Question: When was the Panama Canal built?

History of the Panama Canal

The Hay—Bunau-Varilla Agreement was the same in content as the Hay—Herrán Agreement, and Panama was paid $10 million compensation for the canal, plus $250,000 in annual rent.


Question: When was the Panama Canal built?

History of the Panama Canal

[2] The United States to construct the canal to complete U.S. President Roosevelt sent an Army Pioneer Corps to the canal zone, whose job was to oversee the site as well as participate as auxiliary forces in its construction.


Question: When was the Panama Canal built?

History of the Panama Canal

[1] Construction began again in 1904.


Question: When was the Panama Canal built?

History of the Panama Canal

[8] The site was overseen by Colonel George Washington Goethals, who had unlimited rights at the canal site.


Question: When was the Panama Canal built?

History of the Panama Canal

Rights covered everything from the labour market to the fight against natural phenomena and tropical diseases.


Question: When was the Panama Canal built?

History of the Panama Canal

Mosquitoes that spread yellow fever were brought under wraps by destroying their nests.


Question: When was the Panama Canal built?

History of the Panama Canal

Clay soil and several mudslides were a problem, as excavations were blocked by earthworms on several occasions.


Question: When was the Panama Canal built?

History of the Panama Canal

Getting them up again also brought a big effort for the Pioneer Corps.


Question: When was the Panama Canal built?

History of the Panama Canal

[1] Under Goethals' leadership, no strike or work stoppages were permitted at the site.


Question: When was the Panama Canal built?

History of the Panama Canal

For 11 years, pioneer forces led by Goethals, along with thousands of other laborers, dug a canal from the Caribbean towards the Pacific.


Question: When was the Panama Canal built?

History of the Panama Canal

Most of the laborers were Afro-Caribbean contract laborers from nearby Caribbean islands.


Question: When was the Panama Canal built?

History of the Panama Canal

5,600 construction workers died during the construction work.


Question: When was the Panama Canal built?

History of the Panama Canal

[1] Channel opens to traffic The channel site cost the United States $375 million.


Question: When was the Panama Canal built?

History of the Panama Canal

[4] U.S. President Woodrow Wilson opened the 82 mile-long canal connecting the Atlantic and the Pacific to traffic on August 15, 1914.


Question: When was the Panama Canal built?

History of the Panama Canal

[2] The journey from one coast of the United States to another was shortened with the canal by about 15,000 kilometres.


Question: When was the Panama Canal built?

History of the Panama Canal

[9] Following the opening of the canal, the United States military administration was abolished, U.S. troops left Panama, and the canal area passed to US civilian control.


Question: When was the Panama Canal built?

History of the Panama Canal

However, Panama remained a protected area of the United States until 1939.


Question: When was the Panama Canal built?

History of the Panama Canal

[10] George Washington Goethals became the first civilian governor of the Panama Canal Zone.


Question: When was the Panama Canal built?

History of the Panama Canal

Political and economic status of Panama The New Panama Canal was a major economic factor for the national economy of the small, mostly rubber and banana-dependent state.


Question: When was the Panama Canal built?

History of the Panama Canal

However, the canal also created tensions in the region, as the small elite of European-origin who dominated the country did not look good at the tens of thousands of Afro-Caribbean laborers stranded in the area.


Question: When was the Panama Canal built?

History of the Panama Canal

Guest workers were originally scheduled to leave the canal when the site was completed.


Question: When was the Panama Canal built?

History of the Panama Canal

[1] The small American population of the Panama Canal Zone lived a very isolated life in the region.


Question: When was the Panama Canal built?

History of the Panama Canal

They had their own schools, hospitals and restaurants where they enjoyed a high standard of life hidden from the country's power population.


Question: When was the Panama Canal built?

History of the Panama Canal

In the 1920s and 1930s, Panama's national economy and the European-born elite that dominated the country were tied to a channel through which it was in turn dependent on American capital.


Question: When was the Panama Canal built?

History of the Panama Canal

The US dollar became the country's official tender, although there is still talk of the Panamanian balboa among ordinary Panamanians.


Question: When was the Panama Canal built?

History of the Panama Canal

[1] Only the coins are local, with U.S. denominations used as banknotes.


Question: When was the Panama Canal built?

History of the Panama Canal

[11] Two major US multinationals also operated in the Canal Zone.


Question: When was the Panama Canal built?

History of the Panama Canal

Rubber company Goodyear Rubber and fruit company United Fruit Company were allowed to operate in near-monopoly positions in the country.


Question: When was the Panama Canal built?

History of the Panama Canal

The United States power company took care of the electricity needs of the city of Panama [1].


Question: When was the Panama Canal built?

History of the Panama Canal

The same was true of the rest of the city's infrastructure, which was run by U.S. corporations.


Question: When was the Panama Canal built?

History of the Panama Canal

The military cooperation agreement with the United States solidified political life in Panama closer to the United States.


Question: When was the Panama Canal built?

History of the Panama Canal

In 1931, Panama saw the country's first coup d'état, the first stunt by which the United States managed to consolidate its position in Panama.


Question: When was the Panama Canal built?

History of the Panama Canal

The government of President Ricardo Adolfo de la Guardia (1941—1945), who came to power, declared war on Germany and the Axis powers it supported during World War II and allowed the U.S. to establish military bases within the borders of Panama's state.


Question: When was the Panama Canal built?

History of the Panama Canal

The Panama Canal was a very important strategic location during the war, enabling the United States to successfully move warships from one ocean to another.


Question: When was the Panama Canal built?

History of the Panama Canal

[1] The rise of Panamanian nationalism on the Panama Canal saw a rise in the national spirit of Panamanians between 1917 and 1918, and the United States Marine Corps was forced to maintain frequent hardline discipline in the canal area.


Question: When was the Panama Canal built?

History of the Panama Canal

The cities of Panamá and Colón were the main concentrations of Panamanian nationalism.


Question: When was the Panama Canal built?

History of the Panama Canal

[1] Panama's president from 1912 to 1924 was the populist Belisario Porras, during which time the Panamanian Workers' Union, which were sympathetic to the government, as well as the socialist Workers' General Trade Union, was established in the country.


Question: When was the Panama Canal built?

History of the Panama Canal

Many socialists, anarchists and internationalists from Europe and other parts of Latin America also came to Panama.


Question: When was the Panama Canal built?

History of the Panama Canal

[1] In October 1925, a strike began in the city of Panama, the cause of which was the refusal of laborers to pay rent to the Panama Company.


Question: When was the Panama Canal built?

History of the Panama Canal

The strike also spread to Colón.


Question: When was the Panama Canal built?

History of the Panama Canal

The people began to organize in the streets, and general meetings were held all over Panama.


Question: When was the Panama Canal built?

History of the Panama Canal

On Columbus Day, October 21, U.S. Marines occupied the cities of Panamá and Colón at the request of the Panamanian government.


Question: When was the Panama Canal built?

History of the Panama Canal

As a result of the occupation, all foreign agitators were expelled from the country.


Question: When was the Panama Canal built?

History of the Panama Canal

[1] The post-World War II era did not generate huge open national sentiments among Panamanians.


Question: When was the Panama Canal built?

History of the Panama Canal

Bananas were still the main source of income for the Panamanian economy at that time, [1] although the canal was a considerable employer as well as a source of income for Panama.


Question: When was the Panama Canal built?

History of the Panama Canal

Egyptian President Gamal Abdel Nasser's decision to nationalise the Suez Canal in 1956 prompted enthusiasm in some Panamanians to leave to claim the canal to be taken over by Panama.


Question: When was the Panama Canal built?

History of the Panama Canal

Enthusiasm remained spoken, however, as the United States had the largest military base outside its country's borders in Panama.


Question: When was the Panama Canal built?

History of the Panama Canal

[1] During the January 9 riots of 1964 in Panama there had been demonstrations since earlier in the 1950s regarding the US presence on the canal, but on 9 January 1964, the first serious demonstration was held, overt as a massacre.


Question: When was the Panama Canal built?

History of the Panama Canal

[12] There had long been a dispute between Panama and the United States over which nation's flag would be flamed in the canal zone.


Question: When was the Panama Canal built?

History of the Panama Canal

[12] In 1963, U.S. President John F. Kennedy had allowed the Panamanian flag to be flamed alongside the American flag on all civilian buildings in the Canal Zone [13].


Question: When was the Panama Canal built?

History of the Panama Canal

A month after Kennedy's death, Robert J. Fleming, Governor of the Canal Zone, rejected this practice, but did not at the same time allow the use of U.S. and Panamanian flags on civilian buildings in the Canal Zone.


Question: When was the Panama Canal built?

History of the Panama Canal

[13] The situation became problematic when U.S. students at Balboa High School in the Canal Zone did not want to comply with the flag order and decided to raise the American flag on the flagpole of their school [12] [3].


Question: When was the Panama Canal built?

History of the Panama Canal

However, the students refused to raise the Panamanian flag alongside the American flag at the same time [12].


Question: When was the Panama Canal built?

History of the Panama Canal

This symbolic flag raising resulted in some 200 Panamanian students invading the courtyard of Balboa High School in the Canal Zone, demanding that the Panamanian flag should also be raised in the salko.


Question: When was the Panama Canal built?

History of the Panama Canal

[12] [3] Panamanian students were besieged in the courtyard of Balboa High School by about 2,000 U.S. students who opposed the Panamanian demand that the flag be raised.


Question: When was the Panama Canal built?

History of the Panama Canal

In support of them, the Panama Canal's own police force had also come to the scene, trying to maintain order in the high school yard.


Question: When was the Panama Canal built?

History of the Panama Canal

[12] The incident led to both sides, Panamanian and American alike, beginning to argue with each other over which state flag should represent the school flag on the pole [12].


Question: When was the Panama Canal built?

History of the Panama Canal

Panamanians and Americans began singing the national anthems of both countries racing, and thus attempted to hang the flag of both countries at once on a flagpole in the schoolyard.


Question: When was the Panama Canal built?

History of the Panama Canal

It began a series of handcuffles that resulted in the Panamanian flag going to shreds [12].


Question: When was the Panama Canal built?

History of the Panama Canal

The incident escalated as the Panama Canal Zone police force decided because of the containment of the situation to push Panamanian students to get back on buses and leave the Canal Zone back to the Panamanian side [12].


Question: When was the Panama Canal built?

History of the Panama Canal

On their way back towards the Panama-Canal Zone border, Panamanian students meanwhile began rioting in the Canal Zone border area, throwing homemade bombs, firebottles and stones all the time.


Question: When was the Panama Canal built?

History of the Panama Canal

Due to the escalation of the situation, more students flowed in support of them from the Panamanian side, and the protests expanded and some of the students attempted to penetrate over the border fence protecting the canal zone to the side of the canal zone.


Question: When was the Panama Canal built?

History of the Panama Canal

[12] Subsequently, severe riots broke out in Panama and the Canal Zone.


Question: When was the Panama Canal built?

History of the Panama Canal

During that time, violent protests in various cities and Canal Zone of Panama escalated into several days of riots resulting in gunfire, rioting and demonstrating against the American political and military presence.


Question: When was the Panama Canal built?

History of the Panama Canal

[12] To calm the situation in the Canal Zone, authorities responsible for the administration of the canal requested the assistance of 100 United States Marines, who opened fire indiscriminately on the rioting Panamanians.


Question: When was the Panama Canal built?

History of the Panama Canal

In total, about 22 Panamanians were killed and 500 injured in various incidents, and four United States Marines were killed in the riots.


Question: When was the Panama Canal built?

History of the Panama Canal

[12] In reality, however, political and economic issues were motivated by the riots, as the differences in living standards between the Canal Zone and Panama were very large.


Question: When was the Panama Canal built?

History of the Panama Canal

[12] The Canal Zone was a U.S.-controlled territory at the time, also subject to different legislation and governance than Panama.


Question: When was the Panama Canal built?

History of the Panama Canal

The Canal Zone was again, in the eyes of many Panamanians, a symbol of U.S. military, political, and commercialism in the middle of Panama, whose laws were not in effect there, as the territory was an exterritorial zone of the United States.


Question: When was the Panama Canal built?

History of the Panama Canal

[12] The majority of administration employees in the Panama Canal were already native-born Americans at the time, and the way of life was very American there.


Question: When was the Panama Canal built?

History of the Panama Canal

Many local Panamanians were already working on the canal at that time, whose standard of living was lower than that of native Americans living in the canal zone.


Question: When was the Panama Canal built?

History of the Panama Canal

Local Panamanians did not have the same prospects of succeeding from the canal in the same way as they did with Americans living there, as locals had lower pay and worse housing conditions than those of native-born Americans.


Question: When was the Panama Canal built?

History of the Panama Canal

[12] A state funeral was held for the deceased Panamanian victims, attended by Panamanian President Roberto Chiari, who accused the U.S. Marines of rash and provocation regarding the escalation of the protests.


Question: When was the Panama Canal built?

History of the Panama Canal

[12] The events prompted the Martyrs' Day, known in Panama as Día de los Mártires.


Question: When was the Panama Canal built?

History of the Panama Canal

The day remains a national holiday in Panama.


Question: When was the Panama Canal built?

History of the Panama Canal

[3] Negotiations on the future of the canal, Panamanian President Roberto Chiari broke off all diplomatic relations with the United States after the Martyrs' Day tax debacle, and international criticism of the United States was immense across Latin America [3] [12].


Question: When was the Panama Canal built?

History of the Panama Canal

Although the intention of the Martyrs' Day protesters was not in reality to bring the canal under Panama's control, they nevertheless led in the long run to the conclusion that the canal was returned back to Panama.


Question: When was the Panama Canal built?

History of the Panama Canal

[12] The defense of the United States government by accusing the Panamanians of provocation for the start of the riots no longer helped, as the situation had already escalated to the point that Panamanian President Chiari called for the reopening of relations that the administration of President Johnson The United States would agree to start new negotiations on the future of the canal in order to restore diplomatic relations between the two countries.


Question: When was the Panama Canal built?

History of the Panama Canal

[12] Before the channel would pass into Panama, series of several years of negotiations began between Panama and the United States regarding the future of the channel.


Question: When was the Panama Canal built?

History of the Panama Canal

[12] [14] A formal negotiating link between Panama and the United States was established in 1967, restoring diplomatic relations between the two countries, which had been on a break due to the 1964 riots.


Question: When was the Panama Canal built?

History of the Panama Canal

[3] The countries reached an agreement on the content of the new negotiations, on the basis of which negotiations should continue until an agreement on the future of the canal was established.


Question: When was the Panama Canal built?

History of the Panama Canal

[3] President Johnson failed to secure a final agreement with Chiari on the canal during his administration, so negotiations continued for many more years.


Question: When was the Panama Canal built?

History of the Panama Canal

[14] In 1968, Panamanian President Marco Robles lost the election to opposing candidate Arnulfo Arias Madrid [3].


Question: When was the Panama Canal built?

History of the Panama Canal

Arnulfo Arias Madrid had time to be in power for eleven days when he was ousted in a military coup by the Panamanian National Guard commander, General Omar Torrijos.


Question: When was the Panama Canal built?

History of the Panama Canal

At the same time, Panama's old power elite lost its power for the first time.


Question: When was the Panama Canal built?

History of the Panama Canal

[3] Due to the volatile situation in Panama, negotiations fell into place.


Question: When was the Panama Canal built?

History of the Panama Canal

[3] Torrijos's new radical government, Roder Popular, implemented land reform, ended the economic oligarchy's rule in the country and developed basic services [10].


Question: When was the Panama Canal built?

History of the Panama Canal

Torrijos, like his predecessor, wanted a new agreement on the canal, and began renegotiating with the United States the future of the canal.


Question: When was the Panama Canal built?

History of the Panama Canal

[10] A negotiating delegation appointed by U.S. President Richard Nixon negotiated several times with Torrijos on the content of the new agreement between 1973 and 1976.


Question: When was the Panama Canal built?

History of the Panama Canal

[3] The negotiating delegation reached an agreement with the Government of Panama that if a new permanent agreement on the canal were to be established in the future, then the Panama Canal Zone, which was then in the status of the United States Territory, would be abolished [3].


Question: When was the Panama Canal built?

History of the Panama Canal

Gerald Ford, the sitting president of the United States, wanted to secure an agreement with Panama on the canal before the end of the 1970s.


Question: When was the Panama Canal built?

History of the Panama Canal

During the 1976 presidential election, the issue of the Panama Canal surged into the political arena in the United States.


Question: When was the Panama Canal built?

History of the Panama Canal

Sitting President Ford's opposing candidate in the Republican Party primary, Ronald Reagan, opposed the deal.


Question: When was the Panama Canal built?

History of the Panama Canal

Democratic candidate Jimmy Carter, however, advocated resuming negotiations, even if no agreement was immediately reached with Panama.


Question: When was the Panama Canal built?

History of the Panama Canal

[3] After the United States presidential election in 1976, Sol Linowitz, a close adviser to new President Jimmy Carter, and new Secretary of State Cyrus Vance succeeded in turning Carter to the position on the new treaty, so Carter decided to continue negotiations with Panama.


Question: When was the Panama Canal built?

History of the Panama Canal

Agreement on a new contract was born on August 10, 1977.


Question: When was the Panama Canal built?

History of the Panama Canal

[3] The Torrijos—Carter Agreement of 1977 U.S. President Jimmy Carter and General Omar Torrijos signed the treaty, later called the Torrijos—Carter Agreement, in Washington on September 7, 1977, at the headquarters of the Organization of American States, in the presence of 27 American heads of state being.


Question: When was the Panama Canal built?

History of the Panama Canal

The old 1903 Hay—Bunau-Varilla Agreement thus went down in history.


Question: When was the Panama Canal built?

History of the Panama Canal

[3] The new agreement was twofold.


Question: When was the Panama Canal built?

History of the Panama Canal

The first part concerned the permanent neutrality of the Panama Canal, as an international waterway, and the safety of the canal.


Question: When was the Panama Canal built?

History of the Panama Canal

Under the treaty, the United States had every right to defend the canal and safeguard its neutrality militarily from a potential outside threat.


Question: When was the Panama Canal built?

History of the Panama Canal

[3] The second part of the agreement involved the abolition of the Panama Canal Zone and the Panama Canal Company, the demolition of the Territory Station, and the transition of the canal to joint U.S.-Panama Administration under the Panama Canal Commission by 1979.


Question: When was the Panama Canal built?

History of the Panama Canal

[15] The Senate ratified the Torrijos—Carter Treaty Although the treaty between Panama and the United States emerged, Carter faced the most difficult task ahead: getting the United States Senate to ratify the treaty once and for all.


Question: When was the Panama Canal built?

History of the Panama Canal

Carter needed a third of the Senate majority behind the treaty for it to be formally ratified into law.


Question: When was the Panama Canal built?

History of the Panama Canal

Many senators opposed ceding the Panama Canal to Panama.


Question: When was the Panama Canal built?

History of the Panama Canal

The deal was opposed by senators in the Republican Party in particular, who were unwilling to cede the channel to Torrijos, whose policies they considered too left-wing.


Question: When was the Panama Canal built?

History of the Panama Canal

Fierce opposition in the Senate was almost to overthrow the entire ratification of the treaty, until Carter managed to win popular support for the treaty.


Question: When was the Panama Canal built?

History of the Panama Canal

There were several formal discussion sessions on the content of the agreement and the future of the channel, as well as Gallup polls.


Question: When was the Panama Canal built?

History of the Panama Canal

[3] The most famous Republican influencers such as Henry Kissinger, Gerald Ford, Richard Nixon, Howard Baker, and David Rockefeller spoke in favor of the deal, and gave full support to Carter.


Question: When was the Panama Canal built?

History of the Panama Canal

[14] Torrijos himself attempted a public relations campaign to have the senators ratify the treaty by inviting them to Panama.


Question: When was the Panama Canal built?

History of the Panama Canal

Even Torrijos's friend, Hollywood actor, sworn Republican and well-known conservative John Wayne campaigned for the treaty to be ratified in the United States.


Question: When was the Panama Canal built?

History of the Panama Canal

[3] [14] The United States Senate was persuaded to approve ratification of the treaty in two separate sessions, in order to have extensive debate on the contents of the treaty before the actual vote.


Question: When was the Panama Canal built?

History of the Panama Canal

However, it took the United States Senate six months to ratify the treaty.


Question: When was the Panama Canal built?

History of the Panama Canal

Many senators continued to oppose the treaty, although many authoritative U.S. figures supported ratification of the treaty in public debate.


Question: When was the Panama Canal built?

History of the Panama Canal

Carter succeeded in getting the first part of the treaty through the Senate on March 16, 1978.


Question: When was the Panama Canal built?

History of the Panama Canal

Senators voted in favour of the treaty by a vote of 68—32 [3].


Question: When was the Panama Canal built?

History of the Panama Canal

Fifty-two Democratic senators and 16 Republican senators voted to ratify the treaty.


Question: When was the Panama Canal built?

History of the Panama Canal

[14] The second part of the treaty was approved by the Senate on April 18, 1978.


Question: When was the Panama Canal built?

History of the Panama Canal

Carter passed legislation on the agreement on September 27, 1979.


Question: When was the Panama Canal built?

History of the Panama Canal

[3] Joint control of Panama and the United States U.S. President Jimmy Carter and Panamanian military leader Omar Torrijos exchanged agreements for joint management of the canal in Panamá from 16—17 p.m.


Question: When was the Panama Canal built?

History of the Panama Canal

on July 1978.


Question: When was the Panama Canal built?

History of the Panama Canal

[16] The Panama Canal Zone and Panama Canal Company were disbanded, and their operations were transferred to the Panama Canal Commission in 1979.


Question: When was the Panama Canal built?

History of the Panama Canal

[15] The Panama Canal Zone's Own Police (), which operated under the United States Marshals Service, was disbanded in 1982.


Question: When was the Panama Canal built?

History of the Panama Canal

After the end of the transitional period, responsibility for the canal's security passed under the authority of the Canal Commission Police.


Question: When was the Panama Canal built?

History of the Panama Canal

[17] The separate court under the United States Department of Justice () on the Panama Canal was dissolved by 1982, following the end of the transition period.


Question: When was the Panama Canal built?

History of the Panama Canal

[18] Since 1914, the post of civil governor, which had governed the canal zone, was abolished.


Question: When was the Panama Canal built?

History of the Panama Canal

The last governor was Harold Parfitt, who held the office from 1975 to 1979.


Question: When was the Panama Canal built?

History of the Panama Canal

His successor, Dennis McAuliffe, served as the first Administrator of the Panama Canal Commission until 1989.


Question: When was the Panama Canal built?

History of the Panama Canal

[19] The treaty emphasized that only the Panamanian flag would be flamed over the Panama Canal from then on, and the American flag would be lowered by 1979.


Question: When was the Panama Canal built?

History of the Panama Canal

[10] Officially, the transition of the canal to Panama would take place on 31 December 1999.


Question: When was the Panama Canal built?

History of the Panama Canal

[3] The United States deposes Noriega as the United States Army's 20,000 troops belted out for the last time on December 20, 1989, to the city of Panama.


Question: When was the Panama Canal built?

History of the Panama Canal

Their purpose was to catch Panamanian military junta General Manuel Noriega, who was accused by the US government of money laundering and drug dealing with the Colombian drug cartel.


Question: When was the Panama Canal built?

History of the Panama Canal

[1] For several days, the city of Panamá was a wartanner.


Question: When was the Panama Canal built?

History of the Panama Canal

Noriega surrendered on January 4, 1990, and was brought to trial in Miami.


Question: When was the Panama Canal built?

History of the Panama Canal

[20] During the fighting, the slums of Panama City were razed almost to the ground, and tens of thousands of Panamanians were killed.


Question: When was the Panama Canal built?

History of the Panama Canal

The operation ended in Panama at the turn of 1990 when the last U.S. troops returned back to the canal area.


Question: When was the Panama Canal built?

History of the Panama Canal

During the fighting, the Panama Canal remained closed.


Question: When was the Panama Canal built?

History of the Panama Canal

[1] After Noriega's ouster, the Panamanian Armed Forces were disbanded, and the country's police force assumed responsibility for security in the country according to the model of neighboring Costa Rica.


Question: When was the Panama Canal built?

History of the Panama Canal

[10] Canal to be turned over to Panama In early 1997, the United States began its first phased withdrawal from the canal.


Question: When was the Panama Canal built?

History of the Panama Canal

Under the Panama—United States joint agreement, the U.S. would be scheduled to exit the Panama Canal altogether by the last day of 1999.


Question: When was the Panama Canal built?

History of the Panama Canal

The United States withdrawal from the Panama Canal was peaceful and no incident occurred.


Question: When was the Panama Canal built?

History of the Panama Canal

[1] With the exit of the United States, the canal was left with several acres of unused land in addition to good infrastructure.


Question: When was the Panama Canal built?

History of the Panama Canal

This vast area of unused land also included an extensive military training area where the United States had trained soldiers from Latin American states in the 1960s and 1970s at a time when many Latin American states and their governments had been waging war on leftists against subversives on their own soil.


Question: When was the Panama Canal built?

History of the Panama Canal

In addition, several right-wing guerrilla movements had also been trained there whose purpose was to oppose local leftist governments in Central America.


Question: When was the Panama Canal built?

History of the Panama Canal

[1] The Panama Canal Commission ceased operations on December 31, 1999, and the canal thus passed into the possession of the Panama Canal Authority, an independent organization under the State of Panama responsible for the management of the canal.


Question: When was the Panama Canal built?

History of the Panama Canal

[4] The U.S. military presence on the canal ended at the same time, and the remaining 7,000 U.S. Army soldiers left the canal, and all U.S. military bases were handed over to Panama.


Question: When was the Panama Canal built?

History of the Panama Canal

[4] The channel was handed over to Panama on December 31, 1999, during festivities attended by heads of several states from Latin and North American countries.


Question: When was the Panama Canal built?

History of the Panama Canal

The channel's handover speech was delivered on behalf of the United States by former President Jimmy Carter, as well as on behalf of Panama by President Mireya Moscoso.


Question: When was the Panama Canal built?

History of the Panama Canal

[14] On 31 December 1999, at 24:00 midnight, the channel officially took over Panama.


Question: When was the Panama Canal built?

History of the Panama Canal

[21] Sources * Category:History of Panama


Question: Has Finland always been called Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The period of Swedish rule in Finland is a period in Finnish history when Finland was part of the Kingdom of Sweden.


Question: Has Finland always been called Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The period of Swedish rule was not a continuous era and its inception was a long-term process involving ambiguity.


Question: Has Finland always been called Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The period of Swedish rule ended as a result of the Finnish War on 17 September 1809.


Question: Has Finland always been called Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The period of Swedish rule began with the crusades to Finland.


Question: Has Finland always been called Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

With the new powers, the Finnish Grand Peasants of Moisioi were forced to give up their positions and their estates fell into the ownership of the Swedish Crown and the Catholic Church.


Question: Has Finland always been called Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

[1] In connection with the crusades, as a result of the colonization of the Finnish coast by the Swedes, its Finnish inhabitants essentially lost their fishing rights in the area.


Question: Has Finland always been called Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Conflicts between newcomers and Finns also arose over farming rights.


Question: Has Finland always been called Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

[2] The Swedish language became the language of the nobility and the upper bourgeoisie, and priests and scholars were forced to use it as their official language.


Question: Has Finland always been called Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

During Swedish rule, the Finnish language was in danger of being lost, because it could not be used with the authorities, and newspapers were not written or produced enough non-fiction.


Question: Has Finland always been called Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Throughout the countries' connection, Finns were considered a separate people and, due to the language issue, did not have the same rights as the Swedes.


Question: Has Finland always been called Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Swedish kings visited Finland rarely and Finns were considered more primitive than Swedes or Germans and their language inferior.


Question: Has Finland always been called Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

[3] During Swedish rule, Finland became part of Western Christendom and the cultural, social and economic order of Western Europe, on the basis of which, among other things, a market economy, constitutional statesmanship and legalistic principles tied to legalistic principles of law emerged. administration.


Question: Has Finland always been called Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The Finnish language and some features of Finnish antiquity and culture remained despite conscious Swedishisation during Swedish rule, although they changed when adapting to new circumstances.


Question: Has Finland always been called Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

[3] [4] Finland's location as the frontier country of the kingdom brought numerous wars and raiding expeditions to the region.


Question: Has Finland always been called Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Swedish Crown Prince Adolf Fredrik stated in 1746 that Finland was Sweden's warehouse and protective wall.


Question: Has Finland always been called Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

[3] During this period the Swedish Empire has also been referred to as Swedish-Finland.


Question: Has Finland always been called Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The term was coined retrospectively to describe the kingdom which included the main parts of present-day Sweden and Finland.


Question: Has Finland always been called Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Historian Peter Englund has stated that Finland during Swedish rule was not part or province of confederation but “... the eastern half of that kingdom which was practically destroyed in 1809, after which both parts went their separate ways.” In particular, Englund considers the Swedish Great Power period to be the common “property” of present-day Sweden and Finland, since the rise to superpower would have been impossible for a parched state without the resources of the eastern part of the empire.


Question: Has Finland always been called Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

[5] Early stages of Swedish rule The beginning of the period of Swedish rule was a long-standing process involving different regions of Finland at varying degrees at different times.


Question: Has Finland always been called Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Finland, or Sweden, cannot be spoken of at this stage as a unified administrative entity.


Question: Has Finland always been called Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The Kingdom of Sweden spread to Finland in the midst of its own process of birth and consolidation.


Question: Has Finland always been called Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

As recently as the beginning of the 13th century, the law of West Götaland constantly referred to the East Götans and the Uplantians as foreigners.


Question: Has Finland always been called Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

[6] Sweden's first written output, the Eerikinkronika, written in the 1320s, also speaks not of the Swedes but, for example, the Sveans, the Gothenites and the Uplantians.


Question: Has Finland always been called Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

[7] The Kingdom of Sweden can be said to have arisen around the year 1350.


Question: Has Finland always been called Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

[6] The early stages of the period of Swedish rule are fundamentally related to the missionary work of the Catholic Church in Finland.


Question: Has Finland always been called Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The northern Baltic region was a pagan area from the point of view of the Catholic Church and its goal was the conversion of the region to Catholicism.


Question: Has Finland always been called Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

In practice, the aim of the church was driven by the kings who professed the Catholic faith in the region, as well as by the crusaders, who were allowed in the name of Christianity to conquer new territories under their control.


Question: Has Finland always been called Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Crusades to Finland were made at least by Swedes and Danes, possibly including Germans and Norwegians.


Question: Has Finland always been called Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

[8] [9] [10] Orthodox Novgorod also fought a typical war against the Finnish tribes.


Question: Has Finland always been called Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Since at least 1042, the Hämäläs, or more commonly the Western Finns, had been waging almost constant war against Novgorod and the Baltic-Finnish peoples of the Karelian region, such as the Vatyans and Ingerians.


Question: Has Finland always been called Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

These conflicts contributed to the Swedes” chances of conquering territories from Finland.


Question: Has Finland always been called Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

A contemporaneous description of the Baltic conversion, Henry's Livonian Chronicle, gives a bloody picture of the conversion work of late 12th-century and early 13th century German Knights and Danes.


Question: Has Finland always been called Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Christianity was well established in Sweden by the 12th century and its nascent kingdom sought to compete with Germany and Denmark for influence in the Baltics and around the Gulf of Finland by fighting the pagans and conquering lands from these.


Question: Has Finland always been called Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

However, the Baltic war expedition ended for the Swedes in 1220 with the destruction of the Swedish forces, including the earl and bishop, by the Islanders, and the fortress they had established at Lihula.


Question: Has Finland always been called Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

[11] [12] The first historical reference to the rule of Swedes in Finland is the earliest legend of St. Eerik, dating from the 1270s, according to which King Eerik the Saint and the English bishop Henry made the so-called First Crusade to Finland in the 1150s.


Question: Has Finland always been called Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Legend tells that the king returned after an expedition to Sweden with the bishop remaining to arrange the ecclesiastical conditions in Finland.


Question: Has Finland always been called Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

However, the war expedition is not considered a real event today.


Question: Has Finland always been called Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

[13] The following reference in historical sources to Swedish influence in Finland is the statement in the Lübeck chronicle of 1266: “Duke Birger forced Finland to belong to Sweden”.


Question: Has Finland always been called Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

[14] Possibly the same event is dealt with by the Eerikinchronicle, written in the 1320s, which describes the Uplantians' expedition against the Hazy people.


Question: Has Finland always been called Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The war expedition in question has been considered to have possibly been the Second Crusade to Finland made between 1249 and 1250.


Question: Has Finland always been called Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

According to the Eerikinchronika, as a result of the crusade, construction of a castle was started in Häme.


Question: Has Finland always been called Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The Swedes also began colonization of the Finnish coast in stages around the time of the Crusades, starting in Åland and Southwest Finland.


Question: Has Finland always been called Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The colonization of the Finnish coast by Christian people was a key means of spreading the faith.


Question: Has Finland always been called Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Of these emigrants, Finnish-Swedes emerged over time.


Question: Has Finland always been called Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

[15] The Bishop of Turku is first mentioned in connection with the bishops of Sweden on 11 February 1253 in connection with the exchange of land between the Earl of Birger and Gudheim Abbey.


Question: Has Finland always been called Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

[16] The Swedish Church spread to Finland practically only in the 14th century.


Question: Has Finland always been called Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

[17] Since about the 12th century, the Catholic Church had operated independently in Southwest Finland.


Question: Has Finland always been called Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The influence of Western and Eastern Christianity had spread to Finland even earlier in the prehistoric period, with indications such as tomb finds made in archaeological excavations.


Question: Has Finland always been called Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The Eerikinchronicle recounts the destruction of Sigtuna by the Karelians in 1187, the largest and most important city in Sweden at that time.


Question: Has Finland always been called Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The Karelians made a war expedition to Sweden also in 1257.


Question: Has Finland always been called Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

[18] In 1259 Pope Alexander IV approved the marriage of King Valdemar of Sweden and Sophia, granddaughter of King Christopher of Denmark, so that Sweden would be better and more effectively able to counter the constant attacks on the kingdom's villages and churches by pagans living nearby.


Question: Has Finland always been called Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

[19] In spite of this, even in 1275 the Christians of the Swedish Empire were tormented by the heathens of Karelia and Lapland.


Question: Has Finland always been called Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

[20] The first chronicle of Novgorod states that Dmitry Alexandrovich conquered Karelia in 1278.


Question: Has Finland always been called Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The pagan Karelians had been, up to that point, trading partners for Gotland, among others.


Question: Has Finland always been called Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

[21] Regardless of trade links, according to Eerikinkronika, the Uplantians made the so-called Third Crusade into Finland in 1293, conquering Karelia with 14 betrothals.


Question: Has Finland always been called Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

[22] Birger Maununpoika's letter of authorisation of 4 March 1295 to Lübeck and other Baltic trading cities mentions as the motive for the conversion of Karelians the long long practice of banditry and looting by the Karelians and the taking captive of Swedes and other visitors to the Baltic Sea and torturing.


Question: Has Finland always been called Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

[23] The first historical reference of the Catholic Church to Swedish rule outside Finland dates back to about 1284.


Question: Has Finland always been called Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

In this act of Maunu Ladonluko on the general peace of land, Pentti Birgerinpoika is referred to as the Duke of Finland, that is, present-day Southwest Finland.


Question: Has Finland always been called Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

[24] However, he may have never visited Finland.


Question: Has Finland always been called Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Despite the expansion of Swedish power, the conflict between Hämäläs and Novgorod lasted for hundreds of years.


Question: Has Finland always been called Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The First Chronicle of Novgorod states that Novgorod made a war expedition against the Hazorites still in 1292.


Question: Has Finland always been called Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Conflicts between Finns and Swedes after the Crusades, the colonization of the Swedes in their wake also led to conflicts between Finns and Swedes.


Question: Has Finland always been called Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The Ostrobothian stories tell of the need to help the colonists, while other stories describe Sweden as mainly criminals and evildoers who came to the country to wage war against the Finns.


Question: Has Finland always been called Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

[25] In the 16th century, Mikael Agricola wrote that pagan Finns had harassed Swedish colonists, for which reason they had received help from their relatives in Sweden.


Question: Has Finland always been called Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

[25] The original Finnish settlement of Kimitoon Island completely disappeared from the site after the Swedes entered the area, which may contribute to the conflict between the groups.


Question: Has Finland always been called Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

[26] Conflicts between Finns and colonists also arose regarding the rights to use the territories.


Question: Has Finland always been called Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

In principle, the King of Sweden always gave fishing rights to the colonists in which case the Finns lost their rights to them.


Question: Has Finland always been called Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

[27] Several letters concerning these disputes are known.


Question: Has Finland always been called Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

For example, on 1 June 1303, Swedish colonists from Satakunta had quarreled with the Finns in the area as their holdings were located in the old casque lands of the Finns.


Question: Has Finland always been called Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

In 1347, an order was issued for the transfer of fishing rights in the Helsinki region from the Finns to the coastal Swedes.


Question: Has Finland always been called Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

[28] From 1348, a letter of protection from Bishop Hemming and the Head of the Castle of Turku is known, designed to protect the colonists of the Gulf of Bothnia coast against the Finns.


Question: Has Finland always been called Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

[26] Traces of conflict also remained until later times.


Question: Has Finland always been called Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The mayor of Helsinki, Anders Larsson Ehredt, wrote to Peter Brahe in 1639 that Helsinki's name was not allowed to be changed at the time of the transfer of the city because the name was “a reminder of the victorious arms of our ancestors.”


Question: Has Finland always been called Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

[29] After the Crusader period Around 1300, parts of the Swedish Empire and the Archdiocese of Uppsala, which were governed from the castles of Turku, Häme and Vyborg, had begun to enter the territory of present-day Western and Southern Finland.


Question: Has Finland always been called Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Castles built to consolidate the rule of the King of Sweden were centres of Crown administration in the Middle Ages and important tools for retaining power.


Question: Has Finland always been called Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The administrative unit that surrounded the castle was referred to as the Castle Sounds.


Question: Has Finland always been called Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

At the same time, the Christian population was being phased from Sweden to the Finnish coast.


Question: Has Finland always been called Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The Käkisalmi region and Ladoga Karelia, meanwhile, maintained ties with Orthodox northwestern Russia and Novgorod.


Question: Has Finland always been called Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The clash between Catholic and Orthodox cultural circles therefore took place off Finland.


Question: Has Finland always been called Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The Peace of Nut Island, concluded in 1323, was the first peace treaty between Sweden and Novgorod.


Question: Has Finland always been called Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

It also defined the eastern border between the Swedish Empire and Finland, at least for Karelia.


Question: Has Finland always been called Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Ownership of Northern Finland remained vague.


Question: Has Finland always been called Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

However, within the 14th century, Sweden annexed a Finnish settlement on the northern Ostrobothnia coast.


Question: Has Finland always been called Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The Swedes still in the 14th century did not commonly refer to Finland or Finland as Finland, although these designations had been in use for a long time.


Question: Has Finland always been called Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

For example, the first chronicle of Novgor speaks of Finns (sum) and runestones speak of Vikings who died in Finland.


Question: Has Finland always been called Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The name Finland had meant, and for a long time, meant the present province of Southwest Finland.


Question: Has Finland always been called Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

For this reason, the Swedes used the wider area of southern Finland from about 1350 to 1470 to the name Österland, or “Italia”.


Question: Has Finland always been called Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

[6] Prior to this, the regions were spoken in plural eastern countries.


Question: Has Finland always been called Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

[6] Finland, as part of the Kingdom of Sweden in the Middle Ages, Finland was part of the historical provinces of Finland, Southwest Finland and Satakunta belonged to the central region of the Swedish Empire and they retained their connections with Scandinavia that had already arisen in prehistoric times.


Question: Has Finland always been called Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

In southwestern Finland, Häme, the Karelian Isthmus and Southern Savo there were permanent settlements based on agriculture, which gradually became denser and spread over a wider area.


Question: Has Finland always been called Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The spread and consolidation of settlements in central and northern Ostrobothnia was one of the most significant settlement-historical phenomena in medieval Finland.


Question: Has Finland always been called Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

In addition, there were fresh Swedish-speaking settlements in Åland, the Turunmaa archipelago and the coastal regions of Ostrobothnia and Uusimaa.


Question: Has Finland always been called Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

In the Middle Ages, rural peasants were by far the largest population group in Finland.


Question: Has Finland always been called Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Much of the area of present-day Finland was still wilderness in the Middle Ages, where Satakunese, Hälite and Karelian wildernesses were camping, inhabited by a population called the Lappans, at least part of the Sámi speaking population.


Question: Has Finland always been called Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Wilderness areas were not among the territories of any realm other than in theory at most.


Question: Has Finland always been called Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

In the early stages of Swedish rule, administrative documents were often written in Latin, emphasizing the role of clergy in secular governance as well.


Question: Has Finland always been called Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The use of Swedish increased as a written administrative language as the 14th century wore on.


Question: Has Finland always been called Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

In urban local government, especially with regard to international relations, German was also widely used.


Question: Has Finland always been called Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

However, it is impossible to provide precise estimates of the language ratios of the population of medieval cities.


Question: Has Finland always been called Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Sweden was an electoral kingdom in the Middle Ages and the royal election was conducted with Mora stones.


Question: Has Finland always been called Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The territory of Finland also gained the right to send its representatives to the royal election of 1362, reflecting the status of Southwest Finland as part of the Swedish Empire.


Question: Has Finland always been called Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The land law enacted during the 1319—1364 reign of King Maunu Eerikinpoja was of great importance to the development of administration and legal order.


Question: Has Finland always been called Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

As a difference to Central Europe, peasants were free, and no central European-like feudalism developed in the Swedish Empire.


Question: Has Finland always been called Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Local government was based on keepers and parishes in rural areas.


Question: Has Finland always been called Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

In the Middle Ages, an urban institution also emerged in Finland.


Question: Has Finland always been called Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

However, the bourgeoisie, or merchants and craftsmen, who lived in the cities, accounted for a small


Question: Has Finland always been called Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The most important medieval cities in Finland were Turku and Vyborg.


Question: Has Finland always been called Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Other towns included Naantali, Rauma, Ulvila and Porvoo.


Question: Has Finland always been called Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

During the Middle Ages, Nordic and Finnish long-distance trade was largely held by German Hanseatic merchants, and because of this, a significant part of the bourgeoisie in Turku and Vyborg in particular was German.


Question: Has Finland always been called Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

In the towns, local government was the responsibility of a mayor-led panel.


Question: Has Finland always been called Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

By the 1280 Alsnö rule of King Maunu Birgerinpoika, adopted in the reign of King Maunu Birgerinpoika, a small secular rails, or nobility, emerged in Sweden and Finland.


Question: Has Finland always been called Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Spiritual rails, on the other hand, referred to the spiritual enactment exempt from taxes paid to the secular power (e.g. priests, nuns and beggar brothers).


Question: Has Finland always been called Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The parishes that operated within the Catholic Church on the territory of Finland belonged to the Diocese of Turku.


Question: Has Finland always been called Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

In addition to ecclesiastical authority, the Bishop of Turku, who was at the head of the diocese, also had plenty of secular power and was, for example, a member of the King's Council of Power.


Question: Has Finland always been called Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

One of the most prominent medieval bishops of Turku was Maunu Tavast, who held office between 1412 and 1450.


Question: Has Finland always been called Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Spiritual rails formed a literacy and literacy civilisation in medieval Finland.


Question: Has Finland always been called Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Its members had often attended Turku Cathedral School and some had also studied at foreign universities.


Question: Has Finland always been called Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Kalmar Union Time (1397—1523) Birth of the Union The Nordic Kalmar Union was founded under Queen Margaret of Denmark in 1397.


Question: Has Finland always been called Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

In practice, there were conflicts in the Union, as the Swedish surplus was interested in the east, in the direction of Russia, in the direction of Russia, while the Danish interests were more towards the south — per German territories.


Question: Has Finland always been called Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Nor, within the different countries, was the superiority unanimous among themselves.


Question: Has Finland always been called Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The struggle for power was by no means caused solely by modern concepts of “foreign policy” disagreements.


Question: Has Finland always been called Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

However, at the beginning of the Union period, the country's status as part of the kingdom changed


Question: Has Finland always been called Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Over the course of four decades, the monarch's grip on Finland was firmer than in the past.


Question: Has Finland always been called Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Queen Margaret was a background influence on the regime right up until her death in 1412.


Question: Has Finland always been called Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Throughout, he delegated further responsibilities to his successor King Eerik XIII of Pomerania (as king 1396—1439), who had responsibility especially for Norwegian and Finnish affairs.


Question: Has Finland always been called Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

He visited Finland two times, in 1403 and 1407.


Question: Has Finland always been called Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

All the king's decisions concerning Finland were issued in his name.


Question: Has Finland always been called Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

[30] With the Union, the leading administrators of the country changed, as the king placed his own creditmen in charge of the castles.


Question: Has Finland always been called Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Abraham Broderinpoika rose to be head of the castle in Turku, and the Danish Klaus Fleming was also appointed as Lamann.


Question: Has Finland always been called Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Later, Klaus Lydekenpoika Djäkn and Krister Nilsson Vaasa rose to prominent positions.


Question: Has Finland always been called Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Bishop Maunu Tavast was a supporter of unionist rule.


Question: Has Finland always been called Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Even during the Union period, Finland did not form a single administrative entity; the region was divided into two different administrative districts.


Question: Has Finland always been called Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Vyborg served as a major, at times quasi-autonomous centre as Turku was more closely incorporated into the central authority's administrative region.


Question: Has Finland always been called Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The independent status of Vyborg can be seen, among other things, in the fact that although Finland was divided in 1435 into two Lamalandic municipalities South and Bottom-Finland, Vyborg was born as early as the 1440s, an independent Karelian Llamann, which was probably laid down by a castle chief in Vyborg.


Question: Has Finland always been called Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Although the Karelian Laman had no jurisdiction in the Turku Land Court.


Question: Has Finland always been called Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

[31] In Finland and Sweden, discontent in the early days of the Union was provoked by an increase in the tax burden.


Question: Has Finland always been called Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Eerik sought to make taxation more efficient in Finland, with the cancellation of the farms to the Crown and efforts to make the castle sound liable.


Question: Has Finland always been called Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

[30] During the Union period, the administration of the country was organised in a new way to improve the economic condition.


Question: Has Finland always been called Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

In 1405, tax exemptions for apparently hundreds of farms were withdrawn.


Question: Has Finland always been called Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

At that time, the groundwork for systematic land taxation was laid.


Question: Has Finland always been called Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The Crown also sought to increase tax revenues through settler activity: arable farming produced tax revenues, while the wilderness economy did not produce them.


Question: Has Finland always been called Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Tax revenues were therefore raised by the allocation of wilderness for permanent settlement.


Question: Has Finland always been called Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

In 1409, Turku also began to mint its own money, which differed in value from the money spent in Sweden.


Question: Has Finland always been called Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

They were silver and six-pence coins.


Question: Has Finland always been called Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

In 1407, Finland received its own supreme court, the Turku Land Court, and it was also given administrative power.


Question: Has Finland always been called Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Finland's leaders were now able to decide the country's affairs at their own meetings.


Question: Has Finland always been called Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The railing crew and clergy formed a politically leading group during the Union period.


Question: Has Finland always been called Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Finland's own raulsmen only rarely ruled the largest castle voices, usually headed by Swedish or Danish, sometimes German-born men, who, though often had lived in the country for decades.


Question: Has Finland always been called Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Domestic rails were generally responsible for lower administration, military functions and especially the courts.


Question: Has Finland always been called Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The most prominent positions in the Church also ended up in the Union period for the sons of the indigenous families.


Question: Has Finland always been called Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

On the other hand, the peasantry could also participate in the activities of various boards and district assemblies, as well as influence political solutions such as the election of the king.


Question: Has Finland always been called Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

With the exception of Turku and Vyborg, cities were small during the Union period and there were very few of them.


Question: Has Finland always been called Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Therefore, foreign trade was modest, too.


Question: Has Finland always been called Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Even Vyborg was unable to compete with Tallinn as a hub for trade in Russia.


Question: Has Finland always been called Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Domestic trade was economically certainly more significant than foreign trade.


Question: Has Finland always been called Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Externally, the beginning of the Union was a time of peace for Finland.


Question: Has Finland always been called Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

However, King Eerik the Pomeranian, who was active in foreign politics, was mired in conflict with the Hanseatic League, making commerce more difficult.


Question: Has Finland always been called Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

In the 1430s, the rebellion movements of the overlords and peasants that rose on the Swedish side had little effect in Finland.


Question: Has Finland always been called Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The overabnormality of modest insurgency movements in Finland can be explained by the expansion of the Crown and Rulse holdings [32].


Question: Has Finland always been called Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The most famous of these rebellion movements was the so-called. David's revolt in Häme in 1439.


Question: Has Finland always been called Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

It targeted Viikki Manor [33] [34].


Question: Has Finland always been called Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Finland did not participate in the 1435 meeting held in Arboga.


Question: Has Finland always been called Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

In the autumn of the same year, Bishop Maunu Tavast and Krister Nilsson arrived in Sweden, where, in arranged negotiations, they influenced the ousting of the leaders of the movement known as the Engelbrekt Engelbrektinpoika Rebellion and reaching a compromise.


Question: Has Finland always been called Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Drots became Krister Nilsson and Charlemagne Knuutinpoika Bonde became the marcher.


Question: Has Finland always been called Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

After the former returned to Finland in the autumn of the same year, the revolt movement began again in Sweden.


Question: Has Finland always been called Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

To counter the rebellion projects, the Finnish peasants were promised a tax reduction in a letter dated 24 June 1436, the signatories of which were the archbishop, drotsi and marski in the name of the Council of Power.


Question: Has Finland always been called Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The reason was put forward that the Finns had proved loyal to the kingdom and had sworn not to assume a head of their own, i.e., promised not to rise in rebellion, and would accept the head imposed by the Council of Power.


Question: Has Finland always been called Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Seppo Suvanto interpreted this as saying that in Sweden it was feared that the Finns, or the administrators of Finland, would break away from the Council of Power and Finland would elect its own head.


Question: Has Finland always been called Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

[35] Finland and Swedish power struggles Eventually the king was dismissed in 1439, after which Sweden was ruled by a power council of aristocrats.


Question: Has Finland always been called Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

It consisted of bishops and leading supremacists.


Question: Has Finland always been called Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The most powerful of this force emerged Charlemagne the son of Knuutinson, who was elected in 1438 as regent.


Question: Has Finland always been called Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

His worst rival, the drotsi Krister then withdrew to Vyborg.


Question: Has Finland always been called Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

After the fall of the monopolistic system of government, Finland's links with Denmark were severed.


Question: Has Finland always been called Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

However, links with Sweden were not much consolidated but the holders of local castle votes largely ruled the country.


Question: Has Finland always been called Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

In 1440, the Danes invited Christopher the Bavarian to the land and he was proclaimed king.


Question: Has Finland always been called Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Negotiations were held in Sweden on the terms of recognition.


Question: Has Finland always been called Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Kaarle Knuutinpoika moved to Finland in the same year and took over the castles of Turku and Kastelholm, promising to give up the position of state administrator if he could get all of Finland as his county.


Question: Has Finland always been called Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

With the exception of Åland, this wish came true.


Question: Has Finland always been called Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

However, the situation soon changed, and soon Charlemagne had to settle solely for the Vyborg Castle.


Question: Has Finland always been called Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Turku returned to the rule of a voud under the king.


Question: Has Finland always been called Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The king's purpose was to prevent the emergence of a unified Finland.


Question: Has Finland always been called Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

After Christopher died in 1448, Charlemagne Knuutinpoika sailed from Vyborg with 800 gunmen to Stockholm, where he was elected king (1448—1457), apparently because of his armed superiority.


Question: Has Finland always been called Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The reign was marked by war against Kristian Oldenburgian, which increased the tax burden in Finland as well.


Question: Has Finland always been called Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

During this period, Finland was the most significant area of support for the king.


Question: Has Finland always been called Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

In 1457, the Swedish Grand Excellence rose in revolt against the king, and he fled to Danzig.


Question: Has Finland always been called Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Kristian Oldenburgian was elected King of Sweden.


Question: Has Finland always been called Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

He ruled from 1457 to 1464.


Question: Has Finland always been called Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

However, support for the new king was not shared by everyone - especially in Vyborg.


Question: Has Finland always been called Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Controversy over the eastern border The following period was marked by problems in the eastern parts of the kingdom.


Question: Has Finland always been called Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

As the settlement spread to the wilderness areas, border disputes and skirmishes with Novgorod and Karelians began.


Question: Has Finland always been called Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

While Savonian settlement progressed, North Karelia was also colonized.


Question: Has Finland always been called Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

In 1478, Novgorod was annexed by Moscow, and a new force factor rose behind the eastern border.


Question: Has Finland always been called Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

In order to secure the border, construction began to be built on Olavinlinna to safeguard the settler settlement.


Question: Has Finland always been called Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

From the Russian point of view, this was a breach of the border treaty and open martial law prevailed for several years right up to the intermediate peace of 1482.


Question: Has Finland always been called Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

However, there was no consensus on the course of the border.


Question: Has Finland always been called Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

From the Axis sons to the Sten Sture period In battle, the Swedish king's crown became the castles of Suomenk to take over and bend the Union king behind.


Question: Has Finland always been called Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The Danish knight Eerik the Axis boy Tott came with his brothers to take over the castles in the 1480s, and eventually all the castles were held by the Axis sons.


Question: Has Finland always been called Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

After Eerik died, he left the counties of Vyborg, Hämeenlinna and Savonlinna to his brothers Ivar and Laur, who already ruled Raasepori.


Question: Has Finland always been called Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

However, the emergence of a unitary circle of power did not fit with regent minister Sten Sture's plans.


Question: Has Finland always been called Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

In 1481, Sten Sture arrived in Finland, all the way to Vyborg.


Question: Has Finland always been called Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

A reconciliation between the registrar and the local grandees could not arise: the regent promised the population tax breaks; the holders of the fiefdoms again did not accept these.


Question: Has Finland always been called Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

At the end of the Union period no longer saw the emergence of a jointly accepted monarch in the Nordic countries.


Question: Has Finland always been called Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

King Hansel of Denmark (1481—1513) did not achieve approval in the Union countries; instead, the power councils took control.


Question: Has Finland always been called Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

In 1483, Sten Sture gained control of three counties in Finland: Vyborg, Savonlinna and Hämeenlinna.


Question: Has Finland always been called Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The earlier Axis boys' dominance became a supporter of the regent and Finland became more firmly subordinated to the central authority; especially when Raaseporik came into the possession of Sten Sture's supporter, Knut Posse.


Question: Has Finland always been called Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Sture did not distribute castles as fiefs to the overlord, but controlled them through self-dependent vouts, collecting significantly tax revenue for himself.


Question: Has Finland always been called Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The tranquillities of the end of the Middle Ages at the end of the 15th century earlier skirmishes with Moscow condensed into war.


Question: Has Finland always been called Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

In 1495, Vyborg Castle began to be besieged.


Question: Has Finland always been called Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Lifting people were also gathered from Western Finland for the war effort at the time.


Question: Has Finland always been called Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

In endangered areas, all 15-year-olds were taken up in arms, and German mercenaries and people from the Swedish side also arrived in the country.


Question: Has Finland always been called Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Along with Karelia, Russian attacks also extended to Ostrobothnia, Savo and Häme.


Question: Has Finland always been called Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Peace was concluded in 1497.


Question: Has Finland always been called Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

In the same year, Sten Sture was dismissed from the position of state administrator by the Council of Power.


Question: Has Finland always been called Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

However, the Finnish castle lands remained in his possession.


Question: Has Finland always been called Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

King Hansel I of Denmark invaded Sweden in 1497, beating Sten Sture's forces on 28 September at the Battle of Rotebro.


Question: Has Finland always been called Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Thus Hansel I rose to become King of Sweden and thus of Finland (1497—1501).


Question: Has Finland always been called Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

In 1499, Sture had to give up his territories in Finland.


Question: Has Finland always been called Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

In 1503, Svante Niilonpoika Sture (1504—1512) was elected as regent, to whom the leading men of Finland also gave their assurances of allegiance.


Question: Has Finland always been called Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

At the meeting in Turku, his election was supported.


Question: Has Finland always been called Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

However, the unanimity was ostensible, as some of Finland's lords, along with Sten Sture's kin, pursued their own political line.


Question: Has Finland always been called Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

To some extent, the goals have remained unclear.


Question: Has Finland always been called Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

National historiography, however, has highlighted the centrality of East politics in divisive terms.


Question: Has Finland always been called Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Vaasa period (1523—1617) The reign of Gustav Vasa during the end of the Union was peaceful in Finland other than Vyborg, in the early 16th century the Danes went on raiding the coasts of Finland, and the privateer captain Otto Rudi plundered Turku and its treasures of the cathedral.


Question: Has Finland always been called Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

On the rise of Christian II, the Danish Union king, at his coronation, he beheaded dozens of Swedish supremacists.


Question: Has Finland always been called Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

It's called the Stockholm massacre.


Question: Has Finland always been called Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The Swedish supreme Gustav Vasa rose to oppose the Union king and won the peasants over.


Question: Has Finland always been called Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

German Hanseatic merchants also supported Gustavus Vasa and supplied him with weapons and money.


Question: Has Finland always been called Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The Finnish-born Fleming brothers Eerik and Iivar conquered the Finnish castles for Gustav Vasa and drove the Danes out of Finland in 1523.


Question: Has Finland always been called Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The Nordic Union period ended, and Gustav Vasa became King of Sweden and Finland.


Question: Has Finland always been called Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The early modern state emerges in the Gustav Vasa period beginning a unified Swedish kingdom to form.


Question: Has Finland always been called Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

He succeeded in defeating the provincial communities that pushed for his own policies.


Question: Has Finland always been called Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The Reformation, in turn, snubbed the Church.


Question: Has Finland always been called Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Already weakened by the massacre, the high nobility was now attached to supporting royal policy.


Question: Has Finland always been called Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

However, the management of the government continued the medieval tradition: the king had numerous nobles as well as scribes who were not, however, strictly officials.


Question: Has Finland always been called Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Nor was there yet a clear division of labour within the administration, but the functions of office in the king's service varied according to the situation.


Question: Has Finland always been called Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

In the 1530s, Gustavus Vasa began to produce German administrative personnel in the country, with whom new views of monarch rule also arrived in Sweden.


Question: Has Finland always been called Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

In 1544, in the Riksdag of Västerås, the kingship was changed to hereditary and Gustav Vasa's eldest son Eerik was named heir to the throne.


Question: Has Finland always been called Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

After the withdrawal of fiefdoms, local government of the Crown was concentrated in the hands of the vouties.


Question: Has Finland always been called Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The tasks of these were diverse, but the collection of taxes was the most important of them.


Question: Has Finland always been called Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

During Gustavus Vasa's time, there was also a shift to written administration; first, systematic land books (on land ownership) are being drawn up to aid taxation, soon followed by other lists and written accounts.


Question: Has Finland always been called Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The Vouds were also responsible for repopulating deserted houses, a ride-hailing system and roadwork.


Question: Has Finland always been called Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Voud also had to prevent illegal trading in the countryside, as well as handicrafts.


Question: Has Finland always been called Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Maintaining public order and caring for the litigants were also part of the duties of the voud - thus ensuring the Crown's share of tax revenue and penalty payments.


Question: Has Finland always been called Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The stepped-up administration boosted the Crown's tax revenues by tens of percent.


Question: Has Finland always been called Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The war against Russia for Finland was still significant in foreign policy terms, continued conflicts with Russia; during the early stages of the period of Gustav Vasa, another attempt was made to gain clarity on the course of the border line through negotiations.


Question: Has Finland always been called Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The Swedes sought to delay the revision of the border as far as possible, and despite temporary agreements, skirmishes and mutual raiding continued.


Question: Has Finland always been called Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

In 1555, a meeting of nobles held in Vyborg recommended to the king to go to war.


Question: Has Finland always been called Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The attack prompted a counter-attack by Ivan the Terrible in the direction of Vyborg and Savo.


Question: Has Finland always been called Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Negotiations between 1556 and 1557 ended with the conclusion of a 40-year-long intermediate peace.


Question: Has Finland always been called Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The intention was to hold 1559 new negotiations for the passage of the border, which, however, never materialised.


Question: Has Finland always been called Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Abuses of nobility During the war, the king had stayed in Finland for a long time.


Question: Has Finland always been called Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

At that time, he also ordered the submission of an extensive inquiry into abuses committed by the nobility.


Question: Has Finland always been called Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

As a result of this investigation, the so-called. A catalogue of complaints by Jaakko Teit, a major source of 16th-century social history.


Question: Has Finland always been called Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

In the summer of 1556, the king still formed a duchy of his own from Finland, with the king's son Juhana named at its head.


Question: Has Finland always been called Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Gustav Vasa died in September 1560.


Question: Has Finland always been called Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

On the throne he was succeeded by Eerik XIV.


Question: Has Finland always been called Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

From throne disputes to the beginning of great power politics, Eerik XIV's reign Eerik XIV was crowned king in 1561.


Question: Has Finland always been called Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

He sought to further intensify the kingship in relation to the overlord, and thus also to his brothers.


Question: Has Finland always been called Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

To weaken the position of these, Eerik established new counts and free lordships to share the power of the dukes.


Question: Has Finland always been called Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

In Finland, the king's policy was also reflected in the appointment of new llamanns to the country.


Question: Has Finland always been called Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

In 1561, the King approved in the Reichstag the so-called. Arboga's articles by which the dukes were subjected to the control of the king and deprived them of the possibility of an independent foreign policy.


Question: Has Finland always been called Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Central to the king was specifically the eroding of the position of Duke Juhana of Finland.


Question: Has Finland always been called Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

As the Duchy of Juhana, Finland was formed into a “feudal miniature state” (Keränen) subjugated to the kingdom, with its own office, chamber of taxes and calculations, and a council corresponding to the power council.


Question: Has Finland always been called Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Juhana's interests in Livonia were also at odds with the king: with the planned marriage to Catherine Jagellonica, Juhana would gain possession of several pledge castles in Livonia.


Question: Has Finland always been called Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Simultaneously, Eerik XIV was drifting into war with Poland due to its expansionist policy towards Livonia.


Question: Has Finland always been called Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

In 1561 the Tallinn jury had already ceded the city to the patronage of the king, during the same spring the nobility of Viru and Harju separated from the Teutonic Order.


Question: Has Finland always been called Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

As the conflict intensified, the king convened in 1563 the Reichstag to condemn John to death.


Question: Has Finland always been called Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The development led to the siege of Turku Castle in the summer of 1563.


Question: Has Finland always been called Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

After skirmishes and bombardments, the castle surrendered on 12 August 1563, after which the splendour of the castle was destroyed, the pair of dukes were captured and taken to Sweden for imprisonment.


Question: Has Finland always been called Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

In the 1560s, Swedish foreign policy was marked by warfare in the Baltics against Poland.


Question: Has Finland always been called Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

In addition, Eerik XIV was mired in war against Denmark-Norway and Lübeck.


Question: Has Finland always been called Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

This required good relations with the east: concentrating military forces elsewhere required good relations with the direction of Moscow.


Question: Has Finland always been called Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Eerik XIV's term ended in 1568 with the rise of the nobility against the king.


Question: Has Finland always been called Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

This time, Finland's top brass were also on the side of the rebels, as much the old supporters of Juhana as the creditmen of Eerik.


Question: Has Finland always been called Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Turku Castle came into the possession of the rebels.


Question: Has Finland always been called Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Eerik spent the next few years in captivity until he was sentenced to death and poisoned in 1577.


Question: Has Finland always been called Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Long hatred during Juhana III's kingship, border skirmishes on the border of Käkisalmi County led to yet another war (1570—1595) known as the Nordic Five Third Year War.


Question: Has Finland always been called Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

For the most part, it was a brutal, mutual guerrilla war.


Question: Has Finland always been called Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

In the early stages, however, warfare was organized and in 1573—1577 a time of armistice lived on the Finnish front.


Question: Has Finland always been called Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Halfway through the decade, however, peasant rustles began: Karelians invaded Oulujärvi and Iijoki, southern Finland went beyond the Gulf of Finland.


Question: Has Finland always been called Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

In the fold of the decade, organised warfare was triggered again with the invasion of Narva (1579) and the conquest of Käkisalmi in 1580.


Question: Has Finland always been called Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Narva was overrun the following year, with subsequent negotiations leading to an intermediate peace lasting until 1590.


Question: Has Finland always been called Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Despite the intermediate peace, guerrilla warfare continued on both sides of the eastern border, leading to the widespread desolation of Kainuu and northern Ostrobothnia in the 1580s.


Question: Has Finland always been called Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Led by Pekka Vesainen, the Ostrobothians made retaliatory expeditions to Viena Karelia.


Question: Has Finland always been called Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The war ended with the Peace Treaty of Full Self in 1595.


Question: Has Finland always been called Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

A new throne dispute upon the death of John III in 1592 left the throne without a holder.


Question: Has Finland always been called Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

There were two successor candidates: Sigismund and Duke Charles.


Question: Has Finland always been called Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The kingship issue was also intertwined with church politics: in Counter-Reformation Europe, Sigismund was Catholic, making his position even more problematic in Lutheran Sweden.


Question: Has Finland always been called Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

In 1593 Sigismund arrived in the country to be crowned.


Question: Has Finland always been called Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The ruler's assurance he issued in the autumn of the following year.


Question: Has Finland always been called Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

In this case, he also adopted the Lutheran line of the enactment and ecclesiastical assembly of Uppsala (1593).


Question: Has Finland always been called Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

With the crowning of Sigismund, a personal union was created between Sweden and Poland that lasted some years; as King of Poland, Sigismund always remained until 1632.


Question: Has Finland always been called Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

After the king's return to Poland, rose to the nobility among disagreements over Charles Duke's position as registrar.


Question: Has Finland always been called Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

In this dispute, Klaus Fleming, the commandholder of Finland, sided with the king.


Question: Has Finland always been called Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

In the Riksdag of Arboga of 1597, however, Charles was named regent.


Question: Has Finland always been called Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

In this case, he also declared his opponents, above all Klaus Fleming, rebels.


Question: Has Finland always been called Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Harshing justice Generally in Europe At the beginning of the New Age, in the 16th and 17th centuries, secular rights began to use the so-called “Law of Moses”, that is, some passages from the Bible.


Question: Has Finland always been called Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Under the law of Moses, witchcraft and magic were prohibited and, among other things, blasphemy, swearing, infringement against one's parents, perjury, manslaughter, interest railing, false testimony, and several sexual offences could be sentenced to death.


Question: Has Finland always been called Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The Law of Moses became a general legal instruction in the Swedish Empire in 1608 and remained in force until the new Reich Law of 1734.


Question: Has Finland always been called Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

However, the law was generally not applied in its full harshness and death sentences were commuted in about half of the cases.


Question: Has Finland always been called Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

[36] [37] 16th century peasant unrest and mace war Peasant unrest increased during the reign of Gustav Vasa, inter alia, due to increased tax burdens and, on the other hand, the struggle for power of his sons.


Question: Has Finland always been called Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The culmination of the peasant unrest was the bludgeon war in 1596—1597.


Question: Has Finland always been called Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

It ended bloody with the army defeating the Ostrobothians and Savonian peasants armed with mace, spears and bows.


Question: Has Finland always been called Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The revolt was directed against the nobility who exercised power in Finland and Klaus Fleming in particular.


Question: Has Finland always been called Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The mutineers sought help from Charles Duke, who was pursuing the Swedish crown.


Question: Has Finland always been called Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

As causes of the rebellion, contemporary research attributes the war burden of the rap war, economic decline, and the suffering caused by the castle camp system.


Question: Has Finland always been called Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Scholars have been divided as to the great influence the incitement against Klaus Fleming exercised by the Duke of Charles had on the genesis of the bludgeon war [38] [39].


Question: Has Finland always been called Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Great Power Period (1617—1721) Peace of Stolbova In 1604—1611 Duke Charles of Södermanland was King Charles IX of Sweden.


Question: Has Finland always been called Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

During his reign, the kingdom was almost constantly waging war against Russia and Poland, especially over the ownership of the Baltic provinces Estonia and Livonia.


Question: Has Finland always been called Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

In addition, in 1611—1613 there was a defeatist war against Denmark.


Question: Has Finland always been called Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

On the death of Charles IX, his son Gustav II Adolf ascended to the throne.


Question: Has Finland always been called Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The state of the kingdom was poor and Sweden had to conclude in 1613 peace with Denmark.


Question: Has Finland always been called Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The Peace of Stolbova was concluded with Russia in 1617, as a result of which Käkisalmi County, Nutälinna and part of Inker were annexed by Sweden.


Question: Has Finland always been called Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Modernisation and reforms under the leadership of the King and Reich Chancellor Axel Oxenstierna, Sweden and Finland began to implement substantial reforms after the foreign policy situation calmed down.


Question: Has Finland always been called Finland?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The army and the war establishment were reorganised, in particular in accordance with the paragon given by the Dutch Morits Oranian.