Question: In what decade did the Church of Finland hand over power to the state?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

However, at the beginning of the Union period, the country's status as part of the kingdom changed


Question: In what decade did the Church of Finland hand over power to the state?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Over the course of four decades, the monarch's grip on Finland was firmer than in the past.


Question: In what decade did the Church of Finland hand over power to the state?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Queen Margaret was a background influence on the regime right up until her death in 1412.


Question: In what decade did the Church of Finland hand over power to the state?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Throughout, he delegated further responsibilities to his successor King Eerik XIII of Pomerania (as king 1396—1439), who had responsibility especially for Norwegian and Finnish affairs.


Question: In what decade did the Church of Finland hand over power to the state?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

He visited Finland two times, in 1403 and 1407.


Question: In what decade did the Church of Finland hand over power to the state?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

All the king's decisions concerning Finland were issued in his name.


Question: In what decade did the Church of Finland hand over power to the state?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

[30] With the Union, the leading administrators of the country changed, as the king placed his own creditmen in charge of the castles.


Question: In what decade did the Church of Finland hand over power to the state?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Abraham Broderinpoika rose to be head of the castle in Turku, and the Danish Klaus Fleming was also appointed as Lamann.


Question: In what decade did the Church of Finland hand over power to the state?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Later, Klaus Lydekenpoika Djäkn and Krister Nilsson Vaasa rose to prominent positions.


Question: In what decade did the Church of Finland hand over power to the state?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Bishop Maunu Tavast was a supporter of unionism.


Question: In what decade did the Church of Finland hand over power to the state?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Even during the Union period, Finland did not form a single administrative entity; the region was divided into two different administrative districts.


Question: In what decade did the Church of Finland hand over power to the state?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Vyborg served as a major, at times quasi-autonomous centre as Turku was more closely incorporated into the central authority's administrative region.


Question: In what decade did the Church of Finland hand over power to the state?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The independent status of Vyborg can be seen, among other things, in the fact that although Finland was divided in 1435 into two Lamalandic municipalities South and Bottom-Finland, Vyborg was born as early as the 1440s, an independent Karelian Llamann, which was probably laid down by a castle chief in Vyborg.


Question: In what decade did the Church of Finland hand over power to the state?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Although the Karelian Laman had no jurisdiction in the Turku Land Court.


Question: In what decade did the Church of Finland hand over power to the state?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

[31] In Finland and Sweden, discontent in the early days of the Union was provoked by an increase in the tax burden.


Question: In what decade did the Church of Finland hand over power to the state?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Eerik sought to make taxation more efficient in Finland, with the cancellation of the farms to the Crown and efforts to make the castle sound liable.


Question: In what decade did the Church of Finland hand over power to the state?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

[30] During the Union period, the administration of the country was organised in a new way to improve the economic condition.


Question: In what decade did the Church of Finland hand over power to the state?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

In 1405, tax exemptions for apparently hundreds of farms were withdrawn.


Question: In what decade did the Church of Finland hand over power to the state?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

At that time, the groundwork for systematic land taxation was laid.


Question: In what decade did the Church of Finland hand over power to the state?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The Crown also sought to increase tax revenues through settler activity: arable farming produced tax revenues, while the wilderness economy did not produce them.


Question: In what decade did the Church of Finland hand over power to the state?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Tax revenues were therefore raised by the allocation of wilderness for permanent settlement.


Question: In what decade did the Church of Finland hand over power to the state?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

In 1409, Turku also began to mint its own money, which differed in value from the money spent in Sweden.


Question: In what decade did the Church of Finland hand over power to the state?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

They were silver and six-pence coins.


Question: In what decade did the Church of Finland hand over power to the state?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

In 1407, Finland received its own supreme court, the Turku Land Court, and it was also given administrative power.


Question: In what decade did the Church of Finland hand over power to the state?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Finland's leaders were now able to decide the country's affairs at their own meetings.


Question: In what decade did the Church of Finland hand over power to the state?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The railing crew and clergy formed a politically leading group during the Union period.


Question: In what decade did the Church of Finland hand over power to the state?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Finland's own raulsmen only rarely ruled the largest castle voices, usually headed by Swedish or Danish, sometimes German-born men, who, though often had lived in the country for decades.


Question: In what decade did the Church of Finland hand over power to the state?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Domestic rails were generally responsible for lower administration, military functions and especially the courts.


Question: In what decade did the Church of Finland hand over power to the state?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The most prominent positions in the Church also ended up in the Union period for the sons of the indigenous families.


Question: In what decade did the Church of Finland hand over power to the state?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

On the other hand, the peasantry could also participate in the activities of various boards and district assemblies, as well as influence political solutions such as the election of the king.


Question: In what decade did the Church of Finland hand over power to the state?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

With the exception of Turku and Vyborg, cities were small during the Union period and there were very few of them.


Question: In what decade did the Church of Finland hand over power to the state?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Therefore, foreign trade was modest, too.


Question: In what decade did the Church of Finland hand over power to the state?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Even Vyborg was unable to compete with Tallinn as a hub for trade in Russia.


Question: In what decade did the Church of Finland hand over power to the state?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Domestic trade was economically certainly more significant than foreign trade.


Question: In what decade did the Church of Finland hand over power to the state?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Externally, the beginning of the Union was a time of peace for Finland.


Question: In what decade did the Church of Finland hand over power to the state?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

However, King Eerik the Pomeranian, who was active in foreign politics, was mired in conflict with the Hanseatic League, making commerce more difficult.


Question: In what decade did the Church of Finland hand over power to the state?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

In the 1430s, the rebellion movements of the overlords and peasants that rose on the Swedish side had little effect in Finland.


Question: In what decade did the Church of Finland hand over power to the state?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The overabundance of modest insurgency movements in Finland can be explained by the expansion of the Crown and Rulse holdings [32].


Question: In what decade did the Church of Finland hand over power to the state?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The most famous of these rebellion movements was the so-called. David's revolt in Häme in 1439.


Question: In what decade did the Church of Finland hand over power to the state?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

It targeted Viikki Manor [33] [34].


Question: In what decade did the Church of Finland hand over power to the state?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Finland did not participate in the 1435 meeting held in Arboga.


Question: In what decade did the Church of Finland hand over power to the state?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

In the autumn of the same year, Bishop Maunu Tavast and Krister Nilsson arrived in Sweden, where, in arranged negotiations, they influenced the ousting of the leaders of the movement known as the Engelbrekt Engelbrektinpoika Rebellion and reaching a compromise.


Question: In what decade did the Church of Finland hand over power to the state?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Drots became Krister Nilsson and Charlemagne Knuutinpoika Bonde became the marcher.


Question: In what decade did the Church of Finland hand over power to the state?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

After the former returned to Finland in the autumn of the same year, the revolt movement began again in Sweden.


Question: In what decade did the Church of Finland hand over power to the state?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

To counter the rebellion projects, the Finnish peasants were promised a tax reduction in a letter dated 24 June 1436, the signatories of which were the archbishop, drotsi and marski in the name of the Council of Power.


Question: In what decade did the Church of Finland hand over power to the state?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The reason was put forward that the Finns had proved loyal to the kingdom and had sworn not to assume a head of their own, i.e., promised not to rise in rebellion, and would accept the head imposed by the Council of Power.


Question: In what decade did the Church of Finland hand over power to the state?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Seppo Suvanto interpreted this as saying that in Sweden it was feared that the Finns, or the administrators of Finland, would break away from the Council of Power and Finland would elect its own head.


Question: In what decade did the Church of Finland hand over power to the state?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

[35] Finland and Swedish power struggles Eventually the king was dismissed in 1439, after which Sweden was ruled by a power council of aristocrats.


Question: In what decade did the Church of Finland hand over power to the state?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

It consisted of bishops and leading supremacists.


Question: In what decade did the Church of Finland hand over power to the state?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The most powerful of this force emerged Charlemagne the son of Knuutinson, who was elected in 1438 as regent.


Question: In what decade did the Church of Finland hand over power to the state?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

His worst rival, the drotsi Krister then withdrew to Vyborg.


Question: In what decade did the Church of Finland hand over power to the state?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

After the fall of the monopolistic system of government, Finland's links with Denmark were severed.


Question: In what decade did the Church of Finland hand over power to the state?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

However, links with Sweden were not much consolidated but the holders of local castle votes largely ruled the country.


Question: In what decade did the Church of Finland hand over power to the state?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

In 1440, the Danes invited Christopher the Bavarian to the land and he was proclaimed king.


Question: In what decade did the Church of Finland hand over power to the state?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Negotiations were held in Sweden on the terms of recognition.


Question: In what decade did the Church of Finland hand over power to the state?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Kaarle Knuutinpoika moved to Finland in the same year and took over the castles of Turku and Kastelholm, promising to give up the position of state administrator if he could get all of Finland as his county.


Question: In what decade did the Church of Finland hand over power to the state?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

With the exception of Åland, this wish came true.


Question: In what decade did the Church of Finland hand over power to the state?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

However, the situation soon changed, and soon Charlemagne had to settle solely for the Vyborg Castle.


Question: In what decade did the Church of Finland hand over power to the state?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Turku returned to the rule of a voud under the king.


Question: In what decade did the Church of Finland hand over power to the state?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The king's purpose was to prevent the emergence of a unified Finland.


Question: In what decade did the Church of Finland hand over power to the state?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

After Christopher died in 1448, Charlemagne Knuutinpoika sailed from Vyborg with 800 gunmen to Stockholm, where he was elected king (1448—1457), apparently because of his armed superiority.


Question: In what decade did the Church of Finland hand over power to the state?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The reign was marked by war against Kristian Oldenburgian, which increased the tax burden in Finland as well.


Question: In what decade did the Church of Finland hand over power to the state?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

During this period, Finland was the most significant area of support for the king.


Question: In what decade did the Church of Finland hand over power to the state?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

In 1457, the Swedish Grand Excellence rose in revolt against the king, and he fled to Danzig.


Question: In what decade did the Church of Finland hand over power to the state?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Kristian Oldenburgian was elected King of Sweden.


Question: In what decade did the Church of Finland hand over power to the state?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

He ruled from 1457 to 1464.


Question: In what decade did the Church of Finland hand over power to the state?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

However, support for the new king was not shared by everyone - especially in Vyborg.


Question: In what decade did the Church of Finland hand over power to the state?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Controversy over the eastern border The following period was marked by problems in the eastern parts of the kingdom.


Question: In what decade did the Church of Finland hand over power to the state?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

As the settlement spread to the wilderness areas, border disputes and skirmishes with Novgorod and Karelians began.


Question: In what decade did the Church of Finland hand over power to the state?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

While Savonian settlement progressed, North Karelia was also colonized.


Question: In what decade did the Church of Finland hand over power to the state?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

In 1478, Novgorod was annexed by Moscow, and a new force factor rose behind the eastern border.


Question: In what decade did the Church of Finland hand over power to the state?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

In order to secure the border, construction began to be built on Olavinlinna to safeguard the settler settlement.


Question: In what decade did the Church of Finland hand over power to the state?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

From the Russian point of view, this was a breach of the border treaty and open martial law prevailed for several years right up to the intermediate peace of 1482.


Question: In what decade did the Church of Finland hand over power to the state?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

However, there was no consensus on the course of the border.


Question: In what decade did the Church of Finland hand over power to the state?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

From the Axis sons to the Sten Sture period In battle, the Swedish king's crown became the castles of Suomenk to take over and bend the Union king behind.


Question: In what decade did the Church of Finland hand over power to the state?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The Danish knight Eerik the Axis boy Tott came with his brothers to take over the castles in the 1480s, and eventually all the castles were held by the Axis sons.


Question: In what decade did the Church of Finland hand over power to the state?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

After Eerik died, he left the counties of Vyborg, Hämeenlinna and Savonlinna to his brothers Ivar and Laur, who already ruled Raseborg.


Question: In what decade did the Church of Finland hand over power to the state?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

However, the emergence of a unitary circle of power did not fit with regent minister Sten Sture's plans.


Question: In what decade did the Church of Finland hand over power to the state?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

In 1481, Sten Sture arrived in Finland, all the way to Vyborg.


Question: In what decade did the Church of Finland hand over power to the state?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

A reconciliation between the registrar and the local grandees could not arise: the regent promised the population tax breaks; the holders of the fiefdoms again did not accept these.


Question: In what decade did the Church of Finland hand over power to the state?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

At the end of the Union period no longer saw the emergence of a jointly accepted monarch in the Nordic countries.


Question: In what decade did the Church of Finland hand over power to the state?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

King Hansel of Denmark (1481—1513) did not achieve approval in the Union countries; instead, the power councils took control.


Question: In what decade did the Church of Finland hand over power to the state?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

In 1483, Sten Sture gained control of three counties in Finland: Vyborg, Savonlinna and Hämeenlinna.


Question: In what decade did the Church of Finland hand over power to the state?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The earlier Axis boys' dominance became a supporter of the regent and Finland became more firmly subordinated to the central authority; especially when Raaseporik came into the possession of Sten Sture's supporter, Knut Posse.


Question: In what decade did the Church of Finland hand over power to the state?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Sture did not distribute castles as fiefs to the overlord, but controlled them through self-dependent vouts, collecting significantly tax revenue for himself.


Question: In what decade did the Church of Finland hand over power to the state?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The tranquillities of the end of the Middle Ages at the end of the 15th century earlier skirmishes with Moscow condensed into war.


Question: In what decade did the Church of Finland hand over power to the state?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

In 1495, Vyborg Castle began to be besieged.


Question: In what decade did the Church of Finland hand over power to the state?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Lifting people were also gathered from Western Finland for the war effort at the time.


Question: In what decade did the Church of Finland hand over power to the state?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

In endangered areas, all 15-year-olds were taken up in arms, and German mercenaries and people from the Swedish side also arrived in the country.


Question: In what decade did the Church of Finland hand over power to the state?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Along with Karelia, Russian attacks also extended to Ostrobothnia, Savo and Häme.


Question: In what decade did the Church of Finland hand over power to the state?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Peace was concluded in 1497.


Question: In what decade did the Church of Finland hand over power to the state?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

In the same year, Sten Sture was dismissed from the position of state administrator by the Council of Power.


Question: In what decade did the Church of Finland hand over power to the state?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

However, the Finnish castle lands remained in his possession.


Question: In what decade did the Church of Finland hand over power to the state?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

King Hansel I of Denmark invaded Sweden in 1497, beating Sten Sture's forces on 28 September at the Battle of Rotebro.


Question: In what decade did the Church of Finland hand over power to the state?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Thus Hansel I rose to become King of Sweden and thus of Finland (1497—1501).


Question: In what decade did the Church of Finland hand over power to the state?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

In 1499, Sture had to give up his territories in Finland.


Question: In what decade did the Church of Finland hand over power to the state?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

In 1503, Svante Niilonpoika Sture (1504—1512) was elected as regent, to whom the leading men of Finland also gave their assurances of allegiance.


Question: In what decade did the Church of Finland hand over power to the state?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

At the meeting in Turku, his election was supported.


Question: In what decade did the Church of Finland hand over power to the state?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

However, the unanimity was ostensible, as some of Finland's lords, along with Sten Sture's relatives, pursued their own political line.


Question: In what decade did the Church of Finland hand over power to the state?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

To some extent, the goals have remained unclear.


Question: In what decade did the Church of Finland hand over power to the state?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

National historiography, however, has highlighted the centrality of East politics in divisive terms.


Question: In what decade did the Church of Finland hand over power to the state?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Vaasa period (1523—1617) The reign of Gustav Vasa during the end of the Union was peaceful in Finland other than Vyborg, in the early 16th century the Danes went on raiding the coasts of Finland, and the privateer captain Otto Rudi plundered Turku and its treasures of the cathedral.


Question: In what decade did the Church of Finland hand over power to the state?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

On the rise of Christian II, the Danish Union king, at his coronation, he beheaded dozens of Swedish supremacists.


Question: In what decade did the Church of Finland hand over power to the state?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

It's called the Stockholm massacre.


Question: In what decade did the Church of Finland hand over power to the state?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The Swedish supreme Gustav Vasa rose to oppose the Union king and won the peasants over.


Question: In what decade did the Church of Finland hand over power to the state?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

German Hanseatic merchants also supported Gustavus Vasa and supplied him with weapons and money.


Question: In what decade did the Church of Finland hand over power to the state?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The Finnish-born Fleming brothers Eerik and Iivar conquered the Finnish castles for Gustav Vasa and drove the Danes out of Finland in 1523.


Question: In what decade did the Church of Finland hand over power to the state?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The Nordic Union period ended, and Gustav Vasa became King of Sweden and Finland.


Question: In what decade did the Church of Finland hand over power to the state?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The early modern state emerges in the Gustav Vasa period beginning a unified Swedish kingdom to form.


Question: In what decade did the Church of Finland hand over power to the state?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

He succeeded in defeating the provincial communities that pushed for his own policies.


Question: In what decade did the Church of Finland hand over power to the state?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The Reformation, in turn, snubbed the Church.


Question: In what decade did the Church of Finland hand over power to the state?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Already weakened by the massacre, the high nobility was now attached to supporting royal policy.


Question: In what decade did the Church of Finland hand over power to the state?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

However, the management of the government continued the medieval tradition: the king had numerous nobles as well as scribes who were not, however, strictly officials.


Question: In what decade did the Church of Finland hand over power to the state?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Nor was there yet a clear division of labour within the administration, but the functions of office in the king's service varied according to the situation.


Question: In what decade did the Church of Finland hand over power to the state?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

In the 1530s, Gustavus Vasa began to produce German administrative personnel in the country, with whom new views of monarch rule also arrived in Sweden.


Question: In what decade did the Church of Finland hand over power to the state?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

In 1544, in the Riksdag of Västerås, the kingship was changed to hereditary and Gustav Vasa's eldest son Eerik was named heir to the throne.


Question: In what decade did the Church of Finland hand over power to the state?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

After the withdrawal of fiefdoms, local government of the Crown was concentrated in the hands of the vouties.


Question: In what decade did the Church of Finland hand over power to the state?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The tasks of these were diverse, but the collection of taxes was the most important of them.


Question: In what decade did the Church of Finland hand over power to the state?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

During Gustavus Vasa's time, there was also a shift to written administration; first, systematic land books (on land ownership) are being drawn up to aid taxation, soon followed by other lists and written accounts.


Question: In what decade did the Church of Finland hand over power to the state?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The Vouds were also responsible for repopulating deserted houses, a ride-hailing system and roadwork.


Question: In what decade did the Church of Finland hand over power to the state?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Voud also had to prevent illegal trading in the countryside, as well as handicrafts.


Question: In what decade did the Church of Finland hand over power to the state?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Maintaining public order and caring for the litigants were also part of the duties of the voud - thus ensuring the Crown's share of tax revenue and penalty payments.


Question: In what decade did the Church of Finland hand over power to the state?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The stepped-up administration boosted the Crown's tax revenues by tens of percent.


Question: In what decade did the Church of Finland hand over power to the state?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The war against Russia for Finland was still significant in foreign policy terms, continued conflicts with Russia; during the early stages of the period of Gustav Vasa, another attempt was made to gain clarity on the course of the border line through negotiations.


Question: In what decade did the Church of Finland hand over power to the state?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The Swedes sought to delay the revision of the border as far as possible, and despite temporary agreements, skirmishes and mutual raiding continued.


Question: In what decade did the Church of Finland hand over power to the state?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

In 1555, a meeting of nobles held in Vyborg recommended to the king to go to war.


Question: In what decade did the Church of Finland hand over power to the state?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The attack prompted a counter-attack by Ivan the Terrible in the direction of Vyborg and Savo.


Question: In what decade did the Church of Finland hand over power to the state?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Negotiations between 1556 and 1557 ended with the conclusion of a 40-year-long intermediate peace.


Question: In what decade did the Church of Finland hand over power to the state?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The intention was to hold 1559 new negotiations for the passage of the border, which, however, never materialised.


Question: In what decade did the Church of Finland hand over power to the state?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Abuses of nobility During the war, the king had stayed in Finland for a long time.


Question: In what decade did the Church of Finland hand over power to the state?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

At that time, he also ordered the submission of an extensive inquiry into abuses committed by the nobility.


Question: In what decade did the Church of Finland hand over power to the state?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

As a result of this investigation, the so-called A catalogue of complaints by Jaakko Teit, a major source of 16th-century social history.


Question: In what decade did the Church of Finland hand over power to the state?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

In the summer of 1556, the king still formed a duchy of his own from Finland, with the king's son Juhana named at its head.


Question: In what decade did the Church of Finland hand over power to the state?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Gustav Vasa died in September 1560.


Question: In what decade did the Church of Finland hand over power to the state?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

On the throne he was succeeded by Eerik XIV.


Question: In what decade did the Church of Finland hand over power to the state?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

From throne disputes to the beginning of great power politics, Eerik XIV's reign Eerik XIV was crowned king in 1561.


Question: In what decade did the Church of Finland hand over power to the state?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

He sought to further intensify the kingship in relation to the overlord, and thus also to his brothers.


Question: In what decade did the Church of Finland hand over power to the state?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

To weaken the position of these, Eerik established new counts and free lordships to share the power of the dukes.


Question: In what decade did the Church of Finland hand over power to the state?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

In Finland, the king's policy was also reflected in the appointment of new llamanns to the country.


Question: In what decade did the Church of Finland hand over power to the state?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

In 1561, the King approved in the Reichstag the so-called. Arboga's articles by which the dukes were subjected to the control of the king and deprived them of the possibility of an independent foreign policy.


Question: In what decade did the Church of Finland hand over power to the state?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Central to the king was specifically the eroding of the position of Duke Juhana of Finland.


Question: In what decade did the Church of Finland hand over power to the state?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

As the Duchy of Juhana, Finland was formed into a “feudal miniature state” (Keränen) subjugated to the kingdom, with its own office, chamber of taxes and calculations, and a council corresponding to the power council.


Question: In what decade did the Church of Finland hand over power to the state?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Juhana's interests in Livonia were also at odds with the king: with the planned marriage to Catherine Jagellonica, Juhana would gain possession of several pledge castles in Livonia.


Question: In what decade did the Church of Finland hand over power to the state?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Simultaneously, Eerik XIV was drifting into war with Poland due to its expansionist policy towards Livonia.


Question: In what decade did the Church of Finland hand over power to the state?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

In 1561 the Tallinn jury had already ceded the city to the patronage of the king, during the same spring the nobility of Viru and Harju separated from the Teutonic Order.


Question: In what decade did the Church of Finland hand over power to the state?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

As the conflict intensified, the king convened in 1563 the Reichstag to condemn John to death.


Question: In what decade did the Church of Finland hand over power to the state?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The development led to the siege of Turku Castle in the summer of 1563.


Question: In what decade did the Church of Finland hand over power to the state?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

After skirmishes and bombardments, the castle surrendered on 12 August 1563, after which the splendour of the castle was destroyed, the pair of dukes were captured and taken to Sweden for imprisonment.


Question: In what decade did the Church of Finland hand over power to the state?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

In the 1560s, Swedish foreign policy was marked by warfare in the Baltics against Poland.


Question: In what decade did the Church of Finland hand over power to the state?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

In addition, Eerik XIV was mired in war against Denmark-Norway and Lübeck.


Question: In what decade did the Church of Finland hand over power to the state?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

This necessitated good relations with the East: the concentration of military forces elsewhere required good relations with the direction of Moscow.


Question: In what decade did the Church of Finland hand over power to the state?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Eerik XIV's term ended in 1568 with the rise of the nobility against the king.


Question: In what decade did the Church of Finland hand over power to the state?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

This time, Finland's top brass were also on the side of the rebels, as much the old supporters of Juhana as the creditmen of Eerik.


Question: In what decade did the Church of Finland hand over power to the state?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Turku Castle came into the possession of the rebels.


Question: In what decade did the Church of Finland hand over power to the state?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Eerik spent the next few years in captivity until he was sentenced to death and poisoned in 1577.


Question: In what decade did the Church of Finland hand over power to the state?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Long hatred during Juhana III's kingship, border skirmishes on the border of Käkisalmi County led to yet another war (1570—1595) known as the Nordic Five Third Year War.


Question: In what decade did the Church of Finland hand over power to the state?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

For the most part, it was a brutal, mutual guerrilla war.


Question: In what decade did the Church of Finland hand over power to the state?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

In the early stages, however, warfare was organized and in 1573—1577 a time of armistice lived on the Finnish front.


Question: In what decade did the Church of Finland hand over power to the state?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Halfway through the decade, however, peasant rustles began: Karelians invaded Oulujärvi and Iijoki, southern Finland went beyond the Gulf of Finland.


Question: In what decade did the Church of Finland hand over power to the state?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

In the fold of the decade, organised warfare was triggered again with the invasion of Narva (1579) and the conquest of Käkisalmi in 1580.


Question: In what decade did the Church of Finland hand over power to the state?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Narva was overrun the following year, with subsequent negotiations leading to an intermediate peace lasting until 1590.


Question: In what decade did the Church of Finland hand over power to the state?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Despite the intermediate peace, guerrilla warfare continued on both sides of the eastern border, leading to the widespread desolation of Kainuu and northern Ostrobothnia in the 1580s.


Question: In what decade did the Church of Finland hand over power to the state?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Led by Pekka Vesainen, the Ostrobothians made retaliatory expeditions to Viena Karelia.


Question: In what decade did the Church of Finland hand over power to the state?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The war ended with the Peace Treaty of Full Self in 1595.


Question: In what decade did the Church of Finland hand over power to the state?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

A new throne dispute upon the death of John III in 1592 left the throne without a holder.


Question: In what decade did the Church of Finland hand over power to the state?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

There were two successor candidates: Sigismund and Duke Charles.


Question: In what decade did the Church of Finland hand over power to the state?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The kingship issue was also intertwined with church politics: in Counter-Reformation Europe, Sigismund was Catholic, making his position even more problematic in Lutheran Sweden.


Question: In what decade did the Church of Finland hand over power to the state?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

In 1593 Sigismund arrived in the country to be crowned.


Question: In what decade did the Church of Finland hand over power to the state?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The ruler's assurance he issued in the autumn of the following year.


Question: In what decade did the Church of Finland hand over power to the state?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

In this case, he also adopted the Lutheran line of the enactment and ecclesiastical assembly of Uppsala (1593).


Question: In what decade did the Church of Finland hand over power to the state?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

With the crowning of Sigismund, a personal union was created between Sweden and Poland that lasted some years; as King of Poland, Sigismund always remained until 1632.


Question: In what decade did the Church of Finland hand over power to the state?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

After the king's return to Poland, rose to the nobility among disagreements over Charles Duke's position as registrar.


Question: In what decade did the Church of Finland hand over power to the state?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

In this dispute, Klaus Fleming, the commandholder of Finland, sided with the king.


Question: In what decade did the Church of Finland hand over power to the state?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

In the Riksdag of Arboga of 1597, however, Charles was named regent.


Question: In what decade did the Church of Finland hand over power to the state?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

In this case, he also declared his opponents, above all Klaus Fleming, rebels.


Question: In what decade did the Church of Finland hand over power to the state?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Harshing justice Generally in Europe At the beginning of the New Age, in the 16th and 17th centuries, secular rights began to use the so-called “Law of Moses”, that is, some passages from the Bible.


Question: In what decade did the Church of Finland hand over power to the state?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Under the law of Moses, witchcraft and magic were prohibited and, among other things, blasphemy, swearing, infringement against one's parents, perjury, manslaughter, interest railing, false testimony, and several sexual offences could be sentenced to death.


Question: In what decade did the Church of Finland hand over power to the state?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The Law of Moses became a general legal instruction in the Swedish Empire in 1608 and remained in force until the new Reich Law of 1734.


Question: In what decade did the Church of Finland hand over power to the state?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

However, the law was generally not applied in its full harshness and death sentences were commuted in about half of the cases.


Question: In what decade did the Church of Finland hand over power to the state?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

[36] [37] 16th century peasant unrest and mace war Peasant unrest increased during the reign of Gustav Vasa, inter alia, due to increased tax burdens and, on the other hand, the struggle for power of his sons.


Question: In what decade did the Church of Finland hand over power to the state?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The culmination of the peasant unrest was the bludgeon war in 1596—1597.


Question: In what decade did the Church of Finland hand over power to the state?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

It ended bloody with the army defeating the Ostrobothians and Savonian peasants armed with mace, spears and bows.


Question: In what decade did the Church of Finland hand over power to the state?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The revolt was directed against the nobility who exercised power in Finland and Klaus Fleming in particular.


Question: In what decade did the Church of Finland hand over power to the state?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The mutineers sought help from Charles Duke, who was pursuing the Swedish crown.


Question: In what decade did the Church of Finland hand over power to the state?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

As causes of the rebellion, contemporary research attributes the war burden of the rap war, economic decline, and the suffering caused by the castle camp system.


Question: In what decade did the Church of Finland hand over power to the state?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Scholars have been divided as to the great influence the incitement against Klaus Fleming exercised by the Duke of Charles had on the genesis of the bludgeon war [38] [39].


Question: In what decade did the Church of Finland hand over power to the state?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Great Power Period (1617—1721) Peace of Stolbova In 1604—1611 Duke Charles of Södermanland was King Charles IX of Sweden.


Question: In what decade did the Church of Finland hand over power to the state?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

During his reign, the kingdom was almost constantly waging war against Russia and Poland, especially over the ownership of the Baltic provinces Estonia and Livonia.


Question: In what decade did the Church of Finland hand over power to the state?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

In addition, in 1611—1613 there was a defeatist war against Denmark.


Question: In what decade did the Church of Finland hand over power to the state?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

On the death of Charles IX, his son Gustav II Adolf ascended to the throne.


Question: In what decade did the Church of Finland hand over power to the state?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The state of the kingdom was poor and Sweden had to conclude in 1613 peace with Denmark.


Question: In what decade did the Church of Finland hand over power to the state?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The Peace of Stolbova was concluded with Russia in 1617, as a result of which Käkisalmi county, Nutälinna and part of Inker were annexed by Sweden.


Question: In what decade did the Church of Finland hand over power to the state?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Modernisation and reforms under the leadership of the King and Reich Chancellor Axel Oxenstierna, Sweden and Finland began to implement substantial reforms after the foreign policy situation calmed down.


Question: In what decade did the Church of Finland hand over power to the state?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The army and the war establishment were reorganised, in particular in accordance with the paragon given by the Dutch Morits Oranian.


Question: In what decade did the Church of Finland hand over power to the state?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The navy and the administration of the Crown were also reformed.


Question: In what decade did the Church of Finland hand over power to the state?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

A new form of government was brought into effect in the country and the kingdom was divided into counties.


Question: In what decade did the Church of Finland hand over power to the state?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

In the 17th century, in addition, a Governor-General was appointed in Finland from time to time to develop the conditions


Question: In what decade did the Church of Finland hand over power to the state?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The office of Governor-General of Finland was Nils Tuurenpoika Bielke and Count Peter Brahe, whose official residence was Turku Castle.


Question: In what decade did the Church of Finland hand over power to the state?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

During the Great Reign, new cities and the Royal Court of Appeal of Turku were also established in Finland, and in 1640 the Turku Academy, Finland's first university.


Question: In what decade did the Church of Finland hand over power to the state?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

During the Thirty Years' War in the Baltics, Sweden was still waging war against Poland-Lithuania and in 1629 the provisional Peace of Altmark was concluded.


Question: In what decade did the Church of Finland hand over power to the state?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

In the Thirty Years' War between the Catholic Emperor and Protestant princes that broke out in Germany, Gustav II Adolf joined in 1630 after coming ashore in northern Germany.


Question: In what decade did the Church of Finland hand over power to the state?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Sweden's goal in the war was to support the German Protestants and strengthen its own position.


Question: In what decade did the Church of Finland hand over power to the state?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Gustav II Adolf, however, died at the Battle of Lützen in 1632 and his daughter Kristiina ascended the throne as a minor.


Question: In what decade did the Church of Finland hand over power to the state?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

In practice, the kingdom was ruled at this point by a caretaker government led by Axel Oxenstierna.


Question: In what decade did the Church of Finland hand over power to the state?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

In the Peace of Westphalia, 1648, which ended the Thirty Years' War, Sweden established itself as a great power.


Question: In what decade did the Church of Finland hand over power to the state?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

However, the Thirty Years' War and other conflicts of the Great Power period severely consumed the resources of Sweden and Finland.


Question: In what decade did the Church of Finland hand over power to the state?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

A significant number of peasants had to serve in the army and navy, where mortality rates were high.


Question: In what decade did the Church of Finland hand over power to the state?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

From wars to peace period, during Queen Kristiina's reign 1632—1654 Sweden and Finland gave vast territories as fiefdoms to the nobility.


Question: In what decade did the Church of Finland hand over power to the state?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The nobility had the right to collect tax on their fiefdoms, which complicated the financial position of the Crown.


Question: In what decade did the Church of Finland hand over power to the state?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

After Kristiina surrendered the crown, Charles X Gustaf rose to power, who ruled the Swedish Empire from 1654 to 1660.


Question: In what decade did the Church of Finland hand over power to the state?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

During his reign, Sweden waged wars against both Poland, Russia, and Denmark.


Question: In what decade did the Church of Finland hand over power to the state?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Charles X died in 1660 and Charles XI ascended to the throne as his successor, in whose reign 1660—1697, a major reduction—the large-scale withdrawal of fiefdoms to the Crown took place in Sweden and Finland.


Question: In what decade did the Church of Finland hand over power to the state?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Charles XI diminished the power of the nobility and ruled the kingdom autocratically.


Question: In what decade did the Church of Finland hand over power to the state?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

For Finland, the reign of Charles XI meant a lengthy peace.


Question: In what decade did the Church of Finland hand over power to the state?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The Protestant clergy were responsible for teaching literacy to the people and ecclesiastical life was dominated by pure-apprenticity.


Question: In what decade did the Church of Finland hand over power to the state?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

1695—1697 Finland was hit by disastrous years of disastrous roofing, which resulted in a significant portion of the population dying from starvation and disease.


Question: In what decade did the Church of Finland hand over power to the state?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The Great Northern War under Charles XI's successor King Charles XII, in 1700 the Great Northern War broke out, resulting in Sweden losing its great power status.


Question: In what decade did the Church of Finland hand over power to the state?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The cause of the war was an anti-Swedish alliance established by Sweden's enemies Denmark, Russia, Polish-Lithuania and Saxony.


Question: In what decade did the Church of Finland hand over power to the state?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

In the Peace of Stolbova of 1617, Russia had lost contact with the Baltic Sea.


Question: In what decade did the Church of Finland hand over power to the state?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The reformist Tsar Peter I sought to reopen Russia a link with the Baltic Sea to facilitate its contacts and commerce with Western Europe.


Question: In what decade did the Church of Finland hand over power to the state?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Although Charles XII succeeded one by one in defeating Denmark, the Russian invasion army (at the Battle of Narva) and Poland, the Swedes ultimately suffered a decisive defeat to the Russians at the Battle of Poltava in 1709.


Question: In what decade did the Church of Finland hand over power to the state?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The king then fled to Turkey and the kingdom was open to enemy attack.


Question: In what decade did the Church of Finland hand over power to the state?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Vyborg was taken in 1710 and the Russians occupied the rest of Finland after the Battle of Kostianvirta on Pälkäne, the Battle of Napue in Ostrobothnia and the Battle of Riilahti off Hanko by 1714.


Question: In what decade did the Church of Finland hand over power to the state?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

From the Russian occupation period of 1714—1721, big-hatred is referred to as big-hatred.


Question: In what decade did the Church of Finland hand over power to the state?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The occupation period was disastrous for Finland.


Question: In what decade did the Church of Finland hand over power to the state?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Thousands of people were killed and even more were taken to Russia, in addition, a large number of the country's officials and clergy fled to Sweden.


Question: In what decade did the Church of Finland hand over power to the state?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The Great Northern War and at the same time big-hatred ended with the Peace of Uusikaupunki between Sweden and Russia of 1721.


Question: In what decade did the Church of Finland hand over power to the state?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The peace treaty annexed Inkerinmaa, Estonia, Livonia and Käkisalmi County, as well as Vyborg.


Question: In what decade did the Church of Finland hand over power to the state?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Karelia, annexed to Russia, is often referred to as Old Finland.


Question: In what decade did the Church of Finland hand over power to the state?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The Age of Freedom and the Gustavian Period (1721—1809) Power away from the king in the Swedish Empire After Charles XII, the Acts took power from the king in the reigns of 1719 and 1720 and the period of autocracy became the period of decree (the “time of freedom”).


Question: In what decade did the Church of Finland hand over power to the state?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Economics and science developed during this period, but on the other hand, the power politics of the parties caused problems.


Question: In what decade did the Church of Finland hand over power to the state?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

France and Russia gained influence in Sweden by funding rival parties called jackets and hats.


Question: In what decade did the Church of Finland hand over power to the state?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

[40] In the 1720s, reconstruction began in Finland following the Great Northern War.


Question: In what decade did the Church of Finland hand over power to the state?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

After the peace of New Town, the Russian occupying forces began to leave the country more neatly than agreed.


Question: In what decade did the Church of Finland hand over power to the state?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

During 1721, new land lords were appointed in Finland, responsible for reconstruction.


Question: In what decade did the Church of Finland hand over power to the state?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Repair work proceeded quickly, as as early as the mid-1730s the rebuilding can be considered to have finished.


Question: In what decade did the Church of Finland hand over power to the state?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

[41] Finnish-born Arvid Horn was Permanent President of Sweden from 1720 to 1738.


Question: In what decade did the Church of Finland hand over power to the state?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

[42] His policy does not particularly find features that emphasise Finnishness.


Question: In what decade did the Church of Finland hand over power to the state?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The most significant acclamation of Finland of his time was the Law of 1734.


Question: In what decade did the Church of Finland hand over power to the state?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

It remained in force during the period of autonomy and is the basis for the legislation of an independent Finland.


Question: In what decade did the Church of Finland hand over power to the state?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

At the same time, attention began to be paid to Finnish as a language of administration as well.


Question: In what decade did the Church of Finland hand over power to the state?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

A post of translator was established at the Permanent College in 1734, translating documents into Finnish and assisting peasant Reichstag in Stockholm.


Question: In what decade did the Church of Finland hand over power to the state?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The 1734 law was translated into Finnish by the county secretary Samuel Forseen.


Question: In what decade did the Church of Finland hand over power to the state?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

[43] The War of the Hats came to power in the Reichstag of 1738.


Question: In what decade did the Church of Finland hand over power to the state?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The programme of the Hat Party included a war of reparation against the Russians, in which it was intended to conquer all the territories lost in 1721 and furthermore Russian Karelia.


Question: In what decade did the Church of Finland hand over power to the state?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

When Russia had throne disputes, Hats assumed the country was weakened.


Question: In what decade did the Church of Finland hand over power to the state?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Sweden declared war in June 1741.


Question: In what decade did the Church of Finland hand over power to the state?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Three Swedish infantry regiments were sent to Finland, but the warfleet was virtually crippled by pestilence.


Question: In what decade did the Church of Finland hand over power to the state?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Irish Field Marshal Peter de Lacy, who led Russian forces, took his troops to the Battle of Lappeenranta, where a badly underpowered Swedish force led by Carl Henrik Wrangel suffered a wicked defeat in August 1741.


Question: In what decade did the Church of Finland hand over power to the state?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Charles Emil Lewenhaupt, who served as Commander-in-Chief in Finland, agreed at the end of 1741 to a truce proposed by Emperor Elizabeth.


Question: In what decade did the Church of Finland hand over power to the state?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

[44] After the end of the armistice, the Russians marched to southern Finland in February 1742.


Question: In what decade did the Church of Finland hand over power to the state?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

After the Swedish army surrendered, the Russians occupy western Finland.


Question: In what decade did the Church of Finland hand over power to the state?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Elizabeth circulated a manifesto in March 1742 in which she promised to support the Finns if they wanted to secede from Sweden and establish an independent state.


Question: In what decade did the Church of Finland hand over power to the state?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

[44] However, after the Finnish occupation, talk of independence ceased.


Question: In what decade did the Church of Finland hand over power to the state?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

[45] The Russian occupation period has been called petty hatred, but the designation is misleading to some extent, as Russian troops behaved well.


Question: In what decade did the Church of Finland hand over power to the state?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

[44] On 7 August 1743 Sweden and Russia concluded the Peace of Turku, in which the border was moved to Kymijoki, Mäntyharju and Savonlinna.


Question: In what decade did the Church of Finland hand over power to the state?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Savonlinna city and Olavinlinna remained on the Russian side.


Question: In what decade did the Church of Finland hand over power to the state?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

[44] New Era Thoughts After the war, mercantilist principles of trade led to economic gains from tar and shipbuilding remaining in Stockholm.


Question: In what decade did the Church of Finland hand over power to the state?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

In the 1760s, Anders Chydenius, a vicar in Kokkola, started calling for freedom of business and expression.


Question: In what decade did the Church of Finland hand over power to the state?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

[40] In the last decades of the 18th century, the Turku Academy was particularly awakened by the influence of Henrik Gabriel Porthan, the “Father of Finnish History”, an interest in Finnish history and Finnish folk poetry.


Question: In what decade did the Church of Finland hand over power to the state?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

[46] Of the scholars, Eino Jutikkala says “In the second half of the 18th century, the inhabitants of the different provinces of Finland and members of different adjustments became more consciously Finns as opposed to the Swedes living behind the sea.” [47] The troubled reign of Gustav III In 1772 Gustav III After the coup, a new form of government was enacted by which power reverted back to the king.


Question: In what decade did the Church of Finland hand over power to the state?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The era sought to get rid of mercantilism.


Question: In what decade did the Church of Finland hand over power to the state?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Freedom of speech and religion expanded.


Question: In what decade did the Church of Finland hand over power to the state?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The confidence of Finnish officers in the king was weakened because the nobility lost their authority to the king, who was supported by the people.


Question: In what decade did the Church of Finland hand over power to the state?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Some high-ranking soldiers transferred to Russian service.


Question: In what decade did the Church of Finland hand over power to the state?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

[40] In 1788—1790, the so-called Gustav III War started by Gustav III took place between Sweden and Russia.


Question: In what decade did the Church of Finland hand over power to the state?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Sweden was also matched by Denmark.


Question: In what decade did the Church of Finland hand over power to the state?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The war was opposed by officers who formed the Anjala Union, among others.


Question: In what decade did the Church of Finland hand over power to the state?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Despite its maritime victory in the Swedish Strait, Sweden did not gain additional territories in the peace of Värälä.


Question: In what decade did the Church of Finland hand over power to the state?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The 1789 Book of Association and Collateral increased the king's power even further.


Question: In what decade did the Church of Finland hand over power to the state?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

With the war, the bitterness of the nobility towards the king increased, and this eventually led to the assassination of the king in 1792.


Question: In what decade did the Church of Finland hand over power to the state?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

[40] Sweden loses Finland The Finnish War was fought in 1808—1809 between Russia and Sweden.


Question: In what decade did the Church of Finland hand over power to the state?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The war was prompted by the peace established by Russia and France on 7 July 1807 in Tilsit.


Question: In what decade did the Church of Finland hand over power to the state?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

In it, France and Russia allied and Russia pledged to pressure, if necessary by force of arms, including Sweden to join the continental exclusion against Britain, an embargo by which France would have strengthened its position as a sea power against Britain.


Question: In what decade did the Church of Finland hand over power to the state?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The last Grand Duke of Finland during Swedish rule was Gustav IV Adolf's second son Charles Gustaf, who died 1802—1805.


Question: In what decade did the Church of Finland hand over power to the state?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

[48] As a result of the Finnish War, Finland passed to Russian rule and the administration was organized on the basis of autonomy.


Question: In what decade did the Church of Finland hand over power to the state?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The Russian Emperor became Grand Duke of the Autonomous Grand Duchy of Finland.


Question: In what decade did the Church of Finland hand over power to the state?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Sources Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Linna, Martti (ed.


Question: In what decade did the Church of Finland hand over power to the state?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

) | title = Sources of the Early Middle Ages | publisher = History Aitta| year = 1989| isbn = 9789519600611}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Tarkiainen, Kari| title = Swedish Oriental| publisher = Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland| year = 2010| isbn = 9798-5551-853-212-2}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Vahtola, Jouse| title = History of Finland — from the Stone Age to the 21st century| location = Helsinki| publisher = Otava| year = 2017| isbn = 978-951-1-31574-2}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Virrankoski, Pentti| title = History of Finland — country and people| location = Helsinki| publisher = Society of Finnish Literature | year = 2012| isbn = 978-952-222-377-7}} References Literature Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Vahtola, Jouse| title = History of Finland: From the Ice Age to the European Union| location = in Helsinki | publisher = Otava| year = 2003 (4. edition 2005) | id = ISBN 951-1-17397-9}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Zetterberg, Seppo (ed.


Question: In what decade did the Church of Finland hand over power to the state?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

) | title = Little Giant of Finnish History | location = Helsinki| publisher = WSOY| year = 1987| id = ISBN 951-0-14253-0}} Handbook of Finnish History.


Question: In what decade did the Church of Finland hand over power to the state?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Previous section, ed.


Question: In what decade did the Church of Finland hand over power to the state?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Arvi Korhonen.


Question: In what decade did the Church of Finland hand over power to the state?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

WSOY 1949, Porvoo — Helsinki.


Question: In what decade did the Church of Finland hand over power to the state?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Karonen, Petri| title = Northern Great Power: Sweden and Finland 1521-1809| location = Helsinki| publisher = WSOY| year = 1999| id = ISBN 951-0-23739-6}} Helge Pohjolan-Pirhonen, History of Finland 1523—1617.


Question: In what decade did the Church of Finland hand over power to the state?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

WSOY 1960, Porvoo — Helsinki.


Question: In what decade did the Church of Finland hand over power to the state?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

On topic elsewhere in Category:History of Finland Category:History


Question: Who ruled Louis XIV before?

Louis XIV

Louis XIV (Louis God-given,, nicknames the Sun King,, and earlier Louis the Great,; 5 September 1638 in Saint-Germain-en-Laye — 1 September 1715, Versailles) was King of France and Navarre from 1643 to 1715.


Question: Who ruled Louis XIV before?

Louis XIV

He was the third ruler of the Bourbon lineage and thus belonging to the Capetingian dynasty.


Question: Who ruled Louis XIV before?

Louis XIV

At the age of four, Louis XIV, who ascended the throne, is the longest-reigning European head of state ever.


Question: Who ruled Louis XIV before?

Louis XIV

The monarchy based on absolutism, or absolute autocracy, reached its peak in his time, and the monarch became the centre of all activities.


Question: Who ruled Louis XIV before?

Louis XIV

Louis XIV is perhaps best remembered as the builder of the flamboyant Palace of Versailles, an eliminator of the last vestiges of feudalism, and as a reinforcement of kingship who felt that the king had a divine right to his position.


Question: Who ruled Louis XIV before?

Louis XIV

During his reign, France also fought numerous wars, the most notable being the Franco-Dutch War (1672—1678), the Nine Years' War (1688—1697), and the War of the Spanish Succession (1701—1714).


Question: Who ruled Louis XIV before?

Louis XIV

In Louis's reign, the military might of Royal France was at its peak, and the French army was considered almost invincible right up until the War of the Spanish Succession.


Question: Who ruled Louis XIV before?

Louis XIV

With his wars, he significantly expanded French territories in Europe.


Question: Who ruled Louis XIV before?

Louis XIV

Moreover, during his reign the French colonies expanded greatly and by the end of his reign much of North America belonged to France.


Question: Who ruled Louis XIV before?

Louis XIV

Louis XIV is one of the most famous and respected kings of France, but on the other hand his wars were very costly and the human and economic losses they caused were enormous.


Question: Who ruled Louis XIV before?

Louis XIV

In addition, Louis XIV persecuted the Protestants of France, or Huguenots, and caused the escape of over two hundred thousand citizens from France to Switzerland, the Netherlands and Germany, among others.


Question: Who ruled Louis XIV before?

Louis XIV

Childhood Louis — God-given On Sunday, 5 September 1638, at about 11 o'clock, the heir to the throne, the dauphin, was born at Château-Neuf de Saint-Germain-en-Laye.


Question: Who ruled Louis XIV before?

Louis XIV

His birth was considered quite a miracle: after all, his parents Louis XIII and Anna the Austrian had been married for 23 years.


Question: Who ruled Louis XIV before?

Louis XIV

The child was given the name Louis Dieudonné, Louis God-given, as his birth was seen as a token of heavenly grace.


Question: Who ruled Louis XIV before?

Louis XIV

Some contemporaries thought that Louis XIII would not have been the biological father of the child, as he was widely rumored to be homosexual.


Question: Who ruled Louis XIV before?

Louis XIV

The little Louis was already given the rank of “First Son of France” (premier fils de France) at birth and the more traditional title of Dauphin of Vienne.


Question: Who ruled Louis XIV before?

Louis XIV

Two years after Louis's birth, he was born a younger brother Philip, who was made at first Duke of Anjou and later of Orléans.


Question: Who ruled Louis XIV before?

Louis XIV

Upon the death of his father Louis XIII, Louis XIV inherited the throne.


Question: Who ruled Louis XIV before?

Louis XIV

He was then only four years old, so his mother Anna the Austrian acted as regent, but handed over the exercise of power to Cardinal Mazarin.


Question: Who ruled Louis XIV before?

Louis XIV

The French high nobility was unhappy with the transfer of power, as it could not accept the transfer of power to Cardinal Richelieu's loyal deputy.


Question: Who ruled Louis XIV before?

Louis XIV

King's upbringing In March 1646, Cardinal Mazarin, in addition to his ministerial duties and responsibilities, was also given responsibility for the upbringing of Louis XIV and his younger brother Philip.


Question: Who ruled Louis XIV before?

Louis XIV

He was appointed High Supervisor of the personal upbringing of the King and the Duke of Anjou.


Question: Who ruled Louis XIV before?

Louis XIV

Louis XIV was not a very industrious or diligent pupil in Latin, history, mathematics, Italian or drawing, but he showed great aptitude in the art of painting, architecture and music.


Question: Who ruled Louis XIV before?

Louis XIV

Particularly close to Louis's heart was dance, which at that time was an essential part of a gentleman's upbringing.


Question: Who ruled Louis XIV before?

Louis XIV

It has been said that the young Louis XIV used to dance every day from the age of seven until the age of 27.


Question: Who ruled Louis XIV before?

Louis XIV

He was also an avid enthusiast of the jeu de paume, a precursor of tennis, as well as a hunter.


Question: Who ruled Louis XIV before?

Louis XIV

Colourful Childhood In his childhood Louis XIV was often in danger of life but narrowly avoided death.


Question: Who ruled Louis XIV before?

Louis XIV

His mother and Mazarin gave him to be supervised by servants, but they did not look after him.


Question: Who ruled Louis XIV before?

Louis XIV

When Louis was nine years old, the French nobles and the burghers of Paris turned against Mazarin, broke out a bourgeoisie war, the Fronde, which lasted six years.


Question: Who ruled Louis XIV before?

Louis XIV

Louis never forgave the fear, submission and embarrassment that the nobles did him.


Question: Who ruled Louis XIV before?

Louis XIV

This was likely to reinforce the belief of the God-given child and his special protection.


Question: Who ruled Louis XIV before?

Louis XIV

Aged five, he was rescued at the last minute from drowning in a pool of water in the Palais-Royale garden.


Question: Who ruled Louis XIV before?

Louis XIV

At the age of ten, Louis contracted smallpox.


Question: Who ruled Louis XIV before?

Louis XIV

Still ten days after falling ill, doctors did not give any hope of saving the child, but the young king nevertheless survived the illness.


Question: Who ruled Louis XIV before?

Louis XIV

The third near-misses situation was on 30 June 1648, when the king contracted food poisoning during his conquest of the town of Bergues.


Question: Who ruled Louis XIV before?

Louis XIV

Louis was given the final anointing on 7 July, and preparations were already beginning to be made for the succession to power.


Question: Who ruled Louis XIV before?

Louis XIV

However, Anna's anti-vomiting medicine administered by an Austrian spirit doctor caused the king to recover.


Question: Who ruled Louis XIV before?

Louis XIV

The trials of Fronde After reaching the confession and enjoying his first communion at the age of 12 in the church of Saint-Eustache on 25 December 1649, the young king became a member of the King's Council.


Question: Who ruled Louis XIV before?

Louis XIV

Just at the same time, the supreme aristocracy sided in the Fronde Rebellion against the prestige and authority of the king.


Question: Who ruled Louis XIV before?

Louis XIV

Already in 1648, the movement of the supreme aristocracy had begun, with Armand de Bourbon-Conti, Prince of Conti at the head.


Question: Who ruled Louis XIV before?

Louis XIV

His brother Louis II Condé was instrumental in the rebellion; both princes were descended from the House of Bourbon.


Question: Who ruled Louis XIV before?

Louis XIV

Their aim was to oust Cardinal Mazarin, who was accused in particular of taxation that had gone too hard.


Question: Who ruled Louis XIV before?

Louis XIV

In 1650, the high-ranking princes were arrested, but counted fairly soon back to freedom.


Question: Who ruled Louis XIV before?

Louis XIV

However, the Fronde Rebellion caused Cardinal Mazarin to flee twice from France to Spain.


Question: Who ruled Louis XIV before?

Louis XIV

The Queen Mother Anna and the young Louis sought to join the exiles on 8 February 1651, but the people occupied the Louvre Palace and prevented the royal family's departure.


Question: Who ruled Louis XIV before?

Louis XIV

The rebellion left indelible marks on Louis XIV.


Question: Who ruled Louis XIV before?

Louis XIV

He reacted to the event later by continuing the work of Cardinal Richelieu aimed at systematically reducing the power of the so-called sword-nobility, and obliged them to serve in various court positions.


Question: Who ruled Louis XIV before?

Louis XIV

In doing so, in reality, he shifted the administration in the direction of centralized power, operating on the nobility of the civil service.


Question: Who ruled Louis XIV before?

Louis XIV

The lit de justice, assembled at the Parliament of Paris, declared the king to be of age on 7 September 1651.


Question: Who ruled Louis XIV before?

Louis XIV

All prominent aristocrats and princes of the kingdom went to swear their oaths of allegiance to the king, with the exception of the princes of Condé who were assembling an army in Guyenne to invade Paris.


Question: Who ruled Louis XIV before?

Louis XIV

Louis XIV was anointed at Reims on 7 June 1651, but left all political activities to Cardinal Mazarin.


Question: Who ruled Louis XIV before?

Louis XIV

He himself focused on continuing his military training under Henri Turenne.


Question: Who ruled Louis XIV before?

Louis XIV

Domestic politics The defense of autocracy by Louis XIV was also known by the additional name the Great, as he strengthened the monarchy's position in society.


Question: Who ruled Louis XIV before?

Louis XIV

He himself became an autocrat with a divine right to his power.


Question: Who ruled Louis XIV before?

Louis XIV

On April 13, 1655, the king promulgated 17 edicts intended to fill chronically empty state coffers.


Question: Who ruled Louis XIV before?

Louis XIV

It is claimed that in this context Louis would have said his immortal phrase “the state is me” (l'État, c'est moi).


Question: Who ruled Louis XIV before?

Louis XIV

The topic is moot, but apparently he really said that.


Question: Who ruled Louis XIV before?

Louis XIV

[1] On his deathbed in 1715, Louis stated, “I exited, but the state will always be preserved”.


Question: Who ruled Louis XIV before?

Louis XIV

Louis XIV perceived himself as the first servant of the state.


Question: Who ruled Louis XIV before?

Louis XIV

Elimination of Fouquet after the death of Cardinal Mazarin on 9 March 1661, Louis XIV's first action was to abolish the function of Minister of Money and take personal charge of running the entire government, but the king's close circle was not convinced of his abilities as a statesman.


Question: Who ruled Louis XIV before?

Louis XIV

Louis XIV came to show his talents and thus prove his prestige.


Question: Who ruled Louis XIV before?

Louis XIV

Six months later, on 5 September 1661, having reached the age of 23, the king followed the opinions of his advisers and allowed the arrest of his influential minister, Nicolas Fouquet (1615—1680), who had been an all-powerful economy minister and the most powerful person in France under the monarch himself after.


Question: Who ruled Louis XIV before?

Louis XIV

The young king deposed his minister accused of wrongdoing to demonstrate the magnitude of his power.


Question: Who ruled Louis XIV before?

Louis XIV

Even if Fouquet had committed some wrongdoing, in no case had he acted worse than his predecessor, Mazarin, or his successor, Colbert.


Question: Who ruled Louis XIV before?

Louis XIV

He had even demonstrated a certain effectiveness during his eight-year ministry, as the French state economy had improved from the state it had fallen into as a result of the Thirty Years' War and the Fronde Rebellion in the regions of 1648.


Question: Who ruled Louis XIV before?

Louis XIV

The king, however, had a need to show that he governed himself and that he could eliminate anyone who had become overly ambitious.


Question: Who ruled Louis XIV before?

Louis XIV

After a three-year legal process under the King's program, Fouquet was replaced by Jean-Baptiste Colbert in 1665.


Question: Who ruled Louis XIV before?

Louis XIV

In this case, it can be said that the real exercise of power of the Sun King


Question: Who ruled Louis XIV before?

Louis XIV

The first major reforms The first half of the reign of Louis XIV the Great was a time of major administrative reforms.


Question: Who ruled Louis XIV before?

Louis XIV

It was, in particular, a time of growth in the tax burden.


Question: Who ruled Louis XIV before?

Louis XIV

He created in 1667 Louis's legal system, a form of civil law standard.


Question: Who ruled Louis XIV before?

Louis XIV

A similar legal standard for the field of criminal law he created in 1670.


Question: Who ruled Louis XIV before?

Louis XIV

Forest use and shipping legislation he created in 1669 as well as trade legislation in 1673.


Question: Who ruled Louis XIV before?

Louis XIV

Over time, two separate clans formed around the king, competing with each other in almost everything.


Question: Who ruled Louis XIV before?

Louis XIV

The Colbert clan controlled almost everything that touched the economy, foreign policy, shipping and culture, while the clan of François Michel Louvois held in particular the territory of French defence.


Question: Who ruled Louis XIV before?

Louis XIV

The king therefore adopted his motto: “Divide so that you will rule better.”


Question: Who ruled Louis XIV before?

Louis XIV

The king had two rival factions to command, and it was clear that they exercised effective control over each other.


Question: Who ruled Louis XIV before?

Louis XIV

In this way, possible coup plans of the ministers against the king were prevented.


Question: Who ruled Louis XIV before?

Louis XIV

By 1671 the Colbert clan played a leading role, but as preparations for the war against Holland began and Colbert had great reservations about the increase in government expenditure required for the war, he fell out of favour in the eyes of the king.


Question: Who ruled Louis XIV before?

Louis XIV

On top of this, the age difference between Colbert (52 years at that time) and King (33 years) caused the King to approach his peer Louvois, who was only 30 years old and had the same hobby as the king: war.


Question: Who ruled Louis XIV before?

Louis XIV

Until 1685, the Louvois clan was highly influential in relation to the king.


Question: Who ruled Louis XIV before?

Louis XIV

Foreign policy Since the birth of Louis XIV, France had been constantly at war with Spain, particularly to oppose the Habsburgs” rule in Europe.


Question: Who ruled Louis XIV before?

Louis XIV

France participated in the final stages of the Thirty Years' War, which ended with the Peace of Westphalia in 1648.


Question: Who ruled Louis XIV before?

Louis XIV

Moreover, the country had to deal with its internal conflicts related to the revolt led by Condé, principally Spanish-backed.


Question: Who ruled Louis XIV before?

Louis XIV

As a soldier under Louis XIV on 23 June 1658, the French, who had recently made an alliance with the English, achieved a significant victory at Dunkirk over Condé, supported by the Spanish, at the Battle of Denes.


Question: Who ruled Louis XIV before?

Louis XIV

The English were led at that time by Lord Protector Oliver Cromwell.


Question: Who ruled Louis XIV before?

Louis XIV

It was only about 20-year-old Louis XIV's first major victory.


Question: Who ruled Louis XIV before?

Louis XIV

Of the 54 years of his reign, Louis XIV devoted a total of 32 years to warfare.


Question: Who ruled Louis XIV before?

Louis XIV

The king allowed Colbert to rule, and with the assistance of Michel Le Tellier and subsequently that son Louvois, he reorganised the army: unified the expenditure of funds, established the Hôtel des Invalides (a pensioner and invalid home) in 1670, and reformed the system of calling for service.


Question: Who ruled Louis XIV before?

Louis XIV

This new political action reduced the number of fugitives from the army, and the standard of living of soldiers rose significantly.


Question: Who ruled Louis XIV before?

Louis XIV

The king asked Sébastien Le Prestre de Vauban to build a belt of defensive systems on the territory of the kingdom.


Question: Who ruled Louis XIV before?

Louis XIV

Louis XIV had at his disposal a 300,000-man strong army and, in order to strengthen France's positions in the world political field, he led the country into numerous wars and conflicts.


Question: Who ruled Louis XIV before?

Louis XIV

Louis XIV's First War was the Dévolution War, caused by the death of the King of Spain and lasted from 1667 until 1668.


Question: Who ruled Louis XIV before?

Louis XIV

The next larger conflict was the Dutch War, which lasted from 1672 until 1678, ending in the well-known Peace of Nijmegen.


Question: Who ruled Louis XIV before?

Louis XIV

The Nine Years' War, or War of the Augsburg League or War of the Palatinate Succession, was fought in 1688—1697, with the last major conflict being the War of the Spanish Succession of 1701—1714.


Question: Who ruled Louis XIV before?

Louis XIV

In this conflict, French interests were really great, as Louis XIV's grandson had been obtained as King of Spain and the Habsburgs were attempting to seize the throne for themselves.


Question: Who ruled Louis XIV before?

Louis XIV

These wars greatly increased the territorial ensemble of France.


Question: Who ruled Louis XIV before?

Louis XIV

Under Louis XIV, Upper Alsace, Metz, Toul, Verun (Meuse), French-speaking Flanders, Franche-Comté, Depertement of Sarre, County of Haineut and Lower Alsace were annexed to France.


Question: Who ruled Louis XIV before?

Louis XIV

This all significantly increased French hegemony in Europe.


Question: Who ruled Louis XIV before?

Louis XIV

However, the state's continued existence in a state of war led it to the brink of bankruptcy and forced an increase in the tax burden of the people already pregnant, although the nobles were also subject to taxation.


Question: Who ruled Louis XIV before?

Louis XIV

The royal family also had to pay their taxes.


Question: Who ruled Louis XIV before?

Louis XIV

During the reign of Louis XIV, the nobility became an enactment of courtesans, subjugated to the king's will.


Question: Who ruled Louis XIV before?

Louis XIV

King gave political power to the bourgeoisie, of which Colbert exemplifies well.


Question: Who ruled Louis XIV before?

Louis XIV

He allowed only limited initiative to the nobility he despised.


Question: Who ruled Louis XIV before?

Louis XIV

His successor Louis XV did not follow the same policy.


Question: Who ruled Louis XIV before?

Louis XIV

At the beginning of Louis XIV's reign, the other great and powerful state was Spain, while at the end of the reign England emerged as the most dangerous adversary.


Question: Who ruled Louis XIV before?

Louis XIV

Economic policy Economy Louis XIV's economic policy was very simple: the king spent all the money that Colbert managed to fade into the state coffers in the war.


Question: Who ruled Louis XIV before?

Louis XIV

Extortionate taxation under Mazarin was the instigator of numerous uprisings, similar to that had been the nobility's revolt against the Fronde and the popular revolt of the Jacquerie: the revolt of the land labourers of the Sologne region, or wooden shoe wearers, from April to August 1658, and the Boulonnais revolt in May 1662 ( the event is sometimes called the Lustucrus Rebellion).


Question: Who ruled Louis XIV before?

Louis XIV

After Mazarin, Colbert continued to make new economic inventions.


Question: Who ruled Louis XIV before?

Louis XIV

He developed his own version of mercantilism, which was subsequently called colbertism.


Question: Who ruled Louis XIV before?

Louis XIV

This economic policy can be explained in a couple of words: you have to increase exports and reduce imports.


Question: Who ruled Louis XIV before?

Louis XIV

He established manufactures that may have been owned by the state, such as the Beuvais Weaving and the Gobelins Manufacture, or privately owned such as the Manufacture of Saint-Cobain.


Question: Who ruled Louis XIV before?

Louis XIV

For the currency to flow into the country, Colbert favored exports and subsidized it through the state.


Question: Who ruled Louis XIV before?

Louis XIV

His policies also included restricting imports and strong protectionism.


Question: Who ruled Louis XIV before?

Louis XIV

He urged and enticed Europe's best craftsmen to come to work in France, so that the country could have offered the best quality products that would also be easy to sell on behalf of their quality.


Question: Who ruled Louis XIV before?

Louis XIV

To facilitate commerce, Colbert improved France's infrastructure, especially through the construction of new roadways.


Question: Who ruled Louis XIV before?

Louis XIV

With the assistance of his son Jan-Baptiste Colbert, or Marquess of Seignelay, he also developed a merchant navy to promote exports and the Royal Warship to secure voyage by convoys.


Question: Who ruled Louis XIV before?

Louis XIV

The addition of colonies and the development of so-called merchant companies were also part of Colbert's program.


Question: Who ruled Louis XIV before?

Louis XIV

Although the interest of the zealous monarch and his minister was the whole then known world, only the French East Indies Trade Company, the French West Indies (American) Trade Company, the Mediterranean and the Ottoman Empire's trading partner were established in their time, and Senegal ( African) trading company, part of which became the organization of the tripartite trade of slaves.


Question: Who ruled Louis XIV before?

Louis XIV

Evolution of colonial poverty In 1654, Canada was colonized for its abundant natural resources, especially fur.


Question: Who ruled Louis XIV before?

Louis XIV

The territories were controlled by the New France Trade Company.


Question: Who ruled Louis XIV before?

Louis XIV

In 1659, a trading post named after King Louis the Saint was established and was located on Ndar Island off the coast of Senegal.


Question: Who ruled Louis XIV before?

Louis XIV

In 1673, the Senegalese trading company obtained the right to convey slaves to the islands of the Antilles.


Question: Who ruled Louis XIV before?

Louis XIV

In 1665, Louis XIV established the East India Trade Company, which was stationed on the island of Madagascar.


Question: Who ruled Louis XIV before?

Louis XIV

In the same year, Colbert purchased the Charfles Houel du Petit Pré of Guadeloupe, leader of the American Islands Trading Company, and the island of Martinique from Jecques Dryel Duparque.


Question: Who ruled Louis XIV before?

Louis XIV

All these territories were ceded to the control of the Indian Trade Company, which experienced bankruptcy in 1674.


Question: Who ruled Louis XIV before?

Louis XIV

In this case, the territories were re-annexed to


Question: Who ruled Louis XIV before?

Louis XIV

In 1677, Admiral Jean d'Estrées usurped French Guiana from the Dutch by order of the King.


Question: Who ruled Louis XIV before?

Louis XIV

Additionally, in 1682, René La Salle founded a French colony at the mouth of the Mississippi River, which was named Louisiane (Nouvelle-France) in honour of Louis XIV.


Question: Who ruled Louis XIV before?

Louis XIV

In 1697, in the Peace of Ryswick, France was assigned the western half of the island of Haiti, the present-day Republic of Haiti.


Question: Who ruled Louis XIV before?

Louis XIV

Despite all that, Colbert was more interested in the colonies than Louis XIV.


Question: Who ruled Louis XIV before?

Louis XIV

The king had a need to obtain cannon fodder to continue wars in Europe, and only a very small number of the inhabitants were sent to the colonies: committed and young orphan girls—les filles du roi, the king's girls—were sent to Canada.


Question: Who ruled Louis XIV before?

Louis XIV

Colbert saw the wide potential for the development of colonies, but stated in his correspondence with the intendent of the region of the American continent strictly that the role of the colonies is to serve the Kingdom and should not develop at the expense of the Kingdom's industry.


Question: Who ruled Louis XIV before?

Louis XIV

However, in order to promote the natural development of the colonies, he established a penalty fee for unmarried men aged 20 and over and for unmarried women aged 16 and over.


Question: Who ruled Louis XIV before?

Louis XIV

On the other hand, he started supporting families with children: a special allowance of 300 livres was allocated to families with more than ten children.


Question: Who ruled Louis XIV before?

Louis XIV

Black Legislation In March 1685, Louis XIV enacted the so-called “Black Legislation”, which allowed the complete exploitation of slaves in the colonies.


Question: Who ruled Louis XIV before?

Louis XIV

This legislation, which opponents felt allowed the institutionalization of slavery, was intended to restrict trade and give slaves their own status, for prior to this they were merely the movable property of their owners in the same way as chairs or tables.


Question: Who ruled Louis XIV before?

Louis XIV

The law guaranteed ownership of slaves, naturally very limited.


Question: Who ruled Louis XIV before?

Louis XIV

They got the right to an old-age pension, they had to be treated well and had to get proper sustenance.


Question: Who ruled Louis XIV before?

Louis XIV

The legislation thus regulated the frameworks for the treatment of blacks.


Question: Who ruled Louis XIV before?

Louis XIV

Religion Politics The Wars of Religion in France took place 40 years of bloody wars of faith, the so-called Huguenot Wars (1562—1598) between Catholics and Protestants (Huguenots).


Question: Who ruled Louis XIV before?

Louis XIV

The wars ended momentarily in 1598 with the Edict of Nantes proclaimed by Henry IV of Navarre.


Question: Who ruled Louis XIV before?

Louis XIV

It guaranteed the Huguenots freedom of faith and they got their rights secured to some extent.


Question: Who ruled Louis XIV before?

Louis XIV

Under the Catholic Louis XIII (1601—1643), the Wars of Religion continued.


Question: Who ruled Louis XIV before?

Louis XIV

Richelieu and Louis XIV repealed the Edicts and began systematic persecutions of Protestants, which escalated in 1685, when some 250,000 Huguenots were forced by oppression and persecution to move out of France to countries including the Netherlands, Switzerland, Germany and England.


Question: Who ruled Louis XIV before?

Louis XIV

Religious Reforms Louis XIV was a partisan of Gallikanism, aiming for papal control of an independent and united Christian France.


Question: Who ruled Louis XIV before?

Louis XIV

On 13 December 1660, the king made it known to Parliament that he had decided to abolish Jansenism, a form of post-Reformed interpretation of Catholic religion by its roots.


Question: Who ruled Louis XIV before?

Louis XIV

However, this did not prevent him from electing Simon Arnauld de Pompenne, a prominent Jansenist, as his Secretary of State in 1671 after peace in ecclesiastical affairs had been established.


Question: Who ruled Louis XIV before?

Louis XIV

For the same reason, Louis XIV also acted against Protestantism and the Order of the Holy Sacrament.


Question: Who ruled Louis XIV before?

Louis XIV

If, early in his reign, Louis XIV had disagreements with the Pope, and even the threat of war in 1662 against Pope Alexander VII, then from 1684 onwards the Sun King was considerably more religiously oriented.


Question: Who ruled Louis XIV before?

Louis XIV

Queen Marie-Thérèse and Colbert had both died in 1683, and Madame de Maintenon had become the king's secret consort.


Question: Who ruled Louis XIV before?

Louis XIV

It is reported that he was an ardent defender of the Nantes Declaration, but current research cannot confirm such a view.


Question: Who ruled Louis XIV before?

Louis XIV

The Cancellation of the Declaration of Nantes The Declaration of Nantes is a law signed in the city of Nantes on 13 April 1598 and issued by King Henry IV of France.


Question: Who ruled Louis XIV before?

Louis XIV

In it, the king allowed Protestants freedom of religion within some conditions, and at the same time they were allowed some military fortifications.


Question: Who ruled Louis XIV before?

Louis XIV

The guarantees given to Protestants by the Nantes Declaration to maintain military bases were already revoked under Louis XIII.


Question: Who ruled Louis XIV before?

Louis XIV

Its religious passages were revoked under Louis XIV in 1685 by the Fontainebleau Declaration, which, in addition to the king, had been signed by his chancellor, Michel Le Tellier (1603—1685).


Question: Who ruled Louis XIV before?

Louis XIV

Protestant religion was subsequently banned throughout the territory of the French state.


Question: Who ruled Louis XIV before?

Louis XIV

As a result of this repeal, several Huguenots went on to become emigrants to Protestant countries: England, Germany, Switzerland, the Netherlands and its colonies.


Question: Who ruled Louis XIV before?

Louis XIV

One can talk about 200,000 refugees, several of whom were artisans and members of urban bourgeoisie families.


Question: Who ruled Louis XIV before?

Louis XIV

Recently, historians Michel Morrineau and Jannine Garrisson have been creating a considerably more multi-strong picture of the economic consequences of this declaration of expulsion.


Question: Who ruled Louis XIV before?

Louis XIV

It can therefore be observed that the French economy was handsomely large in 1686.


Question: Who ruled Louis XIV before?

Louis XIV

The emergence of French settlements across Europe also allowed new export markets to be opened, but at the same time marked the rise of French-speaking culture in the coming century to dominate Europe.


Question: Who ruled Louis XIV before?

Louis XIV

The revocation of the Nantes Declaration also had indirect effects on Protestants revolts, such as the so-called Camisard War.


Question: Who ruled Louis XIV before?

Louis XIV

Converts to the Catholic faith also increased.


Question: Who ruled Louis XIV before?

Louis XIV

The Protestant creed was not like a small minority in France under Louis XIV.


Question: Who ruled Louis XIV before?

Louis XIV

It was never more than 10% higher, neither was it during the wars of faith.


Question: Who ruled Louis XIV before?

Louis XIV

By domesticating the nobility, Louis XIV also tamed religion.


Question: Who ruled Louis XIV before?

Louis XIV

If numerous members of the nobility professed Protestant religion in the 16th century, then the issue was more about politics than faith, though some of them are also associated with Jean Calvin's forces.


Question: Who ruled Louis XIV before?

Louis XIV

Louis XIV created a court based on the balance between the various grouping of nobles.


Question: Who ruled Louis XIV before?

Louis XIV

The king succeeded in converting numerous Protestant nobles who, in pursuit of missions at court, converted to the religion of the most Catholic prince, Catholicism.


Question: Who ruled Louis XIV before?

Louis XIV

Some historians have interpreted this as saying that France was to be governed “on the basis of one king, one faith and one law”.