Question: When is Vaasa established?

Vaasa

[49] The port also provides Finland's northernmost and Ostrobothnia's only year-round passenger ferry service between Vaasa and Umeå.


Question: When is Vaasa established?

Vaasa

In the past, Vaasa has also been served to Sundsvall.


Question: When is Vaasa established?

Vaasa

The Port of Vaasa is a small port that receives mainly oil and coal in Vaskiluoto.


Question: When is Vaasa established?

Vaasa

Energy supply There are several power plants in the Port of Vaasa area.


Question: When is Vaasa established?

Vaasa

Vaskiluoto 1 is a decommissioned coal-fired power plant owned by Etelä-Ostrobothnia Voima Oy.


Question: When is Vaasa established?

Vaasa

Vaskiluoto 2 is a coal-fired power plant owned by Vaskiluoto Oy, which also generates most of the district heating of the city of Vaasa in addition to electricity.


Question: When is Vaasa established?

Vaasa

Vaskiluoto 3 is an oil power plant owned by PVO-Huimavalta Oy.


Question: When is Vaasa established?

Vaasa

The Gas Turbine Plant of the grid company Fingrid and the Sähkö Thermal Centre in Vaasa also operate in the area.


Question: When is Vaasa established?

Vaasa

Vaskiluoto is located at Vaskiluoto 2 coal-fired power plant with a net electric power of 230 MW and district heating power of 175 MW.


Question: When is Vaasa established?

Vaasa

In 2011, the Vaasa Power Plant produced 1099 GWh of electricity and 613 GWh of district heating.


Question: When is Vaasa established?

Vaasa

[50] During 2012, a biomass gasification plant with a fuel output of 140 MW will be built in Vaskiluoto to enable the use of wood and arable energy and energy peat to fuel an existing coal power plant.


Question: When is Vaasa established?

Vaasa

Gasification technology has nowhere in the world before been used on this scale for this purpose.


Question: When is Vaasa established?

Vaasa

It is the largest gas burning power plant in the world.


Question: When is Vaasa established?

Vaasa

[51] The new regasification plant will allow between 25% and 40% of coal to be replaced by domestic biofuels.


Question: When is Vaasa established?

Vaasa

At the same time, CO2 emissions will be reduced by about 230,000 tonnes per year.


Question: When is Vaasa established?

Vaasa

[52] In 1993, sulphur dioxide emissions from the power plant were limited by the construction of a desulfurization plant and nitrogen oxide emissions have been reduced by the renewal of coal-fired boiler combustion technology in 1994 and 2007.


Question: When is Vaasa established?

Vaasa

In Vaasa, district heating is also produced by Westenergy on the Mustasaari side, a waste incinerator located next to the Stormossen landfill, and a thermal power plant in the central area near the Palosaari Bridge, which is used in winter frosts to produce additional district heating.


Question: When is Vaasa established?

Vaasa

Westenergy's incinerator utilizes approximately 150,000 tonnes of sorted household, business and industrial waste as energy, as well as construction waste per year.


Question: When is Vaasa established?

Vaasa

[53] Approximately 87 GWh of electricity sold at that annual waste volume and 280 GWh of heat are generated per year.


Question: When is Vaasa established?

Vaasa

District heating should account for approximately 73% of the energy generated by the combustion plant.


Question: When is Vaasa established?

Vaasa

The plant will serve as an essential part of the district heating production of Vaasa Electricity.


Question: When is Vaasa established?

Vaasa

On the merits of the incinerator, the oil boiler currently in use during the summer time will be decommissioned.


Question: When is Vaasa established?

Vaasa

About a third of the district heat produced with coal can be replaced by waste incineration.


Question: When is Vaasa established?

Vaasa

Oil in use at the time of winter peak heat consumption can also be replaced by waste incineration.


Question: When is Vaasa established?

Vaasa

[54] The incinerator will be completed during 2012.


Question: When is Vaasa established?

Vaasa

[55] In addition, Vaasa has several small high-end power plants and experimental power plants related to company product development.


Question: When is Vaasa established?

Vaasa

Their energy output is negligible.


Question: When is Vaasa established?

Vaasa

Tinned with Pärnu, Estonia since 1956 Malmö, Sweden since 1940 Umeå, Sweden since 1949 Harstad, Norway since 1949 Helsingør, Denmark since 1949 Schwerin, Germany since 1965 Kiel, Germany since 1967 Šumperk, Czech Republic since 1984 Morogoro, Tanzania since 1988 Culture Attractions Finland Statue of Liberty Jääkäristatue Korsholma Castle ramparts Kuntsi Museum of Modern Art Mustasaari Church Ostrobothnia Museum St. Nicholas Church Vaasa former barracks area Vaasa Market Hall Vaasa Church Vaasa Water Tower Old Vaasa Ruins Wasaborg Öjberget, ski resort Vaasa Tropiclandia Music Vaasa Philharmonic Orchestra was founded in 1930 and its work and concert venue is Vaasa City Hall. Since January 2016, the orchestra's chief conductor is ActJames Lowe.


Question: When is Vaasa established?

Vaasa

The Vaasa Philharmonic Orchestra has been an internationalJorma Panula Conductor Competition Organiser in collaboration with Viljo and Maire Vuorio Foundation.


Question: When is Vaasa established?

Vaasa

The Vaasa Philharmonic Orchestra is involved in the Jorma Panula conducting course every spring.


Question: When is Vaasa established?

Vaasa

[56] The Kuula Academy, named after composer Toivo Kuula, provides basic education in music and dance and its main office is located in Vaasa.


Question: When is Vaasa established?

Vaasa

[57] Light music events in Vaasa have included Rantarock from 1995 to 2001 and Rockperry Festival from 2001 to 2010.


Question: When is Vaasa established?

Vaasa

Other music festivals in Vaasa include Small Fests on the Prairie [58] and Hippiknik, held for the second time in 2013 [59].


Question: When is Vaasa established?

Vaasa

Well-known Vasan ensembles include Klamydia, Rotten Sound and Sturm und Drang.


Question: When is Vaasa established?

Vaasa

Singer Lauri Tähkä also hails from Vaasa.


Question: When is Vaasa established?

Vaasa

[60] Sport Vaasan Sport plays ice hockey in the SM-liiga.


Question: When is Vaasa established?

Vaasa

The team has won the Mestis championship in 2009, 2011 and 2012.


Question: When is Vaasa established?

Vaasa

Sport played in the SM-liiga for the 1975—1976 season.


Question: When is Vaasa established?

Vaasa

In football, Vaasan Palloseura (VPS) won two and Vasa IFK three Finnish championships in the 1940s and 1950s.


Question: When is Vaasa established?

Vaasa

Today, VPS plays in the Finnish main league level Veikkausliiga and VIFK Kakkonen.


Question: When is Vaasa established?

Vaasa

At the time, Sport's football team was also successful, which made it to the final of the Finnish Cup.


Question: When is Vaasa established?

Vaasa

Even today, FC Sport, who have separated from the club, plays in Women's Ykkönen.


Question: When is Vaasa established?

Vaasa

FC Kiisto plays in Kakkonen, the third highest league level in the country.


Question: When is Vaasa established?

Vaasa

Vaasa also has a lot of baseball history because Maila of Vaasa has played several seasons at the Finnish main league level.


Question: When is Vaasa established?

Vaasa

The most successful in tennis over the past year is Wasa Tennis Club, the youngest club in the city, which has the highest number of A-grade players in the region and every indoor season plays in the men's 2nd Division.


Question: When is Vaasa established?

Vaasa

Traditional power club Tennis-61 has the most members, but the club's competitive success has regressed and it plays in the men's 4th Division, with the focus more on dilettante and veteran activities.


Question: When is Vaasa established?

Vaasa

In volleyball, Vasan Vasama won the women's Finnish championship nine times in the 1980s and 1990s and was on the medals 11 times out of 12 consecutive seasons.


Question: When is Vaasa established?

Vaasa

Today, Kiisto plays at the second highest level for men, namely the 1 Series.


Question: When is Vaasa established?

Vaasa

In addition, in futsal, Ruuipaidat plays at the second highest league level and has won Finnish silver and SM-bronze medals once.


Question: When is Vaasa established?

Vaasa

Vaasa has also been seen at the main league level on a couple of occasions when in the 1990s Roller Team played in the floorball league.


Question: When is Vaasa established?

Vaasa

Nowadays, SB Vaasa plays in the 1 division of floorball.


Question: When is Vaasa established?

Vaasa

The Finnish Athletics Championships, or Kaleva Games, have been held in Vaasa four times, most recently in 2013.


Question: When is Vaasa established?

Vaasa

The largest sports area in Vaasa is Hietalahti.


Question: When is Vaasa established?

Vaasa

Located there include an ice rink, football stadium, swimming pool, baseball stadium, athletics field, racetrack, and Tennis-Center.


Question: When is Vaasa established?

Vaasa

A lacrosse team called Vaasa Wishpooshs was also founded in 2007 in Vaasa.


Question: When is Vaasa established?

Vaasa

The club played its first SM-sarja season in the summer of 2007, finishing in 7th place.


Question: When is Vaasa established?

Vaasa

In the 2008, 2009 and 2010 seasons, Vaasa Wishpooshs finished 3rd in the Finnish Championship, thus bringing the Finnish bronze medals of Lacrosse to Vaasa.


Question: When is Vaasa established?

Vaasa

The women's team played its first SM-sarja season in the 2009 season.


Question: When is Vaasa established?

Vaasa

[61] Vaasa Rugby Club, founded in 2002, plays in the Finnish Rugby Union.


Question: When is Vaasa established?

Vaasa

In 2013, the team won Division 1 without losing a match and rose to the SM-series in rugby.


Question: When is Vaasa established?

Vaasa

[62] Vaasa Rugby Club also known as Vaasa Wolves.


Question: When is Vaasa established?

Vaasa

At the end of the 2000s, Vaasalainen ultimate has emerged as the top caste in the country, right up to the medal teams.


Question: When is Vaasa established?

Vaasa

Junior teams in particular have excelled by winning several SM-M gold medals and occupying the ranks of the U20 national team.


Question: When is Vaasa established?

Vaasa

The 2009 European Championship gold squad featured five Vaasa Saints players, the most from any club team.


Question: When is Vaasa established?

Vaasa

A total of 14 Saints players were selected for the 2012 World Cup, along with two raised by the club from other clubs.


Question: When is Vaasa established?

Vaasa

West Coast Vikings' representative team Wasa Royals is a Vaasan American football club based since 1996.


Question: When is Vaasa established?

Vaasa

The Vikings have played in both the Vahteraliiga, Men's Division I and Division II, where it also played in 2012.


Question: When is Vaasa established?

Vaasa

For the 2013 season, the look and name of the representative team were renewed, and the Royals, under head coach Seppo Evwaraye, won Division II with a clean play in their first season.


Question: When is Vaasa established?

Vaasa

In the 2014 season, the Royals won the Spaghetti dish, but declined to take a place against the main series from the Vaple League.


Question: When is Vaasa established?

Vaasa

During the season, the Royals broke crowd records in domestic American football after being allowed to play all of their matches at the Charles Field in Vaasa.


Question: When is Vaasa established?

Vaasa

After the 2015 season, the Royals ascended to the Maple League.


Question: When is Vaasa established?

Vaasa

The food culture Vaasa's keeper dishes were named in the 1980s salt wine, herring box, Sundom smoked lacquers and Jaakoon lingonberry drink.


Question: When is Vaasa established?

Vaasa

[63] See also List of statues and monuments in Vaasa Sources on the topic elsewhere * Category:Key articles of screening


Question: In what year is Air Canada founded?

Céline Dion

Céline Marie Claudette Dion, C.C., (born 30 March 1968 in Charlemagne, Québec, Canada) is a Canadian-French singer.


Question: In what year is Air Canada founded?

Céline Dion

He has been influenced by pop, rock and soul music.


Question: In what year is Air Canada founded?

Céline Dion

Dion has risen from a modest background to become one of the best-selling female artists of all time, with nearly 250 million copies sold worldwide.


Question: In what year is Air Canada founded?

Céline Dion

Dion has won five Grammy Awards and was, in 2004, the best-selling female artist of all time.


Question: In what year is Air Canada founded?

Céline Dion

Dion is particularly known for the theme song of the 1997 Titanic film “My Heart Will Go On”.


Question: In what year is Air Canada founded?

Céline Dion

Dion is the most successful solo artist of all time at Las Vegas casino residency shows.


Question: In what year is Air Canada founded?

Céline Dion

In March 2017, Dion announced her fashion collection called The Céline Dion Collection which became available in September 2017.


Question: In what year is Air Canada founded?

Céline Dion

Early stages and career beginnings Céline was the youngest of a family of 14 children that Adhémar and Thérèse Dion had founded in a small town called Charlemagne in Quebec.


Question: In what year is Air Canada founded?

Céline Dion

The town is located 50 kilometres east of Montreal.


Question: In what year is Air Canada founded?

Céline Dion

Life in a large church-Catholic family was economically scarce, but a warm mood prevailed in the family and music was pursued, with which the family survived.


Question: In what year is Air Canada founded?

Céline Dion

Dion was named after Hugues Aufray's song “Céline” (1966).


Question: What year is Air Canada founded?

Céline Dion

[1] Céline developed his musical gifts by singing for his siblings from the age of five in a small club founded by his parents.


Question: What year is Air Canada founded?

Céline Dion

On weekends, the whole family would perform and entertain at local events.


Question: What year is Air Canada founded?

Céline Dion

At the age of 12, together with his mother and one of his brothers, he composed his first song, “Ce n'était qu'un rêve” ().


Question: What year is Air Canada founded?

Céline Dion

His brother Michael sent the song to manager René Angélil, whose name he had found on the back cover of a record by popular soloist Ginette Reno, a popular soloist singing in French.


Question: What year is Air Canada founded?

Céline Dion

Angélil liked Dion's voice and immediately decided to make him an international success.


Question: What year is Air Canada founded?

Céline Dion

Angélil mortgaged his house to help finance Céline's career, and in 1981 they released this first, French-language record, “La Voix du Bon Dieu” (Finnish.


Question: What year is Air Canada founded?

Céline Dion

Voice of God).


Question: What year is Air Canada founded?

Céline Dion

The album instantly made her a star in Quebec and rose to number one on the local singles chart.


Question: What year is Air Canada founded?

Céline Dion

This recognition soon spread around the world, as the following year he won a gold medal at the Yamaha World Song Festival in Tokyo, as did the award for Best Performing Musician.


Question: What year is Air Canada founded?

Céline Dion

In 1983, he became the first Canadian to have received a gold record in France.


Question: What year is Air Canada founded?

Céline Dion

Commercial success at the age of 18, Celine saw Michael Jackson on television, and she told Angélil she wanted to star as well.


Question: What year is Air Canada founded?

Céline Dion

Celine changed her appearance: she cut her hair and repaired her teeth, which was why a Quebecian humour magazine had named her Canine Dion.


Question: What year is Air Canada founded?

Céline Dion

[2] He also started to improve the English language, and later it was useful as he prospered in the North American market.


Question: What year is Air Canada founded?

Céline Dion

In 1987, he made the record Incognito, which was very successful among Canada's French-speaking population.


Question: What year is Air Canada founded?

Céline Dion

He enjoyed stardom and received several Felix awards, and records sold in abundance.


Question: What year is Air Canada founded?

Céline Dion

Swiss songwriters Atilla Şereftuğ and Nella Martinetti were interested in him, and he was selected to represent Switzerland at the 1988 Eurovision Song Contest, where he sang the song “Ne partez pas sans moi” (Finnish.


Question: What year is Air Canada founded?

Céline Dion

Don't leave without me).


Question: What year is Air Canada founded?

Céline Dion

After Dion won a thrilling vote count, Great Britain by one point in Dublin on 30 April 1988, his career in Europe got off to a good start and he also gained recognition around the world, including the Soviet Union, the Middle East, Japan and Australia.


Question: What year is Air Canada founded?

Céline Dion

Celine Dion's first English-language record, Unison (1990), further enhanced her international fame with the top-5 single “Where Does My Heart Beat Now” released from it.


Question: What year is Air Canada founded?

Céline Dion

Dion also received her first recognition from the RIAA when she sold platinum in the United States.


Question: What year is Air Canada founded?

Céline Dion

However, her actual international breakthrough came when she sang the initial music in Disney's blockbuster film Beauty and the Beast along with Peabo Bryson.


Question: What year is Air Canada founded?

Céline Dion

The song topped the US charts for five weeks and received an Oscar for Best Song Made for a Motion Picture or Television and a Grammy Award for Best Duo or Ensemble Vocal Performance.


Question: What year is Air Canada founded?

Céline Dion

Shortly after appearing on Unison, Celine starred in the television miniseries Des fleurs sur la neige (Finnish.


Question: What year is Air Canada founded?

Céline Dion

Flowers on snow).


Question: What year is Air Canada founded?

Céline Dion

She played a young woman named Elisa whose life was difficult and was abused.


Question: What year is Air Canada founded?

Céline Dion

Celine enjoyed her role and has been interested in acting in films ever since.


Question: What year is Air Canada founded?

Céline Dion

A disc bearing Dion's own name in 1992 featured the song “Beauty and the Beast”.


Question: What year is Air Canada founded?

Céline Dion

This album also featured four other songs that rose to success: “Love Can Move Mountains”, “Water From the Moon”, “If You Asked Me To” and “Did You Give Enough Love”.


Question: What year is Air Canada founded?

Céline Dion

The album sold double platinum in the United States and six-times platinum in Canada and also brought her several awards, including the Juno Awards and World Music Awards for “best selling Canadian female artist of the year”.


Question: What year is Air Canada founded?

Céline Dion

Success grows In addition to success, there were other changes in Dion's life, as Angélil was now not only her manager, but also her beloved.


Question: What year is Air Canada founded?

Céline Dion

The relationship was kept secret because they feared the public reaction to the 26-year age difference.


Question: What year is Air Canada founded?

Céline Dion

In late 1993, Celine fearlessly revealed to the public for the first time that she loved her manager René Angélilia.They got engaged and eventually married in December 1994.


Question: What year is Air Canada founded?

Céline Dion

The wedding was seen on television across Canada.


Question: What year is Air Canada founded?

Céline Dion

In the dedication of her third English-language album, The Colour of My Love, she named Angélil as her “colour of love”.


Question: What year is Air Canada founded?

Céline Dion

The album sold six times the platinum record in the United States.


Question: What year is Air Canada founded?

Céline Dion

Successes included cover song Jennifer Rush's “The Power of Love”, which topped the charts in the United States for four weeks, and “When I Fall In Love”.


Question: What year is Air Canada founded?

Céline Dion

In Britain, he gained great acclaim with the song “Think Twice”.


Question: What year is Air Canada founded?

Céline Dion

This song and record stayed at the top of the UK charts for five weeks in a row, followed by “Think Twice” at the top for another two weeks.


Question: What year is Air Canada founded?

Céline Dion

The single crossed the million mark, becoming the fourth million-selling single by a female artist in the UK.


Question: What year is Air Canada founded?

Céline Dion

In 1995, Dion recorded a collection of Carole King songs from Tapestry Revisited, In My Life (a collection of Beatles' songs in honour of producer George Martin).


Question: What year is Air Canada founded?

Céline Dion

Dion continued to release French-language records in between English recordings, for example the albums Dion chante Plamondon, Céline Dion à l'Olympia (1994) and d'Eux (also known as The French Album) in 1995.


Question: What year is Air Canada founded?

Céline Dion

In March 1996, the top-grossing record Falling into You was released.


Question: What year is Air Canada founded?

Céline Dion

The album featured several success songs, including the first song “A Walk to Remember”, a cover version of Eric Carmen's song “All by Myself”, and the hit “Because You Loved Me”.


Question: What year is Air Canada founded?

Céline Dion

The album topped the charts in 11 countries and won a Grammy Award in both the “disc of the year” and “best pop record” categories at the 39th Annual Grammy Celebration.


Question: What year is Air Canada founded?

Céline Dion

It became his best-selling album by then.


Question: What year is Air Canada founded?

Céline Dion

It has received 11-times platinum status in the United States and has sold around 30 million records worldwide.


Question: What year is Air Canada founded?

Céline Dion

That same year, Dion was asked to perform at the Atlanta Olympics Opening Ceremony.


Question: What year is Air Canada founded?

Céline Dion

He performed the song “The Power of the Dream” along with composer David Foster and the Atlanta Symphony Orchestra.


Question: What year is Air Canada founded?

Céline Dion

After Let's Talk About Love and Titanic Falling Into You, the 1997 record Let's Talk About Love appeared.


Question: What year is Air Canada founded?

Céline Dion

Although it was difficult to continue after the previous success, Let's Talk About Love was actually nearly as successful as its predecessor.


Question: What year is Air Canada founded?

Céline Dion

The album was recorded in London, New York and Los Angeles.


Question: What year is Air Canada founded?

Céline Dion

There were guest performers such as the great vocalists of popular music Barbra Streisand, the Bee Gees and world-renowned opera singer Luciano Pavarotti, as well as many famous songwriters and producers.


Question: What year is Air Canada founded?

Céline Dion

Let's Talk About Love was released on the same day as the soundtrack for the film Titanic (1997).


Question: What year is Air Canada founded?

Céline Dion

Both discs had the theme song “My Heart Will Go On”, made by James Horner, with James Horner and Walter Afanasieff as producers.


Question: What year is Air Canada founded?

Céline Dion

Initially, Celine would not have wanted to record “My Heart Will Go On” and had to be persuaded by her husband and manager, as well as producer James Horner.


Question: What year is Air Canada founded?

Céline Dion

The song became the best-selling soundtrack featuring orchestral music of all time.


Question: What year is Air Canada founded?

Céline Dion

The album continued its success and received a diamond disc in the United States.


Question: What year is Air Canada founded?

Céline Dion

It brought Dion a huge amount of local and international awards, including many Juno Awards, two Grammys (the song itself received four, and two were given to the song's makers) in 1999, three World Music Awards thanks to “World's Best Selling Canadian Female Recording Artist of the Year”,” World's Overall Best Selling Recording Artist of the Year” and “World's Best Selling Canadian Recording Artist of the Year”.


Question: What year is Air Canada founded?

Céline Dion

He also received awards for his achievements in Europe and Asia.


Question: What year is Air Canada founded?

Céline Dion

In 1998, he received the distinctions of “Officer of the Order of Canada” and “Officer of the National Order of Quebec” in his native country for his outstanding contribution to contemporary music.


Question: What year is Air Canada founded?

Céline Dion

A year later, he was named to the “Canadian Broadcast Hall of Fame” list.


Question: What year is Air Canada founded?

Céline Dion

Before taking a break following the death of Diana, Princess of Wales, Dion took part in a double album made in her memory.


Question: What year is Air Canada founded?

Céline Dion

At the height of her career, Dion was asked to appear on American music channel VH1's Divas Live program, which featured other superstars including Aretha Franklin, Mariah Carey, Gloria Estefan and Shania Twain, and it established her position as one of contemporary music's greatest divas.


Question: What year is Air Canada founded?

Céline Dion

Dion worked hard in the studio and released a Christmas album These Are Special Times (1998), which became the best-selling records of its kind.


Question: What year is Air Canada founded?

Céline Dion

Having reached the top of the charts, “I'm Your Angel”, a duet with R. Kelly, originated on this record, as did “The Prayer”, which he recorded for the feature film Magic Sword — Camelot of Adventures in 1998 with Italian opera singer Andrea Bocelli.


Question: What year is Air Canada founded?

Céline Dion

In 1999, Dion released the album All the Way... A Decade of Song.


Question: What year is Air Canada founded?

Céline Dion

It featured her earlier successes including “Beauty and the Beast”, “The Power Of Love”, “Because You Loved Me”, “I'm Your Angel” and the classic “My Heart Will Go On” as well as an additional seven new songs, among them “Thats The Way It Is”, a new version of the song performed by Roberta Flack” “The First Time Ever I Saw Your Face”, as a duet with Frank Sinatra on the song “All The Way” (which she dedicated to her husband), and “Then You Look at Me” (from the film Bicentennial Man, to which the song had been made again by Horner and Jennings).


Question: What year is Air Canada founded?

Céline Dion

But it was the songs “The First Time Ever I Saw Your Face” and “All The Way” that critics considered dire, as they lacked his earlier low-key style [3].


Question: What year is Air Canada founded?

Céline Dion

A DVD featuring videos and live performances associated with the disc was released at the same time.


Question: What year is Air Canada founded?

Céline Dion

On this record, Dion told the audience that she was taking a break from music and focusing on family.


Question: What year is Air Canada founded?

Céline Dion

Career break Dion's private life took a bad turn when her husband, René Angélil, was diagnosed with throat cancer.


Question: What year is Air Canada founded?

Céline Dion

Dion decided to focus more on family life and told of taking a temporary break to be able to spend more time at home and have a child.


Question: What year is Air Canada founded?

Céline Dion

On New Year's Eve 1999 in Montreal, Dion gave his final pre-hiatus performance.


Question: What year is Air Canada founded?

Céline Dion

After fertility treatments, she gave birth to a son, René-Charles Angélil, in January 2001.


Question: What year is Air Canada founded?

Céline Dion

His son's baptism ceremony on July 25 was televised live across Canada.


Question: What year is Air Canada founded?

Céline Dion

She decided to raise her son multilingual and planned to put him in a school where one could learn English, French and Spanish.


Question: What year is Air Canada founded?

Céline Dion

During Dion's hiatus, a compilation album The Collector's Series... Volume One was released in October 2000...


Question: What year is Air Canada founded?

Céline Dion

The return of A New Day Has Come, which came out in March 2002, ended her two-year break from the music world.


Question: What year is Air Canada founded?

Céline Dion

The album immediately reached number one in 17 countries and sold over 600,000 copies in the United States during its first week, the highest first-week record sales that year.


Question: What year is Air Canada founded?

Céline Dion

The disc features songs “A New Day Has Come”, “I'm Alive” (used in the film Stuart Little 2), “The Greatest Reward”, which is a variation on the song “L'envie d'aimer” (“The Desire to Love”), a song from the French musical Les dix Commandements (The Ten Commandments film), and cover of Etta James' hit “At Last”.


Question: What year is Air Canada founded?

Céline Dion

The album continued to gain popularity, and it has since been sold triple platinum in the United States and six-times platinum, or 600,000 records in Canada, worldwide with over 12 million.


Question: What year is Air Canada founded?

Céline Dion

In addition to his musical popularity, Dion has also become an entrepreneur.


Question: What year is Air Canada founded?

Céline Dion

He developed his own perfume, which became one of the best-selling perfumes of 2003, has his own magazine, Céline Dion Magazine, and opened a chain of restaurants called Nickles in Canada and northern parts of the United States, but gave it up as early as 1997.


Question: What year is Air Canada founded?

Céline Dion

On March 25, 2003, she began her A New Day show in Las Vegas, and her record One Heart was released at the same time as the singles, one of which, “Have You Ever Been In Love”, stayed for 14 weeks at number two on the Billboard Adult Contemporary list, as did a new version of Roy Orbison's song “I Drove All Night”.


Question: What year is Air Canada founded?

Céline Dion

The album is the tenth best-selling record of the year, according to the IFPI.


Question: What year is Air Canada founded?

Céline Dion

Dion's French album 1 fille & 4 types (Finnish. 1 girl & 4 guys) was released in October 2003.


Question: What year is Air Canada founded?

Céline Dion

Like the album S'il suffisait d'aimer, this too took just five six days to record and is a collaboration between Dion and Jean-Jacques Goldman.


Question: What year is Air Canada founded?

Céline Dion

They were brought together by three mutual friends, Gildas Arzel, Eric Benzi and Jacques Veneruso, who had previously worked with him on the records S'il suffisait d'aimer and d'Eux (also known as The French Album).


Question: What year is Air Canada founded?

Céline Dion

Critics have called it Dion's best and most natural record.


Question: What year is Air Canada founded?

Céline Dion

Dion himself speaks of it as an “album of pleasure.”


Question: What year is Air Canada founded?

Céline Dion

The album's first single, “Tout l'or des hommes”, set a record after being the closest French language song to reach the top spot on the National (English) CHR Audience chart of the BDS period.


Question: What year is Air Canada founded?

Céline Dion

In 2004, Dion recorded the theme song “Ma Nouvelle-France” for the French-Quebec film Nouvelle-France, which was scored by Luc Plamondon and Patrick Doyle and produced by Christopher Neil.


Question: What year is Air Canada founded?

Céline Dion

In July 2004, “You and I”, the tune for a new Air Canada advertising campaign, qualified first in Canada's “mainstream adult contemporary” category, according to Nielsen BDS.


Question: What year is Air Canada founded?

Céline Dion

A New Day... Live in Las Vegas, the song, which was featured as an extra, was one of the Top 100 list's most requested singles on Canadian radio stations for 23 weeks.


Question: What year is Air Canada founded?

Céline Dion

The popularity continued when Dion released his first concept album Miracle in October 2004.


Question: What year is Air Canada founded?

Céline Dion

It was produced by David Foster and was part of a multimedia project launched by Dion and photographer Anne Geddes.


Question: What year is Air Canada founded?

Céline Dion

The album's theme centered around babies and was available in three different versions: the “Limited Edition” CD/DVD included a 60-page version of the Miracle book; a Miracle CD and a “making of the CD” DVD; a 180-page book and Miracle CD; and a DVD detailing the backgrounds of the book's making.


Question: What year is Air Canada founded?

Céline Dion

In January 2005, Miracle was awarded platinum in the United States according to the RIAA.


Question: What year is Air Canada founded?

Céline Dion

On July 2, 2005, Dion sent a recorded performance of her song “Love Can Move Mountains” to Ontario, Canada as part of the worldwide Live 8 concerts.


Question: What year is Air Canada founded?

Céline Dion

That same year, she recorded the song “VDance With My Father” for the disc So Amazing, which is a tribute to the late Luther Vandross.


Question: What year is Air Canada founded?

Céline Dion

On October 3 of the same year he released the record On Ne Change Pas, a collection of his most successful French-language songs.


Question: What year is Air Canada founded?

Céline Dion

Since Hurricane Katrina, Céline Dion has publicly criticized President George W. Bush's solutions to the Iraq War and slow response in helping hurricane victims.


Question: What year is Air Canada founded?

Céline Dion

Céline Dion's intense moving surprised the audience when she burst into tears while discussing the nasty events.


Question: What year is Air Canada founded?

Céline Dion

He said he would donate $1 million for relief works.


Question: What year is Air Canada founded?

Céline Dion

A New Day... Live in Las Vegas In early 2002, Dion announced a three-year 600-performance deal to perform five times a week in the entertainment spectacle A New Day, at Las Vegas' Caesars Palace.


Question: What year is Air Canada founded?

Céline Dion

Dion got the idea for the show after seeing Dragone's O at the beginning of his recording break.


Question: What year is Air Canada founded?

Céline Dion

He started on 25 March 2003 in a 4000 seat hall designed for his performance.


Question: What year is Air Canada founded?

Céline Dion

The show has been done by Franco Dragone.


Question: What year is Air Canada founded?

Céline Dion

A New Day... Live in Las Vegas consists of dance, music and visual effects.


Question: What year is Air Canada founded?

Céline Dion

In the show, Dion performs her songs, paced by dancers and effects.


Question: What year is Air Canada founded?

Céline Dion

Although the show was not appreciated by critics, it was well received by audiences and was sold out each time since its premiere in March 2003.


Question: What year is Air Canada founded?

Céline Dion

In September 2004, the contract was extended until 2007.


Question: What year is Air Canada founded?

Céline Dion

[4] In the first half of 2005, 322,000 tickets were sold for Dion's performance and it made a profit of $43.9 million, reports trade magazine Pollstar.


Question: What year is Air Canada founded?

Céline Dion

Billboard placed her performance second on the “Mid-Year Concert Chart” list.


Question: What year is Air Canada founded?

Céline Dion

By July 17, 2005, Dion has sold out of 315384 shows in Las Vegas.


Question: What year is Air Canada founded?

Céline Dion

His last Las Vegas concert he gave on December 15, 2007.


Question: What year is Air Canada founded?

Céline Dion

In total, there were 713 performances.


Question: What year is Air Canada founded?

Céline Dion

They gathered audiences of about three million, most of them from the local area.


Question: What year is Air Canada founded?

Céline Dion

After the 2008—09 World Tour Las Vegas, Dion was not left to rest on his laurels.


Question: What year is Air Canada founded?

Céline Dion

With her Taking Chances album, released in November, she is about to embark on a tour.


Question: What year is Air Canada founded?

Céline Dion

The tour bearing the Taking Chances name is the biggest of his tours.


Question: What year is Air Canada founded?

Céline Dion

It comprises more than 25 countries and about one hundred concerts.


Question: What year is Air Canada founded?

Céline Dion

On tour, Celine Dion performed for the first time in Finland.


Question: What year is Air Canada founded?

Céline Dion

In February 2010, “Celine Through The Eyes of The World”, a musical two-hour documentary film about the stages of the world tour, was brought to theatrical release in the United States, Australia, England, as well as a few other countries.


Question: What year is Air Canada founded?

Céline Dion

There were only performances for one week.


Question: What year is Air Canada founded?

Céline Dion

In late spring, the documentary will be released along with the Taking Chances DVD.


Question: What year is Air Canada founded?

Céline Dion

Return to Vegas 2011— After a world tour that lasted nearly two years, Dion returns to Las Vegas at Caesars Palace for three years, where a whole new show is planned for her.


Question: What year is Air Canada founded?

Céline Dion

He will be performing with an orchestra of more than 30 people singing his classics and film tunes familiar from Hollywood.


Question: In what year is Air Canada founded?

Céline Dion

The whole is complemented by similar visualization, as in A New Day.


Question: In what year is Air Canada founded?

Céline Dion

The premiere is on March 15, 2011.


Question: In what year is Air Canada founded?

Céline Dion

There are 70 performances per year.


Question: In what year is Air Canada founded?

Céline Dion

The singer reported that she was pregnant in May 2010 and in July it was reported that the singer was expecting twin boys with René Angélil.


Question: In what year is Air Canada founded?

Céline Dion

[5] On Saturday, October 23, the twins were born by caesarean section in Florida, St. Mary's Hospital.


Question: In what year is Air Canada founded?

Céline Dion

In early 2012, Celine announced that she was currently recording new material.


Question: In what year is Air Canada founded?

Céline Dion

Dion's first French-language album Sans attendre was released on November 2, 2012.


Question: In what year is Air Canada founded?

Céline Dion

The new English-language album Water and a Flame will be released in autumn 2013.


Question: In what year is Air Canada founded?

Céline Dion

[6] Dion's husband, René Angélil, died of cancer on January 14, 2016.


Question: In what year is Air Canada founded?

Céline Dion

[7] Dion's brother Daniel died of cancer two days later.


Question: In what year is Air Canada founded?

Céline Dion

He was 59 years old.


Question: In what year is Air Canada founded?

Céline Dion

[8] Selected discography English-language albums Unison (1990) Celine Dion (1992) The Colour of My Love (1993) Falling into You (1996) Let's Talk About Love (1997) These Are Special Times (1998) A New Day Has Come (2002) One Heart (2003) Taking Miracle (2004) Chances (2007) Water and a Flame (2013) French-language albums Career Achievements Céline Dion's records have sold over 47 million in the United States and 40 million in Europe according to the IFPI, making her the best-selling female artist in Europe.


Question: In what year is Air Canada founded?

Céline Dion

Worldwide, with her sales of over 180 million albums and 35 million singles, she ranks as one of the highest-selling female artists in music history.


Question: In what year is Air Canada founded?

Céline Dion

Dion is the most successful artist in Canadian music history.


Question: In what year is Air Canada founded?

Céline Dion

On September 15, 2004, Dion received the Diamond Award at the World Music Awards event, after 175 million of his records had been sold during his career.


Question: In what year is Air Canada founded?

Céline Dion

Only one female artist, Mariah Carey, has received the award before her.


Question: In what year is Air Canada founded?

Céline Dion

[9] Eurovision Song Contest win as Swiss representative in 1988.


Question: In what year is Air Canada founded?

Céline Dion

His estimated wealth is between $320 million and $400 million.


Question: In what year is Air Canada founded?

Céline Dion

[10] In 1998, he received two dual domestic honours on consecutive days: on April 30, his home county made him “Officer of the National Order of Quebec”, and on May 1 he became “Officer of the Order of Canada”.


Question: In what year is Air Canada founded?

Céline Dion

He received a star on Canada's “Walk of Fame” to Toronto on June 25, 2003, and a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame in 2004.


Question: In what year is Air Canada founded?

Céline Dion

The French Album has sold over nine million copies worldwide and is the best-selling French-language album of all time.


Question: In what year is Air Canada founded?

Céline Dion

In the United States, Dion, Britney Spears, Madonna, Mariah Carey, Whitney Houston, Shania Twain, and the Dixie Chicks are the only female artists to have received multiple Diamond (sold over 10 million records) awards.


Question: In what year is Air Canada founded?

Céline Dion

In England, Dion has received list acclaim: 2 times place 1, 13 times in the “Top 10” and 23 times as a “Top 40” single.


Question: In what year is Air Canada founded?

Céline Dion

On the album charts 5 times place 1, 10 times in the “Top 10” and 14 times in the “Top 40.”


Question: In what year is Air Canada founded?

Céline Dion

In the United States, The Billboard Hot 100 list has ranked Dion: 5 times at place 1, 10 times for a “Top 10” and 24 times as a “Top 100” single.


Question: In what year is Air Canada founded?

Céline Dion

On The Billboard 200 record chart: 4 times place 1 and 9 times in the “Top 10.”


Question: In what year is Air Canada founded?

Céline Dion

Céline Dion performed the Titanic song “My Heart Will Go On” from the film, the second best-selling cd of the 1990s and the best-selling soundtrack of orchestral music of all time.


Question: In what year is Air Canada founded?

Céline Dion

In addition, her records Falling into You and Let's Talk About Love are both in third place, having each sold more than 30 million copies.


Question: In what year is Air Canada founded?

Céline Dion

In the United States, Céline Dion's song “I Drove All Night” from the disc “One Heart” was used in a 2003—04 advertising campaign for Chrysler.


Question: In what year is Air Canada founded?

Céline Dion

Celine Dion's version of AC/DC's song “You Shook Me all Night Long” was chosen as the worst cover of all time by Total Guitar magazine editors.


Question: In what year is Air Canada founded?

Céline Dion

Vocal Celine Dion has often been praised for her lyricism and expressive lyricism.


Question: In what year is Air Canada founded?

Céline Dion

In 2003, he was ninth on MTV's MTV's 22 Greatest Voices in Music list.


Question: In what year is Air Canada founded?

Céline Dion

On Cove magazine's The 100 Outstanding Pop Vocalists list, Dion was fourth ahead of only Christina Aguilera, Mariah Carey and Michael Jackson.


Question: In what year is Air Canada founded?

Céline Dion

Sources References On the topic elsewhere Official website International Céline Dion Forum in 10 languages.


Question: In what year is Air Canada founded?

Céline Dion

fansite Céline Dion family roots Category:Canadian singers Category:Eurovisa winners Category:Swiss Eurovisa representatives Category:1988 Eurovisa delegates Category:Hollywood Walk of Fame Category:Companion of the Order of Canada Class:1990s ensembles and solo artists Category:Grammy Award recipients Category:Officer of the National Order of Quebec Category:Canadian French Category:Living Persons Category:Key articles of screening


Question: What was the first artificial sweetener?

Soft drink

Soft drink is a common designation for variously prepared non-alcoholic or low (up to 2.8%) alcohol-containing beverages.


Question: What was the first artificial sweetener?

Soft drink

[1] They can be consumed both with food and as such as a thirst satisfier.


Question: What was the first artificial sweetener?

Soft drink

Soft drinks include mineral waters, fruit juice and essence monates, non-alcoholic wines and kvass.


Question: What was the first artificial sweetener?

Soft drink

[2] Many soft drinks consist mainly of water, sugar and flavourings.


Question: What was the first artificial sweetener?

Soft drink

[3] A variety of acids, such as phosphoric acid, carbonated and citric acid, are also often included in soft drinks.


Question: What was the first artificial sweetener?

Soft drink

[4] Light, or light soft drinks, use artificial sweeteners such as aspartame and acesulfame instead of sugar.


Question: What was the first artificial sweetener?

Soft drink

[3] [5] [6] Well-known soft drink brands include Coca-Cola, Dr Pepper, Mountain Dew, Sprite, 7 Up, Pepsi and Fanta.


Question: What was the first artificial sweetener?

Soft drink

[7] Caffeinated soft drinks are called energy drinks, although they do not actually contain energy more than other soft drinks.


Question: What was the first artificial sweetener?

Soft drink

[8] Energy drink brands include Red Devil, ED, Mad Croc, Power and Red Bull.


Question: What was the first artificial sweetener?

Soft drink

[9] Soft drinks are usually sold in cans or bottles, bars also by glass so that water, flavour syrup and carbonated acid are combined on the counter.


Question: What was the first artificial sweetener?

Soft drink

People in the United States often drink their soft drinks with ice, and the custom has spread to US-style burger venues.


Question: What was the first artificial sweetener?

Soft drink

Consumption Finns drink carbonated soft drinks an average of about 60 liters per year, Norwegians about 115 and Swedes about 75 liters.


Question: What was the first artificial sweetener?

Soft drink

[10] Sugar-free light soft drinks are more popular among women than men in Finland.


Question: What was the first artificial sweetener?

Soft drink

[11] Health Effects Sugary soft drinks contain high energy, but getting energy through them does not cause a feeling of satiety equivalent to consuming solid food.


Question: What was the first artificial sweetener?

Soft drink

In addition, soft drinks contain very little or no nutrients.


Question: What was the first artificial sweetener?

Soft drink

[12] According to a summary study by the World Cancer Fund, consumption of highly sugared beverages should be reduced because they gain weight and therefore increase the risk of cancer.


Question: What was the first artificial sweetener?

Soft drink

[13] There is a regular public debate on the safety of sweeteners used in light drinks.


Question: What was the first artificial sweetener?

Soft drink

[14] Their effects on teeth have also been studied and found that aspartame does not cause holes.


Question: What was the first artificial sweetener?

Soft drink

However, due to their acidity, light drinks cause harm to the hard tissue of the teeth.


Question: What was the first artificial sweetener?

Soft drink

[5] History in Finland Sales of soft drinks can be considered to have started in 1865, when August Ludvig Hartwall established mineral water kiosks in Helsinki, which also sold mineral water mixed with sweet juices (and a mixture of Koskenkoru liquor and mineral water, “kossuvissy” precursor).


Question: What was the first artificial sweetener?

Soft drink

The summer of 1865 was hot and the quality of well waters in Helsinki was poor, so the drinks did their trade.


Question: What was the first artificial sweetener?

Soft drink

The first bottled soft drinks in Finland were Omenaporean and Lemon soda.


Question: What was the first artificial sweetener?

Soft drink

Officially, Coca-Cola came to Finland at the Helsinki Olympics in 1952, although Stockmann in Helsinki had Coca-Cola already available in the 1930s.


Question: What was the first artificial sweetener?

Soft drink

[15] Soft drinks only became common in Finland in the 1950s and remained a party drink until the 1970s.


Question: What was the first artificial sweetener?

Soft drink

More, a laboratory study commissioned by the French magazine 60 Millions de Consommateurs looked at France's 19 most popular soft drinks.


Question: What was the first artificial sweetener?

Soft drink

Ten of the drinks studied were found to have trace amounts of alcohol.


Question: What was the first artificial sweetener?

Soft drink

Coca-Cola and Pepsi had an alcohol content of about 0.001 percent.


Question: What was the first artificial sweetener?

Soft drink

[16] [17] See also Lemon soda Sources En}} is only for use in File namespace.


Question: What was the first artificial sweetener?

Soft drink

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Question: What was the first artificial sweetener?

Soft drink

References * Category:Key Articles of Screening


Question: Where was Rick Riordan born?

Rick Riordan

Rick Riordan (born June 5, 1964 in San Antonio, Texas, United States) [1] is an American author of the Percy Jackson youth book series.


Question: Where was Rick Riordan born?

Rick Riordan

The fantasy series is started by The Lightning Thief (2005).


Question: Where was Rick Riordan born?

Rick Riordan

In addition to the Percy Jackson series, Riordan has written the Heroes of Olympus series and the crime novel series Tres Navarre.


Question: Where was Rick Riordan born?

Rick Riordan

He has taught English and history in schools.


Question: Where was Rick Riordan born?

Rick Riordan

He lives with his wife and two sons in the city of his birth, San Antonio.


Question: Where was Rick Riordan born?

Rick Riordan

Riordan is also the author of The 39 Clues book series The Maze of Bones () Riordan's youth book series is called The Chronicles of Kane, which, like the Percy Jacksons, mixes great ancient cultures to this day.


Question: Where was Rick Riordan born?

Rick Riordan

The Chronicles of Kane tells of the gods of ancient Egypt.


Question: Where was Rick Riordan born?

Rick Riordan

Riordan's Red Pyramid won the 2010 School Library Journal Award.


Question: Where was Rick Riordan born?

Rick Riordan

[2] Following these, Riordan has begun the book series “Magnus Chase”, which, like the previous series, mixes ancient cultures with modern times.


Question: Where was Rick Riordan born?

Rick Riordan

The series is about the Viking gods.


Question: Where was Rick Riordan born?

Rick Riordan

Riordan is also the author of the book series The Trials of Apollo, set in the post-Heroes of Olympus series, about the adventures of Apollon, who is transformed into a demigod as punishment by other gods.


Question: Where was Rick Riordan born?

Rick Riordan

The first and second parts of the book series have been translated into Finnish.


Question: Where was Rick Riordan born?

Rick Riordan

Percy Jackson & The Olympians series The Lightning Varas (2005, in Finnish 2007) Sea of Monsters (2006, in Finnish 2008) Curse of the Titans (2007, in Finnish 2009) The Battle of the Labyrinth (2008, in Finnish 2010) War of the Gods (2009, in Finnish 2010) Percy Jackson & The Olympians fanfiction The Demigod Files (not translated) Demigods and Monsters (not translated) Demigod diaries (not translated) Heroes of Olympus series () The Lost Hero (2010, in Finnish 2011) Son of the Sea God (2012, in Finnish 2012) [3] The Mark of Athena (2012, in Finnish 2013) House of Hades (2013, in Finnish 2014) Blood of Olympus (2014, in Finnish March 2015) [4]) [5] Kane Chronicles series () The Red Pyramid (2010, in Finnish 2011) The Flaming Throne (2011, in Finnish 2012) Shadow of the Beast (2012, in Finnish 2013) Magnus Chase series (engl.


Question: Where was Rick Riordan born?

Rick Riordan

Magnus Chase) Sword of Summer (2015, Finnish 2016) Thor's Hammer (2016, Finnish 2017) Ship of the Dead (2017, Finnish 2018) Apollon series (engl.


Question: Where was Rick Riordan born?

Rick Riordan

The Trials of Apollo) The Burning Maze (2018, not translated) Sources elsewhere Transclusion error: {{En}} is only for use in File namespace.


Question: Where was Rick Riordan born?

Rick Riordan

Use {{lang-en}} or {{en icon}} instead.


Question: Where was Rick Riordan born?

Rick Riordan

Category:American fantasy writers Category:American children's and youth writers Category:Born in 1964 Class:Living persons Category:Key articles of screening


Question: What's up with Slavic mythology?

Slavic mythology

The earliest roots of Slavic mythology and Slavic antiquity date back very far to the past of Indo-European peoples, even at a time before the differentiation of the Slavic language form.


Question: What's up with Slavic mythology?

Slavic mythology

Some parts have been dreamed to be inherited from the Neolithic or even Mesolithic period.


Question: What's up with Slavic mythology?

Slavic mythology

Slavic mythology shares a lot of common features with the mythology and religion of other Indo-European peoples, which is why they are thought to have evolved from a single Indo-European religion.


Question: What's up with Slavic mythology?

Slavic mythology

Slavic mythology has almost no written sources of information, so most myths have been reconstructed as a result of long research work only recently.


Question: What's up with Slavic mythology?

Slavic mythology

Traces of the beliefs of the ancient Slavs are found especially in the folklore of Slavic peoples, but comparisons with other Indo-European mythologies have also proved fruitful.


Question: What's up with Slavic mythology?

Slavic mythology

However, almost all information has therefore been questioned, and there are very divisive views on the Slavic family of gods, for example.


Question: What's up with Slavic mythology?

Slavic mythology

According to the most commonly accepted conception, the main deities of the Slavs were the god of thunder Peru and the god of the underworld Veles.


Question: What's up with Slavic mythology?

Slavic mythology

Furthermore, it is important to note that the ancient faith of the Slavs was by no means a unified system; beliefs and objects of worship varied greatly both geographically and temporally.


Question: What's up with Slavic mythology?

Slavic mythology

Sources of knowledge of Slavic mythology Unlike Greek or Egyptian mythology, the study of Slavic mythology has no written original sources at its disposal.


Question: What's up with Slavic mythology?

Slavic mythology

Slavs cannot be proven to have had any kind of writing system before the arrival of Christianity, although some controversial cases exist (for example, the Book of Veles).


Question: What's up with Slavic mythology?

Slavic mythology

Therefore, all beliefs and traditions were passed down orally from generation to generation, many of them descended into oblivion in the centuries that followed the arrival of Christianity.


Question: What's up with Slavic mythology?

Slavic mythology

The literary language for Slavs was created in the 8th century by the brothers Kyrillos and Methodios, the fathers of the Glagolitic letter that preceded the Cyrillic alphabet, who were sent by the Byzantine emperor to teach Slavs.


Question: What's up with Slavic mythology?

Slavic mythology

However, written Slavic remained the exclusive domain of a small spiritual folk section that lived in cities, and Slavic texts were heavily tied to Christianity.


Question: What's up with Slavic mythology?

Slavic mythology

The rural population continued to live as before, and their beliefs continued to be transmitted only by word of mouth.


Question: What's up with Slavic mythology?

Slavic mythology

Non-Slavic Christian missionaries wrote down some sparse entries about the religion of the Slavs, but they did not view the pagan beliefs with much objectivity or interest.


Question: What's up with Slavic mythology?

Slavic mythology

Archaeological remains of old images of worship and places of worship have been found, but not much additional illumination has been obtained.


Question: What's up with Slavic mythology?

Slavic mythology

Pieces of old mythical beliefs and pagan celebrations are inherited to this day in folk songs, customs and stories of all Slavic peoples.


Question: What's up with Slavic mythology?

Slavic mythology

Examining age-old myths about these remnants that have passed through folklore for thousands of years is a complex and difficult task that often leads scholars astray.


Question: What's up with Slavic mythology?

Slavic mythology

This can lead to misinterpretations and confusion, and pure fakes further complicate the investigation.


Question: What's up with Slavic mythology?

Slavic mythology

Literary sources There are no written sources from Slavic mythology before the division of Slavs into West, East and South Slavs.


Question: What's up with Slavic mythology?

Slavic mythology

A possible exception is a brief note in Herodotus's History, which mentions the Neuri tribe in the far north.


Question: What's up with Slavic mythology?

Slavic mythology

Members of the tribe, according to Herodotus, converted themselves into wolves for several days each year.


Question: What's up with Slavic mythology?

Slavic mythology

Some scholars have interpreted this as based on Slavic werewolf beliefs, while others believe Herodotus referred to an Old Slavic carnival celebration in which young men were carried masked around the village.


Question: What's up with Slavic mythology?

Slavic mythology

They have sometimes been referred to as vucari (wolfmen).


Question: What's up with Slavic mythology?

Slavic mythology

However, the association of “Neur” with pre-slabs is controversial.


Question: What's up with Slavic mythology?

Slavic mythology

The first definite written mention of the Slavs is in the work Bellum Gothicum of the 5th-century Byzantine historian Prokopios.


Question: What's up with Slavic mythology?

Slavic mythology

In it, he depicts a South Slavic tribe crossing the Danube, heading south.


Question: What's up with Slavic mythology?

Slavic mythology

According to Prokopios, these Slavs worshipped only one god, the lord of everything, who ruled lightning and thunder.


Question: What's up with Slavic mythology?

Slavic mythology

The historian does not mention the name of this high god, but it is pretty clear from his description that it is Peruvian.


Question: What's up with Slavic mythology?

Slavic mythology

Prokopios mentions the Slavs as having believed in many devils and fairy tales as well.


Question: What's up with Slavic mythology?

Slavic mythology

Probably in the Chronicle of Nestor, written in the early 10th century, there are many valuable references to the pagan beliefs of the East Slavs.


Question: What's up with Slavic mythology?

Slavic mythology

The chronicle describes the history of the ancient East Slavic state.


Question: What's up with Slavic mythology?

Slavic mythology

Although the manuscript was compiled in the early 12th century, it contains copies and references to older documents and describes events before Prince Vladimir the Great baptized into Christianity all of Kievan Russia.


Question: What's up with Slavic mythology?

Slavic mythology

Two gods, Peruvian and Veles, are mentioned in a text describing a 9th-century peace treaty between the pagan rulers of the East Slavs and the Byzantine emperors.


Question: What's up with Slavic mythology?

Slavic mythology

Later, Nestor, the presumed author of the chronicle, describes a family of deities introduced in Kiev by the same prince Vladimir in 980 before his conversion to Christianity.


Question: What's up with Slavic mythology?

Slavic mythology

This group included Peruvian, Hors, Dažbog, Stribog, Simargl and Mokoš.


Question: What's up with Slavic mythology?

Slavic mythology

Other chronicles also mention Svarog.


Question: What's up with Slavic mythology?

Slavic mythology

Also of interest are snippets from the East Slavic epic Song of Igor's War Expedition (), which refer to Veles, Dažbog and Hors.


Question: What's up with Slavic mythology?

Slavic mythology

The original epic is timed to the late 12th century, though there has been some debate over its authenticity.


Question: What's up with Slavic mythology?

Slavic mythology

The most numerous and richest written sources are in West Slavic paganism: the last tribes were forced into Christianity only in the late 12th century.


Question: What's up with Slavic mythology?

Slavic mythology

German missionaries and priests who fought against pagan beliefs also recorded Slavic mythology.


Question: What's up with Slavic mythology?

Slavic mythology

They deliberately portrayed the Slavs as bloodthirsty idol-worshippers and barbarians.


Question: What's up with Slavic mythology?

Slavic mythology

Since the priests did not know the language of the Slavs, their descriptions are a mixture of valuable knowledge, erroneous perceptions and harsh exaggeration.


Question: What's up with Slavic mythology?

Slavic mythology

The Thietmar von Merseburg chronicle from the beginning of the 10th century describes a temple on the island of Riedegost (Radagast) where a great god named Zuarasic (Svarogič) was worshipped.


Question: What's up with Slavic mythology?

Slavic mythology

According to Thietmar, this was the holiest site of the pagan lavas, and Svarogič was their main god.


Question: What's up with Slavic mythology?

Slavic mythology

Another valuable documentary is the Chronica Slavorum written by the German Helmold in the late 12th century.


Question: What's up with Slavic mythology?

Slavic mythology

He mentions the “black god” Zerneboh (Chernobog), the Porenut god, the Živa goddess, some nameless gods whose statues had multiple heads, and finally Svantovit (Svetovid), worshipped on the island of Rügen, who according to Helmold was the most important god of the Western Slavs.


Question: What's up with Slavic mythology?

Slavic mythology

The third and most important source is the Gesta Danorum of the Danish chronicler Saxo Grammaticus, where he describes a war in 1168 between the Danes and the Slavs of the island of Rügen.


Question: What's up with Slavic mythology?

Slavic mythology

In the war, their city was overrun and the Great Temple of Svantovit, which was located there, was destroyed.


Question: What's up with Slavic mythology?

Slavic mythology

Saxo meticulously depicts the worship of Svantovit, the customs associated with it, and the tall four-headed statue of the god.


Question: What's up with Slavic mythology?

Slavic mythology

He also mentions the multi-headed gods of other Slavic tribes: Rugievit, Porevit, and Porentius.


Question: What's up with Slavic mythology?

Slavic mythology

The fourth source is the writings of the German warrior bishop St. Otto.


Question: What's up with Slavic mythology?

Slavic mythology

In the 12th century, Otto led several expeditions into the territory of Slavic tribes who lived near the Baltic Sea.


Question: What's up with Slavic mythology?

Slavic mythology

According to the manuscript, the main god of the Slavs was Triglav.


Question: What's up with Slavic mythology?

Slavic mythology

In the towns of Wolgast and Havelberg, the god of war Gerovit was worshipped, possibly corresponding to Jarilo of the East Slavs.


Question: What's up with Slavic mythology?

Slavic mythology

Archaeological finds Statues of several Slavic gods have been found in archaeological studies.


Question: What's up with Slavic mythology?

Slavic mythology

In 1848 a tall four-faced stone statue was found along the Zbrucz River in Ukraine.


Question: What's up with Slavic mythology?

Slavic mythology

Because of its great resemblance to Saxo Grammaticus' description of the equivalent of a temple on the island of Rügen, the statue was immediately named Svantoviti, though this assumption too has since been questioned.


Question: What's up with Slavic mythology?

Slavic mythology

Other multi-faced statues were also found elsewhere.


Question: What's up with Slavic mythology?

Slavic mythology

A small four-faced statue carved from bone from the 9th century was found in the ruins of Preslav, the capital of the medieval bulgar kingdom.


Question: What's up with Slavic mythology?

Slavic mythology

Near Neubrandenburg, Germany, on the island of Lake Tollensesee, a two-headed sculpture of human size and made of wood was found; during the Middle Ages, the area was inhabited by the Slavic Dolenain tribe, whose name is preserved in the name of the lake.


Question: What's up with Slavic mythology?

Slavic mythology

Further in Dalmatia, Croatia, a three-headed statue was found on a hill whose name Suvid resembles Svantovit (Svetovid).


Question: What's up with Slavic mythology?

Slavic mythology

A peak called Troglav of the Dinara mountain is also located nearby.


Question: What's up with Slavic mythology?

Slavic mythology

The remains of several altars have also been found.


Question: What's up with Slavic mythology?

Slavic mythology

Excavations carried out on the headland of Arkona on the island of Rügen revealed the remains of a large temple and city considered to be the same as what Saxo Grammaticus described.


Question: What's up with Slavic mythology?

Slavic mythology

The remains of an altar dedicated to Perun were found in Novgorod.


Question: What's up with Slavic mythology?

Slavic mythology

On the central mound of the altar stood a statue of the god.


Question: What's up with Slavic mythology?

Slavic mythology

It is surrounded by a trench and eight altar chambers containing the remains of sacrificial altars.


Question: What's up with Slavic mythology?

Slavic mythology

The remains of a fortress composed more or less in the same way were found near Břeclav in the Czech Republic at a place whose name Pohansko (pagan) is quite indicative.


Question: What's up with Slavic mythology?

Slavic mythology

Also notable are pottery fragments from the 3rd century of the Chernjahov culture, which influenced Ukraine and Belarus.


Question: What's up with Slavic mythology?

Slavic mythology

The symbols drawn on them were interpreted by Russian archaeologist Boris Rybakov as relating to the ancient Slavic calendar.


Question: What's up with Slavic mythology?

Slavic mythology

Folklore Several Slavic peoples were converted to Christianity between the 6th century and the 12th century.


Question: What's up with Slavic mythology?

Slavic mythology

Christianity flourished, however, mainly only in the cities and among the better people, and especially in rural areas the old myths remained vibrant.


Question: What's up with Slavic mythology?

Slavic mythology

Christian priests and monks fought in Slavic countries (especially Russia) for centuries against the so-called double faith: on the one hand, peasants allowed themselves to be baptized, attended worship services and celebrated new Christian feasts, but still stubbornly practiced old rites even when ancient gods and myths were completely forgotten.


Question: What's up with Slavic mythology?

Slavic mythology

This was because from the perspective of the Slavic peasant, Christianity did not replace the old Slavic mythology, but introduced new ingredients into it.


Question: What's up with Slavic mythology?

Slavic mythology

Christianity perhaps offered a hope of salvation and life after death, but in this world it took old guardian gods, home spirits and fertility rites to survive, annual harvest and protect livestock.


Question: What's up with Slavic mythology?

Slavic mythology

This is a problem the church was never able to truly solve, at most it could replace the heathen deity with a saint or martyr.


Question: What's up with Slavic mythology?

Slavic mythology

However, the cult itself survived, as did the mythical conception of the world by which natural phenomena were explained.


Question: What's up with Slavic mythology?

Slavic mythology

The study of Slavic mythology thus found itself in a difficult situation.


Question: What's up with Slavic mythology?

Slavic mythology

The folk beliefs and traditions of the Slavs are undoubtedly the richest source for elucidating old pagan beliefs, but deciphering the source of information is not a simple task.


Question: What's up with Slavic mythology?

Slavic mythology

Folk songs, stories and celebrations lost their original mythical character and purpose long ago, becoming nothing but superstition or meaningless tradition, repeated and passed on to posterity without realizing its purpose.


Question: What's up with Slavic mythology?

Slavic mythology

People had a vague impression that some parties came to be spent, stories to tell and songs to sing because that was always done.


Question: What's up with Slavic mythology?

Slavic mythology

The cults of the old gods were mixed with veneration of new Christian saints, the old rituals were mixed with Christian feasts, and over the centuries they merged perfectly with each other.


Question: What's up with Slavic mythology?

Slavic mythology

This led scholars to analyze the structure of folklore itself and devise methods to draw out old mythology from it.


Question: What's up with Slavic mythology?

Slavic mythology

Folklore narratives can be roughly divided into two parts: Fairy tales of imaginative persons and critters, such as Alkonost, Baba Yaga, Koshchei, Firebird and Zmei Gorynych, songs and stories about legendary heroes like Russian bogatyrs, as well as various superstition against devils and spirits (domovoi, flesh, vilas, vampires, vodjanoi and so on).


Question: What's up with Slavic mythology?

Slavic mythology

Many of these narratives and beliefs may be very old and contain at least some elements of old myths although they are not myths themselves.


Question: What's up with Slavic mythology?

Slavic mythology

They lack a deeper religious purpose and vary widely among Slavic peoples.


Question: What's up with Slavic mythology?

Slavic mythology

The celebration of several Christian celebrations among the people, as well as common beliefs associated with saints.


Question: What's up with Slavic mythology?

Slavic mythology

For example, it is pretty clear that the prophet Elijah, who according to the Bible ascended to heaven in a fiery chariot, was a suitable replacement for the thunder god Perun.


Question: What's up with Slavic mythology?

Slavic mythology

In many Slavic countries, the name of Elijah is Ilya Gromovik (, thunder).


Question: What's up with Slavic mythology?

Slavic mythology

In the same way, traces of ancient gods can be attributed to many other saints.


Question: What's up with Slavic mythology?

Slavic mythology

These include, for example, Saint Vitus, Saint George, Saint Blasius, the Virgin Mary, and Saint Nicholas.


Question: What's up with Slavic mythology?

Slavic mythology

It is also evident that several folk festivities, such as Jare or Jurjevo in spring and Ivanje or Ivan Kupala in summer, are both only loosely related to Christian celebrations and contain a lot of pre-Christian material.


Question: What's up with Slavic mythology?

Slavic mythology

These beliefs have considerable religious significance to the people who still practice them.


Question: What's up with Slavic mythology?

Slavic mythology

The problem, of course, is that the ingredients of pre-Christian religion are completely mixed with general Christianity.


Question: What's up with Slavic mythology?

Slavic mythology

Reconstructing old Slavic myths is therefore true detective work and requires skill in many disciplines such as semiotics, linguistics, philology and ethnology.


Question: What's up with Slavic mythology?

Slavic mythology

Folklore should be analyzed at the level of structure, not just as individual songs and stories.


Question: What's up with Slavic mythology?

Slavic mythology

Viewed by group, they find signs and symbols with some internal logic.


Question: What's up with Slavic mythology?

Slavic mythology

Mainly these characters are keywords that mean more than just names of persons, places or things.


Question: What's up with Slavic mythology?

Slavic mythology

Such permanent keywords, that is, epithets are very typical even in Russian narrative poetry, bylinas: nouns are accompanied by some standard phrase.


Question: What's up with Slavic mythology?

Slavic mythology

For example, the word forest gets its epithet from the adjective dark, Russia is sacred and the flowers are blue.


Question: What's up with Slavic mythology?

Slavic mythology

Such keywords help scholars sift through traces of mythology from folklore, because even if the name of the protagonist of the story has been changed many times, the attribute that characterizes him remains.


Question: What's up with Slavic mythology?

Slavic mythology

In the study of mythology, these epithets are manifested, for example, as follows: the Slavic god of thunder Peru was mostly replaced by the prophet Elijah, Ilya Gromovik.


Question: What's up with Slavic mythology?

Slavic mythology

However, Perun was sometimes also answered by Michael the Archangel and sometimes even God of Christianity, while in some Russian and Belarusian stories he was demoted to the level of a fairy-tale character.


Question: What's up with Slavic mythology?

Slavic mythology

Despite the changes in the name and character itself, in these stories there are always certain epithets that were used as symbols of Perun in old mythical texts and have survived in folklore.


Question: What's up with Slavic mythology?

Slavic mythology

Peruvian is always gore (overhead, top, high, mountain top or heaven), he is suh (dry, opposite to wet) he strikes (treska) and beats (razbija) with arrows (strela) or lightning (molnija).


Question: What's up with Slavic mythology?

Slavic mythology

These keywords will always remain in folklore even if the name of Perun itself has long since been forgotten.


Question: What's up with Slavic mythology?

Slavic mythology

Therefore, the symbols help to identify Perun from Christians corresponding to him or characters of later folklore.


Question: What's up with Slavic mythology?

Slavic mythology

Using such a method and comparing Slavic mythology with the structure of other Indo-European mythologies (especially Baltic mythology), as well as occasionally using historical references to Slavic paganism, some old myths have been excavated.


Question: What's up with Slavic mythology?

Slavic mythology

The study of Slavic mythology has made great progress in the last 30 years, mostly thanks to Russian philologists Vladimir Toporov and Vyacheslav Ivanov and Croat scholars Radoslav Katičić and Vitomir Belaj.


Question: What's up with Slavic mythology?

Slavic mythology

Also valuable are the studies of Russian Boris Uspenski, as well as those of Serbian philologist and ethnologist Veselin Čajkanović.


Question: What's up with Slavic mythology?

Slavic mythology

However, uncritical examination of folklore can lead the scholar completely astray, as seen below.


Question: What's up with Slavic mythology?

Slavic mythology

False interpretations and forgeries When examining Slavic mythology in critical examination of the authenticity and reliability of sources, one cannot be too careful.


Question: What's up with Slavic mythology?

Slavic mythology

Interest in the beliefs of the ancient Slavs has been growing ever since Renaissance times, and thus the number of confusion, errors, misinterpretations and pure figments of imagination has also increased.


Question: What's up with Slavic mythology?

Slavic mythology

Before the mid-20th century, no scientific procedure for folklore interpretation existed, and in the absence of historical and archaeological sources, unjustified speculations were allowed to leisurely flourish.


Question: What's up with Slavic mythology?

Slavic mythology

An example of an apparently complete misinterpretation is that of the goddess of love Lada (Lado), whose name was taken from the verses of a Slavic wedding song but apparently does not mean anything.


Question: What's up with Slavic mythology?

Slavic mythology

It is quite certain that the god in question has never belonged to the Slavic family of gods.


Question: What's up with Slavic mythology?

Slavic mythology

Such gods as Koleda and Kupala are taken from the names of Slavic folk festivals: Koleda from Christmas, Kupala from Ivan Kupala (literally John the Baptist), whose feast day is celebrated around the summer solstice in many Slavic countries.


Question: What's up with Slavic mythology?

Slavic mythology

Certainly, parties have ingredients from the pre-Christian period, but making up gods out of party names is clearly not the correct method for deciphering old mythology.


Question: What's up with Slavic mythology?

Slavic mythology

A misinterpretation of Thietmar von Merseburg's chronicle led to confusion between the god Svarogič and the city of Rategast, where the temple of Svarogič was located.


Question: What's up with Slavic mythology?

Slavic mythology

The name Radegast can easily be understood as meaning “dear guest”, which led to an interpretation of the Slavic god of hospitality Radegast.


Question: What's up with Slavic mythology?

Slavic mythology

Similarly, the Chernobog (black god) mentioned by Helmold was invented to counter-pair Belobog, the white god.


Question: What's up with Slavic mythology?

Slavic mythology

This name has not been found in any reliable historical source, but since there was a black god, there had to be a white god as well, and text was written on the supposed Belobog-Chernobog dualism.


Question: What's up with Slavic mythology?

Slavic mythology

Many books and scientific studies still assume that the ancient Slavs worshipped the gods in question.


Question: What's up with Slavic mythology?

Slavic mythology

Even worse than confusions and false interpretations are deliberate forgeries.


Question: What's up with Slavic mythology?

Slavic mythology

In the 19th and 20th centuries, Romantic, nationalist, and neo-pagan movements led the general public to become interested in Slavic mythology, and forging the associated evidence became a kind of hobby.


Question: What's up with Slavic mythology?

Slavic mythology

Often its purpose was to support the group's own ideology.


Question: What's up with Slavic mythology?

Slavic mythology

Statues of Slavic gods were “discovered” and folk songs and tales were “recorded”, in which half of the Slavic family of gods were depicted picking flowers and dancing around a campfire.


Question: What's up with Slavic mythology?

Slavic mythology

Published in the 19th century, Vedic Slovena is a collection of Bulgarian folk songs and legends, with many references to Slavic mythology but considered a forgery by most scholars.


Question: What's up with Slavic mythology?

Slavic mythology

A more recent example is the controversial Book of Veles, which purports to be the original written source describing Slavic mythology from the 8th or 9th centuries.


Question: What's up with Slavic mythology?

Slavic mythology

It is written in letters resembling the Cyrillic alphabet, but the Slavs cannot be shown to have had any sort of written system prior to their conversion to Christianity, let alone have used the Cyrillic one.


Question: What's up with Slavic mythology?

Slavic mythology

Slavic neo-pagans regard the Book of Veles as their sacred book and claim it to be authentic.


Question: What's up with Slavic mythology?

Slavic mythology

The original work, written on wood, is likely lost, and its authenticity cannot therefore be verified.


Question: What's up with Slavic mythology?

Slavic mythology

Calendar and holidays Slavic myths were cyclical and repeated according to the seasons and the cycle of nature every year in the form of various celebrations.


Question: What's up with Slavic mythology?

Slavic mythology

Therefore, in order to understand Slavic mythology, it is also important to know about the time calculation used by the Slavs.


Question: What's up with Slavic mythology?

Slavic mythology

Based on archaeological and vernacular evidence, it has been possible to ascertain some features of the Slavic calendar, mainly large celebrations.


Question: What's up with Slavic mythology?

Slavic mythology

The Slavs apparently used a lunar calendar.


Question: What's up with Slavic mythology?

Slavic mythology

The year began on the first day of March similarly to that of other Indo-European cultures, whose calendar system is better known.


Question: What's up with Slavic mythology?

Slavic mythology

From the last night of the old year and the first day of the new year, the names brother noc and velik dan (great night, great day) were apparently used.


Question: What's up with Slavic mythology?

Slavic mythology

After the adoption of Christianity, these names were moved to describe Easter.


Question: What's up with Slavic mythology?

Slavic mythology

In Slavic countries belonging to the Orthodox Church, the denomination of Easter is still a big day (for example, in Ukrainian Великдень) when Catholic Slavs call it a big night (for example, in Czech velikonoce).


Question: What's up with Slavic mythology?

Slavic mythology

During the pagan period, the celebration included shamans wearing masks and sheep's wool coats who passed around the village.


Question: What's up with Slavic mythology?

Slavic mythology

Namely, it was believed that the spirits of the ancestors who died during the Great Night came to the houses to celebrate the New Year with their living relatives.


Question: What's up with Slavic mythology?

Slavic mythology

The god of the last day of the year was the god of the underworld Veles.


Question: What's up with Slavic mythology?

Slavic mythology

The Slavs also had a large feast dedicated to Jarilo, the god of vegetation and fertility, celebrated in the spring.


Question: What's up with Slavic mythology?

Slavic mythology

A procession of young girls and boys toured the villages carrying green branches and flowers as signs of new life.


Question: What's up with Slavic mythology?

Slavic mythology

They went from house to house singing songs and blessing the housefolk.


Question: What's up with Slavic mythology?

Slavic mythology

The leader of the procession normally rode a horse and impersonated Jarilo.


Question: What's up with Slavic mythology?

Slavic mythology

The custom was apparently also to prepare decorative eggs (pisanki): this tradition later also passed on to the celebration of Easter.


Question: What's up with Slavic mythology?

Slavic mythology

The celebration of the summer solstice (Ivanje, Kupala) was celebrated pretty much in the same way as big weddings.


Question: What's up with Slavic mythology?

Slavic mythology

There are also confluences during midsummer.


Question: What's up with Slavic mythology?

Slavic mythology

During the Pagan period, the feast likely included a general orgy.


Question: What's up with Slavic mythology?

Slavic mythology

The night before were eaten and drunk and large campfires were lit, young people danced and jumped over the fires.


Question: What's up with Slavic mythology?

Slavic mythology

Young girls tried through various rituals to find out their future marriage: they tied flower garlands, whisked them into the river and made predictions about how and where the wreaths floated.


Question: What's up with Slavic mythology?

Slavic mythology

Ritual bathing was also important this night, which was well suited to the significance given later by the church to this celebration, the day of remembrance of John the Baptist (Ivan Kupala).


Question: What's up with Slavic mythology?

Slavic mythology

In mid-summer, a feast dedicated to Perun, the thunder god, was celebrated.


Question: What's up with Slavic mythology?

Slavic mythology

In the Christian period, the feast turned into one dedicated to the prophet Elijah.


Question: What's up with Slavic mythology?

Slavic mythology

This was considered the holiest time of the year, and some historical sources point to the use of human sacrifice.


Question: What's up with Slavic mythology?

Slavic mythology

Harvesting probably began after this feast.


Question: What's up with Slavic mythology?

Slavic mythology

The date of the harvest's closing celebration is unclear.


Question: What's up with Slavic mythology?

Slavic mythology

Historical sources cite a related interesting tradition practiced today on the island of Rügen, which belongs to Germany, in the temple of Svantovit, the god of war and fertility.


Question: What's up with Slavic mythology?

Slavic mythology

People gathered in front of the temple, where priests placed a huge, almost human-sized wheat cake.


Question: What's up with Slavic mythology?

Slavic mythology

The top priest stood behind the cake and asked people if they saw him.


Question: What's up with Slavic mythology?

Slavic mythology

Regardless of the answer, the priest then asked that the following year people would not see him from behind the cake.


Question: What's up with Slavic mythology?

Slavic mythology

The request hoped that the following year would be even more yielding.


Question: What's up with Slavic mythology?

Slavic mythology

The time of the winter solstice was also likely to be celebrated.


Question: What's up with Slavic mythology?

Slavic mythology

Later, this celebration was associated with the celebration of Christmas.


Question: What's up with Slavic mythology?

Slavic mythology

In many Slavic countries, Christmas is referred to as božić, meaning little god.


Question: What's up with Slavic mythology?

Slavic mythology

Although the name also fits well with the Christian idea of Christmas, it is likely of pagan origin: apparently it referred to the birth of a new sun god when the old one died on the longest night of the year.


Question: What's up with Slavic mythology?

Slavic mythology

The old sun god was called Svarog and his son was called Dažbog.


Question: What's up with Slavic mythology?

Slavic mythology

An alternative and perhaps original name for this celebration was kračún.


Question: What's up with Slavic mythology?

Slavic mythology

Cosmology The Slavs used a rather typical Indo-European cosmological concept, the World Tree, in their explanation of the world.


Question: What's up with Slavic mythology?

Slavic mythology

It was either oak or some kind of pine.


Question: What's up with Slavic mythology?

Slavic mythology

The mythical symbol of the world tree survived in Slavic folklore for many centuries even after the period of paganism.


Question: What's up with Slavic mythology?

Slavic mythology

In the tree were located the three levels of the universe.


Question: What's up with Slavic mythology?

Slavic mythology

Its crown depicted heaven and the kingdom of the heavenly gods, while the body was the realm of mortals.


Question: What's up with Slavic mythology?

Slavic mythology

The roots of the tree depicted the underworld and the abode of the dead.


Question: What's up with Slavic mythology?

Slavic mythology

Contrary to the perceptions of other cultures, it seems that the underworld was a rather comfortable place in Slavic mythology, a verdant world with eternal spring.


Question: What's up with Slavic mythology?

Slavic mythology

The three kingdoms were located on top of each other, vertically on the world column as opposed to the horizontality of the ordinary world.


Question: What's up with Slavic mythology?

Slavic mythology

The territory of gods and mortals was located in the center of a world considered flat, surrounded by the sea.


Question: What's up with Slavic mythology?

Slavic mythology

Across the sea was the land of the dead, where the birds flew for the winter to return in the spring.


Question: What's up with Slavic mythology?

Slavic mythology

In many folk tales, going behind the sea or coming back from behind the sea meant dying and coming back to life.


Question: What's up with Slavic mythology?

Slavic mythology

This is reminiscent of the age-old mythical notion that an afterlife is achieved by passing some sort of body of water.


Question: What's up with Slavic mythology?

Slavic mythology

Horizontally, the world was divided by four points, which described the direction of the four winds (northern, southern, eastern and western).


Question: What's up with Slavic mythology?

Slavic mythology

The world thus had two dimensions, and was divided by a vertical axis into three and a horizontal one into four parts.


Question: What's up with Slavic mythology?

Slavic mythology

The division played an important part in mythology and appears in many statues depicting Slavic gods, most notably in images of the three-headed Triglav and four-headed Svantovit.


Question: What's up with Slavic mythology?

Slavic mythology

The Sun was regarded as a female deity and the Moon as male in contrast to that in Indo-European mythologies in general.


Question: What's up with Slavic mythology?

Slavic mythology

Baltic mythology, which is closest to Slavic, is also similar to it in this respect.


Question: What's up with Slavic mythology?

Slavic mythology

Gods Slavs worshipped a very large number of gods over a wide geographical area from the Baltic Sea to the Black Sea over a span of more than 600 years.


Question: What's up with Slavic mythology?

Slavic mythology

The gods and beliefs were also very local even so that each tribe worshipped their own gods in their own ways.


Question: What's up with Slavic mythology?

Slavic mythology

However, Slavic mythology has common features, which by studying, one can create an image of the original Slavic antiquity in the same way that Slavic languages are inherited from a common initial language.


Question: What's up with Slavic mythology?

Slavic mythology

Overgod Some new theories consider Rod or Svarog to be the overgod of the Slavs, and some of the tribes also worshipped Svantovit or Triglav as their high god.


Question: What's up with Slavic mythology?

Slavic mythology

The best candidate for chief god, however, is Peruvian, whose name appears most frequently in all historical sources.


Question: What's up with Slavic mythology?

Slavic mythology

Peruvian is actually the first Slavic god mentioned in historiography (Prokopios mentions that the god of thunder and lightning is the sole god and over-god of the Slavs).


Question: What's up with Slavic mythology?

Slavic mythology

Nestor's chronicle announces him as the chief god of Kievan Russia (Kievan Rus).


Question: What's up with Slavic mythology?

Slavic mythology

A brief note in Helmold's Chronica Slavorum asserts that the West Slavs believed in a single celestial god who would rule over all other gods.


Question: What's up with Slavic mythology?

Slavic mythology

The name of the supreme god is not mentioned, though.


Question: What's up with Slavic mythology?

Slavic mythology

Perun's high deity is also advocated by the fact that he was known to all Slavs across Europe, as evidenced by the wide range of present-day place names derived from Perun's name in Slavic countries.


Question: What's up with Slavic mythology?

Slavic mythology

Analyzing folklore, it has also been found that Peruvian was the only Slavic god to be equated with the God of Christianity.


Question: What's up with Slavic mythology?

Slavic mythology

This evidence strongly indicates that Peruvian was the overgod of the original Slavic antiquity.


Question: What's up with Slavic mythology?

Slavic mythology

However, Perun also had a rival.


Question: What's up with Slavic mythology?

Slavic mythology

Roman Jakobson has shown that whenever Peruvian is mentioned in historical texts, another god, Veles, is also mentioned in the same context.


Question: What's up with Slavic mythology?

Slavic mythology

This relationship is also reflected in place names: if the name of a mountain or hill can be linked to Perun, there is usually a place near the river in the lowland whose name resembles Vele.


Question: What's up with Slavic mythology?

Slavic mythology

Similar to Peru's equation with God, was the equivalent of Satan Veles in Christianity.


Question: What's up with Slavic mythology?

Slavic mythology

Peruvian and Veles Ivanov and Toporov reconstructed the old myth about the two most important gods of the Slavs, Perun and Veles, who were opposites of each other in almost every respect.


Question: What's up with Slavic mythology?

Slavic mythology

Perun is the heavenly god of thunder and lightning who rules the living world from above.


Question: What's up with Slavic mythology?

Slavic mythology

His fortress is located on the top branch of the World Tree.


Question: What's up with Slavic mythology?

Slavic mythology

Veles, in turn, are combined with waters and land.


Question: What's up with Slavic mythology?

Slavic mythology

He is the god of the underworld who rules the realm of the dead from below, from the roots of the World Tree.


Question: What's up with Slavic mythology?

Slavic mythology

Peruvian gives farmers rain and is the god of arms as well as war.


Question: What's up with Slavic mythology?

Slavic mythology

Veles, on the other hand, protects the shepherds and is the god of cattle, and is associated with magic and commerce.


Question: What's up with Slavic mythology?

Slavic mythology

Peru creates order, Veles chaos.


Question: What's up with Slavic mythology?

Slavic mythology

The cosmic battle between the two is depicted by the myth of a battle between the god of the storm and the dragon found in several Indo-European cultures.


Question: What's up with Slavic mythology?

Slavic mythology

Attacking from heaven with lightning bolts, Peruvian stalks its serpent-like enemy Veles.


Question: What's up with Slavic mythology?

Slavic mythology

Veles taunts Perun and escapes, transforming himself into various animals.


Question: What's up with Slavic mythology?

Slavic mythology

Finally, the Peruvian slays Veles or she flees into the water, the underworld.


Question: What's up with Slavic mythology?

Slavic mythology

In practice, it is the same thing, for by killing Veles, Peru does not destroy him, but returns him to his rightful place in the realm of the dead.


Question: What's up with Slavic mythology?

Slavic mythology

Thus, Peru will once again restore the world order disturbed by Veles.


Question: What's up with Slavic mythology?

Slavic mythology

The idea of storm and thunder as a divine battle between the High God and this archenemy was very important to the Slavs, and it lived long after Peru and Veles had been replaced by God and Satan.


Question: What's up with Slavic mythology?

Slavic mythology

The enmity between Perun and Veles was explained by the fact that Veles would have stolen Perun cattle, or vice versa (since Veles is a god of cattle, ownership is not self-evident).


Question: What's up with Slavic mythology?

Slavic mythology

The subject of divine cattle stealing is also common in Indo-European mythology and can be conceived as a metaphor for rain.


Question: What's up with Slavic mythology?

Slavic mythology

Since Veles is combined with waters and Peruvian skies, as well as clouds, it is again unclear which of whom the rain should fall.


Question: What's up with Slavic mythology?

Slavic mythology

Another reason for hostile relationships may be stealing a wife.


Question: What's up with Slavic mythology?

Slavic mythology

To justify folklore, it seems clear that the sun was considered Perun's wife.


Question: What's up with Slavic mythology?

Slavic mythology

The “dying” of the sun every night as it pressed behind the horizon was handled in such a way that Veles stole Perun's wife, who was again robbed by Peru in the morning back to himself.


Question: What's up with Slavic mythology?

Slavic mythology

Jarilo and Morana Radoslav Katičić and Vitomir Belaj continued the road signposted by Ivanov and Toporov and reconstructed a myth telling of Jarilo, the god of fertility and vegetation, and his sister and wife Morana, a female goddess of nature and death.


Question: What's up with Slavic mythology?

Slavic mythology

Jarilo is linked to the moon, while Morana is considered the daughter of the sun.


Question: What's up with Slavic mythology?

Slavic mythology

Both are children of Perun and born on the night of the new year.


Question: What's up with Slavic mythology?

Slavic mythology

That same night, however, Jarilo is kidnapped from his cradle and taken to the underworld, where Veles raises him as his own son.


Question: What's up with Slavic mythology?

Slavic mythology

At the celebration of spring, Jarilo returns from the world of the dead, bringing spring to the living.


Question: What's up with Slavic mythology?

Slavic mythology

He meets his sister Morana, and later in the summer their jubilant wedding is celebrated.


Question: What's up with Slavic mythology?

Slavic mythology

The covenant of the children of the High God brings fertility and wealth to the land, guaranteeing a rich harvest.


Question: What's up with Slavic mythology?

Slavic mythology

Since Jarilo is also Veles's foster son, the marriage brings peace between the two great gods; in other words, it ensures that storms do not damage crops.


Question: What's up with Slavic mythology?

Slavic mythology

After the harvest, however, Jarilo is unfaithful to his wife, who slays her (returning her to the underworld), renewing the hostility between Perun and Veles.


Question: What's up with Slavic mythology?

Slavic mythology

Without her husband, the nature goddess Morana wilts and frostbitten in the incipient winter: she transforms into a terrible, old and dangerous goddess of darkness and frost, dying as the year ends.


Question: What's up with Slavic mythology?

Slavic mythology

The myth repeats itself every year, and with the re-telling of its parts, the great annual festivities passed at the same rate.


Question: What's up with Slavic mythology?

Slavic mythology

Svantovit and Triglav It is somewhat ironic that so far the status of these two gods in the pre-Slavic family of gods has not been able to be accurately ascertained, although there is the greatest amount of written evidence for them.