Question: How many terms did Kekkonen serve as President of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

After Kekkonen died, Tamminiemi was made the Urho Kekkonen Museum, which opened to the public in 1987.


Question: How many terms did Kekkonen serve as President of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

[8] Private life Family Urho Kekkonen was married since 1926 to Sylvi (Sylvia Salome) Uino (1900—1974).


Question: How many terms did Kekkonen serve as President of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

In 1928 they were born twin sons Taneli (d. 1985) and Matti (d. 2013).


Question: How many terms did Kekkonen serve as President of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

Taneli Kekkonen served as ambassador and was married to K.-A.


Question: How many terms did Kekkonen serve as President of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

With Fagerholm's daughter Brita since 1952.


Question: How many terms did Kekkonen serve as President of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

[18] Matti Kekkonen was an MP and an official in the state administration, as well as his father's assistant and an educator of that tradition.


Question: How many terms did Kekkonen serve as President of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

[20] Of Kekkonen's grandchildren Brita and Taneli Kekkonen's son Timo Kekkonen is an influence in business life.


Question: How many terms did Kekkonen serve as President of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

[78] Female relations Urho Kekkonen is known to have had a lively social life.


Question: How many terms did Kekkonen serve as President of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

One of Kekkonen's female friends was Ambassador Jaakko Hallama's spouse Anita Hallama, who has published her diaries and extracts from Kekkonen's letters.


Question: How many terms did Kekkonen serve as President of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

[79] Kekkonen's relationships with Hallama and journalist Anne-Marie Snellman are described in Raija Oranen's novels.


Question: How many terms did Kekkonen serve as President of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

[80] [81] According to Oranen, Kekkonen also had a love affair with Maarit Tyrkö, a journalist 47 years younger than himself.


Question: How many terms did Kekkonen serve as President of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

[82] Tyrkkö himself has told us about this in his book Girl and the Recorder, published in 2014.


Question: How many terms did Kekkonen serve as President of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

[83] Importance and Impact Aftermath and heritage Urho Kekkonen's greatest merit has been regarded as the meritorious management of Finland's relations with the east in a difficult era of world politics.


Question: How many terms did Kekkonen serve as President of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

As a politician, Kekkonen was not content to simply seek compromise, but snubbed many of his domestic political rivals, some of them harshly.


Question: How many terms did Kekkonen serve as President of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

He exploited his personal Eastern relations in domestic politics in such a way that even many political opponents began to regard him as irreplaceable.


Question: How many terms did Kekkonen serve as President of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

Kekko has been criticised for exploiting Finland's awkward position in pursuit of personal advantage.


Question: How many terms did Kekkonen serve as President of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

In the strategic power play of politics, Kekkonen was an expert.


Question: How many terms did Kekkonen serve as President of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

In an editorial on 25 September 1977, the Swedish tabloid Expressen considered Kekkonen's excessive influence in Finnish politics to be damaging.


Question: How many terms did Kekkonen serve as President of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

[84] According to Professor Timo Vihainen, what was particularly bad was that “the independent head of state was reduced to using foreign aid in his own political machinations”, not that he managed relations with the Soviet Union through its secret service.


Question: How many terms did Kekkonen serve as President of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

[85] [86] In Western democracies, Kekkonen's presidency was exceptionally long.


Question: How many terms did Kekkonen serve as President of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

This has been explained by charisma, ruthless tactics, popular popularity and Cold War-era political sensibility.


Question: How many terms did Kekkonen serve as President of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

Finnish politics were overshadowed almost throughout Kekkonen's presidency by a power play by the great powers, with Finland's location as the only pro-Western Soviet frontier neighbour strategically sensitive.


Question: How many terms did Kekkonen serve as President of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

Even under pressure from the great powers, Kekkonen maintained his status as a respected statesman both in the East and the West.


Question: How many terms did Kekkonen serve as President of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

The greatest international recognition of his political career can be considered the OSCE Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe in 1975, where Kekkonen hosted a summit of major powers to alleviate the Cold War.


Question: How many terms did Kekkonen serve as President of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

After Urho Kekkonen died, the media began writing about him more freely.


Question: How many terms did Kekkonen serve as President of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

Since then, several books on him and his diary from 1958—1981 have also been published.


Question: How many terms did Kekkonen serve as President of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

[87] [88] Since Kekkonen, the powers of the President of Finland have been narrowed.


Question: How many terms did Kekkonen serve as President of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

Since the 1980s they have been delegated to parliament and government.


Question: How many terms did Kekkonen serve as President of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

In the 2000 constitutional reform, the president's main task remained the management of foreign policy together with the State Council.


Question: How many terms did Kekkonen serve as President of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

[89] Since the interruption of Kekkonen's last term, subsequent presidents have taken it upon themselves to publicize their health.


Question: How many terms did Kekkonen serve as President of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

[90] [91] In the 2004 Great Finns vote, Urho Kekkonen finished third with 57456 votes ahead of Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim and Risto Ryti.


Question: How many terms did Kekkonen serve as President of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

[92] Honours during his lifetime Kekkonen received many honours normally reserved only for late great men.


Question: How many terms did Kekkonen serve as President of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

His birth home Lepiko croft in Pielavesi was converted into a museum already during his second term as president in 1966.


Question: How many terms did Kekkonen serve as President of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

To mark his 75th birthday, he got his picture on a five-hundred-mark note.


Question: How many terms did Kekkonen serve as President of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

This banknote was issued on Kekkonen's birthday on 3 September 1975 and was in use until 1986.


Question: How many terms did Kekkonen serve as President of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

In 1980, when Kekkonen turned 80, the city of Helsinki changed the name of his longtime home street Kampinkatu to Urho Kekkonen Street.


Question: How many terms did Kekkonen serve as President of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

A street with the same name is also in Kajaani and in Hamina there is Kekkonenkatu.


Question: How many terms did Kekkonen serve as President of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

A section of road called Kekkonentie was opened to traffic in Tampere at the turn of the 1970s-1980s.


Question: How many terms did Kekkonen serve as President of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

Kecosenties are also in Saarijärvi, Kankaanpää, Salo and Nurmes.


Question: How many terms did Kekkonen serve as President of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

[20] The title of Honorary Doctorate of Sport Science was conferred on him in 1969.


Question: How many terms did Kekkonen serve as President of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

[93] In the 1970s, a fell peak was named Kekkonen-toppen in northern Sweden.


Question: How many terms did Kekkonen serve as President of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

[94] The Soviet Union awarded Kekkonen in 1980 the Lenin Peace Prize (Lenin International Peace Prize) “for outstanding merits in action for the preservation and consolidation of peace”.


Question: How many terms did Kekkonen serve as President of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

Kekkonen received the award during his fifth and final state visit to the Soviet Union in November of that year.


Question: How many terms did Kekkonen serve as President of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

[95] He had already received the Lenin Badge of Honour in 1964.


Question: How many terms did Kekkonen serve as President of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

[96] The Paasikivi Society invited Urho Kekkonen as its honorary member.


Question: How many terms did Kekkonen serve as President of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

In 1973, the club was reported to commission a large-format portrait of him, painted by renowned Russian painter Ilya Glazunov.


Question: How many terms did Kekkonen serve as President of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

The work attracted attention already in progress and Glazunov began to be called the “Court Painter of Kekkonen”.


Question: How many terms did Kekkonen serve as President of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

The Paasikivi Society handed over the work to Finlandia Hall, where it was moved to the club's own premises.


Question: How many terms did Kekkonen serve as President of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

Today it is in the Urho Kekkonen Museum in Tamminiemi.


Question: How many terms did Kekkonen serve as President of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

Afterwards, journalist Mauri Lintera has revealed the order and advance stir for the painting was part of a publicity campaign for a new women's magazine.


Question: How many terms did Kekkonen serve as President of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

[97] In the spring of 1981, a 50 mark commemorative coin was issued in honour of Urho Kekkonen's 25 years as president.


Question: How many terms did Kekkonen serve as President of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

The coin was designed by Nina Terno.


Question: How many terms did Kekkonen serve as President of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

[98] In 1983, after Kekkonen left his presidential duties and retired, the second largest national park in Finland, Urho Kekkonen National Park, was named after him.


Question: How many terms did Kekkonen serve as President of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

After Kekkonen died in 1986, his official residence Tamminiemi, where he had lived for thirty years, was converted into a home museum.


Question: How many terms did Kekkonen serve as President of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

The Urho Kekkonen Museum, opened in 1987 in Tamminiemi, presents recent Finnish history in addition to Kekkonen's personal history.


Question: How many terms did Kekkonen serve as President of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

[99] Statues and monuments of the statues and monuments erected in Kekkonen is the Urho Kekkonen monument designed by sculptor Pekka Jylä in Helsinki's Hakasalmi Park.


Question: How many terms did Kekkonen serve as President of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

The monument was unveiled on Kekkonen's centenary on 3 September 2000.


Question: How many terms did Kekkonen serve as President of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

Kekkonen's youth's hometown of Kajaani has a monument to Kekkonen in the handwriting of sculptor Pekka Kauhasen, the Great Time, which was unveiled in 1990.


Question: How many terms did Kekkonen serve as President of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

So far, Kekkonen has received his only public appearance statue.


Question: How many terms did Kekkonen serve as President of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

The statue of President Urho Kaleva Kekkonen sculpted by sculptor Matti Peltokankka was unveiled in 2008 and honours Kekkonen's role in establishing Rautaruuki's Raahen factory.


Question: How many terms did Kekkonen serve as President of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

[20] In autumn 2009, the City of Tallinn announced that the square in front of Terminal A of the Tallinn Passenger Port will be renamed Helsinki Square and a statue of Urho Kaleva Kekkonen will be erected there [100].


Question: How many terms did Kekkonen serve as President of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

In addition, the Finnish Parliament Hall has a bronze bust of Kekkonen sculpted by Aimo Tukiainen from 1966.


Question: How many terms did Kekkonen serve as President of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

[20] Politics Although Kekkonta has often been criticised for “Finnishness”, excessive use of power and preference for the left, this was apparently part of his tactic to keep Finland neutral.


Question: How many terms did Kekkonen serve as President of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

Although originally a member of the Agrarian League's right-wing, the most left-wing wing after 1944 in the 1950s, Kekkonen was practically attuned.


Question: How many terms did Kekkonen serve as President of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

Kekkonen's goal, in his own words, was to defragment the country politically from left to right, and he tried to do so, often without success, to create joint coalition governments of all parties (civil service governments were practically such).


Question: How many terms did Kekkonen serve as President of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

As for the Coalition, this was not successful due to fierce opposition from the left-wing parties, and Kekkonen attempted in his last active months to overthrow the Koivisto II government and create a bourgeois government composed of Keskus and Coalition in its place.


Question: How many terms did Kekkonen serve as President of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

He justified this as well as the admission of the SKP into government at one time: “one quarter of the people cannot be insulated from political decision-making”, and the vast majority of the Coalition were already in favour of Kekkonen for a good journey from the 1970s.


Question: How many terms did Kekkonen serve as President of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

However, with the collapse of his health, he could not carry this out [101].


Question: How many terms did Kekkonen serve as President of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

Kekkonen considered it very important to maintain good relations with the East and succeeded in concluding/contributing to many trade agreements that were very advantageous to Finland.


Question: How many terms did Kekkonen serve as President of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

Kekkonen can therefore be regarded as essentially a centre-left pragmatic in his views.


Question: How many terms did Kekkonen serve as President of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

Kekkonen was also aiming to get Karelia returned to Finland by agreement.


Question: How many terms did Kekkonen serve as President of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

Research Kekkonen took care of storing his archives himself for the use of researchers.


Question: How many terms did Kekkonen serve as President of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

Urho Kekkonen founded the Archives Foundation of the President of the Republic on 18 August 1970.


Question: How many terms did Kekkonen serve as President of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

The place of the FAQ archive became Hovila Manor in Orimattila.


Question: How many terms did Kekkonen serve as President of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

[102] However, due to the large amount of foreign policy material involved, its use was limited for a long time.


Question: How many terms did Kekkonen serve as President of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

From 1995 until 2000, access to the archive required a research permit.


Question: How many terms did Kekkonen serve as President of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

Since 2001, almost all of the data has been freely available to researchers.


Question: How many terms did Kekkonen serve as President of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

[103] The research on Kekko has focused on his exercise of power and foreign policy.


Question: How many terms did Kekkonen serve as President of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

Juhani Suomi used the archive to help compile an eight-volume “official” biography of Kekkonen, which appeared 1986—2000.


Question: How many terms did Kekkonen serve as President of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

In addition to domestic archives, Hannu Rautkallio had access to the archives of the Central Committee of the USSR.


Question: How many terms did Kekkonen serve as President of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

Kimmo Rientola also studied Kekkonen's eastern relations.


Question: How many terms did Kekkonen serve as President of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

[104] [20] [105] Lasse Lehtinen and Timo J. Tuikka have studied Kekkonen's internal politics in their doctoral theses.


Question: How many terms did Kekkonen serve as President of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

Several new research works and dissertations continue to appear on Urho Kekkonen every year.


Question: How many terms did Kekkonen serve as President of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

[106] [105] In art and popular culture Finnish art and popular culture Kekkonta has been discussed abundantly.


Question: How many terms did Kekkonen serve as President of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

For example, Kekkonen has been the subject of novels, operas, vocal plays, television series, films, antics books, cartoons and caricatures.


Question: How many terms did Kekkonen serve as President of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

The importance of Kekkonen to Jews and Roma people on 22 August 1938, while Kekkonen was serving as Minister of the Interior, Finland refused to allow the m/s Ariadne vessel carrying around 60 Austrian Jewish refugees into Finland.


Question: How many terms did Kekkonen serve as President of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

These Jewish refugees converted from Finland have been brought to know “Kekkonen as Jews”, as Kekkonen ultimately bore responsibility for what happened.


Question: How many terms did Kekkonen serve as President of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

[108] On 10 February 1939, the far-right Patriotic People's Movement raised concerns in its parliamentary poll that it was unreasonable for Jewish refugee gangs to permanently enter Finland to enjoy the right to asylum while Finns are unemployed.


Question: How many terms did Kekkonen serve as President of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

Minister of the Interior Kekkonen replied that “the number of refugees referred to in the survey is relatively low in Finland, which is due to the fact that the Government has taken all necessary measures in time to prevent the influx of refugees from Central Europe heading to our country”.


Question: How many terms did Kekkonen serve as President of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

According to Kekkonen, “The Government's intention is, of course, without violating international customs concerning the state right of asylum, to constantly prevent the mass displacement of refugees into our country, which does not mean that entry permits cannot be issued in individual cases.” [109] In autumn 1942, Kekkonen stated that “a concentration camp for the Gypsies (Roma) must be set up for the Gypsies (Gypsies), and they will not survive by the way.”


Question: How many terms did Kekkonen serve as President of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

[110] Around the same time, he wrote in the Finnish Kuvalehicle under the pseudonym Pekka Peitsi how the Roma are a group of work-wrenching, idly strolling gangs, which “forms a flagrant discord in the sound of work and effort that the country is flooding”.


Question: How many terms did Kekkonen serve as President of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

[111] The Kekkonen camp proposal was put into action and in January 1943, Finland's first labour camp for Roma men began operation.


Question: How many terms did Kekkonen serve as President of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

Roma women also found themselves in a similar camp.


Question: How many terms did Kekkonen serve as President of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

[110] Many were assigned there on the basis of the Vagrancy Act 1936 [112].


Question: How many terms did Kekkonen serve as President of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

Those engaged in forced labour were paid a small wage, minus accommodation, food and clothing expenses.


Question: How many terms did Kekkonen serve as President of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

At least 75 mots had to be made in forestry labour camps before getting out could be considered.


Question: How many terms did Kekkonen serve as President of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

Neither camp operated for long.


Question: How many terms did Kekkonen serve as President of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

The camps are not classified as concentration camps.


Question: How many terms did Kekkonen serve as President of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

[110] Literary production A prolific writer Kekkonen was also notable as a literary influence.


Question: How many terms did Kekkonen serve as President of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

He wrote both under his own name and under pseudonyms, which included Esaijas Kohennakeppi, Esaijas Ranstakka, K.Y.


Question: How many terms did Kekkonen serve as President of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

Laaksonen, Kää, Lawyer, Lautamies, Liimatainen, Male Finnish, Olli Tampio, Pekka Peitsi, Urho Sorsimo and Nephew [113] [114].


Question: How many terms did Kekkonen serve as President of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

In 1976, Kekkonen published a two-volume collection of his correspondence to some extent under the name Letters from My Mill.


Question: How many terms did Kekkonen serve as President of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

The publication of the collection of letters prompted the term mill letter to become established for several years in political parlance.


Question: How many terms did Kekkonen serve as President of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

The title of my work was combined with the name of French Alphonse Daudet's short story collection Letters from My Mill.


Question: How many terms did Kekkonen serve as President of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

[115] [116] However, Kekkonen denied that these Letters from My Mill were anything to do with Daudet's short stories published in 1869, as his mill is entirely different from Daudet's romantic poet's hideout, from which “pleadings anonymous to the recipient” are sent.


Question: How many terms did Kekkonen serve as President of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

Instead, Kekkonen characterised his letter mill as “a roaring, knuckling, pounding and grinding mill from which letters from the mill fire to well-defined recipients.”


Question: How many terms did Kekkonen serve as President of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

[117] Kekkonen was planning a three-part series of memoirs, of which he could publish only the first volume, my Century 1, to 1936, before his health failed.


Question: How many terms did Kekkonen serve as President of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

Kekkonen's publication in 1980 of Tamminieme, on which he compiled his domestic and foreign policy line pulls, has been considered his political will.


Question: How many terms did Kekkonen serve as President of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

[118] Works Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Kekkonen, Urho| title = Self-Defense of Democracy | publisher = WSOY| year = 1934}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Kekkonen, Urho| title = Municipal Electoral Court under Finnish law (dissertation) | publisher = Otava| year = 1936}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Peitsi, Pekka| title = The path of defragmentation of the Finnish people| publisher = Otava| year = 1942}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Peitsi, Pekka| title = People fight for their life| publisher = Otava| year = 1943}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Lance, Pekka| title = I found wrist| publisher = Otava| year = 1944}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Lance, Pekka| title = Here we are| publisher = Oak | year = 1944}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Kekkonen, Urho| title = Does our country have the composure to prosper| publisher = Otava| year = 1952}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Kekkonen, Urho| title = New municipal election law explained | publisher = Gummerus| year = 1953}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Vilkuna, Gustav (ed.


Question: How many terms did Kekkonen serve as President of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

) | title = For Earth| publisher = Otava| year = 1955}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Vilkuna, Tuomas (ed.


Question: How many terms did Kekkonen serve as President of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

) | title = Speeches and writings 1 (1936−1956) | publisher = Weilin+Göös| year = 1967| isbn = 951-35-0353-4 sid.}}


Question: How many terms did Kekkonen serve as President of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Vilkuna, Tuomas (ed.


Question: How many terms did Kekkonen serve as President of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

) | title = Speeches and writings 2 (1956−1967) | publisher = Weilin+Göös| year = 1967| isbn = 951-35-0355-0 (sid.)}}


Question: How many terms did Kekkonen serve as President of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Adhesive | title = Across — chart board | publisher = Otava| year = 1968}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Kekkonen, Urho| title = Speeches and writings 3 (1916−1955) | publisher = Weilin+Gös| year = 1969| | isbn = 951-35- 0359-3 (sid.)}}


Question: How many terms did Kekkonen serve as President of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Adhesive | title=Kekkonen, Urho| publisher = Otava| year = 1970}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Kekkonen, Urho| title = Speeches and writings 4| publisher = Weilin+Göös| year = 1972| isbn = 951-35-| 0862-5 (sid.)}}


Question: How many terms did Kekkonen serve as President of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Kekkonen, Urho| title = Decades of Change| publisher = Weilin+Göös| year = 1975| isbn = 951-35-1409-9 (sid.)}}


Question: How many terms did Kekkonen serve as President of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Tyrkkö, Maarit & Keijo Korhonen (ed.


Question: How many terms did Kekkonen serve as President of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

) | title = Letters from my mill 1:1956-1967| publisher = Otava| year = 1976| isbn = 951-1-02390-X (sid.)}}


Question: How many terms did Kekkonen serve as President of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Tyrkkö, Maarit & Korhonen, Keijo (ed.


Question: How many terms did Kekkonen serve as President of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

) | title = Letters from my mill 2:1968—1975| publisher = Otava| year = 1976| id = ISBN 951-1-04052-9 (sid.)}}


Question: How many terms did Kekkonen serve as President of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Stormbom, N.-B.


Question: How many terms did Kekkonen serve as President of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

(ed.


Question: How many terms did Kekkonen serve as President of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

) | title = Mina brev 1956−1975| publisher = Söderström| year = 1977| isbn = 951-52-0403-8 (sid.)}}


Question: How many terms did Kekkonen serve as President of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen


Question: How many terms did Kekkonen serve as President of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

) | title = By name and name brand| publisher = otava| year = 1977| isbn = 951-1-04641-1 (sid.)}}


Question: How many terms did Kekkonen serve as President of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen


Question: How many terms did Kekkonen serve as President of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

) | title = By name and pseudonym 2| publisher = Otava| year = 1977| isbn = 951-1-04643-8 (sid.)}}


Question: How many terms did Kekkonen serve as President of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Tyrkkö, Maarit (ed.)


Question: How many terms did Kekkonen serve as President of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

& Saanio, M.


Question: How many terms did Kekkonen serve as President of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

(images) | title = Travel photos of Kainui and Lap| publisher = Otava| year = 1977| isbn = 951-1-09414-9 (sid.)}}


Question: How many terms did Kekkonen serve as President of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Tyrkkö, Maarit (ed.


Question: How many terms did Kekkonen serve as President of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

) | title = Tamminiemi| publisher = Weilin+Göös| year = 1980| isbn = 951-35-2287-3 sid.}


Question: How many terms did Kekkonen serve as President of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Kekkonen, Urho| title = My Year 1| publisher = Otava| year = 1981| isbn = 951-1-06566-1 (part 1)}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Tyrkkö, Maarit (ed.


Question: How many terms did Kekkonen serve as President of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

) | title = Publication| publisher = Weilin+Göös| year = 1982| isbn = 951-35-2065-X sid.}


Question: How many terms did Kekkonen serve as President of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Tyrkkö, Maarit & Suomi, Juhani (ed.


Question: How many terms did Kekkonen serve as President of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

) | title = Counter-current| publisher = otava| year = 1983| isbn = 951-1-07557-8 sid.}


Question: How many terms did Kekkonen serve as President of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Source Ear, P. & Pekkarinen, J.


Question: How many terms did Kekkonen serve as President of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

(koost.


Question: How many terms did Kekkonen serve as President of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

) | title = Letters to miller 1956—1981| publisher = Otava| year = 2000}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Uino, Ari| title = Rills off and over the bar: Urho Kekkonen as sportsman| publisher = Otava| year = 1999| isbn = 951-16338-8}} Briefly Governments of Kekkonen I Government Kekkonen II Government Kekkonen III Government Kekkonen IV Government Kekkonen V Government Presidencies 1st term: 1 March 1956 — 1 March 1962 2nd term: 1 March 1962 — 1 March 1968 3rd term: 1 March 1968 — 1. 4 March 1978 (1973 Exemption Act extended by 4 years) 4th term: 1 March 1978 — 27 January 1982 (would have lasted until 1 March 1984, but Kekkonen abdicated by the President of the Republic on health grounds 26 October 1981) See also Paasikiven—Kekkonen Urho Kekkonen Museum List of President Kekkonen's state visits Kekkontien FAQ Institute Sources Literature Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Haataja, Lauri & Friman, Paavo| title = Presidential Book| location = Helsinki| publisher = Gummerus| year = 2001| isbn = 951-566-071-8}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Uino, Ari (ed.


Question: How many terms did Kekkonen serve as President of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

) | title = Young Urho: Urho Kekkonen Kajaanin years 1911—1921| publisher = Otava| year = 1999| isbn = 951-1-15992-5}} References Literature Juhani Finnish books Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = English, Juhani| title = Urho Kekkonen 1936—1944: Myrrys| publisher her = otava| year = 1986| isbn = 951-1-06567-X}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = English, Juhani| title = Urho Kekkonen 1944—1950: Vonkamies| publisher = Otava| year = 1988| isbn = 951-1-09770-9}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| k| author = English, Juhani| title = Urho Kekkonen 1950—1956: Kingtie| publisher = Otava| year = 1990| isbn = 951-1-10403-9}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Finland, Juhani| title = Urho Kekkonen 1956-1962: Time of crises | publisher = Otava| year = 1992| isbn = 951-11588| 4}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Finland, Juhani| title = Urho Kekkonen 1962—1968: Presiden| publisher = Otava| year = 1994| isbn = 951-1-13065-X}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Finland, Juhani| title = Urho Kekkonen 1968—1972: Battle for impartial| publisher year = Otava| = 1996| isbn = 951-1-13548-1}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = English, Juhani| title = Urho Kekkonen 1972—1976: In the chaff stream | publisher = Otava| year = 1998| isbn = 951-1-14799-4}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = English, Juhanian | title = Urho Kekkonen 1976—1981: Expired chart| publisher = Otava| year = 2000| isbn = 951-1-16257-8}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Finland, Juhani (ed.


Question: How many terms did Kekkonen serve as President of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

) | title = Urho Kekkonen Diaries 1:1958—1962| publisher = Otava| year = 2001| isbn = 951-1-15547-4}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Finland, Juhani (ed.


Question: How many terms did Kekkonen serve as President of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

) | title = Urho Kekkonen Diaries 2:1963—1968| publisher = Otava| year = 2002| isbn = 951-1-18174-2}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Finland, Juhani (ed.


Question: How many terms did Kekkonen serve as President of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

) | title = Urho Kekkonen Diaries 3:1969—1974| publisher = Otava| year = 2003| isbn = 951-1-18858-5}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Finland, Juhani (ed.


Question: How many terms did Kekkonen serve as President of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

) | title = Urho Kekkonen diaries 4:1975—1981| publisher = Otava| year = 2004| isbn = 951-1-19251-5}} Other books Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Hakanen, Yrjö| title = Six photos of Kekon| publisher = Love books| year = 1985| isbn = 951-835-0935-09| 6-5}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Seppänen, Esa (ed.


Question: How many terms did Kekkonen serve as President of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

) | title = Who Kekkonen? | location = Helsinki| publisher = Art House| year = 2014| isbn = 978-951-884-527-3}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Lilja, Pekka & Raig, Kulle| title = Urho Kekkonen and Estonia| publisher = Minerva Kustannus Oy| year = 2006| isbn = 952-95| 5591-80-8}} Citation error, replace with { {cite book| author = Linnankivi, Berry| title = Kekkonten daughter-in-law | location = Helsinki| publisher = Januar| year = 2010| isbn = 978-951-31-5366-3}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Salmon, Tuomas| title = “Get used to it, why 'not parkuen ane”.


Question: How many terms did Kekkonen serve as President of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

Finland's leading newspaper's attitude towards Urho Kekkonen 1944—1956| publisher = Oulu University| year = 2003| version = dissertation | isbn = 951-42-7157-2| format = [Online version of the work (PDF)] | accessdate = 6.1.2016}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| title = Memories of Medical Work — Läkarminnen| location = Hämeenlinna| publisher = SKS/duodecim| year = 2006| isbn = 951-746-781-8}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Montonen, Pia Maria| title = Realm's daughter: Brita Kekkonen| location = Helsinki| publisher = WSOY| year = 2014| | isbn = 078-951-0-40241-2}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Niiranen, Pekka| title = Kekkonen and Church: Relations between President of the Republic Urho Kekkonen and the Evangelical Lutheran Church of Finland 1956—1981| publisher = Bookshop | year = 2000| isbn = 951-625-653-8}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book | author = Repo, Eino S. & Repo, Ville| title = Principal: Portrait of Urho Kekkonen from his President| publisher = Weilin+Göös| year = 1985| isbn = 951-35-3191-0}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Seppänen, Esa| title = Eastern Relations Triangle Brezhnev—Kosygin 1960—1980| publisher = Idea Books| year = 2007| isbn = 978-951-20-7492-1}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Seppänen, Esa| title = Fencer against volcano: Urho Kekkonen and Nikita Khrushchev 1955—1964| publisher = January| year = 2004| isbn = 951-31-2628-5}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Seppänen, Esa| title = FAQ Deep Imprint — Legacy or Ballast? | publisher = Idea Books| year = 2009| isbn = 978-951-20-7913-1}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Skyttä, Kyösti| title = Unknown Kekkonen| publisher = Bookgroup| year = 1980| isbn = 951-26-1878-8}} Citation error, replace with {cite book| | author = Tuikka, Timo J.| title = “Kekkonen konstit”: Urho Kekkonen's concepts of history and politics from theory to practice 1933—1982| publisher = University of Jyväskylä | year = 2007| isbn = 978-951-39-2804-9}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Tuikka, Timo J.| title = Kekkonen takapiru: Kaarlo Hillilä incredible life| location = Helsinki| publisher = Otava| year = 2011| isbn = 978-951-1-25226-9}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Turpeinen-Saari, Pirkko| title = Great lonely: Urho Kekkonen and feeling| publisher = Gummerus| year = 2006| isbn = 95| 1-20-7011-1}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Tyrkkö, Maarit| title = Girl and recorder| location = Helsinki| publisher = WSOY| year = 2014| isbn = 978-951-040253-5}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Korhonen, Keijo (ed.


Question: How many terms did Kekkonen serve as President of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

) | title = Urho Kekkonen — peace politician| publisher = Otava| year = 1975| isbn = 951-1-02053-6}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Pelttari, Hannu| title = Kekkonen Kekkonen 789522889560}} Fiction Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Huovinen, Pentti & Finnish, Kari| title = Kekkonen Vision Man (comic) | publisher = WSOY| year = 1975| isbn = 951-3-51386-6}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Kirstilä, Pentti| title = Farewell Presidents for publisher = WSOY| year = 1979| isbn = 951-0-09207-X}} Salo, Value: Men of Power (play, television opera), 1986.


Question: How many terms did Kekkonen serve as President of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

Kassila, Matti: Farewell to the President, 1987.


Question: How many terms did Kekkonen serve as President of Finland?

Urho Kekkonen

Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Inner, Vesa & Ala-Korpela, Anu — Metsämäki, Mikko | title = Operation Kekkonen| publisher = Tamm| year = 2000| isbn = 951-31-1791-X}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Hagelberg, Matti| title = Kekkonen publisher = otava| year = 2004| version = Cartoon| isbn = 951-1-19098-9}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Tervo, Jari| title = Mole | publisher = WSOY| year = 2004| isbn = 951-0-29394-6}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Hämäläinen, Karo| title = Urho Kekkonen| publisher = Tamil| year = 2005| isbn = 951-31-3399-0}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Oranen, Raija| title = Named Kekkonen| publisher = Works| year= 2011| isbn = 978-951-851-365-3}} On topic elsewhere Check date values in: |date= (help) at Statistical workshop (registration required) Check date values in: |date= (help) Check date values in: |accessdate= (help) CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link) * Category:Born in 1900 Category:Deaths in 1986 Category:Key to screening articles


Question: Who was the first leader of the Finnish ice wares movement?

Ice Pitch Movement

Launched in late 1914 and led to the formation of Jääkäribattalion 27, the Jääkäri Battalion 27 was an initiative of activists to obtain military training for the detachment of Finland from Russia.


Question: Who was the first leader of the Finnish ice wares movement?

Ice Pitch Movement

After the First World War in 1914, Finland was initially cautious in the circles of the Kagal and old activists of the First Repressive Resistance Group.


Question: Who was the first leader of the Finnish ice wares movement?

Ice Pitch Movement

[1] In the men's matriculation circles, the ice movement emerged, which took as its goal the armed detachment of Finland from Russia.


Question: Who was the first leader of the Finnish ice wares movement?

Ice warp movement

Overall, 1895 volunteers began the Jääkärike training 1915—1918.


Question: Who was the first leader of the Finnish ice wares movement?

Ice warp movement

Of them, 1261 (67%) participated in the Finnish Civil War.


Question: Who was the first leader of the Finnish ice wares movement?

Ice warp movement

Of those involved, 128 (10%) fell in the fighting and 238 (19%) were wounded.


Question: Who was the first leader of the Finnish ice wares movement?

Ice warp movement

The Winter War involved 774 Icemen in all kinds of war duties in front and home forces, as well as civilian administrative duties in the army, of which 24 (3%) fell as well as 19 (2%) were wounded.


Question: Who was the first leader of the Finnish ice wares movement?

Ice warp movement

The Mannerheim Cross was awarded to 20 former Jäägers.


Question: Who was the first leader of the Finnish ice wares movement?

Ice warp movement

Forty-nine icemen were promoted to the general corps.


Question: Who was the first leader of the Finnish ice wares movement?

Ice warp movement

As the ice cap movement expanded, its social base widened, encompassing all layers of folk.


Question: Who was the first leader of the Finnish ice wares movement?

Ice warp movement

Relative to the population, the largest number of icemen enlisted from Lake Kortes (the area today part of the city of Kauhava), who on this basis declared themselves to be a jockey.


Question: Who was the first leader of the Finnish ice wares movement?

Ice warp movement

Stages of the Ice Pass Movement The Central Committee of the Independence Movement considered it necessary to form a People's Army.


Question: Who was the first leader of the Finnish ice wares movement?

Ice warp movement

Military training could not be obtained in Finland, so it was sought abroad.


Question: Who was the first leader of the Finnish ice wares movement?

Ice warp movement

In January 1915, Germany announced its readiness to train 200 Finns.


Question: Who was the first leader of the Finnish ice wares movement?

Ice warp movement

Partly by lettuce, nearly two hundred young men moved first to Sweden and from there on to Germany to be trained for the Pfadfinder course (this was an alias referring to the Scouting movement).


Question: Who was the first leader of the Finnish ice wares movement?

Ice warp movement

[2] The Finns were trained at Lockstedt camp in Holstein.


Question: Who was the first leader of the Finnish ice wares movement?

Ice warp movement

In the autumn of 1915, Germany decided to raise the strength of the Finnish contingent to 2000 men.


Question: Who was the first leader of the Finnish ice wares movement?

Ice warp movement

A covert recruitment covering the whole country was initiated in Finland.


Question: Who was the first leader of the Finnish ice wares movement?

Ice warp movement

The busiest recruitment activities were in Uusimaa, Ostrobothnia and Karelia.


Question: Who was the first leader of the Finnish ice wares movement?

Ice warp movement

The following spring, the corps was formed into the Royal Prussian Jääger Battalion 27 under Major Maximilian Bayer.


Question: Who was the first leader of the Finnish ice wares movement?

Ice warp movement

[3] Russia received word of the ice cap movement in September 1915.


Question: Who was the first leader of the Finnish ice wares movement?

Ice warp movement

Of the 19 caught, 13 were taken to Špalernaya prison in Saint Petersburg, where 60 other activists had also been imprisoned, including Vihtori Kosola, Artturi Leinonen, Esko Riekki, Aarne Sihvo and Kyösti Wilkuna.


Question: Who was the first leader of the Finnish ice wares movement?

Ice warp movement

The “Bar Icefers” were released after the February Revolution of 1917.


Question: Who was the first leader of the Finnish ice wares movement?

Ice warp movement

The battalion took part in the fighting against Russia in the Baltics.


Question: Who was the first leader of the Finnish ice wares movement?

Ice warp movement

The Jääkärs swore an oath to the legitimate government of Finland in the church of Liepāja.


Question: Who was the first leader of the Finnish ice wares movement?

Ice warp movement

In the autumn of 1917, 60 ice kaurs entered Finland.


Question: Who was the first leader of the Finnish ice wares movement?

Ice warp movement

The Jääkärs had sought training for combat against Russia, but by the time of their return to Finland in early 1918 the situation had changed significantly.


Question: Who was the first leader of the Finnish ice wares movement?

Ice warp movement

In addition to the Russian forces, the opposing side had a working population of their own country organised as the Red Guard.


Question: Who was the first leader of the Finnish ice wares movement?

Ice warp movement

For this reason, about one third of the ice hangers did not return to Finland.


Question: Who was the first leader of the Finnish ice wares movement?

Ice warp movement

However, the main force of 950 men arrived in Vaasa on 25 February 1918 and moved mainly into the ranks of government forces.


Question: Who was the first leader of the Finnish ice wares movement?

Ice warp movement

They considered this to be specifically the Finnish War of Independence, which would effectively determine whether the country would be “free” from Russian rule.


Question: Who was the first leader of the Finnish ice wares movement?

Ice warp movement

Not all of the ice keepers were as loyal to the regime as is widely believed.


Question: Who was the first leader of the Finnish ice wares movement?

Ice warp movement

Shortly after the Jääkäris' return to Finland for reasons related to the ice conflict, a group of Jakeers made an unsuccessful bomb attendant on General Mannerheim's staff train.


Question: Who was the first leader of the Finnish ice wares movement?

Ice warp movement

After the war, the vast majority of icebrees returned to civilian life.


Question: Who was the first leader of the Finnish ice wares movement?

Ice warp movement

The majority were laborers, small farmers and operatives, with one in five having completed a baccalaureate degree.


Question: Who was the first leader of the Finnish ice wares movement?

Ice warp movement

Some glaciers rose to the pinnacle of economic or cultural life.


Question: Who was the first leader of the Finnish ice wares movement?

Ice warp movement

Some went on to military careers.


Question: Who was the first leader of the Finnish ice wares movement?

Ice warp movement

A few icemen migrated to Soviet Russia.


Question: Who was the first leader of the Finnish ice wares movement?

Ice warp movement

The vast majority of ice ranchers participated in the Winter and Continuation War.


Question: Who was the first leader of the Finnish ice wares movement?

Ice warp movement

A total of 49 Jäkär officers received the military rank of general, among them infantry generals Erik Heinrichs, Kaarlo Heiskanen, Taavetti Latakainen, Armas-Eino Martola, Aarne Sihvo, Alonzo Sundman, Paavo Talvela and Väinö Valve.


Question: Who was the first leader of the Finnish ice wares movement?

Ice warp movement

The influence of Jääkäres in the development of the Finnish Defence Forces was very large until the 1950s.


Question: Who was the first leader of the Finnish ice wares movement?

Ice warp movement

The last ice keeper, Jääkärikrikanal Väinö Valve died in 1995.


Question: Who was the first leader of the Finnish ice wares movement?

Ice warp movement

According to Matti Lackman, a Doctor of Philosophy who studied the ice carriage movement, the ice keepers committed treason on the basis of a law in force in Russia at the time [4].


Question: Who was the first leader of the Finnish ice wares movement?

Ice warp movement

The early 20th century activism, whose ideological heir, arose in response to the situation created by the Russification measures and the acquiescence of some Finns, where Finland's self-governing status was threatened and the laws were felt. lost its relevance.


Question: Who was the first leader of the Finnish ice wares movement?

Ice warp movement

The abolition of their own Finnish military personnel and the threat of being forced to serve in Russian troop detachments on Russian soil strongly influenced moods.


Question: Who was the first leader of the Finnish ice wares movement?

Ice warp movement

[5] Activists felt that the prevailing illegal situation justified and obliged, if necessary, to respond to violence with violence.


Question: Who was the first leader of the Finnish ice wares movement?

Ice warp movement

A programme of activism was put forward in 1903, and an active opposition party was formed the following year.


Question: Who was the first leader of the Finnish ice wares movement?

Ice warp movement

In the activities of these early activists, future forms of activity of the Ickeers and Activists were foreshadowed by arms supplies such as the voyage of the SS John Grafton, the emergence of patronage municipalities during the Grand Strike, and the 1906 creation of the paramilitary Force League.


Question: Who was the first leader of the Finnish ice wares movement?

Ice warp movement

Revolutionary peacefulness in Russia still suppressed these forms of activity within 1906.


Question: Who was the first leader of the Finnish ice wares movement?

Ice warp movement

[6] Another period of repression began to develop in late 1908 and brought behind the force of Russian law in June 1910 to last until the end of the Russian Empire until March 1917.


Question: Who was the first leader of the Finnish ice wares movement?

Ice warp movement

The idea of Finland's independence was considered pending in party activities by activists, among others, in the magazine Framtid—Anti-Issue until its abolition in 1910 ended the old period of activism.


Question: Who was the first leader of the Finnish ice wares movement?

Ice warp movement

[7] In the university's constituent municipalities, the idea of independence was fostered in various forms.


Question: Who was the first leader of the Finnish ice wares movement?

Ice warp movement

In speeches at the Conferment Celebration in May 1914, the idea of independence was widely expressed, though cautiously worded.


Question: Who was the first leader of the Finnish ice wares movement?

Ice warp movement

Many future prominent men appear in the conferment committee: Kai Donner, Väinö Kokko, Pehr Norrmén and Yrjö Ruuth (late.


Question: Who was the first leader of the Finnish ice wares movement?

Ice warp movement

Screen).


Question: Who was the first leader of the Finnish ice wares movement?

Ice warp movement

[8] Establishment Finland was placed in a state of war on 30 July 1914 [9]: Russian military leadership feared Germany would rise ashore and invade Finland.


Question: Who was the first leader of the Finnish ice wares movement?

Ice warp movement

Critical targets in different parts of Finland began to be fortified by the forces of Finns hired for the “movails” but under Russian leadership.


Question: Who was the first leader of the Finnish ice wares movement?

Ice warp movement

These works caused labour shortages in areas such as agriculture.


Question: Who was the first leader of the Finnish ice wares movement?

Ice warp movement

On November 17, an extensive Russification program was published, which definitively launched the action that led to the ice cap movement.


Question: Who was the first leader of the Finnish ice wares movement?

Ice warp movement

[10] The publication of the Russification programme broke the dams.


Question: Who was the first leader of the Finnish ice wares movement?

Ice warp movement

Already on the same day, several independent meetings were held outlining the forms and implementation of resistance.


Question: Who was the first leader of the Finnish ice wares movement?

Ice warp movement

For example, it is reported that when Väinö Kokko, Yrjö Ruuth and Väinö Tiiri gave advice in Gardin's restaurant, students were gathered in the same place, among whom they came to a well-known trio to demand measures.


Question: Who was the first leader of the Finnish ice wares movement?

Ice warp movement

[11] Around the same time, some individual matriculates joined the Russian Army as volunteers to gain military training and war experience.


Question: Who was the first leader of the Finnish ice wares movement?

Ice warp movement

Later, a few such people who were “ahead of time” even deserted from the Russian army and went on to become a glacier.


Question: Who was the first leader of the Finnish ice wares movement?

Ice warp movement

After the ice cap movement began, the equivalent no longer appeared.


Question: Who was the first leader of the Finnish ice wares movement?

Ice warp movement

The meeting of Ostrobotnia The organisation of the independence movement is considered to have started on 20 November 1914 with a meeting held at the House of Ostrobotnia in Ostrobotnia (the date is not unequivocal, as the protocol was not held for reasons of concealment).


Question: Who was the first leader of the Finnish ice wares movement?

Ice warp movement

The meeting consisted of about 20 participants from different municipalities as well as the Old Finnish Student Association Suomalainen Nuija.


Question: Who was the first leader of the Finnish ice wares movement?

Ice warp movement

Instead of an outright start, this meeting rather meant a gathering of several smaller groups together, a form of critical mass formation.


Question: Who was the first leader of the Finnish ice wares movement?

Ice warp movement

Among other things, the meeting said, in the words of Pehr Norrmén, that passive resistance has lost its relevance and must go down the path of state fraud because the law had been rejected by the opposing party (the Russians).


Question: Who was the first leader of the Finnish ice wares movement?

Ice warp movement

Finland had to be disconnected from Russia's connection.


Question: Who was the first leader of the Finnish ice wares movement?

Ice warp movement

When discussing foreign aid, Väinö Kokko — curator of Osakunta in Northern Ostrobothnia — considered German help important, even the only possibility.


Question: Who was the first leader of the Finnish ice wares movement?

Ice warp movement

Members of the meeting declared themselves the Provisional Central Committee of the Activist Movement.


Question: Who was the first leader of the Finnish ice wares movement?

Ice warp movement

Contact had to be contacted both potential training organisers, as well as senior politicians and activists and socialist representatives.


Question: Who was the first leader of the Finnish ice wares movement?

Ice warp movement

[12] The idea of sending a negotiator to Stockholm to explore the possibilities of military training through the former German Consul in Helsinki, Albert Goldbeck-Löwe, was strengthened in late November 1914.


Question: Who was the first leader of the Finnish ice wares movement?

Ice warp movement

Walter Horn and Bertel Paulig were named negotiators because they knew the liaison with pre-existing conditions and their German language proficiency was excellent.


Question: Who was the first leader of the Finnish ice wares movement?

Ice warp movement

The trip was disguised as the maintenance of sports links with Swedish organisations (the Finnish side was covered by the Suomen Palloliitto).


Question: Who was the first leader of the Finnish ice wares movement?

Ice warp movement

[13] Germany was not the only option to be a supporter and training provider at this stage.


Question: Who was the first leader of the Finnish ice wares movement?

Ice warp movement

At the turn of the year 1914—1915, several small groups from different municipalities travelled to reconnoitre the Swedish atmosphere.


Question: Who was the first leader of the Finnish ice wares movement?

Ice warp movement

Numerous public figures, both for the Church, the scientific community and the press, were the targets of the visits.


Question: Who was the first leader of the Finnish ice wares movement?

Ice warp movement

The Swedish hosts showed interest in the situation in Finland and were convinced that in Finland the project also represented Finnish-speaking circles, but the answer to the actual question was obvious: no active support for Finland's independence would be forthcoming.


Question: Who was the first leader of the Finnish ice wares movement?

Ice warp movement

While the possibilities of military training were recognised from abroad, self-made training was also organised at home: reading literature and improving fitness through skiing exercises, among other things.


Question: Who was the first leader of the Finnish ice wares movement?

Ice warp movement

Shooting drills were held by those with guns and cartridges in use.


Question: Who was the first leader of the Finnish ice wares movement?

Ice warp movement

Preparation for sabotage activities was done by studying pioneer fields under the guidance of engineering students.


Question: Who was the first leader of the Finnish ice wares movement?

Ice warp movement

Espionage activities for the Germans were also tried to organise.


Question: Who was the first leader of the Finnish ice wares movement?

Ice warp movement

[14] Training for armed insurrection from Germany Herman Gummerus, Walter Horn and Bertel Paulig had sent a report to the German War Ministry on 8 December 1914 describing moods in Finland as well as welcoming arms assistance and training of 150 volunteers from Germany.


Question: Who was the first leader of the Finnish ice wares movement?

Ice warp movement

The trained would be tasked with supporting the invasion of German troops into Finland while an uprising against Russia would break out in the country.


Question: Who was the first leader of the Finnish ice wares movement?

Ice warp movement

In his own right, the ground in Germany was shaped by Fritz Wetterhoff, a Finnish-born deputy judge who moved to Germany.


Question: Who was the first leader of the Finnish ice wares movement?

Ice warp movement

As early as September, Wetterhoff had presented a plan for the invasion of Finland, which was quite similar to the one made by activists under the leadership of Gummerus.


Question: Who was the first leader of the Finnish ice wares movement?

Ice warp movement

Proper preparation of the resistance and support of German troops would be essential.


Question: Who was the first leader of the Finnish ice wares movement?

Ice warp movement

The matter of training Finnish volunteers proceeded to a conclusion at a meeting held at the premises of the German War Ministry on 26 January 1915, with representation not only from the Ministry of War but from the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and two different staffs.


Question: Who was the first leader of the Finnish ice wares movement?

Ice warp movement

The main points of the decision were: Education would be given to 200 Finnish students with German skills who were “cultured, trustworthy and from good families”.


Question: Who was the first leader of the Finnish ice wares movement?

Ice warp movement

The duration of training would initially be four weeks, but time could be extended.


Question: Who was the first leader of the Finnish ice wares movement?

Ice warp movement

The content would emphasize topics such as military spirit, marksmanship, command of small units, and extermination and guerrilla activities.


Question: Who was the first leader of the Finnish ice wares movement?

Ice warp movement

Mid-February 1915 was decided as the start date and the Lockstedter Lager camp site as the training site.


Question: Who was the first leader of the Finnish ice wares movement?

Ice warp movement

Pfadfinders — volunteers in the cover role of patrol leaders The call to begin sending volunteers reached Wetterhoff mediated by Herman Gummerus in Stockholm on February 1, 1915.


Question: Who was the first leader of the Finnish ice wares movement?

Ice warp movement

The information was transmitted to Finland in the form of a password, ostensibly dealing with Harald Öhquist's father staying in Germany: “The doctor hopes for a full recovery within two weeks.”


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On 25 February [9] arrived in Lockstedt the first 55 to train for scout courses (Pfadfinderkursus).


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Their trip had led first to Stockholm to report to Herman Gummerus.


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The trips were explained as being related to studies, for example.


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In Stockholm, many had their names changed, pruned unnecessary equipment and received German passports as well as travel money for the rest of the trip.


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In Sweden, an advance was made via Malmö to Trelleborg, from where a ferry link took to Sassnitz in Germany.


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A train ride away, Berlin was up against Wetterhoff and his aides.


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The last leg of the journey took first to Hamburg and on to Lockstedter Lager (now Hohenlockstedt).


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Once there, the course was divided into two companies and participants were given covert scout outfits and the designation Feldmeister referring to the German patrol leader.


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The impression was complemented by the fact that the head of the course, Major Maximilian Bayer, was also the leader of the German Boy Scout Movement (Jugendwehr).


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Education of Pfadfinders The agreement on the education of pfadfinderite emphasized, among other things, familiarization with German culture and “military spirit”.


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Although the course time was only a few weeks, it was therefore envisaged, among other things, field trips.


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Contemporaries” memoirs emphasise that the Finns longed for an authentic feel for German education, but “they soon found that their teaching did not follow the methods of German military education, but rather Boy Scout education”.


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The covert role therefore seemed to extend beyond the external framework to the content of education as well.


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At first, the hosts' extracts seemed to be trained even too gentlemanly, while the views of the course director and the actual trainers on training were still looking for their forms: “The Finns were treated with caution and gentle hands.


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Against the will gestured as 'lords'.” The background was Major Bayer's view that resourceful Free Force leaders from the Finns could be obtained by scouting rather than military doctrines.


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It was also related to Bayer's values that at first it was forbidden to consume beer for Finns.


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It was soon discovered, however, that Major Bayer, with his emphasis, fell short of a minority over the actual trainer officers, Captains Bade, Heldt, Just and Knaths.


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The number of students gradually increased, reaching a strength of about 180 in three weeks.


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However, some of the coursemen began to be out of strength with various deployments.


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[15] Despite the Boy Scouting outfit, Finnish volunteers had possession since 28 February the main soldier's hallmark — a weapon: the Russian three-line rifle M/91, which the Germans had received in abundance as spoils of war.


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It was easy to justify this choice because the Finns would, in any case, in their eventual struggle for independence, come to rely on weapons taken from the Russians.


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Pistols and hand grenades were among the equipment.


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The course instead received the first heavier weapons—two Maxim machine guns—on hold until mid-April.


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[16] After the first few days of adulation, the training sought attitudes towards Prussian military training, although the content was deviant, educated, voluntary “civilists” were trained.


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According to Lauerma's characterisation, pfadfinders received “somewhat simultaneously instruction belonging to a recruit, a cadet, a student officer at the War College, and a Particle Scout leader.”


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Efforts were made to create the capacity to lead the team, platoon and “evasively company”.


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Theory instruction sided subjects all the way up to regimental level.


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[17] The content and scope of training changed as the length of the course was increased to a minimum.


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In the original plan, the exclusion order, as well as tobacco services, became part of the programme.


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In March, the first promotions to the rank of zug and gruppenführers (team and group leaders) had been obtained, foreshadowing the possibility that the course would be extended.


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[18] In all, four different promises were made in April 1915 to extend courses; for example, on Day 2 it was reported that the course would last until 16 April and on 14 April an extension to May was announced.


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Uncertainty racked minds: it was not known what the future of each would be itself after the course.


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Initially, the four-week absence from the homeland had already stretched into months.


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In July, proper military uniforms were obtained to replace the scout uniforms that were worn in tatters and had gone unsavoury: field greys for the German infantry.


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The PfadFinder period had ended, and the coursemen were now musketeers.


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The independence movement entered its next phase.


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From the initial form of the Ostrobotnian meeting, the organization of the movement also expanded and diversified.


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The forces behind the independence of Finland and the Ice Participation movement can be considered A.K. (“Aktionskommittén”, “Action Committee” or “Active Committee”).


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In it were represented the various parties, old and young activism, as well as officers of the old people who later organized themselves as M.K:si (“Militärkommittén”, “Military Committee”).


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Ahti (1999) has characterized MK as a “comrade circle of former Hamina cadets”.


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[19] The active committee was supported by C.K.


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(“Centralkommittén”, “Central Committee”), which was a group formed by politicians of the older knee.


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It included, among others, state councils (Edvard Hjelt, Alexis Gripenberg), senators (Hugo Rautapää) and professors (Rafael Erich, Edward Westermarck).


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The representation of the Swedish language group prevailed.


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The fact that Old Finns (Iron Head and Samuli Sario) also joined showed a change in their attitudes.


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As of June 1917, the key practical player of the Active Committee was the Works Division.


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Its activities, in turn, were disguised as a forestry enterprise.


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The company, called Uusi Forest Office, was located in Helsinki at Yrjönkatu 25.


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Ostensibly, the “office” bought and sold lumber and other forest supplies, as well as conveying workers to forestry sites.


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This could cloak the real tasks, the most significant of which was the initiation of patronage activities across the country.


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The most central figure in the new Forest Office was Master Elmo E. Kaila.


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From 1916 onwards, the influential Finnish Independence Movement Foreign Mission was active in Stockholm.


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Through it, connections with Sweden and Germany existed.


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In the autumn of the following year the delegation was subjected to A.K


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to which it received a liaison body facing the Germans.


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In Germany, the affairs of the movement had been handled by Büro Wetterhoff, led by Fritz Wetterhoff.


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After Wetterhoff fell out of favour with the Germans, a new, more independent liaison body Das Finnländische Büro was established in November 1916, led by Samuli Sario.


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According to him and with the name model of the predecessor, the office was also called Büro Sario.


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The price of independence was modesty: the archives and contacts in Wetterhoff's office were unavailable and money was lacking, too.


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Socialist representation was lacking in these bodies.


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Although cooperation with the burghers was refused, the idea of independence had to be supported.


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K. H. Wiik, Oskari Tokoi and Yrjö Mäkelin, among others, supported the ice cap movement.


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The latter's son Leo Mäkelin joined the ranks of the Jäägers on 14 February 1916.


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The complex organisation of the Finnish “liberation movement” is summarized by Ahti (1999) as follows: “CoR, New Forest Office and MK operated in Finland.


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Stockholm had a Foreign Mission and a Staff under Nikolai Mexmontan Military Committee, in Berlin the office of Samuli Sario, and finally in Liepāja the Jääkäri Battalion and its representatives.


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“[20] For Finland's independence, the Russian Revolution was a lucky event, but so was Germany's defeat in World War I.


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According to Professor Matti Lackman, Germany did not care about Finland's freedom, but supported the icemen for the same reason as the Bolsheviks: the goal was to weaken Germany's enemy Russia.


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Germany also did not allow icebrees into Finland until it deemed necessary.


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The Jaegers didn't have much of a chance to make a difference in this matter.


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In addition, Germany planned to make Finland its own vassal state.


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[21] Large enlistment — from scout course to Lockstedt training force When the expansion of the pfadfinder force into a battalion was approved by an order signed by Emperor William II on 28 August 1915, recruitment was increased over the original force multiple.


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“Great enlistment” came to last from September 1915 to May 1916.


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The strength of the battalion — four rifle companies, a machine gun company and a pioneer company — required 1439 men by standard strengths.


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Excluding from this pfadfinders, as well as German officers and underpavers, the net need was about 1200 men.


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However, Major Bayer, commander of the battalion — at this point Ausbildungstruppe Lockstedt — put forward enough up to 2000 men possibly thinking that the Finns would not be turned back, but the unit would be expanded or new ones would be created depending on the situation.


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Central to the organisation of recruitment activities was the student community activities and, to a lesser extent, other communities of male students.


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The link between the active committee and the student union was Master Kai Donner.


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Student Actives recruited their fellow students and made trips to the provinces to acquire recrytes and to support and initiate local recruitment.


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In order to gain a wide and diverse pool of participants and supporters, recruiters were sought to acquire recruiters from different social groups.


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In Lauerman's words, “Among the recruits were laborers, foremen and craftsmen, farmers, teachers, chaplains and lockers, even some police officer.


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“[22] Local recruits were easiest to find in Ostrobothnia and Karelia.


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Student recruits from Helsinki had to be sent elsewhere and ice runners from Germany had to be sent.


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Well-known recruiter icers include Aarne Sihvo and Sulo-Weikko Pekkola.


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An example of recruitment Iivari Kauranen has told of his own recruitment as follows: Several descriptive elements appear in the description: recruitment has started a few months earlier and you expand beyond academic circles recruiter and recruit feel in some way each other, so the trust can be judged by the recruiter is in a mobile profession, which involves a lot of social interaction with the motives of the company and the requirements for recruitals are brought to light The fact that the color color knew the ice movement well can perhaps be considered exceptional; background information could often be weak and descriptions of the purpose of the trip vague.


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The open-mindedness in the report, on the other hand, indicates that perhaps we are unwary, those present are known and later to be in the region of the ice cap movement in southern Ostrobothnia.


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Here, “recruitment evenings” or “departure dances” might even be held openly.


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Typical recrytes at that point were no longer linguistic, experienced travellers who would drop by abroad in their studies: Kauranen says in the section after the quote that the trip from Jyväskylä to the Volt in Ala-Härmä was his first train journey.


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Kem's pitch has been revealed (20 January 1916) or just about to be revealed and undergoing detours.


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After various stages and expectations, the border crossing takes place from Tornio skiing under the guidance of a local guide.


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From Haparanda, the journey continues under the direction of an ice tiller operating in “Halkonttorissa”.


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We travel through Sweden with a staple of paper clearing the onward connection.


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The remainder of the route is conventional: Malmö—Trelleborg—Sassnitz.


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Oats and four other recrytes are on duty at Lockstedter Lager on 28 January 1916 to become part of the Lockstedt Training Force named after the training site.


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[23] Ausbildungstruppe Lockstedt Main article: Lockstedt's training force Lockstedt training corps was officially established on 2 September 1915.


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Initially only the original pfadfinders were available, now numbering 143.


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Of them, 6 team leaders (Zugführer), 30 team leaders (Gruppenführer) and also 30 group vice-leaders (Hilfsgruppenführer) were promoted.


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Around mid-September, Ausbildungstruppe Lockstedt received his first new recruits, initially mainly from the Finns interned in prison camps while recruitment in Finland just started.


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The entry of men into the corps division accelerated as the autumn and early winter wore on so that a third company could be formed in November and, in late December, a 4th Company could be formed.


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By early 1916 the strength was 881 men and the 1,000th recryte entered service with 13.


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on Jan.


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[24] Etapit Just under 200 of the first German pfadfinder providers were taken to Stockholm and forward, for example, under the guise of field trips.


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A different type of organization had to be designed for the recruitment and transport of the Lockstedt Training Force crew.


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Legal crossing of the border became difficult as early as autumn 1915 wore on and in February 1916 it closed completely to “jaeger-aged” men aged 19—35 when passports were no longer issued.


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On the Finnish and Swedish side, a total of 52 points are shown in the map of the road road drawn up afterwards, some of them depicting an individual house, part of an entire locality.


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On the walls of the preserved staple houses are plaques telling of this.


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One of the most famous houses was the Halla house in Hyrynsalmi Hallavaara, home to Juho Alfred Heikkinen, Halla's old man and his wife Lic.


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Halla's forward was led by Friedel Jacobson.


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The Haparanan—Tornio area constituted a major international hub in the context of World War I.


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The Icefer Pin brought its own addition to a place that was pre-existing important for the practice of “espionage, secret politics, Russian revolutionary activities, refugees, smuggling [and] prostitution”.


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[25] In this concoction, an icer pin operated under the alias of “Halo Contor” boiled as one coincidence.


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The Tornio etapi had been established by Eero Heickell (Kuussaari) as early as 1915 to support the crossing of the pfadfinder coursemen.


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The Haaparanda Etapi Centre was created as a further deployment of the information and reconnaissance mission headed there by pfadfinders Heikki Kekon and W. E. Tuompo, when the Lockstedt training force had been assured and the etapi would thus be used.


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The Kemi Etapi was established on 3 September 1915, when Heickell negotiated the matter with Konstu Pietilä and Arvi Hällfors, among others.


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In Kemi, the Etapi was located in Osula, owned by Juho Heiskanen.


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On 6 January 1916, Etappi was subjected to a whistleblowing and was cut off by sending the telegram “Patient does not arrive” to Helsinki.


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Despite this, Osula's host, Juho Heiskanen, was arrested.


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He became the first Shpalernite, or activist cooped up in St. Petersburg's Špalernaya prison.


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Later they would be called bar icers.


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[26] In urban conditions, the headway could be set up in connection with a suitable business undertaking.


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For example, in Oulu there was an operating point in Högsten's gentlemen's clothing shop operated by the branch manager Amatus Johansson.


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In the same city, Iikka Castrén serviced and accommodated the Valio premises moving in the name of the ice warehouse.


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[27] Yrjö Mäkelin and Hannes Uksila, a local workers' newspaper, gathered the recruits to the magazine's editorial staff, from which they were directed to Jaakko Kemppainen's clothing shop and from there either across the ice or through Tornio to Sweden.


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Etapways led across the border from the north, starting at Muonio, Kangasjärvi, Pello, Tengeliö, Palovaara, Karung, Tornio and Haparanna.


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The sea cucumber was carried by etapes beginning at Jepua and Volt, with a meeting point on the island of Holmö.


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Measured by the number of passes, the main crossing points were the routes to Kemin-Haaparta and Tornio.


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After the Kemi Etapi was revealed and Kvarku was in uniform ice, the importance of the route from Southern Ostrobothnia to Umeå became great.


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[28] Initially, efforts were made to isolate advancing activities from recruitment, but later these activities inevitably became mixed, although this increased security risk.


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Lackman cites as an example how, along the road route in Seittenkar in northern Sweden, at least 20 men were recruited to Germany from Finnish forestry workers who worked there.


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[29] Jääger Battalion as 27th to the Front Main article: Jääger Battalion 27 Towards the end of 1915, Major Bayer estimated that training of Ausbildungstruppe Lockstedt men would be appropriately supplemented by front experience.


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He brought it up with the Finnish leaders of the movement — Adolf von Bonsdorff, Rafael Erich and Samuli Sario — when they were visiting Lockstedter Lager.


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Consent to the matter was obtained in March 1916 and the mobilization order was issued on 3 May 1916.


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Estimated to be front-worthy, the part of the training force was designated as Royal Icefer Battalion 27 (Königlich Preussisches Jägerbataillon Nr.


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[9] The supplement still remaining in training received the old name of the training set Ausbildungstruppe Lockstedt.


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Bahrenfeld's Penalty Division Discontent and biting manifested among the icebirds, both because of the outright circumstances and the lack of awareness.


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Many of those who arrived from Finland at the time of the “great enlistment” did not have a clear idea of the situation to be expected (when recruits did not have it either).


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Although the Jääkäribattalion on the one hand was a Finnish company and a community, on the other hand it was only one unit under German military discipline.


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So the indiscipline was eradicated with great grips.


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The first perpetrators of more serious retreats were sent to court-martial and from there to prison camps.


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A special penal division was established at Zerksten Manor ten kilometres from the front line in the autumn of 1916.


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The division was commanded by Sergeant Major Höfelmeyer.


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In addition to forced training, leaving food, planting in a dark brig and keeping in freezing temperatures were used as disciplinary methods.


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However, the “jermut” taken to Zerksten were not discouraged and the department did not achieve its purpose: those commanded to the penal division did not “return to order”.


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[30] A special penal company, the Altona-Bahrenfeld Working Command, was formed for the battalion in November 1916, operating in an artillery depot near Hamburg.


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A total of 216 men ended up in this department, the “bahrenfeltters”, according to Lackman (224 men in Lauerman 1966 calculations).


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The service was heavy and it was greatly hampered by the fact that the superiors of the penitentiaries spoke German alone.


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Nutrition, on the other hand, was scarce and one-sided.


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Information about the unfortunate conditions of the “Bahrenfelttars” carried information to the battalion, which contributed to increased discontent in the main forces.


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However, the situation of the Penal Company was not corrected until Zugführer Aarne Sihvo, later Commander of the Defence Forces, who had been released from Špalernaya prison by the revolution, visited Bahrenfeld.


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Sihvo stated that the penal company would cause a distortion in the external image of the Jäägers when their return to Finland would become timely.


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Compared to his firsthand, fresh prison experiences, he may have understood the plight of the Bahrenfeltters.


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Only five Bahrenfelttars returned from the Penal Company to the Battalion, of the remainder those employed were mostly stationed in civilian industrial facilities.


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The Bahrenfelttars could not return to Finland until after the end of the 1918 war, the main part in the autumn of 1918.


Question: Who was the first leader of the Finnish ice wares movement?

Ice warp movement

Those left behind lived in miserable conditions in Germany; some had left the country on their own help and everyone's fate never became clear.


Question: Who was the first leader of the Finnish ice wares movement?

Ice warp movement

[31] Disclosure of the ice cap movement to the authorities When large-scale recruitment had begun in September 1915, the matter of the ice cap movement was no longer known only to small circles and its disclosure in some form would only be a matter of time.


Question: Who was the first leader of the Finnish ice wares movement?

Ice warp movement

A report dated 28 September to Governor-General Seyn shows the Russians already know the core of the operation of the ice cap movement: in Finland “there is a strong sedition to bring Finnish youth, especially matriculates, to German officer schools where they would be prepared as leaders of the rebellion to Finland”.


Question: Who was the first leader of the Finnish ice wares movement?

Ice warp movement

[32] The revelation of the ice cap movement lacks neither tragicomic nor profoundly tragic features: the vice-consul in Haparanda, Russia, received a questionnaire about travel money to Germany.


Question: Who was the first leader of the Finnish ice wares movement?

Ice warp movement

The information about the money was correct, but the address was wrong: in Haaparanda, the correct place would have been “Halkonttori” instead of the consular office.


Question: Who was the first leader of the Finnish ice wares movement?

Ice warp movement

[32] On 23 December 1915 pfadfinder Edvard Bruhn was captured in Tornio.


Question: Who was the first leader of the Finnish ice wares movement?

Ice warp movement

Bruhn had managed one of the recruiting bodies of the Ice Borough Movement, the so-called. Liisankatu office in Helsinki.


Question: Who was the first leader of the Finnish ice wares movement?

Ice warp movement

After being caught, Bruhn, aged just 21, revealed his knowledge during questioning.


Question: Who was the first leader of the Finnish ice wares movement?

Ice warp movement

Even before he was caught, Bruhn had attracted attention with his “frivolous” lifestyle, resulting in suspected notes relating to recruitment and etapes, among other things, to have fallen into the wrong hands.


Question: Who was the first leader of the Finnish ice wares movement?

Ice warp movement

He was due to be delivered out of the country for security reasons, but the travelling party was subjected to shadowing and a fatal inspection at Tornio station.


Question: Who was the first leader of the Finnish ice wares movement?

Ice Pitch Movement

After his release in connection with the revolution, Bruhn fought in both the Finnish and Estonian Revolutionary Wars, and fell in 1919 in Estonia.


Question: Who was the first leader of the Finnish ice wares movement?

Ice Pitch Movement

[33] In 1916—1917, the authority investigation into the ice cap movement was led by a Russian investigating judge, Nikolai Mashkevich.


Question: Who was the first leader of the Finnish ice wares movement?

Ice Pitch Movement

Trials of imprisoned ice colours began in December 1916 and the main evidence was the information and confessions gathered by Mashkevich.


Question: Who was the first leader of the Finnish ice wares movement?

Ice Pitch Movement

The process was interrupted as a result of the February Revolution of 1917, when a mob released those imprisoned and destroyed most of the documents.


Question: Who was the first leader of the Finnish ice wares movement?

Ice Pitch Movement

[34] According to Red Jääkärit Lackman, at the time of the negotiations for the replenishment of the peace of Brest-Litovsk in August 1918 in Berlin, a group of Icekeers who remained there submitted a letter to the founding meeting of the SKP stating that they were willing to cooperate.


Question: Who was the first leader of the Finnish ice wares movement?

Ice Pitch Movement

However, the letter did not arouse any interest, as in SKP the ice keepers were considered bays, even though some of them were proletariat, such as laborers and sailors.


Question: Who was the first leader of the Finnish ice wares movement?

Ice Pitch Movement

A group of Berlin Red Icicers were repatriated later in the autumn, and some of them teamed up to co-organize an organisation with the Reds.


Question: Who was the first leader of the Finnish ice wares movement?

Ice Pitch Movement

The project was clotted when a few were arrested by the secret police, or General Staff Section III.


Question: Who was the first leader of the Finnish ice wares movement?

Ice Pitch Movement

[35] A brief history of the ice pot movement on 17 November 1914 in the press of the Grand Principality of Finland publishes the so-called Great Russification Programme.


Question: Who was the first leader of the Finnish ice wares movement?

Ice Pitch Movement

On November 20, 1914, the Jäkäri movement gets its start when a group of student activists gather at the Ostrobotnia House in Helsinki.