Question: When was Carl Barks born?

Carl Barks

[13] [14] [11] All readers of Donald Duck are familiar with the following situations: Donald tries to succeed in various professions, but attempts usually end in disaster.


Question: When was Carl Barks born?

Carl Barks

The battery gets into a quarrel with his neighbour Teppo Tulpu, and the consequence is a fight between the neighbors.


Question: When was Carl Barks born?

Carl Barks

Aku, along with Tupu, Hupu, and Lupu hunt for lost treasures with Roope.


Question: When was Carl Barks born?

Carl Barks

Milla Magia tries to rob Roope's Duck First Sant.


Question: When was Carl Barks born?

Carl Barks

Scrooge fights with either Gold-Into Pi or Kroisos Pennose for the position of richest man in the world.


Question: When was Carl Barks born?

Carl Barks

All these basic formulas of Donald Duck comic book stories are from Barks' pen.


Question: When was Carl Barks born?

Carl Barks

Barks was the first notable artist to draw long Donald Duck stories.


Question: When was Carl Barks born?

Carl Barks

Before him, Donald Duck's adventures were mainly strips of Al Taliaferro and before that small side parts in other Disney comics and cartoon films.


Question: When was Carl Barks born?

Carl Barks

In these minor parts, Donald most often adventured with Mickey Mouse and Goofy Hopo until, thanks to Barks, the Duck and Mouse worlds became almost completely separated from each other.


Question: When was Carl Barks born?

Carl Barks

Barks created Donald Duck as a character more popular than Mickey Mouse.


Question: When was Carl Barks born?

Carl Barks

Barks drew only one Mickey story during his life, “The Riddle of the Red Hat”.


Question: When was Carl Barks born?

Carl Barks

[15] Donald Duck and Uncle Scrooge's work and life experiences have been influenced by Barks' own life.


Question: When was Carl Barks born?

Carl Barks

Barks stated that Aku's repeated misfortune and drift from job to job reminds him of himself before his career as a draughtsman.


Question: When was Carl Barks born?

Carl Barks

[16] Barks looked back on his own gauntlet jobs as dreary toil, and during his comic career he reportedly never once took a vacation.


Question: When was Carl Barks born?

Carl Barks

Still, he often stressed the importance of hard work in his sets.


Question: When was Carl Barks born?

Carl Barks

[4] Barks was himself a right-winger in political terms, close to Republicans.


Question: When was Carl Barks born?

Carl Barks

[17] Censorship in the United States of comic book censorship was very specific in the 1950s.


Question: When was Carl Barks born?

Carl Barks

Finnish Donald Duck delivery has always been more permissive when it comes to Carl Barks comics.


Question: When was Carl Barks born?

Carl Barks

Among other things, Back to Klondike received its first release half a page short of its original outfit in Finland.


Question: When was Carl Barks born?

Carl Barks

Finland was the first country to publish that famous story whole, with the exception of the missing half of the page that Barks drew from outer memory.


Question: When was Carl Barks born?

Carl Barks

In another case, the story “Maitomies”, which premiered in its original costume in the 40th anniversary issue of Finland's Donald Duck magazine, was found in the Disney archives.


Question: When was Carl Barks born?

Carl Barks

Listed here are some of the most famous censors: “Liekkimies” (1945) was not published in Finland until the 1990s because Donald Duck's editorial considered it too fire-sensitive a subject.


Question: When was Carl Barks born?

Carl Barks

In the story, Donald works his havoc on Duck Castle as a pyromaniac and finally goes to prison.


Question: When was Carl Barks born?

Carl Barks

It had already been censored at the time of its first release: the last two frames in the series were removed and a new payoff was drawn in its place, giving the understanding that the whole story was Aku's nightmare dream.


Question: When was Carl Barks born?

Carl Barks

However, the original ending was restored in Carl Barks' Assembled series.


Question: When was Carl Barks born?

Carl Barks

In the joke story “Aprillia!” (1950) In the first pane of the second page, Barks drew Tuppu, Hood and Lupu on the dump, whose garbage pile shows Adolf Hitler's book My Battles.


Question: When was Carl Barks born?

Carl Barks

It was a satirical joke intended for readers who grew up Barks, identifying the notorious book as waste.


Question: When was Carl Barks born?

Carl Barks

However, this reference has been removed from editions of the story in many countries including Germany.


Question: When was Carl Barks born?

Carl Barks

“Candies and Pranks” (1952) was subject to censorship.


Question: When was Carl Barks born?

Carl Barks

More than 10 pages were removed from it and the start screen was redrawn.


Question: When was Carl Barks born?

Carl Barks

The censored portion was mainly overly drastic Halloween gags.


Question: When was Carl Barks born?

Carl Barks

The cemetery, bathed in moonlight, with its crosses, seen on the starting screen was deemed too creepy and macabre for children.


Question: When was Carl Barks born?

Carl Barks

Barks had adapted the story from the Donald Duck animation of the same name [18].


Question: When was Carl Barks born?

Carl Barks

In the story “Donald Duck Saves Empty Christmas” (1952), Western thought it was too drastic a starting screen, so Barks had to change it.


Question: When was Carl Barks born?

Carl Barks

The picture shows ducklings walking through a decadent village with grief-looking children in shabby clothes [19].


Question: When was Carl Barks born?

Carl Barks

“Back to the Klondike” (1953) was also deemed too drastic by the publisher, and five pages were scissored out of it.


Question: When was Carl Barks born?

Carl Barks

Among other things, the scene in which a seductive Kultu Glitter cheats gold from Scrooge, who pokes up a large tack fight in Kultu's saloon, was the subject of censoring.


Question: When was Carl Barks born?

Carl Barks

The story “The Treasure of Marco Polo” (1966) was not censored at the time of its publication, but subsequent editions were censored in the United States because public perception of the Vietnam War had taken on negative overtones.


Question: When was Carl Barks born?

Carl Barks

In the story, Scrooge and his relatives travel to Horjustan in Southeast Asia, which is in the throes of a violent civil war.


Question: When was Carl Barks born?

Carl Barks

The story sees, among others, soldiers armed in belligerent situations who, in one plot twist, almost succeed in executing Roope and Aku, who are declared spies.


Question: When was Carl Barks born?

Carl Barks

Such was not considered appropriate, especially in children's comics, as events in Vietnam rose to international attention and the My Lai massacre, for example, sparked widespread outrage around the world.


Question: When was Carl Barks born?

Carl Barks

Along with the deleted panes, the censored version also changed the text; as an example, Barks' anti-communist slander of invalid wristwatches made in “Workers” Paradise” was altered so that in the censored edition the manufacturer of the watches was announced as “Scrooge Duck's clock factories”.


Question: When was Carl Barks born?

Carl Barks

Barks has also had to self-censor his own stories.


Question: When was Carl Barks born?

Carl Barks

One example of that is “Donald Duck and Zombie”, where Barks, among other things, removed sharpened teeth deemed racist from a zombie and drew pupils for the zombie (mere whites were considered too scary) and only half-open eyes.


Question: When was Carl Barks born?

Carl Barks

Later, Don Rosa has drawn the same character in his own story The World's Richest Duck, but in this narrative Zombie has original, entirely open and white eyes.


Question: When was Carl Barks born?

Carl Barks

Characters and locations Barks developed the Duck Castle milieu and much of its central characters.


Question: When was Carl Barks born?

Carl Barks

The persons mentioned in the following list, as well as the building and criminal group, are invented by him and first appeared in the stories mentioned below: Teppo Tulppu — “Day of Good Deeds” (1943) Scrooge the Duck — “Christmas on the Bear Mountain” (1947) Hansel Goose — “It best laughs...” ( 1948) Money Tank — “Uncle Roope's New Money Tank” (1951) Bear kopla — “Duck Castle Bang” (1951) Pelle Fearless — “The Fearful of Happiness” (1952) Peikontooth Mountain — “Trolltooth” (1953) Little Helper — “Cat Strip” (1956) Gold-Into Silicon — “Roope-Tooth” (1953) Uncle E in Trouble” (1956) Milla Magia — “Touch of Mida” (1961) Kroisos Pennonen — “Miracle Benzine” (1961) Miss Näpsä — “Midaa's Touch” (1961) Best known stories “Pirates' Gold” (1942) “The Mummy's Ring” (1943) “Christmas on the Bear Mountain” (1947) “The Secret of the Old Castle” (1949) “The Ring of the Mummy” (1943) “Christmas on the Bear Mountain” (1947) “The Secret of the Old Castle” (1949) “Bullet Valley” Sheriff” (1949) “Angled Eggs” (1949) “Empty-Christmas” (1952) “Crafty Uncle Scrooge” (1952) “The Golden Helmet” (1952) “Back to the Klondike” (1953) “The Cunning or the Clave” (1953) (The story involves the concept of Hapsism) “Happy Valley” (1954) “The Philosopher's Stone” (1954))” Golden fleece” (1955) “Money Source” (1958) “Kultajoki” (1958) “Saari in Space” (1960) “Gold and Fish Debts” (1965) Continuation of Barks' work Many subsequent Duck cartoonists have been influenced by Barks.


Question: When was Carl Barks born?

Carl Barks

Barks himself held the highest regard among his followers Vicar, Daan Jippes and William Van Horn [4] [20].


Question: When was Carl Barks born?

Carl Barks

Jippes was chosen to redraw the series scripted by Barks.


Question: When was Carl Barks born?

Carl Barks

Don Rosa did a lot of stories related to Barks's stories, “sequels”, for example “Back to Xanadu” where Scrooge, Donald and the ducklings return to the fairy-tale Tralla La'ha.


Question: When was Carl Barks born?

Carl Barks

[21] Significance In a 1999 list of “The 100 Best of the English Comics Comics Comics of the Century” by the editorial staff of the comics industry news magazine, Carl Barks' Donald Duck was ranked seventh.


Question: When was Carl Barks born?

Carl Barks

Of the entertainment comics, only Charles Schulz's Peanuts were put before it.


Question: When was Carl Barks born?

Carl Barks

[6] [4] According to writer Neil Gaiman, Carl Barks was one of the great children's writers alongside authors such as Tove Jansson and Kenneth Grahame.


Question: When was Carl Barks born?

Carl Barks

[22] According to comic book critic Ville Hänninen, Carl Barks' comics fulfil the hallmarks of the classic.


Question: When was Carl Barks born?

Carl Barks

The stories have stood the test of time because Barks didn't underestimate the reader.


Question: When was Carl Barks born?

Carl Barks

[16] According to journalist Yuri Nummelin, the overriding emotional states in the Disney cartoon are anger and envy between people.


Question: When was Carl Barks born?

Carl Barks

At Barks, they don't seem obnoxious, as he tackles these subjects with the means of classical tragedy.


Question: When was Carl Barks born?

Carl Barks

Barks manages to combine children's comic as well as adult literature that truely portrays the relationships of individuals.


Question: When was Carl Barks born?

Carl Barks

The characters created by Barks are, according to Nummelin, instantly recognizable in the reader itself.


Question: When was Carl Barks born?

Carl Barks

[23] Reissues All Disney series drawn by Barks have been published in a collection called The Carl Barks Library.


Question: When was Carl Barks born?

Carl Barks

Later, Fantagraphics has published Barks' collections in English.


Question: When was Carl Barks born?

Carl Barks

In Finnish, several book series containing Barks' stories have been published.


Question: When was Carl Barks born?

Carl Barks

Donald Duck's best included short stories from Barks' golden age.


Question: When was Carl Barks born?

Carl Barks

Donald Duck's banquet kits and the Duck Library were ten-part hardcover sets.


Question: When was Carl Barks born?

Carl Barks

Barks' stories have also been published in several separate works and in dialect versions.


Question: When was Carl Barks born?

Carl Barks

Released as a limited edition, Carl Barks' compiles included all of Barks' Disney series.


Question: When was Carl Barks born?

Carl Barks

The latest series of releases is Carl Barks's Best Series, which began in 2014.


Question: When was Carl Barks born?

Carl Barks

Sources Literature Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Ault, Donald| title= Carl Barks: Conversations| location = Jackson| publisher = University Press of Mississippi| year = 2003| isbn = 1-57806-500-3}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Barrier, J. Michael| title= Carl Barks and the Art of the Comic Book| location = New York| publisher = M. Lilien| year = 1981| isbn = 0-9607652-0-4}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Ronkainen, Timo| title = Carl Barks: Secret of the Duck Master.


Question: When was Carl Barks born?

Carl Barks

Perspectives on the production of Carl Barks| location = Turku| publisher = Zum Teufel| year = 2018| isbn = 978-952-5754-70-4}} On the topic elsewhere in Yle Living Archives.


Question: When was Carl Barks born?

Carl Barks

Ronkainen, Timo: Duck castle bang.


Question: When was Carl Barks born?

Carl Barks

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Question: When was Carl Barks born?

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Question: When was Carl Barks born?

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Question: When was Carl Barks born?

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Question: When was Carl Barks born?

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Question: When was Carl Barks born?

Carl Barks

Santikko, S.: Kvaak.fi 14.12.2008.


Question: When was Carl Barks born?

Carl Barks

Category:People born in 1901 Class:Those who died in 2000 Class:Key articles in screening


Question: How common is child labor?

Child labor

Child labour and child labour refers to work performed by underage children which is physically, psychologically, morally or socially harmful, or interferes with or impedes their schooling (International Labour Organisation ILO definition).


Question: How common is child labor?

Child labor

[1] Children are used as labour in the most diverse workplaces, both in factories, on crops and in homes.


Question: How common is child labor?

Child labor

Not all child work is child labour.


Question: How common is child labor?

Child labor

Whether any work is harmful must be proportionate to the child's age, working hours and working conditions.


Question: How common is child labor?

Child labor

[1] Intermittent work of a few hours that allows for full-fledged schooling and does not compromise a child's development, such as summer work, is different from working from morning to night in adverse conditions.


Question: How common is child labor?

Child labor

The use of child labour is common in developing countries, but the phenomenon is also familiar in industrialized countries.


Question: How common is child labor?

Child labor

Especially in the early days of industrialisation in the 19th century, many European countries also had plenty of children in factory work, sometimes in mines.


Question: How common is child labor?

Child labor

Today, the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child prohibits the exploitation of child labor.


Question: How common is child labor?

Child labor

At worst, working is slave labor.


Question: How common is child labor?

Child labor

The use of child labour also involves child trafficking.


Question: How common is child labor?

Child labor

Prevalence According to ILO estimates, there were 168 million child workers aged 5 to 17 worldwide in 2012.


Question: How common is child labor?

Child labor

[2] Of these, about 140 million do full-time work.


Question: How common is child labor?

Child labor

According to a 2009 report by the U.S. Department of Labor, child labor is used in 58 states.


Question: How common is child labor?

Child labor

[1] The 2012 Child Labor Index assessed the prevalence and severity of occurring child labor cases in 197 states.


Question: How common is child labor?

Child labor

States with the worst child labor problem were authoritarian and conflict-ravaged.


Question: How common is child labor?

Child labor

Worst on the index fared 1.


Question: How common is child labor?

Child labor

Myanmar, 2.


Question: How common is child labor?

Child labor

North Korea, 3.


Question: How common is child labor?

Child labor

Somalia, 4.


Question: How common is child labor?

Child labor

Sudan, 5.


Question: How common is child labor?

Child labor

Congo dkr.


Question: How common is child labor?

Child labor

equality, 6.


Question: How common is child labor?

Child labor

Zimbabwe, 7.


Question: How common is child labor?

Child labor

Afghanistan, 8.


Question: How common is child labor?

Child labor

Burundi, 9.


Question: How common is child labor?

Child labor

Pakistan and 10.


Question: How common is child labor?

Child labor

Ethiopia.


Question: How common is child labor?

Child labor

[3] Legislation and Commitments International agreements The ILO agreement prohibits employment to all persons under 13 years of age.


Question: How common is child labor?

Child labor

13- to 15-year-olds are allowed to do light work that does not hinder their schooling or other development and is short-term.


Question: How common is child labor?

Child labor

A 15—18 year old must not perform work classified as dangerous.


Question: How common is child labor?

Child labor

Finnish legislation in Finland is a 1993 law on young workers.


Question: How common is child labor?

Child labor

Under it, a person who has not reached the age of 15 or has not yet completed their compulsory education must not be taken into the job.


Question: How common is child labor?

Child labor

However, in the year when a person reaches the age of 14, they may be admitted for no more than half of the school holiday period or temporarily during the school year for light work which does not harm his health or development and does not hinder his schooling.


Question: How common is child labor?

Child labor

In addition, there are special provisions on working hours and safety at work for workers under the age of 18.


Question: How common is child labor?

Child labor

[4] Other commitments The OECD issued policy guidelines to multinationals stating that companies should “participate in effectively eradicating the use of child labour and immediately take effective action to ensure the prohibition of the worst forms of child labour and elimination urgently.” The guidance is a recommendation, but the 42 states that created it are committed to promoting it.


Question: How common is child labor?

Child labor

[5] Forms of child labour Most child labour is used in agriculture, factory production and quarry and mining.


Question: How common is child labor?

Child labor

Child labour is most commonly used to produce bricks, clothing, carpets and shoes.


Question: How common is child labor?

Child labor

The most common agricultural products produced by child labour are cotton, sugarcane, tobacco, coffee, rice and cocoa.


Question: How common is child labor?

Child labor

[6] The porn industry is abusing children in Russia, Ukraine, the Philippines and Thailand.


Question: How common is child labor?

Child labor

[6] Sweatshops Many branded products are produced in so-called sweatshops where workers may include children.


Question: How common is child labor?

Child labor

According to Report, an Italian investigative journalism television programme, exploitation of illegal and unorganized labour is widespread in the consumer goods sector.


Question: How common is child labor?

Child labor

To maximise profits, the manufacture of the product has been shifted to a chain of subcontractors whose last link is cheap, illegal child labour.


Question: How common is child labor?

Child labor

[7] Waste treatment Western countries export their electronic waste, such as computers, monitors and analog television receivers, to developing countries where they are sorted by children.


Question: How common is child labor?

Child labor

Environmental organisation Greenpeace is calling for electronics manufacturers to remove toxic material from their products, as young children sorting waste in recipient countries can get poisonings.


Question: How common is child labor?

Child labor

[8] Reasons for the use of child labour The reasons for the use of child labour are many and are closely related.


Question: How common is child labor?

Child labor

The use of children as a labour force is influenced by poverty, population growth, women's status, schooling opportunities and economic development.


Question: How common is child labor?

Child labor

Many families in developing countries have no options other than to put the child to work, allowing the child to bring money home.


Question: How common is child labor?

Child labor

For the employer, child labor is attractive.


Question: How common is child labor?

Child labor

Even though children are prohibited by law in most countries, they are still desirable workers.


Question: How common is child labor?

Child labor

Kids are cheap and adaptable.


Question: How common is child labor?

Child labor

There is usually no employment contract whatsoever with children, so they can be fired at any time.


Question: How common is child labor?

Child labor

In addition, when enforcement of labor protection laws is incomplete in several countries and penalties for violations non-existent, it is no wonder that child labour is used.


Question: How common is child labor?

Child labor

Children's physical or other special characteristics, such as small size or dexterity of fingers, also play a role in hiring them for certain tasks.


Question: How common is child labor?

Child labor

Problems with child labor Working causes physical and mental harm to children.


Question: How common is child labor?

Child labor

An immature body can not withstand as much strain as that of adults, so the child is more easily exposed to serious damage.


Question: How common is child labor?

Child labor

Intellectual disabilities are also common.


Question: How common is child labor?

Child labor

Work that looks light can be very heavy.


Question: How common is child labor?

Child labor

In agriculture, children sometimes work from morning to dusk in the burning sun or pouring rain.


Question: How common is child labor?

Child labor

In addition, workers suffer health harms brought by pesticides, among other things.


Question: How common is child labor?

Child labor

Work that prevents a child from going to school is a detriment to his entire future.


Question: How common is child labor?

Child labor

Not only will he lose his own childhood, it is likely that, without education, he will not get a decent job as an adult either.


Question: How common is child labor?

Child labor

The use of child labour is detrimental to individual countries in the long run as well.


Question: How common is child labor?

Child labor

Many child workers become unfit and unskilled adult workers, which is not conducive to the country's economic competitiveness.


Question: How common is child labor?

Child labor

Education is the main means of reducing and preventing children's work.


Question: How common is child labor?

Child labor

In addition, school and school supplies should be free.


Question: How common is child labor?

Child labor

Problems of child labour restrictions Starvation and street occupations If employment opportunities in sweatshops are limited, starvation may result.


Question: How common is child labor?

Child labor

When the Child Labour Deterrence Act was introduced in the United States, an estimated 50,000 children were fired from their jobs in the clothing industry, and many of them had to resort to jobs such as “stone crushing, street occupations and prostitution”.


Question: How common is child labor?

Child labor

A UNICEF study by the State of the World's Children in 1997 found these alternative jobs “more dangerous and depriving than those of the clothing industry”.


Question: How common is child labor?

Child labor

[9] The rise of child prostitution in the 1990s has documented cases of inadvertently increasing child prostitution by activists opposed to sweatshops in poor countries: [10] Many German company sweatshops were closed in Bangladesh, resulting in thousands of Bangladeshi children lost their jobs and drifted into prostitutes, crime or hunger deaths.


Question: How common is child labor?

Child labor

In Pakistan, sweatshops at Nike, Reebok and other companies were shut down, and these Pakistani children drifted into prostitution.


Question: How common is child labor?

Child labor

In Nepal, a carpet factory closed many sweatshops, leaving thousands of Nepalese girls drifted into prostitution.


Question: How common is child labor?

Child labor

Child labor is the smallest evil?


Question: How common is child labor?

Child labor

Before the Industrial Revolution, almost all children worked in agriculture.


Question: How common is child labor?

Child labor

Then a lot of people went from these jobs to factory jobs.


Question: How common is child labor?

Child labor

Thanks to the gradually resulting increase in pay rates, parents could later afford to send their children to school instead of work.


Question: How common is child labor?

Child labor

This reduced child labor both before and after the enactment of anti-child labor laws.


Question: How common is child labor?

Child labor

[11] According to economist Murray Rothbard, both before and after the Industrial Revolution, British and American children, for whom there were no factory jobs available, were in much worse conditions than those for whom there were.


Question: How common is child labor?

Child labor

[12] According to Lawrence Reed, the worst working conditions at the beginning of the Industrial Revolution were those “apprentices” who were forced into work and even sold like slaves by state-owned poorhouses, making their status different from that of those in wage employment in the developing world today children's.


Question: How common is child labor?

Child labor

Although the status of children in paid employment at the time was far from ideal, descriptions of the worst conditions such as the influential “Sadler's Report” are considerably exaggerated, something even the socialist Friedrich Engels acknowledged in his book.


Question: How common is child labor?

Child labor

[13] Opposition to child labour Indian Kailash Satyarthi was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 2014 after active work to eradicate the use of child labour all the way back to the 1990s.


Question: How common is child labor?

Child labor

The Bachpan Bachao Andolan organization he founded has freed more than 80,000 children from various, often even comparable conditions to slavery.


Question: How common is child labor?

Child labor

The BBA organization also helps child laborers get back to school and normal life.


Question: How common is child labor?

Child labor

Satyarthi says the Nobel Prize means that the organisation's work has finally been noticed.


Question: How common is child labor?

Child labor

According to him, millions of children are still suffering, even though we live in a modern age.


Question: How common is child labor?

Child labor

[14] [15] See also Street children Child trafficking Young worker Slavery On the use of child labor in the early stages of the Industrial Revolution Child labor in Russia and the Soviet Union in the 18th—20th century Sources * Category:Key articles on screening


Question: Was the Lower Town of Mantineia surrounded by a wall?

Ancient Athens

Athens was a major city-state (polis) in antiquity in the province of Attica, Greece.


Question: Was the Lower Town of Mantineia surrounded by a wall?

Ancient Athens

[1] Athenian democracy was founded by Kleisthenes in 510 BC.


Question: Was the Lower Town of Mantineia surrounded by a wall?

Ancient Athens

After the overthrow of the tyranny of the House of Peisistratos.


Question: Was the Lower Town of Mantineia surrounded by a wall?

Ancient Athens

The heyday of Athens was during the Pericle period from the 440s to the 43rd century BCE.


Question: Was the Lower Town of Mantineia surrounded by a wall?

Ancient Athens

Athens led the naval alliance of Delos in the Peloponnesian War against Sparta.


Question: Was the Lower Town of Mantineia surrounded by a wall?

Ancient Athens

With brief interruptions, democracy remained relatively stable for about 170 years until Alexander the Great conquered Athens in 338 BCE.


Question: Was the Lower Town of Mantineia surrounded by a wall?

Ancient Athens

Athens was a center of arts, erudition and philosophy.


Question: Was the Lower Town of Mantineia surrounded by a wall?

Ancient Athens

The city was the birthplace of Socrates, Sophocles and many other prominent figures.


Question: Was the Lower Town of Mantineia surrounded by a wall?

Ancient Athens

Plato's Academy and Aristotle's Lykeion were located there.


Question: Was the Lower Town of Mantineia surrounded by a wall?

Ancient Athens

It has been considered the cradle of Western culture and the birthplace of democracy, largely because of its 500s and 4th-century BCE.


Question: Was the Lower Town of Mantineia surrounded by a wall?

Ancient Athens

achievements in culture and politics have had such an impact on the whole of later Europe.


Question: Was the Lower Town of Mantineia surrounded by a wall?

Ancient Athens

History Archaic period The city of Athens (see: Mycenaean Athens) existed as early as the Mycenaean Bronze Age in the 10th century BCE, when the Acropolis already had a king's palace.


Question: Was the Lower Town of Mantineia surrounded by a wall?

Ancient Athens

[2] According to tradition, Athens was, in its earliest times, a kingdom whose most famous of many, mostly fabled kings was Theseus.


Question: Was the Lower Town of Mantineia surrounded by a wall?

Ancient Athens

However, hereditary kingship was abolished in Athens in 683 BCE, after which the state was run by archonts.


Question: Was the Lower Town of Mantineia surrounded by a wall?

Ancient Athens

[3] Unlike widely elsewhere in Greece, there was no serfdom in Athens, but differences between different groups of society soon grew large.


Question: Was the Lower Town of Mantineia surrounded by a wall?

Ancient Athens

As the monetary economy began to develop, peasants became greatly indebted to money-lenders, and if they were unable to pay their debts, they might be sold as slaves.


Question: Was the Lower Town of Mantineia surrounded by a wall?

Ancient Athens

After several times internal fighting broke out in Athens, around the year 620 BCE.


Question: Was the Lower Town of Mantineia surrounded by a wall?

Ancient Athens

Drakon was tasked with drafting the new laws.


Question: Was the Lower Town of Mantineia surrounded by a wall?

Ancient Athens

However, these draconian laws, under which even minor offences could become the death penalty, were not able to bring peace and did not become very long-term after all.


Question: Was the Lower Town of Mantineia surrounded by a wall?

Ancient Athens

[4] In 594 BC.


Question: Was the Lower Town of Mantineia surrounded by a wall?

Ancient Athens

Solon, who was elected archonist, was given the task of drafting new laws for Athens.


Question: Was the Lower Town of Mantineia surrounded by a wall?

Ancient Athens

[3] In this case, those who were enslaved due to debts were freed.


Question: Was the Lower Town of Mantineia surrounded by a wall?

Ancient Athens

Former family privileges were abolished and citizens were instead divided into four classes based on the proceeds of land property, whose rights and responsibilities differed somewhat from each other in terms of war service, among other things.


Question: Was the Lower Town of Mantineia surrounded by a wall?

Ancient Athens

All male citizens aged 20 and over were allowed to participate in the People's Assemblies where, among others, officials and also archonts were elected.


Question: Was the Lower Town of Mantineia surrounded by a wall?

Ancient Athens

However, only members of the top three classes could be elected to government posts.


Question: Was the Lower Town of Mantineia surrounded by a wall?

Ancient Athens

[5] Although actual democracy was not yet realized, Solon was later revered as the father of Athenian democracy.


Question: Was the Lower Town of Mantineia surrounded by a wall?

Ancient Athens

[3] In 546 BC.


Question: Was the Lower Town of Mantineia surrounded by a wall?

Ancient Athens

Peisistratos seized power and became the tyrant of Athens.


Question: Was the Lower Town of Mantineia surrounded by a wall?

Ancient Athens

[3] During his reign Athens developed into Greece's leading economic power.


Question: Was the Lower Town of Mantineia surrounded by a wall?

Ancient Athens

After Peisistratos died, Athens was ruled by his sons Hippias and Hipparchus.


Question: Was the Lower Town of Mantineia surrounded by a wall?

Ancient Athens

[3] The Athenian state expanded early on to include the entire Attica peninsula.


Question: Was the Lower Town of Mantineia surrounded by a wall?

Ancient Athens

[3] Rise to leadership position (510—448 BC)


Question: Was the Lower Town of Mantineia surrounded by a wall?

Ancient Athens

Hippias became dictator of Athens in 514 BC.


Question: Was the Lower Town of Mantineia surrounded by a wall?

Ancient Athens

The dictatorship was unpopular, and he was ousted from power with the help of a Spartan army in 510 BCE.


Question: Was the Lower Town of Mantineia surrounded by a wall?

Ancient Athens

In this case, Kleisthenes came to power, who founded the Athenian democracy.


Question: Was the Lower Town of Mantineia surrounded by a wall?

Ancient Athens

Kleisthenee's reforms replaced the old four “tribes” (fyle) with ten new ones.


Question: Was the Lower Town of Mantineia surrounded by a wall?

Ancient Athens

They were named after fabled heroes and had no class basis: they were practically electorates.


Question: Was the Lower Town of Mantineia surrounded by a wall?

Ancient Athens

Each tribe was further divided into three trittys, and each trittys included one or more demos, depending on the size of the demos.


Question: Was the Lower Town of Mantineia surrounded by a wall?

Ancient Athens

There were 139 demos throughout Athens, and these became the basis of local government.


Question: Was the Lower Town of Mantineia surrounded by a wall?

Ancient Athens

Each tribe elected by lot fifty members to the council that governed Athens in everyday affairs.


Question: Was the Lower Town of Mantineia surrounded by a wall?

Ancient Athens

While efforts were made to influence voters' opinions through public speeches, they were equally influenced by political satires written by comedy poets, among others.


Question: Was the Lower Town of Mantineia surrounded by a wall?

Ancient Athens

[6] The Council was open to all citizens and was both a lawmaking body and a court of law, except for murder trials and religious matters, which belonged to the Areiopag.


Question: Was the Lower Town of Mantineia surrounded by a wall?

Ancient Athens

Most of the posts were filled by lot, but ten strategos (generals) were elected by voting.


Question: Was the Lower Town of Mantineia surrounded by a wall?

Ancient Athens

Before the rise of Athens, the Spartan city-state considered itself the leader of the Greeks.


Question: Was the Lower Town of Mantineia surrounded by a wall?

Ancient Athens

Sparta was a military state.


Question: Was the Lower Town of Mantineia surrounded by a wall?

Ancient Athens

In 499 BC.


Question: Was the Lower Town of Mantineia surrounded by a wall?

Ancient Athens

Athens sent troops to aid the Ionians of Asia Minor who were rebelling against Persian rule (Ionian revolt).


Question: Was the Lower Town of Mantineia surrounded by a wall?

Ancient Athens

This prompted Persia to invade Greece twice.


Question: Was the Lower Town of Mantineia surrounded by a wall?

Ancient Athens

Both attacks were repelled under the leadership of the Athenian military-statesmen Miltiade and Themistoklee (Persian Wars).


Question: Was the Lower Town of Mantineia surrounded by a wall?

Ancient Athens

In 490 BC.


Question: Was the Lower Town of Mantineia surrounded by a wall?

Ancient Athens

The Athenians, led by Miltiade, repelled an attack led by Persia's first king Dareios at the Battle of Marathon.


Question: Was the Lower Town of Mantineia surrounded by a wall?

Ancient Athens

In 480 BC.


Question: Was the Lower Town of Mantineia surrounded by a wall?

Ancient Athens

The Persians returned under the leadership of their new king Xerus.


Question: Was the Lower Town of Mantineia surrounded by a wall?

Ancient Athens

A coalition of Greek city-states led by Sparta and its king Leonida marched into the Battle of Thermopylai with a few thousand men against hundreds of thousands of Persians.


Question: Was the Lower Town of Mantineia surrounded by a wall?

Ancient Athens

Meanwhile, Sparta led the naval battle of Artemision.


Question: Was the Lower Town of Mantineia surrounded by a wall?

Ancient Athens

These delaying actions were not enough to repel the Persians: they soon marched to Boiotia, took the city of Thebes as their base, and invaded southern Greece.


Question: Was the Lower Town of Mantineia surrounded by a wall?

Ancient Athens

This forced the Athenians to evacuate Athens taken by the Persians and seek to secure their fleet.


Question: Was the Lower Town of Mantineia surrounded by a wall?

Ancient Athens

Eventually, the Athenians and their allies defeated the Persian fleet under Themistokle in the naval battle of Salami.


Question: Was the Lower Town of Mantineia surrounded by a wall?

Ancient Athens

Sparta's lead gradually passed to Athens.


Question: Was the Lower Town of Mantineia surrounded by a wall?

Ancient Athens

The victories made it possible for Athens to integrate much of the Aegeian region and part of the rest of Greece with the Delos maritime alliance led by itself.


Question: Was the Lower Town of Mantineia surrounded by a wall?

Ancient Athens

Pericle Period (448—430 BC)


Question: Was the Lower Town of Mantineia surrounded by a wall?

Ancient Athens

Pericles, an Athenian general, politician and orator, stands out among the other Athenian grandees of his time.


Question: Was the Lower Town of Mantineia surrounded by a wall?

Ancient Athens

He rose to become strategist in 445 BC.


Question: Was the Lower Town of Mantineia surrounded by a wall?

Ancient Athens

and held office until his death in 429 BC.


Question: Was the Lower Town of Mantineia surrounded by a wall?

Ancient Athens

until, always re-elected by the Athenian People's Assembly.


Question: Was the Lower Town of Mantineia surrounded by a wall?

Ancient Athens

Pericles favored the arts and literature and gave Athens a flourish that has not returned in the history of the city at a later date.


Question: Was the Lower Town of Mantineia surrounded by a wall?

Ancient Athens

He undertook a large number of public works projects and sought to improve the lives of citizens.


Question: Was the Lower Town of Mantineia surrounded by a wall?

Ancient Athens

Because of this, Pericle's time has been called the Golden Age of Athens.


Question: Was the Lower Town of Mantineia surrounded by a wall?

Ancient Athens

Taxes paid by members of the maritime union played a large part in creating this wealth.


Question: Was the Lower Town of Mantineia surrounded by a wall?

Ancient Athens

Peloponnesian War (431—404 BC)


Question: Was the Lower Town of Mantineia surrounded by a wall?

Ancient Athens

Dissatisfaction among other Greek city-states with the leadership of Athens resulted in 431 BCE.


Question: Was the Lower Town of Mantineia surrounded by a wall?

Ancient Athens

to the Peloponnesian War that began, which pitted Athens and its increasingly rebellious maritime union against an alliance of mainland city-states led by Sparta.


Question: Was the Lower Town of Mantineia surrounded by a wall?

Ancient Athens

The war ended with the total defeat of Athens, and as a result Athens lost its maritime supremacy.


Question: Was the Lower Town of Mantineia surrounded by a wall?

Ancient Athens

Athenian democracy was ousted for a short time in a coup in 411 BC, due to dissatisfaction with the mismanagement of the war, but democracy was soon restored.


Question: Was the Lower Town of Mantineia surrounded by a wall?

Ancient Athens

However, as democratically elected politicians such as Kleon and Kleofon were blamed for the Athenian defeat, the result was a longer-lasting Spartan-backed reaction against democracy.


Question: Was the Lower Town of Mantineia surrounded by a wall?

Ancient Athens

It culminated in the rule of the Threesome Tyrant in 404—403 BCE.


Question: Was the Lower Town of Mantineia surrounded by a wall?

Ancient Athens

Thrasybulos restored democracy in 403 BC, and a general amnesty was declared.


Question: Was the Lower Town of Mantineia surrounded by a wall?

Ancient Athens

The Corinthian War and the Second Athenian Alliance (395—355 BCE)


Question: Was the Lower Town of Mantineia surrounded by a wall?

Ancient Athens

Sparta's previous allies soon turned against it as a result of its imperialist policies, and soon Athens' previous allies Thebes and Corinth turned to Athens again.


Question: Was the Lower Town of Mantineia surrounded by a wall?

Ancient Athens

Athens, Thebes, Corinth and Argos fought against Sparta in the Corinthian War of 395—387 BCE.


Question: Was the Lower Town of Mantineia surrounded by a wall?

Ancient Athens

Anti-Spartan sentiment allowed Athens to establish the so-called Second Athenian Union.


Question: Was the Lower Town of Mantineia surrounded by a wall?

Ancient Athens

Eventually Thebes defeated Sparta at the Battle of Leuktra in 371 BCE.


Question: Was the Lower Town of Mantineia surrounded by a wall?

Ancient Athens

Thereafter, Greek cities, including Athens and Sparta, turned against Thebes, and its domination ended as a result of the Battle of Mantineia in 362 BCE.


Question: Was the Lower Town of Mantineia surrounded by a wall?

Ancient Athens

Athens under Macedonia (355—338 BCE)


Question: Was the Lower Town of Mantineia surrounded by a wall?

Ancient Athens

3rd-century BCE


Question: Was the Lower Town of Mantineia surrounded by a wall?

Ancient Athens

coming in between, the northern Kingdom of Macedonia was to become the ruler of Athens, despite the warnings of Demosthenee, the last great statesman of independent Athens.


Question: Was the Lower Town of Mantineia surrounded by a wall?

Ancient Athens

In 338 BC.


Question: Was the Lower Town of Mantineia surrounded by a wall?

Ancient Athens

The armies of Philip II defeated the other Greek states at the Battle of Khaironeia, which also led to the end of Athenian independence.


Question: Was the Lower Town of Mantineia surrounded by a wall?

Ancient Athens

The conquests made by Philip's son Alexander the Great opened up the horizons of the Greeks and made the traditional Greek city-state model obsolete.


Question: Was the Lower Town of Mantineia surrounded by a wall?

Ancient Athens

Athens remained a prosperous city with an extensive cultural life, but ceased to be a political power in the region.


Question: Was the Lower Town of Mantineia surrounded by a wall?

Ancient Athens

In the 10th century, Greece became part of the Roman Empire after being under Macedonia for 200 years.


Question: Was the Lower Town of Mantineia surrounded by a wall?

Ancient Athens

Geography Overview The centre of Athens was located, and still lies in, the province of Attica about 30 stadia or five kilometres from the sea, on the southwestern slope of Lykabettos Hill.


Question: Was the Lower Town of Mantineia surrounded by a wall?

Ancient Athens

It was surrounded by three small rivers, the Kefissos on the west side, the Ilissos on the south side, and the Eridanos on the north side.


Question: Was the Lower Town of Mantineia surrounded by a wall?

Ancient Athens

The latter flowed through the city.


Question: Was the Lower Town of Mantineia surrounded by a wall?

Ancient Athens

The walled area of the city had a diameter of about 1.5 kilometers.


Question: Was the Lower Town of Mantineia surrounded by a wall?

Ancient Athens

At its largest, however, the city included suburbs far beyond the walls.


Question: Was the Lower Town of Mantineia surrounded by a wall?

Ancient Athens

The acropolis was slightly south of the center of the walled area.


Question: Was the Lower Town of Mantineia surrounded by a wall?

Ancient Athens

Xerxes burned the city in 480 BCE, but it was soon rebuilt during Themistoklee's reign, and public buildings were built during the Kimoni and especially Pericle.


Question: Was the Lower Town of Mantineia surrounded by a wall?

Ancient Athens

During the latter period 461—429 BCE.


Question: Was the Lower Town of Mantineia surrounded by a wall?

Ancient Athens

Athens rose to its greatest heyday.


Question: Was the Lower Town of Mantineia surrounded by a wall?

Ancient Athens

The beauty of Athens owed above all to its public buildings, as private buildings were rather insignificant and the streets crappy.


Question: Was the Lower Town of Mantineia surrounded by a wall?

Ancient Athens

Athens consisted of two distinct parts: the city proper, which was divided into the Acropolis, that is, the Upper Town/Castle Mountain, and the Lower Town.


Question: Was the Lower Town of Mantineia surrounded by a wall?

Ancient Athens

In the classical period, a city wall had been built around the city, the so-called Themistoklee Walls.


Question: Was the Lower Town of Mantineia surrounded by a wall?

Ancient Athens

Three port cities: Piraeus, Munikhia and Faleron, around which Themistokles also built walls.


Question: Was the Lower Town of Mantineia surrounded by a wall?

Ancient Athens

They were connected to the city by long walls.


Question: Was the Lower Town of Mantineia surrounded by a wall?

Ancient Athens

The walls were built in the Pericle Period.


Question: Was the Lower Town of Mantineia surrounded by a wall?

Ancient Athens

The Acropolis, or Upper Town Acropolis, also called Kekropia after its fabled founder Kekrops, is a high rock in the middle of the city.


Question: Was the Lower Town of Mantineia surrounded by a wall?

Ancient Athens

It is about 50 feet high, 350 feet long and 150 feet wide.


Question: Was the Lower Town of Mantineia surrounded by a wall?

Ancient Athens

Its walls are, in a natural way, steep on all sides except the west.


Question: Was the Lower Town of Mantineia surrounded by a wall?

Ancient Athens

In the Mycenaean period, it had a cyclopic wall around it, known as the Pelasg Wall because it was thought to have been built by the Pelasgs.


Question: Was the Lower Town of Mantineia surrounded by a wall?

Ancient Athens

During the Peloponnesian War, only the northern part of this wall remained, and this section was still called the Pelasgimwall.


Question: Was the Lower Town of Mantineia surrounded by a wall?

Ancient Athens

The southern part, which was rebuilt by Kimoni, was in turn called the Kimon Wall.


Question: Was the Lower Town of Mantineia surrounded by a wall?

Ancient Athens

In the western part of the acropolis, which was the only possible access way up the cliff, was the mighty Propylaia built by Pericle, and to its right the Temple of Athene Nike.


Question: Was the Lower Town of Mantineia surrounded by a wall?

Ancient Athens

On the crest of the acropolis were numerous temples, bronze and marble sculptures, and several other works of art.


Question: Was the Lower Town of Mantineia surrounded by a wall?

Ancient Athens

In an earlier period, the most notable were the Temple of Athene Polia, as well as Hekatompedon.


Question: Was the Lower Town of Mantineia surrounded by a wall?

Ancient Athens

In the classical period, the largest of the temples was the Parthenon, dedicated to the virgin goddess Athena.


Question: Was the Lower Town of Mantineia surrounded by a wall?

Ancient Athens

To the north of the Parthenon was the Erekhtheion, whose complex of buildings consisted of three separate shrines: one was dedicated to Athene Polias, the protector of the state; the other was the actual Erekhtheion, the shrine of Erekhtheus; and the third was the sanctuary of Pandroseion, daughter of Kekrops.


Question: Was the Lower Town of Mantineia surrounded by a wall?

Ancient Athens

Between the Parthenon and Erektheion was the colossal statue of Athene Promakhos, whose helmet and spear were the first to be seen out to sea from the Acropolis.


Question: Was the Lower Town of Mantineia surrounded by a wall?

Ancient Athens

Lower Town Lower Town had been built low around the Acropolis, but also in its territory there were several hills, especially in the western part.


Question: Was the Lower Town of Mantineia surrounded by a wall?

Ancient Athens

On the west side, the city walls traversed the slopes of Nymphs Hill and Pnyks, and on the southeast side they passed following the Ilissos River.


Question: Was the Lower Town of Mantineia surrounded by a wall?

Ancient Athens

The Agora and its surroundings The Athenian Agora is the most famous example of an ancient agora, that is, a gathering and marketplace.


Question: Was the Lower Town of Mantineia surrounded by a wall?

Ancient Athens

The agora was located northwest of the Acropolis and north of Areiopag Hill.


Question: Was the Lower Town of Mantineia surrounded by a wall?

Ancient Athens

It was surrounded by many notable public buildings: the Buleuterion, or council building, on the western edge of the Agora.


Question: Was the Lower Town of Mantineia surrounded by a wall?

Ancient Athens

Tholos, a circular building near Buleuterion.


Question: Was the Lower Town of Mantineia surrounded by a wall?

Ancient Athens

Kimonin circa the year 470 BC.


Question: Was the Lower Town of Mantineia surrounded by a wall?

Ancient Athens

the building built served as one of the gathering places for the Prytans, that is, the leading officials of the city.


Question: Was the Lower Town of Mantineia surrounded by a wall?

Ancient Athens

Stoat lived covered columned halls, which were convenient lounges during the hottest time of the day.


Question: Was the Lower Town of Mantineia surrounded by a wall?

Ancient Athens

Athens had several columned halls.


Question: Was the Lower Town of Mantineia surrounded by a wall?

Ancient Athens

The most notable were the Royal stoa (Stoa Basileios), the seat of the king archon, on the western edge of the Agora; the stoa of Zeus, or the columnar hall of Zeus Eleutherios, likewise on the western edge of the Agora; and the Stoa Poikile, or Variegated Column Hall, decorated with paintings, on the northern edge of the Agora.


Question: Was the Lower Town of Mantineia surrounded by a wall?

Ancient Athens

In the Hellenistic period, the stoa of Attalos was built, among other things, on the eastern edge of the Agora.


Question: Was the Lower Town of Mantineia surrounded by a wall?

Ancient Athens

Today there is a new building from a stoa on the site.


Question: Was the Lower Town of Mantineia surrounded by a wall?

Ancient Athens

The temples: the Temple of Hephaestus, the Temple of Zeus Fratrios and Athene Fratria, the Temple of Patroos of Apollo and the Temple of the Mother of the Gods were located on the western edge of the Agora.


Question: Was the Lower Town of Mantineia surrounded by a wall?

Ancient Athens

In the Roman period, among other things, the temple of Aree was transferred to the Agora.


Question: Was the Lower Town of Mantineia surrounded by a wall?

Ancient Athens

Other public buildings in Prytaneion.


Question: Was the Lower Town of Mantineia surrounded by a wall?

Ancient Athens

The actual gathering place of the Prytaneion, or Prytans, of Athens was possibly located east of the Acropolis.


Question: Was the Lower Town of Mantineia surrounded by a wall?

Ancient Athens

Temples.


Question: Was the Lower Town of Mantineia surrounded by a wall?

Ancient Athens

Of the temples outside the Acropolis, the most notable was the Temple of Zeus at Olympus, or Olympieion, which was located southeast of the Acropolis near the Ilissos River and the source of the Kallirrhoe.


Question: Was the Lower Town of Mantineia surrounded by a wall?

Ancient Athens

The temple was for a long time unfinished and was completed during Hadrian's time.


Question: Was the Lower Town of Mantineia surrounded by a wall?

Ancient Athens

In addition, there were numerous other temples throughout the city.


Question: Was the Lower Town of Mantineia surrounded by a wall?

Ancient Athens

Theatres.


Question: Was the Lower Town of Mantineia surrounded by a wall?

Ancient Athens

The Theatre of Dionysus, a large state theatre, was located on the southeastern slope of the Acropolis.


Question: Was the Lower Town of Mantineia surrounded by a wall?

Ancient Athens

There were several Odeions, or theatres intended for music competitions.


Question: Was the Lower Town of Mantineia surrounded by a wall?

Ancient Athens

One was the Odeion of Periclee built by Periclee near the theatre of Dionysios; the other was located near the source of the Kallirrhoe.


Question: Was the Lower Town of Mantineia surrounded by a wall?

Ancient Athens

To modern times, an odeion of Herod Atticus, built during the Roman period, has been preserved.


Question: Was the Lower Town of Mantineia surrounded by a wall?

Ancient Athens

Stadiums.


Question: Was the Lower Town of Mantineia surrounded by a wall?

Ancient Athens

The largest stadium was the Panathenian Stadium south of the Ilissos River in the Agrai district.


Question: Was the Lower Town of Mantineia surrounded by a wall?

Ancient Athens

It was there that the sports competitions of the Panathenaia celebration were held.


Question: Was the Lower Town of Mantineia surrounded by a wall?

Ancient Athens

Boroughs Inner Kerameikos, “Potters' Quarter”, west of the city, extending north as far as Dipylon Gate.


Question: Was the Lower Town of Mantineia surrounded by a wall?

Ancient Athens

On the other side of the gate was the outer Kerameikos, which was located outside the city wall.


Question: Was the Lower Town of Mantineia surrounded by a wall?

Ancient Athens

The Agora was located in the Kerameikos district.


Question: Was the Lower Town of Mantineia surrounded by a wall?

Ancient Athens

Melite, west of town, south of inner Kerameikos.


Question: Was the Lower Town of Mantineia surrounded by a wall?

Ancient Athens

Skambonidai, in the north of the city, east of the inner Kerameikos.


Question: Was the Lower Town of Mantineia surrounded by a wall?

Ancient Athens

Kollytos, in the south of the city, south and southwest of the Acropolis.


Question: Was the Lower Town of Mantineia surrounded by a wall?

Ancient Athens

Koile, southwest of town.


Question: Was the Lower Town of Mantineia surrounded by a wall?

Ancient Athens

Limnai, east of Melite and Kollytos, between the Acropolis and the Ilissos River.


Question: Was the Lower Town of Mantineia surrounded by a wall?

Ancient Athens

Diomeia, in the east of the city, near the gate of the same name and Kynosarge.


Question: Was the Lower Town of Mantineia surrounded by a wall?

Ancient Athens

Agrai, south of Diomeia.


Question: Was the Lower Town of Mantineia surrounded by a wall?

Ancient Athens

Hills Areiopagi (Áreios págos, “Aree hill”), west of the Acropolis.


Question: Was the Lower Town of Mantineia surrounded by a wall?

Ancient Athens

The hill gave its name to the court, which held its meetings there.


Question: Was the Lower Town of Mantineia surrounded by a wall?

Ancient Athens

Hill of the Nymphs (Lofos Nymphon), southwest of Areiopag.


Question: Was the Lower Town of Mantineia surrounded by a wall?

Ancient Athens

Pnyks, a half-arc-shaped hill southwest of Areiopag.


Question: Was the Lower Town of Mantineia surrounded by a wall?

Ancient Athens

The ecklesia, or People's Assembly, met in its early stages before meetings began to be held at the theatre of Dionysus.


Question: Was the Lower Town of Mantineia surrounded by a wall?

Ancient Athens

The hill of the Muses (Museion, present-day Filopáppou Hill), south of Pnyks and Areiopag.


Question: Was the Lower Town of Mantineia surrounded by a wall?

Ancient Athens

Kolonos, or Kolonos Agoraios, is a hill west of the Agora.


Question: Was the Lower Town of Mantineia surrounded by a wall?

Ancient Athens

Ardettos, a hill south of the Ilissos River.


Question: Was the Lower Town of Mantineia surrounded by a wall?

Ancient Athens

The Wall and Gates The Athenian City Wall, or the so-called Themistoklee Wall, surrounds the entire city.


Question: Was the Lower Town of Mantineia surrounded by a wall?

Ancient Athens

The wall had 15 gates.


Question: Was the Lower Town of Mantineia surrounded by a wall?

Ancient Athens

[7] The most important of these were: On the west side: the Melitides Gate, which was located between Pnyks and the hill of the Nymphs and led to the demos of Melite.


Question: Was the Lower Town of Mantineia surrounded by a wall?

Ancient Athens

Piraeus Gate, which led to the road to Piraeus which ran parallel to the long walls.


Question: Was the Lower Town of Mantineia surrounded by a wall?

Ancient Athens

Hiera Pyle, or “Holy Gate”, from which began the Holy Way towards Eleus.


Question: Was the Lower Town of Mantineia surrounded by a wall?

Ancient Athens

The Dipylon Gate, led from the inner Kerameikos to the outer Kerameikos and the Academy.


Question: Was the Lower Town of Mantineia surrounded by a wall?

Ancient Athens

On the north side: the Akharnikai Gate, which led to the demos of Akharnai.


Question: Was the Lower Town of Mantineia surrounded by a wall?

Ancient Athens

On the east side: the Diokhares Gate, which led to Lykeion and Mesogaia.


Question: Was the Lower Town of Mantineia surrounded by a wall?

Ancient Athens

The Hippades Gate, or “Horsemen's Gate” north of Olympieion, from where the road to Agrylee began.


Question: Was the Lower Town of Mantineia surrounded by a wall?

Ancient Athens

The Diomeiai gate, which led to the demos of Kynosargee and Diomeia.


Question: Was the Lower Town of Mantineia surrounded by a wall?

Ancient Athens

On the south side: the Itoniai Gate south of Olympieion, from where the road to Isthmonikos left.


Question: Was the Lower Town of Mantineia surrounded by a wall?

Ancient Athens

The Halade Gate, or “Gate of the Sea”, from which the road to Faleron departed.


Question: Was the Lower Town of Mantineia surrounded by a wall?

Ancient Athens

Streets to Athens' most notable streets and roads included: Tripod Street, which ran to the Acropolis on the east side.


Question: Was the Lower Town of Mantineia surrounded by a wall?

Ancient Athens

The road of the Panathenaia feast, which led from the Dipylon Gate through the Agora to the Acropolis.


Question: Was the Lower Town of Mantineia surrounded by a wall?

Ancient Athens

The processions of the Panathenaia feast passed along the road.


Question: Was the Lower Town of Mantineia surrounded by a wall?

Ancient Athens

The Piraeus road that led from the Piraeus Gate to the Agora.


Question: Was the Lower Town of Mantineia surrounded by a wall?

Ancient Athens

The holy road (Hiera hodos), which led from the Holy Gate towards Eleus.


Question: Was the Lower Town of Mantineia surrounded by a wall?

Ancient Athens

Along the road passed processions of mysteries to Eleus.


Question: Was the Lower Town of Mantineia surrounded by a wall?

Ancient Athens

Out-of-town sites outside the City Wall were located: Outer Kerameikos, northwest of the city.


Question: Was the Lower Town of Mantineia surrounded by a wall?

Ancient Athens

A cemetery was located in the area where Athenians who fell in the war were buried.


Question: Was the Lower Town of Mantineia surrounded by a wall?

Ancient Athens

The Academy (Akademeia), the grove where Plato taught, was located farther away in the same direction as the outer Kerameikos.


Question: Was the Lower Town of Mantineia surrounded by a wall?

Ancient Athens

Kynosarges, a gymnasion dedicated to Heraklee on the southeast side of the city, in the direction of the Diomeia Gate and across the Ilissos River.


Question: Was the Lower Town of Mantineia surrounded by a wall?

Ancient Athens

The place where the cynic Antisthenes taught.


Question: Was the Lower Town of Mantineia surrounded by a wall?

Ancient Athens

Lykeion, a gymnasion dedicated to Apollo Lykeios on the east side of the city.


Question: Was the Lower Town of Mantineia surrounded by a wall?

Ancient Athens

The place where Aristotle taught.


Question: Was the Lower Town of Mantineia surrounded by a wall?

Ancient Athens

Long Walls The Long Walls consisted of two walls leading to Piraeus.


Question: Was the Lower Town of Mantineia surrounded by a wall?

Ancient Athens

They were 40 stadiums, or 7 kilometres long, and ran parallel to each other so that there was a narrow access road between them.


Question: Was the Lower Town of Mantineia surrounded by a wall?

Ancient Athens

In addition, the walls included a third wall leading to Faleron, which was 35 stadia, or 6.5 kilometres long.


Question: Was the Lower Town of Mantineia surrounded by a wall?

Ancient Athens

Thus there were three walls in total, but the designation “Long Walls” is shown to have been used mostly for the walls leading to Piraeus, while the wall that led to Faleron was called the Faleron Wall.


Question: Was the Lower Town of Mantineia surrounded by a wall?

Ancient Athens

The common length of the city walls was 174.5 stadiums, or about 35 kilometres.


Question: Was the Lower Town of Mantineia surrounded by a wall?

Ancient Athens

Of this, 43 stadiums, or nine kilometres, belonged to the walls of the city proper, 75 stadiums in the long walls and 56.5 stadiums in the walls of Piraeus, Munikhia and Faleron.


Question: Was the Lower Town of Mantineia surrounded by a wall?

Ancient Athens

The population At the start of the Peloponnesian War the city numbered over 10000 houses, [8] which would mean a total population of about 120,000 if a family commune of about 12 people lived in one house.


Question: Was the Lower Town of Mantineia surrounded by a wall?

Ancient Athens

Some sources suggest that there may have been as many as 180,000 inhabitants.


Question: Was the Lower Town of Mantineia surrounded by a wall?

Ancient Athens

Of these, there were perhaps about 70,000 citizens.


Question: Was the Lower Town of Mantineia surrounded by a wall?

Ancient Athens

In addition to citizens, there were Metoiks and slaves living in Athens and Attica.


Question: Was the Lower Town of Mantineia surrounded by a wall?

Ancient Athens

The Metoiks were either free-born non-Greeks or Greeks without civil rights.


Question: Was the Lower Town of Mantineia surrounded by a wall?

Ancient Athens

Guests were required to register as Metoiks or else they became slaves.


Question: Was the Lower Town of Mantineia surrounded by a wall?

Ancient Athens

Metoiks were taxed more strictly than citizens.


Question: Was the Lower Town of Mantineia surrounded by a wall?

Ancient Athens

They were not allowed to own land and they were often engaged in commercial occupations.


Question: Was the Lower Town of Mantineia surrounded by a wall?

Ancient Athens

[9] Greek slaves were theoretically the property of their lord, but in practice they enjoyed the protection of laws.


Question: Was the Lower Town of Mantineia surrounded by a wall?

Ancient Athens

They were not different from free citizens and they did partially the same sheet work as the free ones.


Question: Was the Lower Town of Mantineia surrounded by a wall?

Ancient Athens

There were also state slaves, who existed as clerks, secretaries, prison guards, and police officers.


Question: Was the Lower Town of Mantineia surrounded by a wall?

Ancient Athens

Worst of all were slaves working in mines where mortality was so high that there was no longer a few months to live.


Question: Was the Lower Town of Mantineia surrounded by a wall?

Ancient Athens

Child labour was extensively used in the mines.


Question: Was the Lower Town of Mantineia surrounded by a wall?

Ancient Athens

[9] Infant mortality was also huge among citizens, probably about 70% of children died before their one-year anniversary.


Question: Was the Lower Town of Mantineia surrounded by a wall?

Ancient Athens

The Kolonos of Athens from Agoraios has recently been found dating back to 350 BCE.


Question: Was the Lower Town of Mantineia surrounded by a wall?

Ancient Athens

a well containing the bodies of 175 toddlers and 75 dogs, as well as an ivory knife handle.


Question: Was the Lower Town of Mantineia surrounded by a wall?

Ancient Athens

It has been suspected that the children would have been sacrificed to the goddess Aphrodide Urania, or that they were victims of some epidemic.


Question: Was the Lower Town of Mantineia surrounded by a wall?

Ancient Athens

[9] Culture The period between the end of the Persian wars and the Macedonian conquest was the heyday of Athens in both literature, philosophy (see: Greek philosophy) and the arts (see: Greek theatre).


Question: Was the Lower Town of Mantineia surrounded by a wall?

Ancient Athens

Some of the most prominent figures in Western culture lived in Athens during that period: playwrights Aeskhylos, Aristofanes, Euripides and Sophocles, philosophers Socrates, Plato and Aristotle, historians Herodotus, Thukydides and Xenofon, poet Simonides and sculptor Feidias.


Question: Was the Lower Town of Mantineia surrounded by a wall?

Ancient Athens

The leading statesman of the time was Pericles, who utilized the funds of the Delos Maritime Union in the construction of the Parthenon and many other monuments in the city.


Question: Was the Lower Town of Mantineia surrounded by a wall?

Ancient Athens

The city became, in Pericle's words, the whole “Hella civilization center”.


Question: Was the Lower Town of Mantineia surrounded by a wall?

Ancient Athens

[10] See also Attica Delos maritime union List of Athenian archons List of Athenian kings Sources Literature Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Castrén, SpongeBob (ed.


Question: Was the Lower Town of Mantineia surrounded by a wall?

Ancient Athens

) | title = Post-Herulian Athens| location = Helsinki| publisher = Foundation of the Finnish Athens Institute| year = 1994| version = Papers and Monographs of the Finnish Institute of Athens, vol.


Question: Was the Lower Town of Mantineia surrounded by a wall?

Ancient Athens

1| id = ISBN 951-95295-2-7}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Frösén, Jaakko (ed.


Question: Was the Lower Town of Mantineia surrounded by a wall?

Ancient Athens

) | title = Early Hellenistic Athens.


Question: Was the Lower Town of Mantineia surrounded by a wall?

Ancient Athens

Symptoms of a Change| location = Helsinki| publisher = Foundation of the Finnish Athens Institute | year = 1997| version = Papers and Monographs of the Finnish Institute of Athens, vol.


Question: Was the Lower Town of Mantineia surrounded by a wall?

Ancient Athens

6| id = ISBN 951-95295-7-8}} *


Question: Where does a water-nosed animal excrete poison?

Aquatic seaphora

The aquatic pigtail (Ornithorhynchus anatinus) is a small species of mammal found in south-eastern Australia and Tasmania.


Question: Where does a water-nosed animal excrete poison?

Aquatic seaphora

[1] Along with the four species of beaked hedgehogs, the aquatic pigtail is one of five species of beaked mammals that do not give birth to live chicks but lay eggs.


Question: Where does a water-nosed animal excrete poison?

Aquatic seaphora

Like other beaked animals, the aquatic pigtail also has an electric sense.


Question: Where does a water-nosed animal excrete poison?

Aquatic seaphora

Described as duck-beaked and beaver-tailed in appearance [2] [3], the mammal has puzzled European zoologists, many of whom at first encounter thought it was a well-planned hoax.


Question: Where does a water-nosed animal excrete poison?

Aquatic seaphora

It is one of the few venomous mammals: the aquatic pigtail male has a spur on its hind leg which spreads a poison that causes severe pain to humans.


Question: Where does a water-nosed animal excrete poison?

Aquatic seaphora

Due to its unique characteristics, the aquatic pigtail is an important site of research in evolutionary biology and an easily recognisable symbol of Australia.


Question: Where does a water-nosed animal excrete poison?

Aquatic seaphora

It has been used as the mascot for several national events and is depicted on the reverse of the Australian 20 cent coin.


Question: Where does a water-nosed animal excrete poison?

Aquatic seaphora

The aquatic pigtail was hunted for its fur right up until the early 20th century, but now the species is protected throughout its range of occurrence.


Question: Where does a water-nosed animal excrete poison?

Aquatic seaphora

Although reproductive projects in captivity have yielded only limited results and the aquatic pigtail is vulnerable to sanctions from contamination, the species is not in immediate danger.


Question: Where does a water-nosed animal excrete poison?

Aquatic seaphora

However, global warming may threaten its habitat in the future.


Question: Where does a water-nosed animal excrete poison?

Aquatic seaphora

[4] Discovery and name of the species When Europeans first discovered the aquatic pigtail animal in 1798, John Hunter, the second Governor of New South Wales, sent its fur coat and drawing of the animal to England.


Question: Where does a water-nosed animal excrete poison?

Aquatic seaphora

[5] British scientists were first certain that it was a hoax.


Question: Where does a water-nosed animal excrete poison?

Aquatic seaphora

[6] George Shaw, the author of the first description of the animal for the Naturalist's Miscellany of 1799, stated that doubts about its authenticity are bound to be expressed.


Question: Where does a water-nosed animal excrete poison?

Aquatic seaphora

Robert Knox speculated the water-nosed animal was the creation of some Asian taxidermist.


Question: Where does a water-nosed animal excrete poison?

Aquatic seaphora

[7] Scientists believed that someone had sewn a duck's beak into the body of an animal resembling a beaver.


Question: Where does a water-nosed animal excrete poison?

Aquatic seaphora

Shaw even searched dried leather for stitches with scissors.


Question: Where does a water-nosed animal excrete poison?

Aquatic seaphora

[6] Shaw gave the found animal the name Platypus anatinus.


Question: Where does a water-nosed animal excrete poison?

Aquatic seaphora

Platypus is Latin, but is derived from the Greek words πλατύς (platys, ″flat, broad”) [8] and πους (pous, ″foot”).


Question: Where does a water-nosed animal excrete poison?

Aquatic seaphora

[9] Under Linné's classification system, he made Platypus the name of the tribe, but the name was later changed when it was discovered to be already in use as the name of a tribe of beetles.


Question: Where does a water-nosed animal excrete poison?

Aquatic seaphora

However, it remained the English name of the animal.


Question: Where does a water-nosed animal excrete poison?

Aquatic seaphora

[10] Johann Blumenbach used the name Ornithorhynchus paradoxus in his work published in 1800.


Question: Where does a water-nosed animal excrete poison?

Aquatic seaphora

[11] Subsequently, however, Ornithorhynchus anatinus was adopted as the official name of the species.


Question: Where does a water-nosed animal excrete poison?

Waterpoophya

[10] Ornithorhynchus is derived from the Greek word ορνιθόρυγχος (ornithorhynkhos) meaning ″bird's beak', and the Latin word anatinus means ″duck-like”.


Question: Where does a water-nosed animal excrete poison?

Waterpoophya

Names used by indigenous aquatic pigtails include boondaburra, mallingong and tambreet.


Question: Where does a water-nosed animal excrete poison?

Waterpoophya

[12] Features Structure The body and broad, flat tail of the aquatic seagull are covered with bushy, brown fur.


Question: Where does a water-nosed animal excrete poison?

Waterpoophya

The fur is very dense, with 600—900 hairs per square millimeter.


Question: Where does a water-nosed animal excrete poison?

Waterpoophya

The dense fur, formed from two layers, traps an insulating layer of air that keeps the animal warm.


Question: Where does a water-nosed animal excrete poison?

Waterpoophya

[6] [10] The tail of the aquatic pigtail is its fat store, and the same adaptation is also found in sac wolverine [13] and fat-tailed sheep, among others.


Question: Where does a water-nosed animal excrete poison?

Waterpoophya

The aquatic pigtail has a large snout resembling a duck beak in appearance.


Question: Where does a water-nosed animal excrete poison?

Waterpoophya

Although commonly referred to as a beak, the snout is nevertheless not a corneum-covered protrusion as in birds, but a delicate leather-faced sensory organ.


Question: Where does a water-nosed animal excrete poison?

Waterpoophya

[14] The aquatic pigtail is one of many water-adapted flip-footed mammals.


Question: Where does a water-nosed animal excrete poison?

Waterpoophya

The flipper structure is more pronounced on the front legs, and the aquatic pigtail folds them to size while walking on land.


Question: Where does a water-nosed animal excrete poison?

Waterpoophya

[10] The nostrils are located on the upper surface of the snout and the eyes and ears in the recess behind the snout, which is closed when swimming.


Question: Where does a water-nosed animal excrete poison?

Waterpoophya

[10] When disturbed, aquatic pigs have been heard growling silently.


Question: Where does a water-nosed animal excrete poison?

Waterpoophya

Several other vocalizations have been recorded down from individuals living in captivity.


Question: Where does a water-nosed animal excrete poison?

Waterpoophya

[15] Placental mammals (Eutheria) have a normal body temperature of 38°C, but the average body temperature of the aquatic pigtail animal is 31-32°C.


Question: Where does a water-nosed animal excrete poison?

Waterpoophya

[16] Research suggests that this is not a general feature of beaked animals, but is the result of the gradual adaptation of a small group of beaked animals to difficult environmental conditions.


Question: Where does a water-nosed animal excrete poison?

Waterpoophya

[17] [18] The metabolism and respiration of the aquatic seagull animal are slower than that of placental mammals of the same weight.


Question: Where does a water-nosed animal excrete poison?

Waterpoophya

[19] The weight of the aquatic pigtail animal varies considerably, from 0.7 to 2.4 kg, and males are clearly bigger than females.


Question: Where does a water-nosed animal excrete poison?

Waterpoophya

The average length of males is 50 cm, females 43 cm.


Question: Where does a water-nosed animal excrete poison?

Waterpoophya

[10] The size of individuals living in different regions varies, but the differences do not appear to follow climatic variation.


Question: Where does a water-nosed animal excrete poison?

Waterpoophya

Environmental factors such as predators and the influence of human activities have been speculated to be the cause of the differences.


Question: Where does a water-nosed animal excrete poison?

Waterpoophya

[20] Juvenile specimens of current aquatic pigs have three teeth in both the upper and lower jaws which they lose before or just after leaving the birth nest.


Question: Where does a water-nosed animal excrete poison?

Waterpoophya

[10] Adult individuals have heavily horned tissue in the holding of the teeth.


Question: Where does a water-nosed animal excrete poison?

Waterpoophya

The structure of the jaw of the aquatic pigtail differs from that of other mammals: the entire length of the mandibular bone runs an overgrown corridor containing the mandibular artery and trigeminal nerve, and there is a glandular hernia in the middle of the jaw.


Question: Where does a water-nosed animal excrete poison?

Waterpoophya

[19] The muscle that opens the jaw is also different.


Question: Where does a water-nosed animal excrete poison?

Waterpoophya

As with all genuine mammals, even in aquatic pigtails, the small sound-conducting bones of the middle ear are attached to the skull rather than in the jaws, as in cynodonts and other synapsids that precede mammals.


Question: Where does a water-nosed animal excrete poison?

Waterpoophya

However, the external opening of the ear is located at the base of the jaw.


Question: Where does a water-nosed animal excrete poison?

Waterpoophya

The aquatic pigtail has extra bones around its shoulders, which are absent in other mammals, and its shoulder belt resembles that of reptiles.


Question: Where does a water-nosed animal excrete poison?

Waterpoophya

Its walking style is reptile-like, meaning the legs are on the side of its body as it walks, rather than underneath.


Question: Where does a water-nosed animal excrete poison?

Waterpoophya

[10] The testes of aquatic pigs are located on the inside of the body close to the kidneys: therefore at no time do they descend outside the body.


Question: Where does a water-nosed animal excrete poison?

Waterpoophya

[21] Similar to birds and reptiles, the aquatic pigtail has a common intestine.


Question: Where does a water-nosed animal excrete poison?

Waterpoophya

[22] Venom Aquatic pigtail males have spurs on their ankles which produce a venom strain characteristic of the species.


Question: Where does a water-nosed animal excrete poison?

Waterpoophya

It contains at least 19 different ingredients and consists mostly of defensin-like peptides (DLPs), C-type natriuretic peptides (CNPs), and nerve growth factors (NGF).


Question: Where does a water-nosed animal excrete poison?

Waterpoophya

The venom of the aquatic pigtail animal has evolved independently separately from the development of the venom in reptiles.


Question: Where does a water-nosed animal excrete poison?

Waterpoophya

[23] The poison is not excreted throughout the year, but only during the mating time of aquatic pigs.


Question: Where does a water-nosed animal excrete poison?

Waterpoophya

[24] The venom producing glands have evolved from sweat glands and are located between the knee and the foot of the male's hind limbs.


Question: Where does a water-nosed animal excrete poison?

Waterpoophya

[10] [24] Kidney-shaped glands join on both hind legs by thin-walled tubules to the calcaneus spur.


Question: Where does a water-nosed animal excrete poison?

Waterpoophya

Female aquatic pigtails have undeveloped spur buds, similar to beaked hedgehogs, which disappear before the end of the first year of life.


Question: Where does a water-nosed animal excrete poison?

Waterpoophya

Females do not have functioning venom glands.


Question: Where does a water-nosed animal excrete poison?

Waterpoophya

[10] The poison is lethal to smaller animals, [25] but its potency is insufficient to kill humans.


Question: Where does a water-nosed animal excrete poison?

Waterpoophya

However, the pain caused by the poison is so painful that the victim may become paralysed and ordinary painkillers are not enough.


Question: Where does a water-nosed animal excrete poison?

Waterpoophya

[24] The area around the wound swells rapidly, and the swelling gradually spreads to the entire limb.


Question: Where does a water-nosed animal excrete poison?

Waterpoophya

Based on case studies, it has been noticed that pain develops into long-lasting hyperalgesia, which can persist for days or even months.


Question: Where does a water-nosed animal excrete poison?

Waterpoophya

[26] Electrosense Beaked animals are the only mammals known to possess an electric sense besides the beaked hedgehog.


Question: Where does a water-nosed animal excrete poison?

Waterpoophya

They locate their prey by observing electric fields produced by muscle contractions.


Question: Where does a water-nosed animal excrete poison?

Waterpoophya

The electric sense of the aquatic pigtail animal is the most developed of all beaked animals.


Question: Where does a water-nosed animal excrete poison?

Waterpoophya

[27] Electroreceptors are located on the skin of the beak in rows directed from snout to tail, while contact-sensing mechanoreceptors spread evenly throughout the beak area.


Question: Where does a water-nosed animal excrete poison?

Waterpoophya

In total, approximately 60000 mechanoreceptors and 40000 electroreceptors are located in the beak.


Question: Where does a water-nosed animal excrete poison?

Waterpoophya

[19] The area responsible for the electrical sense of the cortex is located in its tactile area, and some cortical cells receive input from both electroreceptors and mechanoreceptors, suggesting a close connection between electrical and tactile senses.


Question: Where does a water-nosed animal excrete poison?

Waterpoophya

Both the electric and mechanoreceptors in the beak control the body-partial order of the cortex of the aquatic pigtail animal, in the same way that human hands dominate Wilder Penfield's homunculus.


Question: Where does a water-nosed animal excrete poison?

Waterpoophya

[28] [29] The aquatic seagot is capable — possibly by comparing differences in signal strength with its electrical receptors — to infer the direction of the source of electricity.


Question: Where does a water-nosed animal excrete poison?

Waterpoophya

This is the reason for the animal's typical side-to-side movement of the head when it preys.


Question: Where does a water-nosed animal excrete poison?

Waterpoophya

The interconnection of electric sense and tactile input suggests that the animal is able to estimate its distance as prey moves.


Question: Where does a water-nosed animal excrete poison?

Waterpoophya

This would be done through the difference in arrival times of electrical signals emitted from prey and mechanical oscillations.


Question: Where does a water-nosed animal excrete poison?

Waterpoophya

[27] [28] The aquatic seagot obtains nutrition by digging up the river bed with its beak.


Question: Where does a water-nosed animal excrete poison?

Waterpoophya

Electroreceptors it may also use in this situation to distinguish between living and inanimate objects when mechanoreceptors receive stimuli constantly.


Question: Where does a water-nosed animal excrete poison?

Waterpoophya

[27] When prey is disturbed, its muscles produce a small number of electrical currents when contracted, which are sensed by the aquatic pigtail.


Question: Where does a water-nosed animal excrete poison?

Waterpoophya

Research suggests the aquatic pigtail will even respond to an “artificial shrimp” if a small amount of electrical current is passed through it.


Question: Where does a water-nosed animal excrete poison?

Waterpoophya

[30] Distribution and lifestyles The aquatic seagull is a semiaquatic species, meaning it lives mainly on land but spends much of its life cycle in water.


Question: Where does a water-nosed animal excrete poison?

Waterpoophya

The aquatic pigtail inhabit small rivers and streams over a large area from the cold highlands of Tasmania and the Australian Alps all the way to the tropical rainforests of the Queensland coast and as far north as the foothills of the Cape York Peninsula.


Question: Where does a water-nosed animal excrete poison?

Waterpoophya

[31] There is no precise information on its inland distribution: it has completely disappeared from South Australia except Kangaroo Island, [32] where it has been reintroduced, [33] [34] and is no longer found in the main part of the Murray-Darling River basin — possibly due to comprehensive land clearing and due to degradation of water quality caused by irrigation systems.


Question: Where does a water-nosed animal excrete poison?

Waterpoophya

[35] Captive aquatic pigtails have reached the age of 17 years, and individuals aged 11 years of age have been encountered in freedom.


Question: Where does a water-nosed animal excrete poison?

Waterpoophya

The mortality rate for adult individuals living in freedom is probably small.


Question: Where does a water-nosed animal excrete poison?

Waterpoophya

[10] Its natural predators include snakes, water rats, reserans and eagles.


Question: Where does a water-nosed animal excrete poison?

Waterpoophya

The small size of the water pigtail population in northern Australia may be due to predation on them by crocodiles.


Question: Where does a water-nosed animal excrete poison?

Waterpoophya

[36] The introduction of foxes to contain the hare population may have had some effect on the mainland's aquatic pigtail population.


Question: Where does a water-nosed animal excrete poison?

Waterpoophya

[20] The aquatic pigtail is mainly considered a night and dusk animal, but some specimens may also be active during the daytime, especially when the sky is clouded.


Question: Where does a water-nosed animal excrete poison?

Waterpoophya

[37] [38] Its habitat consists of rivers and riparian areas with both its prey animals as a food source and a riparian enclosure in which it can dig resting and nesting burrows.


Question: Where does a water-nosed animal excrete poison?

Waterpoophya

[38] It can have a radius of seven kilometers.


Question: Where does a water-nosed animal excrete poison?

Waterpoophya

and the male's territory extends to the territory of 3—4 females.


Question: Where does a water-nosed animal excrete poison?

Waterpoophya

[39] The aquatic pigtail is an excellent swimmer, and it spends long periods in the water looking for something to eat.


Question: Where does a water-nosed animal excrete poison?

Waterpoophya

What distinguishes a swimming aquatic soak animal from other Australian mammals is that the aquatic pigtail animal has no visible ears.


Question: Where does a water-nosed animal excrete poison?

Waterpoophya

[40] Atypically for mammals, the aquatic pigtail pushes itself when swimming by an alternating rowing motion of its front legs.


Question: Where does a water-nosed animal excrete poison?

Waterpoophya

Although all legs of the aquatic pigtail animal have flippers, it does not use hind legs in thrust motion, but holds them against the body and uses them and the tail for steering.


Question: Where does a water-nosed animal excrete poison?

Waterpoophya

[41] The aquatic seagoing animal is level-tempered and maintains a body temperature lower than most mammals at 32°C, even when preying hourly in water with temperatures below 5°C.


Question: Where does a water-nosed animal excrete poison?

Waterpoophya

[10] Dives usually last half a minute, sometimes longer.


Question: Where does a water-nosed animal excrete poison?

Waterpoophya

Rarely, however, do they exceed the estimated limit of 40 seconds between a dive using oxygen and a dive without oxygen.


Question: Where does a water-nosed animal excrete poison?

Waterpoophya

Between dives, the recovery time spent at the surface is usually 10—20 seconds.


Question: Where does a water-nosed animal excrete poison?

Waterpoophya

[42] [43] The aquatic seagot is carnivorous: its nutrition includes articulated worms and larvae, freshwater prawns and crayfish, which it digs out of the riverbed with its beak and catches when swimming.


Question: Where does a water-nosed animal excrete poison?

Waterpoophya

It carries its prey in cheek pouches to the surface for eating.


Question: Where does a water-nosed animal excrete poison?

Waterpoophya

[40] The aquatic gobler must eat 20% of its own body weight daily.


Question: Where does a water-nosed animal excrete poison?

Waterpoophya

Therefore, it takes 12 hours a day to search for food.


Question: Where does a water-nosed animal excrete poison?

Waterpoophya

[42] When not in the water, it retreats into a resting hole located near the river collision just above the surface of the water.


Question: Where does a water-nosed animal excrete poison?

Waterpoophya

The rest burrow is short and straight, oval in cross-section and often hidden under the root lantern.


Question: Where does a water-nosed animal excrete poison?

Waterpoophya

[40] Reproduction When the aquatic pigtail was first discovered, scientists had two kinds of views on whether or not females of the species lay eggs.


Question: Where does a water-nosed animal excrete poison?

Waterpoophya

It was not until 1884 when William H. Caldwell was sent to Australia to conduct a comprehensive survey.


Question: Where does a water-nosed animal excrete poison?

Waterpoophya

Aided by a group of 150 Aborigines, Caldwell's managed to find some eggs.


Question: Where does a water-nosed animal excrete poison?

Waterpoophya

[10] [25] The species has one estrus period per year, which, depending on local variation, falls between June and October.


Question: Where does a water-nosed animal excrete poison?

Waterpoophya

[36] Observation history, identification marking and apprehension, and preliminary studies of strain genetics indicate that the population may consist of both permanent and temporary members, and suggest a polygynous mating system.


Question: Where does a water-nosed animal excrete poison?

Waterpoophya

[44] Females reach mating age in their second year of life and are known to have reproduced even more than nine years of age.


Question: Where does a water-nosed animal excrete poison?

Waterpoophya

[44] [10] Outside the estrus period, the aquatic pigtail lives in a simple ground hole with a mouth opening about 30 cm above the water level.


Question: Where does a water-nosed animal excrete poison?

Waterpoophya

After mating, the female builds a deeper, more detailed nest that might be 20 feet long and blocked with plugs placed along the way.


Question: Where does a water-nosed animal excrete poison?

Waterpoophya

The purpose of stoppers may be to protect the nest from rising water or predators, or they may act as regulators of humidity and temperature in the nest.


Question: Where does a water-nosed animal excrete poison?

Waterpoophya

[45] The male takes no part in brood breeding, but retreats back to his year-round nest.


Question: Where does a water-nosed animal excrete poison?

Waterpoophya

The female cushions the base of the nest with dead, folded, moist leaves and collects leaves and reeds that have fallen towards the end of the tunnel into badges.


Question: Where does a water-nosed animal excrete poison?

Waterpoophya

The female carries these supplies to her nest by tucking them under her twisted tail.


Question: Where does a water-nosed animal excrete poison?

Waterpoophya

[6] The aquatic female has a pair of ovaries, however, only one of which works.


Question: Where does a water-nosed animal excrete poison?

Waterpoophya

[37] It lays 1—3 (usually two) small, leathery, resembling reptile eggs and about 15—18 millimetre in length, which are slightly rounder than bird eggs in shape.


Question: Where does a water-nosed animal excrete poison?

Waterpoophya

[15] Eggs develop in the womb in about 28 days.


Question: Where does a water-nosed animal excrete poison?

Waterpoophya

After laying, the female curls up around the eggs and incubates them for 10 days, when, for example, the chicken has an egg in the body for only a day and 21 days to hatch.


Question: Where does a water-nosed animal excrete poison?

Waterpoophya

[37] The incubation period is divided into three parts.


Question: Where does a water-nosed animal excrete poison?

Waterpoophya

Initially, the embryo is dependent on the yellow-sac for food intake, since it does not yet have functioning organs.


Question: Where does a water-nosed animal excrete poison?

Waterpoophya

As it develops, the embryo wears off the sac.


Question: Where does a water-nosed animal excrete poison?

Waterpoophya

[46] During the second period, toes develop, and in the final period an egg tooth appears.


Question: Where does a water-nosed animal excrete poison?

Waterpoophya

[47] Newly hatched chicks are only 15 millimetres long, [24] vulnerable, blind and hairless, and derive their nourishment from the mother's milk.


Question: Where does a water-nosed animal excrete poison?

Waterpoophya

Although the aquatic plant has mammary glands, it does not have nis.


Question: Where does a water-nosed animal excrete poison?

Waterpoophya

Milk is excreted from the pores of the skin.


Question: Where does a water-nosed animal excrete poison?

Waterpoophya

The mother's abdomen has striations from which the chicks can jam the milk accumulated in them.


Question: Where does a water-nosed animal excrete poison?

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[6] [36] After hatching, the mother breastfeeds the chicks for 3—4 months.


Question: Where does a water-nosed animal excrete poison?

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During brooding and weaning, the mother initially leaves the nest only for very short periods to retrieve something to eat.


Question: Where does a water-nosed animal excrete poison?

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Upon leaving, it builds several plugs consisting of a thin layer of soil along the entire length of the nest, which may be intended to protect the chicks from predators.


Question: Where does a water-nosed animal excrete poison?

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As the mother pushes back into the nest, the stoppers dry the mother's fur, and thus the nest stays dry.


Question: Where does a water-nosed animal excrete poison?

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[48] After about five weeks, the mother begins to spend more time away from her chicks, and the chicks leave the nest after about four months.


Question: Where does a water-nosed animal excrete poison?

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[36] Fossils and evolution Fossils of aquatic pigtails, like other species of beaked animals, are rare, so the study of their evolutionary history has had to rely mainly on molecular evidence.


Question: Where does a water-nosed animal excrete poison?

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For this reason, among other things, the aquatic and other species of beaked animals are very poorly known.


Question: Where does a water-nosed animal excrete poison?

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William King Gregory put forward the 1947 theory that placental mammals and marsupials would have first separated and beaked animals would be the product of later marsupial branching.


Question: Where does a water-nosed animal excrete poison?

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However, more recent studies and fossil finds have suggested that assumption is wrong.


Question: Where does a water-nosed animal excrete poison?

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[49] [50] The current view holds that beaked animals are representatives of a branch differentiated early from the mammalian tree.


Question: Where does a water-nosed animal excrete poison?

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The consequence of subsequent branching is considered to be marsupials and placental mammals.


Question: Where does a water-nosed animal excrete poison?

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[51] [49] The aquatic pigtail therefore belongs to the earliest known mammalian branching.


Question: Where does a water-nosed animal excrete poison?

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Results from molecular clock studies have suggested that the division of beaked animals into more species would have occurred very rapidly in the Cenozoic World Period.


Question: Where does a water-nosed animal excrete poison?

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[19] The last known common ancestor of the aquatic pigtail animal and man dates back 166 million years.


Question: Where does a water-nosed animal excrete poison?

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[23] A fossil found in 2005 at Flat Rocks in Victoria has altered several older perceptions of the evolution of the aquatic pigtail animal.


Question: Where does a water-nosed animal excrete poison?

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The jawbone found dates from the Early Cretaceous, dominated by dinosaurs, and has been calculated to be between 121—112.5 million years old.


Question: Where does a water-nosed animal excrete poison?

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The fossil belongs to an ancient species of teinolophos beaked animal, which is considered to be the first aquatic species to exist.


Question: Where does a water-nosed animal excrete poison?

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So, on its basis, the aquatic pigtail is one of the oldest mammals in the world.


Question: Where does a water-nosed animal excrete poison?

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The discovery suggests that, contrary to what has previously been inferred from the molecular clock, branching of the order of beaked animals would have occurred significantly more slowly and aquatic pigs and beaked hedgehogs would have separated from each other as early as the Early Cretaceous.


Question: Where does a water-nosed animal excrete poison?

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[19] The second oldest relative of the aquatic soak animal is the obdurodon, whose fossils date back to the Late Oligocene period.


Question: Where does a water-nosed animal excrete poison?

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[19] The first fossils belonging to the current aquatic species date back about 100000 years.


Question: Where does a water-nosed animal excrete poison?

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[12] Genetic research Significance and objectives The divergence of the species evolution of the aquatic seagull from that of other mammals makes the aquatic pigtail an important link between mammals and birds and reptiles.


Question: Where does a water-nosed animal excrete poison?

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By comparing the genome of the aquatic pigtail animal with other genomes already elucidated, one can deduce which genes were inherited from early ancestors and which in turn evolved at a later stage.


Question: Where does a water-nosed animal excrete poison?

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By comparison, completely new genes can also be discovered.


Question: Where does a water-nosed animal excrete poison?

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By comparing the genomes of the aquatic pigtail animal and human, scientists believe they will gain better information on topics such as the evolution of the human immunity system, the evolution and purpose of sex chromosomes, and the inactivation of the X chromosome.