Question: What is the latest estimated population count for Africa?

Mozambique

[122] Media Due to low literacy, television and radio are the main mass media.


Question: What is the latest estimated population count for Africa?

Mozambique

However, two daily newspapers appear in the country, the state-part-owned Notícias and the private Diario de Mocambique.


Question: What is the latest estimated population count for Africa?

Mozambique

The state radio channel Antena Nacional is the main access channel for most Mozambicans.


Question: What is the latest estimated population count for Africa?

Mozambique

In cities, television is watched: state-run TVM and private STM are the main proprietary channels, and Portuguese RTP Africa and Brazilian-owned TV Miramar also get a lot of viewers.


Question: What is the latest estimated population count for Africa?

Mozambique

[123] Sports Mozambique's only Olympic medalist is athletics athlete Maria Mutola.


Question: What is the latest estimated population count for Africa?

Mozambique

He achieved bronze in the 800 metres run at Atlanta in 1996 and gold in Sydney in 2000.


Question: What is the latest estimated population count for Africa?

Mozambique

[124] Mozambique has participated in every Summer Olympics since 1980.


Question: What is the latest estimated population count for Africa?

Mozambique

[125] The most popular sports in Mozambique are football, basketball and cricket, which are practiced by many Mozambicans.


Question: What is the latest estimated population count for Africa?

Mozambique

Mozambique's most famous basketball player is Clarisse Machanguana, who has played in the women's NBA.


Question: What is the latest estimated population count for Africa?

Mozambique

[126] The top league tier of football in Mozambique is Moçambola.


Question: What is the latest estimated population count for Africa?

Mozambique

[127] The Mozambique national football team has not made it to the final tournament of World Cup competitions once.


Question: What is the latest estimated population count for Africa?

Mozambique

[128] In the Africa Championship, it has qualified for the final tournament four times and always qualified in the starting blocks.


Question: What is the latest estimated population count for Africa?

Mozambique

[129] [130] [131] [132] Mozambican-born Eusébio, who played for the Portuguese national team, was the top scorer of the 1966 World Cup football competitions.


Question: What is the latest estimated population count for Africa?

Mozambique

[133] Sources Citation error, replace with {{cite book| title= Anuário Estatístico 2015 — Moçambique| publisher = Instituto Nacional de Estatística| year = 2016| language = (in Portuguese) Transclusion error: {{en}} is only for use in File namespace.


Question: What is the latest estimated population count for Africa?

Mozambique

Use {{lang-en}} or {{en icon}} instead.| format = [online version] (pdf) | accessdate = 22.10.2016}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Briggs, Philip| title= Mozambique, 4th: The Bradt Travel Guide| publisher = Bradt Travel Guides| year = 2007| id = 9BN 781841621777| language = Transclusion error: {{En}} is only for use in File namespace.


Question: What is the latest estimated population count for Africa?

Mozambique

Use {{lang-en}} or {{en icon}} instead.| format = [Google Books]}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Screaming, Resilience | title = States and flags| publisher = Otava| year= 2004| id = ISBN 951-1-18177-7}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = King, David C.| title = Mozambique| publisher = Marshall Cavendish| year = 2007| language = Transclusion error: {{En}} is only for use in File namespace.


Question: What is the latest estimated population count for Africa?

Mozambique

Use {{lang-en}} or {{en icon}} instead.| format = [Google Books] | accessdate=29.11.


Question: What is the latest estimated population count for Africa?

Mozambique

2009}} Check date values in: |accessdate= (help) CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link) Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Streissguth, Thomas| title= Mozambique in Pictures| publisher = Twenty-First Century Books| year = 2009| language = Transclusion error: {{En}} is only for use in File namespace.


Question: What is the latest estimated population count for Africa?

Mozambique

Use {{lang-en}} or {{en icon}} instead.| format = [Google Books] | accessdate = 9.12.


Question: What is the latest estimated population count for Africa?

Mozambique

2009}} References on the topic elsewhere (in Portuguese) (in Portuguese) CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link) Category:East Africa * Category:Key articles of screening Category:43 Africa


Question: How long was the Savo front?

Häme Front

The Häme Front was a front line of the Finnish Civil War that ran initially in the northern part of Häme County, in the area of the present-day provinces of Pirkanmaa and Central Finland, and later, during the final stage of the war, also in present-day Kanta-Häme.


Question: How long was the Savo front?

Häme Front

The Häme Front formed the so-called Western Front together with the Satakunta Front.


Question: How long was the Savo front?

Häme Front

It ran north of Tampere from Kuru via Ruovesi, Vilppula and Kuorevesi further to Längelmäki and ended at Kuhmoisi on the western bank of Päijänne.


Question: How long was the Savo front?

Häme Front

The Häme Front became its main front during the war, where battles were fought decisive for the outcome, such as the Battle of Tampere at the turn of March—April.


Question: How long was the Savo front?

Häme Front

[1] It was also the bloodiest scene of the Civil War, with more than 40% of all the fallen killed in the fighting.


Question: How long was the Savo front?

Häme Front

Some 1900 reds and 1400 whites fell on the Häme front, among whom there are also about 50 Swedish volunteers who fought in the ranks of the White, as well as several dozen Russians who fought on the Reds side.


Question: How long was the Savo front?

Häme Front

[2] The Häme Front is neutral in concept and also reflects its geographical location.


Question: How long was the Savo front?

Häme Front

The Whites called the Häme Front during the war the Western Front, which also included the front blocks on the Satakunta side.


Question: How long was the Savo front?

Häme Front

The Reds, in turn, used it to be referred to as the Northern Front or the North of the Western Front.


Question: How long was the Savo front?

Häme Front

[1] The Häme Front was born in the early stages of the war when the Whites and the Red moving north from Ostrobothnia met in Vilppula, located about 70 kilometres north of Tampere.


Question: How long was the Savo front?

Häme Front

The so-called Vilppula Front was formed on the site, which was the northernmost front block of the Reds during the war.


Question: How long was the Savo front?

Häme Front

Their original purpose was to proceed to Haapamäki, an important railway junction: about 30 kilometres on Haapamäki, located north of Vilppula, was met by the Tampere—Vaasa railway and a cross track leading to Jyväskylä.


Question: How long was the Savo front?

Häme Front

The Reds sought to gain control of the Haapamäki junction station, thus allowing them to split the northern part of Finland, which was controlled by the Whites in two.


Question: How long was the Savo front?

Häme Front

[1] The Whites, on the other hand, concentrated a considerable part of their forces in and around Vilppula at the beginning of the war in order to halt the advance of the Reds.


Question: How long was the Savo front?

Häme Front

The Häme Front continued to increase in importance as the Whites moved from their defensive positions in mid-March to a major offensive towards Tamperetta.


Question: How long was the Savo front?

Häme Front

Eventually, the town was taken over by the Whites in the first week of April, after which a new front line was formed south of Tampere and South Häme.


Question: How long was the Savo front?

Häme Front

A month later, the war ended with the surrender of the Reds.


Question: How long was the Savo front?

Häme Front

[1] On the White side, the Häme Front was responsible for the Häme Group formed in early February, with Colonel Martin Wetzer as its chief.


Question: How long was the Savo front?

Häme Front

Its first HQ was based in Haapamäki, from where it was later moved to Vilppula.


Question: How long was the Savo front?

Häme Front

The General Staff of the Red Western Front was located in Tampere, from which Häme Front troops were also commanded and serviced.


Question: How long was the Savo front?

Häme Front

It was commander-in-chief of the Tampere Red Guards Hugo Salmela, whose death was taken over by Verner Lehtimäki.


Question: How long was the Savo front?

Häme Front

Early fighting in the early part of the war, the patronage troops from Southern Ostrobothnia advanced by rail to Haapamäki and from there on the first day of February to Lyly Station, located on the Juupajoki some 15 kilometres south of Vilppula.


Question: How long was the Savo front?

Häme Front

However, the Reds had blown the track at Lyly and the Whites were forced to retreat back towards Vilppula, where they established defensive positions.


Question: How long was the Savo front?

Häme Front

On the same day a unit of 500 Red men had departed from Tampere towards the north, with the intention of advancing along the railway all the way to Seinäjoki.


Question: How long was the Savo front?

Häme Front

Russian soldiers were also involved.


Question: How long was the Savo front?

Häme Front

The first battles took place a day later, but they reportedly did not claim losses for either side.


Question: How long was the Savo front?

Häme Front

The northernmost part of the front line stabilized with the battle to the point of Vilppula, where it remained for the next six weeks.


Question: How long was the Savo front?

Häme Front

[3] The Reds found the Whites' defensive line at Vilppula to be so close that they decided instead to attempt a breakthrough from the western Ruovesi.


Question: How long was the Savo front?

Häme Front

Other battles were seen in Kuorevesi, Längelmäki and Kuhmois.


Question: How long was the Savo front?

Häme Front

On 21 February, the Reds began a broad general offensive with a force of about 5,000 men.


Question: How long was the Savo front?

Häme Front

Its purpose was to retake Haapamäki, but the attack was aborted fruitless a week later.


Question: How long was the Savo front?

Häme Front

A new general offensive was initiated with flank attacks launched on 7 March, involving over 10,000 Reds.


Question: How long was the Savo front?

Häme Front

Among other things, the bloody Battle of the Kuhmoinen took place, which also involves the massacre of Harmoisten's Sickhouse by the Whites.


Question: How long was the Savo front?

Häme Front

After the flank operations failed, the main Red forces began an offensive on 13 March at Vilppula and Ruovesi.


Question: How long was the Savo front?

Häme Front

However, this was halted two days later as the Whites launched a vigorous counterattack.


Question: How long was the Savo front?

Häme Front

The last major clash of the Reds offensive was the Battle of Abusmaja on 15 March.


Question: How long was the Savo front?

Häme Front

In addition to Red Guards from the Tampere region and Häme, many men of the Helsinki Red Guard also participated in the fighting.


Question: How long was the Savo front?

Häme Front

[3] In the first six weeks, 301 reds and 127 whites fell on the Häme front.


Question: How long was the Savo front?

Häme Front

Forty-one Russian soldiers killed have also been counted among the Reds.


Question: How long was the Savo front?

Häme Front

The big difference in the number of dead can be explained by the extensive offensive activity of the Reds, with the Whites concentrating only on defending their positions.


Question: How long was the Savo front?

Häme Front

However, defeat figures from some battles also suggest that some of the surrendered Reds were shot by the Whites.


Question: How long was the Savo front?

Häme Front

[3] A major attack by the Whites and the retreat of the Reds, the Whites began their own major offensive on 15 March.


Question: How long was the Savo front?

Häme Front

The intention was to encircle the main forces of the Reds and thus prevent their retreat to Tampere.


Question: How long was the Savo front?

Häme Front

The flanks were struck in Kuru by troops led by Colonel Harald Hjalmarson, as well as in Western Bottom by the forces of Colonel Karl Fredrik Wilkman.


Question: How long was the Savo front?

Häme Front

At the same time, the Reds were under pressure on the Ruovesi and Vilppula blocks so that they would not be able to send reinforcements to their sites.


Question: How long was the Savo front?

Häme Front

The Battle of Länkipohja, which took place on 16 March, became known for its bloodiness and cruelty.


Question: How long was the Savo front?

Häme Front

Forty-one whites and 63 reds fell during it.


Question: How long was the Savo front?

Häme Front

Among the whites killed was, among others, Matti Laurila, the chief of the patronage of Lapua, which they considered a legend.


Question: How long was the Savo front?

Häme Front

Of the fallen Reds, possibly as many as 50 were executed after the battle in the so-called Länkipohja massacre.


Question: How long was the Savo front?

Häme Front

Two days later, the Battle of Orivesi took place, in which 31 whites and about 20 reds lost their lives.


Question: How long was the Savo front?

Häme Front

The Reds then retreated towards Tamperetta, which the Whites in turn reached on 23 March and established a ring of sieges around the city.


Question: How long was the Savo front?

Häme Front

[4] During the retreat phase of the Reds, warfare became considerably more brutal.


Question: How long was the Savo front?

Häme Front

At least 207 reds and 107 whites were killed in a week, a number almost equal to the previous six weeks combined.


Question: How long was the Savo front?

Häme Front

Whites were allowed to march to Tampere almost entirely without resistance, but still Reds were killed around 90 in the days following the Battle of Orivesi.


Question: How long was the Savo front?

Häme Front

This has been attributed to the fact that whites continued the large-scale shooting of prisoners they had begun in Western Bottom.


Question: How long was the Savo front?

Häme Front

[4] Battle for Tampere Early days of the siege The Battle of Tampere was the most large-scale military operation by the Whites during the Civil War and it claimed the greatest losses on both sides.


Question: How long was the Savo front?

Häme Front

The siege, which lasted two weeks, also resulted in numerous civilian casualties.


Question: How long was the Savo front?

Häme Front

The battle is considered to have begun on 23 March, when the Whites reached the city and began their siege of it.


Question: How long was the Savo front?

Häme Front

In addition to Tampere, there were related clashes in the area of the municipalities of Ylöjärvi, Pirkkala, Messukylä, Aitolahti, Lempäälä, Vesilahti and Tottijärvi, and still on the Satakunta front side in Karku and Hämeenkyrö.


Question: How long was the Savo front?

Häme Front

The Reds HQ had been reorganized on 22 March, by which time the city's defence plan had also been drawn up.


Question: How long was the Savo front?

Häme Front

Its purpose was to defend Tamperetta for as long as possible.


Question: How long was the Savo front?

Häme Front

[5] After the Reds withdrew to Tampere, the first battles related to the takeover of the city took place on 23—24.


Question: How long was the Savo front?

Häme Front

On March, when the Vöyr war school children who fought first in Aitolahti attacked Messukylä on their own.


Question: How long was the Savo front?

Häme Front

The unsuccessful operation was led during it by fallen Ice Chief Lieutenant Armas Kohonen.


Question: How long was the Savo front?

Häme Front

On Sunday 24 March, fighting was fought not only in Messukylä, but also in Lempäälä, and at the same time the Whites also started indiscriminate artillery attacks on the city.


Question: How long was the Savo front?

Häme Front

The next day clashes continued further along the Messukylä ridge and on the morning of 26 March the Whites finally managed to make a breakthrough with the Reds leaving their defensive positions.


Question: How long was the Savo front?

Häme Front

During the same day, the Whites also reached the suburbs west of Tampere after fighting in Ylöjärvi.


Question: How long was the Savo front?

Häme Front

During these, only Jaakko Rannanjärvi, the company chief of the Virtai Battalion, was killed of the attackers, but the defending Reds lost ten men, suggesting that the majority were shot after surrendering.


Question: How long was the Savo front?

Häme Front

[6] On Tuesday 26 March, the Whites attempted to the center of Tampere from several directions, while suffering heavy losses.


Question: How long was the Savo front?

Häme Front

The town was attacked from the direction of Epilä in the west and Hatanpää in the south and at the same time continued fighting also in Messukylä on the east side.


Question: How long was the Savo front?

Häme Front

The Reds, meanwhile, led by Eino Rahja, made their own counter-attack on Lempäälää to break the Tampere cordon from the outside.


Question: How long was the Savo front?

Häme Front

However, despite the failed attack by Rahja's forces, Tampere's defence held up.


Question: How long was the Savo front?

Häme Front

At the same time, the Red Guards of Upper and Turku tried to break through the siege ring by train via Hatanpää, but they suffered great losses to return to the city.


Question: How long was the Savo front?

Häme Front

The next day, fighting continued heavy at least in Epilä, Messukylä and Lempäälä.


Question: How long was the Savo front?

Häme Front

[6] Bloody Thursday from Thursday to March 28 formed among whites one of the most famous days of the entire Civil War, which began to be referred to as “Bloody Thursday”.


Question: How long was the Savo front?

Häme Front

They made a fierce attack towards Tamperetta at the time with the intention of finally and finally conquering the whole city.


Question: How long was the Savo front?

Häme Front

However, the advance remained small, but instead the Whites suffered their heaviest manpower losses of the Astonic War during the day.


Question: How long was the Savo front?

Häme Front

Throughout the war, larger daytime losses came only in the 3 April attack on the city.


Question: How long was the Savo front?

Häme Front

The fighting on “Bloody Thursday” was mainly concentrated in the Kalevankankka cemetery east of the centre and its surrounding surroundings.


Question: How long was the Savo front?

Häme Front

Fighting began around nine in the morning and finally at 4 in the afternoon the whites managed to regain control of the cemetery.


Question: How long was the Savo front?

Häme Front

In lieu of patrons, the Whites sent into battle the II Icefer Regiment, formed by conscripts, commanded by Iceman Major Gabriel von Bonsdorff.


Question: How long was the Savo front?

Häme Front

The rationale behind the use of conscriptions was the better operational capability of the troops, despite possible heavy losses.


Question: How long was the Savo front?

Häme Front

They were easier to command patronage forces formed by volunteers into battle using hard discipline and under threat of punishment.


Question: How long was the Savo front?

Häme Front

However, the poor level of training of the conscription forces and fatigue from the long battles at Messukylä led to heavy losses at Kalevankangas, which in turn caused extensive desertions.


Question: How long was the Savo front?

Häme Front

About 60% of its strength, 49% of the 12th Jaeger Battalion, which took part in the battle, and 47% of the 4th Jaeger Battalion was knocked down or wounded by some sources, making a total of over 900 men.


Question: How long was the Savo front?

Häme Front

The Finnish war slayings database knows 195 whites who fell in Tampere on 28 March.


Question: How long was the Savo front?

Häme Front

In addition, Kalevankangas included a brigade composed of Swedish volunteers, with losses of 20 fallen.


Question: How long was the Savo front?

Häme Front

The Reds lost an estimated 50—70 men during the day.


Question: How long was the Savo front?

Häme Front

[7] The intermediate days of fighting and the last major attack by the Whites after the attack on “Bloody Thursday”, Tampere witnessed a five-day-long calmer period during which the Whites focused mainly on firing artillery fire on the city.


Question: How long was the Savo front?

Häme Front

Actual battles were fought in that period only in Lempäälä.


Question: How long was the Savo front?

Häme Front

However, artillery concentrations claimed casualties throughout, among them, in addition to the Red Guards, at least two dozen civilian personnel, including women and children, considered neutral.


Question: How long was the Savo front?

Häme Front

[8] After peaceful intermediate days, the Whites launched another major offensive in the early morning hours of 3 April.


Question: How long was the Savo front?

Häme Front

Resistance from the Reds was tenacious and the attackers suffered heavy losses as battles were fought house by house.


Question: How long was the Savo front?

Häme Front

During the first day, the Whites gained control of the eastern parts of the cities all the way to Tammerkoski.


Question: How long was the Savo front?

Häme Front

The day eventually became the bloodiest of the entire Civil War, with the Whites losing 207 men fallen and the Reds losing at least 115, but possibly as many as 170.


Question: How long was the Savo front?

Häme Front

Unknown to their party, i.e. mainly civilians, 18 were killed.


Question: How long was the Savo front?

Häme Front

The day also witnessed one of the most famous operations of the war, when a company led by Colonel Gunnar Melin broke into the city and captured the Näsilinna Palace in Näsikallio, which they were forced to abandon, however, because the troops advancing to Tampere were stuck in Tammerkoski to the east side.


Question: How long was the Savo front?

Häme Front

The city's defences were finally broken after two days and the last Reds surrendered on 6 April, a sign of which a white flag was raised atop a wooden observation tower located on Pyynikinharju.


Question: How long was the Savo front?

Häme Front

[9] Losses from losses in the Battle of Tampere have been presented in several different numbers.


Question: How long was the Savo front?

Häme Front

Deputy Judge Yrjö Raevuori gave the first estimates in an article written to New Finland the day before the Reds surrender.


Question: How long was the Savo front?

Häme Front

By his calculations, 596 whites had fallen and some 1,800 had fallen reds.


Question: How long was the Savo front?

Häme Front

In 1927, he gave as a new figure of 709 for whites, mentioning that 1,800 he initially considered the number of reds to be too large.


Question: How long was the Savo front?

Häme Front

By this, Raevuori, in lieu of fighting, referred to the Reds who lost their lives in executions.


Question: How long was the Savo front?

Häme Front

In his 1993 book Tie Tampere, Professor Heikki Ylikangas puts the number of Reds at around 2,000, of which there would be about half of those executed.


Question: How long was the Savo front?

Häme Front

On the other hand, in his book Kalevankangas published in the same year, Victory Silfverhuth reports that a total of 2,751 reds were buried in the mass grave at Kalevankangas Cemetery, 1,208 of whom would have died in the fighting.


Question: How long was the Savo front?

Häme Front

The Finnish war slayings database knows by name 824 whites killed during the Battle of Tampere, 1,087 red and 67 unknown or not belonging to either party.


Question: How long was the Savo front?

Häme Front

[5] After the surrender of the fighting, the Whites began the summary executions of the Reds.


Question: How long was the Savo front?

Häme Front

Several hundred Reds were shot during them, as well as an estimated couple of hundred Russian soldiers in the city.


Question: How long was the Savo front?

Häme Front

When the number of those who surrendered became too large, and all could no longer be executed, a prison camp called “Finland's first concentration camp” was set up in Kalevankangas, where nearly 10,000 people were placed.


Question: How long was the Savo front?

Häme Front

By the fall, 1,228 of them died of starvation, disease and executions.


Question: How long was the Savo front?

Häme Front

[10] Fighting south of Tampere The Lempäälä Front south of Tampere arose immediately after the Whites formed a city cordon on 23 March.


Question: How long was the Savo front?

Häme Front

The following day, troops led by Colonel Wilkman took control of the main line leading south of Tampere between Lempäälä and Kulju.


Question: How long was the Savo front?

Häme Front

The intention was to cut off the supply route for the Reds as well as prevent them from withdrawing from the city.


Question: How long was the Savo front?

Häme Front

At the same time, Eino Rahja, who led the Red forces in Lempäälä, managed a reinforcement of 2,000 men from Helsinki at the same time.


Question: How long was the Savo front?

Häme Front

[11] Heavy fighting was seen immediately following the takeover of Tampere from 7 to 8.


Question: How long was the Savo front?

Häme Front

April, when the Whites lost 65 men fallen and the Reds lost at least 40 men.


Question: How long was the Savo front?

Häme Front

During the same days, a peculiar incident occurred in Lempäälä, where a large number of red people suddenly fell ill, vomited and finally lost consciousness.


Question: How long was the Savo front?

Häme Front

A Finnish doctor suspected food poisoning as the cause, but a Norwegian doctor present speculated it was caused by the use of fighting gas.


Question: How long was the Savo front?

Häme Front

[11] The Reds finally ordered the Lempäälä front to be left on 24 April, after which the Reds, who fought around Tampere, began a retreat towards the south.


Question: How long was the Savo front?

Häme Front

They managed in several places to dislodge themselves almost unnoticed by the whites and thus gained a head start over their pursuers.


Question: How long was the Savo front?

Häme Front

[12] After the takeover of Tampere in Southern Häme, the new front line extended from Vesilahti via Lempäälä to Hauho, Lammi and Tuulos.


Question: How long was the Savo front?

Häme Front

However, several lake trolls in the area were held by whites.


Question: How long was the Savo front?

Häme Front

As early as 26 had begun to concentrate the Red troops on the new front from Hämeenlinna.


Question: How long was the Savo front?

Häme Front

on March.


Question: How long was the Savo front?

Häme Front

[11] In the Hämeenlinna region, the Reds fought battles mainly against German Baltic Sea Division troops advancing from the direction of Helsinki.


Question: How long was the Savo front?

Häme Front

After the takeover of Helsinki, the Reds withdrew from Uudeltamaa towards the north, with Hyvinkää they lost on 21 April and Riihimäki the next day.


Question: How long was the Savo front?

Häme Front

The retreat continued further towards Hämeenlinna, which the Reds handed over to the Germans almost without battle on 26 April.


Question: How long was the Savo front?

Häme Front

However, during the same day, bloody battles took place around the city in Janakkala, Tureng, Vanaja and Rengo.


Question: How long was the Savo front?

Häme Front

The Reds were also forced to abandon the main circuit and with the loss of Hämeenlinna, a further direct route was broken to the Lahti, which was held by the Reds, where we now had to detour via Hauho.


Question: How long was the Savo front?

Häme Front

The idea of the White warleadership was to encircle the Reds between Hämeenlinna and Toijala; however, this was not successful.


Question: How long was the Savo front?

Häme Front

The German attack on Hämeenlinna had begun too early for the Whites, and they were unable to join it.


Question: How long was the Savo front?

Häme Front

Consequently, the Reds had time to escape in the direction of Hauho, blowing up bridges to slow the enemy down.


Question: How long was the Savo front?

Häme Front

[12] From Hämeenlinna, the Reds continued their retreat further in the direction of Alvettula and Hauho.


Question: How long was the Savo front?

Häme Front

The Battle of Alvettula was fought 26—27.


Question: How long was the Savo front?

Häme Front

April, where the Whites, in the face of superiority, failed to stop the Reds advance.


Question: How long was the Savo front?

Häme Front

24 hours later, the Reds reached Hauho, where they had to fight not only the Whites but also the Germans.


Question: How long was the Savo front?

Häme Front

However, the Reds managed to force both to retreat.


Question: How long was the Savo front?

Häme Front

In the Battle of Hauho, which lasted only a few hours, a total of 143 men fell; 60 whites, 74 Reds, as well as nine Germans, making it one of the bloodiest battles of the entire war.


Question: How long was the Savo front?

Häme Front

Other battles between the Germans and the Reds took place including at Lamm on the same day and at Tuulos on 28—29.


Question: How long was the Savo front?

Häme Front

on april.


Question: How long was the Savo front?

Häme Front

In the Battle of Syrjänta, which took place in the locality, the Germans had to succumb and lost about 50—90 men, depending on the source.


Question: How long was the Savo front?

Häme Front

The Reds also suffered great losses, possibly as many as 300 were killed.


Question: How long was the Savo front?

Häme Front

After the segregation, however, all possible escape routes began to be blocked and the Reds were eventually completely encircled by the enemy.


Question: How long was the Savo front?

Häme Front

The last Reds of the Häme Front surrendered to the Germans west of Lahti on 1 May and the final surrender began the next day.


Question: How long was the Savo front?

Häme Front

[12] Sources Roselius, Aapo: War of amateurs — Personal losses in front fighting in the Finnish Civil War 1918, Prime Minister's Office, 2006.


Question: How long was the Savo front?

Häme Front

ISBN 978-952-53549-2-8. References Category:Finnish Civil War *


Question: How do you define a right-wing radical?

Lapuan Movement

The Lapua Movement (sometimes Lapuan movement) was a Finnish right-wing radical [1] anti-communist popular movement influenced between 1929 and 1932.


Question: How do you define a right-wing radical?

Lapuan Movement

In its initial phase, the movement was pan-bourgeois in nature, but after achieving its primary objective, the prohibition of communist activities, the movement became radicalized and lost the support of the Agrarian and moderate right.


Question: How do you define a right-wing radical?

Lapuan Movement

The Lapuan movement ceased after the failed Mäntsälä Rebellion (27 February — 6 March 1932), after it had failed to overthrow the legitimate government.


Question: How do you define a right-wing radical?

Lapuan Movement

The political programme of the movement was continued by the Patriotic People's Movement (IKL) from 1932 to 1944.


Question: How do you define a right-wing radical?

Lapuan Movement

Main features of the movement's background and development The movement said that the cornered party politicking had poisoned the state atmosphere and caused parties to forget about the interests of the Motherland and Finns.


Question: How do you define a right-wing radical?

Lapuan Movement

In place of the “rampant” parliamentarianism, firm governmental powers had to be replaced by the Lapua Lapua Liika Ry, among other things, a majority election.


Question: How do you define a right-wing radical?

Lapuan Movement

In the opinion of Docent Jussi Niinistö, the Lapua Movement was the most powerful popular movement in Finnish political history, if not the most powerful in the history of Finland, since it got through all its original demands between 1929 and 1930.


Question: How do you define a right-wing radical?

Lapuan Movement

[2] Initially, the People's Movement was a “posture movement” in support of the government, but soon morphed into a protest movement.


Question: How do you define a right-wing radical?

Lapuan Movement

Lapua's movement had several different means of influence.


Question: How do you define a right-wing radical?

Lapuan Movement

Civic assemblies, civic embassies, delegations, demonstrations of mass power and various pleadings were peaceful modes of action of the popular movement.


Question: How do you define a right-wing radical?

Lapuan Movement

Also influential were mounting clamping on Labour houses and “purges” of local councils, in which local councillors known as communists were pressured and intimidated into resigning from their positions of trust.


Question: How do you define a right-wing radical?

Lapuan Movement

Lapua's movement did not curl force, which also led to the breaking of the laws.


Question: How do you define a right-wing radical?

Lapuan Movement

The most famous form of activity was the “pluses” (rides) of communists and other leftists, which were more or less violent.


Question: How do you define a right-wing radical?

Lapuan Movement

Some of those ridden ended up across the eastern border into the Soviet Union.


Question: How do you define a right-wing radical?

Lapuan Movement

Under the “Lapua Law”, in addition to illegal rides, the Lapuans committed numerous assaults and even a few murders.


Question: How do you define a right-wing radical?

Lapuan Movement

[3] From the end of 1929 until the end of 1930, the Lapua Movement functioned as a spontaneous popular movement with Ostrobothnia as a solid area of support and Vihtori Kosola, a charismatic farmer, activist and peasant as its ideological leader.


Question: How do you define a right-wing radical?

Lapuan Movement

Initially, the core organisation of the popular movement was Suomen Lukko, with Artturi Leinonen as its leader.


Question: How do you define a right-wing radical?

Lapuan Movement

In general, the spelling lapuanmovement refers to precisely this stage of popular movement.


Question: How do you define a right-wing radical?

Lapuan Movement

In its own time, however, the popular movement was commonly referred to as just the Lapua movement.


Question: How do you define a right-wing radical?

Lapuan Movement

In November 1930, the movement reorganized into an organisation under the name Lapua Liika Ry, which, however, still retained the proportions of a popular movement thanks to its 30000 active members.


Question: How do you define a right-wing radical?

Lapuan Movement

This organization was dissolved after the failed Mäntsälä Rebellion (27 February — 6 March 1932) on 24 March 1932.


Question: How do you define a right-wing radical?

Lapuan Movement

The main difference between the Lapua Movement and the Lapua Movement was the latter's insistence on the prohibition of social democratic, that is, all remaining Marxist activities.


Question: How do you define a right-wing radical?

Lapuan Movement

[2] The original popular movement relied on so-called white labour, i.e. non-socialist laborers, especially the Cörty peasants, as well as the rest of the rural population, clergy, civil servants and other educated and civilized middle classes.


Question: How do you define a right-wing radical?

Lapuan Movement

Lapua's Liika Ry, on the other hand, emerged with the gradual radicalization of the popular movement.


Question: How do you define a right-wing radical?

Lapuan Movement

Its active adherence included the so-called upper middle class, namely senior civil servants, wealthier civilisation, more authoritative clergy, powerful military leaders, as well as industrialists and other representatives of the corporate world.


Question: How do you define a right-wing radical?

Lapuan Movement

[4] The Lapuan movement took influences from various far-right parties in Europe, especially the Fascists in Italy.


Question: How do you define a right-wing radical?

Lapuan Movement

Mussolini's rise to power and activities in Italy were openly admired among the Lapuans.


Question: How do you define a right-wing radical?

Lapuan Movement

[5] Although the Lapua movement was combined with the pan-European anti-communist, right-wing radical and bourgeois movement of its time, it does not always count as a right-wing radical.


Question: How do you define a right-wing radical?

Lapuan Movement

Right-wing radicalism subsequently emerged from the tradition of post-activism and was represented by subsequent smaller organisations influenced from the mid-1930s onwards, which had generally emerged from the inner circle of the highly educated and many times Lapua movement in its time.


Question: How do you define a right-wing radical?

Lapuan Movement

[4] At the party-political decision-level, a form of Finnish right-wing radicalism was mainly represented by the Patriotic People's Movement (IKL), which was established as an extension of the disbanded Lapua Liika Ry on 5 June 1932 in Hämeenlinna.


Question: How do you define a right-wing radical?

Lapuan Movement

The ideological basis and historical background of the whole popular movement was the Finnish Civil War and other events of 1917—1918.


Question: How do you define a right-wing radical?

Lapuan Movement

After the war, it seemed that the extreme left had been wiped off the political map of Finland, and Finland's bourgeois democracy was not threatened.


Question: How do you define a right-wing radical?

Lapuan Movement

However, the Communist Party of Finland (SKP), founded in the Soviet Union, began to operate in Finland in the 1920s through the Finnish Socialist Workers' Party (SSTP) (1920-1923) and its successor Socialist Workers' and Small Farmers' Electoral Organisation (STPV) (1924—1930).


Question: How do you define a right-wing radical?

Lapuan Movement

The Communists won 27 seats in the parliamentary elections in 1922, 18 seats in 1924, 20 seats in 1927 and 23 in 1929.


Question: How do you define a right-wing radical?

Lapuan Movement

As early as 1923, the Kallion I government had implemented the so-called “Kallio cut” and ceased operations of the SSTP, as well as arresting communist actives.


Question: How do you define a right-wing radical?

Lapuan Movement

The activation of the far-left was evident in the fact that so-called white workmen, who had been icemen, tribal warriors or who had served in the war in the white forces, were forced to apologise in the labour papers for these “crimes”.


Question: How do you define a right-wing radical?

Lapuan Movement

The apology took place in public, usually in a communist-controlled workers' magazine.


Question: How do you define a right-wing radical?

Lapuan Movement

Unless repented, had to pay fines or pressured to resign from the job.


Question: How do you define a right-wing radical?

Lapuan Movement

According to Docent Jussi Niinistö, work site terror also included violence described as an accident at work.


Question: How do you define a right-wing radical?

Lapuan Movement

He describes it this way: Similarly, Professor Juha Siltala has stated in his doctoral thesis in 1985 that the Communists, with their terror at the site, provided an effective propaganda weapon to bourgeois circles.


Question: How do you define a right-wing radical?

Lapuan Movement

For those who support white Finland in particular, humbling in the face of the “Moscow minions” was a bitter blow.


Question: How do you define a right-wing radical?

Lapuan Movement

During his graduate work in 1967, researcher Pekka Vanhala examined 482 apology cases, 40% of which were political.


Question: How do you define a right-wing radical?

Lapuan Movement

In 93% of political cases, the apology was due to the worker's belonging to a patronage council.


Question: How do you define a right-wing radical?

Lapuan Movement

As many as 73% of all public apologies in Southern Ostrobothnia were from former patrons and Civil War veterans.


Question: How do you define a right-wing radical?

Lapuan Movement

The Lapuan movement later took as one of its objectives the eradication of this phenomenon known as site terror.


Question: How do you define a right-wing radical?

Lapuan Movement

[2] In addition, the communists organized strikes at factories and shipyards where commodities were produced for the needs of the state.


Question: How do you define a right-wing radical?

Lapuan Movement

The defence industry, for example, was subject to strike action.


Question: How do you define a right-wing radical?

Lapuan Movement

In particular, the ten-month-long strike of submarine manufacturer Crichton-Vulcan in Turku in 1927 heated emotions.


Question: How do you define a right-wing radical?

Lapuan Movement

The Communists received strike instructions from the Soviet Union along with monetary strike grants.


Question: How do you define a right-wing radical?

Lapuan Movement

[2] For the emergence of the anti-communist popular movement, disputes between bourgeois parties also played a major role.


Question: How do you define a right-wing radical?

Lapuan Movement

In the eyes of the Lapua movement, the civil war and subsequent state, or White Finland, had been the ideal state of pan-bourgeois and national existence.


Question: How do you define a right-wing radical?

Lapuan Movement

The burghers had collectively been on the verge of defeating the red danger from the east, which had been left halfway to tackling.


Question: How do you define a right-wing radical?

Lapuan Movement

White Finland, which mobilized Lapua, was an ideal state of aspiration, whereas for the centrist parties it was only a temporary transition.


Question: How do you define a right-wing radical?

Lapuan Movement

In the Civil War victory parade, Gustaf Mannerheim had called for firm rule and the preservation of national existence, namely White Finland, but in the view of supporters of a future popular movement, neither of these had materialised.


Question: How do you define a right-wing radical?

Lapuan Movement

After the government-style struggle, the ousting of Mannerheim from political life, the red-prisoner amnesties, minority governments of the centrist parties and various crises such as the patronage conflict, the Coalition, effectively excluded from governments entirely, was at odds with the centrist parties ( Agrarian League, National Progress Party) with.


Question: How do you define a right-wing radical?

Lapuan Movement

The previously staunchly bourgeois Swedish People's Party again cooperated with the SDP and the SDP again supported centrist minority governments.


Question: How do you define a right-wing radical?

Lapuan Movement

[6] This bourgeois dispersal, conflicts arising from front, class and group requests combined with the sense of danger created by the activation of communist activities and the spirit of war of liberation gave rise to the Lapua movement, when in fact, at the birth of the popular movement in 1929, the communist danger was at their very least, and the Social Democrats were already practically adapted and committed to bourgeois democracy.


Question: How do you define a right-wing radical?

Lapuan Movement

[7] One of the foundations of the Lapua movement were the strike breaker organisations.


Question: How do you define a right-wing radical?

Lapuan Movement

The most famous of these was the Group Vientiraumaa led by Martti Pihkala.


Question: How do you define a right-wing radical?

Lapuan Movement

After the strike broke out, the workers of the Vientipeace quarter were brought in to do the work and the labor struggle was broken.


Question: How do you define a right-wing radical?

Lapuan Movement

The Ostrobothans played an active role in strike breaking activities, for example, during the hardest times of the Vient Peace during the nationwide port strike of 1928—1929, most of the strike breakers were Ostrobothians.


Question: How do you define a right-wing radical?

Lapuan Movement

In Southern Ostrobothnia, Vihtori Kosola, a farmer who recruited the Civil War whites already served as a recruiter for picketers, tribal warriors and white people from the Civil War.


Question: How do you define a right-wing radical?

Lapuan Movement

[2] In addition to the Peace of Export, a well-known organization was the Finnish Patronage Association, founded by Gustaf Mannerheim and P. E. Svinhufvud, which distributed anti-communist bulletins to the press.


Question: How do you define a right-wing radical?

Lapuan Movement

In addition, anti-communist Enlightenment work was carried out by the Academic Karelia Society and the League of Independence, which broke away from it.


Question: How do you define a right-wing radical?

Lapuan Movement

Perhaps the most significant organisation that contributed to the emergence of the Lapua movement was the League of Front Men of the War of Independence, whose aim was to eradicate communism and eliminate site terror.


Question: How do you define a right-wing radical?

Lapuan Movement

[2] Birth of the anti-communist popular movement Lapua Challenge party In November 1929, the Finnish Trade Union Organisation (SAJ) unsuccessfully declared a general strike in the country, with the result that the attitude atmosphere in the country quickly turned anti-communist.


Question: How do you define a right-wing radical?

Lapuan Movement

[8] Members of the Communist Youth Union of Finland had begun to bully the burghers by rolling along villages in red sickle and hammer shirts, mocking independent Finland and Christian values.


Question: How do you define a right-wing radical?

Lapuan Movement

[8] [9] The Youth Movement was the most active and pure-learning part of the SKP, extending the spectacular activities recommended by the VI Congress of the Comintern to the core area of “white Finland”, Southern Ostrobothnia during 1929.


Question: How do you define a right-wing radical?

Lapuan Movement

[9] For example, at a celebration in Kurika, Jesus was called a “hooker's penis" [8] and a large sign depicting the Soviet flag was erected at the Lapuan Workers' House, which read: “Let us strive under this flag”.


Question: How do you define a right-wing radical?

Lapuan Movement

[8] In Lapua, the communist Lapua Young Workers' Study Association organized SKP on the mandate of the Vaasa headquarters from 23—24.


Question: How do you define a right-wing radical?

Lapuan Movement

November 1929, a challenge party in Lapua, whose repertoire mocked Mannerheim and independent Finland.


Question: How do you define a right-wing radical?

Lapuan Movement

[8] [9] As early as 23 November, local schoolboys had thrown odour bombs at the occasion and scrambled to grate red shirts off the performers.


Question: How do you define a right-wing radical?

Lapuan Movement

Police interrupted the celebration before the situation was turning into an aerial brawl.


Question: How do you define a right-wing radical?

Lapuan Movement

Communists who arrived on the evening train on 23 November were not allowed to land from the train and gunfire could be heard from the Workers' House.


Question: How do you define a right-wing radical?

Lapuan Movement

[9] Finally the next day on November 24, about 1,000 people surrounded the Labor House.


Question: How do you define a right-wing radical?

Lapuan Movement

The Lapuans marched inside the house under the leadership of Vihtori Kosola and said: “There have been enough mockery of God, treasonous activities and degraded the Motherland, now the play stops here once and for all!”


Question: How do you define a right-wing radical?

Lapuan Movement

Following the announcement, the Lapuans violently took off their communists' red shirts and, after a harsh confession by Emil Tabell, an MP who arrived, threw out Emil Tabell, who arrived.


Question: How do you define a right-wing radical?

Lapuan Movement

[8] [9] Eventually the incident turned into a mass brawl, calmed down by the newly arrived police officers.


Question: How do you define a right-wing radical?

Lapuan Movement

In skirmish e.g.


Question: How do you define a right-wing radical?

Lapuan Movement

were torn from the walls of the Labour House with signs “God help the burghers” and “God has empowered capitalists to be robbers”.


Question: How do you define a right-wing radical?

Lapuan Movement

[8] Eventually, the Communists were driven out of Lapua by schoolboy pranks and taunts.


Question: How do you define a right-wing radical?

Lapuan Movement

[2] The Communist-held Lapua Workers' House was nailed shut.


Question: How do you define a right-wing radical?

Lapuan Movement

When it had to be opened again, following a change in circumstances in September 1931, a new domestic political crisis arose.


Question: How do you define a right-wing radical?

Lapuan Movement

Citizens' meetings Gustav Tiitu, an agrarian farmer, contacted Artturi Leinonen, editor of newspaper Ilka, to call a citizens' assembly.


Question: How do you define a right-wing radical?

Lapuan Movement

A notice was published in Ilka and Vaasa magazine: “The Citizens' Assembly of Southern Ostrobothnia in Lapuan Seuratalo next Sunday, 1 December, starting at 1 p.m.


Question: How do you define a right-wing radical?

Lapuan Movement

The meeting will be presented with the growing sedition activities of the Communists.


Question: How do you define a right-wing radical?

Lapuan Movement

A bunch of Lapuans”.


Question: How do you define a right-wing radical?

Lapuan Movement

In the end, more than 2000 people came to the Citizens' Assembly and from other provinces, and the committee that organised it included the Coalition Rector Hilja Riipinen and the Vicar K. R. Kares of Lapua, in addition to Tiitti, Leinonen and Kosola.


Question: How do you define a right-wing radical?

Lapuan Movement

The Lapua meeting lasted more than three hours and more than 80 speeches were used.


Question: How do you define a right-wing radical?

Lapuan Movement

In his speech, Leinonen expressed that the common will of the people was to crush communism and asked if it could be accomplished by legitimate means.


Question: How do you define a right-wing radical?

Lapuan Movement

Referring to the 1925 Supreme Court decision to abolish the communists' front organization, Kosola criticized that the Communists do not “respect the religion and common fatherland held sacred by the Finnish people, the laws of Finland, and nothing else that is held sacred by us from generation to generation”.


Question: How do you define a right-wing radical?

Lapuan Movement

However, not all of the speeches corresponded to the legality of Leinose and Kosola, for example, Helsinki-based activist Ahto Sippola called on the participants of the meeting to take arms with them and march to Helsinki.


Question: How do you define a right-wing radical?

Lapuan Movement

One of the prominent speakers of the Citizens' Assembly was the High Awakening leader Vihtori Duke, who said: “Selfish requests are prevalent and they are not understood by the men of 1918.


Question: How do you define a right-wing radical?

Lapuan Movement

It wasn't parliament that saved us in 1918, there were only intrigues and babbles.


Question: How do you define a right-wing radical?

Lapuan Movement

Whoever God wills to drown, that he beats with blindness”.


Question: How do you define a right-wing radical?

Lapuan Movement

The meeting expressed disappointment with the volatile domestic political situation and the fact that parties, particularly the bourgeois parties, when competing with each other, did not care in which direction Finland was heading.


Question: How do you define a right-wing radical?

Lapuan Movement

Eventually, the assembly unanimously decided that all forms of activity of the SKP had to be abolished or else civil war would break out.


Question: How do you define a right-wing radical?

Lapuan Movement

In its closing statement, it did not understand “why freedom of expression can be used to slander and discredit everything that is the basis and foundation of the chaste and legal knowledge of the Finnish people.”


Question: How do you define a right-wing radical?

Lapuan Movement

Furthermore, it wondered how a treasonous party was allowed so freely to act to dismantle all its system, which allowed the whole of this treasonous party to exist.


Question: How do you define a right-wing radical?

Lapuan Movement

However, the meeting gave all its support to the state power to eradicate communism.


Question: How do you define a right-wing radical?

Lapuan Movement

[2] Although the Lapuan meeting of 1 December 1929 was the most impressive, it was by no means the only one, nor the first.


Question: How do you define a right-wing radical?

Lapuan Movement

Apparently pursuing a pan-bourgeois front, the Karelian Civil Union organised its first citizens' assembly on 29 November 1929 at Sortavala Seuraroom.


Question: How do you define a right-wing radical?

Lapuan Movement

The Karelian Civil Union, founded in 1917 in the Vyborg region, had already planned anti-communist civic activities in autumn 1929 and had been tasked with organising civic assemblies.


Question: How do you define a right-wing radical?

Lapuan Movement

The meeting linked the incipient movement to the 1918 battle and expressed all support for the Ostrobothians: “Hopeless would be the future of our people, if Finnish blood would not fizzle when he saw the cataluses of the profane fatherland.


Question: How do you define a right-wing radical?

Lapuan Movement

In January 1918, the hearts of the men of Ostrobothnia and Karelia beat with strong feelings.


Question: How do you define a right-wing radical?

Lapuan Movement

It still does.


Question: How do you define a right-wing radical?

Lapuan Movement

The law of honor is the law of a man”.


Question: How do you define a right-wing radical?

Lapuan Movement

On 1 December 1929, civic assemblies of hundreds of participants were held besides Lapua, led by activist, Master Antti Sarven and Councilman Eero Hämäläinen in Kuopio, under deputy judge K. A. Raevaara and Asessori Onni Heinonkoski in Mikkeli, farmer, MP Evert Nukar and Head of the Southern Häme Patron District under Ernesti Suolahti in Hämeenlinna, Director K. Brofeldt in Kotka and District Physician W. Vartiovaara in Savonlinna.


Question: How do you define a right-wing radical?

Lapuan Movement

All the meetings stated their support for any decision, whatever they would take in Lapua.


Question: How do you define a right-wing radical?

Lapuan Movement

Apparently, civic assemblies had already been planned much earlier, judging by their coincidence.


Question: How do you define a right-wing radical?

Lapuan Movement

In addition, the order of business at the meetings was the same in all localities.


Question: How do you define a right-wing radical?

Lapuan Movement

[10] Citizens Delegations The Lapua assembly decided to send a 20-person delegation headed by Artturi Leinonen to Helsinki to ask the government to act to stop the sedition work of the communists.


Question: How do you define a right-wing radical?

Lapuan Movement

In the morning, on Independence Day, 6 December 1929, 1,000 people were facing the legation at the Helsinki railway station and the Academic Karjala-Seura (AKS) led by Vice-President Vilho Helanen.


Question: How do you define a right-wing radical?

Lapuan Movement

On December 7, the delegation brought the decisions of the Lapuan assembly to the attention of the minority government in Kallio.


Question: How do you define a right-wing radical?

Lapuan Movement

The embassy was received by all parliamentary groups except the Communists.


Question: How do you define a right-wing radical?

Lapuan Movement

In addition, the embassy visited the President of the Republic Lauri Kristian Relander.


Question: How do you define a right-wing radical?

Lapuan Movement

The president was moved to tears when Hilja Riipinen, who served as President, announced that the people were demanding more acts than speeches from the state power.


Question: How do you define a right-wing radical?

Lapuan Movement

Relander gave all his support to the popular movement, writing that the People's Movement “has been a blessing to this country and the people, of that I am sure”.


Question: How do you define a right-wing radical?

Lapuan Movement

On the evening of the same day, the embassy was invited to the Fourth of July celebrations organised by AKS.


Question: How do you define a right-wing radical?

Lapuan Movement

AKS gave full support to the movement and Urho Kekkonen announced his support in the organisation's voice supporter Suomen Heimo.


Question: How do you define a right-wing radical?

Lapuan Movement

Kekkonen indicated that improving workers' conditions was supported, but no sympathy for the Soviet Union.


Question: How do you define a right-wing radical?

Lapuan Movement

Part of the embassy was still visited by an independence fighter, State Counsellor J. R. Danielson-Kalmar, who likewise expressed support for the movement's goals.


Question: How do you define a right-wing radical?

Lapuan Movement

[2] After the Lapua legation, delegations from different provinces began arriving in Helsinki and new meetings were organized.


Question: How do you define a right-wing radical?

Lapuan Movement

The situation developed really quickly in early December 1929.


Question: How do you define a right-wing radical?

Lapuan Movement

This first phase of the popular movement was very happy to be welcomed by the state and considered it to be a healthy and uniting state life while at the same time suspecting its power.


Question: How do you define a right-wing radical?

Lapuan Movement

The social democrats, who were fairly socialist at the time, accepted the anti-communist movement, not seeing it as a disadvantage, but rather a benefit.


Question: How do you define a right-wing radical?

Lapuan Movement

[2] The demands of the embassies produced the first victory of the popular movement.


Question: How do you define a right-wing radical?

Lapuan Movement

Just before Christmas 1929, a new Association Act was passed, forbidding the creation of a new association to replace the disbanded one.


Question: How do you define a right-wing radical?

Lapuan Movement

On this basis, the communist study associations could be abolished.


Question: How do you define a right-wing radical?

Lapuan Movement

[2] The second meeting of Lapua and the second major citizens' meeting at Lukko Lapua Seuratalo of Finland took place on 15 March 1930.


Question: How do you define a right-wing radical?

Lapuan Movement

The meeting was officially nationwide and more formal anyway, as the meeting was only allowed for delegates from other organizations and civic assemblies.


Question: How do you define a right-wing radical?

Lapuan Movement

For an admission fee, the public was able to enter the


Question: How do you define a right-wing radical?

Lapuan Movement

In addition to Artturi Leinonen, the co-chairperson is H. A. Koristo from Turku, bank manager Isak Kaitera from Oulu and agricultural advisor Aatos Schildt from Jyväskylä.


Question: How do you define a right-wing radical?

Lapuan Movement

The secretaries were Deputy Judge Lauri Halme and Kauhajokelic Consulate M.


Question: How do you define a right-wing radical?

Lapuan Movement

E. Brush.


Question: How do you define a right-wing radical?

Lapuan Movement

The atmosphere at the meeting was considerably more tense and radicalized by the end of November.


Question: How do you define a right-wing radical?

Lapuan Movement

Although Artturi Leinonen and Vihtori Kosola, who became leaders of the movement, emphasised moderation in line, the field people at the meeting were fed up with politicians and other powers, gradually leaning more and more towards direct action in the foreign parliament.


Question: How do you define a right-wing radical?

Lapuan Movement

The leading figures of the radical line were Rafael Haarla, the vicar of Lapua, and the vicar general of Lapua, Gunnar von Hertzen.


Question: How do you define a right-wing radical?

Lapuan Movement

The enlightenment director of Northern Uusimaa's patron municipal district, Freeman Lauri Yrjö-Koskinen, insisted on acts rather than enlightenment, but mainly meant enacting stricter anti-communist laws.


Question: How do you define a right-wing radical?

Lapuan Movement

[2] The atmosphere of the movement was radicalized because the activities of the communists, despite the promises of politicians, were not abolished.


Question: How do you define a right-wing radical?

Lapuan Movement

Those in favour of the Direct Action line justified their opinion by the fact that “patriotic rebellion” was preferable to “patriotic legality”.


Question: How do you define a right-wing radical?

Lapuan Movement

They also justified by historical considerations; at first, the icemen had acted against the then law, but still their importance had been great for Finland.


Question: How do you define a right-wing radical?

Lapuan Movement

MPs known as Communists were on various committees, where they also had access to sensitive and secret national defence information.


Question: How do you define a right-wing radical?

Lapuan Movement

The meeting dealt mainly with the communist press, which was not suppressed because in parliament the Social Democrats, RKP and Communists opposed the restrictions of the Freedom of Print Act.


Question: How do you define a right-wing radical?

Lapuan Movement

Lapua was particularly irritated by the communist Voice of Work (1924—1930) appearing in Vaasa, which proclaimed atheism and the world revolution.


Question: How do you define a right-wing radical?

Lapuan Movement

[2] Although it appeared on the basis of the meeting that the popular movement was already splintering in two, the meeting reached a unanimous conclusion: It was decided to establish an anti-communist and site terror NGO, which was to assemble all anti-communist entities as an umbrella organisation.


Question: How do you define a right-wing radical?

Lapuan Movement

An association was born called Suomen Lukko, whose 32-member delegation was chosen as the convener of Vihtori Kosola.


Question: How do you define a right-wing radical?

Lapuan Movement

Later, at Kosola's suggestion, Artturi Leinonen became chairman of Luko of Finland.


Question: How do you define a right-wing radical?

Lapuan Movement

Martti Pihkala, acting as assistant student Mikko Jaskari, was responsible for financial affairs.


Question: How do you define a right-wing radical?

Lapuan Movement

The seat of the organization was named Lapua, but the office was placed in Helsinki.


Question: How do you define a right-wing radical?

Lapuan Movement

[2] The members of the Finnish Luko were mainly agrarian and coalist in party affiliation, and there were only a few supporters of direct active action.


Question: How do you define a right-wing radical?

Lapuan Movement

In the anti-communist struggle, Lukko of Finland advocated the Enlightenment and legal methods of action.


Question: How do you define a right-wing radical?

Lapuan Movement

In the Agrarian League it was hoped and believed that the popular movement would only be channeled in support of the government, but supporters of direct action were not enthusiastic about the slow association activity of the Finnish Luko.


Question: How do you define a right-wing radical?

Lapuan Movement

[2] Action The Voice of Work fell silent The motion for amendment to the Freedom of Print Law Lapua was irritated by the opposition of the Left and the Swedish People's Party (RKP) to an amendment to the Law on Freedom of Printing, which was not adopted as desired by the Parliament in the early spring of 1930.


Question: How do you define a right-wing radical?

Lapuan Movement

The movement's attempt was to transfer control of the Freedom of Printing Act to the Attorney General appointed by the President of the Republic from the Minister of Justice, allowing the latter to decide in the Council of State the matter without discussing the closure of printing presses deemed to have violated it in accordance with the Freedom of Printing Act.


Question: How do you define a right-wing radical?

Lapuan Movement

[11] Example case of Vaasa County The apparent unity of a popular movement lasted only 13 days from the founding meeting of the Finnish Lukko.


Question: How do you define a right-wing radical?

Lapuan Movement

At the head of the movement, it was decided to disrupt the activities of the communists, and a newspaper printed in Vaasa, near Lappa, Vaasa, was chosen as the target.


Question: How do you define a right-wing radical?

Lapuan Movement

Gustav Tiitu had advocated minor daytime interference in printing, but he opposed the destruction of the printing presses.


Question: How do you define a right-wing radical?

Lapuan Movement

Although it seemed to rest, Yrjö Nikula, the former titular of Lapua and head of the Bank of Southern Ostrobothnia, continued to plan the attack.


Question: How do you define a right-wing radical?

Lapuan Movement

If the participants were caught in their act, Trade Advisor Rafael Haarla had promised to pay them potentially reprehensible damages.


Question: How do you define a right-wing radical?

Lapuan Movement

[11] Strike to the printing press On the night of March 28, 1930, direct action began.


Question: How do you define a right-wing radical?

Lapuan Movement

In the port area of Vaasa, farmer Pentti Alasaari fired a couple of shots into the air with his Mauser M1916 pistol to distract the police and give them an alibi.


Question: How do you define a right-wing radical?

Lapuan Movement

At the same time, Vaasa's internal telephone connections were disrupted, and 13 Lapuan men led by Yrjö Nikula, the head of the Bank of Southern Ostrobothnia and former titular man of Lapua, and Gustav Vannas, a motorist from Yurasa, broke in and broke up the print of the Voice of Work.


Question: How do you define a right-wing radical?

Lapuan Movement

The act was apparently carefully planned under Nikula's leadership.


Question: How do you define a right-wing radical?

Lapuan Movement

The perpetrators soon came to light, as police found a scoop lamp knife on the floor of the printing press bearing the name of Kullervo Leskinen, an employee of the Lapua cartridge factory.


Question: How do you define a right-wing radical?

Lapuan Movement

[2] On 3 April, the third citizens' meeting was held in Lapua in connection with the dissolution of the printing of the Voice of Work.


Question: How do you define a right-wing radical?

Lapuan Movement

Under Kosola's leadership, the meeting prepared a telegram that was sent to Prime Minister Kyösti Kallio.


Question: How do you define a right-wing radical?

Lapuan Movement

Telegram confirmed that the Lapua Popular Movement and Kosola were bent on illegal activities, but according to the text the movement had not settled against the government: the division of the Lapua Movement Suomen Lukko separates Parliament was surprised by the act and the Youth Republicans Kyösti Kallio and under the leadership of Helsingin Sanomat called for severe punishment of perpetrators.


Question: How do you define a right-wing radical?

Lapuan Movement

The delegates realised that the attack was a vote of no confidence by the Lapuans in Parliament's actions.


Question: How do you define a right-wing radical?

Lapuan Movement

The act also sparked controversy among the Lapuan movement.


Question: How do you define a right-wing radical?

Lapuan Movement

Some of those involved could not accept the illegalities.


Question: How do you define a right-wing radical?

Lapuan Movement

When Lukko of Finland, led by Artturi Leinonen and Gustav Tiitu, disassociated himself from the act and condemned it as a crime, the popular movement broke in two.


Question: How do you define a right-wing radical?

Lapuan Movement

Vihtori Kosola, the leader of Vihtori Kosola, had not endorsed the plan at the stage of its drafting, but stood down to support the act, declaring that the one responsible for the act was in fact the parliament, which had not begun the process of eradicating communism.


Question: How do you define a right-wing radical?

Lapuan Movement

Artturi Leinonen, who had denied carrying out the attack and Gustav Tiitu and Lukko of Finland lost their central place in the popular movement and the movement that started direct action took Vihtori Kosola as its leader, who himself had not sought a prominent position.


Question: How do you define a right-wing radical?

Lapuan Movement

His household, Kosola, became the central headquarters of the Lapua movement.


Question: How do you define a right-wing radical?

Lapuan Movement

[2] The Lapuans publicly declared themselves in large numbers as perpetrators of the attack and supporters of the act.


Question: How do you define a right-wing radical?

Lapuan Movement

Under Kosola, Yrjö Nikula, Vihtori Herkena and Ilmajokelainen bank manager Iivari Koivisto signed up as authors and supporters of the work.


Question: How do you define a right-wing radical?

Lapuan Movement

Eventually, Lapuan farmer Jussi Muilu, trainee Yrjö Hissa, and peasants Simo Lahdensuo and Jussi Perämäki became the actual violators.


Question: How do you define a right-wing radical?

Lapuan Movement

Trade counsellor Rafael Haarla agreed to pay all the fines of those convicted.


Question: How do you define a right-wing radical?

Lapuan Movement

In the first issue of the Lapuan movement's main voice supporter, Activist</i>n, 650 people registered as supporters of the act.


Question: How do you define a right-wing radical?

Lapuan Movement

The magazine became popular and was sold as many as 10,000 copies.


Question: How do you define a right-wing radical?

Lapuan Movement

The journalistic line reported by the newspaper was strongly anti-communist.


Question: How do you define a right-wing radical?

Lapuan Movement

The Vaasa riot and the Asser Salon ride on 4 June 1930 at Vaasa Raastuvancourt began to be dealt with the issue of breaking the print print of the Voice of Work.


Question: How do you define a right-wing radical?

Lapuan Movement

The predominance knew that the day would cause Lapuan movement, but the Popular Movement refused to cancel the demonstration.


Question: How do you define a right-wing radical?

Lapuan Movement

Early in the morning 1800 Lapuans arrived in Vaasa in 200 cars decorated with Finnish flags.


Question: How do you define a right-wing radical?

Lapuan Movement

Demonstratively, the procession of cars stopped first at the dispersed printer and in front of the landlord's official residence.


Question: How do you define a right-wing radical?

Lapuan Movement

The men then made an honorary visit to the hero tombs of Vaasa, during which hymns and patriotic songs were sung, as well as speeches were given.


Question: How do you define a right-wing radical?

Lapuan Movement

[2] Vaasa District Riot While the trial was in progress, the Lapuans assaulted Eino Nieminen, who was acting as a witness, who was alleged by Detective Central Police (EK) to be a red officer and an organiser of the SKP.


Question: How do you define a right-wing radical?

Lapuan Movement

In the courthouse's second-floor vestibule, Eino Nieminen had to kiss with the peasants who surrounded him.


Question: How do you define a right-wing radical?

Lapuan Movement

After Sanaharka, supporters of the Lapuan movement carried Nieminen down the stairs outside the courthouse, tore off his clothes and assaulted Nieminen.


Question: How do you define a right-wing radical?

Lapuan Movement

The mob followed the act from the sidelines and police did not intervene.


Question: How do you define a right-wing radical?

Lapuan Movement

Press photographer Paavo Poutiainen instigated the perpetrators, and one of the most famous images in Finnish press history was taken.


Question: How do you define a right-wing radical?

Lapuan Movement

Some ten other leftists were also assaulted by the Lapuans, among them Allan Asplund, editor of the Vaasan social democratic magazine Nya Folkbladet.


Question: How do you define a right-wing radical?

Lapuan Movement

In addition, the Lapuans also fell victim to bourgeois minded citizens who tried to prevent beatings, citing the rule of law.


Question: How do you define a right-wing radical?

Lapuan Movement

[2] However, police master Gunnar Tallroth eventually rescued the battered Nieminen and took him to the police station.


Question: How do you define a right-wing radical?

Lapuan Movement

Nieminen was able to leave the police station just before supporters of the Lapuan movement penetrated the building and inspected it up to the cells without the force of the police officers or wanting to prevent this.


Question: How do you define a right-wing radical?

Lapuan Movement

When the cause of the Voice of Work, Communist MP Asser Salo stepped out of the courthouse, the riot worsened.


Question: How do you define a right-wing radical?

Lapuan Movement

Despite the fact that Governor Bruno Sarlin tried to appeal for peace in the district, the supporters of the Lapuan movement took hold of Salo and paraphrased this.


Question: How do you define a right-wing radical?

Lapuan Movement

Lapua's movement had already been planning to kidnap Salo when he had arrived to hear the injunction.


Question: How do you define a right-wing radical?

Lapuan Movement

Detective Central Police (EK) followed the incident by without intervening.


Question: How do you define a right-wing radical?

Lapuan Movement

Kosti-Paavo Eerolainen, a BC detective who was present, later joined the radical wing of the Lapuan movement.


Question: How do you define a right-wing radical?

Lapuan Movement

However, the Lapuans could not decide what to do with Salo.


Question: How do you define a right-wing radical?

Lapuan Movement

Salo was threatened with shooting during the Revelation, but was eventually taken to Lapua's youth club house, where he was forced to swear that he would never enter Lapua again.


Question: How do you define a right-wing radical?

Lapuan Movement

After this, Salo was taken to Viitasaari, where he was let go.


Question: How do you define a right-wing radical?

Lapuan Movement

[2] The men of the Lapuanmovement left after informing the editorial staff of the Voice of Work that the magazine would not be published even after the end of the two-month discontinuation period.


Question: How do you define a right-wing radical?

Lapuan Movement

After the Lapuans disembarked, Vaasa remained in the possession of military patrols.


Question: How do you define a right-wing radical?

Lapuan Movement

Lapua Law Originally, Lapua law meant Lapua's 1843 Government Rule and Village Ordinance and its implementation.


Question: How do you define a right-wing radical?

Lapuan Movement

Also among the Lapuan movement, the right of the Lapuans own hand began to be called Lapuan law.


Question: How do you define a right-wing radical?

Lapuan Movement

According to the idea, the justification of the acts was determined by how much they promoted anti-communist activity.


Question: How do you define a right-wing radical?

Lapuan Movement

The legality of the act did not matter, as according to the movement's thought world, the “will of the people” interpreted by the Lapuan movement was above the law.


Question: How do you define a right-wing radical?

Lapuan Movement

On June 5, 1930, the Lapuan Movement declared the Lapuan Law into force in Southern Ostrobothnia.


Question: How do you define a right-wing radical?

Lapuan Movement

[12] In the early morning hours of 8 June 1930, Yrjö Hissa and Jussi Perämäki, who took part in the disbanding of the print of the Voice of Work, committed double suicide.


Question: How do you define a right-wing radical?

Lapuan Movement

The youths who were detained were counted as the first victims of the popular movement.


Question: How do you define a right-wing radical?

Lapuan Movement

They were buried with a hero's funeral in Lapua and Kosola laid a wreath on the tomb, which read the words of Kaarlo Kramsu's Ilkka-poem: 'No justice in the land, who himself will not have'.


Question: How do you define a right-wing radical?

Lapuan Movement

The phrase became one of the motto phrases of the Lapua movement.


Question: How do you define a right-wing radical?

Lapuan Movement

Later in the summer, the second motto became “We do what we will”.


Question: How do you define a right-wing radical?

Lapuan Movement

[2] Summer 1930: period of pressure Bruno Sarlin of the Progress Party was removed from his duties as a landlord and Colonel Erik Heinrichs was appointed in his place, which it was hoped would improve the intervals between state power and locals.


Question: How do you define a right-wing radical?

Lapuan Movement

In mid-June 1930, however, the Lapuan movement began large-scale rides, or pluses; 254 rides or rides were made during the summer.


Question: How do you define a right-wing radical?

Lapuan Movement

Three rides ended in the victim's death and most of the rides were assaulted.


Question: How do you define a right-wing radical?

Lapuan Movement

[13] The relapses were carried out both by local Lapuans and by the strike forces of the Lapuan movement.


Question: How do you define a right-wing radical?

Lapuan Movement

Kosola wanted to press the ride-hailing government to resign and get Pehr Evind Svinhufvud of the National Coalition as prime minister.


Question: How do you define a right-wing radical?

Lapuan Movement

In their speeches, the Progress Party and the Agrarian League protested the movement's radicalisation and acts of violence, but did not withdraw their support from the Popular Movement.


Question: How do you define a right-wing radical?

Lapuan Movement

In the summer of 1930, pressure from the Lapuans was at its peak.


Question: How do you define a right-wing radical?

Lapuan Movement

The People's Movement also achieved its most important goal by successfully ending communist activities practically altogether.


Question: How do you define a right-wing radical?

Lapuan Movement

After the summer, most of the leading communists were serving time in prison, the labour magazines had been abolished and all labour houses closed.


Question: How do you define a right-wing radical?

Lapuan Movement

[2] Due to sympathy or pressure in many provinces, denominators and other officials issued orders to abolish the houses of labour.


Question: How do you define a right-wing radical?

Lapuan Movement

In Pohjois-Savo, for example, all 59 workers' houses were closed at the behest of the titular and landlord.


Question: How do you define a right-wing radical?

Lapuan Movement

[14] Some politicians felt that it was better to accept lawlessness lest another civil war break out.


Question: How do you define a right-wing radical?

Lapuan Movement

Prime Minister Svinhufvud (Svinhufvud II government from 4 July 1930 to 21 March 1931) even staked his unqualified support for the uprising and movement.


Question: How do you define a right-wing radical?

Lapuan Movement

He had visited South Ostrobothnia and the People's Movement in mid-June and became convinced of the popular popularity of the Lapuan movement.


Question: How do you define a right-wing radical?

Lapuan Movement

However, K. J. Ståhlberg, the first president of the Republic, agreed that illegality was indefensible, even if it was taken to suppress the crimes and treasonous activities of others.


Question: How do you define a right-wing radical?

Lapuan Movement

[2] A march and delegation for the upcoming march of the Lapua Movement took place from 20—21.


Question: How do you define a right-wing radical?

Lapuan Movement

June 1930 meeting in Lapua.


Question: How do you define a right-wing radical?

Lapuan Movement

Organizing the march was a large and sizeable job.


Question: How do you define a right-wing radical?

Lapuan Movement

For the meeting, the Lapua Movement invited representatives from all patron districts and at the same time organized a popular movement nationwide.


Question: How do you define a right-wing radical?

Lapuan Movement

The Lapua movement invited and named the persons who were to hold meetings in their respective localities, who would again designate them as their representatives by signing a power of attorney.


Question: How do you define a right-wing radical?

Lapuan Movement

In practice, the credentials demanded by the Lapuan movement were signed without any organized meetings.


Question: How do you define a right-wing radical?

Lapuan Movement

At this point, among others, Dr. Kai Donner officially joined the Lapuan movement as a representative of Eastern Uusimaa.


Question: How do you define a right-wing radical?

Lapuan Movement

The delegates formed arrangements for the march to handle the delegation of the Lapua Movement, which thus became the official Lapua Movement Representative Council.


Question: How do you define a right-wing radical?

Lapuan Movement

The delegation consisted of 16 representatives from Southern Ostrobothnia, one from all other provinces, and from Vyborg and Helsinki, two representatives.


Question: How do you define a right-wing radical?

Lapuan Movement

In total, this national representative council consisted of 31 delegates.


Question: How do you define a right-wing radical?

Lapuan Movement

After the march, the delegation declined in importance, but still the name Lapuan Movement Delegation served under various communiqués and pressures as the representative of the Lapuan movement.


Question: How do you define a right-wing radical?

Lapuan Movement

[15] Eventually, the government of Kyösti Kallio IV (16 August 1929—4 July 1930) made an unfounded decision in law to abolish all communist magazines for fear of otherwise engaging in illegal activities by the Lapuans.


Question: How do you define a right-wing radical?

Lapuan Movement

The decision was approved by Parliament on 1 July 1930, although no similar proposal had been approved earlier in the spring.


Question: How do you define a right-wing radical?

Lapuan Movement

In addition, the government submitted a motion to the Parliament to abolish the activities of the Communists and began to bend to the demands of the Lapuan movement.


Question: How do you define a right-wing radical?

Lapuan Movement

President Relander also took pressure on the government, which finally on 2 July submitted his resignation request due to the untenable domestic political situation, despite having just received a vote of confidence from parliament.


Question: How do you define a right-wing radical?

Lapuan Movement

On 4 July, in line with the goals of the Lapuan movement, a pan-bourgeois government led by P. E. Svinhufvud was formed, in which representatives of the Lapuan movement were planned.


Question: How do you define a right-wing radical?

Lapuan Movement

K. R. Kare was envisioned as Minister of Education and Vihtori Dukeaa or Kosola as Minister of Social Affairs.


Question: How do you define a right-wing radical?

Lapuan Movement

However, Svinhufvud did not want “two dictators” (meaning Svinhufvud and Kosola) in government, and business did not want to get entangled in government politics either.


Question: How do you define a right-wing radical?

Lapuan Movement

Compared to the government, the Lapuan movement was strong enough: It did not have to tie its hands.


Question: How do you define a right-wing radical?

Lapuan Movement

[2] The mutual antipathies (arising from theological differences) between the churchmen K. R. Kare and Paavo Virkkunen, who became Minister of Education, have also been thought to have played a role in the plan's tapering.


Question: How do you define a right-wing radical?

Lapuan Movement

[16] Abduction of MPs from the Constitutional Committee To give impetus to their demands, the Lapua Movement decided to show its mass power with a peasant march to Helsinki.


Question: How do you define a right-wing radical?

Lapuan Movement

To intensify the show of force, Vihtori Kosola gave orders to paraphrase communist MPs.


Question: How do you define a right-wing radical?

Lapuan Movement

Two days before the march, in the morning of 5 July 1930, a Lapuan force, led by Kosti-Paavo Eerolainen and Artturi Vuorimaa, penetrated the Session of the Constitutional Committee to kidnap the communists' Helsinki MPs Eino Pekkala and Jalmari Rötkö.


Question: How do you define a right-wing radical?

Lapuan Movement

Committee Chairman Väinö Voionmaa (SDP) and Ernst von Born (RKP) tried to prevent the hijacking, but Eerolainen wore his badge of the Detective Central Police (EK) in the situation and the Lapuans were allowed to take the MPs to the car for a ride, although they both tried to grab themselves when carrying to the door of the committee room.


Question: How do you define a right-wing radical?

Lapuan Movement

The deputies were rushed to Kosola, Lapua, from where they were released after the government announced that the state would not receive the march if the delegates were not released.


Question: How do you define a right-wing radical?

Lapuan Movement

On 4 July, the newly appointed Svinhufvud government had already bent on ordering all communist MPs to be detained “on suspicion of treasonous activity”, but the arrest order was not issued until the afternoon of the following day.


Question: How do you define a right-wing radical?

Lapuan Movement

Parliament afterwards approved the government measure despite doubts expressed by the Social Democrats and Swedes.


Question: How do you define a right-wing radical?

Lapuan Movement

[17] [2] The Peasant March On Monday, 7 July 1930, the Peasant March was held, which was the largest display of force in the popular movement and a turning point in the history of the movement.


Question: How do you define a right-wing radical?

Lapuan Movement

The peasant march was a well-planned massive operation in which 12000 supporters of the Lapua Movement marched by province and region into regiments, battalions and companies divided by patronage discipline and order.


Question: How do you define a right-wing radical?

Lapuan Movement

The marchers were Finnish and Swedish-speaking, as the language issue was of little interest to the Lapuan movement.


Question: How do you define a right-wing radical?

Lapuan Movement

[2] Initially, the march was planned to be called “Patronage Marches”, but the commander of the Patron Municipalities, Lauri Malmberg, forbade the use of the Patron Uniform.


Question: How do you define a right-wing radical?

Lapuan Movement

The main idea of the movement was to hold a new event that would resemble the White Army Victory Parade on 16 May 1918.


Question: How do you define a right-wing radical?

Lapuan Movement

Although the movement was a parade of victory, similar events from abroad were also modelled on, notably the Swedish Peasants' National Defence March in 1914 and the Italian Black Shirts march to Rome in 1922.


Question: How do you define a right-wing radical?

Lapuan Movement

[2] Before the peasant march, the domestic political situation was extremely tense.


Question: How do you define a right-wing radical?

Lapuan Movement

With the government's position proving to be tenuous, even a coup by the Lapuans was possible.


Question: How do you define a right-wing radical?

Lapuan Movement

There was no thought in the movement to revoke actively government power, but some of the Lapuans had considered hijacking if the government was not active enough against the Communists.


Question: How do you define a right-wing radical?

Lapuan Movement

The movement tried to appease public opinion with a bulletin.


Question: How do you define a right-wing radical?

Lapuan Movement

During the march, both the Lapua movement and the government pledged to fight for the eradication of communism and to support each other.


Question: How do you define a right-wing radical?

Lapuan Movement

However, the government asked the Popular Movement to stop using the right of own hands.


Question: How do you define a right-wing radical?

Lapuan Movement

[2] The Kallio government designed a package of laws aimed at banning all activities interpreted as communist.


Question: How do you define a right-wing radical?

Lapuan Movement

With the Social Democrats opposing the motion, the government in parliament failed to win over the qualified majority of at least two-thirds needed to amend the constitution, leaving some of the laws to rest over the elections.


Question: How do you define a right-wing radical?

Lapuan Movement

In retaliation, the Lapuans kidnapped (Revelation) 17—18.


Question: How do you define a right-wing radical?

Lapuan Movement

On July 1930 Väinö Hakkilan, the Social Democratic Deputy Speaker of the Parliament, from Tampere Teisko through Lapua to Kuortane and assaulted him.


Question: How do you define a right-wing radical?

Lapuan Movement

[18] In this case, in order to expedite consideration of the Communist laws, President Relander dissolved parliament on 15 July 1930 and ordered new elections to be held 1—2.


Question: How do you define a right-wing radical?

Lapuan Movement

on October 1930.


Question: How do you define a right-wing radical?

Lapuan Movement

[13] Intimidation and pressure from the Lapuan movement set the tone for the electoral struggle.


Question: How do you define a right-wing radical?

Lapuan Movement

The government gave the land lords broad powers to block electoral activity on the far left.


Question: How do you define a right-wing radical?

Lapuan Movement

President Relander urged the people to vote for candidates who would pass communist laws.


Question: How do you define a right-wing radical?

Lapuan Movement

The Coalition and the SDP increased their number of seats, but with the far left losing out of parliament entirely, the seats of the left were not enough for even a third blocking minority.


Question: How do you define a right-wing radical?

Lapuan Movement

The new parliament passed communist laws in October 1930.


Question: How do you define a right-wing radical?

Lapuan Movement

[13] All political and professional organisational activities interpreted as “communist” were abolished, and persons suspected of being communists were denied the right to participate in elections under the Constitution of Finland.


Question: How do you define a right-wing radical?

Lapuan Movement

[19] Suspected communists were also imprisoned; often on fabricated or fraudulent charges.


Question: How do you define a right-wing radical?

Lapuan Movement

[20] [21] In Finland, the President of the Parliament is the second highest-ranking person after the President of the Republic.


Question: How do you define a right-wing radical?

Lapuan Movement

Thus, riding Väinö Hakkila, the Deputy Speaker of the Parliament and Municipal Mayor of the City of Tampere (1920—1952), against his will, was an impressive and publicity-inducing act.


Question: How do you define a right-wing radical?

Lapuan Movement

On July 18, 1930, the first ride took place to really nip in public support of the movement.


Question: How do you define a right-wing radical?

Lapuan Movement

The lows of popular movement can be considered to begin from that day.


Question: How do you define a right-wing radical?

Lapuan Movement

At the time, the Social Democrat in the highest state position, Väinö Hakkila, the deputy speaker of parliament, who was going to his summer villa in Teisko, was riding.


Question: How do you define a right-wing radical?

Lapuan Movement

Hakkila was stopped in Teisko at gunpoint and forced into another car.


Question: How do you define a right-wing radical?

Lapuan Movement

Even though he belonged to the right wing of his party, Hakkila was paraphrased because of his criticism of the modes of the popular movement, especially the amuses.


Question: How do you define a right-wing radical?

Lapuan Movement

Hakkila was taken to Kuortane, during the journey she was threatened to be taken to the Soviet Union and was planted in an anthill.


Question: How do you define a right-wing radical?

Lapuan Movement

However, Jussi Muilu prevented Hakkila's killing.


Question: How do you define a right-wing radical?

Lapuan Movement

Eventually, Hakkila expressed support for Lapua's movement and promised to retire from politics, thus releasing him.


Question: How do you define a right-wing radical?

Lapuan Movement

[2] The ride in Väinö Hakkila was planned by Eino Haarla, a financial supporter of the Lapua movement, son of trade adviser Rafael Haarla, President of the Revolutionary War Front Union, Eero Rekola, a business assistant, and Yngve Mustonen, a business assistant.


Question: How do you define a right-wing radical?

Lapuan Movement

All were Tampereans.


Question: How do you define a right-wing radical?

Lapuan Movement

Haarla and Rekola recruited five paraphernalia, led by Arvi Kalsta, the ice captain who was later head of the Finnish People's Organisation.


Question: How do you define a right-wing radical?

Lapuan Movement

Kalsta was sentenced as the lead perpetrator of the ride to an eight-month discipline room sentence.


Question: How do you define a right-wing radical?

Lapuan Movement

The reputation of the Revolutionary War Front Men Union suffered badly with the ride.


Question: How do you define a right-wing radical?

Lapuan Movement

The act was widely condemned and subsequently as a sure supporter of the Lapua movement in the press, mostly only Uusiu Suomi and, to some extent, Aamulehti.


Question: How do you define a right-wing radical?

Lapuan Movement

With the ride of Väinö Hakkila, the county lord of Vaasa County, Erik Heinrichs, resigned from the position he considered untenable.


Question: How do you define a right-wing radical?

Lapuan Movement

Lapua's movement was put on the defensive by a ride that clearly showed the fieldfolk had been radicalised and initiated their anti-Social Democrat activities.


Question: How do you define a right-wing radical?

Lapuan Movement

The radical leader of the Lapua movement, the vicar of Lapua, Kaarlo Rietrikki Kares, disliked the idealization of violence, but declared that it was a kind of revolution and that life had its own hard laws.


Question: How do you define a right-wing radical?

Lapuan Movement

In many civic circles, this statement of Kares caused astonishment and consternation: This was followed by the most radical part: The portion of the radical statement of Kares, which spoke of overturning the autonomy of parliamentary parties, was received by citizens who supported the republican form of government on his hind legs.


Question: How do you define a right-wing radical?

Lapuan Movement

Kares had already declared Vihtori Kosola the “People's Leader chosen by God” in the summer.


Question: How do you define a right-wing radical?

Lapuan Movement

This proclamation subsequently became highly known.


Question: How do you define a right-wing radical?

Lapuan Movement

In September 1930, however, in Turku, Kosola tried to appease statements belonging to the radical wing, saying: “The Lapua movement has not sought and does not seek to dominate the country.


Question: How do you define a right-wing radical?

Lapuan Movement

For that are the government, the parliament and the various governing bodies”.


Question: How do you define a right-wing radical?

Lapuan Movement

[2] Onni Happonen murder Along with the slaying of Suutari Erik Itto, the most famous blood act of the Lapua movement was the murder of Social Democrat Onni Happonen, chairman of the Heinävesi Municipal Board.


Question: How do you define a right-wing radical?

Lapuan Movement

On 1 September 1930, he was kidnapped in connection with a local council meeting in front of a large crowd of people by forcing Happone using violence into a passenger car.


Question: How do you define a right-wing radical?

Lapuan Movement

His body was found two years later buried in the forest just off the Karvio Canal along the road between Joensuu and Varkaus.


Question: How do you define a right-wing radical?

Lapuan Movement

The body showed signs of a fierce beating and an autopsy determined the death had been caused by a bullet fired in the head.


Question: How do you define a right-wing radical?

Lapuan Movement

[22] Otto Pakarinen, a laborer, was condemned for the killing of Happonen, who, however, had apparently taken the blame for a large sum of money.


Question: How do you define a right-wing radical?

Lapuan Movement

Despite eyewitnesses to the abduction, the true culprits of the murder went undetermined and unpunished.


Question: How do you define a right-wing radical?

Lapuan Movement

Members of the Lapuan movement from Kuopio or Heinävesi's own activists, who have been considered at least named Onni Hartio, are suspected of being the real culprits.


Question: How do you define a right-wing radical?

Lapuan Movement

[23] After the funeral of Onni Happonen, the wreaths laid on the tomb during the following night were dispersed and spread around the churchyard.


Question: How do you define a right-wing radical?

Lapuan Movement

[22] Autumn Parliamentary elections 1930 and the decline in support of the movement Parliamentary elections 1 to 2.


Question: How do you define a right-wing radical?

Lapuan Movement

October raised a political storm.


Question: How do you define a right-wing radical?

Lapuan Movement

The Lapua movement pressured bourgeois parties to create a pan-bourgeois front.


Question: How do you define a right-wing radical?

Lapuan Movement

Although the unity of the popular movement began to crack, as moderates and radicals began to take together even more.


Question: How do you define a right-wing radical?

Lapuan Movement

Eventually, the movement's leadership urged its supporters in mid-September to stop the rides under pressure from the government.