Question: What year did Muhammad Zahir Šah return to Afghanistan?

War in Afghanistan

The occupation of Afghanistan was addressed in early January 1980 at the initiative of 43 countries by the UN Security Council.


Question: What year did Muhammad Zahir Šah return to Afghanistan?

War in Afghanistan

As expected, the Soviet Union vetoed a motion calling for foreign troops to be withdrawn from the country.


Question: What year did Muhammad Zahir Šah return to Afghanistan?

War in Afghanistan

The General Assembly's proposal for a resolution on the matter, which admittedly did not mention the Soviet Union directly by name, was a significant prestige defeat for Moscow.


Question: What year did Muhammad Zahir Šah return to Afghanistan?

War in Afghanistan

For a long time, the vote in practice had been considered by the UN General Assembly that the West had often fallen behind defeat in the polls with socialist and Third World countries on a common front.


Question: What year did Muhammad Zahir Šah return to Afghanistan?

War in Afghanistan

Now on January 14, 1980, 104 countries supported the resolution, with 18 voting against and 18 abstaining.


Question: What year did Muhammad Zahir Šah return to Afghanistan?

War in Afghanistan

[34] Among the abstaining countries were, among others, Stalinist Romania, which has been part of the Warsaw Pact, and the only Western European country remaining outside the conflicts of the great powers, India, Nicaragua, Cyprus, and a number of third countries countries of the world.


Question: What year did Muhammad Zahir Šah return to Afghanistan?

War in Afghanistan

[35] US President Jimmy Carter was not content with condemning the Soviet Union at the UN but took extensive punitive measures.


Question: What year did Muhammad Zahir Šah return to Afghanistan?

War in Afghanistan

In the field of diplomacy, the measures included summoning Moscow's ambassador home.


Question: What year did Muhammad Zahir Šah return to Afghanistan?

War in Afghanistan

Extensive economic sanctions were also directed against the Soviet Union, covering issues such as grain exports and high technology.


Question: What year did Muhammad Zahir Šah return to Afghanistan?

War in Afghanistan

Action was taken against the Olympic Games in Moscow in the summer of 1980 to acquire a broad boycott front.


Question: What year did Muhammad Zahir Šah return to Afghanistan?

War in Afghanistan

In addition, the SALT II Treaty, which aimed at limiting strategic arms, went unratified by the United States Senate.


Question: What year did Muhammad Zahir Šah return to Afghanistan?

War in Afghanistan

In the longer term, the United States woke up to respond more firmly to the Soviet arms race.


Question: What year did Muhammad Zahir Šah return to Afghanistan?

War in Afghanistan

This cycle of armaments was already sucking up the resources of the otherwise economically stagnant Soviet Union to such an extent that it subjected the country to a subsequent disintegration process.


Question: What year did Muhammad Zahir Šah return to Afghanistan?

War in Afghanistan

[36] US support for Afghan fighters remained fairly modest during Jimmy Carter's presidency.


Question: What year did Muhammad Zahir Šah return to Afghanistan?

War in Afghanistan

After Ronald Reagan became president in 1981, the amount of aid increased.


Question: What year did Muhammad Zahir Šah return to Afghanistan?

War in Afghanistan

[37] Officially, the United States had denied its armed support to Afghan fighters, supplying them only with Soviet-made armament.


Question: What year did Muhammad Zahir Šah return to Afghanistan?

War in Afghanistan

This was obtained from the Soviet Union's former ally country Egypt.


Question: What year did Muhammad Zahir Šah return to Afghanistan?

War in Afghanistan

Eventually it went so far as to start manufacturing copies of Soviet-style weapons in China stamped with copies of Soviet stamps.


Question: What year did Muhammad Zahir Šah return to Afghanistan?

War in Afghanistan

[37] From a European point of view, the serious state of affairs could be noted at the latest: Especially from the right and Conservative parties, it was known that the Cold War had frozen the atmosphere and the enlargement had ended.


Question: What year did Muhammad Zahir Šah return to Afghanistan?

War in Afghanistan

The Conservative Party of Great Britain, led by Margaret Thatcher, was on the front lines of tinkering with sanctions on the Soviet Union.


Question: What year did Muhammad Zahir Šah return to Afghanistan?

War in Afghanistan

[38] Franz-Josef Strauss, the president of the West German Christian Social Union (CSU), gave fresh air to his Finnish speech, fearing Soviet remote control over Europe, stating: “Europe was one day becoming a great Finland.” [39] Saudi Arabia reacted to the Soviet occupation providing resistance fighters with significant monetary assistance.


Question: What year did Muhammad Zahir Šah return to Afghanistan?

War in Afghanistan

Its motives were of two kinds: on the one hand, to dam the advance of what was considered godless, an aggressive Soviet Union; on the other hand, channelling aid to Sunni Pashtuns wanted to weaken Iranian influence.


Question: What year did Muhammad Zahir Šah return to Afghanistan?

War in Afghanistan

[40] In Saudi Arabia, it was thought that the next target of invasion by the Soviet Union after Afghanistan would be Iran and the Persian Gulf.


Question: What year did Muhammad Zahir Šah return to Afghanistan?

War in Afghanistan

Iran, on the other hand, had become too popular and influential among Shiites since its Islamic revolution.


Question: What year did Muhammad Zahir Šah return to Afghanistan?

War in Afghanistan

[40] Finnish attitude The comments of the Finnish foreign policy leadership on the occupation of Afghanistan in the first days of 1980 did not, in a word, criticise the Soviet Union's activities.


Question: What year did Muhammad Zahir Šah return to Afghanistan?

War in Afghanistan

Led by Foreign Minister Paavo Väyrysen, but likely with guidance from Undersecretary of State Keijo Korhonen, the Foreign Ministry formulated a statement that the Soviet intervention was based on a Soviet-Afghan mutual agreement and a request for assistance from Afghans.


Question: What year did Muhammad Zahir Šah return to Afghanistan?

War in Afghanistan

Finland's attitude immediately attracted international attention, and among others the British Ambassador to Helsinki visited the Foreign Office to express his astonishment.


Question: What year did Muhammad Zahir Šah return to Afghanistan?

War in Afghanistan

In his opinion, of all the countries in the world, it is Finland who would have thought was concerned about the invasion of a small neighbouring country by Soviet troops.


Question: What year did Muhammad Zahir Šah return to Afghanistan?

War in Afghanistan

President Urho Kekkonen, who was visited in Tamminiemi by Ministerial Advisor Viktor Vladimirov, said that the occupation had put Finland in a very difficult situation because Finland could not possibly support the Soviet Union's actions and it would be difficult to be neutral.


Question: What year did Muhammad Zahir Šah return to Afghanistan?

War in Afghanistan

The next day, Ambassador Vladimir Sobolev visited Kekkonen to promise that the Soviet Union would withdraw its troops as soon as the reasons leading to their deployment to Afghanistan would have gone away.


Question: What year did Muhammad Zahir Šah return to Afghanistan?

War in Afghanistan

This is what Kekkonen said he was pleased with.


Question: What year did Muhammad Zahir Šah return to Afghanistan?

War in Afghanistan

[35] Max Jakobson, the then Managing Director of the Business Delegation and a foreign policy contributor, defended the Finnish Government's line in his newspaper writings.


Question: What year did Muhammad Zahir Šah return to Afghanistan?

War in Afghanistan

Later, he has written that Finland's conduct in the UN General Assembly resolution vote did not in fact show neutrality, but instead followed the “geopolitical voting pattern” that had emerged during the days of the Hungarian uprising in 1956 and from which a departure might have raises suspicion in Moscow.


Question: What year did Muhammad Zahir Šah return to Afghanistan?

War in Afghanistan

[41] According to Keijo Korhonen, Undersecretary of State for Foreign Affairs, the condemnation of the occupation of Afghanistan could also have been seen in the circle of the most ardent foreign Finns only as an indication that Finland would vote against the Soviet Union, with the permission of the Soviet Union, and this would not, however, ways helped the Afghans.


Question: What year did Muhammad Zahir Šah return to Afghanistan?

War in Afghanistan

[42] Kari Suomalainen, a Helsingin Sanomat cartoonist known as a critic of Finnishness, commented on Finland's proceedings at the UN with a drawing in which the seat of the Finnish envoy in the Assembly chamber was empty and the wall paper next to it showed a slight hump.


Question: What year did Muhammad Zahir Šah return to Afghanistan?

War in Afghanistan

[43] Osmo Apunen, professor of international politics at the University of Tampere, drew attention to the fact that the commitment between the Soviet Union and Afghanistan resembled the YYA agreement between Finland and the Soviet Union in nature.


Question: What year did Muhammad Zahir Šah return to Afghanistan?

War in Afghanistan

Apuse's writing provoked shock and strong outcry, although he did not say that the YYA treaty could give the Soviet Union the same rights over Finland as in Afghanistan.


Question: What year did Muhammad Zahir Šah return to Afghanistan?

War in Afghanistan

[35] The occupation period and the war on terror Over time, it became apparent that Afghanistan became a military problem hotbed for the Soviet Union.


Question: What year did Muhammad Zahir Šah return to Afghanistan?

War in Afghanistan

Although intelligence reports had been available on the abysmal condition of the Afghan army, the leaders of the Red Army believed it could cope with resistance groups and the Red Army should only provide material assistance and occupy strategic targets.


Question: What year did Muhammad Zahir Šah return to Afghanistan?

War in Afghanistan

After discovering the abysmal condition of the Afghan forces, the Soviets realised they would be held accountable for actual combat action.


Question: What year did Muhammad Zahir Šah return to Afghanistan?

War in Afghanistan

There was no plan for this and the situation was not improved by the fact that soldiers were not trained to fight factions of a few men hiding in the mountains, but to fight NATO armoured forces.


Question: What year did Muhammad Zahir Šah return to Afghanistan?

War in Afghanistan

[44] Leonid Brezhnev was succeeded as General Secretary of the Communist Party by Yuri Andropov in 1982.


Question: What year did Muhammad Zahir Šah return to Afghanistan?

War in Afghanistan

He realized that the Soviet Union was stuck in an untenable situation.


Question: What year did Muhammad Zahir Šah return to Afghanistan?

War in Afghanistan

The Red Army was not losing the war, as Afghan guerrillas did not have the strength to take either bases or towns.


Question: What year did Muhammad Zahir Šah return to Afghanistan?

War in Afghanistan

On the other hand, the Soviet Union could not possibly win the war.


Question: What year did Muhammad Zahir Šah return to Afghanistan?

War in Afghanistan

Although Soviet soldiers gained control of territories, the guerrillas returned as soon as the Soviet troops disembarked.


Question: What year did Muhammad Zahir Šah return to Afghanistan?

War in Afghanistan

[45] Moreover, the war was an increasingly worsening economic and political burden.


Question: What year did Muhammad Zahir Šah return to Afghanistan?

War in Afghanistan

Pulling the military out of Afghanistan was out of the question, as withdrawal without negotiations would have been interpreted as a defeat and would have been seen as a loss of face.


Question: What year did Muhammad Zahir Šah return to Afghanistan?

War in Afghanistan

Andropov began his first cautious peace pledges with guerrilla leaders, but could die before anything had even been negotiated.


Question: What year did Muhammad Zahir Šah return to Afghanistan?

War in Afghanistan

[46] With hostility towards the occupier, various factions receiving support from Islamic countries, China and the West sustained losses on it, exploiting mountainous terrain suitable for guerrilla warfare.


Question: What year did Muhammad Zahir Šah return to Afghanistan?

War in Afghanistan

[23] Soviet troops mainly held the largest cities and roads to them.


Question: What year did Muhammad Zahir Šah return to Afghanistan?

War in Afghanistan

Overland maintenance operations from the Soviet Union were also in difficulty first and foremost in the nighttime and control was not successful without a great effort of force.


Question: What year did Muhammad Zahir Šah return to Afghanistan?

War in Afghanistan

Yuri Andropov was succeeded after his death by Konstantin Chernenko.


Question: What year did Muhammad Zahir Šah return to Afghanistan?

War in Afghanistan

In his short term (1984—1985), he chose a line in which attempts to negotiate were rejected.


Question: What year did Muhammad Zahir Šah return to Afghanistan?

War in Afghanistan

Instead, the decision was made to increase military strength.


Question: What year did Muhammad Zahir Šah return to Afghanistan?

War in Afghanistan

[47] The Soviet Union did not bring success in guerrilla territory even the extremely harsh methods of war on terror it used.


Question: What year did Muhammad Zahir Šah return to Afghanistan?

War in Afghanistan

[48] Its air force used large incendiary bombs filled with phosphorus and magnesium in the bombing of Afghan villages, sparking a local firestorm.


Question: What year did Muhammad Zahir Šah return to Afghanistan?

War in Afghanistan

To avoid anti-aircraft combat, starting in 1983, “carpet bombing” from high altitude began.


Question: What year did Muhammad Zahir Šah return to Afghanistan?

War in Afghanistan

In April 1984, for example, villages in the Panshir Valley were bombed with thirty planes daily.


Question: What year did Muhammad Zahir Šah return to Afghanistan?

War in Afghanistan

The purpose of the terror bombings was to destroy the life chances of the civilian population supporting the resistance.


Question: What year did Muhammad Zahir Šah return to Afghanistan?

War in Afghanistan

[49] This draining of the countryside succeeded, with 2.8 million Afghans fleeing to Pakistan and 1.5 million to Iran.


Question: What year did Muhammad Zahir Šah return to Afghanistan?

War in Afghanistan

The war in Afghanistan also significantly weakened the intervals between the Soviet Union and Pakistan, which supported the mujahideen guerrillas.


Question: What year did Muhammad Zahir Šah return to Afghanistan?

War in Afghanistan

Between 1986 and 1988, Pakistan Air Force F-16 fighter jets shot down at least 8 adversary planes when the planes violated Pakistani airspace in pursuit of guerrillas.


Question: What year did Muhammad Zahir Šah return to Afghanistan?

War in Afghanistan

[50] In addition to financial and military aid from many Arab countries, thousands of volunteers from other Islamic countries flowed into Afghanistan, including Osama bin Laden and other later al-Qaeda members.


Question: What year did Muhammad Zahir Šah return to Afghanistan?

War in Afghanistan

The US support was significant throughout and it donated, among other things, in 1986 some 600 Stinger near-aircraft missiles to the mujahideen guerrillas.


Question: What year did Muhammad Zahir Šah return to Afghanistan?

War in Afghanistan

Guerrilla groups Anti-Soviet forces and guerrillas opposed to the government split into numerous different factions.


Question: What year did Muhammad Zahir Šah return to Afghanistan?

War in Afghanistan

The main ones were the seven parties that held their headquarters in Peshawar, which enjoyed considerable support from Pakistan, Saudi Arabia and the United States (Operation Cyclone).


Question: What year did Muhammad Zahir Šah return to Afghanistan?

War in Afghanistan

In particular, Pakistan's intelligence agency, the ISI, played a key role in channeling support, favoring Islamist groups.


Question: What year did Muhammad Zahir Šah return to Afghanistan?

War in Afghanistan

From the Peshawar sides to the radicals, the Hezb-i-Islami (Islamic Party) led by Gulbuddin Hekmatyar, a group of the same name led by Yunus Khalis who resigned from this, the Ittihad-i-Islami led by Abdul Rasul Sayyaf, and the Jamiat-i-Islami led by Burhanuddin Rabbani.


Question: What year did Muhammad Zahir Šah return to Afghanistan?

War in Afghanistan

The traditionalist wing in turn was represented by Mohammad Nabi Mohammad's Harakat-i-Inqilab-i-Islami (Movement of the Islamic Revolution), Sibghatullah Mojadedin Jabha-i-Najat-i-Milli (National Liberation Front), and Ahmed Gailani's Mahaz-i-Milli-Islami (National Islamic Front).


Question: What year did Muhammad Zahir Šah return to Afghanistan?

War in Afghanistan

Iran, in turn, supported several guerrilla organizations formed by Afghan Shiite Muslims in the war.


Question: What year did Muhammad Zahir Šah return to Afghanistan?

War in Afghanistan

The Wahhabite guerrilla groups, particularly in the Kunar and Nuristan regions, were supported by Saudi Arabia.


Question: What year did Muhammad Zahir Šah return to Afghanistan?

War in Afghanistan

In addition to these groups, especially in the early stages, some leftist (especially Maoist-influenced) and nationalist groups also participated in the guerrilla war.


Question: What year did Muhammad Zahir Šah return to Afghanistan?

War in Afghanistan

End of the Soviet War When Mikhail Gorbachev moved in 1985 to the Soviet leadership, the war began to seek a solution.


Question: What year did Muhammad Zahir Šah return to Afghanistan?

War in Afghanistan

Gorbachev informed the military leadership that will allow them to resolve the situation militarily, but a solution must happen soon.


Question: What year did Muhammad Zahir Šah return to Afghanistan?

War in Afghanistan

Between 1985 and 1986, Soviet forces and the Afghan government army they supported conducted spectacular operations to retake territory from guerrillas.


Question: What year did Muhammad Zahir Šah return to Afghanistan?

War in Afghanistan

It was already starting to be clear, however, that the war cannot be won.


Question: What year did Muhammad Zahir Šah return to Afghanistan?

War in Afghanistan

[51] In 1987, an estimated 35% of Afghanistan was under the control of Soviet forces and the Afghan government, 45% was under the control of guerrilla factions, and 20% was virtually no territory controlled by anyone.


Question: What year did Muhammad Zahir Šah return to Afghanistan?

War in Afghanistan

[52] In 1987, the first temporary truce was concluded, in which Karmal, who had lost Soviet support, was ousted from power.


Question: What year did Muhammad Zahir Šah return to Afghanistan?

War in Afghanistan

Mohammed Najibullah became the new president.


Question: What year did Muhammad Zahir Šah return to Afghanistan?

War in Afghanistan

In November 1987, a representative of the Soviet Ministry of Foreign Affairs announced that the Soviet Union had made a “political decision” to withdraw its troops from Afghanistan within 7—12 months.


Question: What year did Muhammad Zahir Šah return to Afghanistan?

War in Afghanistan

[53] In 1988, with the help of the UN, an agreement was reached between Afghanistan and Pakistan, the main supporter of the guerrillas, and an agreement to withdraw Soviet troops from the country


Question: What year did Muhammad Zahir Šah return to Afghanistan?

War in Afghanistan

In pulling out of Afghanistan, Soviet forces wanted to influence their adversary by carrying out jamming retaliatory strikes with ballistic Scud missiles.


Question: What year did Muhammad Zahir Šah return to Afghanistan?

War in Afghanistan

Two missiles hit a market in the city of Asadabad, leaving 300 people dead and 500 wounded.


Question: What year did Muhammad Zahir Šah return to Afghanistan?

War in Afghanistan

[54] In February 1989, the last Soviet soldier left Afghanistan.


Question: What year did Muhammad Zahir Šah return to Afghanistan?

War in Afghanistan

[48] On Christmas Eve 1989, the Congress of People's Representatives of the USSR condemned — along with the 1939 Molotov—Ribbentrop Pact and the accompanying secret Additional Protocol — the deployment of Soviet troops to Afghanistan in December 1979.


Question: What year did Muhammad Zahir Šah return to Afghanistan?

War in Afghanistan

[55] The war in Afghanistan continued after the Soviet withdrawal as a civil war.


Question: What year did Muhammad Zahir Šah return to Afghanistan?

War in Afghanistan

The communist regime led by Najibullah gradually lost its grip on its support areas and mujahideen guerrillas overran Kabul in 1992.


Question: What year did Muhammad Zahir Šah return to Afghanistan?

War in Afghanistan

Najibullah then saved himself under UN-protected house arrest.


Question: What year did Muhammad Zahir Šah return to Afghanistan?

War in Afghanistan

[48] Since then, the country has only had brief periods of calm and the country is practically in a state of war even at this time.


Question: What year did Muhammad Zahir Šah return to Afghanistan?

War in Afghanistan

Monuments Memorial Chapel and Stone on the Island of Tears (1996), designed abroad under the direction of sculptor J. Pavlov, especially the memorial island of Belarusians fallen in the Afghan War in Minsk.


Question: What year did Muhammad Zahir Šah return to Afghanistan?

War in Afghanistan

See also Afghanistan War (2001—) Afghan Civil War (1928—1929) 9th Company Charlie Wilson's War Sources Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Griffiths, John C.| title = Afghanistan — Key to a Continent| location = Boulder, Colorado| publisher = Westview Press| year = 1981| language = Transclusion error: {{En}} is only for use in File namespace.


Question: What year did Muhammad Zahir Šah return to Afghanistan?

War in Afghanistan

Use {{lang-en}} or {{en icon}} instead.}


Question: What year did Muhammad Zahir Šah return to Afghanistan?

War in Afghanistan

Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Isby, David| title= Russia's War in Afghanistan| location = London| publisher = Osprey Publishing Ltd| year = 1987| language = Transclusion error: {{En}} is only for use in File namespace.


Question: What year did Muhammad Zahir Šah return to Afghanistan?

War in Afghanistan


Question: What year did Muhammad Zahir Šah return to Afghanistan?

War in Afghanistan

Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Ravela, Reko| title = Endless War in Afghanistan| location = Helsinki| publisher = Like| year= 2011| id = ISBN 978-952-01-0611-9}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Sergejeff, Andrei| title = Afghan History — Silk Road cultures| publisher = Gaudeamus Helsinki University Press| year = 2011| id = ISBN 978-952-495-219-4}} References Literature Braithwaite, Rodric: Afgantsy, The Russians in Afghanistan 1979-89.


Question: What year did Muhammad Zahir Šah return to Afghanistan?

War in Afghanistan

Profile Books, 2012.


Question: What year did Muhammad Zahir Šah return to Afghanistan?

War in Afghanistan

ISBN 978-1-84668-062-5 Civil War Category:Asian States Civil Wars Category:Cold War Category:Soviet wars Category:20th century wars Category:Key articles of screening


Question: How much does a full-grown beak animal weigh?

Naky beaks

Beaked animals (Monotremata) are mammals that, rather than giving birth to live chicks, reproduce by laying eggs.


Question: How much does a full-grown beak animal weigh?

Naky beaks

[1] [2] Beaked animals are the only mammals to have an egg-laying inherited from reptiles and therefore belong to the subclass of egg-laying mammals (Prototheria) as the only surviving order.


Question: How much does a full-grown beak animal weigh?

Naky beaks

[3] [4] [5] Beaked animals belong to mammals because they are able to breastfeed their chicks with milk secreted by the mammary glands and have a coat of hair.


Question: How much does a full-grown beak animal weigh?

Naky beaks

However, they do not have nis.


Question: How much does a full-grown beak animal weigh?

Naky beaks

Other mammalian features include a uniform lower jaw, a four-part heart, three middle ear bones, and a flat thermality.


Question: How much does a full-grown beak animal weigh?

Naky beaks

Reptile-like features in addition to egg-laying include several buttrestrial features, such as the orientation of the femur and humerus along the ground and the cloac, or aperture, with which the animal handles reproduction, defecation, and urination.


Question: How much does a full-grown beak animal weigh?

Naky beaks

[6] The scientific name Monotremata () for beaked animals refers to cloac.


Question: How much does a full-grown beak animal weigh?

Naky beaks

Nowadays beaked animals are found only in Australia and New Guinea, where this very primitive and ancient order of mammals has been present for millions of years.


Question: How much does a full-grown beak animal weigh?

Naky beaks

Beaked animals are among the few mammals that have an electric sense.


Question: How much does a full-grown beak animal weigh?

Naky beaks

The reproductive and lifestyle patterns of the beaked animals completely distinguish them from other current mammalian species.


Question: How much does a full-grown beak animal weigh?

Naky beaks

They've changed quite a bit, which is why they call them living fossils.


Question: How much does a full-grown beak animal weigh?

Naky beaks

The order of beaked animals today comprises two tribes with a total of five surviving species.


Question: How much does a full-grown beak animal weigh?

Naky beaks

[5] [7] The only species in the family Ornithorhynchidae (Ornithorhynchidae) is the semi-aquatic seagull (Ornithorhynchus anatinus).


Question: How much does a full-grown beak animal weigh?

Naky beaks

[1] In the family of nettle hedgehogs (Tachyglossidae), there are four terrestrial species in two genera; the beak hedgehog (Tachyglossus aculeatus), probossus beak (Zaglossus bruijni), Zaglossus bartoni and Zaglossus attenboroughi.


Question: How much does a full-grown beak animal weigh?

Naky beaks

[5] [8] The beak and aquatic pigtail have been assessed as vibrant, but the other three species are extremely endangered.


Question: How much does a full-grown beak animal weigh?

Naky beaks

[9] In addition to the living species mentioned above, a number of extinct prehistoric species are classified within the order of beaked animals, known only from fossils.


Question: How much does a full-grown beak animal weigh?

Naky beaks

Evolution and Taxonomy Evolution The first animals to be classified as mammals evolved from reptiles about 200 million years ago.


Question: How much does a full-grown beak animal weigh?

Naky beaks

The first mammals were miniature insectivores that moved around at night.


Question: How much does a full-grown beak animal weigh?

Naky beaks

Using DNA studies, the differentiation of the developmental arm of Ptotheria mammals from other mammals has been timed back 166 million years.


Question: How much does a full-grown beak animal weigh?

Naky beaks

The earliest known beaked animal is the Teinolophos beaked animal.


Question: How much does a full-grown beak animal weigh?

Naky beaks

The fossil found is 123 million years old.


Question: How much does a full-grown beak animal weigh?

Naky beaks

Another Cretaceous beaked animal fossils belongs to the Steropodon beaked animal, which was one of the most large-sized mammals of its time.


Question: How much does a full-grown beak animal weigh?

Naky beaks

[10] Even the larger beaked animal was the Kollikodon, whose body length may have been up to one metre.


Question: How much does a full-grown beak animal weigh?

Naky beaks

Nowadays, living species of beaks have very similar characteristics to their ancient ancestors.


Question: How much does a full-grown beak animal weigh?

Naky beaks

It is plausible that the beaked animals had spread over large areas around Gondwanamannerta in the southern hemisphere, as a 62 million-year-old tooth belonging to the Monotrematum sudamericanum aquatic species has been found in Patagonia in South America.


Question: How much does a full-grown beak animal weigh?

Naky beaks

A very rich group, however, it was not.


Question: How much does a full-grown beak animal weigh?

Naky beaks

The earliest beaked silicon fossils date back to the Middle Iocene period, or about 15 million years ago, and belong to the “Zaglossus robusta” species.


Question: How much does a full-grown beak animal weigh?

Naky beaks

The kinship relationship between beaked hedgehogs and beaked animals that lived in the Cretaceous is still unknown, nor is it known when the beaked hedgehogs have differentiated into their own tribal lineage [5].


Question: How much does a full-grown beak animal weigh?

Naky beaks

Aquatic pigs and beaked hedgehogs have sometimes been divided into separate orders Platypoda and Tachyglossa [5].


Question: How much does a full-grown beak animal weigh?

Naky beaks

Naked herbs include the two genera Tachyglossus and Zaglossus.


Question: How much does a full-grown beak animal weigh?

Naky beaks

[11] There is one known prehistoric genera, Megalibgwilia, which disappeared about 50,000 years ago.


Question: How much does a full-grown beak animal weigh?

Naky beaks

Taxonomy The first aquatic pigtail animal skin was introduced to Europe at the end of the 18th century and George Shaw had it examined.


Question: How much does a full-grown beak animal weigh?

Naky beaks

The discovery was considered an exceptionally well-made hoax among many other animal species hoaxes.


Question: How much does a full-grown beak animal weigh?

Naky beaks

However, unable to verify signs of a hoax, Shaw was forced, after lengthy studies, to describe the species in his 1799 edition of The Naturalist's Miscellany.


Question: How much does a full-grown beak animal weigh?

Naky beaks

Seven years earlier he had already had time to photograph a beaked hedgehog, but it didn't seem a very interesting case because he resembled a hedgehog very familiar to Europeans.


Question: How much does a full-grown beak animal weigh?

Naky beaks

It was not until 1802 that the first complete aquatic species was obtained to Europe, when it could be identified with certainty as a genuine animal species.


Question: How much does a full-grown beak animal weigh?

Naky beaks

Zoologists in the 19th century were unable to believe that beaked animals reproduced by laying eggs.


Question: How much does a full-grown beak animal weigh?

Naky beaks

The Scot William Hay Caldwell set out in the 1880s to study beaked animals and found them with Aboriginal assistance.


Question: How much does a full-grown beak animal weigh?

Naky beaks

On the second day of September in 1884, he sent a brief telegram to the Baas Science Society in which he noted information already familiar to Aborigines: “Beaked animals oviparous, eggs meroblastic.” Scientists could not but accept as true that some mammals actually lay eggs.


Question: How much does a full-grown beak animal weigh?

Naky beaks

In the case of beaked hedgehogs, studies had fallen short as attention had turned to aquatic pigtails.


Question: How much does a full-grown beak animal weigh?

Naky beaks

The German Richard Semon, through his extensive studies, patched this gap and answered many questions about cam hedgehogs.


Question: How much does a full-grown beak animal weigh?

Naky beaks

[12] At the end of the 19th century, two species of beaked hernia were known and in 1907 a third species was discovered.


Question: How much does a full-grown beak animal weigh?

Naky beaks

[5] The most recent species of beaked hedgehog, Zaglossus attenboroughi, was not described to science until 1998.


Question: How much does a full-grown beak animal weigh?

Naky beaks

[5] Appearance and Physiology Appearance Beaked animals include two very different tribes in appearance from each other.


Question: How much does a full-grown beak animal weigh?

Naky beaks

Of these, aquatic pigtails resemble a waterfowl due to their beak and webbed feet, but they move on four legs and have five toes on each flipper.


Question: How much does a full-grown beak animal weigh?

Naky beaks

The tail of the aquatic pigtail is very wide and thin, like that of a beaver, as well as hair-coated.


Question: How much does a full-grown beak animal weigh?

Naky beaks

Aquatic pigs have adapted to aquatic life because their streamlined physique and their flippers allow them to swim in water at a fast pace.


Question: How much does a full-grown beak animal weigh?

Naky beaks

The fur is soft, silky and brown in color like otters.


Question: How much does a full-grown beak animal weigh?

Naky beaks

The pelts were sought-after and valuable, which is why aquatic pigtails were hunted so much that their population was clearly deteriorating.


Question: How much does a full-grown beak animal weigh?

Naky beaks

The beaked hedgehogs, on the other hand, resemble common hedgehogs or small spiny pigs because of their dorsal spines, but differ from these especially in the structure of the nose.


Question: How much does a full-grown beak animal weigh?

Naky beaks

In beaked hedgehogs it is long and thin, while in hedgehogs it is short-shaped.


Question: How much does a full-grown beak animal weigh?

Naky beaks

Spikes also have distinctly longer spines.


Question: How much does a full-grown beak animal weigh?

Naky beaks

The broad five-toed limbs of beaked hedgehogs are great for rooting insects from beneath the ground, and in physique they are very vanter and muscular.


Question: How much does a full-grown beak animal weigh?

Naky beaks

[13] The beaked hedgehogs are dark brown in colour, but the spines are yellowish-whitish.


Question: How much does a full-grown beak animal weigh?

Naky beaks

The adult aquatic pigtail weighs a couple of kilograms (1.5—2.5 kg) and is less than 60 centimeters long, of which the tail accounts for about 15 centimeters.


Question: How much does a full-grown beak animal weigh?

Naky beaks

Beaked hedgehogs are clearly bulkier than aquatic pigs.


Question: How much does a full-grown beak animal weigh?

Naky beaks

The beaked hedgehog (Tachyglossus aculeatus) weighs six pounds, has a body length of half a meter and a tail less than ten centimeters long.


Question: How much does a full-grown beak animal weigh?

Naky beaks

Beaked hedgehogs of the genus “Zaglossus” are the most bulky of the beaked animals, weighing about 10 kilograms.


Question: How much does a full-grown beak animal weigh?

Naky beaks

Their length varies between 45 and 75 cents and their beaks are markedly longer compared to “Tachyglossus aculeatus” species.


Question: How much does a full-grown beak animal weigh?

Naky beaks

All beaked animals are united by the fact that males are larger than females.


Question: How much does a full-grown beak animal weigh?

Naky beaks

[14] Physiology Both female and male aquatic pigs as well as male beaks have spiny spurs on their hind legs.


Question: How much does a full-grown beak animal weigh?

Naky beaks

Only the male aquatic seagot secretes poison through these.


Question: How much does a full-grown beak animal weigh?

Naky beaks

[15] The clumsy toddling of beaked animals on land is due to their reptile-like limb bone structure.


Question: How much does a full-grown beak animal weigh?

Naky beaks

Their shoulder and femur are oriented directly away from the body, perpendicular to their direction of travel.


Question: How much does a full-grown beak animal weigh?

Naky beaks

In other mammals, limb skeletal structures have evolved so that the bones are parallel to the direction of travel.


Question: How much does a full-grown beak animal weigh?

Naky beaks

[15] Beaked animals have ribs on both the neck and thoracic vertebrae.


Question: How much does a full-grown beak animal weigh?

Naky beaks

[6] Exceptional features of beaked animals also include the thousands of specialised cells located in their leather-coated beak that form a characteristic electric sense.


Question: How much does a full-grown beak animal weigh?

Naky beaks

With it, they easily localize other animals around them.


Question: How much does a full-grown beak animal weigh?

Naky beaks

Beaked animals, along with the undertoothed, are the only mammals that have no teeth at all, or at least they are very vestigial.


Question: How much does a full-grown beak animal weigh?

Naky beaks

Naked herbs have only one tooth during life, which they need only to break an egg at the hatching stage.


Question: How much does a full-grown beak animal weigh?

Naky beaks

Aquatic pigtails develop baby teeth, but they do not need them for anything.


Question: How much does a full-grown beak animal weigh?

Naky beaks

Beaked animals also completely lack tactile hairs, mammals and external ears.


Question: How much does a full-grown beak animal weigh?

Naky beaks

Beaked animals, like other mammals, are flat-tempered, but have a low body temperature (30-33°C) compared to other mammals.


Question: How much does a full-grown beak animal weigh?

Naky beaks

[6] [16] Nutrition and habitats The diet of the beaked hedgehogs consists of terrestrial invertebrates such as ants, termites and earthworms found at digging depths.


Question: How much does a full-grown beak animal weigh?

Naky beaks

They crush their prey by pressing their tongues against the palate.


Question: How much does a full-grown beak animal weigh?

Naky beaks

The good sense of smell of beak hedgehogs is an advantage when it comes to food sourcing.


Question: How much does a full-grown beak animal weigh?

Naky beaks

In contrast, there is no consensus among scientists on the role of electric sense in predation.


Question: How much does a full-grown beak animal weigh?

Naky beaks

It is possible that the electrogenicity of the cam hedgehogs has begun to slowly decline.


Question: How much does a full-grown beak animal weigh?

Naky beaks

[17] The beaked herb (T. aculeatus) is the most widely distributed of the existing beaked animals and can be seen throughout Tasmania, Australia and New Guinea.


Question: How much does a full-grown beak animal weigh?

Naky beaks

It is not picky about habitats, as it is visited by the dry regions of Australia as well as the moist tropics forests of New Guinea.


Question: How much does a full-grown beak animal weigh?

Naky beaks

[18] The aquatic pigtail is found in the wild only in the fresh waters of the temperate east coast of Australia.


Question: How much does a full-grown beak animal weigh?

Naky beaks

It preys completely under cover of its electric senses, as it closes its eyes in water and not very deep in the water the visual sense would be useful.


Question: How much does a full-grown beak animal weigh?

Naky beaks

Nutrition involves the smallest aquatic animals it stores in its cheeks and rises to the water level to eat them until diving into the water again.


Question: How much does a full-grown beak animal weigh?

Naky beaks

Behavior Beaked animals are nocturnal animals because they try to avoid sunshine.


Question: How much does a full-grown beak animal weigh?

Naky beaks

If they are disturbed or the temperature is low enough during the day, they can be seen moving around during the day.


Question: How much does a full-grown beak animal weigh?

Naky beaks

During cold times and due to lack of food, the beaked hedgehog may fall into hibernation.


Question: How much does a full-grown beak animal weigh?

Naky beaks

[16] Beaked animals move alone, meaning they do not form colonies.


Question: How much does a full-grown beak animal weigh?

Naky beaks

Reproduction Beaked animals reproduce oviparally, meaning they lay eggs and incubate them in a small pouch structure for 10—12 days until the chicks hatch.


Question: How much does a full-grown beak animal weigh?

Naky beaks

The female lays eggs about three weeks after mating.


Question: How much does a full-grown beak animal weigh?

Naky beaks

[17] Other mammals reproduce viviparously, that is, giving birth to live chicks.


Question: How much does a full-grown beak animal weigh?

Naky beaks

At one time, beaked animals receive between one and three, or in the case of beaked hedgehogs of the genus “Zaglossus”, four to six eggs, and once the chicks have hatched, the mammary glands of the parents begin to produce milk.


Question: How much does a full-grown beak animal weigh?

Naky beaks

Other mammals have mammals through which the mother feeds offspring, but beaked animals do not have these structures.


Question: How much does a full-grown beak animal weigh?

Naky beaks

Instead, they secrete milk into their fur, from which the chicks suck it.


Question: How much does a full-grown beak animal weigh?

Naky beaks

The trait is important evidence for mammary developmental history research, as beaked animals have been used to conclude that mammary glands evolved from large sweat glands.


Question: How much does a full-grown beak animal weigh?

Naky beaks

[19] The eggs of beaked animals are rounder than the eggs of birds and very small in size, approximately 13—15 millimeters in diameter.


Question: How much does a full-grown beak animal weigh?

Naky beaks

The eggs resemble reptile eggs, for example, due to their leather-like superstructure.


Question: How much does a full-grown beak animal weigh?

Naky beaks

Both beaked herbs and aquatic pigtails have two ovaries, but only one is functional in the aquatic pigtail animal.


Question: How much does a full-grown beak animal weigh?

Naky beaks

The beaked hedgehogs take care of their chicks by shielding them in the pouch with which they previously incubated the eggs.


Question: How much does a full-grown beak animal weigh?

Naky beaks

Instead, the aquatic pigtail does not act in this way.


Question: How much does a full-grown beak animal weigh?

Naky beaks

After hatching, the beaked chicks are a few inches long and do not yet have a coat of hair.


Question: How much does a full-grown beak animal weigh?

Naky beaks

After hatching, they should not be exposed to sunlight, as they die easily due to their fragile skin.


Question: How much does a full-grown beak animal weigh?

Naky beaks

Because of this, the chicks of the beaked hedgehog remain for three months in the mother's pouch and the chicks of the aquatic pigtail in their nest.


Question: How much does a full-grown beak animal weigh?

Naky beaks

Even at three months old, they are not ready for independence.


Question: How much does a full-grown beak animal weigh?

Naky beaks

The mother begins weaning chicks after 4—7 months after hatching.


Question: How much does a full-grown beak animal weigh?

Naky beaks

[6] [20] The estrus period for aquatic pigtails is set in spring, when male individuals struggle for the right to mate with turf females.


Question: How much does a full-grown beak animal weigh?

Naky beaks

Because aquatic pigtails are clumsy on land to fight, they fight in water where they can use poison stickers located on their hind legs.


Question: How much does a full-grown beak animal weigh?

Naky beaks

After the winner is resolved, a pair of beaked animals begin a rotating motion dance in the water where the male has grabbed the female's tail.


Question: How much does a full-grown beak animal weigh?

Naky beaks

After courting, the male and female mate while still remaining in the water.


Question: How much does a full-grown beak animal weigh?

Naky beaks

Males have a penis, which they use solely for mating, not for urination.


Question: How much does a full-grown beak animal weigh?

Naky beaks

The beaked males, on the other hand, begin after the mating season begins to follow the female.


Question: How much does a full-grown beak animal weigh?

Naky beaks

At best, one female can be followed by six or seven males.


Question: How much does a full-grown beak animal weigh?

Naky beaks

After two to three weeks of following, the female enters the estrus and the males go into a circle formation trying to evict the contestants away.


Question: How much does a full-grown beak animal weigh?

Naky beaks

The male who remains last in the playoff gains the right to mate with the female.


Question: How much does a full-grown beak animal weigh?

Naky beaks

[21] Also, beaked males have a penis that is not used for urination.


Question: How much does a full-grown beak animal weigh?

Naky beaks

[16] The proportion of males in caring for offspring remains in mating, while the female is forced to live alone for the gestational period.


Question: How much does a full-grown beak animal weigh?

Naky beaks

During gestation, the female begins to build a nest burrow with a tunnel length that can be up to 20 meters long.


Question: How much does a full-grown beak animal weigh?

Naky beaks

[21] Sources Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Olendorf, Donna (ed.


Question: How much does a full-grown beak animal weigh?

Naky beaks

) | title = Grzimek's Animal Life Encyclopedia: Mammals I (Volume 12) | publisher = Thomson| year = 2004| id = ISBN 0-7876-5788-3}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = McDade, Melissa C.


Question: How much does a full-grown beak animal weigh?

Naky beaks

(ed.


Question: How much does a full-grown beak animal weigh?

Naky beaks

) | title = Grzimek's Student Animal Life Resource: Mammals| publisher = Thomson| year = 2004| id=ISBN 0-7876-9183-6}} References on the topic elsewhere.


Question: How much does a full-grown beak animal weigh?

Naky beaks

Arkive.org.


Question: How much does a full-grown beak animal weigh?

Naky beaks

Transclusion error: {{En}} is only for use in File namespace.


Question: How much does a full-grown beak animal weigh?

Naky beaks

Use {{lang-en}} or {{en icon}} instead. Beaked animals in the Encyclopedia of Life web dictionary.


Question: How much does a full-grown beak animal weigh?

Naky beaks


Question: How much does a full-grown beak animal weigh?

Naky beaks

Use {{lang-en}} or {{en icon}} instead.


Question: How much does a full-grown beak animal weigh?

Naky beaks

* Category:Key articles of screening


Question: How many islands belong to the Ionian Islands island group?

Ionian Islands

The Ionian Islands (or Επτάνησα, Eptánisa, “Seven Islands”;;) is a group of islands belonging to Greece, located on the eastern coast of the Ionian Sea, part of the Mediterranean Sea.


Question: How many islands belong to the Ionian Islands island group?

Ionian Islands

The area of the island group is 2307 km² and there are 209608 inhabitants (2001).


Question: How many islands belong to the Ionian Islands island group?

Ionian Islands

[1] The main islands of the island group are Corfu (Kérkyra), Paxós, Lefkas (Lefkáda), Kefaloniá, Ithaka (Itháki), Zákynthos and Kythera (Kýthira).


Question: How many islands belong to the Ionian Islands island group?

Ionian Islands

The largest Ionian island in terms of area is Kefaloniá and Corfu, the largest in terms of population.


Question: How many islands belong to the Ionian Islands island group?

Ionian Islands

The largest towns are the city of Corfu and Kefalonián Argostóli.


Question: How many islands belong to the Ionian Islands island group?

Ionian Islands

The Ionian Islands comprise five smaller island groups, namely the Diapontic Islands to the northwest of Corfu, the Tilovodes Islands lying between the coast of Lefkas and Aitolia-Acarnania, the Ekhinads off the coast of Aitolia-Acarnania, south of Zákynthos are located in the Strofads, as well as the Oinoússee Islands off the coast of Messenia.


Question: How many islands belong to the Ionian Islands island group?

Ionian Islands

The main livelihoods of the islands are tourism, wine and fruit cultivation, as well as fishing and shipping.


Question: How many islands belong to the Ionian Islands island group?

Ionian Islands

In addition to the Ionian Islands, the Greek archipelago includes the Aegean islands in the Aegean Sea east of mainland Greece.


Question: How many islands belong to the Ionian Islands island group?

Ionian Islands

History The Ionian Islands have been inhabited no later than the Paleolithic period.


Question: How many islands belong to the Ionian Islands island group?

Ionian Islands

Discoveries have been made from that period, among others, in Kefaloniá and Corfu.


Question: How many islands belong to the Ionian Islands island group?

Ionian Islands

The Bronze Age islands have been influenced by Minoan and Mycenaean culture, among others.


Question: How many islands belong to the Ionian Islands island group?

Ionian Islands

[2] The earliest written references to the Ionian Islands come from the epics of Homer, and especially the Odyssey, in which Ithaka plays a central role as the domicile of Odysseus.


Question: How many islands belong to the Ionian Islands island group?

Ionian Islands

[2] However, scholars have been divided as to whether this is an island now known as Ithakana.


Question: How many islands belong to the Ionian Islands island group?

Ionian Islands

The name of the Ionian Islands is associated with the Ionian Sea, which in turn derives its name from Io, a figure in Greek mythology.


Question: How many islands belong to the Ionian Islands island group?

Ionian Islands

[3] In antiquity during the 7th century BCE.


Question: How many islands belong to the Ionian Islands island group?

Ionian Islands

The Ionian Islands, and especially Kerkyra, or Corfu, existed as a colony of Corinth.


Question: How many islands belong to the Ionian Islands island group?

Ionian Islands

For Corinth, they were important because they were located along the trade route that led to Italy and elsewhere to the west.


Question: How many islands belong to the Ionian Islands island group?

Ionian Islands

Kerkyra, in particular, was a major sea lord with settlements of its own.


Question: How many islands belong to the Ionian Islands island group?

Ionian Islands

In the 4th century BCE.


Question: How many islands belong to the Ionian Islands island group?

Ionian Islands

Kerkyra rebelled against Corinth, who had been in league with Sparta, and joined the Athenian side of their enemy.


Question: How many islands belong to the Ionian Islands island group?

Ionian Islands

This was one of the reasons for the Peloponnese war.


Question: How many islands belong to the Ionian Islands island group?

Ionian Islands

[2] [3] The islands were conquered by the Roman Empire in the 200th century BCE.


Question: How many islands belong to the Ionian Islands island group?

Ionian Islands

With the fall of the Byzantine Empire, the Ionian Islands belonged from the 15th century until 1797 for much of the time to Venice.


Question: How many islands belong to the Ionian Islands island group?

Ionian Islands

Meanwhile, much of the rest of Greece remained under Ottoman rule.


Question: How many islands belong to the Ionian Islands island group?

Ionian Islands

Venice and the Ottoman Empire fought for ownership of the Ionian Islands frequently, and Venice was unable to hold all the islands throughout.


Question: How many islands belong to the Ionian Islands island group?

Ionian Islands

Of the Ionian Islands, Corfu was the only one that was not under Ottoman rule at any time.


Question: How many islands belong to the Ionian Islands island group?

Ionian Islands

Lefkas was under Ottoman rule for the longest time, in 1476—1684.


Question: How many islands belong to the Ionian Islands island group?

Ionian Islands

The other islands were conquered by the Ottoman for at least some time.


Question: How many islands belong to the Ionian Islands island group?

Ionian Islands

[1] [3] In 1797, Venice was lost in the war to Napoleon, and as a result, in 1799, the Ionian Islands passed into French ownership.


Question: How many islands belong to the Ionian Islands island group?

Ionian Islands

From 1799 to 1807, the islands were conquered by Russia, but then returned to French control.


Question: How many islands belong to the Ionian Islands island group?

Ionian Islands

From 1815 to 1864, the islands were under British protection as a protectorate under the name United States of the Ionian Islands.


Question: How many islands belong to the Ionian Islands island group?

Ionian Islands

[1] The period of British rule was a time of prosperity for the islands.


Question: How many islands belong to the Ionian Islands island group?

Ionian Islands

At that time, they were operated by the Ionian Academy, the first university in Greece.


Question: How many islands belong to the Ionian Islands island group?

Ionian Islands

[2] In 1864, the Ionian Islands were ceded to Greece, which had achieved independence some decades earlier.


Question: How many islands belong to the Ionian Islands island group?

Ionian Islands

[1] In World War II, Italy occupied the islands as part of Mussolini's plan to restore territories under Roman rule to Italy.


Question: How many islands belong to the Ionian Islands island group?

Ionian Islands

After the Italians surrendered in 1943, Germany recaptured the islands.


Question: How many islands belong to the Ionian Islands island group?

Ionian Islands

At that time, a large number of Italian soldiers who had been on the islands were massacred by the Germans in retaliation.


Question: How many islands belong to the Ionian Islands island group?

Ionian Islands

To the Greek connection, the island group returned again in 1944.


Question: How many islands belong to the Ionian Islands island group?

Ionian Islands

[1] [3] As a result of history, there is a great deal of Western, especially Venetian and Italian influences in the culture of the Ionian Islands and, among other things, architecture.


Question: How many islands belong to the Ionian Islands island group?

Ionian Islands

Corfu in particular also has a lot of, among other things, British influence.


Question: How many islands belong to the Ionian Islands island group?

Ionian Islands

[2] The Ionian Islands had major earthquakes in 1948 and especially 1953.


Question: How many islands belong to the Ionian Islands island group?

Ionian Islands

They caused great material destruction.


Question: How many islands belong to the Ionian Islands island group?

Ionian Islands

[3] Islands The largest islands of the Ionian Islands are: Administration Administratively most of the Ionian Islands belongs to its own territory, the Ionian Islands Region, which is divided into five territorial units.


Question: How many islands belong to the Ionian Islands island group?

Ionian Islands

However, Kythera and Antikythera are administratively included in the Attica Region and its Isles Territorial Unit.


Question: How many islands belong to the Ionian Islands island group?

Ionian Islands

The small islands of Oinoússee, in turn, belong to the Messenian regional unit of the Peloponnese region.


Question: How many islands belong to the Ionian Islands island group?

Ionian Islands

[4] Municipalities Sources on the topic elsewhere *


Question: What museum is the Egtved girl in?

Egtved's Girl

The Girl of Egtved (, 1370 BC.


Question: What museum is the Egtved girl in?

Egtved's Girl

[1], Early Bronze Age, Montelius Period II [2]) was a girl or young woman whose well-preserved remains were found in 1921 outside the village of Egtved in southern Denmark.


Question: What museum is the Egtved girl in?

Egtved's Girl

The style of the burial belongs to the Scandinavian Bronze Age.


Question: What museum is the Egtved girl in?

Egtved's Girl

[3] [4] The deceased was buried in a coffin hollowed out of an oak trunk, an oak coffin, and the coffin was draped inside the Storehøj burial mound.


Question: What museum is the Egtved girl in?

Egtved's Girl

Some of the deceased's tissues have been well preserved.


Question: What museum is the Egtved girl in?

Egtved's Girl

Much has been able to be inferred from the girl's clothing and the coffin's tomb anthem from the life of the Scandinavian Bronze Age.


Question: What museum is the Egtved girl in?

Egtved's Girl

Further investigation indicates that the girl may have been from southern Germany and may have travelled between Denmark and southern Germany several times before her death in Denmark.


Question: What museum is the Egtved girl in?

Egtved's Girl

[3] [4] The oak coffin and the remains of the deceased belong to a fixed exhibition at the National Museum of Denmark in Copenhagen.


Question: What museum is the Egtved girl in?

Egtved's Girl

A museum demonstration space free to the public has also been built next to Egtved's restored burial mound.


Question: What museum is the Egtved girl in?

Egtved's Girl

[3] [4] Research history In February 1921, Peter Platz, an Egtvedic farmer, was leveling a burial mound in his field.


Question: What museum is the Egtved girl in?

Egtved's Girl

While doing this, he encountered a log tree at the eastern edge of the mound, which he began to suspect as the interior structure of the tomb.


Question: What museum is the Egtved girl in?

Egtved's Girl

He interrupted his work and announced his discovery by letter to the Danish National Museum in Copenhagen.


Question: What museum is the Egtved girl in?

Egtved's Girl

Senior archaeologist Thomas Thomsen arrived at the site, who noted the structure to be an Early Bronze Age burial mound.


Question: What museum is the Egtved girl in?

Egtved's Girl

Three decades had passed since the previous oak coffin find, so the coffin wanted to be well examined and it was transferred as such to the National Museum.


Question: What museum is the Egtved girl in?

Egtved's Girl

There it was studied by archaeologist Thomsen and consenvators Gustav Rosenberg and Julius Raklev.


Question: What museum is the Egtved girl in?

Egtved's Girl

Their thorough research and careful conservation of their findings has allowed current, 100 years later, further studies.


Question: What museum is the Egtved girl in?

Egtved's Girl

[5] [1] Thomsen still returned back to Egtved to examine the remains of the burial mound.


Question: What museum is the Egtved girl in?

Egtved's Girl

He heard from Platz that four years earlier he had uncovered a paved area of the ground from the girl's grave four metres south.


Question: What museum is the Egtved girl in?

Egtved's Girl

The stones were a relic of another tomb that had been destroyed possibly in grave robbery much earlier.


Question: What museum is the Egtved girl in?

Egtved's Girl

Since the second grave was located half a meter higher than the girl's grave, Thomsen speculated this burial took place later.


Question: What museum is the Egtved girl in?

Egtved's Girl

Platz had removed the stones from their place and then leveled the site.


Question: What museum is the Egtved girl in?

Egtved's Girl

[1] [2] In 1981, the remains of the burial mound were examined once more, just in case.


Question: What museum is the Egtved girl in?

Egtved's Girl

It was then that the 22-metre-diameter mark left by the burial mound structures on its platform was noticed.


Question: What museum is the Egtved girl in?

Egtved's Girl

Around the edge of the mound were visible remnants of paving, which in ancient times has been apparently comprehensive and uniform.


Question: What museum is the Egtved girl in?

Egtved's Girl

Excavations also found that there were traces of another mound adjacent to the main mound and on its southern side.


Question: What museum is the Egtved girl in?

Egtved's Girl

Finally, an urn burial was noted at the south-western edge of the mound, which was attached to the urn field culture that existed at the end of the Bronze Age and the beginning of the Iron Age.


Question: What museum is the Egtved girl in?

Egtved's Girl

After excavations had been completed, the burial mound was reconstructed to its original dimensions.


Question: What museum is the Egtved girl in?

Egtved's Girl

The burial mound is an attraction of Egtved together with an exhibition space about the tomb.


Question: What museum is the Egtved girl in?

Egtved's Girl

[1] In 1991, dendrocological dating of the annual rings of the oak coffin was made, giving the year 1370 BCE as the year when the tree was felled.


Question: What museum is the Egtved girl in?

Egtved's Girl

Assuming that the oak was felled in the same year as the girl was buried, it is possible to accurately determine the year of the girl's death.


Question: What museum is the Egtved girl in?

Egtved's Girl

Generally, archaeological timings include a margin of error of 100—200 years.


Question: What museum is the Egtved girl in?

Egtved's Girl

[1] In 2015, the ratios of carbon isotopes and strontium isotopes of the deceased, the child and some of the tomb antimes were studied.


Question: What museum is the Egtved girl in?

Egtved's Girl

Their results can be considered certain that both the girl and the child and the materials for the clothing and the bovine hides were from anywhere other than Denmark or northern Germany.


Question: What museum is the Egtved girl in?

Egtved's Girl

It has been speculated in the public eye, relying on the prevailing contemporary perception, that their origins should be sought in southern Germany and the surroundings of the Black Forest Mountains there.


Question: What museum is the Egtved girl in?

Egtved's Girl

From there when we came into close contact with Denmark just in the early Bronze Age.


Question: What museum is the Egtved girl in?

Egtved's Girl

[1] Burial The deceased was buried from an oak tree trunk in a coffin hollowed out with an axe.


Question: What museum is the Egtved girl in?

Egtved's Girl

The external length of the coffin oni 2.00—2.18 metres and the internal length of the hollowed trough is 1.80 metres long.


Question: What museum is the Egtved girl in?

Egtved's Girl

The tree trunk is 0.68 meters wide and 0.53 meters thick.


Question: What museum is the Egtved girl in?

Egtved's Girl

Both halves belong to the same truncated tree trunk that was split for this purpose.


Question: What museum is the Egtved girl in?

Egtved's Girl

The coffin was laid in the ground on top of a stone mattress and covered with a 4—5 metre high mound of earth.


Question: What museum is the Egtved girl in?

Egtved's Girl

The girl was set to lie in a coffin on her back, legs straight and her arm straight parallel to her body.


Question: What museum is the Egtved girl in?

Egtved's Girl

He has been an estimated 160 centimeters tall [2].


Question: What museum is the Egtved girl in?

Egtved's Girl

The bottom of the coffin was padded with bovine hides and different parts of the coffin were laid out according to the grave dishes.


Question: What museum is the Egtved girl in?

Egtved's Girl

Finally, everything was covered with a woolen blanket, on top of which yarrow was put on the knees.


Question: What museum is the Egtved girl in?

Egtved's Girl

Finally, everything is wrapped with beef hides tightly together before closing the coffin lid.


Question: What museum is the Egtved girl in?

Egtved's Girl

[3] [5] [1] [6] [2] Hair, brain, teeth, nails and some skin have been preserved from the deceased.


Question: What museum is the Egtved girl in?

Egtved's Girl

The bones and other tissue of the deceased have been completely broken down.


Question: What museum is the Egtved girl in?

Egtved's Girl

The clothing has been very well preserved.


Question: What museum is the Egtved girl in?

Egtved's Girl

He had been wearing a short sleeve shirt made of coarse-yarned wool fabric [4].


Question: What museum is the Egtved girl in?

Egtved's Girl

The string hame had extended up to the knees and was made with a tie of strings.


Question: What museum is the Egtved girl in?

Egtved's Girl

The feet were wrapped in rough pieces of fabric, but no shoes have been found in the coffin [7].


Question: What museum is the Egtved girl in?

Egtved's Girl

There was a woven belt at the waist or abdomen, to which a circular belt plate made of bronze and decorated with spiral patterns was attached.


Question: What museum is the Egtved girl in?

Egtved's Girl

There was also a comb made of horn attached to the belt.


Question: What museum is the Egtved girl in?

Egtved's Girl

There had been bronze rings on his hands and an earring in one ear.


Question: What museum is the Egtved girl in?

Egtved's Girl

A box made of tree bark containing a hairnet and a bronze bone-handle awl was placed next to his face [1].


Question: What museum is the Egtved girl in?

Egtved's Girl

A brat cup with remnants of some sort of dried beer had been placed next to his feet.


Question: What museum is the Egtved girl in?

Egtved's Girl

Next to this, the burned bones of a 5-6-year-old child wrapped in a cloth cyst were found.


Question: What museum is the Egtved girl in?

Egtved's Girl

[3] [5] [1] Conclusions from studies Clothing The girl's skirt was made of down hanging strings attached at both ends to the edge braids of the skirt.


Question: What museum is the Egtved girl in?

Egtved's Girl

The skirt was 38 centimeters long but was wrapped twice around the waist.


Question: What museum is the Egtved girl in?

Egtved's Girl

The skirt is the same type that has been commonly worn in Bronze Age Scandinavia.


Question: What museum is the Egtved girl in?

Egtved's Girl

Similar skirts have also been depicted in small bronze fugutures found near Næstved in Grevensvænge, Zealand.


Question: What museum is the Egtved girl in?

Egtved's Girl

Figurines show girls performing ritual dancing.


Question: What museum is the Egtved girl in?

Egtved's Girl

If the type of skirt and rituals are related, one could decorate a bronze belt plate to get an interesting additional explanation.


Question: What museum is the Egtved girl in?

Egtved's Girl

On the other hand, belt plates are also found in other graves, where older women are buried.


Question: What museum is the Egtved girl in?

Egtved's Girl

The girl seems unmarried, for older women the skirt has been long.


Question: What museum is the Egtved girl in?

Egtved's Girl

[8] [9] The girl's shirt was made of fabric woven from wool threads, with wool coming from a place other than Denmark.


Question: What museum is the Egtved girl in?

Egtved's Girl

This could be seen directly by examining the fabric, as already Thomsen had mentioned that the quality of the wool was finer than Danish wool.


Question: What museum is the Egtved girl in?

Egtved's Girl

The wool material or finished shirt was thus purchased or brought with them elsewhere.


Question: What museum is the Egtved girl in?

Egtved's Girl

It should be remembered that in the summer we dressed more lightly and perhaps a more laden wool was used against the skin, but on the other hand it can also be a sign of prosperity.


Question: What museum is the Egtved girl in?

Egtved's Girl

[4] [10] [1] [11] Imitation of a shirt in Egtved Museum Imitations of a skirt and a reel at Egtved Museum Possible impression of a girl Bovine bleed Bovine hides is partially earthen.


Question: What museum is the Egtved girl in?

Egtved's Girl

The leathery part of the hide has not been preserved, but the long hair of the bovine has been preserved as good as the girl's hair.


Question: What museum is the Egtved girl in?

Egtved's Girl

Even if the girl's body is earthen, the trace left by her body in the hide can be deduced from the depressions of the hair and the position of the hair.


Question: What museum is the Egtved girl in?

Egtved's Girl

It is seen from this trail that the girl was slender in body structure and that she was about 160 centimetres tall.


Question: What museum is the Egtved girl in?

Egtved's Girl

[4] [10] [1] The beer container in the birch pit located at the base of the divides contained brown matter.


Question: What museum is the Egtved girl in?

Egtved's Girl

Analysis suggests the substance would have been residue of a dehydrated drink.


Question: What museum is the Egtved girl in?

Egtved's Girl

The chemical structure of the substance would indicate a fermented beverage that would have been some kind of beer.


Question: What museum is the Egtved girl in?

Egtved's Girl

The drink should be mixed with sweet honey, because pollen of 55 plants was found in the plaster.


Question: What museum is the Egtved girl in?

Egtved's Girl

The drink was made from lingonberries or cranberries mixed with at least wheat seeds and swamp myrtle.


Question: What museum is the Egtved girl in?

Egtved's Girl

Kippo was located at the foot end of the coffin and it is thought that it must have been drunk before the final closure of the coffin.


Question: What museum is the Egtved girl in?

Egtved's Girl

[12] Bronze belt plate The round belt plate was attached to the braided belt that was at the waist and was located roughly at the girl's navel when found.


Question: What museum is the Egtved girl in?

Egtved's Girl

The discus was decorated with ornaments and double spiral patterns concentrically orbiting the center of the reel at various distances.


Question: What museum is the Egtved girl in?

Egtved's Girl

In the middle of the reel is located a knob of a kind on the shield.


Question: What museum is the Egtved girl in?

Egtved's Girl

Near the knob it is circled by two narrow ornaments.


Question: What museum is the Egtved girl in?

Egtved's Girl

Next, they are surrounded by ten spiral patterns that follow each other and are attached to each other.


Question: What museum is the Egtved girl in?

Egtved's Girl

The spirals are orbited by two adjacent ornament rings, and around these 17 similar spirals as above.


Question: What museum is the Egtved girl in?

Egtved's Girl

Two ornament rings rotate the outer edge of the disc.


Question: What museum is the Egtved girl in?

Egtved's Girl

The quality of the bronze metal refers to the quality of bronze produced in the Alpine regions.


Question: What museum is the Egtved girl in?

Egtved's Girl

The spiral pattern of the disc is the same as seen in many contexts connected to the solar cult and has been prevalent in Scandinavia since that time.


Question: What museum is the Egtved girl in?

Egtved's Girl

[4] [10] The girl's hair, teeth and nails 27 teeth were found in the coffin and used to deduce the girl's age.


Question: What museum is the Egtved girl in?

Egtved's Girl

He has been aged between 16 and 18 when he died.


Question: What museum is the Egtved girl in?

Egtved's Girl

From the girl are also preserved hair and nails of medium length.


Question: What museum is the Egtved girl in?

Egtved's Girl

Her hair had been free from behind and it extended to her shoulders, but from the front they had been cut short.


Question: What museum is the Egtved girl in?

Egtved's Girl

Scientists have analysed trace elements found in hair, teeth and nails to determine where the girl lives.


Question: What museum is the Egtved girl in?

Egtved's Girl

Since hair and nails grow slowly and at the same time they accumulate trace elements from food, conclusions can be drawn from them about the quality of nutrition and the area of growth of food.


Question: What museum is the Egtved girl in?

Egtved's Girl

The results of the analysis differed so much from the local comparison results, so the girl's place to live began to be searched elsewhere than Denmark.


Question: What museum is the Egtved girl in?

Egtved's Girl

Of the trace elements, the distribution of different isotopes of strontium samples the full part in the search.


Question: What museum is the Egtved girl in?

Egtved's Girl

[4] [1] The strontium isotope concentrations in the samples differ from reference samples from Denmark and northern Germany.


Question: What museum is the Egtved girl in?

Egtved's Girl

Possible places of residence of the girl could thus have been Sweden, Norway, Western or Southern Europe.


Question: What museum is the Egtved girl in?

Egtved's Girl

At the same time, taking into account generalities about the situation in the Early Bronze Age, it was reported as the strongest candidate for the settlement area around the Black Forest in southern Germany.


Question: What museum is the Egtved girl in?

Egtved's Girl

Since nails and long hair grow slowly, trace elements are stored in them for a long period of time.


Question: What museum is the Egtved girl in?

Egtved's Girl

The analysis cut samples from a 23 centimeter-long hair sample and finger fingernail at different points that corresponded temporally to different times in the recent past.


Question: What museum is the Egtved girl in?

Egtved's Girl

The dates could be deduced by knowing the normal growth rates of hair and nails.


Question: What museum is the Egtved girl in?

Egtved's Girl

Investigators have been able to tell us that the girl had travelled back and forth between southern Germany and Denmark in the last 23 months of her life.


Question: What museum is the Egtved girl in?

Egtved's Girl

The journey has apparently been folded by boat, as otherwise it is difficult to comprehend folding such a long distance several times.


Question: What museum is the Egtved girl in?

Egtved's Girl

About 13 to 15 months before his death, he had, according to trace element comparisons, lived in similar conditions where he had been born.


Question: What museum is the Egtved girl in?

Egtved's Girl

Subsequently, he had travelled to another habitat in what may have been Denmark's Jutland.


Question: What museum is the Egtved girl in?

Egtved's Girl

After spending nine to 10 months there, he had returned to an area that has resembled his birthplace, and had spent four to six months there.


Question: What museum is the Egtved girl in?

Egtved's Girl

From here he had travelled to Egtved, where he had had time to spend at least a month before his death.


Question: What museum is the Egtved girl in?

Egtved's Girl

The brevity of the period after return was observed precisely from the concentrations on the nails.


Question: What museum is the Egtved girl in?

Egtved's Girl

[4] [10] [6] The girl's tooth enamel provides information about the chemical features of the environment at the time of tooth formation, i.e. when the girl had been around 3—4 years old.


Question: What museum is the Egtved girl in?

Egtved's Girl

The sample does not match the corresponding trace element distribution available in Denmark, so these age years had the girl spent elsewhere.


Question: What museum is the Egtved girl in?

Egtved's Girl

An attempt was made to isolate a genetic lineage from the girl's hair as well, but the genome had been destroyed in the damp and acidic conditions of the oak coffin too much.


Question: What museum is the Egtved girl in?

Egtved's Girl

However, the quality of the protein contained in the dietary protein could be inferred from the distribution of carbon isotopes in hair samples.


Question: What museum is the Egtved girl in?

Egtved's Girl

He had usually ingested non-marine protein as a nourishment, but in between such stages (while traveling) there were signs of low-protein nutrition.


Question: What museum is the Egtved girl in?

Egtved's Girl

[10] Researcher Kristian Kristiansen of the University of Gothenburg explains that two close-knit communities existed in Denmark and southern Germany during the Early Bronze Age, with archaeological finds both rich and quite similar.


Question: What museum is the Egtved girl in?

Egtved's Girl

The communities had possibly been kingdoms or at least chiefdoms and had traded closely with each other.


Question: What museum is the Egtved girl in?

Egtved's Girl

Kristiansen's guess is that the Egtved girl would have been married to Denmark in order to strengthen commercial ties.


Question: What museum is the Egtved girl in?

Egtved's Girl

Some of the researchers consider the girl unmarried.


Question: What museum is the Egtved girl in?

Egtved's Girl

[4] [10] The burnt bones of the child and the remains of teeth had been placed in the girl's grave a cloth dumpling containing the burnt bones of a child.


Question: What museum is the Egtved girl in?

Egtved's Girl

It has been inferred from the dimensions and shapes of burned bones and preserved teeth that they belonged to a child between 5 and 6 years old.


Question: What museum is the Egtved girl in?

Egtved's Girl

The child had been too old to be the own child of the deceased aged 16—18.


Question: What museum is the Egtved girl in?

Egtved's Girl

It seems peculiar, therefore, that the remains of the cremated child were placed in the body burial.


Question: What museum is the Egtved girl in?

Egtved's Girl

One presumption is that the child would have been a ritual human sacrifice.


Question: What museum is the Egtved girl in?

Egtved's Girl

Conjectures of the same nature have been put forward from another burial studied in the 1980s.


Question: What museum is the Egtved girl in?

Egtved's Girl

A fine burial of a woman found south of Skelde was investigated on the Broagerland Peninsula in southern Jutland, where the bones of a burned adult had been placed at the legs of the deceased.


Question: What museum is the Egtved girl in?

Egtved's Girl

The burned bones were thought then to belong to the slave who served him.


Question: What museum is the Egtved girl in?

Egtved's Girl

[7] [1] The child's bones were found not only in the cloth but also in the girl's clothes and in the birch box.


Question: What museum is the Egtved girl in?

Egtved's Girl

Why this had been done is not understood.


Question: What museum is the Egtved girl in?

Egtved's Girl

No genetic lineage has been preserved from the bones due to burning, but their strontium isotope analysis shows that the child had also come from a place other than Denmark.


Question: What museum is the Egtved girl in?

Egtved's Girl

[10] [1] Traveling and trading between southern Germany and Denmark was underway with commodities changing hands in signs of barter.


Question: What museum is the Egtved girl in?

Egtved's Girl

Repeated travel between Denmark and some distant region, revealed by the girl's hair, suggests just trading.


Question: What museum is the Egtved girl in?

Egtved's Girl

The burial shows no information about her community other than the child's remains, but the importance of the girl to the community that buried her had been great.


Question: What museum is the Egtved girl in?

Egtved's Girl

Few people of that age received a coffin burial in the burial mound in the Early Bronze Age.


Question: What museum is the Egtved girl in?

Egtved's Girl

[1] [13] Sources on the topic elsewhere Kalmistopiiri:, 21.5.2015, added 1.4.2018 Sissels Blogg: — Tidig Bronsålder (1370 F.kr), Denmark.


Question: What museum is the Egtved girl in?

Egtved's Girl

: shows on video how to make a string skirt.Transclusion error: {{En}} is only for use in File namespace.


Question: What museum is the Egtved girl in?

Egtved's Girl

Use {{lang-en}} or {{en icon}} instead.


Question: What museum is the Egtved girl in?

Egtved's Girl

Check date values in: |accessdate= (help) CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link) Kirchhoff, Christian: (archived), contains photographs of Egtved finds and other tombs The Megalithic Portal:, 25 Jul 2015 Check date values in: |accessdate= (help) CS1 maint: unrecognized language ( link) Category:Danish relics Category:Scandinavian Bronze Age Persons Category:Ancient Tombs Category:Bronze Age clothing


Question: Does Leipzig have a port in town?

Frankfurt

Frankfurt am Main, shorter just Frankfurt, is the largest city in the state of Hesse in Germany and the fifth largest city in the country along the Main River.


Question: Does Leipzig have a port in town?

Frankfurt

In 843, Frankfurt became the capital of the East Frankish Empire, and in the 13th century it became its own city-state, the Free City of Frankfurt.


Question: Does Leipzig have a port in town?

Frankfurt

In 1866 it was annexed to Prussia and in 1871 to unified Germany.


Question: Does Leipzig have a port in town?

Frankfurt

Frankfurt is a major centre of economic life as well as Germany's most significant financial centre.


Question: Does Leipzig have a port in town?

Frankfurt

The European Central Bank, Deutsche Bundesbank, Frankfurt Securities Exchange and Frankfurt Fair (Frankfurter Messe) are located there.


Question: Does Leipzig have a port in town?

Frankfurt

The city is also a major ground and air transport hub.


Question: Does Leipzig have a port in town?

Frankfurt

[1] Frankfurt has a remarkably valuable art collection.


Question: Does Leipzig have a port in town?

Frankfurt

Well-known Frankfurt buildings include the Town Hall der Römer from the 15th century, Goethe's birthplace, and the cathedral, which dates back to 852.


Question: Does Leipzig have a port in town?

Frankfurt

The city university was founded in 1914.


Question: Does Leipzig have a port in town?

Frankfurt

Frankfurt was badly damaged by aerial bombardment in World War II, among other things, the Old Town was almost completely destroyed.


Question: Does Leipzig have a port in town?

Frankfurt

Frankfurt's three central attractions are located in close proximity to each other in the Old Town: Kaiserdom St. Bartholomäus, Römerberg and Paavalin Church ().


Question: Does Leipzig have a port in town?

Frankfurt

Frankfurt is home to approximately 748,000 people (2018) [2], and its metropolitan area of five million respectively, making it the second largest of Germany's metropolis.


Question: Does Leipzig have a port in town?

Frankfurt

The longer name Frankfurt am Main (Frankfurt on the Main River) is used when there is a risk of confusion with Frankfurt an der Oder on the Polish border.


Question: Does Leipzig have a port in town?

Frankfurt

History of the Frankish wading site as the centre of the eurozone The area of present-day Frankfurt am Main has been populated since the younger Stone Age.


Question: Does Leipzig have a port in town?

Frankfurt

Before year 100, a Roman military base developed in the Main Valley.


Question: Does Leipzig have a port in town?

Frankfurt

It was followed by the settlement of Nida by the Romans, which was located in the area of the present-day Heddernheim borough.


Question: Does Leipzig have a port in town?

Frankfurt

The Alemanns destroyed the colony with their attack.


Question: Does Leipzig have a port in town?

Frankfurt

There was a Frankish (Frank+Furt=Frankfurt or “Frankish ford”) king door on the north bank of the Main, which rose to its heyday in the 7th century.


Question: Does Leipzig have a port in town?

Frankfurt

The earliest written mention of Frankfurt am Main is in a document addressed by Charles the Great to the Regensburg Abbey of St. Emmeram on 22 February 794.


Question: Does Leipzig have a port in town?

Frankfurt

In 843 Frankfurt became the capital of the East Frankish Empire and in 1220 it gained the status of a free emperor city (Freie Reichsstadt).


Question: Does Leipzig have a port in town?

Frankfurt

There had been royal elections in Frankfurt since 1147, around the same time a wall was built around the city.


Question: Does Leipzig have a port in town?

Frankfurt

In 1356, it officially became the seat of electing the kings of Germany.


Question: Does Leipzig have a port in town?

Frankfurt

From 1562 to 1792, the city was the crowning seat of emperors.


Question: Does Leipzig have a port in town?

Frankfurt

In the 12th and 14th century, Frankfurt served as the main seat of the union of cities in the Rhine-Main region.


Question: Does Leipzig have a port in town?

Frankfurt

Around 1300, Frankfurt inherited the status of French Champagne as an intermediary of trade between the west and east and grew into a hub for European trade and goods traffic.


Question: Does Leipzig have a port in town?

Frankfurt

Frankfurt was in constant strife with the land counts of Hanau and Hesse, and the city's relations with the Archdiocese of Mainz were poor.


Question: Does Leipzig have a port in town?

Frankfurt

These confrontations lasted all the way into the 19th century.


Question: Does Leipzig have a port in town?

Frankfurt

This century-old feud has been seen as one of the reasons Wiesbaden became the capital of Hesse instead of Frankfurt.


Question: Does Leipzig have a port in town?

Frankfurt

In the 16th and 17th century, the development of the town was overshadowed by Jewish persecutions and disputes among Lutherans and Calvinists.


Question: Does Leipzig have a port in town?

Frankfurt

Despite this, the arts, sciences and business began to flourish in the 16th century.


Question: Does Leipzig have a port in town?

Frankfurt

From the 15th century until the 17th century Frankfurt held the most significant book fair in Germany.


Question: Does Leipzig have a port in town?

Frankfurt

The tradition was revived again in 1949.


Question: Does Leipzig have a port in town?

Frankfurt

In the late days of the Old Empire, in 1806, Prince-Priimas Karl Theodor von Dalberg merged Frankfurt with the Principalities of Regensburg and Aschaffenburg.


Question: Does Leipzig have a port in town?

Frankfurt

In 1810 Dalberg lost Regensburg to Bavaria, gaining territories from Hanau and Fulda, as a recompense, which together with Frankfurt and Aschaffenburg formed the short-lived Grand Duchy of Frankfurt between 1810 and 1813.


Question: Does Leipzig have a port in town?

Frankfurt

On 8 June 1815, the Congress of Vienna decided to restore to Frankfurt the status of a free city in connection with the new German union.


Question: Does Leipzig have a port in town?

Frankfurt

The Bundestag was held in Frankfurt.


Question: Does Leipzig have a port in town?

Frankfurt

The so-called Pre-Parliament and National Assembly met in Frankfurt in 1848 to plan for the confluence of Germany.


Question: Does Leipzig have a port in town?

Frankfurt

In the Prussian-Austrian War of 1866, Frankfurt remained loyal to the German alliance.


Question: Does Leipzig have a port in town?

Frankfurt

Public opinion remained more on the side of Austria and the emperor, although some felt economic and foreign policy reasons were in favour of voluntary accession to Prussia.


Question: Does Leipzig have a port in town?

Frankfurt

On 18 July Prussian troops occupied Frankfurt and on 2 October it was annexed to Prussia and thus Germany.


Question: Does Leipzig have a port in town?

Frankfurt

Thus Frankfurt lost its status as an independent city-state for good.


Question: Does Leipzig have a port in town?

Frankfurt

The accession to Prussia meant rapid growth for the city into an industrial center.


Question: Does Leipzig have a port in town?

Frankfurt

In the coming decades, the administrative area of Frankfurt doubled.


Question: Does Leipzig have a port in town?

Frankfurt

During the National Socialism period, 11134 Jews were deported from the city to be murdered.


Question: Does Leipzig have a port in town?

Frankfurt

Allied aerial bombardment during World War II destroyed about 70% of the city's building stock, including the near total destruction of the Old Town.


Question: Does Leipzig have a port in town?

Frankfurt

The cityscape, preserved from the Middle Ages, was lost forever and after the war saw the replacement of land efficient new architecture.


Question: Does Leipzig have a port in town?

Frankfurt

The US military administration had its headquarters in Frankfurt and soon the city became the joint administrative centre of the Trizone, or the US, French and British occupation zones.


Question: Does Leipzig have a port in town?

Frankfurt

In deciding the capital of the new federal republic, Frankfurt lost to Konrad Adenauer's favourite Bonn.


Question: Does Leipzig have a port in town?

Frankfurt

A house had already been built in Frankfurt for Parliament, now it houses the Hessischer Rundfunk public broadcaster.


Question: Does Leipzig have a port in town?

Frankfurt

The city's status as an economic centre was re-established and in 1998 it became the main seat of the European Central Bank.


Question: Does Leipzig have a port in town?

Frankfurt

[3] Climate Frankfurt's earliest temperature measurements are from December 1695.


Question: Does Leipzig have a port in town?

Frankfurt

There are continuous statistics since 1826.


Question: Does Leipzig have a port in town?

Frankfurt

Frankfurt and the Rhine-Main region are located in the northern part of the Upper Rhine Plain, which is one of the warmest regions of Germany in terms of climate.


Question: Does Leipzig have a port in town?

Frankfurt

For the period 1961—1990, the average annual temperature was 9.7°C (cf.


Question: Does Leipzig have a port in town?

Frankfurt

Berlin 8,9°C, Bremen 8,8°C, Essen 9,6°C, Hamburg 9,0°C, Munich 7,6°C, Stuttgart 8,7°C).


Question: Does Leipzig have a port in town?

Frankfurt

In November—December, there are one to two daily sun hours.


Question: Does Leipzig have a port in town?

Frankfurt

In January, the maximum daily temperature averages 3.8°C and the lowest is −1.1°C respectively (1971—2000 season).


Question: Does Leipzig have a port in town?

Frankfurt

On average, there is snow cover for seven days in January, and its depth rarely exceeds ten centimeters.


Question: Does Leipzig have a port in town?

Frankfurt

In Taunus, in the north-west of Frankfurt, however, snow is more abundant.


Question: Does Leipzig have a port in town?

Frankfurt

On average ten days a year, the temperature rises to over 30°C.


Question: Does Leipzig have a port in town?

Frankfurt

Occasional showers and thunderstorms make the climate quite variable.


Question: Does Leipzig have a port in town?

Frankfurt

There are 7—8 daily sun hours during the summer.


Question: Does Leipzig have a port in town?

Frankfurt

Especially in the midtown, the air is sometimes grinding hot.


Question: Does Leipzig have a port in town?

Frankfurt

In June—August, average temperatures are 17.1... 19.4°C and 1.6... 2.7°C respectively in December—February.


Question: Does Leipzig have a port in town?

Frankfurt

The lowest temperature measured (−21.6°C) is from January 1929 and the highest (+39.2°C) is from August 2003.


Question: Does Leipzig have a port in town?

Frankfurt

In the 1971—2000 season, the average temperature of the year increased by 0.4 degrees to 10.1°C.


Question: Does Leipzig have a port in town?

Frankfurt

Due to microclimatic differences, temperatures in the central city are on average 0.6°C higher than at the airport.


Question: Does Leipzig have a port in town?

Frankfurt

The average rainfall for the year is 611 millimetres (1971—2000).


Question: Does Leipzig have a port in town?

Frankfurt

The most rain is received in July (63mm on average), and the least in February (38mm).


Question: Does Leipzig have a port in town?

Frankfurt

The prevailing wind direction is westerly.


Question: Does Leipzig have a port in town?

Frankfurt

At the time of the summer solstice, the length of the day in Frankfurt is approximately 16 hours 20 minutes.


Question: Does Leipzig have a port in town?

Frankfurt

At noon, the sun's angle is 63°23 (solar declination: 23°26) and radiated power is 1089 W/m2.


Question: Does Leipzig have a port in town?

Frankfurt

For the winter solstice, the corresponding figures are 8 hours 4 minutes, 16°31 (-23°26) and 269 W/m2.


Question: Does Leipzig have a port in town?

Frankfurt

[4] Demographics In 1520 the population of Frankfurt am Main was about 10,000.


Question: Does Leipzig have a port in town?

Frankfurt

By 1605, the number of population doubled.


Question: Does Leipzig have a port in town?

Frankfurt

The population further doubled until 1810, when the town had 40000 inhabitants.


Question: Does Leipzig have a port in town?

Frankfurt

With industrialization, population growth accelerated so that in 1875 Frankfurt had 100,000 inhabitants.


Question: Does Leipzig have a port in town?

Frankfurt

Twenty years later, the population had more than doubled to 230000.


Question: Does Leipzig have a port in town?

Frankfurt

The population in 1925 was 467000.


Question: Does Leipzig have a port in town?

Frankfurt

The annexation of Hoechst am Main (31439 inhabitants 1925) into Frankfurt and the 1928 municipal junctions increased the city's population to 548,000.


Question: Does Leipzig have a port in town?

Frankfurt

World War II was fatal to Frankfurt's demographics.


Question: Does Leipzig have a port in town?

Frankfurt

With its 30000 Jews, the city was the second largest concentration of Jews in Germany in 1933.


Question: Does Leipzig have a port in town?

Frankfurt

By 1945, 12000 Jews had been murdered, the rest had been deported or had fled.


Question: Does Leipzig have a port in town?

Frankfurt

By the end of the war, there were about 100 Jews in the city.


Question: Does Leipzig have a port in town?

Frankfurt

4800 Frankfurt civilians and 12,700 soldiers were killed in the war.


Question: Does Leipzig have a port in town?

Frankfurt

A British air raid on 22 March 1944 saw 1001 people killed.


Question: Does Leipzig have a port in town?

Frankfurt

In 1939 the population of Frankfurt had been about 554000; in December 1945 it was no longer 358000.


Question: Does Leipzig have a port in town?

Frankfurt

The pre-war level was reached in 1951.


Question: Does Leipzig have a port in town?

Frankfurt

More than 150,000 dwellings were built to replace homes destroyed in the Great War between 1945 and 1964.


Question: Does Leipzig have a port in town?

Frankfurt

[5] In 1963, the population reached its asthic peak of 691257 inhabitants.


Question: Does Leipzig have a port in town?

Frankfurt

By 1986, it fell to 592411.


Question: Does Leipzig have a port in town?

Frankfurt

At the turn of the year 2009/2010 Frankfurt had an official population of 679664.


Question: Does Leipzig have a port in town?

Frankfurt

In twenty-three years, growth accrued 14.7 per cent.


Question: Does Leipzig have a port in town?

Frankfurt

The number of foreign nationals was 166177 and their share of the population of the city in 2010 was 24.3%.


Question: Does Leipzig have a port in town?

Frankfurt

[6] In the 2010s Frankfurt population growth has continued, along with the positive migration balance, natural population change has been positive, which is quite unusual in Germany.


Question: Does Leipzig have a port in town?

Frankfurt

[7] Boroughs Frankfurt has 46 boroughs.


Question: Does Leipzig have a port in town?

Frankfurt

The widest in its area is Sachsenhausen, where around 55000 people live in an area of 59,19km².


Question: Does Leipzig have a port in town?

Frankfurt

Most of the boroughs are suburbs and former independent municipalities that Frankfurt has absorbed into.


Question: Does Leipzig have a port in town?

Frankfurt

Some boroughs, such as Nordend with 54,000 inhabitants, originated during a period of rapid growth known as Gründerzeit in the 19th century.


Question: Does Leipzig have a port in town?

Frankfurt

Others have originally belonged to other boroughs and have grown further into their own boroughs, such as Dornbusch and Frankfurter Berg.


Question: Does Leipzig have a port in town?

Frankfurt

[8] Until the mid-19th century, the area of Frankfurt am Main encompassed the present boroughs Altstadt, Innenstadt, Bahnhofsviertel, Gutleutviertel, Gallusviertel, Westend, Ostend, Riederwald, Sachsenhausen, as well as parts of Nordend.


Question: Does Leipzig have a port in town?

Frankfurt

Beginning in 1877, numerous environmental municipalities were annexed to the city of Frankfurt.


Question: Does Leipzig have a port in town?

Frankfurt

With a population and area of the boroughs, Innenstadt Innenstadt (also Neustadt) is the central district of Frankfurt, the main city.


Question: Does Leipzig have a port in town?

Frankfurt

It forms a semi-hot perimeter to the north and east of the Old Town.


Question: Does Leipzig have a port in town?

Frankfurt

Other neighbouring boroughs include Bahnhofsviertel to the west, Westend to the northwest, Nordend to the north and Ostend to the east.


Question: Does Leipzig have a port in town?

Frankfurt

In the vestibule, Innenstadt borders the River Main.


Question: Does Leipzig have a port in town?

Frankfurt

On the vastarandah lies the borough of Sachsenhausen.


Question: Does Leipzig have a port in town?

Frankfurt

Frankfurt's most significant trading street, Zeil, is located in Innenstadt, as are the central squares Hauptwache, Konstablerwache and Roßmarkt.Notable buildings in the borough include the Old Opera (Alte Oper), the 47 metre-high late-medieval Eschenheimer Turm, the Securities Exchange (die Börse), Courthouse (Justizpalast) and Hotel Frankfurter Hof.


Question: Does Leipzig have a port in town?

Frankfurt

The quarter-kilometre high skyscraper Commerzbank Tower and the two-hundred-metre Main Tower are also located in Innenstadt.


Question: Does Leipzig have a port in town?

Frankfurt

[11] The borough of Sachsenhausen Sachsenhausen is the largest in Frankfurt in terms of area and population.


Question: Does Leipzig have a port in town?

Frankfurt

It accounts for 24% of the city's area and 8% of the population.


Question: Does Leipzig have a port in town?

Frankfurt

The earliest mention of Sachsenhausen is from 1192.


Question: Does Leipzig have a port in town?

Frankfurt

It is located south of the Main River.


Question: Does Leipzig have a port in town?

Frankfurt

Colloquially it is also referred to as Dribb de Bach (dribbe = that side, meaning across the river; as opposed to Hibb de Bach, meaning this side of the river).


Question: Does Leipzig have a port in town?

Frankfurt

Describing the idiosyncrasy of the borough is that it is characterised as a “city in the city”.


Question: Does Leipzig have a port in town?

Frankfurt

[12] In the Middle Ages, Sachsenhausen was inhabited mainly by fishermen, farm labourers and artisans.


Question: Does Leipzig have a port in town?

Frankfurt

During the 18th and 19th century, people from good incomes moved into the borough as well and became a popular outdoor recreation venue.


Question: Does Leipzig have a port in town?

Frankfurt

In Sachsenhausen there are various traditional and some very old apple cider cider poos (Apfelwein-Kneipe).


Question: Does Leipzig have a port in town?

Frankfurt

The look of the district has been enhanced by renovating buildings and attracting small shops and ateliers in addition to taverns.