Question: When did Sweden rule Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

In principle, the King of Sweden always gave fishing rights to the colonists in which case the Finns lost their rights to them.


Question: When did Sweden rule Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

[27] Several letters concerning these disputes are known.


Question: When did Sweden rule Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

For example, on 1 June 1303, Swedish colonists from Satakunta had quarreled with the Finns in the area as their holdings were located in the old casque lands of the Finns.


Question: When did Sweden rule Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

In 1347, an order was issued for the transfer of fishing rights in the Helsinki region from the Finns to the coastal Swedes.


Question: When did Sweden rule Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

[28] From 1348, a letter of protection from Bishop Hemming and the Head of the Castle of Turku is known, designed to protect the colonists of the Gulf of Bothnia coast against the Finns.


Question: When did Sweden rule Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

[26] Traces of conflict also remained until later times.


Question: When did Sweden rule Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The mayor of Helsinki, Anders Larsson Ehredt, wrote to Peter Brahe in 1639 that Helsinki's name was not allowed to be changed at the time of the transfer of the city because the name was “a reminder of the victorious arms of our ancestors.”


Question: When did Sweden rule Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

[29] After the Crusader period Around 1300, parts of the Swedish Empire and the Archdiocese of Uppsala, which were governed from the castles of Turku, Häme and Vyborg, had begun to enter the territory of present-day Western and Southern Finland.


Question: When did Sweden rule Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Castles built to consolidate the rule of the King of Sweden were centres of Crown administration in the Middle Ages and important tools for retaining power.


Question: When did Sweden rule Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The administrative unit that surrounded the castle was referred to as the Castle Sounds.


Question: When did Sweden rule Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

At the same time, the Christian population was being phased from Sweden to the Finnish coast.


Question: When did Sweden rule Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The Käkisalmi region and Ladoga Karelia, meanwhile, maintained ties with Orthodox northwestern Russia and Novgorod.


Question: When did Sweden rule Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The clash between Catholic and Orthodox cultural circles therefore took place off Finland.


Question: When did Sweden rule Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The Peace of Nut Island, concluded in 1323, was the first peace treaty between Sweden and Novgorod.


Question: When did Sweden rule Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

It also defined the eastern border between the Swedish Empire and Finland, at least for Karelia.


Question: When did Sweden rule Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Ownership of Northern Finland remained vague.


Question: When did Sweden rule Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

However, within the 14th century, Sweden annexed a Finnish settlement on the northern Ostrobothnia coast.


Question: When did Sweden rule Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The Swedes still in the 14th century did not commonly refer to Finland or Finland as Finland, although these designations had been in use for a long time.


Question: When did Sweden rule Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

For example, the first chronicle of Novgor speaks of Finns (sum) and runestones speak of Vikings who died in Finland.


Question: When did Sweden rule Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The name Finland had meant, and for a long time, meant the present province of Southwest Finland.


Question: When did Sweden rule Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

For this reason, the Swedes used the wider area of southern Finland from about 1350 to 1470 to the name Österland, or “Italia”.


Question: When did Sweden rule Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

[6] Prior to this, the regions were spoken plural eastern countries.


Question: When did Sweden rule Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

[6] Finland, as part of the Kingdom of Sweden in the Middle Ages, Finland was part of the historical provinces of Finland, Southwest Finland and Satakunta belonged to the central region of the Swedish Empire and they retained their connections with Scandinavia that had already arisen in prehistoric times.


Question: When did Sweden rule Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

In southwestern Finland, Häme, the Karelian Isthmus and Southern Savo there were permanent settlements based on farming, which gradually became denser and spread over a wider area.


Question: When did Sweden rule Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The spread and consolidation of settlements in central and northern Ostrobothnia was one of the most significant settlement-historical phenomena in medieval Finland.


Question: When did Sweden rule Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

In addition, there were fresh Swedish-speaking settlements in Åland, the Turunmaa archipelago and the coastal regions of Ostrobothnia and Uusimaa.


Question: When did Sweden rule Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

In the Middle Ages, rural peasants were by far the largest population group in Finland.


Question: When did Sweden rule Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Much of the area of present-day Finland was still wilderness in the Middle Ages, where Satakunese, Hälite and Karelian wildernesses were camping, inhabited by a population called the Lappans, at least part of the Sámi speaking population.


Question: When did Sweden rule Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Wilderness areas were not among the territories of any realm other than in theory at most.


Question: When did Sweden rule Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

In the early stages of Swedish rule, administrative documents were often written in Latin, emphasizing the role of clergy in secular governance as well.


Question: When did Sweden rule Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The use of Swedish increased as a written administrative language as the 14th century wore on.


Question: When did Sweden rule Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

In urban local government, especially with regard to international relations, German was also widely used.


Question: When did Sweden rule Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

However, it is impossible to provide precise estimates of the language ratios of the population of medieval cities.


Question: When did Sweden rule Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Sweden was an electoral kingdom in the Middle Ages and the royal election was conducted with Mora stones.


Question: When did Sweden rule Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The territory of Finland also gained the right to send its representatives to the royal election of 1362, reflecting the status of Southwest Finland as part of the Swedish Empire.


Question: When did Sweden rule Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The land law enacted during the 1319—1364 reign of King Maunu Eerikinpoja was of great importance to the development of administration and legal order.


Question: When did Sweden rule Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

As a difference to Central Europe, peasants were free, and no central European-like feudalism developed in the Swedish Empire.


Question: When did Sweden rule Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Local government was based on keepers and parishes in rural areas.


Question: When did Sweden rule Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

In the Middle Ages, an urban institution also emerged in Finland.


Question: When did Sweden rule Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

However, the bourgeoisie, or merchants and craftsmen, who lived in the cities, accounted for a small


Question: When did Sweden rule Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The most important medieval cities in Finland were Turku and Vyborg.


Question: When did Sweden rule Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Other towns included Naantali, Rauma, Ulvila and Porvoo.


Question: When did Sweden rule Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

During the Middle Ages, Nordic and Finnish long-distance trade was largely held by German Hanseatic merchants, and because of this, a significant part of the bourgeoisie in Turku and Vyborg in particular was German.


Question: When did Sweden rule Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

In the towns, local government was the responsibility of a mayor-led panel.


Question: When did Sweden rule Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

By the 1280 Alsnö rule of King Maunu Birgerinpoika, adopted in the reign of King Maunu Birgerinpoika, a small secular rails, or nobility, emerged in Sweden and Finland.


Question: When did Sweden rule Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Spiritual rails, on the other hand, referred to the spiritual enactment exempt from taxes paid to the secular power (e.g. priests, nuns and beggar brothers).


Question: When did Sweden rule Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The parishes that operated within the Catholic Church on the territory of Finland belonged to the Diocese of Turku.


Question: When did Sweden rule Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

In addition to ecclesiastical authority, the Bishop of Turku, who was at the head of the diocese, also had plenty of secular power and was, for example, a member of the King's Council of Power.


Question: When did Sweden rule Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

One of the most prominent medieval bishops of Turku was Maunu Tavast, who held office between 1412 and 1450.


Question: When did Sweden rule Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Spiritual rails formed a literacy and literacy civilisation in medieval Finland.


Question: When did Sweden rule Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Its members had often attended Turku Cathedral School and some had also studied at foreign universities.


Question: When did Sweden rule Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Kalmar Union Time (1397—1523) Birth of the Union The Nordic Kalmar Union was founded under Queen Margaret of Denmark in 1397.


Question: When did Sweden rule Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

In practice, there were conflicts in the Union, as the Swedish surplus was interested in the east, in the direction of Russia, in the direction of Russia, while the Danish interests were more towards the south — per German territories.


Question: When did Sweden rule Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Nor, within the different countries, was the superiority unanimous among themselves.


Question: When did Sweden rule Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The struggle for power was by no means caused solely by modern concepts of “foreign policy” disagreements.


Question: When did Sweden rule Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

However, at the beginning of the Union period, the country's status as part of the kingdom changed


Question: When did Sweden rule Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Over the course of four decades, the monarch's grip on Finland was firmer than in the past.


Question: When did Sweden rule Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Queen Margaret was a background influence on the regime right up until her death in 1412.


Question: When did Sweden rule Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Throughout, he delegated further responsibilities to his successor King Eerik XIII of Pomerania (as king 1396—1439), who had responsibility especially for Norwegian and Finnish affairs.


Question: When did Sweden rule Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

He visited Finland two times, in 1403 and 1407.


Question: When did Sweden rule Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

All the king's decisions concerning Finland were issued in his name.


Question: When did Sweden rule Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

[30] With the Union, the leading administrators of the country changed, as the king placed his own creditmen in charge of the castles.


Question: When did Sweden rule Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Abraham Broderinpoika rose to be head of the castle in Turku, and the Danish Klaus Fleming was also appointed as Lamann.


Question: When did Sweden rule Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Later, Klaus Lydekenpoika Djäkn and Krister Nilsson Vaasa rose to prominent positions.


Question: When did Sweden rule Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Bishop Maunu Tavast was a supporter of unionism.


Question: When did Sweden rule Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Even during the Union period, Finland did not form a single administrative entity; the region was divided into two different administrative districts.


Question: When did Sweden rule Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Vyborg served as a major, at times quasi-autonomous centre as Turku was more closely incorporated into the central authority's administrative region.


Question: When did Sweden rule Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The independent status of Vyborg can be seen, among other things, in the fact that although Finland was divided in 1435 into two Lamalandic municipalities South and Bottom-Finland, Vyborg was born as early as the 1440s, an independent Karelian Llamann, which was probably laid down by a castle chief in Vyborg.


Question: When did Sweden rule Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Although the Karelian Laman had no jurisdiction in the Turku Land Court.


Question: When did Sweden rule Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

[31] In Finland and Sweden, discontent in the early days of the Union was provoked by an increase in the tax burden.


Question: When did Sweden rule Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Eerik sought to make taxation more efficient in Finland, with the cancellation of the farms to the Crown and efforts to make the castle sound liable.


Question: When did Sweden rule Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

[30] During the Union period, the administration of the country was organised in a new way to improve the economic condition.


Question: When did Sweden rule Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

In 1405, tax exemptions for apparently hundreds of farms were withdrawn.


Question: When did Sweden rule Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

At that time, the groundwork for systematic land taxation was laid.


Question: When did Sweden rule Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The Crown also sought to increase tax revenues through settler activity: arable farming produced tax revenues, while the wilderness economy did not produce them.


Question: When did Sweden rule Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Tax revenues were therefore raised by the allocation of wilderness for permanent settlement.


Question: When did Sweden rule Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

In 1409, Turku also began to mint its own money, which differed in value from the money spent in Sweden.


Question: When did Sweden rule Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

They were silver and six-pence coins.


Question: When did Sweden rule Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

In 1407, Finland received its own supreme court, the Turku Land Court, and it was also given administrative power.


Question: When did Sweden rule Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Finland's leaders were now able to decide the country's affairs at their own meetings.


Question: When did Sweden rule Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The railing crew and clergy formed a politically leading group during the Union period.


Question: When did Sweden rule Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Finland's own raulsmen only rarely ruled the largest castle voices, usually headed by Swedish or Danish, sometimes German-born men, who, though often had lived in the country for decades.


Question: When did Sweden rule Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Domestic rails were generally responsible for lower administration, military functions and especially the courts.


Question: When did Sweden rule Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The most prominent positions in the Church also ended up in the Union period for the sons of the indigenous families.


Question: When did Sweden rule Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

On the other hand, the peasantry could also participate in the activities of various boards and district assemblies, as well as influence political solutions such as the election of the king.


Question: When did Sweden rule Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

With the exception of Turku and Vyborg, cities were small during the Union period and there were very few of them.


Question: When did Sweden rule Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Therefore, foreign trade was modest, too.


Question: When did Sweden rule Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Even Vyborg was unable to compete with Tallinn as a hub for trade in Russia.


Question: When did Sweden rule Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Domestic trade was economically certainly more significant than foreign trade.


Question: When did Sweden rule Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Externally, the beginning of the Union was a time of peace for Finland.


Question: When did Sweden rule Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

However, King Eerik the Pomeranian, who was active in foreign politics, was mired in conflict with the Hanseatic League, making commerce more difficult.


Question: When did Sweden rule Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

In the 1430s, the rebellion movements of the overlords and peasants that rose on the Swedish side had little effect in Finland.


Question: When did Sweden rule Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The overabnormality of modest insurgency movements in Finland can be explained by the expansion of the Crown and Rulse holdings [32].


Question: When did Sweden rule Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The most famous of these rebellion movements was the so-called. David's revolt in Häme in 1439.


Question: When did Sweden rule Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

It targeted Viikki Manor [33] [34].


Question: When did Sweden rule Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Finland did not participate in the 1435 meeting held in Arboga.


Question: When did Sweden rule Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

In the autumn of the same year, Bishop Maunu Tavast and Krister Nilsson arrived in Sweden, where, in arranged negotiations, they influenced the ousting of the leaders of the movement known as the Engelbrekt Engelbrektinpoika Rebellion and reaching a compromise.


Question: When did Sweden rule Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Drots became Krister Nilsson and Charlemagne Knuutinpoika Bonde became the marcher.


Question: When did Sweden rule Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

After the former returned to Finland in the autumn of the same year, the revolt movement began again in Sweden.


Question: When did Sweden rule Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

To counter the rebellion projects, the Finnish peasants were promised a tax reduction in a letter dated 24 June 1436, the signatories of which were the archbishop, drotsi and marski in the name of the Council of Power.


Question: When did Sweden rule Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The reason was put forward that the Finns had proved loyal to the kingdom and had sworn not to assume a head of their own, i.e., promised not to rise in rebellion, and would accept the head imposed by the Council of Power.


Question: When did Sweden rule Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Seppo Suvanto interpreted this as saying that in Sweden it was feared that the Finns, or the administrators of Finland, would break away from the Council of Power and Finland would elect its own head.


Question: When did Sweden rule Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

[35] Finland and Swedish power struggles Eventually the king was dismissed in 1439, after which Sweden was ruled by a power council of aristocrats.


Question: When did Sweden rule Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

It consisted of bishops and leading supremacists.


Question: When did Sweden rule Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The most powerful of this force emerged Charlemagne the son of Knuutinson, who was elected in 1438 as regent.


Question: When did Sweden rule Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

His worst rival, the drotsi Krister then withdrew to Vyborg.


Question: When did Sweden rule Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

After the fall of the monopolistic system of government, Finland's links with Denmark were severed.


Question: When did Sweden rule Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

However, links with Sweden were not much consolidated but the holders of local castle votes largely ruled the country.


Question: When did Sweden rule Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

In 1440 the Danes invited Christopher the Bavarian to the land and he was proclaimed king.


Question: When did Sweden rule Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Negotiations were held in Sweden on the terms of recognition.


Question: When did Sweden rule Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Kaarle Knuutinpoika moved to Finland in the same year and took over the castles of Turku and Kastelholm, promising to give up the position of state administrator if he could get all of Finland as his county.


Question: When did Sweden rule Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

With the exception of Åland, this wish came true.


Question: When did Sweden rule Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

However, the situation soon changed, and soon Charlemagne had to settle solely for the Vyborg Castle.


Question: When did Sweden rule Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Turku returned to the rule of a voud under the king.


Question: When did Sweden rule Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The king's purpose was to prevent the emergence of a unified Finland.


Question: When did Sweden rule Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

After Christopher died in 1448, Charlemagne Knuutinpoika sailed from Vyborg with 800 gunmen to Stockholm, where he was elected king (1448—1457), apparently because of his armed superiority.


Question: When did Sweden rule Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The reign was marked by war against Kristian Oldenburgian, which increased the tax burden in Finland as well.


Question: When did Sweden rule Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

During this period, Finland was the most significant area of support for the king.


Question: When did Sweden rule Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

In 1457, the Swedish Grand Excellence rose in revolt against the king, and he fled to Danzig.


Question: When did Sweden rule Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Kristian Oldenburgian was elected King of Sweden.


Question: When did Sweden rule Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

He ruled from 1457 to 1464.


Question: When did Sweden rule Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

However, support for the new king was not shared by everyone - especially in Vyborg.


Question: When did Sweden rule Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Controversy over the eastern border The following period was marked by problems in the eastern parts of the kingdom.


Question: When did Sweden rule Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

As the settlement spread to the wilderness areas, border disputes and skirmishes with Novgorod and Karelians began.


Question: When did Sweden rule Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

While Savonian settlement progressed, North Karelia was also colonized.


Question: When did Sweden rule Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

In 1478, Novgorod was annexed by Moscow, and a new force factor rose behind the eastern border.


Question: When did Sweden rule Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

In order to secure the border, construction began to be built on Olavinlinna to safeguard the settler settlement.


Question: When did Sweden rule Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

From the Russian point of view, this was a breach of the border treaty and open martial law prevailed for several years right up to the intermediate peace of 1482.


Question: When did Sweden rule Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

However, there was no consensus on the course of the border.


Question: When did Sweden rule Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

From the Axis sons to the Sten Sture period In the battle, the Swedish king's crown became the castles of Suomenk to take over and bend the Union king behind them.


Question: When did Sweden rule Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The Danish knight Eerik the Axis boy Tott came with his brothers to take over the castles in the 1480s, and eventually all the castles were held by the Axis sons.


Question: When did Sweden rule Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

After Eerik died, he left the counties of Vyborg, Hämeenlinna and Savonlinna to his brothers Ivar and Laur, who already ruled Raasepori.


Question: When did Sweden rule Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

However, the emergence of a unitary circle of power did not fit with regent minister Sten Sture's plans.


Question: When did Sweden rule Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

In 1481, Sten Sture arrived in Finland, all the way to Vyborg.


Question: When did Sweden rule Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

A reconciliation between the registrar and the local grandees could not arise: the regent promised the population tax breaks; the holders of the fiefdoms again did not accept these.


Question: When did Sweden rule Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

At the end of the Union period no longer saw the emergence of a jointly accepted monarch in the Nordic countries.


Question: When did Sweden rule Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

King Hansel of Denmark (1481—1513) did not achieve approval in the Union countries; instead, the power councils took control.


Question: When did Sweden rule Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

In 1483, Sten Sture gained control of three counties in Finland: Vyborg, Savonlinna and Hämeenlinna.


Question: When did Sweden rule Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The earlier Axis boys' dominance became a supporter of the regent and Finland became more firmly subordinated to the central authority; especially when Raaseporik came into the possession of Sten Sture's supporter, Knut Posse.


Question: When did Sweden rule Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Sture did not distribute castles as fiefs to the overlord, but controlled them through self-dependent vouts, collecting significantly tax revenue for himself.


Question: When did Sweden rule Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The tranquillities of the end of the Middle Ages at the end of the 15th century earlier skirmishes with Moscow condensed into war.


Question: When did Sweden rule Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

In 1495, Vyborg Castle began to be besieged.


Question: When did Sweden rule Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Lifting people were also gathered from Western Finland for the war effort at the time.


Question: When did Sweden rule Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

In endangered areas, all 15-year-olds were taken up in arms, and German mercenaries and people from the Swedish side also arrived in the country.


Question: When did Sweden rule Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Along with Karelia, Russian attacks also extended to Ostrobothnia, Savo and Häme.


Question: When did Sweden rule Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Peace was concluded in 1497.


Question: When did Sweden rule Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

In the same year, Sten Sture was dismissed from the position of state administrator by the Council of Power.


Question: When did Sweden rule Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

However, the Finnish castle lands remained in his possession.


Question: When did Sweden rule Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

King Hansel I of Denmark invaded Sweden in 1497, beating Sten Sture's forces on 28 September at the Battle of Rotebro.


Question: When did Sweden rule Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Thus Hansel I rose to become King of Sweden and thus of Finland (1497—1501).


Question: When did Sweden rule Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

In 1499, Sture had to give up his territories in Finland.


Question: When did Sweden rule Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

In 1503, Svante Niilonpoika Sture (1504—1512) was elected as regent, to whom the leading men of Finland also gave their assurances of allegiance.


Question: When did Sweden rule Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

At the meeting in Turku, his election was supported.


Question: When did Sweden rule Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

However, the unanimity was ostensible, as some of Finland's lords, along with Sten Sture's relatives, pursued their own political line.


Question: When did Sweden rule Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

To some extent, the goals have remained unclear.


Question: When did Sweden rule Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

National historiography, however, has highlighted the centrality of East politics in divisive terms.


Question: When did Sweden rule Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Vaasa period (1523—1617) The reign of Gustav Vasa during the end of the Union was peaceful in Finland other than Vyborg, in the early 16th century the Danes went on raiding the coasts of Finland, and the privateer captain Otto Rudi plundered Turku and its treasures of the cathedral.


Question: When did Sweden rule Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

On the rise of Christian II, the Danish Union king, at his coronation, he beheaded dozens of Swedish supremacists.


Question: When did Sweden rule Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

It's called the Stockholm massacre.


Question: When did Sweden rule Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The Swedish supreme Gustav Vasa rose to oppose the Union king and won the peasants over.


Question: When did Sweden rule Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

German Hanseatic merchants also supported Gustavus Vasa and supplied him with weapons and money.


Question: When did Sweden rule Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The Finnish-born Fleming brothers Eerik and Iivar conquered the Finnish castles for Gustav Vasa and drove the Danes out of Finland in 1523.


Question: When did Sweden rule Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The Nordic Union period ended, and Gustav Vasa became King of Sweden and Finland.


Question: When did Sweden rule Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The early modern state emerges in the Gustav Vasa period beginning a unified Swedish kingdom to form.


Question: When did Sweden rule Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

He succeeded in defeating the provincial communities that pushed for his own policies.


Question: When did Sweden rule Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The Reformation, in turn, snubbed the Church.


Question: When did Sweden rule Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Already weakened by the massacre, the high nobility was now attached to supporting royal policy.


Question: When did Sweden rule Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

However, the management of the government continued the medieval tradition: the king had numerous nobles as well as scribes who were not, however, strictly officials.


Question: When did Sweden rule Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Nor was there yet a clear division of labour within the administration, but the functions of office in the king's service varied according to the situation.


Question: When did Sweden rule Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

In the 1530s, Gustavus Vasa began to produce German administrative personnel in the country, with whom new views of monarch rule also arrived in Sweden.


Question: When did Sweden rule Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

In 1544, in the Riksdag of Västerås, the kingship was changed to hereditary and Gustav Vasa's eldest son Eerik was named heir to the throne.


Question: When did Sweden rule Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

After the withdrawal of fiefdoms, local government of the Crown was concentrated in the hands of the vouties.


Question: When did Sweden rule Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The tasks of these were diverse, but the collection of taxes was the most important of them.


Question: When did Sweden rule Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

During Gustavus Vasa's time, there was also a shift to written administration; first, systematic land books (on land ownership) are being drawn up to aid taxation, soon followed by other lists and written accounts.


Question: When did Sweden rule Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The Vouds were also responsible for repopulating deserted houses, a ride-hailing system and roadwork.


Question: When did Sweden rule Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Voud also had to prevent illegal trading in the countryside, as well as handicrafts.


Question: When did Sweden rule Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Maintaining public order and caring for the litigants were also part of the duties of the voud - thus ensuring the Crown's share of tax revenue and penalty payments.


Question: When did Sweden rule Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The stepped-up administration boosted the Crown's tax revenues by tens of percent.


Question: When did Sweden rule Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The war against Russia for Finland was still significant in foreign policy terms, continued conflicts with Russia; during the early stages of the period of Gustav Vasa, another attempt was made to gain clarity on the course of the border line through negotiations.


Question: When did Sweden rule Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The Swedes sought to delay the revision of the border as far as possible, and despite temporary agreements, skirmishes and mutual raiding continued.


Question: When did Sweden rule Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

In 1555, a meeting of nobles held in Vyborg recommended to the king to go to war.


Question: When did Sweden rule Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The attack prompted a counter-attack by Ivan the Terrible in the direction of Vyborg and Savo.


Question: When did Sweden rule Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Negotiations between 1556 and 1557 ended with the conclusion of a 40-year-long intermediate peace.


Question: When did Sweden rule Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The intention was to hold 1559 new negotiations for the passage of the border, which, however, never materialised.


Question: When did Sweden rule Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Abuses of nobility During the war, the king had stayed in Finland for a long time.


Question: When did Sweden rule Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

At that time, he also ordered the submission of an extensive inquiry into abuses committed by the nobility.


Question: When did Sweden rule Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

As a result of this investigation, the so-called. Jaakko Teit's list of complaints, a major source of 16th-century social history.


Question: When did Sweden rule Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

In the summer of 1556, the king still formed a duchy of his own from Finland, with the king's son Juhana named at its head.


Question: When did Sweden rule Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Gustav Vasa died in September 1560.


Question: When did Sweden rule Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

On the throne he was succeeded by Eerik XIV.


Question: When did Sweden rule Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

From throne disputes to the beginning of great power politics, Eerik XIV's reign Eerik XIV was crowned king in 1561.


Question: When did Sweden rule Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

He sought to further intensify the kingship in relation to the overlord, and thus also to his brothers.


Question: When did Sweden rule Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

To weaken the position of these, Eerik established new counts and free lordships to share the power of the dukes.


Question: When did Sweden rule Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

In Finland, the king's policy was also reflected in the appointment of new llamanns to the country.


Question: When did Sweden rule Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

In 1561, the King approved in the Reichstag the so-called. Arboga's articles by which the dukes were subjected to the control of the king and deprived them of the possibility of an independent foreign policy.


Question: When did Sweden rule Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Central to the king was specifically the eroding of the position of Duke Juhana of Finland.


Question: When did Sweden rule Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

As the Duchy of Juhana, Finland was formed into a “feudal miniature state” (Keränen) subjugated to the kingdom, with its own office, chamber of taxes and calculations, and a council corresponding to the power council.


Question: When did Sweden rule Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Juhana's interests in Livonia were also at odds with the king: with the planned marriage to Catherine Jagellonica, Juhana would gain possession of several pledge castles in Livonia.


Question: When did Sweden rule Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Simultaneously, Eerik XIV was drifting into war with Poland due to its expansionist policy towards Livonia.


Question: When did Sweden rule Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

In 1561 the Tallinn jury had already ceded the city to the patronage of the king, during the same spring the nobility of Viru and Harju separated from the Teutonic Order.


Question: When did Sweden rule Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

As the conflict intensified, the king convened in 1563 the Reichstag to condemn John to death.


Question: When did Sweden rule Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The development led to the siege of Turku Castle in the summer of 1563.


Question: When did Sweden rule Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

After skirmishes and bombardments, the castle surrendered on 12 August 1563, after which the splendour of the castle was destroyed, the pair of dukes were captured and taken to Sweden for imprisonment.


Question: When did Sweden rule Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

In the 1560s, Swedish foreign policy was marked by warfare in the Baltics against Poland.


Question: When did Sweden rule Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

In addition, Eerik XIV was mired in war against Denmark-Norway and Lübeck.


Question: When did Sweden rule Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

This required good relations with the east: concentrating military forces elsewhere required good relations with the direction of Moscow.


Question: When did Sweden rule Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Eerik XIV's term ended in 1568 with the rise of the nobility against the king.


Question: When did Sweden rule Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

This time, Finland's top brass were also on the side of the rebels, as much the old supporters of Juhana as the creditmen of Eerik.


Question: When did Sweden rule Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Turku Castle came into the possession of the rebels.


Question: When did Sweden rule Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Eerik spent the next few years in captivity until he was sentenced to death and poisoned in 1577.


Question: When did Sweden rule Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Long hatred during Juhana III's kingship, border skirmishes on the border of Käkisalmi County led to yet another war (1570—1595) known as the Nordic Five Third Year War.


Question: When did Sweden rule Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

For the most part, it was a brutal, mutual guerrilla war.


Question: When did Sweden rule Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

In the early stages, however, warfare was organized and in 1573—1577 a time of armistice lived on the Finnish front.


Question: When did Sweden rule Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Halfway through the decade, however, peasant rustles began: Karelians invaded Oulujärvi and Iijoki, southern Finland went beyond the Gulf of Finland.


Question: When did Sweden rule Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

In the fold of the decade, organised warfare was triggered again with the invasion of Narva (1579) and the conquest of Käkisalmi in 1580.


Question: When did Sweden rule Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Narva was overrun the following year, with subsequent negotiations leading to an intermediate peace lasting until 1590.


Question: When did Sweden rule Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Despite the intermediate peace, guerrilla warfare continued on both sides of the eastern border, leading to the widespread desolation of Kainuu and northern Ostrobothnia in the 1580s.


Question: When did Sweden rule Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Led by Pekka Vesainen, the Ostrobothians made retaliatory expeditions to Viena Karelia.


Question: When did Sweden rule Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The war ended with the Peace Treaty of Full Sole in 1595.


Question: When did Sweden rule Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

A new throne dispute upon the death of John III in 1592 left the throne without a holder.


Question: When did Sweden rule Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

There were two successor candidates: Sigismund and Duke Charles.


Question: When did Sweden rule Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The kingship issue was also intertwined with church politics: in Counter-Reformation Europe, Sigismund was Catholic, making his position even more problematic in Lutheran Sweden.


Question: When did Sweden rule Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

In 1593 Sigismund arrived in the country to be crowned.


Question: When did Sweden rule Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The ruler's assurance he issued in the autumn of the following year.


Question: When did Sweden rule Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

In this case, he also adopted the Lutheran line of the enactment and ecclesiastical assembly of Uppsala (1593).


Question: When did Sweden rule Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

With the crowning of Sigismund, a personal union was created between Sweden and Poland that lasted some years; as King of Poland, Sigismund always remained until 1632.


Question: When did Sweden rule Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

After the king's return to Poland, rose to the nobility among disagreements over Charles Duke's position as registrar.


Question: When did Sweden rule Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

In this dispute, Klaus Fleming, the commandholder of Finland, sided with the king.


Question: When did Sweden rule Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

In the Riksdag of Arboga of 1597, however, Charles was named regent.


Question: When did Sweden rule Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

In this case, he also declared his opponents, above all Klaus Fleming, rebels.


Question: When did Sweden rule Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Harshing justice Generally in Europe At the beginning of the New Age, in the 16th and 17th centuries, secular rights began to use the so-called “Law of Moses”, that is, some passages from the Bible.


Question: When did Sweden rule Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Under the law of Moses, witchcraft and magic were prohibited and, among other things, blasphemy, swearing, infringement against one's parents, perjury, manslaughter, interest railing, false testimony, and several sexual offences could be sentenced to death.


Question: When did Sweden rule Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The Law of Moses became a general legal instruction in the Swedish Empire in 1608 and remained in force right up to the new Reich Law of 1734.


Question: When did Sweden rule Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

However, the law was generally not applied in its full harshness and death sentences were commuted in about half of the cases.


Question: When did Sweden rule Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

[36] [37] 16th century peasant unrest and mace war Peasant unrest increased during the reign of Gustav Vasa, inter alia, due to increased tax burdens and, on the other hand, the struggle for power of his sons.


Question: When did Sweden rule Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The culmination of the peasant unrest was the bludgeon war in 1596—1597.


Question: When did Sweden rule Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

It ended bloody with the army defeating the Ostrobothians and Savonian peasants armed with mace, spears and bows.


Question: When did Sweden rule Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The revolt was directed against the nobility who exercised power in Finland and Klaus Fleming in particular.


Question: When did Sweden rule Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The mutineers sought help from Charles Duke, who was pursuing the Swedish crown.


Question: When did Sweden rule Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

As causes of the rebellion, contemporary research attributes the war burden of the rap war, economic decline, and the suffering caused by the castle camp system.


Question: When did Sweden rule Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Scholars have been divided as to the great influence the incitement against Klaus Fleming exercised by the Duke of Charles had on the genesis of the bludgeon war [38] [39].


Question: When did Sweden rule Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Great Power Period (1617—1721) Peace of Stolbova In 1604—1611 Duke Charles of Södermanland was King Charles IX of Sweden.


Question: When did Sweden rule Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

During his reign, the kingdom was almost constantly waging war against Russia and Poland, especially over the ownership of the Baltic provinces Estonia and Livonia.


Question: When did Sweden rule Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

In addition, in 1611—1613 there was a defeatist war against Denmark.


Question: When did Sweden rule Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

On the death of Charles IX, his son Gustav II Adolf ascended to the throne.


Question: When did Sweden rule Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The state of the kingdom was poor and Sweden had to conclude in 1613 peace with Denmark.


Question: When did Sweden rule Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The Peace of Stolbova was concluded with Russia in 1617, as a result of which Käkisalmi County, Nutälinna and part of Inker were annexed by Sweden.


Question: When did Sweden rule Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Modernisation and reforms under the leadership of the King and Reich Chancellor Axel Oxenstierna, Sweden and Finland began to implement substantial reforms after the foreign policy situation calmed down.


Question: When did Sweden rule Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The army and the war establishment were reorganised, in particular in accordance with the paragon given by the Dutch Morits Oranian.


Question: When did Sweden rule Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The navy and the administration of the Crown were also reformed.


Question: When did Sweden rule Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

A new form of government was brought into effect in the country and the kingdom was divided into counties.


Question: When did Sweden rule Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

In the 17th century, in addition, a Governor-General was appointed in Finland from time to time to develop the conditions


Question: When did Sweden rule Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The office of Governor General of Finland was Nils Tuurenpoika Bielke and Count Peter Brahe, whose official residence was Turku Castle.


Question: When did Sweden rule Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

During the Great Reign, new cities and the Royal Court of Appeal of Turku were also established in Finland, and in 1640 the Turku Academy, Finland's first university.


Question: When did Sweden rule Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

During the Thirty Years' War in the Baltics, Sweden was still waging war against Poland-Lithuania and in 1629 the provisional Peace of Altmark was concluded.


Question: When did Sweden rule Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

In the Thirty Years' War between the Catholic Emperor and Protestant princes that broke out in Germany, Gustav II Adolf joined in 1630 after coming ashore in northern Germany.


Question: When did Sweden rule Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Sweden's goal in the war was to support German Protestants and strengthen its own position.


Question: When did Sweden rule Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Gustav II Adolf, however, died at the Battle of Lützen in 1632 and his daughter Kristiina ascended the throne as a minor.


Question: When did Sweden rule Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

In practice, the kingdom was ruled at this point by a caretaker government led by Axel Oxenstierna.


Question: When did Sweden rule Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

In the Peace of Westphalia, 1648, which ended the Thirty Years' War, Sweden established itself as a great power.


Question: When did Sweden rule Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

However, the Thirty Years' War and other conflicts of the Great Power period severely consumed the resources of Sweden and Finland.


Question: When did Sweden rule Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

A significant number of peasants were forced to serve in the army and navy, where mortality rates were high.


Question: When did Sweden rule Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

From wars to peace period, during Queen Kristiina's reign 1632—1654 Sweden and Finland gave vast territories as fiefdoms to the nobility.


Question: When did Sweden rule Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The nobility had the right to collect tax on their fiefdoms, which complicated the financial position of the Crown.


Question: When did Sweden rule Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

After Kristiina's abdication of the crown rose to power under Charles X Gustaf, who ruled the Swedish Empire from 1654 to 1660.


Question: When did Sweden rule Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

During his reign, Sweden waged wars against both Poland, Russia, and Denmark.


Question: When did Sweden rule Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Charles X died in 1660 and Charles XI ascended to the throne as his successor, in whose reign 1660—1697, a major reduction—the large-scale withdrawal of fiefdoms to the Crown took place in Sweden and Finland.


Question: When did Sweden rule Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Charles XI diminished the power of the nobility and ruled the kingdom autocratically.


Question: When did Sweden rule Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

For Finland, the reign of Charles XI meant a lengthy peace.


Question: When did Sweden rule Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The Protestant clergy were responsible for teaching literacy to the people and ecclesiastical life was dominated by pure-doctrine.


Question: When did Sweden rule Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

1695—1697 Finland was hit by disastrous years of disastrous roofing, which resulted in a significant portion of the population dying from starvation and disease.


Question: When did Sweden rule Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The Great Northern War under Charles XI's successor King Charles XII, in 1700 the Great Northern War broke out, resulting in Sweden losing its great power status.


Question: When did Sweden rule Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The cause of the war was an anti-Swedish alliance established by Sweden's enemies Denmark, Russia, Polish-Lithuania and Saxony.


Question: When did Sweden rule Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

In the Peace of Stolbova of 1617, Russia had lost contact with the Baltic Sea.


Question: When did Sweden rule Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The reformist Tsar Peter I sought to reopen Russia a link with the Baltic Sea to facilitate its contacts and commerce with Western Europe.


Question: When did Sweden rule Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Although Charles XII succeeded one by one in defeating Denmark, the Russian invasion army (at the Battle of Narva) and Poland, the Swedes ultimately suffered a decisive defeat to the Russians at the Battle of Poltava in 1709.


Question: When did Sweden rule Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The king then fled to Turkey and the kingdom was open to enemy attack.


Question: When did Sweden rule Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Vyborg was taken in 1710 and the Russians occupied the rest of Finland after the Battle of Kostianvirta on Pälkäne, the Battle of Napue in Ostrobothnia and the Battle of Riilahti off Hanko by 1714.


Question: When did Sweden rule Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

From the Russian occupation period of 1714—1721, big-hatred is referred to as big-hatred.


Question: When did Sweden rule Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The occupation period was disastrous for Finland.


Question: When did Sweden rule Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Thousands of people were killed and even more were taken to Russia, in addition, a large number of the country's officials and clergy fled to Sweden.


Question: When did Sweden rule Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The Great Northern War and at the same time big-hatred ended with the Peace of Uusikaupunki between Sweden and Russia of 1721.


Question: When did Sweden rule Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The peace treaty annexed Inkerinmaa, Estonia, Livonia and Käkisalmi County, as well as Vyborg.


Question: When did Sweden rule Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Karelia annexed to Russia is often referred to as Old Finland.


Question: When did Sweden rule Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The Age of Freedom and the Gustavian Period (1721—1809) Power away from the king in the Swedish Empire After Charles XII, the Acts took power from the king in the reigns of 1719 and 1720 and the period of autocracy became the period of decree (the “time of freedom”).


Question: When did Sweden rule Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Economics and science developed during this period, but on the other hand, party power politics caused problems.


Question: When did Sweden rule Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

France and Russia gained influence in Sweden by funding rival parties called jackets and hats.


Question: When did Sweden rule Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

[40] In the 1720s, reconstruction began in Finland following the Great Northern War.


Question: When did Sweden rule Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

After the peace of New Town, the Russian occupying forces began to leave the country more soberly than agreed.


Question: When did Sweden rule Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

During 1721, new land lords were appointed in Finland and were responsible for rebuilding.


Question: When did Sweden rule Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Repair work proceeded quickly, as as early as the mid-1730s the rebuilding can be considered to have finished.


Question: When did Sweden rule Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

[41] Finnish-born Arvid Horn was Permanent President of Sweden from 1720 to 1738.


Question: When did Sweden rule Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

[42] His policy does not particularly find features that emphasise Finnishness.


Question: When did Sweden rule Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The most significant acclamation of Finland of his time was the Law of 1734.


Question: When did Sweden rule Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

It remained in force during the period of autonomy and is the basis for the legislation of an independent Finland.


Question: When did Sweden rule Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

At the same time, attention began to be paid to Finnish as a language of administration as well.


Question: When did Sweden rule Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

A post of translator was established at the Permanent College in 1734, translating documents into Finnish and assisting peasant Reichstag in Stockholm.


Question: When did Sweden rule Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The 1734 law was translated into Finnish by the county secretary Samuel Forseen.


Question: When did Sweden rule Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

[43] The War of the Hats came to power in the Reichstag of 1738.


Question: When did Sweden rule Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The programme of the Hat Party included a war of reparation against the Russians, in which it was intended to conquer all the territories lost in 1721 and furthermore Russian Karelia.


Question: When did Sweden rule Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

When Russia had throne disputes, Hats assumed the country was weakened.


Question: When did Sweden rule Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Sweden declared war in June 1741.


Question: When did Sweden rule Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Three Swedish infantry regiments were sent to Finland, but the warfleet was virtually crippled by pestilence.


Question: When did Sweden rule Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Irish Field Marshal Peter de Lacy, who led the Russian forces, took his troops to the Battle of Lappeenranta, where a badly underpowered Swedish force led by Carl Henrik Wrangel suffered a wicked defeat in August 1741.


Question: When did Sweden rule Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Charles Emil Lewenhaupt, who served as Commander-in-Chief in Finland, agreed at the end of 1741 to a truce proposed by Emperor Elizabeth.


Question: When did Sweden rule Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

[44] After the end of the armistice, the Russians marched to southern Finland in February 1742.


Question: When did Sweden rule Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

After the Swedish army surrendered, the Russians occupy western Finland.


Question: When did Sweden rule Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Elizabeth circulated a manifesto in March 1742 in which she promised to support the Finns if they wanted to secede from Sweden and establish an independent state.


Question: When did Sweden rule Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

[44] However, after the Finnish occupation, talk of independence ceased.


Question: When did Sweden rule Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

[45] The Russian occupation period has been called petty hatred, but the designation is misleading to some extent, as Russian troops behaved well.


Question: When did Sweden rule Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

[44] On 7 August 1743 Sweden and Russia concluded the Peace of Turku, in which the border was moved to Kymijoki, Mäntyharju and Savonlinna.


Question: When did Sweden rule Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Savonlinna city and Olavinlinna remained on the Russian side.


Question: When did Sweden rule Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

[44] New Era Thoughts After the war, mercantilist principles of trade led to economic gains from tar and shipbuilding remaining in Stockholm.


Question: When did Sweden rule Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

In the 1760s, Anders Chydenius, a vicar in Kokkola, started calling for freedom of business and expression.


Question: When did Sweden rule Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

[40] In the last decades of the 18th century, the Turku Academy was particularly awakened by the influence of Henrik Gabriel Porthan, the “Father of Finnish History”, an interest in Finnish history and Finnish folk poetry.


Question: When did Sweden rule Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

[46] Of the scholars, Eino Jutikkala says “In the second half of the 18th century, the inhabitants of the different provinces of Finland and members of different adjustments became more consciously Finns as opposed to the Swedes living behind the sea.” [47] The troubled reign of Gustav III In 1772 Gustav III After the coup, a new form of government was enacted by which power reverted back to the king.


Question: When did Sweden rule Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The era sought to get rid of mercantilism.


Question: When did Sweden rule Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Freedom of speech and religion expanded.


Question: When did Sweden rule Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The confidence of Finnish officers in the king was weakened because the nobility lost their authority to the king, who was supported by the people.


Question: When did Sweden rule Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Some high-ranking soldiers transferred to Russian service.


Question: When did Sweden rule Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

[40] In 1788—1790, the so-called Gustav III War started by Gustav III took place between Sweden and Russia.


Question: When did Sweden rule Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Sweden was also matched by Denmark.


Question: When did Sweden rule Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The war was opposed by officers who formed the Anjala Union, among others.


Question: When did Sweden rule Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Despite its maritime victory in the Swedish Strait, Sweden did not gain additional territories in the peace of Värälä.


Question: When did Sweden rule Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The 1789 Book of Association and Collateral increased the king's power even further.


Question: When did Sweden rule Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

With the war, the bitterness of the nobility towards the king increased, and this eventually led to the assassination of the king in 1792.


Question: When did Sweden rule Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

[40] Sweden loses Finland The Finnish War was fought in 1808—1809 between Russia and Sweden.


Question: When did Sweden rule Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The war was prompted by the peace established by Russia and France on 7 July 1807 in Tilsit.


Question: When did Sweden rule Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

In it, France and Russia allied and Russia pledged to pressure, if necessary by force of arms, including Sweden to join the continental exclusion against Britain, an embargo by which France would have strengthened its position as a sea power against Britain.


Question: When did Sweden rule Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The last Grand Duke of Finland during Swedish rule was the second son of Gustav IV Adolf, Charles Gustaf, who died 1802—1805 as a child.


Question: When did Sweden rule Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

[48] As a result of the Finnish War, Finland passed to Russian rule and the administration was organized on the basis of autonomy.


Question: When did Sweden rule Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The Russian Emperor became Grand Duke of the Autonomous Grand Duchy of Finland.


Question: When did Sweden rule Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Sources Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Linna, Martti (ed.


Question: When did Sweden rule Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

) | title = Sources of the Early Middle Ages | publisher = History Aitta| year = 1989| isbn = 9789519600611}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Tarkiainen, Kari| title = Swedish Oriental| publisher = Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland| year = 2010| isbn = 9798-5551-853-212-2}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Vahtola, Jouse| title = History of Finland — from the Stone Age to the 21st century| location = Helsinki| publisher = Otava| year = 2017| isbn = 978-951-1-31574-2}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Virrankoski, Pentti| title = History of Finland — country and people| location = Helsinki| publisher = Society of Finnish Literature | year = 2012| isbn = 978-952-222-377-7}} References Literature Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Vahtola, Jouse| title = History of Finland: From the Ice Age to the European Union| location = in Helsinki | publisher = Otava| year = 2003 (4. edition 2005) | id = ISBN 951-1-17397-9}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Zetterberg, Seppo (ed.


Question: When did Sweden rule Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

) | title = Little Giant of Finnish History | location = Helsinki| publisher = WSOY| year = 1987| id = ISBN 951-0-14253-0}} Handbook of Finnish History.


Question: When did Sweden rule Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Previous section, ed.


Question: When did Sweden rule Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Arvi Korhonen.


Question: When did Sweden rule Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

WSOY 1949, Porvoo — Helsinki.


Question: When did Sweden rule Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Karonen, Petri| title = Northern Great Power: Sweden and Finland 1521-1809| location = Helsinki| publisher = WSOY| year = 1999| id = ISBN 951-0-23739-6}} Helge Pohjolan-Pirhonen, History of Finland 1523—1617.


Question: When did Sweden rule Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

WSOY 1960, Porvoo — Helsinki.


Question: When did Sweden rule Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

On topic elsewhere in Category:History of Finland Category:History


Question: What was the first means of prevention?

Prevention

Contraception refers to means aimed at avoiding pregnancy during sexual intercourse.


Question: What was the first means of prevention?

Prevention

History The oldest known direct reference to contraception in a written source dates to about 1850 BCE.


Question: What was the first means of prevention?

Prevention

originating so-called. Kahun Health Care Papyrus.


Question: What was the first means of prevention?

Prevention

It includes recipes for three vaginal mixtures, one of which includes e.g.


Question: What was the first means of prevention?

Prevention

crocodile feces and fermented manure.


Question: What was the first means of prevention?

Prevention

In ancient China, on the other hand, it was believed that drinking heated mercury prevents pregnancy.


Question: What was the first means of prevention?

Prevention

This belief was particularly damaging to women who used it, as mercury is highly toxic.


Question: What was the first means of prevention?

Prevention

[1] False beliefs about contraception, despite this, have also existed much later.


Question: What was the first means of prevention?

Prevention

The ancient Greeks wrote about the use of decoctions, mechanical obstacles, bags and the rhythm method used for prevention.


Question: What was the first means of prevention?

Prevention

They were also familiar with abortion techniques and dabbled in dumping infants, something that was not nearly always seen as reprehensible.


Question: What was the first means of prevention?

Prevention

The Bible mentions interrupted intercourse as a method of contraception when Onan did not agree to conceive the widow of his brother who died childless, but instead allowed his “seed to go to earth”.


Question: What was the first means of prevention?

Prevention

A long-known method of contraception are condoms, which top were made from leather, intestine or bladder.


Question: What was the first means of prevention?

Prevention

Their power and usability was greatly improved with the invention of vulcanized rubber in 1844.


Question: What was the first means of prevention?

Prevention

Pessar was developed in 1838.


Question: What was the first means of prevention?

Prevention

As recently as the 1950s in the United States, some believed that Coca-Cola has spermicidal, that is, sperm-destroying, properties and some women tried to use it as a contraceptive.


Question: What was the first means of prevention?

Prevention

The birth control pill entered the market in the 1960s and revolutionized the sex lives of many, enabling oral, reliable and discreet pregnancy prevention.


Question: What was the first means of prevention?

Prevention

Development is also accompanied by a significant change in attitudes in society.


Question: What was the first means of prevention?

Prevention

When the first family planning clinic in the United States opened in 1916, its founder Margaret Sanger was promptly arrested for “indecency.”


Question: What was the first means of prevention?

Prevention

Theodore Roosevelt pronounced that “a woman who avoids childbirth is comparable to a soldier who throws his rifle and flees battle”.


Question: What was the first means of prevention?

Prevention

1965, the Supreme Court ruled laws prohibiting contraception in the United States to be infringing on self-determination and therefore unconstitutional.


Question: What was the first means of prevention?

Prevention

[2] Modern methods of contraception are presented below, most of which have only been introduced after industrialisation, are presented below.


Question: What was the first means of prevention?

Prevention

The only contraceptive methods that protect against STDs are the condom and the femidom.


Question: What was the first means of prevention?

Prevention

Hormonal contraceptives Contraceptive pill (usually a combination pill) Minipills Contraceptive Ring Contraceptive patch Contraceptive injection Contraceptive implant Hormone spine Chemical contraceptives Vaginal spermicides Contraceptive Contraceptive Foam Contraceptive Cream Contraceptive Gel Vaginal Tablet Mechanical contraceptives Male condom, also protects against sexually transmitted diseases Unlike other methods Female condom (femidom) Copper thread Pessar Other methods of contraception Sterilization Natural contraception Rhythm method Contraceptive Computer Interrupted sexual intercourse (questionable as contraceptive method) Emergency contraception (not actual contraceptive method) Lactational amenorrhea (full breastfeeding) Safety of contraceptive methods According to a doctoral thesis published in 2017 There are strong indications that hormonal contraception significantly increases the risk of developing breast cancer [3].


Question: What was the first means of prevention?

Prevention

Effectiveness of contraceptives Effectiveness of contraceptives Future prospects Hormone prevention For men, pharmaceutical factories in particular have invested little in the development of male hormone prevention.


Question: What was the first means of prevention?

Prevention

It has been suggested that commercial benefits have taken precedence over social benefit.


Question: What was the first means of prevention?

Prevention

Male contraception would be important both in Western countries because of equality and in the world because of population growth.


Question: What was the first means of prevention?

Prevention

For example, funding for a method already found to be effective in WHO studies cannot be found, e.g.


Question: What was the first means of prevention?

Prevention

because it cannot be patented and therefore of no commercial benefit [4].


Question: What was the first means of prevention?

Prevention

Side effects have also been a hindrance.


Question: What was the first means of prevention?

Prevention

The hormonal preparations that were developed for men had side effects, as did women's hormonal methods.


Question: What was the first means of prevention?

Prevention

The studies were discontinued because contraceptive side symptoms for men are not accepted, while for women they are allowed because even pregnancy would have risks [5].


Question: What was the first means of prevention?

Prevention

Drug development is expensive.


Question: What was the first means of prevention?

Prevention

Pharmaceutical companies may not have an interest in developing a method for men because the customer base and products for women already exist [6].


Question: What was the first means of prevention?

Prevention

If injectable and hormone-free gel contraceptives in development enter the market, they will be very affordable and long-lasting.


Question: What was the first means of prevention?

Prevention

For pharmaceutical companies, these preparations probably won't show up as economically viable investments, even if they are socially.


Question: What was the first means of prevention?

Prevention

Hormone-free injectable gel preparations for men Vasalgel is a gel contraceptive manufactured according to US standards and has been tested in clinical stages.


Question: What was the first means of prevention?

Prevention

A similar method is RISUG, a method developed in India decades ago.


Question: What was the first means of prevention?

Prevention

The method has progressed as far as human trials, but only in India [7].


Question: What was the first means of prevention?

Prevention

A polymer gel for prevention is injected by injection into the male vas deferens.


Question: What was the first means of prevention?

Prevention

The gel acts like a strainer.


Question: What was the first means of prevention?

Prevention

Fluids continue to pass from the vas deferens and ejaculation is normal, the polymer only damages sperm, so that they can no longer fertilize the egg.


Question: What was the first means of prevention?

Prevention

The contraceptive gel may work for up to fifteen years, it can be dissolved if desired by another injectable preparation [8].


Question: What was the first means of prevention?

Prevention

Free distribution of Mm.


Question: What was the first means of prevention?

Prevention

Free contraceptives are distributed to young people in Vantaa and Helsinki.


Question: What was the first means of prevention?

Prevention

This is partly justified by economic reasons when the number of abortions is expected to decrease.


Question: What was the first means of prevention?

Prevention

[9] See also Intercourse Birth Control Christianity and Prevention Literature Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Elomaa, Kaisa| title = Contraception | location = Jyväskylä Helsinki| publisher = Gummerus| year = 1997| version = About health| id = ISBN 951-20- 5073-0}} Sources elsewhere Bayer Pharmaceutical Company, Tervemedia Oy, Tervemedia Oy, Duodecim Health Library, Yle - Acute, Published: 26.08.2014 * Category:Key articles of screening


Question: Where is Finland's oldest sauna?

Sauna

The sauna is a space built for sweating baths and washing.


Question: Where is Finland's oldest sauna?

Sauna

The basic shape of the sauna has remained the same for centuries.


Question: Where is Finland's oldest sauna?

Sauna

The sauna is a wood-walled room space, either a separate building or part of a building.


Question: Where is Finland's oldest sauna?

Sauna

The sauna is heated very warm with a stove, a stove with stones.


Question: Where is Finland's oldest sauna?

Sauna

The air in the sauna is obtained moist by throwing water on the hot stones in the stove.


Question: Where is Finland's oldest sauna?

Sauna

The heat, humidity and ventilation of the sauna are regulated by construction solutions.


Question: Where is Finland's oldest sauna?

Sauna

[1] Finnish type saunas also exist in countries other than Finland.


Question: Where is Finland's oldest sauna?

Sauna

The Finnish sauna is based on the ancient Scandinavian and pan-European sauna culture prevalent in the Middle Ages, and in Eastern Finland the later Big Russian sauna culture.


Question: Where is Finland's oldest sauna?

Sauna

Different sauna cultures have emerged independently of each other in different parts of the world.


Question: Where is Finland's oldest sauna?

Sauna

[2] Etymology A sauna has been thought to have originally meant a heated ground pit or foxhole.


Question: Where is Finland's oldest sauna?

Sauna

[3] Sauna is an old Finnish word, and its original form can be reconstructed as *sakna or *savńa.


Question: Where is Finland's oldest sauna?

Sauna

The word has equivalents in Estonian and other Baltic Finnish languages, possibly including Sami.


Question: Where is Finland's oldest sauna?

Sauna

In these languages, a sauna and its equivalents may additionally or exclusively mean a small tupa or residence or a pit dug in the snow in the Sami (Northern Sámi equivalent suovdnji; however, the current words in Sami are late borrowings from Finnish, e.g. Northern Sávdni).


Question: Where is Finland's oldest sauna?

Sauna

[4] According to the latest conception expressed by Petri Kallio, the sauna is a loan from the pre-Kantagermanic verbal house *stagh-ná-, whose heirs include, among other things, the English stack 'pasa'.


Question: Where is Finland's oldest sauna?

Sauna

The original meaning of the sauna would therefore have been 'stove'.


Question: Where is Finland's oldest sauna?

Sauna

[5] History The earliest Finnish saunas were Bronze Age (1500—900 BCE)


Question: Where is Finland's oldest sauna?

Sauna

ground saunas, or pit saunas.


Question: Where is Finland's oldest sauna?

Sauna

The sauna was a pit dug in the ground with a pile of stones at the bottom.


Question: Where is Finland's oldest sauna?

Sauna

Once the stones had been heated, the pit was covered with fleets, brill or peat laid out on the reefs.


Question: Where is Finland's oldest sauna?

Sauna

Water was cast on the stones, the steam generated from which heated the hut.


Question: Where is Finland's oldest sauna?

Sauna

[6] The oldest saunas were structures with one hot heated space.


Question: Where is Finland's oldest sauna?

Sauna

The space was heated by a hearth, a stove, where flames heated a stone paddle built over the firebox.


Question: Where is Finland's oldest sauna?

Sauna

Today, the type of stove in question is called a rubble stove.


Question: Where is Finland's oldest sauna?

Sauna

Smoke rose through the stone barrier directly into the sauna space, meaning the question was a smoke sauna.


Question: Where is Finland's oldest sauna?

Sauna

Later, the stone paddle evolved into a bricked stove, for air circulation and smoke removal, a sealable opening was added to the wall, as well as a flue-like expanse made of wood in the ceiling.


Question: Where is Finland's oldest sauna?

Sauna

The sauna was planted on raised rafts and bathed by throwing water on the stones of the stove, creating hot water vapor.


Question: Where is Finland's oldest sauna?

Sauna

After loosening and cooling, we washed in the same sauna room.


Question: Where is Finland's oldest sauna?

Sauna

The earliest known mention of a Finnish sauna is considered to be the mention in the Kiev chronicle of Nestor's hot saunas of the hot saunas of people living north of Novgorod and the habit of naked saunas beating themselves with tree branches and finally pouring cold water on them.


Question: Where is Finland's oldest sauna?

Sauna

Professor Mikael Wexionius, for his part, mentioned at the opening of the Academy of Turku in 1640 that all Finns are diligent sauna visitors.


Question: Where is Finland's oldest sauna?

Sauna

[7] Italian Giuseppe Acerbi wrote in 1799 about sauna bathing in his book Journey through Finland how “to my tremendous astonishment I found that those people could enjoy staying for half an hour or an hour in a room where the heat reached 70 or 75 degrees Celsius.


Question: Where is Finland's oldest sauna?

Sauna

All the while the Finns were staying in this hot bath, they rubbed themselves and beat every point of their bodies with a bundle of jokes made from birch branches.


Question: Where is Finland's oldest sauna?

Sauna

After 10 minutes they were red as raw meat and looked downright awful.


Question: Where is Finland's oldest sauna?

Sauna

“[8] The father of Finnish saunas has sometimes been considered Finnish man Carl Axel Gottlund, who realised the importance of a sauna after hiking in 1817 in Sweden with forest Finns.


Question: Where is Finland's oldest sauna?

Sauna

His statement has sometimes been taken as the opening words of a Finnish sauna: “I had not bathed over the year, although I had taken at least twice a week to take a bath before.


Question: Where is Finland's oldest sauna?

Sauna

And for Finns alone, too, the habit is second nature.” [7] At the end of the 19th century, researchers began to be interested in the question of the origin of the Finnish sauna.


Question: Where is Finland's oldest sauna?

Sauna

Finnish language professor August Ahlqvist speculated from an 1871 vocabulary that the sauna had passed from Byzantine culture through the Slavs to Finland.


Question: Where is Finland's oldest sauna?

Sauna

The doctor of medicine, Max Buch, sought to prove that the sauna was a Finnish invention.


Question: Where is Finland's oldest sauna?

Sauna

He linked Kalevala to the sauna by speculating that Nestor's chronicle specifically tells about the sauna culture of Kalevala's heroes.


Question: Where is Finland's oldest sauna?

Sauna

Thanks to Buch, the origin of the sauna has long been imagined to be Finnish.


Question: Where is Finland's oldest sauna?

Sauna

[9] A major change in the development of the sauna was the development of a heated stove, namely the connection of the flue to the stove.


Question: Where is Finland's oldest sauna?

Sauna

Heating stoves became more common in Finland in the first half of the 20th century.


Question: Where is Finland's oldest sauna?

Sauna

Stoves were long made by village blacksmiths or sauna builders, but from the mid-20th century prefabricated stoves became more common, especially with the advent of electrically heated stoves that came on the market at the time.


Question: Where is Finland's oldest sauna?

Sauna

At the turn of the millennium, electrically heated saunas became common in Finland, and today almost every new apartment is built with wood or electrically heated sauna.


Question: Where is Finland's oldest sauna?

Sauna

As a rule, the steam room in the sauna today involves a separate washing room, often including a dressing room.


Question: Where is Finland's oldest sauna?

Sauna

Traditionally, because of its cleanliness and the possibility of water heating, the sauna space has been used very variously for various tasks, not just bathing.


Question: Where is Finland's oldest sauna?

Sauna

In the old days, the sick were treated in the sauna and gave birth.


Question: Where is Finland's oldest sauna?

Sauna

Malta is also prepared in the sauna and in Western Finland also smoked, or worshipped meat.


Question: Where is Finland's oldest sauna?

Sauna

For a long time, the sauna was also the first dwelling of the new premises to be inhabited until the actual building was completed.


Question: Where is Finland's oldest sauna?

Sauna

The sauna has also been a traditional factor for midsummer, where evil spirits have been expelled and washed up in the midsummer sauna for a long time.


Question: Where is Finland's oldest sauna?

Sauna

The heater and the sauna heating device is called a stove.


Question: Where is Finland's oldest sauna?

Sauna

There are stones in the stove where heat is stored.


Question: Where is Finland's oldest sauna?

Sauna

The lull is created when water is thrown onto hot rocks and it turns into hot steam, which spreads to the tops of the steam room.


Question: Where is Finland's oldest sauna?

Sauna

The stove is usually heated by firewood or electricity, sometimes rarely with pellets, oil or natural gas.


Question: Where is Finland's oldest sauna?

Sauna

There are two basic types of stoves: single-heated and continuous-heated.


Question: Where is Finland's oldest sauna?

Sauna

The one-time heated stove is heated in advance before the actual sauna.


Question: Where is Finland's oldest sauna?

Sauna

Since all heat must be reserved for stones before sauntering, the number of stones must be large, hundreds of kilograms.


Question: Where is Finland's oldest sauna?

Sauna

The continuous-heating stove is also continued to be heated during bathing and the amount of stone can therefore be lower.


Question: Where is Finland's oldest sauna?

Sauna

Wood-burning stoves are divided into those used inside smoked saunas and stoves connected to flue pipes that are more common in modern times.


Question: Where is Finland's oldest sauna?

Sauna

Smoke from the stove of the smoke sauna enters the steam room during heating through the hot stones, from which it exits through an ajar door and a rapper or flap.


Question: Where is Finland's oldest sauna?

Sauna

The rap is a hatch made in the wall, the smoke extraction made through the roof (i.e. lae) is said to be expansive.


Question: Where is Finland's oldest sauna?

Sauna

[10] In the stove connected to the flue pipe, the smoke does not enter the steam mode at all.


Question: Where is Finland's oldest sauna?

Sauna

There are two basic types of stoves.


Question: Where is Finland's oldest sauna?

Sauna

In a single-heated stove, the flue gases pass, like a smoke sauna stove, between the stove stones, but the stone space is isolated from the steam space and finally the flue gases are routed into the flue.


Question: Where is Finland's oldest sauna?

Sauna

When bathing, the fire is not burned.


Question: Where is Finland's oldest sauna?

Sauna

The stone space of the stove has a hatch that is opened after heating after the fire is extinguished, and hot stones can be thrown into the hot stones.


Question: Where is Finland's oldest sauna?

Sauna

In a continuous-heated stove, fire gases circulate in the stove without coming into contact with the stove stones.


Question: Where is Finland's oldest sauna?

Sauna

Heat is transferred from the stove to the stones by the heated surfaces of the stone space and the circulation of heated air.


Question: Where is Finland's oldest sauna?

Sauna

A continuous-heated heater is the most common type of wood-burning stove.


Question: Where is Finland's oldest sauna?

Sauna

In saunas in residential apartments, electrically heated stoves are most commonly used.


Question: Where is Finland's oldest sauna?

Sauna

Their heating power is usually lower than that of wood stoves, but sufficient for a small steam room.


Question: Where is Finland's oldest sauna?

Sauna

The electric heater does not need a flue pipe, but the electrical connection should usually be three-phase current.


Question: Where is Finland's oldest sauna?

Sauna

Sauna Building History The Finnish culture sauna building is closely related to culture, livelihoods and local building practices in its history and manifestations.


Question: Where is Finland's oldest sauna?

Sauna

The established farm required different functions for the sauna than a mobile casken-smoking family or a single wilderness.


Question: Where is Finland's oldest sauna?

Sauna

Several historical types of sauna buildings are known.


Question: Where is Finland's oldest sauna?

Sauna

Older historic saunas were all smoke-sauna type; in a section, smoke was piped out through a wooden flue — a lake — or through an opening in the wall, known as a rap pole.


Question: Where is Finland's oldest sauna?

Sauna

[11] Smoke sauna The traditional Finnish sauna type, smoke sauna (“black sauna” in Karelia), is one-time heated, meaning the stove cannot be heated during bathing.


Question: Where is Finland's oldest sauna?

Sauna

The smoke sauna stove is a stone dome laid around and on top of the firebox, through which the flue gases rise freely into the sauna space and at the same time the stove stones heat up.


Question: Where is Finland's oldest sauna?

Sauna

During heating, smoke is exited through a flap horn in the ceiling, or through a hatch in the wall, or through a rap pin in the wall.


Question: Where is Finland's oldest sauna?

Sauna

When the stones are sufficiently hot and the nest is extinguished thrown monoxide baths, after which the sauna is ready for baths.


Question: Where is Finland's oldest sauna?

Sauna

In carbon monoxides, most of the soot and fine particles adhered to the surface of the rocks are shed before the sauners have hot air to breathe.


Question: Where is Finland's oldest sauna?

Sauna

[12] Single heating requires that the stove has more heat-reserving stoves than in a continuously-heated sauna, as additional heating cannot be done during bathing.


Question: Where is Finland's oldest sauna?

Sauna

A small four-person smoke sauna usually heats up in a few hours and requires half an hour to sink, that is, to quench the embers and vent the smoke.


Question: Where is Finland's oldest sauna?

Sauna

Ventilation is promoted if the stove is pulled to the front of the stove at the final stage of combustion.


Question: Where is Finland's oldest sauna?

Sauna

In this case, the coals quickly burn out and there is no risk of carbon monoxide gas formation.


Question: Where is Finland's oldest sauna?

Sauna

Smoke sauna is valued as a traditional form of sauna bathing and because of its soft baths.


Question: Where is Finland's oldest sauna?

Sauna

The country sauna Maasauna was a small and shallow sauna built over a dug pit, usually with a peat roof.


Question: Where is Finland's oldest sauna?

Sauna

The benches were usually on the aft wall opposite the door and the stove next to the door.


Question: Where is Finland's oldest sauna?

Sauna

The top half of the stove, assembled from stones, was overgrown with clay.


Question: Where is Finland's oldest sauna?

Sauna

Smoke was led out through the lakeside.


Question: Where is Finland's oldest sauna?

Sauna

The type of sauna was still found in rural areas at the beginning of the 20th century.


Question: Where is Finland's oldest sauna?

Sauna

[11] Wilderness saunas Wilderness saunas (forest saunas) were intended as bases for hunting and fishing expeditions and may have been modest in structure, thought to be temporary.


Question: Where is Finland's oldest sauna?

Sauna

The stove was loose stone, and was also used for cooking.


Question: Where is Finland's oldest sauna?

Sauna

In addition to bathing, the space was intended for the rest of the stay, for which there was a separate stage in the sauna.


Question: Where is Finland's oldest sauna?

Sauna

Wilderness saunas later developed into saunas for the use of secretion, for example saunas for tar burners and coal burners, as well as mill saunas.


Question: Where is Finland's oldest sauna?

Sauna

[11] Riihisaunas With permanent settlement and farming, a rice sauna was created, which could be used for housing, bathing and for drying, for example, hemp or flax harvest, and also for sucking malt.


Question: Where is Finland's oldest sauna?

Sauna

The building was already quite demanding in terms of technical execution: a chimney made of logs up to four meters high, where the harvest was inhabited, sown and dried.


Question: Where is Finland's oldest sauna?

Sauna

The space may have included a separate malt flock for sucking and drying malts and a bathtub for bathing.


Question: Where is Finland's oldest sauna?

Sauna

[11] The riihisaunas developed into the current sauna building: when other activities reserved the space, a sauna building was built only for bathing.


Question: Where is Finland's oldest sauna?

Sauna

Current types of saunas Many apartment buildings built especially in the 1960s and 1970s feature a house sauna shared by residents.


Question: Where is Finland's oldest sauna?

Sauna

In this case, as a rule, apartments have not originally had separate apartment saunas.


Question: Where is Finland's oldest sauna?

Sauna

Apartment-specific sauna shifts are reserved for the house sauna, in addition to which there may be weekly public sauna shifts separately for men and women.


Question: Where is Finland's oldest sauna?

Sauna

For example, the general sauna shift may be referred to as a running sauna.


Question: Where is Finland's oldest sauna?

Sauna

However, in recent decades, so-called apartment saunas, which are directly connected to the apartment, have become more common in row and apartment buildings.


Question: Where is Finland's oldest sauna?

Sauna

Apartment saunas usually have a small steam room and a separate washroom, which at the same time may be the only hygiene room in the apartment.


Question: Where is Finland's oldest sauna?

Sauna

In modern times, most apartment saunas are electrically heated, while in separate sauna buildings the stoves are most often fuming and wood-burning.


Question: Where is Finland's oldest sauna?

Sauna

In new apartment buildings, as a rule, an apartment sauna is built in connection with apartments, but in older houses they do not exist.


Question: Where is Finland's oldest sauna?

Sauna

However, a bathroom sauna can be installed in apartments.


Question: Where is Finland's oldest sauna?

Sauna

In principle, it corresponds to a shower cubicle or steam shower and does not require changes to the building or bathroom.


Question: Where is Finland's oldest sauna?

Sauna

The bathroom sauna is the most popular type of sauna design outside traditional sauna countries such as Finland, Sweden and Russia.


Question: Where is Finland's oldest sauna?

Sauna

In these countries, the sauna is often located near the pool, in the fireplace room, in the basement, on the balcony or in other similar spaces, as the apartments are not designed and reserved for the actual space for the sauna, and the purpose of the sauna is not to wash, but to relax.


Question: Where is Finland's oldest sauna?

Sauna

These saunas are also called prefabricated saunas based on their structure.


Question: Where is Finland's oldest sauna?

Sauna

The most popular and traditional construction in bathroom saunas is a wooden panel on a wooden frame, but there are also products with fiberglass construction on the market.


Question: Where is Finland's oldest sauna?

Sauna

Public sauna As the population was concentrated in cities from the late 19th century onwards, a need for public saunas arose, as saunas were not usually built on urban plots due to the fire hazard they pose, among other things.


Question: Where is Finland's oldest sauna?

Sauna

Towns have traditionally had a large number of paid public saunas, but their numbers declined rapidly from the 1950s onwards.


Question: Where is Finland's oldest sauna?

Sauna

Initially, public saunas were replaced by shared sauna sections in apartment buildings, since the late 1960s also by apartment saunas.


Question: Where is Finland's oldest sauna?

Sauna

However, in connection with swimming pools today there are a lot of common saunas.


Question: Where is Finland's oldest sauna?

Sauna

In Finland, most public saunas are intended for either men only or women only, but there is no age limit.


Question: Where is Finland's oldest sauna?

Sauna

In several other countries, it is common for public saunas to have an age limit.


Question: Where is Finland's oldest sauna?

Sauna

Other types of saunas In current Finnish hotels, the sauna belongs to routine equipment.


Question: Where is Finland's oldest sauna?

Sauna

Often saunas in public spaces are built to be comfortable and well-equipped, and it is not uncommon for them to have a swimming pool, for example.


Question: Where is Finland's oldest sauna?

Sauna

Also in most municipalities there are swimming pools and sports and fitness facilities with their own saunas.


Question: Where is Finland's oldest sauna?

Sauna

Today, house saunas in new apartment buildings are becoming less common, an apartment sauna is practically always built in apartments.


Question: Where is Finland's oldest sauna?

Sauna

Companies may have agency saunas separately or in connection with their offices.


Question: Where is Finland's oldest sauna?

Sauna

A lakeside sauna in a separate building usually includes a washroom and dressing room in addition to a steam room.


Question: Where is Finland's oldest sauna?

Sauna

The dressing room can be a spacious sauna room with fireplaces, miniature kitchens and even beds.


Question: Where is Finland's oldest sauna?

Sauna

The inventive development of the sauna is represented by the tent sauna and the barrel sauna.


Question: Where is Finland's oldest sauna?

Sauna

The tent sauna can also be heated so that the stones are heated in a campfire outside the tent and carried with pliers or similar red-hot into a pit cast for stones in the centre of the tent.


Question: Where is Finland's oldest sauna?

Sauna

A sauna can also be, for example, a movable sauna towed after a vehicle.


Question: Where is Finland's oldest sauna?

Sauna

An annual gathering event for mobile saunas is held in Teuva in southern Ostrobothnia during the summer.


Question: Where is Finland's oldest sauna?

Sauna

[13] Infrared sauna The infrared sauna has no stove or hots at all, but infrared radiation is caused by infrared radiation.


Question: Where is Finland's oldest sauna?

Sauna

The temperature range of the infrared sauna is 50 degrees Celsius on both sides.


Question: Where is Finland's oldest sauna?

Sauna

The absence of a stove and steam is an oft-cited justification for the argument that an infrared sauna is not a sauna.


Question: Where is Finland's oldest sauna?

Sauna

[14] [15] A Dutch pilot study involving 17 rheumatism patients suggested that the infrared sauna temporarily alleviated joint and ankylosing spondylitis symptoms.