Question: When did the Continuation War begin?

Continuation War

Adolf Hitler unexpectedly visited Mannerheim's birthday party in Immola and complained that he had not been able to ensure Romanian oil for Germany to do anything for Finland before or during the Winter War.


Question: When did the Continuation War begin?

Continuation War

A recording of Hitler's “soliloquy” by the Finns also clarified the level of Soviet arms race that had surprised Hitler.


Question: When did the Continuation War begin?

Continuation War

On his return visit to Germany, Mannerheim had apparently received further information about the German “expedition to the East” because, after his return, assessed to Defence Minister Walden the German “expedition to the east” as ending in disaster.


Question: When did the Continuation War begin?

Continuation War

The Soviets sent a military detachment behind the Finns front line around Rukajärvi.


Question: When did the Continuation War begin?

Continuation War

However, the Finns defeated the attempt in a short chase.


Question: When did the Continuation War begin?

Continuation War

After Germany suffered defeat at Stalingrad, efforts began to be made in Finland to distance themselves from Germany.


Question: When did the Continuation War begin?

Continuation War

The parliament began to show dissatisfaction towards Ryti, which was manifested by Secretary of State R.J.


Question: When did the Continuation War begin?

Continuation War

On Witting's criticism of Ryti's signing of an anticomintern contract.


Question: When did the Continuation War begin?

Continuation War

Parliament refused to extend the power law granted to Ryti.


Question: When did the Continuation War begin?

Continuation War

However, this did not prevent his re-election to an additional two-year term in February 1943.


Question: When did the Continuation War begin?

Continuation War

However, Prime Minister Rangell's government was switched to a less pro-German one led by Edwin Linkommies.


Question: When did the Continuation War begin?

Continuation War

The government held together mainly thanks to Väinö Tanner, the finance minister of the Social Democrats.


Question: When did the Continuation War begin?

Continuation War

Initial peace talks on Peace were held through the year, but no agreement was reached.


Question: When did the Continuation War begin?

Continuation War

As early as 8 February, the Soviet Union declared its willingness for peace.


Question: When did the Continuation War begin?

Continuation War

The United States insisted on maintaining Finland's independence, and the Soviet ambassador to Washington, A. Litvinov, stated that the Soviet Union did not intend to occupy Finland as a whole.


Question: When did the Continuation War begin?

Continuation War

The Finns received the same insurance from Aleksandra Kollonta in Stockholm.


Question: When did the Continuation War begin?

Continuation War

Finland insisted on the 1939 borders as the basis for peace negotiations, but the Soviet Union was informed that Finland's representative is welcome to negotiate in Moscow, but Finland's proposal should not include territories not belonging to it before the war.


Question: When did the Continuation War begin?

Continuation War

Peace terms were locked up among the Allies at a Tehran conference in December.


Question: When did the Continuation War begin?

Continuation War

Josif Stalin's terms included the borders of the 1940 peace, Hanko or Petsamo permanently for the Soviet Union and the replacement of half war damage, expulsion of Germans from the country, and demobilization.


Question: When did the Continuation War begin?

Continuation War

In order to more easily persuade Finland to acquiesce to peace, Churchill and Roosevelt proposed that Vyborg be left to Finland, but Stalin insisted Vyborg was strictly for the Soviet Union and refused to even discuss the matter.


Question: When did the Continuation War begin?

Continuation War

[39] When the new Finnish government inquired about peace terms in the spring of 1944, it was still unable to accept them.


Question: When did the Continuation War begin?

Continuation War

Helsinki Grand Bombing Finland rejected peace terms it had judged impossible in April 1944.


Question: When did the Continuation War begin?

Continuation War

The Soviet Union sought to persuade Finland to peace with the Grand Bombing of Helsinki (“Peace Bombing”) during February.


Question: When did the Continuation War begin?

Continuation War

The Soviet Union wanted a quick solution to the war so that it could concentrate its forces on the takeover of Berlin.


Question: When did the Continuation War begin?

Continuation War

Thumble|400px|Mannerheim and Ryti inspect troops in Enso on June 4, 1944.


Question: When did the Continuation War begin?

Continuation War

The Soviet Grand Offensive of 1944 The Red Army ended the war of positions with a major offensive on the Karelian Isthmus on 9 June 1944 and two weeks later in the direction of Maaselä.


Question: When did the Continuation War begin?

Continuation War

On June 10, four days after the Normandy invasion, the United States declared Finland and its leaders to be pro-German and asked Envoy Procopé to leave the country.


Question: When did the Continuation War begin?

Continuation War

After the major offensive began, the Soviets responded to Finnish peace enquiries, demanding an unconditional surrender.


Question: When did the Continuation War begin?

Continuation War

[40] Soviet artillery concentrations and superiority broke the Finnish defences [40] (at Valkeasaari, 10 June 1944).


Question: When did the Continuation War begin?

Continuation War

The VT line (Vammelsuu—Taipale) was broken in Kuuterselä on 14 June and Vyborg was recaptured from the Finns almost without battle on 20 June.


Question: When did the Continuation War begin?

Continuation War

On the same day, the Elisenvaara Station was carried out the most devastating aerial bombardment of the war, with over 100 deaths, and injuring over 300 lives.


Question: When did the Continuation War begin?

Continuation War

Preparations had already been made in Moscow before the invasion that Finland would be occupied.


Question: When did the Continuation War begin?

Continuation War

On 22 June, the Finnish government informed Moscow that it was willing to abandon the war and break its relations with Germany.


Question: When did the Continuation War begin?

Continuation War

In response, the Soviets demanded unconditional surrender.


Question: When did the Continuation War begin?

Continuation War

On the same day, German Foreign Minister Joachim von Ribbentrop arrived in the country and announced that Germany would only continue to provide support if Finland entered into an alliance with Germany and continued to wage war.


Question: When did the Continuation War begin?

Continuation War

The Germans demanded a commitment to the war from Finland because the Narva Front was important to them.


Question: When did the Continuation War begin?

Continuation War

On 26 June, President Risto Ryti made a so-called settlement with the Germans. The Ryti—Ribbentrop agreement, which obliged Finland not to negotiate a separate peace and increased supplies of materials to the Germans.


Question: When did the Continuation War begin?

Continuation War

In the early 2000s, however, the importance of the treaty has been questioned


Question: When did the Continuation War begin?

Continuation War

At the time Ryti signed his letter to Adolf Hitler, most of the German anti-tank guns, plunge bombers, assault cannons and infantry divisions were already in Finland or en route.


Question: When did the Continuation War begin?

Continuation War

The Ryti-Ribbentrop Treaty was not a binding state treaty, but merely Ryti's personal assurance that he would not make a separate peace while serving as President of the Republic.


Question: When did the Continuation War begin?

Continuation War

The peace of separation was made after Ryti had resigned his post and the Parliament had elected Marshal Mannerheim as President by exceptional law.


Question: When did the Continuation War begin?

Continuation War

The Soviet Army captured Petrozavodsk on 28 June 1944.


Question: When did the Continuation War begin?

Continuation War

From Syvär, the Finns managed to retreat orderly, while on the Isthmus the troops had dispersed in many places.


Question: When did the Continuation War begin?

Continuation War

However, the front organisation endured even great losses on the front line if the artillery fire command, anti-tank and the net of machine-fire weapons only remained.


Question: When did the Continuation War begin?

Continuation War

However, trespassing from the front line, even troops detaching by unit was a problem for the Finns which greatly affected the outcome of the battle.


Question: When did the Continuation War begin?

Continuation War

[40] From Valkeasaari there is a distance of about a hundred kilometers to Vyborg, which the Red Army spent ten days to fold.


Question: When did the Continuation War begin?

Continuation War

Although the rate of withdrawal of the Finns thus averaged about ten kilometers per day, what can be considered a militarily successful performance.


Question: When did the Continuation War begin?

Continuation War

However, it caused great problems for the Finns, manifesting itself in the rapid loss and desertion of Vyborg, among other things.


Question: When did the Continuation War begin?

Continuation War

[40] In the defensive battle, the Finns were also supported by German troops.


Question: When did the Continuation War begin?

Continuation War

Of particular importance to the fighting against the Isthmus has been said to have been the anti-tank armament supplied by Germany earlier, since the pst artillery used by the Finns was not effective against the latest Klim Vorošilov and Josif Stalin tanks of Soviet forces.


Question: When did the Continuation War begin?

Continuation War

For a short time, a very significant part of the battle for the defence of the isthmus was carried out by the German Air Detachment Kuhlmey, especially against ground combat aircraft, supply contacts and maintenance, but the material air supremacy was that of the Soviets.


Question: When did the Continuation War begin?

Continuation War

According to the most common estimate, the skillful concentration of field artillery and good cooperation with the tenaciously fought infantry helped the Finns as the only ones in World War II to stop the Soviet strategic major offensive at the Battle of Talin—Ihantala from 25 June to 9 July 1944, Äyräpää — Vuosalmi and Vyborg Bay.


Question: When did the Continuation War begin?

Continuation War

Some historians felt that German support was crucial to the success of the interceptor battle.


Question: When did the Continuation War begin?

Continuation War

From Syvär, the Red Army's advance continued as a so-called major offensive in East Karelia, but it was stopped in fierce fighting at U position up to Impilahden—Jänisjärvi.


Question: When did the Continuation War begin?

Continuation War

Also in the north, the Finns retreated.


Question: When did the Continuation War begin?

Continuation War

The more than two-division-strong force that had crossed the old border at Ilomants was repulsed and destroyed in the Battle of Ilomants, which ended on 9 August.


Question: When did the Continuation War begin?

Continuation War

After mid-July, the situation on the Isthmus stabilised and Aleksandra Kollontai announced via the Swedes on 12 July that the demand for unconditional surrender had been the result of her “misunderstanding”.


Question: When did the Continuation War begin?

Continuation War

The Soviet Union renounced the demand for unconditional surrender and through Sweden informed Mannerheim that the Soviet Union was ready for an armistice, provided it would be signed by Mannerheim and not by a representative of the then government.


Question: When did the Continuation War begin?

Continuation War

Ryti resigned on 1 August and Mannerheim was appointed as his successor.


Question: When did the Continuation War begin?

Continuation War

Mannerheim appointed a new government on 7 August.


Question: When did the Continuation War begin?

Continuation War

Finland had fourteen infantry divisions, seven brigades and an armoured division in the summer of 1944.


Question: When did the Continuation War begin?

Continuation War

On the Finnish front, the Red Army deployed a total of 54 divisions, eleven infantry brigades and seven troops from the fortress area, i.e. a total of 68 groups, a total of about 605000 men with superior combat equipment.


Question: When did the Continuation War begin?

Continuation War

Total Finnish losses were around 44500 on the Isthmus and around 19500 men in East Karelia fallen and wounded, Red Army losses were at least 96,400 men.


Question: When did the Continuation War begin?

Continuation War

Professor Heikki Ylikangas interprets the various sources as saying that the Soviet Union reduced the importance of the Finnish Front's war efforts during the summer of 1944.


Question: When did the Continuation War begin?

Continuation War

According to him, among other things, Mannerheim considered the situation in Finland hopeless yet, for example, on 16 and 18 June.


Question: When did the Continuation War begin?

Continuation War

On 19 June, Mannerheim received intelligence material from Colonel Aladár Paasonen, according to which the Soviets aimed not at occupying Finland, but at peace, took place at the headquarters.


Question: When did the Continuation War begin?

Continuation War

Ylikangas interprets the main focus of the Soviet war effort to have been in more southern Europe, where countering the German invasion was most important.


Question: When did the Continuation War begin?

Continuation War

[41] Prisoners of war The number of Soviet prisoners of war in Finland is estimated to be around 64,000 people.


Question: When did the Continuation War begin?

Continuation War

Of these, 56,000 prisoners had been taken as early as 1941.


Question: When did the Continuation War begin?

Continuation War

About 2700 prisoners were exchanged for the Baltic Finns of the Germans, of which there were about 2200.


Question: When did the Continuation War begin?

Continuation War

Due to the poor harvest of 1942, many prisoners of war died from starvation.


Question: When did the Continuation War begin?

Continuation War

Soviet prisoners of war died in 18318 in Finnish POW camps.


Question: When did the Continuation War begin?

Continuation War

Finnish prisoners of war numbered 2377, according to official Soviet statistics.


Question: When did the Continuation War begin?

Continuation War

The homeland was restored in 1969 lives.


Question: When did the Continuation War begin?

Continuation War

According to Timo Malmi, 3402 Finns were prisoners, 1388 died in the camp, and the number of repatriated persons was 1938, or 57 per cent.


Question: When did the Continuation War begin?

Continuation War

The difference in numbers to the official figures is partly explained by the fact that Soviet statistics only account for those prisoners of war who survived to the camp.


Question: When did the Continuation War begin?

Continuation War

[42] After the resignation of Peace Ryti from office and on 4 August, Mannerheim, who took office as the new President-elect, considered Ryti's assurance, known as the Ribbentrop Agreement, to be invalid to bind Finland to Germany.


Question: When did the Continuation War begin?

Continuation War

Peace terms were received at the end of August.


Question: When did the Continuation War begin?

Continuation War

The Soviet condition for the armistice was the severing of relations with Germany.


Question: When did the Continuation War begin?

Continuation War

On 2 September, the parliament voted to break relations by a vote of 113—43 and the Soviet Union was ready to initiate an armistice at 8:00am on 4 September 1944, on condition that Finland informed of the severing of relations with Germany.


Question: When did the Continuation War begin?

Continuation War

The Finns ceased the war effort at that time, but the Soviets continued to fire for another 24 hours, apparently due to the delay in the release of the bulletin.


Question: When did the Continuation War begin?

Continuation War

[43] The terms of peace were the secession from Germany and the expulsion of German troops, despite the fact that at the same time the army came to a peaceful position, i.e. the demobilization of the troops.


Question: When did the Continuation War begin?

Continuation War

The Lapland War broke out between Finland and Germany.


Question: When did the Continuation War begin?

Continuation War

The Soviets pressured Finland into the fighting, but the withdrawal was initially carried out according to a common timetable secretly agreed with the Germans.


Question: When did the Continuation War begin?

Continuation War

The more significant war effort began with the Tornio landings by the Finns on 1 October and fierce fighting in the Tornion valley.


Question: When did the Continuation War begin?

Continuation War

The German army retreated in good order towards the north, with motorised retroop fighting with the Finnish troops coming behind.


Question: When did the Continuation War begin?

Continuation War

The German forces withdrew to Norway and to a ready-fortified defensive line at Arm Lapland.


Question: When did the Continuation War begin?

Continuation War

Since the main forces of the Finnish Army came to be demobilized in early December 1944, the final phase of the war became a “children's crusade”, with the army's regular staff leading only the youngest age groups.


Question: When did the Continuation War begin?

Continuation War

The Soviet Union did not agree to immediately conclude a final peace, and an intermediate peace was signed in Moscow on 19 September: Finland ceded to the Soviet Union, in addition to the territories lost in the Winter War, Petsamo and was forced to lease Porkkala for 50 years and guarantee there to Soviet soldiers free access through the territories of Finland.


Question: When did the Continuation War begin?

Continuation War

German troops had to be expelled from the country and the Germans' possessions handed over to the Allies.


Question: When did the Continuation War begin?

Continuation War

Finland had to reduce the strength of its army to 42,000 men.


Question: When did the Continuation War begin?

Continuation War

War reparations came to pay US$300 million in six years, and to replace all property exported and disposed of from the ceded territory.


Question: When did the Continuation War begin?

Continuation War

Anti-Soviet and “fascist” organizations (among them Lotta Svärd) had to be permanently abolished.


Question: When did the Continuation War begin?

Continuation War

War criminals had to be tried.


Question: When did the Continuation War begin?

Continuation War

The end of the Continuation War practically extinguished the Greater Finland cause as there were no longer political or military prerequisites for its implementation.


Question: When did the Continuation War begin?

Continuation War

The Soviet Union had won the war and established harsh peace terms for Finland, in which, among other things, the territory of Finland was further reduced.


Question: When did the Continuation War begin?

Continuation War

During the Continuation War, the Inger Finns transferred to Finland were to be returned back to the Soviet Union under the terms of the intermediate peace.


Question: When did the Continuation War begin?

Continuation War

They were met in the Soviet Union by deportation to Siberia.


Question: When did the Continuation War begin?

Continuation War

The Soviet Union defined Finland's peace terms and territorial losses for its Western allies in advance in the early stages of the war.


Question: When did the Continuation War begin?

Continuation War

When Anthony Eden, the British Minister for Outside, travelled in December 1941 to Moscow to intensify military cooperation, the Soviet Union raised the situation on 22 June 1941 that Britain should recognise the Baltic states, south-eastern Finland, eastern Poland, as a first condition. Belongation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina to the Soviet Union.


Question: When did the Continuation War begin?

Continuation War

In addition to these, the NL claimed parts of East Prussia, Petsamo and additionally bases from Romania and Finland.


Question: When did the Continuation War begin?

Continuation War

The Soviets wanted to record all the listed conditions with a secret additional protocol.


Question: When did the Continuation War begin?

Continuation War

Having been informed of the terms by the British, the Americans categorically rejected the proposal to draw up a secret additional protocol.


Question: When did the Continuation War begin?

Continuation War

Stalin's proposal was considered to have been contrary to the principles of the Atlantic Declaration.


Question: When did the Continuation War begin?

Continuation War

The British government, in principle, did not consider itself opposed to Stalin's proposal, but it just couldn't be decided at that very moment.


Question: When did the Continuation War begin?

Continuation War

[44] The relationship between Finland and Germany during the Continuation War The discussion of the beginning of the Continuation War, the surprise of the Grand Offensive, the combat victory and the contribution of the Germans still continues both in memoir literature and in studies.


Question: When did the Continuation War begin?

Continuation War

From the end of the war until the end of the 1980s, there was a debate about the beginning of the war, where the so-called driftwood theory was considered to explain Finland's path to war.


Question: When did the Continuation War begin?

Continuation War

In the subject of great attack, according to traditional perception, Stalin needed the forces primarily against Germany.


Question: When did the Continuation War begin?

Continuation War

Continuing the attack on the commanded Kymijoki line would have required new plans and reinforcements concentrations, and again the general situation and the change of seasons would not have allowed.


Question: When did the Continuation War begin?

Continuation War

Therefore, the Soviet Union agreed to a negotiated separate peace, even though the Allies had agreed to demand surrender from Germany and its allies.


Question: When did the Continuation War begin?

Continuation War

The Finns considered themselves to be “co-hosts” of Germany with their own goals and not allies.


Question: When did the Continuation War begin?

Continuation War

The debate over whether Finland was allied with Germany or whether it was fighting its own separate war, your separate war, has continued in Finland until the 21st century.


Question: When did the Continuation War begin?

Continuation War

According to the official political view, Finland and Germany were not in the union (including President Tarja Halonen's statements ahead of the 60th Victory Day [45]).


Question: When did the Continuation War begin?

Continuation War

There has long been a prevailing perception in foreign historical studies that Finland was an ally of Germany.


Question: When did the Continuation War begin?

Continuation War

[46] A considerable number of Finnish scholars also think that Finland was effectively an ally of Germany.


Question: When did the Continuation War begin?

Continuation War

The basic work on further war research, Markku Jokisipilä's dissertation “Brothers-in-arms or allies?” According to the fact that the war began to be talked about in Finland only when the fortunes of war began to turn and Germany's defeat seems increasingly clear.


Question: When did the Continuation War begin?

Continuation War

In 2008, Professor of History Henrik Meinander also took a position in favour of abandoning the concept of separate war [47] In October 2008 Helsingin Sanomat conducted a survey among Finnish history professors.


Question: When did the Continuation War begin?

Continuation War

Of the 28 professors who responded, 16 (57%) said that Finland did not wage a separate war in the Continuation War but was an ally of Nazi Germany.


Question: When did the Continuation War begin?

Continuation War

Six (21%) of professors were in favour of a separate war, and six did not give a direct answer.


Question: When did the Continuation War begin?

Continuation War

[48] Supporters of the Alliance view draw attention, for example, to the fact that a number of high-ranking Finnish officers received prior information about Operation Barbarossa in such a way that the Continuation War was essentially tied to this operation.


Question: When did the Continuation War begin?

Continuation War

Thus, the Finnish Continuation War as it was fought would not have been fought without significant material and strategic support from Germany.


Question: When did the Continuation War begin?

Continuation War

Finland was not an ally of Germany by law, as there had been no treaty of alliance between Finland and Germany, but in practice Finland was an ally of Germany, as it waged war with German resources and weapons, making Northern Finland available to the Germans and subjugating its forces to the German army seconded.


Question: When did the Continuation War begin?

Continuation War

Especially in the early stages of the Continuation War, Finnish operations were fully intertwined with and dependent on Germany's own operations.


Question: When did the Continuation War begin?

Continuation War

Similarly, the countries' security police had firm relations.


Question: When did the Continuation War begin?

Continuation War

[47] During the war, Germans were called brothers in arms, as were Finns in Germany.


Question: When did the Continuation War begin?

Continuation War

The term was also used by the Finnish state leadership when talking about Germany.


Question: When did the Continuation War begin?

Continuation War

[49] [50] [51] See also Ilomants' defeat 1944 East Karelian concentration camps Eastern Front (World War II) Continuation War Finnish aircraft of the Continuation War Finnish aircraft of the Continuation War Offensive phase Continuation War Resistance solution battles Northern Finland during the invasion phase of the Continuation War 1941 Salpalinja History of the Finnish Air Force — Continuation War Planes and Air War Grand Attack from Syvär 1944 Unknown Soldier Sources Books, magazines Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Alftan, Robert (ed.


Question: When did the Continuation War begin?

Continuation War

) | title = Brothers-in-Arms: German-Finnish Brother-in-Arms 1942—1944| publisher = WSOY| year = 2005| version = Introduction and footnotes: Markku Jokisipilä}} Glantz, David: The Siege of Leningrad 1941—44, MBI Publishing Company 2001 Citation error, replace with {{cite book| title = Continuation War history| publisher = Department of Military Science, WSOY| year = 1988}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Jokipii, Mauno| title = Genesis of Continuation War: Studies on German and Finnish Military Cooperation 1940—41| publisher = Otava| year = 1987| version = Finnish Literary Society editorials 848}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Jussila, Osmo & Hentilä, Seppo & Nevakivi, Jukka| title = Political History of Finland 1809—2006| publisher = WSOY| year =}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Jussila, Osmo & Hentilä, Seppo & Nevakivi, Jukivi Kkka| title = Finnish Political History 1809—2009| publisher = WSOY Study Materials| year = 2006| version = 5. uud.


Question: When did the Continuation War begin?

Continuation War

p.}} Historical Studies 148.


Question: When did the Continuation War begin?

Continuation War

Helsinki: Finnish Historical Society.


Question: When did the Continuation War begin?

Continuation War

Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Junila, Marianne| title = Brotherhood of the Home Front: Coexistence between Finnish civilian population and German military personnel in Northern Finland 1941—1944| publisher = Society of Finnish Literature | year = 2000| version = Doctoral dissertation: University of Oulu.


Question: When did the Continuation War begin?

Continuation War

Bibliotheca historica 61}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Järventaus, Jorma etc.| title = Finland at war| publisher = Oy Chosen Palat — Reader's Digest Ab| year = 1983}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Kijanen, Kalervo| title = Dive Alert | publisher = Submarine veterans ry| year = 1977}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Hans Peter Krosby| title = Nickel Diplomacy in Petsamo 1940—1941| location = Helsinki| publisher = Book| year = 1966| page = 240—243}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Land, Jukka| title = Sound Castle.


Question: When did the Continuation War begin?

Continuation War

Years of Finnish occupation of Petrozavodsk 1941—1944| location = Helsinki| publisher = Finnish Historical Society| year = 1989| version = Historical Studies 148| page = 67—75}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Laine, Antti| title = Two Faces of Greater Finland: East Karelia status of civil population in the Finnish occupation administration 1941—1944| publisher = Otava| year = 1982| version = Doctoral dissertation, University of Joensuu}} Mannerheim, G.: Memoirs II.


Question: When did the Continuation War begin?

Continuation War

Huddersfield: Otava 1952.


Question: When did the Continuation War begin?

Continuation War

Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Meinander, Henrik| title= | publisher = xx| year = 2008}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Paasilinna, Erno| title = World in the throes | publisher = Otava| year = 1983}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Pranttila, Anneli| title = Victualling of front men in Finland during the war years 1939—1945| chapter = abstract| location = Helsinki| publisher = University of Helsinki, Department of Applied Chemistry and Microbiology | year = 2006| version = Dissertation | accessdate = 14.6.2008}} Citation error, replace with {{ cite book| author = Raunio, Ari & Kilin, Juri| title = Fighting Continuation War 1942—44| publisher = Map Centre| year = 2008}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Silvennoinen, Oula| title = Brothers-in-arms: Finnish and German Security Police Cooperation 1933—1944| publisher = Otava| year = 2008| version = Dissertation: University of Helsinki}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Skyksi, Kyösti| title = No other glory.


Question: When did the Continuation War begin?

Continuation War

Risto Ryti's alley run 1939—1945| location = Jyväskylä| publisher = Gummerus, Bookgrou| year = 1989}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Vahtola, Jous| title = History of Finland — From the Ice Age to the European Union| publisher = Otava| year = 2003}} Citation error, replace with {{ cite book| author = Ylikangas, Heikki| title = One man's Continuation War| publisher = Otava| year = 2009}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Ziemke, Earl F.| title = German military action in the Nordic region 1939—1945| publisher = WSOY| year = 1963}} Daily newspapers Web Check date values in: |accessdate= (help) Check date values in: |accessdate=, |date= (help) Check date values in: |accessdate=, |date= (help) Check date values in: |accessdate=, |date= (help) References Literature Citation error, replace with {{cite book| title = History of Continuation War 1—6| location = Porvoo| publisher = WSOY| year = 1988| version=ed.


Question: When did the Continuation War begin?

Continuation War

Military History Office of the Department of Military Science}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Moisala, U.


Question: When did the Continuation War begin?

Continuation War

E.


Question: When did the Continuation War begin?

Continuation War

& Alanen, Pertti (eds.


Question: When did the Continuation War begin?

Continuation War

) | title = When the attacker's road was closed — the Soviet Grand Offensive in the summer of 1944 on the Karelian Isthmus under the light of veteran research and Soviet sources | publisher = Publications of the Department of Military Science XXVI| year = 1988}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Siilasvuo, Ensio et al.


Question: When did the Continuation War begin?

Continuation War

(ed.


Question: When did the Continuation War begin?

Continuation War

) | title = Continuation War: Chronicle| location = Jyväskylä Helsinki| publisher = Gummerus| year = 1991 (2nd edition 1997)}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Kuusela, Kari| title = Wehrmacht armours in Finland: German armoured units in Finland 1941—1944| location = Helsinki| publisher = Wiking-division Oy| year = 2000}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Raunio, Ari (ed.


Question: When did the Continuation War begin?

Continuation War

) | title = Defenders of Independence -series| publisher = Weilin+Göös etc.| year = 2002—2003}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Leskinen, Jari & Juutilainen, Antti (ed.


Question: When did the Continuation War begin?

Continuation War

) | title = Petty Giant of Continuation War| publisher = WSOY| year = 2005}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Drabkin, Artem & Irincheev, Bair (ed.


Question: When did the Continuation War begin?

Continuation War

) | title = Continuation War with the eyes of the Red Army| location = Jyväskylä| publisher = Atena| year = 2007| version = In Finnish ed.


Question: When did the Continuation War begin?

Continuation War

Tiilikainen, Heikki & Laine, Jukka-Pekka}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Raunio, Ari & Kirin, Yuri | title = Continuation War Attacks 1941| publisher = Karttacentr| year = 2007}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Näre, Sari & Kirves, Jenni (ed.


Question: When did the Continuation War begin?

Continuation War

) | title = Ugly War: The Silent History of the Winter and Continuation War| location = Helsinki| publisher = Johnny Kniga| year = 2008}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Ruin, Ari & Kilin, Yuri | title = Continuation War Fighting 1942—44| publisher = Map Centre| year = 2008}} error, replace with {{cite book| author = Rantanen, Sponge| title = Difficult road to peace: Finland under German, Swedish and Soviet compression | location = Jyväskylä | publisher = Atena| year = 2010}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Kankare, Vilho| title = Let's go when told!


Question: When did the Continuation War begin?

Continuation War

Young Men's Continuation War| location = Helsinki| publisher = Otava| year = 2011}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| title = Stalin's Secret Continuation War| publisher = Docendo| year = 2014| version=ed.


Question: When did the Continuation War begin?

Continuation War

Vihavainen, Timo & Manninen, Ohto}} Films in front of the front line, a film about JR 61 on the Syvärs and Isthmus, Åke Lindman, 2004 Silence, film about the evacuation centre for the fallen, directed by Sakari Kirjainen, 2011 Abandoned houses, deserted courtyards, film Laila Hietamies by the same name novel, about the last days of Vyborg in summer 1944, directed by Lauri Törhönen, 1999 Lupaus, film about lot in winter and continuation war, directed by Ilkka Vanne, 2005 Headquarters, film about the moods of the headquarters in summer 1944, directed by Matti Kassila, 1970 Rintamalotta, a film about the lot fronts Continuation War, directed by Aarne Tarkas, 1956 Rukajärvi tie, Olli Saarela, screenplay by Antti Tuuri and Olli Saarela, 1999 Tali-Ihantala 1944, Åke Lindman and Sakari Kirjainen, screenplay by Stefan Foss, Benedict Zilliacus and Esko Salervi, 2007 The Unknown Soldier, Edvin Laine, 1955 Unknown Soldier, Rauni Mollberg, 1985 Unknown Soldier, Aku Louhimies, 2017 On the topic elsewhere Check date values in: |accessdate=, |date= (help) Check date values in: |accessdate= (help) Check date values in: |accessdate= (help) Check date values in: |accessdate=, |date= ( help) Check date values in: |accessdate= (help) Search Engine.


Question: When did the Continuation War begin?

Continuation War

Check date values in: |accessdate=, |date= (help) Check date values in: |accessdate= (help) Check date values in: |accessdate= (help) Check date values in: |accessdate=, |date= (help) Book review of Pilke, Helena and Kleemola, Olli: Life in the Trenches.


Question: When did the Continuation War begin?

Continuation War

The amusements and hobbies of soldiers on the fronts of the Continuation War.


Question: When did the Continuation War begin?

Continuation War

SKS, 2015.


Question: When did the Continuation War begin?

Continuation War

* Category:Key articles of screening


Question: When is Spain founded?

History of Spain

The history of Spain begins with the time when modern man first entered the Pyrenean Peninsula from the north more than 35,000 years ago.


Question: When is Spain founded?

History of Spain

The Roman Republic conquered the region around the year 200 BCE, followed by the Visigoths and in 711 the Arabs and North African Berbers.


Question: When is Spain founded?

History of Spain

The Muslim-held area became known as Al-Andalus, which was reconquered by the Christians by 1492.


Question: When is Spain founded?

History of Spain

During this period, the Kingdoms of Castile and Aragon were formed, united to become the Kingdom of Spain.


Question: When is Spain founded?

History of Spain

In 1492, Christopher Columbus also left to explore the new world, from which the construction of the Spanish Empire began, in the centuries following which Spain became a world power.


Question: When is Spain founded?

History of Spain

In 1588, the Invincible Armada, which attempted an invasion of England, suffered defeat, significantly weakening Spain's might in the seas.


Question: When is Spain founded?

History of Spain

The House of Habsburg rose to power in 1516 and ruled for about two hundred years.


Question: When is Spain founded?

History of Spain

The Bourbon genus has ruled Spain from 1701 until today, albeit with interruptions in between.


Question: When is Spain founded?

History of Spain

The kingdom's power gradually faded due to economic hardship and by the end of the 19th century French occupation, colony revolts and especially defeat in the war against the United States had taken all its major colonies.


Question: When is Spain founded?

History of Spain

In the early 20th century, anarchist and fascist movements were on the rise and in 1936 a civil war began, estimated to have claimed over a million casualties.


Question: When is Spain founded?

History of Spain

The war ended with a dictatorship led by Francisco Franco, which continued until 1975 when the Bourbon monarchy returned to power under Juan Carlos I.


Question: When is Spain founded?

History of Spain

Spain is a member of the European Community.


Question: When is Spain founded?

History of Spain

Prehistory The oldest fossils of human species in Europe have been found in caves near the village of Atapuerca.


Question: When is Spain founded?

History of Spain

[1] Cave paintings in Altamira have been dated to around 15000 years away.


Question: When is Spain founded?

History of Spain

[2] The people, later called the Iberians by the Greeks, arrived in the peninsula around 3000 years BCE.


Question: When is Spain founded?

History of Spain

Celts came across the Pyrenees in the 9th century and 7th century BCE.


Question: When is Spain founded?

History of Spain

[3] As Rome expanded, Celtiber wars were fought between local tribes and legions.


Question: When is Spain founded?

History of Spain

As part of the Roman Empire, the Roman Republic invaded Hispania in 218 BCE.


Question: When is Spain founded?

History of Spain

and in 19 BC.


Question: When is Spain founded?

History of Spain

Emperor Augustus completed the conquest.


Question: When is Spain founded?

History of Spain

As the Roman Empire fell into decline, the Visigoths invaded Hispania in the 4th century and established their own kingdom, with its capital located at Toledo.


Question: When is Spain founded?

History of Spain

[4] During this period, Areioism gained a foothold in Iberia.


Question: When is Spain founded?

History of Spain

In 587, Rekared I converted to the Catholic faith and unified the culture.


Question: When is Spain founded?

History of Spain

The Muslim conquests and Reconquista The Muslim Umaijads crossed the Strait of Gibraltar under Tariq ibn Ziyad in 711 and defeated Roderik, king of the Visigoths, at the Battle of Guadalete.


Question: When is Spain founded?

History of Spain

[5] The history of present-day Spain began in the 10th century, when Christian kingdoms began the recapture (Reconquista) of the Iberian Peninsula from the Muslim Moors.


Question: When is Spain founded?

History of Spain

The medieval Kingdom of León was formed in the northwestern part of Iberia.


Question: When is Spain founded?

History of Spain

In the parking zone between it and the Moors, fortifications (castillos) were built of which Castile became independent in 981 and was declared a kingdom in 1004.


Question: When is Spain founded?

History of Spain

The Kingdom of Aragon developed further west, extending from the end as far as the Mediterranean Sea.


Question: When is Spain founded?

History of Spain

[6] Great Power Period In 1469 [7] the Kingdoms of Aragon and Castile officially united when the monarchs King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella married.


Question: When is Spain founded?

History of Spain

Together, the Catholic Kingdoms defeated the last Moorish rulers of the Iberian Peninsula on 2 January 1492 and annexed Granada to Aragon and Castile, the same year that Christopher Columbus discovered America.


Question: When is Spain founded?

History of Spain

In 1512, King Ferdinand conquered part of the Kingdom of Navarre and all of Spain was united.


Question: When is Spain founded?

History of Spain

An Inquisition was established in support of the church and Jews and Muslims were converted or expelled from the country.


Question: When is Spain founded?

History of Spain

In the 16th century, Spain became one of the first global empires.


Question: When is Spain founded?

History of Spain

With Portugal, Spain sent several explorers around the world, and as a result trade flourished.


Question: When is Spain founded?

History of Spain

The conquistadors supplanted the Aztec, Inca, and Mayan high cultures and conquered large tracts of land from North and South America.


Question: When is Spain founded?

History of Spain

The kingdom was annexed by the Philippines in 1564 and by Portugal in 1580, but the English conquest failed in 1588 with the loss of the Spanish Armada of the Invincible to the English Navy.


Question: When is Spain founded?

History of Spain

Despite the gold imported from the Americas under Philip II, 1556—1578, the state economy collapsed due to numerous wars and immense construction projects.


Question: When is Spain founded?

History of Spain

Under subsequent rulers, decay continued and numerous territories were lost.


Question: When is Spain founded?

History of Spain

Portugal broke away from the Union in 1640 and the Catalans revolted.


Question: When is Spain founded?

History of Spain

[8] From the War of Succession to Civil War In 1701—1714, the War of the Spanish Succession was fought (Spain, France and Bavaria versus Austria, Prussia, England and Catalonia).


Question: When is Spain founded?

History of Spain

The war ended with the victory of the French-led federation and the ruler lineage of the Habsburgs switched to the Bourbon lineage.


Question: When is Spain founded?

History of Spain

Spain lost the rest of its foreign territories in Europe: to Austria, territories in Italy and Belgium, Savoy Sicily and Gibraltar fell to England.


Question: When is Spain founded?

History of Spain

[9] The English fleet was defeated in 1805 at the Battle of Trafalgar by the French and Spanish fleets led by Horatio Nelson.


Question: When is Spain founded?

History of Spain

Napoléon installed his brother Joseph Bonaparte on the Spanish throne in 1808, but, supported by the English, the occupying forces were driven out as Napoleon ran into trouble in Russia and in 1814 the Bourbons re-ascended the throne.


Question: When is Spain founded?

History of Spain

In 1830, Ferdinand VII changed the succession to the throne in favour of his daughter Isabella.


Question: When is Spain founded?

History of Spain

Not all Spaniards recognized this and supported the right of the Count of Molina, Ferdinand's brother Don Carlos (1788—1855) to the crown.


Question: When is Spain founded?

History of Spain

The country was mired in the Spanish Civil War of 1834—1839, with opposing Isabella supporters and Carlists (supported by Catalan nationalists).


Question: When is Spain founded?

History of Spain

The war ended with Isabella's victory.


Question: When is Spain founded?

History of Spain

During the French occupation, the colonies in South America had become independent and the economic situation tenuous.


Question: When is Spain founded?

History of Spain

Numerous civil wars were fought between different nationalities and between monarchists and republicans.


Question: When is Spain founded?

History of Spain

In the 1898 Spanish-American War, Spain lost its colonial Philippines, Cuba, Puerto Rico, and Guam to the United States.


Question: When is Spain founded?

History of Spain

In World War I, Spain was neutral, and did not participate in the fighting.


Question: When is Spain founded?

History of Spain

Civil War 1936—1939 On 17 July 1936, General Francisco Franco led the invasion north from Morocco while General Sanjurjo invaded south of Navarro.


Question: When is Spain founded?

History of Spain

Franco sought as swift a coup as possible, but the republicans were capable of successful resistance in Madrid, Barcelona and the Basque Country.


Question: When is Spain founded?

History of Spain

The last republicans surrendered on 1 April 1939.


Question: When is Spain founded?

History of Spain

Franco's reign After the Civil War, Francisco Franco became dictator of Spain, whose official honorary name was Caudillo.


Question: When is Spain founded?

History of Spain

In this position he remained until his death, until 1975.


Question: When is Spain founded?

History of Spain

In World War II, Spain did not participate.


Question: When is Spain founded?

History of Spain

However, a contingent of Spanish volunteers fought in the forces of the Axis powers on the Eastern Front against the Soviet Union.


Question: When is Spain founded?

History of Spain

During and after the war, Franco's government was viewed negatively by the Allies.


Question: When is Spain founded?

History of Spain

However, during the Cold War, attitudes of Western powers gradually changed, as the United States found air and naval bases in the country necessary for itself and began to grant Spain financial aid.


Question: When is Spain founded?

History of Spain

[10] In 1954 Spain was admitted as a member of the United Nations.


Question: When is Spain founded?

History of Spain

In 1947, Franco put in place a referendum under which Spain was declared a kingdom, for the time being, however, without a king.


Question: When is Spain founded?

History of Spain

[10] In 1969 Juan Carlos was appointed heir to the throne and Prince of Spain, [10] who became king upon Franco's death in 1975.


Question: When is Spain founded?

History of Spain

Last Colonies In 1956, Spain gave up northern Morocco, which was returned to then re-independent Morocco.


Question: When is Spain founded?

History of Spain

[10] In 1969 Morocco also conquered Ifni, which was under Spanish control.


Question: When is Spain founded?

History of Spain

Spain, however, continued to be left with Ceuta and Melilla on the coast.


Question: When is Spain founded?

History of Spain

Spanish Guinea gained independence in 1968 and was given the name Equatorial Guinea.


Question: When is Spain founded?

History of Spain

The last Spanish colony remained the Spanish Sahara, which Morocco and Mauritania divided between themselves after Franco died in 1975, despite an independence movement active in the region.


Question: When is Spain founded?

History of Spain

From 1975 to the present, King Juan Carlos guided the country to democracy beginning in the mid-1970s.


Question: When is Spain founded?

History of Spain

In 1978, a new constitution defined Spain as a parliamentary monarchy [11] and the first free elections were held in the summer of 1977.


Question: When is Spain founded?

History of Spain

[12] Felipe González ruled as Prime Minister from 1982 to 1996.


Question: When is Spain founded?

History of Spain

Spain became a member of the European Union in 1986 and in 1992 the Barcelona Summer Olympics were held.


Question: When is Spain founded?

History of Spain

In 1996, a centre-right government led by José María Aznar came to power.


Question: When is Spain founded?

History of Spain

In 2004, terrorists detonated several bombs on commuter trains in Madrid ahead of the March 14 parliamentary elections, which is thought to have had an impact on the electoral victory of José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero of the Socialist Party.


Question: When is Spain founded?

History of Spain

The Basque separatist organization ETA declared a ceasefire in 2006-2007 and again in 2010.


Question: When is Spain founded?

History of Spain

The government refused negotiations until the organization surrenders its weapons.


Question: When is Spain founded?

History of Spain

[11] In 2005, Spain legalized same-sex marriage as the third country in the world, after the Netherlands and Belgium.


Question: When is Spain founded?

History of Spain

In 2010, unemployment soared to more than 20 percent.


Question: When is Spain founded?

History of Spain

In July 2011, five Spanish banks flunked in a European Central Bank stress test.


Question: When is Spain founded?

History of Spain

[11] In the 2011 general election, the People's Party returned to power under Mariano Rajoy.


Question: When is Spain founded?

History of Spain

King Juan Carlos I abdicated the crown in 2014, and his son Felipe VI rose to become the new king.


Question: When is Spain founded?

History of Spain

See also Spain's transition to democracy Sources * Category:Key articles on screening


Question: What nutrition do hoofed animals eat?

Ungulates

Ungulates (Artiodactyla) is a sect of bulky land-living herbivorous mammals.


Question: What nutrition do hoofed animals eat?

Ungulates

Ungulates concentrate their weight on an even number (two or four) of corneal-coated toes, or hooves.


Question: What nutrition do hoofed animals eat?

Ungulates

In bedbugs, on the other hand, there are an odd number of toes.


Question: What nutrition do hoofed animals eat?

Ungulates

There are ten ungulate tribes, and traditionally these were further divided into three subsects, porcine (Suiformes), camellias (Tylopoda) and ruminants (Ruminantia).


Question: What nutrition do hoofed animals eat?

Ungulates

The division in all respects does not conform to the current notion of tribal kinship relations, and the traditional ungulate sect itself does not constitute a coherent line of development, as whales have been found to be the closest relatives of hippos belonging to hoofed animals.


Question: What nutrition do hoofed animals eat?

Ungulates

The traditional subsect classification is therefore not always used.


Question: What nutrition do hoofed animals eat?

Ungulates

[1] Ungulates have been very successful mammals.


Question: What nutrition do hoofed animals eat?

Ungulates

These include 240 different surviving species today [1], and different species have adapted to cold and also scorching hot neighborhoods.


Question: What nutrition do hoofed animals eat?

Ungulates

Although the species are large in size, more new species have been found in Southeast Asia, among others.


Question: What nutrition do hoofed animals eat?

Ungulates

Many species are threatened with extinction due to poaching and reduced living areas due to forest logging or other factors.


Question: What nutrition do hoofed animals eat?

Ungulates

Hippos are the only ones of the traditional ungulates that have adapted, at least partially, to aquatic life.


Question: What nutrition do hoofed animals eat?

Ungulates

The heaviest species is the hippopotamus living in Africa, weighing about 4.5 tonnes, while the lightest and smallest ungulates are the pygmy deers (approx.


Question: What nutrition do hoofed animals eat?

Ungulates

1 kg, height at the withers 35 cm).


Question: What nutrition do hoofed animals eat?

Ungulates

The longest neck is on a giraffe.


Question: What nutrition do hoofed animals eat?

Ungulates

Many ungulates are important in the game economy and agricultural production, among them pig, sheep, goat and cattle.


Question: What nutrition do hoofed animals eat?

Ungulates

Evolution Origin of ungulates The earliest fossil of an animal to be classified as an ungulate dates to the Early Eocene period, about 54 million years ago.


Question: What nutrition do hoofed animals eat?

Ungulates

The animal belonged to the genus Diacodexis and is classified as camellias.


Question: What nutrition do hoofed animals eat?

Ungulates

Dinosaurs had become extinct about 10 million years earlier, which allowed new eco-trays to be released for use by mammals and the possibility for mammals to become larger and make more diverse use of different food sources.


Question: What nutrition do hoofed animals eat?

Ungulates

Before the mass extinction of the late Cretaceous period, or the reign of dinosaurs, mammals were mostly small in size (the largest around one metre in length) and ate mainly invertebrates.


Question: What nutrition do hoofed animals eat?

Ungulates

Towards the end of the Cretaceous, mammals also began to more utilize plants for sustenance.


Question: What nutrition do hoofed animals eat?

Ungulates

[2] [3] Diacodexis ungulates were omnivorous and had five toes on each leg, but the third and fourth toes had begun to lengthen, strongly suggesting ungulates.


Question: What nutrition do hoofed animals eat?

Ungulates

Their talus bone structure was also like that of existing ungulates.


Question: What nutrition do hoofed animals eat?

Ungulates

These first ungulates were still small in size (50 cm), but long-limbed, suggesting agility and quick-footedness.


Question: What nutrition do hoofed animals eat?

Ungulates

Of the present species, they resembled dwarf oats, whose tail, though, is clearly more modest than its predecessors.


Question: What nutrition do hoofed animals eat?

Ungulates

The origins of the prehistoric ungulates have remained somewhat unclear, but the closest relative probably has been the “Chriacus” mammals that evolved in the Early Paleocene period and belonged to the order Condylartha.


Question: What nutrition do hoofed animals eat?

Ungulates

This is where the ungulate development line with the development lines of bedbugs, whales and Paenungulata mammals (elephants, siren animals and tamans) are encountered.


Question: What nutrition do hoofed animals eat?

Ungulates

The rapid evolution of ungulates during the Eocene period has been seen as a sign that they could not evolve in the cold Holarctic, but it is from this region that the earliest fossils date from.


Question: What nutrition do hoofed animals eat?

Ungulates

[4] At an early stage, hoofed animals developed that had adapted to water life in damp marshes.


Question: What nutrition do hoofed animals eat?

Ungulates

Among them evolved the predecessors of hippos (Anthracotheriidae) and whales (Archeoceti).


Question: What nutrition do hoofed animals eat?

Ungulates

[5] Ungulate evolution Current ungulate subclasses (pigs, camellias and ruminants) evolved in 10 to 15 million years after the first ungulates appeared, or about 46 mvs.


Question: What nutrition do hoofed animals eat?

Ungulates

The development of porcine animals is thought to have started with entelodonts.


Question: What nutrition do hoofed animals eat?

Ungulates

The first pigs apparently evolved in Asia during the Oligocene period about 40 million years ago.


Question: What nutrition do hoofed animals eat?

Ungulates

Since then, pigs have migrated to other parts of the old continent and the first pekars evolved.


Question: What nutrition do hoofed animals eat?

Ungulates

The earliest pekars have been found throughout Asia, Africa and the Americas, but since the Miocene period, pekari are only found in soil strata of the Americas.


Question: What nutrition do hoofed animals eat?

Ungulates

Camellias evolved in North America, some of which migrated through the Bering Strait to Asia, Europe, and Africa.


Question: What nutrition do hoofed animals eat?

Ungulates

Camellias still colonized the continents of North America and Europe during the Pliocene period, but by the Pleistocene period they disappeared from both.


Question: What nutrition do hoofed animals eat?

Ungulates

In South America, the first camellia appeared in the Pleistocene period.


Question: What nutrition do hoofed animals eat?

Ungulates

Based on dental discoveries, the ruminants' stem form was the four-toed (vestigial fifths were on the front legs) Hypertragulidae, which lived in the late Eocene period.


Question: What nutrition do hoofed animals eat?

Ungulates

[6] The earliest horned ungulates appeared in the Early Miocene period and by the end of the Miocene at the latest, all surviving ungulate tribes existed today.


Question: What nutrition do hoofed animals eat?

Ungulates

The early separation of ungulates from each other is strongly supported by the nature of their digestive systems.


Question: What nutrition do hoofed animals eat?

Ungulates

In pigs, it is simpler than all others, when ruminants have a very complex and highly developed digestion.


Question: What nutrition do hoofed animals eat?

Ungulates

Of the herbivores, the hoofed animals had managed to gain dominance, forcing the ungulates into the cramped.


Question: What nutrition do hoofed animals eat?

Ungulates

Under these conditions, the complex digestive system of ruminants is believed to have developed.


Question: What nutrition do hoofed animals eat?

Ungulates

It is superior to rival herbivores, such as bedbugs, in exploiting plant food.


Question: What nutrition do hoofed animals eat?

Ungulates

Towards the end of the Eocene period (38 mvs.)


Question: What nutrition do hoofed animals eat?

Ungulates

Earth's climate changed, which also led to changes in vegetation and through this in the biology of herbivores on all continents.


Question: What nutrition do hoofed animals eat?

Ungulates

With the exception of pigs and pecks, all ungulates evolved into herbivores, with the margins of the crowns of their molars evolving to be sickle-like ().


Question: What nutrition do hoofed animals eat?

Ungulates

Giraffes and deer evolved from the Eumeryx moose ruminant that lived during the Oligocene period.


Question: What nutrition do hoofed animals eat?

Ungulates

The earliest giraffes were short-necked.


Question: What nutrition do hoofed animals eat?

Ungulates

The first long-necked giraffes evolved in the Pliocene period.


Question: What nutrition do hoofed animals eat?

Ungulates

Eumeryx elk also evolved into the predecessors of the existing deer species.


Question: What nutrition do hoofed animals eat?

Ungulates

Dwarf deer and musk deer have originated apparently from these early deer species.


Question: What nutrition do hoofed animals eat?

Ungulates

The hollowhorns appeared in the Late Soligocene Period or at the very beginning of the Miocene Era (Eotragus).


Question: What nutrition do hoofed animals eat?

Ungulates

The beginning of the Miocene period (20 mvs.)


Question: What nutrition do hoofed animals eat?

Ungulates

vegetation is characterized by a strong spread of grasses and the landscape turned into plains.


Question: What nutrition do hoofed animals eat?

Ungulates

Grasses are a tricky food, but for ungulates, especially ruminants, it did not produce problems in previous seasons thanks to an evolved digestive system.


Question: What nutrition do hoofed animals eat?

Ungulates

For bedbugs, on the other hand, it posed such a tough challenge that ungulates took the dominant role of herbivores.


Question: What nutrition do hoofed animals eat?

Ungulates

This is thought to be an explanatory reason why hoofed animals are a very abundant group today, when bedbugs do not include even 20 species.


Question: What nutrition do hoofed animals eat?

Ungulates

Herbivores were now increasingly beginning to graze.


Question: What nutrition do hoofed animals eat?

Ungulates

Classification The surviving ungulates have traditionally been divided into three suborders, with a total of ten tribes.


Question: What nutrition do hoofed animals eat?

Ungulates

The current classification will change quite substantially in the future, as DNA studies and two new fossils discovered in Pakistan (e.g.


Question: What nutrition do hoofed animals eat?

Ungulates

Using Artiocetus clavis, 2000), it has been discovered that hippos and whales are closely related to each other, having evolved from the same parent parent.


Question: What nutrition do hoofed animals eat?

Ungulates

In the past, hippos were imagined to have evolved from pigs, but this has proved to be an erroneous conclusion.


Question: What nutrition do hoofed animals eat?

Ungulates

Already from fossil finds, a close link between hoofed animals and whales was known, but no clear picture of this connection was obtained until DNA studies.


Question: What nutrition do hoofed animals eat?

Ungulates

Some scientists have proposed merging cetaceans (Cetecean) and ungulates (Artiodactyla) into the new (upper) order Cetartiodactyla.


Question: What nutrition do hoofed animals eat?

Ungulates

At the same time, the classification of porcine animals will have to be corrected so that hippos are moved away into their own subfamily Ancondata.


Question: What nutrition do hoofed animals eat?

Ungulates

Consequently, the ungulates would include a total of five tribes.


Question: What nutrition do hoofed animals eat?

Ungulates

Below a classification based on this, above is given an indefinite classification that lacks the classification of extinct developmental lineages.


Question: What nutrition do hoofed animals eat?

Ungulates

Below, extinct prehistoric groups are marked with a cross (†) and trailing are the ages when that group was still vibrant and includes the lower groups.


Question: What nutrition do hoofed animals eat?

Ungulates

The classification is based on the online version of the Encyclopedia Britannica's “artiodactyl” article (12 February 2009).


Question: What nutrition do hoofed animals eat?

Ungulates

[7] (No whales in the classification).


Question: What nutrition do hoofed animals eat?

Ungulates

The classifications used in different sources may differ greatly.


Question: What nutrition do hoofed animals eat?

Ungulates

For example, in Gentryn & Hooker's (1988) classification, ungulates are divided based on their teeth into “Bunodontia” and “Selenodontia” subsections.


Question: What nutrition do hoofed animals eat?

Ungulates

Pigs belong to the first and all others to the latter.


Question: What nutrition do hoofed animals eat?

Ungulates

In McKenna & Bell's (1997) classification, the subclasses conform to the classification below; however, the classification below does not conform to McKenna & Bell.


Question: What nutrition do hoofed animals eat?

Ungulates

Subsect: Suiformes † Sub-sect: Palaeodonta (Eocene—Early Miocene; Upper females: Dichobunoidea and Entelodontoidea) Suina Family: Suidae Family: Tayassuidae Subsect: Ancodonta † Tribe: Anoplotheriidae Europe) † Tribe: Anthracotheriidae ( Eocene-Pleistocene period, old continent, but with some discoveries from the North American Oligocene period) Tribe: Hippopotamidae Sub-sect: Tylopoda † Tribe: Hypertragulidae (Miocene period in North America) † Tribe: Merycoidodontidae (Eocene—Early Pliocene period North Americas) † Tribe: Agriochoeriidae (Eocene—Early Miocene spruce in North America) † Tribe: Cainotheriidae (Oligocene period in Europe) Tribe: Camelidae † Tribe: Xiphodontidae (Eocene-early-isoligocene period in Europe) Sub-sect: Ruminantia Subsect: Tragulina † Protoceratidae (Oligocene-Early Pliocene period in North America) † Upper name: Amphimerycoidea (families: Amphimerycidae and Gelocidae; Eocene-Oligocene period in Europe and Asia) Upper name: Traguloidea Tribe: Tragulidae Sub-sect: Pecora Upper name: Giraffoidea † Family: Traguloidea Palaeomerycidae (Late Soligocene to Late Pliocene period, North America, Europe and Africa; subfamilies: Palaeomerycinae, Blastomerycinae and Dromomerycinae) Family: Giraffidae Upper name: Cervoidea Family: Cervidae Upper name: Bovoidea Family: Antilocapridae Family: Bovidae Appearance and structure General The smallest ungulates belong to the dwarf deer family.


Question: What nutrition do hoofed animals eat?

Ungulates

The largest pair toe by mass is a hippopotamus weighing 4.5 tonnes, while the tallest is a giraffe.


Question: What nutrition do hoofed animals eat?

Ungulates

The skull of ungulates is elongated and the eyes are located on the sides of the head.


Question: What nutrition do hoofed animals eat?

Ungulates

Their ears are either tapered or nearly round and the tail length ranges from long to a small stub.


Question: What nutrition do hoofed animals eat?

Ungulates

The vast majority of ungulates have thick fur, the northernmost species the thickest.


Question: What nutrition do hoofed animals eat?

Ungulates

The exception is hippos, which are practically bare, and which are also exceptionally adapted to aquatic life.


Question: What nutrition do hoofed animals eat?

Ungulates

The fur consists of two layers, the lower of which, undercoat, is shorter and more dense than the longer covering hair.


Question: What nutrition do hoofed animals eat?

Ungulates

The main purpose of the coat is to prevent heat escaping, but also from moisture.


Question: What nutrition do hoofed animals eat?

Ungulates

As a secondary function, the fur, or its patterns and coloring, distract or deceive predators.


Question: What nutrition do hoofed animals eat?

Ungulates

In some species, body hair also signals age, social status in the herd, or even danger.


Question: What nutrition do hoofed animals eat?

Ungulates

[8] Like most mammals, ungulates breastfeed their chicks with milk secreted by their nipples.


Question: What nutrition do hoofed animals eat?

Ungulates

The number of nipples varies from two to four, but in pigs the range is 6—12.


Question: What nutrition do hoofed animals eat?

Ungulates

The majority of ungulate species have some kind of external defense mechanism.


Question: What nutrition do hoofed animals eat?

Ungulates

Admittedly the most common and striking are their single-arm straight or curly horns, or multi-branched, as in deer.


Question: What nutrition do hoofed animals eat?

Ungulates

Only hollow horns have horns classified as actual horns.


Question: What nutrition do hoofed animals eat?

Ungulates

For actual horns, it is required that they are not multi-branched and grow directly from the forehead bone.


Question: What nutrition do hoofed animals eat?

Ungulates

The horns of giraffes grow from the parietal bones, so they are not actual horns, although they are single-arm.


Question: What nutrition do hoofed animals eat?

Ungulates

Species with overlong canines are also found in porcine animals.


Question: What nutrition do hoofed animals eat?

Ungulates

These defensive devices are not used by animals as protection against beasts, as, for example, Charles Darwin speculated, but only in intra-species showdowns.


Question: What nutrition do hoofed animals eat?

Ungulates

The horns of males are longer than females because males compete for females during mating by buffing their heads against each other.


Question: What nutrition do hoofed animals eat?

Ungulates

Teeth are specialized in herbivorous and various tasks.


Question: What nutrition do hoofed animals eat?

Ungulates

In the majority of ruminants, the upper anterior and upper canines have disappeared and for cutting plant parts they use lower canines.


Question: What nutrition do hoofed animals eat?

Ungulates

In pygmy deer and musk deer, the upper canines have not disappeared, but rather enlarged.


Question: What nutrition do hoofed animals eat?

Ungulates

In other ungulates, no atrophy of any kind is observed in the canines.


Question: What nutrition do hoofed animals eat?

Ungulates

In some pigs, the teeth have grown very large, out of the mouth.


Question: What nutrition do hoofed animals eat?

Ungulates

For example, warthog has handsome curved canines.


Question: What nutrition do hoofed animals eat?

Ungulates

They are completely absent by the wing canal () of the palate, and there is no posterior extension in their nasal bones.


Question: What nutrition do hoofed animals eat?

Ungulates

The number of teeth in ungulates varies between 30 and 44.


Question: What nutrition do hoofed animals eat?

Ungulates

[9] Movement All ungulates walk on four legs.


Question: What nutrition do hoofed animals eat?

Ungulates

Each foot has an even number of toes on which they calculate their weight.


Question: What nutrition do hoofed animals eat?

Ungulates

The feet have two vestigial toes slightly higher and a third, but it is not visible externally.


Question: What nutrition do hoofed animals eat?

Ungulates

It recalls early predecessors of hoofed animals, which had five toes.


Question: What nutrition do hoofed animals eat?

Ungulates

In some species, the toes higher up are not atrophied as much, causing them to step on all four toes.


Question: What nutrition do hoofed animals eat?

Ungulates

For example, hippos have four equal toes and, in deer living in the Arctic regions, the hind legs have survived quite large because they facilitate passage in the snow glove.


Question: What nutrition do hoofed animals eat?

Ungulates

Ungulates are also so-called tip-steppers, that is, when walking, the tips of their toes touch the ground before the rest of the foot.


Question: What nutrition do hoofed animals eat?

Ungulates

An exception to the pair toe is made by the collar and lip lobe, which have a third vestigial toe on the hind legs in addition to the two toes.


Question: What nutrition do hoofed animals eat?

Ungulates

The front feet have four toes each.


Question: What nutrition do hoofed animals eat?

Ungulates

In ungulates, the second and third metatarsal bones are either completely or at least partially united, the longest this unification has gone in camels (cannon bone).


Question: What nutrition do hoofed animals eat?

Ungulates

The limbs are usually long with respect to the rest of the body and the bones light.


Question: What nutrition do hoofed animals eat?

Ungulates

Due to their paired toe, the limbs of ungulates are paraxonic (), that is, the axis running between the third and fourth toes divides the foot into symmetrical parts.


Question: What nutrition do hoofed animals eat?

Ungulates

These features, together with the talus structure of the hind limbs, allow agile and fast movement.


Question: What nutrition do hoofed animals eat?

Ungulates

[10] In normal walking, the ungulate's feet move in the order where the front foot takes a step, with the hind foot of the opposite side taking a step and next the front foot of the hind leg with the same side and finally the last leg taking a step.


Question: What nutrition do hoofed animals eat?

Ungulates

For example, therefore, left front, right rear, right front and left rear.


Question: What nutrition do hoofed animals eat?

Ungulates

This, in addition to the foot characteristics already above, improves the speed of movement of ungulates and provides a partial explanation of why hoofed animals are such a rich group.


Question: What nutrition do hoofed animals eat?

Ungulates

In faster running, the step pace resembles a canter noticeable on horses, too.


Question: What nutrition do hoofed animals eat?

Ungulates

[7] The giraffe is the only hoofed animal in which most of the force required for movement comes from the front legs, in the others it comes from the hind legs.


Question: What nutrition do hoofed animals eat?

Ungulates

[7] Camel, giraffe and okapi differ from the formula to the extent that when they walk, the front and hind legs of the same side move simultaneously.


Question: What nutrition do hoofed animals eat?

Ungulates

The camel is also able to move in the manner typical of other ungulates.


Question: What nutrition do hoofed animals eat?

Ungulates

[7] [11] The fastest ungulate is thomsoningaselli.


Question: What nutrition do hoofed animals eat?

Ungulates

Its top speed reaches 80 kilometers per hour.


Question: What nutrition do hoofed animals eat?

Ungulates

The top speed of giraffe, kaffer buffalo and warthog reaches about 50 km/h.


Question: What nutrition do hoofed animals eat?

Ungulates

[7] Habitats Ungulates can be found on all continents except Australia and the polar regions.


Question: What nutrition do hoofed animals eat?

Ungulates

Wild ungulates can't be met on marine islands like, say, New Zealand.


Question: What nutrition do hoofed animals eat?

Ungulates

Humans have since transported hoofed animals to these areas as well.


Question: What nutrition do hoofed animals eat?

Ungulates

Evolutionarily historically speaking, hoofed animals are quite new species in South America as well.


Question: What nutrition do hoofed animals eat?

Ungulates

[7] The most diverse ungulate species is found in Africa.


Question: What nutrition do hoofed animals eat?

Ungulates

Ungulates include species adapted to very different conditions and ungulates have colonized all vegetation zone types.


Question: What nutrition do hoofed animals eat?

Ungulates

Ungulates can be found very high in the mountains and diving in fresh waters on the other.


Question: What nutrition do hoofed animals eat?

Ungulates

Because species have adapted to life in such diverse areas, hoofed animals are the dominant herbivores today.


Question: What nutrition do hoofed animals eat?

Ungulates

Due to their size, they face little competition from other herbivores for food.


Question: What nutrition do hoofed animals eat?

Ungulates

When larger, they would compete with elephants and rhinos, and smaller with lagomorphs or rodents.


Question: What nutrition do hoofed animals eat?

Ungulates

[7] Despite the abundant species, hoofed animals specialise to live only in a certain type of environment, other mammalian species have better adaptability in proportion.


Question: What nutrition do hoofed animals eat?

Ungulates

Hippos, giraffes and okapis are animals that do not live in the wild outside Africa.


Question: What nutrition do hoofed animals eat?

Ungulates

Camels and other camellias (e.g., llama) are found today in North Africa, the Arabian Peninsula and South America.


Question: What nutrition do hoofed animals eat?

Ungulates

Pigs live more widely in Africa, Asia and Europe.


Question: What nutrition do hoofed animals eat?

Ungulates

In South and Central America, pig-like peckers live very much.


Question: What nutrition do hoofed animals eat?

Ungulates

Hollow-horned ungulates have spread a few species to North America, but more abundantly exist in semi-arid and grassy areas of Africa and Eurasia.


Question: What nutrition do hoofed animals eat?

Ungulates

[7] Some species thrive in dense forests, while others thrive in open tundra or savanna.


Question: What nutrition do hoofed animals eat?

Ungulates

For example, dense forests have the advantage of being able to hide from predators and there is no lack of food due to abundant vegetation, but on the other hand it is trickier to detect beasts.


Question: What nutrition do hoofed animals eat?

Ungulates

On the savannah, for example, hoofed animals are able to locate an approaching danger faster and escape, but especially in dry seasons there may be a shortage of food.


Question: What nutrition do hoofed animals eat?

Ungulates

The long neck of giraffes allows tall tree leaves to be eaten where other herbivores cannot access, and camels are able to store fat (not water) in humps for bad times.


Question: What nutrition do hoofed animals eat?

Ungulates

Semi-aquatic hippos have again adopted the habit of grazing on dry land and eating aquatic plants during the day.


Question: What nutrition do hoofed animals eat?

Ungulates

The advantage of hoofed animals living high in the mountains is primarily the dearth of beasts, but the higher risk is, for example, falling off a cliff and low food.


Question: What nutrition do hoofed animals eat?

Ungulates

Nutrition All ungulates are herbivores, or herbivores.


Question: What nutrition do hoofed animals eat?

Ungulates

Pigs and pecks make up a small exception, as they may also eat eggs, young bird chicks, reptiles or animal carrion of nesting birds on the ground.


Question: What nutrition do hoofed animals eat?

Ungulates

[12] However, their main source of food is plants, fruits or roots, and the behaviour described above is marginal.


Question: What nutrition do hoofed animals eat?

Ungulates

[13] All ungulates have digestive systems different from other mammals.


Question: What nutrition do hoofed animals eat?

Ungulates

Ruminants with the exception of dwarf oats have three other stomachs in addition to the actual stomach, i.e. four different stomachs in total.


Question: What nutrition do hoofed animals eat?

Ungulates

Camellias, hippos and pygmy deers have three stomachs, while pigs and pecars have one quite small stomach before the actual stomach.


Question: What nutrition do hoofed animals eat?

Ungulates

All four stomachs of ruminants have their own name: rumen, reticulum, rainbow, and treadmill.


Question: What nutrition do hoofed animals eat?

Ungulates

No mammals have developed an enzyme capable of breaking down plant lignin or cellulose, but they are able to do this with the help of symbiotic bacteria that live in the stomach.


Question: What nutrition do hoofed animals eat?

Ungulates

Bacteria are also an important protein source for animals.


Question: What nutrition do hoofed animals eat?

Ungulates

This trait is common in hoofed and hoofed animals.


Question: What nutrition do hoofed animals eat?

Ungulates

However, some of the ungulates have developed a peculiar habit of eating food, rumination.


Question: What nutrition do hoofed animals eat?

Ungulates

After the food chewed in it first enters the rumen, the bacteria first break down cellulose from it.


Question: What nutrition do hoofed animals eat?

Ungulates

The pH of the rumen is slightly acidic because under highly acidic conditions, bacteria in the stomach would not be able to break down food.


Question: What nutrition do hoofed animals eat?

Ungulates

From the rumen, food enters the mesh stomach, where food is sorted into coarse and finer pieces thanks to muscle contractions in the stomach.


Question: What nutrition do hoofed animals eat?

Ungulates

There are also bacteria in the mesh stomach that break down additional ingested food.


Question: What nutrition do hoofed animals eat?

Ungulates

The coarse pieces are sent back to the rumen, from which the animal “vomits” the food to be chewed again and swallows the food again.


Question: What nutrition do hoofed animals eat?

Ungulates

This trait allows ruminants to exploit plant food more efficiently than other herbivores.


Question: What nutrition do hoofed animals eat?

Ungulates

[14] In the meantime, small pieces of food push towards one hundred times, where the liquids of the table melt are absorbed.


Question: What nutrition do hoofed animals eat?

Ungulates

After absorption, the food next enters the treadmill stomach, which can be compared to that of monogastric gastritis, as the pH of the treadmill is very low due to hydrochloric acid and pepsin.


Question: What nutrition do hoofed animals eat?

Ungulates

[15] From the treadle stomach, food enters the small intestine and exits the animal through the colon and rectum from the anus.


Question: What nutrition do hoofed animals eat?

Ungulates

Behavior Herds Only a few ungulates live alone, and only a few species form groups of three individuals in a pair, usually species living in forests move on their own.


Question: What nutrition do hoofed animals eat?

Ungulates

[7] More common, on the other hand, is herd life.


Question: What nutrition do hoofed animals eat?

Ungulates

The positive aspect of herd life is that there is no such great threat from predators and the chance of survival is higher.


Question: What nutrition do hoofed animals eat?

Ungulates

As the predator threatens the herd, individuals go running in different directions, making it awkward for the predator to select a target.


Question: What nutrition do hoofed animals eat?

Ungulates

Typically, prey is a pack of physically weaker individuals, such as the old, wounded, or youngest.


Question: What nutrition do hoofed animals eat?

Ungulates

The phenomenon in which the actions of one of the herd causes others to do the same is called social faciliation.


Question: What nutrition do hoofed animals eat?

Ungulates

Sexual segregation, or segregation, has also been observed in herds.


Question: What nutrition do hoofed animals eat?

Ungulates

This means that the females in the herd are separated from the young males of the herd for most of the year.


Question: What nutrition do hoofed animals eat?

Ungulates

There is a hierarchy of its own among males, which defines, for example, for hippos, how close a given male is allowed to be to a female.


Question: What nutrition do hoofed animals eat?

Ungulates

The leader male of the pack has the widest rights, but males further down can challenge it in battle and, if winning, rise to replace the male at the head of the pack.


Question: What nutrition do hoofed animals eat?

Ungulates

The former leader can either be evicted or still allowed to remain in the pack, but as a lower male.


Question: What nutrition do hoofed animals eat?

Ungulates

An example of such behavior is the red deer.


Question: What nutrition do hoofed animals eat?

Ungulates

[7] The youngest specimens pass with females.


Question: What nutrition do hoofed animals eat?

Ungulates

There are distinguishable altruistic traits in nurturing the offspring of females.


Question: What nutrition do hoofed animals eat?

Ungulates

They graze in areas where the risk of falling prey is low, even if it means lower-quality nutrition.


Question: What nutrition do hoofed animals eat?

Ungulates

Males, on the other hand, take a risk in order to get better nutrition.


Question: What nutrition do hoofed animals eat?

Ungulates

A number of ungulates exhibit seasonal region-to-area migration.


Question: What nutrition do hoofed animals eat?

Ungulates

The benefit of the migration is to make efficient use of regional and seasonal vegetation growth for nutrition, even if it takes a lot of energy to make the migration itself.


Question: What nutrition do hoofed animals eat?

Ungulates

With the arrival of winter, food intake in northern or high snowy areas is inconvenient because the growing season for plants is exhausted and food would have to be searched under the snow hangover.


Question: What nutrition do hoofed animals eat?

Ungulates

It is advantageous for animals to move to graze further south or alternatively lower up the mountain slope.


Question: What nutrition do hoofed animals eat?

Ungulates

[7] Communication Around the body of ungulates there are glands that produce odors.


Question: What nutrition do hoofed animals eat?

Ungulates

By rubbing the glands into the environment, the animal leaves odor marks with which it can signal the limits of its turf or anything else, such as the result of rut.


Question: What nutrition do hoofed animals eat?

Ungulates

If an animal has horns, it may also scrub its horns on the tree trunk, leaving either abrasion marks or glands around the corner of the horns leaving marks.


Question: What nutrition do hoofed animals eat?

Ungulates

However, the most common way to mark the boundaries of the territory is defecation and urination.


Question: What nutrition do hoofed animals eat?

Ungulates

In addition to smells, hoofed animals communicate with vocalizations and gestures.


Question: What nutrition do hoofed animals eat?

Ungulates

Gestures may include defiant behaviour, such as in hippos spreading their jaws open apposen.


Question: What nutrition do hoofed animals eat?

Ungulates

The orientation of the ears, the physical size of the individual, and the magnitude of the horns are also intra-species means of communication.


Question: What nutrition do hoofed animals eat?

Ungulates

Reproduction Ungulates typically give birth at the time of the breeding season when food supply is best guaranteed for offspring.


Question: What nutrition do hoofed animals eat?

Ungulates

Offspring grow and strengthen faster thanks to such timing, thus not falling prey to beasts so delicately.


Question: What nutrition do hoofed animals eat?

Ungulates

Ungulates are already so advanced by birth that after birth they are able to walk and even run in a few hours.


Question: What nutrition do hoofed animals eat?

Ungulates

The bearing time of females varies abundantly from species to species.


Question: What nutrition do hoofed animals eat?

Ungulates

For example, in giraffes and okapes, pregnancy lasts about 450 days, and in dwarf oats about 150 days.


Question: What nutrition do hoofed animals eat?

Ungulates

In the majority of ruminants, the carrier period is 6—9 months.


Question: What nutrition do hoofed animals eat?

Ungulates

[16] Ungulates give birth to only one chick at one time, with the exception of pigs with a pahnue size of 4 to 8.


Question: What nutrition do hoofed animals eat?

Ungulates

In domesticated pigs used for agricultural meat production, the pahnue may include 12 offspring.


Question: What nutrition do hoofed animals eat?

Ungulates

[13] A female gives birth only once during the year, but in tropical regions, giving birth twice is possible.


Question: What nutrition do hoofed animals eat?

Ungulates

The mother usually either hides her young, if only in the living zone is possible, or keeps it constantly with her and as part of the herd.


Question: What nutrition do hoofed animals eat?

Ungulates

The mother transports her young to an area where the cub hides.


Question: What nutrition do hoofed animals eat?

Ungulates

Consequently, the mother herself does not know where the cub is.


Question: What nutrition do hoofed animals eat?

Ungulates

The mother goes to take care of her young a few times during the day until old enough to take the chick with her.


Question: What nutrition do hoofed animals eat?

Ungulates

Some ungulates, such as pigs, build a small nest where they give birth and nurture their chicks for the first few days.


Question: What nutrition do hoofed animals eat?

Ungulates

[13] Males mate with several different females during the same mating season.


Question: What nutrition do hoofed animals eat?

Ungulates

It is very rare for a male and female to stay together after the mating season.


Question: What nutrition do hoofed animals eat?

Ungulates

However, blue diver antelopes remain loyal to their pair throughout the year until the new mating season begins.


Question: What nutrition do hoofed animals eat?

Ungulates

[13] During the horny period, males engage in fierce battles with each other to gain the right to mate with the female.


Question: What nutrition do hoofed animals eat?

Ungulates

Harmless as the fights are, they can be very exhausting, making the males involved in them an easy target for predators.


Question: What nutrition do hoofed animals eat?

Ungulates

Therefore, battlepukars seek, with vocalizations and gestures, to persuade the opposing party to give up.


Question: What nutrition do hoofed animals eat?

Ungulates

The male can defend either one particular female (e.g., bison) or an entire harem from other males.


Question: What nutrition do hoofed animals eat?

Ungulates

It is also possible that the male is not directly fighting for females, but for a living area that attracts females.


Question: What nutrition do hoofed animals eat?

Ungulates

For example, food may attract females to a particular territory, in which case the dominant male of the territory gains the right to mate with females there.


Question: What nutrition do hoofed animals eat?

Ungulates

Topic antelopes and spruce deer have gone even further in this type of mating strategy: land patches (lekking) of land (lekking) the size of only a few square metres can be a defensible area.


Question: What nutrition do hoofed animals eat?

Ungulates

[13] Ungulates and humans According to the IUCN Red List of over 240 ungulate species worldwide, 97 of the more than 240 ungulate species worldwide are classified as endangered, extremely endangered or already out of the wild (living only in zoos, etc.).


Question: What nutrition do hoofed animals eat?

Ungulates

Populations of almost all species are on a downward trend.


Question: What nutrition do hoofed animals eat?

Ungulates

[17] The major factors that threaten ungulates are forest logging, the conversion of land into crops, the road network and poaching.


Question: What nutrition do hoofed animals eat?

Ungulates

[18] Ungulates have been the main source of human protein since gatherer-hunter cultures.


Question: What nutrition do hoofed animals eat?

Ungulates

The first ungulates (sheep and goat) were domesticated by man about 8000—9000 years ago.


Question: What nutrition do hoofed animals eat?

Ungulates

[18] In the United States, approximately 28 kilograms of beef and pork are consumed annually and 21 kilograms of pork per person.


Question: What nutrition do hoofed animals eat?

Ungulates

Pork consumption in the United States has remained fairly flat throughout the 20th century, but peak beef consumption was about 40 pounds per person in 1979, according to statistics from the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA).


Question: What nutrition do hoofed animals eat?

Ungulates

Lamb and lamb meat in the United States is eaten less than half a pound per person.


Question: What nutrition do hoofed animals eat?

Ungulates

[19] According to statistics from the UN-subordinated FAO body, 285,7 million tonnes of meat were produced worldwide (not fish meat or poultry) per year.


Question: What nutrition do hoofed animals eat?

Ungulates

According to the FAO, 989.9 million pigs, 1389 million cows and 1113 million sheep were considered a farmed animal worldwide in 2007.


Question: What nutrition do hoofed animals eat?

Ungulates

[21] Soft hair of ungulates, especially sheep and alpacas, is widely used in industry.


Question: What nutrition do hoofed animals eat?

Ungulates

Bovine is also milked for milk and processed forward into butter, among other things.


Question: What nutrition do hoofed animals eat?

Ungulates

Ungulates are also used locally as drag parties, for example in tillage and as a means of transport, such as camellia for example.


Question: What nutrition do hoofed animals eat?

Ungulates

Deer hunting is a common pastime in many countries, but there is also an effort to control the animal population to reduce traffic accidents, for example.


Question: What nutrition do hoofed animals eat?

Ungulates

See also List of ungulates Sources Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Olendorf, Donna (ed.


Question: What nutrition do hoofed animals eat?

Ungulates

) | title = Grzimek's Animal Life Encyclopedia: Mammals IV (Volume 125) | publisher = Thomson| year = 2004| id = ISBN 0-7876-5791-3}} References Literature Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Prothero, Donald R.


Question: What nutrition do hoofed animals eat?

Ungulates

& Foss, Scott E.| title = The Evolution of Artiodactyls| publisher = Johns Hopkins University Press| year = 2007| id = ISBN 978-080-188-735-2}} On topic elsewhere.


Question: What nutrition do hoofed animals eat?

Ungulates

Ungulates in the Encyclopedia of Life web dictionary. Ungulates on the Animal Diversity Web web page.


Question: What nutrition do hoofed animals eat?

Ungulates

On the Arkive.org web page. Webpage focused on hoof and hoofed animals.


Question: What nutrition do hoofed animals eat?

Ungulates

* Category:Key articles of screening


Question: What was Madeira's GDP in 2018?

Madeira

Madeira () is a self-governing group of islands belonging to Portugal in the North Atlantic about 580 kilometres northwest of the North African coast.


Question: What was Madeira's GDP in 2018?

Madeira

Madeira belongs geographically to Macaronesia and consists of seven volcanic islands, the largest and only inhabited ones being Madeira and Porto Santo.


Question: What was Madeira's GDP in 2018?

Madeira

Located about 40 kilometres southeast of the main island, the three islands comprise the Desertas Islands.


Question: What was Madeira's GDP in 2018?

Madeira

Administratively, Madeira still includes the Selvagen Islands comprising the two islands in the southeast 280 km away.


Question: What was Madeira's GDP in 2018?

Madeira

When speaking of Madeira, one may refer equally to the entire administrative region, to a geographical group of islands, or to the island of Madeira alone.


Question: What was Madeira's GDP in 2018?

Madeira

The earliest reliable records of European activity in Madeira's history go back to the early 15th century.


Question: What was Madeira's GDP in 2018?

Madeira

There are also considerably older but uncertain references from Madeira right from the beginning of the time count.


Question: What was Madeira's GDP in 2018?

Madeira

The official written history of Madeira began with the arrival of the Portuguese from 1418.


Question: What was Madeira's GDP in 2018?

Madeira

The Carnation Revolution in Portugal in 1974 toppled the military junta that ruled the country, resulting in Madeira being granted autonomy two years later.


Question: What was Madeira's GDP in 2018?

Madeira

Madeira joined Portugal to the European Union in 1986.


Question: What was Madeira's GDP in 2018?

Madeira

Madeira's standard of living has risen under autonomy and EU membership.


Question: What was Madeira's GDP in 2018?

Madeira

Madeira President Miguel Albuquerque has held office since March 2015.


Question: What was Madeira's GDP in 2018?

Madeira

His predecessor, Alberto João Jardim, had time to hold the office of president for 37 years.


Question: What was Madeira's GDP in 2018?

Madeira

The total population of Madeira was 267938 in 2011, the vast majority of whom, or more than 240000 people, lived on the island of Madeira.


Question: What was Madeira's GDP in 2018?

Madeira

The capital of Madeira is Funchal in the south of the main island, which had a population of 112015 in 2011.


Question: What was Madeira's GDP in 2018?

Madeira

As elsewhere in Portugal, Portuguese is spoken on the islands, the main religion being Catholicism and the monetary unit the euro.


Question: What was Madeira's GDP in 2018?

Madeira

Madeira is a popular tourist destination and tourism is an important source of income for the region's economy.


Question: What was Madeira's GDP in 2018?

Madeira

Madeira is known for its madeirawine and water channels, or levadas, which bisect the main island, among other things.


Question: What was Madeira's GDP in 2018?

Madeira

An annual New Year's fireworks display is held in Funchal, which has made it into the Guinness Book of Records as the largest in the world.


Question: What was Madeira's GDP in 2018?

Madeira

Geography The administrative region of Madeira is located in the Atlantic Ocean about 580 kilometres west of the North African coast and about a thousand kilometres southwest of the Portuguese capital Lisbon.


Question: What was Madeira's GDP in 2018?

Madeira

The Canary Islands lie about 450 kilometres to the south and the Azores less than 1,000 kilometres to the northwest.


Question: What was Madeira's GDP in 2018?

Madeira

In addition to the main island Madeira, the region includes another inhabited island Porto Santo, the Desertas Islands less than 40 kilometres southeast of the capital Funchal, and the Selvagen Islands 280 kilometres to the south-southeast.


Question: What was Madeira's GDP in 2018?

Madeira

The islands have a combined area of about 801 square kilometres and only Madeira and Porto Santo are inhabited.


Question: What was Madeira's GDP in 2018?

Madeira

The island group arose as a result of volcanic activity millions of years ago.


Question: What was Madeira's GDP in 2018?

Madeira

Madeira and the Desertas Islands are the youngest of the islands, while Porto Santo and the Selvagen Islands are older in age.


Question: What was Madeira's GDP in 2018?

Madeira

[1] Madeira Island Madeira Island lies on top of a large underwater shield mountain that rises about six kilometers from the ocean floor.


Question: What was Madeira's GDP in 2018?

Madeira

[2] Madeira is the geologically youngest island in the island group.


Question: What was Madeira's GDP in 2018?

Madeira

It arose as a result of several underwater volcanic eruptions.


Question: What was Madeira's GDP in 2018?

Madeira

The first eruption is estimated to have occurred about 15 million years ago, but to above sea level, however, Madeira did not begin to rise until about five million years ago.


Question: What was Madeira's GDP in 2018?

Madeira

[1] The eruptions ended about 700,000 years ago, after which the island was consumed by intense erosion.


Question: What was Madeira's GDP in 2018?

Madeira

Volcanic activity later reactivated and reshaped the surface of the island.


Question: What was Madeira's GDP in 2018?

Madeira

The most recent volcanic eruptions occurred about 6500 years ago.


Question: What was Madeira's GDP in 2018?

Madeira

[2] Madeira is about 57 kilometres long and 22 kilometres wide.