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Richly, Gábor| title = Hungary and Finnish Winter Wars.| location = Helsinki| publisher = Military Historical Journal| year = | pages = 134-196}} Citation error, replace with {cite book| author = Sander, Gordon F.| title= The Hundred Day Winter War: Finland's Gallant Stand Against the Soviet Army| location = Lawrence| publisher = University Press of Kansas| year = 2013| version=Modern War Studies| isbn = 978-0-7006-1910-8}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Hedgehog, Ensio, et al.


Question: How long did the Winter War last?

Winter War

(ed.


Question: How long did the Winter War last?

Winter War

) | title = Winter War Chronicle| publisher = Gummerus| year = 1997| id = ISBN 951-20-3446-8.}


Question: How long did the Winter War last?

Winter War

Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Stepakov, Viktor & Orehov, Dmitri| title = Parade March to Finland: Winter War with the eyes of Russians | publisher = WSOY| year = 1992| version = Translated by Matti Hyvärinen| id = ISBN 951-0-18304-0}} Citation error, replace with {cite book| id = ISBN 951-0-18304-0}} Citation error, replace with {cite book| k| author = English , Juhani| title = Myrrysman — Urho Kekkonen 1936—1944.| publisher = Otava| year = 1986| id = ISBN 951-1-06567-X.}}


Question: How long did the Winter War last?

Winter War

Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Finland, Juhani| title = Winter War background — Soviet Union in Finnish foreign policy 1937—1939.| publisher = Otava| year = 1973| id = ISBN 951-1-00251-1}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Tanner, Väinö| title = I was Foreign Minister during the winter war| publisher = Oak | year = 1950}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Tepora, Tuas| title = Spirit of War: Beautiful and Ugly Winter War| location = Helsinki| publisher = WSOY| year = 2015| id = ISBN 978-951-0-40166-8}} Citation with error, replace {{cite book| author = Tuomikoski, Pekka| title = Winter War — Population Transfers.| publisher = AtlaSart| year = 2010}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Importing, Value | title = Storm| publisher = January| year = 1970}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Uitto, Antero| title = Winter War with the eyes of the Red Army| publisher = Karisto| year = 1999| id = ISBN 978-951-233-939-6}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Vihavainen, Timo & Sakharov, Andrei (ed.


Question: How long did the Winter War last?

Winter War

) | title = Unknown Winter War: Soviet secret police folders| location = Helsinki| publisher = Edita| year = 2009| version=Translations by Maija Dahlgren en m| id = ISBN 978-951-37-5598-0}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Vladimirov, Viktor| title = Towards winter war | publisher = Otava, 1995| year = 1995}} On topic elsewhere (135 pcs) Archives Institute.


Question: How long did the Winter War last?

Winter War

{{country data {{{1}}} | flaglink/core | variant = | size= | name= | altlink =national rugby union team | altvar =rugby union}} (Archives Department) Broadcasting #sota39 updates the stages of the war day by day on Twitter.


Question: How long did the Winter War last?

Winter War

The events of 75 years ago are recounted through actual conversations and decisions held by the country's martial government, condensed into tweets.


Question: How long did the Winter War last?

Winter War

* Category:Key articles of screening


Question: Who mainly owns the Lehtisaari subdivision?

Lehtisaari

Coordinates: Lehtisaari () is an island and a sub-district in the Munkkiniemi district of Western Helsinki.


Question: Who mainly owns the Lehtisaari subdivision?

Lehtisaari

[1] The sub-region of Lehtisaari also includes the smaller Kaskisaari in the southeast and Mustasaari, which is used as a camp island for the Evangelical Lutheran congregation group.


Question: Who mainly owns the Lehtisaari subdivision?

Lehtisaari

Unlike Lehtisaari itself, however, Kaskisaari and Mustasaari belong to Lauttasaari and not Munkkiniemi district.


Question: Who mainly owns the Lehtisaari subdivision?

Lehtisaari

The general look of Lehtisaari is marine and wooded.


Question: Who mainly owns the Lehtisaari subdivision?

Lehtisaari

A jogging route runs through Lehtisaari, which is also used by the Helsinki City Marathon.


Question: Who mainly owns the Lehtisaari subdivision?

Lehtisaari

Zoning of the island for settlement use was begun in the 1950s.


Question: Who mainly owns the Lehtisaari subdivision?

Lehtisaari

The island is predominantly a residential area built in the 1960s.


Question: Who mainly owns the Lehtisaari subdivision?

Lehtisaari

Lehtisaari runs from Munkkiniemi to the Espoo side of the Kuusisaarentie to Otaniemi, which continues in Espoo as Karhusaarentitie to Kehä I.


Question: Who mainly owns the Lehtisaari subdivision?

Lehtisaari

The road includes a small bridge from Kuusisaari to Lehtisaari and a longer bridge from Lehtisaari to Otaniemi near Keilaniemi.


Question: Who mainly owns the Lehtisaari subdivision?

Lehtisaari

There is also a bridge from Lehtisaari to Kaskisaari, where the narrow and meandering Lehtisaarentie leads and a light traffic bridge to Lauttasaari.


Question: Who mainly owns the Lehtisaari subdivision?

Lehtisaari

Parish ownership Lehtisaari is mainly owned by the parishes of Helsinki and Vantaa.


Question: Who mainly owns the Lehtisaari subdivision?

Lehtisaari

The island is likely to have been donated to the Catholic Church as a so-called Soul Mass gift, which, according to Catholic doctrine, may have freed the donor from purgatory.


Question: Who mainly owns the Lehtisaari subdivision?

Lehtisaari

Such land ownership was restored in the 16th century in the context of the Reformation usually from the church to the Crown, but Lehtisaari remained owned by the Lutheran Church rather than the State for an unknown reason.


Question: Who mainly owns the Lehtisaari subdivision?

Lehtisaari

For centuries, Lehtisaari belonged to the hiring of the vicar general of the keeper of Helsinki.


Question: Who mainly owns the Lehtisaari subdivision?

Lehtisaari

As a result of regional associations, Lehtisaari was divided in 1952 between the Keeper's Church of Helsinki (now Vantaa parishes) and the parishes of Helsinki.


Question: Who mainly owns the Lehtisaari subdivision?

Lehtisaari

In accordance with the old manttal, Vantaa Parish Group still owns 64.11% of Lehtisaari's land area and 35.89% by Helsinki Parish Group.


Question: Who mainly owns the Lehtisaari subdivision?

Lehtisaari

Lehtisaari's plots and building rights have been leased to housing companies and in the case of the business centre to Business Centre Oy.


Question: Who mainly owns the Lehtisaari subdivision?

Lehtisaari

An exception is the property at Lehtisaarentie 14, owned by VVO and a seaside plot sold by the Vantaa Parish Group at Liljasaarentie 1a, for which five dwellings are nearing completion.


Question: Who mainly owns the Lehtisaari subdivision?

Lehtisaari

The current leases of most expire in 2019, the extension of which is being negotiated with parish groups.


Question: Who mainly owns the Lehtisaari subdivision?

Lehtisaari

They have planned substantial increases in plot rents, with consideration even more than doubling in some condominiums.


Question: Who mainly owns the Lehtisaari subdivision?

Lehtisaari

[2] The city of Helsinki owns the street areas of Lehtisaari.


Question: Who mainly owns the Lehtisaari subdivision?

Lehtisaari

[3] The ownership of the parish is reflected in the name of the street of Lehtisaari; one of the streets is, for example, St. Lauri's Road.


Question: Who mainly owns the Lehtisaari subdivision?

Lehtisaari

The congregations received the island as a donation for recreational use, with part of the island still being.


Question: Who mainly owns the Lehtisaari subdivision?

Lehtisaari

At the request of the Vantaa Parish Group, the City of Helsinki has zoned additional building rights to the centre of Lehtisaari, above all for apartment buildings.


Question: Who mainly owns the Lehtisaari subdivision?

Lehtisaari

The senior house has been completed on Lehtisaarentitien.


Question: Who mainly owns the Lehtisaari subdivision?

Lehtisaari

After the zoning is completed, the parish group of Vantaa has sold the zoned property at Liljasaarentie 1a.


Question: Who mainly owns the Lehtisaari subdivision?

Lehtisaari

[4] Characterisation of the area in Lehtisaari is a shopping mall built in the 1960s.


Question: Who mainly owns the Lehtisaari subdivision?

Lehtisaari

Since the quieter period of the late 1990s, the occupancy rate at Lehtisaari Business Centre has been almost 100%.


Question: Who mainly owns the Lehtisaari subdivision?

Lehtisaari

In it operate e.g.


Question: Who mainly owns the Lehtisaari subdivision?

Lehtisaari

restaurant, tire shop, kindergarten, cafe, gallery space for visual artists, more construction companies, shipping equipment and engine import agency, accounting firm, architectural firm, law firm, superintendent agency, real estate agency, caterer, masseur and carpet shop.


Question: Who mainly owns the Lehtisaari subdivision?

Lehtisaari

According to statistics, Lehtisaari had 144 jobs at the end of 2008.


Question: Who mainly owns the Lehtisaari subdivision?

Lehtisaari

[1] Nature is greener than in Kuusisaari, especially in the southern part of the island, which serves as a park.


Question: Who mainly owns the Lehtisaari subdivision?

Lehtisaari

The east bank is circled by a walking path, and an asphalted narrow road leads to Kaski Island.


Question: Who mainly owns the Lehtisaari subdivision?

Lehtisaari

Lehtisaari has been one of the regions of Helsinki where dwelling prices have increased the least during 2009—2014, and in 2014 house prices had also decreased.


Question: Who mainly owns the Lehtisaari subdivision?

Lehtisaari

[5] [6] This is because public transport in the area has deteriorated and the parish, which manages the rental plots, has put forward a substantial increase in the rents of land which would raise company consideration to the level of housing rights dwellings, even though there are owner-occupied dwellings in the area.


Question: Who mainly owns the Lehtisaari subdivision?

Lehtisaari

[7] [8] Sources on the topic elsewhere Category:Helsinki Islands Category:Munkkiniemi


Question: How did the firebearers define Finnishness?

Firebearers

Tulenkanjat was an influential group of writers in Finland in the 1920s, named after the Tulenkantajat album published by the Nuouren Voima Liiga.


Question: How did the firebearers define Finnishness?

Firebearers

Authors closely belonging to the Firebearers included Uuno Kailas, Olavi Paavolainen, Elina Vaara, Katri Vala and Lauri Viljanen.


Question: How did the firebearers define Finnishness?

Firebearers

In addition to writers, the group included musicians and visual artists, among others.


Question: How did the firebearers define Finnishness?

Firebearers

The group also published its own magazine, whose editor-in-chief was Erkki Vala.


Question: How did the firebearers define Finnishness?

Firebearers

Firebearers seek to steer Finnish literature into new grooves closer to European currents.


Question: How did the firebearers define Finnishness?

Firebearers

[1] The group sought to get rid of “raven culture” and defined Finnishness primarily through industry, urbanization and modern art.


Question: How did the firebearers define Finnishness?

Firebearers

The firebearers' motto was: “Windows open to Europe!” , which was a quote from Elmer Diktonius's stated ambitions of Ultra magazine: “Windows open facing Europe”.


Question: How did the firebearers define Finnishness?

Firebearers

[2] The group of Firebearers began to disintegrate into conflict in the late 1920s.


Question: How did the firebearers define Finnishness?

Firebearers

Once and for all, the joint engagement of members can be considered to have ended in the early 1930s [3].


Question: How did the firebearers define Finnishness?

Firebearers

Early stages The Federation of Young Power served as a unifying factor for many members of the Firebearers [4].


Question: How did the firebearers define Finnishness?

Firebearers

The Firebearers group originally took its name from the album of the same name by the literary hobby circle of the Young Voima Federation.


Question: How did the firebearers define Finnishness?

Firebearers

The album first appeared in 1924, and changed four times after appearing as a magazine.


Question: How did the firebearers define Finnishness?

Firebearers

[5] The Firebearers albums showcased the achievements of a literary, visual and composing group.


Question: How did the firebearers define Finnishness?

Firebearers

Firebearers magazine, on the other hand, focused on a wide range of other introductions of the new generation, which has raised questions about whether Firebearers as a group was solely literature-focused.


Question: How did the firebearers define Finnishness?

Firebearers

[6] Firebearers as a name aroused some confusion: as an album title, it was clear but vague as a group of people, and a list of writers who were part of the Firebearers can still not be made.


Question: How did the firebearers define Finnishness?

Firebearers

[7] [8] The Firebearers included a group of young writers whose production manifested, among other things, libertarianism, exoticism, expressionist expression and exuberance of a new sense of life [9].


Question: How did the firebearers define Finnishness?

Firebearers

The group was characterized by a belief in humanity and the future of Finnish culture as well as an interest in new phenomena [10] The group of writers does not obtain exhaustive information about the composition of the Firebearers, and scholars are also in disagreement regarding the definition of members who were part of the Firebearers [7].


Question: How did the firebearers define Finnishness?

Firebearers

Some members belonged to the group more closely and some more loosely.


Question: How did the firebearers define Finnishness?

Firebearers

One can also speak of the inner ring and the outer members [11].


Question: How did the firebearers define Finnishness?

Firebearers

Authors closely belonging to the Firebearers included Uuno Kailas, Katri and Erkki Vala, Yrjö Jylhä, Firebearers figurehead Olavi Paavolainen, lyricist Lauri Viljanen, Ilmari Pimia and Elina Vaara.


Question: How did the firebearers define Finnishness?

Firebearers

Martti Haavio (stage name P. Mustapää), who, however, has said that he may have belonged to the group only because several of its members became his good friends.


Question: How did the firebearers define Finnishness?

Firebearers

[1] [12] Other names have been mentioned frequently in connection with firebearers, such as Onni Halla and Antero Kajanto, as well as expressionists Arvi Kivimaa and Mika Waltari.


Question: How did the firebearers define Finnishness?

Firebearers

[13] The firebearers were loose as a group and could be considered to include different strata.


Question: How did the firebearers define Finnishness?

Firebearers

While the core membership of the group remained relatively unchanged, members of the outer ring varied.


Question: How did the firebearers define Finnishness?

Firebearers

The core group was aesthetically open-minded and open-minded, so new friends were welcomed without prejudice.


Question: How did the firebearers define Finnishness?

Firebearers

[14] Generally speaking of firebearers as a group of writers, but the same circle of friends also included visual artists, reciters, musicians, newspapermen and a wide range of art enthusiasts [1].


Question: How did the firebearers define Finnishness?

Firebearers

Artists Sylvi and Väinö Kunnas illustrated poetry collections, albums and magazines for young people.


Question: How did the firebearers define Finnishness?

Firebearers

Composers and reciters belonged closely to a circle of friends, and among them Eero Salola and Helinä Svensson-Timari did great service by bringing new lyric to the consciousness of countless people in their recitation nights.


Question: How did the firebearers define Finnishness?

Firebearers

[6] The group is also closely associated with George Gustafson, who did not write himself, but gave excitations to others.


Question: How did the firebearers define Finnishness?

Firebearers

Gustafson is said to have been the most sophisticated spirit and central personality in the young writer's circle.


Question: How did the firebearers define Finnishness?

Firebearers

[15] Literature Lyrics The loose group of fire-bearers included a very wide variety of lyres.


Question: How did the firebearers define Finnishness?

Firebearers

However, firebearers' lyric shares typical features in common, including free measure, exoticism, and machine romanticism.


Question: How did the firebearers define Finnishness?

Firebearers

[10] The most famous users of free measure is Katri Vala, who adhered to this form of expression inherent to him until the end [16].


Question: How did the firebearers define Finnishness?

Firebearers

Known works by Vala include Distant Garden (1924) and Blue Door (1926) [9].


Question: How did the firebearers define Finnishness?

Firebearers

Vala's poetry is also a key influence on exotic and sensory imagery, involving, among other things, intense spots of colour, and sensations of warmth and light [16].


Question: How did the firebearers define Finnishness?

Firebearers

The exoticism of firebearers in general is often dominated by instinct and strong emotional sensations [17] At the time of the Firebearers, colourful flowers blossomed in Finnish literature, the gardens scented and the texts had fanciful remote visions [10].


Question: How did the firebearers define Finnishness?

Firebearers

In the lyric of firebearers, exoticism usually has the function of emphasizing instinctive feeling and primitivism, which in some ways implies an escape from modern-day rationality.


Question: How did the firebearers define Finnishness?

Firebearers

The exotic landscape made a clear difference to previous Finnish literature.


Question: How did the firebearers define Finnishness?

Firebearers

[17] Among the firebearers, Olavi Lauri (Paavolainen) and Mika Waltari were enthusiastic about machine romantics.


Question: How did the firebearers define Finnishness?

Firebearers

The machines described by the firebearers in their lyric are mainly devices related to travel and leisure, not so much implements.


Question: How did the firebearers define Finnishness?

Firebearers

In machine romantics, machinery and technology were seen as both liberating and a unifying force for humanity.


Question: How did the firebearers define Finnishness?

Firebearers

It was thought that technology will allow the implementation of future utopia, that is, in this case, the emergence of a global community of people.


Question: How did the firebearers define Finnishness?

Firebearers

Using machines, the world could be felt small and manageable, while at the same time rejecting ideas of decadence and pericaturity.


Question: How did the firebearers define Finnishness?

Firebearers

[18] The Spanish Hispano-Suiza was discovered by fire bearers, although not a single car of this brand is known to have existed in Finland.


Question: How did the firebearers define Finnishness?

Firebearers

[19] A strong emphasis on the power of life, i.e. vitalism, which also involves becoming an object of worship for the human body, and the virtue of adherence to the healthy human body and its vites.


Question: How did the firebearers define Finnishness?

Firebearers

As a counterbalance to vitalism, the poems of young lyricists also feature anguish and horror images of relentless death.


Question: How did the firebearers define Finnishness?

Firebearers

Among other things, the themes of death, violence and suicide are repeated in the poems of Yrjö Jylha's collection, and Katri Vala's collection The Faraway Garden has no less than a separate section called “Horror”.


Question: How did the firebearers define Finnishness?

Firebearers

[9] Such depiction of horror has been explained, among other things, by the desire of young lyricists to cause reactions in the older generation.


Question: How did the firebearers define Finnishness?

Firebearers

A more likely cause, however, is the effect of wars on the ideas of the lyricists.


Question: How did the firebearers define Finnishness?

Firebearers

The experiences of World War I and civil war have been said to appear in these horror images.


Question: How did the firebearers define Finnishness?

Firebearers

World War I changed the thought world of people and broke established notions of human life.


Question: How did the firebearers define Finnishness?

Firebearers

Faith in a world dominated by science and reason faltered and life's fundamental truths were replaced by incessant uncertainty.


Question: How did the firebearers define Finnishness?

Firebearers

[17] Prose The proportion of young prosaists in the fire-bearers was looser than the solid unity of the lyres.


Question: How did the firebearers define Finnishness?

Firebearers

The proportion of prosaists was more modest at the evening sit-ins also because they only came to written public attention after the group was formed.


Question: How did the firebearers define Finnishness?

Firebearers

The position of the prosaists in the writers' group was also influenced, among other considerations, by the lack of such stigmatising fire-bearing subjects in their productions as young lyricists.


Question: How did the firebearers define Finnishness?

Firebearers

[14] Mika Waltari's mention of how in the 1920s he firmly believed that he was a poet until, on the advice of Joel Lehtonen, started writing prose.


Question: How did the firebearers define Finnishness?

Firebearers

[14] Waltar became the most prominent prosaist of the firebearers, and later the best known Finnish writer abroad.


Question: How did the firebearers define Finnishness?

Firebearers

[20] The top prosaists among the firebearers also included Olavi Paavolainen [21].


Question: How did the firebearers define Finnishness?

Firebearers

Paavolainen introduced new phenomena of the time, among other things, in many journal articles, and published his most important articles, primarily exploring the period after World War I, in his essay collection Seeking the Modern Age (1929) [22].


Question: How did the firebearers define Finnishness?

Firebearers

In his collection Paavolainen also highlighted the fashion phenomena of the big world, such as futurism, dadaism and nude culture, as well as the cultural contradictions of the post-war situation [23].


Question: How did the firebearers define Finnishness?

Firebearers

Final stages The dissolution of the group in the Firebearers Group was evident as early as the last years of the 1920s, when conflicts within the group grew into polemical exchanges of words.


Question: How did the firebearers define Finnishness?

Firebearers

Controversy over prestige and political differences of opinion became even more important.


Question: How did the firebearers define Finnishness?

Firebearers

Clear signs of disintegration were the discontinuation of the publication of Firebearers in the middle of 1930, and the publishing company becoming bankrupt.


Question: How did the firebearers define Finnishness?

Firebearers

[3] The literary and artistic community of Firebearers magazine was torn into various political and ideological disputes [24].


Question: How did the firebearers define Finnishness?

Firebearers

However, there were other reasons for the group's break-up.


Question: How did the firebearers define Finnishness?

Firebearers

Finland was hit by a crippling economic shortage worldwide, which, with the internal political crisis caused by the depression, had a strong effect on the public mood of the turn of the 1930s [3] [25].


Question: How did the firebearers define Finnishness?

Firebearers

Most affected by economic shortages was the lyric.


Question: How did the firebearers define Finnishness?

Firebearers

To earn a living, the writers made Finnish transmissions because it was not worth offering their own collections.


Question: How did the firebearers define Finnishness?

Firebearers

[26] With the rest of the arts, literature also became commercialised, and the perception of its importance as a civilisation factor was eroded.


Question: How did the firebearers define Finnishness?

Firebearers

Several of the ideas that inspired the 1920s, such as exotics and machine romantics, had no potential for continuity as such.


Question: How did the firebearers define Finnishness?

Firebearers

Many new and inspiring topics had been exhausted.


Question: How did the firebearers define Finnishness?

Firebearers

It was noticed that there are no more common themes, but each must develop their own speciality, which is already reflected in the writings of the 1930s.


Question: How did the firebearers define Finnishness?

Firebearers

[26] Olavi Paavolainen, an important figure in the literary life of the 1920s and a prosaist who was a member of the fire bearers, wrote his work in the Finnish Literary Children's Chamber [21] [27] in 1932.


Question: How did the firebearers define Finnishness?

Firebearers

In this pamphlet he reproached contemporary literature and the phenomena of young culture, in which he himself had been involved.


Question: How did the firebearers define Finnishness?

Firebearers

Paavolainen felt that the artistic level of literature had declined.


Question: How did the firebearers define Finnishness?

Firebearers

[27] In particular, prose received considerable criticism, Paavolainen reproached it for, among other things, semi-weariness, superficial fashionability, weakness of social vision and vulgar sensationalism [21] [27].


Question: How did the firebearers define Finnishness?

Firebearers

Paavolainen felt that literature had regressed into the 1890s, and although young people were more sophisticated in their sense of form, old Finnish passivity and non-intellectualism had remained.


Question: How did the firebearers define Finnishness?

Firebearers

According to Paavolainen, the flies very quickly soiled the screen to Europe.


Question: How did the firebearers define Finnishness?

Firebearers

[27] Achievements Firebearers and their contemporaries were the first Finnish-language lyric generation.


Question: How did the firebearers define Finnishness?

Firebearers

However, their lyric cannot be said to have revolutionised the means of expression in poetry or contributed to the development of literature in the same way that the poems of Edith Södergran, a Finnish-Swedish modernist, did.


Question: How did the firebearers define Finnishness?

Firebearers

[10] The Firebearers' most remarkable outputs were not by group spirit, but by individual achievements of very different writers [28].


Question: How did the firebearers define Finnishness?

Firebearers

Literature Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Kantokorpi, Otso (ed.


Question: How did the firebearers define Finnishness?

Firebearers

) | title = Firebearers 1928—1930: Editorials, programmatic articles, declarations and slogans, table of contents| location = Helsinki| publisher = JB-cost| year = 1995}} Citation error, replace {{cite book| author = Mauriala, Vesa| title = Looking for a new time: Individualism modern and cultural criticism in the lives of firebearers in the 1920s and 1930s| location = Helsinki| publisher = Gaudeamus| year = 2005| version = Dissertation: University of Helsinki | id = ISBN 951-662-934-2}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Mäkinen, Kari| title = Dream Post-Christian culture and religion: Opposition of fire bearers against the popular ecclesiastical values 1924—1930| location = Helsinki| publisher = Finnish Church Historical Society| year = 1989| version = Dissertation: University of Helsinki | id = ISBN 951-9021-73-6}} Sources Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Laitinen, Kai| title = History of Finnish literature| location = Helsinki| publisher = Otava| year = 1997| version = 4th revised edition| id = ISBN 9789511150107}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Rojola, Lea| title = English literary history 2: Järeilko to instinct| location = Helsinki| publisher = Society of Finnish Literature| year = 1999| id = ISBN 951-746-133-X}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Saareheimo, Kerttu| title = Firebearers — group stages and literary themes 1920s| location = Porvoo| publisher = WSOY| year = 1966}} References * Category:Key articles of screening


Question: What is the new name of the University of Technology?

Main Building of the University of Technology

The main building of the University of Technology is a building designed by architect Alvar Aalto in Otaniemi, Espoo, which today forms part of the Aalto University campus.


Question: What is the new name of the University of Technology?

Today the building is officially referred to as the Undergraduate Centre [1] or just the address Otakaari 1 [2].


Question: What is the new name of the University of Technology?

After the establishment of Aalto University, the building was also known for a while as Kanditalo [3].


Question: What is the new name of the University of Technology?

The first part of the main building was completed for use by the University of Technology in 1965 and the annex building comprising the auditorium in 1975.


Question: What is the new name of the University of Technology?

[4] Its administrative wing is located on the same site where the main building of Otaniemi Manor was once located.


Question: What is the new name of the University of Technology?

In 1969 [4] a library building designed by Aalto was also completed next to it.


Question: What is the new name of the University of Technology?

[5] The buildings, like the rest of the campus area in Otaniemi, belong to built cultural environments of national significance as defined by the National Board of Museums.


Question: What is the new name of the University of Technology?

[6] The buildings were basic repaired between 2011 and 2013.


Question: What is the new name of the University of Technology?

[7] Sources Coordinates: Category:Buildings and structures in Espoo Category:Aalto University Class:University of Technology Category:Buildings designed by Alvar Aalto Category:Built cultural environments of national importance in Finland Category:Otaniemi


Question: How many people belonged to the Areiopag Council?

Ancient Athens

Athens was a major city-state (polis) in antiquity in the province of Attica, Greece.


Question: How many people belonged to the Areiopag Council?

Ancient Athens

[1] Athenian democracy was founded by Kleisthenes in 510 BCE.


Question: How many people belonged to the Areiopag Council?

Ancient Athens

After the overthrow of the tyranny of the House of Peisistratos.


Question: How many people belonged to the Areiopag Council?

Ancient Athens

The heyday of Athens was during the Pericle period from the 440s to the 43rd century BCE.


Question: How many people belonged to the Areiopag Council?

Ancient Athens

Athens led the naval alliance of Delos in the Peloponnesian War against Sparta.


Question: How many people belonged to the Areiopag Council?

Ancient Athens

With brief interruptions, democracy remained relatively stable for about 170 years until Alexander the Great conquered Athens in 338 BCE.


Question: How many people belonged to the Areiopag Council?

Ancient Athens

Athens was a center of arts, erudition and philosophy.


Question: How many people belonged to the Areiopag Council?

Ancient Athens

The city was the birthplace of Socrates, Sophocles and many other prominent figures.


Question: How many people belonged to the Areiopag Council?

Ancient Athens

Plato's Academy and Aristotle's Lykeion were located there.


Question: How many people belonged to the Areiopag Council?

Ancient Athens

It has been considered the cradle of Western culture and the birthplace of democracy, largely because of its 500s and 4th-century BCE.


Question: How many people belonged to the Areiopag Council?

Ancient Athens

achievements in culture and politics have had such an impact on the whole of later Europe.


Question: How many people belonged to the Areiopag Council?

Ancient Athens

History Archaic period The city of Athens (see: Mycenaean Athens) existed as early as the Mycenaean Bronze Age in the 10th century BCE, when the Acropolis already had a king's palace.


Question: How many people belonged to the Areiopag Council?

Ancient Athens

[2] According to tradition, Athens was, in its earliest times, a kingdom whose most famous of many, mostly fabled kings was Theseus.


Question: How many people belonged to the Areiopag Council?

Ancient Athens

However, hereditary kingship was abolished in Athens in 683 BCE, after which the state was run by archonts.


Question: How many people belonged to the Areiopag Council?

Ancient Athens

[3] Unlike widely elsewhere in Greece, there was no serfdom in Athens, but differences between different groups of society soon grew large.


Question: How many people belonged to the Areiopag Council?

Ancient Athens

As the monetary economy began to develop, peasants became greatly indebted to money-lenders, and if they were unable to pay their debts, they might be sold as slaves.


Question: How many people belonged to the Areiopag Council?

Ancient Athens

After several times internal fighting broke out in Athens, around the year 620 BCE.


Question: How many people belonged to the Areiopag Council?

Ancient Athens

Drakon was tasked with drafting the new laws.


Question: How many people belonged to the Areiopag Council?

Ancient Athens

However, these draconian laws, under which even minor offences could become the death penalty, were not able to bring peace and did not become very long-term after all.


Question: How many people belonged to the Areiopag Council?

Ancient Athens

[4] In 594 BC.


Question: How many people belonged to the Areiopag Council?

Ancient Athens

Solon, who was elected archonist, was given the task of drafting new laws for Athens.


Question: How many people belonged to the Areiopag Council?

Ancient Athens

[3] In this case, those who were enslaved due to debts were freed.


Question: How many people belonged to the Areiopag Council?

Ancient Athens

Former family privileges were abolished and citizens were instead divided into four classes based on the proceeds of land property, whose rights and responsibilities differed somewhat from each other in terms of war service, among other things.


Question: How many people belonged to the Areiopag Council?

Ancient Athens

All male citizens aged 20 and over were allowed to participate in the People's Assemblies where, among others, officials and also archonts were elected.


Question: How many people belonged to the Areiopag Council?

Ancient Athens

However, only members of the top three classes could be elected to government posts.


Question: How many people belonged to the Areiopag Council?

Ancient Athens

[5] Although actual democracy was not yet realized, Solon was later revered as the father of Athenian democracy.


Question: How many people belonged to the Areiopag Council?

Ancient Athens

[3] In 546 BC.


Question: How many people belonged to the Areiopag Council?

Ancient Athens

Peisistratos seized power and became the tyrant of Athens.


Question: How many people belonged to the Areiopag Council?

Ancient Athens

[3] During his reign Athens developed into Greece's leading economic power.


Question: How many people belonged to the Areiopag Council?

Ancient Athens

After Peisistratos died, Athens was ruled by his sons Hippias and Hipparchus.


Question: How many people belonged to the Areiopag Council?

Ancient Athens

[3] The Athenian state expanded early on to include the entire Attica peninsula.


Question: How many people belonged to the Areiopag Council?

Ancient Athens

[3] Rise to the leadership position (510—448 BC)


Question: How many people belonged to the Areiopag Council?

Ancient Athens

Hippias became dictator of Athens in 514 BC.


Question: How many people belonged to the Areiopag Council?

Ancient Athens

The dictatorship was unpopular, and he was ousted from power with the help of a Spartan army in 510 BCE.


Question: How many people belonged to the Areiopag Council?

Ancient Athens

In this case, Kleisthenes came to power, who founded the Athenian democracy.


Question: How many people belonged to the Areiopag Council?

Ancient Athens

Kleisthenee's reforms replaced the old four “tribes” (fyle) with ten new ones.


Question: How many people belonged to the Areiopag Council?

Ancient Athens

They were named after fabled heroes and had no class basis: they were practically elective colleges.


Question: How many people belonged to the Areiopag Council?

Ancient Athens

Each tribe was further divided into three trittys, and each trittys included one or more demos, depending on the size of the demos.


Question: How many people belonged to the Areiopag Council?

Ancient Athens

There were 139 demos throughout Athens, and these became the basis of local government.


Question: How many people belonged to the Areiopag Council?

Ancient Athens

Each tribe elected by lot fifty members to the council that governed Athens in everyday affairs.


Question: How many people belonged to the Areiopag Council?

Ancient Athens

While efforts were made to influence voters' opinions through public speeches, they were equally influenced by political satires written by comedy poets, among others.


Question: How many people belonged to the Areiopag Council?

Ancient Athens

[6] The Council was open to all citizens and was both a lawmaking body and a court of law, except for murder trials and religious matters, which belonged to the Areiopag.


Question: How many people belonged to the Areiopag Council?

Ancient Athens

Most of the posts were filled by lot, but ten strategos (generals) were elected by voting.


Question: How many people belonged to the Areiopag Council?

Ancient Athens

Before the rise of Athens, the Spartan city-state considered itself the leader of the Greeks.


Question: How many people belonged to the Areiopag Council?

Ancient Athens

Sparta was a military state.


Question: How many people belonged to the Areiopag Council?

Ancient Athens

In 499 BC.


Question: How many people belonged to the Areiopag Council?

Ancient Athens

Athens sent troops to aid the Ionians of Asia Minor who were rebelling against Persian rule (Ionian revolt).


Question: How many people belonged to the Areiopag Council?

Ancient Athens

This prompted Persia to invade Greece twice.


Question: How many people belonged to the Areiopag Council?

Ancient Athens

Both attacks were repelled under the leadership of the Athenian military-statesmen Miltiade and Themistoklee (Persian Wars).


Question: How many people belonged to the Areiopag Council?

Ancient Athens

In 490 BC.


Question: How many people belonged to the Areiopag Council?

Ancient Athens

The Athenians, led by Miltiade, repelled an attack led by Persia's first king Dareios at the Battle of Marathon.


Question: How many people belonged to the Areiopag Council?

Ancient Athens

In 480 BC.


Question: How many people belonged to the Areiopag Council?

Ancient Athens

The Persians returned under the leadership of their new king Xerus.


Question: How many people belonged to the Areiopag Council?

Ancient Athens

A coalition of Greek city-states led by Sparta and its king Leonida marched into the Battle of Thermopylai with a few thousand men against hundreds of thousands of Persians.


Question: How many people belonged to the Areiopag Council?

Ancient Athens

Meanwhile, Sparta led the naval battle of Artemision.


Question: How many people belonged to the Areiopag Council?

Ancient Athens

These delaying actions were not enough to repel the Persians: they soon marched to Boiotia, took the city of Thebes as their base, and invaded southern Greece.


Question: How many people belonged to the Areiopag Council?

Ancient Athens

This forced the Athenians to evacuate Athens taken by the Persians and seek to secure their fleet.


Question: How many people belonged to the Areiopag Council?

Ancient Athens

Eventually, the Athenians and their allies defeated the Persian fleet under Themistokle in the naval battle of Salami.


Question: How many people belonged to the Areiopag Council?

Ancient Athens

Sparta's lead gradually passed to Athens.


Question: How many people belonged to the Areiopag Council?

Ancient Athens

The victories made it possible for Athens to integrate much of the Aegeian region and part of the rest of Greece with the Delos maritime alliance led by itself.


Question: How many people belonged to the Areiopag Council?

Ancient Athens

Pericle Period (448—430 BC)


Question: How many people belonged to the Areiopag Council?

Ancient Athens

Pericles, an Athenian general, politician and orator, stands out among the other Athenian grandees of his time.


Question: How many people belonged to the Areiopag Council?

Ancient Athens

He rose to become strategist in 445 BC.


Question: How many people belonged to the Areiopag Council?

Ancient Athens

and held office until his death in 429 BC.


Question: How many people belonged to the Areiopag Council?

Ancient Athens

until, always re-elected by the Athenian People's Assembly.


Question: How many people belonged to the Areiopag Council?

Ancient Athens

Pericles favored the arts and literature and gave Athens a flourish that has not returned in the history of the city at a later date.


Question: How many people belonged to the Areiopag Council?

Ancient Athens

He undertook a large number of public works projects and sought to improve the lives of citizens.


Question: How many people belonged to the Areiopag Council?

Ancient Athens

Because of this, Pericle's time has been called the Golden Age of Athens.


Question: How many people belonged to the Areiopag Council?

Ancient Athens

Taxes paid by members of the maritime union played a large part in creating this wealth.


Question: How many people belonged to the Areiopag Council?

Ancient Athens

Peloponnesian War (431—404 BC)


Question: How many people belonged to the Areiopag Council?

Ancient Athens

Dissatisfaction among other Greek city-states with the leadership of Athens resulted in 431 BCE.


Question: How many people belonged to the Areiopag Council?

Ancient Athens

to the Peloponnesian War that began, which pitted Athens and its increasingly rebellious maritime union against an alliance of mainland city-states led by Sparta.


Question: How many people belonged to the Areiopag Council?

Ancient Athens

The war ended with the total defeat of Athens, and as a result Athens lost its maritime supremacy.


Question: How many people belonged to the Areiopag Council?

Ancient Athens

Athenian democracy was ousted for a short time in a coup in 411 BC, due to dissatisfaction with the mismanagement of the war, but democracy was soon restored.


Question: How many people belonged to the Areiopag Council?

Ancient Athens

However, as democratically elected politicians such as Kleon and Kleofon were blamed for the Athenian defeat, the result was a longer-lasting Spartan-backed reaction against democracy.


Question: How many people belonged to the Areiopag Council?

Ancient Athens

It culminated in the rule of the Threesome Tyrant in 404—403 BCE.


Question: How many people belonged to the Areiopag Council?

Ancient Athens

Thrasybulos restored democracy in 403 BC, and a general amnesty was declared.


Question: How many people belonged to the Areiopag Council?

Ancient Athens

The Corinthian War and the Second Athenian Alliance (395—355 BCE)


Question: How many people belonged to the Areiopag Council?

Ancient Athens

Sparta's previous allies soon turned against it as a result of its imperialist policies, and soon Athens' previous allies Thebes and Corinth turned to Athens again.


Question: How many people belonged to the Areiopag Council?

Ancient Athens

Athens, Thebes, Corinth and Argos fought against Sparta in the Corinthian War of 395—387 BCE.


Question: How many people belonged to the Areiopag Council?

Ancient Athens

Anti-Spartan sentiment allowed Athens to establish the so-called Second Athenian Union.


Question: How many people belonged to the Areiopag Council?

Ancient Athens

Eventually Thebes defeated Sparta at the Battle of Leuktra in 371 BCE.


Question: How many people belonged to the Areiopag Council?

Ancient Athens

Thereafter, Greek cities, including Athens and Sparta, turned against Thebes, and its domination ended as a result of the Battle of Mantineia in 362 BCE.


Question: How many people belonged to the Areiopag Council?

Ancient Athens

Athens under Macedonia (355—338 BCE)


Question: How many people belonged to the Areiopag Council?

Ancient Athens

3rd-century BCE


Question: How many people belonged to the Areiopag Council?

Ancient Athens

coming in between, the northern Kingdom of Macedonia was to become the ruler of Athens, despite the warnings of Demosthenee, the last great statesman of independent Athens.


Question: How many people belonged to the Areiopag Council?

Ancient Athens

In 338 BC.


Question: How many people belonged to the Areiopag Council?

Ancient Athens

The armies of Philip II defeated the other Greek states at the Battle of Khaironeia, which also led to the end of Athenian independence.


Question: How many people belonged to the Areiopag Council?

Ancient Athens

The conquests made by Philip's son Alexander the Great opened up the horizons of the Greeks and made the traditional Greek city-state model obsolete.


Question: How many people belonged to the Areiopag Council?

Ancient Athens

Athens remained a prosperous city with an extensive cultural life, but ceased to be a political power in the region.


Question: How many people belonged to the Areiopag Council?

Ancient Athens

In the 10th century, Greece became part of the Roman Empire after being under Macedonia for 200 years.


Question: How many people belonged to the Areiopag Council?

Ancient Athens

Geography Overview The centre of Athens was located, and still lies in, the province of Attica about 30 stadia or five kilometres from the sea, on the southwestern slope of Lykabettos Hill.


Question: How many people belonged to the Areiopag Council?

Ancient Athens

It was surrounded by three small rivers, the Kefissos on the west side, the Ilissos on the south side, and the Eridanos on the north side.


Question: How many people belonged to the Areiopag Council?

Ancient Athens

The latter flowed through the city.


Question: How many people belonged to the Areiopag Council?

Ancient Athens

The walled area of the city had a diameter of about 1.5 kilometers.


Question: How many people belonged to the Areiopag Council?

Ancient Athens

At its largest, however, the city included suburbs far beyond the walls.


Question: How many people belonged to the Areiopag Council?

Ancient Athens

The acropolis was slightly south of the center of the walled area.


Question: How many people belonged to the Areiopag Council?

Ancient Athens

The city was burned by Xerxes in 480 BCE, but it was soon rebuilt during Themistoklee's reign, and public buildings were built during the Kimon and especially Pericle.


Question: How many people belonged to the Areiopag Council?

Ancient Athens

During the latter period 461—429 BCE.


Question: How many people belonged to the Areiopag Council?

Ancient Athens

Athens rose to its greatest heyday.


Question: How many people belonged to the Areiopag Council?

Ancient Athens

The beauty of Athens owed above all to its public buildings, as private buildings were rather insignificant and the streets crappy.


Question: How many people belonged to the Areiopag Council?

Ancient Athens

Athens consisted of two distinct parts: the city proper, which was divided into the Acropolis, that is, the Upper Town/Castle Mountain, and the Lower Town.


Question: How many people belonged to the Areiopag Council?

Ancient Athens

In the classical period, a city wall had been built around the city, the so-called Themistoklee Walls.


Question: How many people belonged to the Areiopag Council?

Ancient Athens

Three port cities: Piraeus, Munikhia and Faleron, around which Themistokles also built walls.


Question: How many people belonged to the Areiopag Council?

Ancient Athens

They had been connected to the city by long walls.


Question: How many people belonged to the Areiopag Council?

Ancient Athens

The walls were built in the Pericle Period.


Question: How many people belonged to the Areiopag Council?

Ancient Athens

The Acropolis, or Upper Town Acropolis, also called Kekropia after its fabled founder Kekrops, is a high rock in the middle of the city.


Question: How many people belonged to the Areiopag Council?

Ancient Athens

It is about 50 feet high, 350 feet long and 150 feet wide.


Question: How many people belonged to the Areiopag Council?

Ancient Athens

Its walls are, in a natural way, steep on all sides except the west.


Question: How many people belonged to the Areiopag Council?

Ancient Athens

In the Mycenaean period, it had a cyclopic wall around it, known as the Pelasg Wall because it was thought to have been built by the Pelasgs.


Question: How many people belonged to the Areiopag Council?

Ancient Athens

During the Peloponnesian War, only the northern part of this wall remained, and this section was still called the Pelasgimwall.


Question: How many people belonged to the Areiopag Council?

Ancient Athens

The southern part, which was rebuilt by Kimoni, was in turn called the Kimon Wall.


Question: How many people belonged to the Areiopag Council?

Ancient Athens

In the western part of the acropolis, which was the only possible access way up the cliff, was the mighty Propylaia built by Pericle, and to its right the Temple of Athene Nike.


Question: How many people belonged to the Areiopag Council?

Ancient Athens

On the crest of the acropolis were numerous temples, bronze and marble sculptures, and several other works of art.


Question: How many people belonged to the Areiopag Council?

Ancient Athens

In an earlier period, the most notable were the Temple of Athene Polia, as well as Hekatompedon.


Question: How many people belonged to the Areiopag Council?

Ancient Athens

In the classical period, the largest of the temples was the Parthenon, dedicated to the virgin goddess Athena.


Question: How many people belonged to the Areiopag Council?

Ancient Athens

To the north of the Parthenon was the Erekhtheion, whose complex of buildings consisted of three separate shrines: one was dedicated to Athene Polias, the protector of the state; the other was the actual Erekhtheion, the shrine of Erekhtheus; and the third was the sanctuary of Pandroseion, daughter of Kekrops.


Question: How many people belonged to the Areiopag Council?

Ancient Athens

Between the Parthenon and Erektheion was the colossal statue of Athene Promakhos, whose helmet and spear were the first to be seen out to sea from the Acropolis.


Question: How many people belonged to the Areiopag Council?

Ancient Athens

Lower Town Lower Town had been built low around the Acropolis, but also in its territory there were several hills, especially in the western part.


Question: How many people belonged to the Areiopag Council?

Ancient Athens

On the west side, the city walls traversed the slopes of Nymphs Hill and Pnyks, and on the southeast side they passed following the Ilissos River.


Question: How many people belonged to the Areiopag Council?

Ancient Athens

The Agora and its surroundings The Athenian Agora is the most famous example of an ancient agora, that is, a gathering and marketplace.


Question: How many people belonged to the Areiopag Council?

Ancient Athens

The agora was located northwest of the Acropolis and north of Areiopag Hill.


Question: How many people belonged to the Areiopag Council?

Ancient Athens

It was surrounded by many notable public buildings: the Buleuterion, or council building, on the western edge of the Agora.


Question: How many people belonged to the Areiopag Council?

Ancient Athens

Tholos, a circular building near Buleuterion.


Question: How many people belonged to the Areiopag Council?

Ancient Athens

Kimonin circa the year 470 BC.


Question: How many people belonged to the Areiopag Council?

Ancient Athens

the building built served as one of the gathering places for the Prytans, that is, the leading officials of the city.


Question: How many people belonged to the Areiopag Council?

Ancient Athens

Stoat lived covered columned halls, which were convenient lounges during the hottest time of the day.


Question: How many people belonged to the Areiopag Council?

Ancient Athens

Athens had several columned halls.


Question: How many people belonged to the Areiopag Council?

Ancient Athens

The most notable were the Royal stoa (Stoa Basileios), the seat of the king archon, on the western edge of the Agora; the stoa of Zeus, or the columnar hall of Zeus Eleutherios, likewise on the western edge of the Agora; and the Stoa Poikile, or Variegated Column Hall, decorated with paintings, on the northern edge of the Agora.


Question: How many people belonged to the Areiopag Council?

Ancient Athens

In the Hellenistic period, the stoa of Attalos was built, among other things, on the eastern edge of the Agora.


Question: How many people belonged to the Areiopag Council?

Ancient Athens

Today there is a new building from a stoa on the site.


Question: How many people belonged to the Areiopag Council?

Ancient Athens

The temples: the Temple of Hephaestus, the Temple of Zeus Fratrios and Athene Fratria, the Temple of Patroos of Apollo and the Temple of the Mother of the Gods were located on the western edge of the Agora.


Question: How many people belonged to the Areiopag Council?

Ancient Athens

In the Roman period, among other things, the temple of Aree was transferred to the Agora.


Question: How many people belonged to the Areiopag Council?

Ancient Athens

Other public buildings in Prytaneion.


Question: How many people belonged to the Areiopag Council?

Ancient Athens

The actual gathering place of the Prytaneion, or Prytans, of Athens was possibly located east of the Acropolis.


Question: How many people belonged to the Areiopag Council?

Ancient Athens

Temples.


Question: How many people belonged to the Areiopag Council?

Ancient Athens

Of the temples outside the Acropolis, the most notable was the Temple of Zeus at Olympus, or Olympieion, which was located southeast of the Acropolis near the Ilissos River and the source of the Kallirrhoe.


Question: How many people belonged to the Areiopag Council?

Ancient Athens

The temple was for a long time unfinished and was completed during Hadrian's time.


Question: How many people belonged to the Areiopag Council?

Ancient Athens

In addition, there were numerous other temples throughout the city.


Question: How many people belonged to the Areiopag Council?

Ancient Athens

Theatres.


Question: How many people belonged to the Areiopag Council?

Ancient Athens

The Theatre of Dionysus, a large state theatre, was located on the southeastern slope of the Acropolis.


Question: How many people belonged to the Areiopag Council?

Ancient Athens

There were several Odeions, or theatres intended for music competitions.


Question: How many people belonged to the Areiopag Council?

Ancient Athens

One was the Odeion of Periclee built by Periclee near the theatre of Dionysios; the other was located near the source of the Kallirrhoe.


Question: How many people belonged to the Areiopag Council?

Ancient Athens

To modern times, an odeion of Herod Atticus, built during the Roman period, has been preserved.


Question: How many people belonged to the Areiopag Council?

Ancient Athens

Stadiums.


Question: How many people belonged to the Areiopag Council?

Ancient Athens

The largest stadium was the Panathenian Stadium south of the Ilissos River in the Agrai district.


Question: How many people belonged to the Areiopag Council?

Ancient Athens

It was there that the sports competitions of the Panathenaia celebration were held.


Question: How many people belonged to the Areiopag Council?

Ancient Athens

Boroughs Inner Kerameikos, “Potters' Quarter”, west of the city, extending north as far as Dipylon Gate.


Question: How many people belonged to the Areiopag Council?

Ancient Athens

On the other side of the gate was the outer Kerameikos, which was located outside the city wall.


Question: How many people belonged to the Areiopag Council?

Ancient Athens

The Agora was located in the Kerameikos district.


Question: How many people belonged to the Areiopag Council?

Ancient Athens

Melite, west of town, south of inner Kerameikos.


Question: How many people belonged to the Areiopag Council?

Ancient Athens

Skambonidai, in the north of the city, east of the inner Kerameikos.


Question: How many people belonged to the Areiopag Council?

Ancient Athens

Kollytos, in the south of the city, south and southwest of the Acropolis.


Question: How many people belonged to the Areiopag Council?

Ancient Athens

Koile, southwest of town.


Question: How many people belonged to the Areiopag Council?

Ancient Athens

Limnai, east of Melite and Kollytus, between the Acropolis and the Ilissos River.


Question: How many people belonged to the Areiopag Council?

Ancient Athens

Diomeia, in the east of the city, near the gate of the same name and Kynosarge.


Question: How many people belonged to the Areiopag Council?

Ancient Athens

Agrai, south of Diomeia.


Question: How many people belonged to the Areiopag Council?

Ancient Athens

Hills Areiopagi (Áreios págos, “Aree hill”), west of the Acropolis.


Question: How many people belonged to the Areiopag Council?

Ancient Athens

The hill gave its name to the court, which held its meetings there.


Question: How many people belonged to the Areiopag Council?

Ancient Athens

Hill of the Nymphs (Lofos Nymphon), southwest of Areiopag.


Question: How many people belonged to the Areiopag Council?

Ancient Athens

Pnyks, a half-arc-shaped hill southwest of Areiopag.


Question: How many people belonged to the Areiopag Council?

Ancient Athens

The ecklesia, or People's Assembly, met in its early stages before meetings began to be held at the theatre of Dionysus.


Question: How many people belonged to the Areiopag Council?

Ancient Athens

The hill of the Muses (Museion, present-day Filopáppou Hill), south of Pnyks and Areiopag.


Question: How many people belonged to the Areiopag Council?

Ancient Athens

Kolonos, or Kolonos Agoraios, is a hill west of the Agora.


Question: How many people belonged to the Areiopag Council?

Ancient Athens

Ardettos, a hill south of the Ilissos River.


Question: How many people belonged to the Areiopag Council?

Ancient Athens

The Wall and Gates The Athenian City Wall, or the so-called Themistoklee Wall, surrounds the entire city.


Question: How many people belonged to the Areiopag Council?

Ancient Athens

The wall had 15 gates.


Question: How many people belonged to the Areiopag Council?

Ancient Athens

[7] The most important of these were: On the west side: the Melitides Gate, which was located between Pnyks and the hill of the Nymphs and led to the demos of Melite.


Question: How many people belonged to the Areiopag Council?

Ancient Athens

Piraeus Gate, which led to the road to Piraeus which ran parallel to the long walls.


Question: How many people belonged to the Areiopag Council?

Ancient Athens

Hiera Pyle, or “Holy Gate”, from which began the Holy Way towards Eleus.


Question: How many people belonged to the Areiopag Council?

Ancient Athens

The Dipylon Gate, led from the inner Kerameikos to the outer Kerameikos and the Academy.


Question: How many people belonged to the Areiopag Council?

Ancient Athens

On the north side: the Akharnikai Gate, which led to the demos of Akharnai.


Question: How many people belonged to the Areiopag Council?

Ancient Athens

On the east side: the Diokhares Gate, which led to Lykeion and Mesogaia.


Question: How many people belonged to the Areiopag Council?

Ancient Athens

The Hippades Gate, or “Horsemen's Gate” north of Olympieion, from where the road to Agrylee began.


Question: How many people belonged to the Areiopag Council?

Ancient Athens

The Diomeiai gate, which led to the demos of Kynosargee and Diomeia.


Question: How many people belonged to the Areiopag Council?

Ancient Athens

On the south side: the Itoniai Gate south of Olympieion, from where the road to Isthmonikos left.


Question: How many people belonged to the Areiopag Council?

Ancient Athens

The Halade Gate, or “Gate of the Sea”, from which the road to Faleron departed.


Question: How many people belonged to the Areiopag Council?

Ancient Athens

Streets to Athens' most notable streets and roads included: Tripod Street, which ran to the Acropolis on the east side.


Question: How many people belonged to the Areiopag Council?

Ancient Athens

The road of the Panathenaia feast, which led from the Dipylon Gate through the Agora to the Acropolis.


Question: How many people belonged to the Areiopag Council?

Ancient Athens

The processions of the Panathenaia feast passed along the road.


Question: How many people belonged to the Areiopag Council?

Ancient Athens

The Piraeus road that led from the Piraeus Gate to the Agora.


Question: How many people belonged to the Areiopag Council?

Ancient Athens

The holy road (Hiera hodos), which led from the Holy Gate towards Eleus.


Question: How many people belonged to the Areiopag Council?

Ancient Athens

Along the road passed processions of mysteries to Eleus.


Question: How many people belonged to the Areiopag Council?

Ancient Athens

Out-of-town sites outside the City Wall were located: Outer Kerameikos, northwest of the city.


Question: How many people belonged to the Areiopag Council?

Ancient Athens

A cemetery was located in the area where Athenians who fell in the war were buried.


Question: How many people belonged to the Areiopag Council?

Ancient Athens

The Academy (Akademeia), the grove where Plato taught, was located farther away in the same direction as the outer Kerameikos.


Question: How many people belonged to the Areiopag Council?

Ancient Athens

Kynosarges, a gymnasion dedicated to Heraklee on the southeast side of the city, in the direction of the Diomeia Gate and across the Ilissos River.


Question: How many people belonged to the Areiopag Council?

Ancient Athens

The place where the cynic Antisthenes taught.


Question: How many people belonged to the Areiopag Council?

Ancient Athens

Lykeion, a gymnasion dedicated to Apollo Lykeios on the east side of the city.


Question: How many people belonged to the Areiopag Council?

Ancient Athens

The place where Aristotle taught.


Question: How many people belonged to the Areiopag Council?

Ancient Athens

Long Walls The Long Walls consisted of two walls leading to Piraeus.


Question: How many people belonged to the Areiopag Council?

Ancient Athens

They were 40 stadiums, or 7 kilometres long, and ran parallel to each other so that there was a narrow access road between them.


Question: How many people belonged to the Areiopag Council?

Ancient Athens

In addition, the walls included a third wall leading to Faleron, which was 35 stadia, or 6.5 kilometres long.


Question: How many people belonged to the Areiopag Council?

Ancient Athens

Thus there were three walls in total, but the designation “Long Walls” is shown to have been used mostly for the walls leading to Piraeus, while the wall that led to Faleron was called the Faleron Wall.


Question: How many people belonged to the Areiopag Council?

Ancient Athens

The common length of the city walls was 174.5 stadiums, or about 35 kilometres.


Question: How many people belonged to the Areiopag Council?

Ancient Athens

Of this, 43 stadiums, or nine kilometres, belonged to the walls of the city proper, 75 stadiums in the long walls and 56.5 stadiums in the walls of Piraeus, Munikhia and Faleron.


Question: How many people belonged to the Areiopag Council?

Ancient Athens

The population At the start of the Peloponnesian War the city numbered over 10000 houses, [8] which would mean a total population of about 120,000 if a family commune of about 12 people lived in one house.


Question: How many people belonged to the Areiopag Council?

Ancient Athens

Some sources suggest that there may have been as many as 180,000 inhabitants.


Question: How many people belonged to the Areiopag Council?

Ancient Athens

Of these, there were perhaps about 70,000 citizens.


Question: How many people belonged to the Areiopag Council?

Ancient Athens

In addition to citizens, there were Metoiks and slaves living in Athens and Attica.


Question: How many people belonged to the Areiopag Council?

Ancient Athens

The Metoiks were either free-born non-Greeks or Greeks without civil rights.


Question: How many people belonged to the Areiopag Council?

Ancient Athens

Guests were required to register as Metoiks or else they became slaves.


Question: How many people belonged to the Areiopag Council?

Ancient Athens

Metoiks were taxed more strictly than citizens.


Question: How many people belonged to the Areiopag Council?

Ancient Athens

They were not allowed to own land and they were often engaged in commercial occupations.


Question: How many people belonged to the Areiopag Council?

Ancient Athens

[9] Greek slaves were theoretically the property of their lord, but in practice they enjoyed the protection of laws.


Question: How many people belonged to the Areiopag Council?

Ancient Athens

They were not different from free citizens and they did partially the same sheet work as the free ones.


Question: How many people belonged to the Areiopag Council?

Ancient Athens

There were also state slaves, who existed as clerks, secretaries, prison guards, and police officers.


Question: How many people belonged to the Areiopag Council?

Ancient Athens

Worst of all were slaves working in mines where mortality was so high that there was no longer a few months to live.


Question: How many people belonged to the Areiopag Council?

Ancient Athens

Child labour was extensively used in the mines.


Question: How many people belonged to the Areiopag Council?

Ancient Athens

[9] Infant mortality was also huge among citizens, probably about 70% of children died before their one-year anniversary.


Question: How many people belonged to the Areiopag Council?

Ancient Athens

The Kolonos of Athens from Agoraios has recently been found dating back to 350 BCE.


Question: How many people belonged to the Areiopag Council?

Ancient Athens

a well containing the bodies of 175 toddlers and 75 dogs, as well as an ivory knife handle.


Question: How many people belonged to the Areiopag Council?

Ancient Athens

It has been suspected that the children would have been sacrificed to the goddess Aphrodide Urania, or that they were victims of some epidemic.


Question: How many people belonged to the Areiopag Council?

Ancient Athens

[9] Culture The period between the end of the Persian wars and the Macedonian conquest was the heyday of Athens in both literature, philosophy (see: Greek philosophy) and the arts (see: Greek theatre).


Question: How many people belonged to the Areiopag Council?

Ancient Athens

Some of the most prominent figures in Western culture lived in Athens during that period: playwrights Aeskhylos, Aristofanes, Euripides and Sophocles, philosophers Socrates, Plato and Aristotle, historians Herodotus, Thukydides and Xenofon, poet Simonides and sculptor Feidias.


Question: How many people belonged to the Areiopag Council?

Ancient Athens

The leading statesman of the time was Pericles, who utilized the funds of the Delos Maritime Union in the construction of the Parthenon and many other monuments in the city.


Question: How many people belonged to the Areiopag Council?

Ancient Athens

The city became, in Pericle's words, the whole “Hella civilization center”.


Question: How many people belonged to the Areiopag Council?

Ancient Athens

[10] See also Attica Delos maritime union List of Athenian archons List of Athenian kings Sources Literature Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Castrén, SpongeBob (ed.


Question: How many people belonged to the Areiopag Council?

Ancient Athens

) | title = Post-Herulian Athens| location = Helsinki| publisher = Foundation of the Finnish Athens Institute| year = 1994| version = Papers and Monographs of the Finnish Institute of Athens, vol.


Question: How many people belonged to the Areiopag Council?

Ancient Athens

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Question: How many people belonged to the Areiopag Council?

Ancient Athens

) | title = Early Hellenistic Athens.


Question: How many people belonged to the Areiopag Council?

Ancient Athens

Symptoms of a Change| location = Helsinki| publisher = Foundation of the Finnish Athens Institute | year = 1997| version = Papers and Monographs of the Finnish Institute of Athens, vol.


Question: How many people belonged to the Areiopag Council?

Ancient Athens

6| id = ISBN 951-95295-7-8}} *


Question: What year was Hans Axel von Fersen born?

Hans Axel von Fersen

Hans Axel von Fersen (4 September 1755, Stockholm — 20 June 1810, Stockholm) was a Swedish count and court marshal, as well as a power counsellor who became known for his close relationship with Marie-Antoinette, Queen of France.


Question: What year was Hans Axel von Fersen born?

Hans Axel von Fersen

Von Fersen was the owner of the Finnish estates of Vuojoki [1] and Harviala and also lord of Harviala.


Question: What year was Hans Axel von Fersen born?

Hans Axel von Fersen

He is often referred to as von Fersen the Younger.


Question: What year was Hans Axel von Fersen born?

Hans Axel von Fersen

Early years Axel von Fersen's father had the same name, and is commonly referred to as Axel von Fersen the Elder (5 April 1719 — 24 April 1794).


Question: What year was Hans Axel von Fersen born?

Hans Axel von Fersen

Father was a Count, Power Counsellor (1772), Field Marshal (1770), as well as a member of the Swedish Academy (1786).


Question: What year was Hans Axel von Fersen born?

Hans Axel von Fersen

His mother was Hedvig Catharina De La Gardie.


Question: What year was Hans Axel von Fersen born?

Hans Axel von Fersen

Like the time, Axel von Fersen was homeschooled, and subsequently continued to study in the so-called. European Tour (Grand Tour) in Braunschweig and Turin.


Question: What year was Hans Axel von Fersen born?

Hans Axel von Fersen

In 1779, he entered the service of the French Army.


Question: What year was Hans Axel von Fersen born?

Hans Axel von Fersen

In 1785 he was given command with the rank of colonel in the Royal Swedish Regiment (regiment Royal Suédois).


Question: What year was Hans Axel von Fersen born?

Hans Axel von Fersen

At Versailles After von Fersen had finished his tour of Europe in 1774, he arrived at the French court, where he attracted attention due to his excellent appearance.