Question: Do they sing in songs of electronic music?

Eurovision Song Contest

The father of the idea was the EBU's French power figure Marcel Bezençon.


Question: Do they sing in songs of electronic music?

Eurovision Song Contest

The founding companies of the EBU had a need to invent television programmes of interest to all member countries.


Question: Do they sing in songs of electronic music?

Eurovision Song Contest

[14] The lowest common denominator was found in the singing competition and the festival di Sanremo, a national singing competition organised by the Italian state TV company RAI and Sanremo Casino, started in 1951.


Question: Do they sing in songs of electronic music?

Eurovision Song Contest

The EEC countries, namely France, Italy, the Netherlands, Luxembourg, Belgium and the Federal Republic of Germany, and Switzerland participated in the Eurovision Song Contest 1956.


Question: Do they sing in songs of electronic music?

Eurovision Song Contest

Each participating country was allowed to send two songs, most also had two soloists.


Question: Do they sing in songs of electronic music?

Eurovision Song Contest

Swiss Lys Assia won the competition with her song “Refrain”.


Question: Do they sing in songs of electronic music?

Eurovision Song Contest

Assia could be considered a prior favourite, as he was by far the most titled of the artists.


Question: Do they sing in songs of electronic music?

Eurovision Song Contest

The winner was chosen by a jury consisting of two members from each participating country.


Question: Do they sing in songs of electronic music?

Eurovision Song Contest

The Luxembourg broadcaster could not afford to send judges apart from one soloist, so the country asked the Swiss to vote for them.


Question: Do they sing in songs of electronic music?

Eurovision Song Contest

Austria, Great Britain and Denmark would have entered the 1956 Song Contest, but the countries did not register in time.


Question: Do they sing in songs of electronic music?

Eurovision Song Contest

[15] In the following years, the number of participating countries soared to the top twenty.


Question: Do they sing in songs of electronic music?

Eurovision Song Contest

Despite Switzerland's victory, the 1957 competition was held in Frankfurt am Main, West Germany, where a rule was imposed requiring the previous year's winner to hold the following year's competition.


Question: Do they sing in songs of electronic music?

Eurovision Song Contest

[16] The winning country of the previous year has, with some exceptions, organised the following competition.


Question: Do they sing in songs of electronic music?

Eurovision Song Contest

Country debuts Successful songs and performers Starting in the 1960s, songs that were successful in the competition more often also performed commercially well in Western Europe.


Question: Do they sing in songs of electronic music?

Eurovision Song Contest

Among the most famous and successful Eurovisa winners is the Swedish company ABBA, whose international career kicked off after “Waterloo” won the competition in 1974.


Question: Do they sing in songs of electronic music?

Eurovision Song Contest

In 1988, Canadian Céline Dion, who represented Switzerland, emerged as an international star some years after winning her visa after starting singing in English.


Question: Do they sing in songs of electronic music?

Eurovision Song Contest

Ireland's Johnny Logan has won the competition twice as a singer (1980 and 1987) and once as a composer (1992), but has nevertheless not achieved much international success outside of Eurovision.


Question: Do they sing in songs of electronic music?

Eurovision Song Contest

Actually, no world-successful artists have popped up from the competition since Dion.


Question: Do they sing in songs of electronic music?

Eurovision Song Contest

Other internationally known artists who have participated in Eurovisas have included Cliff Richard, Olivia Newton-John, Julio Iglesias, Baccara, Lara Fabian, The Shadows, Nana Mouskouri, Sandie Shaw, Alla Pugacheva, T.A.t.u., Las Ketchup, Dima Bilan, DJ Bobo, Patricia Kaas, Andrew Lloyd Webber, Blue, Engelbert Humperdinck and Bonnie Tyler.


Question: Do they sing in songs of electronic music?

Eurovision Song Contest

Finland won the 2006 Eurovision Song Contest Lord's with the song “Hard Rock Hallelujah” with a record 292 points.


Question: Do they sing in songs of electronic music?

Eurovision Song Contest

It is currently Finland's only Eurovisa win.


Question: Do they sing in songs of electronic music?

Eurovision Song Contest

In 2006, 37 countries were involved.


Question: Do they sing in songs of electronic music?

Eurovision Song Contest

Lord's score was broken in 2009, when Alexander Rybak of Norway sang the song “Fairytale” and won with 387 points.


Question: Do they sing in songs of electronic music?

Eurovision Song Contest

In 2009, five more countries were involved than 2006, making a total of 42 countries.


Question: Do they sing in songs of electronic music?

Eurovision Song Contest

Eurovisa rules Performers and language According to current rules, a country's performance on stage can have up to six performers and each performer must have reached the age of 16 by the date of the final.


Question: Do they sing in songs of electronic music?

Eurovision Song Contest

[19] Under current rules, there is no restriction on the nationality of performers or the language of the performance and the EBU does not interfere in how each country chooses its competition song and performer.


Question: Do they sing in songs of electronic music?

Eurovision Song Contest

Each country was forced to sing in one of its official languages between 1966 and 1972 and 1978—1998.


Question: Do they sing in songs of electronic music?

Eurovision Song Contest

Due to the language rule, songs from many commonly known historical figures and internationally understood concepts have been heard at the competitions, as well as rallying.


Question: Do they sing in songs of electronic music?

Eurovision Song Contest

Prior to 1966, it was considered clear that the songs would be sung in their own language.


Question: Do they sing in songs of electronic music?

Eurovision Song Contest

In 1965, Sweden performed their songs entirely in English, which is why a language rule was drawn up.


Question: Do they sing in songs of electronic music?

Eurovision Song Contest

[20] In Eurovision, a song must last no more than three minutes, and no profanity, product names, political or sexist references may be used in the lyrics.


Question: Do they sing in songs of electronic music?

Eurovision Song Contest

For example, the lyrics of a song that represented San Marino in 2012 had to be changed, as they reported on Facebook.


Question: Do they sing in songs of electronic music?

Eurovision Song Contest

Accompaniment Until 1998 in the Eurovision Song Contest, songs were accompanied by a large entertainment orchestra with strings, fans and comp groups.


Question: Do they sing in songs of electronic music?

Eurovision Song Contest

Each country sent its own conductor to the competition, who was responsible for the arrangement of the song, accompanied by a big orchestra.


Question: Do they sing in songs of electronic music?

Eurovision Song Contest

The 1973 Song Contest allowed the use of backing tapes provided that instruments had to be able to impersonate onstage with backing tape.


Question: Do they sing in songs of electronic music?

Eurovision Song Contest

[22] Most of the time, vocal groups did not play really on stage, but their accompaniment came from the tape.


Question: Do they sing in songs of electronic music?

Eurovision Song Contest

The 1979 contest saw the first performance without orchestral accompaniment, this was the Italian competition piece “Raggio di luna”.


Question: Do they sing in songs of electronic music?

Eurovision Song Contest

The mixed use of backing tapes and orchestra became more common in the 1980s as more electronic instruments were used in music.


Question: Do they sing in songs of electronic music?

Eurovision Song Contest

In the early 1990s, visas sought to ban background strips, but that rule was not officially in effect, although the use of background tape for a while decreased.


Question: Do they sing in songs of electronic music?

Eurovision Song Contest

The 1997 Song Contest allowed performances to be accompanied by a backing tape alone, with no onstage impersonation.


Question: Do they sing in songs of electronic music?

Eurovision Song Contest

[23] For the 1999 competition, the obliging section for orchestra arranging was removed from the rules, after which the orchestra has always been replaced with backing tapes.


Question: Do they sing in songs of electronic music?

Eurovision Song Contest

[22] However, the rules are absolute in that tapes must by no means contain any vocal contributions.


Question: Do they sing in songs of electronic music?

Eurovision Song Contest

All possible human voice performers must present live.


Question: Do they sing in songs of electronic music?

Eurovision Song Contest

Violation of this rule has led, for example, to Croatia losing some of its points in 1999.


Question: Do they sing in songs of electronic music?

Eurovision Song Contest

[24] Cheating On 6 February 2014, the European Broadcasting Association EBU confirmed that a broadcaster from a country had tried to cheat at the 2013 Eurovisa in Malmö by buying votes.


Question: Do they sing in songs of electronic music?

Eurovision Song Contest

After the Eurovisas in Malmö, a video circulated on the internet showing two Azerbaijanis having tried to buy votes from Lithuanian youths during the run-off vote.


Question: Do they sing in songs of electronic music?

Eurovision Song Contest

Azerbaijanis would have given money in return for being allowed to use Lithuanians” phones and vote with them.


Question: Do they sing in songs of electronic music?

Eurovision Song Contest

Lithuania gave Azerbaijan the full 12 points in the final.


Question: Do they sing in songs of electronic music?

Eurovision Song Contest

Azerbaijan eventually finished in second place.


Question: Do they sing in songs of electronic music?

Eurovision Song Contest

The EBU made a change to the rules that if any TV company buys votes or tries to cheat, it must be subject to a three-year ban on participation.


Question: Do they sing in songs of electronic music?

Eurovision Song Contest

[26] One country, Lebanon, has been subject to a ban on participation in Eurovision, when it did not intend to show Israel's appearance at the 2005 Eurovisa.


Question: Do they sing in songs of electronic music?

Eurovision Song Contest

[27] Lebanon withdrew from the Games because Israel announced at the last minute that they would participate in the Games.


Question: Do they sing in songs of electronic music?

Eurovision Song Contest

There are tensions between the two countries and Lebanese law says that Israeli material must not be performed in Lebanon.


Question: Do they sing in songs of electronic music?

Eurovision Song Contest

Participating countries The length of the Eurovision broadcast has always been desired to be no more than three hours, so the songs should be available in about three minutes.


Question: Do they sing in songs of electronic music?

Eurovision Song Contest

In 1987, the maximum number of competitors was set at 22 countries [28] and 23 in 1992.


Question: Do they sing in songs of electronic music?

Eurovision Song Contest

[29] [30] When the Eastern European Radio Organisation OIRT in 1993 became a member of the European Broadcasting Union EBU, Eastern European countries also became eligible to participate in the competition.


Question: Do they sing in songs of electronic music?

Eurovision Song Contest

This gradually increased the number of participating countries and eventually the broadcast time of the competition threatened to become too long.


Question: Do they sing in songs of electronic music?

Eurovision Song Contest

The number of participating countries was restricted so that countries that did poorly in the previous year were forced to spend a gap year.


Question: Do they sing in songs of electronic music?

Eurovision Song Contest

As the traditional countries of Eurovisas began to be threatened with relegation from the competitions, the rules were changed from 2000 onwards [31] so that France, Germany, Spain and Great Britain, the largest contributors to the EBU, were granted automatic entry rights.


Question: Do they sing in songs of electronic music?

Eurovision Song Contest

Italy also claimed automatic participation on the same basis.


Question: Do they sing in songs of electronic music?

Eurovision Song Contest

When the EBU did not agree to this, Italy withdrew from the entire event permanently.


Question: Do they sing in songs of electronic music?

Eurovision Song Contest

Eventually, after years of wrangling, the EBU agreed to Italy's demand and after a 13-year hiatus for the 2011 Eurovisa, the returned Italy became the fifth ruler of the right to participate.


Question: Do they sing in songs of electronic music?

Eurovision Song Contest

These countries are therefore referred to as the BIG5 bloc in Eurovision.


Question: Do they sing in songs of electronic music?

Eurovision Song Contest

Due to the increasing number of visa participants in Europe, in early 2003 the EBU decided to change the competition to two days since 2004, allowing up to 40 countries to participate in visas each year, although Finland broke the rule in 2007 with 42 participating countries.


Question: Do they sing in songs of electronic music?

Eurovision Song Contest

The direct finals berth was held by the ten best-performing countries from the previous year's final, as well as the Big4 countries.


Question: Do they sing in songs of electronic music?

Eurovision Song Contest

The others had to claim a finals spot via a qualifying competition held on the first day of the race (often Thursday), the semifinal.


Question: Do they sing in songs of electronic music?

Eurovision Song Contest

As the popularity of the Eurovision Song Contest continued to grow, it was decided to split the semi-final into two parts from 2008 onwards.


Question: Do they sing in songs of electronic music?

Eurovision Song Contest

Under the new rules, only the organizer and BIG5 are automatically in the finals.


Question: Do they sing in songs of electronic music?

Eurovision Song Contest

Twenty countries will be selected in the qualifying competitions for the final and their results will not be announced until the close of voting for the final competition.


Question: Do they sing in songs of electronic music?

Eurovision Song Contest

At the end of the qualifying competitions, only those who made it to the final are indicated in random order.


Question: Do they sing in songs of electronic music?

Eurovision Song Contest

Up to 44 active members of the EBU can participate in the competition at one time.


Question: Do they sing in songs of electronic music?

Eurovision Song Contest

[19] In 2015, in contrast to the previous procedure, 7 countries automatically went to the finals, when the Eurovision turned 60 years old and in honor of them, the EBU invited Australia to join.


Question: Do they sing in songs of electronic music?

Eurovision Song Contest

[18] The assumption was that Australia's participation would be a one-off, and therefore would not hamper the chances of countries competing in the semi-finals to qualify for an extension.


Question: Do they sing in songs of electronic music?

Eurovision Song Contest

In autumn 2015, the EBU announced that Australia would nevertheless continue to participate, but without the right to automatically qualify for the finals.


Question: Do they sing in songs of electronic music?

Eurovision Song Contest

Participating companies are required to broadcast the competition live on television.


Question: Do they sing in songs of electronic music?

Eurovision Song Contest

The winner of the previous contest will be the host country for Eurovisas, but the large expenses incurred from this honour have periodically become a problem for broadcasters.


Question: Do they sing in songs of electronic music?

Eurovision Song Contest

Voting The song that receives the most points in the voting is chosen as the winner of the competition.


Question: Do they sing in songs of electronic music?

Eurovision Song Contest

Beginning in 1957, juries gathered in each country and scores were distributed via telephone lines.


Question: Do they sing in songs of electronic music?

Eurovision Song Contest

Race organizers take direct satellite contact with each representative on the country's points board, who reads the points given out aloud.


Question: Do they sing in songs of electronic music?

Eurovision Song Contest

The presenter traditionally repeats the given score in English and French.


Question: Do they sing in songs of electronic music?

Eurovision Song Contest

One must not vote for one's own country.


Question: Do they sing in songs of electronic music?

Eurovision Song Contest

In 1997, five countries experimented with telephone voting, which was already introduced in almost every country the following year.


Question: Do they sing in songs of electronic music?

Eurovision Song Contest

[32] [33] In the spring of 2003, there was a lot of research in the media claiming that the Eurovisa juries agreed their scores, usually with neighbouring countries in advance.


Question: Do they sing in songs of electronic music?

Eurovision Song Contest

Because of this, in 2004, the EBU ordered every country to use telephone voting as the only possible way to vote in Eurovisas.


Question: Do they sing in songs of electronic music?

Eurovision Song Contest

[34] However, an eight-person panel continued to sit in each country, the results of which were used in the event of a failure to vote by telephone.


Question: Do they sing in songs of electronic music?

Eurovision Song Contest

Sounds have also been introduced if telephone votes are so minimal that it does not represent the opinion of a wide enough range.


Question: Do they sing in songs of electronic music?

Eurovision Song Contest

In Monaco, for example, the sound of the panel has been used regularly, as they give only one hundred votes, where in Germany, for example, almost one million telephone voices are accumulated every year.


Question: Do they sing in songs of electronic music?

Eurovision Song Contest

During the telephone voting, many public figures, most often former Eurovisa representatives of the country, have been invited as point-sharers.


Question: Do they sing in songs of electronic music?

Eurovision Song Contest

During the election voting, the points-splitters have generally been the presidents of each country's jury.


Question: Do they sing in songs of electronic music?

Eurovision Song Contest

Since the 2009 Eurovisa, the final and since 2010 also the semifinals have used mixed technology, with half of the points determined by telephone voting and half by factual hour ratios.


Question: Do they sing in songs of electronic music?

Eurovision Song Contest

Since 2013 has also been able to vote through the official mobile software of the contest.


Question: Do they sing in songs of electronic music?

Eurovision Song Contest

[35] Between 1997 and 2003, the voting time was five minutes (the time started only after the compilation), between 2004 and 2006 ten minutes and 15 minutes since 2007 (although in the most recent years this has slipped well).


Question: Do they sing in songs of electronic music?

Eurovision Song Contest

In 2010 and 2011, phone lines were already opened at the beginning of the broadcast before the first competition song, but in 2012 this custom was abandoned and switched back to a 15-minute practice.


Question: Do they sing in songs of electronic music?

Eurovision Song Contest

In 2002 and 2003, compilations were seen in reverse order relative to the order of appearance, while in other years they have always been in order of appearance.


Question: Do they sing in songs of electronic music?

Eurovision Song Contest

Since 1975, voting practice has been such that in each country votes are cast for 10 of the best performances in that country's opinion.


Question: Do they sing in songs of electronic music?

Eurovision Song Contest

The best performance gets 12 points, the second best 10 and are followed by 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2 and 1 points each.


Question: Do they sing in songs of electronic music?

Eurovision Song Contest

[36] Since 2006, only the three highest scores have been reported aloud by point dealers in order to speed up the drop of points, and the lowest points appear immediately in the box.


Question: Do they sing in songs of electronic music?

Eurovision Song Contest

[37] Prior to 1975 visas had different voting practices, for example each judge had one vote available to him or two judges from each country were sent on the spot to rate all songs on the same rating scale.


Question: Do they sing in songs of electronic music?

Eurovision Song Contest

In 1969, the top four countries received the same number of points and all of them were declared the winner, as the Eurovision rules did not state the procedure in the event of a draw.


Question: Do they sing in songs of electronic music?

Eurovision Song Contest

Accordingly, an addition to the rules was made in 1970 that if two or more countries share the number one status after scoring points, these countries perform their songs again and then the juries of different countries, except for the countries in the event of a tie, vote on their favourites.


Question: Do they sing in songs of electronic music?

Eurovision Song Contest

[38] [39] The rule was in force until the 1989 competition, when it was superseded by the practice of the highest number of points decided by the winner in the event of a tie.


Question: Do they sing in songs of electronic music?

Eurovision Song Contest

[40] [41] In 1991 Sweden and France received the same score and the same number of times the full 12 points, but as Sweden had scored the second highest points (10) more often than France, Sweden was declared the winner.


Question: Do they sing in songs of electronic music?

Eurovision Song Contest

[42] Since 2004, this practice has also been changed so that in the event of a tie, the higher ranking is awarded by a song that has received points from more countries.


Question: Do they sing in songs of electronic music?

Eurovision Song Contest

In 2016, the vote changed to have each country give scores of 1-8, 10 and 12 twice.


Question: Do they sing in songs of electronic music?

Eurovision Song Contest

In the first round, scores given by each country's expert panel are published and the second round publishes the scores determined by the public vote of all countries combined.


Question: Do they sing in songs of electronic music?

Eurovision Song Contest

[43] Eurovision will publish the results of the public vote by country after broadcast.


Question: Do they sing in songs of electronic music?

Eurovision Song Contest

In this way, the aim is to maintain the tension until the last, because in the previous years the votes had been very focused on the winner and the winner had already survived in the middle of scoring points so that many countries still shared their points after the declaration of the winner.


Question: Do they sing in songs of electronic music?

Eurovision Song Contest

Due to the new scoring system, points records have been broken, with twice the number of votes cast than before.


Question: Do they sing in songs of electronic music?

Eurovision Song Contest

In 2017, Portugal would have broken the points record with the old system as well.


Question: Do they sing in songs of electronic music?

Eurovision Song Contest

[44] Score records The score records in the singing competition have been broken every couple of years in the 2000s.


Question: Do they sing in songs of electronic music?

Eurovision Song Contest

In the old point-counting fashion, where votes from each country's expert and telephone polling are added together, the biggest ever point haul was collected by the 2009 winner, Norway's Alexander Rybak with his song “Fairytale.”


Question: Do they sing in songs of electronic music?

Eurovision Song Contest

Since 2016, the scores have been allocated differently, meaning judges give scores of 1-8, 10 and 12, and then audience votes are given in aggregate.


Question: Do they sing in songs of electronic music?

Eurovision Song Contest

Thus, the points were doubled, and the new point-counting system is not comparable with the old system.


Question: Do they sing in songs of electronic music?

Eurovision Song Contest

The current points record is held by the 2017 winner, Portugal's Salvador Sobral.


Question: Do they sing in songs of electronic music?

Eurovision Song Contest

Semifinals Since 2008, nine entries from each of the two semifinals will be selected for the final competition via telephone votes.


Question: Do they sing in songs of electronic music?

Eurovision Song Contest

The tenth participant is selected from the votes of the “vicarades”, so that the seat receives the most votes from the songs that are not among the nine who received the highest number of votes in the telephone vote.


Question: Do they sing in songs of electronic music?

Eurovision Song Contest

In 2010, the rule changed and the so-called town venue is no longer used, instead the 50/50 voting that had been in the final will also be introduced for the semi-final.


Question: Do they sing in songs of electronic music?

Eurovision Song Contest

The participating country must hold a vote in the semifinal in which it itself participates.


Question: Do they sing in songs of electronic music?

Eurovision Song Contest

BIG5 and organizing country are divided by lot into two groups voting in different semifinals.


Question: Do they sing in songs of electronic music?

Eurovision Song Contest

As of 2016, the host country and the five largest contributing countries perform in the semifinals, where voting.


Question: Do they sing in songs of electronic music?

Eurovision Song Contest

However, these countries automatically qualify for the finals.


Question: Do they sing in songs of electronic music?

Eurovision Song Contest

Official supervisors of Eurovisas Since 1964, voting at the competition venue has been supervised by the official EBU supervisor.


Question: Do they sing in songs of electronic music?

Eurovision Song Contest

[45] [46] Eurovisa winners By 2018, the most successful country has been Ireland, which has won the Games seven times.


Question: Do they sing in songs of electronic music?

Eurovision Song Contest

The second most successful country is Sweden, which has six victories.


Question: Do they sing in songs of electronic music?

Eurovision Song Contest

Luxembourg has five victories, as do Great Britain and France, one of whose victories have been shared between four countries.


Question: Do they sing in songs of electronic music?

Eurovision Song Contest

The highest number of second places, 15 pieces, is in Great Britain.


Question: Do they sing in songs of electronic music?

Eurovision Song Contest

Top ranking of non-profit countries Countries' previous participation times 42 countries participate in the 2019 Eurovisa.


Question: Do they sing in songs of electronic music?

Eurovision Song Contest

The following list shows the most recent entries of inactive member nations: Countries' previous times in the finals There were 26 countries competing in the 2018 final.


Question: Do they sing in songs of electronic music?

Eurovision Song Contest

The following list shows other countries' last times in the final: See also European Broadcasting Union Finland in the Eurovision Song Contest Languages in the Eurovision Song Contest Children's Eurovision Song Contest Eurovision Dance Contest Asiavision Song Contest Turkvision singing contest Sources Literature Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Pajala, Mari| title = Differences in order!


Question: Do they sing in songs of electronic music?

Eurovision Song Contest

Eurovision Song Contest, Nationality and Television History| location = Jyväskylä| publisher = University of Jyväskylä | year = 2006| version = Dissertation, University of Turku.


Question: Do they sing in songs of electronic music?

Eurovision Song Contest

Studies of the Centre for Contemporary Culture 88| id = ISBN 951-39-2583-8}} References Literature Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Kaivanto, Petri & Leskelä, Ari| title = Finnish Eurovision through times| location = Helsinki| publisher = F-cost| year = 2007| id = ISBN 978-952-461-122-0}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Kennedy O'Connor, John| title = Eurovision: Official history| location = Helsing| publisher = Thought | year = 2007| version = (The Eurovision Song Contest: The Official History, 2005.)


Question: Do they sing in songs of electronic music?

Eurovision Song Contest

Translated by Maria Lyytinen| id = ISBN 978-951-20-7007-7}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Loivamaa, Ismo & Seitajärvi, Juha| title = Eurovisutrivia year by year| location = Helsinki| publisher = Helsinki| publisher = Helsinki| year = 2007| id = ISBN 951-556-119-119-119 1}} Citation error, replace with {{ cite book| author = Murtomäki, Asko| title = Finland 12 points! | location = Helsinki| publisher = Works| year = 2007| id = ISBN 978-951-851-106-2}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Pajala, Mari| title = Differences in order!


Question: Do they sing in songs of electronic music?

Eurovision Song Contest

Eurovision Song Contest, Nationality and Television History| location = Jyväskylä | publisher = University of Jyväskylä, Contemporary Culture| year = 2006| version = Doctoral dissertation: University of Turku | id = ISBN 951-39-2583-8| format = [online version] (PDF)}} Transclusion error: {{En}} is only for use in File namespace.


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Eurovision Song Contest

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Eurovision Song Contest

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Eurovision Song Contest

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Eurovision Song Contest

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Question: Do they sing in songs of electronic music?

Eurovision Song Contest

(in French) * Category:Key articles of screening


Question: What year is PSN founded?

PlayStation

PlayStation (, officially abbreviated as PS, sometimes also PSX, PS1, or PSone) is a 32-bit fifth-generation game console developed by Sony.


Question: What year is PSN founded?

PlayStation

The PlayStation's name during its development phase was PSX.


Question: What year is PSN founded?

PlayStation

PlayStation was released in Japan on December 3, 1994, in the United States on September 9, 1995, and in Europe on September 29, 1995


Question: What year is PSN founded?

PlayStation

More than 100 million copies of the PlayStation have been sold and its games nearly a billion copies.


Question: What year is PSN founded?

PlayStation

Console manufacture ceased on March 23, 2006, 11 years after its release.


Question: What year is PSN founded?

PlayStation

The PlayStation was followed by the PlayStation 2 (2000), PlayStation 3 (2006), and PlayStation 4 (2013).


Question: What year is PSN founded?

PlayStation

History Development The PlayStation's initial roots go back to 1988.


Question: What year is PSN founded?

PlayStation

Nintendo had tried to use floppy disk technology with the Famicom, but there were problems with it.


Question: What year is PSN founded?

PlayStation

Magnetic floppy disks proved to be poorly durable, and could be copied easily.


Question: What year is PSN founded?

PlayStation

Thus, Nintendo was immediately interested when the specifications for the CDROM/XA, developed by Sony and Philips, were released.


Question: What year is PSN founded?

PlayStation

This expanded format of CD-ROM combined audio, image, and computer data, as well as allowing them to be used simultaneously.


Question: What year is PSN founded?

PlayStation

Nintendo approached Sony to develop a CD-ROM expansion for the Super Nintendo Entertainment System, which was then called “SNES-CD”.


Question: What year is PSN founded?

PlayStation

A deal came about, and work began.


Question: What year is PSN founded?

PlayStation

Sony also planned to develop another Sony-branded console that would be compatible with Nintendo but also better suited as a home entertainment hub.


Question: What year is PSN founded?

PlayStation

The new console would use both SNES's modules and the new CD format that Sony would design.


Question: What year is PSN founded?

PlayStation

This format would also be used on SNES CDs, reinforcing Sony's dominance despite Nintendo's leading position in the video game market.


Question: What year is PSN founded?

PlayStation

The SNES-CD was to be showcased in June 1991 at the Computer Electronics Show.


Question: What year is PSN founded?

PlayStation

Nintendo's Hiroshi Yamauchi discovered that Nintendo's original agreement with Sony from 1988 guaranteed Sony complete control over games released with the SNES CD format.


Question: What year is PSN founded?

PlayStation

He became enraged, stating the deal was completely impossible; at the same time, he withdrew all SNES CD plans for Nintendo and Sony in secret.


Question: What year is PSN founded?

PlayStation

So it wasn't at CES that a collaboration deal was celebrated; Nintendo chairman Howard Lincoln took the stage and revealed that they were now partnering with Philips.


Question: What year is PSN founded?

PlayStation

All the work that had been done with Nintendo and Sony was to be abandoned.


Question: What year is PSN founded?

PlayStation

Lincoln and Minoru Arakawa, unbeknownst to Sony, had flown to Europe to Philips headquarters and formed a different alliance in which Nintendo would have a better license for equipment manufactured by Philips.


Question: What year is PSN founded?

PlayStation

Nintendo's announcement was jarring.


Question: What year is PSN founded?

PlayStation

It was a surprise to the fair guests (Sony had just the night before been presenting a collaborative project under the name “Play Station”), and Japanese audiences saw it as a betrayal: it was unheard of in Japanese business culture for a Japanese company to abandon its compatriots and go on the Europeans' bandwagon.


Question: What year is PSN founded?

PlayStation

After the collaboration project fell, Sony first considered suspending the research project, but ultimately decided to take advantage of the work already done and finish the product into a finished console.


Question: What year is PSN founded?

PlayStation

In this case, Nintendo filed a challenge stating that Nintendo had the rights to the name and the release should be blocked.


Question: What year is PSN founded?

PlayStation

The judge ultimately ruled the case in Sony's favor.


Question: What year is PSN founded?

PlayStation

In October 1991, the first versions of “Sony Play Station” were finally produced.


Question: What year is PSN founded?

PlayStation

It is estimated that only about 200 pieces of these devices were made.


Question: What year is PSN founded?

PlayStation

At the end of 1992, Nintendo and Sony reached an agreement whereby Sony Play Station would support SNES's games.


Question: What year is PSN founded?

PlayStation

At this point, however, Sony discovered that SNES's technology was beginning to become obsolete and a new generation of gaming machines were soon to come.


Question: What year is PSN founded?

PlayStation

So it completely redesigned Play Station from early 1993, in connection with which SNES support was dropped and the space bar was removed from the name.


Question: What year is PSN founded?

PlayStation

Sony rightly predicted that the future of gaming graphics would be in sprites rather than polygons, and PlayStation became the first game console designed for authentic 3D graphics.


Question: What year is PSN founded?

PlayStation

[1] PlayStation is one of the most long-lived products in the history of the gaming industry; the device was produced for over 11 years.


Question: What year is PSN founded?

PlayStation

On March 23, 2006, Sony announced that it would stop making PlayStation One units.


Question: What year is PSN founded?

PlayStation

Sales by May 18, 2004, Sony had sold 100 million PlayStation and PSone consoles worldwide.


Question: What year is PSN founded?

PlayStation

As of March 2005, 7743 different repertoires were on offer, with a total of 959 million copies sold.


Question: What year is PSN founded?

PlayStation

The PlayStation logo was designed by Manabu Sakamoto, who also designed the logos for Sony's Vaio products.


Question: What year is PSN founded?

PlayStation

Among the most famous PlayStation games The console was very popular and spawned the so-called “pleica generation”.


Question: What year is PSN founded?

PlayStation

Some of the best-known games on PlayStation were Tomb Raider, Final Fantasy VII, Resident Evil, Tekken, Ridge Racer, WipeOut, Gran Turismo, Crash Bandicoot, Spyro, as well as Metal Gear Solid.


Question: What year is PSN founded?

PlayStation

Other Versions The first new version was an early 1996 update that sought to reduce problems from overheating.


Question: What year is PSN founded?

PlayStation

Several gamers had complained of video pipes jerking as well as the ticking sound coming from the console.


Question: What year is PSN founded?

PlayStation

The problem appeared to be tricked by turning the console upside down or sideways, although some players were content to hit the console deck.


Question: What year is PSN founded?

PlayStation

This problem was subsequently inherited to the first generation PlayStation 2.


Question: What year is PSN founded?

PlayStation

Sony did not change the technical characteristics or appearance of the console but did remove the RCA ports left over from the Japanese version.


Question: What year is PSN founded?

PlayStation

At the same time, the parallel port was also removed for cost reasons, and the company slightly improved the method of assembling the laser unit.


Question: What year is PSN founded?

PlayStation

Sony manufactured a redesigned version of the original console that could fit into a smaller, more ergonomic case (i.e., effectively a slim version).


Question: What year is PSN founded?

PlayStation

The new device was renamed PSOne and was introduced in September 2000.


Question: What year is PSN founded?

PlayStation

You can extend the PlayStation's capabilities by installing a mod circuit.


Question: What year is PSN founded?

PlayStation

In this case, it is possible to play games imported from other countries, as well as games that have not received official approval from Sony.


Question: What year is PSN founded?

PlayStation

Also, playing pirated games is successful on such a circuit.


Question: What year is PSN founded?

PlayStation

Technical characteristics Main processor MIPS R3000A compliant (R3051) 32-bit RISC chip running at 33.8688 MHz by LSI Logic Corp.


Question: What year is PSN founded?

PlayStation

manufactures the circuit using technology licensed from SGI.


Question: What year is PSN founded?

PlayStation

Features: Computing power: 30 MIPS Bus bandwidth: 132 Mbit/s Instruction cache: 4 KB Data cache: 1 KB Geometric unit This section is located inside the main processor and provides the machine with the vector calculation commands necessary for 3D graphics.


Question: What year is PSN founded?

PlayStation

Features: Computing power: 66 MIPS 360000 filled polygons per second 180000 texture mapped and illuminated polygons per second Data extraction unit This circuit inside the central processing unit handles the extraction of images and videos.


Question: What year is PSN founded?

PlayStation

Graphics Unit This circuit separate from the central processing unit handles the drawing of 2D graphics (including 3D polygons converted to 2D format).


Question: What year is PSN founded?

PlayStation

Features: 16.7 million colors Resolution between 256×224 and 640×480 4000 8 x 8 size sprites with sprite-specific scaling and rotation Parallax separation Flat and gouraud shading and texturing Audio unit 24 channels 44.1 kilohertz sampling rate Memory 2 megabytes of RAM 1 megabyte of video memory 512 kilobytes audio memory 512 kilobytes operating system ROM CD-ROM drive Double speed (maximum 300 KB/s) See also PlayStation Portable PocketStation Sources On topic elsewhere Category:Sony Game Consoles Category:Key articles on screening


Question: Who decided at the time of the Qing dynasty who would become the next emperor?

Shunzhi

Qing Shunzhi (,) (15 March 1638 — 5 February 1661) was the third ruler of the Manchuan Qing dynasty and the first Chinese emperor of this lineage from 1644 to 1661.


Question: Who decided at the time of the Qing dynasty who would become the next emperor?

Shunzhi

A task force imposed by the Mancha princes chose him to succeed his father, Hong Taiji (1592—1643), in September 1643, when he was five years old.


Question: Who decided at the time of the Qing dynasty who would become the next emperor?

Shunzhi

The princes also appointed two co-rulers: Dorgon (1612—1650), the fourteenth son of Nurhaci (1559—1626), the founder of the Qing dynasty, and Jirgalang (1599—1655), one of Nurchaci's nephews, both of whom belonged to the Qing lineage.


Question: Who decided at the time of the Qing dynasty who would become the next emperor?

Shunzhi

From 1643 to 1650, political power was chiefly in the hands of Dorgon.


Question: Who decided at the time of the Qing dynasty who would become the next emperor?

Shunzhi

Under his reign, the Qing dynasty conquered most of the territories belonging to the defeated Ming dynasty (1368—1644), expelled the loyal supporters of the Ming dynasty to the far southwestern provinces and laying the foundation for the Qing dynasty's rule in China despite some much indignation from provoked measures such as the “Haircut Ordinance” of 1645, by which subjects of the Qing dynasty were forced to shave off their bangs and tie their remaining hair into a plait consistent with the Manchuan hair pattern.


Question: Who decided at the time of the Qing dynasty who would become the next emperor?

Shunzhi

After Dorgon died on the last day of 1650, the young monarch began to rule himself.


Question: Who decided at the time of the Qing dynasty who would become the next emperor?

Shunzhi

He tried, with varying success, to fight corruption and reduce the political influence of the Mancha nobility.


Question: Who decided at the time of the Qing dynasty who would become the next emperor?

Shunzhi

As recently as the 1650s, groups loyal to the Ming dynasty made resistance to him, but by 1661 his armies had defeated the last enemies of the Qing dynasty such as sea captain Koxinga (1624—1662) and Prince of Gui (1623—1662), ruler of the Southern Ming dynasty, who both perished the following year.


Question: Who decided at the time of the Qing dynasty who would become the next emperor?

Shunzhi

Emperor Shunzhi died at the age of 22 from smallpox, a highly contagious disease that was endemic in China but against which the Manchus had no immunity.


Question: Who decided at the time of the Qing dynasty who would become the next emperor?

Shunzhi

He was succeeded by his third son Xuanye, who had already survived smallpox, and who reigned for the next 60 years under the name Kangxi.


Question: Who decided at the time of the Qing dynasty who would become the next emperor?

Shunzhi

As fewer documents have survived from Shunzhi's reign than from the days of later emperors of the Qing dynasty, Shunzhi's reign is a somewhat poorly known phase in Chinese history.


Question: Who decided at the time of the Qing dynasty who would become the next emperor?

Shunzhi

“Shunzhi” was the Chinese name of this emperor's reign.


Question: Who decided at the time of the Qing dynasty who would become the next emperor?

Shunzhi

This name has its counterpart in the Manchu and Mongol languages, as the Qing dynasty was Manchuan and also ruled many Mongol tribes, which helped the Qing dynasty conquer China.


Question: Who decided at the time of the Qing dynasty who would become the next emperor?

Shunzhi

The emperor's own name was Fulin, and upon his death he received the temple name Shizu (k-zh|), with which he was worshipped in the Imperial Ancestral Temple.


Question: Who decided at the time of the Qing dynasty who would become the next emperor?

Shunzhi

Historical Background The original caption explained that the Jurchens lived near the Changbai mountain range and wore deerskin shoes and clothing made from fish scales.


Question: Who decided at the time of the Qing dynasty who would become the next emperor?

Shunzhi

[1] As recently as the 1580s, when China was ruled by the Ming dynasty (1368—1644), the Jurchen peoples inhabited the area northeast of China in what is now called Northeast China or Manchuria.


Question: Who decided at the time of the Qing dynasty who would become the next emperor?

Shunzhi

[2] As a result of battles that took place from the 1580s until the 1610s, Nurhaci (1559—1626), leader of the Jianzhou Jurchens, united most of the Jurchen tribes under their rule.


Question: Who decided at the time of the Qing dynasty who would become the next emperor?

Shunzhi

[3] One of his most notable reforms was the amalgamation of the Jurchen clans under four different colours, yellow, white, red and blue war flags; each of these groups was further divided into two subgroups, in order to bring about the social and military system, [4] flag-army.


Question: Who decided at the time of the Qing dynasty who would become the next emperor?

Shunzhi

[5] Nurhaci handed over the leadership of these flags to his sons and grandsons.


Question: Who decided at the time of the Qing dynasty who would become the next emperor?

Shunzhi

[6] Around the year 1612, Nurhaci gave his own clan the new name Aisin Gioro (“golden Gioro”) on the one hand to distinguish his own family from other branches of the genus Gioro, on the other to refer to an earlier dynasty founded by the Jurchens, the Jin dynasty, a “golden dynasty” that had ruled China in 1115—1234 [7] In 1616, Nurhaci declared the establishment of the later Jin dynasty and hereby declared the Jurchens independent from the Ming dynasty.


Question: Who decided at the time of the Qing dynasty who would become the next emperor?

Shunzhi

[8] Over the next few years, he conquered most of Liaodong's major cities from China.


Question: Who decided at the time of the Qing dynasty who would become the next emperor?

Shunzhi

[9] His victory passage ended in February 1626 with the Battle of Ningyuan, where he was defeated by the Ming commander Yuan Chonghuan with the help of a cannon he had recently acquired from the Portuguese.


Question: Who decided at the time of the Qing dynasty who would become the next emperor?

Shunzhi

[10] Likely wounded in battle, Nurhaci died a few months later.


Question: Who decided at the time of the Qing dynasty who would become the next emperor?

Shunzhi

[11] Nurhachi's son and successor Hong Taiji (1592—1643) continued his father's efforts to build the state: he centralized power in his own hands, shaped the later Jin regime to suit the Chinese model, procured the Mongols as allies, and recruited Chinese soldiers into the Eight Flags.


Question: Who decided at the time of the Qing dynasty who would become the next emperor?

Shunzhi

[12] In 1629, he led a war expedition to the vicinity of Beijing, where he captured Chinese flamboyans who could infuse cannons of Portuguese design.


Question: Who decided at the time of the Qing dynasty who would become the next emperor?

Shunzhi

[13] In 1635, Hong Taiji changed the name of the Jurchen people to Manchu, and in 1636 he gave his dynasty the new name Qing.


Question: Who decided at the time of the Qing dynasty who would become the next emperor?

Shunzhi

In 1643, having conquered the rest of Liadong's cities, he prepared for a battle against the Ming dynasty, which was in great trouble because the state was bankrupt, devastating pestilence in the country, and widespread famine had led to uprisings.


Question: Who decided at the time of the Qing dynasty who would become the next emperor?

Shunzhi

[14] [15] Becoming emperor When Hong Taiji died on 21 September 1643 without appointing himself a successor, the young Qing state threatened to enter a serious crisis.


Question: Who decided at the time of the Qing dynasty who would become the next emperor?

Shunzhi

[16] [17] [18] Several power aspirants, led by Nurhaci's second and oldest surviving son Daišan, Nurhaci's fourteenth and fifteenth sons Dorgon and Dodo, and Hong Taiji's eldest son Hooge, began to argue among themselves over the throne.


Question: Who decided at the time of the Qing dynasty who would become the next emperor?

Shunzhi

[19] Along with his brothers Dodo and Ajige, 31-year-old Dorgon led the White Flags, 60-year-old Daišan both Reds, while 34-year-old Hooge was loyal to his father's two Yellow Flags.


Question: Who decided at the time of the Qing dynasty who would become the next emperor?

Shunzhi

[20] [21] The decision of who became the new Qing emperor was entrusted to the Council of Princes and Ministers, which was the main deciding body of the Manchus until the establishment of the Great Council of the Qing Dynasty in the 1720s.


Question: Who decided at the time of the Qing dynasty who would become the next emperor?

Shunzhi

[22] [23] [24] Many Manchu princes recommended Dorgon, who was already a distinguished military leader, as emperor, but Dorgon refused and insisted that one of Hong Taiji's sons should succeed his father.


Question: Who decided at the time of the Qing dynasty who would become the next emperor?

Shunzhi

[25] In order to recognize Dorgon's position of rank while the crown remained in the lineage of Hong Taiji's descendants, the council members elected Hong Taiji's ninth son, Fulin, as the new emperor, but decided that Dorgon and Nurhachi's nephew Jirgalang had to exercise power as long as then only five years old Fulin was a minor.


Question: Who decided at the time of the Qing dynasty who would become the next emperor?

Shunzhi

[25] Fulin was officially crowned Emperor of China on 8 November 1643, at the same time being given the Chinese monarch title of Shunzhi. [26].


Question: Who decided at the time of the Qing dynasty who would become the next emperor?

Shunzhi

Due to the scarce number of documents surviving from Shunzhi's reign, it is a somewhat poorly known phase in the history of the Qing dynasty.


Question: Who decided at the time of the Qing dynasty who would become the next emperor?

Shunzhi

[27] Dorgon's reign (1643—1650) On 17 February 1644, Jirgalang, who was an able military leader but who seemed uninterested in the management of state affairs, gladly ceded power over all official matters to Dorgon.


Question: Who decided at the time of the Qing dynasty who would become the next emperor?

Shunzhi

[28] Following the revelation on 6 May of the same year that Hooge had been plotting against the Dorgon government, Hooge lost his title of Imperial Prince and others involved in the plot were executed [29] In Dorgon's reign, the Manchus conquered almost all of China in a short time after extensive peasant revolts had broken out in the country and Chongzhen, the last emperor of the Ming dynasty, had committed suicide on 25 April 1644.


Question: Who decided at the time of the Qing dynasty who would become the next emperor?

Shunzhi

During Shunzhi's own reign (1651—1661), deposed by Dorgon supporters, Dorgon died unexpectedly on a hunting trip on 31 December 1650.


Question: Who decided at the time of the Qing dynasty who would become the next emperor?

Shunzhi

This led to intense infighting and gave cause for deep political reforms.


Question: Who decided at the time of the Qing dynasty who would become the next emperor?

Shunzhi

[30] [31] As Dorgon's supporters still held great influence at court, Dorgon received an imperial burial and posthumously the imperial title of “Righteous Emperor (yi huangdi). [30].


Question: Who decided at the time of the Qing dynasty who would become the next emperor?

Shunzhi

On the same day in mid-January 1651, however, a few White Flag officers led by Dorgon's supporter Ubai captured Dorgon's brother Ajige, fearing that he might proclaim himself as the new ruler; Ubai and his officers instead appointed themselves several as presidents of ministries and prepared to rule the kingdom.


Question: Who decided at the time of the Qing dynasty who would become the next emperor?

Shunzhi

[30] In the meantime, Jirgalang, who in 1647 had been stripped of the rank of ruler, was supported by officers of the flagship army, who had been unhappy during Dorgon's reign.


Question: Who decided at the time of the Qing dynasty who would become the next emperor?

Shunzhi

[32] In order to gain support for the Emperor from among the Yellow Flags, which had belonged to the Qing monarch since the time of Hong Taiji, and to win over followers from the Completely White Flag of Dorgon, Jirgalang bestowed upon these the title “Top Three Flags” (shang san qi; Manchu: dergi ilan gūsa), and from then on they these were under the control and control of the emperor.


Question: Who decided at the time of the Qing dynasty who would become the next emperor?

Shunzhi

[33] [32] Oboi and Suksaha, who in 1661 under Emperor Kangxi became regents, were among those Flag Army officers who supported Jirgalang, and Jirgalang convened a Council of Negotiating Princes to reward them.


Question: Who decided at the time of the Qing dynasty who would become the next emperor?

Shunzhi

[32] On 1 February, Jirgalang announced that the then 13-year-old Shinzhi would now gain control of full imperial power.


Question: Who decided at the time of the Qing dynasty who would become the next emperor?

Shunzhi

[32] The guardianship government was thus abolished altogether.


Question: Who decided at the time of the Qing dynasty who would become the next emperor?

Shunzhi

In late February or early March, he accused Dorgon of pursuing the emperor's power: Dorgon was considered guilty, and was posthumously stripped of all rank and honours posthumously awarded to him.


Question: Who decided at the time of the Qing dynasty who would become the next emperor?

Shunzhi

[32] Jirgalang continued to purge the regime of former members of the Dorgon clique, granting high positions of rank and nobility to a growing number of followers of the Three Imperial Flags, so that in 1652 all of Dorgon's former supporters had either been killed or effectively dismissed from their posts.


Question: Who decided at the time of the Qing dynasty who would become the next emperor?

Shunzhi

[34] Political disputes and struggle against corruption Only just over two months after coming to power, on 7 April 1651, Shunzhi issued a proclamation that he would come to root out corruption in the civil service.


Question: Who decided at the time of the Qing dynasty who would become the next emperor?

Shunzhi

[35] This proclamation brought about a great deal of controversy between scholars, who gave him much care until his death.


Question: Who decided at the time of the Qing dynasty who would become the next emperor?

Shunzhi

[36] As one of his first acts, he dismissed the great academician Feng Quan (; 1595—1672), a northern Chinese who was indicted for a crime of state as early as 1645 others whom Dorgon, who had been regent, had allowed to remain in office.


Question: Who decided at the time of the Qing dynasty who would become the next emperor?

Shunzhi

[37] [38] In place of Feng, Shunzhi appointed Chen Mingxian (; ca.


Question: Who decided at the time of the Qing dynasty who would become the next emperor?

Shunzhi

1601—1654), an influential Southern Chinese who was well known in Jiangnan literary circles.


Question: Who decided at the time of the Qing dynasty who would become the next emperor?

Shunzhi

[36] [38] Although Chen too faced expulsion at the end of 1651 on charges of abusing his influence, he was restored to his post in 1653, and soon became a close personal adviser to Chunzhi.


Question: Who decided at the time of the Qing dynasty who would become the next emperor?

Shunzhi

[39] He was even allowed to sketch imperial letters of command, as the “great secretaries” of the Ming dynasty had done.


Question: Who decided at the time of the Qing dynasty who would become the next emperor?

Shunzhi

[40] As recently as 1653, Shunzhi decided to recall the dismissed Feng Quan, but instead of balancing the numbers of southern and northern Chinese officials at court, as the emperor had intended, Feng's return only precipitated internal strife within the civil service.


Question: Who decided at the time of the Qing dynasty who would become the next emperor?

Shunzhi

[41] In a number of disputes fought at court between 1653 and 1654, the Southern Chinese formed their own faction, opposing the Northern Chinese and Manchu.


Question: Who decided at the time of the Qing dynasty who would become the next emperor?

Shunzhi

[42] In April 1654, when Chen Mingxia was addressing a northern Chinese official, Ning Wanwo (; d.


Question: Who decided at the time of the Qing dynasty who would become the next emperor?

Shunzhi

1665) for restoring court outfits early in the Ming dynasty, Ning immediately gave Chen light to the emperor, accusing him of many crimes including bribe-taking, nepotism, cornering, and defying imperial privileges.


Question: Who decided at the time of the Qing dynasty who would become the next emperor?

Shunzhi

[43] Chen was executed by strangulation on 27 April 1654.


Question: Who decided at the time of the Qing dynasty who would become the next emperor?

Shunzhi

[44] In November 1657, a major kickback scandal arose at the Shunzhi provincial-level civil service examination in Beijing.


Question: Who decided at the time of the Qing dynasty who would become the next emperor?

Shunzhi

[45] Eight Jiangnanese aspirants who were relatives of Beijing officials bribed the exam organisers in the hope of receiving better grades in the degree.


Question: Who decided at the time of the Qing dynasty who would become the next emperor?

Shunzhi

[46] Seven examiners found guilty of accepting bribes were executed, and several hundred were sentenced to other punishments such as expulsion or confiscation of property.


Question: Who decided at the time of the Qing dynasty who would become the next emperor?

Shunzhi

[47] The scandal, which soon spread to Nanking's remand circles, exposed widespread corruption and abuse of influence in the civil service, and soon many northern Chinese moralistic officials considered the reason for the fact that there were literary clubs in the south and that classical erudition had degenerated.


Question: Who decided at the time of the Qing dynasty who would become the next emperor?

Shunzhi

[48] Chinese leadership model During his brief reign, Emperor Shunzhi encouraged Han Chinese to participate in governmental activities and restored many old Chinese institutions that under the Dorgon Regent Government had been abolished or lost their relevance.


Question: Who decided at the time of the Qing dynasty who would become the next emperor?

Shunzhi

He discussed history, Chinese classical literature and policies with great academics like the aforementioned Chen Mingxia, jan new men such as Wang Xi (; 1628—1703), a young Northern Chinese who was fluent in Manchu, settled at his court.


Question: Who decided at the time of the Qing dynasty who would become the next emperor?

Shunzhi

[49] The “Six Decrees” (Liu yu) issued by Shunzhi in 1652 preceded the Kangxi “Sacred Decrees” (Shengyu) of 1670: they were the bare bones of Confucian Orthodoxy” that required the inhabitants of the country to respect their parents and ancestors, as well as obey laws.


Question: Who decided at the time of the Qing dynasty who would become the next emperor?

Shunzhi

[50] [51] As another step towards Chinese-model rule, the Emperor restored the Hanlin Academy and the Great Office in 1658.


Question: Who decided at the time of the Qing dynasty who would become the next emperor?

Shunzhi

These two restored Ming early institutions further diminished the power of the Manchuan upper class and threatened to resurrect the politicking of scholars that had been an affliction during the late days of the Ming dynasty, when mutually divisive factions attempted to shield influence the actions of the Great Office.


Question: Who decided at the time of the Qing dynasty who would become the next emperor?

Shunzhi

[52] In order to reduce the influence of the Imperial Court Office and the Manchu-nobility, in July 1653, Shunzhi established the Thirteen Agencies, or Thirteen Eunuchs, which were under the control of the Manchus but whose members were not Manchus but Chinese eunuchs.


Question: Who decided at the time of the Qing dynasty who would become the next emperor?

Shunzhi

[53] [54] During the Dorgon period, the eunuchs had been under severe control, but the young emperor took advantage of them to resist other centers of power, as had been done by his mothers Dowager Ziaozhuang and the earlier regent Jirgalang.


Question: Who decided at the time of the Qing dynasty who would become the next emperor?

Shunzhi

[55] [56] The eunuchs gained great influence again in the late 1650s: they advised on matters of office appointment and even wrote statutes.


Question: Who decided at the time of the Qing dynasty who would become the next emperor?

Shunzhi

[57] [58] As the eunuchs isolated the emperor from the civil service, both Manchuan and Chinese officials feared the return of the eunuch influence that had been a scourge in the late days of the Ming dynasty.


Question: Who decided at the time of the Qing dynasty who would become the next emperor?

Shunzhi

[59] [60] Although the emperor harshly criticized the actions of the eunuchs, Shunzhi's favourite keunuch Wu Liangfu (; d. 1661), who in the early 1650s had helped him win over Dorgon supporters, was found guilty of a corruption scandal in 1658.


Question: Who decided at the time of the Qing dynasty who would become the next emperor?

Shunzhi

[61] [60] [62] As Wu received only reproaches for receiving bribes, the Manchuupper class began to view the growing influence of eunuchs as a threat to their own position.


Question: Who decided at the time of the Qing dynasty who would become the next emperor?

Shunzhi

[63] Shortly after Shunzhi's death, in March 1661, Oboi and the other Kanxhi regents abolished the Thirteen Agencies and ordered the execution of Wu Liangfu.


Question: Who decided at the time of the Qing dynasty who would become the next emperor?

Shunzhi

[60] [64] Reich borders, underlands, and foreign policy In 1646, when the Qing armies led by Bolo advanced into the city of Fuzhou, they had encountered envoys from the Reef Tease Islands and the Annam Kingdom, as well as the Spaniards of Manila.


Question: Who decided at the time of the Qing dynasty who would become the next emperor?

Shunzhi

[67] These embassies had come to meet the already defeated Emperor Longwu of the Southern Ming, but were sent home and instructed to submit to Qing rule.


Question: Who decided at the time of the Qing dynasty who would become the next emperor?

Shunzhi

[67] Taxes demanded by the First Qing were sent by the King of the Reef Teases in 1649, Siam in 1652 and Annam in 1661, after the last colonies of Ming resistance had been removed from Yannan, which bordered directly to Annam.


Question: Who decided at the time of the Qing dynasty who would become the next emperor?

Shunzhi

[67] Sultan Abu Al-Muhammad Haiji Khan, Prince of the Mughal Empire who ruled in Turfan, had also sent his representatives to request the restoration of trade relations between China and the Mughal Empire, which had been broken since the fall of the Ming dynasty.


Question: Who decided at the time of the Qing dynasty who would become the next emperor?

Shunzhi

[68] Delegates had been sent unsolicited, but the Qing agreed to receive it and allowed it to conduct trade on conditions set by the Qing in Beijing and Lanzhou.


Question: Who decided at the time of the Qing dynasty who would become the next emperor?

Shunzhi

[69] [70] This treaty did not last long, however, but was brought to an end by the Muslim revolt that broke out in northwestern China in 1646.


Question: Who decided at the time of the Qing dynasty who would become the next emperor?

Shunzhi

Taxes paid by Ham and Turfan and trading with them were resumed in 1656.


Question: Who decided at the time of the Qing dynasty who would become the next emperor?

Shunzhi

[71] In 1655, however, the Qin court decided that Turfan's legations would only be allowed to visit Beijing every five years.


Question: Who decided at the time of the Qing dynasty who would become the next emperor?

Shunzhi

[72] In 1651, the young emperor invited Lozang Gyatso, the 5th Dalai Lama, religious leader of Tibetan Buddhists, who, with the help of Gushri Khan, the ruler of the Khoshot Mongols, had briefly united religious and secular power in Tibet.


Question: Who decided at the time of the Qing dynasty who would become the next emperor?

Shunzhi

[73] The Qing emperors had served as protectors of Tibetan Buddhists since at least 1621, the time of Nurhaci, but there were also political reasons behind the call.


Question: Who decided at the time of the Qing dynasty who would become the next emperor?

Shunzhi

[74] Namely, Tibet was becoming a mighty kingdom in the west of China, and the Dalai Lama still held great influence among the Mongol tribes, many of whom had not resigned themselves to Qing rule.


Question: Who decided at the time of the Qing dynasty who would become the next emperor?

Shunzhi

[75] To prepare for this encounter with the “living Buddha”, Shunzhi ordered a white Daboga to be built on an island in the lake northwest of the Forbidden City, on the site of the former Kublai Khan's palace.


Question: Who decided at the time of the Qing dynasty who would become the next emperor?

Shunzhi

[76] [77] After renewed invitations and diplomatic correspondence discussing where the Tibetan leader should meet the Qing Emperor, the Dalai Lama arrived in Beijing in January 1653 [78], or, according to other sources, even earlier.


Question: Who decided at the time of the Qing dynasty who would become the next emperor?

Shunzhi

[79] Later, the Dalai Lama placed a painting showing this visit in the Potala Palace in Lhasa.


Question: Who decided at the time of the Qing dynasty who would become the next emperor?

Shunzhi

[80] Around the same time north of the Manchus' homeland, Russians Vasily Pojarkov (1643—1646) and Yerofei Khabarov (1649—1653) had begun exploring the Amur Valley on the commission of the Russian Tsar.


Question: Who decided at the time of the Qing dynasty who would become the next emperor?

Shunzhi

In 1653, Khabarov was recalled to Moscow, and in his place was sent Onufriy Stepanov, who took command of Khabarov's Cossack forces.


Question: Who decided at the time of the Qing dynasty who would become the next emperor?

Shunzhi

[81] Stepanov continued to travel south as far as the Sungari River, on the banks of which he levied taxes from local inhabitants such as the Dagurs and the Duchers, but these tribes made resistance, as they had already had to pay tax to Emperor Shunzhi (“Shamshakan” in Russian sources).


Question: Who decided at the time of the Qing dynasty who would become the next emperor?

Shunzhi

[82] In 1654, Stepanov defeated a small force of Manchus sent from Ningguta to find out about the advance of the Russians.


Question: Who decided at the time of the Qing dynasty who would become the next emperor?

Shunzhi

[81] In 1655, another Qing commander, the Mongol Minggadari (d. 1669), defeated Stepanov's forces at Kumarsk Fortress along the Amur, but this was not enough to expel the Russians from the area.


Question: Who decided at the time of the Qing dynasty who would become the next emperor?

Shunzhi

[83] In 1659, however, the Manchu-general Šarhūda (1599—1659) attacked Stepanov with at least 40 warships, killing or capturing most Russians who had arrived in the area.


Question: Who decided at the time of the Qing dynasty who would become the next emperor?

Shunzhi

[81] This, after the Qing victory, the Cossacks stayed away from the Amur Valley for some time, but border skirmishes between Russians and Manchus continued until 1689, when the signed Nerchinsk Peace Treaty established the Russo-Chinese border.


Question: Who decided at the time of the Qing dynasty who would become the next emperor?

Shunzhi

[81] Continued fighting against the Southern Ming Although the Qing, under Dorgon, had succeeded in pushing the Southern Ming into southern China, Ming loyalism was not yet dead.


Question: Who decided at the time of the Qing dynasty who would become the next emperor?

Shunzhi

In early August 1652, Li Dingguo, who had served as a general in Sichian under bandit king Zhang Zianzhong (d. 1647) and was now protecting Emperor Yongl of the Southern Ming, recaptured Guilin from the Qing.


Question: Who decided at the time of the Qing dynasty who would become the next emperor?

Shunzhi

[84] Within a month, most military leaders who supported the Qing in Guangxi switched to the Ming side.


Question: Who decided at the time of the Qing dynasty who would become the next emperor?

Shunzhi

[85] Although Li achieved success in some military clashes in Huguan and Guangdong over the next two years, he failed to recapture important cities.


Question: Who decided at the time of the Qing dynasty who would become the next emperor?

Shunzhi

[84] In the year, Hong Chengchou was commissioned by the Qing court to conquer the southwestern parts of the country.


Question: Who decided at the time of the Qing dynasty who would become the next emperor?

Shunzhi

[86] He kept his headquarters in Changsha, now part of Hunan Province.


Question: Who decided at the time of the Qing dynasty who would become the next emperor?

Shunzhi

He patiently assembled a force of war, but it was not until late 1658 that Qing forces were able, in lengthy battles, to retake Guizhou and Yunnan.


Question: Who decided at the time of the Qing dynasty who would become the next emperor?

Shunzhi

[86] In late January 1659, a Qing military contingent led by Manchu prince Don overran the capital of Yunnan and exiled Emperor Yongli into exile in Burma, which was then ruled by King Pindale Min of the Toungoo Dynasty.


Question: Who decided at the time of the Qing dynasty who would become the next emperor?

Shunzhi

[86] The last Southern Ming ruler remained there until 1662, when he was captured and executed by Wu Sangui, a former Ming general whose surrender to the Manchu had made it possible for Dorgon to conquer China.


Question: Who decided at the time of the Qing dynasty who would become the next emperor?

Shunzhi

[87] Zheng Chenggong (“Koxinga”), who had been adopted by Emperor Longwu in 1646 and notified by Yongli in 1655, also continued to defend the Southern Ming. [88].


Question: Who decided at the time of the Qing dynasty who would become the next emperor?

Shunzhi

In 1659, as Shunzhi prepared to hold a special degree in honor of the great deeds of his reign and the successful war expeditions carried out in the southwestern regions, Zheng sailed up the Yangtze River with a well-armed fleet, conquered a few cities from the Qing and threatening Nankingia too.


Question: Who decided at the time of the Qing dynasty who would become the next emperor?

Shunzhi

[89] When the Emperor heard of this sudden attack, he is reported in anger to have broken his throne with a sword.


Question: Who decided at the time of the Qing dynasty who would become the next emperor?

Shunzhi

[89] However, Zheng failed to take Nanking, and he was forced to flee to Fujian Province on the southeastern coast of China.


Question: Who decided at the time of the Qing dynasty who would become the next emperor?

Shunzhi

[90] Haunted by the Qing fleets, he was forced to flee from there to Taiwan in April 1661, but he died already in the summer of the same year.


Question: Who decided at the time of the Qing dynasty who would become the next emperor?

Shunzhi

[91] His descendants made resistance to the Qing regime until 1683, when Emperor Kangxi succeeded in conquering the island.


Question: Who decided at the time of the Qing dynasty who would become the next emperor?

Shunzhi

[92] Character and personal relations After Shunzhi in 1651 began to rule himself, his mother Dowager Empress Xiaozhuang arranged for him to consort her niece Borjigit, but the young monarch rejected the new empress in 1653.


Question: Who decided at the time of the Qing dynasty who would become the next emperor?

Shunzhi

[93] The following year, Xiaozhuang arranged a second imperial marriage, and this time his son was consort by his mother's brother's grandson.


Question: Who decided at the time of the Qing dynasty who would become the next emperor?

Shunzhi

[93] Although Shunzhi did not like another empress who posthumously received the title Empress Xiaohuizhang, he had no right to reject this.


Question: Who decided at the time of the Qing dynasty who would become the next emperor?

Shunzhi

The Empress did not bear any children.


Question: Who decided at the time of the Qing dynasty who would become the next emperor?

Shunzhi

[94] From 1656 onwards, Shunzhi took another consort, Donggo, who, according to the Jesuits' narrative, had been the wife of a Manchu nobleman before that time.


Question: Who decided at the time of the Qing dynasty who would become the next emperor?

Shunzhi

[95] She gave birth to Shunzhi's fourth son in November 1657.


Question: Who decided at the time of the Qing dynasty who would become the next emperor?

Shunzhi

The emperor would have wanted to make this heir to power, but he died in early 1658 before he had been given a name.


Question: Who decided at the time of the Qing dynasty who would become the next emperor?

Shunzhi

[96] Emperor Shunzhi was open minded and relied on the advice of Johan Adam Schall von Bell, a Jesuit missionary from Cologne, on astronomy and technology as well as religion and government.


Question: Who decided at the time of the Qing dynasty who would become the next emperor?

Shunzhi

[97] In late 1644, Dorgon had commissioned Schall to draw up a new calendar, as this had succeeded in predicting eclipses more reliably than official Chinese astronomers.


Question: Who decided at the time of the Qing dynasty who would become the next emperor?

Shunzhi

[98] [99] After Dorgon's death, Schall reached close terms with the young emperor, who called him his “grandfather” (Mafa in Manchu language).


Question: Who decided at the time of the Qing dynasty who would become the next emperor?

Shunzhi

[97] [100] Schall's influence was at its greatest in 1656—1657, and it was then that Shunzhi frequently visited his home and talked with him until late evening.


Question: Who decided at the time of the Qing dynasty who would become the next emperor?

Shunzhi

[97] He received a dispensation not to bow down to the ground in the presence of the emperor, was handed a plot to build a church in Beijing, and even obtained permission from the emperor to adopt a son, as Shunzhi was troubled by the fact that Schall had no heir.


Question: Who decided at the time of the Qing dynasty who would become the next emperor?

Shunzhi

Castoine his wishes, Schall did not succeed in converting the Qing ruler to Christianity; instead, in 1657, the emperor became a sworn supporter of Zen Buddhism.


Question: Who decided at the time of the Qing dynasty who would become the next emperor?

Shunzhi

[97] [101] The emperor learned the Chinese language well, which made it possible for him to master state affairs and to appreciate Chinese arts such as cursive writing and drama. [102].


Question: Who decided at the time of the Qing dynasty who would become the next emperor?

Shunzhi

One of his favorite works was Gui Zhuang's (; 1613—1673) Rhapsody of Countless Sorrows (), although the author of this was a close friend of Qing opponents Gu Yanwu and Wan Shouqi.


Question: Who decided at the time of the Qing dynasty who would become the next emperor?

Shunzhi

[103] He also memorized long stretches of popular Western Chamber romance.


Question: Who decided at the time of the Qing dynasty who would become the next emperor?

Shunzhi

[102] Death and Succession to Power Smallpox In September 1660, Shunzhi's mindwife Donggo died suddenly while mourning the loss of her child.


Question: Who decided at the time of the Qing dynasty who would become the next emperor?

Shunzhi

[89] Overrun by deep grief, the Emperor fell into depression for several months until, on 2 February 1661, he contracted smallpox.


Question: Who decided at the time of the Qing dynasty who would become the next emperor?

Shunzhi

[89] Two days later, the emperor's confidant officials Wang Xi (, 1628—1703) and Margi were summoned to the emperor's sickbed to mark down his last will.


Question: Who decided at the time of the Qing dynasty who would become the next emperor?

Shunzhi

On Sanama Day, 4 February, his third son Kangxi was chosen as his successor likely because he had already survived smallpox.


Question: Who decided at the time of the Qing dynasty who would become the next emperor?

Shunzhi

[104] The Emperor died in the Forbidden City at the age of 22 on February 5, 1661.


Question: Who decided at the time of the Qing dynasty who would become the next emperor?

Shunzhi

[89] The Manchus feared smallpox more than any other disease because they had no immunity against it and as many as 80% of Manchus infected with smallpox died from it.


Question: Who decided at the time of the Qing dynasty who would become the next emperor?

Shunzhi

[105] [106] From year 122 at the latest, they had maintained an agency to investigate smallpox cases and isolated those affected by it to avoid infection.


Question: Who decided at the time of the Qing dynasty who would become the next emperor?

Shunzhi

[107] In the event of epidemics, members of the ruler family had been accustomed to being sent to “smallpox avoidance centers” (bidousuo) to protect them from infection.


Question: Who decided at the time of the Qing dynasty who would become the next emperor?

Shunzhi

[108] Emperor Shunzhi feared disease especially because he was young and lived in a large city near sources of infection.


Question: Who decided at the time of the Qing dynasty who would become the next emperor?

Shunzhi

[108] Even in his reign, smallpox had occurred in Beijing at least nine times, and on each occasion the emperor had been forced to go to a protected area such as the “Southern Park” (Nanyuan 南), a hunting ground south of Beijing, where Dorgon had built “smallpox” in the 1640s avoidance center”.


Question: Who decided at the time of the Qing dynasty who would become the next emperor?

Shunzhi

[109] Furthermore, it had been stipulated that the Chinese inhabitants of the city had to move out of it if they contracted smallpox.


Question: Who decided at the time of the Qing dynasty who would become the next emperor?

Shunzhi

[110] However, despite this and other precautions, the young emperor fell ill with it.


Question: Who decided at the time of the Qing dynasty who would become the next emperor?

Shunzhi

The emperor's forged will The Emperor's last will, made public on the evening of 5 February, was that his young son while underage had four regents ruling the country.


Question: Who decided at the time of the Qing dynasty who would become the next emperor?

Shunzhi

Oboi, Sonin, Suksaha and Ebilun, all of whom had helped Jirganang to purge the court of Dorgon's supporters upon the latter's death at the end of 1650.


Question: Who decided at the time of the Qing dynasty who would become the next emperor?

Shunzhi

[111] [112] It is difficult to conclude whether the four were actually appointed as regents by Shunzhi, for they and the Dowager Empress Xiaozhuang clearly amended the emperor's will before confirming it; some scholars have even claimed it was entirely forged.


Question: Who decided at the time of the Qing dynasty who would become the next emperor?

Shunzhi

[113] [114] [115] [116] [117] According to the Emperor's will, as it was published, he would also have lamented the governance under the Chinese model he had originated, particularly the influence of eunuchs and the preference of Chinese officials, the Manchau mythology and Manchu traditions neglect as well as his infatuation with his wife instead of his mother.


Question: Who decided at the time of the Qing dynasty who would become the next emperor?

Shunzhi

[118] Although the emperor had often rescinded orders he had issued earlier himself, the practices which he expressed in his will to have rejected had been central to his administration ever since, in the early 1650s, he had begun to rule himself.


Question: Who decided at the time of the Qing dynasty who would become the next emperor?

Shunzhi

[119] The will, as published, granted the “mantle of imperial prestige” to the four regents, who used it as support for their policy favoring the Manchus during the period known as the regent of Oboi from 1661 to 1669 [120] After his death Since the Court's statements did not clearly state the cause of the emperor's death, rumours soon began to spread that he had not died, but withdrew to a Buddhist monastery to live as an anonymous monk, either because of grief caused by the death of his beloved wife, or by the manchauylids he had named in his will as regents, would have committed a coup d'état. [121].


Question: Who decided at the time of the Qing dynasty who would become the next emperor?

Shunzhi

These rumours gained credibility even from the fact that in the late 1650s the emperor had become an avid supporter of Zen Buddhism and even allowed Buddhist monks to reside in the emperor's palace.


Question: Who decided at the time of the Qing dynasty who would become the next emperor?

Shunzhi

[122] Before long, many aspects such as one monk's account of the emperor becoming ill with smallpox and the fact that one of his concubines and also one of his bodyguards had committed suicide to follow the emperor to the tomb suggest that Shunzhi really was dead.


Question: Who decided at the time of the Qing dynasty who would become the next emperor?

Shunzhi

[123] The body of the emperor was kept for condolences in the Forbidden City for 27 days until on 3 March it was transported in a lavish celebratory procession to Jingshan, a hill just north of the Forbidden City, after which a large quantity of valuables was burned as funeral offerings.


Question: Who decided at the time of the Qing dynasty who would become the next emperor?

Shunzhi

[124] It was not until two years later, 1663, that the body was transported to its final resting place.


Question: Who decided at the time of the Qing dynasty who would become the next emperor?

Shunzhi

[124] Contrary to the custom of the Manchus at that time, the body was not burned, but Shunzhi was buried in the ground.


Question: Who decided at the time of the Qing dynasty who would become the next emperor?

Shunzhi

[125] He was buried in a place that later became known as the Eastern Qing Tombs, 125 kilometers northeast of Beijing, another of the imperial cemeteries of the Qing dynasty. [126].


Question: Who decided at the time of the Qing dynasty who would become the next emperor?

Shunzhi

His grave is part of the Xiaoling Mausoleum Complex, known by its Manchen name Hiyoošungga Munggan and is the first mauseoleum erected in that area.


Question: Who decided at the time of the Qing dynasty who would become the next emperor?

Shunzhi

[126] Aftereffect The forged will, in which Shunzhi supposedly regretted abandoning Manchu traditions, seemed to support the nativist policies of the four regents of Emperor Kangxi's early days.


Question: Who decided at the time of the Qing dynasty who would become the next emperor?

Shunzhi

[128] [129] Citing it, Oboi and other regents soon abolished the offices of the Thirteen Eunuchs.


Question: Who decided at the time of the Qing dynasty who would become the next emperor?

Shunzhi

[130] Over the next few years they strengthened the position of the Imperial Court Office, headed by the Manchus and their servants.


Question: Who decided at the time of the Qing dynasty who would become the next emperor?

Shunzhi

They also abolished Hanlin Academy and restricted membership of the deciding council of princes and ministers to the Manchus and Mongols.


Question: Who decided at the time of the Qing dynasty who would become the next emperor?

Shunzhi

[131] [132] The regents also pursued an offensive policy towards Qing Chinese subjects: they executed dozens of people and punished thousands of others in the Jiangnan region, where writers had expressed deviant opinions and taxes were delayed, and forced The population of coastal southeastern China migrate inland to starve the Tungning Kingdom, which was hand-run from Taiwan, ruled by Koxinga descendants.


Question: Who decided at the time of the Qing dynasty who would become the next emperor?

Shunzhi

[133] After the capture of Oboi by Kangxi in 1669, he returned in many matters to Shunzhi politics.


Question: Who decided at the time of the Qing dynasty who would become the next emperor?

Shunzhi

[134] He restored institutions favored by his father such as the Great Office, where Chinese officials gained great influence over state affairs.


Question: Who decided at the time of the Qing dynasty who would become the next emperor?

Shunzhi

[135] He also put down a rebellion of the Three County Lords, initiated by three Chinese military leaders who had played an important part in the Manchus conquering China, but had become rebel leaders in large areas of southern China.


Question: Who decided at the time of the Qing dynasty who would become the next emperor?

Shunzhi

[136] The civil war of 1673—1681 tested the loyalty of the subjects of the new Qing dynasty, but the Qing armies survived as victors.


Question: Who decided at the time of the Qing dynasty who would become the next emperor?

Shunzhi

[137] After Qing victory was assured, a special degree was put into effect in 1679 for “high-ranking variously learned” broadly learned (Boxue hongru) in order to attract Chinese scholars who had refused to serve the new dynasty.


Question: Who decided at the time of the Qing dynasty who would become the next emperor?

Shunzhi

[138] Successful graduates were tasked with compiling the official history work of the defeated Ming dynasty.


Question: Who decided at the time of the Qing dynasty who would become the next emperor?

Shunzhi

[136] The revolts were defeated in 1681, the same year that Kangxi instituted inoculations to protect the children of the emperor family from smallpox.


Question: Who decided at the time of the Qing dynasty who would become the next emperor?

Shunzhi

[139] When the Kingdom of Gungning in 1683 was finally defeated, the military superiority of the Qing regime was complete.


Question: Who decided at the time of the Qing dynasty who would become the next emperor?

Shunzhi

[136] The institutional foundation created by Dorgon, Shiunzhi and Kangxi made it possible for the Qing dynasty to erect a respectably large and stable Empire House and transform it into “one of the most successful empires the world has known.


Question: Who decided at the time of the Qing dynasty who would become the next emperor?

Shunzhi

“[140] [141] It was, however, that the long-standing Pax Manchurica initiated by Kangxi led to the fact that Qing Dynasty China was fatally unprepared to face the aggressive and well-armed European powers in the 19th century.


Question: Who decided at the time of the Qing dynasty who would become the next emperor?

Shunzhi

[142] Family Parents and grandparents Emperor Shunzhi (originally called Fulin) was born into the Manchuan Aisin Goro clan, a Qing emperor line.


Question: Who decided at the time of the Qing dynasty who would become the next emperor?

Shunzhi

[143] Father: Hong Taiji (1592—1643), Emperor of the Qing Dynasty, whose ninth son Fulin was.


Question: Who decided at the time of the Qing dynasty who would become the next emperor?

Shunzhi

[144] Mother: Empress Xiaozhian (Bumbutai, 1613—1688) [145] Maternal Father: Jaisang (), a Khorchin-Mongol prince who belonged to the Borjigit clan: Nurhaci (1559—1626), founder of the Qing dynasty.


Question: Who decided at the time of the Qing dynasty who would become the next emperor?

Shunzhi

[143] Grandmother: Empress Xiaocigao (Monggo, 1573—1603), of the Yehenara clan, concubine of Nurhaci.


Question: Who decided at the time of the Qing dynasty who would become the next emperor?

Shunzhi

[146] Empresses and Wives Although the official lineage list of Aisin Goro mentions only 19 wives of Shunzhi, documents prepared at the time of the funeral show that there were at least 23.


Question: Who decided at the time of the Qing dynasty who would become the next emperor?

Shunzhi

[147] Eleven of them bore children.


Question: Who decided at the time of the Qing dynasty who would become the next emperor?

Shunzhi

During her reign, two of these received the rank of empress, and they were both related to Shunzhi's mother.


Question: Who decided at the time of the Qing dynasty who would become the next emperor?

Shunzhi

After the conquest of 1644, empresses and other wives of the emperor were usually known only by their titles and by the names of the patrilinear clans into which they were born.


Question: Who decided at the time of the Qing dynasty who would become the next emperor?

Shunzhi

[148] First Empress: Borjigs, born from the Khorchin-Mongol Borjigit clan. [149].


Question: Who decided at the time of the Qing dynasty who would become the next emperor?

Shunzhi

Empress since 1651, lost this title in 1653.


Question: Who decided at the time of the Qing dynasty who would become the next emperor?

Shunzhi

[93] Second Empress: Xiaohuizhang (d. 1718), also of the Borjigit clan.


Question: Who decided at the time of the Qing dynasty who would become the next emperor?

Shunzhi

Empress since 1654.


Question: Who decided at the time of the Qing dynasty who would become the next emperor?

Shunzhi

[93] After the death of the Emperor since 1661, Empress Dowager Cire ().


Question: Who decided at the time of the Qing dynasty who would become the next emperor?

Shunzhi

[150] The children of Shunzhi's 22 consorts bore him a total of 14 children [151], of which, however, only four sons (Fuquan, Xuanye, Changning and Longxi) and one daughter (Gongyi Chang) lived long enough to marry.


Question: Who decided at the time of the Qing dynasty who would become the next emperor?

Shunzhi

Sons Niuniu (Manchu: Nionio; 13 December 1651— 9 March 1652).


Question: Who decided at the time of the Qing dynasty who would become the next emperor?

Shunzhi

[152] Mother: Emperor's consort Ba.


Question: Who decided at the time of the Qing dynasty who would become the next emperor?

Shunzhi

[153] Fuquan (Fuciowan; 8 September 1653— 10 August 1703).


Question: Who decided at the time of the Qing dynasty who would become the next emperor?

Shunzhi

[154] [155] Mother: Emperor's consort Ningyi.


Question: Who decided at the time of the Qing dynasty who would become the next emperor?

Shunzhi

[153] Prince Yu () since 1667.


Question: Who decided at the time of the Qing dynasty who would become the next emperor?

Shunzhi

[156] Xuanye (Hiowanyei; 4 May 1654— 20 December 1722), later Emperor Kangxi.


Question: Who decided at the time of the Qing dynasty who would become the next emperor?

Shunzhi

[157] Mother: Empress Xiaokangzhang.


Question: Who decided at the time of the Qing dynasty who would become the next emperor?

Shunzhi

[153] 4th son (12 November 1657— 25 February 1658), died before he had been given the name.


Question: Who decided at the time of the Qing dynasty who would become the next emperor?

Shunzhi

[158] Changning (December 8, 1657— July 20, 1703).


Question: Who decided at the time of the Qing dynasty who would become the next emperor?

Shunzhi

[159], Shunzhi 14.11.( 4th).


Question: Who decided at the time of the Qing dynasty who would become the next emperor?

Shunzhi

Death: [160], Kangxi 42.6.( 7th).


Question: Who decided at the time of the Qing dynasty who would become the next emperor?

Shunzhi

Born to Consort Chen.


Question: Who decided at the time of the Qing dynasty who would become the next emperor?

Shunzhi

[153] Became Prince Gong (李) in 1671.


Question: Who decided at the time of the Qing dynasty who would become the next emperor?

Shunzhi

[161] Qishou (Kišeo; January 3, 1660 — died at age 7, date of death unknown [162] Mother: Emperor's consort Tang.


Question: Who decided at the time of the Qing dynasty who would become the next emperor?

Shunzhi

[153] Longxi (Lunghi; 30 May 1660— 20 August 1679).


Question: Who decided at the time of the Qing dynasty who would become the next emperor?

Shunzhi

[163] Mother: Emperor's consort Niu.


Question: Who decided at the time of the Qing dynasty who would become the next emperor?

Shunzhi

[153] Prince Chun () from 1674; after his death Prince Chun Jing ().


Question: Who decided at the time of the Qing dynasty who would become the next emperor?

Shunzhi

[126] Yonggan (Yunggan; 23 January 1661 — died at the age of 8, date of death unknown.


Question: Who decided at the time of the Qing dynasty who would become the next emperor?

Shunzhi

[164] Mother: Emperor's consort Muktu.


Question: Who decided at the time of the Qing dynasty who would become the next emperor?

Shunzhi

[153] Daughters Before the Qing court moved to Beijing in 1644, Manchunians used their own names, but after 1644 these names “disappear from pedigrees and archived documents.


Question: Who decided at the time of the Qing dynasty who would become the next emperor?

Shunzhi

“[148] It was only when betrothed that the Emperor's daughters received titles by which they were better known from then on.


Question: Who decided at the time of the Qing dynasty who would become the next emperor?

Shunzhi

[148] Although five of Shunzhi's six daughters died as children, they are all mentioned in the lineage list of Aisi Gioro.


Question: Who decided at the time of the Qing dynasty who would become the next emperor?

Shunzhi

[148] 1st daughter (1652—1653).


Question: Who decided at the time of the Qing dynasty who would become the next emperor?

Shunzhi

[165] Mother: Emperor's wife Chen.


Question: Who decided at the time of the Qing dynasty who would become the next emperor?

Shunzhi

[165] 2nd daughter (1654—1685): prinessa of the second value class (Manchu: Hoshoi gungju) Gongyi Chang (Chinese: heshuo Gongyi Chang gongzhu).


Question: Who decided at the time of the Qing dynasty who would become the next emperor?

Shunzhi

[166] Was born in the 12th month of the 10th year of Shunzhi's reign, that is, in the term from 18 January to 16 February 1654.


Question: Who decided at the time of the Qing dynasty who would become the next emperor?

Shunzhi

Mother: Emperor Shunzhi's consort Yang.


Question: Who decided at the time of the Qing dynasty who would become the next emperor?

Shunzhi

[165] Married in 1667 to Nerdu (; d. 1676) [167] [165] 3rd daughter (1654—1658).


Question: Who decided at the time of the Qing dynasty who would become the next emperor?

Shunzhi

[165] Mother: The Emperor's Wife Ba.


Question: Who decided at the time of the Qing dynasty who would become the next emperor?

Shunzhi

[165] 4th daughter (1655—1662).


Question: Who decided at the time of the Qing dynasty who would become the next emperor?

Shunzhi

[168] 5th daughter (1655—1661).


Question: Who decided at the time of the Qing dynasty who would become the next emperor?

Shunzhi

[168] 6th daughter (1655—1662).


Question: Who decided at the time of the Qing dynasty who would become the next emperor?

Shunzhi

[168] Mother: Emperor's wife Nala.


Question: Who decided at the time of the Qing dynasty who would become the next emperor?

Shunzhi

[168] Adopted Daughters The names of the Emperor's adopted daughters, all of whom were second daughters of members of Qing ruler families, are titles, not personal names.


Question: Who decided at the time of the Qing dynasty who would become the next emperor?

Shunzhi

[148] A princess of the second rank, whose title is unknown (1648—1691/92), was the second daughter of Shunzhi's half-brother Šosem (; 1629—1655), second daughter of Hong Taiji's fifth son.


Question: Who decided at the time of the Qing dynasty who would become the next emperor?

Shunzhi

[169] Second rank princess Roujia (1652—1673), second daughter of Jirgalang's second son Jidun (; 1633—1660), Princess Duanmin (1653—1729), second son of Abatai, the founder of the Qing dynasty, Yolon Yolo (; 1625—1689).


Question: Who decided at the time of the Qing dynasty who would become the next emperor?

Shunzhi

[170] Sources Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Jerry Dennerline| title= Cambridge History of China, Vol.