Question: In what year is Sauli Niinistö's book Five Years of Solitude published?

Urho Kekkonen

[18] In 1975, Kekkonen hosted the Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE) in Helsinki.


Question: In what year is Sauli Niinistö's book Five Years of Solitude published?

Urho Kekkonen

The event is considered the culmination of Kekkonen's career.


Question: In what year is Sauli Niinistö's book Five Years of Solitude published?

Urho Kekkonen

In that year, Kekkonen was featured as one of the most viable candidates for the Nobel Peace Prize; Thorbjörn Fälldin, chairman of the Swedish Centre Party, had already proposed the prize to Kekkonen at the end of January before the OSCE.


Question: In what year is Sauli Niinistö's book Five Years of Solitude published?

Urho Kekkonen

However, the Nobel Committee of the Norwegian Grand Priorities awarded the prize to the Soviet nuclear physicist Andrei Sakharov.


Question: In what year is Sauli Niinistö's book Five Years of Solitude published?

Urho Kekkonen

[55] [56] 1978—1982: Season 4 When serious opponents and contenders offered a real alternative did not appear, Kekkonen's power expanded, according to some estimates, even in some respects too strong.


Question: In what year is Sauli Niinistö's book Five Years of Solitude published?

Urho Kekkonen

The culmination of this exercise of power can be considered 1975.


Question: In what year is Sauli Niinistö's book Five Years of Solitude published?

Urho Kekkonen

Kekkonen had dissolved parliament and hosted the Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE) in Helsinki.


Question: In what year is Sauli Niinistö's book Five Years of Solitude published?

Urho Kekkonen

Already at that point, he allowed himself to be chosen as the presidential candidate of the Social Democrats and the centrist for the 1978 elections.


Question: In what year is Sauli Niinistö's book Five Years of Solitude published?

Urho Kekkonen

The SDP had time to ask the head of state to run for the nomination even before the centrist party.


Question: In what year is Sauli Niinistö's book Five Years of Solitude published?

Urho Kekkonen

In the autumn, Kekkonen “rung” the leaders of the Popular Front parties present in front of television cameras into the emergency government led by Martti Miettunen.


Question: In what year is Sauli Niinistö's book Five Years of Solitude published?

Urho Kekkonen

[23] The 1978 presidential election was a triumph for the sitting president.


Question: In what year is Sauli Niinistö's book Five Years of Solitude published?

Urho Kekkonen

When Kekkonen was also installed as its candidate by the National Coalition, he received 82% of the vote and 260 electors, supported by the four major parties.


Question: In what year is Sauli Niinistö's book Five Years of Solitude published?

Urho Kekkonen

For the Kekkos coalition, only one Coalition defector left behind Raino Westerholm, the candidate of the Christian Union of Finland.


Question: In what year is Sauli Niinistö's book Five Years of Solitude published?

Urho Kekkonen

[37] In the summer of 1978, Kekkonen and General Lauri Sutela, commander of the defence forces, rejected a proposal by the Soviet Minister of Defence, Marshal Dmitry Ustinov, who visited Finland, for joint Finnish and Soviet military exercises.


Question: In what year is Sauli Niinistö's book Five Years of Solitude published?

Urho Kekkonen

[57] In the summer of 1979, the so-called Midsummer Bomb arose when Urho Kekkonen reproached the President of the Parliament, Johannes Estonian, for having “given false testimony about Finland's foreign policy” in his interview to Kuvalehti in Finland.


Question: In what year is Sauli Niinistö's book Five Years of Solitude published?

Urho Kekkonen

According to Kekkonen, Estonia had again brought to full strength the debate on Finnishness, which Kekkonen felt that during his state visit to the Federal Republic of Germany a little earlier had succeeded in extinguishing.


Question: In what year is Sauli Niinistö's book Five Years of Solitude published?

Urho Kekkonen

[58] Throughout the 1970s, rumours began to circulate about the deteriorating health of the head of state and fluctuations in mental mood.


Question: In what year is Sauli Niinistö's book Five Years of Solitude published?

Urho Kekkonen

In televised New Year's speeches, for example, the deterioration in the president's condition was often clearly noticeable.


Question: In what year is Sauli Niinistö's book Five Years of Solitude published?

Urho Kekkonen

However, publicity and media sought to silence these rumors as a rule because they wanted to respect the privacy of the head of state.


Question: In what year is Sauli Niinistö's book Five Years of Solitude published?

Urho Kekkonen

[59] In all silence, the Ministry of Justice began to prepare for the possibility that Kekkonen would have to leave office before 1984, and the Permanent Secretary Kai Korte deposited the documents relating to the resignations of Kyösti Kallio and Gustaf Mannerheim.


Question: In what year is Sauli Niinistö's book Five Years of Solitude published?

Urho Kekkonen

[60] The condition of Kekkonen was reported afterwards to have been particularly bad in the winter of 1980.


Question: In what year is Sauli Niinistö's book Five Years of Solitude published?

Urho Kekkonen

During the winter and spring of 1981, the president's power had fluctuated sharply and in this case he had seriously considered suspending his tenure.


Question: In what year is Sauli Niinistö's book Five Years of Solitude published?

Urho Kekkonen

[61] The end of Kekkonen's sovereign power has been marked by April 1981, when Prime Minister Mauno Koivisto refused to resign, despite the fact that he had been quite explicitly urged to do so from Tamminiemi.


Question: In what year is Sauli Niinistö's book Five Years of Solitude published?

Urho Kekkonen

Koivisto broke the Kekkonen pattern by pointing out that, according to the Constitution, the government in Finland must enjoy the confidence of the Parliament and not the president in the first place.


Question: In what year is Sauli Niinistö's book Five Years of Solitude published?

Urho Kekkonen

[37] The event has also been considered to have marked the beginning of the final collapse of Kekkonen's mental and physical condition.


Question: In what year is Sauli Niinistö's book Five Years of Solitude published?

Urho Kekkonen

The president felt he had suffered such a severe public prestige defeat that he no longer recovered from the shock it caused.


Question: In what year is Sauli Niinistö's book Five Years of Solitude published?

Urho Kekkonen

[62] However, as recently as July 1981, Minister of the Interior Eino Uusitalo publicly expressed the wish that Urho Kekkonen would be available even after his tenure in 1984.


Question: In what year is Sauli Niinistö's book Five Years of Solitude published?

Urho Kekkonen

[63] The crash of Kekkonen at the airport in 1980 became a buzz in May 2011 when Yleisradio did not want to show the clip in its entirety on the Pressiklubi programme.


Question: In what year is Sauli Niinistö's book Five Years of Solitude published?

Urho Kekkonen

[64] According to different views, it was either censorship or respect for an old person.


Question: In what year is Sauli Niinistö's book Five Years of Solitude published?

Urho Kekkonen

According to Juha Engström, Kekkonen's adjutant, the crash was caused by glare and strong spectacles that caused the president not to see the lowest step of the plane's stairs.


Question: In what year is Sauli Niinistö's book Five Years of Solitude published?

Urho Kekkonen

Photos of the situation at the time of the incident were also not released.


Question: In what year is Sauli Niinistö's book Five Years of Solitude published?

Urho Kekkonen

[65] Kekkonen presided over the presentation of the President, the last remaining of his tenure, at the Council of State on Friday 4 September 1981.


Question: In what year is Sauli Niinistö's book Five Years of Solitude published?

Urho Kekkonen

According to the ministers present, the president was in fairly refreshed condition at the time.


Question: In what year is Sauli Niinistö's book Five Years of Solitude published?

Urho Kekkonen

In this session, Kekkonen also completed his last appointment, which was the appointment of Chief Financial Officer Asko Saviaho to the post of Postal Director of Posts and Telecommunications since the beginning of October 1981.


Question: In what year is Sauli Niinistö's book Five Years of Solitude published?

Urho Kekkonen

[66] On the same day, Kekkonen also visited the Presidential Palace for the last time, where the new Colombian ambassador to Helsinki left his credentials.


Question: In what year is Sauli Niinistö's book Five Years of Solitude published?

Urho Kekkonen

[67] As of Monday, September 7, 1981, the president canceled all his appointments due to fever.


Question: In what year is Sauli Niinistö's book Five Years of Solitude published?

Urho Kekkonen

[68] Kekkonen's health was visibly betrayed for the first time during a fishing trip to Iceland in August 1981.


Question: In what year is Sauli Niinistö's book Five Years of Solitude published?

Urho Kekkonen

In September he went on sick leave and had to ask for resignation in October [69].


Question: In what year is Sauli Niinistö's book Five Years of Solitude published?

Urho Kekkonen

After this, he no longer appeared in public.


Question: In what year is Sauli Niinistö's book Five Years of Solitude published?

Urho Kekkonen

[20] Years later, information has seeped into the public domain about how the president's faltering health was kept secret from the people while the scenes were playing hard on the successor issue.


Question: In what year is Sauli Niinistö's book Five Years of Solitude published?

Urho Kekkonen

[70] [71] [72] During Kekkonen's sick leave, a debate took place among the legal scholars as to how to establish the President's permanent inhibition to the exercise of his office.


Question: In what year is Sauli Niinistö's book Five Years of Solitude published?

Urho Kekkonen

Professor of Administrative Law Veli Merikoski considered that the question of the President's permanent inhibition should be referred to Parliament by the Government, for which the provisions of the form of government did not provide a basis.


Question: In what year is Sauli Niinistö's book Five Years of Solitude published?

Urho Kekkonen

[73] Officially, Kekkonen resigned from the post of President of the Republic on 27 October 1981.


Question: In what year is Sauli Niinistö's book Five Years of Solitude published?

Urho Kekkonen

The President's Permanent Secretary, Juhani Perttunen, was able to persuade the reluctant Kekkonen to sign the resignation prepared in advance [74].


Question: In what year is Sauli Niinistö's book Five Years of Solitude published?

Urho Kekkonen

Kai Korte, Permanent Secretary of the Ministry of Justice, presented Kekkonen's resignation to the Council of State by leaning both on the President's own announcement and on the testimony of his personal doctors Pentti Halonen and Erkki Kivalo.


Question: In what year is Sauli Niinistö's book Five Years of Solitude published?

Urho Kekkonen

This avoided any reflection on whether the president, in issuing his resignation declaration, had been judicial.


Question: In what year is Sauli Niinistö's book Five Years of Solitude published?

Urho Kekkonen

The demonstration event attracted great attention and was televised across Europe.


Question: In what year is Sauli Niinistö's book Five Years of Solitude published?

Urho Kekkonen

[75] Kekkonen was the formal head of state until Mauno Koivisto, who was elected as his successor, took the oath of office as President of the Republic [76] [77] on 27 January 1982 Prime MinisterGovernment. -A.


Question: In what year is Sauli Niinistö's book Five Years of Solitude published?

Urho Kekkonen

Fagerholm1956—1957Fagerholm IIV.


Question: In what year is Sauli Niinistö's book Five Years of Solitude published?

Urho Kekkonen

J. Sukselainen1957Ski Iriner von Fieandt1957—1958von FieandTreino Kuuskoski1958Kuuskik. -A.


Question: In what year is Sauli Niinistö's book Five Years of Solitude published?

Urho Kekkonen

Fagerholm1958—1959Fagerholm IIIV.


Question: In what year is Sauli Niinistö's book Five Years of Solitude published?

Urho Kekkonen

J. Sukselainen1959—1961Sukselainen IIMartti Miettunen1961—1962Miettunen Iahti Karlainen1962—1963Karjalainen iReino R. Lehto1963—1964LehtoJohannes Virolainen1964—1966VirolainenRafael Paasio1966—1968Paasio Imauno Koivisto1968—1970Koivisto Vo Aura1970Aura Iahti Karalainen 1970—1971Karelian IITeuvo Aura1971—1972Aura Iirafael Paasio1972Paasio IikaLevi Sorsa1972—1975Sorsa Ikeijo Liinamaa1975Liinamaamartti Miettunen1975—1976Miettunen Iimartti Miettunen1976—1977Miettunen IiikaLevi Sorsa1977—1979Sorsa Iimauno Koivisto1979—1982Koivisto II Last years When Kekkonen had stayed out of office of president, the president's official residence in Tamminiemi was converted into his service home.


Question: In what year is Sauli Niinistö's book Five Years of Solitude published?

Urho Kekkonen

In his final years, Kekkonen kept away from politics and did not take a position on current affairs.


Question: In what year is Sauli Niinistö's book Five Years of Solitude published?

Urho Kekkonen

Due to his deteriorating health, he could no longer outdoors without assistants.


Question: In what year is Sauli Niinistö's book Five Years of Solitude published?

Urho Kekkonen

To the letters he received, he couldn't answer.


Question: In what year is Sauli Niinistö's book Five Years of Solitude published?

Urho Kekkonen

Kekkonen died on 31 August 1986 at his home in Tamminiemi, Helsinki, three days before his 86th birthday.


Question: In what year is Sauli Niinistö's book Five Years of Solitude published?

Urho Kekkonen

The cause of death was brain stem circulatory failure [69] Kekkonen was blessed with spectacular state expenditure in Helsinki Cathedral and buried on 7 September in Hietaniemi Cemetery [69].


Question: In what year is Sauli Niinistö's book Five Years of Solitude published?

Urho Kekkonen

The eulogy was delivered by the President of the Republic Mauno Koivisto and the blessing of the body was delivered by Archbishop John Vikström [69].


Question: In what year is Sauli Niinistö's book Five Years of Solitude published?

Urho Kekkonen

In his blessing speech, Vikström compared Kekko to a lonely skier who, down to a slowly expiring track, disappears into the horizon [69].


Question: In what year is Sauli Niinistö's book Five Years of Solitude published?

Urho Kekkonen

A major exception to normal practice at the funeral was that no shots of honour were fired at the deceased with cannons when lowering into the grave as they did for predecessors; since Kekkonen was specifically a peace politician, his departure was honoured in another way: when the funeral cortege left the Cathedral towards the Cathedral In Hietaniemeä, the bells of all churches in Helsinki rang soul bells.


Question: In what year is Sauli Niinistö's book Five Years of Solitude published?

Urho Kekkonen

No medical account of Kekkonen's illness has been released.


Question: In what year is Sauli Niinistö's book Five Years of Solitude published?

Urho Kekkonen

The statements made by the staff doctors Pentti Halonen and Erkki Kivalo on the state of the president were extremely diplomatic.


Question: In what year is Sauli Niinistö's book Five Years of Solitude published?

Urho Kekkonen

The medical record has been taken from the Meilahti Hospital Archives and its location is not known.


Question: In what year is Sauli Niinistö's book Five Years of Solitude published?

Urho Kekkonen

In light of the available data, it was apparently a case of vascular dementia associated with atherosclerosis.


Question: In what year is Sauli Niinistö's book Five Years of Solitude published?

Urho Kekkonen

However, the effect of the disease on power management has not been established.


Question: In what year is Sauli Niinistö's book Five Years of Solitude published?

Urho Kekkonen

After Kekkonen died, Tamminiemi was made the Urho Kekkonen Museum, which opened to the public in 1987.


Question: In what year is Sauli Niinistö's book Five Years of Solitude published?

Urho Kekkonen

[8] Private life Family Urho Kekkonen was married since 1926 to Sylvi (Sylvia Salome) Uino (1900—1974).


Question: In what year is Sauli Niinistö's book Five Years of Solitude published?

Urho Kekkonen

In 1928 they were born twin sons Taneli (d. 1985) and Matti (d. 2013).


Question: In what year is Sauli Niinistö's book Five Years of Solitude published?

Urho Kekkonen

Taneli Kekkonen served as ambassador and was married to K.-A.


Question: In what year is Sauli Niinistö's book Five Years of Solitude published?

Urho Kekkonen

With Fagerholm's daughter Brita since 1952.


Question: In what year is Sauli Niinistö's book Five Years of Solitude published?

Urho Kekkonen

[18] Matti Kekkonen was an MP and an official in the state administration, as well as his father's assistant and an educator of that tradition.


Question: In what year is Sauli Niinistö's book Five Years of Solitude published?

Urho Kekkonen

[20] Of Kekkonen's grandchildren Brita and Taneli Kekkonen's son Timo Kekkonen is an influence in business life.


Question: In what year is Sauli Niinistö's book Five Years of Solitude published?

Urho Kekkonen

[78] Female relations Urho Kekkonen is known to have had a lively social life.


Question: In what year is Sauli Niinistö's book Five Years of Solitude published?

Urho Kekkonen

One of Kekkonen's female friends was Ambassador Jaakko Hallama's spouse Anita Hallama, who has published her diaries and extracts from Kekkonen's letters.


Question: In what year is Sauli Niinistö's book Five Years of Solitude published?

Urho Kekkonen

[79] Kekkonen's relationships with Hallama and journalist Anne-Marie Snellman are described in Raija Oranen's novels.


Question: In what year is Sauli Niinistö's book Five Years of Solitude published?

Urho Kekkonen

[80] [81] According to Oranen, Kekkonen also had a love affair with Maarit Tyrkö, a journalist 47 years younger than himself.


Question: In what year is Sauli Niinistö's book Five Years of Solitude published?

Urho Kekkonen

[82] Tyrkkö himself has told us about this in his book Girl and the Recorder, published in 2014.


Question: In what year is Sauli Niinistö's book Five Years of Solitude published?

Urho Kekkonen

[83] Importance and Impact Aftermath and heritage Urho Kekkonen's greatest merit has been regarded as the meritorious management of Finland's relations with the east in a difficult era of world politics.


Question: In what year is Sauli Niinistö's book Five Years of Solitude published?

Urho Kekkonen

As a politician, Kekkonen was not content to simply seek compromise, but snubbed many of his domestic political rivals, some of them harshly.


Question: In what year is Sauli Niinistö's book Five Years of Solitude published?

Urho Kekkonen

He exploited his personal Eastern relations in domestic politics in such a way that even many political opponents began to regard him as irreplaceable.


Question: In what year is Sauli Niinistö's book Five Years of Solitude published?

Urho Kekkonen

Kekko has been criticised for exploiting Finland's awkward position in pursuit of personal advantage.


Question: In what year is Sauli Niinistö's book Five Years of Solitude published?

Urho Kekkonen

In the strategic power play of politics, Kekkonen was an expert.


Question: In what year is Sauli Niinistö's book Five Years of Solitude published?

Urho Kekkonen

In an editorial on 25 September 1977, the Swedish tabloid Expressen considered Kekkonen's excessive influence in Finnish politics to be damaging.


Question: In what year is Sauli Niinistö's book Five Years of Solitude published?

Urho Kekkonen

[84] According to Professor Timo Vihainen, what was particularly bad was that “the independent head of state was reduced to using foreign aid in his own political machinations”, not that he managed relations with the Soviet Union through its secret service.


Question: In what year is Sauli Niinistö's book Five Years of Solitude published?

Urho Kekkonen

[85] [86] In Western democracies, Kekkonen's presidency was exceptionally long.


Question: In what year is Sauli Niinistö's book Five Years of Solitude published?

Urho Kekkonen

This has been explained by charisma, ruthless tactics, popular popularity and Cold War-era political sensibility.


Question: In what year is Sauli Niinistö's book Five Years of Solitude published?

Urho Kekkonen

Finnish politics were overshadowed almost throughout Kekkonen's presidency by a power play by the great powers, with Finland's location as the only pro-Western Soviet frontier neighbour strategically sensitive.


Question: In what year is Sauli Niinistö's book Five Years of Solitude published?

Urho Kekkonen

Even under pressure from the great powers, Kekkonen maintained his status as a respected statesman both in the East and the West.


Question: In what year is Sauli Niinistö's book Five Years of Solitude published?

Urho Kekkonen

The greatest international recognition of his political career can be considered the OSCE Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe in 1975, where Kekkonen hosted a summit of major powers to alleviate the Cold War.


Question: In what year is Sauli Niinistö's book Five Years of Solitude published?

Urho Kekkonen

After Urho Kekkonen died, the media began writing about him more freely.


Question: In what year is Sauli Niinistö's book Five Years of Solitude published?

Urho Kekkonen

Since then, several books on him and his diary from 1958—1981 have also been published.


Question: In what year is Sauli Niinistö's book Five Years of Solitude published?

Urho Kekkonen

[87] [88] Since Kekkonen, the powers of the President of Finland have been narrowed.


Question: In what year is Sauli Niinistö's book Five Years of Solitude published?

Urho Kekkonen

Since the 1980s they have been delegated to parliament and government.


Question: In what year is Sauli Niinistö's book Five Years of Solitude published?

Urho Kekkonen

In the 2000 constitutional reform, the president's main task remained the management of foreign policy together with the State Council.


Question: In what year is Sauli Niinistö's book Five Years of Solitude published?

Urho Kekkonen

[89] Since the interruption of Kekkonen's last term, subsequent presidents have taken it upon themselves to publicize their health.


Question: In what year is Sauli Niinistö's book Five Years of Solitude published?

Urho Kekkonen

[90] [91] In the 2004 Great Finns vote, Urho Kekkonen finished third with 57456 votes ahead of Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim and Risto Ryti.


Question: In what year is Sauli Niinistö's book Five Years of Solitude published?

Urho Kekkonen

[92] Honours during his lifetime Kekkonen received a number of honours normally reserved only for late great men.


Question: In what year is Sauli Niinistö's book Five Years of Solitude published?

Urho Kekkonen

His birth home Lepiko croft in Pielavesi was converted into a museum already during his second term as president in 1966.


Question: In what year is Sauli Niinistö's book Five Years of Solitude published?

Urho Kekkonen

To mark his 75th birthday, he got his picture on a five-hundred-mark note.


Question: In what year is Sauli Niinistö's book Five Years of Solitude published?

Urho Kekkonen

This banknote was issued on Kekkonen's birthday on 3 September 1975 and was in use until 1986.


Question: In what year is Sauli Niinistö's book Five Years of Solitude published?

Urho Kekkonen

In 1980, when Kekkonen turned 80, the city of Helsinki changed the name of his longtime home street Kampinkatu to Urho Kekkonen Street.


Question: In what year is Sauli Niinistö's book Five Years of Solitude published?

Urho Kekkonen

A street with the same name is also in Kajaani and in Hamina there is Kekkonenkatu.


Question: In what year is Sauli Niinistö's book Five Years of Solitude published?

Urho Kekkonen

A section of road called Kekkonentie was opened to traffic in Tampere at the turn of the 1970s-1980s.


Question: In what year is Sauli Niinistö's book Five Years of Solitude published?

Urho Kekkonen

Kecosenties are also in Saarijärvi, Kankaanpää, Salo and Nurmes.


Question: In what year is Sauli Niinistö's book Five Years of Solitude published?

Urho Kekkonen

[20] The title of Honorary Doctorate of Sport Science was conferred on him in 1969.


Question: In what year is Sauli Niinistö's book Five Years of Solitude published?

Urho Kekkonen

[93] In the 1970s, a fell peak was named Kekkonen-toppen in northern Sweden.


Question: In what year is Sauli Niinistö's book Five Years of Solitude published?

Urho Kekkonen

[94] The Soviet Union awarded Kekkonen in 1980 the Lenin Peace Prize (Lenin International Peace Prize) “for outstanding merits in action for the preservation and consolidation of peace”.


Question: In what year is Sauli Niinistö's book Five Years of Solitude published?

Urho Kekkonen

Kekkonen received the award during his fifth and final state visit to the Soviet Union in November of that year.


Question: In what year is Sauli Niinistö's book Five Years of Solitude published?

Urho Kekkonen

[95] He had already received the Lenin Badge of Honour in 1964.


Question: In what year is Sauli Niinistö's book Five Years of Solitude published?

Urho Kekkonen

[96] The Paasikivi Society invited Urho Kekkonen as its honorary member.


Question: In what year is Sauli Niinistö's book Five Years of Solitude published?

Urho Kekkonen

In 1973, the club was reported to commission a large-format portrait of him, painted by renowned Russian painter Ilya Glazunov.


Question: In what year is Sauli Niinistö's book Five Years of Solitude published?

Urho Kekkonen

The work attracted attention already in progress and Glazunov began to be called the “Court Painter of Kekkonen”.


Question: In what year is Sauli Niinistö's book Five Years of Solitude published?

Urho Kekkonen

The Paasikivi Society handed over the work to Finlandia Hall, where it was moved to the club's own premises.


Question: In what year is Sauli Niinistö's book Five Years of Solitude published?

Urho Kekkonen

Today it is in the Urho Kekkonen Museum in Tamminiemi.


Question: In what year is Sauli Niinistö's book Five Years of Solitude published?

Urho Kekkonen

Afterwards, journalist Mauri Lintera has revealed the order and advance stir for the painting was part of a publicity campaign for a new women's magazine.


Question: In what year is Sauli Niinistö's book Five Years of Solitude published?

Urho Kekkonen

[97] In the spring of 1981, a 50 mark commemorative coin was issued in honour of Urho Kekkonen's 25 years as president.


Question: In what year is Sauli Niinistö's book Five Years of Solitude published?

Urho Kekkonen

The coin was designed by Nina Terno.


Question: In what year is Sauli Niinistö's book Five Years of Solitude published?

Urho Kekkonen

[98] In 1983, after Kekkonen left his presidential duties and retired, the second largest national park in Finland, Urho Kekkonen National Park, was named after him.


Question: In what year is Sauli Niinistö's book Five Years of Solitude published?

Urho Kekkonen

After Kekkonen died in 1986, his official residence Tamminiemi, where he had lived for thirty years, was converted into a home museum.


Question: In what year is Sauli Niinistö's book Five Years of Solitude published?

Urho Kekkonen

The Urho Kekkonen Museum, opened in 1987 in Tamminiemi, presents recent Finnish history in addition to Kekkonen's personal history.


Question: In what year is Sauli Niinistö's book Five Years of Solitude published?

Urho Kekkonen

[99] Statues and monuments of the statues and monuments erected in Kekkonen is the Urho Kekkonen monument designed by sculptor Pekka Jylä in Helsinki's Hakasalmi Park.


Question: In what year is Sauli Niinistö's book Five Years of Solitude published?

Urho Kekkonen

The monument was unveiled on Kekkonen's centenary on 3 September 2000.


Question: In what year is Sauli Niinistö's book Five Years of Solitude published?

Urho Kekkonen

Kekkonen's youth's hometown of Kajaani has a monument to Kekkonen in the handwriting of sculptor Pekka Kauhasen, the Great Time, which was unveiled in 1990.


Question: In what year is Sauli Niinistö's book Five Years of Solitude published?

Urho Kekkonen

So far, Kekkonen has received his only public appearance statue.


Question: In what year is Sauli Niinistö's book Five Years of Solitude published?

Urho Kekkonen

The statue of President Urho Kaleva Kekkonen sculpted by sculptor Matti Peltokanka was unveiled in 2008 and honours Kekkonen's role in establishing Rautaruuki's Raahen factory.


Question: In what year is Sauli Niinistö's book Five Years of Solitude published?

Urho Kekkonen

[20] In autumn 2009, the City of Tallinn announced that the square in front of Terminal A of the Tallinn Passenger Port will be renamed Helsinki Square and a statue of Urho Kaleva Kekkonen will be erected there [100].


Question: In what year is Sauli Niinistö's book Five Years of Solitude published?

Urho Kekkonen

In addition, the Finnish Parliament Hall has a bronze bust of Kekkonen sculpted by Aimo Tukiainen from 1966.


Question: In what year is Sauli Niinistö's book Five Years of Solitude published?

Urho Kekkonen

[20] Politics Although Kekkonta has often been criticised for “Finnishness”, excessive use of power and preference for the left, this was apparently part of his tactic to keep Finland neutral.


Question: In what year is Sauli Niinistö's book Five Years of Solitude published?

Urho Kekkonen

Although originally a member of the Agrarian League's right-wing, the most left-wing wing after 1944 in the 1950s, Kekkonen was practically attuned.


Question: In what year is Sauli Niinistö's book Five Years of Solitude published?

Urho Kekkonen

Kekkonen's goal, in his own words, was to defragment the country politically from left to right, and he tried to do so, often without success, to create joint coalition governments of all parties (civil service governments were practically such).


Question: In what year is Sauli Niinistö's book Five Years of Solitude published?

Urho Kekkonen

As for the Coalition, this was not successful due to fierce opposition from the left-wing parties, and Kekkonen attempted in his last active months to overthrow the Koivisto II government and create a bourgeois government composed of Keskus and Coalition in its place.


Question: In what year is Sauli Niinistö's book Five Years of Solitude published?

Urho Kekkonen

He justified this as well as the admission of the SKP into government at one time: “one quarter of the people cannot be insulated from political decision-making”, and the vast majority of the Coalition were already in favour of Kekkonen for a good journey from the 1970s.


Question: In what year is Sauli Niinistö's book Five Years of Solitude published?

Urho Kekkonen

However, with the collapse of his health, he could not carry this out [101].


Question: In what year is Sauli Niinistö's book Five Years of Solitude published?

Urho Kekkonen

Kekkonen considered it very important to maintain good relations with the East and succeeded in concluding/contributing to many trade agreements that were very advantageous to Finland.


Question: In what year is Sauli Niinistö's book Five Years of Solitude published?

Urho Kekkonen

Kekkonen can therefore be regarded as essentially a centre-left pragmatic in his views.


Question: In what year is Sauli Niinistö's book Five Years of Solitude published?

Urho Kekkonen

Kekkonen was also aiming to get Karelia returned to Finland by agreement.


Question: In what year is Sauli Niinistö's book Five Years of Solitude published?

Urho Kekkonen

Research Kekkonen took care of storing his archives himself for the use of researchers.


Question: In what year is Sauli Niinistö's book Five Years of Solitude published?

Urho Kekkonen

Urho Kekkonen founded the Archives Foundation of the President of the Republic on 18 August 1970.


Question: In what year is Sauli Niinistö's book Five Years of Solitude published?

Urho Kekkonen

The place of the FAQ archive became Hovila Manor in Orimattila.


Question: In what year is Sauli Niinistö's book Five Years of Solitude published?

Urho Kekkonen

[102] However, due to the large amount of foreign policy material involved, its use was limited for a long time.


Question: In what year is Sauli Niinistö's book Five Years of Solitude published?

Urho Kekkonen

From 1995 until 2000, access to the archive required a research permit.


Question: In what year is Sauli Niinistö's book Five Years of Solitude published?

Urho Kekkonen

Since 2001, almost all of the data has been freely available to researchers.


Question: In what year is Sauli Niinistö's book Five Years of Solitude published?

Urho Kekkonen

[103] The research on Kekko has focused on his exercise of power and foreign policy.


Question: In what year is Sauli Niinistö's book Five Years of Solitude published?

Urho Kekkonen

Juhani Suomi used the archive to help compile an eight-volume “official” biography of Kekkonen, which appeared 1986—2000.


Question: In what year is Sauli Niinistö's book Five Years of Solitude published?

Urho Kekkonen

In addition to domestic archives, Hannu Rautkallio had access to the archives of the Central Committee of the USSR.


Question: In what year is Sauli Niinistö's book Five Years of Solitude published?

Urho Kekkonen

Kimmo Rientola also studied Kekkonen's eastern relations.


Question: In what year is Sauli Niinistö's book Five Years of Solitude published?

Urho Kekkonen

[104] [20] [105] Lasse Lehtinen and Timo J. Tuikka have studied Kekkonen's internal politics in their doctoral theses.


Question: In what year is Sauli Niinistö's book Five Years of Solitude published?

Urho Kekkonen

Several new research works and dissertations continue to appear on Urho Kekkonen every year.


Question: In what year is Sauli Niinistö's book Five Years of Solitude published?

Urho Kekkonen

[106] [105] In art and popular culture Finnish art and popular culture Kekkonta has been discussed abundantly.


Question: In what year is Sauli Niinistö's book Five Years of Solitude published?

Urho Kekkonen

For example, Kekkonen has been the subject of novels, operas, vocal plays, television series, films, antics books, cartoons and caricatures.


Question: In what year is Sauli Niinistö's book Five Years of Solitude published?

Urho Kekkonen

The importance of Kekkonen to Jews and Roma people on 22 August 1938, while Kekkonen was serving as Minister of the Interior, Finland refused to allow the “m/s Ariadne” ship carrying around 60 Austrian Jewish refugees into Finland.


Question: In what year is Sauli Niinistö's book Five Years of Solitude published?

Urho Kekkonen

These Jewish refugees converted from Finland have been brought to know “Kekkonen as Jews”, as Kekkonen ultimately bore responsibility for what happened.


Question: In what year is Sauli Niinistö's book Five Years of Solitude published?

Urho Kekkonen

[108] On 10 February 1939, the far-right Patriotic People's Movement raised concerns in its parliamentary poll that it was unreasonable for Jewish refugee gangs to permanently enter Finland to enjoy the right to asylum while Finns are unemployed.


Question: In what year is Sauli Niinistö's book Five Years of Solitude published?

Urho Kekkonen

Minister of the Interior Kekkonen replied that “the number of refugees referred to in the survey is relatively low in Finland, which is due to the fact that the Government has taken all necessary measures in time to prevent the influx of refugees from Central Europe heading to our country”.


Question: In what year is Sauli Niinistö's book Five Years of Solitude published?

Urho Kekkonen

According to Kekkonen, “The Government's intention is, of course, without violating international customs concerning the state right of asylum, to constantly prevent the mass displacement of refugees into our country, which does not mean that entry permits cannot be issued in individual cases.” [109] In autumn 1942, Kekkonen stated that “a concentration camp for the Gypsies (Roma) must be set up for the Gypsies (Gypsies), and they will not survive by the way.”


Question: In what year is Sauli Niinistö's book Five Years of Solitude published?

Urho Kekkonen

[110] Around the same time, he wrote in the Finnish Kuvalehicle under the pseudonym Pekka Peitsi how the Roma are a group of work-wrenching, idly strolling gangs, which “forms a flagrant discord in the sound of work and effort that the country is flooding”.


Question: In what year is Sauli Niinistö's book Five Years of Solitude published?

Urho Kekkonen

[111] The Kekkonen camp proposal was put into action and in January 1943, Finland's first labour camp for Roma men began operation.


Question: In what year is Sauli Niinistö's book Five Years of Solitude published?

Urho Kekkonen

Roma women also found themselves in a similar camp.


Question: In what year is Sauli Niinistö's book Five Years of Solitude published?

Urho Kekkonen

[110] Many were assigned there on the basis of the Vagrancy Act 1936 [112].


Question: In what year is Sauli Niinistö's book Five Years of Solitude published?

Urho Kekkonen

Those engaged in forced labour were paid a small wage, minus accommodation, food and clothing expenses.


Question: In what year is Sauli Niinistö's book Five Years of Solitude published?

Urho Kekkonen

At least 75 mots had to be made in forestry labour camps before getting out could be considered.


Question: In what year is Sauli Niinistö's book Five Years of Solitude published?

Urho Kekkonen

Neither camp operated for long.


Question: In what year is Sauli Niinistö's book Five Years of Solitude published?

Urho Kekkonen

The camps are not classified as concentration camps.


Question: In what year is Sauli Niinistö's book Five Years of Solitude published?

Urho Kekkonen

[110] Literary production A prolific writer Kekkonen was also notable as a literary influence.


Question: In what year is Sauli Niinistö's book Five Years of Solitude published?

Urho Kekkonen

He wrote both under his own name and under pseudonyms, which included Esaijas Kohennus keppi, Esaijas Ranstakka, K.Y.


Question: In what year is Sauli Niinistö's book Five Years of Solitude published?

Urho Kekkonen

Laaksonen, Kää, Lawyer, Lautamies, Liimatainen, Male Finnish, Olli Tampio, Pekka Peitsi, Urho Sorsimo and Nephew [113] [114].


Question: In what year is Sauli Niinistö's book Five Years of Solitude published?

Urho Kekkonen

In 1976, Kekkonen published a two-volume collection of his correspondence to some extent under the name Letters from My Mill.


Question: In what year is Sauli Niinistö's book Five Years of Solitude published?

Urho Kekkonen

The publication of the collection of letters prompted the term mill letter to become established for several years in political parlance.


Question: In what year is Sauli Niinistö's book Five Years of Solitude published?

Urho Kekkonen

The title of my work was combined with the name of French Alphonse Daudet's short story collection Letters from My Mill.


Question: In what year is Sauli Niinistö's book Five Years of Solitude published?

Urho Kekkonen

[115] [116] However, Kekkonen denied that these Letters from My Mill were anything to do with Daudet's short stories published in 1869, as his mill is entirely different from Daudet's romantic poet's hideout, from which “pleadings anonymous to the recipient” are sent.


Question: In what year is Sauli Niinistö's book Five Years of Solitude published?

Urho Kekkonen

Instead, Kekkonen characterised his letter mill as “a roaring, knuckling, pounding and grinding mill from which letters from the mill fire to well-defined recipients.”


Question: In what year is Sauli Niinistö's book Five Years of Solitude published?

Urho Kekkonen

[117] Kekkonen was planning a three-part series of memoirs, of which he could publish only the first volume, my Century 1, to 1936, before his health failed.


Question: In what year is Sauli Niinistö's book Five Years of Solitude published?

Urho Kekkonen

Kekkonen's publication in 1980 of Tamminieme, on which he compiled his domestic and foreign policy line pulls, has been considered his political will.


Question: In what year is Sauli Niinistö's book Five Years of Solitude published?

Urho Kekkonen

[118] Works Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Kekkonen, Urho| title = Self-Defense of Democracy | publisher = WSOY| year = 1934}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Kekkonen, Urho| title = Municipal Electoral Court under Finnish law (dissertation) | publisher = Otava| year = 1936}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Peitsi, Pekka| title = The path of defragmentation of the Finnish people| publisher = Otava| year = 1942}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Peitsi, Pekka| title = People fight for their life| publisher = Otava| year = 1943}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Lance, Pekka| title = I found wrist| publisher = Otava| year = 1944}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Lance, Pekka| title = Here we are| publisher = Oak | year = 1944}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Kekkonen, Urho| title = Does our country have the composure to prosper| publisher = Otava| year = 1952}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Kekkonen, Urho| title = New municipal election law explained | publisher = Gummerus| year = 1953}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Vilkuna, Gustav (ed.


Question: In what year is Sauli Niinistö's book Five Years of Solitude published?

Urho Kekkonen

) | title = For Earth| publisher = Otava| year = 1955}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Vilkuna, Tuomas (ed.


Question: In what year is Sauli Niinistö's book Five Years of Solitude published?

Urho Kekkonen

) | title = Speeches and writings 1 (1936−1956) | publisher = Weilin+Göös| year = 1967| isbn = 951-35-0353-4 sid.}


Question: In what year is Sauli Niinistö's book Five Years of Solitude published?

Urho Kekkonen

Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Vilkuna, Tuomas (ed.


Question: In what year is Sauli Niinistö's book Five Years of Solitude published?

Urho Kekkonen

) | title = Speeches and writings 2 (1956−1967) | publisher = Weilin+Göös| year = 1967| isbn = 951-35-0355-0 (sid.)}}


Question: In what year is Sauli Niinistö's book Five Years of Solitude published?

Urho Kekkonen

Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Adhesive | title = Across — chart board | publisher = Otava| year = 1968}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Kekkonen, Urho| title = Speeches and writings 3 (1916−1955) | publisher = Weilin+Gös| year = 1969| | isbn = 951-35- 0359-3 (sid.)}}


Question: In what year is Sauli Niinistö's book Five Years of Solitude published?

Urho Kekkonen

Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Adhesive | title=Kekkonen, Urho| publisher = Otava| year = 1970}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Kekkonen, Urho| title = Speeches and writings 4| publisher = Weilin+Göös| year = 1972| isbn = 951-35-| 0862-5 (sid.)}}


Question: In what year is Sauli Niinistö's book Five Years of Solitude published?

Urho Kekkonen

Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Kekkonen, Urho| title = Decades of Change| publisher = Weilin+Göös| year = 1975| isbn = 951-35-1409-9 (sid.)}}


Question: In what year is Sauli Niinistö's book Five Years of Solitude published?

Urho Kekkonen

Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Tyrkkö, Maarit & Keijo Korhonen (ed.


Question: In what year is Sauli Niinistö's book Five Years of Solitude published?

Urho Kekkonen

) | title = Letters from my mill 1:1956-1967| publisher = Otava| year = 1976| isbn = 951-1-02390-X (sid.)}}


Question: In what year is Sauli Niinistö's book Five Years of Solitude published?

Urho Kekkonen

Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Tyrkkö, Maarit & Korhonen, Keijo (ed.


Question: In what year is Sauli Niinistö's book Five Years of Solitude published?

Urho Kekkonen

) | title = Letters from my mill 2:1968—1975| publisher = Otava| year = 1976| id = ISBN 951-1-04052-9 (sid.)}}


Question: In what year is Sauli Niinistö's book Five Years of Solitude published?

Urho Kekkonen

Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Stormbom, N.-B.


Question: In what year is Sauli Niinistö's book Five Years of Solitude published?

Urho Kekkonen

(ed.


Question: In what year is Sauli Niinistö's book Five Years of Solitude published?

Urho Kekkonen

) | title = Mina brev 1956−1975| publisher = Söderström| year = 1977| isbn = 951-52-0403-8 (sid.)}}


Question: In what year is Sauli Niinistö's book Five Years of Solitude published?

Urho Kekkonen


Question: In what year is Sauli Niinistö's book Five Years of Solitude published?

Urho Kekkonen

) | title = By name and name brand| publisher = otava| year = 1977| isbn = 951-1-04641-1 (sid.)}}


Question: In what year is Sauli Niinistö's book Five Years of Solitude published?

Urho Kekkonen


Question: In what year is Sauli Niinistö's book Five Years of Solitude published?

Urho Kekkonen

) | title = By name and pseudonym 2| publisher = Otava| year = 1977| isbn = 951-1-04643-8 (sid.)}}


Question: In what year is Sauli Niinistö's book Five Years of Solitude published?

Urho Kekkonen

Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Tyrkkö, Maarit (ed.)


Question: In what year is Sauli Niinistö's book Five Years of Solitude published?

Urho Kekkonen

& Saanio, M.


Question: In what year is Sauli Niinistö's book Five Years of Solitude published?

Urho Kekkonen

(images) | title = Travel photos of Kainui and Lap| publisher = Otava| year = 1977| isbn = 951-1-09414-9 (sid.)}}


Question: In what year is Sauli Niinistö's book Five Years of Solitude published?

Urho Kekkonen

Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Tyrkkö, Maarit (ed.


Question: In what year is Sauli Niinistö's book Five Years of Solitude published?

Urho Kekkonen

) | title = Tamminiemi| publisher = Weilin+Göös| year = 1980| isbn = 951-35-2287-3 sid.}}


Question: In what year is Sauli Niinistö's book Five Years of Solitude published?

Urho Kekkonen

Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Kekkonen, Urho| title = My Year 1| publisher = Otava| year = 1981| isbn = 951-1-06566-1 (part 1)}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Tyrkkö, Maarit (ed.


Question: In what year is Sauli Niinistö's book Five Years of Solitude published?

Urho Kekkonen

) | title = Publication| publisher = Weilin+Göös| year = 1982| isbn = 951-35-2065-X sid.}


Question: In what year is Sauli Niinistö's book Five Years of Solitude published?

Urho Kekkonen

Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Tyrkkö, Maarit & Suomi, Juhani (ed.


Question: In what year is Sauli Niinistö's book Five Years of Solitude published?

Urho Kekkonen

) | title = Counter-current| publisher = otava| year = 1983| isbn = 951-1-07557-8 sid.}


Question: In what year is Sauli Niinistö's book Five Years of Solitude published?

Urho Kekkonen

Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Source Ear, P. & Pekkarinen, J.


Question: In what year is Sauli Niinistö's book Five Years of Solitude published?

Urho Kekkonen

(koost.


Question: In what year is Sauli Niinistö's book Five Years of Solitude published?

Urho Kekkonen

) | title = Letters to miller 1956—1981| publisher = Otava| year = 2000}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Uino, Ari| title = Rills off and over the bar: Urho Kekkonen as sportsman| publisher = Otava| year = 1999| isbn = 951-16338-8}} Briefly Governments of Kekkonen I Government Kekkonen II Government Kekkonen III Government Kekkonen IV Government Kekkonen V Government Presidencies 1st term: 1 March 1956 — 1 March 1962 2nd term: 1 March 1962 — 1 March 1968 3rd term: 1 March 1968 — 1. 4 March 1978 (1973 Exemption Act extended by 4 years) 4th term: 1 March 1978 — 27 January 1982 (would have lasted until 1 March 1984, but Kekkonen abdicated by the President of the Republic on health grounds 26 October 1981) See also Paasikiven—Kekkonen Urho Kekkonen Museum List of President Kekkonen's state visits Kekkontien FAQ Institute Sources Literature Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Haataja, Lauri & Friman, Paavo| title = Presidential Book| location = Helsinki| publisher = Gummerus| year = 2001| isbn = 951-566-071-8}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Uino, Ari (ed.


Question: In what year is Sauli Niinistö's book Five Years of Solitude published?

Urho Kekkonen

) | title = Young Urho: Urho Kekkonen Kajaanin years 1911—1921| publisher = Otava| year = 1999| isbn = 951-1-15992-5}} References Literature Juhani Finnish books Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = English, Juhani| title = Urho Kekkonen 1936—1944: Myrrys| publisher her = otava| year = 1986| isbn = 951-1-06567-X}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = English, Juhani| title = Urho Kekkonen 1944—1950: Vonkamies| publisher = Otava| year = 1988| isbn = 951-1-09770-9}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| k| author = English, Juhani| title = Urho Kekkonen 1950—1956: Kingtie| publisher = Otava| year = 1990| isbn = 951-1-10403-9}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Finland, Juhani| title = Urho Kekkonen 1956-1962: Time of crises | publisher = Otava| year = 1992| isbn = 951-11588| 4}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Finland, Juhani| title = Urho Kekkonen 1962—1968: Presiden| publisher = Otava| year = 1994| isbn = 951-1-13065-X}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Finland, Juhani| title = Urho Kekkonen 1968—1972: Battle for impartial| publisher year = Otava| = 1996| isbn = 951-1-13548-1}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = English, Juhani| title = Urho Kekkonen 1972—1976: In the chaff stream | publisher = Otava| year = 1998| isbn = 951-1-14799-4}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = English, Juhanian | title = Urho Kekkonen 1976—1981: Expired chart| publisher = Otava| year = 2000| isbn = 951-1-16257-8}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Finland, Juhani (ed.


Question: In what year is Sauli Niinistö's book Five Years of Solitude published?

Urho Kekkonen

) | title = Urho Kekkonen Diaries 1:1958—1962| publisher = Otava| year = 2001| isbn = 951-1-15547-4}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Finland, Juhani (ed.


Question: In what year is Sauli Niinistö's book Five Years of Solitude published?

Urho Kekkonen

) | title = Urho Kekkonen Diaries 2:1963—1968| publisher = Otava| year = 2002| isbn = 951-1-18174-2}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Finland, Juhani (ed.


Question: In what year is Sauli Niinistö's book Five Years of Solitude published?

Urho Kekkonen

) | title = Urho Kekkonen Diaries 3:1969—1974| publisher = Otava| year = 2003| isbn = 951-1-18858-5}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Finland, Juhani (ed.


Question: In what year is Sauli Niinistö's book Five Years of Solitude published?

Urho Kekkonen

) | title = Urho Kekkonen diaries 4:1975—1981| publisher = Otava| year = 2004| isbn = 951-1-19251-5}} Other books Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Hakanen, Yrjö| title = Six photos of Kekon| publisher = Love books| year = 1985| isbn = 951-835-0935-09| 6-5}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Seppänen, Esa (ed.


Question: In what year is Sauli Niinistö's book Five Years of Solitude published?

Urho Kekkonen

) | title = Who Kekkonen? | location = Helsinki| publisher = Art House| year = 2014| isbn = 978-951-884-527-3}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Lilja, Pekka & Raig, Kulle| title = Urho Kekkonen and Estonia| publisher = Minerva Kustannus Oy| year = 2006| isbn = 952-95| 5591-80-8}} Citation error, replace with { {cite book| author = Linnankivi, Berry| title = Kekkonten daughter-in-law | location = Helsinki| publisher = Januar| year = 2010| isbn = 978-951-31-5366-3}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Salmon, Tuomas| title = “Get used to it, why 'not parkuen ane”.


Question: In what year is Sauli Niinistö's book Five Years of Solitude published?

Urho Kekkonen

Finland's leading newspaper's attitude towards Urho Kekkonen 1944—1956| publisher = Oulu University| year = 2003| version = dissertation | isbn = 951-42-7157-2| format = [Online version of the work (PDF)] | accessdate = 6.1.2016}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| title = Memories of Medical Work — Läkarminnen| location = Hämeenlinna| publisher = SKS/duodecim| year = 2006| isbn = 951-746-781-8}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Montonen, Pia Maria| title = Realm's daughter: Brita Kekkonen| location = Helsinki| publisher = WSOY| year = 2014| | isbn = 078-951-0-40241-2}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Niiranen, Pekka| title = Kekkonen and Church: Relations between President of the Republic Urho Kekkonen and the Evangelical Lutheran Church of Finland 1956—1981| publisher = Bookshop | year = 2000| isbn = 951-625-653-8}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book | author = Repo, Eino S. & Repo, Ville| title = Principal: Portrait of Urho Kekkonen from his President| publisher = Weilin+Göös| year = 1985| isbn = 951-35-3191-0}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Seppänen, Esa| title = Eastern Relations Triangle Brezhnev—Kosygin 1960—1980| publisher = Idea Books| year = 2007| isbn = 978-951-20-7492-1}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Seppänen, Esa| title = Fencer against volcano: Urho Kekkonen and Nikita Khrushchev 1955—1964| publisher = January| year = 2004| isbn = 951-31-2628-5}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Seppänen, Esa| title = FAQ Deep Imprint — Legacy or Ballast? | publisher = Idea Books| year = 2009| isbn = 978-951-20-7913-1}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Skyä, Kyösti| title = Unknown Kekkonen| publisher = Bookgroup| year = 1980| isbn = 951-26-1878-8}} Citation error, replace with {cite book| | author = Tuikka, Timo J.| title = “Kekkonen konstit”: Urho Kekkonen's concepts of history and politics from theory to practice 1933—1982| publisher = University of Jyväskylä | year = 2007| isbn = 978-951-39-2804-9}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Tuikka, Timo J.| title = Kekkonen takapiru: Kaarlo Hillilä incredible life| location = Helsinki| publisher = Otava| year = 2011| isbn = 978-951-1-25226-9}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Turpeinen-Saari, Pirkko| title = Great lonely: Urho Kekkonen and feeling| publisher = Gummerus| year = 2006| isbn = 95| 1-20-7011-1}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Tyrkkö, Maarit| title = Girl and recorder| location = Helsinki| publisher = WSOY| year = 2014| isbn = 978-951-040253-5}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Korhonen, Keijo (ed.


Question: In what year is Sauli Niinistö's book Five Years of Solitude published?

Urho Kekkonen

) | title = Urho Kekkonen — peace politician| publisher = Otava| year = 1975| isbn = 951-1-02053-6}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Pelttari, Hannu| title = Kekkonen Games — Urho Kekkonen ja sports| publisher = Bookworks| year = 2018| isbn = 789522889560}} Fiction Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Huovinen, Pentti & Finnish, Kari| title = Kekkonen Vision Man (comic) | publisher = WSOY| year = 1975| isbn = 951-3-51386-6}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Kirstilä, Pentti| title = Farewell Presidents for publisher = WSOY| year = 1979| isbn = 951-0-09207-X}} Salo, Value: Men of Power (play, television opera), 1986.


Question: In what year is Sauli Niinistö's book Five Years of Solitude published?

Urho Kekkonen

Kassila, Matti: Farewell to the President, 1987.


Question: In what year is Sauli Niinistö's book Five Years of Solitude published?

Urho Kekkonen

Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Inner, Vesa & Ala-Korpela, Anu — Metsämäki, Mikko | title = Operation Kekkonen| publisher = Tamm| year = 2000| isbn = 951-31-1791-X}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Hagelberg, Matti| title = Kekkonen publisher = otava| year = 2004| version = Cartoon| isbn = 951-1-19098-9}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Tervo, Jari| title = Mole | publisher = WSOY| year = 2004| isbn = 951-0-29394-6}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Hämäläinen, Karo| title = Urho Kekkonen| publisher = Tamil| year = 2005| isbn = 951-31-3399-0}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Oranen, Raija| title = Named Kekkonen| publisher = Works| year= 2011| isbn = 978-951-851-365-3}} On topic elsewhere Check date values in: |date= (help) at Statistical workshop (registration required) Check date values in: |date= (help) Check date values in: |accessdate= (help) CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link) * Category:Born in 1900 Category:Deaths in 1986 Category:Key to screening Articles


Question: How was John II elected king?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The period of Swedish rule in Finland is a period in Finnish history when Finland was part of the Kingdom of Sweden.


Question: How was John II elected king?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The period of Swedish rule was not a continuous era and its inception was a long-term process involving ambiguity.


Question: How was John II elected king?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The period of Swedish rule ended as a result of the Finnish War on 17 September 1809.


Question: How was John II elected king?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The period of Swedish rule began with the crusades to Finland.


Question: How was John II elected king?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

With the new powers, the Finnish Grand Peasants of Moisioi were forced to give up their positions and their estates fell into the ownership of the Swedish Crown and the Catholic Church.


Question: How was John II elected king?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

[1] In connection with the crusades, as a result of the colonization of the Finnish coast by the Swedes, its Finnish inhabitants essentially lost their fishing rights in the area.


Question: How was John II elected king?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Conflicts between newcomers and Finns also arose over farming rights.


Question: How was John II elected king?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

[2] Swedish became the language of the nobility and the upper bourgeoisie, and priests and scholars were obliged to use it as their language.


Question: How was John II elected king?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

During Swedish rule, the Finnish language was in danger of being lost, because it could not be used with the authorities, and newspapers were not written or produced enough non-fiction.


Question: How was John II elected king?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Throughout the countries' connection, Finns were considered a separate people and, due to the language issue, did not have the same rights as the Swedes.


Question: How was John II elected king?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Swedish kings visited Finland rarely and Finns were considered more primitive than Swedes or Germans and their language inferior.


Question: How was John II elected king?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

[3] During Swedish rule, Finland became part of Western Christendom and the cultural, social and economic order of Western Europe, on the basis of which, among other things, a market economy, constitutional statesmanship and legalistic principles tied to legalistic principles administration.


Question: How was John II elected king?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The Finnish language and some features of Finnish antiquity and culture remained despite conscious Swedishisation during Swedish rule, although they changed when adapting to new circumstances.


Question: How was John II elected king?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

[3] [4] Finland's location as the frontier country of the kingdom brought numerous wars and raiding expeditions to the region.


Question: How was John II elected king?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Swedish Crown Prince Adolf Fredrik stated in 1746 that Finland was Sweden's warehouse and protective wall.


Question: How was John II elected king?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

[3] During this period the Swedish Empire has also been referred to as Swedish-Finland.


Question: How was John II elected king?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The term was coined afterwards to describe the kingdom which included the main parts of present-day Sweden and Finland.


Question: How was John II elected king?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Historian Peter Englund has stated that Finland during Swedish rule was not part or province of confederation but “... the eastern half of that kingdom which was practically destroyed in 1809, after which both parts went their separate ways.” In particular, Englund considers the Swedish Great Power period to be the common “property” of present-day Sweden and Finland, since the rise to superpower would have been impossible for a parched state without the resources of the eastern part of the empire.


Question: How was John II elected king?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

[5] Early stages of Swedish rule The beginning of the period of Swedish rule was a long-standing process involving different regions of Finland at varying degrees at different times.


Question: How was John II elected king?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Finland, or Sweden, cannot be spoken of at this stage as a unified administrative entity.


Question: How was John II elected king?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The Kingdom of Sweden spread to Finland in the midst of its own process of birth and consolidation.


Question: How was John II elected king?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

As recently as the beginning of the 13th century, the law of West Götaland constantly referred to the East Götans and the Uplantians as foreigners.


Question: How was John II elected king?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

[6] Sweden's first written output, the Eerikinkronika, written in the 1320s, also speaks not of the Swedes but, for example, the Sveans, the Gothenites and the Uplantians.


Question: How was John II elected king?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

[7] The Kingdom of Sweden can be said to have arisen around the year 1350.


Question: How was John II elected king?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

[6] The early stages of the period of Swedish rule are fundamentally related to the missionary work of the Catholic Church in Finland.


Question: How was John II elected king?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The northern Baltic region was a pagan area from the point of view of the Catholic Church and its goal was the conversion of the region to Catholicism.


Question: How was John II elected king?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

In practice, the aim of the church was driven by the kings who professed the Catholic faith in the region, as well as by the crusaders, who were allowed in the name of Christianity to conquer new territories under their control.


Question: How was John II elected king?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Crusades to Finland were made at least by Swedes and Danes, possibly including Germans and Norwegians.


Question: How was John II elected king?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

[8] [9] [10] Orthodox Novgorod also fought a typical war against the Finnish tribes.


Question: How was John II elected king?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Since at least 1042, the Hämäläs, or more commonly the Western Finns, had been waging almost constant war against Novgorod and the Baltic-Finnish peoples of the Karelian region, such as the Vatyans and Ingerians.


Question: How was John II elected king?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

These conflicts contributed to the Swedes” chances of conquering territories from Finland.


Question: How was John II elected king?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

A contemporaneous description of the Baltic conversion, Henry's Livonian Chronicle, gives a bloody picture of the conversion work of late 12th century and early 13th century German Knights and Danes.


Question: How was John II elected king?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Christianity was well established in Sweden by the 12th century and its nascent kingdom sought to compete with Germany and Denmark for influence in the Baltics and around the Gulf of Finland by fighting the pagans and conquering lands from these.


Question: How was John II elected king?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

However, the Baltic war expedition ended for the Swedes in 1220 with the destruction of the Swedish forces, including the earl and bishop, by the Islanders, and the fortress they had established at Lihula.


Question: How was John II elected king?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

[11] [12] The first historical reference to the rule of Swedes in Finland is the earliest legend of St. Eerik, dating from the 1270s, according to which King Eerik the Saint and the English bishop Henry made the so-called First Crusade to Finland in the 1150s.


Question: How was John II elected king?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Legend tells that the king returned after an expedition to Sweden with the bishop remaining to arrange the ecclesiastical conditions in Finland.


Question: How was John II elected king?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

However, the war expedition is not considered a real event today.


Question: How was John II elected king?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

[13] The following reference in historical sources to Swedish influence in Finland is the statement in the Lübeck chronicle of 1266: “Duke Birger forced Finland to belong to Sweden”.


Question: How was John II elected king?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

[14] Possibly the same event is dealt with by the Eerikinchronicle, written in the 1320s, which describes the Uplantians' expedition against the Hazy people.


Question: How was John II elected king?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The war expedition in question has been considered to have possibly been the Second Crusade to Finland made between 1249 and 1250.


Question: How was John II elected king?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

According to the Eerikinchronika, as a result of the crusade, construction of a castle was started in Häme.


Question: How was John II elected king?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The Swedes also began colonization of the Finnish coast in stages around the time of the Crusades, starting in Åland and Southwest Finland.


Question: How was John II elected king?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The colonization of the Finnish coast by Christian people was a key means of spreading the faith.


Question: How was John II elected king?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Of these emigrants, Finnish-Swedes emerged over time.


Question: How was John II elected king?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

[15] The Bishop of Turku is first mentioned in connection with the bishops of Sweden on 11 February 1253 in connection with the exchange of land between the Earl of Birger and Gudheim Abbey.


Question: How was John II elected king?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

[16] The Swedish Church spread to Finland practically only in the 14th century.


Question: How was John II elected king?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

[17] Since about the 12th century, the Catholic Church had operated independently in Southwest Finland.


Question: How was John II elected king?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The influence of Western and Eastern Christianity had spread to Finland even earlier in the prehistoric period, with indications such as tomb finds made in archaeological excavations.


Question: How was John II elected king?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The Eerikinchronicle recounts the destruction of Sigtuna by the Karelians in 1187, the largest and most important city in Sweden at that time.


Question: How was John II elected king?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The Karelians made a war expedition to Sweden also in 1257.


Question: How was John II elected king?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

[18] In 1259 Pope Alexander IV approved the marriage of King Valdemar of Sweden and Sophia, granddaughter of King Christopher of Denmark, so that Sweden would be better and more effectively able to counter the constant attacks on the kingdom's villages and churches by pagans living nearby.


Question: How was John II elected king?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

[19] In spite of this, even in 1275 the Christians of the Swedish Empire were tormented by the heathens of Karelia and Lapland.


Question: How was John II elected king?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

[20] The first chronicle of Novgorod states that Dmitry Alexandrovich conquered Karelia in 1278.


Question: How was John II elected king?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The pagan Karelians had been, up to that point, trading partners for Gotland, among others.


Question: How was John II elected king?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

[21] Regardless of trade links, according to Eerikinkronika, the Uplantians made the so-called Third Crusade into Finland in 1293, conquering Karelia with 14 betrothals.


Question: How was John II elected king?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

[22] Birger Maununpoy's letter of authorisation of 4 March 1295 to Lübeck and other Baltic trading towns mentions as the motive for the conversion of Karelians the long long practice of banditry and looting by the Karelians and the taking captive of Swedes and other visitors to the Baltic Sea and torturing.


Question: How was John II elected king?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

[23] The first historical reference of the Catholic Church to Swedish rule outside Finland dates back to about 1284.


Question: How was John II elected king?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

In this act of Maunu Ladonluko on the general peace of land, Pentti Birgerinpallo is referred to as the Duke of Finland, that is, present-day Southwest Finland.


Question: How was John II elected king?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

[24] However, he may have never visited Finland.


Question: How was John II elected king?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Despite the expansion of Swedish power, the conflict between Hämäläs and Novgorod lasted for hundreds of years.


Question: How was John II elected king?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The First Chronicle of Novgorod states that Novgorod made a war expedition against the Hazorites still in 1292.


Question: How was John II elected king?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Conflicts between Finns and Swedes after the Crusades, the colonization of the Swedes in their wake also led to conflicts between Finns and Swedes.


Question: How was John II elected king?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The Ostrobothian stories tell of the need to help the colonists, while other stories describe Sweden as mainly criminals and evildoers who came to the country to wage war against the Finns.


Question: How was John II elected king?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

[25] In the 16th century, Mikael Agricola wrote that pagan Finns had harassed Swedish colonists, for which reason they had received help from their relatives in Sweden.


Question: How was John II elected king?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

[25] The original Finnish settlement of Kimitoon Island completely disappeared from the site after the Swedes entered the area, which may contribute to the conflict between the groups.


Question: How was John II elected king?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

[26] Conflicts between Finns and colonists also arose regarding the rights to use the territories.


Question: How was John II elected king?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

In principle, the King of Sweden always gave fishing rights to the colonists in which case the Finns lost their rights to them.


Question: How was John II elected king?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

[27] Several letters concerning these disputes are known.


Question: How was John II elected king?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

For example, on 1 June 1303, Swedish colonists from Satakunta had quarreled with the Finns in the area as their holdings were located in the old casque lands of the Finns.


Question: How was John II elected king?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

In 1347, an order was issued for the transfer of fishing rights in the Helsinki region from the Finns to the coastal Swedes.


Question: How was John II elected king?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

[28] From 1348, a letter of protection from Bishop Hemming and the Head of the Castle of Turku is known, designed to protect the colonists of the Gulf of Bothnia coast against the Finns.


Question: How was John II elected king?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

[26] Traces of conflict also remained until later times.


Question: How was John II elected king?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The mayor of Helsinki, Anders Larsson Ehredt, wrote to Peter Brahe in 1639 that Helsinki's name was not allowed to be changed when the city was transferred because the name was “a reminder of the victorious arms of our ancestors.”


Question: How was John II elected king?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

[29] After the Crusader period Around 1300, parts of the Swedish Empire and the Archdiocese of Uppsala, which were governed from the castles of Turku, Häme and Vyborg, had begun to enter the territory of present-day Western and Southern Finland.


Question: How was John II elected king?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Castles built to consolidate the rule of the King of Sweden were centres of Crown administration in the Middle Ages and important tools for retaining power.


Question: How was John II elected king?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The administrative unit that surrounded the castle was referred to as the Castle Sounds.


Question: How was John II elected king?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

At the same time, the Christian population was being phased from Sweden to the Finnish coast.


Question: How was John II elected king?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The Käkisalmi region and Ladoga Karelia, meanwhile, maintained ties with Orthodox northwestern Russia and Novgorod.


Question: How was John II elected king?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The clash between Catholic and Orthodox cultural circles therefore took place off Finland.


Question: How was John II elected king?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The Peace of Nut Island, concluded in 1323, was the first peace treaty between Sweden and Novgorod.


Question: How was John II elected king?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

It also defined the eastern border between the Swedish Empire and Finland, at least for Karelia.


Question: How was John II elected king?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Ownership of Northern Finland remained vague.


Question: How was John II elected king?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

However, within the 14th century, Sweden annexed a Finnish settlement on the northern Ostrobothnia coast.


Question: How was John II elected king?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The Swedes still in the 14th century did not commonly refer to Finland or Finland as Finland, although these designations had been in use for a long time.


Question: How was John II elected king?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

For example, the first chronicle of Novgor speaks of Finns (sum) and runestones speak of Vikings who died in Finland.


Question: How was John II elected king?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The name Finland had meant, and for a long time, meant the present province of Southwest Finland.


Question: How was John II elected king?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

For this reason, the Swedes used the wider area of southern Finland from about 1350 to 1470 to the name Österland, or “Italia”.


Question: How was John II elected king?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

[6] Prior to this, the regions were spoken plural eastern countries.


Question: How was John II elected king?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

[6] Finland, as part of the Kingdom of Sweden in the Middle Ages, Finland was part of the historical provinces of Finland, Southwest Finland and Satakunta belonged to the central region of the Swedish Empire and they retained their connections with Scandinavia that had already arisen in prehistoric times.


Question: How was John II elected king?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

In southwestern Finland, Häme, the Karelian Isthmus and Southern Savo there were permanent settlements based on farming, which gradually became denser and spread over a wider area.


Question: How was John II elected king?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The spread and consolidation of settlements in central and northern Ostrobothnia was one of the most significant settlement-historical phenomena in medieval Finland.


Question: How was John II elected king?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

In addition, there were fresh Swedish-speaking settlements in Åland, the Turunmaa archipelago and the coastal regions of Ostrobothnia and Uusimaa.


Question: How was John II elected king?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

In the Middle Ages, rural peasants were by far the largest population group in Finland.


Question: How was John II elected king?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Much of the area of present-day Finland was still wilderness in the Middle Ages, where Satakunese, Hälite and Karelian wildernesses were camping, inhabited by a population called the Lappans, at least part of the Sámi speaking population.


Question: How was John II elected king?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Wilderness areas were not among the territories of any realm other than in theory at most.


Question: How was John II elected king?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

In the early stages of Swedish rule, administrative documents were often written in Latin, emphasizing the role of clergy in secular governance as well.


Question: How was John II elected king?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The use of Swedish increased as a written administrative language as the 14th century wore on.


Question: How was John II elected king?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

In urban local government, especially with regard to international relations, German was also widely used.


Question: How was John II elected king?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

However, it is impossible to provide precise estimates of the language ratios of the population of medieval cities.


Question: How was John II elected king?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Sweden was an electoral kingdom in the Middle Ages and the royal election was conducted with Mora stones.


Question: How was John II elected king?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The territory of Finland also gained the right to send its representatives to the royal election of 1362, reflecting the status of Southwest Finland as part of the Swedish Empire.


Question: How was John II elected king?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The land law enacted during the 1319—1364 reign of King Maunu Eerikinpoja was of great importance to the development of administration and legal order.


Question: How was John II elected king?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

As a difference to Central Europe, peasants were free, and no central European-like feudalism developed in the Swedish Empire.


Question: How was John II elected king?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Local government was based on keepers and parishes in rural areas.


Question: How was John II elected king?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

In the Middle Ages, an urban institution also emerged in Finland.


Question: How was John II elected king?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

However, the bourgeoisie, or merchants and craftsmen, who lived in the cities, accounted for a small


Question: How was John II elected king?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The main medieval cities in Finland were Turku and Vyborg.


Question: How was John II elected king?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Other towns included Naantali, Rauma, Ulvila and Porvoo.


Question: How was John II elected king?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

During the Middle Ages, Nordic and Finnish long-distance trade was largely held by German Hanseatic merchants, and because of this, a significant part of the bourgeoisie in Turku and Vyborg in particular was German.


Question: How was John II elected king?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

In the towns, local government was the responsibility of a mayor-led panel.


Question: How was John II elected king?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

By the 1280 Alsnö Rule issued during the reign of King Maunu Birgerinboy, Sweden and Finland, a small secular rails, or nobility, were established in Sweden and Finland.


Question: How was John II elected king?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Spiritual rails, on the other hand, referred to the spiritual enactment exempt from taxes paid to the secular power (e.g. priests, nuns and beggar brothers).


Question: How was John II elected king?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The parishes that operated within the Catholic Church on the territory of Finland belonged to the Diocese of Turku.


Question: How was John II elected king?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

In addition to ecclesiastical authority, the Bishop of Turku, who was at the head of the diocese, also had plenty of secular power and was, for example, a member of the King's Council of Power.


Question: How was John II elected king?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

One of the most prominent medieval bishops of Turku was Maunu Tavast, who held office between 1412 and 1450.


Question: How was John II elected king?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Spiritual rails formed a literacy and literacy civilisation in medieval Finland.


Question: How was John II elected king?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Its members had often attended Turku Cathedral School and some had also studied at foreign universities.


Question: How was John II elected king?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Kalmar Union Time (1397—1523) Birth of the Union The Nordic Kalmar Union was founded under Queen Margaret of Denmark in 1397.


Question: How was John II elected king?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

In practice, there were conflicts in the Union, as the Swedish surplus was interested in the east, in the direction of Russia, in the direction of Russia, while the Danish interests were more towards the south — per German territories.


Question: How was John II elected king?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Nor, within the different countries, was there a lack of consensus among themselves.


Question: How was John II elected king?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The struggle for power was by no means caused solely by modern concepts of “foreign policy” disagreements.


Question: How was John II elected king?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

However, at the beginning of the Union period, the country's status as part of the kingdom changed


Question: How was John II elected king?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Over the course of four decades, the monarch's grip on Finland was firmer than in the past.


Question: How was John II elected king?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Queen Margaret was a background influence on the regime right up until her death in 1412.


Question: How was John II elected king?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Throughout, he delegated further responsibilities to his successor King Eerik XIII of Pomerania (as king 1396—1439), who had responsibility especially for Norwegian and Finnish affairs.


Question: How was John II elected king?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

He visited Finland two times, in 1403 and 1407.


Question: How was John II elected king?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

All the king's decisions concerning Finland were issued in his name.


Question: How was John II elected king?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

[30] With the Union, the leading administrators of the country changed, as the king placed his own creditmen in charge of the castles.


Question: How was John II elected king?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Abraham Broderinpoika rose to be head of the castle in Turku, and the Danish Klaus Fleming was also appointed as Lamann.


Question: How was John II elected king?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Later, Klaus Lydekenpoika Djäkn and Krister Nilsson Vaasa rose to prominent positions.


Question: How was John II elected king?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Bishop Maunu Tavast was a supporter of unionist rule.


Question: How was John II elected king?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Even during the Union period, Finland did not form a single administrative entity; the region was divided into two different administrative districts.


Question: How was John II elected king?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Vyborg served as a major, at times quasi-autonomous centre as Turku was more closely incorporated into the central authority's administrative region.


Question: How was John II elected king?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The independent status of Vyborg can be seen, among other things, in the fact that although Finland was divided in 1435 into two Lamalandic municipalities South and Bottom-Finland, Vyborg was born as early as the 1440s, an independent Karelian Llamann, which was probably laid down by a castle chief in Vyborg.


Question: How was John II elected king?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Although the Karelian Laman had no jurisdiction in the Turku Land Court.


Question: How was John II elected king?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

[31] In Finland and Sweden, discontent in the early days of the Union was provoked by an increase in the tax burden.


Question: How was John II elected king?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Eerik sought to make taxation more efficient in Finland, with the cancellation of the farms to the Crown and efforts to make the castle sound liable.


Question: How was John II elected king?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

[30] During the Union period, the administration of the country was organised in a new way to improve the economic condition.


Question: How was John II elected king?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

In 1405, tax exemptions for apparently hundreds of farms were withdrawn.


Question: How was John II elected king?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

At that time, the groundwork for systematic land taxation was laid.


Question: How was John II elected king?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The Crown also sought to increase tax revenues through settler activity: arable farming produced tax revenues, while the wilderness economy did not produce them.


Question: How was John II elected king?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Tax revenues were therefore raised by the allocation of wilderness for permanent settlement.


Question: How was John II elected king?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

In 1409, Turku also began to mint its own money, which differed in value from the money spent in Sweden.


Question: How was John II elected king?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

They were silver and six-pence coins.


Question: How was John II elected king?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

In 1407, Finland received its own supreme court, the Turku Land Court, and it was also given administrative power.


Question: How was John II elected king?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Finland's leaders were now able to decide the country's affairs at their own meetings.


Question: How was John II elected king?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The railing crew and clergy formed a politically leading group during the Union period.


Question: How was John II elected king?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Finland's own raulsmen only rarely ruled the largest castle voices, usually headed by Swedish or Danish, sometimes German-born men, who, though often had lived in the country for decades.


Question: How was John II elected king?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Domestic rails were generally responsible for lower administration, military functions and especially the courts.


Question: How was John II elected king?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The most prominent positions in the Church also ended up in the Union period for the sons of the indigenous groups.


Question: How was John II elected king?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

On the other hand, the peasantry could also participate in the activities of various boards and district assemblies, as well as influence political solutions such as the election of the king.


Question: How was John II elected king?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

With the exception of Turku and Vyborg, cities were small during the Union period and there were very few of them.


Question: How was John II elected king?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Therefore, foreign trade was modest, too.


Question: How was John II elected king?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Even Vyborg was unable to compete with Tallinn as a hub for trade in Russia.


Question: How was John II elected king?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Domestic trade was economically certainly more significant than foreign trade.


Question: How was John II elected king?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Externally, the beginning of the Union was a time of peace for Finland.


Question: How was John II elected king?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

However, King Eerik the Pomeranian, who was active in foreign politics, was mired in conflict with the Hanseatic League, making commerce more difficult.


Question: How was John II elected king?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

In the 1430s, the rebellion movements of the overlords and peasants that rose on the Swedish side had little effect in Finland.


Question: How was John II elected king?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The overabnormality of modest insurgency movements in Finland can be explained by the expansion of the Crown and Rulse holdings [32].


Question: How was John II elected king?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The most famous of these rebellion movements was the so-called. David's revolt in Häme in 1439.


Question: How was John II elected king?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

It targeted Viikki Manor [33] [34].


Question: How was John II elected king?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Finland did not participate in the 1435 meeting held in Arboga.


Question: How was John II elected king?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

In the autumn of the same year, Bishop Maunu Tavast and Krister Nilsson arrived in Sweden, where, in arranged negotiations, they influenced the ousting of the leaders of the movement known as the Engelbrekt Engelbrektinpoika Rebellion and reaching a compromise.


Question: How was John II elected king?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Drots became Krister Nilsson and Charlemagne Knuutinpoika Bonde became the marcher.


Question: How was John II elected king?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

After the former returned to Finland in the autumn of the same year, the revolt movement began again in Sweden.


Question: How was John II elected king?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

To counter the rebellion projects, the Finnish peasants were promised a tax reduction in a letter dated 24 June 1436, the signatories of which were the archbishop, drotsi and marski in the name of the Council of Power.


Question: How was John II elected king?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The reason was put forward that the Finns had proved loyal to the kingdom and had sworn not to assume a head of their own, i.e., promised not to rise in rebellion, and would accept the head imposed by the Council of Power.


Question: How was John II elected king?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Seppo Suvanto interpreted this as saying that in Sweden it was feared that the Finns, or the administrators of Finland, would break away from the Council of Power and Finland would elect its own head.


Question: How was John II elected king?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

[35] Finland and Swedish power struggles Eventually the king was dismissed in 1439, after which Sweden was ruled by a power council of aristocrats.


Question: How was John II elected king?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

It consisted of bishops and leading supremacists.


Question: How was John II elected king?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The most powerful of this force emerged Charlemagne the son of Knuutinson, who was elected in 1438 as regent.


Question: How was John II elected king?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

His worst rival, the drotsi Krister then withdrew to Vyborg.


Question: How was John II elected king?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

After the fall of the monopolistic system of government, Finland's links with Denmark were severed.


Question: How was John II elected king?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

However, links with Sweden were not much consolidated but the holders of local castle votes largely ruled the country.


Question: How was John II elected king?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

In 1440, the Danes invited Christopher the Bavarian to the land and he was proclaimed king.


Question: How was John II elected king?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Negotiations were held in Sweden on the terms of recognition.


Question: How was John II elected king?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Kaarle Knuutinpoika moved to Finland in the same year and took over the castles of Turku and Kastelholm, promising to give up the position of state administrator if he could get all of Finland as his county.


Question: How was John II elected king?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

With the exception of Åland, this wish came true.


Question: How was John II elected king?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

However, the situation soon changed, and soon Charlemagne had to settle solely for the Vyborg Castle.


Question: How was John II elected king?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Turku returned to the rule of a voud under the king.


Question: How was John II elected king?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The king's purpose was to prevent the emergence of a unified Finland.


Question: How was John II elected king?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

After Christopher died in 1448, Charlemagne Knuutinpoika sailed from Vyborg with 800 gunmen to Stockholm, where he was elected king (1448—1457), apparently because of his armed superiority.


Question: How was John II elected king?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The reign was marked by war against Kristian Oldenburgian, which increased the tax burden in Finland as well.


Question: How was John II elected king?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

During this period, Finland was the most significant area of support for the king.


Question: How was John II elected king?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

In 1457, the Swedish Grand Excellence rose in revolt against the king, and he fled to Danzig.


Question: How was John II elected king?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Kristian Oldenburgian was elected King of Sweden.


Question: How was John II elected king?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

He ruled from 1457 to 1464.


Question: How was John II elected king?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

However, support for the new king was not shared by everyone - especially in Vyborg.


Question: How was John II elected king?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Controversy over the eastern border The following period was marked by problems in the eastern parts of the kingdom.


Question: How was John II elected king?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

As the settlement spread to the wilderness areas, border disputes and skirmishes with Novgorod and Karelians began.


Question: How was John II elected king?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

While Savonian settlement progressed, North Karelia was also colonized.


Question: How was John II elected king?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

In 1478, Novgorod was annexed by Moscow, and a new force factor rose behind the eastern border.


Question: How was John II elected king?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

In order to secure the border, construction began to be built on Olavinlinna to safeguard the settler settlement.


Question: How was John II elected king?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

From the Russian point of view, this was a breach of the border treaty and open martial law prevailed for several years right up to the intermediate peace of 1482.


Question: How was John II elected king?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

However, there was no consensus on the course of the border.


Question: How was John II elected king?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

From the Axis sons to the Sten Sture period In the battle, the Swedish king's crown became the castles of Suomenk to take over and bend the Union king behind them.


Question: How was John II elected king?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The Danish knight Eerik the Axis boy Tott came with his brothers to take over the castles in the 1480s, and eventually all the castles were held by the Axis sons.


Question: How was John II elected king?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

After Eerik died, he left the counties of Vyborg, Hämeenlinna and Savonlinna to his brothers Ivar and Laur, who already ruled Raseborg.


Question: How was John II elected king?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

However, the emergence of a unitary circle of power did not fit with regent minister Sten Sture's plans.


Question: How was John II elected king?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

In 1481, Sten Sture arrived in Finland, all the way to Vyborg.


Question: How was John II elected king?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

A reconciliation between the registrar and the local grandees could not arise: the regent promised the population tax breaks; the holders of the fiefdoms again did not accept these.


Question: How was John II elected king?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

At the end of the Union period no longer saw the emergence of a jointly accepted monarch in the Nordic countries.


Question: How was John II elected king?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

King Hansel of Denmark (1481—1513) did not achieve approval in the Union countries; instead, the power councils took control.


Question: How was John II elected king?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

In 1483, Sten Sture gained control of three counties in Finland: Vyborg, Savonlinna and Hämeenlinna.