Question: What does acetylcholine do to the human mind?

Antipsychotic drugs

Antipsychotic medication raises the risk of disease and death.


Question: What does acetylcholine do to the human mind?

Antipsychotic drugs

Concomitant use of psychosis and antidepressants raises the risk of death 18-fold, especially in users of the phenthiazine antipsychotic drug.


Question: What does acetylcholine do to the human mind?

Antipsychotic drugs

In the Finnish study, the subjects were 66 years old on average, so the results do not directly inform younger people's risk.


Question: What does acetylcholine do to the human mind?

Antipsychotic drugs

[28] According to a US study, adolescents taking antipsychotics (under 17 years of age) also developed heart symptoms such as heart rhythm disturbances more often than others.


Question: What does acetylcholine do to the human mind?

Antipsychotic drugs

They also had factors predisposing to heart problems, including obesity, diabetes and increased blood pressure.


Question: What does acetylcholine do to the human mind?

Antipsychotic drugs

The problems piled up for those taking multiple drugs at the same time.


Question: What does acetylcholine do to the human mind?

Antipsychotic drugs

By the end of the study, up to a quarter of the adolescents had at least one metabolic or cardiovascular disorder.


Question: What does acetylcholine do to the human mind?

Antipsychotic drugs

[29] Anticholinergic action The anticholinergic effect of neuroleptics may cause constipation and disturbances in blood flow, glandular functions such as hormone secretion, urinary functions, and sleep and thermoregulation.


Question: What does acetylcholine do to the human mind?

Antipsychotic drugs

Other anticholinergic side effects include impairment of memory and thought functions, agitation, confusion, visual impairment, and hallucinations.


Question: What does acetylcholine do to the human mind?

Antipsychotic drugs

[30] [31] Of the neuroleptics of the second knee, risperidone and quetiapine have the least anticholinergic effect, while olanzapine is much more.


Question: What does acetylcholine do to the human mind?

Antipsychotic drugs

[30] Symptoms arise from the fact that the anticholinergic drug inhibits acetylcholine binding to muscarine recipient molecules.


Question: What does acetylcholine do to the human mind?

Antipsychotic drugs

[30] Diabetes Antipsychotics increase the likelihood of developing diabetes in people of all ages.


Question: What does acetylcholine do to the human mind?

Antipsychotic drugs

The risk of developing adult-type diabetes among young people taking antipsychotics is three times higher than those of healthy people of the same age and twice that of other adolescents with mental health problems who are not on antipsychotic medication.


Question: What does acetylcholine do to the human mind?

Antipsychotic drugs

During the IP (1.5 years), the risk was not very high in practice, but the long-term risks have not been studied and are probably higher.


Question: What does acetylcholine do to the human mind?

Antipsychotic drugs

The researchers recommend keeping adolescents' antipsychotics as short as possible and monitoring patients' risk factors and development of diabetes.


Question: What does acetylcholine do to the human mind?

Antipsychotic drugs

[32] Pneumonia In people with Alzheimer's disease, antipsychotic medication is associated with a threefold risk of developing pneumonia.


Question: What does acetylcholine do to the human mind?

Antipsychotic drugs

[33] Gaining weight Approximately half of long-term antipsychotic cancers gain weight, as opposed to non-medicated patients, in whom weight decreases rather than increases.


Question: What does acetylcholine do to the human mind?

Antipsychotic drugs

Being overweight is a significant health hazard that increases the number of mm.


Question: What does acetylcholine do to the human mind?

Antipsychotic drugs

prevalence of cardiovascular diseases.


Question: What does acetylcholine do to the human mind?

Antipsychotic drugs

Weight can rise within weeks after starting treatment and continue with some medicines for more than one year without levelling out.


Question: What does acetylcholine do to the human mind?

Antipsychotic drugs

Antipsychotics for both the old and new knee can cause weight gain.


Question: What does acetylcholine do to the human mind?

Antipsychotic drugs

There are big differences between different drugs in regards to gaining weight.


Question: What does acetylcholine do to the human mind?

Antipsychotic drugs

Drugs on the second knee cause more weight gain than traditional neuroleptics.


Question: What does acetylcholine do to the human mind?

Antipsychotic drugs

[34] For example, clozapine and olanzapine increase weight more than other medicines.


Question: What does acetylcholine do to the human mind?

Antipsychotic drugs

Ziprasidone has been assessed as somewhat non-impact on weight.


Question: What does acetylcholine do to the human mind?

Antipsychotic drugs

Gaining weight is one of the biggest reasons for patients to refuse antipsychotics.


Question: What does acetylcholine do to the human mind?

Antipsychotic drugs

[35] Brain Shrinkage Antipsychotics shrink the brain more than the brain normally shrinks with age.


Question: What does acetylcholine do to the human mind?

Antipsychotic drugs

The brain shrinks the more the longer the medication takes [36] and the higher the amount of medication.


Question: What does acetylcholine do to the human mind?

Antipsychotic drugs

[37] The volume of cerebrospinal fluid increases again.


Question: What does acetylcholine do to the human mind?

Antipsychotic drugs

Shrinkage is caused by antipsychotics of both the old and the new knee.


Question: What does acetylcholine do to the human mind?

Antipsychotic drugs

[38] As recently as 2010, there were suspicions in Finland that the shrinkage of the brain in schizophrenics was caused by progressive brain processes underlying the disease [36], although there were previous indications elsewhere that the cause lies in antipsychotics.


Question: What does acetylcholine do to the human mind?

Antipsychotic drugs

[39] [40] There was no association with decreased brain reduction in symptoms or decreased cognitive levels.


Question: What does acetylcholine do to the human mind?

Antipsychotic drugs

[37] The shrinkage mechanism is not yet known and no longer follow-up of adverse reactions has been done.


Question: What does acetylcholine do to the human mind?

Antipsychotic drugs

[38] According to one study, a single dose of haloperidol causes a momentary decrease in brain size within a few hours after dose intake.


Question: What does acetylcholine do to the human mind?

Antipsychotic drugs

[41] In the elderly and people with memory illnesses, taking antipsychotics significantly increases falls in the elderly.


Question: What does acetylcholine do to the human mind?

Antipsychotic drugs

[42] Furthermore, neuroleptics have been found to accelerate the progression of dementia.


Question: What does acetylcholine do to the human mind?

Antipsychotic drugs

[30] [43] In people with Alzheimer's taking antipsychotics, dementia was nearly three times more likely to progress over the course of a year than others.


Question: What does acetylcholine do to the human mind?

Antipsychotic drugs

Simultaneous use of sedatives increased the risk.


Question: What does acetylcholine do to the human mind?

Antipsychotic drugs

[44] The use of antipsychotics in the treatment of symptoms of memory disorder is also associated with an increased risk of death [33].


Question: What does acetylcholine do to the human mind?

Antipsychotic drugs

Antipsychotics also increase heart problems predisposed to dementia [45].


Question: What does acetylcholine do to the human mind?

Antipsychotic drugs

Antipsychotics can also cause cerebral circulation disorders in old people, and therefore their use is recommended only in indispensable cases.


Question: What does acetylcholine do to the human mind?

Antipsychotic drugs

Despite this, drugs are used in abundance


Question: What does acetylcholine do to the human mind?

Antipsychotic drugs

[44] In particular, the elderly are susceptible to memory and thinking impairment due to anticholinergic antipsychotics because in old people the number of muscarinic receptors in the central nervous system decreases with age.


Question: What does acetylcholine do to the human mind?

Antipsychotic drugs

Particularly sensitive are elderly people with dementia.


Question: What does acetylcholine do to the human mind?

Antipsychotic drugs

Disadvantages of First Knee Medications Tardive dyskinesia Regular long-term use of older neuroleptics may cause tardive dyskinesia, which most often manifests itself as worm-like musculature movements of the mouth and tongue, sometimes also in the form of worm-like musculature, facial twitching or tremors.


Question: What does acetylcholine do to the human mind?

Antipsychotic drugs

Tardive dyskinesia is the more common the longer the medication has been used.


Question: What does acetylcholine do to the human mind?

Antipsychotic drugs

The syndrome recovers very slowly after discontinuation of medication and often remains persistent.


Question: What does acetylcholine do to the human mind?

Antipsychotic drugs

[21] [46] Other side effects Other side effects include, but are not limited to: fatigue, gaining weight, loss of emotion, impairment of memory and reasoning, clumsiness, motor disorders that often resemble symptoms of Parkinson's disease, impotence and other disorders of sexual function, oral dehydration, visual impairment, constipation, dizziness, decreased blood pressure, tranquility, skin rashes, changes in blood counts, nausea and vomiting.


Question: What does acetylcholine do to the human mind?

Antipsychotic drugs

Criticism of pharmaceutical companies In recent years, it has been publicly alleged that many companies that make neuroleptics have deliberately misled the medical profession by publishing their research selectively, with the intent, among other things, to conceal information about the health risks posed by neuroleptics.


Question: What does acetylcholine do to the human mind?

Antipsychotic drugs

[47] [48] Side effects in patients with schizophrenia Antipsychotics shrink the brains of people with schizophrenia more than the brain normally shrinks with age.


Question: What does acetylcholine do to the human mind?

Antipsychotic drugs

The brain shrinks the more the longer the medication takes [49] and the greater the amount of medication.


Question: What does acetylcholine do to the human mind?

Antipsychotic drugs

[50] The volume of cerebrospinal fluid increases again.


Question: What does acetylcholine do to the human mind?

Antipsychotic drugs

Shrinkage is caused by antipsychotics of both the old and the new knee.


Question: What does acetylcholine do to the human mind?

Antipsychotic drugs

[51] As recently as 2010, it was thought in Finland that the shrinkage was due to progressive brain processes underlying schizophrenia itself.


Question: What does acetylcholine do to the human mind?

Antipsychotic drugs

[49] There was no association with decreased brain reduction in symptoms or decreased cognitive levels.


Question: What does acetylcholine do to the human mind?

Antipsychotic drugs

[50] However, the link was only discovered in 2014 and longer monitoring of adverse reactions has not yet been done.


Question: What does acetylcholine do to the human mind?

Antipsychotic drugs

[51] Antipsychotics slightly increase the risk of venous blood clots in schizophrenics, as they affect platelet formation and blood clotting.


Question: What does acetylcholine do to the human mind?

Antipsychotic drugs

The risk is higher for new users and those taking atypical, second-generation antipsychotics such as quetiapine.


Question: What does acetylcholine do to the human mind?

Antipsychotic drugs

The risk does not appear permanent but disappears if the medication is stopped.


Question: What does acetylcholine do to the human mind?

Antipsychotic drugs

[52] Antipsychotic medication increases threefold the risk of dying from a heart attack or other sudden heart syndrome.


Question: What does acetylcholine do to the human mind?

Antipsychotic drugs

Antipsychotic medication increases the risk of developing and dying from heart problems.


Question: What does acetylcholine do to the human mind?

Antipsychotic drugs

Concomitant use of psychosis and antidepressants raises the risk of death 18-fold, especially in users of the phenthiazine antipsychotic drug.


Question: What does acetylcholine do to the human mind?

Antipsychotic drugs

In the Finnish study, the subjects were 66 years old on average, so the results do not directly inform younger people's risk.


Question: What does acetylcholine do to the human mind?

Antipsychotic drugs

[53] According to the study, adolescents taking antipsychotics (under 17 years of age) also developed heart symptoms such as heart rhythm disturbances more often than others.


Question: What does acetylcholine do to the human mind?

Antipsychotic drugs

They also had factors predisposing to heart problems, including obesity, diabetes and increased blood pressure.


Question: What does acetylcholine do to the human mind?

Antipsychotic drugs

The problems piled up for those taking multiple drugs at the same time.


Question: What does acetylcholine do to the human mind?

Antipsychotic drugs

By the end of the study, up to a quarter of the adolescents had at least one metabolic or cardiovascular disorder.


Question: What does acetylcholine do to the human mind?

Antipsychotic drugs

[54] Schizophrenics, compared to their age, have a four-fold risk of developing dementia under 65 and twice the risk of developing it during their lives.


Question: What does acetylcholine do to the human mind?

Antipsychotic drugs

[55] Antipsychotics are known to accelerate the onset of dementia.


Question: What does acetylcholine do to the human mind?

Antipsychotic drugs

[56] Dementia is also prone to heart problems and smoking, which are common in schizophrenics.


Question: What does acetylcholine do to the human mind?

Antipsychotic drugs

[55] Approximately half of those cancers on long-term antipsychotics gain weight.


Question: What does acetylcholine do to the human mind?

Antipsychotic drugs

In patients not treated with drugs, weight decreases rather than rises.


Question: What does acetylcholine do to the human mind?

Antipsychotic drugs

Being overweight is a significant health hazard that increases the number of mm.


Question: What does acetylcholine do to the human mind?

Antipsychotic drugs

prevalence of cardiovascular diseases.


Question: What does acetylcholine do to the human mind?

Antipsychotic drugs

Gaining weight is one of the biggest reasons for patients to refuse antipsychotics.


Question: What does acetylcholine do to the human mind?

Antipsychotic drugs

[57] Antipsychotics increase the risk of diabetes in people of all ages.


Question: What does acetylcholine do to the human mind?

Antipsychotic drugs

The risk of developing adult-type diabetes among young people taking antipsychotics is three times higher than those of healthy people of the same age and twice that of other adolescents with mental health problems who are not on antipsychotic medication.


Question: What does acetylcholine do to the human mind?

Antipsychotic drugs

During the IP (1.5 years), the risk was not very high in practice, but the long-term risks have not been studied and are probably higher.


Question: What does acetylcholine do to the human mind?

Antipsychotic drugs

The researchers recommend keeping adolescents' antipsychotics as short as possible and monitoring patients' risk factors and development of diabetes.


Question: What does acetylcholine do to the human mind?

Antipsychotic drugs

[58] Withdrawal symptoms Research suggests that two-thirds of long-term neuroleptic users experience withdrawal symptoms when discontinuing medication.


Question: What does acetylcholine do to the human mind?

Antipsychotic drugs

[59] Discontinuation of neuroleptic therapy should always be done cautiously, with the support of physicians, so that the benefits and risks associated with discontinuation can be correctly guessed, avoided discontinuation pitfalls and withdrawal symptoms can be relieved with other appropriate ancillary medications if necessary.


Question: What does acetylcholine do to the human mind?

Antipsychotic drugs

Possible withdrawal symptoms due to discontinuation of neuroleptics include nausea, diarrhoea, headache, sweating, hot and cold flushes, tremor and feeling weak, akathisia i.e. drug-induced motor agitation, compulsive movements, severe insomnia, irritability, agitation, agitation, sometimes also memory stuttering or aggressiveness.


Question: What does acetylcholine do to the human mind?

Antipsychotic drugs

Discontinuation of a long-term neuroleptic can also easily fail with the emergence of old or new psychotic symptoms.


Question: What does acetylcholine do to the human mind?

Antipsychotic drugs

[60] The reason for the new symptoms may be the sensitization of the dopamic energetic system due to drug use when the number and sensitivity of dopamine receptors in the brain due to medication use increases.


Question: What does acetylcholine do to the human mind?

Antipsychotic drugs

[61] Abuse According to a Finnish doctoral thesis published in 2007, antipsychotics may be used in retirement homes as a means of social control.


Question: What does acetylcholine do to the human mind?

Antipsychotic drugs

About one in three long-term inpatient residents over the age of 90 were on antipsychotic medication.


Question: What does acetylcholine do to the human mind?

Antipsychotic drugs

Older people who were dissatisfied and negative about the environment had a higher risk of being medicated, while social seniors had a lower risk.


Question: What does acetylcholine do to the human mind?

Antipsychotic drugs

In vain medicated, especially elderly people who have problems with medical staff.


Question: What does acetylcholine do to the human mind?

Antipsychotic drugs

[62] The intake of antipsychotics in nursing homes has been defended by the fact that the vast majority of people with dementia become behavioural disorders [63].


Question: What does acetylcholine do to the human mind?

Antipsychotic drugs

One of the quality indicators of care for the elderly in Finland is how many elderly people have “antipsychotics without psychosis symptoms”, so antipsychotic therapy has been a goal that has been deliberately pursued.


Question: What does acetylcholine do to the human mind?

Antipsychotic drugs

Prescriptions of inpatient patients do not appear in the National Pensions Institute's statistics and have been difficult to track.


Question: What does acetylcholine do to the human mind?

Antipsychotic drugs

Antipsychotic prescriptions for older people in institutional care have been contrary to Finnish Recommendations.


Question: What does acetylcholine do to the human mind?

Antipsychotic drugs

[64] Use was associated with patient dissatisfaction and negative attitude towards the environment [65].


Question: What does acetylcholine do to the human mind?

Antipsychotic drugs

In some cases, antipsychotics are used to restrict movement of people with memory impairments or to curb behaviour.


Question: What does acetylcholine do to the human mind?

Antipsychotic drugs

This is called chemical binding.


Question: What does acetylcholine do to the human mind?

Antipsychotic drugs

[64] In 2016, the Haminan care home stopped feeding antipsychotics and elderly people picked up, began to move more and eat independently [66].


Question: What does acetylcholine do to the human mind?

Antipsychotic drugs

List of antipsychotics Typical antipsychotics Fentiazine derivatives Chlorpromazine levomepromazine mesoridazine periciazine periciazine perfenazine fluphenazine thioridazine trifluoperazine triflupromazine promazine pipothiazine Thioxanthene derivatives flupentixol clopentixol chlorprothixene tsuclopentixol Butyrophenones haloperidol droperidol melperone Benzamides sulpiride Atypical antipsychotics quetiapine clozapine risperidone olanzapine aripiprazole sertindol ciprasidone amisulpride asenapine Benzioxazoles risperidone See also Sedative Malignant Neuroleptic Syndrome Sources * Category:Key Articles of Screening


Question: In which city was Johan Jakob Nervander born?

Johan Jakob Nervander

Johan Jakob Nervander (23 February 1805, Uusikaupunki — 15 March 1848 Helsinki) [1] was a Finnish poet, physicist and meteorologist.


Question: In which city was Johan Jakob Nervander born?

Johan Jakob Nervander

Nervander was the initiator of Finnish meteorological measurement and observation activities.


Question: In which city was Johan Jakob Nervander born?

Johan Jakob Nervander

The so-called Helsinki observation series, launched in 1844 on magnetic measurements, is rare worldwide and appreciated in the current scientific community.


Question: In which city was Johan Jakob Nervander born?

Johan Jakob Nervander

[2] He also developed galvanometer.


Question: In which city was Johan Jakob Nervander born?

Johan Jakob Nervander

[3] Nervander was one of the founding members of several different clubs, including Societas pro Fauna et Flora Fennica, Saturiseura, Finnish Literature Society and the Finnish Science Society.


Question: In which city was Johan Jakob Nervander born?

Johan Jakob Nervander

Life Adolescent Years Johan Jakob Nervander was born in Uusikaupunki on 23 February 1805.


Question: In which city was Johan Jakob Nervander born?

Johan Jakob Nervander

His parents were pharmacist Johan Nervander and Beata Bergbom.


Question: In which city was Johan Jakob Nervander born?

Johan Jakob Nervander

The Nervander family is native to the Närva farm east of Pori.


Question: In which city was Johan Jakob Nervander born?

Johan Jakob Nervander

The surname is taken to paraphrase the farm name


Question: In which city was Johan Jakob Nervander born?

Johan Jakob Nervander

In Uusikaupunki, Johan Nervander got into a good position financially.


Question: In which city was Johan Jakob Nervander born?

Johan Jakob Nervander

He was one of the first apothecaries in the city, owned several properties and also shares in sailing ships.


Question: In which city was Johan Jakob Nervander born?

Johan Jakob Nervander

However, the transactions failed and financial collapse ensued.


Question: In which city was Johan Jakob Nervander born?

Johan Jakob Nervander

Nervander sold his pharmacy in 1813, when the family moved to Oulu.


Question: In which city was Johan Jakob Nervander born?

Johan Jakob Nervander

Johan Nervander died three years after moving and the family stayed to live in Oulu in poverty.


Question: In which city was Johan Jakob Nervander born?

Johan Jakob Nervander

The family is left in addition to J. J. Nervander by four other children.


Question: In which city was Johan Jakob Nervander born?

Johan Jakob Nervander

Beata sent his 11-year-old firstborn son to this uncle, Fredrik Bergbom, assistant professor of philosophy, in Turku.


Question: In which city was Johan Jakob Nervander born?

Johan Jakob Nervander

Nervander thus finished his short studies at the Oulu Trivial School and started studies at Turku Cathedral School.


Question: In which city was Johan Jakob Nervander born?

Johan Jakob Nervander

Four years later, Nervander matriculated at the age of 15 and began university studies in the same year, 1820, at the Academy of Turku.


Question: In which city was Johan Jakob Nervander born?

Johan Jakob Nervander

At the Academy of Turku, he was entered in the matricle of the Ostrobothnian Osakunta with the additional mention of rarioris spei adolescentulus, meaning “young people with unusually high hopes”.


Question: In which city was Johan Jakob Nervander born?

Johan Jakob Nervander

On August 29, 1827, Nervander went in Gävle, Sweden to marry Agata Emerentia Öhmann, seven years older than himself.


Question: In which city was Johan Jakob Nervander born?

Johan Jakob Nervander

Two years earlier, Augusta Matilda, in Kirkkonummi on 13 August.


Question: In which city was Johan Jakob Nervander born?

Johan Jakob Nervander

The relationship between Nervander and Öhmann was kept under wraps.


Question: In which city was Johan Jakob Nervander born?

Johan Jakob Nervander

Not even Nervander's close friend J. V. Snellman knew about it.


Question: In which city was Johan Jakob Nervander born?

Johan Jakob Nervander

Another of the family's children, Hugo Emmerick, was also born before the marriage, on 22 April 1827.


Question: In which city was Johan Jakob Nervander born?

Johan Jakob Nervander

Nervander's marriage is often said to have been unhappy.


Question: In which city was Johan Jakob Nervander born?

Johan Jakob Nervander

However, the separation was not taken and a total of eight children were born into the family, three of whom died as infants


Question: In which city was Johan Jakob Nervander born?

Johan Jakob Nervander

The poverty that ensued from the failure of Nervander's father put pressure on Nervander throughout his life.


Question: In which city was Johan Jakob Nervander born?

Johan Jakob Nervander

He had to work for the spring semester of 1832 at the Helsingfors lyceum as a teacher in order to bring the family finances into balance.


Question: In which city was Johan Jakob Nervander born?

Johan Jakob Nervander

Nervander earned his bachelor's degree in 1827 after presenting his master's thesis for public inspection.


Question: In which city was Johan Jakob Nervander born?

Johan Jakob Nervander

At the conferment ceremony in the same year, the last to be held at the old Turku Academy, he was ordained as valedictorian.


Question: In which city was Johan Jakob Nervander born?

Johan Jakob Nervander

According to the requirements, the Bachelor of Philosophy degree had to include 11 subjects.


Question: In which city was Johan Jakob Nervander born?

Johan Jakob Nervander

Out of a total of 33 potentially pro-vote votes, Nervander received 30.


Question: In which city was Johan Jakob Nervander born?

Johan Jakob Nervander

He had the highest grade in eight subjects.


Question: In which city was Johan Jakob Nervander born?

Johan Jakob Nervander

This was the university's best performance in the history of asthma.


Question: In which city was Johan Jakob Nervander born?

Johan Jakob Nervander

[4] By becoming a master's degree, Nervander had matriculated for seven years.


Question: In which city was Johan Jakob Nervander born?

Johan Jakob Nervander

His study success had been glorious.


Question: In which city was Johan Jakob Nervander born?

Johan Jakob Nervander

Nervander's closest fellow students included J. V. Snellman and J. L. Runeberg.


Question: In which city was Johan Jakob Nervander born?

Johan Jakob Nervander

They spent a lot of time both in extracurricular profanities as well as in more serious connections.


Question: In which city was Johan Jakob Nervander born?

Johan Jakob Nervander

Evidence of this is the letters Nervander sent to Snellman.


Question: In which city was Johan Jakob Nervander born?

Johan Jakob Nervander

Snellman and Nervander were both poets and together they also wrote poetry.


Question: In which city was Johan Jakob Nervander born?

Johan Jakob Nervander

Two years after completing his bachelor's degree, Nervander completed his docent thesis in physics.


Question: In which city was Johan Jakob Nervander born?

Johan Jakob Nervander

The inscription is entitled In doctrinam electro-magnetism momenta.


Question: In which city was Johan Jakob Nervander born?

Johan Jakob Nervander

Ten years earlier, the famous Danish physicist Hans Christian Ørsted had observed the effect of electric currents on magnets.


Question: In which city was Johan Jakob Nervander born?

Johan Jakob Nervander

In his work, Nervander attempted to measure current strength by observing the effect of electric current on magnets that were close to the current loop.


Question: In which city was Johan Jakob Nervander born?

Johan Jakob Nervander

The thesis was accepted, and Nervander was appointed docent in physics on the first day of June in 1829.


Question: In which city was Johan Jakob Nervander born?

Johan Jakob Nervander

In the same year, he also began working as a professor of physics.


Question: In which city was Johan Jakob Nervander born?

Johan Jakob Nervander

He received the position when Gustaf Gabriel Hällström was rector of the university and relieved of the duty of lecturing.


Question: In which city was Johan Jakob Nervander born?

Johan Jakob Nervander

On 22 February 1832, Nervander published a treatise on mathematics De curvatum in genere tertii ordini osculatricae, after which he was appointed assistant professor of mathematics and physics at the University of Helsinki.


Question: In which city was Johan Jakob Nervander born?

Johan Jakob Nervander

Three years earlier, Nervander and his fellow student Tulindberg had jointly applied for the position, but neither gained a seat because they were considered incompetent.


Question: In which city was Johan Jakob Nervander born?

Johan Jakob Nervander

Nervander's positions were particularly enhanced by his thesis, although it contained several errors of weight and carelessness.


Question: In which city was Johan Jakob Nervander born?

Johan Jakob Nervander

In the early 1830s, a travel scholarship was established at the University of Helsinki in the early 1830s.


Question: In which city was Johan Jakob Nervander born?

Johan Jakob Nervander

Nervander was the first to receive a scholarship for funding his trip.


Question: In which city was Johan Jakob Nervander born?

Johan Jakob Nervander

It made possible an extensive expedition to Europe between 1832 and 1836.


Question: In which city was Johan Jakob Nervander born?

Johan Jakob Nervander

The journey began in the autumn of 1832 and the first stop was in Stockholm.


Question: In which city was Johan Jakob Nervander born?

Johan Jakob Nervander

During his time in Sweden, Nervander established contact with Jöns Berzelius.


Question: In which city was Johan Jakob Nervander born?

Johan Jakob Nervander

In Stockholm and Uppsala he met Swedish physicists, among them Fredrik Rudberg.


Question: In which city was Johan Jakob Nervander born?

Johan Jakob Nervander

It is thought that Nervander's interest in Earth magnetism was just awakened thanks to contacts established in Sweden.


Question: In which city was Johan Jakob Nervander born?

Johan Jakob Nervander

[5] From Sweden the journey continued to Copenhagen.


Question: In which city was Johan Jakob Nervander born?

Johan Jakob Nervander

In Denmark he met poet Adam Oehlenschläger as well as physicist Hans Ørsted.


Question: In which city was Johan Jakob Nervander born?

Johan Jakob Nervander

The journey eventually continued via Göttingen to Paris.


Question: In which city was Johan Jakob Nervander born?

Johan Jakob Nervander

Nervander wrote an article in 1833 for the Annales de Chimie et de Physique, edited by Gay-Lussac.


Question: In which city was Johan Jakob Nervander born?

Johan Jakob Nervander

In his article, Nervander writes about a new kind of galvanometer.


Question: In which city was Johan Jakob Nervander born?

Johan Jakob Nervander

With its help, it is easier to calculate the effect of current on the magnetic field.


Question: In which city was Johan Jakob Nervander born?

Johan Jakob Nervander

Later, the device was improved by Claude Pouillet, who also made it known in wide circles.


Question: In which city was Johan Jakob Nervander born?

Johan Jakob Nervander

From Paris, Nervander continued his journey to Italy, where he became acquainted with the magnetic obsevatory of Milan in the autumn of 1834.


Question: In which city was Johan Jakob Nervander born?

Johan Jakob Nervander

From Italy, he continued his journey to Vienna, where he was offered the position of professor at the University of Jena.


Question: In which city was Johan Jakob Nervander born?

Johan Jakob Nervander

Nervander refused this.


Question: In which city was Johan Jakob Nervander born?

Johan Jakob Nervander

He began a return voyage to Finland in 1836.


Question: In which city was Johan Jakob Nervander born?

Johan Jakob Nervander

The intention was to return to the homeland via Stockholm, but a fierce winter prevented the journey from Stockholm to Helsinki.


Question: In which city was Johan Jakob Nervander born?

Johan Jakob Nervander

For this reason, Nervander decided to travel to Finland via Saint Petersburg.


Question: In which city was Johan Jakob Nervander born?

Johan Jakob Nervander

There he made new contacts and also presented a plan to build a magnetic observatory in Helsinki.


Question: In which city was Johan Jakob Nervander born?

Johan Jakob Nervander

This was not a new idea, as already Gustaf Gabriel Hällström had put forward such ideas.


Question: In which city was Johan Jakob Nervander born?

Johan Jakob Nervander

Nervander's plan was well received and in a letter received on 19 March 1838, Nervander obtained permission for the construction of the building.


Question: In which city was Johan Jakob Nervander born?

Johan Jakob Nervander

The building was the largest project in the university world of its time in Finland.


Question: In which city was Johan Jakob Nervander born?

Johan Jakob Nervander

[6] Nervander had time to do a lot of measurements.


Question: In which city was Johan Jakob Nervander born?

Johan Jakob Nervander

Figures given by the devices were recorded every ten minutes.


Question: In which city was Johan Jakob Nervander born?

Johan Jakob Nervander

After Nervander, the recording of observations decreased until, in 1912, only one measurement per day was satisfied and finally the nearby electric tram traffic disrupted measurements and measurements were discontinued.


Question: In which city was Johan Jakob Nervander born?

Johan Jakob Nervander

Measurements of Nervander's magnetic declination, about 1010,000 observations, comprise five sunspot periods.


Question: In which city was Johan Jakob Nervander born?

Johan Jakob Nervander

Death Nervander's career came to an abrupt end when he contracted smallpox and died on March 15, 1848.


Question: In which city was Johan Jakob Nervander born?

Johan Jakob Nervander

When he died, he was only 43 years old.


Question: In which city was Johan Jakob Nervander born?

Johan Jakob Nervander

Nervander had the seat of professor, director of the observatory, as well as free housing at the observatory and the right to keep cattle in Kaisaniemi Park.


Question: In which city was Johan Jakob Nervander born?

Johan Jakob Nervander

It is clear from his Peruvian book that he had few cattle: a cow, a piglet and 12 chickens.


Question: In which city was Johan Jakob Nervander born?

Johan Jakob Nervander

Despite his good standing, Nervander lived almost invariably his entire life in scarce conditions.


Question: In which city was Johan Jakob Nervander born?

Johan Jakob Nervander

He enjoyed a good salary, but there was little extra left in the family, besides himself, a wife, four children and also a sister of his wife.


Question: In which city was Johan Jakob Nervander born?

Johan Jakob Nervander

The household also included four maids.


Question: In which city was Johan Jakob Nervander born?

Johan Jakob Nervander

Nervander had large debts to pay off and took out more loans to pay off previous loans.


Question: In which city was Johan Jakob Nervander born?

Johan Jakob Nervander

He left his family in the same way in poverty as his father had previously left him.


Question: In which city was Johan Jakob Nervander born?

Johan Jakob Nervander

Career Poet Nervander was known from the beginning as a poet.


Question: In which city was Johan Jakob Nervander born?

Johan Jakob Nervander

His poetry production focuses primarily on the 1820s.


Question: In which city was Johan Jakob Nervander born?

Johan Jakob Nervander

He published in 1830 a translation of poems Dikter af konung Ludvig i Bäjern.


Question: In which city was Johan Jakob Nervander born?

Johan Jakob Nervander

For the work Jephtas bok, en minnessång i Israel Nervander was awarded with the Swedish Academy Award.


Question: In which city was Johan Jakob Nervander born?

Johan Jakob Nervander

The compiled works of fiction Skrifter 1 and 2 were published only after his death.


Question: In which city was Johan Jakob Nervander born?

Johan Jakob Nervander

[7] Physicist The study of electricity and magnetism progressed by great leaps and bounds in the fold of the 18th and 19th centuries.


Question: In which city was Johan Jakob Nervander born?

Johan Jakob Nervander

Nervander decided to redirect physics research into these fields.


Question: In which city was Johan Jakob Nervander born?

Johan Jakob Nervander

However, devotion to the natural sciences was not quite a clear thing, as he was gifted in a number of subjects.


Question: In which city was Johan Jakob Nervander born?

Johan Jakob Nervander

He was particularly interested in classical languages, the Hebrew initial texts of the Bible, philosophy and history.


Question: In which city was Johan Jakob Nervander born?

Johan Jakob Nervander

On his first trip to Europe in 1832—1836, Nervander became acquainted with European research institutes and, above all, scientific circles.


Question: In which city was Johan Jakob Nervander born?

Johan Jakob Nervander

During his time in Paris, he introduced a delicate device for measuring current strength, the tangent bussole.


Question: In which city was Johan Jakob Nervander born?

Johan Jakob Nervander

The gauge was based on the magnetic moment generated by the electric current, which caused the magnet inside the coil to turn.


Question: In which city was Johan Jakob Nervander born?

Johan Jakob Nervander

The instrument was called a tangent bussole because, based on measurements, the tangent to the angle of turn of the needle was directly proportional to the current strength.


Question: In which city was Johan Jakob Nervander born?

Johan Jakob Nervander

Around this time, it was believed Earth's magnetic field had an effect on weather.


Question: In which city was Johan Jakob Nervander born?

Johan Jakob Nervander

Magnetism has been known as far back as the 17th century, but during Nervander's lifetime the magnetic field of Earth began to be measured across Earth.


Question: In which city was Johan Jakob Nervander born?

Johan Jakob Nervander

An extensive network of observatories measuring magnetism was needed for this purpose.


Question: In which city was Johan Jakob Nervander born?

Johan Jakob Nervander

This was the background when Helsinki established its own observatory.


Question: In which city was Johan Jakob Nervander born?

Johan Jakob Nervander

As a result of the Turku fire, teaching moved to Helsinki.


Question: In which city was Johan Jakob Nervander born?

Johan Jakob Nervander

This required the construction of new facilities, which again required a strong financial effort.


Question: In which city was Johan Jakob Nervander born?

Johan Jakob Nervander

Despite this, the university was able to build the most expensive building in the university world of asthic Finland, a magnetic observatory in Kaisaniemi.


Question: In which city was Johan Jakob Nervander born?

Johan Jakob Nervander

The building was completed in 1841 and regular magnetic field measurements began in July 1844.


Question: In which city was Johan Jakob Nervander born?

Johan Jakob Nervander

The measurement results were analyzed by 12 assistants and measurements were taken daily every ten minutes.


Question: In which city was Johan Jakob Nervander born?

Johan Jakob Nervander

In addition, meteorological observations were recorded at hourly intervals.


Question: In which city was Johan Jakob Nervander born?

Johan Jakob Nervander

Nervander published the results of 1844—1848 in four volumes, but ill health and early death put an end to measurements on his part.


Question: In which city was Johan Jakob Nervander born?

Johan Jakob Nervander

However, they were continued by Nervander's son-in-law Henrik Borenius, who served as director of the observatory from 1848 to 1860.


Question: In which city was Johan Jakob Nervander born?

Johan Jakob Nervander

Nervander's observations series appeared in 1852, and it started the appearance of Finnish geophysical annals.


Question: In which city was Johan Jakob Nervander born?

Johan Jakob Nervander

The St. Petersburg Academy awarded Nervander half of Demidov's prize.


Question: In which city was Johan Jakob Nervander born?

Johan Jakob Nervander

Since Nervander had already died, the award was given to a family living in poverty.


Question: In which city was Johan Jakob Nervander born?

Johan Jakob Nervander

In the field of geomagnetism, Nervander published a few studies on the periodicity of the circadian variation of the magnetic field, which he was able to explain as the sum of four Fourier waves.


Question: In which city was Johan Jakob Nervander born?

Johan Jakob Nervander

The result still applies.


Question: In which city was Johan Jakob Nervander born?

Johan Jakob Nervander

[8] Sources on the subject elsewhere Works freely available National Library Category:Finnish physicists Category:Professors of the Imperial Alexander University Category:Finnish poets Category:People born in 1805 Class:Persons who died in 1848 Category:Finnish professors


Question: How are the Rockies born?

Rockies

The Rocky Mountains () is a vast mountain range in western North America.


Question: How are the Rockies born?

Rockies

It spans a 4,800-mile journey from Mexico across the United States to Canada.


Question: How are the Rockies born?

Rockies

It is among the so-called young warp mountain ranges that have emerged in the last 60 million years when lithosphere slabs collided.


Question: How are the Rockies born?

Rockies

The highest peak of the Rockies on the U.S. side is Mount Elbert in Colorado.


Question: How are the Rockies born?

Rockies

It is 4399 metres high.


Question: How are the Rockies born?

Rockies

In Canada, its highest peak is Mount Robson, reaching an elevation of 3959 metres.


Question: How are the Rockies born?

Rockies

In English, the mountain is often referred to by the nickname The Rockies.


Question: How are the Rockies born?

Rockies

History Natural History Around 320 million years ago, a mountain range called their progenitor () arose near the present Rocky Mountains.


Question: How are the Rockies born?

Rockies

They consisted of at least two mountain ranges which have subsequently been given the names Frontrangia and Uncompahgria.


Question: How are the Rockies born?

Rockies

The progenitor of the Rocky Mountains is presumed to have been at least as high as the present-day Himalaya Mountains, where the highest mountains in the present day world are located.


Question: How are the Rockies born?

Rockies

The mountain range increased in size all the way to 70 million years, but after that, erosion began to consume it.


Question: How are the Rockies born?

Rockies

As a result of erosion, the soil was worn almost flat, and today there are only small remains of the high progenitor of the Rocky Mountains, for example, near present-day Aspen and Colorado Springs.


Question: How are the Rockies born?

Rockies

[1] The current Rockies came into existence over three seasons.


Question: How are the Rockies born?

Rockies

They began to form as early as about 170 million years ago, but it was not until the Late Cretaceous around 70 million years ago that the fundamental structures of the Rocky Mountains emerged during what is known as the Laramide Mountain Range warping.


Question: How are the Rockies born?

Rockies

In this case, Earth's lithospheric slabs collided and caused the earth's crust to deflect into an accordion-like formation, and thus the preform of the present-day Rocky Mountains was born.


Question: How are the Rockies born?

Rockies

About 30 million years later, the Laramide period ended, and erosion again began to consume the new mountain range.


Question: How are the Rockies born?

Rockies

Over the next million years, however, block movements and volcanoes gave rise to a number of new formations in the area.


Question: How are the Rockies born?

Rockies

The Ice Age, which began 130,000 and ended 14,000 years ago, was the last major force to shape the Rocky Mountains.


Question: How are the Rockies born?

Rockies

It spawned new valleys, lakes and moraine formations in the area, among other things.


Question: How are the Rockies born?

Rockies

[1] Later history With the end of the Ice Age, the Rocky Mountains became free for human use, and no later than a couple thousand years later the first Paleoinians arrived in the Rocky Mountains.


Question: How are the Rockies born?

Rockies

They hunted and fished in the area.


Question: How are the Rockies born?

Rockies

Their main prey animals included, for example, mammoths and bison, which they hunted in the valleys and pre-mountains of the region's mountains.


Question: How are the Rockies born?

Rockies

Winter was cold in the Rockies, and the Paleoidans are believed to have migrated to milder plains at the end of autumn and returned as spring came back into the mountains.


Question: How are the Rockies born?

Rockies

They lived on the meat of other animals in addition to mammoths and bison, but they also ate fish, roots and berries.


Question: How are the Rockies born?

Rockies

Later, several other Native American tribes settled in the Rocky Mountains.


Question: How are the Rockies born?

Rockies

They included Apaches, Arapahs, Bannocks, Blackfeet, Cheyennes, Flatheads, Shoshons, and Sioux, among others.


Question: How are the Rockies born?

Rockies

[2] Among the first Europeans in the Rockies was the Spanish discoverer Francisco Vásquez de Coronado with his soldiers, missionaries and African slaves.


Question: How are the Rockies born?

Rockies

He and his entourage visited the area around 1540.


Question: How are the Rockies born?

Rockies

Europeans who arrived in North America introduced many new things to the Indians, such as horse and metal tools.


Question: How are the Rockies born?

Rockies

Europeans also brought new diseases with them.


Question: How are the Rockies born?

Rockies

As a result of the arrival of the new culture, the lives of Indians of the Rocky Mountains changed


Question: How are the Rockies born?

Rockies

Among other things, they were forced to abandon some of their old habitation areas and abandon bison once used as food, which Europeans hunted on the continent to near extinction.


Question: How are the Rockies born?

Rockies

[2] The Lewis and Clark expedition made the first scientific survey of the Rockies on its journey through the present-day United States in 1804—1806.


Question: How are the Rockies born?

Rockies

The specimens were collected by at least the group's plant and zoologists, as well as geologists.


Question: How are the Rockies born?

Rockies

The expedition is also sometimes commended for having opened the door to the west, including the Rocky Mountains, on their expedition.


Question: How are the Rockies born?

Rockies

By the time of Lewis and Clark, however, there were already a number of settlers living in the Rocky Mountains, acting as hunters, for example.


Question: How are the Rockies born?

Rockies

These “men of the mountains” roamed the area especially between 1800—1850.


Question: How are the Rockies born?

Rockies

Among them were a few individuals who became known since, such as Kit Carson and John Colter.


Question: How are the Rockies born?

Rockies

Carson rose to fame after guiding John C. Frémont on a mapping expedition, and John Colter was the “discoverer” of what is now Yellowstone National Park, or the first European in its territory.


Question: How are the Rockies born?

Rockies

[2] Mormons began colonizing the surroundings of Utah's Great Salt Lake () in 1847.


Question: How are the Rockies born?

Rockies

About 12 years later, gold was found in Colorado.


Question: How are the Rockies born?

Rockies

The railway line through the mainland was completed in 1869, and the world's first national park, Yellowstone, was established three years later.


Question: How are the Rockies born?

Rockies

As more and more residents flooded the Rocky Mountains, concerns began to be raised about its nature.


Question: How are the Rockies born?

Rockies

President Benjamin Harrison of the United States established several forest reserves between 1891 and 1892.


Question: How are the Rockies born?

Rockies

People in the Rocky Mountains made their living from activities such as mining and forestry.


Question: How are the Rockies born?

Rockies

They built cattle and farms in the areas, as well as establishing villages which in time developed into cities.


Question: How are the Rockies born?

Rockies

From the mid-20th century right up until the 1990s, human settlement in the Rockies grew rapidly.


Question: How are the Rockies born?

Rockies

However, the settlement is not very dense compared to, say, US states and there are only a few cities with more than 50000 inhabitants in the region.


Question: How are the Rockies born?

Rockies

The majority derives their income from agriculture and forestry.


Question: How are the Rockies born?

Rockies

[2] Geography The Rocky Mountains extend from British Columbia in Canada across the United States all the way to Mexico.


Question: How are the Rockies born?

Rockies

They begin in northern Mexico, where they reach an altitude of about 3700 feet.


Question: How are the Rockies born?

Rockies

The Mexican Rockies are surrounded by plains to the east and west.


Question: How are the Rockies born?

Rockies

The area flows the Pecos River, which continues its journey south and descends into the Rio Grande River.


Question: How are the Rockies born?

Rockies

The Rio Grande flows in turn into the Gulf of Mexico.


Question: How are the Rockies born?

Rockies

Rivers carry with them material they consume from the Rockies, for example.


Question: How are the Rockies born?

Rockies

Sometimes the Mexican Rockies have not been considered to be actually part of the Rockies, but in any case they belong to the Cordillieers of America just like the Rockies proper.


Question: How are the Rockies born?

Rockies

[3] As it passes further north, the Rocky Mountains become wider and higher.


Question: How are the Rockies born?

Rockies

In northern Colorado and Utah, for example, the mountain is transformed into a complex of mountain ranges that, in total, is about 500 miles wide.


Question: How are the Rockies born?

Rockies

In addition, Colorado alone has more than 40 peaks that soar above 4000 feet.


Question: How are the Rockies born?

Rockies

Mount Elbert, the highest peak in the Rocky Mountains, is located in check Colorado.


Question: How are the Rockies born?

Rockies

Major rivers in the Colorado Rockies include, for example, the Colorado and its tributary the Green.


Question: How are the Rockies born?

Rockies

At the sources of the Colorado River lies Rocky Mountain National Park.


Question: How are the Rockies born?

Rockies

As the mountain range continues its journey to the northwest, however, its width and elevation decrease again.


Question: How are the Rockies born?

Rockies

In Wyoming, the elevation of the Rocky Mountains ranges from 2100 feet to 2400 feet, so there are not many high peaks in the area.


Question: How are the Rockies born?

Rockies

Wyoming is home to the Yellowstone and Snake Rivers, among others.


Question: How are the Rockies born?

Rockies

In the state of Montana, the width of the Rocky Mountains averages 240 miles, with only seven peaks reaching more than 3350 feet.


Question: How are the Rockies born?

Rockies

The Rocky Mountains side of Montana originates the longest river in the entire United States, the Missouri River, a tributary of the Mississippi.


Question: How are the Rockies born?

Rockies

[3] The Rockies on the Canadian side are slightly different from the US Rockies.


Question: How are the Rockies born?

Rockies

First of all, they are slightly older and born under the influence of block sports.


Question: How are the Rockies born?

Rockies

Secondly, the Canadian Rockies are predominantly sediment, while the US Rockies are granite.


Question: How are the Rockies born?

Rockies

In addition, they look different, as the Canadian mountain range is sharp-capped, and its mountains are often separated by valleys shaped like the letter U.


Question: How are the Rockies born?

Rockies

The US Rockies, on the other hand, are rounder peaked, with rivers hollowed out by valleys shaped like the letter V.


Question: How are the Rockies born?

Rockies

The differences are due to the fact that there have been several glaciers in the Canadian Mountains that have left their mark on the mountains.


Question: How are the Rockies born?

Rockies

In the US Rockies, glaciers have been less frequent.


Question: How are the Rockies born?

Rockies

In the southern regions of the mountain range, they have been practically not present at all, or have been at least very small.


Question: How are the Rockies born?

Rockies

In contrast, the more northern one contained a few glaciers in the Pleistocene period.


Question: How are the Rockies born?

Rockies

The highest peak in the Canadian Rockies is Mount Robson, which is 3959 feet high.


Question: How are the Rockies born?

Rockies

[3] The Rocky Mountains do not extend as far as Alaska, as is often thought, but end in British Columbia, Canada.


Question: How are the Rockies born?

Rockies

From near the Canadian Rockies, on the other hand, begins a mountain called Columbia, which is not counted as belonging to the Rockies anymore.


Question: How are the Rockies born?

Rockies

The definition of the Rocky Mountains may vary slightly; sometimes they might even read all the mountains of western North America.


Question: How are the Rockies born?

Rockies

However, they are generally accepted as extending from Canada to Mexico.


Question: How are the Rockies born?

Rockies

In the Rocky Mountains lies the Great Watershed of North America, which divides the region's rivers to flow into either the Pacific Ocean or the Atlantic.


Question: How are the Rockies born?

Rockies

In addition, there is a point in the state of Montana where the water divides not only into the two mentioned oceans, but also into the Arctic Ocean.


Question: How are the Rockies born?

Rockies

[3] See also Cordillieers Sources on the topic elsewhere Category:North American Mountains Category:Key articles on screening


Question: Where was Thomas Malthus born?

Thomas Malthus

Thomas Robert Malthus (14 February 1766 — 23 December 1834) was an English clergyman, demographer and economist.


Question: Where was Thomas Malthus born?

Thomas Malthus

He is known for his pessimistic prognosis of population growth.


Question: Where was Thomas Malthus born?

Thomas Malthus

[1] Life Malthus was born into a wealthy family.


Question: Where was Thomas Malthus born?

Thomas Malthus

His father was a friend of philosopher David Hume.


Question: Where was Thomas Malthus born?

Thomas Malthus

Young Malthus was initially homeschooled, and from 1784 he studied at Jesus College, University of Cambridge.


Question: Where was Thomas Malthus born?

Thomas Malthus

[1] Malthus completed his final degree in mathematics [2], but he also enthusiastically studied languages such as Latin and Greek.


Question: Where was Thomas Malthus born?

Thomas Malthus

He graduated MA in 1791, and in 1797 he was ordained a priest of the Anglican Church.


Question: Where was Thomas Malthus born?

Thomas Malthus

Malthus married Harriet Eckersall in 1804, and they had three children.


Question: Where was Thomas Malthus born?

Thomas Malthus

In 1805, he became Britain's and perhaps the world's first professor of national economics at the East India Company College, located in Haileybury.


Question: Where was Thomas Malthus born?

Thomas Malthus

During his tenure as professor of economics, Malthus developed a theory of the problems of supply responding to demand.


Question: Where was Thomas Malthus born?

Thomas Malthus

The theory was not held in appreciation at the time, but re-emerged with the Great Depression and the economics developed by John Maynard Keynes.


Question: Where was Thomas Malthus born?

Thomas Malthus

Malthus died in 1834 near Bath, Somerset.


Question: Where was Thomas Malthus born?

Thomas Malthus

[1] The theory of population growth Malthus's views developed mostly in response to the optimistic views of representatives of his father's circle of friends, such as William Godwin and Jean-Jacques Rousseau.


Question: Where was Thomas Malthus born?

Thomas Malthus

In 1798 Malthus published his main demographic work, An Essay on the Principle of Population, in which he predicted population growth would lead to a reduction in foraging per capita.


Question: Where was Thomas Malthus born?

Thomas Malthus

The prediction was based on the idea that the population will grow unlimited according to geometric series (such as 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64, 128...) while nutrients grow in arithmetic series (such as 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7...).


Question: Where was Thomas Malthus born?

Thomas Malthus

Malthus did not endorse contraception but urged people to limit birth rates only through sexual abstinence and late marrying.


Question: Where was Thomas Malthus born?

Thomas Malthus

In Malthus's theory, the problem of a growing population is seen to concern mainly the working people and the poor, and birth control also, in his view, had to target only these categories.


Question: Where was Thomas Malthus born?

Thomas Malthus

Malthus's later influence Malthus theory had a great influence on later population theory.


Question: Where was Thomas Malthus born?

Thomas Malthus

Prior to Malthus, the high birth rate had been seen economically only as a positive point, as it increased labour supply in the national economy.


Question: Where was Thomas Malthus born?

Thomas Malthus

Malthus looked at the issue from a new perspective, convincing most economists of his time that a high birth rate would reduce output per capita, even if increasing output in an absolute sense.


Question: Where was Thomas Malthus born?

Thomas Malthus

In the 1830s, Malthus's writings had a great influence on the reforms undertaken by the Whig Party to curtail welfare grants (Amendment of the Poorest Laws, 1834).


Question: Where was Thomas Malthus born?

Thomas Malthus

As early as 1801, a census begun in Britain was also associated with Malthus's writings.


Question: Where was Thomas Malthus born?

Thomas Malthus

Malthus's theory also influenced the major developers of the theory of evolution, Charles Darwin and Alfred Russel Wallace.


Question: Where was Thomas Malthus born?

Thomas Malthus

Darwin explained his main work as being an application of Malthus's doctrines to the realm of non-human activity.


Question: Where was Thomas Malthus born?

Thomas Malthus

Similarly, Wallace, who developed an equivalent theory of evolution without Darwin's knowledge, admitted Malthus's influence was crucial to his own theory.


Question: Where was Thomas Malthus born?

Thomas Malthus

Although Malthus himself had opposed contraceptives, his theory inspired Francis Place (1771-1854), who led a movement advocating the use of contraceptives called Neo-Malthusian.


Question: Where was Thomas Malthus born?

Thomas Malthus

There are still a considerable number of demographers known as Neo-Malthusians, who say that unlimited population growth will eventually lead to a major catastrophe.


Question: Where was Thomas Malthus born?

Thomas Malthus

Likewise, population growth has been regulated a lot in practice as well.


Question: Where was Thomas Malthus born?

Thomas Malthus

China, for example, has had a one-child policy governing population growth since the late 1970s.


Question: Where was Thomas Malthus born?

Thomas Malthus

Among Malthus's most notable followers was Paul Ehrlich, published in the 1960s by Paul Ehrlich, a book called The Population Bomb, which predicted a major population explosion would come in the 1970s.


Question: Where was Thomas Malthus born?

Thomas Malthus

Among the most famous Neo-Malthusians today is, for example, Lester Brown, director of the Worldwatch Institute.


Question: Where was Thomas Malthus born?

Thomas Malthus

Sources “Thomas Robert Malthus”, Encyclopaedia Britannica References Category:Classical economists Category:Demography Category:British economists Category:Those born in 1766 Category:Those who died in 1834 Category:Key articles of screening


Question: What is the longest track in Finland?

Jyväskylä — Pieksämäki track

The Jyväskylä — Pieksämäki line is a section of line in the Finnish network that runs from Jyväskylä to Pieksämäki.


Question: What is the longest track in Finland?

Jyväskylä — Pieksämäki track

The section of track is 79.8 kilometres long, single track and electrified for the entire journey.


Question: What is the longest track in Finland?

Jyväskylä — Pieksämäki track

The track section is protected and remotely controlled from Pieksämäki.


Question: What is the longest track in Finland?

Jyväskylä — Pieksämäki track

Passenger trains stop at Hankasalmi, [1] previously also in Lievesfreshen until August 2014, when stops ceased.


Question: What is the longest track in Finland?

Jyväskylä — Pieksämäki track

Previously, traffic control on the section of the line was handled by manned traffic places, but in May 2007 the section of line was phased in for remote control.


Question: What is the longest track in Finland?

Jyväskylä — Pieksämäki track

[2] The Pönttövuori Tunnel, which was once the longest railway tunnel in Finland, is located on the railway section.


Question: What is the longest track in Finland?

Jyväskylä — Pieksämäki track

The original tunnel was completed in the summer of 1917 and was in use until 1995 when a new tunnel was built.


Question: What is the longest track in Finland?

Jyväskylä — Pieksämäki track

[3] [4] History The decision to build the track was made in 1912.


Question: What is the longest track in Finland?

Jyväskylä — Pieksämäki track

Of the alternative alignments, the most difficult and expensive was chosen.


Question: What is the longest track in Finland?

Jyväskylä — Pieksämäki track

The decision was influenced by the experience of winding and hilly lines such as the Haapamäki—Jyväskylä line that proved inadequate for the growing train service.


Question: What is the longest track in Finland?

Jyväskylä — Pieksämäki track

The track became straightforward — plans to circumnavigate Leppälahti and Pönttövuori were abandoned.


Question: What is the longest track in Finland?

Jyväskylä — Pieksämäki track

The alignment through Hankasalmi church village and Kankainen was not implemented, leading to the creation of the station villages of Hankasalmi, Sauvamäki and Venetmäki.


Question: What is the longest track in Finland?

Jyväskylä — Pieksämäki track

The main challenges of construction were at the western end — rock cuts between Vaajakoski and Leppälahti, long lake embankments and the Pönttövuori Tunnel.


Question: What is the longest track in Finland?

Jyväskylä — Pieksämäki track

[1] The Jyväskylän-Pieksämäki line was the last built part of the line from Saint Petersburg through the inner parts of Finland to Vaasa (Saint Petersburg — Käkisalmi—Hiitola—Elisenvaara—Savonlinna—Pieksämäki—Jyväsky—Haapamäki—Vaasa), which was considered particularly important by the Russian government for strategic reasons.


Question: What is the longest track in Finland?

Jyväskylä — Pieksämäki track

The old Riihimäen—Saint Petersburg line was located so close to the coast of the Gulf of Finland that it was feared to fall into enemy control during a possible war.


Question: What is the longest track in Finland?

Jyväskylä — Pieksämäki track

[5] As recently completed, the track really gained considerable strategic importance, but not for the Russians, but for the Whites of the Finnish Civil War, since the Riihimäen—Vyborg line was the Red, this new line instead entirely in the White-dominated area and connected the old north- southbound track sections.


Question: What is the longest track in Finland?

Jyväskylä — Pieksämäki track

[5] The track had time to be completed a few days before the start of the Civil War.


Question: What is the longest track in Finland?

Jyväskylä — Pieksämäki track

[5] Influence and current state The track shaped the culture of the localities.


Question: What is the longest track in Finland?

Jyväskylä — Pieksämäki track

Local residents learned new ways from track laborers and the track gave rise to new built-up areas.


Question: What is the longest track in Finland?

Jyväskylä — Pieksämäki track

The track also affected the industry — SOK factories were established in Vaajakoski and a pulp mill in Lievesfresh.


Question: What is the longest track in Finland?

Jyväskylä — Pieksämäki track

The track is still important for Hankasalmi sawmill.


Question: What is the longest track in Finland?

Jyväskylä — Pieksämäki track

[1] The bigger stations were in Vaajakoski, Lievestuourki and Hankasalmi.


Question: What is the longest track in Finland?

Jyväskylä — Pieksämäki track

For example, in 1956 there were 24 staging points in passenger transport.


Question: What is the longest track in Finland?

Jyväskylä — Pieksämäki track

[6] There were frequent shutdowns, for example in 1949 on the eight-kilometre section between Jyväskylä and Vaajakoski, Aittokallio, Jyskä and Sammallahti.


Question: What is the longest track in Finland?

Jyväskylä — Pieksämäki track

[7] Dm6 and Dm7 type railbuses, the so-called “Puddle Hats”, ceased service in spring 1988 and the last stops at small stations ceased in 1992.


Question: What is the longest track in Finland?

Jyväskylä — Pieksämäki track

[8] As local traffic receded, the line was developed to meet the needs of the through traffic.


Question: What is the longest track in Finland?

Jyväskylä — Pieksämäki track

In the late 1980s, a major track renovation was undertaken.


Question: What is the longest track in Finland?

Jyväskylä — Pieksämäki track

In the 1990s, the Vaajakoski bridge was replaced with a new one and a new tunnel was built in Pönttövuori.


Question: What is the longest track in Finland?

Jyväskylä — Pieksämäki track

Electrification of the track was completed in 1995.


Question: What is the longest track in Finland?

Jyväskylä — Pieksämäki track

Pendolinos began operating in the 2000s.


Question: What is the longest track in Finland?

Jyväskylä — Pieksämäki track

[1] Accidents on the part of the line Hankasalmi train accident 1941, two dead and three injured Pictures Sources on the topic elsewhere Category:62.414 Rail transport Category:Jyväskylä transport Category:Pieksämäki transport Category:Finnish rail network Category:Jyväskylä rural municipality Category:Pieksämäki rural municipality


Question: How many flags did Lauri Törni serve?

Vietnam War

The Vietnam War (also the Second Indochina War,,, “War of Resistance against the United States”) was a war fought in Vietnam from 1954 to 1975, fought between the states of North and South Vietnam and international allies on both sides.


Question: How many flags did Lauri Törni serve?

Vietnam War

The fighting was mainly fought in South Vietnam, but after the United States entered the war as a result of the Gulf of Tonkin incident in 1964, it extended its bombing flights to North Vietnam, Laos and Cambodia as well.


Question: How many flags did Lauri Törni serve?

Vietnam War

The events of the Vietnam War also contributed significantly to the Cambodian Civil War.


Question: How many flags did Lauri Törni serve?

Vietnam War

[1] The war has been referred to in the West as the world's first television war.


Question: How many flags did Lauri Törni serve?

Vietnam War

[2] The Vietnam War contributed to the abolition of conscription in the United States in the early 1970s.


Question: How many flags did Lauri Törni serve?

Vietnam War

The main features of the war in Vietnam had been an anti-colonial war, first against the Japanese and then the French.


Question: How many flags did Lauri Törni serve?

Vietnam War

After the defeat of Điện Biên Phường in 1954, the United States became the most prominent international party — initially as an advisor, but after the 1964 Gulf of Tonkin Incident openly.


Question: How many flags did Lauri Törni serve?

Vietnam War

For US troops, hostilities ended with the Peace Treaty following the Armistice in Paris on 27 January 1973.


Question: How many flags did Lauri Törni serve?

Vietnam War

With the armistice in effect, FNL and North Vietnamese forces resumed the invasion of South Vietnam, and there was no further desire in the United States to send troops to aid South Vietnam.


Question: How many flags did Lauri Törni serve?

Vietnam War

North Vietnamese forces recaptured Saigon and on April 30, 1975, the Saigon government surrendered.


Question: How many flags did Lauri Törni serve?

Vietnam War

On 2 July 1976, South and North Vietnam were merged into the Socialist Republic of Vietnam.


Question: How many flags did Lauri Törni serve?

Vietnam War

The fighting took place mostly on South Vietnamese soil, but U.S. bombing flights also extended into North Vietnamese territory, as well as in so-called black operations, partly into Laos and Cambodia.


Question: How many flags did Lauri Törni serve?

Vietnam War

[3] On the southern side, in addition to government forces in Saigon, fought US, South Korean, Thai, Australian, New Zealand and Philippine forces.


Question: How many flags did Lauri Törni serve?

Vietnam War

In addition to the government of Hanoi, the North Vietnamese forces included the South Vietnamese National Liberation Front, a guerrilla movement operated in South Vietnam.


Question: How many flags did Lauri Törni serve?

Vietnam War

The North received military support from the Soviet Union and China.


Question: How many flags did Lauri Törni serve?

Vietnam War

[4] The Vietnam War can be defined as one of the so-called proxy wars of the Cold War.


Question: How many flags did Lauri Törni serve?

Vietnam War

[5] On the South Vietnamese side, 230,000 South Vietnamese, 58,000 US, 4000 South Korean and 500 Australian soldiers were killed.


Question: How many flags did Lauri Törni serve?

Vietnam War

On the North Vietnamese side, 1.1 million North Vietnamese soldiers were killed.


Question: How many flags did Lauri Törni serve?

Vietnam War

Two million civilians were killed in the Vietnam War, a clear majority in the southern parts of the country.


Question: How many flags did Lauri Törni serve?

Vietnam War

[4] After the fall of South Vietnam, large numbers of Vietnamese fled the country on boats, and thus the concept of a boat refugee was born.


Question: How many flags did Lauri Törni serve?

Vietnam War

They also came to Finland with a small force, of which the Finnish-Vietnamese were formed.


Question: How many flags did Lauri Törni serve?

Vietnam War

[6] The defeat of the United States has been used as an example for the view that guerrilla warfare is very difficult to win.


Question: How many flags did Lauri Törni serve?

Vietnam War

Background Indochina War Vietnam War was the result of the French Indochina War.


Question: How many flags did Lauri Törni serve?

Vietnam War

It is sometimes called the Second Indochina War.


Question: How many flags did Lauri Törni serve?

Vietnam War

During World War II, Vichy France had cooperated with Imperial Japan, and Vietnam was occupied by the Japanese military, although its administration remained under the French puppet ruler, Bảo Đại.


Question: How many flags did Lauri Törni serve?

Vietnam War

After the Japanese surrendered, France was forced to fight for control of its colony with the nationalist Việt Minh independence movement.


Question: How many flags did Lauri Törni serve?

Vietnam War

This was led by Communist Party leader Ho Chi Minh.


Question: How many flags did Lauri Törni serve?

Vietnam War

After Việt Minh's defeat of the French colonial army at the Battle of Điện Biên Phạm in 1954, Vietnam gained its independence.


Question: How many flags did Lauri Törni serve?

Vietnam War

The United States had supplied France with the weapons for its war effort in Vietnam, and in this case even considered, for example, resolving the Battle of Điện Biên Phạn with a US-made nuclear weapon.


Question: How many flags did Lauri Törni serve?

Vietnam War

The Geneva Conference, organised because of the issue, pointed Vietnam — initially intended to be temporary — as a division between south and north.


Question: How many flags did Lauri Törni serve?

Vietnam War

The north was ruled by Ho Chi Minh and the southern by Emperor Bảo Đại.


Question: How many flags did Lauri Törni serve?

Vietnam War

In 1955, the South Vietnamese monarchy was abolished, and Prime Minister Ngô Đình Diệm rose to head the state declared a republic.


Question: How many flags did Lauri Törni serve?

Vietnam War

The United States began to help the Diệm government.


Question: How many flags did Lauri Törni serve?

Vietnam War

The Diệm and Ho Chi Minh regimes were dictatorships.


Question: How many flags did Lauri Törni serve?

Vietnam War

In 1957, the Soviet Union advocated admitting both Vietnamese as members to the UN, but after this, North Vietnam began to deploy guerrillas in the Mekong River Delta.


Question: How many flags did Lauri Törni serve?

Vietnam War

The American drift into the Vietnam War at the Geneva Conference defined that elections should be held to unite the countries in June 1956.


Question: How many flags did Lauri Törni serve?

Vietnam War

However, these were never held.


Question: How many flags did Lauri Törni serve?

Vietnam War

The U.S.-backed South Vietnamese leadership saw Southeast Asia as one of the battlegrounds of the Cold War, and therefore had no interest in holding democratic elections that might have brought the Communists to power.


Question: How many flags did Lauri Törni serve?

Vietnam War

The communist regime in North Vietnam was ready to hold elections because it was confident of its support.


Question: How many flags did Lauri Törni serve?

Vietnam War

The issue became even clearer after the North implemented a major agricultural reform by which the land was distributed to poor countrymen.


Question: How many flags did Lauri Törni serve?

Vietnam War

This might have sounded too appealing to the poor in the south, who might have voted to join.


Question: How many flags did Lauri Törni serve?

Vietnam War

President Dwight D. Eisenhower speculated in his memoirs that a nationwide Democratic election would have brought victory for the Communists.


Question: How many flags did Lauri Törni serve?

Vietnam War

In any case, neither Vietnam nor the United States had signed an agreement to hold elections, and it appeared that the division would remain permanent on par with the partition of Korea years earlier.


Question: How many flags did Lauri Törni serve?

Vietnam War

The Viet Cong movement led the offensive against what they claimed to be corrupt, the South Vietnamese government.


Question: How many flags did Lauri Törni serve?

Vietnam War

To save the South Vietnamese regime from communist attack, the United States sent to its aid initially a few thousand military advisers, then more and more.


Question: How many flags did Lauri Törni serve?

Vietnam War

North Vietnam, along with the Soviet Union and the People's Republic of China, supported the Viet Cong with weapons, equipment, advisers, and units of the North Vietnamese Army transported along the jungle trails and roads of neutral Laos and Cambodia.


Question: How many flags did Lauri Törni serve?

Vietnam War

From 1960, the Viet Cong movement began to receive increasing support from the north by land and sea.


Question: How many flags did Lauri Törni serve?

Vietnam War

In 1963, Lyndon B. Johnson, who became President of the United States, pledged to withdraw American troops.


Question: How many flags did Lauri Törni serve?

Vietnam War

Still, in 1965, he increased U.S. use of force in Vietnam: aerial bombardment, for example, was greatly increased.


Question: How many flags did Lauri Törni serve?

Vietnam War

He believed that a massive bombardment would resolve the war quickly, and war would no longer trouble the United States.


Question: How many flags did Lauri Törni serve?

Vietnam War

The fighting prior to 1968 saw the United States provide financial support to France at the outset, subsequently sending military advisers and eventually combat troops to Vietnam in increasing numbers.


Question: How many flags did Lauri Törni serve?

Vietnam War

Thus, the United States allowed itself to be drawn increasingly into the Vietnamese conflict.


Question: How many flags did Lauri Törni serve?

Vietnam War

The United States sent its soldiers to Vietnam because it feared Vietnam would fall to communism and become a communist support zone from which the revolution would be exported to neighboring countries, and eventually all of Southeast Asia might fall under communist rule.


Question: How many flags did Lauri Törni serve?

Vietnam War

According to Eisenhower's domino theory, communism might thus spread beyond Southeast Asia.


Question: How many flags did Lauri Törni serve?

Vietnam War

[7] The Viet Cong had begun operations in 1957 and expanded into a functioning guerrilla movement by 1959.


Question: How many flags did Lauri Törni serve?

Vietnam War

By 1962, the United States increased the number of its military advisers from 700 to 12000.


Question: How many flags did Lauri Törni serve?

Vietnam War

In the same year, the Viet Cong received substantial arms aid from China.


Question: How many flags did Lauri Törni serve?

Vietnam War

The South Vietnamese fought the guerrillas by rounding up farmers in protected villages.


Question: How many flags did Lauri Törni serve?

Vietnam War

However, many times it happened that the village, fortified by the government, was subdued by Viet Cong guerrillas, causing the regime to arm the guerrillas.


Question: How many flags did Lauri Törni serve?

Vietnam War

[8] [9] In September 1963, the Diệm government fell, and subversive generals rose to power.


Question: How many flags did Lauri Törni serve?

Vietnam War

By October 1963, there were already 15,000 American advisors in Vietnam.


Question: How many flags did Lauri Törni serve?

Vietnam War

On 8 March 1965, the first American combat troops made the landings at Da Nang with a force of 3500 Marine soldiers.


Question: How many flags did Lauri Törni serve?

Vietnam War

In 1963, Vietnam had 23300 U.S. soldiers, 184,000 in 1966, 450,000 in the summer of 1966, and during Nixon's presidency, 540,000 at the end of 1968.


Question: How many flags did Lauri Törni serve?

Vietnam War

[9] In 1967, North Vietnamese fighters flowed south with 20,000 men per month along a new road network known as the Ho Chi Minh Trail.


Question: How many flags did Lauri Törni serve?

Vietnam War

[10] As the United States was unable to win the war quickly, it was forced to increase the number of its soldiers.


Question: How many flags did Lauri Törni serve?

Vietnam War

In the early 1960s and middle stages, the guerrillas held separate areas only in rural areas, and stalemate prevailed despite fierce fighting and bombardment.


Question: How many flags did Lauri Törni serve?

Vietnam War

The US bombing did not cut off the influx of men and weapons from North Vietnam.


Question: How many flags did Lauri Törni serve?

Vietnam War

The United States could not destroy these guerrilla support areas, but the guerrillas were unable to expand their territory either.


Question: How many flags did Lauri Törni serve?

Vietnam War

Diệm's brother raided Buddhist monasteries, prompting widespread protests.


Question: How many flags did Lauri Törni serve?

Vietnam War

Generals under Diệm obtained permission from the American embassy, seized power, and imprisoned Diệm and his brother.


Question: How many flags did Lauri Törni serve?

Vietnam War

[11] Diệm was slain shortly after the capture with the blessing of the United States, although the Kennedy administration expressed public regret over the affair.


Question: How many flags did Lauri Törni serve?

Vietnam War

US Central Intelligence Agency CIA analysts estimated in 1966 that the United States would not win the Vietnam War.


Question: How many flags did Lauri Törni serve?

Vietnam War

This despite the fact that some CIA leaders believed the US would win the war.


Question: How many flags did Lauri Törni serve?

Vietnam War

Secretary of Defense Robert McNamara read a war pessimistic report by CIA analysts in August 1966, and recommended to the president an end to the war.


Question: How many flags did Lauri Törni serve?

Vietnam War

The president disregarded McNamara's proposal [12].


Question: How many flags did Lauri Törni serve?

Vietnam War

Opposition to the war increased strongly in the United States in late 1967 when most of the people opposed the war.


Question: How many flags did Lauri Törni serve?

Vietnam War

Initially supporting the Vietnam War, Robert McNamara, the United States Secretary of Defense, resigned from the Cabinet.


Question: How many flags did Lauri Törni serve?

Vietnam War

In the fall of 1967 there was a huge anti-Vietnam War demonstration in the United States


Question: How many flags did Lauri Törni serve?

Vietnam War

[13] By the beginning of 1968, there were 15000 dead in the war, including 9000 from 1967.


Question: How many flags did Lauri Törni serve?

Vietnam War

Late 1967 saw three weeks of fighting in the Dakto Mountains and two months in Khesanh: the US forces lost 500 and the Vietnamese 10,000 troops.


Question: How many flags did Lauri Törni serve?

Vietnam War

In 1967, 90,000 guerrillas fell.


Question: How many flags did Lauri Törni serve?

Vietnam War

This is how the Americans thought they were winning because they had a more firepowered army at their disposal and they won every significant battle.


Question: How many flags did Lauri Törni serve?

Vietnam War

Massive Aerial Bombardment and Air War Aerial bombardment In December 1963, North Vietnam decided to send its forces south.


Question: How many flags did Lauri Törni serve?

Vietnam War

In 1964, construction began on the Hồ Chí Minh Service Road on the site of an earlier service trail.


Question: How many flags did Lauri Törni serve?

Vietnam War

In 1964, 10,000 North Vietnamese arrived in South Vietnam and 35,000 the following year.


Question: How many flags did Lauri Törni serve?

Vietnam War

The Viet Cong had about 170,000 guerrillas in 1964.


Question: How many flags did Lauri Törni serve?

Vietnam War

Small landings were made from South Vietnam into North Vietnamese territories with the U.S. Navy assisting South Vietnam in its operations by providing intelligence.


Question: How many flags did Lauri Törni serve?

Vietnam War

According to import-time estimates by the US military, even large numbers of troops would not be sufficient to defeat the Viet Cong, and air raids would not be effective.


Question: How many flags did Lauri Törni serve?

Vietnam War

Many of the US president's advisers disregarded those assessments much.


Question: How many flags did Lauri Törni serve?

Vietnam War

Deputy Foreign Minister George Ball warned against meddling in Vietnamese affairs, citing French experience; in the opinion of French President Charles de Gaulle, Vietnam was a “rotten country.”


Question: How many flags did Lauri Törni serve?

Vietnam War

The United States began bombing North Vietnam shortly after North Vietnam allegedly attacked by torpedo boats against US ships Maddox and Turner Joy in the Gulf of Tonkin.


Question: How many flags did Lauri Törni serve?

Vietnam War

This was related to U.S. and South Vietnamese operations in North Vietnam.


Question: How many flags did Lauri Törni serve?

Vietnam War

The last reason for the air raids was that in February 1965 Viet Cong forces attacked South Vietnamese garrisons at Pleiku and Quy Nhơn, leaving 38 US soldiers dead.


Question: How many flags did Lauri Törni serve?

Vietnam War

Shortly thereafter, bombers from the carrier Ranger embarked bombers into North Vietnamese airspace for bombing flights.


Question: How many flags did Lauri Törni serve?

Vietnam War

Meanwhile, Soviet Premier Alexei Kosygin was on a visit to the North Vietnamese capital Hanoi.


Question: How many flags did Lauri Törni serve?

Vietnam War

North Vietnam served as a support area and source of weapons for the Viet Cong guerrillas, making North Vietnam a target for the U.S. war effort.


Question: How many flags did Lauri Törni serve?

Vietnam War

The United States dropped more bombs on North Vietnam than it did on Germany and Japan in World War II; the bombs were predominantly World War II surplus, and due to their high consumption, for example, the Federal Air Force of Germany recalled aerial bombs it received from the United States for use in Vietnam.


Question: How many flags did Lauri Törni serve?

Vietnam War

The justification for massive aerial bombardment was to break the Vietnamese will to fight, although this had been found, for example, in the Battle for Great Britain, German bombings and the Korean War as unlikely and even reversed as the result of bombings.


Question: How many flags did Lauri Törni serve?

Vietnam War

North Vietnam strengthened its air defenses with Chinese and Soviet support.


Question: How many flags did Lauri Törni serve?

Vietnam War

President John F. Kennedy ordered the first air raids on the North.


Question: How many flags did Lauri Törni serve?

Vietnam War

Operation “Rolling Thunder” (“rumbling thunder”) was the largest single airborne operation of the Johnson government.


Question: How many flags did Lauri Törni serve?

Vietnam War

It began about six months after the Americans began an intervention in Vietnam in 1965 that lasted until 1968.


Question: How many flags did Lauri Törni serve?

Vietnam War

The bombing mission was considered ineffective by U.S. soldiers, as policymakers had narrowed many militarily important targets out of it.


Question: How many flags did Lauri Törni serve?

Vietnam War

On 8 December 1965, President Johnson of the United States informed Maxwell Taylor, Ambassador to South Vietnam, that the main objective of the bombing campaign would be to boost the morale of the South Vietnamese and not so much to influence North Vietam [14].


Question: How many flags did Lauri Törni serve?

Vietnam War

It's 31.


Question: How many flags did Lauri Törni serve?

Vietnam War


Question: How many flags did Lauri Törni serve?

Vietnam War

1967, the United States Department of Defense reported that 864,000 tons of bombs had been dropped on North Vietnam during Rolling Thunder, which is more than the 653000 tons of the Korean War or the 503000 tons of the World War II Pacific combat zone [15].


Question: How many flags did Lauri Törni serve?

Vietnam War

The bombing killed 52,000 North Korean soldiers and 182,000 civilians [16] [17].


Question: How many flags did Lauri Törni serve?

Vietnam War

US losses were 1,054 killed, wounded or captured [18] and 922 aircraft [18] [19] The aerial bombardment was not, strategically speaking, a military success, and they turned the mood against the Americans.


Question: How many flags did Lauri Törni serve?

Vietnam War

One of Rolling Thunder's targets was a bridge called Paul Doumier in the southern part of North Vietnam.


Question: How many flags did Lauri Törni serve?

Vietnam War

Much of the guns had passed across the bridge; however, it was always available to the Communists, and although its immediate area had been bombed “like a lunar landscape”, the bridge was not significantly damaged.


Question: How many flags did Lauri Törni serve?

Vietnam War

Aerial bombardment also extended to Laos and Cambodia.


Question: How many flags did Lauri Törni serve?

Vietnam War

The home fields of bombardment squadrons were often located on Thai soil at Ubon Ratchathani and Sattahip, where the United States built the U-Tapao Field.


Question: How many flags did Lauri Törni serve?

Vietnam War

The Thai military government turned out to be a loyal supporter of the United States in the Vietnam War.


Question: How many flags did Lauri Törni serve?

Vietnam War

As aerial bombardment began, North Vietnam began receiving anti-aircraft missiles, fighter jets and radars from its military ally the Soviet Union, but Soviet-made anti-aircraft missiles proved poor in hit accuracy.


Question: How many flags did Lauri Törni serve?

Vietnam War

The planes were mostly shot down by it cannon fire.


Question: How many flags did Lauri Törni serve?

Vietnam War

The United States suspended aerial bombing of the North in 1968.


Question: How many flags did Lauri Törni serve?

Vietnam War

In 45 months, about 1,000 aircraft had been destroyed and 643,000 tons of bombs dropped.


Question: How many flags did Lauri Törni serve?

Vietnam War

[20] In 1971, bombardment of North Vietnam was resumed, and in 1972 Operations Linebacker as well as Linebacker II were launched to eliminate negotiating objections raised during the Paris peace talks.


Question: How many flags did Lauri Törni serve?

Vietnam War

[21] The Fighter War in Vietnam was also fought as a fighter war.


Question: How many flags did Lauri Törni serve?

Vietnam War

The United States downed 217 aircraft, the North Vietnamese 121 and the Chinese eight.


Question: How many flags did Lauri Törni serve?

Vietnam War

The observation radar used by the Vietnamese was called the Fan Song.


Question: How many flags did Lauri Törni serve?

Vietnam War

[22] The main US fighter aircraft type was the F-4 Phantom II, which was also used in bombing missions.


Question: How many flags did Lauri Törni serve?

Vietnam War

It had no fixed cannon armament, and its pilots were trained in modern missile warfare rather than archaic archaic battle.


Question: How many flags did Lauri Törni serve?

Vietnam War

However, fewer drops were made by missiles in the skies of Vietnam than with cannons.


Question: How many flags did Lauri Törni serve?

Vietnam War

The most reliable fighter design in North Vietnam was the MiG-21 in the late 1960s; prior to that, the MiG-17 and MiG-19 had also proved difficult to drop, being lightweight and maneuverable.


Question: How many flags did Lauri Törni serve?

Vietnam War

They also proved dangerous for heavy B-52 bombers.


Question: How many flags did Lauri Törni serve?

Vietnam War

This is why bombing raids were mostly done by fighter jets.


Question: How many flags did Lauri Törni serve?

Vietnam War

Fierce fighting took place in the air among fighter jets.


Question: How many flags did Lauri Törni serve?

Vietnam War

Initially, the Americans were successful, but as the late 1960s approached, the Vietnamese began to achieve more and more victories.


Question: How many flags did Lauri Törni serve?

Vietnam War

This led, among other things, to the establishment of the Navy Air War School (“Top Gun”) in the United States.


Question: How many flags did Lauri Törni serve?

Vietnam War

Initially, US Phantom fighters shot down a large number of Russian-made MiG fighters, compared to the capacity of the North Vietnamese Air Force, about four MiG fighters per one US shot down.


Question: How many flags did Lauri Törni serve?

Vietnam War

Many Vietnamese planes were destroyed at their airfields because, in the early 1960s, the United States was allowed to bomb North Vietnam in a fairly leisurely manner.


Question: How many flags did Lauri Törni serve?

Vietnam War

Afterwards, the bombing became politicized, and Hanoi and other cities, with Soviet and Western missions among others, were subject to a bombing ban.


Question: How many flags did Lauri Törni serve?

Vietnam War

Presidential consent was required for each bombing operation.


Question: How many flags did Lauri Törni serve?

Vietnam War

Although the United States in a short time destroyed the entire fleet of machinery from North Vietnam, this received replenishments to replace them.


Question: How many flags did Lauri Törni serve?

Vietnam War

The limiting factor was the number of pilots.


Question: How many flags did Lauri Törni serve?

Vietnam War

If Vietnamese pilots who were shot down fell on their own soil and were not seriously maimed, they returned to their jobs.


Question: How many flags did Lauri Törni serve?

Vietnam War

There were also improvements in battle tactics on sides and otherwise.


Question: How many flags did Lauri Törni serve?

Vietnam War

During the closing stages of Rolling Thunder, the Vietnamese downed five U.S. planes for one MiG-21 shot down.


Question: How many flags did Lauri Törni serve?

Vietnam War

The Vietnamese learned group-fighting tactics and joint operations with air defense.


Question: How many flags did Lauri Törni serve?

Vietnam War

The increase in US air combat losses also came as it increasingly recycled its soldiers in the Air Force as well, and sent men completely deprived of combat experience and poorly trained to air combat.


Question: How many flags did Lauri Törni serve?

Vietnam War

This is understandable because one of the goals of the war was the pursuit of soldiers for a possible major war.


Question: How many flags did Lauri Törni serve?

Vietnam War

Vietnamese pilots operate in combat surprisingly by attacking US planes from behind, a classic tactic of lower-performance aircraft (such as the MiG-17).


Question: How many flags did Lauri Törni serve?

Vietnam War

A lot of times, the American people still got turned to the advantage of the situation.


Question: How many flags did Lauri Törni serve?

Vietnam War

The United States was retrofitting more and more cannons on its Phantoms because the missiles were not suitable for air-fighting at low altitude, for example.


Question: How many flags did Lauri Törni serve?

Vietnam War

The Sparrow missiles used by the United States were poor in accuracy because they were often used in what is known as quick-launch mode, where the missile had not had time to target properly.


Question: How many flags did Lauri Törni serve?

Vietnam War

For every ten Sparrows launched, only one MiG was dropped.


Question: How many flags did Lauri Törni serve?

Vietnam War

Nor did the Sidewinder perform satisfactorily in hand-to-hand combat; improved versions of it during the war were developed.


Question: How many flags did Lauri Törni serve?

Vietnam War

The United States found itself outnumbered in the air as early as late 1967.


Question: How many flags did Lauri Törni serve?

Vietnam War

During the first half of the year, one Phantom shot down 13 MiG-21s, but towards the end of the year the drop ratio swung to 5:1 in favour of the Vietnamese.


Question: How many flags did Lauri Törni serve?

Vietnam War

In 1967, the United States downed 13 planes, but of these only one was a MiG-21.


Question: How many flags did Lauri Törni serve?

Vietnam War

The Vietnamese, on the other hand, downed 12 U.S. planes with MiG-21s and one on other planes.


Question: How many flags did Lauri Törni serve?

Vietnam War

The MiG-21 Soviet-made Atoll missile was better suited to Vietnamese type air combat than US missiles, but even that still didn't work very well.


Question: How many flags did Lauri Törni serve?

Vietnam War

Ground combat aircraft and helicopters The United States used in the war with success ground combat aircraft and helicopters.


Question: How many flags did Lauri Törni serve?

Vietnam War

The AC-130 “Spectre” was a heavy fire support aircraft armed with large-caliber guns and small-caliber autocannons.


Question: How many flags did Lauri Törni serve?

Vietnam War

Bell UH-1 Iroquois “Huey” was usually armed with an M60D machine gun.


Question: How many flags did Lauri Törni serve?

Vietnam War

Helicopters were used in combat, for the transport of the wounded, for the most diverse missions.


Question: How many flags did Lauri Törni serve?

Vietnam War

The North Vietnamese army downed more than 4000 helicopters.


Question: How many flags did Lauri Törni serve?

Vietnam War

[23] Têt attack The most important celebration of the Vietnamese year is the New Year Reception (Têt), which is celebrated for four days.


Question: How many flags did Lauri Törni serve?

Vietnam War

To the full surprise of the Americans, the conclusion of the Têt celebration on 31 January 1968 saw the beginning of a major assault on cities by rural guerrillas in South Vietnam.


Question: How many flags did Lauri Törni serve?

Vietnam War

The attack was made at the time of the armistice concluded at the suggestion of the Viet Cong.


Question: How many flags did Lauri Törni serve?

Vietnam War

The Cải Chi tunnels made a surprise attack possible, but equally a significant role was occupied by locals, many of whom helped the guerrillas.


Question: How many flags did Lauri Törni serve?

Vietnam War

Wilfred Burchett, who served as a correspondent in the region, asked Nguyen Van Hieu to give his opinion on official reports from Washington that FNL forces did not receive the assistance they hoped for from the civilian population in carrying out an attack on the cities.


Question: How many flags did Lauri Törni serve?

Vietnam War

Hieu replied: “Without the support of the townspeople, we would not have been able to carry out such a large-scale attack.


Question: How many flags did Lauri Törni serve?

Vietnam War

The support of the people contributed decisively to our victory.” The Têt Offensive was the turning point of the Vietnam War.


Question: How many flags did Lauri Törni serve?

Vietnam War

70,000 guerrillas took over a total of one hundred small and large population centers.


Question: How many flags did Lauri Törni serve?

Vietnam War

Strikes were carried out on all major population centers.


Question: How many flags did Lauri Törni serve?

Vietnam War

General Giap had begun planning the attack as early as 1967.


Question: How many flags did Lauri Törni serve?

Vietnam War

The minimum objective of the Têt offensive was to end the bombing of North Vietnam and forcing the United States to the negotiating table.