Question: Who won the Rumble in the Jungle title?

Rumble in the Jungle

[6] Ali had previously faced both Frazier and Norton in eventual struggles, and had also experienced the only defeats of his career against them.


Question: Who won the Rumble in the Jungle title?

Rumble in the Jungle

Having beaten both fighters by far, Foreman was considered a clear preseason favourite in his encounter against Ali.


Question: Who won the Rumble in the Jungle title?

Rumble in the Jungle

[3] Foreman was almost bankrupt, according to his lawyers, both by his divorce [4] and the departure of his former financiers.


Question: Who won the Rumble in the Jungle title?

Rumble in the Jungle

$250,000 was withheld from his reward for the Roman match, and his prize money from the Norton match Foreman used in full to pay off debts and live an expensive life.


Question: Who won the Rumble in the Jungle title?

Rumble in the Jungle

The goals of the match pair matched well, with George Foreman needing money and Muhammad Ali looking to win his second world title.


Question: Who won the Rumble in the Jungle title?

Rumble in the Jungle

[7] One of the reasons for the match was also Foreman's unfamiliarity as world champion and the encounter with Muhammad Ali, much played in the public eye, was known to bring the young champion not only money, but respect.


Question: Who won the Rumble in the Jungle title?

Rumble in the Jungle

[4] The bout was organised by Don King, a newly fledgling boxing promoter in his career, who had little previous experience hosting major fights.


Question: Who won the Rumble in the Jungle title?

Rumble in the Jungle

His only major match before the Rumble in the Jungle was setting up a match between Foreman and Ken Norton.


Question: Who won the Rumble in the Jungle title?

Rumble in the Jungle

Even at that time, enabling Ali and Foreman to encounter had been in his plans.


Question: Who won the Rumble in the Jungle title?

Rumble in the Jungle

[8] King promised both fighters a record $5 million (the largest single reward in sports history up to that point [4]) should they agree to the match.


Question: Who won the Rumble in the Jungle title?

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However, as King did not have that amount, he had to rely on an outside financier to guarantee the fighters' fees.


Question: Who won the Rumble in the Jungle title?

Rumble in the Jungle

Zaire president Mobutu Sese Seko agreed to guarantee funding for the match on condition that the struggle would be fought in his country.


Question: Who won the Rumble in the Jungle title?

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[3] The final contribution of the Zaire manager to organise the match was $11.4 million.


Question: Who won the Rumble in the Jungle title?

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[9] The expectations for the match's earnings were naturally high.


Question: Who won the Rumble in the Jungle title?

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Hundreds of millions of viewers from more than 75 countries were expected for the struggle via television, in addition to which prices for theatrical performances of the match had been adjusted for high.


Question: Who won the Rumble in the Jungle title?

Rumble in the Jungle

The reason for the high expectations of TV ratings was that many paying customers were not expected at the Stade du 20 mai stadium itself.


Question: Who won the Rumble in the Jungle title?

Rumble in the Jungle

The bout was believed to be the first modern boxing world title fight that all spectators could enter for free.


Question: Who won the Rumble in the Jungle title?

Rumble in the Jungle

[4] Time in Zaire, Foreman and Ali arrived in Zaire in the summer of 1974 to coach and get used to the tropical climate of Africa.


Question: Who won the Rumble in the Jungle title?

Rumble in the Jungle

Locals mistook Foreman for Caucasian before he arrived.


Question: Who won the Rumble in the Jungle title?

Rumble in the Jungle

[10] The bout was originally scheduled to take place as early as September, but had to be moved six weeks forward to October because Foreman sustained a wound in the corner of his eye while sparring in rehearsals.


Question: Who won the Rumble in the Jungle title?

Rumble in the Jungle

[3] The training partner had shielded elbow first at which point Foreman's head hit it.


Question: Who won the Rumble in the Jungle title?

Rumble in the Jungle

Five stitches were sewn into the corner of his right eye.


Question: Who won the Rumble in the Jungle title?

Rumble in the Jungle

[10] The transfer of the match did not hinder Foreman's training, but with the wound and the transfer of the match, he got himself more training time, which he had lacked in the past due to many pressures.


Question: Who won the Rumble in the Jungle title?

Rumble in the Jungle

[11] Yet the long stay in Zaire was not to mind Foreman, for he did not feel comfortable in a country where Ali seemed all along to be a bigger star than him and a favourite of its inhabitants.


Question: Who won the Rumble in the Jungle title?

Rumble in the Jungle

Foreman has said he was in Zaire against his will, like a political prisoner, and his lodging was also located at an old army base.


Question: Who won the Rumble in the Jungle title?

Rumble in the Jungle

[3] He also had his own German Shepherd with him, which the Zaireans did not like because the Belgian colonial pistons had had them as their pets during the colonial era.


Question: Who won the Rumble in the Jungle title?

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Ali, on the other hand, relished the situation, although the rejected idea quickly crossed his mind of inviting Joe Frazier to Zaire to fight in place of Foreman.


Question: Who won the Rumble in the Jungle title?

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[10] Muhammad Ali charmed the Zaireans, who quickly took him as their own.


Question: Who won the Rumble in the Jungle title?

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[3] [7] He was able to meet President Mobutu at the country's presidential palace.


Question: Who won the Rumble in the Jungle title?

Rumble in the Jungle

Ali was pleased by the invitation, for he had not received an invitation to the White House throughout his entire career.


Question: Who won the Rumble in the Jungle title?

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[3] Ali was particularly pleased by the fact that Zaire was ruled almost exclusively by a people consisting of black people.


Question: Who won the Rumble in the Jungle title?

Rumble in the Jungle

[3] The match also received plenty of attention when, during June, Ali was lured into Foreman's public skins where the strugglers ended up ripping each other's clothes.


Question: Who won the Rumble in the Jungle title?

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Foreman later said he regretted having come to grips with Ali and losing his temper.


Question: Who won the Rumble in the Jungle title?

Rumble in the Jungle

[4] Boxing experts believed Ali's chances of a championship would be non-existent unless he kept constantly moving and avoided being put on the ropes.


Question: Who won the Rumble in the Jungle title?

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[2] In pre-match press conferences, Ali too spoke liberally about the importance of footwork and winning by “dancing”.


Question: Who won the Rumble in the Jungle title?

Rumble in the Jungle

[12] However, already in the United States during his training camp at Deer Lake, Ali had jokingly presented to his coaches the idea that Foreman (who had taken full rounds last four years earlier, even then ten-round [11]) could be defeated by tiring.


Question: Who won the Rumble in the Jungle title?

Rumble in the Jungle

The use of this idea was further strengthened when Ali went secretly following the champion's drills, where he saw Foreman attack directly through the perimeter to attack his training opponents.


Question: Who won the Rumble in the Jungle title?

Rumble in the Jungle

Ali realised he would have to devote all his energy to running away from an opponent unless he came up with something entirely different.


Question: Who won the Rumble in the Jungle title?

Rumble in the Jungle

[12] Throughout the summer spent in Zaire, Ali focused specifically on developing his abs in training to withstand Foreman's powerful body blows.


Question: Who won the Rumble in the Jungle title?

Rumble in the Jungle

[9] The match started at 4 am in the morning Zaire time.


Question: Who won the Rumble in the Jungle title?

Rumble in the Jungle

The early start time had been given particular thought to US airtime.


Question: Who won the Rumble in the Jungle title?

Rumble in the Jungle

On the ground, at Kinshasa's Stade du 20 mai stadium, 60000 people watched the match.


Question: Who won the Rumble in the Jungle title?

Rumble in the Jungle

[9] Although Foreman was the match-winning favourite with a ratio of 3—1, [2] [9] [12] it was believed Ali would provide him with the toughest resistance in years.


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Rumble in the Jungle

[4] The challenger arrived at the scene a few minutes before Foreman and warmed up by moving around the ring.


Question: Who won the Rumble in the Jungle title?

Rumble in the Jungle

In his memoirs, Ali said many journalists interpreted the movement as an occurrence fever, when in reality he sought a feel for the distances between corners of the perimeter and the sturdiness of the ropes.


Question: Who won the Rumble in the Jungle title?

Rumble in the Jungle

[13] When World Champion Foreman arrived in the ring, Zack Clayton, who was the ring judge, began instructing boxers on the rules of the fight.


Question: Who won the Rumble in the Jungle title?

Rumble in the Jungle

In the middle of instructions, Ali began by talking to annoy and insult Foreman, who did not respond to the slanders in any way.


Question: Who won the Rumble in the Jungle title?

Rumble in the Jungle

The judge warned Ali about speaking several times and threatened this with a dismay, however unsuccessfully.


Question: Who won the Rumble in the Jungle title?

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Ali, in his own words, did not think he would be rejected because no rule forbids speaking during a struggle.


Question: Who won the Rumble in the Jungle title?

Rumble in the Jungle

He also knew Clayton wouldn't dare run him out of the ring when most of the spectators in the stadium supported him.


Question: Who won the Rumble in the Jungle title?

Rumble in the Jungle

[14] Ali began the match by moving for himself typically dancing forward.


Question: Who won the Rumble in the Jungle title?

Rumble in the Jungle

He fought surprisingly aggressively, striking Foreman several times with the right straight.


Question: Who won the Rumble in the Jungle title?

Rumble in the Jungle

Ali's hits made the audience scream.


Question: Who won the Rumble in the Jungle title?

Rumble in the Jungle

Foreman, however, stepped on the punches and his powerful body blow caused Ali to grimace.


Question: Who won the Rumble in the Jungle title?

Rumble in the Jungle

Foreman got Ali on the ropes a few times during the first set, but the challenger got away each time.


Question: Who won the Rumble in the Jungle title?

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[2] Ali has said Foreman's strength was his ability to break the challenger's path by righting straight through the ring.


Question: Who won the Rumble in the Jungle title?

Rumble in the Jungle

Ali explains that in the first round he failed to get Foreman, like his other opponents, at his own pace.


Question: Who won the Rumble in the Jungle title?

Rumble in the Jungle

[15] Foreman did not have to take as many steps per round as Ali in attack, and the challenger didn't think he could take 15 rounds that way.


Question: Who won the Rumble in the Jungle title?

Rumble in the Jungle

Leaning on the ropes and fending off Foreman's punches, he was able to tire out his opponent.


Question: Who won the Rumble in the Jungle title?

Rumble in the Jungle

[16] After the round, the men who worked at Ali's corner advised him to dance and stay out of the ropes, at which point Ali said he knew what he was doing.


Question: Who won the Rumble in the Jungle title?

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[12] At that point, he realised he couldn't beat Foreman with traditional boxing and decided to make the most of his impact resistance.


Question: Who won the Rumble in the Jungle title?

Rumble in the Jungle

[17] During the batch break, Ali still had time to raise the crowd to shout his name by waving his hand in the air.


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[2] In the second set, Foreman went on the offensive and easily got Ali on the ropes.


Question: Who won the Rumble in the Jungle title?

Rumble in the Jungle

However, this dominated melee situations and, with his protection, was able to stop Foreman's worst hooks.


Question: Who won the Rumble in the Jungle title?

Rumble in the Jungle

More clean hits were tagged for Ali during the round than Foreman.


Question: Who won the Rumble in the Jungle title?

Rumble in the Jungle

[2] The third installment ran the same way as the previous one.


Question: Who won the Rumble in the Jungle title?

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Foreman got hit this time with more hooks to Ali's torso and was hit once in the head.


Question: Who won the Rumble in the Jungle title?

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Ali, who continued to lean on the ropes, aimed to hit sets of punches into Foreman's face at every opportunity.


Question: Who won the Rumble in the Jungle title?

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The batch was very flat [2] and Muhammad Ali has afterwards called it the longest installment of his career.


Question: Who won the Rumble in the Jungle title?

Rumble in the Jungle

He himself reckoned Foreman won.


Question: Who won the Rumble in the Jungle title?

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[18] After returning to his corner for the break, Ali said to his coach Angelo Dundee that Foreman's blows were tolerable.


Question: Who won the Rumble in the Jungle title?

Rumble in the Jungle

This was a sign that he was no longer going to change his tactics, but would continue to tire his opponent until the end of the struggle.


Question: Who won the Rumble in the Jungle title?

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[12] In the fourth set, Foreman started to seem tired and Ali was able to destabilize him.


Question: Who won the Rumble in the Jungle title?

Rumble in the Jungle

Foreman's punches were no longer as accurate and his punches struck many times on Ali's arms instead of his torso.


Question: Who won the Rumble in the Jungle title?

Rumble in the Jungle

[2] In addition to this, the challenger began to annoy the champion by describing her blows as girly.


Question: Who won the Rumble in the Jungle title?

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[12] Ali won the round.


Question: Who won the Rumble in the Jungle title?

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[2] Foreman grew frustrated with Ali's annoyance and, despite his exhaustion, began the fifth set offensively, aiming to settle the match quickly.


Question: Who won the Rumble in the Jungle title?

Rumble in the Jungle

He began striking power punches, some of which passed Ali's protection and hit the torso.


Question: Who won the Rumble in the Jungle title?

Rumble in the Jungle

Late in the round, Ali was again able to hit Foreman with punch sets that made him wobble.


Question: Who won the Rumble in the Jungle title?

Rumble in the Jungle

The more active Foreman, however, won the batch to his name.


Question: Who won the Rumble in the Jungle title?

Rumble in the Jungle

[2] After the pressure of the fifth round, Foreman tired and Ali managed to win the next two rounds to his name.


Question: Who won the Rumble in the Jungle title?

Rumble in the Jungle

Foreman tried in vain to get Ali within striking distance by driving him from behind, causing Ali to strike him with a straight face, getting many clean hits.


Question: Who won the Rumble in the Jungle title?

Rumble in the Jungle

The audience, cheering on the challenger, began shouting Ali, bombaye (Finnish. “Ali, kill him”) [1] -his cry for encouragement ever louder during installments.


Question: Who won the Rumble in the Jungle title?

Rumble in the Jungle

At the start of the eighth round, an exhausted Foreman had to crash out of the ring for his passing blow, but managed to hit cleaner punches than previous rounds.


Question: Who won the Rumble in the Jungle title?

Rumble in the Jungle

[2] Towards the end of the round, Ali decided to settle the match and threw a series of punches to Foreman's face.


Question: Who won the Rumble in the Jungle title?

Rumble in the Jungle

The last-missed blow to Foreman's jaw knocked the reigning champion down the canvas.


Question: Who won the Rumble in the Jungle title?

Rumble in the Jungle

Ali stayed to monitor the situation with his right arm still raised.


Question: Who won the Rumble in the Jungle title?

Rumble in the Jungle

Zach Clayton, who served as the ring judge, counted Foreman out of the bout, although he was still trying to stand up.


Question: Who won the Rumble in the Jungle title?

Rumble in the Jungle

[2] On the edge of the ring, former world champion Archie Moore, who supported Foreman, tried to instruct him to turn on his stomach and stand up on his feet, but to no avail.


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Rumble in the Jungle

[12] The round finished in a time of 2.58, two seconds before its conclusion.


Question: Who won the Rumble in the Jungle title?

Rumble in the Jungle

Muhammad Ali became the second boxer to win the boxing world heavyweight title back.


Question: Who won the Rumble in the Jungle title?

Rumble in the Jungle

[2] After the match Both fighters made a record $5 million in match fees from the struggle.


Question: Who won the Rumble in the Jungle title?

Rumble in the Jungle

[19] [9] Since Muhammad Ali received various compensation for his victory in addition to his match fee, his fee has been calculated to have increased to as much as $5.85 million.


Question: Who won the Rumble in the Jungle title?

Rumble in the Jungle

[20] The match organizers made $12 million from television rights alone, but the cinematic performances of the struggle were considered to have fallen far short of the stated goal of $40 million.


Question: Who won the Rumble in the Jungle title?

Rumble in the Jungle

[9] A photo of a knockout blow struck by Muhammad Ali with a right straight made it onto the cover of Sports Illustrated magazine.


Question: Who won the Rumble in the Jungle title?

Rumble in the Jungle

[21] The outcome of the match surprised everyone, as Ali had beaten Foreman in a way that had been said to lead to his own defeat.


Question: Who won the Rumble in the Jungle title?

Rumble in the Jungle

Before the match, many pundits had written that Ali would only have a chance if he sought to avoid Foreman and stay off the ropes.


Question: Who won the Rumble in the Jungle title?

Rumble in the Jungle

[2] George Foreman, after the bout, was unable to remember its final seconds, during which he was knocked out.


Question: Who won the Rumble in the Jungle title?

Rumble in the Jungle

[12] Foreman said to reporters that during the struggle he didn't even feel tired.


Question: Who won the Rumble in the Jungle title?

Rumble in the Jungle

He also imagined the match was in his control, [12] [9] for he said he had carefully followed instructions given by his manager Dick Sadler.


Question: Who won the Rumble in the Jungle title?

Rumble in the Jungle

[12] Those in Foreman's entourage were as surprised by the defeat as he was.


Question: Who won the Rumble in the Jungle title?

Rumble in the Jungle

Manager Sadler has said they practised with Foreman specifically about attacking them across the ring and driving an opponent into the ropes.


Question: Who won the Rumble in the Jungle title?

Rumble in the Jungle

Although this had happened despite the defeat, he said Foreman had been wrong in trying to hit one crucial powerful punch when the angling staff had specifically instructed him to hit his opponent with strike sets.


Question: Who won the Rumble in the Jungle title?

Rumble in the Jungle

[12] The former world champion Archie Moore, who worked in Foreman's corner, disagreed with this and was more understanding of the defeat of the pre-favourite.


Question: Who won the Rumble in the Jungle title?

Rumble in the Jungle

He stressed that Foreman had not driven Ali to the ropes but the challenger had retreated into them himself, which had changed the whole situation as at no point in the struggle was Ali in a place he would not have wanted to be.


Question: Who won the Rumble in the Jungle title?

Rumble in the Jungle

Moore also compared Ali's match-fixing to the struggles of a young Jack Thompson in the 1920s.


Question: Who won the Rumble in the Jungle title?

Rumble in the Jungle

Thompson was renowned for his matches in which he deftly exploited the ropes surrounding the ring.


Question: Who won the Rumble in the Jungle title?

Rumble in the Jungle

[12] Muhammad Ali's tactics were later given the name rope-a-dope.


Question: Who won the Rumble in the Jungle title?

Rumble in the Jungle

It took George Foreman years to get over the defeat he experienced at the Rumble in the Jungle, the first of his career.


Question: Who won the Rumble in the Jungle title?

Rumble in the Jungle

He hated Ali and had nightmares about the match.


Question: Who won the Rumble in the Jungle title?

Rumble in the Jungle

He denied that he had lost with honest play and blamed poisoned water for his defeat, [22] the too-fast count of ring umpire Zach Clayton, [9] the heavy climate in Africa he had not had time to get used to, and the ring ropes loosened by Ali's coach Angelo Dundee.


Question: Who won the Rumble in the Jungle title?

Rumble in the Jungle

[1] Later, however, Foreman acknowledged the authenticity of his defeat, and since then he and Ali have become good friends.


Question: Who won the Rumble in the Jungle title?

Rumble in the Jungle

Furthermore, Foreman has shared that the match taught him humility in life and that he is proud to be an important figure in Ali's colourful career.


Question: Who won the Rumble in the Jungle title?

Rumble in the Jungle

[3] Foreman has also said that he considers Muhammad Ali to be the greatest boxer of all time.


Question: Who won the Rumble in the Jungle title?

Rumble in the Jungle

[23] The Rumble in the Jungle is one of the most famous boxing matches that has ever taken place.


Question: Who won the Rumble in the Jungle title?

Rumble in the Jungle

[1] Norman Mailer wrote the reportage book The Fight (1975) about the fight and Leon Gast directed the 1996 documentary The Ring Kings, which won the Academy Award for Best Documentary.


Question: Who won the Rumble in the Jungle title?

Rumble in the Jungle

Sources Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Ali, Muhammad; Durham, Richard| title = Biggest and most beautiful| others = Translated by Jussi Nousiain| location = Helsinki| publisher = Oak | year= 1975| id = ISBN 951-30-3664-2}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Goldstein, Alan| title = Muhammad Ali — legendary boxer| others = Translated by Marianna Kurtto| location = Jyväskylä | publisher = Gummerus| year = 2007| id = ISBN 978-951-20-7653-6}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Lunasheimo, Annul| title = Heroes of the Circle | location = Helsinki| publisher = WSOY| year = 1987| id = ISBN 951-0-13981-5}} References Category:79.4 Athletics, Self Defense Category:Boxing Matches Category:1974 Sports


Question: When was Tapio Half-Matka born?

Tapio Half

Timo Tapio Halmi (born 18 April 1953 in Alastaro) [1] is a Finnish professor of educational science.


Question: When was Tapio Half-Matka born?

Tapio Half

He is Professor of Education Theory and Tradition at the University of Jyväskylä.


Question: When was Tapio Half-Matka born?

Tapio Half

[1] In his works Halfway has addressed the topics of education, religion, and science from a philosophical perspective, and he has criticized the atheist interpretation of the theory of evolution.


Question: When was Tapio Half-Matka born?

Tapio Half

[2] His views are considered controversial in several quarters.


Question: When was Tapio Half-Matka born?

Tapio Half

Life and Career Halfway graduated with a Bachelor of Arts in 1986 majoring in Religion.


Question: When was Tapio Half-Matka born?

Tapio Half

In 1989, he received his PhD in Practical Philosophy of Political Science.


Question: When was Tapio Half-Matka born?

Tapio Half

In 1993 he was appointed Docent in Practical Philosophy at the University of Helsinki with specializations in ethics, social philosophy and philosophy of education.


Question: When was Tapio Half-Matka born?

Tapio Half

In 1996, he earned a Ph.D. in Education.


Question: When was Tapio Half-Matka born?

Tapio Half

He was also appointed a docent in social pedagogy at the University of Kuopio and in Education at the University of Tampere in 2002.


Question: When was Tapio Half-Matka born?

Tapio Half

Half Journey has worked in Finland as a researcher, assistant, chief assistant, lecturer and professor.


Question: When was Tapio Half-Matka born?

Tapio Half

In addition, he has been a researcher in Israel (1983—1989) and the United States (1995—1998).


Question: When was Tapio Half-Matka born?

Tapio Half

[1] Halfway has wife Mia and four sons.


Question: When was Tapio Half-Matka born?

Tapio Half

Halfway, who lives in Jyväskylä, is a conviction Christian.


Question: When was Tapio Half-Matka born?

Tapio Half

He has said he started studies in philosophy because he wanted to “verify the truth by familiarizing himself with the best arguments against Christianity.”


Question: When was Tapio Half-Matka born?

Tapio Half

Getting to know the weaknesses of these arguments, he says, has deepened his Christian belief.


Question: When was Tapio Half-Matka born?

Tapio Half

[3] Research Ethics In his studies on the foundations of ethics, Halfway advocates moral realism, according to which there are universal moral truths from which it is possible for a person to gain knowledge on the basis of immediate experience.


Question: When was Tapio Half-Matka born?

Tapio Half

According to him, there are fundamental moral truths that it is impossible for a person not to know.


Question: When was Tapio Half-Matka born?

Tapio Half

This topic is covered by Halfway's dissertation in Practical Philosophy Moral Realism and Justification, as well as the articles “Moral Realism and the Vindication of It” [4] and “Moral Realism and the Standards of Justification” [5].


Question: When was Tapio Half-Matka born?

Tapio Half

The same topic he discusses from the point of view of natural law in the article “The Life and Thinking of J. Budziszewski” in the introduction to J. Budziszewski's book This is something we cannot help but know (2011).


Question: When was Tapio Half-Matka born?

Tapio Half

Education and Democracy In his dissertation in education, Democracy and Education: The Critical Citizen as an Educational Aim (1995) Halfway asks how to raise citizens into a democratic society.


Question: When was Tapio Half-Matka born?

Tapio Half

Halfway breaks down different conceptions of democracy and their characteristic attitudes towards values, value education, civilisation and criticality.


Question: When was Tapio Half-Matka born?

Tapio Half

One important function of upbringing is to prepare citizens for a democratic society.


Question: When was Tapio Half-Matka born?

Tapio Half

This requires an ethical education because there are moral dimensions to citizenship.


Question: When was Tapio Half-Matka born?

Tapio Half

In addition, democratic citizenship requires the development of an independent critical assessment capacity, since only critical citizens lay the foundations for genuine democracy.


Question: When was Tapio Half-Matka born?

Tapio Half

Teaching and Its Distortions One of the objects of Halfway's reflection is the question of how authentic teaching can be distinguished from its distortions, especially indoctrination and propaganda.


Question: When was Tapio Half-Matka born?

Tapio Half

The Authority of the Educator and the Autonomy of the Growing To guide educational and teaching situations involves the question of the authority of the educator and teacher.


Question: When was Tapio Half-Matka born?

Tapio Half

Halfway distinguishes in this respect between the guiding authority of the educator and his informed authority.


Question: When was Tapio Half-Matka born?

Tapio Half

He considers the theoretical justifications for both forms of authority and the arguments against them.


Question: When was Tapio Half-Matka born?

Tapio Half

[6] Educational and Pluralistic Society One aspect of Halfway research is focused on elucidating the theoretical foundations of the autonomy of sections of society.


Question: When was Tapio Half-Matka born?

Tapio Half

According to him, in educational science discussion, research on this topic is approached using such concepts as structural pluralism or pluralism of social segments (spherical pluralism).


Question: When was Tapio Half-Matka born?

Tapio Half

The autonomy of social segments has tangible consequences for school-state relations.


Question: When was Tapio Half-Matka born?

Tapio Half

According to structural pluralism, schools and other educational institutions should have relative autonomy.


Question: When was Tapio Half-Matka born?

Tapio Half

The separation of social segments into institutions operating independently is, he says, a prerequisite for developing competing views and research programs, which in turn provide conditions for critical teaching.


Question: When was Tapio Half-Matka born?

Tapio Half

Halfway feels that the relative independence of schools from the state would promote minority cultures and prevent them from becoming engulfed by mainstream culture.


Question: When was Tapio Half-Matka born?

Tapio Half

Preserving the characteristic character of minority cultures is an important part of preserving social pluralism.


Question: When was Tapio Half-Matka born?

Tapio Half

Thus, outlining the theoretical basis of structural pluralism serves an important function from the perspective of educational autonomy.


Question: When was Tapio Half-Matka born?

Tapio Half

[7] Education as a diverse development of personality The theme of Halfway's writings has been the issue of upbringing as an effort for the diverse development of a growing personality.


Question: When was Tapio Half-Matka born?

Tapio Half

General education is characterized by an attempt to expand the pupil's field of vision and his developmental possibilities.


Question: When was Tapio Half-Matka born?

Tapio Half

This is related to Half-way studies on general education and, as part of it, the relevant aspects of education with the concept of meaning of life and the question of religious education.


Question: When was Tapio Half-Matka born?

Tapio Half

Also related to this are questions about human mortality and the aspects it provides.


Question: When was Tapio Half-Matka born?

Tapio Half

[8] Constructivism The next stage in Halfway research is focused on constructivism in educational science.


Question: When was Tapio Half-Matka born?

Tapio Half

Halfway analyses constructivism as a theory of learning, knowledge and teaching, considers the different meanings of the concept and their educational applications, and compares constructivism to another power trend in teaching and learning theory, realism.


Question: When was Tapio Half-Matka born?

Tapio Half

[9] Emotional Basis of Education Halfway has analyzed the importance of philosophical emotion theories for upbringing.


Question: When was Tapio Half-Matka born?

Tapio Half

In particular, he focuses on cognitive emotion theories and the view that it is possible to obtain value information through emotion.


Question: When was Tapio Half-Matka born?

Tapio Half

He considers in what way emotions affect thinking and learning and in what way emotions can be developed so that they form the basis for intellectual and moral virtues. [10].


Question: When was Tapio Half-Matka born?

Tapio Half

The Roots of Western Civilization and Science Half Journey has written about the roots of Western civilization and especially Western science in the works Faith, Knowledge and Myths (Jan 2005), Faith, Science and the Bible (New Road 2007), Faith Science and Evolution (New Road 2008).


Question: When was Tapio Half-Matka born?

Tapio Half

He analyzes the roots of philosophical, science-theoretical, and philosophical concepts of religion and assesses their validity.


Question: When was Tapio Half-Matka born?

Tapio Half

In the first work, he asks questions such as: Are faith and knowledge opposites of each other?


Question: When was Tapio Half-Matka born?

Tapio Half

Has science proven that God doesn't exist?


Question: When was Tapio Half-Matka born?

Tapio Half

What kind of myths does modern man believe in?


Question: When was Tapio Half-Matka born?

Tapio Half

The second part of the trilogy deals with the question of the possibility of verbal revelation.


Question: When was Tapio Half-Matka born?

Tapio Half

Can a person, in a critically open way, be intellectually convinced that any collection of text is God's revelation?


Question: When was Tapio Half-Matka born?

Tapio Half

In the third work, he reflects on e.g.


Question: When was Tapio Half-Matka born?

Tapio Half

the question of the limits of science and the pre-assumptions of scientific research.


Question: When was Tapio Half-Matka born?

Tapio Half

Research on family structure and children's rights Half Journey has written three monographs on behalf of a heteronormative family: The right to father and mother (Direction Books 2014), Social test in children?


Question: When was Tapio Half-Matka born?

Tapio Half

(Image and Word 2016) and Sexual Revolution - Family and Cultural Collapse (Basic Message 2017).


Question: When was Tapio Half-Matka born?

Tapio Half

On the same subject, she also wrote the article “The Gender Diverse and the Genderless Conceptions of Marriage and Children's Right to Develop Their Sexual Identity” (The New Educational Review 45, p. 28—38).


Question: When was Tapio Half-Matka born?

Tapio Half

Review Halfway's book Faith, Science and Evolution took first place in the audience vote for the 2008 Christian Book Competition.


Question: When was Tapio Half-Matka born?

Tapio Half

In 2007, the Halfway Book Faith, Science and the Bible was ranked second in the “Christian Book of the Year” audience vote.


Question: When was Tapio Half-Matka born?

Tapio Half

Skepsis Association gave the 2008 Huuhaa Prize Kustannus Oy Uusi Tielle Tapio for the publication of Half's books Faith, Science and the Bible and Faith, Science and Evolution.


Question: When was Tapio Half-Matka born?

Tapio Half

Skepsis considered the purpose of the books to bring the doctrine of creation into school education and expressed concern for educational science when a professor in the field posits such.


Question: When was Tapio Half-Matka born?

Tapio Half

[11] Halfway analyzes Skepsis's statement in his book The Science Debate Transparency Test (2010).


Question: When was Tapio Half-Matka born?

Tapio Half

He considers Skepsis to violate several tenets of scientific discourse: (1) Skepsis attacks the person rather than the claim, (2) overrides the opponent's claim by creating a travesty of it, (3) creates a false confrontation.


Question: When was Tapio Half-Matka born?

Tapio Half

Halfway criticized in a newspaper interview that Skepsis's recitation does not address the arguments he made, but instead speculates on the motives of writing.


Question: When was Tapio Half-way born?

Tapio Half

However, he welcomed the fact that atheists are interested in his books.


Question: When was Tapio Half-way born?

Tapio Half

[12] Halfway responded to the criticism expressed in the Theological Periodical article “Conceptual ambiguities of the evolutionary debate” [13].


Question: When was Tapio Half-way born?

Tapio Half

Professor Esko Valtaoja said in an interview with the magazine that the prize went to the right target.


Question: When was Tapio Half-way born?

Tapio Half

[14] Halfway wrote a reply to the Skepsis award in an online chat for Homeland magazine.


Question: When was Tapio Half-way born?

Tapio Half

In its reply, Half Journey criticises Valtaoja for failing to raise any of the arguments that Half Journey would have defended in its books.


Question: When was Tapio Half-way born?

Tapio Half

[15] Half-way commented on the award in the Victory of the Cross magazine: “The Huuhaa prize is a lighter, partly humour-filled grievance.


Question: When was Tapio Half-way born?

Tapio Half

The word “screams” is powerful emotional communication that justifies the rejection of a particular worldview without rationale.


Question: When was Tapio Half-way born?

Tapio Half

However, I am glad that atheists are paying attention to my books.” [16] Yle journalist Antti Seppälä wondered on his viewpoint blog on 17 November 2014 that the University of Jyväskylä had not interfered with Tapio Halmi's writing on marriage legislation.


Question: When was Tapio Half-way born?

Tapio Half

[17] The University of Jyväskylä published a bulletin on the same day in which it stresses that workers' expressions do not represent the position of the university.


Question: When was Tapio Half-way born?

Tapio Half

[18] In the online magazine People's News, Jarkko Mänttari interpreted the University of Jyväskylä's statement as being directed against Half-way.


Question: When was Tapio Half-way born?

Tapio Half

Half Journey criticized Mäntäri and Seppälää for censorship in their blog “Do we need thought police in democracy.”


Question: When was Tapio Half-way born?

Tapio Half

Halfway writes: "In this context, the question arises: is the purpose of censoring essential information about the child effects of the law by allowing only one party to the debate to appear as an expert in the field?


Question: When was Tapio Half-way born?

Tapio Half

“[19] Seta's Rat Award Seta gave the 2015 Honorary Rat Anti Award to Halfway.


Question: When was Tapio Half-way born?

Tapio Half

The argument was that, as a professor of educational theory and tradition at the University of Jyväskylä, he has taken a strong stand against the Equal Marriage Act and has repeatedly used his scientific authority and position in pursuing his personal agenda. as a professor.


Question: When was Tapio Half-way born?

Tapio Half

[20] Half Journey replied to Seta on his New Finland blog with the headline: “What Seta could learn from Skepsis.


Question: When was Tapio Half-way born?

Tapio Half

“[21] In it Halfway states that the Association of Sexual Equality would think to be interested in the equal right of children to develop their own sexual identity by growing up in a family with their biological father and mother.


Question: When was Tapio Half-way born?

Tapio Half

In this case, the child would have a same-sex identification target and an opposite-sex counterpool.


Question: When was Tapio Half-way born?

Tapio Half

“Instead, Seta's agenda would seem to be to make the debate on child identity rights taboo,” Half Journey writes, continuing: “The Honorary Rat Anti-Prize given by Seta to his opponents brings to mind the way totalitarian movements portray their opponents as people who have sunk to the level of animals.


Question: When was Tapio Half-way born?

Tapio Half

Is Seta's intention to communicate that all those who defend a child's right to father and mother are comparable to rats and should be treated like Cancers?


Question: When was Tapio Half-way born?

Tapio Half

On 22 December 2014, at the request of Seta's former board member Joonas Mattsson, the University of Jyväskylä launched a pre-report on the use of source references written by Half-way Parliament for the Law Committee.


Question: When was Tapio Half-way born?

Tapio Half

In the first phase of the request for research, Mattsson referred to a blog on the subject of Lilja Tamminen.


Question: When was Tapio Half-way born?

Tapio Half

At another point, Mattson made some critical points.


Question: When was Tapio Half-way born?

Tapio Half

The Rector of the University of Jyväskylä, Matti Manninen, adopted a decision on 4 March 2015.


Question: When was Tapio Half-way born?

Tapio Half

In his decision, he states: “The Rector is acquainted with the argumentation presented by the parties in the asai and considers it clear that Halfway has not used source references contrary to good scientific practice.


Question: When was Tapio Half-way born?

Tapio Half

- - Half-way expert opinion thus does not give a distorted picture of the research results based on the observations of the sources used.


Question: When was Tapio Half-way born?

Tapio Half

The use of sources has also been justified, taking into account the framework of the expert opinion.


Question: When was Tapio Half-way born?

Tapio Half

- - The subject of the investigation request has also been to determine whether Half Journey has overridden its conclusions when giving the expert opinion of the unsupported research.


Question: When was Tapio Half-way born?

Tapio Half

The Rector is familiar with the parties' responses and considers it clear that Half Trip, in its expert opinion, is not guilty of bypassing an unsupported study of its conclusions and has therefore not committed any fraudulence in the selection of results and thus failed to let others the achievements of scientists of value attributed to them.


Question: When was Tapio Half-way born?

Tapio Half

“[22] Criticism of Eva Biaudet The Vice-President of the Law Committee Eva Biaudet criticised the Halfway Genuine Marriage Citizens' Initiative at a public hearing on 27 October 2016, in which Half Journey acted as an expert invited by Parliament.


Question: When was Tapio Half-way born?

Tapio Half

Biaudet questioned Halfway's expertise.


Question: When was Tapio Half-way born?

Tapio Half

Halfway responded to this that the complaint against his previous expert opinion was found to be unwarranted and the rector of the University of Jyväskylä stated that it had been made with source references in accordance with good scientific practice.


Question: When was Tapio Half-way born?

Tapio Half

[23] [24] Kohu for writing accused of being homophobic In August 2018, the opinion piece “Campaign to Legalize Paedophilia" [25] emerged from an opinion piece written by Kohu Half.


Question: When was Tapio Half-way born?

Tapio Half

The debate was particularly sparked by a passage in which he wrote that some scholars suggested that “images of the innate and immutability of sexual orientation also lay the foundation for a campaign to defend the sexual rights of paedophiles.”


Question: When was Tapio Half-way born?

Tapio Half

JYY, the Student Union of the University of Jyväskylä, wrote on Twitter on 1 August that it does not accept the writing and demanded concrete steps from the university to “safeguard an equal and safe study environment for the Faculty of Education and Psychology.”


Question: When was Tapio Half-way born?

Tapio Half

Later, University President Keijo Hämäläinen replied that Halfway's writing represents neither the values nor the line of the university, while promising that the university would take “concrete measures”.


Question: When was Tapio Half-way born?

Tapio Half

[26] Half Journey wrote an administrative complaint against Hämäläinen's activities to the Board of the University of Jyväskylä in which he claims that “the process has been taken forward in a way that seriously violates my legal security as an employee and citizen of the university.


Question: When was Tapio Half-way born?

Tapio Half

I refer to the articles of the Constitution of Finland, which safeguard freedom of expression and the highest freedom of teaching and research.”


Question: When was Tapio Half-way born?

Tapio Half

[27] For his part, Hämäläinen wrote a reply to Halfway's complaint, in which he considers that “the rector of the University of Jyväskylä has the right and direct obligation to participate in both the University of Jyväskylä and in the general social debate.”


Question: When was Tapio Half-way born?

Tapio Half

[28] Half-way wrote a statement on Hämäläinen's counterpart, in which he writes: “In his dismissal from writing, the Rector, on behalf of the University, has bound the university line together to a certain ideological view.


Question: When was Tapio Half-way born?

Tapio Half

By positioning himself to support one political and world-view group, he insults another.


Question: When was Tapio Half-way born?

Tapio Half

In addition, he communicates that the legal protection of workers representing the wrong position is not respected.”.


Question: When was Tapio Half-way born?

Tapio Half

[29] The Board of the University of Jyväskylä decided on 4.9.


Question: When was Tapio Half-way born?

Tapio Half

2018 that the principal did not exceed his authority.


Question: When was Tapio Half-way born?

Tapio Half

Works of Citation error, replace with {{cite book| title = Education and philosophy| location = Helsinki| publisher = Book| year = 1996| isbn = 951-26-4249-2}} (2nd revised edition, 1st edition 1995) Citation error, replace with {{cite book| title = Teaching or indoctrination?


Question: When was Tapio Half-way born?

Tapio Half

Power and manipulation in teaching| publisher = Book| year = 1998| isbn = 951-26-4286-7}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Launonen, Leevi & Halfway, Tapio| title = Human Perceptions and Ethics of Social Pedagogy| location = Kuopio| publisher = University of Kuopio| publisher = University of Kuopio| 1999| version = University of Kuopio, Centre for Education and Development, Teaching Publications 5/1999| isbn = 951-781-044-X}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| title = Opportunities and Limits of Education: Philosophy of Self Building | publisher = Direction-Books| year = 2010| isbn = 978-951-619-532-5 }} (2nd revised edition, 1st edition 1999 Book Group) Citation error, replace with {{cite book| title = Theory of Teaching: From Constructivism to Realism | location = Helsinki| publisher = January| year = 2002| isbn = 951-26-4816-4}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| title = Breeding, values and feeling| publisher = January| year = 2004| isbn = 951-26-5085-1}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| title = Faith, Knowledge & Myth| publisher = January| year = 2005| isbn = 951-26-5347-8}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| title = Faith, Science and the Bible| location = Helsinki| publisher = New road| year = 2007| isbn = 978-951-619-467-0 (incorrect identifier 978-951-619-497-0)}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| title = Faith, Science and Evolution| publisher = New Road| year = 2008| id = ISBN 978-951-619-494}} Science Discussion Transparency Test.


Question: When was Tapio Half-way born?

Tapio Half

New Road 2010.


Question: When was Tapio Half-way born?

Tapio Half

ISBN 978-951-619-524-0 Citation error, replace with {{cite book| title = Treasures of Wisdom and Knowledge in Christ| location = Kerava| publisher = Timemedia| year= 2013| isbn = 978-952-252-026-5}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| title = Child's human right: right to father and mother| publisher = direction-books| year = 2014| isbn = 978-951-619-598-1}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| title = Purpose of Suffering | publisher = Time Media| year= 2015| isbn = 978-952-252-154-5}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| title = Post-Christian horrors of the world| publisher = Basic say| year = 2015| isbn = 978-951-888-735-8}} Society test in children?


Question: When was Tapio Half-way born?

Tapio Half

Photo and Word 2016.


Question: When was Tapio Half-way born?

Tapio Half

ISBN 978-951-585-316-5.


Question: When was Tapio Half-way born?

Tapio Half

Sexual Revolution - Family and Cultural Collapse.


Question: When was Tapio Half-way born?

Tapio Half

Basic message 2017.


Question: When was Tapio Half-way born?

Tapio Half

ISBN 978-951-888-794-5 Citation error, replace with {{cite book| title= Religious Roots of the Sexual Revolution| publisher = Christian book and music cost| year = 2018| isbn=978-952-705-892-3}} Sources on the topic elsewhere.


Question: When was Tapio Half-way born?

Tapio Half

Risto K. Järvinen:.


Question: When was Tapio Half-way born?

Tapio Half

Skepsis 1/2009.


Question: When was Tapio Half-way born?

Tapio Half

Category:Professors at the University of Jyväskylä Category:Christian philosophers Category:Supporters of intelligent design Class:Living persons Category:Finnish professors


Question: When was Robert Schumann born?

Robert Schumann

Robert Schumann (8 June 1810, Zwickau — 29 July 1856, Endenich) was a German composer.


Question: When was Robert Schumann born?

Robert Schumann

His style is considered to represent Romanticism at its purest, and he is read as belonging to one of the greatest composers of the 19th century.


Question: When was Robert Schumann born?

Robert Schumann

[1] Schumann's most famous works in the field of orchestral music are his four symphonies and, in particular, the Piano Concerto, which is among the most performed concertos.


Question: When was Robert Schumann born?

Robert Schumann

Schumann's piano quintet and quartet, on the other hand, are the central repertoire of chamber music, and his series of songs, Dichterliebe, is probably the most popular song sequence after Schubert's famous vocal series.


Question: When was Robert Schumann born?

Robert Schumann

In German-speaking countries, Schumann's choral works are also frequently performed.


Question: When was Robert Schumann born?

Robert Schumann

However, the backbone of Schumann's production is piano works, the most famous of which are Kreisleriana, Kinderszenen, Carnaval, as well as fantasies.


Question: When was Robert Schumann born?

Robert Schumann

Life and career Childhood and adolescence Schumann was born in Zwickau into a pit artistic family.


Question: When was Robert Schumann born?

Robert Schumann

His mother was musical (though did not play any instrument), and his father, August Schumann, translated works by Walter Scott and Lord Byron into German and wrote knight novels.


Question: When was Robert Schumann born?

Robert Schumann

The father also co-owned a book publishing company with his brother, which published foreign books.


Question: When was Robert Schumann born?

Robert Schumann

Schumann's four older brothers followed their father in the field of book publisher and Schumann himself was very interested in literature and wrote a lot.


Question: When was Robert Schumann born?

Robert Schumann

The father also supported his children's musical pursuits, and Schumann had his own grand piano as a child.


Question: When was Robert Schumann born?

Robert Schumann

To teach piano playing, the father hired composer Carl Maria von Weber for his children.


Question: When was Robert Schumann born?

Robert Schumann

Later, Schumann stated that he had received a loving and careful upbringing.


Question: When was Robert Schumann born?

Robert Schumann

The father died in 1826.


Question: When was Robert Schumann born?

Robert Schumann

Subsequently, the level of piano instruction Schumann received dropped to almost amateurish, and he played better than his teachers himself.


Question: When was Robert Schumann born?

Robert Schumann

As a result, Schumann began to study music independently: he went to listen to musical performances and researched scores as well as playing guides.


Question: When was Robert Schumann born?

Robert Schumann

He also founded a small orchestra and a play club at the school with his brother.


Question: When was Robert Schumann born?

Robert Schumann

In his own words, Schumann had been composing music even before his seventh year of age.


Question: When was Robert Schumann born?

Robert Schumann

Gottlob Rudel, a garment and hardware merchant who was chosen as Schumann's legal guardian, and Schumann's widowed mother wanted Schumann to start reading law.


Question: When was Robert Schumann born?

Robert Schumann

Schumann bent to the will of his guardians and, on 29 March 1828, enrolled in at the University of Leipzig to study law.


Question: When was Robert Schumann born?

Robert Schumann

Difficult career choices Leipzig City impressed Schumann.


Question: When was Robert Schumann born?

Robert Schumann

He was excited by the many bookstores in the city and listened to concerts of which he had not enjoyed before.


Question: When was Robert Schumann born?

Robert Schumann

Schumann sought to devote his time to music, literature, and philosophy lectures.


Question: When was Robert Schumann born?

Robert Schumann

He composed songs, but he no longer cared about law.


Question: When was Robert Schumann born?

Robert Schumann

[2] In the same year Schumann met Friedrich Wieck at a professor who favoured the arts.


Question: When was Robert Schumann born?

Robert Schumann

Originally studying theology, Wieck had gained fame as an excellent teacher of piano playing.


Question: When was Robert Schumann born?

Robert Schumann

Schumann initially began studying with enthusiasm under Wieck, but he became disillusioned with his own lack of learning and soon stopped studying music.


Question: When was Robert Schumann born?

Robert Schumann

Schumann then relocated to the city of Heidelberg and studied law for two semesters - this time in earnest.


Question: When was Robert Schumann born?

Robert Schumann

He changed his mind again, however, and in July 1830, after a long internal struggle, wrote to his mother that he intended to become a pianist after all.


Question: When was Robert Schumann born?

Robert Schumann

The decision may have been influenced by seeing a performance by violin artist Paganini earlier that year.


Question: When was Robert Schumann born?

Robert Schumann

The mother had no choice but to agree and asked Wieck by letter to train Schumann as a pianist in ten years.


Question: When was Robert Schumann born?

Robert Schumann

Wieck wrote that Schumann would become a great pianist in three years.


Question: When was Robert Schumann born?

Robert Schumann

Thus Schumann returned to Leipzig and was given a room in Wieck's house.


Question: When was Robert Schumann born?

Robert Schumann

Schumann's path to becoming pianist was abruptly broken, however.


Question: When was Robert Schumann born?

Robert Schumann

According to a widely known view, the reason for this was a device that Schumann had developed himself to stretch the finger spacing.


Question: When was Robert Schumann born?

Robert Schumann

The use of the device resulted in temporary paralysis of the right hand, after which the middle finger no longer worked well enough for calling.


Question: When was Robert Schumann born?

Robert Schumann

This is the most famous version of events, but later researchers have also put forward the view that hand paralysis would have been caused by syphilis.


Question: When was Robert Schumann born?

Robert Schumann

[1] The only treatment instruction given to Schumann after he injured his hand was to soak it in the guts of a newly slaughtered animal.


Question: When was Robert Schumann born?

Robert Schumann

After the accident, Schumann concentrated on composing and began studying music theory.


Question: When was Robert Schumann born?

Robert Schumann

Bach's work Das wohltemperierte Klavier was an important source of inspiration for him.


Question: When was Robert Schumann born?

Robert Schumann

Initially, Schumann focused on piano music, and the first completed works included works such as Papillons (opus no.


Question: When was Robert Schumann born?

Robert Schumann

2) and Toccata (opus no.


Question: When was Robert Schumann born?

Robert Schumann


Question: When was Robert Schumann born?

Robert Schumann

In 1837, the Symphonic Ethids were born, which are variations rather than actual Ethids.


Question: When was Robert Schumann born?

Robert Schumann

Both in his music and in his writing on music, Schumann sought to combine music and literature with each other.


Question: When was Robert Schumann born?

Robert Schumann

Papillons, for example, was based on a scene from Jean Paul's book, and he also used the literary style in his music reviews.


Question: When was Robert Schumann born?

Robert Schumann

With the visionary journalist Friedrich Wieck and a few other friends, Schumann founded a periodical focused on music in 1834 called the Neue Zeitschrift für Musik.


Question: When was Robert Schumann born?

Robert Schumann

In his writings, Schumann took forward E.


Question: When was Robert Schumann born?

Robert Schumann

Started ten years earlier by T. A. Hoffmann, it was a habit of writing in a colourful, almost poetic style, with reviews of compositions and musical performances.


Question: When was Robert Schumann born?

Robert Schumann

Schumann's magazine became very important to the development of later musical journalism.


Question: When was Robert Schumann born?

Robert Schumann

Both Schumann's writings and compositions featured fictional characters such as Florestan, Eusebius, and Master Raro.


Question: When was Robert Schumann born?

Robert Schumann

These characters portrayed the various character traits or states of mind of Schumann or his acquaintances, for example Master Raro was a wise advisor based on the figure of Friedrich Wieck.


Question: When was Robert Schumann born?

Robert Schumann

One of the ulterior motives of Schumann's music press was to fight against the musical preferences that prevailed then.


Question: When was Robert Schumann born?

Robert Schumann

Big names such as Beethoven and Mozart at the time had often been overshadowed by their then-forgotten lesser contemporaries.


Question: When was Robert Schumann born?

Robert Schumann

Schumann wrote on behalf of great composers, and he defended not only deceased composers, but also the living, such as Berlioz and Chopin.


Question: When was Robert Schumann born?

Robert Schumann

In 1833, Schumann had been able to assemble a troupe of young artists assembled in a café in Leipzig.


Question: When was Robert Schumann born?

Robert Schumann

Members of the troupe saw themselves as a counterforce to the “Philistine” reindeer burrows and referred to themselves as “die Davidsbündler” (Covenant of David).


Question: When was Robert Schumann born?

Robert Schumann

Members used names invented in the manner of the then secret clubs.


Question: When was Robert Schumann born?

Robert Schumann

Acquiring a wife Schumann had had a few love affairs over the years, from which he contracted syphilis.


Question: When was Robert Schumann born?

Robert Schumann

This illness was possibly the actual cause of his early death.


Question: When was Robert Schumann born?

Robert Schumann

However, the progression of the disease occurred very slowly over the decades.


Question: When was Robert Schumann born?

Robert Schumann

In 1834, at the age of about 25, Schumann became engaged to a 16-year-old girl named Ernestine von Fricken, who was the daughter of a wealthy Bohemian baron.


Question: When was Robert Schumann born?

Robert Schumann

However, it became clear to Schumann that the daughter was merely a Baron's adopted child, with no right to inheritance.


Question: When was Robert Schumann born?

Robert Schumann

Shortly after this, Schumann dismantled the engagement.


Question: When was Robert Schumann born?

Robert Schumann

In October 1835, Schumann met composer Felix Mendelssohn Bartholdy at Wieck's house, and expressed his admiration for him.


Question: When was Robert Schumann born?

Robert Schumann

Their collaboration continued intermittently right up until Mendelssohn's death.


Question: When was Robert Schumann born?

Robert Schumann

Around the same time, Schumann and Friedrich Wieck's daughter, Clara, eventually became close to each other.


Question: When was Robert Schumann born?

Robert Schumann

Their likewise relationship, which began in 1835, however, was overshadowed by Friedrich Wieck's utterly negative attitude towards the union.


Question: When was Robert Schumann born?

Robert Schumann

Friedrich sought to prevent any interaction between Schumann and Clara, so the youngsters were forced to communicate secretly and could no longer meet each other.


Question: When was Robert Schumann born?

Robert Schumann

In 1840, Schumann and Clara finally took the case to court, and Clara's father, after a court order, had no choice but to consent.


Question: When was Robert Schumann born?

Robert Schumann

Schumann and Clara were consecrated on 12 September 1840 in Leipzig, at Schönefeld Cathedral.


Question: When was Robert Schumann born?

Robert Schumann

Eight children were born from the marriage.


Question: When was Robert Schumann born?

Robert Schumann

However, Clara did not seem to adapt particularly well to the nanny duties as Schumann had hoped, preferring instead to travel as a performing artist.


Question: When was Robert Schumann born?

Robert Schumann

Clammy reception for works The famous piano work Kreisleriana was completed in 1838.


Question: When was Robert Schumann born?

Robert Schumann

Schumann owned it to E.


Question: When was Robert Schumann born?

Robert Schumann

For T. A. Hoffmann, who used the word “Kreisler” as a pseudonym in his writings on music, as well as including a fictional character of that name in his stories as well.


Question: When was Robert Schumann born?

Robert Schumann

The following year Schumann visited Vienna and, during that trip, got hold of Schubert's Ninth Symphony, a work still unknown at the time.


Question: When was Robert Schumann born?

Robert Schumann

Schumann considered the work to be the greatest symphony that had been composed after Beethoven's death.


Question: When was Robert Schumann born?

Robert Schumann

Schumann had dedicated Kreisleriana to Chopin, who, however, felt no great attraction to the work.


Question: When was Robert Schumann born?

Robert Schumann

Other pianists also had reservations about Schumann's works.


Question: When was Robert Schumann born?

Robert Schumann

Franz Liszt, for example, tried to exhibit some of his works, but the reception was not favourable.


Question: When was Robert Schumann born?

Robert Schumann

To the public, Schumann's works were elusive, preferring to listen to slightly older music.


Question: When was Robert Schumann born?

Robert Schumann

Not only the audience, but also critics of that time were often caught still even in the ideals of classicism.


Question: When was Robert Schumann born?

Robert Schumann

Nor did Clara play at her concerts like a few of her husband's songs.


Question: When was Robert Schumann born?

Robert Schumann

However, Schumann's piano works, however extremely demanding they are, mostly do not allow pianists to showcase their virtuosicity of the kind favoured by artists such as Clara.


Question: When was Robert Schumann born?

Robert Schumann

These artistic differences put a strain on the Schumanns' marriage.


Question: When was Robert Schumann born?

Robert Schumann

Schumann was also unhappy that while they were travelling on concert tours, Clara was allowed to perform as a star, and she herself was merely accompanying herself as an escort.


Question: When was Robert Schumann born?

Robert Schumann

In 1840, Schumann failed to establish his music-publication in Vienna because of the very strict regulations of censorship that existed in Austria at the time.


Question: When was Robert Schumann born?

Robert Schumann

The actual permission to set up the magazine was granted, but the condition was to involve a different publisher as a partner, and eventually negotiations fell through.


Question: When was Robert Schumann born?

Robert Schumann

Vienna had been of interest to Schumann because Leipzig was, culturally compared to it, a rather unremarkable place.


Question: When was Robert Schumann born?

Robert Schumann

However, he now abandoned his idea of settling in this city.


Question: When was Robert Schumann born?

Robert Schumann

A diligent composer In the same year, however, Schumann made considerable progress as a composer.


Question: When was Robert Schumann born?

Robert Schumann

Formerly composed mostly for piano, Schumann began writing solo songs, or liedi, accompanied by piano.


Question: When was Robert Schumann born?

Robert Schumann

In that year, 1840 alone, Schumann composed 150 lieds.


Question: When was Robert Schumann born?

Robert Schumann

His most important series of songs from this period were the Dichterliebe (op. 48) composed to a text by Heinrich Heine and two sets called Liederkreis (Op. 24 and 39), one also based on texts by Heine and the other in turn on texts by a poet named J. von Eichendorff.


Question: When was Robert Schumann born?

Robert Schumann

The collection, called Myrthe, has used texts from several different poets.


Question: When was Robert Schumann born?

Robert Schumann

Also, in the same year 1840 Schumann received an honorary doctorate at the University of Jena.


Question: When was Robert Schumann born?

Robert Schumann

Although the public did not always warm to Schumann's music, his merit as a music critic and composer had already been noted.


Question: When was Robert Schumann born?

Robert Schumann

In 1843 Schumann also held for a time the post of professor at the Leipzig Conservatory.


Question: When was Robert Schumann born?

Robert Schumann

In 1842, Schumann's First Symphony and Piano Quintet had been performed in New York City, from which it is seen that he was already widely known as a composer.


Question: When was Robert Schumann born?

Robert Schumann

While Schumann lived in Leipzig, his orchestral works were performed in the city under Mendelssohn's direction.


Question: When was Robert Schumann born?

Robert Schumann

Typical of Schumann was concentrating energy on one type of composition at a time.


Question: When was Robert Schumann born?

Robert Schumann

In 1841 he wrote his first two symphonies.


Question: When was Robert Schumann born?

Robert Schumann

The following year, it was the turn of chamber music.


Question: When was Robert Schumann born?

Robert Schumann

This year also saw the creation of the Piano Quintet (op. 44), Schumann's most acclaimed piece of chamber music.


Question: When was Robert Schumann born?

Robert Schumann

From 1844 onward, health problems increased.


Question: When was Robert Schumann born?

Robert Schumann

In the early part of the year he and his wife were in Russia.


Question: When was Robert Schumann born?

Robert Schumann

On his return to Germany, he left his job as a journalist and relocated from Leipzig to Dresden.


Question: When was Robert Schumann born?

Robert Schumann

There he suffered from nervous exhaustion, but on the other hand also composed his only piano concerto, which is perhaps his most acclaimed orchestral work.


Question: When was Robert Schumann born?

Robert Schumann

From 1845 Schumann no longer composed under inspiration, but slowly and often returning to make repairs.


Question: When was Robert Schumann born?

Robert Schumann

In addition to this, he had bouts of illness that manifested as trembling, and he poked great high place comb.


Question: When was Robert Schumann born?

Robert Schumann

In 1846, Schumann was again healthy enough to travel in winter to Vienna, and in the spring of the following year to Prague and Berlin.


Question: When was Robert Schumann born?

Robert Schumann

In 1847—1848, Schumann's only opera, Genoveva (op. 81), was born, for which Schumann eventually wrote the libretto himself as well, although initially he had planned to settle for a custom-written text.


Question: When was Robert Schumann born?

Robert Schumann

From 1848 to 1850, Schumann composed quite prolifically and this time variously without focusing on any particular genre of music.


Question: When was Robert Schumann born?

Robert Schumann

In May 1849, an uprising related to German demands for democratisation took place in Dresden (such as Richard Wagner and Mikhail Bakunin participated in the rebellion).


Question: When was Robert Schumann born?

Robert Schumann

Because of the revolt, Schumann moved to a nearby village called Kreischa.


Question: When was Robert Schumann born?

Robert Schumann

In August of the same year it became a hundred years since Goethe's birth, and at that time excerpts from Schumann's oratorio entitled “Scenes from Goethe's Faust” were performed in Dresden, Leipzig and Weimar, which was definitively completed in 1853.


Question: When was Robert Schumann born?

Robert Schumann

Franz Liszt, who was inspired by Goethe himself later, was involved in assisting on that project.


Question: When was Robert Schumann born?

Robert Schumann

Liszt was a longtime friend of Schumann's and could visit the Schumanns home uninvited.


Question: When was Robert Schumann born?

Robert Schumann

In the latter years of his life, Schumann found Johannes Brahms, still young at the time, as his friend, about whom Schumann was bossing the “new Beethoven”.


Question: When was Robert Schumann born?

Robert Schumann

Mental health begins to deceive In 1850 Schumann became musical director of the city of Düsseldorf.


Question: When was Robert Schumann born?

Robert Schumann

However, from this post he soon relinquished, as he lacked the character required for the work of conductor.


Question: When was Robert Schumann born?

Robert Schumann

Schumann, despite his gifts as a composer, was not considered an accomplished conductor anyway, and was once even said to have continued conducting the orchestra until long after the final note of the piece had been played.


Question: When was Robert Schumann born?

Robert Schumann

From 1851 to 1853, Schumann travelled in Switzerland and Belgium.


Question: When was Robert Schumann born?

Robert Schumann

After returning from travel, he began to deliver a print of his compiled works.


Question: When was Robert Schumann born?

Robert Schumann

However, the illnesses that had plagued them in the past now returned even worse.


Question: When was Robert Schumann born?

Robert Schumann

Even earlier, Schumann had claimed an A tune was playing in his head.


Question: When was Robert Schumann born?

Robert Schumann

Now he said he is hearing other kinds of voices as well.


Question: When was Robert Schumann born?

Robert Schumann

Schumann's mental health began to deteriorate.


Question: When was Robert Schumann born?

Robert Schumann

His last known work came about in such a way that at night he claimed Schubert and Mendelssohn had sent him a theme which he wrote down.


Question: When was Robert Schumann born?

Robert Schumann

Based on this theme, a work was born, Five Variations for Piano.


Question: When was Robert Schumann born?

Robert Schumann

Suicide attempt and death In February 1854, at the time of Düsseldorf's traditional folk festivities, Schumann collapsed for good, and he jumped into the Rhine wearing nothing but a nightgown.


Question: When was Robert Schumann born?

Robert Schumann

He was rescued by the boaters who came to the scene, but Schumann's mental health was at the latest forever lost.


Question: When was Robert Schumann born?

Robert Schumann

Likewise, his syphilis had developed until the evil phase.


Question: When was Robert Schumann born?

Robert Schumann

Schumann was taken to a place called Endenich near Bonn, where he remained until his death on 29 July 1856.


Question: When was Robert Schumann born?

Robert Schumann

Clara and Johannes Brahms destroyed some of the last work left behind by Schumann, which they assumed was tainted by madness.


Question: When was Robert Schumann born?

Robert Schumann

Schumann was buried in Bonn.


Question: When was Robert Schumann born?

Robert Schumann

Clara lived 40 years longer than her husband, and was buried next to her husband after her death.


Question: When was Robert Schumann born?

Robert Schumann

A friendship that went on throughout life was formed between Clara and Brahms, which, however, never led to a relationship.


Question: When was Robert Schumann born?

Robert Schumann

Schumann's later fame Schumann is known today as one of the most important composers of art music.


Question: When was Robert Schumann born?

Robert Schumann

Possibly at its purest, Schumann, who represented Romanticism, is known as a relatively progressive composer whose importance while he was alive was not yet fully understood.


Question: When was Robert Schumann born?

Robert Schumann

On the other hand, it can be said that, despite his artistic courage, Schumann was not among the most radical composers of his time: in the more modern generation represented by Liszt, Wagner and Bruckner, he did not read, nor was he enamored of the H-minor piano sonata Liszt dedicated to him, of which there is become one of the milestones of music development of that time.


Question: When was Robert Schumann born?

Robert Schumann

In addition to his musical merits, Schumann is also still remembered as a progressive music critic.


Question: When was Robert Schumann born?

Robert Schumann

Compositions Symphonies Symphony No. 1, B, “Spring”, op. 38 Symphony No. 2, C, op. 61 Symphony No. 3, Es, “Rhinese”, op. 97 Symphony No. 4, D minor, op. 120 (composed after the first, but published last) Concertos Piano Concerto in A minor, op. 54 Cello Concerto, A minor, op. 129 Violin Concerto in D minor, op. posth Other orchestral works Concert piece for four horns and orchestra, op. 86 Manfred, background music, op. 115 Julius Caesar Overture, op. 128 Hermann und Dorothea Overture, op. 136 Chamber Music Trios for piano and strings op. 63, op. 80 and op. 110 Piano Quartets, op. 47 String Quartets, op. 41, n.ot 1—3 Piano Quintet, op. 44 Piano Works Papillons, op. 2 Carnaval, op. 9 Three Piano Sonatas, Op. 11, Op. 14 and Op. 22 Fantasy Pieces, Op. 12 and op. 111 Fantasy Major op.17 Symphonic Etydes, op. 13 Kinderszenen, op. 15 (includes Träumerein) Kreisleriana, op. 16 Album für die Jugend, op. 68 Albumblätter, op. 124 Song sequences Dichterliebe, op. 48 Liederkreis, op. 24 (to the poems of Heinrich Heinen) Liederkreis Is, Op. 39 (Joseph Eichendorff poems) Frauenliebe und -leben, op. 42 Operas Genoveva, op. 81 Literature Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Geck, Martin| title = Robert Schumann: The Life and Work of a Romantic Composer| location = Chicago| publisher = The University of Chicago Press| year = 2013| version = (Robert Schumann: Mensch und Musiker der Romantik, 2010.)


Question: When was Robert Schumann born?

Robert Schumann

Translated by Stewart Spencer| isbn = 978-0-226-28469-9}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Levas, Santeri| title = The Love of the Great Composer: Robert and Clara Schumann's Life Story | location = Porvoo| publisher = WSOY| year = 1952}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Müller, Anette| title = Komponist und Kopist: Notenschreiber im Dienste Robert Schumanns| location = Hildesheim| publisher = Georg Olms Verlag| year = 2010| isbn = 978-3-487-13840-4}} References Elsewhere in Poroila, Heikki: (full composition production listed) — Sheet music of Schumann songs Free scores by Robert Schumann at the International Music Score Library Project (IMSLP) — Mutopia Project Category:German composers Category:German opera composers Category:Composers of Romance Class:Born in 1810 Category:Those who died in 1856 Category:Key articles of screening


Question: How many games developer companies are there in Finland?

Finnish video game industry

Finland's video game industry consists of about 260 gaming houses that develop games specifically for mobile devices such as mobile phones and tablets.


Question: How many games developer companies are there in Finland?

Finnish video game industry

Game-related training is offered at more than 20 colleges.


Question: How many games developer companies are there in Finland?

Finnish video game industry

Organisations that support the gaming industry include IGDA Finland, Neogames and the Finnish Game Developer Association.


Question: How many games developer companies are there in Finland?

Finnish video game industry

[1] The history of the Finnish video game industry begins since 1979, when Chesmac, the first Finnish video game, was released.


Question: How many games developer companies are there in Finland?

Finnish video game industry

The first game to reach international distribution was released in 1986 and the first companies were established in the 1990s.


Question: How many games developer companies are there in Finland?

Finnish video game industry

During the IT bubble of the turn of the 1990s—2000s, a lot of mobile game houses were established.


Question: How many games developer companies are there in Finland?

Finnish video game industry

After the bubble burst, Nokia maintained the Finnish gaming industry with the N-Gage gaming device released in 2003.


Question: How many games developer companies are there in Finland?

Finnish video game industry

At the end of the 2000s, digital distribution became the basis for the growth of the Finnish gaming industry.


Question: How many games developer companies are there in Finland?

Finnish video game industry

Startups began to be established in 2011 as development and publishing had become easier for small players.


Question: How many games developer companies are there in Finland?

Finnish video game industry

A total of 179 new gaming houses were established between 2011 and 2014.


Question: How many games developer companies are there in Finland?

Finnish video game industry

In 2015, Finnish game companies released a total of 145 games.


Question: How many games developer companies are there in Finland?

Finnish video game industry

The gaming industry had revenue of 1.8 billion in 2014.


Question: How many games developer companies are there in Finland?

Finnish video game industry

The best-known companies include Supercell, Rovio, Remedy Entertainment, Bugbear Entertainment, Fuse, RedLynx, Frozenbyte, and Housemarque.


Question: How many games developer companies are there in Finland?

Finnish video game industry

Major video games include Max Payne developed by Remedy, Rally Trophy developed by Bugbear Entertainment, Stardust developed by Bloodhouse, Clash of Clans developed by Supercell, and Clash Royale and Angry Birds developed by Rovio.


Question: How many games developer companies are there in Finland?

Finnish video game industry

In addition to companies, there are a lot of game development enthusiasts in Finland.


Question: How many games developer companies are there in Finland?

Finnish video game industry

History The history of the Finnish video game industry begins since 1979, when the first Finnish video game Chesmac was released.


Question: How many games developer companies are there in Finland?

Finnish video game industry

[2] Hobby activities and game making began practically in the early 1980s with the arrival of the Commodore VIC-20, Commodore 64 and Amiga.


Question: How many games developer companies are there in Finland?

Finnish video game industry

In its early years, game development was purely a hobby activity, and generally games were byproducts of code experiments developed by one person.


Question: How many games developer companies are there in Finland?

Finnish video game industry

Many game developers had background in the demo scene, which created short, non-playable coding demos.


Question: How many games developer companies are there in Finland?

Finnish video game industry

Since 1992, an important event for game development in Finland has been the Assembly, where Finnish game developers and demoscene enthusiasts have gathered.


Question: How many games developer companies are there in Finland?

Finnish video game industry

The first game to reach international distribution was released in 1986 and company-style game development began in the early 1990s when Stavros Fasoulas and Ilari Kuittinen founded Terramarque; later Bloodhouse and Terramarque merged to form Housemarque.


Question: How many games developer companies are there in Finland?

Finnish video game industry

[2] During the IT bubble of the turn of the 1990s—2000s, a lot of mobile game houses were established.


Question: How many games developer companies are there in Finland?

Finnish video game industry

After the bubble burst, Nokia maintained the Finnish gaming industry with its N-Gage gaming device, released in 2003.


Question: How many games developer companies are there in Finland?

Finnish video game industry

In the late 2000s, digital distribution was the basis for the growth of the Finnish gaming industry, exemplified by the success of Angry Birds released in 2009 and the brand that grew from it.


Question: How many games developer companies are there in Finland?

Finnish video game industry

Startups began to be established in 2011 as development and publishing had become easier for smaller players.


Question: How many games developer companies are there in Finland?

Finnish video game industry

A total of 179 new gaming houses were established between 2011 and 2014; in February 2015, 69% of Finnish gaming houses were less than five years old.


Question: How many games developer companies are there in Finland?

Finnish video game industry

In the 2010s, free-to-play games have become an important source of revenue; this is exemplified by Supercell's Clash of Clans and Hay Day.


Question: How many games developer companies are there in Finland?

Finnish video game industry

Also characteristic of the gaming industry are “second round start-ups”, which are set up by experienced players in the gaming industry.


Question: How many games developer companies are there in Finland?

Finnish video game industry

[3] Some of the best known and most important Finnish video games include Max Payne, developed by Remedy Entertainment, Rally Trophy developed by Bugbear Entertainment, Stardust developed by Bloodhouse, and Angry Birds developed by Rovio Entertainment.


Question: How many games developer companies are there in Finland?

Finnish video game industry

The N-Gage gaming device developed by Nokia also plays an important role in the early stages of mobile gaming history.


Question: How many games developer companies are there in Finland?

Finnish video game industry

[2] Statistics Games and gaming companies The gaming business is focused on the metropolitan area, with 38% of enterprises located in Helsinki, Espoo or Vantaa; 28% of enterprises are located in Helsinki.


Question: How many games developer companies are there in Finland?

Finnish video game industry

However, the importance of the metropolitan area has decreased between 2009 and 2014, since in 2009 the percentage of enterprises in Helsinki was 64%.


Question: How many games developer companies are there in Finland?

Finnish video game industry

Other, mainly EU-funded regional centres are located in Turku, Tampere, Oulu, Kajaani, Joensuu, Kotka and Kouvola.


Question: How many games developer companies are there in Finland?

Finnish video game industry

According to Neogames, the Finnish gaming industry centre, the reason for the spread of game development more evenly across Finland is due to the lower starting threshold for digital distribution and the fact that there is more training in the sector outside the metropolitan area.


Question: How many games developer companies are there in Finland?

Finnish video game industry

However, companies in the metropolitan area employ and make earnings significantly more than others.


Question: How many games developer companies are there in Finland?

Finnish video game industry

[4] In a survey by Neogames, 94 companies out of 110 said they were developing games for at least one mobile platform.


Question: How many games developer companies are there in Finland?

Finnish video game industry

The most popular mobile platform is iOS, but Android is almost as popular.


Question: How many games developer companies are there in Finland?

Finnish video game industry

Bigger and more traditional gaming houses such as Remedy have also begun developing games for mobile platforms.


Question: How many games developer companies are there in Finland?

Finnish video game industry

However, mobile development has become trickier due to fierce competition, leading many smaller companies to consider moving to develop games for PC.


Question: How many games developer companies are there in Finland?

Finnish video game industry

[5] In 2014, the turnover of the Finnish software industry grew by 21%.


Question: How many games developer companies are there in Finland?

Finnish video game industry

The gaming industry accounted for two-thirds of the growth.


Question: How many games developer companies are there in Finland?

Finnish video game industry

[6] In 2013, the Finnish gaming industry had a turnover of EUR 830 million and 1.8 billion in 2014.


Question: How many games developer companies are there in Finland?

Finnish video game industry

In 2015, 20 gaming companies made a combined turnover of 1 billion.


Question: How many games developer companies are there in Finland?

Finnish video game industry

It is typical of the sector that a small percentage of companies make a large share of the turnover.


Question: How many games developer companies are there in Finland?

Finnish video game industry

Revenue for the entire software industry was 8.3 billion in 2014.


Question: How many games developer companies are there in Finland?

Finnish video game industry

[7] In 2015, Finnish gaming companies released a total of 145 games, which is 50 more than in the previous record year 2014.


Question: How many games developer companies are there in Finland?

Finnish video game industry

As a novelty, games were also released for smartwatches and televisions.


Question: How many games developer companies are there in Finland?

Finnish video game industry

[8] Supercell was the most productive mobile gaming company globally in 2015.


Question: How many games developer companies are there in Finland?

Finnish video game industry

[9] The best known companies include Supercell, Rovio, Remedy Entertainment, Bugbear Entertainment, Fuse, Fuzzy fused with Digital Chocolate, RedLynx, Frozenbyte, and Housemarque.


Question: How many games developer companies are there in Finland?

Finnish video game industry

In addition to companies, there are a lot of game development enthusiasts in Finland.


Question: How many games developer companies are there in Finland?

Finnish video game industry

Around 700 enthusiasts participated in the 2014 Global Game Jam Finland [1].


Question: How many games developer companies are there in Finland?

Finnish video game industry

Employment Employment in the gaming industry has risen steadily, although in 2009 it briefly declined due to the international economic slump.


Question: How many games developer companies are there in Finland?

Finnish video game industry

2010-2014 growth was flat again: In 2011, the sector employed 1264 people, the following year 1800.


Question: How many games developer companies are there in Finland?

Finnish video game industry

At the end of 2014, the sector already employed around 2500 people in total.


Question: How many games developer companies are there in Finland?

Finnish video game industry

20% of workers are women, compared with 16% in 2011.


Question: How many games developer companies are there in Finland?

Finnish video game industry

In contrast to Statistics Finland's official figures, Neogames statistics have also included entrepreneurs and working abroad, of which there are 113 in total.


Question: How many games developer companies are there in Finland?

Finnish video game industry

Only seven gaming houses employ more than 50 people — the median value for a gaming house staff number is 4.


Question: How many games developer companies are there in Finland?

Finnish video game industry

When comparing employment and outcomes, you can find that the ratio of profits to labour has grown significantly faster than employment.


Question: How many games developer companies are there in Finland?

Finnish video game industry

The amount of profits is not correlated with productivity.


Question: How many games developer companies are there in Finland?

Finnish video game industry

Companies responding to the survey said they plan to employ more than 300 new workers during 2015, although the need for labour is difficult to predict due to the nature of the sector.


Question: How many games developer companies are there in Finland?

Finnish video game industry

[10] Finance Capital was initially invested in the Finnish game industry, especially during the IT bubble of the turn of the 2000s.


Question: How many games developer companies are there in Finland?

Finnish video game industry

The next wave of investment focused on the purchase of mobile game houses in the mid-2000s.


Question: How many games developer companies are there in Finland?

Finnish video game industry

Investments began to grow significantly from 2011 onwards.


Question: How many games developer companies are there in Finland?

Finnish video game industry

During the period 2011-2014 Innovation Financing Centre Tekes financed more than 50 gaming houses, or 20% of all enterprises, with EUR 30 million.


Question: How many games developer companies are there in Finland?

Finnish video game industry

Only 17 companies received more than €0.5 million in venture funding during the period; 12 of these were mobile game studios.


Question: How many games developer companies are there in Finland?

Finnish video game industry

In 2014, a total of €28 million was invested in the gaming industry.


Question: How many games developer companies are there in Finland?

Finnish video game industry

[11] During 2011-2014, EUR 1.26 billion of foreign money was invested in the Finnish games industry, of which 1.1 billion comes from the sale of Supercell to Japanese companies Gungho and Softbank in 2013.


Question: How many games developer companies are there in Finland?

Finnish video game industry

[3] In 2015, the Reputation Game Developers Conference (GDC) commissioned a survey of 250 gaming industry professionals on the situation in the European gaming industry.


Question: How many games developer companies are there in Finland?

Finnish video game industry

About 26% agreed that, the European gaming industry hub is in Sweden; Finland was third behind the UK with 15% support.


Question: How many games developer companies are there in Finland?

Finnish video game industry

The GDC estimates that Remedy, Supercell and Colossal Order are the main reasons for Finland's success.


Question: How many games developer companies are there in Finland?

Finnish video game industry

When asked which country will be the center of the gaming industry five years from now, Finland had dropped to fourth place.


Question: How many games developer companies are there in Finland?

Finnish video game industry

[12] Organisations The Finnish gaming industry centre Neogames works to improve the overall operating conditions in the industry.


Question: How many games developer companies are there in Finland?

Finnish video game industry

Neogames activities include various export events, gaming research and outreach activities, consulting for gaming companies, and other services for gaming companies, educational institutions and researchers.


Question: How many games developer companies are there in Finland?

Finnish video game industry

Neogames also coordinated Tekes' Skene project.


Question: How many games developer companies are there in Finland?

Finnish video game industry

[13] Finnish Game Developers, on the other hand, is an association formed by game developer companies that act as a representative of game developer companies.


Question: How many games developer companies are there in Finland?

Finnish video game industry

[14] Employees in the gaming industry are organised into IGDA Finland, part of the International Game Developers Association.


Question: How many games developer companies are there in Finland?

Finnish video game industry

[15] Figma, the umbrella organisation for Finnish retail, importing and distribution in the industry, is Figma, which, among other things, publishes a list of the best-selling games once a month and, like the music industry, distributes the gold discs in the industry to the best selling games in Finland.


Question: How many games developer companies are there in Finland?

Finnish video game industry

[16] Education in Finland is available in gaming education at secondary level, polytechnics and universities.


Question: How many games developer companies are there in Finland?

Finnish video game industry

[17] The University of Tampere started teaching game research in 2002, when the Game Research Lab was established and games were incorporated into the hypermedia subject.


Question: How many games developer companies are there in Finland?

Finnish video game industry

[17] In 2015, the study direction in internet and games research is part of the Information Studies and Interactive Media Research Programme, and also includes an international master's degree programme.


Question: How many games developer companies are there in Finland?

Finnish video game industry

[18] Aalto University and the universities of Jyväskylä and Eastern Finland also offer education in the gaming industry.


Question: How many games developer companies are there in Finland?

Finnish video game industry

[19] Teaching at universities of applied sciences is available in Kajaani, North Karelia, Kymenlaakso, Lahti, Oulu, Tampere, Turku and Helsinki.


Question: How many games developer companies are there in Finland?

Finnish video game industry

[19] For example, Kajaani University of Applied Sciences has training in game programming, graphics and design.


Question: How many games developer companies are there in Finland?

Finnish video game industry

On the engineering side, they teach how to make game engines.


Question: How many games developer companies are there in Finland?

Finnish video game industry

The Kajak Games game cooperative operates in connection with the school, where it is possible to complete training sessions.


Question: How many games developer companies are there in Finland?

Finnish video game industry

[17] Criticism According to Matti Koskinen of the NYT annex, with the success of Supercell, the debate on the gaming industry has focused on money, leaving “the games themselves and their content [...] eclipsed”.


Question: How many games developer companies are there in Finland?

Finnish video game industry

[20] See also List of Finnish video games List of best-selling video games in Finland by week in 2014 List of best-selling video games in Finland weekly in 2015 Sources Check date values in: |accessdate= (help) CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link) References Category:69 Business Economics * Video Game Industry Category:Game Industry


Question: When was community communication started to be used?

Finnish internet culture

The beginning of Finnish internet culture is already timed to the 1980s.


Question: When was community communication started to be used?

Finnish internet culture

In the mid-1980s, Funet enabled academia and the scientific community to use email and newsgroups.


Question: When was community communication started to be used?

Finnish internet culture

Initially these acted as so-called batch transmissions, messages passed outside their own network but not in real-time.


Question: When was community communication started to be used?

Finnish internet culture

[1] In 1988, Funet's local networks were connected via Sweden to the Internet at a speed of 64kb/s.


Question: When was community communication started to be used?

Finnish internet culture

Outside the scientific community, companies using UNIX received email and newsgroup access through the European Unix Users Association's eUNET network, using UNIX's UUCP protocol.


Question: When was community communication started to be used?

Finnish internet culture

Home users did not have access to the internet, instead Finland had an active BBS culture in the 1980s and 1990s, allowing file transfer and conversation between users.


Question: When was community communication started to be used?

Finnish internet culture

Initially, the conversation was rarely real-time; instead, the user connected their computer to a BBS, or jar, along the dial-up network and downloaded the discussion boards to their home computer.


Question: When was community communication started to be used?

Finnish internet culture

Thus, savings were created on phone bills and often the one-liner jar was not 'reserved'.


Question: When was community communication started to be used?

Finnish internet culture

Around the same time, other text-based web services were in use, allowing, for example, banking affairs to be handled on a home computer.


Question: When was community communication started to be used?

Finnish internet culture

In the early 1990s, the Finnish Unix User Association FUUG (later EUNet) also offered email services to individuals.


Question: When was community communication started to be used?

Finnish internet culture

The Internet became current in 1993 when the MoSAIC browser supported the graphical user interface (World Wide Web) was announced.


Question: When was community communication started to be used?

Finnish internet culture

Around the mid-1990s, before high-speed Internet access became common, home users were able to access the Internet using an analog modem by calling the paid service numbers of providers.


Question: When was community communication started to be used?

Finnish internet culture

In 1994, these SLIP connections were provided by EUNet, X-Gateway, Clinet, Tele and MITS.


Question: When was community communication started to be used?

Finnish internet culture

[2] In 1998, Tele's non-accession “iiNet OPEN” internet connection cost 58 pennies/minute.


Question: When was community communication started to be used?

Finnish internet culture

[3] After 1998, internet connections began to become more common in domestic use as a result of fixed monthly payments, and the 'internet' became a trickery field for industry enthusiasts into a living room for the whole people.


Question: When was community communication started to be used?

Finnish internet culture

Connections were provided via ISDN, ADSL and cable modem.