Question: Which year has Doctor Doom made his first appearance?

Indiana Jones

Indiana and Henry escape the castle and retrieve the book from Berlin.


Question: Which year has Doctor Doom made his first appearance?

Indiana Jones

They then travel to Turkey with the intention of finding the Grail before the Nazis.2008Indiana Jones and the Crystal Skull KingdomsDiana Jones and the Kingdom of Crystal SkullIn 1957, Soviet soldiers have captured Indiana so that this would help them find the body of an alien in the Region Out of 51.


Question: Which year has Doctor Doom made his first appearance?

Indiana Jones

Indiana helps them and escapes, but loses his job at the university because FBI agents suspect he has communist connections.


Question: Which year has Doctor Doom made his first appearance?

Indiana Jones

However, young Mutt Williams asks Indiana to help him in the search for missing Dr. Harold Oxley.


Question: Which year has Doctor Doom made his first appearance?

Indiana Jones

Mutt's mother, who, unbeknownst to Indiana, is his former female friend Marion Ravenwood, has also disappeared.


Question: Which year has Doctor Doom made his first appearance?

Indiana Jones

Oxley's tracks lead to Peru, where Indiana and Mutt find the crystal skull of Akator (better known by its Spanish name Eldorado).


Question: Which year has Doctor Doom made his first appearance?

Indiana Jones

However, the Soviets catch them and force Jones again to help them find Akator.


Question: Which year has Doctor Doom made his first appearance?

Indiana Jones

Jones, Mutt, Ravenwood, and the captured and gone mad Oxley escape from the Soviets and make their way to Akator, which is revealed to be a ship of interdimensional beings.


Question: Which year has Doctor Doom made his first appearance?

Indiana Jones

Financial success of movies Sources CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link) References On the topic elsewhere Transclusion error: {{En}} is only for use in File namespace.


Question: Which year has Doctor Doom made his first appearance?

Indiana Jones

Use {{lang-en}} or {{en icon}} instead.


Question: Which year has Doctor Doom made his first appearance?

Indiana Jones

* Category:Key articles of screening


Question: Have the Chinese always spoken the Chinese language?

Korean language

The Korean language is predominantly the language spoken in the Korean Peninsula, i.e., South and North Korea, as well as in outer Korean communities around the world.


Question: Have the Chinese always spoken the Chinese language?

Korean language

There are different estimates of the number of speakers of the Korean language and, according to most, there are more than 70 million speakers of the language.


Question: Have the Chinese always spoken the Chinese language?

Korean language

The language is written with both Korean's own writing system (hangul), and Chinese characters (hanja).


Question: Have the Chinese always spoken the Chinese language?

Korean language

Kinship relations in the Korean language have been the subject of controversies among scientists and is variously considered to be either an isolate language or part of the large Altaic language.


Question: Have the Chinese always spoken the Chinese language?

Korean language

Prevalence and speakers Korean is spoken as native speakers according to various estimates by 75 [1] —77 [2] million individuals.


Question: Have the Chinese always spoken the Chinese language?

Korean language

Its two largest speaking countries are South Korea (about 48 million) and North Korea (about 24 million).


Question: Have the Chinese always spoken the Chinese language?

Korean language

[1] There are speakers of Korean language outside the Koreas also around the world, for example in China, Japan, Russia, Central Asia and North America.


Question: Have the Chinese always spoken the Chinese language?

Korean language

[3] In China, the language has about 2 million speakers, 1 million in the United States and about 0.5 million in Japan.


Question: Have the Chinese always spoken the Chinese language?

Korean language

[1] When measured in the number of speakers, languages roughly the same size with Korean are, for example, Turkish and Persian.


Question: Have the Chinese always spoken the Chinese language?

Korean language

Korean is therefore not quite among the largest languages, but it can nevertheless be included in the list of the 20 most important languages in the world.


Question: Have the Chinese always spoken the Chinese language?

Korean language

[3] If Korean is defined as an isolate language, it is the largest of the known isolate languages by number of speakers.


Question: Have the Chinese always spoken the Chinese language?

Korean language

[4] Korea has not extended much of its power beyond the Korean Peninsula in its history, and so the Korean language has historically been used only rarely in communication with other ethnic groups as bilingualism.


Question: Have the Chinese always spoken the Chinese language?

Korean language

One exception is Japanese, which was the official language during the Japanese occupation period.


Question: Have the Chinese always spoken the Chinese language?

Korean language

Some Koreans of the older knee still know Japanese and today the use of English has also increased.


Question: Have the Chinese always spoken the Chinese language?

Korean language

However, a large percentage of Korean speakers living in Korea are still monolingual in practice.


Question: Have the Chinese always spoken the Chinese language?

Korean language

The Korean language community has thus come to comparatively few foreign influences.


Question: Have the Chinese always spoken the Chinese language?

Korean language

[3] Outside Korea, speakers of the Korean language are considerably more commonly bilingual.


Question: Have the Chinese always spoken the Chinese language?

Korean language

[5] Recently, Korean has also begun to be studied as a foreign language.


Question: Have the Chinese always spoken the Chinese language?

Korean language

Its teaching has grown, especially in the countries of large Korean minorities in China and Japan.


Question: Have the Chinese always spoken the Chinese language?

Korean language

Korean language instruction for foreigners is often coordinated by major South Korean universities such as Seoul State University, Yonsei University and Goryeo University, as well as research institutions such as the Academy of Korean Studies.


Question: Have the Chinese always spoken the Chinese language?

Korean language

International academic research is conducted by various associations around the world, such as the Association of Korean Studies in Europe, or AKSE.


Question: Have the Chinese always spoken the Chinese language?

Korean language

[5] In Finland, hourly teaching in Korean is organised by the University of Helsinki, for example.


Question: Have the Chinese always spoken the Chinese language?

Korean language

[6] The Foreign Service Institute of Officials of the United States Department of State is responsible for the language training of public servants and it also compiles a list of the most difficult languages to learn The list is based on an estimate of the number of weeks of study required to master the language.


Question: Have the Chinese always spoken the Chinese language?

Korean language

Korea ranks among the hardest on the list, meaning it takes at least 88 weeks of study, or about 2200 hours, to master it.


Question: Have the Chinese always spoken the Chinese language?

Korean language

[7] Dialects of the Korean language are very uniform in terms of size.


Question: Have the Chinese always spoken the Chinese language?

Korean language

Compared to the Japanese language, for example, its regional and social differences are small.


Question: Have the Chinese always spoken the Chinese language?

Korean language

In the language, some dialects can be distinguished, with minimal differences.


Question: Have the Chinese always spoken the Chinese language?

Korean language

Speakers of different dialects are able to understand each other effortlessly.


Question: Have the Chinese always spoken the Chinese language?

Korean language

Dialect groups are normally divided according to air directions and historical counties into five groups, namely 1st Northeast dialects in Hamgyong Region, 2nd Southeastern dialects in Gyeongsang Region, 3rd Southwestern dialects in Jeolla Region, 4th Northwest dialects in Pyongan Region and 5th Central dialects in Chungcheong, in Gyeonggi and Hwanghae district.


Question: Have the Chinese always spoken the Chinese language?

Korean language

The central dialect region constitutes by far the largest dialect area in terms of number of speakers.


Question: Have the Chinese always spoken the Chinese language?

Korean language

The dialect of Jeju Island, which is part of Korea, has evolved from the southwestern dialects of the mainland, but it has retained some of the old canalities lost from the mainland and differences also exist, for example, in sound structure.


Question: Have the Chinese always spoken the Chinese language?

Korean language

In South Korea, the capital Seoul dialect forms a prestistic dialect throughout the territory of the country and also among speakers abroad.


Question: Have the Chinese always spoken the Chinese language?

Korean language

[5] In North Korea, the position equivalent to the Seoul dialect is the capital with the Pyongyang dialect.


Question: Have the Chinese always spoken the Chinese language?

Korean language

Compared to South Korea, North Korea's common parlance has more provincialist phenomena and the Pyongyang dialect, as a slightly more peripheral language, has retained some features lost from the Seoul dialect.


Question: Have the Chinese always spoken the Chinese language?

Korean language

One difference can be found, for example, in names containing an r-consonant in a wordword (e.g. Ryanggang) which are written and pronounced in North Korea, but which, according to the common language of South Korea, begin with y- or n- (e.g.


Question: Have the Chinese always spoken the Chinese language?

Korean language

Yanggang).


Question: Have the Chinese always spoken the Chinese language?

Korean language

[5] Among the dialects of foreign Korean groups, the dialects of Chinese, Russian and Central Asian Korean speakers were originally based on northeastern and southwestern dialects.


Question: Have the Chinese always spoken the Chinese language?

Korean language

In turn, the dialects of Japanese and Sakhalin were based on the dialects of the present South Korean region.


Question: Have the Chinese always spoken the Chinese language?

Korean language

Outer Korean dialects have since been influenced by local mainstream languages such as Japanese, Chinese, Russian, Uzbek, and Kazakh.


Question: Have the Chinese always spoken the Chinese language?

Korean language

However, the influences have principally been superficial.


Question: Have the Chinese always spoken the Chinese language?

Korean language

[5] History Chinese is the foreign language most strongly influenced by Korean and it also served as the language of early Korean scribes.


Question: Have the Chinese always spoken the Chinese language?

Korean language

The Korean-born form of Chinese has been called SinoKorean.


Question: Have the Chinese always spoken the Chinese language?

Korean language

As a classical literary language, for example, it had a position comparable to that of Latin in Europe in Korea.


Question: Have the Chinese always spoken the Chinese language?

Korean language

However, Chinese was always only the language dominated by the upper class and Korean was for a long time the language of the poorer lower class.


Question: Have the Chinese always spoken the Chinese language?

Korean language

[9] In language history, the history of Korean can be divided into four phases, Ancient Korean, Middle Korean, Neo-Korean and Modern Korean.


Question: Have the Chinese always spoken the Chinese language?

Korean language

Ancient Korea is poorly known.


Question: Have the Chinese always spoken the Chinese language?

Korean language

The term refers to Korean language material from the period before the Goryeo dynasty and there is little source material.


Question: Have the Chinese always spoken the Chinese language?

Korean language

Some Korean texts were written using hyangchal and idu methods.


Question: Have the Chinese always spoken the Chinese language?

Korean language

Korean person and place names are also known for singular words transcribed according to the old voice outfits of Chinese characters from Chinese history books.


Question: Have the Chinese always spoken the Chinese language?

Korean language

The common strain form of Korean dialects, or CantaKorean, has been spoken only recently, as differences in dialects are small.


Question: Have the Chinese always spoken the Chinese language?

Korean language

The closest thing to the cantachorea is possibly the middle chorus.


Question: Have the Chinese always spoken the Chinese language?

Korean language

Neo-Korean is generally considered to begin in the middle stages of the reign of the Joseon Dynasty and the beginning of the post-dynastic period of modern Korean from 1910.


Question: Have the Chinese always spoken the Chinese language?

Korean language

[9] The language situation on the Korean peninsula is historically likely to be more diverse than today.


Question: Have the Chinese always spoken the Chinese language?

Korean language

In the southern part of the peninsula, in its time, along with present-day Korean predecessor, pre-Korean, pre-Japanese has been spoken and the dynastic language of Goguryeo, which was located in the northern parts, was in turn possibly related to Manchu.


Question: Have the Chinese always spoken the Chinese language?

Korean language

Korean scholars have spoken separately of the pre-Korean Silla language, the pre-Japanese Baekje language, and the Goguryeo language.


Question: Have the Chinese always spoken the Chinese language?

Korean language

Speakers of Prekorea eventually formed the state of Silla, which in the later reunified Silla period spread across the vast majority of the peninsula while spreading the use of the Pre-Korean language at the expense of other languages.


Question: Have the Chinese always spoken the Chinese language?

Korean language

[10] Classification and Relative Languages The origin of the Korean language is the subject of controversy within the scientific community.


Question: Have the Chinese always spoken the Chinese language?

Korean language

[9] Relative languages for Korea have been sought from several directions near and far.


Question: Have the Chinese always spoken the Chinese language?

Korean language

It has been compared to, for example, Indo-European, Uralic, and Paeloasian languages.


Question: Have the Chinese always spoken the Chinese language?

Korean language

Perhaps the most attention, however, have received comparisons with the so-called Altaic languages.


Question: Have the Chinese always spoken the Chinese language?

Korean language

The idea of Altaic languages was put forward in time by the Finnish linguist G. J. Ramstedt, according to which Korean, as well as Turkic, Mongolian, and Tungous languages belonged to the same Altaic group.


Question: Have the Chinese always spoken the Chinese language?

Korean language

Since Ramstedt, the idea of Altaic languages has also been advocated by many other linguists, including Nicholas Poppe and Roy Andrew Miller.


Question: Have the Chinese always spoken the Chinese language?

Korean language

However, not all linguists share the view of the existence of a group of Altaic languages.


Question: Have the Chinese always spoken the Chinese language?

Korean language

According to the so-called anti-Altaian view, Korean is generally considered to have no known lineage languages at all, meaning Korean is defined as an isolate language that constitutes its own language on its own.


Question: Have the Chinese always spoken the Chinese language?

Korean language

It is possible that the Korean language has historically included other languages as well, which have since disappeared.


Question: Have the Chinese always spoken the Chinese language?

Korean language

[11] Writing system The development of the Korean writing system has been influenced especially by the structure of the sound system.


Question: Have the Chinese always spoken the Chinese language?

Korean language

Writing skills arrived in the Korean Peninsula from China, from which the Chinese writing system was also adopted.


Question: Have the Chinese always spoken the Chinese language?

Korean language

Initially, Chinese served as a written language, but when it did not supplant Korean as a spoken language, a need for Korean writing eventually arose.


Question: Have the Chinese always spoken the Chinese language?

Korean language

However, there are significant differences in Korean and Chinese languages that make it difficult to apply the Chinese writing system to Korean.


Question: Have the Chinese always spoken the Chinese language?

Korean language

In Chinese, each writing character practically corresponds to one syllable, but there are far fewer syllables that differ from each other than Korean and many words are single-syllable.


Question: Have the Chinese always spoken the Chinese language?

Korean language

In the same way, pronouncing syllables are often written with different characters depending on the meaning of the word.


Question: Have the Chinese always spoken the Chinese language?

Korean language

However, Korean words are often longer than Chinese and have endings in their word bodies.


Question: Have the Chinese always spoken the Chinese language?

Korean language

Korean syllable structure is complex, which makes writing each different syllable with its own character tricky.


Question: Have the Chinese always spoken the Chinese language?

Korean language

[12] In Korea, the problem was solved by a purpose-developed writing system for Korean using hangul.


Question: Have the Chinese always spoken the Chinese language?

Korean language

King Sejong of the Joseon Dynasty, who lived in the 15th century, is often said to be the inventor of the system.


Question: Have the Chinese always spoken the Chinese language?

Korean language

The writing works on four levels.


Question: Have the Chinese always spoken the Chinese language?

Korean language

At the first level are 16 basic letters, on the second 26 modified and combined letters, in the third the etymological syllables, and in the fourth the word sets indicate word spacing.


Question: Have the Chinese always spoken the Chinese language?

Korean language

The inscription follows the principles of simple pronunciation despite its complex Chinese type appearance.


Question: Have the Chinese always spoken the Chinese language?

Korean language

[12] Hangul has sometimes been called the easiest and most systematic writing system in the world.


Question: Have the Chinese always spoken the Chinese language?

Korean language

[4] However, in particular in South Korea, it has not completely replaced Chinese characters as a writing system.


Question: Have the Chinese always spoken the Chinese language?

Korean language

In North Korea, pronunciation is used almost purely.


Question: Have the Chinese always spoken the Chinese language?

Korean language

[12] The Korean Transfer Scripture introduced a reformed Latinization system in South Korea in 2000.


Question: Have the Chinese always spoken the Chinese language?

Korean language

[13] Another well-known transfer writing system is the McCune—Reischauer romanization named after its developers.


Question: Have the Chinese always spoken the Chinese language?

Korean language

It was unveiled in its current form in 1939 and has been used extensively, especially since the Korean War.


Question: Have the Chinese always spoken the Chinese language?

Korean language

Along with the two above systems, several different methods have been used (e.g. Yale system, Finno-Ugric precision writing, Old German type system, and Old French system) whose major differences are in the notation of phonemes.


Question: Have the Chinese always spoken the Chinese language?

Korean language

[14] Letters and Sound Neopics The letters and phonemes of the Korean language correspond to each other quite directly.


Question: Have the Chinese always spoken the Chinese language?

Korean language

Consonants, or consonant phonemes, are divided into four groups, labials (p, p', pp, m, w), dentals (t, t', tt, s, ss, n, r), palatals (ch, ch', tch, y), and velars (k, k', kk, h, ng).


Question: Have the Chinese always spoken the Chinese language?

Korean language

Dividing into modes of articulation, six groups are distinguished, clusils (p, t, k, p', t', k', pp, tt, kk), affricates (ch, ch', tch), fricatives (s, ss, h), nasals (m, n, ng), liquida (r) and semi-vowels (w, w, w)).


Question: Have the Chinese always spoken the Chinese language?

Korean language

Clusils and affricates are further divided into strong (p', t', ch', k'), weak (p, t, ch, k), and taut (pp, tt, tch, month).


Question: Have the Chinese always spoken the Chinese language?

Korean language

In dental fractives, there is a difference between normal (s) and strained (ss).


Question: Have the Chinese always spoken the Chinese language?

Korean language

[15] In writing, each consonant is matched by its own sign.


Question: Have the Chinese always spoken the Chinese language?

Korean language

The basic letters are used to write the consonants below.


Question: Have the Chinese always spoken the Chinese language?

Korean language

[15] (p) (t) (k) (ch) (s) (h) (m) (n) (n) (ng) (r) Tense clusions, strained affricates and strained fricative correspond to modified letter forms.


Question: Have the Chinese always spoken the Chinese language?

Korean language

[15] (p') (t') (ch') (k') (pp) (tt) (ss) (tch) (k') (k') (k') (pp) (tt) (ss) (tch) (k') (k') (k') (k') (p)


Question: Have the Chinese always spoken the Chinese language?

Korean language

The vowelization has disappeared over time, but the two remaining original pairs are distinguished by their graphical appearance.


Question: Have the Chinese always spoken the Chinese language?

Korean language

[15] (a) and (eo) (o) and (u) The base letters write two vowels that were not originally a voicalizable pair.


Question: Have the Chinese always spoken the Chinese language?

Korean language

As the [15] (i) and (eu) Diphthongs monophthonged into Korean, in addition to the six vowels above, also four new vowels emerged.


Question: Have the Chinese always spoken the Chinese language?

Korean language

[15] (ae) (e) (oe) (wi) In groomed common parlance, the combination (ui) may also be used, but which in normal language combines with the vowel (i).


Question: Have the Chinese always spoken the Chinese language?

Korean language

[15] The parts of the vowel system containing the pre-vowel half-vowel are marked by modified and combined letter forms.


Question: Have the Chinese always spoken the Chinese language?

Korean language

The palatal y is denoted by the line following the base vowel, and the labial w by the o or u sign of the labial vowel.


Question: Have the Chinese always spoken the Chinese language?

Korean language

[15] (ya) (yeo) (yo) (yu) (yae) (ye) (wa) (wo) (wae) (we) Form and sentence structure Korean is an agglutinative or more precisely suffigating language, meaning the relationship of words is proved along with word order by an inflectional ending associated with the body of the word.


Question: Have the Chinese always spoken the Chinese language?

Korean language

The Finnish language is basically the same language type.


Question: Have the Chinese always spoken the Chinese language?

Korean language

However, agglutination in Korean is more mechanical and transparent than Finnish.


Question: Have the Chinese always spoken the Chinese language?

Korean language

Word endings stack up, resulting in a large proportion of words containing three or more syllables.


Question: Have the Chinese always spoken the Chinese language?

Korean language

Leaderless verbal bodies, on the other hand, are often single-syllable.


Question: Have the Chinese always spoken the Chinese language?

Korean language

[16] As in East Asian languages, sentences in Korean often begin with a top, that is, something already familiar to the listener.


Question: Have the Chinese always spoken the Chinese language?

Korean language

Topic is a nominal or nominalized word or period indicated by a substitute suffix moved to the beginning of a sentence.


Question: Have the Chinese always spoken the Chinese language?

Korean language

Their own endings also exist with nominatives, accusatives, genetives, locatives, and instrumental.


Question: Have the Chinese always spoken the Chinese language?

Korean language

Locative datives and locative ablatives use combined endings.


Question: Have the Chinese always spoken the Chinese language?

Korean language

Positional categories phase out into a series of postpositional nominal phrases, making it tricky to define the number of substitute endings.


Question: Have the Chinese always spoken the Chinese language?

Korean language

In grammar, substitute endings are often referred to as position particles.


Question: Have the Chinese always spoken the Chinese language?

Korean language

[16] Nomines can also be inflected in the plural in Korean.


Question: Have the Chinese always spoken the Chinese language?

Korean language

In Korea, however, a basic form word can also have plural designation and the use of plural at all is limited.


Question: Have the Chinese always spoken the Chinese language?

Korean language

Reading words usually do not indicate a plural, but require a bill word with the noun to indicate the noun's hand class.


Question: Have the Chinese always spoken the Chinese language?

Korean language

There are a few dozen different classes and some of the groups of concepts that make up the class are, for example, humans, animals and machines.


Question: Have the Chinese always spoken the Chinese language?

Korean language

Like a suffix, the invoice word combines with a reading word.


Question: Have the Chinese always spoken the Chinese language?

Korean language

[16] Verbs inflect in Korean, for example, according to tense form, custom class, and major class.


Question: Have the Chinese always spoken the Chinese language?

Korean language

There are no personality forms.


Question: Have the Chinese always spoken the Chinese language?

Korean language

The relationship between the speaker and the one being spoken turns out in the style register as endsets, particle, or sometimes word choice.


Question: Have the Chinese always spoken the Chinese language?

Korean language

Different registers exist, for example, in normal, acquaintance, immediate, informal, polite and formal situations.


Question: Have the Chinese always spoken the Chinese language?

Korean language

The register describes the social hierarchy in particular and in order to use them correctly one often has to understand the Korean social system.


Question: Have the Chinese always spoken the Chinese language?

Korean language

In Korea, adjectives are also verbal in terms of form and sentence.


Question: Have the Chinese always spoken the Chinese language?

Korean language

The phenomenon is also typical in other East Asian languages.


Question: Have the Chinese always spoken the Chinese language?

Korean language

[16] The word order of the Korean language is SOV, meaning subject, object and verb.


Question: Have the Chinese always spoken the Chinese language?

Korean language

SOV is a typical word order in Mongol and Japanese, for example, but the word order in Chinese and Finnish is of the form SVO.


Question: Have the Chinese always spoken the Chinese language?

Korean language

[16] Sources Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Ilmari Vesterinen, Juha Janhunen and Tauno-Olavi Huotari| title = Korea - Three Doors to the Tiger Kingdom| publisher = Gaudeamus Helsinki University Press| year = 2000| isbn = 978-951-662-797-0}} References CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link) CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link) * Category:Key articles of screening


Question: What is the original name of William Beckford's Lord of the Apol?

The Lord of Terrible

The Terror is an orientalist horror novel by the Englishman William Beckford.


Question: What is the original name of William Beckford's Lord of the Apol?

The Lord of Terrible

Beckford originally wrote the work in French in 1782—1783, but it was first published in 1786 as an English translation compiled by Beckford's friend Samuel Henley.


Question: What is the original name of William Beckford's Lord of the Apol?

The Lord of Terrible

The translation was titled An Arabic Tale, from an Unpublished Manuscript, and the department claimed the work to be a translation of an authentic Arabic text.


Question: What is the original name of William Beckford's Lord of the Apol?

The Lord of Terrible

After the initial text was lost, Beckford rewrote the novel and renamed it Vathek.


Question: What is the original name of William Beckford's Lord of the Apol?

The Lord of Terrible

In addition, he wrote three shorter sequels, which were not completed, however, and were not published until the early 20th century.


Question: What is the original name of William Beckford's Lord of the Apol?

The Lord of Terrible

A Finnish translation of English by Valfrid Hedman appeared published by Karisto in 1923.


Question: What is the original name of William Beckford's Lord of the Apol?

The Lord of Terrible

The main character of the atrocity is the Abbasid caliph al-Wathiq.


Question: What is the original name of William Beckford's Lord of the Apol?

The Lord of Terrible

Vathek in the novel is a hedonistic tyrant who, along with his mother who practises black magic, pursues supernatural powers.


Question: What is the original name of William Beckford's Lord of the Apol?

The Lord of Terrible

Using human sacrifice and sorcery, they attempt to persuade the devil-like man to reveal the secret knowledge of the sultans who preceded Adam.


Question: What is the original name of William Beckford's Lord of the Apol?

The Lord of Terrible

Vathek abandons Islam and eventually goes to hell.


Question: What is the original name of William Beckford's Lord of the Apol?

The Lord of Terrible

The piece caused a stir on its appearance and cemented Beckford's reputation as a depraved relish.


Question: What is the original name of William Beckford's Lord of the Apol?

The Lord of Terrible

Apocalypse has seen some autobiographical features, and it has become a classic of Gothic horror literature for some time.


Question: What is the original name of William Beckford's Lord of the Apol?

The Lord of Terrible

In the 21st century, however, the novel has been periodically criticized for its stereotypical depiction of the Middle East and Islam.


Question: What is the original name of William Beckford's Lord of the Apol?

The Lord of Terrible

Plot Caliph Vathek is a fickle ruler whose thirst for knowledge is unquenchable.


Question: What is the original name of William Beckford's Lord of the Apol?

The Lord of Terrible

He is happy to argue with scholars, but chastises those who don't share his views.


Question: What is the original name of William Beckford's Lord of the Apol?

The Lord of Terrible

As a man of pleasure, Vathek builds himself five palaces dedicated to wine and food, music, arts, fragrances, and the joys of meat.


Question: What is the original name of William Beckford's Lord of the Apol?

The Lord of Terrible

He is also building a tower of 11,000 steps tall, at the top of which he predicts of stars.


Question: What is the original name of William Beckford's Lord of the Apol?

The Lord of Terrible

The Prophet Mohammed watches Vathek from heaven, but decides not to punish him, as he speculates the decadent caliph will cause his own destruction.


Question: What is the original name of William Beckford's Lord of the Apol?

The Lord of Terrible

A mysterious and obnoxiously ugly Indian, referred to by the Caliph as Giaour ('infidel'), arrives in Samarra.


Question: What is the original name of William Beckford's Lord of the Apol?

The Lord of Terrible

The Indian sells Vathek magical treasures, but refuses to reveal their origin, causing Vathek to throw him into prison.


Question: What is the original name of William Beckford's Lord of the Apol?

The Lord of Terrible

However, Giaour escapes, from where, depressed, Vathek loses his appetite and succumbs to drunkenness.


Question: What is the original name of William Beckford's Lord of the Apol?

The Lord of Terrible

Vathek's mother Carathis is a Greek scholar who professes many magic.


Question: What is the original name of William Beckford's Lord of the Apol?

The Lord of Terrible

She arrives to comfort her son and begins inciting him into atrocities intended to please Giaouri.


Question: What is the original name of William Beckford's Lord of the Apol?

The Lord of Terrible

Giaour therefore returns to Samarra and promises his master the knowledge of the sultans before Adam, as well as the keys to the “Palace of Underground Fire”; in return, he demands 50 human sacrifices.


Question: What is the original name of William Beckford's Lord of the Apol?

The Lord of Terrible

Vathek organises a sporting competition for the court boys and plucks the winners into the abyss, at the bottom of which Giaour gluttons with their blood.


Question: What is the original name of William Beckford's Lord of the Apol?

The Lord of Terrible

The incident angers the residents of Samarra, but the vizier calms the crowd with monetary presents and organises large feasts to which Giaour is invited as guest of honour.


Question: What is the original name of William Beckford's Lord of the Apol?

The Lord of Terrible

Vathek tries to beat his guests in gluttony and drunkenness but becomes intoxicated and embarrasses himself.


Question: What is the original name of William Beckford's Lord of the Apol?

The Lord of Terrible

As a result of the dispute, Giaour disappears again.


Question: What is the original name of William Beckford's Lord of the Apol?

The Lord of Terrible

Carathis and Vathek pain into the tower to do magic.


Question: What is the original name of William Beckford's Lord of the Apol?

The Lord of Terrible

The inhabitants of Samarra mistake the smoke rising from the tower for a fire and rush to help the Caliph, causing Carathis to burn them alive.


Question: What is the original name of William Beckford's Lord of the Apol?

The Lord of Terrible

He learns Giaouri is waiting at the ruins of Istakhr in ancient Persepoli.


Question: What is the original name of William Beckford's Lord of the Apol?

The Lord of Terrible

Vathek sets off and encounters the emir, whose charming daughter Nouronihar he seduces.


Question: What is the original name of William Beckford's Lord of the Apol?

The Lord of Terrible

With Nouronihar's beloved, effeminate Gulchenrouz youngster, he decides to sacrifice to Giaour, but Gulchenrouz escapes at the last minute and the guardian spirit stunts him high up a mountain, at the top of which the children Giaouri eaten earlier live in a perpetual state of innocence.


Question: What is the original name of William Beckford's Lord of the Apol?

The Lord of Terrible

Vathek continues his journey with Nouronihar as his companion and murders more of his subjects.


Question: What is the original name of William Beckford's Lord of the Apol?

The Lord of Terrible

The guardian spirit converses with the Prophet and they give the Caliph one last chance to repent.


Question: What is the original name of William Beckford's Lord of the Apol?

The Lord of Terrible

In his pride, Vathek rejects the offer and declares that he will renounce Islam.


Question: What is the original name of William Beckford's Lord of the Apol?

The Lord of Terrible

Then the passage to the “Palace of the Underground Fire” opens, and the caliph lands there with his beloved.


Question: What is the original name of William Beckford's Lord of the Apol?

The Lord of Terrible

Waiting at the bottom end of the long staircase is Giaour, who welcomes Vathek.


Question: What is the original name of William Beckford's Lord of the Apol?

The Lord of Terrible

He tells us that anyone who has arrived in Hell will be allowed to enjoy the might of the pre-Adam sultans for a few days, but thereafter faces eternal punishment.


Question: What is the original name of William Beckford's Lord of the Apol?

The Lord of Terrible

Vathek becomes so depressed that he is unable to enjoy the powers he has gained at all.


Question: What is the original name of William Beckford's Lord of the Apol?

The Lord of Terrible

He meets other nobles who have gone into damnation, to whom he tells his story, and who in turn tell theirs.


Question: What is the original name of William Beckford's Lord of the Apol?

The Lord of Terrible

Bitter, Vathek sends an evil spirit to fetch his mother.


Question: What is the original name of William Beckford's Lord of the Apol?

The Lord of Terrible

Seeing his son's inaction, Carathis becomes enraged and raises the inhabitants of Hell to revolt.


Question: What is the original name of William Beckford's Lord of the Apol?

The Lord of Terrible

However, after the deadline, both Vathek and Carathis sink into a state of apathy, and an eternal fire is lit in their chests.


Question: What is the original name of William Beckford's Lord of the Apol?

The Lord of Terrible

The narrator points out this to be an appropriate punishment for unbridled evil and ambition, while the reward for the innocent and ostracized Gulchenrouz is eternal childhood.


Question: What is the original name of William Beckford's Lord of the Apol?

The Lord of Terrible

Stages of the novel Oriental subjects rose to great popularity in Europe in the early 18th century when Antoine Galland translated the Tales of a Thousand and One Nights into French.


Question: What is the original name of William Beckford's Lord of the Apol?

The Lord of Terrible

[1] William Beckford (1760—1844) was an English eccentrician and art collector, and for a time the wealthiest person of nobility in his country.


Question: What is the original name of William Beckford's Lord of the Apol?

The Lord of Terrible

[2] He later bragged that he had written the novel in three days, but honed in reality the text for over a year.


Question: What is the original name of William Beckford's Lord of the Apol?

The Lord of Terrible

Beckford was living in France at the time and also wrote in French.


Question: What is the original name of William Beckford's Lord of the Apol?

The Lord of Terrible

The novel was completed in early 1783.


Question: What is the original name of William Beckford's Lord of the Apol?

The Lord of Terrible

[3] [4] Beckford prepared a sequel to the work in the form of three shorter episodes, but was not satisfied with them, leading to the postponement of the Apol's release.


Question: What is the original name of William Beckford's Lord of the Apol?

The Lord of Terrible

Samuel Henley, a private tutor of Beckford's cousin, translated the Lord of the Terror into English and published it in England in 1786 as An Arabic Tale, from an Unpublished Manuscript: With Notes Critical and Explanatory (“An Arabic Narrative, [translated] from an unpublished manuscript, with critical and explanatory references”).


Question: What is the original name of William Beckford's Lord of the Apol?

The Lord of Terrible

[3] [4] In the preface, the editor of the work claims to have received the initial text from his pen pal, who had in turn found it “in the East”, and complains that the Arabic expressions had been difficult to translate.


Question: What is the original name of William Beckford's Lord of the Apol?

The Lord of Terrible

[5] Although originally written in French, the work is the standard text of the Terror Lord from the English institution at Henley.


Question: What is the original name of William Beckford's Lord of the Apol?

The Lord of Terrible

[4] Beckford's sexual relations with an underage boy as well as his second cousin's wife caused a stir, [6] which resulted in him going into exile.


Question: What is the original name of William Beckford's Lord of the Apol?

The Lord of Terrible

As the original text of the Lord of Terror had remained in Henley's possession and lost, Beckford rewrote his novel, again in French, and published it in 1787 in Lausanne, Switzerland under the title Vathek.


Question: What is the original name of William Beckford's Lord of the Apol?

The Lord of Terrible

Beckford also advertised sequels to his novels, but never put them into publishable form, although others interested in them included Lord Byron as well as Benjamin Disraeli.


Question: What is the original name of William Beckford's Lord of the Apol?

The Lord of Terrible

Beckford wouldn't even show his sketches to his friends.


Question: What is the original name of William Beckford's Lord of the Apol?

The Lord of Terrible

[3] [4] Biographer Lewis Melville discovered sequels in Beckford's estate and published in the English Review periodical between 1909 and 1910 two of them in early French.


Question: What is the original name of William Beckford's Lord of the Apol?

The Lord of Terrible

All three were published as an English translation by Frank Marzials in 1912 as The Episodes of Vathek.


Question: What is the original name of William Beckford's Lord of the Apol?

The Lord of Terrible

Since then, the Lord of the Terror and its sequels have several times been published as a unified institution, first published in 1929.


Question: What is the original name of William Beckford's Lord of the Apol?

The Lord of the Terrible

The sequels are set in Hell and tell the fates of the princes whom Vathek met there.


Question: What is the original name of William Beckford's Lord of the Apol?

The Lord of the Terrible

Their names are “Histoire du Prince Alasi et de la Princesse Firouzka”, “Histoire du Prince Barkiarokh”, as well as “Histoire de la Princesse Zulkaïs et de Prince Kalilah”.


Question: What is the original name of William Beckford's Lord of the Apol?

The Lord of the Terrible

The last mentioned was left unfinished and was finished by Clark Ashton Smith, an American kiosk writer with a fondness for decadence aesthetics, whose version is known as “Third Episode of Vathek”.


Question: What is the original name of William Beckford's Lord of the Apol?

The Lord of the Terrible

Smith's version was published in 1937.


Question: What is the original name of William Beckford's Lord of the Apol?

The Lord of the Terrible

[3] [4] Interpretations Brian Stableford speculates Beckford's prequels to have been, along with a Thousand and One Nights, Voltaire's narratives set in the Middle East, as well as his satirical novel Candide (1759), but also the Marquis de Sade's production making fun of 18th-century sexual behaviour and the world of value.


Question: What is the original name of William Beckford's Lord of the Apol?

The Lord of the Terrible

According to Jorge Luis Borges, at the end of the Apocalypse, the first scary hell of Western literature is described.


Question: What is the original name of William Beckford's Lord of the Apol?

The Lord of the Terrible

Previous depictions of hell in Dante's works, for example, focus on gruesome punishments, while “Palace of the Underground Fire” is itself creepy.


Question: What is the original name of William Beckford's Lord of the Apol?

The Lord of the Terrible

[4] Apocalypse has autobiographical features, and its protagonist resembles a writer who has lived a reclusive and luxurious life.


Question: What is the original name of William Beckford's Lord of the Apol?

The Lord of the Terrible

[7] The novel's fictional Vathek also has confluences with Beckford Sr., who twice served as Mayor of London and was known as both a ruthless politician and a womanizer.


Question: What is the original name of William Beckford's Lord of the Apol?

The Lord of the Terrible

The description of hell, on the other hand, is reminiscent of Fonthill Abbey, the vast Gothic cathedral where Beckford lived in his youth.


Question: What is the original name of William Beckford's Lord of the Apol?

The Lord of the Terrible

[6] The building had several rooms decorated according to an oriental theme, [6] and Beckford called himself the “Caliph of Fonthill”.


Question: What is the original name of William Beckford's Lord of the Apol?

The Lord of the Terrible

[8] Although the Lord of Apol is escapist in nature and seeks to emulate the Thousand and One Nights style, it presents a biting coquettish towards English country life and sporting culture.


Question: What is the original name of William Beckford's Lord of the Apol?

The Lord of the Terrible

[9] Beckford himself described as having shaped his subjects in the most flamboyant, exaggerated and oriental direction as possible.


Question: What is the original name of William Beckford's Lord of the Apol?

The Lord of the Terrible

[7] In addition to novel art, the Apol Lord has been assessed from the point of view of Orientalism.


Question: What is the original name of William Beckford's Lord of the Apol?

The Lord of the Terrible

The novel departs from the typical horror romance in that it is set in the Middle East rather than Europe and does not present the medieval imagery standard for Gothic.


Question: What is the original name of William Beckford's Lord of the Apol?

The Lord of the Terrible

Post-colonially-oriented scholars have criticized the Terror for its stereotypical portrayal of the Orient, as well as Islamophobic attitudes.


Question: What is the original name of William Beckford's Lord of the Apol?

The Lord of the Terrible

The Orient presents itself as hellish otherness in the piece, and the narrative focuses on the moral decadence of Vathek and his mother.


Question: What is the original name of William Beckford's Lord of the Apol?

The Lord of the Terrible

As Caliph, Vathek has been interpreted as representing the Prophet Mohammed and thus Islam in general.


Question: What is the original name of William Beckford's Lord of the Apol?

The Lord of the Terrible

Mohammed himself also appears in the story, but intervenes in Vathek's atrocity only at the very end.


Question: What is the original name of William Beckford's Lord of the Apol?

The Lord of the Terrible

On the other hand, some elements of the Apol Lord, such as supernatural horror as well as the exotic milieu, have typical Gothic aesthetics.


Question: What is the original name of William Beckford's Lord of the Apol?

The Lord of the Terrible

[8] [10] Beckford does not replicate orientalist clichés and stereotypes as such, but modifies and interprets them to suit his own needs.


Question: What is the original name of William Beckford's Lord of the Apol?

The Lord of the Terrible

[9] Reception The Lord of the Terror reinforced the questionable and “devilish” reputation that Beckford had gained through his sexual libertarianism and luxurious lifestyle.


Question: What is the original name of William Beckford's Lord of the Apol?

The Lord of the Terrible

Beckford himself apparently sought to encourage rather than contain these rumors.


Question: What is the original name of William Beckford's Lord of the Apol?

The Lord of the Terrible

[3] [6] The work has since emerged as a classic of Gothic horror romance.


Question: What is the original name of William Beckford's Lord of the Apol?

The Lord of the Terrible

[1] [6] [11] The American Review: A Whig Journal magazine published a review of the atrocity in the October 1845 issue.


Question: What is the original name of William Beckford's Lord of the Apol?

The Lord of the Terrible

According to it, the “acclaimed and admired” novel is “among the most original books of the modern era”.


Question: What is the original name of William Beckford's Lord of the Apol?

The Lord of the Terrible

The novel has often been mistakenly judged as one of countless imitations of One Thousand and One Nights when its real strengths are “irresistible satire” as well as sly, subtle humour.


Question: What is the original name of William Beckford's Lord of the Apol?

The Lord of the Terrible

According to the reviewer, only a man like Beckford, a spoiled and fabulously rich man could have written so successfully about the moody and twisted caliph, as well as his mother, who is cold rationally practising black magic.


Question: What is the original name of William Beckford's Lord of the Apol?

The Lord of the Terrible

[7] Horror writer H. P. Lovecraft commented on the Terror in his essay “Supernatural Horror in Literature”, published in 1927.


Question: What is the original name of William Beckford's Lord of the Apol?

The Lord of the Terrible

According to Lovecraft, Beckford knows his source material superbly and the text reaches for an oriental mood with exceptional skill.


Question: What is the original name of William Beckford's Lord of the Apol?

The Lord of the Terrible

There's also absurd black humour, but above all, it's about the “triumph of horror literature,” which has earned lasting status in English literature.


Question: What is the original name of William Beckford's Lord of the Apol?

The Lord of the Terrible

Yet Beckford lacks “true mystique,” and his fundamentally rational narrative is incapable of evoking the sense of panic inherent in the best horror stories.


Question: What is the original name of William Beckford's Lord of the Apol?

The Lord of the Terrible

[1] Stableford's reference book The A to Z of Fantasy Literature describes the Terror as a feverish and gleefully perverse classic.


Question: What is the original name of William Beckford's Lord of the Apol?

The Lord of the Terrible

[11] Journalist Yuri Nummelin has described the Terror as a time-long, “ferocious” narrative.


Question: What is the original name of William Beckford's Lord of the Apol?

The Lord of the Terrible

Most successful, he considers the closing speech, in which “the old-fashioned prose comes surprising power and the modernist reader is startled by Beckford's visions.” [4] Hedman's translation is, according to Nummelin, “still passable” and, with minor corrections, publishable even today.


Question: What is the original name of William Beckford's Lord of the Apol?

The Lord of the Terrible

[2] Unlike the Lord of Apol, the “episodes” intended to be sequels have received mainly negative reception.


Question: What is the original name of William Beckford's Lord of the Apol?

The Lord of the Terrible

Mike Ashley judged the Encyclopedia of Fantasy in his article on Beckford that they are too restrained in the description of pleasures, repeating the formula of the initial work and not sustaining its power.


Question: What is the original name of William Beckford's Lord of the Apol?

The Lord of the Terrible

[3] Agree with Yuri Nummel in his book Foreign Horror Writers.


Question: What is the original name of William Beckford's Lord of the Apol?

The Lord of the Terrible

Of Nummelin, the stories are “diluted compared to the Lord of Terror because they lack the decadence of the novel and the glorification of evil.” On the other hand, Beckford biographer Malcolm Jack has found the sequels even better than the original, as their scenes dealing with incest and necrophilia are more daring.


Question: What is the original name of William Beckford's Lord of the Apol?

The Lord of the Terrible

In addition, homoerotic elements are included, while in the Lord of Terror the treatment of the theme remains for reference.


Question: What is the original name of William Beckford's Lord of the Apol?

The Lord of the Terrible

[4] Nor is Smith's “Third Episode of Vathek” generally considered to rise to the level of the Apol Lord.


Question: What is the original name of William Beckford's Lord of the Apol?

The Lord of the Terrible

[4] Influence Portuguese composer Luís de Freitas Branco's tone poem Vathek from 1913 is based on Beckford's novel.


Question: What is the original name of William Beckford's Lord of the Apol?

The Lord of the Terrible

[12] Lovecraft began a novel called Azathoth, inspired by the Lord of the Terror, which was nevertheless left unfinished.


Question: What is the original name of William Beckford's Lord of the Apol?

The Lord of the Terrible

Lovecraft's long short story “Unknown Kadath” (“The Dream-Quest of Unknown Kadath”) is similarly based on Vathek.


Question: What is the original name of William Beckford's Lord of the Apol?

The Lord of the Terrible

It was completed in 1927 but not published until 1943.


Question: What is the original name of William Beckford's Lord of the Apol?

The Lord of the Terrible

[2] Sources On the subject elsewhere Beckford, William: Vathek.


Question: What is the original name of William Beckford's Lord of the Apol?

The Lord of the Terrible

Translation by Samuel Henley in English Wikimaterial.


Question: What is the original name of William Beckford's Lord of the Apol?

The Lord of the Terrible

Category:84 Narrative Literature Category:English horror novels Category:Books of the 1780s


Question: Who was Algot Niska?

Algoth Neck

Algoth Johannes Niska [1] (5 December 1888, Vyborg — 28 May 1954, Helsinki) was a Finnish football player and famous pirtu smuggler of the Prohibitionist period.


Question: Who was Algot Niska?

Algoth Neck

The family Algoth Niska was the son of Swedish-speaking sea captain Ivar Alfred Niska and musician Hilda Niska (o.s. Schlüter).


Question: Who was Algot Niska?

Algoth Neck

[2] There were five children in the family, of whom Algoth was the youngest.


Question: Who was Algot Niska?

Algoth Neck

The father died when Algoth was 14 years old.


Question: Who was Algot Niska?

Algoth Neck

According to an obituary published in the “Wiipuri” magazine on 19 August 1903, Ivar Niska died at the age of 56 “abruptly from heart stroke” on 18 August 1903.


Question: Who was Algot Niska?

Algoth Neck

[3] After the father died, the family moved in 1904 from Vyborg to Helsinki, where Algoth Niska went to school in Nya svenska läroverket.


Question: Who was Algot Niska?

Algoth Neck

The adolescent years were a troubled time: Algoth was caught in theft and lived at times because of bad behaviour with relatives in Raahe.


Question: Who was Algot Niska?

Algoth Neck

[4] Of the siblings, Adolf Niska was an operatic baritone, Ester Niska a soprano, Bror Niska an operetta singer and Aina Niska a dance artist.


Question: Who was Algot Niska?

Algoth Neck

Niska's own given name is also written in Finnish sources as Algot.


Question: Who was Algot Niska?

Algoth Neck

[5] Algoth Niska married Magda Aufrichtig on 11 September 1917 in Helsinki.


Question: Who was Algot Niska?

Algoth Neck

The following year, a daughter with the same name, Magda, was born to the couple.


Question: Who was Algot Niska?

Algoth Neck

The marriage ended in divorce in 1924, and a second marriage Algoth entered into with Celia Andersson, who was in her 20s, on 21 July 1927 in Mariehamn.


Question: Who was Algot Niska?

Algoth Neck

A son, Jack, was born out of the marriage in 1928.


Question: Who was Algot Niska?

Algoth Neck

This marriage, too, ended in divorce.


Question: Who was Algot Niska?

Algoth Neck

[6] Fucking singer Danny is the grandnephew of Algoth Niska.


Question: Who was Algot Niska?

Algoth Neck

[7] [8] Sports career Algoth Niska played football and was in the first Unitas team that won the Finnish championship in 1908.


Question: Who was Algot Niska?

Algoth Neck

He played in the first country matches for the Finnish national team in 1911—1912 and participated in the 1912 Stockholm Olympics.


Question: Who was Algot Niska?

Algoth Neck

He played as a left winger (pyramid grouping) for the Finnish team.


Question: Who was Algot Niska?

Algoth Neck

The Finland-Italia match on 29 June 1912 ended in overtime with Finland winning 3-2.


Question: Who was Algot Niska?

Algoth Neck

There are three different goalscoring statistics from the match, one of which Niska scored Finland's second goal.


Question: Who was Algot Niska?

Algoth Neck

The SPL does not use the original roster and the players were wearing HIFK loan outfits with no numbers or names on them.


Question: Who was Algot Niska?

Algoth Neck

[9] Algoth Niska ended his international career with a bronze match at the Stockholm Games at the age of 23, but returned to the domestic fields again in 1916, when he won yet another championship in Kiffen's team.


Question: Who was Algot Niska?

Algoth Neck

[10] Teams Viborg IFK 1904 Unitas 1906—1909 Helsingfors IFK 1910—1912 Kiffen 1916 Smuggling When prohibition came into force in Finland in 1919, Algoth Niska started smuggling pirtu and sold it to Helsinki finery circles.


Question: Who was Algot Niska?

Algoth Neck

The liquor he acquired, among other things, from Estonian and German ships anchored in the Finnish coastal region.


Question: Who was Algot Niska?

Algoth Neck

Later, Algoth Niska smuggled liquor from Sweden, where there was no prohibition law.


Question: Who was Algot Niska?

Algoth Neck

In between, Algoth Niska was caught and spent short periods in prison.


Question: Who was Algot Niska?

Algoth Neck

In his own words, he never fired at police and did not resist the authorities.


Question: Who was Algot Niska?

Algoth Neck

After his release from prison, he started smuggling again and was wanted in both Sweden and Finland.


Question: Who was Algot Niska?

Algoth Neck

In 1932, Algoth Niska was expelled from Sweden, after which he lived in Riga, Tallinn and Danzig.


Question: Who was Algot Niska?

Algoth Neck

[11] Algoth Niska spoke Swedish, German, English and Finnish.


Question: Who was Algot Niska?

Algoth Neck

In 1938, Algoth Niska became acquainted with Albert Amtman, a Jewish businessman from Austria who had fled Nazi persecution to Finland.


Question: Who was Algot Niska?

Algoth Neck

Based on his conversations with Amtman, Algoth Niska, grappling with money worries, had the idea to start smuggling Jews out of German-controlled territories.


Question: Who was Algot Niska?

Algoth Neck

[12] To this end, he set about obtaining fake Finnish passports, which he then sold for a fee to smugglers.


Question: Who was Algot Niska?

Algoth Neck

He is estimated to have earned about 2.5 million Finnish marks by forgery of passports, around EUR 800000 in current currency.


Question: Who was Algot Niska?

Algoth Neck

Surely three Jews were saved by passports, 20 were captured, three died with certainty in a concentration camp and the fate of 25 is unknown.


Question: Who was Algot Niska?

Algoth Neck

[13] Actions to organise illegal entry began to be exposed when a Jewish man named F. J. Joffs, against Algoth Niska's instructions, had taken along his personal valuables and was caught at customs.


Question: Who was Algot Niska?

Algoth Neck

[14] [15] Algoth Niska's people-smuggling ended when Germany declared war on the Soviet Union and tightly closed its borders.


Question: Who was Algot Niska?

Algoth Neck

[8] Algoth Niska died on May 28, 1954 of a brain tumour.


Question: Who was Algot Niska?

Algoth Neck

[8] He is buried in Hietaniemi Cemetery.


Question: Who was Algot Niska?

Algoth Neck

The musical Smugglarkungen, about Algoth Niska, was premiered in 1977, written by Lars Huldén and Bengt Ahlfors.


Question: Who was Algot Niska?

Algoth Neck

The music was composed by Lasse Mårtenson.


Question: Who was Algot Niska?

Algoth Neck

It has been presented in Finnish under the names Pirtuking and Vilgot Adventurer.


Question: Who was Algot Niska?

Algoth Neck

[16] [17] Sources Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Neck, Algoth| title = Mina äventyr| publisher = Söderström| year = 1931}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Neck, Algot| title = Over the green border| publisher = Continent| year = 1953}} Citation error, error replace with {{cite book| author = Neck, Algot| title = Over the green border| publisher = Cost HD| year = 2003| id = ISBN 9519888152}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Kallonen, Kari| title = Algoth Neck — king of smugglers | publisher = Northern Lights | year = 2000| = ISBN 952-5170-13-6}} References elsewhere Check date values in: |accessdate= (help) CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link) Category:Finnish football players Category:Football Finnish champions Category:Smugglers Class:Born in 1888 Class:In 1954 dead


Question: When was the Kosovo War?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

The Wars of Disintegration of Yugoslavia were a long series of wars fought in the former Yugoslavia on the Balkan Peninsula since 1991.


Question: When was the Kosovo War?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

The war was fought in Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia and Kosovo, as well as southern Serbia.


Question: When was the Kosovo War?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

The cause of the wars was a disagreement among Yugoslav nationalists over the country's governance, economy and division of territories.


Question: When was the Kosovo War?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

In particular, Kosovo Albanians, Slovenia and Croatia wanted to get rid of Yugoslavia, and Serbia wanted to maintain a unified Serb state even with violence.


Question: When was the Kosovo War?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

The backdrop of the wars was the patchwork habitation of different peoples due to the history of the region, but their immediate cause was stark nationalism.


Question: When was the Kosovo War?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

The collapse of Yugoslavia was also significantly aided by the sluggish economy and the faster collapse of socialism.


Question: When was the Kosovo War?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

Slobodan Milošević, a socialist and conservative Serb politician by semi-democratic means, plotted himself into the leadership of his country.


Question: When was the Kosovo War?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

Milošević took advantage of, among others, the bigot-nationalist Serb policies pushed by Vojislav Šešelj to create Greater Serbia, in which other Yugoslav nations were seen as enemies trampling Serb rights.


Question: When was the Kosovo War?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

So, in Croatia, Bosnia and Kosovo, other peoples were violently driven out by the Serb-led federal army, police and paramilitary forces known as Cheetniks.


Question: When was the Kosovo War?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

The peoples of the conquered territories were also subject to war crimes, including murder, torture, burning and pillage.


Question: When was the Kosovo War?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

[1] These violent mass deportations were referred to as ethnic cleansing [2].


Question: When was the Kosovo War?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

Ethnonationalism also rose in regions seeking to get rid of Yugoslavia, and so also other nations soon began to carry out their own ethnic cleansing.


Question: When was the Kosovo War?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

In the Bosnian War, Croats sought the creation of Greater Croatia, ethnically cleansing.


Question: When was the Kosovo War?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

The Yugoslav Wars were the bloodiest battles in Europe since World War II, with 100,000—300,000 people killed.


Question: When was the Kosovo War?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

The wars of disintegration were similar to the Civil War.


Question: When was the Kosovo War?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

Foreign powers intervened in the wars some times and peacekeepers were sent to the region.


Question: When was the Kosovo War?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

The break-up of Yugoslavia Yugoslavia broke down into Serb domination efforts and the desire of Croats and Slovenes to secede from the federation.


Question: When was the Kosovo War?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

In the beginning, the powerful central power kept the mutually quarreling peoples in one state.


Question: When was the Kosovo War?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

Background of the breakup of Yugoslavia The territory of the former Yugoslavia was home to many peoples [3] with different histories behind them.


Question: When was the Kosovo War?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

For example, Croats were predominantly Roman Catholics and Serbs Orthodox [4].


Question: When was the Kosovo War?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

In addition, the country was inhabited by Muslims from the period of Ottoman rule.


Question: When was the Kosovo War?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

Serb Četniks and army terrorized Albanians in the Balkan Wars and Croats in World War I.


Question: When was the Kosovo War?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

The Slovenes, Croats and Serbs were united into a single Kingdom after World War I.


Question: When was the Kosovo War?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

Other peoples also came along, including Kosovo Albanians.


Question: When was the Kosovo War?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

In the first inter-world war Yugoslavia, ardent Serb and Croat politicians clashed, leading to a shooting in parliament in 1928.


Question: When was the Kosovo War?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

This is why the king seized power.


Question: When was the Kosovo War?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

The predominantly Serb-led Yugoslavia broke up with the German invasion in 1941, and the country was divided between the Axis powers.


Question: When was the Kosovo War?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

The occupation created a civil war.


Question: When was the Kosovo War?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

Ante Pavelic, leader of the fascist Ustaša organisation who rose to the leadership of Croatia, killed tens of thousands of Serbs, Gypsies and Jews in concentration camps [5].


Question: When was the Kosovo War?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

The Serb Cetniks massacred Croat civilians and partisans and sought to create Greater Serbia with deportations [6].


Question: When was the Kosovo War?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

Thus, more people died in the Yugoslav civil war during the Second World War than were killed by the occupiers [7].


Question: When was the Kosovo War?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

But the communist partisans won a confusing civil war, and thus partisan leader Josip Broz Tito created the Second Yugoslavia, which was a socialist federation made up of six republics.


Question: When was the Kosovo War?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

Tito, in accordance with Soviet instructions, sought to establish equality for the peoples, but did not mention Muslims, Hungarians or Albanians in his Bihac Declaration [8].


Question: When was the Kosovo War?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

He created his own kind of socialism, quarreled with the Soviet Union and opened the country's borders early on to the West.


Question: When was the Kosovo War?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

Nationalism of different peoples was often raised [9] [10], although it was tried to be curbed [11].


Question: When was the Kosovo War?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

Tito, a rather skilled politician who ruled as dictator, was unable to solve the country's complex nationality problem [12] [13], which remained largely hidden in the 1950s but began to emerge in the early 1960s [14].


Question: When was the Kosovo War?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

The opposition was prominently Croatian anti-Serb separatism [15] and Serbian Grand Serbianism [16].


Question: When was the Kosovo War?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

Serb ultra-nationalism was supported, though not directly supported [14] until 1966 by Aleksandar Ranković, chief of the Yugoslav hardline secret police [17].


Question: When was the Kosovo War?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

The Rankovicians opposed the intentions to liberalise the Slovenian and Croatian economies [14].


Question: When was the Kosovo War?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

The culture, religion and standard of living of peoples varied [18] [19] from one region to another, creating inherent disputes over the economy, augmented by memories of the wrongs suffered throughout history.


Question: When was the Kosovo War?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

Tito overthrew the nationalists, including the Croatian Spring in the early 1970s [20], as well as the corresponding movement in Slovenia.


Question: When was the Kosovo War?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

In retrospect, it has been said in some respects that Tito's socialist policy of denying national sentiments and religion suffocated political thought so that the resulting pressure later erupted as strong bigoted nationalism [21].


Question: When was the Kosovo War?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

On the other hand, the various means of force and coercive use by the authorities during Tito also excluded from later thinking, especially in Serbia, the idea of peaceful solutions, especially since already under Tito the army officers had the highest number of Serbs.


Question: When was the Kosovo War?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

Equally well, however, the War of Dissolution of Yugoslavia can be seen as a collision of various nationalisms that would have arisen without Tito or without Milošević.


Question: When was the Kosovo War?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

After Tito died in the 1980s, he began to be criticised, especially in Serbia, as Tito had divided Serb territories into other state republics.


Question: When was the Kosovo War?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

At the same time, the country was mired in an economic crisis that worsened throughout the 1980s.


Question: When was the Kosovo War?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

In 1981, Serbia crushed by force of arms the Kosovo Albanians riots.


Question: When was the Kosovo War?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

In 1986, traditional Serb nationalism was on the rise.


Question: When was the Kosovo War?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

Serb nationalists were most interested in the emptying of Kosovo due to the exodus of Serbs.


Question: When was the Kosovo War?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

They watched Kosovo Albanians commit Serb genocide and the “holy land” falling into Albanian hands.


Question: When was the Kosovo War?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

Slobodan Milošević [22], who rose to the leadership of the Serbian Communist Party, began to push the Kosovo Serb cause with impassioned speeches.


Question: When was the Kosovo War?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

In his speeches, Milošević combined populist nationalism, socialism and Serb traditional Orthodoxy faith [23].


Question: When was the Kosovo War?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

Milošević purged the Communist Party of Serbia of its opponents, took control of the media, created a cult of personnel for himself during mass rallies, and gained quite wide support.


Question: When was the Kosovo War?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

In 1988, a vigorous independence movement was underway in Slovenia, which in part sprung from the country's central European tradition and links with the West.


Question: When was the Kosovo War?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

Old nationalism rose in Croatia in 1989.


Question: When was the Kosovo War?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

At the end of the 1980s, Milošević, ridden with nationalism, crushed the autonomy of Vojvodina and Kosovo, with the federal army effectively siding with the Serbs.


Question: When was the Kosovo War?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

Milošević, though driven by force, Serb-led Yugoslavia and/or Greater Serbia intimidated Croats and Slovenes into independence.


Question: When was the Kosovo War?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

There were Serb nationalists even more radical than Milošević in opposition in Serbia in 1990, such as Vuk Draskovic and Vojislav Seselj.


Question: When was the Kosovo War?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

The state republics' power aspirations collapsed the authority of the federal government in the spring of 1991, when leaders of the state republics tried in vain to seek a political solution.


Question: When was the Kosovo War?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

Independence of Croatia and Slovenia The United States and the EU opposed the independence of Slovenia and Croatia in advance, as did the Federal Army and many other institutions of the Yugoslav administration.


Question: When was the Kosovo War?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

The Federal Council of Presidents was paralyzed and the only powerful political player was the communist-nationalist Serb clique led by Slobodan Milosevic.


Question: When was the Kosovo War?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

The Federal Parliament declared that the military was blocking attempts at independence by the republics.


Question: When was the Kosovo War?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

Croatia and Slovenia declared independence on 25 June 1991, [24].


Question: When was the Kosovo War?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

The Federal Army sent armour from Croatia to retake Croatian border posts and airfields.


Question: When was the Kosovo War?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

The purpose of the concessional military operation was mainly to show the power of the Federal Army.


Question: When was the Kosovo War?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

The Federal Army, with success, took over most of the border posts.


Question: When was the Kosovo War?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

But the Slovenes had organized a fairly effective territorial defense, defeating the Federal Army forces in many places as early as 28 June.


Question: When was the Kosovo War?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

The Slovenes blocked the panzer roads with trucks in suitable locations and blockaded the conscripts of the Federal Army in barracks.


Question: When was the Kosovo War?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

The Federal Army responded by bombing Slovenian radio and TV stations and shelling from the air [25] trucks as roadblocks.


Question: When was the Kosovo War?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

The Serb-led Federal Army's conscript, primarily composed of conscripts and non-Serbs, lacked the willingness to fight, and some 2700 soldiers from the blockaded units lacked maintenance.


Question: When was the Kosovo War?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

As the fighting lasted, lively diplomacy began, leading to the first ceasefire in theory as early as July 1.


Question: When was the Kosovo War?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

Fighting still continued until 4 July.


Question: When was the Kosovo War?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

The Slovene War lasted only a short time and caused quite small losses on the sides and otherwise, [26] because Milošević did not seriously want to consider the Lesser Serb Slovenia part of his country.


Question: When was the Kosovo War?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

Afterwards, Milošević's national-zealous Serbia began to create, first covertly, but as time went on, increasingly openly, Greater Serbia on Croatian territory [27], driving Croats out of Croatian Serb territories by violence.


Question: When was the Kosovo War?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

The Croatian administration led by Franjo Tudjman, especially Defense Minister Gojko Susak, had a partly bigoted attitude against the Serbs.


Question: When was the Kosovo War?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

In a couple of cases, extremist croats also targeted violence against Serbs, precipitating the conflict.


Question: When was the Kosovo War?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

But on the other hand, Franjo Tudjman wavered between war and peace because he belittled the Serb desire to fight Croatia and believed in an easy peaceful solution.


Question: When was the Kosovo War?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

Partly this was due to the fact that the Croats lacked weapons [1].


Question: When was the Kosovo War?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

In early July, the Serbs started a continuous war in Croatia, where they cleared the village of Celije and Tenja was fought for a long time with small numbers, but drastically.


Question: When was the Kosovo War?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

These two incidents were small compared to later battles.


Question: When was the Kosovo War?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

Subsequently, Serb guerrillas attacked many villages, driving people away.


Question: When was the Kosovo War?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

Fighting began to intensify in mid-July, and the casualty rate and influx of refugees from the cleansed Serb village grew by the day.


Question: When was the Kosovo War?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

The war began to expand into new territories.


Question: When was the Kosovo War?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

Croatia's light mainly paramilitary forces fought heavily armed Serbs and were unable to prevent further expansion of Serb territory.


Question: When was the Kosovo War?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

The Serbs drove the Croat civilians from their homes, burning, blowing up, robbing, capturing, torturing and killing.


Question: When was the Kosovo War?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

Meanwhile, Croat leader Tudjman hesitated and stalled in his retaliatory measures against the Serbs.


Question: When was the Kosovo War?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

The incident, which took place in the village of Dalji in early August, was a step in an increasingly brutal warfare.


Question: When was the Kosovo War?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

The Croat village of Kijevo in Krajina was “purged” with the direct support of the federal army when panzers shelled and the air force bombed the village.


Question: When was the Kosovo War?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

Federal Army units brought into Croatia and Serb paramilites blockaded the large city of Vukovar.


Question: When was the Kosovo War?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

It began to be shelled fiercely with artillery.


Question: When was the Kosovo War?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

The city fought tenaciously for months though it was defended by only a small force because the Serb fighting motivation was nonexistent.


Question: When was the Kosovo War?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

In mid-September Croats began attacking the Yugoslav Federal Army barracks in the country [1], which brought the war into the open.


Question: When was the Kosovo War?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

The Croats managed to capture many barracks and received a fairly large number of weapons from them, which over time facilitated the difficult situation in Croatia.


Question: When was the Kosovo War?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

By September, the fronts had already roughly advanced to their final positions [28].


Question: When was the Kosovo War?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

In November, Vukovar, surrounded by Serbs, surrendered, murdered and raped by Serbs, taking those who had defended the city to concentration camps in Serbia.


Question: When was the Kosovo War?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

On the other hand, the Croats themselves began to carry out more intensive ethnic cleansing in some areas, including mass killings against Serbs in Gospic and Sisak regions and the looting of Serb homes by the Croat police.


Question: When was the Kosovo War?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

Franjo Tudjman's regime is believed to have looked at these incidents through fingers because at least the HDZ extremists supported an ethnically pure Croatia.


Question: When was the Kosovo War?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

The Federal Army was now openly engaged to help its soldiers surrounded in barracks.


Question: When was the Kosovo War?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

In retaliation for the blockade of the barracks, the Serbs blockaded Dubrovnik, which was located on the southern coast of Yugoslavia, shelling it very violently at times.


Question: When was the Kosovo War?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

The Croats began to thrive in the war in December 1991, which contributed to driving the Serbs to the 3 January 1992 ceasefire [28].


Question: When was the Kosovo War?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

The United Nations oversaw the ceasefire, but local military action among Croatian and Serb forces continued in some neighborhoods.


Question: When was the Kosovo War?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

Bosnian war As recently as 1990, Radovan Karadzic said there would be no Greater Serbia being created in Bosnia.


Question: When was the Kosovo War?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

Bosnian Serbs advocated Bosnia remaining part of Yugoslavia, and Croats and Muslims secession from it [29].


Question: When was the Kosovo War?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

In 1991, Radovan Karadzic, the Serb's bigoted nationalist leader, threatened the federal army to block Bosnia's independence, and at one point also threatened Muslims with destruction.


Question: When was the Kosovo War?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

Croat propaganda was as fierce as Serb propaganda, and Croats also aimed at ethnic cleansing.


Question: When was the Kosovo War?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

While Muslim nationalism was degrees milder, Muslim leader Aija Izetbegovic advocated war if it would take Muslims to independence.


Question: When was the Kosovo War?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

Serb propaganda painted a horror picture of Bosniakes/Muslims as enemies of Serbs, with Serbs and other nationalities isolated themselves from each other.


Question: When was the Kosovo War?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

The Serbs decided to end most military activities in Croatia in early 1992, having gained approximately recapture of Serb-majority territories from Croatia.


Question: When was the Kosovo War?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

On the other hand, the Serbs were in dire need of troops in Bosnia and Herzegovina, where the situation was drifting towards a war that was projected to be long and difficult as was the case.


Question: When was the Kosovo War?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

Different nationalities had already begun to establish their own small gun guards in 1991.


Question: When was the Kosovo War?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

In 1991, the party led by Karadzic declared the vast Serb territories autonomous [30], with the support of the Federal Army.


Question: When was the Kosovo War?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

The first pre-war incident that resulted in casualties occurred in Visegrad in November 1991, when Muslims and Croats stopped a detachment of the Federal Army for a short time [31].


Question: When was the Kosovo War?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

Bosnian Serbs dropped out of the referendum on Bosnian independence.


Question: When was the Kosovo War?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

In early March, a Serb wedding procession was shot, one was killed and a priest wounded.


Question: When was the Kosovo War?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

The Serbs erected street closures and fired into the air in response to the incident, but soon dismantled the street brackets.


Question: When was the Kosovo War?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

On 2 January 1992, Muslim-led Bosnia and Herzegovina announced that it wanted to break away from Serbia and became independent on 5 April.


Question: When was the Kosovo War?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

Minor armed incidents occurred as early as March in Bosanski Brod, among others.


Question: When was the Kosovo War?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

Serb paramilitaries later, with the support of the federal army that arrived on the scene, brutally cleared Bijeljina in early April, killing people and driving the rest on the run, looting Muslim homes.


Question: When was the Kosovo War?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

Serbs soon invaded eastern Bosnia, clearing Zvornik, Foča, Višegrad, Kupres, among others, and began creating Serb corridors in eastern and northern Bosnia and Herzegovina.


Question: When was the Kosovo War?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

The Muslim and Croat culture was to be eradicated from the territory intended for annexation to Serbia.


Question: When was the Kosovo War?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

What was going on was ethnic cleansing, which has often been described as genocide.


Question: When was the Kosovo War?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

In general, Serb nationalists threatened with killing e.g.


Question: When was the Kosovo War?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

throwing a bomb inside the family house of a Muslim or Croat, thus frightening the occupants of the house into escape.


Question: When was the Kosovo War?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

If it was a detached house, the nationalists blew up the house at night.


Question: When was the Kosovo War?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

But just as well Serbs might have killed, tortured or raped [32] and taken to a death camp to suffer hunger and violence [33].


Question: When was the Kosovo War?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

For example, in Banja Luka, there were murders of Muslims and Croats that were not investigated by the police.


Question: When was the Kosovo War?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

Before deportation, a Muslim or Croat had to pay a large sum of money to the authorities.


Question: When was the Kosovo War?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

Those on foot on the run were sometimes escorted to plunge into the ravine.


Question: When was the Kosovo War?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

Those expelled from villages and towns were rounded up by trucks and buses for train transport [34].


Question: When was the Kosovo War?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

Train transport of deportees took place without food and water in cattle wagons [35], where especially children, babies [36] and elderly people died amid piles of faeces [37].


Question: When was the Kosovo War?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

People transported in cattle wagons may have been robbed by soldiers [38].


Question: When was the Kosovo War?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

Serbs blockaded many Muslim and Croat cities, among them Sarajevo as early as 7 April.


Question: When was the Kosovo War?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

Although the UN declared a Serb-led stub Yugoslavia under economic sanctions, this did not stop Bosnian Serbs violently driving Muslims and Croats from their homes.


Question: When was the Kosovo War?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

In Bosnia and Herzegovina, Serb guerrilla chiefs such as Arkan, supported by a Serb army commanded by Ratko Mladić, raged.


Question: When was the Kosovo War?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

The Serbs took over 70% of Bosnia and Herzegovina in April.


Question: When was the Kosovo War?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

The Muslim, or Bosniak, army suffered from weapons shortages.


Question: When was the Kosovo War?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

Milosevic reacted to economic sanctions in the West by appointing Milan Panic, a businessman who lived in the United States, as prime minister of stubby Yugoslavia [39].


Question: When was the Kosovo War?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

In the summer of 1992, Bosnian Croats also declared themselves an autonomous community and received some weapons from Croatia [30].


Question: When was the Kosovo War?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

They began to recapture territories from the Bosniaks, although they were officially in league with these against the Serbs.


Question: When was the Kosovo War?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

Croats began the ethnic cleansing of Bosniaks, often Muslims, as early as spring 1992.


Question: When was the Kosovo War?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

Subsequently, there were many skirmishes and purges initiated by Croats, which allowed Croat power to spread across Bosnia.


Question: When was the Kosovo War?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

The Bosniaks began retaliating at the end of 1992 against the Croats.


Question: When was the Kosovo War?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

For tactical reasons, Milošević declared the Bosnian Republika Srpska to be detached from Serbia, and said disconnected from the Bosnian violence, but secretly aided the Bosnian Serbs.


Question: When was the Kosovo War?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

Western countries did not believe Serbia was ignorant and separate from the Bosnian war.


Question: When was the Kosovo War?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

The UN started helping Bosnia and Herzegovina's Croats and Muslims as early as 1992, but on the whole the aid was pretty ineffective.


Question: When was the Kosovo War?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

Serbs, among other things, taxed relief supplies taken to the blockaded cities.


Question: When was the Kosovo War?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

Western and UN action to contain the war in Bosnia and Herzegovina was half-hearted and ineffective, and many Western countries who wanted peace were agonised by the slow actions of international organisations.


Question: When was the Kosovo War?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

The UN arms embargo mainly helped the richly armed Serb army [30].


Question: When was the Kosovo War?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

In hindsight, the West's stance has been said to have been due, among other things, to its belief that the Serbs would win the Bosnian war.


Question: When was the Kosovo War?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

NATO, for example, did not want to get embroiled in a guerrilla war against Serbs in the mountainous Balkans.


Question: When was the Kosovo War?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

Even some of the Western UN officers may have been in favour of the Serbs.


Question: When was the Kosovo War?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

Part of the war was considered to be the fault of other nationalities as well.


Question: When was the Kosovo War?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

Russia supported Serbia for historical reasons.


Question: When was the Kosovo War?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

Serbs established concentration camps in Bosnia and Herzegovina where people were killed, beaten with a kepei [40], tortured [41] and held in hunger [42].


Question: When was the Kosovo War?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

This was first revealed to West in Newsday magazine in August 1992 [43].


Question: When was the Kosovo War?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

Muslim women were beaten and raped in camps [44], some of which were set up for a purpose.


Question: When was the Kosovo War?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

Serb snipers massacred civilians on the streets of Sarajevo and grenades fired from nearby mountains into the city sometimes hit bread lines, killing dozens.


Question: When was the Kosovo War?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

In 1993, Bosnian Croats began an open, extensive war against Muslims, committing ethnic cleansing.


Question: When was the Kosovo War?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

The main stage was in the valley of the Lashva River.


Question: When was the Kosovo War?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

The most famous purge was in the village of Ahmic.


Question: When was the Kosovo War?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

The Muslims were now severely outnumbered.


Question: When was the Kosovo War?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

Croats and Serbs sought to divide Bosnia [30], and for Muslims there was no peace in 1993 either.


Question: When was the Kosovo War?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

In Bosnia and Herzegovina, organized crime flourished in many regions.


Question: When was the Kosovo War?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

In addition, the motive for violence perpetrated by paramilitary cetniks was usually criminal, including access to loot, sometimes ultra-nationalism.


Question: When was the Kosovo War?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

Often the war in Bosnia has been seen as ethnic, but it was more associated with a certain kind of nationalist politics in which nationalist parties of different nations struggled for hegemony.


Question: When was the Kosovo War?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

In 1993, Serbia experienced hyperinflation and large protests [39] and the first opposition front called Depos was established in the country [39].


Question: When was the Kosovo War?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

In stubby Yugoslav territory, nationalist Serbs massacred and otherwise harassed opponents of the government's war policy.


Question: When was the Kosovo War?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

Many large demonstrations were staged by opponents of the regime during the war.


Question: When was the Kosovo War?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

For example, the bigoted pro-Serb opposition politician Vuk Drašković considered the Bosnian war futile, and so he was arrested and assaulted [39].


Question: When was the Kosovo War?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

In February 1994, Bosnian Croats and Bosniaks settled their dispute.


Question: When was the Kosovo War?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

Around the same time, Serbs were cleansing their territory of Muslims and other ethnic minorities as drastically as they did in the first wave of cleansing in 1992.


Question: When was the Kosovo War?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

After growing tired of the war in Bosnia and Herzegovina, Yugoslav Slobodan Milošević withdrew his support from the Bosnian Serbs led by Radovan Karadžić in 1994.


Question: When was the Kosovo War?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

This decisively weakened the position of the Serbs in the region.


Question: When was the Kosovo War?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

To top it off, the West had begun secretly supporting Croatia because of fears of the expansion of Serb influence in the region by Serbs on good terms with Russia.


Question: When was the Kosovo War?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

Serbs overran the blockaded town of Srebrenica in the summer of 1995, killing thousands of Muslim men.


Question: When was the Kosovo War?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

When NATO bombed Serb targets in Bosnia and Herzegovina, Serbs took UN soldiers hostage and clamped down on NATO to halt air strikes.


Question: When was the Kosovo War?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

In the autumn of 1995, intensifying Croats and Muslims attacked violently in Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina.


Question: When was the Kosovo War?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

The Serbs soon found themselves in a predicament.


Question: When was the Kosovo War?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

Serb civilians fled at the behest of their leaders because they feared ethnic cleansing by Croats and Muslims.


Question: When was the Kosovo War?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

Shortly after this, a grenade fired by Serbs killed dozens in the bread queue in Sarajevo, and NATO began air strikes in Bosnia.


Question: When was the Kosovo War?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

The peacekeepers had been withdrawn from the vast area and the Serbs were no longer able to resist NATO.


Question: When was the Kosovo War?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

On 20 September, the Serbs withdrew heavy weapons from the surroundings of Sarajevo, and peace was made on 14 December.


Question: When was the Kosovo War?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

War crimes committed by Croats in Krajina in the final phase of the war were printed with villasella, according to Serbs and also neutral critics, [45].


Question: When was the Kosovo War?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

Kosovo War Already in 1995 there were isolated attacks on Kosovo Serb police and Serb civilians.


Question: When was the Kosovo War?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

In January 1996, a series of attacks were carried out on Serb police officers, Serb authorities and Serb refugee camps in western Kosovo.


Question: When was the Kosovo War?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

In this case, the invaders declared themselves to be the Albanian guerrilla movement Kosovo Liberation Army (UÇK).


Question: When was the Kosovo War?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

Kosovo's moderate, pro-passive resistance Albanian leader Ibrahim Rugova believed in the beginning the UÇK guerrillas were Serbian-backed provocateurs.


Question: When was the Kosovo War?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

The Serbian regime declared the movement terrorists and strengthened its forces in the region.


Question: When was the Kosovo War?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

UÇK's confidence in the eyes of Albanian civilians rose.


Question: When was the Kosovo War?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

The UÇK had foreign fighters, predominantly Albanians from the United States and other Western countries, not a single one from Islamic countries as rumored.


Question: When was the Kosovo War?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

The official Albanian administration in Kosovo did not support the UÇK, but also did not close the guerrilla camps.


Question: When was the Kosovo War?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

UÇK grew between 1997 and 1999 and was at its strongest in 1997—98.


Question: When was the Kosovo War?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

The movement was militarily weak, as the armament was predominantly small arms.


Question: When was the Kosovo War?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

The movement, according to different estimates, had anywhere from a few hundred to a few tens of thousand members.


Question: When was the Kosovo War?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

The UÇK finally managed to take over about half of Kosovo by March 1998, then the centre of its power was the village of Prekaz in the Drenica region.