Question: In what year is Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

On 3 May 1791, an attempt was made in the Sejm to draft a new constitution in which Lithuanian-Polish cooperation would have intensified further.


Question: In what year is Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

However, the project and the entire confederation fell in the partitions of Poland, after which Lithuania was annexed as part of the Russian Empire.


Question: In what year is Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

Period of Russian Empire (1795—1914) As part of Russia After Poland-Lithuania broke up, the Russian Empire began to dominate Lithuanian territories.


Question: In what year is Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

Among other things, Vilnius and its surrounding areas were made Vilnius Governorate.


Question: In what year is Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

The majority of the territory of Vilnius Governorate belongs to the territory of present-day Belar


Question: In what year is Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

The northern parts of modern Lithuania were included in Kaunas Governorate.


Question: In what year is Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

The area south of Kaunas formed the northern part of Suwałki Governorate.


Question: In what year is Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

In the early 19th century, there were indications that Lithuanians could have been given autonomy, but that reform never materialized.


Question: In what year is Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

The western coastal region of the country belonged to East Prussia.


Question: In what year is Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

Napoleon's invasion One of the reasons for freezing Russian autonomy reform may be the year 1812, when Lithuanians enthusiastically welcomed the French emperor Napoleon's army as liberators.


Question: In what year is Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

After the French army withdrew, Emperor Nicholas I of Russia began a program of Russification in Lithuanian territory.


Question: In what year is Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

The southwestern part of Lithuania was annexed by Prussia and was part of the short-lived Duchy of Warsaw and later Kingdom of Poland.


Question: In what year is Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

In the same year, other parts of Lithuania were annexed as a single province by the Russian Empire.


Question: In what year is Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

Revolts Lithuanians and Poles rebelled twice, in 1831 and 1863.


Question: In what year is Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

However, both rebellions failed.


Question: In what year is Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

In 1864, the teaching of the Lithuanian language and the Latin alphabet was banned in schools.


Question: In what year is Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

In protest, Lithuanians printed books and writings in their own language secretly and abroad.


Question: In what year is Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

The book smugglers were referred to as knygnešiai.


Question: In what year is Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

With the national awakening of Lithuanians towards the end of Russian rule, the Lithuanian language began to gain strength: language research began and the first Lithuanian encyclopedia was published.


Question: In what year is Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

The Russian government also opened the Academy of Sciences in the country and the Cultural Institute.


Question: In what year is Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

Since Polish was the native language of the Lithuanian nobility, Lithuanian spoken by the peasants was not much appreciated.


Question: In what year is Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

There were even theories that the whole language would die out with the increasing use of the Russian language and Polish language among the people.


Question: In what year is Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

The national awakening of the Lithuanian language began among the poor population, from which later spread even among the wealthy.


Question: In what year is Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

With the national awakening, Lithuanian-language newspapers Aušra and Varpas began to be published, and Lithuanian literature began to become widespread.


Question: In what year is Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

Many literary books of that time praised the time of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, the power of the nation, and made historical Lithuanian figures heroes.


Question: In what year is Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

The national awakening also gave rise to the movement that pushed for Lithuania's independence and numerous other anti-Russian organizations.


Question: In what year is Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

To this, Russia responded with a harsher policy of Russification.


Question: In what year is Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

The nationalist movement continued to grow.


Question: In what year is Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

In connection with the Russian Revolution of 1905, the Lithuanian Congress demanded autonomy from the Russian leadership.


Question: In what year is Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

Influenced by the uprising, Russia made numerous reforms: the Lithuanian language was allowed as the language of instruction and colloquial language.


Question: In what year is Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

In addition, the Latin alphabet was reintroduced.


Question: In what year is Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

However, autonomy was not accepted.


Question: In what year is Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

[9] During World War I in 1915, Germany conquered Lithuania and the Curonia.


Question: In what year is Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

Republic of Lithuania (1918—1940) Declaration of Independence after German occupation of Lithuania and the Curonia in World War I, annexed the territories to the occupation regime of Ober Ost.


Question: In what year is Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

[10] The February Revolution in Russia of 1917 created an opportunity for Lithuanians who wanted independence.


Question: In what year is Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

On 26 March, Lithuanian political parties established the National Council taryba, with the help of which a meeting of delegates seimas was organized.


Question: In what year is Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

On 16 February 1918, Taryba members signed the Declaration of Independence declaring Lithuania independence.


Question: In what year is Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

[11] Originally, the country was to be a Kingdom, whose king would have been the German Count Wilhelm of Württemberg (so-called. Mindaugas II).


Question: In what year is Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

However, he never ascended the throne, and after Germany lost the war, Lithuania became a republic.


Question: In what year is Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

After the declaration of independence and Germany's defeat, Lithuania quickly established the country's first government, led by Augustinas Voldemaras.


Question: In what year is Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

The government adopted a provisional constitution and began construction of the state.


Question: In what year is Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

As Germany retreated, it was followed by the Red Army, thus establishing the puppet state of the Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republic.


Question: In what year is Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

In late December 1918, the Red Army crossed Lithuania's borders, thus breaking out the Lithuanian—Soviet—Russian War.


Question: In what year is Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

The Lithuanian government was evacuated to the temporary capital Kaunas.


Question: In what year is Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

Lithuania was not prepared for invasion, so the Red Army quickly gained control of more than half of the country's surface, including Vilnius on 5 January 1919.


Question: In what year is Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

In April, Poland launched the Polish—Lithuanian War against Lithuania with the intention of capturing the Vilnius region, wherever it succeeded.


Question: In what year is Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

The Vilnius Oblast was officially annexed to Poland in 1922.


Question: In what year is Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

In May 1919, the Lithuanian army under General Silvestras Žukauskas began a counterattack against the Red Army in the north-east of the country.


Question: In what year is Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

By the end of August, Russian troops had been driven out of the country.


Question: In what year is Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

After their victory over Soviet-Russia, the Lithuanians were confronted by the paramilitary West Russian Volunteer Army, which penetrated the northern part of the country.


Question: In what year is Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

The army's objective was to re-annex Lithuania into the German sphere of influence.


Question: In what year is Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

Lithuania was able to drive the army out of the country by the end of 1919.


Question: In what year is Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

Dispute with Poland The first Lithuanian Constituent Assembly was held in May 1920.


Question: In what year is Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

In June, a third provisional constitution was adopted and a Lithuanian—Soviet-Russian peace was concluded in July.


Question: In what year is Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

In the treaty, Soviet-Russia recognised Lithuania's independence and its claims to Vilnius that joined Poland.


Question: In what year is Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

The treaty increased hostilities between Lithuania and Poland.


Question: In what year is Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

In order to avoid more fighting, the Suwałki Agreement was signed in October, deciding, among other things, a ceasefire.


Question: In what year is Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

However, even before the treaty took effect, Polish general Lucjan Żeligowski started a rebellion, invading Lithuania and conquering Vilnius.


Question: In what year is Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

In the territory he conquered, he founded the short-lived Republic of Central Lithuania.


Question: In what year is Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

The League of Nations attempted to convey peace to the parties to the dispute, including by introducing plans for a Polish-Lithuanian union.


Question: In what year is Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

Lithuania, however, severed diplomatic relations with Poland and refused to acknowledge the loss of Vilnius.


Question: In what year is Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

The dispute strongly influenced Lithuanian foreign policy during the interwar period.


Question: In what year is Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

The Constituent Assembly, which ended in October 1920 due to threats from Poland, reconvened and initiated a number of reforms needed by the new state, including: receiving confessions of independence from other countries, membership in the League of Nations, law on land reform, and introduction of its own currency.


Question: In what year is Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

The final constitution was confirmed in August 1922.


Question: In what year is Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

With the constitution, Lithuania became a democratic state, with the parliament, or Seimas, elected every three years by popular vote.


Question: In what year is Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

The president was elected by a vote of Parliament.


Question: In what year is Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

The first Seimas was voted in October 1922.


Question: In what year is Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

However, it fell when the formation of a government failed.


Question: In what year is Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

In 1923, Lithuania conquered Memel, which was part of the Mandate Administrative Region of Memel, namely the present-day Klaipėda region.


Question: In what year is Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

The area was annexed as part of Lithuania in 1924.


Question: In what year is Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

Klaipėda was important to Lithuania in every way: with its help the country got the coast to the Baltic Sea and it was an important industrial centre.


Question: In what year is Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

The takeover of Memel was the last Lithuanian armed conflict before World War II.


Question: In what year is Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

The new Seimas was voted in May 1923.


Question: In what year is Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

It became the only interwar parliament to remain standing throughout its legislature.


Question: In what year is Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

The new parliament pursued land reform and began, among other things, repayment of foreign debts.


Question: In what year is Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

In addition, reforms were made to the school system.


Question: In what year is Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

A census was also conducted in the same year: Lithuania had 2028971 inhabitants.


Question: In what year is Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

Political hand-wringing the Third Seimas was voted in May 1926.


Question: In what year is Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

For the first time, the Lithuanian Christian Democrats (krikdemai) lost their seat of government and found themselves in opposition.


Question: In what year is Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

It had previously strongly criticised the Lithuanian-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact between Lithuania and the Soviet Union and accused Lithuanian policies of being Bolshevist.


Question: In what year is Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

As an outcome of the ensuing tensions, the government was overthrown by a coup in December 1926.


Question: In what year is Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

Behind the coup, in addition to the military, was the Lithuanian Nationalist Union Party and the Christian Democrats.


Question: In what year is Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

President Kazys Grinius was taken out of power and replaced by Antanas Smetona, who had previously been President.


Question: In what year is Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

Augustinas Voldemaras became prime minister.


Question: In what year is Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

[12] President Smetona prevented opposition activity and served as authoritarian leader until June 1940.


Question: In what year is Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

The Seimas view on the coup was that it was only a temporary measure and new elections would be held to restore democracy.


Question: In what year is Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

The Seimas was dissolved in May 1927.


Question: In what year is Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

Later that year, however, the Social Democrats and other representatives of left-wing parties attempted to organise an uprising against President Smetona in it without success.


Question: In what year is Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

Prime Minister Voldemaras began pushing a policy that diverged from the Smetona line, causing him to be dismissed in 1929.


Question: In what year is Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

However, he tried four more times to return to power in the early 1930s.


Question: In what year is Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

In May 1928, without the opinion of the Seimas, Smetona drafted a new constitution.


Question: In what year is Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

In the new constitution, presidential prerogatives were greatly increased.


Question: In what year is Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

The party National Alliance, led by Smetona, increased its popularity and influence.


Question: In what year is Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

Smetona gave himself the title tautos vadas (Finnish leader of the nation) and began to create a cult of personhood for himself.


Question: In what year is Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

Relations between Lithuania and Germany cooled with the rise of the National Socialist Party, led by Adolf Hitler, to power, as the new Nazi Germany did not accept the loss of Memel territory to Lithuania.


Question: In what year is Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

The Nazis, among other things, supported anti-Lithuanian organizations in the region.


Question: In what year is Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

In 1934 Lithuania prosecuted and sentenced to imprisonment numerous Germans involved in such activities.


Question: In what year is Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

In response to this, Germany declared Lithuania under economic blockade.


Question: In what year is Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

After the declaration, Lithuania shifted its exports to Great Britain.


Question: In what year is Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

However, this did not suit the peasants, who were striking and rebelling.


Question: In what year is Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

The revolts were bloody suppressed by the authorities.


Question: In what year is Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

Smetona's prestige had experienced a clatter and in September 1936 he agreed to hold parliamentary elections, the first since the 1926 coup d'état.


Question: In what year is Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

With the exception of the National Alliance, all other parties were banned from participating in elections.


Question: In what year is Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

In February 1938, with the new constitution, Smetona gained even more power.


Question: In what year is Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

After Germany carried out the Anschluss in Austria, political tensions in various countries escalated.


Question: In what year is Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

In March 1938, Poland issued an ultimatum to Lithuania demanding that diplomatic relations be established under threat of war.


Question: In what year is Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

Militarily weak and without international support, Lithuania was forced to accept the demand.


Question: In what year is Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

Lithuanian-Polish relations became normal on the face.


Question: In what year is Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

Countries entered into agreements such as rail, mail exchange and other agreements.


Question: In what year is Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

Following the German occupation of Czechoslovakia, German Foreign Minister Joachim von Ribbentrop issued a verbal ultimatum to Lithuania demanding Lithuania cede the Klaipėda region to Germany.


Question: In what year is Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

Like Poland's claim, Lithuania had no choice but to acquiesce.


Question: In what year is Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

Political mayhem ensued in Lithuania, leaving Smetona forced to form a new government.


Question: In what year is Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

Members of the opposition party were accepted into the cabinet since 1926.


Question: In what year is Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

The loss of Klaipėda was an economic setback for Lithuania and it fell into the German sphere of influence.


Question: In what year is Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

World War II (1939—1945) First Soviet occupation In August 1939, in the secret division of the Molotov—Ribbentrop Pact drafted by Germany and the Soviet Union, Lithuania was initially part of the German interest, but in the supplementary treaty of 28 September 1939 it was exchanged The Soviet sphere of interest.


Question: In what year is Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

Like the other Baltic states and Finland, the Soviet Union began demanding permission from Lithuania to build military bases on the territory of the country.


Question: In what year is Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

After the Polish Offensive partition of Poland, the Soviet Union ceded to Lithuania the Vilnius region on condition that the country accepted the entry of 20,000 Red Army soldiers into the country.


Question: In what year is Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

With the end of the Winter War in Finland and Germany's wars with Denmark, Norway and France, the Soviet Union increased diplomatic pressure against Lithuania.


Question: In what year is Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

In June 1940, it issued an ultimatum to Lithuania demanding the formation of a government sympathetic to the Soviet Union and authorising the Red Army to bring unlimited troops into the country.


Question: In what year is Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

Vyacheslav Molotov, the Soviet foreign minister, hardened his ultimatum by saying to the Lithuanian foreign minister who arrived in Moscow: “You must be such a realist to understand that the era of small states is over.” [13] Lithuania, whose territory was already rich Soviet soldiers, had to bend to the demand.


Question: In what year is Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

President Antanas Smetona fled the country after 15 Soviet divisions (150,000 soldiers) crossed the country's border on 15 June 1940.


Question: In what year is Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

On that date, Lithuania is considered to have lost its independence.


Question: In what year is Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

Augustinas Voldemaras attempted a return to power, but was captured and transported to the Soviet Union, where his fate was long shrouded in obscurity.


Question: In what year is Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

It was not until decades later that it was discovered that he perished in captivity in 1942.


Question: In what year is Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

[14] Lithuania's annexation to the Soviet Union came to be led by Deputy Foreign Minister Vladimir Dekanosov, who also held an official position in Moscow as head of the foreign department of the Security Service NKGB.


Question: In what year is Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

[15] Dekanosov formed a puppet government known as the so-called People's Government, which acted entirely in accordance with the will of the Soviet leadership.


Question: In what year is Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

Justas Paleckis became the new president of Lithuania after Smetona fled the country.


Question: In what year is Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

The Parliament of the Seimas was dissolved and replaced by the People's Seimas.


Question: In what year is Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

The first election for the new Parliament was held in July 1940.


Question: In what year is Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

Candidates included only communists.


Question: In what year is Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

Official results put the turnout at more than 90.


Question: In what year is Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

On July 21, Parliament unanimously approved the transformation of the country into a Soviet Socialist Republic and the decision to apply for membership as part of the Soviet Union.


Question: In what year is Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

On August 3, the Soviet Union approved the application, thus becoming Lithuania the Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republic.


Question: In what year is Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

Immediately after the accession to the Soviet Union, reforms began in Lithuania: lands, companies and banks were nationalized, large farms were distributed to small farmers.


Question: In what year is Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

The size of the large estate was set at 30 hectares and even smaller holdings received penal taxes.


Question: In what year is Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

Properties were nationalised and “burghers” forced to move out of their homes.


Question: In what year is Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

This made room for Soviet officers who arrived from other parts of the Soviet Union.


Question: In what year is Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

Small business owners were also subject to a tax, which was impossible to cope with.


Question: In what year is Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

[16] The use of Lit was abolished.


Question: In what year is Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

The exchange rate for the Soviet ruble was unfavorable for Lithuanians.


Question: In what year is Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

On one liit received 0.90 rubles, while with the correct exchange ratio it would have been 5 rubles.


Question: In what year is Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

Banks were nationalised and bank accounts were frozen.


Question: In what year is Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

No one was allowed to remain in possession of more than a savings of 1,000 rubles.


Question: In what year is Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

[16] The reforms brought many problems: with collectivization, agricultural taxes rose, leaving numerous farmers bankrupt, the nationalization of companies and banks caused a shortage of goods and, as a result, a collapse in living standards ensued.


Question: In what year is Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

All religious, cultural and political organizations were banned.


Question: In what year is Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

The only organizations accepted were the Communist Party of Lithuania and the Pioneer Movement.


Question: In what year is Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

12000 “people's enemies” were arrested.


Question: In what year is Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

In the June deportations, authorities deported 17,000 people, many of whom died in inhumane conditions.


Question: In what year is Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

Alexandras Guzevičius, the Lithuanian SNT's Commissioner for Internal Affairs, signed a document listing 14 groups of people who came to be deported.


Question: In what year is Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

The group included members of anti-Soviet (both left and right) parties, anti-state officials, churchmen, Red Cross officers, and anyone with personal connections abroad, such as philatelists.


Question: In what year is Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

The first expulsions were enforced from 14—18.


Question: In what year is Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

on June 1941.


Question: In what year is Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

Men were taken to forced labour camps, women and children were taken to places of deportation.


Question: In what year is Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

Later, Antanas Sniečkus, secretary-general of the Communist Party of Lithuania, regretted that the German invasion in the summer of 1941 prevented sufficiently effective deportations.


Question: In what year is Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

[17] The Nazi occupation of 22 June 1941 Germany invaded the Soviet Union.


Question: In what year is Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

The Germans experienced little resistance in Lithuanian territory and quickly occupied it completely.


Question: In what year is Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

In their retreat, Soviet troops massacred Lithuanian political prisoners.


Question: In what year is Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

The bloodiest of these is considered to be the Rainiai massacre.


Question: In what year is Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

The majority of Lithuanians viewed the Germans as liberators and believed these would restore autonomy or independence to the country.


Question: In what year is Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

The Lithuanian National Front organized an uprising in June 1941, when the country also declared independence and the prime minister of the established provisional government became Juozas Ambrazevičius.


Question: In what year is Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

The provisional government was dissolved on 7 August, when Germany established the Reich Commissariat of Ostland to govern the Baltic region.


Question: In what year is Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

Hinrich Lohse served as the Privy Commissioner.


Question: In what year is Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

The “Lithuanian Activist Front” (LAF), founded in 1940, sent a memorandum to Adolf Hitler in which they appealed to the Germans for recognition of Lithuania's national aspirations and restore state life.


Question: In what year is Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

The answer was surly: the movement was banned and the leaders were taken to concentration camps in Germany.


Question: In what year is Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

A party of Lithuanian Fascists, the Nationalist Party (LNP), was also banned, and that leadership was imprisoned.


Question: In what year is Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

[18] Numerous Lithuanians cooperated remarkably with German forces.


Question: In what year is Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

The Lithuanian National Front formed the volunteer police officer Tautinio Darbo Apsaugos Batalionas (TDA), who participated in numerous Holocaust-related Holocaust-related Holocaust killings.


Question: In what year is Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

Another participant in Nazi-led blood acts was the Lithuanian Protection Police (Saugumo policija) in Vilnius.


Question: In what year is Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

In addition to the Holocaust, the Germans rounded up Lithuanians for forced labor and forced young men to become soldiers.


Question: In what year is Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

What followed was a resistance movement known as the Lithuanian Liberation Committee, founded in 1943.


Question: In what year is Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

Towards the end of the war, the Lithuanian Territorial Defence Force (LTDF), under German military command, was established to defend Lithuania from approaching Soviet forces.


Question: In what year is Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

However, the organisation was disbanded in May 1944 following an attempt by the Germans to take it under tighter command.


Question: In what year is Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

At no point did the Lithuanians make armed resistance against the Germans.


Question: In what year is Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

It was done by Soviet partisans consisting of Russians, Belarusians and Jews.


Question: In what year is Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

Partisans committed numerous atrocities (among them the Kaniūkai massacre) and the destruction of entire villages and towns.


Question: In what year is Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

The Polish Resistance Armia Krajowa (AK) was also active in eastern Lithuania, with the aim of re-annexing Vilnius to Poland.


Question: In what year is Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

In addition to German forces, the movement fought against Lithuanian police forces, regional defense forces and Soviet partisans.


Question: In what year is Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

Holocaust in Lithuania Before the Holocaust, an estimated 210,000 or 250,000 Jews lived in Lithuania.


Question: In what year is Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

[19] [20] The Holocaust in Lithuania can be divided into three distinct phases: mass executions (June — December 1941), ghetto period (1942 — March 1943), and final “purification” (April 1943 — July 1944).


Question: In what year is Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

Unlike other German-occupied territories, where executions were gradually started, the Einsatzgruppen began the executions of Jews in Lithuania right in the first days of the war.


Question: In what year is Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

The Ponary massacre was one of the bloodiest cases of Jewish persecution carried out in Lithuanian territory.


Question: In what year is Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

An estimated 80% of Lithuanian Jews had been killed before 1942.


Question: In what year is Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

[21] The surviving 43,000 Jews were concentrated in ghettos and forced into forced labor.


Question: In what year is Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

On June 21, 1943, Heinrich Himmler ordered Lithuanian Jews to be transferred to concentration camps.


Question: In what year is Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

[22] The genocide of Jews in Lithuania was definitively 95% to 97%, which was one of the highest in Europe.


Question: In what year is Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

This was due, with few exceptions, to the close cooperation of the Lithuanians with the Germans.


Question: In what year is Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

Among Lithuanians, Jews were generally regarded as culpable for the suffering of the Soviet-era, as numerous Jews had served as communists.


Question: In what year is Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

However, some Lithuanians also saved their own lives at the risk of Jews from concentration camps.


Question: In what year is Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

The best known of them are the former President Kazys Grinius, who along with some other politicians protested against the killing of Jews, and the Vilniese priest Alfonsas Lipniûnas, who was imprisoned and killed in the Stutthof concentration camp after defending Jews in both words and by deed.


Question: In what year is Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

[23] [24] Return of Soviet forces: Second Soviet occupation In the summer of 1944, the Red Army crossed the borders of eastern Lithuania at the same time as the Polish resistance had captured Vilnius in Operation Ostra Brama.


Question: In what year is Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

In January 1945, the Soviet Union conquered Klaipėda.


Question: In what year is Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

Lithuania was re-occupied by the Soviets with the tacit consent of the United States and Great Britain (Yalta Conference and Potsdam Treaty).


Question: In what year is Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

Lithuania re-became a Soviet Socialist Republic.


Question: In what year is Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

Time of the Soviet Republic (1944—1990) Stalin's persecutions and resistance against the Soviet Union, to the disappointment of several Lithuanians, Soviet power returned to the country in August—September 1944.


Question: In what year is Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

Lithuania had been entrusted with American and British reassurances and declarations on the rights of small peoples to freedom.


Question: In what year is Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

In an effort to restore the freedom of their country, Lithuanians founded a resistance movement (the so-called Forest Brethren) that fought against the Soviet system.


Question: In what year is Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

In 1944, 30,000 partisans fought in the forests of Lithuania against Soviet forces.


Question: In what year is Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

What remains in popular memory is the Battle of the Kalniškés Forest from May 1945, when 400 NKVD men were massacred by Lithuanian partisans.


Question: In what year is Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

Particular gallantry in combat was shown by two female partisans.


Question: In what year is Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

The partisans were declared “people's enemies” and the NKVD massacred unexpectedly suspects and burned houses and villages to the ground.


Question: In what year is Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

Lithuanian communists established “extermination battalions” to aid the NKVD in 1944.


Question: In what year is Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

The following year, the name was changed to “People's Protectors”, but the former name remained in the minds of citizens.


Question: In what year is Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

[25] One of the most famous of those involved in the action was Nachmanas Dušanskis, a Jewish major of the Soviet security police, who tortured partisans.


Question: In what year is Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

[26] Reportedly, the last Lithuanian partisan to fight against the Soviet Union was killed in a firefight in 1965.


Question: In what year is Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

The NKVD settled in the old district court house in Vilnius and began the persecution of anti-Soviet individuals.


Question: In what year is Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

From September 1944 to April 1947, a total of 767 persons were executed in the building.


Question: In what year is Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

Between 1944 and 1953, a total of 186,000 persons were imprisoned in Lithuania, 80000 of whom were taken to prison camps.


Question: In what year is Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

In addition, 8000 who were in conjunction with the National Socialists during the occupation period were imprisoned.


Question: In what year is Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

[27] Civil administration was also started to be built.


Question: In what year is Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

The Lithuanian Special Office was established in the Russian Communist Party, with Mikhail Suslov appointed as its head.


Question: In what year is Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

Suslov was the true leader of Lithuania until 1946 and was tasked with overseeing the Supreme Council of the Lithuanian SNT led by Mečislovas Gedvilas.


Question: In what year is Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

The administration and civil service were largely in the hands of the Russians.


Question: In what year is Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

In 1947 alone, 12,300 officers arrived in the country from other parts of the Soviet Union.


Question: In what year is Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

[28] It was decided to start the forced collectivation of agriculture in Lithuania in 1948.


Question: In what year is Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

The decision had been taken at the NKP Central Committee a year earlier and approved by the Lithuanian SNT Council of Ministers.


Question: In what year is Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

The goal was to be achieved through financial extortion and mass deportations, among other things.


Question: In what year is Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

Farmers' taxes were raised and in 1948 they took 75% of the income.


Question: In what year is Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

In addition, the proportion of the crop sold at dumped prices to the state was increased.


Question: In what year is Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

[29] By 1954, 94% of peasants had been able to join the collectives.


Question: In what year is Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

The goal had been achieved by defeating the partisans, expulsions, terror and economic blackmail.


Question: In what year is Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

In its propaganda, the Soviet power presented agricultural collectivation as a great victory and achievement.


Question: In what year is Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

Agricultural output, however, was down.


Question: In what year is Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

When the 1939 census of milk cattle numbered 848000 animals, the result of the 1951 census was 504000 animals and in 1957 a total of 531000 animals.


Question: In what year is Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

[29] In difficult times, Lithuanians turned to the church.


Question: In what year is Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

The administration attacked the church by closing priestly seminaries, denying priests religious instruction and hospital soup care, and imposing taxes so palpable on parishes that no funds remained for priests' remuneration.


Question: In what year is Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

No Catholic literature was allowed to be published until 1956.


Question: In what year is Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

Churchmen were instructed in their sermons to denounce the partisans.


Question: In what year is Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

[30] The Church was also instructed to break its relationship with the Vatican and act as a government agency.


Question: In what year is Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

Bishop Kazimieris Paltarokis was pressured to reject the pope and to introduce Marxism-Leninism into the curriculum of priestly seminaries, to which he did not agree.


Question: In what year is Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

Many other representatives of the clergy also felt tough.


Question: In what year is Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

Vincentas Borisevičius, Bishop of Telšiai, was slain in Vilnius's MKGB prison and Archbishop Mečislovas Reinys was imprisoned in the summer of 1947.


Question: In what year is Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

After six months of interrogations, he received an eight-year sentence and died in Vladimir Prison [30] Protective Weather Josif Stalin died in March 1953.


Question: In what year is Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

Gradually, a period called “protective weather” began.


Question: In what year is Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

It was visible, among other things, as the return of the deportees.


Question: In what year is Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

During 1955—1956, 17000 deportees returned to Lithuania.


Question: In what year is Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

The Lithuanian SNT administration enacted laws restricting their right to choose their place of residence.


Question: In what year is Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

In the Kremlin's internal power struggle, Lavrenti Berija sought support for himself from the Soviet republics by presenting the strengthening of the status of the indigenous population at the expense of the Russians.


Question: In what year is Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

The resolution was passed in May 1953.


Question: In what year is Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

Although Berija lost the struggle, a resolution remained.


Question: In what year is Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

In Lithuania, this was reflected in the fact that 3,000 of the officers from elsewhere in the Soviet Union were recalled.


Question: In what year is Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

The Communist Party also began to Lithuanize itself through the 1950s.


Question: In what year is Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

Sixty percent of LKP members were Lithuanians in 1964.


Question: In what year is Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

The party's new Lithuanian membership took a more pragmatic view of communism than its old, experienced membership of the party's underground period, whose attitude towards Lithuanian society had been hostile.


Question: In what year is Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

[31] In 1956, Nikita Khrushchev condemned the crimes of the Stalin period and put forward the implementation of “socialist legality”.


Question: In what year is Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

The status of national republics was strengthened when the Ministry of Justice of the Soviet Union was abolished and each Soviet republic established its own.


Question: In what year is Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

Own legislation became possible, albeit within strict limits.


Question: In what year is Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

[31] In economic policy, decision-making powers were transferred to the regional level.


Question: In what year is Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

Lithuania was a member of the Western Economic Council, with its centre in Riga.


Question: In what year is Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

Republics also gained decision-making power of their own.


Question: In what year is Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

Lithuania had to meet production targets set by Moscow, but it was allowed to decide for itself how to achieve them.


Question: In what year is Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

The country's old food, furniture and textile industries were expanded.


Question: In what year is Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

Wholly new was the chemical industry.


Question: In what year is Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

Environmental problems originated in the 1950s.


Question: In what year is Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

In agriculture, a preference was taken to favour more sophisticated sovhoos over collective farms.


Question: In what year is Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

The Sovhooses paid better wages than the Kolkhooses.


Question: In what year is Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

Producer prices were increased and taxes on private farms were relaxed.


Question: In what year is Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

In 1959, private columns comprised 5.8% of Lithuania's agriculture, but they produced 80% of the country's fruit and 72.4% of the potato.


Question: In what year is Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

By the mid-1960s, production rates for the pre-war period had been reached.


Question: In what year is Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

[32] Shelter weather also extended to cultural life.


Question: In what year is Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

The peculiarities of the national culture received a certain recognition.


Question: In what year is Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

In Lithuania, national level science and art awards were created.


Question: In what year is Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

Some writers who remained silent after the war regrouped to publish their texts and put the proclaimed National Artist M.


Question: In what year is Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

The works taken to the warehouse of K. Čiurlionis went back on display again in museums.


Question: In what year is Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

The Hungarian uprising in 1956 raised hopes in Lithuania as well.


Question: In what year is Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

Students held a candlelight demonstration in Vilnius and Kaunas by gathering at the graves of national markers.


Question: In what year is Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

Lithuania's communist leadership undertook its own purges and in 1957—1958 several cultural figures were dismissed from their posts “for lack of ideological vigilance”.


Question: In what year is Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

[33] A new generation emerged in literature, breaking the canon of socialist realism.


Question: In what year is Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

Mykolas Slukis dared to portray the partisans who fought against the Soviet regime in his novel Stairs to Heaven as human beings.


Question: In what year is Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

Fine art, too, broke boundaries by abandoning socialist realism and experimenting again with stained glass windows, which had been banned because of their ecclesiastical resemblances.


Question: In what year is Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

However, the atmosphere began to intensify again in the 1960s.


Question: In what year is Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

[34] A period of stagnation The first signs of a tightening atmosphere were received as early as the early 1960s, when a new campaign was launched which emphasised the commonality of Soviet peoples against national peculiarities.


Question: In what year is Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

Leonid Brežnev rose to become general secretary in 1964.


Question: In what year is Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

He initiated in the Soviet Union a return to economic centralization.


Question: In what year is Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

At the same time, the policy of Russification of the Baltic States began.


Question: In what year is Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

Moscow decreed in the 1970s that doctoral dissertations must be written exclusively in Russian.


Question: In what year is Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

In addition, a bilingualism program was started, by which, already in elementary schools, instruction was given in both Lithuanian and Russian.


Question: In what year is Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

In addition, television reduced the number of Lithuanian-language programs.


Question: In what year is Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

[35] The educated population began to adapt to the system and the proportion of Lithuanians in the party membership began to rise.


Question: In what year is Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

Approximately 20% of the members held any higher degree in 1975.


Question: In what year is Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

The reason for joining the party was that membership could further one's career in the power structure or create professional careers.


Question: In what year is Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

This led to a situation where Soviet communism was publicly praised and privately, among the trusted, there was a hard-handed criticism of the system.


Question: In what year is Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

There were also idealists who believed that the position of the workers needed further improvement and that the party can be reformed from the inside out while promoting the Lithuanian cause.


Question: In what year is Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

No policy was made in Lithuania, but followed the instructions given by Moscow.


Question: In what year is Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

[36] The longtime local leader Antanas Sniečku was succeeded in 1974 by Petras Griškevičius.


Question: In what year is Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

Griškevičius was a long-line communist and had in his youth served in the Lithuanian 16th Division of the Soviet Army.


Question: In what year is Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

He carried out a policy of Russification and until the end was loyal to Brezhnev.


Question: In what year is Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

During his time, the Russians had a clear overrepresentation in the Lithuanian administration and it is remarkable that it was only in 1988 that Lithuanian was spoken at the meetings of the party's Central Committee.


Question: In what year is Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

In the 1970s, an average of 7,000 persons migrated annually from the rest of the Soviet Union to Lithuania, compared with an average of 4,300 in the 1960s.


Question: In what year is Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

[37] Although an apolitical consumerist society began to emerge in Lithuania in the 1970s, there was also resistance to the system beneath the surface.


Question: In what year is Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

The growing economic difficulties of the Soviet Union from the 1970s onward slowed the emergence of a consumer society.


Question: In what year is Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

At the centre of civil rights activities were persecuted Catholic priests who were supported by colossal houseboys and laborers.


Question: In what year is Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

In 1968, a law was declared in the Soviet Union stating that citizens have the right to submit petitions to the authorities.


Question: In what year is Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

Lithuanian Catholics launched a petition to open priestly seminaries.


Question: In what year is Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

In 1979, a petition was made to restore the new church in Klaipėda to believers.


Question: In what year is Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

The petition was signed by a total of 148,149 citizens.


Question: In what year is Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

In 1972, an underground, chronicle of the Lithuanian Catholic Church began to appear, spread to readers with copies made on a typewriter.


Question: In what year is Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

It dealt with religious freedom and civil rights issues.


Question: In what year is Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

Its makers kept in touch with Moscow dissidents such as Andrei Sakharov.


Question: In what year is Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

[38] There was a movement in Lithuanian youth at the turn of the 1960s and 1970s.


Question: In what year is Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

To protest against the occupation, 19-year-old Romas Kalanta committed an incineration assassination in Kaunas.


Question: In what year is Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

Kalanta's funeral became a protest of youth against the system.


Question: In what year is Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

3,000 young people sang the banned national anthem, carried the banned flag and knocked over miile cars.


Question: In what year is Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

The protests lasted several days and only ceased when 7,000 militiamen quelled the riot.


Question: In what year is Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

Only 500 young people were arrested and most were released as soon as their hair was cut neater.


Question: In what year is Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

[39] In the struggle for the minds of Lithuanians, the Soviet power took a variety of actions.


Question: In what year is Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

Secular replacements were developed for ecclesiastical festivities in the 1960s and 1970s.


Question: In what year is Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

In place of Easter, the feast of spring was taken and the marriage was initiated in the glorious marriage palaces.


Question: In what year is Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

The pilgrimage to the place of appearance of the Virgin Mary in Šiluva was hampered year after year by roadblocks, among other things, and in 1979 the locality was quarantined there due to an alleged “rampaging pestilence”.


Question: In what year is Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

The country's traditional woodcarving art was taken to serve the dominant ideology.


Question: In what year is Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

Memorials to the Great Patriotic War of 1941—1945 were commissioned from folk artists.


Question: In what year is Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

Folk dance groups with state support were also established and Lithuanian communist veteran V. Kapsuskas-Mickevičius was elevated to hero status.


Question: In what year is Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

The priestly poet Kristijonas Donelaitis, who lived in the 18th century, was praised and regarded as an early pre-fighter of quasi-socialist realism.


Question: In what year is Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

[40] On a per-capita basis, Lithuania appeared with the highest number of dissident samizdat publications and the largest number of demonstrations and mass events occurred in the entire Soviet Union.


Question: In what year is Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

Between 1965 and 1978, 10.3% of demonstrations took place in Lithuania, although only 1.3% of the Soviet population Lithuanians comprised Lithuanians.


Question: In what year is Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

Of the prisoners of conscience in the 1970s—1980s, 150 were Lithuanians.


Question: In what year is Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

Between 1968 and 1970, 103 lives were sentenced in court for anti-Soviet sentiment and the KGB handled the cases of 375 people under its administration.


Question: In what year is Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

[41] Perestroika and the Rebirth of the Republic In 1988, all political, economic and cultural activities were under the control of the Communist Party of Lithuania.


Question: In what year is Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

Lithuanians, Latvians and Estonians were more opposed to the Soviet system than other Soviet peoples and supported Mikhail Gorbachev's reform policies (glasnost and perestroika).


Question: In what year is Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

Ronald Reagan visited the Soviet Union in May in 1988.


Question: In what year is Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

He also got to meet dissidents, and among those met were also Lithuanians Nijole Sadunaitè and Antanas Terleckas.


Question: In what year is Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

The Lithuanian party newspaper strongly condemned the meeting, but the verdict of the party newspaper brought the issue to the attention of the general public.


Question: In what year is Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

It also raised the esteem of dissidents among the people.


Question: In what year is Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

[42] Shortly after the meeting, the public activities of the Lithuanian Freedom Union began.


Question: In what year is Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

In July of the same year, the union submitted that its leadership included Sadunaitè and Terlecas.


Question: In what year is Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

The Federation set its goal of raising the national consciousness of Lithuanians and the goal of restoring Lithuanian independence.


Question: In what year is Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

The union did not exist as a mass movement, but in the years to come it played an important part in organizing the protests.


Question: In what year is Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

As early as 1988, it introduced into public debate the crimes of the Stalinism period, such as expulsions from the country.


Question: In what year is Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

[42] Under the leadership of Lithuanian intellectuals, the reform movement Sąjūdis.Two important issues preceded the emergence of the New People's Movement.


Question: In what year is Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

A Popular Front (Eesti Rahvarinne) had already been established in Estonia, but Lithuanian media reported nothing on the matter.


Question: In what year is Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

In May 1988, two Estonian researchers visited the Lithuanian Academy of Sciences and reported what happened, which inspired the Lithuanian intellectuals by their example to do the same.


Question: In what year is Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

Another factor was the secretive proceedings of Lithuanian communists under the 19th Conference of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union.


Question: In what year is Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

Moscow had called for transparent action in selecting party conference delegates for each republic.


Question: In what year is Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

The party announced its representatives on 28 May 1988, who had been elected at a secret meeting of the party while the candidate layout was officially in progress.


Question: In what year is Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

The Lithuanian Representative Council had a clear overrepresentation of the old people.


Question: In what year is Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

[43] The incident caused a surge of protest at the Academy of Sciences and a large colloquium was held in early June, with 500 delegates arriving.


Question: In what year is Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

The event saw the creation of the Lithuanian perestroika initiative group, "Sajūdžio iniciatyvinè grupė” [44], or Sąjūdis for short.


Question: In what year is Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

The People's Movement began to shape its agenda by installing a social commission.


Question: In what year is Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

There was a desire to abolish the privileges of the Soviet elite, more social assistance and an improvement in the standard of living of the working people, and the authorities wanted to be held accountable for the decisions they had taken.


Question: In what year is Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

Sąjūdis also installed a cultural commission, which in its program called for the preservation of cultural heritage, the preservation of cultural monuments and the establishment of contacts with foreign Lithuanians.


Question: In what year is Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

The Committee on Nationality Relations argued for the elevation of Lithuanian to an official language and the restoration of history to the people by making significant documents public.


Question: In what year is Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

Price reform, reduction of migration, trade development and ecologically sustainable use of natural resources were also proposed.


Question: In what year is Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

Nothing was said about independence at this stage yet.


Question: In what year is Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

[45] On September 28, 1988, the Lithuanian Alliance for Freedom held a demonstration on the anniversary of the Second Soviet-German Pact.


Question: In what year is Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

In that treaty, Lithuania had been ceded to the Soviet sphere of interest.


Question: In what year is Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

The union was looking for a confrontation with the authorities and got what it wanted.


Question: In what year is Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

The Supreme Party leadership had called the demonstration to suppress 800 men, which also included Soviet Interior Ministry special forces from Minsk.


Question: In what year is Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

Clashes broke out between militiamen and protesters that lasted into the following night.


Question: In what year is Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

[46] The next day, Sąjūdis also woke up to the situation.


Question: In what year is Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

Together with the Freedom League, it organised a demonstration condemning the violence used by security officials.


Question: In what year is Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

On the fourth of October, the Central Committee of the Communist Party invited Sąjūdis for talks.


Question: In what year is Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

To stoke the tension, the Communist Party made concessions: it introduced tricolor during the republic, set Lithuanian as the official language, and met with Cardinal Sladkevičius to discuss the problems of the Catholic Church.The authorities and the Sąjūdis together commissioned a study of the violence in connection with the demonstration.


Question: In what year is Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

Party leader Songaila was found guilty and he resigned, as Moscow withdrew its support from him.


Question: In what year is Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

He was replaced by Algirdas Brazauskas [47] Sąjūdis also organized.


Question: In what year is Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

It held an assembly of deputies, which was referred to as the “Second Great Seimas of Vilnius”.


Question: In what year is Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

At the meeting, Vytautas Landsbergis was elected chairman.


Question: In what year is Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

[48] In response to the Lithuanian nationalist movement, a group of Russians founded the Unity Movement (Jedinstvo) in 1988.


Question: In what year is Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

It opposed the formalization of the Lithuanian language.


Question: In what year is Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

The organisation prompted some protests, but was not supported by the country's Polish minority and the Russian cultural association.


Question: In what year is Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

The movement withered the following year.


Question: In what year is Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

[49] In 1989, events progressed rapidly.


Question: In what year is Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

In January, Sąjūdis crushingly won a by-election for the Supreme Soviet of Lithuania.


Question: In what year is Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

The Republic's Independence Day was spectacularly celebrated on 16 February.


Question: In what year is Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

Elections for the Assembly of the General Ally were held at Easter and Sąjūdis, in his programme, fully openly, argued for the restoration of full independence.


Question: In what year is Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

Algirdas Brazauskas became nervous and posed to limit Sąjūdis's activities.


Question: In what year is Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

Electoral tactically, Sąjūdis fielded a counter-candidate for the Communists in every other district except Brazauskas and Second Secretary Beriozov's constituencies.


Question: In what year is Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

Barazauskas and Beriosov were the only Communist candidates to go through in the first round.


Question: In what year is Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

After the election defeat, the Communists agreed to negotiations with Sąjūdis.


Question: In what year is Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

[50] On 23 August 1989, after 50 years of the Molotov—Ribbentrop Pact, Lithuanians, Latvians and Estonians formed a 600 km long human chain in protest.


Question: In what year is Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

Influenced by the Sąjūdis, the Supreme Soviet of the Lithuanian Soviet Republic reversed the 1940 decision to be part of the Soviet Union, adopted a multi-party system on 7 December and the national anthem.


Question: In what year is Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

A significant portion of the Lithuanian Communist Party membership supported Sąjūd.


Question: In what year is Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

From 19 to 20 1989, the Communist Party of Lithuania decided in its 20th Assembly of Deputies under Brazauskas to declare independence from the Soviet Union.


Question: In what year is Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

The party later became the Lithuanian Democratic Workers' Party.


Question: In what year is Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

[51] Republic of Lithuania (1990—) Struggle for independence (1990—1991) In 1990, Sąjūdis won the elections to the Supreme Council of Lithuania.


Question: In what year is Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

[52] On March 11, 1990, the Supreme Soviet declared Lithuania independent as the first Soviet territory.


Question: In what year is Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

The Supreme Council also appointed new leaders of the state and drafted an interim constitution.


Question: In what year is Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

On that date, the Lithuanian Soviet Republic is considered to have ceased to exist.


Question: In what year is Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

Vytautas Landsbergis became head of state and Kazimira Prunskienė president of the Cabinet of Ministers.


Question: In what year is Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

On March 15, the Soviet Union imposed political and economic sanctions against Lithuania.


Question: In what year is Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

The Red Army occupied a few important public buildings in Vilnius.


Question: In what year is Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

In addition, tanks were ordered to patrol the streets.


Question: In what year is Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

Lithuanians, encouraged by the government, protested the Soviet actions in a non-violent manner.


Question: In what year is Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

On January 10, 1991, Soviet authorities attempted to suppress the Lithuanian government by supporting the National Salvation Committee, composed of Lithuanian communists.


Question: In what year is Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

Three days later, in the so-called January events, the Red Army violently took control of the Vilnius Television Tower.


Question: In what year is Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

Fourteen unarmed Lithuanian protesters were killed in the takeover and 700 wounded.


Question: In what year is Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

The National Rescue Committee declared the Lithuanian government dissolved, although the main buildings of the Supreme Council and the government were never taken over.


Question: In what year is Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

The Soviet Union failed to crush the independence movement when the television tower massacre entered the consciousness of foreign countries.


Question: In what year is Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

The Lithuanian government was allowed to continue to operate.


Question: In what year is Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

In the referendum held on February 9, more than 90% of those who voted (voter turnout 76% of those eligible to vote) voted for an independent Lithuania.


Question: In what year is Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

During the Soviet coup attempt, Soviet forces took control of numerous important buildings in Vilnius.


Question: In what year is Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

After the coup failed, the soldiers returned back to their barracks.


Question: In what year is Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

The Lithuanian government banned the activities of the Communist Party and ordered its property confiscation.


Question: In what year is Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

First Lithuanian independence was recognized by Iceland and finally Russia recognized independence in September 1991 several months after the referendum.


Question: In what year is Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

Building a new state As in many other countries of the former Soviet Union, the reform movement Sąjūdis also lost support in Lithuania.


Question: In what year is Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

People expected to quickly enter the capitalist system, which was impossible.


Question: In what year is Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

Moving to a market economy, unemployment rose sharply.


Question: In what year is Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

The Lithuanian Democratic Workers' Party became the opposing candidate to Sąjūdis in the 1992 general election.


Question: In what year is Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

Sąjūdis experienced defeat in the elections with the Labour Party gaining a majority in the Seimas.


Question: In what year is Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

However, the Labour Party did not have enough power to amend the constitution.


Question: In what year is Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

However, the left experienced defeat at the next election in 1996, in which the right-wing Homeland Alliance secured an electoral victory.


Question: In what year is Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

Slowly losing their importance, Sąjūdis transformed from a party into a public organization.


Question: In what year is Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

Privatization In order to transition to a market economy, state-owned enterprises and housing rented to people were privatized.


Question: In what year is Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

Because people had no money, the government distributed vouchers that could be used to privatise property, for example.


Question: In what year is Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

The privatization of the companies was held at auctions.


Question: In what year is Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

Unlike in Russia, privatization in Lithuania did not create a small group richer than the rest of the population.


Question: In what year is Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

This was possibly because privatisation was started with small companies rather than large ones.


Question: In what year is Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

There were also problems with privatisation.


Question: In what year is Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

Many companies that were successful in the internal market of the USSR lost their customers.


Question: In what year is Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

Defense policy Although Lithuania became an independent state, remained on the territory of the state nevertheless a significant number of soldiers of the Russian army.


Question: In what year is Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

The repatriation of Russian troops to Russia was one of the main objectives of the Lithuanian foreign policy of the 1990s.


Question: In what year is Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

On 8 September 1992, Lithuania and Russia signed an agreement agreeing that Russian troops would leave the country by 31 August 1993, which also came to fruition.


Question: In what year is Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

The first military organization of the new republic was the Lithuanian Volunteer Corps, founded shortly after the declaration of independence.


Question: In what year is Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

Later, the Lithuanian Defence Force was formed, with the Land Forces, Navy, Air Force and Volunteer Corps as military branches.


Question: In what year is Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

Lithuanian Special Forces officially began operations in 2008.


Question: In what year is Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

The creation and integration of a national currency with the West After independence, the litas already in use during the interwar period were desired as the new currency of Lithuania.


Question: In what year is Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

However, this did not happen quickly and after the Russian ruble was introduced as the temporary currency the talonas (also called Vagnorkė and Vagnorėlis after Prime Minister Gediminas Vagnorius).


Question: In what year is Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

However, Talonas was very simply created, so it was easily forged and inflation increased.


Question: In what year is Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

The liti was reintroduced in June 1993.


Question: In what year is Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

In October 2004, Lithuania became a member of the European Union and NATO.


Question: In what year is Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

One of the biggest conditions for Lithuania's membership of the EU was that the country had to promise to close the Ignalina nuclear power plant, which represents Soviet technology and the Chernobyl accident type.


Question: In what year is Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

The plant closed for good on 31 December 2009.


Question: In what year is Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

[53] Lithuania intends to build a new nuclear power plant in the region.


Question: In what year is Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

[54] As a NATO member, Lithuania participates in crisis management operations in Afghanistan (ISAF), Kosovo and Bosnia and Herzegovina.


Question: In what year is Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

On July 12, 2009, Dalia Grybauskaitė became the new president of the country after Valdas Adamkus.


Question: In what year is Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

Grybauskaitė is the country's first female president.


Question: In what year is Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

[55] Sources Kallio, Aulis: History of Lithuania.


Question: In what year is Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

Jagellonica Cultural Association, Tampere, Tampere University Print- Juvenes Print Oy, 2009 ISBN 978-951-98665-3-6 Transclusion error: {{En}} is only for use in File namespace.


Question: In what year is Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

Use {{lang-en}} or {{en icon}} instead.


Question: In what year is Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

Transclusion error: {{En}} is only for use in File namespace.


Question: In what year is Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

Use {{lang-en}} or {{en icon}} instead.


Question: In what year is Lithuania founded?

History of Lithuania

References *


Question: Is beryllium found in the wild?

Lithium

Lithium is an element belonging to alkali metals.


Question: Is beryllium found in the wild?

Lithium

Like other alkali metals, lithium belongs to the first major group in the periodic system.


Question: Is beryllium found in the wild?

Lithium

The chemical mark of lithium is Li, atomic number is 3 and atomic mass according to IUPAC standard [6,938; 6,997] amu [1].


Question: Is beryllium found in the wild?

Lithium

The CAS number for the element is 7439-93-2.


Question: Is beryllium found in the wild?

Lithium

[2] Lithium is the lightest of all metals, [3] and it even floats in water.


Question: Is beryllium found in the wild?

Lithium

Due to its lightness, lithium is used in hard and light alloys, especially aircraft.


Question: Is beryllium found in the wild?

Lithium

Physical properties The density of lithium is at room temperature the lowest of all metallic elements, at 0.534g/cm3, or about half the density of water.


Question: Is beryllium found in the wild?

Lithium

The metal is soft and can be cut with a knife.


Question: Is beryllium found in the wild?

Lithium

Lithium has the highest heat capacity of solid elements and therefore lithium has a use in heat exchangers.


Question: Is beryllium found in the wild?

Lithium

However, the problem is the strong tendency of lithium to cause corrosion.


Question: Is beryllium found in the wild?

Lithium

[4] [5] [6] Lithium has two different crystal forms.


Question: Is beryllium found in the wild?

Lithium

Cubic lithium is stable from −180°C up to its melting point of 180.5°C.


Question: Is beryllium found in the wild?

Lithium

The cubic elementary booth converts to hexagonal at around −190°C.


Question: Is beryllium found in the wild?

Lithium

[4] Isotopes Lithium has two naturally occurring persistent isotopes [7], which are 6Li, which accounts for 7.594%, and 7Li, which accounts for 92.414%.


Question: Is beryllium found in the wild?

Lithium

In addition to these, isotopes with mass numbers between 3 and 5 and 8 to 12 have been produced.


Question: Is beryllium found in the wild?

Lithium

These are all radioactive.


Question: Is beryllium found in the wild?

Lithium

[8] The atomic mass of commercial lithium metal ranges from 6.94 to 6.99u because separation processes affect isotopic composition and lithium-6 isotope is often separated from lithium metal for nuclear technology needs.


Question: Is beryllium found in the wild?

Lithium

[7] [9] Chemical Properties Lithium is a chemically highly reactive metal, that is, it reacts strongly with other substances.


Question: Is beryllium found in the wild?

Lithium

However, compared to other heavier alkali metals, it is less reactive.


Question: Is beryllium found in the wild?

Lithium

Lithium reacts sensitively, already at low temperature, with oxygen to oxide and other oxygen-containing compounds, as well as nitrogen to nitride.


Question: Is beryllium found in the wild?

Lithium

The formation of nitride is exceptional, as few elements react with nitrogen molecules and only lithium forms nitride of alkali metals.


Question: Is beryllium found in the wild?

Lithium

When heated in air at about 200 °C (self-ignition temperature 179 °C), it catches fire.


Question: Is beryllium found in the wild?

Lithium

When heated, lithium also reacts with strong oxidants, acids, as well as hydrocarbons, halogens, concrete, sand and asbestos, potentially causing a fire or explosion.


Question: Is beryllium found in the wild?

Lithium

It also reacts vigorously with water to form lithium hydroxide and hydrogen.


Question: Is beryllium found in the wild?

Lithium

Unlike in the reaction between other alkali metals and water, the hydrogen released does not usually catch fire.


Question: Is beryllium found in the wild?

Lithium

Cold ammonia dissolves lithium and ammonia solutions of lithium can be used in syntheses of organic chemistry.


Question: Is beryllium found in the wild?

Lithium

When heated with ammonia, lithium amide is formed.


Question: Is beryllium found in the wild?

Lithium

[2] [4] [5] [6] Like other alkali metals, lithium is present in its compounds with an oxidation rate of +I.


Question: Is beryllium found in the wild?

Lithium

Alkali metals it resembles, among other things, by forming a strongly alkaline hydroxide.


Question: Is beryllium found in the wild?

Lithium

However, it also shares many similar properties with magnesium, in what is known as diagonal kinship.


Question: Is beryllium found in the wild?

Lithium

An example of this is lithium phosphate, lithium fluoride and lithium carbonate, which are low soluble in water as are magnesium equivalent compounds.


Question: Is beryllium found in the wild?

Lithium

Similar salts of other alkali metals dissolve well in water.


Question: Is beryllium found in the wild?

Lithium

Similar to magnesium and other alkali earth metals, there is also a reaction with oxygen.


Question: Is beryllium found in the wild?

Lithium

Lithium forms an oxide with oxygen when sodium reacts to form sodium peroxide and potassium and heavier alkali metals superoxides.


Question: Is beryllium found in the wild?

Lithium

[4] [6] Lithium has the highest charge density of alkali metals and many of its compounds have not only ionic nature but also quite strong covalent character.


Question: Is beryllium found in the wild?

Lithium

The lithium atom is more compact than other alkali metals.


Question: Is beryllium found in the wild?

Lithium

Because of this, it has a higher charge density and close to the charge density of magnesium.


Question: Is beryllium found in the wild?

Lithium

This also explains the contributing similarities with magnesium.


Question: Is beryllium found in the wild?

Lithium

Many of the lithium salts, for example lithium chloride, are soluble in not only poolic solvents such as water, but also in poolless organic solvents, among others acetone.


Question: Is beryllium found in the wild?

Lithium

[6] [9] Lithium forms many organolithium compounds, which are organometallic compounds.


Question: Is beryllium found in the wild?

Lithium

Alkyl lithium compounds are prepared by reaction between alkyl chlorides and lithium metal.


Question: Is beryllium found in the wild?

Lithium

They are very strongly alkaline and react easily with air, as well as water.


Question: Is beryllium found in the wild?

Lithium

Because of this, they are stored in a nitrogen or noble gas atmosphere.


Question: Is beryllium found in the wild?

Lithium

The most used organolithium compounds are n-, sek-, and tert-butyl lithium.


Question: Is beryllium found in the wild?

Lithium

[4] [5] Lithium compounds Lithium hydride (LiH), Cas No 7580-67-8 Lithium hydroxide (LiOH), Cas No 1310-65-2 Lithium hydroxide monohydrate (LiOh•H2O), Cas No 1310-66-3 Lithium carbonate (Li2Co3), Cas No 55 4-13-2 Lithium chloride (LiCl), Cas No 7447-41-8 Lithium niobate (LinBo3), Cas No 12031-63-9 Lithium oxide (Li2O), Cas No 12057-24-8 Lithium Peroxide (Li2O2), Cas No 12031-80-0 Organolithium compounds such as butyllithium, usually superbases History of Lithium minerals petalite and spodumene discovered by a brazilian José Bonifácio de Andrada from specimens imported from the island of Uö in Sweden during the late 18th century.


Question: Is beryllium found in the wild?

Lithium

Lithium was discovered by Swedish chemist Johan August Arfwedson in 1817 while studying the petalite mineral.


Question: Is beryllium found in the wild?

Lithium

The name lithium with the element was given by Jöns Jacob Berzelius in 1818 and is a derivation of the word lithos meaning stone in the Greek language.


Question: Is beryllium found in the wild?

Lithium

As a metal, lithium was first introduced by Humphry Davy in 1818 by electrolyzing lithium oxide.


Question: Is beryllium found in the wild?

Lithium

At about the same time, Finnish chemist Johan Gadolin observed lithium compounds staining the flame crimson red.


Question: Is beryllium found in the wild?

Lithium

More grams of metallic element were first manufactured by Robert Bunsen and Augustus Matthiesen in 1854.


Question: Is beryllium found in the wild?

Lithium

[3] [4] [5] Before World War II, lithium and its compounds had only limited use in specialized applications.


Question: Is beryllium found in the wild?

Lithium

After World War II, lithium began to be used in alloys with aluminum and magnesium, as well as in lubricants in the form of lithium stearate.


Question: Is beryllium found in the wild?

Lithium

The demand for lithium has also been boosted by the development of lithium-ion batteries.


Question: Is beryllium found in the wild?

Lithium

[4] [5] [9] Occurrence Lithium is a rather rare element in the universe.


Question: Is beryllium found in the wild?

Lithium

It is, in addition to hydrogen and helium, one of the first three elements formed after the Big Bang, of which lithium accounted for about 10 to 10.


Question: Is beryllium found in the wild?

Lithium

[10] Although lithium is created in stars, it is also consumed right away.


Question: Is beryllium found in the wild?

Lithium

[10] The presence of lithium in brown dwarfs distinguishes them from red dwarfs.


Question: Is beryllium found in the wild?

Lithium

A star with a high lithium content has been found in the Messier 4 constellation of the constellation Scorpio.


Question: Is beryllium found in the wild?

Lithium

[11] The presence of lithium in stars can be established by spectroscopic methods.


Question: Is beryllium found in the wild?

Lithium

[7] Lithium is the 27th most common of the elements in the earth's crust and has a concentration of approximately 0.006%.


Question: Is beryllium found in the wild?

Lithium

Lithium, as a reactive element, is not found free in nature, but always exists as compounds in minerals known around 150.


Question: Is beryllium found in the wild?

Lithium

The most important of its minerals are lepidolite K (Li, Al) 3 (Al, Si) 4O10 (F, OH) 2, spodumene LialSi2O6, petalite LialSi4O10 and amblygonite (Li, Na) Al (F, OH) PO4.


Question: Is beryllium found in the wild?

Lithium

Lithium minerals are typical of salt deserts.


Question: Is beryllium found in the wild?

Lithium

Lithium is also in fairly abundant quantities in saltwater lakes, which exist in countries such as Chile, the United States and Argentina.


Question: Is beryllium found in the wild?

Lithium

[4] [5] [12] In 2009, lithium minerals were mined in the nine major producing countries totalling about 18000 tonnes and Chile, which accounted for about 10600 tonnes.


Question: Is beryllium found in the wild?

Lithium

Other major lithium ore-producing countries include the United States, Australia, China and Argentina.


Question: Is beryllium found in the wild?

Lithium

The world's remaining lithium reserve magnitude has been estimated at about 23 million tonnes, of which Chile accounts for about 7.7 million tonnes.


Question: Is beryllium found in the wild?

Lithium

Bolivia, too, has large reserves of lithium, estimated to be up to half the world's reserves, but are largely untapped due to lack of suitable infrastructure.


Question: Is beryllium found in the wild?

Lithium

Large amounts of lithium minerals, mainly spodumene, are also present in the Democratic Republic of Congo, among others.


Question: Is beryllium found in the wild?

Lithium

Smaller amounts of lithium minerals are also present in Europe, including Portugal.


Question: Is beryllium found in the wild?

Lithium

In Finland, spodumene has been found in Tammela and lepidolite in the central parts of the country.


Question: Is beryllium found in the wild?

Lithium

In Finland, lithium mining districts exist in Ullava in Kokkola and Kausinen in connection with the Keliber project.


Question: Is beryllium found in the wild?

Lithium

The aim is to emerge as Europe's largest producer of lithium.


Question: Is beryllium found in the wild?

Lithium

The largest owner of the Keliber project is Norwegian mining company Nordic Mining.


Question: Is beryllium found in the wild?

Lithium

[4] [12] [13] [14] Manufacture Lithium minerals typically contain about 1—3% by weight of lithium and spodumene ore in particular is enriched by foaming [9].


Question: Is beryllium found in the wild?

Lithium

The mineral is then dissolved in sulfuric acid or heated with calcium carbonate and the lithium salt formed is extracted with water or an ion exchange process is used.


Question: Is beryllium found in the wild?

Lithium

In the ion exchange process, the ore is heated with a sodium or potassium compound to form lithium compounds soluble in water.


Question: Is beryllium found in the wild?

Lithium

For example, when using potassium sulfate, lithium sulfate is formed.


Question: Is beryllium found in the wild?

Lithium

Prior to these processes, α-spodumene and α-lepidolite are converted by heating at 1100°C to more brittle β-forms.


Question: Is beryllium found in the wild?

Lithium

[4] [9] Lithium soluble in water is treated with sodium carbonate to give scarce soluble lithium carbonate which reacts with hydrochloric acid to form lithium chloride.


Question: Is beryllium found in the wild?

Lithium

Lithium chloride is melted and potassium chloride has been added among it to lower the melting point.


Question: Is beryllium found in the wild?

Lithium

Typically, lithium chloride is between 45 and 55% by weight, giving the mixture a melting point of 400—460°C.


Question: Is beryllium found in the wild?

Lithium

The molten metal chloride alloy is electrolyzed by an electric current, reducing lithium to metal.


Question: Is beryllium found in the wild?

Lithium

[4] [9] The use of lithium and its compounds Lithium applications Metallic lithium is mainly used in alloys and the first commercially significant applications were to increase the hardness of lead alloys by using lithium [9].


Question: Is beryllium found in the wild?

Lithium

The first such metal was Bahnmetall, developed in Germany in the 1920s, which contained trace amounts of lithium, calcium and sodium in addition to lead.


Question: Is beryllium found in the wild?

Lithium

[7] The alloys of lithium and aluminum are very light and hard and are especially used in aircraft manufacturing.


Question: Is beryllium found in the wild?

Lithium

[3] [15] Lithium increases both the hardness of aluminium and its modulus of elasticity.


Question: Is beryllium found in the wild?

Lithium

These alloys typically contain about 2.5% lithium and 95.3% aluminum, and in addition to these also copper, magnesium and zirconium.


Question: Is beryllium found in the wild?

Lithium

[4] Lithium metal is also used to produce tritium, which is obtained by bombarding with neutrons the lithium isotope lithium-6.


Question: Is beryllium found in the wild?

Lithium

[15] Lithium is also used as an anode material in lithium batteries, which are being developed into replacements for lead-acid batteries, for example for transport.


Question: Is beryllium found in the wild?

Lithium

[6] It is also used in the manufacture of aluminium to remove fluorine formed from cryolite [4] [15].


Question: Is beryllium found in the wild?

Lithium

It also has uses in metallurgy in the deoxidation and capturing of copper, nickel and steel.


Question: Is beryllium found in the wild?

Lithium

The ammonia solution of lithium is used as a reducer in organic synthesis, in which case the reaction is referred to as the Birch reduction.


Question: Is beryllium found in the wild?

Lithium

[4] Applications of lithium compounds One of the most important compounds of lithium is lithium carbonate, which is used in the manufacture of enamels, metallurgy as flux, for example, to lower the melting point of aluminum and in the manufacture of other lithium compounds.


Question: Is beryllium found in the wild?

Lithium

[4] [9] [15] Lithium oxide is utilized in glass ceramics.


Question: Is beryllium found in the wild?

Lithium

[3] A lot of lithium stearate-based lubricants are used in the industry, which can withstand even high temperatures and do not harden at cold temperatures.


Question: Is beryllium found in the wild?

Lithium

[4] [6] [9] Lithium-ion battery powered by lithium is a very common battery technology.


Question: Is beryllium found in the wild?

Lithium

In it, for example, lithium cobalt oxide is found as a cathode.


Question: Is beryllium found in the wild?

Lithium

[6] Lithium-ion batteries are used, among other things, in portable devices such as computers, mobile phones and hand tools, as well as in automobiles and as backup power in electrical networks.


Question: Is beryllium found in the wild?

Lithium

[3] Lithium chloride is one of the most hygroscopic compounds, which is why it can be used as a desiccant, especially for drying gases.


Question: Is beryllium found in the wild?

Lithium

[4] [7] Lithium hydroxide is used in the manufacture of lithium lubricants [9] and to absorb carbon dioxide [15], inter alia, in spacecraft and submarines [9].


Question: Is beryllium found in the wild?

Lithium

Lithium hydride is used to store hydrogen.


Question: Is beryllium found in the wild?

Lithium

Hydrogen is released when lithium hydride reacts with water.


Question: Is beryllium found in the wild?

Lithium

[3] [9] The medicinal use of Lithium's effect on animal behaviour was noticed by Australian psychiatrist John Cade in 1938.


Question: Is beryllium found in the wild?

Lithium

He studied the effect of organic anions on animals and needed a highly water-soluble compound, which is why he used lithium salts.


Question: Is beryllium found in the wild?

Lithium

The lithium compound caused behavioral changes and Cade speculated lithium might affect the brain in some ways.


Question: Is beryllium found in the wild?

Lithium

In 1949, he tried lithium carbonate therapy on a patient suffering from severe bipolar disorder.


Question: Is beryllium found in the wild?

Lithium

The patient received help from lithium medication for his illness.


Question: Is beryllium found in the wild?

Lithium

The effect of lithium in the treatment of the disease is not fully known.


Question: Is beryllium found in the wild?

Lithium

An excessively active inositol monophosphatase enzyme has been suggested as one of the causes of the disease, which leads to an imbalance of neurotransmitters in the brain.


Question: Is beryllium found in the wild?

Lithium

Lithium replaces the enzyme in the structure of magnesium ions and thus inhibits its activity.


Question: Is beryllium found in the wild?

Lithium

The downside of treatment with lithium carbonate are its side effects: memory problems, tremor of hands and a strong feeling of thirst.


Question: Is beryllium found in the wild?

Lithium

The therapeutic dose used in the treatment of bipolar disorder is quite close to the toxic dose.


Question: Is beryllium found in the wild?

Lithium

[3] [6] In Finland there is a pharmaceutical plant Orion's lithium carbonate preparation Lito.


Question: Is beryllium found in the wild?

Lithium

[17] Sources Elsewhere Transclusion error: {{En}} is only for use in File namespace.


Question: Is beryllium found in the wild?

Lithium

Use {{lang-en}} or {{en icon}} instead.


Question: Is beryllium found in the wild?

Lithium

Transclusion error: {{En}} is only for use in File namespace.


Question: Is beryllium found in the wild?

Lithium

Use {{lang-en}} or {{en icon}} instead.


Question: Is beryllium found in the wild?

Lithium


Question: Is beryllium found in the wild?

Lithium

Use {{lang-en}} or {{en icon}} instead.


Question: Is beryllium found in the wild?

Lithium


Question: Is beryllium found in the wild?

Lithium

Use {{lang-en}} or {{en icon}} instead.


Question: Is beryllium found in the wild?

Lithium


Question: Is beryllium found in the wild?

Lithium

Use {{lang-en}} or {{en icon}} instead.


Question: Is beryllium found in the wild?

Lithium


Question: Is beryllium found in the wild?

Lithium

Use {{lang-en}} or {{en icon}} instead.


Question: Is beryllium found in the wild?

Lithium


Question: Is beryllium found in the wild?

Lithium

Use {{lang-en}} or {{en icon}} instead.


Question: Is beryllium found in the wild?

Lithium


Question: Is beryllium found in the wild?

Lithium

Use {{lang-en}} or {{en icon}} instead.


Question: Is beryllium found in the wild?

Lithium


Question: Is beryllium found in the wild?

Lithium

Use {{lang-en}} or {{en icon}} instead.


Question: Is beryllium found in the wild?

Lithium

(pdf) Category:54 Chemistry Category:Elements Category:Key articles in screening


Question: How many game consoles has Nintendo developed?

Nintendo Entertainment System

The Nintendo Entertainment System (commonly NES, from p.


Question: How many game consoles has Nintendo developed?

Nintendo Entertainment System

name Nintendo Family Computer (), commonly Famicom ()) is an 8-bit video game console developed by Nintendo and originally published in 1983.


Question: How many game consoles has Nintendo developed?

Nintendo Entertainment System

The game console was released in 1985 in North America and 1987 in Europe.


Question: How many game consoles has Nintendo developed?

Nintendo Entertainment System

The game console sold over 60 million copies worldwide, [1] and it helped bring back to life the video game market that collapsed in the United States as a result of the 1983 video game recession.


Question: How many game consoles has Nintendo developed?

Nintendo Entertainment System

[2] [3] The NES set the standard for then-current game consoles ranging from game design (the first modern platformer Super Mario Bros.


Question: How many game consoles has Nintendo developed?

Nintendo Entertainment System

was the device's first major success) up to its business solutions.