Question: The number one largest urban area in Finland is Joensuu?

Joensuu

In the 2010s, the Palkeet Agency was established in Joensuu [14] and the Finnish Defence Forces Service Centre.


Question: The number one largest urban area in Finland is Joensuu?

Joensuu

[15] Population Joensuu's population has grown steadily since the city was founded.


Question: The number one largest urban area in Finland is Joensuu?

Joensuu

In 1850, only 129 people lived in the town.


Question: The number one largest urban area in Finland is Joensuu?

Joensuu

By 1870, there were already 2819 residents settled in the town and by 1890 4940 inhabitants.


Question: The number one largest urban area in Finland is Joensuu?

Joensuu

[16] Growth was slower in the 20th century before the Second World War (population 5971 people in 1939), [17] but significantly accelerated after the war.


Question: The number one largest urban area in Finland is Joensuu?

Joensuu

The fastest growth was in the 1950s and 1970s, when the population multiplied.


Question: The number one largest urban area in Finland is Joensuu?

Joensuu

The growth of the population was not only affected by the structural change of society from an agricultural society to a service society, which in general grew Finland's cities, but also by the regional union.


Question: The number one largest urban area in Finland is Joensuu?

Joensuu

In 1954, the then Pielisensuu Municipality was annexed to the city and so Joensuu received its current suburbs Hukanhauda, Karsiko, Mutala and Noljaka, among others.


Question: The number one largest urban area in Finland is Joensuu?

Joensuu

In the 1970s, the population was especially increased by the University of Joensuu (now University of Eastern Finland), founded in 1969.


Question: The number one largest urban area in Finland is Joensuu?

Joensuu

The latest jump in population growth can be explained by the association of municipalities on 1 January 2005.


Question: The number one largest urban area in Finland is Joensuu?

Joensuu

In other cases, the growth of the population of Joensuu has occurred in areas outside the “old city”, since, for example, in 1995 there were about 9200 Joensuu people living in the checkerboard area, which is approximately the same as 40 years before.


Question: The number one largest urban area in Finland is Joensuu?

Joensuu

The following graph shows the population trend of the town every five years since 1980.


Question: The number one largest urban area in Finland is Joensuu?

Joensuu

On 1 January 2013, the regional division used is as at the same time.


Question: The number one largest urban area in Finland is Joensuu?

Joensuu

Parishes According to the 2018 regional division, Joensuu has the following parishes of the Evangelical Lutheran Church of Finland: [18] Eno Parish Joensuu Parish Pielisensuu Parish Pielisensuu Parish Pyhäselä Rantakylä Parish Vaara-Karelia Parish These parishes form Joensuu Congregational Group.


Question: The number one largest urban area in Finland is Joensuu?

Joensuu

Among the parishes of the Finnish Orthodox Church in the Joensuu region, the Joensuu Orthodox Congregation operates.


Question: The number one largest urban area in Finland is Joensuu?

Joensuu

[19] Former parishes The following list lists the parishes abolished in the historical period in the present area of the city of Joensuu.


Question: The number one largest urban area in Finland is Joensuu?

Joensuu

[18] Kyytelysvaara Parish (merged with Tuupovaara Parish to become Vaara-Karelia Parish 2005) Tuupovaara Parish (merged with Kyytelysvaara Parish to become Vaara-Karelia Parish 2005) Education Colleges in Joensuu are University of Eastern Finland and Karelia University of Applied Sciences.


Question: The number one largest urban area in Finland is Joensuu?

Joensuu

The University of Eastern Finland's Joensuu campus studies approx.


Question: The number one largest urban area in Finland is Joensuu?

Joensuu

7,700 students and Polytechnic c.


Question: The number one largest urban area in Finland is Joensuu?

Joensuu

4,000 - some of these, though, at secondary points in schools in other cities.


Question: The number one largest urban area in Finland is Joensuu?

Joensuu

Vocational training in various fields is provided by North Karelia Vocational College Joensuu Technology and Culture, North Karelia Vocational College Joensuu services and North Karelia Adult College.


Question: The number one largest urban area in Finland is Joensuu?

Joensuu

In addition, the Joensuu Conservatory offers musical education.


Question: The number one largest urban area in Finland is Joensuu?

Joensuu

There are a total of 18 educational institutions operated by the City of Joensuu in primary school.


Question: The number one largest urban area in Finland is Joensuu?

Joensuu

Of these, there are 12 primary schools (including Nepenmäki School), 4 middle schools and 3 uniform schools.


Question: The number one largest urban area in Finland is Joensuu?

Joensuu

There are four upper secondary schools: Joensuu Lyceum Secondary School, Joensuu Normal School Secondary School, Joensuu Coeducational Secondary School and Upper Secondary School of Eastern Finland.


Question: The number one largest urban area in Finland is Joensuu?

Joensuu

The City of Joensuu also maintains a civic college in the Joensuu Region.


Question: The number one largest urban area in Finland is Joensuu?

Joensuu

Joensuu Sports Academy is a collaborative network of educational institutions that provides training and coaching for athletes.


Question: The number one largest urban area in Finland is Joensuu?

Joensuu

Transport links Joensuu is an important railway junction station.


Question: The number one largest urban area in Finland is Joensuu?

Joensuu

VR's long-distance services carry Joensuu south (Joensuu-Lappeenranta-Lahti-Helsinki), west (Joensuu-Pieksämäki) and north (Joensuu-Nurmes).


Question: The number one largest urban area in Finland is Joensuu?

Joensuu

The eastbound rail link to Ilomants has been no longer in passenger use for years, but timber is carried along it.


Question: The number one largest urban area in Finland is Joensuu?

Joensuu

Night trains to Joensuu were discontinued in September 2006.


Question: The number one largest urban area in Finland is Joensuu?

Joensuu

There are 16 local bus lines in Joensuu, 12 of which are operated by Savo-Karelian Linina and 4 operated by Savonlinna.


Question: The number one largest urban area in Finland is Joensuu?

Joensuu

Joensuu Airport is located in the municipality of Liper, 11km northwest of Joensuu city centre.


Question: The number one largest urban area in Finland is Joensuu?

Joensuu

There is a direct flight from Joensuu to Helsinki, where Finnair flies three to five flights a day.


Question: The number one largest urban area in Finland is Joensuu?

Joensuu

Inland waterway transport is served by the deep port of Ukonniemi in Penttilä district and a passenger port in the city centre.


Question: The number one largest urban area in Finland is Joensuu?

Joensuu

Joensuu is the main hub for road transport in North Karelia.


Question: The number one largest urban area in Finland is Joensuu?

Joensuu

The town is bypassed by a 26-mile-long freeway which was completed in its entirety in late summer 2014.


Question: The number one largest urban area in Finland is Joensuu?

Joensuu

The city can be reached by the following highways and highways: from Lappeenranta and Kajaani ((Helsinki) -Koskenkylä - Kajaani) from Kuopio and Sortavala (Turku - Niirala) to Varkaus (Pori - Joensuu) to Lieksa (Kontiolahti to Uuro VT 6) (Uuro - Nurmes) From the direction of Ilomantsi (Joensuu - Ilomantsi) Culture Joensuu is a lively cultural city.


Question: The number one largest urban area in Finland is Joensuu?

Joensuu

Music is an important part of Riversuu cultural life.


Question: The number one largest urban area in Finland is Joensuu?

Joensuu

Famous Finnish rock bands such as Hassisen Kone and Four Ruusua originate from Joensuu.


Question: The number one largest urban area in Finland is Joensuu?

Joensuu

The leading figures of these ensembles Ismo Alanko (Hassisen Kone) and Ilkka Alanko (Four Ruusua) are the most famous personalities from Joensuu today.


Question: The number one largest urban area in Finland is Joensuu?

Joensuu

Joensuu has been created by the University and other educational institutions.


Question: The number one largest urban area in Finland is Joensuu?

Joensuu

The University of Eastern Finland has a number of humanities, arts related and traditional studies training lines, and Karelia University of Applied Sciences offers degree programmes in fine arts, crafts, design, graphics and many media.


Question: The number one largest urban area in Finland is Joensuu?

Joensuu

The town also operates a conservatory and the Pekkala School of Fine Arts.


Question: The number one largest urban area in Finland is Joensuu?

Joensuu

The seven-day newspaper Karjalainen and the weekly weekly weekly weekly weekly newspaper Karelia are published in Joensuu.


Question: The number one largest urban area in Finland is Joensuu?

Joensuu

In addition, a free distribution magazine Karelian Heili appears in the city twice a week.


Question: The number one largest urban area in Finland is Joensuu?

Joensuu

The Joensuu Sub-Regional Library also serves as the Regional Library of North Karelia.


Question: The number one largest urban area in Finland is Joensuu?

Joensuu

Events and venues among the many cultural events in Joensuu are Ilosaarirock, Ilovaarirock, Popkatu, Folk Music Festival Hippa, Joensuu Music Festival, Joensuu Literary Event, Documentary Film Festival Viscult, rock film festival Rokumentti, film event A hint of Russia, Alone in the Rain dance event, Joensuu Gospel Festival, Supasoul Fest, Parafest and Joe's Night.


Question: The number one largest urban area in Finland is Joensuu?

Joensuu

Between 1981 and 1997 the Joensuu Song Festival event took place in the city, which fell into the financial loss it brought.


Question: The number one largest urban area in Finland is Joensuu?

Joensuu

Joensuu is home to the Philharmonic Orchestra, City Theatre and the modern film centre Tapio, which was reopened in 2005.


Question: The number one largest urban area in Finland is Joensuu?

Joensuu

The main cultural events are Lulurinne, City Theatre, Joensuu Arena, Carelia Hall, Conservatory, Karjaltalo, Ilosaari stage, Market Square, Film Centre Tapio, Pakkahuone, Art Centre Ahjo, Taitokortu and churches.


Question: The number one largest urban area in Finland is Joensuu?

Joensuu

Cultural personalities living in Joensuu include: Arto Halonen, film director Kari Hyttinen, photographic artist Simo Hämäläinen, writer Kyösti Kakkonen, art collector, businessman Jari Karttunen, dancer Matti Kettunen, writer Aino Kivi, theatre director Sanna Kurki-Suonio, musician Tuomas Lius, writer (Liperi) Timo Lavikainen, actor and musician Leena Leskinen, writer Risto Lång, dancer Matti Mäkelä, writer Tuomas Pyrhönen, organist Vihtori Rämä, theatre director Liisa Tavi, singer Tapani Tavi, poet Jaakko Teppo, songwriter Eeva Tikka, writer Heikki Turunen, writer Tuula-Liina Varis, writer Saara Tikka, painter Shrines Evangelical Lutheran and Orthodox main church are the main church running through the centre of Joensuu at opposite ends, and at the same time on opposite sides of the center, that is, the checkerboard area.


Question: The number one largest urban area in Finland is Joensuu?

Joensuu

The churches of the East and West look as if at each other across the city.


Question: The number one largest urban area in Finland is Joensuu?

Joensuu

At the southern end of Kirkkokatu on a small hill lies the main Lutheran church, Joensuu Church, representing Neo-Gothic in style.


Question: The number one largest urban area in Finland is Joensuu?

Joensuu

There are also four other Lutheran churches in the built-up area: Pielisensuu Church in Niinivaara, Noljaka Church, Rantakylä Church and Utra Wooden Church.


Question: The number one largest urban area in Finland is Joensuu?

Joensuu

There is also a small hill at the northern end of the church street, the main church of the Joensuu Orthodox Parish, St. Nicholas Church.


Question: The number one largest urban area in Finland is Joensuu?

Joensuu

The Church of St. Nicholas is a traditional Northern Russian Orthodox church in which a lot of wood has been used, and which was completed in 1887.


Question: The number one largest urban area in Finland is Joensuu?

Joensuu

In addition, there is another Orthodox church in Joensuu; St. John the Theologian Church of the Orthodox Seminary, whose architecture is Byzantine.


Question: The number one largest urban area in Finland is Joensuu?

Joensuu

In addition to these, the city of Joensuu has new areas including a dozen prominent Lutheran and Orthodox shrines, as well as a mosque.


Question: The number one largest urban area in Finland is Joensuu?

Joensuu

Literature: God's tabernacle among the people: Churches and chapels of the Evangelical Lutheran congregations in Joensuu.


Question: The number one largest urban area in Finland is Joensuu?

Joensuu

in 2003.


Question: The number one largest urban area in Finland is Joensuu?

Joensuu

Sports and sports The largest sports facilities in Joensuu are near the centre in Mehtimäki district.


Question: The number one largest urban area in Finland is Joensuu?

Joensuu

Multi-purpose hall Joensuu arena is the home hall for Joensuu's Kataja men's SM-national basketball team and Josba's SM-level-level floorball teams (7000 seating).


Question: The number one largest urban area in Finland is Joensuu?

Joensuu

The hall is quickly transformable for simultaneous training shifts of different species.


Question: The number one largest urban area in Finland is Joensuu?

Joensuu

In addition, the town has a racetrack, three ice rinks and a total of eight sports rinks including sports rinks in the rural area [20].


Question: The number one largest urban area in Finland is Joensuu?

Joensuu

King trotting was first held at the Bird's Bay racetrack in 1984 [21].


Question: The number one largest urban area in Finland is Joensuu?

Joensuu

Behind Joensuu Areena, the home stadium of Joensuu Maila, Kerubi Stadion, is located in Mehtimäki.


Question: The number one largest urban area in Finland is Joensuu?

Joensuu

The stadium has 2,500 covered seating and hosts other events such as concerts in addition to baseball matches.


Question: The number one largest urban area in Finland is Joensuu?

Joensuu

The stadium is named after the restaurant Kerub in Ilosaari.


Question: The number one largest urban area in Finland is Joensuu?

Joensuu

The Joensuu Ice Rink next to the arena is Jokiboys' home hall (5040 grandstand seats).


Question: The number one largest urban area in Finland is Joensuu?

Joensuu

In addition, there is a rallicross in the Joensuu region as well as a go-kart track at Liperi Upper Mylly, which is located near Joensuu Airport.


Question: The number one largest urban area in Finland is Joensuu?

Joensuu

Joensuu Central Field is the home ground of football team Jipo and the Elite Athletics Championships have been held there since 2008.


Question: The number one largest urban area in Finland is Joensuu?

Joensuu

The swimming pools in Joensuu are Vesikko located in Mehtimäki and Rantakylä Swimming Pool.


Question: The number one largest urban area in Finland is Joensuu?

Joensuu

Ball sports activities are offered in the commercially operated Fitness Oasis (tennis, squash, badminton and bowling).


Question: The number one largest urban area in Finland is Joensuu?

Joensuu

There are four Frisbee golf courses in Joensuu [22].


Question: The number one largest urban area in Finland is Joensuu?

Joensuu

The 1990 World's Strongest Man competition was held in Joensuu [23].


Question: The number one largest urban area in Finland is Joensuu?

Joensuu

Some of the largest sports clubs in Joensuu are Joensuun Juniper, founded in 1900, whose sports include basketball, figure skating, gymnastics, skiing and athletics.


Question: The number one largest urban area in Finland is Joensuu?

Joensuu

The Juniper men's basketball team has been successful in recent years at the SM-level, achieving two golds, six silver and four bronze in the 2000s.


Question: The number one largest urban area in Finland is Joensuu?

Joensuu

The basketball team has played at the championship league level in the 1970s, 1980s and 2000s.


Question: The number one largest urban area in Finland is Joensuu?

Joensuu

The basketball hobby in Joensuu grimed in the 1950s.


Question: The number one largest urban area in Finland is Joensuu?

Joensuu

Orienteering club Kalevan Rasti is one of the large Finnish orienteering clubs.


Question: The number one largest urban area in Finland is Joensuu?

Joensuu

It was founded in 1950 and has reaped success by winning Tiomila in 1983, 2010, 2011 and 2013 and Jukola Message in 2004, 2005, 2007 and 2012—2014, and 25-manna in 2005 and 2006.


Question: The number one largest urban area in Finland is Joensuu?

Joensuu

Salibandyseura Josba is one of Finland's oldest and most successful clubs in both men's and women's series.


Question: The number one largest urban area in Finland is Joensuu?

Joensuu

In ice hockey, Jokipojat plays for Men's Mestis.


Question: The number one largest urban area in Finland is Joensuu?

Joensuu

Under the name JoKP, or Joensuu's Kiekko-Pojat team was in the SM-liiga during the 1989—1990 and 1991—92 seasons, and in the SM-sarja which preceded the league in 1971—1972.


Question: The number one largest urban area in Finland is Joensuu?

Joensuu

In volleyball, men's club Mutalan Riento and women's club Joensuun Prihat play in 1 series.


Question: The number one largest urban area in Finland is Joensuu?

Joensuu

Riento's top players have included Jimmy Hernandez and Serbian chipper Bojan Gluvajić.


Question: The number one largest urban area in Finland is Joensuu?

Joensuu

In Pesäpallo, Joensuun Maila plays in Men's Superpesis and the team won the first men's Finnish championship in the club's history in 2018.


Question: The number one largest urban area in Finland is Joensuu?

Joensuu

Joensuun Maila stepped up to Superpesis for the 2004 season and has been playing continuously at this league level ever since.


Question: The number one largest urban area in Finland is Joensuu?

Joensuu

Of the men's football clubs, Jippo plays in the men's three.


Question: The number one largest urban area in Finland is Joensuu?

Joensuu

Joensuu Sports Divers is one of the largest diving clubs in Finland.


Question: The number one largest urban area in Finland is Joensuu?

Joensuu

The basic course in scuba diving is held annually.


Question: The number one largest urban area in Finland is Joensuu?

Joensuu

Trainers include some of the most experienced divers in the country.


Question: The number one largest urban area in Finland is Joensuu?

Joensuu

Successful athletes in the 1990s and 2000s Toomas Heikkinen, Joensuu sports motorists, Global Rallycross Championship 2013 Henri Häkkinen, Joensuu Shooters, Olympic bronze medalist in air rifle 2008 Jukka Keskisalo, Joensuun Kataja, European 3000 metres hurdles champion 2006 Aki Parviainen, Joensuun Kataja, World Javelin Throw Champion 1999 Kaisa Mäkäräinen, Kontiolahti Athletes, Biathlon World Champion 2011, three-time Biathlon Overall World Cup winner (2010-2011, 2013-2014 and 2017-2018) Markku Kyllönen, Jokipojat, former hockey player and current hockey coach.


Question: The number one largest urban area in Finland is Joensuu?

Joensuu

He represented Joensuu's Jokipoiki, Kärppi, Saipa and NHL club Winnipeg Jets among others in his career.


Question: The number one largest urban area in Finland is Joensuu?

Joensuu

The twinning towns of Joensuu are: Linköping, Sweden Tønsberg, Norway Ísafjörður, Iceland Hof, Germany Vilnius, Lithuania There is also a cooperation agreement with the following cities: Petrozavodsk, Sortavala and Suojärvi, Russia [24] Exploration destinations Botania, University of Eastern Finland Botanical Garden Tropical Butterfly Garden in Botania - Finland's only Joensuu Arena Joensuu Church (Josef Stenbäck, 1903) Eno Church Metla House Orthodox Church of St. Nicholas (v.


Question: The number one largest urban area in Finland is Joensuu?

Joensuu

1887) Museum of North Karelia Carelicum Sortavala miniature model (located in Carelicum) Sinkola livestock yard in Noljaka (for children) Kukkola farm Joensuu Art Museum Taito Quarter, Rantakadu's old wooden houses, opened 2006 market and market hall Change visitors interesting Karelia rowing in July Joensuu City Theatre Hasanniemi Summer Theatre Joensuu Philharmonic Orchestra Inland Sea Shipping Food culture Joensuu's keepers were named in the 1980s as Karelian grip table dishes: karelian pie, sultsina, vatruska, Discriminated, salted fish, salty, mushroom salad, sauerkraut, Karelian roast, potatoes, swede box, kiissel or berry warmth, as well as domestic beer.


Question: The number one largest urban area in Finland is Joensuu?

Joensuu

[25] See also Joensuu beaches (beaches) Joensuu islands Mehtimäki Joensuu parks Pielisjoki bridges List of known river suites List of public works of art and monuments in Joensuu Sources On the topic elsewhere * Category:Key Articles of Screening


Question: What is the capital of Kosovo?

Kosovo

Kosovo (,) is a partially recognized state in the Balkans in southern Europe.


Question: What is the capital of Kosovo?

Kosovo

The Republic of Kosovo gained independence from Serbia on 17 February 2008 through a unilateral declaration.


Question: What is the capital of Kosovo?

Kosovo

By 15 February 2018, Kosovo's independence has been recognized by 111 UN member states, as well as Taiwan, Order of Malta, Cook Islands and Niue.


Question: What is the capital of Kosovo?

Kosovo

Serbia has refused to recognize the declaration and still considers the region its autonomous province.


Question: What is the capital of Kosovo?

Kosovo

The largest city in Kosovo is Pristina (with almost 200000 inhabitants) and the second largest is Prizren (180000 inhabitants).


Question: What is the capital of Kosovo?

Kosovo

Kosovo covers an area of 10887km².


Question: What is the capital of Kosovo?

Kosovo

Its population was 1.73 million at the first census [1], although earlier different estimates had estimated the population to be significantly higher.


Question: What is the capital of Kosovo?

Kosovo

The Serb minority refused to participate in the census.


Question: What is the capital of Kosovo?

Kosovo

The population density is around 200 inhabitants per km², which is quite high in European terms.


Question: What is the capital of Kosovo?

Kosovo

Kosovo-Albanians live in abundance abroad, according to experts, up to about 700,000 to 850,000.


Question: What is the capital of Kosovo?

Kosovo

The largest ethnic group is Albanians, who, according to a 2001 World Bank study, account for about 88% of the population.


Question: What is the capital of Kosovo?

Kosovo

The largest minority group is Serbs (7%).


Question: What is the capital of Kosovo?

Kosovo

A smaller number are Turks, Bosniaks and Roma.


Question: What is the capital of Kosovo?

Kosovo

[2] Geography Kosovo covers an area of 10887km²; it borders Montenegro in the northwest, Serbia to the north and east, Macedonia to the south, and Albania in the southwest.


Question: What is the capital of Kosovo?

Kosovo

Much of the country is formed by broad river valleys at altitudes of 400-700 m, surrounded by mountains 2000—2500m high.


Question: What is the capital of Kosovo?

Kosovo

The highest peak is Gjeravica (2656 m).


Question: What is the capital of Kosovo?

Kosovo

[3] Kosovo has rivers descending into the Adriatic, Black Sea and Aegeian Sea.


Question: What is the capital of Kosovo?

Kosovo

The largest rivers are the Drini in the south of the country, the Lumi i Ibati, a tributary of the Morava and Danube in the north-west, and the Lepencë in the south-east, which converges with the Vardar and discharges through it into the Black Sea.


Question: What is the capital of Kosovo?

Kosovo

[4] The largest cities are Pristina, with about 198,000 inhabitants, and Prizren in the southwest with about 178000 inhabitants.


Question: What is the capital of Kosovo?

Kosovo

Twelve other towns have over 50000inhabitants.


Question: What is the capital of Kosovo?

Kosovo

[5] Kosovo has a continental climate: warm and dry in summer and autumn, rather cold in winter and abundant snowfalls.


Question: What is the capital of Kosovo?

Kosovo

The mountain and Mediterranean are the cause of regional differences.


Question: What is the capital of Kosovo?

Kosovo

[3] In Pristina in December and January and February, the average lowest temperature is on the frost side, while the average highest in August is 28.7 degrees.


Question: What is the capital of Kosovo?

Kosovo

[6] History Ancient History Illyrians considered possible linguistic ancestors of Albanians appeared in the Western Balkans around the 13th century BCE. Albanian is the only language in its own Indo-European branch, and is possibly the last relic of the language forms spoken by the Illyrians, though the point has not been proven.


Question: What is the capital of Kosovo?

Kosovo

[7] In antiquity Kosovo was part of a larger region called Dardania.


Question: What is the capital of Kosovo?

Kosovo

The region often warred with the growing Macedonia, and its southern part was overrun during the reign of Philip II, father of Alexander the Great.


Question: What is the capital of Kosovo?

Kosovo

The area later became part of the Roman Empire when it was conquered by Emperor Augustus in 28 BCE.


Question: What is the capital of Kosovo?

Kosovo

Middle Ages Slavs arrived in the Balkans in the 500—7th centuries Jaa.


Question: What is the capital of Kosovo?

Kosovo

[7] In the 12th century, Serbia became an independent kingdom, and Kosovo became the political, economic, religious and cultural centre of the country.


Question: What is the capital of Kosovo?

Kosovo

In this era several hundred Orthodox churches and monasteries were built there.


Question: What is the capital of Kosovo?

Kosovo

On 28 June 1389, the Battle of Kosovo Polje took place, with united Christian forces commanded by Serbs as well as troops of the Ottoman Empire as parties.


Question: What is the capital of Kosovo?

Kosovo

The Christian army lost.


Question: What is the capital of Kosovo?

Kosovo

Much of the Serb army collapsed, and over the next several years Serbia was weak against the Ottoman forces.


Question: What is the capital of Kosovo?

Kosovo

The region became an Ottoman vassal state in 1448 and was annexed to the Ottoman Empire in 1459 along with the rest of Serbia.


Question: What is the capital of Kosovo?

Kosovo

As part of the Ottoman Empire, Serbs gained fewer rights than during the era of Christian rulers, although serfdom was ended.


Question: What is the capital of Kosovo?

Kosovo

After Kosovo was annexed to the Ottoman Empire, it was still clearly Serb-majority, but the proportion of Albanians began to grow.


Question: What is the capital of Kosovo?

Kosovo

The vast majority of Kosovo Albanians converted to Islam during the Ottoman rule.


Question: What is the capital of Kosovo?

Kosovo

[8] From the 17th century to the end of the 19th century When there was a war between the Ottoman Empire and the Habsburg ruler family of 1683—1699, the Serbs rose in revolt.


Question: What is the capital of Kosovo?

Kosovo

When the Habsburgers retreated back north of the Danube, a large number of Serbs left Kosovo and left for Catholic territories controlled by the Habsburgs.


Question: What is the capital of Kosovo?

Kosovo

Subsequently, until the beginning of the 20th century, large numbers of Muslim Albanians from northern Albania migrated to Kosovo.


Question: What is the capital of Kosovo?

Kosovo

This process took about 200 years, and during that time some of the Serbs also changed language and religion.


Question: What is the capital of Kosovo?

Kosovo

Nineteenth-century Serb nationalism regarded the territory of Kosovo as the “cradle of Serbia”.


Question: What is the capital of Kosovo?

Kosovo

Many Serbs who remained Christians condemned the Albanians because they had adopted the religion of the enemy, the Ottoman Empire.


Question: What is the capital of Kosovo?

Kosovo

[8] In the second half of the 19th century, the first conflict between Albanians and Serbs occurred when Albanians sided with the Ottoman Empire in the War of 1876—1877.


Question: What is the capital of Kosovo?

Kosovo

Serbia warred alongside Russia and Bosnian rebels against a weakening Turkey, which brought Serbia full independence recognized by the Great Powers and in the 1878 Peace Treaty at the Congress of Berlin, Serbia regained Pristina as well as Mitrovica under its control.


Question: What is the capital of Kosovo?

Kosovo

20th century During World War I, Bulgaria and Austria-Hungary occupied Kosovo.


Question: What is the capital of Kosovo?

Kosovo

In 1918, the area passed to Serbia, which later became part of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia.


Question: What is the capital of Kosovo?

Kosovo

In World War II, the area was merged with Italian-controlled Albania.


Question: What is the capital of Kosovo?

Kosovo

In the 1960s and 1970s, many Serbs migrated from the province to Serbia in pursuit of a better standard of living, as Kosovo had become the poorest part of Yugoslavia.


Question: What is the capital of Kosovo?

Kosovo

During Socialist Yugoslavia, the situation for Albanians was good: Tito favored them and encouraged people to emigrate from Albania to Kosovo.


Question: What is the capital of Kosovo?

Kosovo

Kosovo's demographics became further Albanized.


Question: What is the capital of Kosovo?

Kosovo

In the period between World War II and Tito's death, the population of Albanians tripled in Kosovo as a result of Europe's largest birth rate as well as migration.


Question: What is the capital of Kosovo?

Kosovo

Kosovo was granted autonomous province status in 1974.


Question: What is the capital of Kosovo?

Kosovo

In the 1980s, Albanian students began to demand a more independent republic status for the region.


Question: What is the capital of Kosovo?

Kosovo

In November 1988, Albanians began renewed unrest that led to the suspension of the region's autonomy and its placing under a state of emergency.


Question: What is the capital of Kosovo?

Kosovo

This led to great discontent among the Albanian population.


Question: What is the capital of Kosovo?

Kosovo

The situation for the Albanians worsened significantly: they were left without work, education and medical care.


Question: What is the capital of Kosovo?

Kosovo

The supreme power in the province was given to Serbs.


Question: What is the capital of Kosovo?

Kosovo

Hundreds of thousands of Albanians were forced to flee abroad, including to Finland.


Question: What is the capital of Kosovo?

Kosovo

A resistance movement emerged, including declaring independence in 1991.


Question: What is the capital of Kosovo?

Kosovo

However, this was not recognised internationally.


Question: What is the capital of Kosovo?

Kosovo

Albanians initially made peaceful resistance until in 1996 the Kosovo Liberation Army (UÇK) started a guerrilla war that expanded into the Kosovo War.


Question: What is the capital of Kosovo?

Kosovo

Kosovo War and UN Administration The armed rebellion of the Kosovo Liberation Army UÇK, partly supported by the Albanian state, was at its most widespread in 1998, when it controlled up to half of the then province.


Question: What is the capital of Kosovo?

Kosovo

Western countries resented the military grips used by Serbs in defeating the insurgency.


Question: What is the capital of Kosovo?

Kosovo

In particular, the massacre by Serbs in Račak provoked Western countries to demand NATO troops in the region to secure peace.


Question: What is the capital of Kosovo?

Kosovo

This is something Serbia did not agree to.


Question: What is the capital of Kosovo?

Kosovo

In March 1999, NATO began bombing Serbia.


Question: What is the capital of Kosovo?

Kosovo

The decision was made because of Russian opposition without a mandate from the United Nations.


Question: What is the capital of Kosovo?

Kosovo

As a result of a ten-week bombing campaign, Slobodan Milošević of Serbia was forced to withdraw the army from Kosovo territory.


Question: What is the capital of Kosovo?

Kosovo

At the UN Security Council, Resolution 1244 decided that Kosovo would be part of Serbia and Kosovo would become a future status of broad autonomy.


Question: What is the capital of Kosovo?

Kosovo

Henceforth Kosovo was governed by the United Nations through its UNMIK department.


Question: What is the capital of Kosovo?

Kosovo

After the peacekeepers arrived, the Albanians began reprisals.


Question: What is the capital of Kosovo?

Kosovo

Largely more than a hundred churches and monasteries were destroyed, many during the 2004 riots.


Question: What is the capital of Kosovo?

Kosovo

[9] 280000 Serbs left Kosovo.


Question: What is the capital of Kosovo?

Kosovo

[10] In 2006, the Kosovo Albanian administration and Serbia negotiated under UN leadership on the final status of Kosovo.


Question: What is the capital of Kosovo?

Kosovo

In April 2007, UN chief negotiator Martti Ahtisaari outlined his plan, which would be implemented under international supervision.


Question: What is the capital of Kosovo?

Kosovo

In it, Kosovo would have gained controlled independence and the right to acquire its own national symbols.


Question: What is the capital of Kosovo?

Kosovo

Kosovo's Albanian-led government welcomed the proposal, while the Serb side rebuffed it.


Question: What is the capital of Kosovo?

Kosovo

Declaring independence, Serbia was willing to give Kosovo limited self-rule, but the Kosovo government accepted only full independence.


Question: What is the capital of Kosovo?

Kosovo

Negotiations on the issue tapered off in December 2007, and Kosovo declared independence on 17 February 2008.


Question: What is the capital of Kosovo?

Kosovo

All of the 109 Albanian parliamentarians present supported independence.


Question: What is the capital of Kosovo?

Kosovo

Ten delegates were missing from the session including all Serb delegates.


Question: What is the capital of Kosovo?

Kosovo

Serbia declared that it would never accept Kosovo's independence.


Question: What is the capital of Kosovo?

Kosovo

Russia asked the U.N. Security Council to meet over the issue.


Question: What is the capital of Kosovo?

Kosovo

[11] On February 18, 2008, UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon announced that UN Security Council Resolution 1244 remains in force and is being sought to be implemented in light of evolving circumstances.


Question: What is the capital of Kosovo?

Kosovo

[12] In July 2010, the UN International Court of Justice ruled that Kosovo's declaration of independence did not violate international laws.


Question: What is the capital of Kosovo?

Kosovo

The court heard the case on the initiative of Serbia.


Question: What is the capital of Kosovo?

Kosovo

However, the decision is not binding, but merely advisory.


Question: What is the capital of Kosovo?

Kosovo

According to Serbian President Boris Tadić, the decision will not change Serbia's attitude towards Kosovo.


Question: What is the capital of Kosovo?

Kosovo

Instead, Kosovo's president, Fatmir Sejdiu, feels it removes the rest of the doubts about Kosovo's independence.


Question: What is the capital of Kosovo?

Kosovo

[13] Sejdiu resigned from office in September 2010 after the Constitutional Court had declared that Sejdiu had violated the Constitution.


Question: What is the capital of Kosovo?

Kosovo

He had also served as leader of the LDK Party during his presidency.


Question: What is the capital of Kosovo?

Kosovo

[14] As of the summer of 2011, there was unease in northern Kosovo as local Serbs tried by barricades to prevent Kosovo authorities from taking control of border posts that would have controlled passage across the border.


Question: What is the capital of Kosovo?

Kosovo

[15] In early 2012, the nationalist Albanian organization Vetëvendosje attempted to march to border posts and close the border.


Question: What is the capital of Kosovo?

Kosovo

[16] 14—15 p.m.


Question: What is the capital of Kosovo?

Kosovo

On February 2012, a referendum was held in four municipalities in northern Kosovo asking whether residents accepted the institutions of the Republic of Kosovo.


Question: What is the capital of Kosovo?

Kosovo

99.74% of those who voted answered no.


Question: What is the capital of Kosovo?

Kosovo

[17] In 2013, Serbia and Kosovo signed an agreement negotiated by the European Union in Brussels on 19 April in which Serbia and Kosovo normalized their relationship.


Question: What is the capital of Kosovo?

Kosovo

[18] In the agreement, Kosovo will have its own country code of telephone numbers, and cooperation in energy and telecommunications will be normalised.


Question: What is the capital of Kosovo?

Kosovo

[19] As of autumn 2014, Kosovars can travel to Serbia without a passport.


Question: What is the capital of Kosovo?

Kosovo

More than 60,000 have also applied for Serbian passports, which can travel without a visa in the Schengen area.


Question: What is the capital of Kosovo?

Kosovo

Up to 100,000 have left the country since August by February 2015.


Question: What is the capital of Kosovo?

Kosovo

[20] According to the Minister of the Interior, the population of the country has decreased by 4% per year, in some cities by up to 7%.


Question: What is the capital of Kosovo?

Kosovo

[21] Meanwhile, thousands of Kosovo Albanians have arrived in Hungary, Austria and Germany as asylum seekers.


Question: What is the capital of Kosovo?

Kosovo

[22] Politics Kosovo is a parliamentary republic where the president does not have very much political power.


Question: What is the capital of Kosovo?

Kosovo

The Parliament of Kosovo is a unicameral National Assembly.


Question: What is the capital of Kosovo?

Kosovo

Of its 120 seats, 100 are allocated by direct popular election, 10 are reserved for ethnic Serbs and 10 are reserved for other ethnic minorities.


Question: What is the capital of Kosovo?

Kosovo

MPs are elected to four-year terms.


Question: What is the capital of Kosovo?

Kosovo

The president is elected by Parliament for a five-year term and all ministers.


Question: What is the capital of Kosovo?

Kosovo

[3] The government is headed by the Prime Minister.


Question: What is the capital of Kosovo?

Kosovo

Kosovo's international status is disputed.


Question: What is the capital of Kosovo?

Kosovo

It has declared independence, but the motherland Serbia has not recognised independence.


Question: What is the capital of Kosovo?

Kosovo

Kosovo's status divides the states of the world into two camps.


Question: What is the capital of Kosovo?

Kosovo

Many countries, including big parts of the Western world, have recognized Kosovo's independence, while some of the world's states Russia at the forefront and all the BRIC countries have said they do not recognise Kosovo before Serbia.


Question: What is the capital of Kosovo?

Kosovo

Of the European Union member countries, Spain, Slovakia, Romania, Greece and Cyprus have not recognized Kosovo's independence.


Question: What is the capital of Kosovo?

Kosovo

Finland was among the first to recognize Kosovo's independence on 7 March 2008.


Question: What is the capital of Kosovo?

Kosovo

Serbia immediately protested by summoning its ambassador to Helsinki home still the same day.


Question: What is the capital of Kosovo?

Kosovo

[23] Administrative division Kosovo is divided administratively into 7 administrative districts, which are subdivided into a total of 37 municipalities.


Question: What is the capital of Kosovo?

Kosovo

[5] Districts and MunicipalitiesNronimiserbiaNumber 2011 [5] (1991) Gjakova District3Gjakovađakovica94 1581deçanidečani38 98417rahoveciorahovac55 053.Junik-6 078Gjilan District5GjilanignJilane90 0158Kamenicakosovska Kakakosovska menica35 60027vitiaVitina46 959.kilokotKlikot2 551.parteshparteš1 787.ranlluGranilug3 785Mitrovica District14MitrovicaKosovska Mitrovica71 60111Albanik Leposaviqleposavić (16,395) 22Skënderaj Skederajsrbica51 317.trepca-28vushtrriavučitrn69 88129Zubin Potokuzubin Potok (8,479) 30ZveÇanizaRn69 88129Zubin Potokuzub Potok (8,479) 30ZveÇanizaRN69 Peja District18Pejapeć95 7236Burimi istogistok39 2949klinaklina37 585Pristina District20pristinaPriština198 2144Drenasi GllogocglogovaC58 57910Fushë KosovaKosovo Polje34 71812lipJanilipljan57 47415Artana NovobërdëNovo Brdo6 72016Kastrioti ObiliqObilić21 54819PodujevaPodujevo87 933RDërdënVo87 District21Prizreniprizren178 11225Theranda SuharekeSuva Reka59 70213MalishevaMališevo54 6642Dragashdragaš33 584.mamushamamuša5 513Ferizajn District26ferizajuroševac108 69024Shtimeštimlje27 2887kaçanikukačanik33 45423Shtërpcaštrpce6 913.Hani i Elezðiteneral Janković9 389 Economy The monetary unit of Kosovo used to be the Serbian dinar, but changed rapidly German mark and afterwards the euro.


Question: What is the capital of Kosovo?

Kosovo

Dinars are still used in the Serb-majority northern regions.


Question: What is the capital of Kosovo?

Kosovo

There are large areas of cultivable farmland in Kosovo.


Question: What is the capital of Kosovo?

Kosovo

The conditions for farming are excellent, but the lack of capital has led to relatively primitive farming with little use of machinery.


Question: What is the capital of Kosovo?

Kosovo

Kosovo has major problems with organised crime, which has risen strongly in the 21st decade and is considered one of the world's largest in terms of population proportions.


Question: What is the capital of Kosovo?

Kosovo

Kosovo has a lot of natural riches.


Question: What is the capital of Kosovo?

Kosovo

The Trepca mines in Kosovska Mitrovica house some of the largest lead, zinc and nickel discoveries in Europe.


Question: What is the capital of Kosovo?

Kosovo

Hydropower is also readily available; however, little use of this has been made.


Question: What is the capital of Kosovo?

Kosovo

In 2011, it was estimated that 13-15% of income is based on income sent home by Kosovars living abroad.


Question: What is the capital of Kosovo?

Kosovo

[24] Transport in Kosovo has eight airports, 430km of railway and 1706 km of paved road.


Question: What is the capital of Kosovo?

Kosovo

[3] There are working bus services between towns and large villages.


Question: What is the capital of Kosovo?

Kosovo

[25] Population according to World Bank 2001 study: [2] Albanians 88% Serbs 7% Muslims (Bosniaks) 1.9% Roma 1.7% Turks 1% According to the 1981 census, the population of Kosovo was 1584441 people.


Question: What is the capital of Kosovo?

Kosovo

Albanians were 77.7%, Serbs 13.2%, 3.7% “Muslims” (e.g.


Question: What is the capital of Kosovo?

Kosovo

Bosniaks and Gorans), 2.2% Roma, 1.7% Montenegrins, 0.8% Turks, 0.6% Croats, 0.2% Yugoslavs and 0.2% others.


Question: What is the capital of Kosovo?

Kosovo

Culture Kosovo became the center of culture, religion and politics of the Kingdom of Serbia in the 14th century.


Question: What is the capital of Kosovo?

Kosovo

During this period, Serbian kings built numerous Orthodox churches and monasteries in Kosovo such as Dečani Monastery.


Question: What is the capital of Kosovo?

Kosovo

It is central to Kosovo's Albanian culture that influences have been derived from different peoples over the course of history.


Question: What is the capital of Kosovo?

Kosovo

The Ottoman era has left its mark in the form of old mosques and baths, and some old Turkish traditions have survived somewhere.


Question: What is the capital of Kosovo?

Kosovo

However, the Ottoman influences have faded to a certain extent during the 1990s and have been replaced by the Western way of life.


Question: What is the capital of Kosovo?

Kosovo

Slavs have introduced loanwords and music into the culture.


Question: What is the capital of Kosovo?

Kosovo

Kosovo was accepted as a member of the International Olympic Committee in December 2014.


Question: What is the capital of Kosovo?

Kosovo

[26] Kosovan judoka Majlinda Kelmendi represented Albania at the 2012 London Olympics.


Question: What is the capital of Kosovo?

Kosovo

[27] At the Rio Olympics 2016 he won the first Olympic medal in Kosovo history, taking gold.


Question: What is the capital of Kosovo?

Kosovo

[28] The main league of Kosovo football is the Kosovo Superleague.


Question: What is the capital of Kosovo?

Kosovo

In 2015, the country's national football team was officially admitted as a member of Fifa.


Question: What is the capital of Kosovo?

Kosovo

The team played in the qualifiers for the 2018 World Cup with Finland in the same group.


Question: What is the capital of Kosovo?

Kosovo

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Question: What is the capital of Kosovo?

Kosovo

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Question: What is the capital of Kosovo?

Kosovo

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Kosovo

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Kosovo


Question: What is the capital of Kosovo?

Kosovo

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Question: What is the capital of Kosovo?

Kosovo

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Kosovo

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Kosovo

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Kosovo

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Question: What is the capital of Kosovo?

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Question: What is the capital of Kosovo?

Kosovo

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Question: What is the capital of Kosovo?

Kosovo

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Question: What is the capital of Kosovo?

Kosovo

News, comments from the region Category:Key articles of screening


Question: When was the Finnish ice wareholder movement started?

Ice Pitch Movement

Launched in late 1914 in Finnish male student circles and led to the formation of Jääkäribattalion 27, the Jääkäribattalion 27 was an initiative of activists to obtain military training for the detachment of Finland from Russia.


Question: When was the Finnish ice wareholder movement started?

Ice Pitch Movement

After the First World War in 1914, Finland was initially cautious in the circles of the Kagal and old activists of the First Repressive Resistance Group.


Question: When was the Finnish ice wareholder movement started?

Ice Pitch Movement

[1] In the men's matriculation circles, the ice movement emerged, which took as its goal the armed detachment of Finland from Russia.


Question: When was the Finnish ice wareholder movement started?

Ice Pitch Movement

Overall, 1895 volunteers began the Jääkärike training 1915—1918.


Question: When was the Finnish ice wareholder movement started?

Ice Pitch Movement

Of them, 1261 (67%) participated in the Finnish Civil War.


Question: When was the Finnish ice wareholder movement started?

Ice Pitch Movement

Of those involved, 128 (10%) fell in the fighting and 238 (19%) were wounded.


Question: When was the Finnish ice wareholder movement started?

Ice Pitch Movement

The Winter War involved 774 Icemen in all kinds of war duties in front and home forces, as well as civilian administrative duties in the army, of which 24 (3%) fell as well as 19 (2%) were wounded.


Question: When was the Finnish ice wareholder movement started?

Ice Pitch Movement

The Mannerheim Cross was awarded to 20 former Jäägers.


Question: When was the Finnish ice wareholder movement started?

Ice Pitch Movement

Forty-nine icemen were promoted to the general corps.


Question: When was the Finnish ice wareholder movement started?

Ice Pitch Movement

As the ice cap movement expanded, its social base widened, encompassing all folk layers.


Question: When was the Finnish ice cap movement started?

Ice Pitch Movement

Relative to the population, the largest number of icemen enlisted from Lake Kortes (the area today part of the city of Kauhava), who on this basis declared themselves to be a jockey.


Question: When was the Finnish ice cap movement started?

Ice Pitch Movement

Stages of the Ice Pass Movement The Central Committee of the Independence Movement considered it necessary to form a People's Army.


Question: When was the Finnish ice cap movement started?

Ice Pitch Movement

Military training could not be obtained in Finland, so it was sought abroad.


Question: When was the Finnish ice cap movement started?

Ice Pitch Movement

In January 1915, Germany announced its readiness to train 200 Finns.


Question: When was the Finnish ice cap movement started?

Ice Pitch Movement

Partly by lettuce, nearly two hundred young men moved first to Sweden and from there on to Germany to be trained for the Pfadfinder course (this was an alias referring to the Scouting movement).


Question: When was the Finnish ice cap movement started?

Ice Pitch Movement

[2] The Finns were trained at Lockstedt camp in Holstein.


Question: When was the Finnish ice cap movement started?

Ice Pitch Movement

In the autumn of 1915, Germany decided to raise the strength of the Finnish contingent to 2000 men.


Question: When was the Finnish ice cap movement started?

Ice Pitch Movement

A covert recruitment covering the whole country was initiated in Finland.


Question: When was the Finnish ice cap movement started?

Ice Pitch Movement

The busiest recruitment activities were in Uusimaa, Ostrobothnia and Karelia.


Question: When was the Finnish ice cap movement started?

Ice Pitch Movement

The following spring, the corps was formed into the Royal Prussian Jääger Battalion 27 under Major Maximilian Bayer.


Question: When was the Finnish ice cap movement started?

Ice Pitch Movement

[3] Russia received word of the ice cap movement in September 1915.


Question: When was the Finnish ice cap movement started?

Ice Pitch Movement

Of the 19 caught, 13 were taken to Špalernaya prison in Saint Petersburg, where 60 other activists had also been imprisoned, including Vihtori Kosola, Artturi Leinonen, Esko Riekki, Aarne Sihvo and Kyösti Wilkuna.


Question: When was the Finnish ice cap movement started?

Ice Pitch Movement

The “Bar-iceers” were released after the February Revolution of 1917.


Question: When was the Finnish ice cap movement started?

Ice Pitch Movement

The battalion took part in the fighting against Russia in the Baltics.


Question: When was the Finnish ice cap movement started?

Ice Pitch Movement

The Jääkärs swore an oath to the legitimate government of Finland in the church of Liepāja.


Question: When was the Finnish ice cap movement started?

Ice Pitch Movement

In the autumn of 1917, 60 ice kaurs entered Finland.


Question: When was the Finnish ice cap movement started?

Ice Pitch Movement

The Jääkärs had sought training for combat against Russia, but by the time of their return to Finland in early 1918 the situation had changed significantly.


Question: When was the Finnish ice cap movement started?

Ice Pitch Movement

In addition to the Russian forces, the opposing side had a working population of their own country organised as the Red Guard.


Question: When was the Finnish ice cap movement started?

Ice Pitch Movement

For this reason, about one third of the ice hangers did not return to Finland.


Question: When was the Finnish ice cap movement started?

Ice Pitch Movement

However, the main force of 950 men arrived in Vaasa on 25 February 1918 and moved mainly into the ranks of government forces.


Question: When was the Finnish ice cap movement started?

Ice Pitch Movement

They considered this to be specifically the Finnish War of Independence, which would effectively determine whether the country would be “free” from Russian rule.


Question: When was the Finnish ice cap movement started?

Ice Pitch Movement

Not all the ice keepers were as loyal to the regime as is widely believed.


Question: When was the Finnish ice cap movement started?

Ice Pitch Movement

Shortly after the Jääkäris' return to Finland for reasons related to the ice conflict, a group of Jakeers made an unsuccessful bomb attendant on General Mannerheim's staff train.


Question: When was the Finnish ice cap movement started?

Ice Pitch Movement

After the war, the vast majority of icebrees returned to civilian life.


Question: When was the Finnish ice cap movement started?

Ice Pitch Movement

The majority were laborers, small farmers and operatives; one in five had completed the baccalaureate.


Question: When was the Finnish ice cap movement started?

Ice Pitch Movement

Some glaciers rose to the pinnacle of economic or cultural life.


Question: When was the Finnish ice cap movement started?

Ice Pitch Movement

Some went on to military careers.


Question: When was the Finnish ice cap movement started?

Ice Pitch Movement

A few icemen migrated to Soviet Russia.


Question: When was the Finnish ice cap movement started?

Ice Pitch Movement

The vast majority of ice ranchers participated in the Winter and Continuation War.


Question: When was the Finnish ice cap movement started?

Ice Pitch Movement

A total of 49 Jäkär officers received the military rank of general, among them infantry generals Erik Heinrichs, Kaarlo Heiskanen, Taavetti Latakainen, Armas-Eino Martola, Aarne Sihvo, Alonzo Sundman, Paavo Talvela and Väinö Valve.


Question: When was the Finnish ice cap movement started?

Ice Pitch Movement

The influence of Jääkäres in the development of the Finnish Defence Forces was very large until the 1950s.


Question: When was the Finnish ice cap movement started?

Ice Pitch Movement

The last ice keeper, Jääkärikrikanal Väinö Valve died in 1995.


Question: When was the Finnish ice cap movement started?

Ice Pitch Movement

According to Matti Lackman, a Doctor of Philosophy who studied the ice carriage movement, the ice keepers committed treason on the basis of a law in force in Russia at the time [4].


Question: When was the Finnish ice cap movement started?

Ice Pitch Movement

The early 20th century activism, whose ideological heir, arose in response to the situation created together by the Russification measures and the acquiescence of some Finns, where Finland's self-governing status was threatened and the laws felt lost its relevance.


Question: When was the Finnish ice cap movement started?

Ice Pitch Movement

The abolition of their own Finnish military personnel and the threat of being forced to serve in Russian troop detachments on Russian soil strongly influenced moods.


Question: When was the Finnish ice cap movement started?

Ice Pitch Movement

[5] Activists felt that the prevailing illegal situation justified and obliged, if necessary, to respond to violence with violence.


Question: When was the Finnish ice cap movement started?

Ice Pitch Movement

A programme of activism was put forward in 1903, and an active opposition party was formed the following year.


Question: When was the Finnish ice cap movement started?

Ice Pitch Movement

In the activities of these early activists, future forms of activity of the Ickeers and Activists were foreshadowed by arms supplies such as the voyage of the SS John Grafton, the emergence of patronage municipalities during the Grand Strike, and the 1906 creation of the paramilitary Force League.


Question: When was the Finnish ice cap movement started?

Ice Pitch Movement

Revolutionary peacefulness in Russia still suppressed these forms of activity within 1906.


Question: When was the Finnish ice cap movement started?

Ice Pitch Movement

[6] Another period of repression began to develop in late 1908 and brought behind the force of Russian law in June 1910 to last until the end of the Russian Empire until March 1917.


Question: When was the Finnish ice cap movement started?

Ice Pitch Movement

The idea of Finland's independence was considered pending in party activities by activists, among others, in the magazine Framtid—Anti-Issue until its abolition in 1910 ended the old period of activism.


Question: When was the Finnish ice cap movement started?

Ice warp movement

[7] In the university's constituent municipalities, the idea of independence was fostered in various forms.


Question: When was the Finnish ice cap movement started?

Ice warp movement

In speeches at the Conferment Celebration in May 1914, the idea of independence was widely expressed, though cautiously worded.


Question: When was the Finnish ice cap movement started?

Ice warp movement

Many future prominent men appear in the conferment committee: Kai Donner, Väinö Kokko, Pehr Norrmén and Yrjö Ruuth (late.


Question: When was the Finnish ice cap movement started?

Ice warp movement

Screen).


Question: When was the Finnish ice cap movement started?

Ice warp movement

[8] Establishment Finland was placed in a state of war on 30 July 1914 [9]: Russian military leadership feared Germany would rise ashore and invade Finland.


Question: When was the Finnish ice cap movement started?

Ice warp movement

Critical targets in different parts of Finland began to be fortified by the forces of Finns hired for the “movails” but under Russian leadership.


Question: When was the Finnish ice cap movement started?

Ice warp movement

These works caused labour shortages in areas such as agriculture.


Question: When was the Finnish ice cap movement started?

Ice warp movement

On November 17, an extensive Russification program was published, which definitively launched the action that led to the ice cap movement.


Question: When was the Finnish ice cap movement started?

Ice warp movement

[10] The publication of the Russification programme broke the dams.


Question: When was the Finnish ice cap movement started?

Ice warp movement

Already on the same day, several independent meetings were held outlining the forms and implementation of resistance.


Question: When was the Finnish ice cap movement started?

Ice warp movement

For example, it is reported that when Väinö Kokko, Yrjö Ruuth and Väinö Tiiri gave advice in Gardin's restaurant, students were gathered in the same place, among whom they came to a well-known trio to demand measures.


Question: When was the Finnish ice cap movement started?

Ice warp movement

[11] Around the same time, some individual matriculates joined the Russian Army as volunteers to gain military training and war experience.


Question: When was the Finnish ice cap movement started?

Ice warp movement

Later, a few such people who were “ahead of time” even deserted from the Russian army and went on to become an iceman.


Question: When was the Finnish ice cap movement started?

Ice warp movement

After the ice cap movement began, the equivalent no longer appeared.


Question: When was the Finnish ice cap movement started?

Ice warp movement

The meeting of Ostrobotnia The organisation of the independence movement is considered to have started on 20 November 1914 with a meeting held at the House of Ostrobotnia in Ostrobotnia (the date is not unequivocal, as the protocol was not held for reasons of concealment).


Question: When was the Finnish ice cap movement started?

Ice warp movement

The meeting consisted of about 20 participants from different municipalities as well as the Old Finnish Student Association Suomalainen Nuija.


Question: When was the Finnish ice cap movement started?

Ice warp movement

Instead of an outright start, this meeting rather meant a gathering of several smaller groups together, a form of critical mass formation.


Question: When was the Finnish ice cap movement started?

Ice warp movement

Among other things, the meeting said, in the words of Pehr Norrmén, that passive resistance has lost its relevance and must go down the path of state fraud because the law had been rejected by the opposing party (the Russians).


Question: When was the Finnish ice cap movement started?

Ice warp movement

Finland had to be disconnected from Russia's connection.


Question: When was the Finnish ice cap movement started?

Ice warp movement

When discussing foreign aid, Väinö Kokko — curator of Osakunta in Northern Ostrobothnia — considered German help important, even the only possibility.


Question: When was the Finnish ice cap movement started?

Ice warp movement

Members of the meeting declared themselves the Provisional Central Committee of the Activist Movement.


Question: When was the Finnish ice cap movement started?

Ice warp movement

Contact had to be contacted both potential training organisers, as well as senior politicians and activists and socialist representatives.


Question: When was the Finnish ice cap movement started?

Ice warp movement

[12] The idea of sending a negotiator to Stockholm to explore the possibilities of military training through the former German Consul in Helsinki, Albert Goldbeck-Löwe, was strengthened in late November 1914.


Question: When was the Finnish ice cap movement started?

Ice warp movement

Walter Horn and Bertel Paulig were named negotiators because they knew the liaison with pre-existing conditions and their German language proficiency was excellent.


Question: When was the Finnish ice cap movement started?

Ice warp movement

The trip was disguised as the maintenance of sports links with Swedish organisations (the Finnish side was covered by the Suomen Palloliitto).


Question: When was the Finnish ice cap movement started?

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[13] Germany was not the only option to be a supporter and training provider at this stage.


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At the turn of the year 1914—1915, several small groups from different municipalities travelled to reconnoitre the Swedish atmosphere.


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Numerous public figures, both for the Church, the scientific community and the press, were the targets of the visits.


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The Swedish hosts showed interest in the situation in Finland and were convinced that in Finland the project also represented Finnish-speaking circles, but the answer to the actual question was obvious: no active support for Finland's independence would be forthcoming.


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While the possibilities of military training were recognised from abroad, self-made training was also organised at home: reading literature and improving fitness through skiing exercises, among other things.


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Shooting drills were held by those with guns and cartridges in use.


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Preparation for sabotage activities was done by studying pioneer fields under the guidance of engineering students.


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Espionage activities for the Germans were also tried to organise.


Question: When was the Finnish ice cap movement started?

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[14] Training for armed insurrection from Germany Herman Gummerus, Walter Horn and Bertel Paulig had sent a report to the German War Ministry on 8 December 1914 describing moods in Finland as well as welcoming arms assistance and training of 150 volunteers from Germany.


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The trained would be tasked with supporting the invasion of German troops into Finland while an uprising against Russia would break out in the country.


Question: When was the Finnish ice cap movement started?

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In his own right, the ground in Germany was shaped by Fritz Wetterhoff, a Finnish-born deputy judge who moved to Germany.


Question: When was the Finnish ice cap movement started?

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As early as September, Wetterhoff had presented a plan for the invasion of Finland, which was quite similar to the one made by activists under the leadership of Gummerus.


Question: When was the Finnish ice cap movement started?

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Proper preparation of the resistance and support of German troops would be essential.


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The matter of training Finnish volunteers proceeded to a conclusion at a meeting held at the premises of the German War Ministry on 26 January 1915, with representation not only from the Ministry of War but from the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and two different staffs.


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The main points of the decision were: Education would be given to 200 Finnish students with German skills who were “cultured, trustworthy and from good families”.


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The duration of training would initially be four weeks, but time could be extended.


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The content would emphasize topics such as military spirit, marksmanship, command of small units, and extermination and guerrilla activities.


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Mid-February 1915 was decided as the start date and the Lockstedter Lager camp site as the training site.


Question: When was the Finnish ice cap movement started?

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Pfadfinders — volunteers in the cover role of patrol leaders The call to begin sending volunteers reached Wetterhoff mediated by Herman Gummerus in Stockholm on February 1, 1915.


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The information was transmitted to Finland in the form of a password, ostensibly dealing with Harald Öhquist's father staying in Germany: “The doctor hopes for a full recovery within two weeks.”


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On 25 February [9] arrived in Lockstedt the first 55 to train for scout courses (Pfadfinderkursus).


Question: When was the Finnish ice cap movement started?

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Their trip had led first to Stockholm to report to Herman Gummerus.


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The trips were explained as being related to studies, for example.


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In Stockholm, many had their names changed, pruned unnecessary equipment and received German passports as well as travel money for the rest of the trip.


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In Sweden, an advance was made via Malmö to Trelleborg, from where a ferry link took to Sassnitz in Germany.


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A train ride away, Berlin was up against Wetterhoff and his aides.


Question: When was the Finnish ice cap movement started?

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The last leg of the journey took first to Hamburg and on to Lockstedter Lager (now Hohenlockstedt).


Question: When was the Finnish ice cap movement started?

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Once there, the course was divided into two companies and participants were given covert scout outfits and the designation Feldmeister referring to the German patrol leader.


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The impression was complemented by the fact that the head of the course, Major Maximilian Bayer, was also the leader of the German Boy Scout Movement (Jugendwehr).


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Education of Pfadfinders The agreement on the education of pfadfinderite emphasized, among other things, familiarization with German culture and “military spirit”.


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Although the course time was only a few weeks, it was therefore envisaged, among other things, field trips.


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Contemporaries” memoirs emphasise that the Finns longed for an authentic feel for German education, but “they soon found that their teaching did not follow the methods of German military education, but rather Boy Scout education”.


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The covert role therefore seemed to extend, along with external frameworks, to the content of education as well.


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At first, the hosts' extracts seemed to be trained even too gentlemanly, while the views of the course director and the actual trainers on training were still looking for their forms: “The Finns were treated with caution and gentle hands.


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Against the will gestured as 'lords'.” The background was Major Bayer's view that resourceful Free Force leaders from the Finns could be obtained by scouting rather than military doctrines.


Question: When was the Finnish ice cap movement started?

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Bayer's values were also associated with the fact that at first it was forbidden to consume beer for Finns.


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It was soon discovered, however, that Major Bayer, with his emphasis, fell short of a minority over the actual trainer officers, Captains Bade, Heldt, Just and Knaths.


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The number of students gradually increased, reaching a strength of about 180 in three weeks.


Question: When was the Finnish ice cap movement started?

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However, some of the coursemen began to be out of strength with various deployments.


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[15] Despite the Boy Scouting outfit, Finnish volunteers had possession since 28 February the main soldier's hallmark — a weapon: the Russian three-line rifle M/91, which the Germans had received in abundance as spoils of war.


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It was easy to justify this choice because the Finns would, in any case, in their eventual struggle for independence, come to rely on weapons taken from the Russians.


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Pistols and hand grenades were among the equipment.


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The course instead received the first heavier weapons—two Maxim machine guns—on hold until mid-April.


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[16] After the first few days of adulation, the training sought attitudes towards Prussian military training, although the content was deviant, educated, voluntary “civilists” were trained.


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According to Lauerma's characterisation, pfadfinders received “somewhat simultaneously instruction belonging to a recruit, a cadet, a student officer at the War College, and a Particle Scout leader.”


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Efforts were made to create the capacity to lead the team, platoon and “evasively company”.


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Theory instruction sided subjects all the way up to regimental level.


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[17] The content and scope of training changed as the length of the course was increased to a minimum.


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In the original plan, the exclusion order, as well as tobacco services, became part of the programme.


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In March, the first promotions to the rank of zug and gruppenführers (team and group leaders) had been obtained, foreshadowing the possibility that the course would be extended.


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[18] In all, four different promises were made in April 1915 to extend courses; for example, on Day 2 it was reported that the course would last until 16 April and on 14 April an extension to May was announced.


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Uncertainty racked minds: it was not known what the future of each would be itself after the course.


Question: When was the Finnish ice cap movement started?

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Initially, the four-week absence from the homeland had already stretched into months.


Question: When was the Finnish ice cap movement started?

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In July, proper military uniforms were obtained to replace the scout uniforms that were worn in tatters and had gone unsavoury: field greys for the German infantry.


Question: When was the Finnish ice cap movement started?

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The PfadFinder period had ended, and the coursemen were now musketeers.


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The independence movement entered its next phase.


Question: When was the Finnish ice cap movement started?

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From the initial form of the Ostrobotnian meeting, the organization of the movement also expanded and diversified.


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The forces behind the independence of Finland and the Ice Participation movement can be considered A.K. (“Aktionskommittén”, “Action Committee” or “Active Committee”).


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In it were represented the various parties, old and young activism, as well as officers of the old people who later organized themselves as M.K:si (“Militärkommittén”, “Military Committee”).


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Ahti (1999) has characterized MK as a “comrade circle of former Hamina cadets”.


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[19] The active committee was supported by C.K.


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(“Centralkommittén”, “Central Committee”), which was a group formed by politicians of the older knee.


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It included, among others, state councils (Edvard Hjelt, Alexis Gripenberg), senators (Hugo Rautapää) and professors (Rafael Erich, Edward Westermarck).


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The representation of the Swedish language group prevailed.


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The fact that Old Finns (Iron Head and Samuli Sario) also joined showed a change in their attitudes.


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As of June 1917, the key practical player of the Active Committee was the Works Division.


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Its activities, in turn, were disguised as a forestry enterprise.


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The company, called Uusi Forest Office, was located in Helsinki at Yrjönkatu 25.


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Ostensibly, the “office” bought and sold lumber and other forest supplies, as well as conveying workers to forestry sites.


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This could cloak the real tasks, the most significant of which was the initiation of patronage activities across the country.


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The most central figure in the new Forest Office was Master Elmo E. Kaila.


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From 1916 onwards, the influential Finnish Independence Movement Foreign Mission was active in Stockholm.


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Through it, connections with Sweden and Germany existed.


Question: When was the Finnish ice cap movement started?

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In the autumn of the following year the delegation was subjected to A.K


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to which it received a liaison body facing the Germans.


Question: When was the Finnish ice cap movement started?

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In Germany, the affairs of the movement had been handled by Büro Wetterhoff, led by Fritz Wetterhoff.


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After Wetterhoff fell out of favour with the Germans, a new, more independent liaison body Das Finnländische Büro was established in November 1916, led by Samuli Sario.


Question: When was the Finnish ice cap movement started?

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According to him and with the name model of the predecessor, the office was also called Büro Sario.


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The price of independence was modesty: the archives and contacts in Wetterhoff's office were unavailable and money was lacking, too.


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Socialist representation was lacking in these bodies.


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Although cooperation with the burghers was refused, the idea of independence had to be supported.


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K. H. Wiik, Oskari Tokoi and Yrjö Mäkelin, among others, supported the ice cap movement.


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The latter's son Leo Mäkelin joined the ranks of the Jäägers on 14 February 1916.


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The complex organisation of the Finnish “liberation movement” is summarized by Ahti (1999) as follows: “CoR, New Forest Office and MK operated in Finland.


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Stockholm had a Foreign Mission and a Staff under Nikolai Mexmontan Military Committee, in Berlin the office of Samuli Sario, and finally in Liepāja the Jääkäri Battalion and its representatives.


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“[20] For Finland's independence, the Russian Revolution was a lucky event, but so was Germany's defeat in World War I.


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According to Professor Matti Lackman, Germany did not care about Finland's freedom, but supported the icemen for the same reason as the Bolsheviks: the goal was to weaken Germany's enemy Russia.


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Germany also did not allow icebrees into Finland until it deemed necessary.


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The Jaegers didn't have much chance to make a difference in this matter.


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In addition, Germany planned to make Finland its own vassal state.


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[21] Large enlistment — from scout course to Lockstedt training force When the expansion of the pfadfinder force into a battalion was approved by an order signed by Emperor William II on 28 August 1915, recruitment was increased over the original force multiple.


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“Great enlistment” came to last from September 1915 to May 1916.


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The strength of the battalion — four rifle companies, a machine gun company and a pioneer company — required 1439 men by standard strengths.


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Excluding from this pfadfinders, as well as German officers and underpavers, the net need was about 1200 men.


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However, Major Bayer, commander of the battalion — at this point Ausbildungstruppe Lockstedt — put forward enough up to 2000 men possibly thinking that the Finns would not be turned back, but the unit would be expanded or new ones would be created depending on the situation.


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Central to the organisation of recruitment activities was the student community activities and, to a lesser extent, other communities of male students.


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The link between the active committee and the student union was Master Kai Donner.


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Student Actives recruited their fellow students and made trips to the provinces to acquire recrytes and to support and initiate local recruitment.


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In order to gain a wide and diverse pool of participants and supporters, recruiters were sought to acquire recruiters from different social groups.


Question: When was the Finnish ice cap movement started?

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In Lauerman's words, “Among the recruits were laborers, foremen and craftsmen, farmers, teachers, chaplains and lockers, even some police officer.


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“[22] Local recruits were easiest to find in Ostrobothnia and Karelia.


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Student recruits from Helsinki had to be sent elsewhere and ice runners from Germany had to be sent.


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Well-known recruiter icers include Aarne Sihvo and Sulo-Weikko Pekkola.


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An example of recruitment Iivari Kauranen has told of his own recruitment as follows: Several descriptive elements appear in the description: recruitment has started a few months earlier and you expand beyond academic circles recruiter and recruit feel in some way each other, so the trust can be judged by the recruiter is in a mobile profession, which involves a lot of social interaction with the motives of the company and the requirements for recruitals are brought to light The fact that the color color knew the ice movement well can perhaps be considered exceptional; background information could often be weak and descriptions of the purpose of the trip vague.


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The open-mindedness in the report, on the other hand, indicates that perhaps we are unwary, those present are known and later to be in the region of the ice cap movement in southern Ostrobothnia.


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Here, “recruitment evenings” or “departure dances” might even be held openly.


Question: When was the Finnish ice cap movement started?

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Typical recrytes at that point were no longer linguistic, experienced travellers who would drop by abroad in their studies: Kauranen says in the section after the quote that the trip from Jyväskylä to the Volt in Ala-Härmä was his first train journey.


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Kem's pitch has been revealed (20 January 1916) or just about to be revealed and undergoing detours.


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After various stages and expectations, the border crossing takes place from Tornio skiing under the guidance of a local guide.


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From Haparanda, the journey continues under the direction of an ice tiller operating in “Halkonttorissa”.


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We travel through Sweden with a staple of paper clearing the onward connection.


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The remainder of the route is conventional: Malmö—Trelleborg—Sassnitz.


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Oats and four other recrytes are on duty at Lockstedter Lager on 28 January 1916 to become part of the Lockstedt Training Force named after the training site.


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[23] Ausbildungstruppe Lockstedt Main article: Lockstedt's training force Lockstedt training corps was officially established on 2 September 1915.


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Initially only the original pfadfinders were available, now numbering 143.


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Of them, 6 team leaders (Zugführer), 30 team leaders (Gruppenführer) and also 30 group vice-leaders (Hilfsgruppenführer) were promoted.


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Around mid-September, Ausbildungstruppe Lockstedt received his first new recruits, initially mainly from the Finns interned in prison camps while recruitment in Finland just started.


Question: When was the Finnish ice cap movement started?

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The entry of men into the corps division accelerated as the autumn and early winter wore on so that a third company could be formed in November and, in late December, a 4th Company could be formed.


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By early 1916 the strength was 881 men and the 1,000th recryte entered service with 13.


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on Jan.


Question: When was the Finnish ice cap movement started?

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[24] Etapit Just under 200 of the first German pfadfinder providers were taken to Stockholm and forward, for example, under the guise of field trips.


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A different type of organization had to be designed for the recruitment and transport of the Lockstedt Training Force crew.


Question: When was the Finnish ice cap movement started?

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Legal crossing of the border became difficult as early as autumn 1915 wore on and in February 1916 it closed completely to “jaeger-aged” men aged 19—35 when passports were no longer issued.


Question: When was the Finnish ice cap movement started?

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On the Finnish and Swedish side, a total of 52 points are shown in the map of the road road drawn up afterwards, some of them depicting an individual house, part of an entire locality.


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On the walls of the preserved staple houses are plaques telling of this.


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One of the most famous houses was the Halla house in Hyrynsalmi Hallavaara, home to Juho Alfred Heikkinen, Halla's old man and his wife Lic.


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Halle's advance was led by Friedel Jacobson.


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The Haparanan—Tornio area constituted a major international hub in the context of World War I.


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The Icefer Pin brought its own addition to a place that was pre-existing important for the practice of “espionage, secret politics, Russian revolutionary activities, refugees, smuggling [and] prostitution”.


Question: When was the Finnish ice cap movement started?

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[25] In this concoction, an icer pin operated under the alias of “Halo Contor” boiled as one coincidence.


Question: When was the Finnish ice cap movement started?

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The Tornio etapi had been established by Eero Heickell (Kuussaari) as early as 1915 to support the crossing of the pfadfinder coursemen.


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The Haaparanda Etapi Centre was created as a further deployment of the information and reconnaissance mission headed there by pfadfinders Heikki Kekon and W. E. Tuompo, when the Lockstedt training force had been assured and the etapi would thus be used.


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The Kemi Etapi was established on 3 September 1915, when Heickell negotiated the matter with Konstu Pietilä and Arvi Hällfors, among others.


Question: When was the Finnish ice cap movement started?

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In Kemi, the Etapi was located in Osula, owned by Juho Heiskasen.


Question: When was the Finnish ice cap movement started?

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On 6 January 1916, Etappi was subjected to a whistleblowing and was cut off by sending the telegram “Patient does not arrive” to Helsinki.


Question: When was the Finnish ice cap movement started?

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Despite this, Osula's host, Juho Heiskanen, was arrested.


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He became the first Shpalernite, or activist cooped up in St. Petersburg's Špalernaya prison.


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Later, they would be called bar icers.


Question: When was the Finnish ice cap movement started?

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[26] In urban conditions, the headway could be set up in connection with a suitable business undertaking.


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For example, in Oulu there was an operating point in Högsten's gentlemen's clothing shop operated by the branch manager Amatus Johansson.


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In the same city, Iikka Castrén serviced and accommodated the Valio premises moving in the name of the ice warehouse.


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[27] Yrjö Mäkelin and Hannes Uksila, a local workers' newspaper, gathered the recruits to the magazine's editorial staff, from which they were directed to Jaakko Kemppainen's clothing shop and from there either across the ice or through Tornio to Sweden.


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Etapways led across the border from the north, starting at Muonio, Kangasjärvi, Pello, Tengeliö, Palovaara, Karung, Tornio and Haparanna.


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The sea cucumber was carried by etapes beginning at Jepua and Volt, with a meeting point on the island of Holmö.


Question: When was the Finnish ice cap movement started?

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Measured by the number of passes, the main crossing points were the routes to Kemin-Haaparta and Tornio.


Question: When was the Finnish ice cap movement started?

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After the Kemi Etapi was revealed and Kvarku was in uniform ice, the importance of the route from Southern Ostrobothnia to Umeå became great.


Question: When was the Finnish ice cap movement started?

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[28] Initially, efforts were made to isolate advancing activities from recruitment, but later these activities inevitably became mixed, although this increased security risk.


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Lackman cites as an example how, along the road route in Seittenkar in northern Sweden, at least 20 men were recruited to Germany from Finnish forestry workers who worked there.


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[29] Jääger Battalion as 27th to the Front Main article: Jääger Battalion 27 Towards the end of 1915, Major Bayer estimated that training of Ausbildungstruppe Lockstedt men would be appropriately supplemented by front experience.


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He brought it up with the Finnish leaders of the movement — Adolf von Bonsdorff, Rafael Erich and Samuli Sario — when they were visiting Lockstedter Lager.


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Consent to the matter was obtained in March 1916 and the mobilization order was issued on 3 May 1916.


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Estimated to be front-worthy, the part of the training force was designated as Royal Icefer Battalion 27 (Königlich Preussisches Jägerbataillon Nr.


Question: When was the Finnish ice cap movement started?

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Question: When was the Finnish ice cap movement started?

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[9] The supplement still remaining in training received the old name of the training set Ausbildungstruppe Lockstedt.


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Bahrenfeld's Penalty Division Discontent and biting manifested among the icebirds, both because of outright circumstances and ill-awareness.


Question: When was the Finnish ice cap movement started?

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Many of those who arrived from Finland at the time of the “great enlistment” did not have a clear idea of the situation to be expected (when recruits did not have it either).


Question: When was the Finnish ice cap movement started?

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Although the Jääkäribattalion on the one hand was a Finnish company and a community, on the other hand it was only one unit under German military discipline.


Question: When was the Finnish ice cap movement started?

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So the indiscipline was eradicated with great grips.


Question: When was the Finnish ice cap movement started?

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The first perpetrators of more serious retreats were sent to court-martial and from there to prison camps.


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A special penal division was established at Zerksten Manor ten kilometres from the front line in the autumn of 1916.


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The division was commanded by Sergeant Major Höfelmeyer.


Question: When was the Finnish ice cap movement started?

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In addition to forced training, leaving food, planting in a dark brig and keeping in freezing temperatures were used as disciplinary methods.


Question: When was the Finnish ice cap movement started?

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However, the “jermut” taken to Zerksten were not discouraged and the department did not achieve its purpose: those commanded to the penal division did not “return to order”.


Question: When was the Finnish ice cap movement started?

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[30] A special penal company, the Altona-Bahrenfeld Working Command, was formed for the battalion in November 1916, operating in an artillery depot near Hamburg.


Question: When was the Finnish ice cap movement started?

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A total of 216 men ended up in this department, the “bahrenfeltters”, according to Lackman (224 men in Lauerman 1966 calculations).


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The service was heavy and it was greatly hampered by the fact that the superiors of the penitentiaries spoke German alone.


Question: When was the Finnish ice cap movement started?

Ice warp movement

Nutrition, on the other hand, was scarce and one-sided.


Question: When was the Finnish ice cap movement started?

Ice warp movement

Information about the unfortunate conditions of the “Bahrenfelttars” carried information to the battalion, which contributed to increased discontent in the main forces.


Question: When was the Finnish ice cap movement started?

Ice warp movement

However, the situation of the Penal Company was not corrected until Zugführer Aarne Sihvo, later Commander of the Defence Forces, who had been released from Špalernaya prison by the revolution, visited Bahrenfeld.


Question: When was the Finnish ice cap movement started?

Ice warp movement

Sihvo stated that the penal company would cause a distortion in the external image of the icebrees when their return to Finland would become timely.


Question: When was the Finnish ice cap movement started?

Ice warp movement

Compared to his firsthand, fresh prison experiences, he may have understood the plight of the Bahrenfeltters.


Question: When was the Finnish ice cap movement started?

Ice warp movement

Only five Bahrenfelttars returned from the Penal Company to the Battalion, of the remainder those employed were stationed in predominantly civilian industrial facilities.


Question: When was the Finnish ice cap movement started?

Ice warp movement

The Bahrenfelttars could not return to Finland until after the end of the 1918 war, the main part in the autumn of 1918.


Question: When was the Finnish ice cap movement started?

Ice warp movement

Those left behind lived in miserable conditions in Germany; some had left the country on their own help and everyone's fate never became clear.


Question: When was the Finnish ice cap movement started?

Ice warp movement

[31] Disclosure of the ice cap movement to the authorities When large-scale recruitment had begun in September 1915, the matter of the ice cap movement was no longer known only to small circles and its disclosure in some form would only be a matter of time.