Question: Were there actual wars during the Cold War as well?

1968 occupation of Czechoslovakia

Background: Stalinism and nationality problems The events leading up to the Czechoslovak crisis began in the 1960s from a belated reckoning with the terror of Josif Stalin's time and the issue was also linked to nationality disagreements between the President of Czechoslovakia and the President of the Communist Party (TKP) Antonín Novotný's centralized power more tightly into his own hands in Prague.


Question: Were there actual wars during the Cold War as well?

1968 occupation of Czechoslovakia

[1] Starting in 1963, Slovak political leaders, press and cultural circles attacked with astonishing courage against Stalinism, raising nasty questions for the political leadership of the country about the methods used in the recent past.


Question: Were there actual wars during the Cold War as well?

1968 occupation of Czechoslovakia

[2] The leader of the reform movement, Slovak party leader Alexander Dubček, wanted to right the “terrible wrongs” which had been inflicted by the “heavy repressive machinery that had been burdened by the country since the Communist Party's rise to power”.


Question: Were there actual wars during the Cold War as well?

1968 occupation of Czechoslovakia

According to him, the whole earth sighed as if under a heavy rock.


Question: Were there actual wars during the Cold War as well?

1968 occupation of Czechoslovakia

[3] Novotný tried several times over the next few years to move aside his critic, but Dubček's position in Slovakia was strong, and Novotný was not successful in his intentions.


Question: Were there actual wars during the Cold War as well?

1968 occupation of Czechoslovakia

[4] Debate on the need for reforms also gradually spread to the Czech writer and journalist circles as well as the party.


Question: Were there actual wars during the Cold War as well?

1968 occupation of Czechoslovakia

The Assembly of the Writers' Union was held in Prague in 1967, where later novelist Milan Kundera, who achieved world fame, rose to prominence as an ardent opponent of Stalinism.


Question: Were there actual wars during the Cold War as well?

1968 occupation of Czechoslovakia

A clash between reformists and Stalinists inside the TKP was now inevitable.


Question: Were there actual wars during the Cold War as well?

1968 occupation of Czechoslovakia

In the autumn, there was a heated debate in the Central Committee of the TKP over all the main points of the dispute between the two sides, which according to Dubček were the economy, cultural climate and relations between Czechs and Slovaks.


Question: Were there actual wars during the Cold War as well?

1968 occupation of Czechoslovakia

[5] At the end of 1967, party leader and president Novotný quickly lost his position.


Question: Were there actual wars during the Cold War as well?

1968 occupation of Czechoslovakia

In January 1968, the TKP elected Dubček as its new Secretary-General.


Question: Were there actual wars during the Cold War as well?

1968 occupation of Czechoslovakia

[6] Economic reformer Ota Šik was named deputy prime minister.


Question: Were there actual wars during the Cold War as well?

1968 occupation of Czechoslovakia

In March, the reformist Ludvík Svoboda became president.


Question: Were there actual wars during the Cold War as well?

1968 occupation of Czechoslovakia

Began the period of implementation of “human-faced socialism” proclaimed by Dubček, also known as the Prague Spring.


Question: Were there actual wars during the Cold War as well?

1968 occupation of Czechoslovakia

[7] Prague Spring: crisis arises The aim of planning and implementing reforms was to maintain the leading role of the Communist Party in them all the time.


Question: Were there actual wars during the Cold War as well?

1968 occupation of Czechoslovakia

It is therefore doubtful whether the cultural-climate release that was originally the Dubčekinka plan.


Question: Were there actual wars during the Cold War as well?

1968 occupation of Czechoslovakia

After all, he had already assured Leonid Brezhnev, the First Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (NKP), that no sudden changes were forthcoming.


Question: Were there actual wars during the Cold War as well?

1968 occupation of Czechoslovakia

[8] On the other hand, according to Dubček, Brežnev did not even understand the social, economic and political factors at the heart of the matter.


Question: Were there actual wars during the Cold War as well?

1968 occupation of Czechoslovakia

He looked at the issues purely as a personal sleight of hand by senior party officials.


Question: Were there actual wars during the Cold War as well?

1968 occupation of Czechoslovakia

[9] As the spring of 1968, Dubček was faced with the facts that had happened many times.


Question: Were there actual wars during the Cold War as well?

1968 occupation of Czechoslovakia

A free civil society quickly emerged in the country.


Question: Were there actual wars during the Cold War as well?

1968 occupation of Czechoslovakia

In practice, censorship and various associations based on people's own initiative activities, as well as party organisations, began to emerge without obtaining or acquiring authorisation from the Communist Party.


Question: Were there actual wars during the Cold War as well?

1968 occupation of Czechoslovakia

The new Speaker of the National Assembly, Oldřich Černík, also announced that he would make Czechoslovakia a real parliament, which was already a contradictory goal in a one-party system from its starting point.


Question: Were there actual wars during the Cold War as well?

1968 occupation of Czechoslovakia

[10] One of the key demands of the reform movement was the restoration of honour for victims of the Stalinist purges enforced after 1948.


Question: Were there actual wars during the Cold War as well?

1968 occupation of Czechoslovakia

[11] In the Soviet Union, as well as other Eastern Bloc countries, the development of Czechoslovakia was viewed with concern.


Question: Were there actual wars during the Cold War as well?

1968 occupation of Czechoslovakia

The Prague Spring was also feared to resonate among citizens of other Eastern European countries and bring difficulties for their leaders.


Question: Were there actual wars during the Cold War as well?

1968 occupation of Czechoslovakia

[12] In addition to the Soviet leadership, the leaders of Poland and East Germany in particular viewed the reform movement with skepticism.


Question: Were there actual wars during the Cold War as well?

1968 occupation of Czechoslovakia

In Poland, too, there was more small-scale movement over the summer.


Question: Were there actual wars during the Cold War as well?

1968 occupation of Czechoslovakia

At the same time, the communication between the communist leaders of the Eastern Bloc began to deteriorate.


Question: Were there actual wars during the Cold War as well?

1968 occupation of Czechoslovakia

[13] When the manifesto “Two Thousand Words” by prominent cultural influencer and journalist Ludvík Vaculík was published in Prague on 27 June, in which he declared the people's self-esteem and character lost under the communist regime, it was considered that in the Soviet Union the situation had already slipped away from the government out of control.


Question: Were there actual wars during the Cold War as well?

1968 occupation of Czechoslovakia

[14] In July, the Soviet Union and its satellites Bulgaria, the German Democratic Republic, Poland and Hungary sent a warning known as the Warsaw Letter to Czechoslovak leaders.


Question: Were there actual wars during the Cold War as well?

1968 occupation of Czechoslovakia

The main idea of the letter was to recall the Warsaw Pact, its military power existed and to warn against democracy, that is, above all, to call after the survival of the one-party system [13].


Question: Were there actual wars during the Cold War as well?

1968 occupation of Czechoslovakia

On 29 July, four days of negotiations between TKP and NKP began in Čierna nad Tissou, Czechoslovakia, in which the TKP leadership was pressured to bridle the “counter-revolutionary” forces, which meant, from Moscow's point of view, all free civic action by Czechoslovaks.


Question: Were there actual wars during the Cold War as well?

1968 occupation of Czechoslovakia

For example, the Social Democratic Party was required to be banned and censorship restored.


Question: Were there actual wars during the Cold War as well?

1968 occupation of Czechoslovakia

[15] A few days later the meeting was held in Bratislava with the forces of the Warsaw Pact, but conflicts still remained.


Question: Were there actual wars during the Cold War as well?

1968 occupation of Czechoslovakia

[16] In July and August, massive maneuvers in the Soviet Union, Poland and the German Democratic Republic were held in July and August.


Question: Were there actual wars during the Cold War as well?

1968 occupation of Czechoslovakia

[17] The final decision to initiate the occupation emerged during a secret three-day meeting of the NKP Politburo in mid-August.


Question: Were there actual wars during the Cold War as well?

1968 occupation of Czechoslovakia

[18] Autumn of Prague A huge war force of five Warsaw Pact countries crossed the border with Czechoslovakia late in the evening of August 20th.


Question: Were there actual wars during the Cold War as well?

1968 occupation of Czechoslovakia

Along with the Soviet Union, Polish, East German, Hungarian and Bulgarian troops participated in the action.


Question: Were there actual wars during the Cold War as well?

1968 occupation of Czechoslovakia

Rather loosely in Moscow's grip, Romania was not involved.


Question: Were there actual wars during the Cold War as well?

1968 occupation of Czechoslovakia

Even in the early stages, an army of as much as 25 divisions strong was involved in the offensive.


Question: Were there actual wars during the Cold War as well?

1968 occupation of Czechoslovakia

In total, 350000—500,000 men participated in the operation, with 5000 battle tanks and 250 transport aircraft as their equipment.


Question: Were there actual wars during the Cold War as well?

1968 occupation of Czechoslovakia

[19] [20] Soviet oznaz and spetsnaz commandos are operating for the first time in Europe.


Question: Were there actual wars during the Cold War as well?

1968 occupation of Czechoslovakia

KGB special forces agents had already infiltrated the country in early August.


Question: Were there actual wars during the Cold War as well?

1968 occupation of Czechoslovakia

The actual troops had been flown as tourists to Czechoslovakia just prior to the invasion and were acting in support of the landing force, securing Prague Airport.


Question: Were there actual wars during the Cold War as well?

1968 occupation of Czechoslovakia

[21] After the occupation began, the Czechoslovak government issued orders not to engage in resistance and also called on the people to calm.


Question: Were there actual wars during the Cold War as well?

1968 occupation of Czechoslovakia

Thus, Warsaw Pact forces took control over the next day strategic sites in the country without encountering any mentionable military resistance.


Question: Were there actual wars during the Cold War as well?

1968 occupation of Czechoslovakia

Admittedly dozens of people died in the skirmishes that arose in different parts.


Question: Were there actual wars during the Cold War as well?

1968 occupation of Czechoslovakia

[22] [20] During the morning, KGB agents saw to it that the main Reform Line men were captured and isolated.


Question: Were there actual wars during the Cold War as well?

1968 occupation of Czechoslovakia

[23] In the official voice supporter of the NKP, Pravda, a “petition of the Czechoslovaks” for help legitimising the occupation was published.


Question: Were there actual wars during the Cold War as well?

1968 occupation of Czechoslovakia

However, things did not quite go according to the occupiers” plans.


Question: Were there actual wars during the Cold War as well?

1968 occupation of Czechoslovakia

Following the start of the occupation, Czech co-operatives failed to formally oust Dubček and legally establish a junta.


Question: Were there actual wars during the Cold War as well?

1968 occupation of Czechoslovakia

In Prague and elsewhere, the population settled into well-organised passive resistance.


Question: Were there actual wars during the Cold War as well?

1968 occupation of Czechoslovakia

It seemed that disciplinary recovery, carried out on hard grips, would self-evidently not succeed.


Question: Were there actual wars during the Cold War as well?

1968 occupation of Czechoslovakia

Because of this, the Soviet leadership was mired in an impromptu operation in which TKP's reform leaders still had a stake.


Question: Were there actual wars during the Cold War as well?

1968 occupation of Czechoslovakia

[24] The isolated Dubček and the rest of the leadership were transported to Moscow for the so-called Moscow talks, where President Svoboda came on his own initiative.


Question: Were there actual wars during the Cold War as well?

1968 occupation of Czechoslovakia

During the “negotiations” that took place, TKP leaders were practically imprisoned.


Question: Were there actual wars during the Cold War as well?

1968 occupation of Czechoslovakia

The NKP leadership pressured them into a declaration that would have recognised the counter-revolution and stated that Warsaw Pact troops had entered the country at the request of the Czechoslovaks.


Question: Were there actual wars during the Cold War as well?

1968 occupation of Czechoslovakia

This, despite the difficult situation, was not agreed to.


Question: Were there actual wars during the Cold War as well?

1968 occupation of Czechoslovakia

[25] A statement passing under the name of the Moscow Agreement, Dubček and other leaders of the party were forced to sign as a sample that divisions within the socialist camp were not insurmountable.


Question: Were there actual wars during the Cold War as well?

1968 occupation of Czechoslovakia

A complete Moscow-imposed junta in Czechoslovakia was presented as an alternative.


Question: Were there actual wars during the Cold War as well?

1968 occupation of Czechoslovakia

[26] According to the Treaty of Moscow, Warsaw Pact troops remained in the country until further notice and the country's leadership returned to Prague.


Question: Were there actual wars during the Cold War as well?

1968 occupation of Czechoslovakia

The occupation led to a gradual “normalization” of Czechoslovakia, that is, the cancellation of reforms.


Question: Were there actual wars during the Cold War as well?

1968 occupation of Czechoslovakia

Almost the only reform during the Prague Spring that remained permanent was the division of the country into two states, the Czech Republic and Slovakia.


Question: Were there actual wars during the Cold War as well?

1968 occupation of Czechoslovakia

The leadership of TKP was progressively ousted.


Question: Were there actual wars during the Cold War as well?

1968 occupation of Czechoslovakia

Dubček was expelled from the party leadership in 1969 and from the party in 1970.


Question: Were there actual wars during the Cold War as well?

1968 occupation of Czechoslovakia

The party fell firmly on the line derived from Moscow.


Question: Were there actual wars during the Cold War as well?

1968 occupation of Czechoslovakia

The leader of the party became Gustáv Husák, who, like Dubček, was Slovak.


Question: Were there actual wars during the Cold War as well?

1968 occupation of Czechoslovakia

[27] Reactions to the occupation Western European communist parties, which later came to be referred to as Eurocommunist, openly condemned Soviet action.


Question: Were there actual wars during the Cold War as well?

1968 occupation of Czechoslovakia

Chairman of the Communist Party of Sweden C.-H. Hermansson even called for his country's government to sever diplomatic ties with the Soviet Union.


Question: Were there actual wars during the Cold War as well?

1968 occupation of Czechoslovakia

[28] Nor did Romanian President Nicolae Ceaușescu accept the occupation of Czechoslovakia and Albania, led by Enver Hoxha, even resigned in protest from the Warsaw Pact.


Question: Were there actual wars during the Cold War as well?

1968 occupation of Czechoslovakia

Of the communist parties in Western European countries, only the Communist parties of Luxembourg, West Germany and Greece lent their support to the occupation.


Question: Were there actual wars during the Cold War as well?

1968 occupation of Czechoslovakia

[29] The Portuguese Communist Party in exile also supported the occupation.


Question: Were there actual wars during the Cold War as well?

1968 occupation of Czechoslovakia

French Defence Minister Michel Debré characterised the occupation as “a road accident on the road of slimming.”


Question: Were there actual wars during the Cold War as well?

1968 occupation of Czechoslovakia

[30] Reactions in Finland towards events in Prague sealed a divide in the People's Democratic Movement, and in particular the Communist Party of Finland (SKP), which split between the majority that condemned Soviet action and the pro-Soviet opposition, i.e. the Taisists, who supported the occupation.


Question: Were there actual wars during the Cold War as well?

1968 occupation of Czechoslovakia

[31] SKP Chairman Aarne Saarinen and Secretary-General Ville Pessi received an invitation to the Soviet Embassy on the evening of 20 August.


Question: Were there actual wars during the Cold War as well?

1968 occupation of Czechoslovakia

There, Saarinen and Pess were informed that the Soviet Union, together with its allies East Germany, Poland, Hungary and Bulgaria, would take military measures in Czechoslovakia “in defence of socialism”.


Question: Were there actual wars during the Cold War as well?

1968 occupation of Czechoslovakia

Saarinen said in her memoirs that she stayed up all the next night.


Question: Were there actual wars during the Cold War as well?

1968 occupation of Czechoslovakia

[32] After the occupation took place, the party leadership of the SKP cancelled the party's 50th anniversary celebrations, which had been scheduled for 25 August, and issued a statement that the actions of the Warsaw Pact countries were “damaging the international labour movement”.


Question: Were there actual wars during the Cold War as well?

1968 occupation of Czechoslovakia

A tougher statement from the SKDL leadership condemned the use of violence as a vessel for policy.


Question: Were there actual wars during the Cold War as well?

1968 occupation of Czechoslovakia

[33] Other prominent Finnish parties, for foreign policy reasons, did not openly condemn the occupation, or at least not a statement.


Question: Were there actual wars during the Cold War as well?

1968 occupation of Czechoslovakia

Nor did the Koivisto government take a position on the events.


Question: Were there actual wars during the Cold War as well?

1968 occupation of Czechoslovakia

[34] For President Urho Kekkonen, the occupation itself was a shock.


Question: Were there actual wars during the Cold War as well?

1968 occupation of Czechoslovakia

Even more, however, he was shocked when Andrei Kovaljov, the then Soviet ambassador to Helsinki, claimed to Kekkonen that Warsaw Pact forces had marched into Czechoslovakia at the request of the country's government.


Question: Were there actual wars during the Cold War as well?

1968 occupation of Czechoslovakia

Kekkonen felt that he had such good relations with the Soviet leadership that he should not have been lied to.


Question: Were there actual wars during the Cold War as well?

1968 occupation of Czechoslovakia

Aleksei Kosygin, the Soviet Premier who arrived in Finland in October, said to Kekkonen the occupation of Czechoslovakia was primarily security political in nature.


Question: Were there actual wars during the Cold War as well?

1968 occupation of Czechoslovakia

On the other hand, US diplomat George F. Kennan, who was on a presentation trip in Helsinki just when the occupation took place, predicted in his meeting with Kekkonen the events in Czechoslovakia would mark the beginning of the end of the international communist movement.


Question: Were there actual wars during the Cold War as well?

1968 occupation of Czechoslovakia

[35] In a one-on-one meeting, Ambassador Andrei Kovaljov raised his objections to Aarne Saarinen that SKP Vice-President Erkki Salomaa had publicly said that the Soviet Union had occupied Czechoslovakia.


Question: Were there actual wars during the Cold War as well?

1968 occupation of Czechoslovakia

Kovalyov tried to mitigate the nature of the occupation, saying that Soviet troops had not been accommodated in Czechoslovakia's own garrisons, but in their own tents.


Question: Were there actual wars during the Cold War as well?

1968 occupation of Czechoslovakia

Saarinen replied to Kovaljov that “if your tanks were to slip from beyond that border into Finland and settled, for example, in the Guards barracks yard or Kasarmintori without the official invitation of our country, it would be a military occupation.”


Question: Were there actual wars during the Cold War as well?

1968 occupation of Czechoslovakia

[36] The Swedish Minister of Education and subsequent Prime Minister, Olof Palme, who sharply criticized the Vietnam War, also condemned in strong words the occupation of Czechoslovakia.


Question: Were there actual wars during the Cold War as well?

1968 occupation of Czechoslovakia

For this, the then Finnish ambassador to Stockholm, Ralph Enckell, who became known for his sarcastic comments, had the subject of stating in an oval tone that “Finland tends to manage its relations with both East and West equally, Sweden equally badly”.


Question: Were there actual wars during the Cold War as well?

1968 occupation of Czechoslovakia

[37] Large anti-occupation demonstrations soon arose in Helsinki in front of the Soviet embassy.


Question: Were there actual wars during the Cold War as well?

1968 occupation of Czechoslovakia

See also Hungarian uprising East German uprising Polish martial law Sources Category:Cold War Category:Soviet politics Class:History of Czechoslovakia Category:1968 Category:Key articles of screening Category:Bulgarian politics Category:Hungarian politics Category:Politics


Question: What is the capital of Madagascar?

Madagascar

The Republic of Madagascar (,), or Madagascar, is an island nation in the Indian Ocean about 640km off the east coast of Africa.


Question: What is the capital of Madagascar?

Madagascar

In addition to its spacing, it is separated from the African continent by 165 million years of evolution, which is why the island's fauna has evolved into a unique one.


Question: What is the capital of Madagascar?

Madagascar

The Malagassi language spoken on the island also differs from the African languages in that it belongs to the Austronesian language and is within this one of the Malay-Polynesian languages.


Question: What is the capital of Madagascar?

Madagascar

[1] Geography of Madagascar has an area of 587041 square kilometers.


Question: What is the capital of Madagascar?

Madagascar

It is the fourth largest island in the world as well as the largest covered by a wholly independent state.


Question: What is the capital of Madagascar?

Madagascar

The Canal des Pangalanes is a chain of natural and artificial lakes connected by canals, which continues parallel to the eastern coast of the country for about 600 kilometres [2] (about two-thirds of the length of the island).


Question: What is the capital of Madagascar?

Madagascar

The highest mountain in Madagascar is Maromokotro (2876 m).


Question: What is the capital of Madagascar?

Madagascar

[3] All of Madagascar has a tropical climate, but elevation variations create regional differences.


Question: What is the capital of Madagascar?

Madagascar

In highland areas above 900 m, the heat is rarely suffocating, but in low-lying soils along the coasts, the weather can be very hot and humid, especially in the rainy season.


Question: What is the capital of Madagascar?

Madagascar

Pasate winds bring rainfall throughout the year to the east coast; for example, in Tamatave, 3500 millimeters per year and the number of rainy days is 140.


Question: What is the capital of Madagascar?

Madagascar

In the south-west of the island, only 400 to 800 millimeters of rain is received per year, most of it coming between December and November.


Question: What is the capital of Madagascar?

Madagascar

A few times a year, a tropical cyclone passing through the Indian Ocean north of the island extends downpours and high winds to Madagascar as well.


Question: What is the capital of Madagascar?

Madagascar

[4] Vegetation and fauna Nature is unique due to the island's isolationism.


Question: What is the capital of Madagascar?

Madagascar

[1] The east coast of Madagascar is predominantly lush arid monsoon forest-like forest land, and actual tropical moist rainforests exist on the island only to its north-east in a small area.


Question: What is the capital of Madagascar?

Madagascar

Most of Madagascar's animal and plant species live in these rainforests.


Question: What is the capital of Madagascar?

Madagascar

The drier western side of the island is predominantly savannah and tropical thorn forest.


Question: What is the capital of Madagascar?

Madagascar

[5] Nearly 90% of plant species in Madagascar, 95% of reptiles and 92% of mammals are endemic, that is, those that are not met anywhere else.


Question: What is the capital of Madagascar?

Madagascar

[6] The remarkable fauna of Madagascar include giant elephant birds that had belonged to before human arrival, gorilla-sized Archaeoindris and Megaladapis giant lemurs, and miniature Malagasy hippos which were subsequently hunted to extinction.


Question: What is the capital of Madagascar?

Madagascar

However, even today, the island lives most of all chameleons in the world, semi-monkey-eating predator fossa, giant land turtles, many species of tree mangus, peculiar semi-monkeys, for example, indri and ai-ai, various insects and numerous different bird species.


Question: What is the capital of Madagascar?

Madagascar

[7] [8] Some of the most famous national parks in Madagascar are Ranomafana National Park, where a new species of lemur goldbokombali was discovered in 1986, as well as Berenty National Park and Andasibe-Mantadia National Park known for the indres.


Question: What is the capital of Madagascar?

Madagascar

[9] The unique nature of Madagascar is threatened by many aspects, the most serious of which includes forest deforestation.


Question: What is the capital of Madagascar?

Madagascar

The forest is being cleared in small patches but the combined effect is great.


Question: What is the capital of Madagascar?

Madagascar

The purpose of logging is to obtain firewood and charcoal, as well as crop farming.


Question: What is the capital of Madagascar?

Madagascar

[10] In July 2010, UNESCO added Madagascar's Atsinanana rainforests to its list of endangered World Heritage Sites.


Question: What is the capital of Madagascar?

Madagascar

[11] History Early history of colonization of Madagascar There are various hypotheses.


Question: What is the capital of Madagascar?

Madagascar

According to some scholars, the first inhabitants arrived from the territory of present-day Indonesia, others think from Africa.


Question: What is the capital of Madagascar?

Madagascar

According to Malagasy historians, colonization of the island took place in two phases.


Question: What is the capital of Madagascar?

Madagascar

The first to arrive in the 500—3rd centuries BCE.


Question: What is the capital of Madagascar?

Madagascar

Austronesians who had before then migrated to the islands of Southeast Asia from the coasts of present-day Vietnam and China.


Question: What is the capital of Madagascar?

Madagascar

The second wave who spoke a Malay language moved to the island during the first centuries of our time.


Question: What is the capital of Madagascar?

Madagascar

The settlement spread from the east coast first to the high plateau and from there on to other parts of the island.


Question: What is the capital of Madagascar?

Madagascar

Arab traders and Swahili people arrived on the northeastern coast of Madagascar from the eastern part of Africa around the 6th century.


Question: What is the capital of Madagascar?

Madagascar

Under the influence of the Arabs, Islamized ethnic groups emerged along the coast.


Question: What is the capital of Madagascar?

Madagascar

Almost all subsequent movers have assimilated into Malagasses of Asian origin.


Question: What is the capital of Madagascar?

Madagascar

Under the influence of external and internal migration and geographical conditions, 18 Malagassi groups were formed, differing mainly in terms of their means of livelihood.


Question: What is the capital of Madagascar?

Madagascar

The jackalas living on the ramshackle western plateau engage in animal husbandry, the plateau merinas and the bethsileos living south of them are rice farming, the east coast bethsims tropical farming, the southwestern coast vezot fishery, and so on.


Question: What is the capital of Madagascar?

Madagascar

[12] Between the 16th and 17th centuries, states formed by ethnic groups emerged on the island.


Question: What is the capital of Madagascar?

Madagascar

On the west coast, the Menabe of the jackass pallets became rich by the slave trade, but broke up in the 18th century into internal conflicts until, towards the end of the century, it was reunited.


Question: What is the capital of Madagascar?

Madagascar

Andriamandisoarivo (ruled from 1685 to 1710), the founder of Boina, a northern jackalava state, subjugated the entire northern part of the island.


Question: What is the capital of Madagascar?

Madagascar

The main port of Boina, Mahajanga, became the largest trading post on the West Coast and the centre of the slave trade.


Question: What is the capital of Madagascar?

Madagascar

Ravahiny, who ruled between 1780 and 1808, united Boina after bloody civil wars.


Question: What is the capital of Madagascar?

Madagascar

[13] The most significant of the states was Imerina, formed by merinos.


Question: What is the capital of Madagascar?

Madagascar

Its ruler Andrianjaka (reigned circa 1610—1630) expanded its territory and established Antananarivo.


Question: What is the capital of Madagascar?

Madagascar

Imerina developed into a feudal state with farming and iron production based on artificial irrigation.


Question: What is the capital of Madagascar?

Madagascar

The state traded with its neighbors and coastal merchants.


Question: What is the capital of Madagascar?

Madagascar

After Andriamasinavalona, who died in 1710, Imerina suffered from internal fragmentation and attacks by neighbouring peoples.


Question: What is the capital of Madagascar?

Madagascar

Family and tribal communities survived with several ethnic groups until the colonial period.


Question: What is the capital of Madagascar?

Madagascar

[14] Among Europeans, Madagascar was first discovered by the Portuguese Diogo Dias in 1500.


Question: What is the capital of Madagascar?

Madagascar

The French established the Sainte-Marie colony (present-day Nosy Boraha) in 1642 and in 1643 the trading post of Fort Dauphin (present-day Taolagnaro), which were eradicated by the local population in 1674.


Question: What is the capital of Madagascar?

Madagascar

The English and Dutch also made unsuccessful attempts at conquest between the 17th and 18th centuries.


Question: What is the capital of Madagascar?

Madagascar

At the same time, the bays along the east coast became sanctuaries for European pirates.


Question: What is the capital of Madagascar?

Madagascar

As a result of the marriages between European and local women, a substantial group of mulati emerged.


Question: What is the capital of Madagascar?

Madagascar

The French took over the island of Sainte-Marie in 1750 and in 1774 established forts in Antongil Bay.


Question: What is the capital of Madagascar?

Madagascar

[14] Kingdom of Madagascar The threat posed by Europeans spurred the state unification of Madagascar.


Question: What is the capital of Madagascar?

Madagascar

The Andrianampoinimerina, who ruled from 1787 to 1810, subordinated the entire territory of Imerina to its rule.


Question: What is the capital of Madagascar?

Madagascar

His son Radama I (reigned from 1810—1828) conquered most of the island and in 1818 proclaimed himself king of Madagascar.


Question: What is the capital of Madagascar?

Madagascar

He entered into a trade treaty with Britain and invited English missionaries to his capital.


Question: What is the capital of Madagascar?

Madagascar

In the early 19th century, missionaries created a Malagassi literary language based on the Latin literal.


Question: What is the capital of Madagascar?

Madagascar

Ranavalona I, who ruled from 1828 to 1861, expelled the English and waged war against the French.


Question: What is the capital of Madagascar?

Madagascar

The practice of Christianity was banned in 1835.


Question: What is the capital of Madagascar?

Madagascar

Britain and France declared Madagascar under embargo and in 1845 bombarded the port of Toamasina.


Question: What is the capital of Madagascar?

Madagascar

Radama II, who ruled from 1861 to 1863, abolished the regular army and gave Europeans considerable privileges.


Question: What is the capital of Madagascar?

Madagascar

He was killed in the revolt that broke out in 1863.


Question: What is the capital of Madagascar?

Madagascar

[14] The government led by Prime Minister Rainilaiarivony developed the governance of the country and created a new privileged service statute for peasants.


Question: What is the capital of Madagascar?

Madagascar

Slavery was curtailed and foreign trade developed.


Question: What is the capital of Madagascar?

Madagascar

Sugar factories and vanilla and coffee plantations were established in the country.


Question: What is the capital of Madagascar?

Madagascar

Antananarivo, Fianarantsoa, Toamasina and Mahajanga formed as centres of craft professions and trade.


Question: What is the capital of Madagascar?

Madagascar

To weaken the French threat, Rainilaiarivony entered into a trade treaty in 1865 with Britain and in 1867 with the United States.


Question: What is the capital of Madagascar?

Madagascar

Anglicanism was declared the state religion in 1869.


Question: What is the capital of Madagascar?

Madagascar

France concluded a peace and trade treaty with Madagascar in 1868.


Question: What is the capital of Madagascar?

Madagascar

[14] The expansion of French colonial rule interrupted the independent development of Madagascar.


Question: What is the capital of Madagascar?

Madagascar

France began a war in 1883, but suffered a defeat in September 1885 at Toamasina.


Question: What is the capital of Madagascar?

Madagascar

However, the military superiority of the enemy forced Madagascar to hand over to France the management of the country's foreign relations, pay war reparations and give it the Diego Suarez base (present-day Antsiranana).


Question: What is the capital of Madagascar?

Madagascar

In an 1890 treaty, France recognised British claims to Zanzibar, and Britain in the process renounced its rights to Madagascar.


Question: What is the capital of Madagascar?

Madagascar

France began a new war against the country in December 1894, capturing its main ports and, in September 1895, the capital, Antananarivo.


Question: What is the capital of Madagascar?

Madagascar

Queen Ranavalona III signed a treaty whereby Madagascar became a protectorate of France.


Question: What is the capital of Madagascar?

Madagascar

In June 1896, Madagascar and its nearby islands were declared a French colony by the French Parliament.


Question: What is the capital of Madagascar?

Madagascar

[15] In 1895—1897, the Madagascar High Plateau was overrun by a rebellion movement that was bloody defeated by French general Joseph Gallieni.


Question: What is the capital of Madagascar?

Madagascar

The Jackalavas waged a guerrilla war against the French in 1897—1900.


Question: What is the capital of Madagascar?

Madagascar

Ethnic groups in the south and south-east of the country revolted in 1904—1905.


Question: What is the capital of Madagascar?

Madagascar

A clandestine liberation organization was founded in 1912 in Antananarivo by the civilisation.


Question: What is the capital of Madagascar?

Madagascar

Armed resistance was defeated by 1915.


Question: What is the capital of Madagascar?

Madagascar

[15] Colonial rule From 1897 onwards, Madagascar was ruled by a French Governor-General with virtually unlimited power.


Question: What is the capital of Madagascar?

Madagascar

French officials were placed at the head of the regional administration.


Question: What is the capital of Madagascar?

Madagascar

The colonial mistresses sought to rely on a low-numbered educated merinaelite who were granted French citizenship and economic privileges.


Question: What is the capital of Madagascar?

Madagascar

The peasants were forced to grow export crops on plantations taken from them.


Question: What is the capital of Madagascar?

Madagascar

The development of the market economy gave rise to the local bourgeoisie and the working class.


Question: What is the capital of Madagascar?

Madagascar

[15] The National Liberation Movement emerged in the 1920s under the leadership of Jean Ralaimongo and Joseph Ravoahangy-Andrianavalona.


Question: What is the capital of Madagascar?

Madagascar

In June 1925, the country's first workers' strike took place in Toamasina.


Question: What is the capital of Madagascar?

Madagascar

The following year, peasants moved against seizures of farmland and forced labour.


Question: What is the capital of Madagascar?

Madagascar

In May 1929, a demonstration in Antananarivo called for independence for the country.


Question: What is the capital of Madagascar?

Madagascar

In 1936, the first trade unions in the country were established, which were banned in 1940.


Question: What is the capital of Madagascar?

Madagascar

[15] Following the surrender of France in June 1940, Nazi Germany considered establishing a giant Jewish ghetto on the island of Madagascar.


Question: What is the capital of Madagascar?

Madagascar

However, the plan was abandoned due to transport technical problems, among other things.


Question: What is the capital of Madagascar?

Madagascar

[16] Nazi Germany was not the only one or the first to have considered a similar plan.


Question: What is the capital of Madagascar?

Madagascar

Paul de Lagarde had already in 1885 proposed the Jews of Eastern Europe to be relocated to Madagascar.


Question: What is the capital of Madagascar?

Madagascar

Between 1926 and 1927, Poland and Japan also considered relocating the overpopulation to the island.


Question: What is the capital of Madagascar?

Madagascar

[17] In 1946, Madagascar became an overseas territory of France.


Question: What is the capital of Madagascar?

Madagascar

Joseph Raseta and Joseph Ravoahangy-Andrianavalona founded in Paris the same year the country's first political party, the Democratic Movement for the Reincarnation of Madagascar, which sought independence through peaceful means.


Question: What is the capital of Madagascar?

Madagascar

Unrest provoked by colonial hosts led to the party being banned.


Question: What is the capital of Madagascar?

Madagascar

Terror by the French sparked an armed rebellion in 1947—1948, in the suppression of which more than 90000 people were killed.


Question: What is the capital of Madagascar?

Madagascar

Martial law was declared in the country, which was in effect until 1956.


Question: What is the capital of Madagascar?

Madagascar

[15] In 1956, the Revolutionary Madagascar People's Union and the Social-Democratic Party supported by the French were founded.


Question: What is the capital of Madagascar?

Madagascar

Demands for independence were intensified in November 1957 by a strike in the country's largest cities.


Question: What is the capital of Madagascar?

Madagascar

In October 1958, Madagascar was declared an autonomous republic belonging to the French Community.


Question: What is the capital of Madagascar?

Madagascar

Its president and prime minister became the leader of the Social Democrats, Philibert Tsiranana.


Question: What is the capital of Madagascar?

Madagascar

Founded in 1958, the Malagasy Independence Congress party AKFM, led by Richard Andriamanjato and Giselle Rabesahala, called for full independence for the country, separation from the French community, as well as the abolition of foreign military bases.


Question: What is the capital of Madagascar?

Madagascar

[18] Time of Independence The First Republic of Madagascar was declared an independent republic (République Malagache) on June 26, 1960.


Question: What is the capital of Madagascar?

Madagascar

In the first parliamentary elections, the Social Democrats won 76 seats and the AKFM 3.


Question: What is the capital of Madagascar?

Madagascar

The government, led by Philibert Tsiranana, relied on France, foreign capital and local entrepreneurs for its policies.


Question: What is the capital of Madagascar?

Madagascar

The opposition party AKFM declared socialism as its ideology.


Question: What is the capital of Madagascar?

Madagascar

[18] Tsirana wielded power for himself and his party.


Question: What is the capital of Madagascar?

Madagascar

There were other parties, but they were destined to remain small parties with no chance of making a difference.


Question: What is the capital of Madagascar?

Madagascar

The Tsirana regime maintained close contacts with his former mother country France.


Question: What is the capital of Madagascar?

Madagascar

Several French officials still sat in important posts, and school education was given in French.


Question: What is the capital of Madagascar?

Madagascar

Many Malagasy people saw this as neocolonialism.


Question: What is the capital of Madagascar?

Madagascar

In the early 1970s, severe economic and political unrest arose in the country.


Question: What is the capital of Madagascar?

Madagascar

In 1971, hundreds of people were killed in the suppression of a peasant revolt in Toliara Province.


Question: What is the capital of Madagascar?

Madagascar

The rebellion formally originated in taxation.


Question: What is the capital of Madagascar?

Madagascar

The government taxed local ranchers even though their livestock had died as a result of disease.


Question: What is the capital of Madagascar?

Madagascar

The revolt was led by the Monima Party (Movenement National pour l'Indépendance National de Madagascar), which drew strength from the emerging ethnic tensions between Malagassi and power-holding Merinos.


Question: What is the capital of Madagascar?

Madagascar

The mutineers attacked regime and army targets, hoping to obtain arms aid from China, which however did not happen.


Question: What is the capital of Madagascar?

Madagascar

In the early part of 1972, students took to protesting against those in power.


Question: What is the capital of Madagascar?

Madagascar

Students initially made mainly requirements for study: the French and French curriculum in schools must be changed to the national one, and easier access to the highest levels of studies for young people from destitute homes.


Question: What is the capital of Madagascar?

Madagascar

In May 1972, the government responded to students' demands by arresting hundreds of students, closing schools and declaring a ban on strikes.


Question: What is the capital of Madagascar?

Madagascar

The country's economy was at steep lows in 1972.


Question: What is the capital of Madagascar?

Madagascar

The country lacked the capital required for investment, and a drop in living standards diminished the regime's popularity.


Question: What is the capital of Madagascar?

Madagascar

Student protests were now increasingly drawing participants from officials, countrymen and the capital's unemployed youths.


Question: What is the capital of Madagascar?

Madagascar

Riots also spread to the provinces.


Question: What is the capital of Madagascar?

Madagascar

The turning point became rioting on 13 May 1972, when security forces fired on protesters.


Question: What is the capital of Madagascar?

Madagascar

An estimated 14—50 persons were killed and nearly 150 were wounded.


Question: What is the capital of Madagascar?

Madagascar

As a result of the riots, on 18 May 1972, Philibert Tsiranana handed over power to the military government led by General Gabriel Ramanantsoa, which split from the French community, expelled French troops, restricted the activities of foreign companies, and expanded the role of the state in the economic life.


Question: What is the capital of Madagascar?

Madagascar

[18] The new president was a conservative and had served in the French army.


Question: What is the capital of Madagascar?

Madagascar

The military's interference in the country's affairs was also welcomed by the opposition.


Question: What is the capital of Madagascar?

Madagascar

Madagascar's economic tailspin could not be rectified and ethnic tensions reared its head.


Question: What is the capital of Madagascar?

Madagascar

A coup attempt took place in the country on 31 December 1974.


Question: What is the capital of Madagascar?

Madagascar

Ramantsoa relinquished power on 5 February 1975 in favor of Colonel Richard Ratsimandrava.


Question: What is the capital of Madagascar?

Madagascar

Ratsimandrava was from a Seekish background as a merina, but her parents were not aristocrats.


Question: What is the capital of Madagascar?

Madagascar

The new president was already assassinated after five days.


Question: What is the capital of Madagascar?

Madagascar

The soldiers found Didier Ratsiraka, a serious socialist, as their new leader.


Question: What is the capital of Madagascar?

Madagascar

His ethnicity, betsimisaraka, also calmed ethnic tensions.


Question: What is the capital of Madagascar?

Madagascar

Democratic Republic In June 1975, a Revolutionary Council led by Didier Ratsiraka was established, which declared the goal of building socialism.


Question: What is the capital of Madagascar?

Madagascar

A referendum in December 1975 approved a new constitution and the election of Ratsiraka as president of the country.


Question: What is the capital of Madagascar?

Madagascar

The official name of the country became “Democratic Republic of Madagascar” (Repoblika Demokratika Malagasy).


Question: What is the capital of Madagascar?

Madagascar

The new government announced that it would seek a profound transformation of Malagasy society based on the goals stated in the Red Book (Boky Mena).


Question: What is the capital of Madagascar?

Madagascar

Firstly nationalised companies owned by the French, raising the regime's popularity among the Nationalists.


Question: What is the capital of Madagascar?

Madagascar

Foreign policy would be based on non-alignment.


Question: What is the capital of Madagascar?

Madagascar

Next, the new government nationalized the banks and the remaining large corporations, set about implementing land reform and working to improve the financial position of laborers and clerks.


Question: What is the capital of Madagascar?

Madagascar

In 1976, pro-socialism parties joined the National Front for the Defence of the Revolution (Arema), and the activities of other organizations were banned.


Question: What is the capital of Madagascar?

Madagascar

[18] Martial laws, which had been in place since 1972, were repealed, but strict press censorship continued.


Question: What is the capital of Madagascar?

Madagascar

In 1977, Arema won 112 out of 137 seats in the National Assembly elections.


Question: What is the capital of Madagascar?

Madagascar

The remaining seats were allocated to insignificant pro-revolution minor parties.


Question: What is the capital of Madagascar?

Madagascar

The economy had not taken off yet and in 1977 there were the first demonstrations to demonstrate against economic misery.


Question: What is the capital of Madagascar?

Madagascar

Students demonstrated in 1978, and the government sent in the army to suppress them.


Question: What is the capital of Madagascar?

Madagascar

Ratsiraka began to rule the country more singularly, but on the other hand followed the advice of the International Monetary Fund (IMF) on economic liberalisation.


Question: What is the capital of Madagascar?

Madagascar

The economy was already threatened with total collapse.


Question: What is the capital of Madagascar?

Madagascar

The rejection of “scientific socialism” diminished Ratsiraka's support among his own as well, and support for the leftist regime was declining anyway.


Question: What is the capital of Madagascar?

Madagascar

In 1975, 80% of the people had given their support to Ratsiraka, but in the 1989 presidential election the support was no longer 63%.


Question: What is the capital of Madagascar?

Madagascar

Leftist one-party governments at the end of the Cold War found themselves cramped in Africa as well.


Question: What is the capital of Madagascar?

Madagascar

Both Malagasy and international election observers pointed out the largest-scale fraud surrounding the 1989 presidential election.


Question: What is the capital of Madagascar?

Madagascar

Many young people had been denied the right to vote, and in some localities the urns were pre-filled.


Question: What is the capital of Madagascar?

Madagascar

Election fraud led to riots in the capital in which 75 people were killed, according to official figures.


Question: What is the capital of Madagascar?

Madagascar

Popular discontent peaked during a peaceful demonstration on 10 August 1991.


Question: What is the capital of Madagascar?

Madagascar

An estimated 400,000 unarmed citizens marched toward the presidential palace demanding the resignation of Ratsiraka and the government and a genuine multi-party system.


Question: What is the capital of Madagascar?

Madagascar

Presidential security forces opened fire on the crowd, and hundreds of persons were killed.


Question: What is the capital of Madagascar?

Madagascar

The military now announced that it would no longer support the government.


Question: What is the capital of Madagascar?

Madagascar

On October 31, 1991, a meeting was held to agree on a democratic and peaceful transfer of power.


Question: What is the capital of Madagascar?

Madagascar

The transitional government consisted of representatives of both the opposition and the Ratsiraka regime.


Question: What is the capital of Madagascar?

Madagascar

Albert Zafy was appointed temporary head of state.


Question: What is the capital of Madagascar?

Madagascar

The meeting effectively marked the end of the Democratic Republic of Madagascar.


Question: What is the capital of Madagascar?

Madagascar

Third Republic In 1992, a new constitution was adopted by referendum, ending 17-year one-party rule.


Question: What is the capital of Madagascar?

Madagascar

However, President-elect Albert Zafy relinquished power three years later, and Ratsiraka was re-elected president.


Question: What is the capital of Madagascar?

Madagascar

The Senate under the new constitution did not begin functioning until 2001.


Question: What is the capital of Madagascar?

Madagascar

[19] In the December 2001 presidential election, both main candidates, ruling President Didier Ratsiraka and opposition candidate Marc Ravalomanana, declared themselves winners in their respective quarters.


Question: What is the capital of Madagascar?

Madagascar

The standoff continued until July 2002, when Ratsiraka went into exile in France.


Question: What is the capital of Madagascar?

Madagascar

Ravalomanana's party also won a majority in the December 2002 parliamentary elections.


Question: What is the capital of Madagascar?

Madagascar

[19] Ravalomanana was elected to a second term in 2006.


Question: What is the capital of Madagascar?

Madagascar

The following year, the constitution was again amended by referendum.


Question: What is the capital of Madagascar?

Madagascar

Parliament was dissolved, and Ravalomanana's party again won a majority.


Question: What is the capital of Madagascar?

Madagascar

[19] In early 2009, the opposition protested against the president's media control.


Question: What is the capital of Madagascar?

Madagascar

The armed forces backed the opposition, and in March 2009, elected President Marc Ravalomanana handed over power to soldiers and went into exile in South Africa.


Question: What is the capital of Madagascar?

Madagascar

[19] [20] The military, in turn, appointed opposition leader Rajoelina as the new interim president.


Question: What is the capital of Madagascar?

Madagascar

[3] The Southern African Cooperation Organization SADC and the African Union responded to this by separating Madagascar from its membership.


Question: What is the capital of Madagascar?

Madagascar

[21] In September 2011, eight parties agreed arrangements aimed at restoring democracy, and in November their joint government took office.


Question: What is the capital of Madagascar?

Madagascar

The election has been postponed several times.


Question: What is the capital of Madagascar?

Madagascar

[19] Politics Madagascar is a semipresidential republic.


Question: What is the capital of Madagascar?

Madagascar

The constitution has been amended several times by referendum.


Question: What is the capital of Madagascar?

Madagascar

The interim president from 2009 to 2014 was Andry Rajoelina, who came to power with the support of the military.


Question: What is the capital of Madagascar?

Madagascar

[19] In January 2014, Hery Rajaonarimampianina was declared the new president.


Question: What is the capital of Madagascar?

Madagascar

[22] The bicameral parliament consists of a Senate of 100 members and a National Assembly of 127 members.


Question: What is the capital of Madagascar?

Madagascar

[3] Elections have been postponed several times: presidential elections were scheduled for October 2013 and parliamentary elections were scheduled for December 2013.


Question: What is the capital of Madagascar?

Madagascar

[19] Rajoelina announced that would not run for president.


Question: What is the capital of Madagascar?

Madagascar

The electoral commission banned former presidents Rajoelina, Ravalomanana and Didier Ratsiraka from standing.


Question: What is the capital of Madagascar?

Madagascar

The candidacy of Ravalomanana's wife was seen as a circumvention of this rule.


Question: What is the capital of Madagascar?

Madagascar

[23] In January 2014, Hery Rajaonarimampianina was declared the winner of the presidential election.


Question: What is the capital of Madagascar?

Madagascar

Jean Louis Robinson, who lost the election, found the election result to be misrepresented, and the president's taking office caused unrest.


Question: What is the capital of Madagascar?

Madagascar

[22] The administrative division of Madagascar was previously divided into six provinces, but in a 2007 referendum the provincial division was abandoned.


Question: What is the capital of Madagascar?

Madagascar

Instead, the country is divided into 22 administrative regions.


Question: What is the capital of Madagascar?

Madagascar

Decentralization of power is part of Madagascar's development policy, but changes are still ongoing.


Question: What is the capital of Madagascar?

Madagascar

[24] Economy Of the 2009 GDP, farming contributed 26%, manufacturing and construction 16.6% and service and others 57%.


Question: What is the capital of Madagascar?

Madagascar

Agriculture, fishing and forestry together employ 80% of the population.


Question: What is the capital of Madagascar?

Madagascar

Agricultural products include coffee, vanilla, sugarcane, cloves, cocoa, rice, cassava, beans, bananas, and peanuts.


Question: What is the capital of Madagascar?

Madagascar

[3] In 2009, the main export products were coffee, vanilla, molluscs, sugar, cotton cloth, chromite and petroleum products.


Question: What is the capital of Madagascar?

Madagascar

The total value of exports amounted to US$1.045 billion.


Question: What is the capital of Madagascar?

Madagascar

The largest export destination countries were France (28.9%), the United States (20.49%), Germany (5.89%) and China (4.36%).


Question: What is the capital of Madagascar?

Madagascar

Imports were concentrated in China, Thailand, Bahrain, France and the United States.


Question: What is the capital of Madagascar?

Madagascar

It targeted consumer goods, oil and food.


Question: What is the capital of Madagascar?

Madagascar

[3] Economic reforms began in the 1980s with an extensive privatisation programme.


Question: What is the capital of Madagascar?

Madagascar

In the late 1990s, economic growth was stable, but corruption was flagrant and poverty was particularly afflicted by rural residents.


Question: What is the capital of Madagascar?

Madagascar

After the 2002 political crisis, a programme of consolidation began, and other countries promised economic aid to Madagascar.


Question: What is the capital of Madagascar?

Madagascar

The crisis, which began in 2009, has also had a negative impact on business for a long time.


Question: What is the capital of Madagascar?

Madagascar

[24] In December 2010, the UN-subordinated World Food Programme WFP reported a famine threatening Madagascar.


Question: What is the capital of Madagascar?

Madagascar

The drought ruined farmers' crops.


Question: What is the capital of Madagascar?

Madagascar

[25] Transport in Madagascar has 84 aerodromes in total, but only one runway is more than three kilometres long.


Question: What is the capital of Madagascar?

Madagascar

[3] Ivato International Airport is being expanded with the aim of the station serving 2500 passengers.


Question: What is the capital of Madagascar?

Madagascar

It was planned to extend the runway by the end of 2011 by 500 metres so that the Airbus A380 will be able to land on it.


Question: What is the capital of Madagascar?

Madagascar

[26] There are 854km of railways and 7617km of paved roads.


Question: What is the capital of Madagascar?

Madagascar

The main ports are Antsiranana, Mahajanga, Toamasina and Toliara.


Question: What is the capital of Madagascar?

Madagascar

[3] Population Madagascar has two official languages: French and Malagassi.


Question: What is the capital of Madagascar?

Madagascar

The ethnic background of the population is variegated: ancestors include Malay-Indonesians, Arabs, Africans, Indians and French ancestors.


Question: What is the capital of Madagascar?

Madagascar

Fifty-two per cent of Malagasy people practice natural religions, Christians make up 41 per cent and Muslims seven per cent.


Question: What is the capital of Madagascar?

Madagascar

[3] The island's population is genetically unique.


Question: What is the capital of Madagascar?

Madagascar

The inhabitants are descended from about half emigrants from Borneo and half from East Africa.


Question: What is the capital of Madagascar?

Madagascar

[27] The population of Madagascar is traditionally divided into 20 ethnic groups, but the division is not necessarily accurate.


Question: What is the capital of Madagascar?

Madagascar

The importance of the ethnic group in the community is declining.


Question: What is the capital of Madagascar?

Madagascar

A greater difference than between different ethnic groups exists between coastal dwellers (côtiers) and the population of the inland uplands.


Question: What is the capital of Madagascar?

Madagascar

This division is not entirely accurate either, as many “coastal dwellers”, for example, don't actually live anywhere near the coast.


Question: What is the capital of Madagascar?

Madagascar

More precisely, the division can be defined by the boundaries of the landlocked Imerina kingdom.


Question: What is the capital of Madagascar?

Madagascar

[28] Minorities from outside Madagascar make up about 1.7% of the population.


Question: What is the capital of Madagascar?

Madagascar

As a result of the French colonial era, many civil servants and military personnel entered the country, some of whom have remained in the country.


Question: What is the capital of Madagascar?

Madagascar

In addition, there are French businessmen and plantation owners in the country.


Question: What is the capital of Madagascar?

Madagascar

In the early 1990s, an estimated 18000 French citizens were working in Madagascar.


Question: What is the capital of Madagascar?

Madagascar

The Comoros constituted a historically significant minority from outside the country.


Question: What is the capital of Madagascar?

Madagascar

However, their numbers were reduced to the current 25,000 following the Mahajanga race riots of 1976, when 1400 Comoroans died and 20,000 left the country.


Question: What is the capital of Madagascar?

Madagascar

The descendants of those who came from the India-Pakistan region number around 17,000 in the country and are concentrated on the west coast of the country.


Question: What is the capital of Madagascar?

Madagascar

There are about 9000 Chinese and are concentrated on the country's east coast and the capital, Antananarivo.


Question: What is the capital of Madagascar?

Madagascar

[29] Education Schooling is basically compulsory at the age of 6—14 years.


Question: What is the capital of Madagascar?

Madagascar

In rural areas, this is slipped away when children are wanted to be involved in providing for the family.


Question: What is the capital of Madagascar?

Madagascar

It is culture that learning of tradition and respect for parents is often considered at least as important as education in school.


Question: What is the capital of Madagascar?

Madagascar

[30] Reforms of the school system raised the nation's literacy rate from its 1966 level from 38% to 80% in 1991.


Question: What is the capital of Madagascar?

Madagascar

[30] About 68.9% of Madagascar's population can read, 75.5% of men and 62.5% of women (2003 estimate).


Question: What is the capital of Madagascar?

Madagascar

[3] The oldest university in the country is the University of Antananarivo, founded in 1955.


Question: What is the capital of Madagascar?

Madagascar

It was once called the University of Madagascar, but when the subsidiary universities that operated in other cities became independent in 1988, the university took back its old name.


Question: What is the capital of Madagascar?

Madagascar

It has six faculties: Economics, Humanities, Medical, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Normal School of Education, Agricultural College and Technical College.


Question: What is the capital of Madagascar?

Madagascar

[31] Since 1988, there have been universities in Toamasina, Antsiranana, Mahajanga, Toliara and Fianarantsoa.


Question: What is the capital of Madagascar?

Madagascar

Culture Although Madagascar is located in the vicinity of the African continent, the influence of the rest of Africa on Malagasy culture has been minimal.


Question: What is the capital of Madagascar?

Madagascar

[1] The language spoken on the island, Malagassi, belongs to the Austronesian language and is closely related to several languages spoken in Southeast Asia.


Question: What is the capital of Madagascar?

Madagascar

Its most closely related language is the Ma'anyan language spoken in South Borneo.


Question: What is the capital of Madagascar?

Madagascar

There are more than 20 dialects in the Malagassi language, influenced by Bantu languages, Swahili, English, Arabic and French.


Question: What is the capital of Madagascar?

Madagascar

[30] The basic nutrition of the Malagasy people is rice.


Question: What is the capital of Madagascar?

Madagascar

As a side dish, you eat something high in protein, such as fish or meat, and in addition, often boiled vegetables.


Question: What is the capital of Madagascar?

Madagascar

The main course can be baked, grilled or cooked in either water or coconut milk.


Question: What is the capital of Madagascar?

Madagascar

[30] Major Malagasy family celebrations include weddings and a boy circumcision event.


Question: What is the capital of Madagascar?

Madagascar

In the eastern part of the country, it is customary to organize a general circumcision of boys every seven years.


Question: What is the capital of Madagascar?

Madagascar

Honoring deceased ancestors is also important for Malagasy people who practice Christianity, and funerals are a major ritual.


Question: What is the capital of Madagascar?

Madagascar

The deceased are not usually buried in public cemeteries; each family has its own burial chamber.


Question: What is the capital of Madagascar?

Madagascar

In some areas, it is customary to dig up the bones of departed relatives and wrap them in new shrouds at an expensive feast offering food and drink to a wide circle of relatives and friends.


Question: What is the capital of Madagascar?

Madagascar

[32] Malagasy writers have written in both French and Malagasse.


Question: What is the capital of Madagascar?

Madagascar

French-language poems were published in anthology as early as the colonial era in 1948.


Question: What is the capital of Madagascar?

Madagascar

Malagasy born writers living abroad have had their production published in France, but the texts of many who remained in their homeland spread only as unpublished copies of the manuscript.


Question: What is the capital of Madagascar?

Madagascar

[33] Of the Malagasy ensembles around the world, Tarika has been diligently touring.


Question: What is the capital of Madagascar?

Madagascar

Media The state has national television and radio broadcasters, but there are many commercial local radios.


Question: What is the capital of Madagascar?

Madagascar

There are also three commercial broadcasters.


Question: What is the capital of Madagascar?

Madagascar

The communications company MBS (Malagasy Broadcasting System) operates radio and television stations and is owned by the ousted president Ravalomanana.


Question: What is the capital of Madagascar?

Madagascar

Four newspapers appear daily.


Question: What is the capital of Madagascar?

Madagascar

[34] Sport Madagascar has participated in the Summer Olympics since 1964, but skipped the 1976 and 1988 Games.


Question: What is the capital of Madagascar?

Madagascar

At the 2006 Winter Games, Malagasy Mathieu Razanakolona participated in alpine skiing.


Question: What is the capital of Madagascar?

Madagascar

Madagascar's Olympic team has not received any medals.


Question: What is the capital of Madagascar?

Madagascar

[35] The Madagascar national football team has not been successful in international tournaments.


Question: What is the capital of Madagascar?

Madagascar

In FIFA's rankings in October 2014, it was ranked 143.


Question: What is the capital of Madagascar?

Madagascar

There are 220 football teams operating in the country and more than 30000 registered players.


Question: What is the capital of Madagascar?

Madagascar

[36] See also List of the world's largest islands Sources On topic elsewhere (in French) Transclusion error: {{En}} is only for use in File namespace.


Question: What is the capital of Madagascar?

Madagascar

Use {{lang-en}} or {{en icon}} instead.


Question: What is the capital of Madagascar?

Madagascar

Category:43 Africa Category:African Islands Category:East Africa * Category:Key articles of screening


Question: What is the outermost island off Helsinki?

Mäkiluoto

Mäkiluoto () is a rocky outer island located about six kilometres southwest of Porkkalanniemi in the Gulf of Finland, which has served as a base for fishermen as well as a major coastal fort during its long history.


Question: What is the outermost island off Helsinki?

Mäkiluoto

Mäkiluoto had active fishing activities for centuries, and by the beginning of the 20th century the island developed into Uusimaa's most central fishing base.


Question: What is the outermost island off Helsinki?

Mäkiluoto

However, this changed in the 1910s when the Russian Empire began to develop it into a strong coastal fort as part of the wider Peter the Great sea fortress.


Question: What is the outermost island off Helsinki?

Mäkiluoto

The unfinished fortress passed to the defence forces after Finland gained independence, after which it was almost finished in the 1920s and 1930s.


Question: What is the outermost island off Helsinki?

Mäkiluoto

The 12-inch Obukhov turret cannon, designated as the “pride of Finnish coastal artillery” at the time, had been stationed in Mäkiluoto, which was used in naval warfare operations in the Winter and Continuation War, among other things.


Question: What is the outermost island off Helsinki?

Mäkiluoto

After the end of World War II, the island remained in the rented area of Porkkala, which was ceded to the Soviet Union.


Question: What is the outermost island off Helsinki?

Mäkiluoto

The island and the fort that had been on it were returned to Finland with significant destruction in 1956 when the Soviet Union gave up its base at Porkkala.


Question: What is the outermost island off Helsinki?

Mäkiluoto

Despite extensive destruction, it was decided to refurbish Mäkiluoto into a functioning fort, and after lengthy construction work it served for decades as one of the training strongholds on the Finnish coast until most of the last coastal bastions were converted in the cuts of the early 2000s into unmanned sentry strongholds.


Question: What is the outermost island off Helsinki?

Mäkiluoto

Despite the shutdown, Mäkiluoto was still in the position of 2018 in active training for the Defence Forces.


Question: What is the outermost island off Helsinki?

Mäkiluoto

The island also has a coastal weather station measuring maritime weather data.


Question: What is the outermost island off Helsinki?

Mäkiluoto

Geography, nature and place name Mäkiluoto is located about six kilometres southwest of the tip of Porkkalanniemi.


Question: What is the outermost island off Helsinki?

Mäkiluoto

The island is connected by a bridge, excluding Pikku-Mäkiluoto, about one kilometre in length, with an area of about 0.75 square kilometres.


Question: What is the outermost island off Helsinki?

Mäkiluoto

[1] Mäkiluoto is the outermost larger island of the Porkkala archipelago, and only a number of smaller islets and cones lie south of it.


Question: What is the outermost island off Helsinki?

Mäkiluoto

[2] The nearest other larger islands are Rönnskär Lighthouse Island and Vehmas Stora Träskö.


Question: What is the outermost island off Helsinki?

Mäkiluoto

[1] The island is quite rugged, and beaching on it is challenging in many places.


Question: What is the outermost island off Helsinki?

Mäkiluoto

With the exception of good harbour locations on the North Shore, other beaches are not suitable for beaching.


Question: What is the outermost island off Helsinki?

Mäkiluoto

The nature and general appearance of the island has changed significantly during the various stages of construction, and only its beaches have survived somethingunchanged.


Question: What is the outermost island off Helsinki?

Mäkiluoto

Before the wars, Mäkiluoto was almost treeless rock creature with juniper bushes growing at its highest points.


Question: What is the outermost island off Helsinki?

Mäkiluoto

The contemporary tree is mainly planted during World War II.


Question: What is the outermost island off Helsinki?

Mäkiluoto

[1] In the areas between the cliffs of the island there were swamps where, among other things, varnish grew.


Question: What is the outermost island off Helsinki?

Mäkiluoto

The marsh existed at least in the area of the barracks field, which was demolished in 2015, and in the terrain between the casemat and Helmijärvi.


Question: What is the outermost island off Helsinki?

Mäkiluoto

Construction of the casemat and associated cannon stations began with excavation work in which a large rock was blown out from under the present casemat, [1] and blanks for three solid cannon stations were mined in its surroundings.


Question: What is the outermost island off Helsinki?

Mäkiluoto

[3] However, one of these remained significantly unfinished, and Helmijärvi was born in this quarry made on the site of an old varnish bog.


Question: What is the outermost island off Helsinki?

Mäkiluoto

[1] There are many seabird nesting beds around Mäiluoto, the best bird concentrations are often southeast and east of Mäkiluoto.


Question: What is the outermost island off Helsinki?

Mäkiluoto

Among other things, considerable numbers of eiders nest in the region, the population of which in the western parts of the Gulf of Finland has collapsed in the 2000s, and in November 2014 more than 130000 alli were detected in Mäkiluoto.


Question: What is the outermost island off Helsinki?

Mäkiluoto

[4] The history of Mäkiluoto's name is not entirely clear, but there are different theories about its origin.


Question: What is the outermost island off Helsinki?

Mäkiluoto

According to the prevailing theory, the original name of the island was also Mäkiluoto, which would be strongly referenced by names resembling it in map materials published over the years.


Question: What is the outermost island off Helsinki?

Mäkiluoto

The island appears on maps under names such as: Mackiloo (1690), Mackilo (1725), Meckiloto (1742), Mäckilot (1742), Makiloto (1751), Makiluoto (1752), Mackilot (1793), Makkiluoto (1844) and Mäkiluoto (1872).


Question: What is the outermost island off Helsinki?

Mäkiluoto

In Swedish-speaking areas, lo-terminated place names often became -lo-terminated, which probably resulted from the names Makilo and Makelo.


Question: What is the outermost island off Helsinki?

Mäkiluoto

[1] In addition to the names mentioned above, especially in the early 20th century, the island was also known by the names Mac Elliot, Mac Elliots grund, Makilo and Makelo.


Question: What is the outermost island off Helsinki?

Mäkiluoto

The Mac Elliot names are based on two stories that claim that the island was named after either a Scotch captain who was shipwrecked in 1794 or after a missionary who came from south of the Gulf of Finland.


Question: What is the outermost island off Helsinki?

Mäkiluoto

[1] History The island of Mäkiluoto appears on maps for the first time in 1690 under the name Mackiloo.


Question: What is the outermost island off Helsinki?

Mäkiluoto

The island was a major base for seine fishing for centuries, [5] but since the early 20th century it remained mostly for military use, where it has remained until the turn of the 2020s.


Question: What is the outermost island off Helsinki?

Mäkiluoto

The Defence Force had no intention of abandoning the island in the 2015 situation.


Question: What is the outermost island off Helsinki?

Mäkiluoto

[6] The stories relating to the name Mac Elliot about the island were notably referred to as Mac Elliot at the beginning of the 20th century, the possible origin of which involves two stories.


Question: What is the outermost island off Helsinki?

Mäkiluoto

The first of these deals with a ship wrecked off the island in 1794, whose captain and her family perished in an accident while the rest of the crew survived.


Question: What is the outermost island off Helsinki?

Mäkiluoto

The crew buried the bodies of the captain and this family in the crypt they had built in Mäkiluoto.


Question: What is the outermost island off Helsinki?

Mäkiluoto

[5] Another account tells that the island received its name from a missionary from the south of the Gulf of Finland who had been forced to flee on his boat after the pagans intended to sacrifice him to their gods.


Question: What is the outermost island off Helsinki?

Mäkiluoto

According to one version of the story, the Gentiles had caught the preacher and killed him in Mäkiluoto.


Question: What is the outermost island off Helsinki?

Mäkiluoto

Other sources report that the preacher simply came ashore in Mäkiluoto, and gave the island the name Mac Elliot at the time.


Question: What is the outermost island off Helsinki?

Mäkiluoto

[5] Narratives are by nature devoid of a stronger truth basis, and thus the sea captain and missionary are possibly versions of the same story.


Question: What is the outermost island off Helsinki?

Mäkiluoto

[5] The story of the sea captain has, though, to some extent a stronger truth base, since the tomb located on a bare rock in Mäkiluoto has been documented in early 20th century contemporary texts.


Question: What is the outermost island off Helsinki?

Mäkiluoto

The fishermen who used the island had left the vault alone, but it was taken down by a few carpenters in connection with the renovation of the Rönnskär lighthouse in 1838.


Question: What is the outermost island off Helsinki?

Mäkiluoto

[7] The remains of the burial mound were still on top of the rock in the summer of 1913, but were disposed of by the Russians during their fortification works during World War I.


Question: What is the outermost island off Helsinki?

Mäkiluoto

[8] A new monument was erected to Mac Elliot in the 1920s.


Question: What is the outermost island off Helsinki?

Mäkiluoto

Prohibition was in force, and the Porkkala region had become one of the main smuggling sites for the pirtu.


Question: What is the outermost island off Helsinki?

Mäkiluoto

Dismounted fire canisters also drifted to Mäkiluoto from time to time, which was of particular interest to the naval reservist detachments being trained on the island, with Lieutenant Eero A.


Question: What is the outermost island off Helsinki?

Mäkiluoto

It's dizzying.


Question: What is the outermost island off Helsinki?

Mäkiluoto

Huima invented the search for devil canisters to counterbalance the erection of a new memorial to sea captain Mac Elliot.


Question: What is the outermost island off Helsinki?

Mäkiluoto

The monument, built in the northeast corner of the barracks demolished in 2015, is often referred to as Mac Elliot's grave, even though it is only a memorial.


Question: What is the outermost island off Helsinki?

Mäkiluoto

[8] Era as a fishing base Mäkiluoto has been a long-term fishing base like other outer islands of the Gulf of Finland, and no precise information on the date of the start of the operation has been preserved.


Question: What is the outermost island off Helsinki?

Mäkiluoto

However, the island had already been used for centuries as a base for seine fishing, for which a series of small log cabins had been built on the island.


Question: What is the outermost island off Helsinki?

Mäkiluoto

Four such low and grey cottages had survived all the way to the beginning of the 20th century.


Question: What is the outermost island off Helsinki?

Mäkiluoto

[5] In the early 20th century, Mäkiluoto's cottages declined in importance during the spring fishing.


Question: What is the outermost island off Helsinki?

Mäkiluoto

Admittedly, the island became more important during autumn fishing, when net fishing for sprat and herring started.


Question: What is the outermost island off Helsinki?

Mäkiluoto

As motor boats became more common, Mäkiluoto became the main fishing base in the Uusimaa maritime regions.


Question: What is the outermost island off Helsinki?

Mäkiluoto

[5] In the Oolann War, the crew of an English warship used Mäkiluoto for recreation.


Question: What is the outermost island off Helsinki?

Mäkiluoto

Matruuses who died from the plague were buried on the island.


Question: What is the outermost island off Helsinki?

Mäkiluoto

A monument was erected to them in 1903.


Question: What is the outermost island off Helsinki?

Mäkiluoto

The background and plans for fortification in the General Staff of the Army of the Russian Empire were set out in 1907 to develop plans for an extensive defensive system to be built as a shelter for St. Petersburg.


Question: What is the outermost island off Helsinki?

Mäkiluoto

Later, the system, which received the name Peter the Great Sea Fortress, consisted of several levels of defence cut off by the Gulf of Finland, guarded by strong artillery batteries built on the coasts.


Question: What is the outermost island off Helsinki?

Mäkiluoto

[9] Already in the early stages of planning, Mäkiluoto became an important lock for the fortress in the Tallinn — Porkkala defensive position, with the objective of protecting the operational base of the main forces of the Imperial Russian Navy to prevent enemy ships advancing to the east of the level.


Question: What is the outermost island off Helsinki?

Mäkiluoto

Plans to fortify the defensive post received confirmation in the autumn of 1909 from Emperor Nicholas II, but their implementation stretched for another copious six years as various councils and agencies worked out their implementation.


Question: What is the outermost island off Helsinki?

Mäkiluoto

The aim of the fortification programme was to implement the main part of the fortification by 1918, but due to the lack of budgets this objective could not be achieved.


Question: What is the outermost island off Helsinki?

Mäkiluoto

[9] The armament plan for Peter the Great's sea fortress was completed in June 1911 and the functions of the various defensive positions were determined at the end of the same year.


Question: What is the outermost island off Helsinki?

Mäkiluoto

The task of Porkkala Fortress was then determined to protect the naval light force base east of Porkkala and prevent enemy penetration into the archipelago between Porkkala and Mäkiluoto.


Question: What is the outermost island off Helsinki?

Mäkiluoto

[9] The artillery equipment of the entire fortress system was rated for its quantity and caliber to repel attacks by ships stationed in the Baltic Sea of the German Empire Navy.


Question: What is the outermost island off Helsinki?

Mäkiluoto

[3] The Russian Emperor gave his approval to the plans in the spring of 1912, after which construction passed to the Ministry of Marine with the beginning of 1913.


Question: What is the outermost island off Helsinki?

Mäkiluoto

Several more changes were made to the plan afterwards, where its defensive positions were supplemented with flank positions and an exchange of gun fleet stationed at the forts.


Question: What is the outermost island off Helsinki?

Mäkiluoto

The changes also postponed the start of work in Mäkiluoto, where they were allowed to start after lengthy preparations in the autumn of 1913.


Question: What is the outermost island off Helsinki?

Mäkiluoto

[9] The fortification of the island starts Guaranteeing the safety of Peter required rapid passage of the fortification works when they were finally started.


Question: What is the outermost island off Helsinki?

Mäkiluoto

The Mäiluoto site was in operation day and night and about 2500 people worked on it shortly after the start.


Question: What is the outermost island off Helsinki?

Mäkiluoto

The large labour force made the island resemble a small town whose brilliant lighting attracted the attention of seafarers in the area who had never seen similar activities in the area before.


Question: What is the outermost island off Helsinki?

Mäkiluoto

Construction of the fort was initiated by the construction of three piers and a fresh water well.


Question: What is the outermost island off Helsinki?

Mäkiluoto

[9] The artillery armament consisting of Mäiluoto's 8-14-inch guns was designed to be housed in concrete base fortifications that would be connected to each other via a covered tunnel network.


Question: What is the outermost island off Helsinki?

Mäkiluoto

Armament grouping was carried out considerably different from the custom of the time: to achieve the widest possible firing sector, the cannons were positioned in the longitudinal column of the island, staggering at height differences of about two metres, allowing them, like the armament of warships, to fire over each other.


Question: What is the outermost island off Helsinki?

Mäkiluoto

The artillery action at the fort was planned to be derived from the fire control tower on the island, down to the alignment of the cannons.


Question: What is the outermost island off Helsinki?

Mäkiluoto

The cannons would only have had the personnel needed to reload in the event of other activities, remotely controlled by commands from the fire control tower.


Question: What is the outermost island off Helsinki?

Mäkiluoto

The near-defence arrangements of the island consisted of solidly heel-fortified machine gun and cannon positions and armoured cars.


Question: What is the outermost island off Helsinki?

Mäkiluoto

For car traffic, a dedicated road network was built around the island, but a concrete shelter for armoured cars remained unbuilt.


Question: What is the outermost island off Helsinki?

Mäkiluoto

[9] [3] The outbreak of World War I further strained the construction works in Mäkiluoto, but work was interrupted by the Russian Revolution of 1917.


Question: What is the outermost island off Helsinki?

Mäkiluoto

When work was interrupted, an eight-inch battery and a searchlight station were ready at the Mäkiluoto stations.


Question: What is the outermost island off Helsinki?

Mäkiluoto

Of the 14-inch gun positions, two were complete for concrete works, but the installation of the cannon equipment was still ongoing.


Question: What is the outermost island off Helsinki?

Mäkiluoto

For the third tower, construction had only progressed as far as quarries; the underground facilities needed for the tower had been quarried at the site of the present Helmijärvi.


Question: What is the outermost island off Helsinki?

Mäkiluoto

There was no time to even begin construction work on the fire control tower.


Question: What is the outermost island off Helsinki?

Mäkiluoto

[3] Civil War The Finnish Civil War and consequently the war effort of World War I reached Mäkiluoto in 1918.


Question: What is the outermost island off Helsinki?

Mäkiluoto

The Sigurds Guard formed on Kirkkonummi, under pressure from the Reds, had been forced into the Upinniemi area.


Question: What is the outermost island off Helsinki?

Mäkiluoto

The Guard planned the takeover of Mäkiluoto, first trying to buy weapons from the Russians who had managed the fort.


Question: What is the outermost island off Helsinki?

Mäkiluoto

They were able to buy rifles at a price of around 600—1000 marks per piece.


Question: What is the outermost island off Helsinki?

Mäkiluoto

Section leader Lieutenant Ivar Hast tried to buy the entire fort thus even close to succeeding.


Question: What is the outermost island off Helsinki?

Mäkiluoto

Hast's sub-chief set out during the day to advance towards Mäkiluoto, whose staff captured the Sigurds Guard negotiators and repelled the other attackers with machine-gun fire and an eight-inch battery.


Question: What is the outermost island off Helsinki?

Mäkiluoto

[3] The attack would probably have had a significantly better chance of success at night time, as the Russians did not maintain a nightwatch on the island.


Question: What is the outermost island off Helsinki?

Mäkiluoto

German troops took Kirkkonummi at the beginning of April, resulting in the fortress structures at Mäkiluoto being blown up most likely electronically from the nearby island of Rönnskär.


Question: What is the outermost island off Helsinki?

Mäkiluoto

The fort ended up in the possession of independent Finland at the end of the civil war, but was deserted and largely in ruins.


Question: What is the outermost island off Helsinki?

Mäkiluoto

[3] Rebuilding Mäkiluoto fort, which was blown into ruins, was for a long time the sheer value of a scrap warehouse.


Question: What is the outermost island off Helsinki?

Mäkiluoto

Planning for rebuilding was not undertaken until after years of vatting in the late 1920s.


Question: What is the outermost island off Helsinki?

Mäkiluoto

The fort was then attached to Coastal Artillery Regiment 1, whose staff began fortification work in the winter of 1930.


Question: What is the outermost island off Helsinki?

Mäkiluoto

Of the mostly intact 14-inch gun positions, the western foundation was dismantled and moved to Kuivasaari.


Question: What is the outermost island off Helsinki?

Mäkiluoto

Construction of the cannon station in the east continued with the aim of placing a twin turret using Obukhov 12-inch sea cannons obtained as spoils of war in it.


Question: What is the outermost island off Helsinki?

Mäkiluoto

The work was quite slow, as the guns of the Mäkiluoto tower were moved from the demolished Ino fort, acquired in certain parts in Estonia and produced in certain parts as new production in Finnish industrial plants.


Question: What is the outermost island off Helsinki?

Mäkiluoto

[3] At the conclusion of lengthy construction work, the turret was test-firing ready in July 1933.


Question: What is the outermost island off Helsinki?

Mäkiluoto

The foundation stone of Kuivasaari's 12-inch tower was laid in May of the following year when Mäkiluoto's tower fired glory shots off Kuivasaari.


Question: What is the outermost island off Helsinki?

Mäkiluoto

[3] Construction of Mäkiluoto continued with the construction of an eight-inch radiator which began in 1934, which was not completed until the summer of 1938.


Question: What is the outermost island off Helsinki?

Mäkiluoto

Construction of the fire conducting and measuring tower was dated to 1935—1936.


Question: What is the outermost island off Helsinki?

Mäkiluoto

Upon completion of the tower, the first sea shootings of the battery on the towed target were carried out.


Question: What is the outermost island off Helsinki?

Mäkiluoto

[3] After the construction of defence systems, there was a move to the construction of new barracks and housing for stem personnel, as the old housing stock on the island was not suitable for human dwellings in winter conditions.


Question: What is the outermost island off Helsinki?

Mäkiluoto

The new barracks and stem staff housing building were inaugurated on the anniversary of Coastal Artillery Regiment 1 on 12 May 1939, after which Mäkiluoto became a training fort.


Question: What is the outermost island off Helsinki?

Mäkiluoto

[3] Winter War and Intermediate Peace During the auxiliary exercises (YH) which started shortly before the Winter War, the headquarters of the Porkkala Regional Block were established in Mäkiluoto and the radiators on the island were manned.


Question: What is the outermost island off Helsinki?

Mäkiluoto

The strength of the fort was about 280 men when war broke out.


Question: What is the outermost island off Helsinki?

Mäkiluoto

During the early stages of the war, the defences of the hill were strengthened by new anti-aircraft cannons, and combat activities were mostly limited to fighting enemy air attacks.


Question: What is the outermost island off Helsinki?

Mäkiluoto

Anti-aircraft fire forced enemy bombers to bomb from such a high altitude that destruction on the island was mostly confined to broken windows.


Question: What is the outermost island off Helsinki?

Mäkiluoto

[3] As the war progressed, a reinforcement detachment was sent to Saarepää stronghold on the Karelian Isthmus.


Question: What is the outermost island off Helsinki?

Mäkiluoto

In February 1940, additional crews were again detached to Battalion Kiveliö, which took part in the heavy fighting in Vyborg Bay at the end of the war.


Question: What is the outermost island off Helsinki?

Mäkiluoto

[3] With the arrival of peace, crews evacuated from Ristiniemi fort were transferred to the fort, from which reservists were repatriated by August 1940.


Question: What is the outermost island off Helsinki?

Mäkiluoto

Throughout the intermediate peace, the fort served as a weapons training centre, in addition to which its combat endurance was developed by extensive fortification works; in particular, many more anti-aircraft fire stations were built.


Question: What is the outermost island off Helsinki?

Mäkiluoto

[3] Continuation War at Mäkiluoto fort was established in connection with the mobilization of the Continuation War around midsummer 1941 1.


Question: What is the outermost island off Helsinki?

Mäkiluoto

The fort headquarters of Coastal Brigade I, troops required by the HQ, a heavy and heavy battery, three IT batteries and an interceptor company.


Question: What is the outermost island off Helsinki?

Mäkiluoto

The strength of the troops on the fort was 670 men.


Question: What is the outermost island off Helsinki?

Mäkiluoto

[10] Anti-aircraft units came under heavy combat action immediately at the start of the war as the enemy bombarded Mäkiluoto day and night.


Question: What is the outermost island off Helsinki?

Mäkiluoto

The three IT batteries were strengthened in the early stages of the war by one additional battery, which, however, due to electrical failures, could not participate once in the defensive battles.


Question: What is the outermost island off Helsinki?

Mäkiluoto

[10] Mäkiluoto participated in the fighting in Hanko's lease area in the form of maritime shooting and a strike company formed from the fort's troops.


Question: What is the outermost island off Helsinki?

Mäkiluoto

An island interceptor company and half the heavy battery crew were detached to the Strike Company in July 1941, resulting, among other things, in the failure of the first maritime shootings of the war just three days after the troop transfer.


Question: What is the outermost island off Helsinki?

Mäkiluoto

[10] Sea shooting started properly with the evacuation of Tallinn in August 1941.


Question: What is the outermost island off Helsinki?

Mäkiluoto

[10] As autumn progressed, the radiators were employed by the jamming of sea traffic between Hanko's leased area and Kronstadt.


Question: What is the outermost island off Helsinki?

Mäkiluoto

It was almost impossible to pass the fort at a bright time, and the enemy sea traffic was therefore mainly due to the darkening evenings and nights of autumn.


Question: What is the outermost island off Helsinki?

Mäkiluoto

The Soviets evacuated Hanko base for good 2.


Question: What is the outermost island off Helsinki?

Mäkiluoto

on Dec.


Question: What is the outermost island off Helsinki?

Mäkiluoto

[10] Mäkiluoto's artillery batteries managed to sink at least a few ships during the war, and they also damaged several, especially during the evacuation of the Soviet base in Hanko.


Question: What is the outermost island off Helsinki?

Mäkiluoto

Among other things, the fort came under fire from the troop carrier Josif Stalin, [10] which later sank after being driven into a sea mine.


Question: What is the outermost island off Helsinki?

Mäkiluoto

With the silencing of the war effort and handing over to the Soviet Union, Mäkiluoto's senior reservists were repatriated for Christmas 1941 with the rest of the crew moving to Kuivasaari.


Question: What is the outermost island off Helsinki?

Mäkiluoto

They were replaced by a Swedish-speaking crew released from the Hanko front.


Question: What is the outermost island off Helsinki?

Mäkiluoto

Construction work and training activities began on the fort under almost peaceful conditions.


Question: What is the outermost island off Helsinki?

Mäkiluoto

Construction work on the second 12-inch turret planned before the wars could be continued.


Question: What is the outermost island off Helsinki?

Mäkiluoto

The heavy fire control tower was also set out to be overhauled.


Question: What is the outermost island off Helsinki?

Mäkiluoto

[10] The fort's combat activities were limited towards the end of the war mainly to anti-aircraft combat, the effectiveness of which was greatly improved by the maritime surveillance radar “Maija” obtained from Germany, capable of exposing enemy approaching aircraft from as early as a hundred miles away.


Question: What is the outermost island off Helsinki?

Mäkiluoto

[10] The fortress works had time to proceed well before the order of September 1944 to hand over Mäkiluoto to the Soviet Union as part of the Porkkala lease area.


Question: What is the outermost island off Helsinki?

Mäkiluoto

The exit of the fort's troops was triggered on 1 October 1944 with Captain Vernon remaining with the surrender command to cede the island to the Soviet Union.


Question: What is the outermost island off Helsinki?

Mäkiluoto

The handover of Mäiluoto was completed 6.


Question: What is the outermost island off Helsinki?

Mäkiluoto

on October.


Question: What is the outermost island off Helsinki?

Mäkiluoto

[10] No precise information about the use of the fort has survived from Porkkala's lease period, but it is nevertheless known that the island was the main stronghold of the tenement area.


Question: What is the outermost island off Helsinki?

Mäkiluoto

One of its tasks was to fire Helsinki with a 12-inch battery, if this was seen as necessary.


Question: What is the outermost island off Helsinki?

Mäkiluoto

[11] Restoration of the rental area The Soviet Union unexpectedly announced in 1955 that it was handing the Porkkala rental area back to Finland.


Question: What is the outermost island off Helsinki?

Mäkiluoto

[12] The tenement area and the Mäkiluoto fort belonging to it returned to its former owner on 26 January 1956.


Question: What is the outermost island off Helsinki?

Mäkiluoto

[13] Mäkiluoto was received by a Finnish reception department, but the fort was not in the condition where it had been surrendered at the time.


Question: What is the outermost island off Helsinki?

Mäkiluoto

[14] [15] The leased area had seen signs of evacuation preparations during 1955, including in the form of explosions.


Question: What is the outermost island off Helsinki?

Mäkiluoto

[14] The tenant blew up, for example, Mäkiluoto's robust gun turret and heavy fire control turret in late 1955.


Question: What is the outermost island off Helsinki?

Mäkiluoto

[14] [16] Reception section and revenue review In anticipation of refund, lists of coastal artillery forts handed over to the tenant were drawn up for buildings and equipment and reserved corresponding fort maps.