Question: What did Voltaire famously say about the Holy German-Roman Empire?

Holy German-Roman Empire

The denomination Holy German-Roman Empire dates back to 1512, when it appeared in the form of the “Heiliges Römisches Reich Deutscher Nation” (Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation).


Question: What did Voltaire famously say about the Holy German-Roman Empire?

Holy German-Roman Empire

Nature of the Empire Empire was a unique institution in the history of the world, and understanding its nature is tricky.


Question: What did Voltaire famously say about the Holy German-Roman Empire?

Holy German-Roman Empire

It is easier to present what the Empire was not than to define it: It was never a nation-state.


Question: What did Voltaire famously say about the Holy German-Roman Empire?

Holy German-Roman Empire

Although most of the rulers and inhabitants were of Germanic origin, non-Germanic languages were also spoken in its territory.


Question: What did Voltaire famously say about the Holy German-Roman Empire?

Holy German-Roman Empire

At the time of the kingdom's heyday, it included parts of present-day Germany, Austria, Slovenia, Switzerland, Belgium, the Netherlands, Luxembourg, the Czech Republic, eastern France, northern Italy and western Poland.


Question: What did Voltaire famously say about the Holy German-Roman Empire?

Holy German-Roman Empire

Some of the time, however, it was more like a lax kingdom.


Question: What did Voltaire famously say about the Holy German-Roman Empire?

Holy German-Roman Empire

The Empire had its own central government and was strongly united by Christianity.


Question: What did Voltaire famously say about the Holy German-Roman Empire?

Holy German-Roman Empire

The Pope crowned the King of Germany as Emperor until 1508.


Question: What did Voltaire famously say about the Holy German-Roman Empire?

Holy German-Roman Empire

Structure and institutions from the 12th century onwards, the Empire was shaped by the efforts of local, largely independent princes to transfer the emperor's power to themselves.


Question: What did Voltaire famously say about the Holy German-Roman Empire?

Holy German-Roman Empire

Kings (emperors) repeatedly gave concessions to princes (dukes, counts, etc.) to confirm their own choice or to gain support for their endeavors.


Question: What did Voltaire famously say about the Holy German-Roman Empire?

Holy German-Roman Empire

At the same time, the kingdom dispersed into even smaller units.


Question: What did Voltaire famously say about the Holy German-Roman Empire?

Holy German-Roman Empire

The process ended in 1648 with the Peace of Westphalia.


Question: What did Voltaire famously say about the Holy German-Roman Empire?

Holy German-Roman Empire

The crowning of Charles the Great as emperor at Christmas 800 by King Pope of Germany was an example for later kings.


Question: What did Voltaire famously say about the Holy German-Roman Empire?

Holy German-Roman Empire

Charles the Great had beaten the langobards and the Roman townspeople who had opposed the Pope, which prompted the Empire's role as patron of the Church.


Question: What did Voltaire famously say about the Holy German-Roman Empire?

Holy German-Roman Empire

[2] Becoming Emperor required becoming King of Germany.


Question: What did Voltaire famously say about the Holy German-Roman Empire?

Holy German-Roman Empire

The German king was perpetually elected.


Question: What did Voltaire famously say about the Holy German-Roman Empire?

Holy German-Roman Empire

In the 8th century, the selection was carried out by the dukes of the five tribes (Franks, Saxons, Bavarians, Svaabs and Thuringians).


Question: What did Voltaire famously say about the Holy German-Roman Empire?

Holy German-Roman Empire

In 1356, the group of princes carrying out the election was formalized, which initially included seven Electors (Kurfürst), but later the number slightly changed.


Question: What did Voltaire famously say about the Holy German-Roman Empire?

Holy German-Roman Empire

Until 1508, the elected king had to travel to Rome, where the pope crowned him emperor.


Question: What did Voltaire famously say about the Holy German-Roman Empire?

Holy German-Roman Empire

[3] The emperor could never legislate and rule alone.


Question: What did Voltaire famously say about the Holy German-Roman Empire?

Holy German-Roman Empire

His power was limited by local princes.


Question: What did Voltaire famously say about the Holy German-Roman Empire?

Holy German-Roman Empire

Towards the end of the 15th century, the Reich Days (Reichstag) were established, which only became established in 1663.


Question: What did Voltaire famously say about the Holy German-Roman Empire?

Holy German-Roman Empire

Regions The kingdom was divided into counties corresponding to the states, free cities, ecclesiastical principalities and other similar territories.


Question: What did Voltaire famously say about the Holy German-Roman Empire?

Holy German-Roman Empire

The fiefdom of Reichslehen was directly obtained from the emperor.


Question: What did Voltaire famously say about the Holy German-Roman Empire?

Holy German-Roman Empire

These territories included territories ruled by princes and dukes.


Question: What did Voltaire famously say about the Holy German-Roman Empire?

Holy German-Roman Empire

The rulers of territories under the Empire were not allowed to declare themselves kings (Bohemia formed the only exception in the Middle Ages).


Question: What did Voltaire famously say about the Holy German-Roman Empire?

Holy German-Roman Empire

Ecclesiastical territories included dioceses headed by a bishop or prince-bishop, and imperial monasteries.


Question: What did Voltaire famously say about the Holy German-Roman Empire?

Holy German-Roman Empire

Imperial Free Cities were cities with a self-government similar to that of other parts of the empire.


Question: What did Voltaire famously say about the Holy German-Roman Empire?

Holy German-Roman Empire

The number of different principalities was quite large.


Question: What did Voltaire famously say about the Holy German-Roman Empire?

Holy German-Roman Empire

The size of most of them wasn't more than a few square miles.


Question: What did Voltaire famously say about the Holy German-Roman Empire?

Holy German-Roman Empire

Nor did the territories constitute unified territories surrounded by borders; instead, the realms and princes' holdings could be located scattered, long distances apart.


Question: What did Voltaire famously say about the Holy German-Roman Empire?

Holy German-Roman Empire

In the Peace of Westphalia, the number of different principalities rose to several hundred.


Question: What did Voltaire famously say about the Holy German-Roman Empire?

Holy German-Roman Empire

Reich Days In the New Age, the Reichstag was the law-making body of the Empire, including both secular rulers and representatives of the church.


Question: What did Voltaire famously say about the Holy German-Roman Empire?

Holy German-Roman Empire

For a long time in the Middle Ages, kingdom days met irregularly at the invitation of the monarch.


Question: What did Voltaire famously say about the Holy German-Roman Empire?

Holy German-Roman Empire

Meetings whose participant was not as exalted are called court days (Hoftag).


Question: What did Voltaire famously say about the Holy German-Roman Empire?

Holy German-Roman Empire

However, the expressions are modern, and no such clear distinction was made in the Middle Ages.


Question: What did Voltaire famously say about the Holy German-Roman Empire?

Holy German-Roman Empire

Medieval Reich Days also had no legislative function.


Question: What did Voltaire famously say about the Holy German-Roman Empire?

Holy German-Roman Empire

History of the Frankish Empire investing feud Otto I the Great is estimated to have founded the German-Roman Empire no later than 962.


Question: What did Voltaire famously say about the Holy German-Roman Empire?

Holy German-Roman Empire

Although some consider the Empire to have got its bud in 800 from the crowning of Charles the Great as Emperor of the Romans, Charles the Great himself used the title “King of the Franks”.


Question: What did Voltaire famously say about the Holy German-Roman Empire?

Holy German-Roman Empire

The title also indicates that the Frankish Empire covered an area that included both present-day France and Germany.


Question: What did Voltaire famously say about the Holy German-Roman Empire?

Holy German-Roman Empire

Most historians consider the genesis of the Empire to have been a process that began with the Treaty of Verdun in 843.


Question: What did Voltaire famously say about the Holy German-Roman Empire?

Holy German-Roman Empire

The ruler of the eastern part became Louis the German, followed by more rulers until Louis IV, who was the last representative of the Carolingian family in Germany.


Question: What did Voltaire famously say about the Holy German-Roman Empire?

Holy German-Roman Empire

Konrad I, followed by Henry I of Saxony, was chosen as his successor.


Question: What did Voltaire famously say about the Holy German-Roman Empire?

Holy German-Roman Empire

Henry I concluded a treaty with Charles the Simple, king of the West Franks, in which the independence of Henry I's Kingdom was guaranteed.


Question: What did Voltaire famously say about the Holy German-Roman Empire?

Holy German-Roman Empire

On Charles's death, Henry I annexed Frankish Lothringen into his kingdom.


Question: What did Voltaire famously say about the Holy German-Roman Empire?

Holy German-Roman Empire

In 933, Henry I repelled the invasions of the Madyars who had continuously sought the country.


Question: What did Voltaire famously say about the Holy German-Roman Empire?

Holy German-Roman Empire

[4] Henry I's son Otto I the Great became king in 936 when he crowned himself at Aachen as Germany's first Emperor and later in 962 he was also crowned by the Pope.


Question: What did Voltaire famously say about the Holy German-Roman Empire?

Holy German-Roman Empire

Otto had gained most of his power by conquering Bohemia in 950 and beating the Hungarians at Lechfeld Field in 955.


Question: What did Voltaire famously say about the Holy German-Roman Empire?

Holy German-Roman Empire

To unify the kingdom, Otto I the Great gave Bavaria to his brother Henry and Swaben to his son Liudolf.


Question: What did Voltaire famously say about the Holy German-Roman Empire?

Holy German-Roman Empire

Otto I the Great married Adelheid Burgundian, the widow of the king of the Kingdom of Burgundy and Italy, and thus gained possession of the Kingdom.


Question: What did Voltaire famously say about the Holy German-Roman Empire?

Holy German-Roman Empire

[5] Otto I the Great warred in Italy against the langobards and Byzantium, whose intervals his son Otto II sought to improve upon his ascension to the throne in 973.


Question: What did Voltaire famously say about the Holy German-Roman Empire?

Holy German-Roman Empire

Otto II was mired in a power struggle with his cousin Duke Henry of Bavaria and the Slavic revolt of 983 resulted in the loss of the rear territories of the Elbe.


Question: What did Voltaire famously say about the Holy German-Roman Empire?

Holy German-Roman Empire

Otto II died in the same year and his sons Otto III's regent Adelheid and Theophano were forced to defend themselves against Henry.


Question: What did Voltaire famously say about the Holy German-Roman Empire?

Holy German-Roman Empire

[5] Otto III died young in 1002 and was succeeded all the time by Henry II the Holy, the son of Henry II of Bavaria, who pursued power.


Question: What did Voltaire famously say about the Holy German-Roman Empire?

Holy German-Roman Empire

Henry II the Holy died childless in 1024.


Question: What did Voltaire famously say about the Holy German-Roman Empire?

Holy German-Roman Empire

[5] After him became emperor, Duke Konrad II of Franconia, who was succeeded by Henry III in 1039.


Question: What did Voltaire famously say about the Holy German-Roman Empire?

Holy German-Roman Empire

He was a reformist and supported the reformist Popes Clement II and Leo IX, which backfired as church power grew past the emperor's rule.


Question: What did Voltaire famously say about the Holy German-Roman Empire?

Holy German-Roman Empire

[6] Henry III's son Henry IV succeeded his father in 1056.


Question: What did Voltaire famously say about the Holy German-Roman Empire?

Holy German-Roman Empire

He relied on his fiefdom lords and the strengthening bourgeoisie, and declared Pope Gregory VII excommunicated.


Question: What did Voltaire famously say about the Holy German-Roman Empire?

Holy German-Roman Empire

The pope in turn declared the emperor to be put.


Question: What did Voltaire famously say about the Holy German-Roman Empire?

Holy German-Roman Empire

The pope removed the collar after a year after Henry IV publicly repented.


Question: What did Voltaire famously say about the Holy German-Roman Empire?

Holy German-Roman Empire

During the Panna period, the duchies had begun to revolt, and Henry IV overthrew the rebelling dukes in 1080.


Question: What did Voltaire famously say about the Holy German-Roman Empire?

Holy German-Roman Empire

However, opposition to the emperor grew and was eventually deposed by his own son Henry V in 1105.


Question: What did Voltaire famously say about the Holy German-Roman Empire?

Holy German-Roman Empire

[7] From the 12th century onwards, German emperors considered themselves successors to the emperors of the Roman Empire based on the theory of translatio imperii.


Question: What did Voltaire famously say about the Holy German-Roman Empire?

Holy German-Roman Empire

Therefore, they used the self-designation Augustus.


Question: What did Voltaire famously say about the Holy German-Roman Empire?

Holy German-Roman Empire

In the Early Middle Ages, they did not yet call themselves Roman Emperor, so as not to provoke conflict with the Roman Emperor ruling in Constantinople.


Question: What did Voltaire famously say about the Holy German-Roman Empire?

Holy German-Roman Empire

It was not until Konrad II adopted the title “Roman Emperor”.


Question: What did Voltaire famously say about the Holy German-Roman Empire?

Holy German-Roman Empire

At this time, the Eastern Kingdom was not a unified Germany but a union of principalities, which remained united thanks to the personal influence of Henry the Birdman and his son Otto I the Great.


Question: What did Voltaire famously say about the Holy German-Roman Empire?

Holy German-Roman Empire

They were also able to choose their successors themselves.


Question: What did Voltaire famously say about the Holy German-Roman Empire?

Holy German-Roman Empire

Unity cracked when Henry II Saint was left childless.


Question: What did Voltaire famously say about the Holy German-Roman Empire?

Holy German-Roman Empire

Konrad II was elected after him, but only after disagreements over the election.


Question: What did Voltaire famously say about the Holy German-Roman Empire?

Holy German-Roman Empire

The crown and princes supported the church and clergy so that power would not pass too much to the nobility, which would have decentralized the kingdom.


Question: What did Voltaire famously say about the Holy German-Roman Empire?

Holy German-Roman Empire

The church, in turn, was obliged to support the kingdom financially and militarily.


Question: What did Voltaire famously say about the Holy German-Roman Empire?

Holy German-Roman Empire

Due to the celibacy of the clergy, wealth, posts and fiefdoms could not be inherited and they reverted back to the princes and the crown.


Question: What did Voltaire famously say about the Holy German-Roman Empire?

Holy German-Roman Empire

This protected the position of the monarch, and moreover, this had a great deal of dictum in the naming of bishops and abbots.


Question: What did Voltaire famously say about the Holy German-Roman Empire?

Holy German-Roman Empire

The Church's demands for independence in the 10th century eventually led to the investment-strife that dissolved the kingdom.


Question: What did Voltaire famously say about the Holy German-Roman Empire?

Holy German-Roman Empire

[4] In the time of the House of Hohenstauf Henry V was the last Saalite emperor.


Question: What did Voltaire famously say about the Holy German-Roman Empire?

Holy German-Roman Empire

During his time with the rebelling dukes, a treaty was reached in 1121 in the Reichstag of Würzburg and disputes of investment were agreed in 1122.


Question: What did Voltaire famously say about the Holy German-Roman Empire?

Holy German-Roman Empire

[7] With the death of Henry V in 1125, Duke Lothar Supplinburgite of Saxony rose to power, allying himself with Bavaria against the Hohenstaufs of the princely line of Swabia.


Question: What did Voltaire famously say about the Holy German-Roman Empire?

Holy German-Roman Empire

Saxony and Bavaria were united by the marital trade, but upon Lothar's death in 1138 Konrad III of Swabia became King of Germany.


Question: What did Voltaire famously say about the Holy German-Roman Empire?

Holy German-Roman Empire

[8] However, he was never crowned emperor.


Question: What did Voltaire famously say about the Holy German-Roman Empire?

Holy German-Roman Empire

Frederick I Barbarossa (King of Germany 1152—1190, Roman Emperor 1155—1190) was the first whose office introduced a way of calling the Empire sacred.


Question: What did Voltaire famously say about the Holy German-Roman Empire?

Holy German-Roman Empire

During the Barbarossa period, the idea of the “Romanism” of the Empire emerged even more clearly in the spirit of the so-called 12th-century Renaissance.


Question: What did Voltaire famously say about the Holy German-Roman Empire?

Holy German-Roman Empire

Thus, the imperial assembly at Roncaglia in 1158 reintroduced imperial rights on the advice of four law scholars of the University of Bologna, quattuor doctores.


Question: What did Voltaire famously say about the Holy German-Roman Empire?

Holy German-Roman Empire

They cited phrases of Roman law such as legis solutus (“the laws do not bind the leader”).


Question: What did Voltaire famously say about the Holy German-Roman Empire?

Holy German-Roman Empire

Roncaglia also listed individually the royal rights, which had already been referred to since the Investment Dispute.


Question: What did Voltaire famously say about the Holy German-Roman Empire?

Holy German-Roman Empire

Royal rights (regalias) included public roads, customs duties, minting money, levying some fines, and the right to invest.


Question: What did Voltaire famously say about the Holy German-Roman Empire?

Holy German-Roman Empire

The House of Hohenstauf distributed land to its former unfree service men (ministerials,), who during the war served as soldiers of the emperor.


Question: What did Voltaire famously say about the Holy German-Roman Empire?

Holy German-Roman Empire

Since then, the Ministerials formed low nobility.


Question: What did Voltaire famously say about the Holy German-Roman Empire?

Holy German-Roman Empire

The Hohenstaufs hoped that these would be more loyal to the emperor than a fiefdom based, a service force formed by free men, or a church no longer controlled by the emperor.


Question: What did Voltaire famously say about the Holy German-Roman Empire?

Holy German-Roman Empire

New cities were actively established to concentrate economic power in strategic locations.


Question: What did Voltaire famously say about the Holy German-Roman Empire?

Holy German-Roman Empire

A power struggle between the Hohenstaufs and the Welfs of the Dukes of Saxe-Bavaria divided the Empire for decades.


Question: What did Voltaire famously say about the Holy German-Roman Empire?

Holy German-Roman Empire

Konrad III ousted the Welfs from Saxony, but Frerik I restored Saxony to them.


Question: What did Voltaire famously say about the Holy German-Roman Empire?

Holy German-Roman Empire

The Welfs refused to help Fredrik I this Italian war expedition and the Welfs lost Bavaria and Saxony because of this.


Question: What did Voltaire famously say about the Holy German-Roman Empire?

Holy German-Roman Empire

The infighting of the lineages only ended with the pope's intervention in the game in the early 13th century.


Question: What did Voltaire famously say about the Holy German-Roman Empire?

Holy German-Roman Empire

[9] Frederick I Barbarossa made much war in Italy against the Langobards and the Kingdom of Sicily.


Question: What did Voltaire famously say about the Holy German-Roman Empire?

Holy German-Roman Empire

He led the Third Crusade, but drowned while en route in 1190.


Question: What did Voltaire famously say about the Holy German-Roman Empire?

Holy German-Roman Empire

[8] He was succeeded by Henry VI, who conquered the southern parts of Italy and married the heiress of Sicily, but perished so young in 1197 that he did not have time to name his successor.


Question: What did Voltaire famously say about the Holy German-Roman Empire?

Holy German-Roman Empire

A power struggle began in the Empire, and his minor son Frederick II did not rule like Sicily.


Question: What did Voltaire famously say about the Holy German-Roman Empire?

Holy German-Roman Empire

In Germany, Philip of Swaben and Otto IV competed for kingship with him.


Question: What did Voltaire famously say about the Holy German-Roman Empire?

Holy German-Roman Empire

Eventually, Frederick II prevailed, and he was crowned emperor in 1220.


Question: What did Voltaire famously say about the Holy German-Roman Empire?

Holy German-Roman Empire

[10] Fredrik brought the mythical idea of the Empire to its last peak.


Question: What did Voltaire famously say about the Holy German-Roman Empire?

Holy German-Roman Empire

He also strengthened the Empire's dispersal tendency while staying for much of his reign outside Germany.


Question: What did Voltaire famously say about the Holy German-Roman Empire?

Holy German-Roman Empire

He focused on creating an exceptionally modern state in Sicily, developing public services, economy, and legislation, but he ceded rights to the clergy and secular rulers that the emperor was never able to restore for himself.


Question: What did Voltaire famously say about the Holy German-Roman Empire?

Holy German-Roman Empire

With the rise of power in the territories upon Fredrik's death in 1250, no lineage from which a new king could have come was able to impose one, and the princes elected several kings competing with each other.


Question: What did Voltaire famously say about the Holy German-Roman Empire?

Holy German-Roman Empire

The years 1246—1273 are called the interregnum.


Question: What did Voltaire famously say about the Holy German-Roman Empire?

Holy German-Roman Empire

The difficulties caused by the election of the king eventually led to the formation of the College of Electors (kurfürst).


Question: What did Voltaire famously say about the Holy German-Roman Empire?

Holy German-Roman Empire

Its composition and modes of operation were decided in the Golden Bulla of 1356.


Question: What did Voltaire famously say about the Holy German-Roman Empire?

Holy German-Roman Empire

The development is a sign that the emperor and the kingdom were no longer the same thing.


Question: What did Voltaire famously say about the Holy German-Roman Empire?

Holy German-Roman Empire

The power of kings following the House of Hohenstaufen was also based on different things than those of earlier rulers.


Question: What did Voltaire famously say about the Holy German-Roman Empire?

Holy German-Roman Empire

In the past, the power of emperors was based on the lands of the kingdom (Reichsgut), which always belonged to the respective emperor.


Question: What did Voltaire famously say about the Holy German-Roman Empire?

Holy German-Roman Empire

After the 13th century, the Reichsgut's importance shrank, and lands in the kingdom were given as pledge to local princes, either for money or obedience, or as prizes.


Question: What did Voltaire famously say about the Holy German-Roman Empire?

Holy German-Roman Empire

Kings from Rudolf the Habsburg onwards relied on the lands of their own family to support their power.


Question: What did Voltaire famously say about the Holy German-Roman Empire?

Holy German-Roman Empire

Unlike the lands of the kingdom, the lands of the ruler families were more united and easier to govern.


Question: What did Voltaire famously say about the Holy German-Roman Empire?

Holy German-Roman Empire

Henry VII of Luxembourg was, in 1312, the first to be crowned emperor since King Frederick II.


Question: What did Voltaire famously say about the Holy German-Roman Empire?

Holy German-Roman Empire

After him, the power of all kings and emperors was based on their own lands.


Question: What did Voltaire famously say about the Holy German-Roman Empire?

Holy German-Roman Empire

From this era onwards, it was also the vested interest of the king to transfer power to the territories.


Question: What did Voltaire famously say about the Holy German-Roman Empire?

Holy German-Roman Empire

In the 13th century, the management of the land also changed.


Question: What did Voltaire famously say about the Holy German-Roman Empire?

Holy German-Roman Empire

Money replaced personal responsibilities and peasants increasingly had to pay tax on their land.


Question: What did Voltaire famously say about the Holy German-Roman Empire?

Holy German-Roman Empire

The concept of property increasingly replaced older forms of jurisdiction.


Question: What did Voltaire famously say about the Holy German-Roman Empire?

Holy German-Roman Empire

In the principalities, the owner of the land distributed justice and judgments, from which the rest of the power ensued.


Question: What did Voltaire famously say about the Holy German-Roman Empire?

Holy German-Roman Empire

At the same time, principalities began to take shape as predecessors of modern states.


Question: What did Voltaire famously say about the Holy German-Roman Empire?

Holy German-Roman Empire

The change was fastest in areas that most corresponded to the lands of the old Germanic tribes such as Bavaria.


Question: What did Voltaire famously say about the Holy German-Roman Empire?

Holy German-Roman Empire

Reich Reform (“Reichsreform”) The legal order of the kingdom was still very unstructured in the early 15th century, although some procedures had been agreed upon.


Question: What did Voltaire famously say about the Holy German-Roman Empire?

Holy German-Roman Empire

The rules for the cooperation of the king, king's electors, and other princes in the Empire depended much on the character of each king.


Question: What did Voltaire famously say about the Holy German-Roman Empire?

Holy German-Roman Empire

It was fatal that Sigismund Luxembourgish (king 1410, emperor 1433—1437) and Frederick III (king 1440, emperor 1452—1493) did not pay attention to the core areas of the kingdom, but remained largely on their own lands.


Question: What did Voltaire famously say about the Holy German-Roman Empire?

Holy German-Roman Empire

Without the king's presence, the importance of court days (the Hoftag, the meeting of the leading men of the kingdom) withered and the Reichstag as a legislative body did not yet exist.


Question: What did Voltaire famously say about the Holy German-Roman Empire?

Holy German-Roman Empire

The princes argued among themselves and disputes escalated into local wars at times.


Question: What did Voltaire famously say about the Holy German-Roman Empire?

Holy German-Roman Empire

At the same time, the church was in crisis, too.


Question: What did Voltaire famously say about the Holy German-Roman Empire?

Holy German-Roman Empire

Disputes between several rival popes were not resolved until the Ecclesiastical Assembly of Konstanz of 1414—1418 and much energy of 1419 was expended in the struggle against Hussite heresy.


Question: What did Voltaire famously say about the Holy German-Roman Empire?

Holy German-Roman Empire

The middle-intentioned idea of a unified Corpus Christianum</i>in which the Pope and the Empire were the leading institutions began to crumble.


Question: What did Voltaire famously say about the Holy German-Roman Empire?

Holy German-Roman Empire

Due to major changes, much debate arose in the 15th century about the Empire itself.


Question: What did Voltaire famously say about the Holy German-Roman Empire?

Holy German-Roman Empire

The old rules no longer adequately described the structures of the time and the restoration of an earlier kingdom peace, Landfrieden</i>in, was called for.


Question: What did Voltaire famously say about the Holy German-Roman Empire?

Holy German-Roman Empire

When Frederick III needed money from the princes to fight against Hungary and at the same time elected his son (later Maksimilian I) as king, the princes demanded greater representation as one man.


Question: What did Voltaire famously say about the Holy German-Roman Empire?

Holy German-Roman Empire

For the first time, the meeting of Electors and other princes was called the Riksdag.


Question: What did Voltaire famously say about the Holy German-Roman Empire?

Holy German-Roman Empire

Frederick III refused to convene the Reichstag, but two years after Fredrik's death, his more conciliatory son convened it at Worms in 1495.


Question: What did Voltaire famously say about the Holy German-Roman Empire?

Holy German-Roman Empire

In Worms, the king and princes agreed on four decisions commonly referred to as the Reich Reform, the Reichsreform.


Question: What did Voltaire famously say about the Holy German-Roman Empire?

Holy German-Roman Empire

The Reich Reform included actions intended to give the disintegrating Empire back a certain structure, such as imperial lands and chamber court, which in part lasted until the end of the Empire until 1806.


Question: What did Voltaire famously say about the Holy German-Roman Empire?

Holy German-Roman Empire

Reformation When Martti Luther in 1517 began the Reformation, many princes saw in it an opportunity to oppose the emperor.


Question: What did Voltaire famously say about the Holy German-Roman Empire?

Holy German-Roman Empire

The Empire was fatally split in two along religious border lines.


Question: What did Voltaire famously say about the Holy German-Roman Empire?

Holy German-Roman Empire

Eastern and northern Germany and many of the major cities like Strasbourg, Frankfurt and Nuremberg became Protestant and the southern and western regions remained Catholic.


Question: What did Voltaire famously say about the Holy German-Roman Empire?

Holy German-Roman Empire

In German historiography, the era is referred to as the “period of confessionalism” (Zeitalter des Konfessionalismus).


Question: What did Voltaire famously say about the Holy German-Roman Empire?

Holy German-Roman Empire

After a hundred years of quarrels, the conflict turned into the Thirty Years' War (1618—1648), which devastated the Empire.


Question: What did Voltaire famously say about the Holy German-Roman Empire?

Holy German-Roman Empire

Foreign countries including France and Sweden became involved in the war and annexed significant territories of the kingdom into themselves.


Question: What did Voltaire famously say about the Holy German-Roman Empire?

Holy German-Roman Empire

After the Peace of Westphalia in 1648, following the Peace of Westphalia, the Empire was nearing its end.


Question: What did Voltaire famously say about the Holy German-Roman Empire?

Holy German-Roman Empire

In the Peace of Westphalia, the principalities gained almost full independence, and were even allowed to independently establish alliances with third countries.


Question: What did Voltaire famously say about the Holy German-Roman Empire?

Holy German-Roman Empire

The Empire was no longer just a lax union of very independent states.


Question: What did Voltaire famously say about the Holy German-Roman Empire?

Holy German-Roman Empire

Its emperors belonging to the Habsburg lineage effectively ruled only territories belonging to the so-called Habsburg Monarchy, mainly Austria, Bohemia and Hungary, but of these territories, as well as later Prussia, only some were counted as belonging to the Empire.


Question: What did Voltaire famously say about the Holy German-Roman Empire?

Holy German-Roman Empire

In his essay on the history, customs and spirit of peoples, Voltaire mocked Germany, saying, “Neither holy, nor Roman, nor Empire”.


Question: What did Voltaire famously say about the Holy German-Roman Empire?

Holy German-Roman Empire

[11] End of Empire The Empire officially ceased to exist on 6 August 1806 when the last Emperor, Francis II, resigned after Napoleon was beaten by Austria at the Battle of Austerlitz.


Question: What did Voltaire famously say about the Holy German-Roman Empire?

Holy German-Roman Empire

The relatives of Francis II were, until 1918, emperors of Austria.


Question: What did Voltaire famously say about the Holy German-Roman Empire?

Holy German-Roman Empire

The First Empire after German reunification in 1871, the Holy German-Roman Empire was considered the first kingdom.


Question: What did Voltaire famously say about the Holy German-Roman Empire?

Holy German-Roman Empire

Nazi Germany considered itself the Third Reich and united itself with the restoration of the “former good times”.


Question: What did Voltaire famously say about the Holy German-Roman Empire?

Holy German-Roman Empire

See also List of rulers of the Holy German-Roman Empire Notes Sources Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Berndl, Hattsten, Knebel & Udelhoven| title = World history| publisher = Parragon| year = 2007| id = ISBN 978-1-4054-8283-7}} References On the Topic Elsewhere by Heinrich August Winkler: Der lange Weg nach Westen, Vol.


Question: What did Voltaire famously say about the Holy German-Roman Empire?

Holy German-Roman Empire

1: Deutsche Geschichte vom Ende des Alten Reiches bis zum Ende der Weimarer Republik.


Question: What did Voltaire famously say about the Holy German-Roman Empire?

Holy German-Roman Empire

ISBN 3-406-46001-1, p. 5.


Question: What did Voltaire famously say about the Holy German-Roman Empire?

Holy German-Roman Empire

The Holy Roman Empire by James Bryce.


Question: What did Voltaire famously say about the Holy German-Roman Empire?

Holy German-Roman Empire

ISBN 0-333-03609-3 * Category:Key articles of screening


Question: In what year did Tammela Stadium open?

Tampere Ilves

Ilves is a Tampere football club and part of the general club of the same name.


Question: In what year did Tammela Stadium open?

Tampere Ilves

The membership of the Ilves football division is approximately 4800 people, of which there are about 3900 players.


Question: In what year did Tammela Stadium open?

Tampere Ilves

[1] The club's men's representative team will play in the 2018 Veikkausliiga season, the men's second team in Tampere District Kolmonen and the other two teams in Sevens.


Question: In what year did Tammela Stadium open?

Tampere Ilves

The women's representative team, meanwhile, plays in the Women's Liiga, where it climbed back at the conclusion of the 2014 season.


Question: In what year did Tammela Stadium open?

Tampere Ilves

Ilves' men have won the Finnish championship in 1983, Finnish silver in 1985, SM-bronze in 1984 and 2017, and the Finnish Cup title in 1979 and 1990.


Question: In what year did Tammela Stadium open?

Tampere Ilves

History Next decades Ilves's founding meeting was held at the Tampere Lyceum on 10 April 1931.


Question: In what year did Tammela Stadium open?

Tampere Ilves

The new club was nominated for the title of Niilo's Sons, Ball Boys, Näsi's Sons, Falcons and Ilves, who won the title vote.


Question: In what year did Tammela Stadium open?

Tampere Ilves

On 27 May 1931, Ilves received membership of the SPL.


Question: In what year did Tammela Stadium open?

Tampere Ilves

The club specified in its rules its purpose to be e.g.


Question: In what year did Tammela Stadium open?

Tampere Ilves

“promotes balling in Häme”.


Question: In what year did Tammela Stadium open?

Tampere Ilves

Niilo Tammisalo, a goalkeeper who played for the national football team and HJK, was elected as the first president of the club.


Question: In what year did Tammela Stadium open?

Tampere Ilves

“Tammari” was influential in Tampere as a gymnastics teacher in 1929-36.


Question: In what year did Tammela Stadium open?

Tampere Ilves

[2] In the year of its founding, Lynx did not make it to the official series.


Question: In what year did Tammela Stadium open?

Tampere Ilves

In its first year, the club played hockey and ice ball in addition to football.


Question: In what year did Tammela Stadium open?

Tampere Ilves

Ilves' first practice match was against Tampere Pallotti on 7 May 1931 at the newly completed ground in Tammela.


Question: In what year did Tammela Stadium open?

Tampere Ilves

In Lynx's outfit, the shirt was green-black-vertical striped and the pants were black.


Question: In what year did Tammela Stadium open?

Tampere Ilves

In the following year 1932, Ilves already played official matches and in football it participated in e.g.


Question: In what year did Tammela Stadium open?

Tampere Ilves

to the B Series qualifying games.


Question: In what year did Tammela Stadium open?

Tampere Ilves

[3] The first football coming of Ilves fell short, lasting only a few years.


Question: In what year did Tammela Stadium open?

Tampere Ilves

Football was removed from the Lynx sport selection for the first time in 1938.


Question: In what year did Tammela Stadium open?

Tampere Ilves

[4] The second coming began in 1942, when the representative team played in the district's 1st class and the club had A, B and C juniors.


Question: In what year did Tammela Stadium open?

Tampere Ilves

[5] In the cup competition from SM 1945 in the qualifying round, Ilves defeated TAPA 4-3 and lost 2-8 to TPV in the 1st round (the match made Ilves' then crowd record of 1352).


Question: In what year did Tammela Stadium open?

Tampere Ilves

[6] [7] The second coming effectively ended the 1946/47 Provincial league season, at the conclusion of which football was abandoned.


Question: In what year did Tammela Stadium open?

Tampere Ilves

Hockey was strengthening their positions in the club all the time.


Question: In what year did Tammela Stadium open?

Tampere Ilves

[8] A real death struggle had been played out in the spring of 1946 when the Ilves and the Ilves Cats were faced in the final round of the provincial series.


Question: In what year did Tammela Stadium open?

Tampere Ilves

Ilves-Kissat led the series with Ilves only one point behind, so a dramatic match was decided by the team rising to Suomisarja.


Question: In what year did Tammela Stadium open?

Tampere Ilves

Ilves had to play in a 1—0 loss position with just under occupation after Jussi Linkosuo broke his leg during the match.


Question: In what year did Tammela Stadium open?

Tampere Ilves

The Ilves got into a further upstart battle with Aarne Honkavaara's equaliser and at the end of the match still offered a good chance for Ilves with a refereed penalty kick.


Question: In what year did Tammela Stadium open?

Tampere Ilves

Honkavaara fired a penalty kick at Ilves-Kissos goalkeeper Niilo Karjalaise.


Question: In what year did Tammela Stadium open?

Tampere Ilves

However, the ball returned to Honkavaara, who did not fail again.


Question: In what year did Tammela Stadium open?

Tampere Ilves

However, the referee interpreted the situation to mean the ball would have rebounded from the goal post and disallowed the goal.


Question: In what year did Tammela Stadium open?

Tampere Ilves

Ilves played its first international football match against Danish club Boldklubben 1903 (now.


Question: In what year did Tammela Stadium open?

Tampere Ilves

FC Copenhagen) against in 1946.


Question: In what year did Tammela Stadium open?

Tampere Ilves

The Lynx lost 3—0.


Question: In what year did Tammela Stadium open?

Tampere Ilves

Ilves still played e.g.


Question: In what year did Tammela Stadium open?

Tampere Ilves

In the 1950s in the 3rd class of Tampere District, as well as participating in the Finnish Cup in the 1960s and 1970s.


Question: In what year did Tammela Stadium open?

Tampere Ilves

In 1954, Ilves finished 2nd in class 3rd and rose above the class, which, however, did not cause a major football boom.


Question: In what year did Tammela Stadium open?

Tampere Ilves

The 1970s and ascent to SM-sarja as the new flagship of Tampere football began to be planned after a 28-year break from Ilve, who wanted to introduce representative football into its programme towards the end of the 1974 season.


Question: In what year did Tammela Stadium open?

Tampere Ilves

Badly indebted Ilves-Kissat was about to be relegated from the SM-series [9].


Question: In what year did Tammela Stadium open?

Tampere Ilves

Tampellan Pallo was also relegated from Division I [10], and the metal company that financed it did not see the football club as part of its core business anymore and Tampella management wanted to get rid of the football team.


Question: In what year did Tammela Stadium open?

Tampere Ilves

Fusing into Lynx was easy.


Question: In what year did Tammela Stadium open?

Tampere Ilves

For Ilves-cats, accepting fusion was trickier due to long traditions.


Question: In what year did Tammela Stadium open?

Tampere Ilves

The merger into Lynx, with assets and debts, was eventually approved by the club's board and general assembly.


Question: In what year did Tammela Stadium open?

Tampere Ilves

Ilves' continuation of the Ilves-Cats' league spot in Division I required that 75% of players from the discontinued club relinquishing their league place had to continue at the new club.


Question: In what year did Tammela Stadium open?

Tampere Ilves

[11] So Lynx returned fully to football.


Question: In what year did Tammela Stadium open?

Tampere Ilves

Raimo Vasama, who worked as a coach in ice hockey and was head physician at Tampere University Hospital, became the coach.


Question: In what year did Tammela Stadium open?

Tampere Ilves

The club also launched Ilves Futis-Liiga, under the leadership of Seppo Santasen, a football enthusiast series [12], which has become the largest so-called block league in Finland.


Question: In what year did Tammela Stadium open?

Tampere Ilves

Three years later, Ilves secured his ascent to the SM-sarja under coach Pertti Mäkipää and captain Markku Wacklin and played continuously in the Finnish premier league for the years 1979—1996 [13].


Question: In what year did Tammela Stadium open?

Tampere Ilves

Ilves started the 1975 season in Division I well.


Question: In what year did Tammela Stadium open?

Tampere Ilves

The training methods of Raimo Vasama, who previously worked as a hockey coach, worked in football, and Ilves struggled even to climb to the championship series.


Question: In what year did Tammela Stadium open?

Tampere Ilves

Ilves' playing condition was experienced, for example, by Pyrkivä, who went down 9—2 thanks to Raimo Louvainen.


Question: In what year did Tammela Stadium open?

Tampere Ilves

The Ilves finished the season finishing third in Division I after falling just one point clear of the championship league spot.


Question: In what year did Tammela Stadium open?

Tampere Ilves

The best players in the season were Hannu Hisso and Raimo Kuuluvainen, who scored 13 goals.


Question: In what year did Tammela Stadium open?

Tampere Ilves

The Ilves also improved the initial crowd record with as many as 2599 spectators watching the Ilves—Effort match.


Question: In what year did Tammela Stadium open?

Tampere Ilves

In the 1976 season, Ilves's coach changed to Martti Halme, whose assistant coaches were named Ossi Artimaa and Pertti Mäkipää, who finished his playing career.


Question: In what year did Tammela Stadium open?

Tampere Ilves

The season ended in fourth place in Division I despite 13 goals from Heikki Hyysalo.


Question: In what year did Tammela Stadium open?

Tampere Ilves

To everyone's surprise, Ilves made it to the final of the Finnish Cup, but lost to Lahti Reippaa by goals 2—0.


Question: In what year did Tammela Stadium open?

Tampere Ilves

After the end of the season, the team experienced radical player changes following Erkki Vihtilä's transfer to Reippaasi, Heikki Hyysalo and Mikko Lammi's SEPS for one year, as well as Martti Kuusela's Finnpa.


Question: In what year did Tammela Stadium open?

Tampere Ilves (soccer)

Ilves went into the 1977 season with a young and fully student-oriented team.


Question: In what year did Tammela Stadium open?

Tampere Ilves (soccer)

As a strong home team, Ilves only lost twice in Tampere and finished fifth at the end of the season.


Question: In what year did Tammela Stadium open?

Tampere Ilves (soccer)

The season's top scorer again excelled with Raimo Kuuvainen with 17 hits, who was the top scorer in the whole Division I at the same time.


Question: In what year did Tammela Stadium open?

Tampere Ilves (soccer)

Pertti Mäkipää finished his career as head coach for the 1978 season, with future master coach Jussi Ristimäki serving as head coach.


Question: In what year did Tammela Stadium open?

Tampere Ilves (soccer)

Harri Holli and Jari Niinimäki, who returned to Tampere, also moved to Ilves.


Question: In what year did Tammela Stadium open?

Tampere Ilves (soccer)

Lynx's rejuvenation surgery in previous seasons also played an important role, as young players developed as responsibility grew.


Question: In what year did Tammela Stadium open?

Tampere Ilves (soccer)

Although the Ilves were crushing during the season, toppling Grankulla IFK Fotboll 7—0 and MyPa 5—0, it became an upstart struggle between three clubs, Ilves, Sepsi-78 and Kotka Labour Palloists.


Question: In what year did Tammela Stadium open?

Tampere Ilves (soccer)

On 26 September 1978, the climb struggle between Ilves and Sepsi-78 was resolved in a match played in Seinäjoki, which Ilves won with a goal by Juha Ojase.


Question: In what year did Tammela Stadium open?

Tampere Ilves (soccer)

Ilves rose to the championship series as the winner of Division I together with Kotka's Workers' Palloists.


Question: In what year did Tammela Stadium open?

Tampere Ilves (soccer)

1979 was Ilves' first season in the SM-sarja.


Question: In what year did Tammela Stadium open?

Tampere Ilves (soccer)

The team began preparing for the season with great care, launching workouts as early as November 1978.


Question: In what year did Tammela Stadium open?

Tampere Ilves (soccer)

The Ilves played 15 practice matches during the winter with a promising goal difference of 40—15.


Question: In what year did Tammela Stadium open?

Tampere Ilves (soccer)

With an average age of 22.5 years, the experienced guard was represented by Harri Holli, Pertti Peltonen and Markku Wacklin.


Question: In what year did Tammela Stadium open?

Tampere Ilves (soccer)

Before the start of the regular SM-series, the Finnish Cup was already played.


Question: In what year did Tammela Stadium open?

Tampere Ilves (soccer)

The cup started quite promisingly for Ilves, with the reigning cup champion Valkeakoski Haka going down 2—1.


Question: In what year did Tammela Stadium open?

Tampere Ilves (soccer)

However, the Finnish SM-series did not start as well and Ilves drifted into the qualifying series.


Question: In what year did Tammela Stadium open?

Tampere Ilves (soccer)

However, the Ilves avoided relegation by securing a league place even before the end of the qualifying series.


Question: In what year did Tammela Stadium open?

Tampere Ilves (soccer)

Despite the undertone season, Lynx's viewership average crept up 3000 pairs of eyes.


Question: In what year did Tammela Stadium open?

Tampere Ilves (soccer)

However, the season did not end with securing a league place as Ilves were still in the Finnish Cup.


Question: In what year did Tammela Stadium open?

Tampere Ilves (soccer)

Ilves cleared their way to the final of the Finnish Cup for the second time in their history by toppling HJK 2—1 with goals from Esa Vuorinen and Raimo Kuluvainen.


Question: In what year did Tammela Stadium open?

Tampere Ilves (soccer)

In the final of the Finnish Cup, Turun Palloseura was set against, whom Ilves defeated at the Olympic Stadium with goals 2—0.


Question: In what year did Tammela Stadium open?

Tampere Ilves (soccer)

The Finnish Cup championship and the prize money of 30,000 marks from it, as well as the euro place, was the beginning of the success of the 1980s.


Question: In what year did Tammela Stadium open?

Tampere Ilves (soccer)

The successful 1980s were a golden age for Ilves, with the club achieving, among others, one Suomen championship (1983) and two Finnish Cup titles (1979 and 1990), as well as playing in Eurocups in several years.


Question: In what year did Tammela Stadium open?

Tampere Ilves (soccer)

Jussi Ristimäki, who served as the second coach for a long time, was recruited as the team's head coach on a three-year contract.


Question: In what year did Tammela Stadium open?

Tampere Ilves (soccer)

In the 1983 season Ilves won the Finnish championship under coach Jussi Ristimäki and goal cannon Ari Hjelm.


Question: In what year did Tammela Stadium open?

Tampere Ilves (soccer)

In the same season, Ilves also set a new audience record when the Ilves—KPV match was followed by 15,000 spectators in Ratina.


Question: In what year did Tammela Stadium open?

Tampere Ilves (soccer)

In 1984 Ilves finished third and was close to new Suomen-championship the following season.


Question: In what year did Tammela Stadium open?

Tampere Ilves (soccer)

1985 The Ilves made it to the final, which it nevertheless lost to HJK despite a 1—0 win in the first leg match.


Question: In what year did Tammela Stadium open?

Tampere Ilves (soccer)

A year later at Ratina, 24,000 spectators witnessed when the Lynx faced Italian club Juventus in a European Cup match.


Question: In what year did Tammela Stadium open?

Tampere Ilves (soccer)

After Ari Hjelm left for Stuttgarter Kickers in Germany in 1988, Ilves' success also folded, and in the 1989 season Ilves finished sixth in the SM-sarja.


Question: In what year did Tammela Stadium open?

Tampere Ilves (soccer)

1990s and financial difficulties in the first season of Futisliiga 1990, Ilve was again coached by Jussi Ristimäki, but Ilves did not survive to the final rounds of the regular season.


Question: In what year did Tammela Stadium open?

Tampere Ilves (soccer)

Despite Marek Czako's goal kingship [14] and Ari Hjelm who returned to the team, the season ended in ninth place.


Question: In what year did Tammela Stadium open?

Tampere Ilves (soccer)

However, the year ended victoriously with Ilves toppling Champion HJK 2—1 in the Finnish Cup final.


Question: In what year did Tammela Stadium open?

Tampere Ilves (soccer)

In the 1991 season, Ilve was coached by Scotsman Ian Crawford.


Question: In what year did Tammela Stadium open?

Tampere Ilves (soccer)

Thanks to 16 goals from Ari Hjelm, Ilves fought for medals and were third in the final round just two points behind series-leading FC Kuusys.


Question: In what year did Tammela Stadium open?

Tampere Ilves (soccer)

However, an away loss in the final two rounds and a home table dropped Lynx's final ranking to sixth place.


Question: In what year did Tammela Stadium open?

Tampere Ilves (soccer)

In addition to the Veikkausliiga, Ilves played in the Cup Winners' Cup and progressed to the second round by relegating Northern Irish club Glenavon FC under cover of the away goal rule.


Question: In what year did Tammela Stadium open?

Tampere Ilves (soccer)

In the second round against settled AS Roma.


Question: In what year did Tammela Stadium open?

Tampere Ilves (soccer)

Ilves played out a glorious 1—1 draw in Tampere, but AS Roma were better at home with goals 5—2.


Question: In what year did Tammela Stadium open?

Tampere Ilves (soccer)

In the 1992 season, Ilves played, to the dismay of Ilves fans, wearing a yellow jersey in place of the sponsor's red colour.


Question: In what year did Tammela Stadium open?

Tampere Ilves (soccer)

[14] The team was strengthened with national team players Markus Törnvall and Kari Rissaase, but the season went undertone.


Question: In what year did Tammela Stadium open?

Tampere Ilves (soccer)

Ian Crawford, who coached his second season from Ilve, was allowed to step back after a four-match losing streak when national team veteran Esko Ranta took the helm.


Question: In what year did Tammela Stadium open?

Tampere Ilves (soccer)

The Ilves secured a league spot in the final three games for the following season.


Question: In what year did Tammela Stadium open?

Tampere Ilves (soccer)

Ilves moved from Kolko Ratina to the atmospheric Tammela Stadium for the 1993 season.


Question: In what year did Tammela Stadium open?

Tampere Ilves (soccer)

[14] Significant changes occurred in the playmaking of the Ilves as the namesakes headed to other clubs.


Question: In what year did Tammela Stadium open?

Tampere Ilves (soccer)

Ari Hjelm also changed company, moving to play as a professional to Germany.


Question: In what year did Tammela Stadium open?

Tampere Ilves (soccer)

Matti Paatelainen, who coached the team, ducked halfway through the season to make way for Markku Wacklin, but Ilves still found themselves in the qualifying series.


Question: In what year did Tammela Stadium open?

Tampere Ilves (soccer)

In the qualifying series, Ilves were behind Kajaanin Haka and Kontulan Athletes.


Question: In what year did Tammela Stadium open?

Tampere Ilves (soccer)

Ilves still retained their place in the Veikkausliiga.


Question: In what year did Tammela Stadium open?

Tampere Ilves (soccer)

In the 1994 season, Ilves played again in the traditional yellow outfit, with Markku Wacklin continuing as coach.


Question: In what year did Tammela Stadium open?

Tampere Ilves (soccer)

The season promised a lot for Ilves as Valery Popovich and Oleg Ivanov moved to Ilves.


Question: In what year did Tammela Stadium open?

Tampere Ilves (soccer)

In addition to these, Ari Hjelm returned from Germany to Tampere.


Question: In what year did Tammela Stadium open?

Tampere Ilves (soccer)

However, the league season started poorly, and even weaker was the financial side of Ilves.


Question: In what year did Tammela Stadium open?

Tampere Ilves (soccer)

Popovich and Ivanov had to be sold to Haka at the end of the summer, and the season ended again in a relegation battle.


Question: In what year did Tammela Stadium open?

Tampere Ilves (soccer)

In the final rounds, Ilves finally kept Ilves ahead of FC Oulu and KUPS and Ilves remained as if they remained in Veikkausliiga.


Question: In what year did Tammela Stadium open?

Tampere Ilves (soccer)

With the advent of the 1995 season, Ilves again experienced player loss.


Question: In what year did Tammela Stadium open?

Tampere Ilves (soccer)

Ari Hjelmin transferred to HJK, goalkeeper Teuvo Moilanen to FF Jaro and coach Wacklin left for Kotka.


Question: In what year did Tammela Stadium open?

Tampere Ilves (soccer)

Ilves recruited former player Esa Kuusisto to become the new coach.


Question: In what year did Tammela Stadium open?

Tampere Ilves (soccer)

Ilves, coached by Kuusisto, remained in the upper middle caste for almost the entire season.


Question: In what year did Tammela Stadium open?

Tampere Ilves (soccer)

The gap left by goal cannon Hjelm was able to patch up young midfielder Miikka Kajander.


Question: In what year did Tammela Stadium open?

Tampere Ilves (soccer)

Kajander shot as many as 13 goals during the season and was selected as League Newcomer of the Year.


Question: In what year did Tammela Stadium open?

Tampere Ilves (soccer)

However, the weak economic situation did not improve and Kajander was sold to Sweden at the end of the season.


Question: In what year did Tammela Stadium open?

Tampere Ilves (soccer)

In the 1996 season, Ilves was again the City Lord after TPV's relegation to Ykköse.


Question: In what year did Tammela Stadium open?

Tampere Ilves (soccer)

Despite City's dominance, a wall went up for the Lynx battle as the league was reduced by two teams.


Question: In what year did Tammela Stadium open?

Tampere Ilves (soccer)

In the relegation series, Ilves left behind MP and Haka, but as a result of the league teams being reduced, Ilves did not retain their place in the Veikkausliiga.


Question: In what year did Tammela Stadium open?

Tampere Ilves (soccer)

In 1997, the team was coached by Arto Uimonen, former player of Ilves.


Question: In what year did Tammela Stadium open?

Tampere Ilves (soccer)

Ari Hjelm, who also finished his playing career, returned to the club in the role of manager and Harri Holli in turn took over as team manager.


Question: In what year did Tammela Stadium open?

Tampere Ilves (soccer)

Ilves r.y. started in Division III as the second team of FC Ilves.


Question: In what year did Tammela Stadium open?

Tampere Ilves (soccer)

The goal of the team was to persuade the developing 20s to stay with the club even if the opportunity to play would not open up in representation.


Question: In what year did Tammela Stadium open?

Tampere Ilves (soccer)

A regular farm agreement between the teams was concluded in the spring of 1997 with Veijo Visuri acting as coach.


Question: In what year did Tammela Stadium open?

Tampere Ilves (soccer)

In 1998, as a result of financial difficulties, the Ilves men's representative team ceased operations and changed to Tampere United.


Question: In what year did Tammela Stadium open?

Tampere Ilves (soccer)

United was initially a collaborative project between Ilves and Tampere Pallo-Veikka, but TPV pulled out of the merger.


Question: In what year did Tammela Stadium open?

Tampere Ilves (soccer)

United inherited Ilves' place in Ykkönen and immediately rose to Veikkausliiga after his first season.


Question: In what year did Tammela Stadium open?

Tampere Ilves (soccer)

In 2000, Ilves entered into a cooperative agreement with Duck Park Rangers, who played in Kakkonen, and the team played in the name and colours of Ilves starting in the 2001 season.


Question: In what year did Tammela Stadium open?

Tampere Ilves (soccer)

The team that bore Sorsapuisto's Ilves name was active until 2004, when the name was renamed Ilves FS when the team decided to focus only on futsal [15] and KOO-VEE took the Ilves league place.


Question: In what year did Tammela Stadium open?

Tampere Ilves (soccer)

However, the Ilves football division continued to operate in juniors and women at representative level.


Question: In what year did Tammela Stadium open?

Tampere Ilves (soccer)

In Ilves 2000s, the Ilves men's representative team made a real return in autumn 2007, when the team under Ilves ry received a place in Kakkonen as planned from Koo-vee.


Question: In what year did Tammela Stadium open?

Tampere Ilves (soccer)

[16] Ilves started in Kakkonen in the 2008 season, and the backbenchers determined the team's goal to climb to Ykkönen 1—3 per year.


Question: In what year did Tammela Stadium open?

Tampere Ilves (soccer)

Ilves finished fifth in the Kakkonen B group in the 2008 season under Veijo Visur and third in the 2009 season.


Question: In what year did Tammela Stadium open?

Tampere Ilves (soccer)

Jussi Kuoppala, who played 247 main league matches, also made his return to the Ilves shirt in the 2009 season.


Question: In what year did Tammela Stadium open?

Tampere Ilves (soccer)

[17] In October 2009, Ilves and Valery Popovich signed a two-year contract.


Question: In what year did Tammela Stadium open?

Tampere Ilves (soccer)

Valery Popovich played the role of player-coach at Ilves, and the contract also included an option for one additional year.


Question: In what year did Tammela Stadium open?

Tampere Ilves (soccer)

[18] In addition to the representative team, Popovich was active in Ilveksen Futis Academy (IFA), talent teams, as well as a coach in football schools.


Question: In what year did Tammela Stadium open?

Tampere Ilves (soccer)

[19] After Popovich's contract, more named players joined the Ilves players.


Question: In what year did Tammela Stadium open?

Tampere Ilves (soccer)

Ilves was bred and former league player Jussi Kotilahti was the first, [20] and in spring 2010 Henri Scheweleff moved from Tampere United to Ilves.


Question: In what year did Tammela Stadium open?

Tampere Ilves (soccer)

[21] In the 2010 season, Ilves won Group B and made it to the Kakkonen climb qualifiers.


Question: In what year did Tammela Stadium open?

Tampere Ilves (soccer)

[22] However, in the three-team qualifying series, it lost its match against HIFK and Rovaniemi club FC Santa Claus to finish last in the ice block.


Question: In what year did Tammela Stadium open?

Tampere Ilves (soccer)

[23] The opening match against HIFK arrived to watch Tammela's then record crowd of 2,136 spectators.


Question: In what year did Tammela Stadium open?

Tampere Ilves (soccer)

HIFK won the match by Ilves-raised Petri Heinänen's fourth extra time minute by hitting 1—2.


Question: In what year did Tammela Stadium open?

Tampere Ilves (soccer)

[24] In an away played destiny match against FC Santa Claus, the Ilves suffered a 3—5 defeat, marking the final scrapping of the ascent wound.


Question: In what year did Tammela Stadium open?

Tampere Ilves (soccer)

[25] Ilves also advanced to the 7th round in the Finnish Cup, where Turun Palloseura was matched against.


Question: In what year did Tammela Stadium open?

Tampere Ilves (soccer)

TPS took the match 2—1 on goals.


Question: In what year did Tammela Stadium open?

Tampere Ilves (soccer)

However, Ilves cleared their way to the minor finals of the Finnish Cup, where they lost to Salpausselä's Reippaa.


Question: In what year did Tammela Stadium open?

Tampere Ilves (soccer)

[26] On 15 July, the Lynx faced Englishman and Leyton Orient, playing in the English First League, in their 80th anniversary match.


Question: In what year did Tammela Stadium open?

Tampere Ilves (soccer)

The festive match was played at Tammela Stadium in front of 2464 spectators.


Question: In what year did Tammela Stadium open?

Tampere Ilves (soccer)

Leyton Orient won the match by goals 2—3.


Question: In what year did Tammela Stadium open?

Tampere Ilves (soccer)

[27] [28] After the party match, Ilves announced a new strategy for 2011—2016.


Question: In what year did Tammela Stadium open?

Tampere Ilves (soccer)

The aim of the strategy was for Ilves to play in the Men's Ykkönen by 2013 and in the league already in 2015.


Question: In what year did Tammela Stadium open?

Tampere Ilves (soccer)

[29] At the same time Ilves Edustus Oy was established, with Toni Hevonkorpi as CEO.


Question: In what year did Tammela Stadium open?

Tampere Ilves (soccer)

In turn, Tomi Erola, Petri Ojala, Markku Lehtola, Ari Ruuth and Harri Talonen joined the Board of Ilves Edustus Oy.


Question: In what year did Tammela Stadium open?

Tampere Ilves (soccer)

[30] In addition to joint-stock affiliation, Ilves's second team started in Kutonen block three of Tampere district.


Question: In what year did Tammela Stadium open?

Tampere Ilves (soccer)

In the summer of 2011, Ilves announced a deal with Jari Niemi, who has won six Finnish championships and played 23 A-country matches.


Question: In what year did Tammela Stadium open?

Tampere Ilves (soccer)

Niemi's contract covered the 2011 and 2012 seasons.


Question: In what year did Tammela Stadium open?

Tampere Ilves (soccer)

[31] [32] Jari Niemi debuted in Ilves' shirt on 3 August in a local match against TPV, which Ilves won in front of 2713 spectators.


Question: In what year did Tammela Stadium open?

Tampere Ilves (soccer)

[33] Ilves eventually finished second in their group behind BK-46, but lost in the semi-finals of the climb qualifiers in Ykkönen to SJK.


Question: In what year did Tammela Stadium open?

Tampere Ilves (soccer)

[34] On the junior side, Ilves and Hämeenlinna Football Club started a joint club match event that meets all age categories of clubs each year.


Question: In what year did Tammela Stadium open?

Tampere Ilves (soccer)

For the 2012 season, Mika Malinen, a former player and junior coach of the club, took over as the new head coach of the representative team.


Question: In what year did Tammela Stadium open?

Tampere Ilves (soccer)

In addition to Malinen, the coaches for the 2012 season included Mikko Kavén and Topi Priha.


Question: In what year did Tammela Stadium open?

Tampere Ilves (soccer)

Leena Mäkelä and former Ilves player Seppo Nikkilä [35] Captain-elected [36] Toni Kallio [37] and Gustav Långbacka [38] brought both national team and league experience as new players.


Question: In what year did Tammela Stadium open?

Tampere Ilves (soccer)

After the 2012 season, Ilves ascended to Ykköse when it toppled ÅIFK in a two-leg qualifier; the rise of Ilves to the top of the series was witnessed by almost 4000 spectators.


Question: In what year did Tammela Stadium open?

Tampere Ilves (soccer)

[39] Veikkausliiga (2015—) Ilves played in Ykkönen for the 2013 and 2014 seasons.


Question: In what year did Tammela Stadium open?

Tampere Ilves (soccer)

In the 2014 season, it finished third in the league, which was not enough for the Veikkausliiga ascent.


Question: In what year did Tammela Stadium open?

Tampere Ilves (soccer)

Eventually, the Ilves rose to the top league level when two teams in the league did not meet the criteria required for a licence.


Question: In what year did Tammela Stadium open?

Tampere Ilves (soccer)

[40] Keith Armstrong was chosen as head coach for Ilves' first Veikkausliiga season, whose contract covered the 2015 and 2016 seasons and included an option from 2017.


Question: In what year did Tammela Stadium open?

Tampere Ilves (soccer)

[41] In the 2015 League Cup, Ilves lost in the semi-finals to Rovaniemi Palloseura.


Question: In what year did Tammela Stadium open?

Tampere Ilves (soccer)

The Ilves of the Finnish Cup started from the sixth round, where it was dropped by future cup champion IFK Mariehamn with goals 0—2.


Question: In what year did Tammela Stadium open?

Tampere Ilves (soccer)

[42] At the beginning of October, Kohu Ilves was born after Armstrong was away from the SJK match played in Seinäjoki and after he was a Premier League commentator for MTV at the time of the match.


Question: In what year did Tammela Stadium open?

Tampere Ilves (soccer)

[43] At the conclusion of the case, Lynx dissolved Armstrong's contract.


Question: In what year did Tammela Stadium open?

Tampere Ilves (soccer)

[44] For the remainder of the season, Marco Baruffato, an Italian who served as Armstrong's assistant, was named head coach.


Question: In what year did Tammela Stadium open?

Tampere Ilves (soccer)

[45] Two matches before the season ended, Ilves secured a place in the Veikkausliiga for the following season as well.


Question: In what year did Tammela Stadium open?

Tampere Ilves (soccer)

[46] The final ranking was eighth.


Question: In what year did Tammela Stadium open?

Tampere Ilves (soccer)

At the end of the season, goalkeeper Mika Hilander, who played ten zero games, was selected as Lynx's best player, who was selected twice in a row in July and August.


Question: In what year did Tammela Stadium open?

Tampere Ilves (soccer)

[47] At the end of the season, his playing career was ended by Antti Ojanperä and Olli Vakkala.


Question: In what year did Tammela Stadium open?

Tampere Ilves (soccer)

[48] [49] In the 2016 season, Ilves made it to the fifth round in the Finnish Cup, where it suffered a defeat to Valkeakoski Haka on penalty kicks.


Question: In what year did Tammela Stadium open?

Tampere Ilves (soccer)

[50] In the Veikkausliiga, the team fought until the final rounds for medals and entry into the Euro Games, but the final placing was fifth.


Question: In what year did Tammela Stadium open?

Tampere Ilves (soccer)

In the last match of the season in Mariehamn, Ilves should have won, but Tampereleinen eventually lost to the championship-winning IFK Mariehamn by numbers 2—1.


Question: In what year did Tammela Stadium open?

Tampere Ilves (soccer)

[51] In the 2017 season, Ilves made it to the semi-finals in the Finnish Cup, where they lost to HJK.


Question: In what year did Tammela Stadium open?

Tampere Ilves (soccer)

[52] In Veikkausliiga, Ilves achieved bronze, which was the club's first SM-medal in 32 years.


Question: In what year did Tammela Stadium open?

Tampere Ilves (soccer)

[53] Stadion Ilves plays its home match at Tammela Stadium.


Question: In what year did Tammela Stadium open?

Tampere Ilves (soccer)

The Tammela ball court was opened for use in 1931 and its first grandstand was completed six years later in 1937.


Question: In what year did Tammela Stadium open?

Tampere Ilves (soccer)

[54] The then ballpark was expanded into a stadium in the early 90's with the construction of the existing grandstands.


Question: In what year did Tammela Stadium open?

Tampere Ilves (soccer)

In 2002, the disused 3100 numbered cup seats at the Hakametsä Ice Rink were installed in the stadium's grandstands.


Question: In what year did Tammela Stadium open?

Tampere Ilves (soccer)

Prior to installation, the A grandstand drew 1262, B grandstand 1500, C and D grandstands each 864, as well as the E grandstand 84 and F grandstand 118 spectators.


Question: In what year did Tammela Stadium open?

Tampere Ilves (soccer)

The stated capacity of the stadium is 5040, but due to the condition of the stadium, the actual capacity is lower than stated.


Question: In what year did Tammela Stadium open?

Tampere Ilves (soccer)

In addition to the grandstands to the corners on the side of the field (except between the B and C grandstands), especially between the A and F grandstands, there would be an opportunity to sell standing tickets.


Question: In what year did Tammela Stadium open?

Tampere Ilves (soccer)

The stadium has 1200 lux strong lighting.


Question: In what year did Tammela Stadium open?

Tampere Ilves (soccer)

The stadium lighting covers the criteria for a so-called league license, but the pitch lacks heating as well as e.g.


Question: In what year did Tammela Stadium open?

Tampere Ilves (soccer)

the sanitary facilities of the public and the costume booth arrangements for players and referees do not meet the terms of league eligibility.


Question: In what year did Tammela Stadium open?

Tampere Ilves (soccer)

Colors Colors The traditional colours of lynx are yellow and green.


Question: In what year did Tammela Stadium open?

Tampere Ilves (soccer)

The yellow colour has served as the home colour for the team's outfits while green has been used as the away colour.


Question: In what year did Tammela Stadium open?

Tampere Ilves (soccer)

In the 1992 season, Ilves's playing outfit was exceptionally red in accordance with the will of the main sponsor, this also caused great opposition among the club's fans.


Question: In what year did Tammela Stadium open?

Tampere Ilves (soccer)

Lynx has also played in a white game outfit.


Question: In what year did Tammela Stadium open?

Tampere Ilves (soccer)

Today, Ilves play their home matches wearing Adidas yellow shirt, green trousers and yellow socks.


Question: In what year did Tammela Stadium open?

Tampere Ilves (soccer)

The spare and guest outfit is a full-green costume.


Question: In what year did Tammela Stadium open?

Tampere Ilves (soccer)

Goalkeepers predominantly wear a purple outfit.


Question: In what year did Tammela Stadium open?

Tampere Ilves (soccer)

Lynx management has been mulling over switching to an all-yellow and green outfit with Adidas returning to being an equipment supplier.


Question: In what year did Tammela Stadium open?

Tampere Ilves (soccer)

Ilves equipment suppliers Ilves has had a wide variety of supporter activities throughout its history.


Question: In what year did Tammela Stadium open?

Tampere Ilves (soccer)

In the late 1970s, activities began to organise and a group named as the Yelves Shout Sheer followed Ilves' ascent to the SM-series.


Question: In what year did Tammela Stadium open?

Tampere Ilves (soccer)

Lynx supporters also featured prominently in the late 1990s, founding the Supporters Association.


Question: In what year did Tammela Stadium open?

Tampere Ilves (soccer)

The purpose of the supporters' association was to financially support Ilves representative team FC Ilve, which had been trampled by financial difficulties.


Question: In what year did Tammela Stadium open?

Tampere Ilves (soccer)

Lynx's current supporter activities started during the 2008 season. In Tammela's old beer grandstand.


Question: In what year did Tammela Stadium open?

Tampere Ilves (soccer)

In the 2009 season, the name of the supporter group became established as “Niilon Poys”.


Question: In what year did Tammela Stadium open?

Tampere Ilves (soccer)

The Niilon Points name dates back to the founding of Ilves, when it was the club's one name option after its founder Niilo Tammisalo.


Question: In what year did Tammela Stadium open?

Tampere Ilves (soccer)

Supporters later moved into the end grandstand behind the away team's goal.


Question: In what year did Tammela Stadium open?

Tampere Ilves (soccer)

During the 2011 season, the eastern end of Tammela Stadium was stabilized as a place for supporters, where supporters continue to gather.


Question: In what year did Tammela Stadium open?

Tampere Ilves (soccer)

Players and coaches Men's representative team for season 2018 Updated on August 18, 2018.


Question: In what year did Tammela Stadium open?

Tampere Ilves (soccer)

[55] Goalkeeps01 Mika Hilander12 Johannes LuukkanenDefenders03 Diogo Tomas04 Felipe Aspegren05 Jani Denmark06 Matias Ojala13 Baba Mensah15 Mikael Almen16 Tatu Miettunen19 Tuomas Rannankari22 Tariq Kazi24 Roope Huhtala27 Martti Haukioja Midfielders2 Alim Moundi8 Iiro Järvinen9 Ilari Mettalä10 Lauri Ala-Myllymäki11 Jusif Ali14 Tuure Siira20 Eero Tamminen23 Naatan Skytä25 Issa Thiaw29 Santeri Haaralaattackers9 Ilari Mettalä17 Mauro Severino21 Niklas Jokelainen26 Tiemoko Fofana45 Marius Noubissi Representation Team Background Officers Updated 7 February in 2018.


Question: In what year did Tammela Stadium open?

Tampere Ilves (soccer)

[55] Jarkko Wiss, head coach Toni Kallio, coach Mikko Kavén, goalkeeping coach Heli Rekimies, physiotherapist Jonne Väisänen, doctor Ville Niemelä, guardian Ville Korpela, custodian Head coaches and captains Head coaches Raimo Vasama 1975 Martti Halme 1976—1977 Pertti Mäkipää 1978—1981 Jussi Ristimäki 1982—1984 Turo Flink 1985—1986 Harri Holli 1987—1989 Jussi Ristimäki 1990 Ian Crawford 1991—1992 Matti Paatelainen 1993 Markku Wacklin 1993—1994 Esa Kuusisto 1995—96 Arto Uimonen Ari Hjelm 1997 Kari Nikkilä 1998 Janne Salovaara/Jarmo Virtanen 2001 Veijo Visuri 2008—2009 Valeri Popovich 2010—2011 Mika Malinen 2012—2014 Keith Armstrong 2015 Marco Baruffato 2015 Jarkko Wiss 2016— Captains Niilo Tammisalo 1931—1934 Heikki Hyysalo 1975—1976 Markku Wacklin 1977—1980 Seppo Räsänen 1981—1984 Arto Uimonen 1985—1986 Mika Malinen 1987 Ari Hjelm 1988 Petri Ojala 1989—1990 Ari Hjelm 1991 Petri Ojala 1992 Pekka Mattila 1993—1994 Ari Hjelm 1994 Seppo Nikkilä 1995 Mark Joseph 1996/Timo Korsumäki (Korsumäki captained for five matches) Timo Korsumäki 1997—98 Mikko Lahtinen 2001—02 Petteri Poukka 2008—2010 Olli Vakkala 2011/Henri Scheweleff captained after Vakkala moved to Scotland) Toni Kallio 2012—13 Heikki Aho 2014 Antti Hynynen 2015—2017 Mika Hilander 2018— Former players Toni Kuivasto Ari Hjelm Harri Holli Niilo Tammisalo Miika Juntunen Teuvo Moilanen Jari Niinimäki Jukka Heinonen Kimmo Famous Arto Uimonen Raimo Famous Petri Heinänen Mika Aaltonen Esko Valkama Matti Laine Martti Kuusela Pertti Mäkipää Markku Linnusmäki Markku Wacklin Veikko Court Petri Ojala Jukka Pirinen Kari Rissanen Kimmo Famous Jari Abundant Miikka Kajander Pasi Salmela Seppo Räsänen Vesa Holli Jusu Karvonen Jaakko Laitinen Juha Karvinen Mikko Mäkelä Mika Vidgrén Jari Lemivaara Joni Lehtonen Hannu Immonen Kimmo Kuula Petri Kuula Jukka Suikki Juha-Pekka Torvinen Jussi Räsänen Juha Pirinen (8 matches Jussi Kuoppala Esa Kuusisto Janne Salli Juha Ojanperä Mikko Pessi Mike Belfield Dean Thomas Mark Dziadulewicz Mark Nangle Jason Thomas Abdul Aziz Moshood Mark Joseph Marek Czakon Oleg Ivanov Chris James (1 match Achievements and statistics 1 Finnish Championship: 1983 1 Finnish Championship silver: 1985 2 Finnish championship bronze: 1984, 2017 2 Finnish cup championships: 1979 and 1990 1 Finnish cup silver: 1977 1 Finnish cup silver: 2010 2 Neste finish bowl: 1986 and 1987 1 participation in European Cup: 1984 2 participation in Cup Winners' Cup: 1980 and 1991 1 participation in UEFA Cup: 1986 EuroCup matches Ilves goals mentioned first.


Question: In what year did Tammela Stadium open?

Tampere Ilves (soccer)

League levels Ilves at SM-level Data SM-sarja Marathon table Seasons 19 (1979—1996, 2015-) Matches 511 Wins 189 Draws 123 Losses 199 Goals scored 803 Goals conceded 813 Goal difference -10 Points 562 Since 1991, three points have been awarded for a win.


Question: In what year did Tammela Stadium open?

Tampere Ilves (soccer)

(Updated 10.11.2015) Most goals scored in one season at SM-level 63 (1983, 29 ott.


Question: In what year did Tammela Stadium open?

Tampere Ilves (soccer)

), Ykkönen 51 (1978, 22 ott.)


Question: In what year did Tammela Stadium open?

Tampere Ilves (soccer)

At number two 84 (2012, 27 ott.)


Question: In what year did Tammela Stadium open?

Tampere Ilves (soccer)

Goals made/match at SM-level 2.2 (1983), Ykkönen 2,32 (1978), Kakkonen 3.11 (2012) [59] Goals conceded 57 (1982, 29 ott), Ykkönen 38 (2013 27 ott.)


Question: In what year did Tammela Stadium open?

Tampere Ilves (soccer)

Goals/match 2,5 (1993), In Ykkönen 1,41 (1977) Wins at SM-level 17 (1983, 29 ott.


Question: In what year did Tammela Stadium open?

Tampere Ilves (soccer)

), Ykkönen 13 (1975 and 1978, 22 ott.)


Question: In what year did Tammela Stadium open?

Tampere Ilves (soccer)

In the second 22 (2012, 27 ott.)


Question: In what year did Tammela Stadium open?

Tampere Ilves (soccer)

Draws at SM-level 12 (1991, 33 ott.


Question: In what year did Tammela Stadium open?

Tampere Ilves (soccer)

), Ykkönen 8 (2013 27 ott.)


Question: In what year did Tammela Stadium open?

Tampere Ilves (soccer)

Losses 18 (1992, 33 ott.


Question: In what year did Tammela Stadium open?

Tampere Ilves (soccer)

), Ykkösen 8 (1976 22 ott.


Question: In what year did Tammela Stadium open?

Tampere Ilves (soccer)

2013 27 ott.


Question: In what year did Tammela Stadium open?

Tampere Ilves (soccer)

2014 27 ott.)


Question: In what year did Tammela Stadium open?

Tampere Ilves (soccer)

Points/match at SM-level 1,41 (1983), Ykkönen 1,57 (1979), Kakkonen 2,6 (2012) [59] Goals scored in one match 8 (Ilves—ROPS 8—2 24.4.1983) Goals scored in Ykkönen 10 (Ilves-FC Vikings 10-0 (5-0) 4.10.2014) [60] Goals scored in Kakkonen —Lynx 2—10 ( 1—4) 21 August 2011) [61] Goals scored in the Finnish Cup 8 (FC Boda—Ilves 0—8 on 22 April 2010) [62] Goals conceded 7 (Reipas—Ilves 7—1, 17 June 1990) Goals scored, both teams 12 (Musa—Ilves 2—10 (1—4) 21 August 2011) [61] 6 goals Miki Sipiläinen (Kakkonen: Musail—Ilves 2—10 (1—4) 21 August 2011) [61] 6 goals Miki Sipiläinen (Kakkonen: Musail—Ilves VES 2—10 (1-4) August 21, 2011) [61] 4 goals Ari Hjelm (SM-sarja: Ilves—OTP 7—0 13 August 1986) 4 goals Miki Sipiläinen (Finnish Cup: FC Boda—Ilves 0—8 22 May 2010) [62] Biggest win in SM-sarja 7—0 (MP 3 May 1981, OPS 1 August 1982, OTP 13 July 1986) Biggest win in Finnish Cup 0—8 (FC Boda—Ilves 22 Apr 2010) [62] Biggest win in Finnish Cup 0—8 (FC Boda—Ilves 22 Apr 2010) [62] Biggest win in Finnish Cup 10-0 (Ilves-FC Vikings 10-0 (5-0) October 4, 2014) [63] Biggest win in Kakkonen 2—10 (Musa—Ilves 2—10 (1—4) August 21, 2011) [61] Biggest loss in SM-sarja 1—7 (Reipas June 17, 1990), 0—6 (KPV August 22, 1988, Reipas August 7, 1988, Haka August 12, 1993) Youngest scorer, Gullit Zolameso, 15 years (Ilves—Musa 4—0, 1 June 2011 ) [64] Maximum crowd averages at SM level Most goals at SM-level Ari Hjelm 139 Jari Niinimäki 91 Arto Uimonen 47 Seppo Nikkilä 46 Markku Linnusmäki 43 Raimo Audible 34 Marek Czakon 27 Michael Belfield 24 Markku Wacklin 20 Pekka Mattila 19 Most goals in Division I Raimo Kuulainen 51 Jonne Hjelm 26 Heikki Hyysalo 24 Raul Mäkelä 13 Juha Ojanen 13 Kalle Multanen 12 Jaakko Juuti 11 Markku Linnusmäki 11 Petri Heinänen 10 Most goals in Division II Miki Sipiläinen 71 Matti Jokinen 44 Kalle Multanen 26 [74] Jussi Kotilahti 21 [59] [75] Most goals in the Finnish Cup Ari Hjelm 19 Jari Niinimäki 12 Marek Czakon 11 Most goals in the League Cup Petri Kuula 3 Toni Kuivasto 2 Joni Lehtonen 2 Henry Chidozie Ugwunna 2 Standings since 2008 season seriesJaovthTM—PMMEP2008Kakkonen (block B) 5.26135840—24+16442009Kakkonen (block B) 3.26143940—30+10452010Kakkonen (block B) 1.26174559—32+27552011Kakkonen (block B) 2.261826669—32+ 37562012Kakkonen (West block) 1.27224184—21+63702013Ykkönen4.27118846—38+8412014Ykkönen3.27145845—29+16472015 [76] Veikkausliiga 8.331171532—48-16402016 [76] Veikkausliiga 5.331571136—35+1522017 [76] Veikkausliiga 3.331511739—35+4562018 [76] Veikkausliiga 5.331471245—41+449 Sources Matti Wacklin: Word of heart, Lynx.


Question: In what year did Tammela Stadium open?

Tampere Ilves (soccer)

Tampere: Ilves ry, 2006.


Question: In what year did Tammela Stadium open?

Tampere Ilves (soccer)

ISBN 952-92-0783-2 Tomi Erola: Seasonal Book 2009.


Question: In what year did Tammela Stadium open?

Tampere Ilves (soccer)

Tampere: Ilves ry/men's representative team, 2009 Tomi Erola: Kausikirja 2008.


Question: In what year did Tammela Stadium open?

Tampere Ilves (soccer)

Tampere: Ilves ry/men's representative team, 2008 FC Ilves: Kausikirja 1997.


Question: In what year did Tammela Stadium open?

Tampere Ilves (soccer)

Tampere: Ilves ry/FC Ilves ry, 1997 FC Ilves: Kausikirja 1995.


Question: In what year did Tammela Stadium open?

Tampere Ilves (soccer)

Tampere: Ilves ry/FC Ilves ry, 1995 Ilves: Kausikirja 1984.


Question: In what year did Tammela Stadium open?

Tampere Ilves (soccer)

Tampere: Ilves ry, 1984 Ilves: Kausikirja 1979.


Question: In what year did Tammela Stadium open?

Tampere Ilves (soccer)

Tampere: Ilves ry, 1979 P. Seppänen and J. Pruns: 60 years of the Finnish Pallolion Tampere District Tampere: SPL Tampere District ISBN 952-9841-27-2 P.Seppänen: “50 years of the Finnish Pallolion Tampere District” Tampere: SPL Tampere District ISBN 952-9841-99-X References elsewhere on the topic Category:Tampere Ilves Category:Finnish football clubs Category:Key articles of screening


Question: What kind of organization was the Mighty of the Karelian People?

Lapuan Movement

The Lapuan movement (sometimes Lapuan movement) was a Finnish right-wing radical [1] anti-communist popular movement influenced between 1929 and 1932.


Question: What kind of organization was the Mighty of the Karelian People?

Lapuan Movement

In its initial phase, the movement was pan-bourgeois in nature, but after achieving its primary objective, the prohibition of communist activities, the movement became radicalized and lost the support of the Agrarian and moderate right.


Question: What kind of organization was the Mighty of the Karelian People?

Lapuan Movement

The Lapua movement ceased after the failed Mäntsälä Rebellion (27 February — 6 March 1932), after it had failed to overthrow the legitimate government.


Question: What kind of organization was the Mighty of the Karelian People?

Lapuan Movement

The political programme of the movement was continued by the Patriotic People's Movement (IKL) from 1932 to 1944.


Question: What kind of organization was the Mighty of the Karelian People?

Lapuan Movement

Main features of the movement's background and development The movement said that the cornered party politicking had poisoned the state atmosphere and caused parties to forget about the interests of the Motherland and Finns.


Question: What kind of organization was the Mighty of the Karelian People?

Lapuan Movement

In place of the “rampant” parliamentarianism, firm governmental powers had to be replaced by the Lapua Lapua Liika Ry, among other things, a majority election.


Question: What kind of organization was the Mighty of the Karelian People?

Lapuan Movement

In the opinion of Docent Jussi Niinistö, the Lapua Movement was the most powerful popular movement in Finnish political history, if not the most powerful in the history of Finland, since it got through all its original demands between 1929 and 1930.


Question: What kind of organization was the Mighty of the Karelian People?

Lapuan Movement

[2] Initially, the People's Movement was a “posture movement” in support of the government, but soon morphed into a protest movement.


Question: What kind of organization was the Mighty of the Karelian People?

Lapuan Movement

The Lapuan movement had several different means of influence.


Question: What kind of organization was the Mighty of the Karelian People?

Lapuan Movement

Civic assemblies, civic embassies, delegations, demonstrations of mass power and various pleadings were peaceful modes of action of the popular movement.


Question: What kind of organization was the Mighty of the Karelian People?

Lapuan Movement

Also influential were mounting clamping on Labour houses and “purges” of local councils, in which local councillors known as communists were pressured and intimidated into resigning from their positions of trust.


Question: What kind of organization was the Mighty of the Karelian People?

Lapuan Movement

Lapua's movement did not curl force, which also led to the breaking of the laws.


Question: What kind of organization was the Mighty of the Karelian People?

Lapuan Movement

The most famous form of activity was the “pluses” (rides) of communists and other leftists, which were more or less violent.


Question: What kind of organization was the Mighty of the Karelian People?

Lapuan Movement

Some of those ridden ended up across the eastern border into the Soviet Union.


Question: What kind of organization was the Mighty of the Karelian People?

Lapuan Movement

Under the “Lapua Law”, in addition to illegal rides, the Lapuans committed numerous assaults and even a few murders.


Question: What kind of organization was the Mighty of the Karelian People?

Lapuan Movement

[3] From the end of 1929 until the end of 1930, the Lapua Movement functioned as a spontaneous popular movement with Ostrobothnia as a solid area of support and Vihtori Kosola, a charismatic farmer, activist and peasant as its ideological leader.


Question: What kind of organization was the Mighty of the Karelian People?

Lapuan Movement

Initially, the core organisation of the popular movement was Suomen Lukko, with Artturi Leinonen as its leader.


Question: What kind of organization was the Mighty of the Karelian People?

Lapuan Movement

In general, the spelling lapuanmovement refers to precisely this stage of popular movement.


Question: What kind of organization was the Mighty of the Karelian People?

Lapuan Movement

In its own time, however, the popular movement was commonly referred to as just the Lapua movement.


Question: What kind of organization was the Mighty of the Karelian People?

Lapuan Movement

In November 1930, the movement reorganized into an organisation under the name Lapua Liika Ry, which, however, still retained the proportions of a popular movement thanks to its 30000 active members.


Question: What kind of organization was the Mighty of the Karelian People?

Lapuan Movement

This organization was dissolved after the failed Mäntsälä Rebellion (27 February — 6 March 1932) on 24 March 1932.


Question: What kind of organization was the Mighty of the Karelian People?

Lapuan Movement

The main difference between the Lapuan Movement and the Lapuan Movement was the latter's insistence on the prohibition of social democratic, that is, all remaining Marxist activities.


Question: What kind of organization was the Mighty of the Karelian People?

Lapuan Movement

[2] The original popular movement relied on so-called white labour, i.e. non-socialist laborers, especially the Cörty peasants, as well as the rest of the rural population, clergy, civil servants and other educated and civilized middle classes.


Question: What kind of organization was the Mighty of the Karelian People?

Lapuan Movement

Lapuan Liika Ry, on the other hand, emerged with the gradual radicalization of the popular movement.


Question: What kind of organization was the Mighty of the Karelian People?

Lapuan Movement

Its active adherence included the so-called upper middle class, namely senior civil servants, wealthier civilisation, more authoritative clergy, powerful military leaders, as well as industrialists and other representatives of the corporate world.


Question: What kind of organization was the Mighty of the Karelian People?

Lapuan Movement

[4] The Lapua movement took influences from various far-right parties in Europe, especially the Fascists in Italy.


Question: What kind of organization was the Mighty of the Karelian People?

Lapuan Movement

Mussolini's rise to power and activities in Italy were openly admired among the Lapuans.


Question: What kind of organization was the Mighty of the Karelian People?

Lapuan Movement

[5] Although the Lapuan movement was combined with the pan-European anti-communist, right-wing radical and bourgeois movement of its time, it does not always count as a right-wing radical.


Question: What kind of organization was the Mighty of the Karelian People?

Lapuan Movement

Right-wing radicalism subsequently emerged from the tradition of post-activism and was represented by subsequent smaller organisations influenced from the mid-1930s onwards, which had generally emerged from the inner circle of the highly educated and many times Lapuan movement in its time.


Question: What kind of organization was the Mighty of the Karelian People?

Lapuan Movement

[4] At the party-political decision-level, a form of Finnish right-wing radicalism was mainly represented by the Patriotic People's Movement (IKL), which was established as an extension of the disbanded Lapua Liika Ry on 5 June 1932 in Hämeenlinna.


Question: What kind of organization was the Mighty of the Karelian People?

Lapuan Movement

The ideological basis and historical background of the whole popular movement was the Finnish Civil War and other events of 1917—1918.


Question: What kind of organization was the Mighty of the Karelian People?

Lapuan Movement

After the war, it seemed that the extreme left had been wiped off the political map of Finland, and Finland's bourgeois democracy was not threatened.


Question: What kind of organization was the Mighty of the Karelian People?

Lapuan Movement

However, the Communist Party of Finland (SKP), founded in the Soviet Union, began to operate in Finland in the 1920s through the Finnish Socialist Workers' Party (SSTP) (1920-1923) and its successor Socialist Workers' and Small Farmers' Electoral Organisation (STPV) (1924—1930).


Question: What kind of organization was the Mighty of the Karelian People?

Lapuan Movement

The Communists won 27 seats in the parliamentary elections in 1922, 18 seats in 1924, 20 seats in 1927 and 23 in 1929.


Question: What kind of organization was the Mighty of the Karelian People?

Lapuan Movement

As early as 1923, the Kallion I government had implemented the so-called “Kallio cut” and ceased operations of the SSTP, as well as arresting communist actives.


Question: What kind of organization was the Mighty of the Karelian People?

Lapuan Movement

The activation of the far-left was evident in the fact that so-called white workmen, who had been icemen, tribal warriors or who had served in the war in the white forces, were forced to apologise in the labour papers for these “crimes”.


Question: What kind of organization was the Mighty of the Karelian People?

Lapuan Movement

The apology took place in public, usually in a communist-controlled workers' magazine.


Question: What kind of organization was the Mighty of the Karelian People?

Lapuan Movement

Unless repented, had to pay fines or pressured to resign from the job.


Question: What kind of organization was the Mighty of the Karelian People?

Lapuan Movement

According to Docent Jussi Niinistö, work site terror also included violence described as an accident at work.


Question: What kind of organization was the Mighty of the Karelian People?

Lapuan Movement

He describes it this way: Similarly, Professor Juha Siltala has stated in his doctoral thesis in 1985 that the Communists, with their terror at the site, provided an effective propaganda weapon to bourgeois circles.


Question: What kind of organization was the Mighty of the Karelian People?

Lapuan Movement

For those who support white Finland in particular, humbling in the face of the “Moscow minions” was a bitter blow.


Question: What kind of organization was the Mighty of the Karelian People?

Lapuan Movement

During his graduate work in 1967, researcher Pekka Vanhala examined 482 apology cases, 40% of which were political.


Question: What kind of organization was the Mighty of the Karelian People?

Lapuan Movement

In 93% of political cases, the apology was due to the worker's belonging to a patronage council.


Question: What kind of organization was the Mighty of the Karelian People?

Lapuan Movement

As many as 73% of all public apologies in Southern Ostrobothnia were from former patrons and Civil War veterans.


Question: What kind of organization was the Mighty of the Karelian People?

Lapuan Movement

The Lapuan movement later took as one of its objectives the eradication of this phenomenon known as site terror.


Question: What kind of organization was the Mighty of the Karelian People?

Lapuan Movement

[2] In addition, the communists organized strikes at factories and shipyards where commodities were produced for the needs of the state.


Question: What kind of organization was the Mighty of the Karelian People?

Lapuan Movement

The defence industry, for example, was subject to strike action.


Question: What kind of organization was the Mighty of the Karelian People?

Lapuan Movement

In particular, the ten-month strike of submarine manufacturer Crichton-Vulcan in Turku in 1927 heated emotions.


Question: What kind of organization was the Mighty of the Karelian People?

Lapuan Movement

The Communists received strike instructions from the Soviet Union along with monetary strike grants.


Question: What kind of organization was the Mighty of the Karelian People?

Lapuan Movement

[2] For the emergence of the anti-communist popular movement, disputes between bourgeois parties also played a major role.


Question: What kind of organization was the Mighty of the Karelian People?

Lapuan Movement

In the eyes of the Lapua movement, the civil war and subsequent state, or White Finland, had been the ideal state of pan-bourgeois and national existence.


Question: What kind of organization was the Mighty of the Karelian People?

Lapuan Movement

The burghers had collectively been on the verge of defeating the red danger from the east, which had been left halfway to tackling.


Question: What kind of organization was the Mighty of the Karelian People?

Lapuan Movement

White Finland, which mobilized Lapua, was an ideal state of aspiration, whereas for the centrist parties it was only a temporary transition.


Question: What kind of organization was the Mighty of the Karelian People?

Lapuan Movement

In the Civil War victory parade, Gustaf Mannerheim had called for firm rule and the preservation of national existence, namely White Finland, but in the view of supporters of a future popular movement, neither of these had materialised.


Question: What kind of organization was the Mighty of the Karelian People?

Lapuan Movement

After the government-style struggle, the ousting of Mannerheim from political life, the red-prisoner amnesties, minority governments of the centrist parties and various crises such as the patronage conflict, the Coalition, effectively excluded from governments entirely, was at odds with the centrist parties ( Agrarian League, National Progress Party) with.


Question: What kind of organization was the Mighty of the Karelian People?

Lapuan Movement

The previously staunchly bourgeois Swedish People's Party again cooperated with the SDP and the SDP again supported centrist minority governments.


Question: What kind of organization was the Mighty of the Karelian People?

Lapuan Movement

[6] This bourgeois dispersal, conflicts arising from front, class and group requests combined with the sense of danger created by the activation of communist activities and the spirit of war of liberation gave rise to the Lapuan movement, although in fact, at the birth of the popular movement in 1929, the communist danger was at their very least, and the Social Democrats were already practically adapted and committed to bourgeois democracy.


Question: What kind of organization was the Mighty of the Karelian People?

Lapuan Movement

[7] One of the foundations of the Lapua movement were the strike breaker organisations.


Question: What kind of organization was the Mighty of the Karelian People?

Lapuan Movement

The most famous of these was the Group Vientiraumaa led by Martti Pihkala.


Question: What kind of organization was the Mighty of the Karelian People?

Lapuan Movement

After the strike broke out, the workers of the Vientipeace quarter were brought in to do the work and the labor struggle was broken.


Question: What kind of organization was the Mighty of the Karelian People?

Lapuan Movement

The Ostrobothans played an active role in strike breaking activities, for example, during the hardest times of the Vient Peace during the nationwide port strike of 1928—1929, most of the strike breakers were Ostrobothians.


Question: What kind of organization was the Mighty of the Karelian People?

Lapuan Movement

In Southern Ostrobothnia, Vihtori Kosola, a farmer who recruited the Civil War whites already served as a recruiter for picketers, tribal warriors and white people from the Civil War.