Question: When was the Finnish ice cap movement started?

Ice warp movement

A report dated 28 September to Governor-General Seyn shows the Russians already know the core of the operation of the ice cap movement: in Finland “there is a strong sedition to bring Finnish youth, especially matriculates, to German officer schools where they would be prepared as leaders of the rebellion to Finland”.


Question: When was the Finnish ice cap movement started?

Ice warp movement

[32] The revelation of the ice cap movement lacks neither tragicomic nor profoundly tragic features: the vice-consul in Haparanda, Russia, received a questionnaire about travel money to Germany.


Question: When was the Finnish ice cap movement started?

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The information about the money was correct, but the address was wrong: in Haaparanda the correct place would have been “Halkontori” instead of the consular office.


Question: When was the Finnish ice cap movement started?

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[32] On 23 December 1915 pfadfinder Edvard Bruhn was captured in Tornio.


Question: When was the Finnish ice cap movement started?

Ice warp movement

Bruhn had managed one of the recruiting bodies of the Ice Borders movement, the so-called. Liisankatu office in Helsinki.


Question: When was the Finnish ice cap movement started?

Ice warp movement

After being caught, Bruhn, aged just 21, revealed his knowledge during questioning.


Question: When was the Finnish ice cap movement started?

Ice warp movement

Even before he was caught, Bruhn had attracted attention with his “frivolous” lifestyle, resulting in suspected notes relating to recruitment and etapes, among other things, to have fallen into the wrong hands.


Question: When was the Finnish ice cap movement started?

Ice warp movement

He was due to be delivered out of the country for security reasons, but the travelling party was subjected to shadowing and a fatal inspection at Tornio station.


Question: When was the Finnish ice cap movement started?

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After his release in connection with the revolution, Bruhn fought in both the Finnish and Estonian Revolutionary Wars, and fell in 1919 in Estonia.


Question: When was the Finnish ice cap movement started?

Ice warp movement

[33] In 1916—1917, the authority investigation into the ice cap movement was led by a Russian investigating judge, Nikolai Mashkevich.


Question: When was the Finnish ice cap movement started?

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Trials of imprisoned ice colours began in December 1916 and the main evidence was the information and confessions gathered by Mashkevich.


Question: When was the Finnish ice cap movement started?

Ice warp movement

The process was interrupted as a result of the February Revolution of 1917, when a mob released those imprisoned and destroyed most of the documents.


Question: When was the Finnish ice cap movement started?

Ice warp movement

[34] According to Red Jääkärit Lackman, at the time of the negotiations for the replenishment of the peace of Brest-Litovsk in August 1918 in Berlin, a group of Icekeers who remained there submitted a letter to the founding meeting of the SKP stating that they were willing to cooperate.


Question: When was the Finnish ice cap movement started?

Ice warp movement

However, the letter did not arouse any interest, as in SKP the ice keepers were considered bays, even though some of them were proletariat, such as laborers and sailors.


Question: When was the Finnish ice cap movement started?

Ice warp movement

A group of Berlin Red Icicers were repatriated later in the autumn, and some of them teamed up to co-organize an organisation with the Reds.


Question: When was the Finnish ice cap movement started?

Ice warp movement

The project was clotted when a few were arrested by the secret police, or General Staff Section III.


Question: When was the Finnish ice cap movement started?

Ice warp movement

[35] A brief history of the ice pot movement on 17 November 1914 in the press of the Grand Principality of Finland publishes the so-called Great Russification Programme.


Question: When was the Finnish ice cap movement started?

Ice warp movement

On November 20, 1914, the Jäkäri movement gets its start when a group of student activists gather at the Ostrobotnia House in Helsinki.


Question: When was the Finnish ice cap movement started?

Ice warp movement

The Russification program is seen as a major threat that would virtually end the self-rule of the Grand Principality of Finland and Finland would have become just one of the provinces of the Russian Empire among others.


Question: When was the Finnish ice cap movement started?

Ice warp movement

It is decided to acquire both weapons and training abroad in order to separate Finland from Russia.


Question: When was the Finnish ice cap movement started?

Ice warp movement

On February 25, 1915 The first group of volunteer ice keepers arrives in Germany at Lockstedt camp to be trained.


Question: When was the Finnish ice cap movement started?

Ice warp movement

On 26 August 1915, Finnish ice keepers are established in Germany with their own troop division.


Question: When was the Finnish ice cap movement started?

Ice warp movement

The number of recruits is greatly increased.


Question: When was the Finnish ice cap movement started?

Ice warp movement

On 9 May 1915, the Finnish Jääkär Battalion in Germany becomes Royal Prussian Jääkär Battalion 27.


Question: When was the Finnish ice cap movement started?

Ice warp movement

On 31 May 1916, the Finns leave for Latvia for the Eastern Front.


Question: When was the Finnish ice cap movement started?

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27 October 1917 The first forward command force and guns leaves Germany for Finland.


Question: When was the Finnish ice cap movement started?

Ice warp movement

5 February 1918 A decision is made that the ice keepers return to Finland.


Question: When was the Finnish ice cap movement started?

Ice warp movement

On 13 February 1918, the Jääkär Battalion is disbanded.


Question: When was the Finnish ice cap movement started?

Ice warp movement

Military Oath and Flag Inauguration Ceremony in Libau (Liepāja), Latvia.


Question: When was the Finnish ice cap movement started?

Ice warp movement

On 25 February 1918, the main force of Jääkärie arrives in a convoy led by icebreaker Sampo in Vaasa, Vaskiluoto harbour.


Question: When was the Finnish ice cap movement started?

Ice warp movement

[36] On 30 July 1914, Russia initiates a mobilisation to support Serbia, on which Austria-Hungary declared war, was briefly linked to the Icebar movement.


Question: When was the Finnish ice cap movement started?

Ice warp movement

On August 1, 1914, Germany declares war on Russia.


Question: When was the Finnish ice cap movement started?

Ice warp movement

War also breaks out between Germany and France.


Question: When was the Finnish ice cap movement started?

Ice warp movement

On March 15, 1917, Tsar Nicholas II relinquishes power.


Question: When was the Finnish ice cap movement started?

Ice warp movement

November 7, 1917 October Revolution in Russia.


Question: When was the Finnish ice cap movement started?

Ice warp movement

On December 6, 1917, the Finnish Parliament adopts the Declaration of Independence.


Question: When was the Finnish ice cap movement started?

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First Independence Day.


Question: When was the Finnish ice cap movement started?

Ice warp movement

On December 15, 1917, Germany and the new state Soviet Union agreed to an armistice.


Question: When was the Finnish ice cap movement started?

Ice warp movement

On January 27, 1918, Finland is mired in civil war.


Question: When was the Finnish ice cap movement started?

Ice warp movement

On February 18, 1918, the German-Russian armistice is broken because there is no agreement on the peace treaty.


Question: When was the Finnish ice cap movement started?

Ice warp movement

On March 3, 1918, Soviet Russia and Germany with their allied states agreed on the Peace of Brest-Litovsk.


Question: When was the Finnish ice cap movement started?

Ice warp movement

World War I on the Eastern Front comes to an end.


Question: When was the Finnish ice cap movement started?

Ice warp movement

On May 15, 1918, the Finnish Civil War ends.


Question: When was the Finnish ice cap movement started?

Ice warp movement

[36] See also List of ice keepers Jääkäri Jääkärietappi Finnish Jääkärimuseo Sources Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Ahti, Martti| title = Ryssänvihassa: Elmo Kaila 1888—1935: Activist, Grey Eminence of the Armed Forces and Academic Karelia Society biography| location = Porvoo Helsinki Juva| publisher = WSOY| year = 1999| id = ISBN 951-0-22043-4}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Enckell, Olof| title = Jäkärien story| location = Helsinki| publisher = Otava| year = 2005| version = (Jägarnas history, 1943.)


Question: When was the Finnish ice cap movement started?

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Translated by Emerik Olsoni.


Question: When was the Finnish ice cap movement started?

Ice warp movement

1st edition 1956| id = ISBN 951-1-20826-8}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Lackman, Matti| title = For Finland or Germany?


Question: When was the Finnish ice cap movement started?

Ice warp movement

Unknown history of Jääkäri: The genesis, nature, mood swings and internal crises and their reflections on the next years of independent Finland | location = Helsinki| publisher = Otava| year = 2000| id = ISBN 951-1-16158-X}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Lauerma, Matti (ed.


Question: When was the Finnish ice cap movement started?

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Markku Onttonen and Hilkka Vitikka) | title = Jääkärien tie| location = Helsinki| publisher = WSOY| year = 1984| id = ISBN 951-0-12588-1}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Lauerma, Matti| title = Royal Prussian Jaeger Battalion 27: Stages and effect| location = Helsinki | publisher = WSOY| year = 1966}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Olin, K.-G.| title = Gunship John Grafton| location = Canvas| publisher = ASE-magazine Oy| year= 1994| id = ISBN 952-90-5260-X}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Onttonen, Markku (ed.


Question: When was the Finnish ice cap movement started?

Ice warp movement

) | title = Jääkärikirja| location = Helsinki| publisher = Thought Books| year = 2002| id = ISBN 951-20-6232-1}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Suomen, Jaakko — Sundvall, Johannes — Olsoni, Emerik — Jaatinen, Arno (ed.


Question: When was the Finnish ice cap movement started?

Ice warp movement

) | title = Finnish Jäkärit: Activities in words and pictures I to I| publisher = Kuopio: Joint Stock Company War images| year = 1933| version = 2nd edition}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Wegelius, K. A.| title = Frost and iron I: Tornion front| location = Porvoo| publisher = Wererner Söderströrit M Limited Liability Company| year = 1926}} References Literature Into Auer: Kalteriicekärit III, WSOY 1935.


Question: When was the Finnish ice cap movement started?

Ice warp movement

Erik Heinrichs: From the extreme of the Baltic Sea: Photos and observations from the Jäkär excursions, Krohn, Helmi) Otava 1918.


Question: When was the Finnish ice cap movement started?

Ice warp movement

Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Jarkko Kemppi| title = For the Motherland: History of the Ice Markets and Ice Sheets | location = Helsinki| publisher = Minerva| year = 2011| id = ISBN 978-952-492-524-2}} Sulo-Weikko Pekkola: Gummerus Sweet 1927 Veikko Pekkola: Bullied by the people, WSOY 1928.


Question: When was the Finnish ice cap movement started?

Ice warp movement

Sulo-Weikko Pekkola: Kalteriicekärit I—II, WSOY 1931.


Question: When was the Finnish ice cap movement started?

Ice warp movement

Sulo-Weikko Pekkola: Petsamoa in the lineage, WSOY 1930.


Question: When was the Finnish ice cap movement started?

Ice warp movement

Aarne Sihvo: My Memoirs I—II, Otava 1954, 1956.


Question: When was the Finnish ice cap movement started?

Ice warp movement

A. Aijal Uppala: K. A. Wegelius: Personal photo — life's work 1964—1939, Otava 1968.


Question: When was the Finnish ice cap movement started?

Ice cap movement

Anni Wallenius: Born in the Sun: Memoirs of Youth, WSOY 1978.


Question: When was the Finnish ice cap movement started?

Ice cap movement

Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Pentti Airio| title= Walter Horn — First Jaeger and Cold War Northern Activist | publisher = Docendo| year = 2013| id = ISBN 978-952-5912-98-2}} On the topic elsewhere Yle Live Archives.


Question: When was the Finnish ice cap movement started?

Ice cap movement

* Category:Finnish Defence Forces Category:Key articles of screening


Question: Why was Italy's name used to be Byzantine?

History of Italy

Italy (united 1861) has deeply influenced the culture of the Mediterranean region and Europe as a whole.


Question: Why was Italy's name used to be Byzantine?

History of Italy

After the Greek rule of Magna Graecia, the Etruscans and then the Roman Empire ruled Italy for centuries.


Question: Why was Italy's name used to be Byzantine?

History of Italy

Italy was an important centre of philosophy, science and art during the Middle Ages and the Renaissance.


Question: Why was Italy's name used to be Byzantine?

History of Italy

Origin of the name Italy is an ancient name for the country and population of southern Italy.


Question: Why was Italy's name used to be Byzantine?

History of Italy

Its origin is unknown, but it might come from the Latin word vitulus (one-year-old calf): “land of calves”.


Question: Why was Italy's name used to be Byzantine?

History of Italy

[1] Coins bearing the name Italy were printed by southern tribes that competed with Rome in the last century BCE.


Question: Why was Italy's name used to be Byzantine?

History of Italy

After the dissolution of the Roman Empire, Italy became the joint denomination of the states of the Apennine Peninsula and their overseas holdings.


Question: Why was Italy's name used to be Byzantine?

History of Italy

[2] Ancient peoples In old times Italy was inhabited by several different peoples.


Question: Why was Italy's name used to be Byzantine?

History of Italy

Many of them, like Latin, Oscs and Volskis, spoke Italic languages that were closely related to each other.


Question: Why was Italy's name used to be Byzantine?

History of Italy

In addition, there were many Greeks living in southern Italy, Etruscans in the area of present-day Tuscany, and Celtic peoples in northern Italy.


Question: Why was Italy's name used to be Byzantine?

History of Italy

The Etruscans controlled much of Italy before the Roman Empire.


Question: Why was Italy's name used to be Byzantine?

History of Italy

[3] The Etruscans did not speak an Indo-European language and their origins are shrouded in obscurity.


Question: Why was Italy's name used to be Byzantine?

History of Italy

They were definitively assimilated with the Romans in the republic period.


Question: Why was Italy's name used to be Byzantine?

History of Italy

The culture, which is distinctly Etruscan, emerged in the year 800 BCE.


Question: Why was Italy's name used to be Byzantine?

History of Italy

after.


Question: Why was Italy's name used to be Byzantine?

History of Italy

The high point of Etruscan civilization was in the times of the founding of Rome and the Kingdom period.


Question: Why was Italy's name used to be Byzantine?

History of Italy

The Etruscans did not form a unified kingdom but Greek-type city-states.


Question: Why was Italy's name used to be Byzantine?

History of Italy

The last kings of the Roman Empire were Etruscans and Roman culture was strongly influenced by the Etruscans.


Question: Why was Italy's name used to be Byzantine?

History of Italy

As it expanded, Rome incorporated the Etruscan cities into itself.


Question: Why was Italy's name used to be Byzantine?

History of Italy

Roman Empire Rising According to the myth, Rome was founded in 753 BCE.


Question: Why was Italy's name used to be Byzantine?

History of Italy

Romulus and Remus and was ruled by seven kings.


Question: Why was Italy's name used to be Byzantine?

History of Italy

[4] According to tradition, the last king of Rome, Tarquinius Superbus, was exiled in 509 BCE.


Question: Why was Italy's name used to be Byzantine?

History of Italy

and the Roman Republic was founded.


Question: Why was Italy's name used to be Byzantine?

History of Italy

The republic was governed by two elected consuls, and a senate assembled primarily from patricians formed, together with the citizens' assembly, a kind of parliament.


Question: Why was Italy's name used to be Byzantine?

History of Italy

In the following centuries, Rome expanded its territory, defeating its neighbours one after the other.


Question: Why was Italy's name used to be Byzantine?

History of Italy

After the wars, the Romans generally did not seek total subordination of the defeated, but forced them into a subordinate ally relationship.


Question: Why was Italy's name used to be Byzantine?

History of Italy

This policy was one of the reasons for Rome's success.


Question: Why was Italy's name used to be Byzantine?

History of Italy

Many weak Etruscan and Greek cities asked Rome for protection rather than confronted it in war.


Question: Why was Italy's name used to be Byzantine?

History of Italy

After the Punic Wars and the loss of Carthage, Rome controlled most of the western Mediterranean and its influence grew rapidly in the east as well.


Question: Why was Italy's name used to be Byzantine?

History of Italy

10th century BCE


Question: Why was Italy's name used to be Byzantine?

History of Italy

by the end Rome had defeated the Hellenistic states of Macedonia and Syria and controlled the entire Mediterranean with the exception of Egypt.


Question: Why was Italy's name used to be Byzantine?

History of Italy

Empire The institutions of the Roman Republic had been developed in a city-state and were not suited to the control of a large empire.


Question: Why was Italy's name used to be Byzantine?

History of Italy

In addition, there were schisms both within Rome and between Rome and its Italian allies.


Question: Why was Italy's name used to be Byzantine?

History of Italy

The trend favored military commanders, who began pursuing exclusivity.


Question: Why was Italy's name used to be Byzantine?

History of Italy

The first such was Sulla (d. 78 BCE.)


Question: Why was Italy's name used to be Byzantine?

History of Italy

After him came Julius Caesar, who after conquering Gaul (present-day France) defeated Pompey in a civil war and effectively became a monospace, but was assassinated by republican senators in 44 BCE.


Question: Why was Italy's name used to be Byzantine?

History of Italy

His successor Octavianus defeated the Senatorial Party, received the title Augustus and was elected Imperator.


Question: Why was Italy's name used to be Byzantine?

History of Italy

Although he formally tolerated the laws of the republic, he ruled practically as a monopoly and the Roman Empire had emerged.


Question: Why was Italy's name used to be Byzantine?

History of Italy

[5] This became clear under his successor Tiberius.


Question: Why was Italy's name used to be Byzantine?

History of Italy

The establishment of the Empire brought clear advantages to the provinces, which may have appealed to the emperor against local authorities instead of corrupt senators.


Question: Why was Italy's name used to be Byzantine?

History of Italy

Furthermore, Roman citizenship was slowly extended to provinces and jurisdiction became less arbitrary.


Question: Why was Italy's name used to be Byzantine?

History of Italy

The Roman Empire was further expanded somewhat in the Imperial period; for example Claudius annexed Britain 47 partitions..


Question: Why was Italy's name used to be Byzantine?

History of Italy

In the first and second centuries, there were some civil wars (for example by the Four Emperors in 69) and rebellions (such as the Judean Uprising, which ended with the takeover of Jerusalem in 70 and started the Jewish diaspora).


Question: Why was Italy's name used to be Byzantine?

History of Italy

Decay and loss The internal state of the kingdom slowly deteriorated, which was reflected in crises in the third century, when economic difficulties, barbarian invasions, and civil wars almost led to the dissolution of the Empire.


Question: Why was Italy's name used to be Byzantine?

History of Italy

It was saved by Diocletian (284—305) and Constantine (306—337), who moved the capital to Byzantium, changing its name to Constantinople, thus initiating the division of the kingdom into the western and eastern part.


Question: Why was Italy's name used to be Byzantine?

History of Italy

Constantine also stopped opposing Christianity.


Question: Why was Italy's name used to be Byzantine?

History of Italy

Christianity became the state religion under Theodosius I in 380.


Question: Why was Italy's name used to be Byzantine?

History of Italy

The Great Internationals broke the defences of Western Rome, and the Vandals and Goths eradicated the kingdom for good in the 4th century.


Question: Why was Italy's name used to be Byzantine?

History of Italy

Medieval Goths, Byzantium and Langobards the Visigoths conquered Italy in the 4th century and Alarik plundered Rome in 410.


Question: Why was Italy's name used to be Byzantine?

History of Italy

By the end of the century, the peninsula was for the most part controlled by the Ostrogoths, and Odovakar sacked in 476 the last emperor of Western Rome, Romulus Augustus.


Question: Why was Italy's name used to be Byzantine?

History of Italy

In 493, Teoderik the Great overthrew Odovakar and became king of the Ostrogoths.


Question: Why was Italy's name used to be Byzantine?

History of Italy

The capital of his kingdom was Ravenna.


Question: Why was Italy's name used to be Byzantine?

History of Italy

Byzantium, or Eastern Rome, invaded Italy in the early 5th century and Emperor Justinian I's generals Belisarius and Narses conquered the Kingdom of the Ostrogoths after years of war in 552.


Question: Why was Italy's name used to be Byzantine?

History of Italy

These Gothic Wars destroyed most of the surviving urban culture.


Question: Why was Italy's name used to be Byzantine?

History of Italy

The departure of the Byzantine armies allowed another Germanic tribe, the Langobards, to conquer much of the peninsula.


Question: Why was Italy's name used to be Byzantine?

History of Italy

The exarchate of Ravenna, which remained in Byzantine possession, was concentrated around Ravenna.


Question: Why was Italy's name used to be Byzantine?

History of Italy

[6] Rise of the Catholic Church The Church and especially the Bishop of Rome, the Pope, has played an important political role since Constantine, who sought to annex the institution to imperial rule.


Question: Why was Italy's name used to be Byzantine?

History of Italy

In the precarious situation following the breakup of Western Rome, the Church was often the only stable institution and the only source of doctrine.


Question: Why was Italy's name used to be Byzantine?

History of Italy

Even the barbarians depended on the church to govern their lands of conquest.


Question: Why was Italy's name used to be Byzantine?

History of Italy

In addition, Catholic monastic organizations such as the Benedictines played a large role both in the economic life of the time and as custodians of classical culture.


Question: Why was Italy's name used to be Byzantine?

History of Italy

After the entry of the Langobards, the popes were nominally subordinate to the Eastern Emperor, but received little support from Constantinople and began to build an independent state to protect Rome from langobard attacks.


Question: Why was Italy's name used to be Byzantine?

History of Italy

In the late 7th century, the popes pursued independence and found a way to do so by allying themselves with the Frankish Carolingid dynasty: the Carolings needed legitimacy to seize power from the Merovings, while the Popes needed military support against the Langobards.


Question: Why was Italy's name used to be Byzantine?

History of Italy

In 751, the Langobards took over Ravenna, and the Byzantine presence in central Italy came to an end (some coastal towns and territories in southern Italy remained in Byzantium until the 10th century).


Question: Why was Italy's name used to be Byzantine?

History of Italy

The Popes turned to the Franks, who in 756 defeated the Langobards and ceded to the Pope power over central Italy, thus establishing the Church State.


Question: Why was Italy's name used to be Byzantine?

History of Italy

However, the rest of Italy was held by the Langobards or Byzantium.


Question: Why was Italy's name used to be Byzantine?

History of Italy

Holy Roman Empire In 774, after a papal invitation, the Franks defeated the Langobards and took the crown of their kingdom.


Question: Why was Italy's name used to be Byzantine?

History of Italy

Their leader Charles the Great was crowned by the pope on 25 December 800 in Rome as emperor.


Question: Why was Italy's name used to be Byzantine?

History of Italy

This caused a dispute between the Frankish Empire and Byzantium over the right to the name of Rome.


Question: Why was Italy's name used to be Byzantine?

History of Italy

In 812, Byzantium agreed to recognize the Roman Empire in exchange for guaranteeing its Italian holdings.


Question: Why was Italy's name used to be Byzantine?

History of Italy

However, the emperor's power did not properly reach the southern parts of the peninsula, whose two langobard dukes of Spoleto and Benevento accepted Charlemagne's rule in name only.


Question: Why was Italy's name used to be Byzantine?

History of Italy

Conquering Benevento would have meant full encirclement of Papal territories in the emperor's territories, and Charles the Great probably thought it was not good for relations.


Question: Why was Italy's name used to be Byzantine?

History of Italy

Greco-Latin coastal cities such as Naples on the Tyrrhenian Sea and Venice on the Adriatic became increasingly independent of Byzantium.


Question: Why was Italy's name used to be Byzantine?

History of Italy

Charles the Great had the papal efforts to expand power stymied, and his time meant balancing in Italy, although marked by non-Italian interests.


Question: Why was Italy's name used to be Byzantine?

History of Italy

The gap between Eastern and Western Christendom continued to grow.


Question: Why was Italy's name used to be Byzantine?

History of Italy

Saint Leo III was the first pope to date his bulla in accordance with the reign of Charles the Great rather than the Byzantine emperors.


Question: Why was Italy's name used to be Byzantine?

History of Italy

By the beginning of the 8th century, the process that began three centuries earlier, in which Italy seceded from Byzantium and connected to Western Europe, had become broadly completed.


Question: Why was Italy's name used to be Byzantine?

History of Italy

Sicily, Calabria, Apulia and some maritime cities were the main exceptions.


Question: Why was Italy's name used to be Byzantine?

History of Italy

After the death of Charlemagne (814), under weak successors, the Empire quickly fell apart.


Question: Why was Italy's name used to be Byzantine?

History of Italy

The equilibrium created by the emperor's charisma was shattered.


Question: Why was Italy's name used to be Byzantine?

History of Italy

The crisis was exacerbated by external factors such as Saracen invasions and the intensification of maritime republics.


Question: Why was Italy's name used to be Byzantine?

History of Italy

Charles the Great's son Louis the Pious died in 840.


Question: Why was Italy's name used to be Byzantine?

History of Italy

The Treaty of Verdun divided the Empire in 843.


Question: Why was Italy's name used to be Byzantine?

History of Italy

Louis's eldest surviving son Lothar I became emperor and ruler of the central part of the kingdom.


Question: Why was Italy's name used to be Byzantine?

History of Italy

His three sons accordingly divided this kingdom between themselves, and northern Italy became the Kingdom of Italy under Louis II in 839.


Question: Why was Italy's name used to be Byzantine?

History of Italy

Muslim Arabs conquered Sicily in 827, ruled until 1053.


Question: Why was Italy's name used to be Byzantine?

History of Italy

In 846, the Arabs invaded Rome and plundered St. Peter's Basilica, taking all the gold and silver from there.


Question: Why was Italy's name used to be Byzantine?

History of Italy

As a result, Leo IV began the construction of the Vatican Wall, which was completed in 853.


Question: Why was Italy's name used to be Byzantine?

History of Italy

In 951, the Italian and German crowns were merged.


Question: Why was Italy's name used to be Byzantine?

History of Italy

The ruler of the new kingdom, Otto I the Great, submitted that the Union would restore the kingdom of Charles the Great and received the title of emperor in 962.


Question: Why was Italy's name used to be Byzantine?

History of Italy

In these times of turmoil, the prestige of the papacy institution had also diminished (see pornocracy, for example).


Question: Why was Italy's name used to be Byzantine?

History of Italy

End of the Middle Ages Barbarian invasions and Gothic Wars eradicated much of Italy's urban culture.


Question: Why was Italy's name used to be Byzantine?

History of Italy

It did not completely disappear, but was much more modest than in the Roman period.


Question: Why was Italy's name used to be Byzantine?

History of Italy

Wars, disappearance and disease had also plummeted Italy's population.


Question: Why was Italy's name used to be Byzantine?

History of Italy

In the 7th—8th centuries, some cities such as Amalfi and Venice began to flourish through trade (silk, salt), but urban life remained scarce.


Question: Why was Italy's name used to be Byzantine?

History of Italy

The 10th century marked the end of the darkest period of the Middle Ages.


Question: Why was Italy's name used to be Byzantine?

History of Italy

Trade slowly began to recover, especially through the sea, and the four port cities, Amalfi, Pisa, Genoa and Venice became powermakers.


Question: Why was Italy's name used to be Byzantine?

History of Italy

[7] Many landlocked cities, such as Florence and Milan, also grew and effectively became independent city-states from central power, expanding their territory at the expense of feudal lords to the countryside.


Question: Why was Italy's name used to be Byzantine?

History of Italy

In the 12th century, Italian cities that were part of the Empire rebelled successfully against the centralisation effort of the regime of Frederick I Barbarossa.


Question: Why was Italy's name used to be Byzantine?

History of Italy

The pope regained his authority and began a long struggle against the Empire on both ecclesiastical and secular issues, the first act of which was an investment-strife.


Question: Why was Italy's name used to be Byzantine?

History of Italy

At the same time, the southern parts of Italy and Sicily were conquered by the Normans.


Question: Why was Italy's name used to be Byzantine?

History of Italy

The Normans eventually conquered Byzantine and Arab-controlled territories.


Question: Why was Italy's name used to be Byzantine?

History of Italy

Byzantium, however, had not been defeated yet, instead invading in 1155 Italy under Emperor Manuel I Komnenos.


Question: Why was Italy's name used to be Byzantine?

History of Italy

By 1158, the Byzantine army had been forced to withdraw from Italy.


Question: Why was Italy's name used to be Byzantine?

History of Italy

The Renaissance Italian Renaissance, or rinascimento, ushered in the Renaissance, especially in Europe of a new era in culture and arts, which continued from the late 14th century until about 1600.


Question: Why was Italy's name used to be Byzantine?

History of Italy

The Renaissance began in Tuscany, the cities of Florence and Siena, and its high point was towards the end of the 15th century.


Question: Why was Italy's name used to be Byzantine?

History of Italy

It spread south, affecting Rome in particular, which was largely rebuilt by Renaissance popes.


Question: Why was Italy's name used to be Byzantine?

History of Italy

The Italian Renaissance began to decline at the end of the 15th century with the invasion of foreign powers, after which the focus of the Renaissance shifted to Central Europe.


Question: Why was Italy's name used to be Byzantine?

History of Italy

Roots In the Heart Middle Ages, the city-states of the northern part of Italy were among the most prosperous in Europe, considerably more prosperous than the southern part of Italy, including Rome.


Question: Why was Italy's name used to be Byzantine?

History of Italy

The Crusades had established permanent trade ties with the Levant, and Byzantium, a trading rival of the Italian cities, had been badly damaged by the Fourth Crusade.


Question: Why was Italy's name used to be Byzantine?

History of Italy

Luxury goods such as spices, dyes and silk were brought to the ports of Genoa, Pisa and Venice in Italy and exported from there to other parts of Europe.


Question: Why was Italy's name used to be Byzantine?

History of Italy

Inland towns, on the other hand, benefited from good farmland, such as the Po River Valley.


Question: Why was Italy's name used to be Byzantine?

History of Italy

In turn, wool, wheat and precious metals were imported via land and river routes from France, Germany and the Netherlands.


Question: Why was Italy's name used to be Byzantine?

History of Italy

Trade stretching from Egypt to the Baltics created surpluses that could be invested in mining, farming and early industry.


Question: Why was Italy's name used to be Byzantine?

History of Italy

Northern Italy was not richer than the rest of Europe in terms of resources, but the high rate of processing built on the bottom of commerce enabled it to succeed.


Question: Why was Italy's name used to be Byzantine?

History of Italy

Florence, for example, initially emerged as one of the most prosperous cities in northern Italy largely through the production of fabrics.


Question: Why was Italy's name used to be Byzantine?

History of Italy

Wool was imported from Northern Europe and Spain, and with dyes imported from the East, it was made into quality clothes.


Question: Why was Italy's name used to be Byzantine?

History of Italy

In the 13th century, Italian city-states grew strongly and became virtually independent from the Empire.


Question: Why was Italy's name used to be Byzantine?

History of Italy

During this period, banking and monetary methods also developed, the center of which Florence became its center, and its currency, the florin, the currency of international trade.


Question: Why was Italy's name used to be Byzantine?

History of Italy

A new aristocrat class emerged, which had gained ground through their business skills and challenged the feudal upper class that ruled Europe in the Middle Ages.


Question: Why was Italy's name used to be Byzantine?

History of Italy

In most of northern Italy, urban grand burghers were more formidable than rural feudal lords.


Question: Why was Italy's name used to be Byzantine?

History of Italy

The economic crash of the 14th century and the beginning of the Renaissance in the 14th century saw a series of disasters that collapsed the European economy.


Question: Why was Italy's name used to be Byzantine?

History of Italy

These included the beginning of the Little Ice Age, which depressed agricultural production as well as the Hundred Years' War between France and England, which stirred the economy: for example, two of Florence's largest banks, Bardi and Peruzzi, fell after Edward III of England left his debts of 1.5 million florins unserviced in in 1345.


Question: Why was Italy's name used to be Byzantine?

History of Italy

[8] In the east, the formation of the Ottoman Empire cut off trade routes.


Question: Why was Italy's name used to be Byzantine?

History of Italy

The most devastating was the Black Death, which killed tens of percent of Europe's population.


Question: Why was Italy's name used to be Byzantine?

History of Italy

The population of Florence, for example, collapsed from 90000,0000 to 50000 and caused turmoil including, for example, the Textile Workers' Revolt of 1378.


Question: Why was Italy's name used to be Byzantine?

History of Italy

Some accidents of the 14th century contributed to the Renaissance.


Question: Why was Italy's name used to be Byzantine?

History of Italy

Ottoman expansion at the expense of Byzantium caused an influx of refugees from the east, and they brought with them classical Greek civilisation.


Question: Why was Italy's name used to be Byzantine?

History of Italy

The Black Death wiped out a third of Europe's population, leaving the new smaller population soon more prosperous than previously thought.


Question: Why was Italy's name used to be Byzantine?

History of Italy

The population had more property for luxury goods, but fewer of their producers, improving the position of the lower classes.


Question: Why was Italy's name used to be Byzantine?

History of Italy

The horrors of the Black Death and the Church's inability to prevent them also undermined the Church's influence, which was one of the prerequisites for the Renaissance.


Question: Why was Italy's name used to be Byzantine?

History of Italy

During this period, the first Renaissance figures such as Dante and Francesco Petrarca lived, and the first signs of the Renaissance were visible in the early 14th century.


Question: Why was Italy's name used to be Byzantine?

History of Italy

The fall of the Bard and Peruzzi banks opened the way for the rise of the Medici family in Florence.


Question: Why was Italy's name used to be Byzantine?

History of Italy

Robert Sabatino Lopez has even suggested that financial collapse was a necessary cause of the renaissance, as in economically favorable times businessmen invest their money quickly, while in bad times fewer investment items can be found, causing them to spend their funds on culture and to art.


Question: Why was Italy's name used to be Byzantine?

History of Italy

[9] Wars Especially the early part of the Renaissance was an almost continuous war between city-states, fought by mercenaries brought from all over Europe.


Question: Why was Italy's name used to be Byzantine?

History of Italy

Cities warred against each other, and on the other hand, the pope struggled for power with the emperor.


Question: Why was Italy's name used to be Byzantine?

History of Italy

More powerful city-states often subjugated their weaker ones and annexed them to themselves, such as Florence of Pisa 1406 and Venice of Padua and Verona.


Question: Why was Italy's name used to be Byzantine?

History of Italy

The cities depended entirely on mercenaries who, in the worst case scenario, might turn on their master and take power in the city.


Question: Why was Italy's name used to be Byzantine?

History of Italy

Fleets were equipped for wars at sea.


Question: Why was Italy's name used to be Byzantine?

History of Italy

Venice became the superior sea master after it dispossessed the Genoese fleet in 1380.


Question: Why was Italy's name used to be Byzantine?

History of Italy

On land, the main wars were fought between Florence and Milan; these wars have been seen as important in the emergence of the Renaissance.


Question: Why was Italy's name used to be Byzantine?

History of Italy

[10] The Medici family, which owned the largest bank in Europe, became Lord of Florence in the 1430s, with Cosimo de' Medici as its first leader.


Question: Why was Italy's name used to be Byzantine?

History of Italy

Florence was formally preserved as a republic, but the instruments of power were firmly in the hands of the Medici and their allies.


Question: Why was Italy's name used to be Byzantine?

History of Italy

Cosimo de' Medici was very popular among the townspeople due to the peace and heyday of the era.


Question: Why was Italy's name used to be Byzantine?

History of Italy

His most notable achievements included making peace with the Sforza family of Milan, bringing an end to decades of war.


Question: Why was Italy's name used to be Byzantine?

History of Italy

Cosimo was also a supporter of the arts, though some have regarded his reputation in this regard as exaggerated.


Question: Why was Italy's name used to be Byzantine?

History of Italy

In 1469, Cosimo's grandson Lorenzo de' Medici, who was the first member of the family to receive humanistic education in his early years and the most important of the family's supporters of the arts, came to power.


Question: Why was Italy's name used to be Byzantine?

History of Italy

Under Lorenzo, Medici power was consolidated with the creation of the Council of Seventy, which Lorenzo presided over.


Question: Why was Italy's name used to be Byzantine?

History of Italy

The republican institutions survived, but lost their influence.


Question: Why was Italy's name used to be Byzantine?

History of Italy

In business, Lorenzo was not as successful as his predecessors, and the Medici financial empire slowly began to decline.


Question: Why was Italy's name used to be Byzantine?

History of Italy

Lorenzo's relations with the pope deteriorated, leading to the attempted assassination of Lorenzo orchestrated by the Pope with the Pazzi House.


Question: Why was Italy's name used to be Byzantine?

History of Italy

It failed, but led to a war with the Pope by which centralized power of the Medici was later justified.


Question: Why was Italy's name used to be Byzantine?

History of Italy

[11] Renaissance Spread Renaissance ideals spread from Florence first to the Tuscan neighboring cities of Siena and Lucca.


Question: Why was Italy's name used to be Byzantine?

History of Italy

Tuscan culture soon became an object of imitation for all of northern Italy, with the Tuscan dialect of Italian dominant especially in the literature of the region.


Question: Why was Italy's name used to be Byzantine?

History of Italy

In 1447, Francesco Sforza rose to power in Milan and quickly transformed the medieval city into an arts and civilisation centre.


Question: Why was Italy's name used to be Byzantine?

History of Italy

Venice, one of the most prosperous cities, also became a cultural center, especially in architecture.


Question: Why was Italy's name used to be Byzantine?

History of Italy

In 1378, the pope returned to Rome, but the former mighty city remained mostly poor and ruined through the early years of the Renaissance.


Question: Why was Italy's name used to be Byzantine?

History of Italy

Nicholas V, who became pope in 1447, initiated a major rebuilding.


Question: Why was Italy's name used to be Byzantine?

History of Italy

With the papacy falling into the hands of northern power families such as the Medici and the Borgias, the renaissance world and art became dominant in the Vatican.


Question: Why was Italy's name used to be Byzantine?

History of Italy

Pope Sixtus IV continued the work of Nicholas, most famously his project the construction of the Sistine Chapel.


Question: Why was Italy's name used to be Byzantine?

History of Italy

Popes increasingly became secular administrators, and under the “warrior popes”, the power of the Church State was centralised.


Question: Why was Italy's name used to be Byzantine?

History of Italy

The character of the Renaissance changed in the late 15th century.


Question: Why was Italy's name used to be Byzantine?

History of Italy

Renaissance ideals were then fully embraced in the ruling class and aristocracy.


Question: Why was Italy's name used to be Byzantine?

History of Italy

Early Renaissance artists were considered craftsmen with few reputations and recognitions.


Question: Why was Italy's name used to be Byzantine?

History of Italy

Later Renaissance artists were influential and billed large commissions.


Question: Why was Italy's name used to be Byzantine?

History of Italy

The end of the Italian Renaissance Many view the Renaissance as the symbolic endpoint of Girolamo Savonarola's rise to power in Florence in 1497.


Question: Why was Italy's name used to be Byzantine?

History of Italy

In the short reign of the unjeweled monk, many works of art were destroyed “on the pyres of vanities”.


Question: Why was Italy's name used to be Byzantine?

History of Italy

Savonarola's power ran short and the Medici lineage returned to power, but similar moral resistance movements continued within the church, and in the middle of the 16th century Renaissance works were banned in connection with the Counter-Reformation.


Question: Why was Italy's name used to be Byzantine?

History of Italy

At least as important a factor in the waning of the Italian Renaissance as the Church resistance movement, was a series of attacks on Italy by foreign powers, the Italian Wars that dragged on for decades.


Question: Why was Italy's name used to be Byzantine?

History of Italy

They began with the 1494 French invasion, which caused widespread destruction in northern Italy and ended the independence of many city-states.


Question: Why was Italy's name used to be Byzantine?

History of Italy

The most devastating blow was on 6 May 1527, when Spanish and German troops ravaged Rome, thus ending the pope's role as the greatest supporter of the Renaissance.


Question: Why was Italy's name used to be Byzantine?

History of Italy

Due to chaos and contacts with foreign rulers, many of Italy's greatest artists decided to leave the country, the most famous example of Leonardo da Vinci who emigrated to France in 1516.


Question: Why was Italy's name used to be Byzantine?

History of Italy

The shift of focus to the north represented a broader trend.


Question: Why was Italy's name used to be Byzantine?

History of Italy

The Mediterranean was no longer the main trade route; Vasco da Gama had reached India in 1498, and the main trade routes from the Orient went to Atlantic ports in Iberia, France and England.


Question: Why was Italy's name used to be Byzantine?

History of Italy

These territories soon overtook Italy in prosperity and power.


Question: Why was Italy's name used to be Byzantine?

History of Italy

As the Italian Renaissance waned, however, many of its influences moved north and contributed to the Northern Renaissance.


Question: Why was Italy's name used to be Byzantine?

History of Italy

The Renaissance did not mean sweeping social and economic changes, but mostly touched only a small percentage of people.


Question: Why was Italy's name used to be Byzantine?

History of Italy

Admittedly, in northern Italian cities, the class of skilled craftsmen was in a much better position than in Europe in general, but the status of unskilled laborers was no longer much affected by the Renaissance.


Question: Why was Italy's name used to be Byzantine?

History of Italy

Foreign power and unification in the Italian Wars involved all the major Western European countries from 1494 to 1559: France, Spain, the Holy German-Roman Empire, England, Scotland, the Republic of Venice, the Church State, and most Italian city-states.


Question: Why was Italy's name used to be Byzantine?

History of Italy

Originally beginning with disputes over the succession in Naples, the wars soon formed into complex power struggles, with varied allied relations, involving the Reformation.


Question: Why was Italy's name used to be Byzantine?

History of Italy

The Pope's influence diminished due to military defeats and the Reformation, and he allied himself with Charles V for the Counter-Reformation.


Question: Why was Italy's name used to be Byzantine?

History of Italy

By the end of the wars, the Habsburgs” Spain had become the ruler of Italy and a European powerhouse state at the expense of France.


Question: Why was Italy's name used to be Byzantine?

History of Italy

The Italian states, which had been powerful in the Middle Ages and Renaissance periods, became second-class factors or were completely destroyed.


Question: Why was Italy's name used to be Byzantine?

History of Italy

[12] Reunification Main article: Risorgimento At the end of the 18th century, the political situation in Italy was pretty much the same as in the 16th century, distinguished by the fact that Austria had become the dominant external power instead of Spain and the fact that the Dukes of Savoy, who also ruled the Northwest Piedmont, had become Sardinian rulers.


Question: Why was Italy's name used to be Byzantine?

History of Italy

This situation was shaken by the 1796 invasion of Italy by Napoleon.


Question: Why was Italy's name used to be Byzantine?

History of Italy

States created by Napoleon, such as the Cisalpine Republic, were merely satellites of France, but fueled the nationalist movement.


Question: Why was Italy's name used to be Byzantine?

History of Italy

The Cisalpine Republic was transformed into the Italian Republic in 1802, with Napoleon as its president.


Question: Why was Italy's name used to be Byzantine?

History of Italy

The Congress of Vienna (1814) restored matters close to the situation of 1795.


Question: Why was Italy's name used to be Byzantine?

History of Italy

The northeastern parts of Italy, including the Venice region and also Lombardy, fell to Austria, and the rest of Italy was divided into six states, namely the Kingdom of Sardinia, the Kingdom of Sicily, the Church State, Tuscany, Parma and Modena.


Question: Why was Italy's name used to be Byzantine?

History of Italy

The Kingdom of both Sicilies encompassed the whole of southern Italy, and the Kingdom of Sardinia included not only the island of Sardinia but also territories on the mainland of northern Italy.


Question: Why was Italy's name used to be Byzantine?

History of Italy

The states wanted to maintain the status quo and opposed the nationalist, liberal and republican movements.


Question: Why was Italy's name used to be Byzantine?

History of Italy

In the 1820s some rebellions arose, but were suppressed by the interventions of the Austrian army.


Question: Why was Italy's name used to be Byzantine?

History of Italy

In the 1830s, there was a revolt which spread to the Church State and raised a popular force against the reactionary pope Gregory XVI.


Question: Why was Italy's name used to be Byzantine?

History of Italy

Austria put down the rebellion, but came under pressure from France to reduce its presence in Italy and withdraw its troops from the Church State.


Question: Why was Italy's name used to be Byzantine?

History of Italy

In the 1840s, the unification act, the risorgimento, began to take on more importance through, among others, Giuseppe Mazzini's Young Italy movement.


Question: Why was Italy's name used to be Byzantine?

History of Italy

Sardinian monarchs, such as Carlo Alberto and especially Viktor Emanuel II, also began to warm to the idea of unification.


Question: Why was Italy's name used to be Byzantine?

History of Italy

The increased movement led to extensive revolts practically throughout Italy as Europe mad in 1848.


Question: Why was Italy's name used to be Byzantine?

History of Italy

In connection with the revolts, Carlo Alberto of Sardinia declared a war against Austria, which has been referred to as the First War of Independence.


Question: Why was Italy's name used to be Byzantine?

History of Italy

Austria defeated the Sardinians and Carlo Alberto renounced the crown in favour of Viktor Emanuel II.


Question: Why was Italy's name used to be Byzantine?

History of Italy

Rebellions were also defeated in Tuscany, Milan and Naples.


Question: Why was Italy's name used to be Byzantine?

History of Italy

In Rome, the situation escalated in 1849 so that Pope Pius IX was forced to flee the city, and a republic was proclaimed there.


Question: Why was Italy's name used to be Byzantine?

History of Italy

Roman defences were organized by Giuseppe Garibaldi.


Question: Why was Italy's name used to be Byzantine?

History of Italy

Eventually France and Austria occupied Rome, where the rebellions ended.


Question: Why was Italy's name used to be Byzantine?

History of Italy

The events of 1848—1849 strained the situation in Italy: Pius IX cancelled his liberal reforms, and Austria took control firmly in Lombardy, Venice, and virtually Tuscany.


Question: Why was Italy's name used to be Byzantine?

History of Italy

The Kingdom of Sardinia, which ruled Piedmont, remained somewhat independent and presided over the unification of Italy.


Question: Why was Italy's name used to be Byzantine?

History of Italy

The Crimean War weakened Austria's international standing.


Question: Why was Italy's name used to be Byzantine?

History of Italy

Sardinian Prime Minister Camillo Cavour and French Emperor Napoleon III met in the summer of 1858 and agreed to war against Austria — the treaty was preceded by an attempted assassination of Napoleon III by an Italian nationalist fanatic.


Question: Why was Italy's name used to be Byzantine?

History of Italy

Sardinia did not achieve its objectives in the short Second War of Independence, but through skilful diplomacy, in 1860, Cavour was able to agree the accession of Tuscany and Emilia to Sardinia, after which Sardinia controlled much of northern and central Italy.


Question: Why was Italy's name used to be Byzantine?

History of Italy

Italy now had four states: Piedmont Sardinia, the Kingdom of Both Sicily, the Church State, and Austrian-ruled Venice.


Question: Why was Italy's name used to be Byzantine?

History of Italy

Giuseppe Garibaldi In May 1860, freedom fighter Giuseppe Garibaldi, who had resigned from the Sardinian army, invaded Sicily with a small force of volunteers and conquered Palermo after beating, with British support, the many times larger armies of the Kingdom of Both Sicily.


Question: Why was Italy's name used to be Byzantine?

History of Italy

The episode showed the weakness of the Kingdom of Sicily and made Garibaldi a national hero.


Question: Why was Italy's name used to be Byzantine?

History of Italy

In six weeks, Garibaldi took Messina and thereafter moved on to Italy, whose takeover of the southern parts went as fast as Sicily.


Question: Why was Italy's name used to be Byzantine?

History of Italy

After winning Calabria and Naples, Garibaldi advanced towards Rome, but his advance was slowed by the ripples of the forces of the Kingdom of Sicily at both.


Question: Why was Italy's name used to be Byzantine?

History of Italy

Sardinia decided to keep the situation under its control and conquered the Church State with the exception of its core part, mainly the city of Rome.


Question: Why was Italy's name used to be Byzantine?

History of Italy

Garibaldi ceded southern Italy to King Viktor Emanuel II of Sardinia.


Question: Why was Italy's name used to be Byzantine?

History of Italy

Cavour confirmed the annexations by referendum, and the elected First National Parliament met on 18 February 1861 and proclaimed Viktor Emanuel King of Italy.


Question: Why was Italy's name used to be Byzantine?

History of Italy

The Italian capital at first became Turin, but it was changed to Florence in 1865.


Question: Why was Italy's name used to be Byzantine?

History of Italy

Venice and Rome, which Garibaldi unsuccessfully still tried to take in 1862 and 1867, had remained outside the Kingdom of Italy.


Question: Why was Italy's name used to be Byzantine?

History of Italy

Venice joined Italy in 1866 in connection with the so-called Third War of Independence, but Pope Pius IX wanted nothing to do with the new state.


Question: Why was Italy's name used to be Byzantine?

History of Italy

However, the Papal position was dependent on the French garrison, and when withdrawn in the context of the Franco-Prussian War, it marched the Italian army to Rome on 20 September 1870.


Question: Why was Italy's name used to be Byzantine?

History of Italy

Rome was annexed by referendum to Italy, and became the capital.


Question: Why was Italy's name used to be Byzantine?

History of Italy

The pope barricaded himself in the Vatican and declared himself a “prisoner of the Vatican.”


Question: Why was Italy's name used to be Byzantine?

History of Italy

Kingdom Until 1922, Italy was a constitutional monarchy with a parliament.


Question: Why was Italy's name used to be Byzantine?

History of Italy

The constitution was largely inherited from the Constitution of the Kingdom of Sardinia of 1848 established by Carlo Alberto.


Question: Why was Italy's name used to be Byzantine?

History of Italy

The king had, in principle, extensive powers, which, however, he did not often exercise.


Question: Why was Italy's name used to be Byzantine?

History of Italy

The most notable change was universal male suffrage in 1912.


Question: Why was Italy's name used to be Byzantine?

History of Italy

King Umberto I was assassinated on 29 July 1900.


Question: Why was Italy's name used to be Byzantine?

History of Italy

He was succeeded by Viktor Emanuel III.


Question: Why was Italy's name used to be Byzantine?

History of Italy

[13] In the Italian—Turkish War of 1911—1912, Italy conquered Libya.


Question: Why was Italy's name used to be Byzantine?

History of Italy

[14] World War I Italy declared itself neutral at the start of World War I, claiming that the trialliance with Germany and Austria was only defensive and did not apply to the Austro-Hungarian war.


Question: Why was Italy's name used to be Byzantine?

History of Italy

Both coalitions tried to win Italy over, and in April 1915 the country joined the Circum-Powers, declaring war on Austria-Hungary.


Question: Why was Italy's name used to be Byzantine?

History of Italy

The aim was to have territorial extensions such as Trento, Trieste, Istria and Dalmatia at Austria's expense.


Question: Why was Italy's name used to be Byzantine?

History of Italy

The fighting bogged down in the Austrian-Italian border region into a war of positions that claimed great losses.


Question: Why was Italy's name used to be Byzantine?

History of Italy

In October 1917, the Austrians, with the help of German troops, broke through the Italians' lines, but with the support of the Circum-Powers, the Italian managed to halt the attack near Venice.


Question: Why was Italy's name used to be Byzantine?

History of Italy

Fascist regime After the end of World War I, Italy gained most of the territories it wanted except Dalmatia, which was given to the Kingdom of Yugoslavia.


Question: Why was Italy's name used to be Byzantine?

History of Italy

However, the war had claimed the lives of nearly 700,000 Italian soldiers, and the internal state of the country was chaotic.


Question: Why was Italy's name used to be Byzantine?

History of Italy

Workers staged strikes demanding rights and better working conditions.


Question: Why was Italy's name used to be Byzantine?

History of Italy

Some took over factories and production facilities following the model of the Russian Revolution.


Question: Why was Italy's name used to be Byzantine?

History of Italy

The Fascist Party, led by Benito Mussolini, emerged from the Black Waiters organisation that broke the strikes.


Question: Why was Italy's name used to be Byzantine?

History of Italy

In October 1922, the Fascists marched on Rome.


Question: Why was Italy's name used to be Byzantine?

History of Italy

The king forbade the army from meddling, allied himself with Mussolini and allowing him to form a fascist-led government.


Question: Why was Italy's name used to be Byzantine?

History of Italy

In the following years, Mussolini, who was known as “Il Ducena”, or leader, banned other political parties and curtailed civil liberties.


Question: Why was Italy's name used to be Byzantine?

History of Italy

In 1929, Mussolini signed the so-called lateran treaties with the Catholic Church, which led to the formation of a teeny Vatican City State under the papacy, ending the schism with the Pope that had been going on since 1870.


Question: Why was Italy's name used to be Byzantine?

History of Italy

Mussolini was initially on quite good terms with Britain and France, but with Italy's conquest of Ethiopia in 1935—1936, relations with Western countries cooled.


Question: Why was Italy's name used to be Byzantine?

History of Italy

Because of this, as well as ideological similarities, Italy was oriented towards Adolf Hitler's Nazi Germany, and formed a Berlin—Rome axis with Germany.


Question: Why was Italy's name used to be Byzantine?

History of Italy

After Germany annexed Czechoslovakia without notifying Italy of the plan, Italy considered itself a lesser member of the Axis, and Mussolini decided to annex Albania to Italy.


Question: Why was Italy's name used to be Byzantine?

History of Italy

Albania was occupied on 7 April 1939, its king became King Viktor Emanuel III of Italy and a Fascist government was formed there.


Question: Why was Italy's name used to be Byzantine?

History of Italy

The Italian-German alliance was strengthened by the Steel Treaty on 22 May 1939.


Question: Why was Italy's name used to be Byzantine?

History of Italy

World War II Mussolini dreamed of a Greater Italy encompassing the Mediterranean, but Italy remained neutral when World War II broke out.


Question: Why was Italy's name used to be Byzantine?

History of Italy

Italy declared war on France and Great Britain on 10 June 1940 with France's defeat looking certain.


Question: Why was Italy's name used to be Byzantine?

History of Italy

After the German occupation of Poland, Denmark, Norway, Holland, Belgium, Luxembourg and France, Mussolini decided to occupy Greece by using Albania as a support area.


Question: Why was Italy's name used to be Byzantine?

History of Italy

This failed badly, for not only did the Greeks repel the attack, they pushed the front deep into Albania.


Question: Why was Italy's name used to be Byzantine?

History of Italy

Fearing that the Balkans would become the Achilles heel of its European rule, Germany occupied Greece and Yugoslavia.


Question: Why was Italy's name used to be Byzantine?

History of Italy

With the failure of the Soviet conquest (1941—1942) and the entry of the United States into the war (December 1941), the situation for the Axis powers deteriorated.


Question: Why was Italy's name used to be Byzantine?

History of Italy

In March 1943, British and US forces were definitively defeated by the Italians and Germans in North Africa and came ashore in Sicily.


Question: Why was Italy's name used to be Byzantine?

History of Italy

King Viktor Emanuel III sacked and arrested Mussolini and appointed Marshal Pietro Badoglio as prime minister.


Question: Why was Italy's name used to be Byzantine?

History of Italy

The new government officially resumed the war, but initiated secret peace talks.


Question: Why was Italy's name used to be Byzantine?

History of Italy

Hitler did not trust Badoglio but sent troops to Italy.


Question: Why was Italy's name used to be Byzantine?

History of Italy

On 8 September 1943, Badoglio's government concluded an armistice with the Allies, but did not declare war on Germany.


Question: Why was Italy's name used to be Byzantine?

History of Italy

Badoglio and the king family relocated to Allied controlled territory.


Question: Why was Italy's name used to be Byzantine?

History of Italy

In the confusion that followed, most of the Italian army disintegrated and Germany took control of central and northern Italy.


Question: Why was Italy's name used to be Byzantine?

History of Italy

The Germans freed Mussolini with a commando strike and installed him as puppet ruler of the Italian Social Republic established in the north.


Question: Why was Italy's name used to be Byzantine?

History of Italy

As the Allies slowly forced the Germans towards the north, the official government finally declared war on Germany.


Question: Why was Italy's name used to be Byzantine?

History of Italy

At the same time, the anti-fascist popular movement grew stronger and caused problems for the Germans.


Question: Why was Italy's name used to be Byzantine?

History of Italy

Eventually, in April 1945, the Allies had pushed the Germans out of Italy.


Question: Why was Italy's name used to be Byzantine?

History of Italy

Italy's war success in World War II was something, with individual exceptions, weak.


Question: Why was Italy's name used to be Byzantine?

History of Italy

The Fascists had thus utterly failed in the task they considered most important, turning Italy into a military power.


Question: Why was Italy's name used to be Byzantine?

History of Italy

Republic After World War II, Italy was forced to abandon its African territories as well as Fiume and Istria, but freed itself from war reparations and received Marshall aid.


Question: Why was Italy's name used to be Byzantine?

History of Italy

Elections were held in 1946 to elect a new Constituent Parliament.


Question: Why was Italy's name used to be Byzantine?

History of Italy

Women had the right to vote in this election for the first time.


Question: Why was Italy's name used to be Byzantine?

History of Italy

In conjunction with the election, a vote was taken to preserve the monarchy and the republican option won.


Question: Why was Italy's name used to be Byzantine?

History of Italy

King Umberto II resigned after only a month in power.


Question: Why was Italy's name used to be Byzantine?

History of Italy

The parliamentary election was won by Italy's Christian Democratic Party (DC), which ruled Italy for nearly the next four decades.


Question: Why was Italy's name used to be Byzantine?

History of Italy

The position of the Communist Party (PCI) was also quite strong in the post-war years.


Question: Why was Italy's name used to be Byzantine?

History of Italy

The new constitution had to be prepared for almost two years and eventually, apart from the king, it became quite similar to the one that preceded the Fascist rule.


Question: Why was Italy's name used to be Byzantine?

History of Italy

Italy became a republic with its president essentially having nominal power.


Question: Why was Italy's name used to be Byzantine?

History of Italy

Italy is a founding member of both NATO and the European Community.


Question: Why was Italy's name used to be Byzantine?

History of Italy

[15] Post-war Italy was faced with poverty and agrarian domination, but in the 1950s and 1960s the northern part was heavily industrialised, which has even been spoken of as an economic miracle for Italy, but the development of the south of the country was slower.


Question: Why was Italy's name used to be Byzantine?

History of Italy

[16] Under the Lateran Contracts renewed in 1948, Italian marital law was regulated by the Catholic Church.


Question: Why was Italy's name used to be Byzantine?

History of Italy

In the 1970s, the church's power in this regard was breached and divorce, as well as abortion, were legalized.


Question: Why was Italy's name used to be Byzantine?

History of Italy

The 1970s were marked by student riots and terrorism from both the far right and -left.


Question: Why was Italy's name used to be Byzantine?

History of Italy

Of the many far-left organisations, the best known was the Red Brigades, whose most famous act is the 1978 capture and assassination of former Prime Minister Aldo Moro.


Question: Why was Italy's name used to be Byzantine?

History of Italy

The single most serious act of terrorism was the 1980 bombing of Bologna railway station by a far-right organisation in which 84 people were killed.


Question: Why was Italy's name used to be Byzantine?

History of Italy

The extensive Tangentopol kickback scandal of the early 1990s dissolved the DC Party and revolutionised the political map to such an extent that the period since has been talked of as a “second republic.”


Question: Why was Italy's name used to be Byzantine?

History of Italy

With a broad campaign, the Italian government sought to quash corruption (the “clean hands” campaign), as well as the Mafia, whose members were arrested with the help of whistleblowers over 200 and assets were seized worth about $1 billion in 1992.


Question: Why was Italy's name used to be Byzantine?

History of Italy

[17] In the March 1994 general election, the overwhelming winner was the Alliance for Freedom (Polo della Libertá), formed as an electoral alliance, formed by Forward Italy (Forza Italia, FI), founded by media mogul Silvio Berlusconi, the National Conservative National League (Alleanza Nazionale, AN) and Northern Alliance (Lega Nord, LN) called for autonomy for Northern Italy.


Question: Why was Italy's name used to be Byzantine?

History of Italy

Berlusconi formed a right-wing coalition government in which the aforementioned parties participated.


Question: Why was Italy's name used to be Byzantine?

History of Italy

The government was already toppled in December 1994 over bribery suspicion against Berlusconi.


Question: Why was Italy's name used to be Byzantine?

History of Italy

In 1996, with Romano Prodi's centre-left coalition coming to power, Prodi's government lasted until the rest of 1998.


Question: Why was Italy's name used to be Byzantine?

History of Italy

In the 2001 elections, the “House of Freedoms” (Casa delle Libertà) coalition led by Berlusconi survived the winner, and Berlusconi was allowed to form his second government.


Question: Why was Italy's name used to be Byzantine?

History of Italy

Forza Italia gained from the country's upper house of parliament, the Senate (Senato della Repubblica), 82 seats out of 315 and the lower house, the Chamber of Deputies (Camera dei Deputati), 189 seats out of 630.


Question: Why was Italy's name used to be Byzantine?

History of Italy

The main opposition force in the early 2000s was the centre-left “Olive Tree” (Uniti Nell'ulivo) coalition, whose largest party is the Social Democratic “Democrats of the Left” (Democratici di Sinistra).


Question: Why was Italy's name used to be Byzantine?

History of Italy

The bribery trial against Berlusconi was halted in June 2003 when parliament voted on a new law guaranteeing legal immunity to politicians and judges.


Question: Why was Italy's name used to be Byzantine?

History of Italy

Berlusconi's reign continued into the April 2006 elections, narrowly won by Romano Prodi's coalition.


Question: Why was Italy's name used to be Byzantine?

History of Italy

Prodi's first government, made up of a dozen parties, lasted nine months before falling to a vote to keep the country's troops in Afghanistan.


Question: Why was Italy's name used to be Byzantine?

History of Italy

However, Prodi was allowed to form a new government.


Question: Why was Italy's name used to be Byzantine?

History of Italy

The centre-left's new party grouping has been the Democratic Party since, [18] and its ranks emerged in early 2014 as Prime Minister Matteo Renzi.


Question: Why was Italy's name used to be Byzantine?

History of Italy

Sources On Topic Elsewhere * Category:Key Articles of Screening


Question: Where did Ants Laaneots start his military career?

Ants Laaneots

Ants Laaneots (born 16 January 1948, Kilingi-Nõmme, Estonian SNT) [1]) is an Estonian MP and general who served as the Commander of the Estonian Defence Forces, or Kaitsevi, from 2006 to 2011.After his command, Laaneots served since 12 December 2011 under then Prime Minister Andrus Ansip as Advisor on Security and National Defence Affairs.


Question: Where did Ants Laaneots start his military career?

Ants Laaneots

[2] In the March 2015 Riigikogu elections, Laaneots received the 13th most votes in the country and was elected by a person mandate as Reform Party MP from Tartu constituency.


Question: Where did Ants Laaneots start his military career?

Ants Laaneots

In Riigikogu, Laaneots is a member of the Defence Committee and the Anti-Corruption Committee.


Question: Where did Ants Laaneots start his military career?

Ants Laaneots

Laaneots is one of the most prominent figures in the recent history of modern Estonia.


Question: Where did Ants Laaneots start his military career?

Ants Laaneots

Laaneots, who made a long career as a Soviet officer, is known as the builder and organiser of Estonia's re-established Kaitsevää.


Question: Where did Ants Laaneots start his military career?

Ants Laaneots

When it was decided to re-establish the Estonian Defence Forces on 3 September 1991, Laaneots was appointed the first Chief of the General Staff with Defence Force since 1940.


Question: Where did Ants Laaneots start his military career?

Ants Laaneots

As Chief of the General Staff, he served from 1991 to 1994 and 1997—1999.


Question: Where did Ants Laaneots start his military career?

Ants Laaneots

Childhood and education At the time of the march rides carried out by the Soviet occupation regime (25 March 1949), the year-old Laaneots along with his mother and uncle were taken to the village of Temra in Siberia, located in Sarypovo piri of Krasnoyarsk Krai.


Question: Where did Ants Laaneots start his military career?

Ants Laaneots

The reason for the family's ride was found in the fact that almost all the men in the family had left to become forest brothers, including Ants father Aleksander, or Sannu.


Question: Where did Ants Laaneots start his military career?

Ants Laaneots

The mother died during the Siberian deportation in 1952 of blood poisoning.


Question: Where did Ants Laaneots start his military career?

Ants Laaneots

Similarly, the father died in deportation.


Question: Where did Ants Laaneots start his military career?

Ants Laaneots

Two years later (1953), Laaneots began his schooling path in that school.


Question: Where did Ants Laaneots start his military career?

Ants Laaneots

Finally, in August 1958, he and his uncle got back to Estonia with an amnesty granted by Nikita Khrushchev.


Question: Where did Ants Laaneots start his military career?

Ants Laaneots

The first year went to visit an aunt in Orajõe, but in 1959 she moved back to her birth home together with her uncle.


Question: Where did Ants Laaneots start his military career?

Ants Laaneots

He attended school in Kilingi-Nõmme and graduated in 1965 from Killingi-Nõmme High School, completing the last two classes of the high school in one year.


Question: Where did Ants Laaneots start his military career?

Ants Laaneots

Eno was sick, in the summer you had to earn clothes and anything necessary for the school year, so the most economically sensible thing to do was finish high school as quickly as possible.


Question: Where did Ants Laaneots start his military career?

Ants Laaneots

[3] [4] [5] In addition to interest, the choice of military career was influenced by financial reasons that excluded the possibility of university studies.


Question: Where did Ants Laaneots start his military career?

Ants Laaneots

[6] Laaneots had already been interested in warfare and the war sciences at the age of 13 or 14.


Question: Where did Ants Laaneots start his military career?

Ants Laaneots

At that time he was a regular customer of the Voennaja Kniga bookstore (“War Books”) in Pärnu.


Question: Where did Ants Laaneots start his military career?

Ants Laaneots

Particularly interested in military history and Laaneots planned after high school to go to college to study history, but had finally wondered “what would I live on.”


Question: Where did Ants Laaneots start his military career?

Ants Laaneots

[7] After high school, Laaneots worked for a year as an assistant to a mechanic at Tallinn's Päsküla railway station.


Question: Where did Ants Laaneots start his military career?

Ants Laaneots

In 1966, Laaneots decided to leave for war school.


Question: Where did Ants Laaneots start his military career?

Ants Laaneots

Initially, attempts were made to get him to Leningrad for a naval war school for the submarine line, which Laaneots passed the demanding tests, but a cousin on board a fishing vessel at sea recommended some other field.


Question: Where did Ants Laaneots start his military career?

Ants Laaneots

Consequently, Laaneots contemplated between an infantry school and an armour school, from which he chose the latter after mistakenly guessing, in his own words, it was less physical.


Question: Where did Ants Laaneots start his military career?

Ants Laaneots

The options therefore remained the Guards Colleges in Ulyanovsk or Kharkov, of which Laaneots chose the latter I think because of its southern location it is climatically better.


Question: Where did Ants Laaneots start his military career?

Ants Laaneots

Family and girlfriend were against moving to “Russia”.


Question: Where did Ants Laaneots start his military career?

Ants Laaneots

[7] Career in the Red Army Laaneots passed fierce competition and became elected to the Higher Armour School of Guards in Kharkov, Ukraine, where studied from 1966 to 1970.


Question: Where did Ants Laaneots start his military career?

Ants Laaneots

Laaneots was the only cadet from the Baltics.


Question: Where did Ants Laaneots start his military career?

Ants Laaneots

The other students of the war school were Russian, Ukrainian and Belarusian.


Question: Where did Ants Laaneots start his military career?

Ants Laaneots

Laaneots dropped out of military school with excellent honours (cum laude) in the hope of entering the military circle of his liking, in his case, the Baltics.


Question: Where did Ants Laaneots start his military career?

Ants Laaneots

However, the commander of the Kiev Military District ordered that the best of the graduates should remain in Ukraine, so the 48th Panzer Division in Desna, 67km north of Kiev, was assigned as the site of Laaneotsa.


Question: Where did Ants Laaneots start his military career?

Ants Laaneots

From 1970—1978, for the first two years he served as platoon leader, then three years as company chief, and finally three years as a tank battalion commander.


Question: Where did Ants Laaneots start his military career?

Ants Laaneots

In 1978, Laaneots was admitted to continue his studies in Moscow at the Malinovsky Armoured Corps Academy.


Question: Where did Ants Laaneots start his military career?

Ants Laaneots

Laaneots specialised in staff work and troop leadership, eventually graduating in 1981 as a General Staff Officer with commendable honours (cum laude).


Question: Where did Ants Laaneots start his military career?

Ants Laaneots

Laaneots again petitioned for transfer to the Baltic Military Circle without success.


Question: Where did Ants Laaneots start his military career?

Ants Laaneots

He was assigned to the Chinese border in eastern Kazakhstan to the 155th Motorized Rifle Division Armoured Regiment, where he served as Chief of Staff from 1981 to 1982.


Question: Where did Ants Laaneots start his military career?

Ants Laaneots

Still in Kazakhstan from 1982 to 1987, he served as Chief of Staff of the 78th Armored Division and commander of the Panzer Regiment.


Question: Where did Ants Laaneots start his military career?

Ants Laaneots

[7] Laaneotsan that time colleague of the 78th Panzer Division, Anatoly Kvashnin, subsequently became Chief of the General Staff of the Russian Federation.


Question: Where did Ants Laaneots start his military career?

Ants Laaneots

[5] In December 1986, Laaneots received orders to leave as divisional advisor to Afghanistan, where the Soviet Union was waging its sixth year of war.


Question: Where did Ants Laaneots start his military career?

Ants Laaneots

The situation was to cause a bad family crisis, but surprisingly in early February 1987 Laaneots was ordered to Ethiopia, where there was also a war going on.


Question: Where did Ants Laaneots start his military career?

Ants Laaneots

Laaneots arrived in Ethiopia on 8 March 1987 and served there as advisor to the commanders of an infantry division as well as Army Corps commanders.


Question: Where did Ants Laaneots start his military career?

Ants Laaneots

[1] The strength of the division was only 9000 men and Laaneots commanded a staff of 36 Soviet officers.


Question: Where did Ants Laaneots start his military career?

Ants Laaneots

In addition to advising, he and his staff were tasked with preparing operations plans and helping with combat preparations.


Question: Where did Ants Laaneots start his military career?

Ants Laaneots

Laaneots acted was e.g.


Question: Where did Ants Laaneots start his military career?

Ants Laaneots

a month and a half in the besieged Tigray provincial capital Mekele, which was under constant fire.


Question: Where did Ants Laaneots start his military career?

Ants Laaneots

In front actions he participated in the same namely historical Aksum region.


Question: Where did Ants Laaneots start his military career?

Ants Laaneots

[7] Of Ethiopian time, Laaneots has said only that “I have seen the killing enough and done it myself”.


Question: Where did Ants Laaneots start his military career?

Ants Laaneots

In addition, he continues to suffer from headaches caused by mortar fire.


Question: Where did Ants Laaneots start his military career?

Ants Laaneots

[5] Beginning in 1988, Laaneots received Estonian magazines from Estonia from his uncle, such as the Communist Party's Rahva Höä, and in his own words realised that “there is something messed up in the Soviet Union” (NSV Liidus is midagi sassis).


Question: Where did Ants Laaneots start his military career?

Ants Laaneots

He started dreaming of returning to Estonia.


Question: Where did Ants Laaneots start his military career?

Ants Laaneots

He contacted the War Commissar of the Estonian SNT, Major General Rein Põder, who again contacted Väino Väino Välja, General Secretary of the Estonian Communist Party.


Question: Where did Ants Laaneots start his military career?

Ants Laaneots

Colonel Jüri Kallit, the War Commissioner of Tartu, died in a car accident in late 1989 and Põder booked the post left from him for Laaneots.Laaneotsa was only supposed to be in Ethiopia for exactly two years, but there was a desire to extend his service for another year.


Question: Where did Ants Laaneots start his military career?

Ants Laaneots

However, Laaneots eventually survived with only a half-year extension and returned to the Soviet Union in August 1989.


Question: Where did Ants Laaneots start his military career?

Ants Laaneots

[7] On his return to the Soviet Union, Laaneotsa was awarded the Knight Badge of the Order of the Red Star.


Question: Where did Ants Laaneots start his military career?

Ants Laaneots

In Moscow, however, the SNTL Land Forces Personnel Administration wanted to send Laaneotsa as division commander to Belarus.


Question: Where did Ants Laaneots start his military career?

Ants Laaneots

Laaneots refused, pleading that he wanted his homeland, where he already had a place known, although no less than three degrees of office for a position lower than he would have been entitled to.


Question: Where did Ants Laaneots start his military career?

Ants Laaneots

In the end, the chief of staff himself tried to land Laaneot and thought the solution of this was foolish.


Question: Where did Ants Laaneots start his military career?

Ants Laaneots

Laaneotsa was asked if this understands that divisional command is offered to an officer only once in a lifetime.


Question: Where did Ants Laaneots start his military career?

Ants Laaneots

[7] However, he maintained his position and Laaneots took over as chief of the Tartu Military Commissariat, or “voenkomat”, responsible for calling and mobilization.


Question: Where did Ants Laaneots start his military career?

Ants Laaneots

After returning to Estonia, Laaneots became known for the Estonian he spoke with a strong Russian accent.


Question: Where did Ants Laaneots start his military career?

Ants Laaneots

Since then, over the years, the Russian accent has waned.


Question: Where did Ants Laaneots start his military career?

Ants Laaneots

[8] Immediately as war commissar, Laaneots took part in secret negotiations between the Nationalists in Tartu, in which the Protective Association of Protective Services and the restoration of the defence forces were discussed.


Question: Where did Ants Laaneots start his military career?

Ants Laaneots

In dissident and independence circles, his was known by the pseudonym “Onu” (Finnish uncle).


Question: Where did Ants Laaneots start his military career?

Ants Laaneots

He even met Jüri Toomepu, Minister of War of the Estonian Refugee Government who sat in Stockholm [8] In the summer of 1990, Laaneots got acquainted with Johannes Kert, head of the Tartu Underground Patronage Council, who subsequently also became Commander of the Estonian Defence Forces.


Question: Where did Ants Laaneots start his military career?

Ants Laaneots

Laaneots helped the Patronage Council plan the structure and training of the troops.


Question: Where did Ants Laaneots start his military career?

Ants Laaneots

[7] Laaneots cooperated with the Tartu City Council and tried to mediate between the councils and the citizens and to inform the city management of everything he knew at once.


Question: Where did Ants Laaneots start his military career?

Ants Laaneots

[7] Career in Kaitsevää Estonia regained its independence on 20 August 1991.


Question: Where did Ants Laaneots start his military career?

Ants Laaneots

The decision to implement a general conscription army was approved by the Supreme Soviet of Estonia on 31 August.


Question: Where did Ants Laaneots start his military career?

Ants Laaneots

It was decided to reinstate the Estonian Defence Forces (Eesti Kaitsevägi) on 3 September, when Minister of State Raivo Vare was appointed Minister of Defence, who immediately asked Laaneotsa to organise Kaitseväkki.


Question: Where did Ants Laaneots start his military career?

Ants Laaneots

Officially, Laaneots was appointed by defence force as the Chief of the General Staff (Kaitsejõudude Peastaap), although the General Staff did not yet exist.


Question: Where did Ants Laaneots start his military career?

Ants Laaneots

In fact, in September 1991, Laaneots served for a couple of three weeks in the service of the military of two countries.


Question: Where did Ants Laaneots start his military career?

Ants Laaneots

He eventually self-declared his resignation from the Red Army, for which he was threatened to sue, but it never happened due to the rapidly advanced disintegration of the Red Army.


Question: Where did Ants Laaneots start his military career?

Ants Laaneots

The official appointment as Chief of the General Staff came on 27 April 1992.


Question: Where did Ants Laaneots start his military career?

Ants Laaneots

Laaneotsa was stripped of the rank of colonel (polkovnik) by the Russian Federation in September 1992, but this did not matter because he had received the rank of Colonel (kolonel) of Estonia from the President of the Supreme Soviet Arnold Rüütel on 11 May 1992 by order No. 29.


Question: Where did Ants Laaneots start his military career?

Ants Laaneots

[8] As Chief of the General Staff, Laaneots served on two occasions between 1991 and 1994 and 1997 to 1999.


Question: Where did Ants Laaneots start his military career?

Ants Laaneots

During the years 1994-1996, Laaneots did not serve with the Defence Force because U.S. Army Colonel Aleksander Einseln, who was elected as the country's first defence force commander, did not trust Laanebrow, who served as a senior Soviet army officer.


Question: Where did Ants Laaneots start his military career?

Ants Laaneots

[1] In 1997, Laaneots took over as Chief Inspector General of Kaitseväki and from 1999 to 2001 as Director of the Baltic National Defence Research Centre.


Question: Where did Ants Laaneots start his military career?

Ants Laaneots

Prior to commanding Kaitseväki, Laaneots served from 2001 to 2006 as Director of the Estonian Military Academy (Kaitseväe Ühendatud Õppeasutused) and from 2002 to 2006 as the Estonian Military Attaché in Russia and Ukraine.


Question: Where did Ants Laaneots start his military career?

Ants Laaneots

[1] Since the restoration of Estonia's independence, Laaneots has undertaken additional military training at the NATO Defence College (NATO Defence College) in Rome as well as national defence courses in Finland.


Question: Where did Ants Laaneots start his military career?

Ants Laaneots

In November 2006, Tarmo Kõuts, the receding commander of Kaitseväe, mentioned 58-year-old Major General Ants Laaneotsa as his possible successor.


Question: Where did Ants Laaneots start his military career?

Ants Laaneots

Finally, on 16 November 2006, the President of the Republic, Toomas Hendrik Ilves, submitted to the Riigikogu to elect Laaneotsa as the new commander of Kaitseväki.


Question: Where did Ants Laaneots start his military career?

Ants Laaneots

Laaneotsa was elected by the Riigikogu as the country's new Defence Force Commander on 5 December 2006 by a vote of 77—2.


Question: Where did Ants Laaneots start his military career?

Ants Laaneots

Prior to this, on 23 November, the Riigikogu had decided that the commander of the Kaitsefolk no longer needed to resign his post after reaching the age of 60, but could serve until the end of his five-year tenure.


Question: Where did Ants Laaneots start his military career?

Ants Laaneots

This five-year period ended on 5 December 2011. [9] [10] [11].


Question: Where did Ants Laaneots start his military career?

Ants Laaneots

Already in his first interview since his election on 6 December 2006, Laaneots cited Russia as the greatest threat to Estonian security.


Question: Where did Ants Laaneots start his military career?

Ants Laaneots

To Eesti Päevalehde, he stated that “To put it modestly, we have an unfriendly state as our neighbour.


Question: Where did Ants Laaneots start his military career?

Ants Laaneots

And in this respect Russia really is Estonia's biggest security problem.”


Question: Where did Ants Laaneots start his military career?

Ants Laaneots

This alignment raised a storm in Russia.


Question: Where did Ants Laaneots start his military career?

Ants Laaneots

[1] On December 9, 2006, Laaneots, together with Prime Minister Andrus Ansip, embarked on their first official foreign visit as their destination Afghanistan.


Question: Where did Ants Laaneots start his military career?

Ants Laaneots

[12] Sources Category:Estonian generals Class:Born in 1948 Class:Living persons


Question: When is Moscow founded?

Moscow

Moscow () is the capital of the Russian Federation and the largest city in Russia with 11.9 million inhabitants.


Question: When is Moscow founded?

Moscow

Moscow is the largest city in Europe because Istanbul is not entirely located in Europe.


Question: When is Moscow founded?

Moscow

Moscow is also Russia's most important industrial city and transport hub.


Question: When is Moscow founded?

Moscow

At the time of the Tsarist rule, Saint Petersburg served as the capital of Russia, but Moscow became the capital of the Soviet Union and has remained the capital since the collapse of the Soviet Union.


Question: When is Moscow founded?

Moscow

Moscow is home to the Kremlin, where Russia's key governing bodies are located.


Question: When is Moscow founded?

Moscow

The city is growing strongly, it is served by five airports and rail connections from Moscow in every direction.


Question: When is Moscow founded?

Moscow

History See also: Moscow Principality Moscow derives its name from the Finno-Ugric name Black River, which referred to the river flowing through the city.


Question: When is Moscow founded?

Moscow

[1] The name first appears in the Ipatiyevskaya chronicle of 1147, in which the Prince of Suzdal, Yuriy Dolgoruki, invites Svyatoslav, Prince of Seversk as his guest in Moscow.


Question: When is Moscow founded?

Moscow

Moscow was then a mansion or inn owned by the willow Stepan Kuchko.


Question: When is Moscow founded?

Moscow

Yuri put him to death so that no one would accuse him of wrongfully possessing the farm.


Question: When is Moscow founded?

Moscow

Yuri surrounded the farm with pile equipment in 1156 meaning founded the city.


Question: When is Moscow founded?

Moscow

An early period saw the formation of a trade centre on the site.


Question: When is Moscow founded?

Moscow

The oldest surviving building was the stone church Spas na Boru (Спас на Бору), built in the 14th century.


Question: When is Moscow founded?

Moscow

Dmitry Donskoi built the first Kremlin stone fortress, which was completed in 1367.


Question: When is Moscow founded?

Moscow

The Principality of Moscow rose in the 15th century to the leadership of the Russian states and thus became the capital of Tsarist Russia from the 15th century to the beginning of the 18th century.


Question: When is Moscow founded?

Moscow

In the 18th century, the capital was moved to St. Petersburg, founded by Emperor Peter the Great.


Question: When is Moscow founded?

Moscow

Moscow burned in the Napoleonic War in 1812, when it was little to remain in Napoleon's hands and the Moscow Governorate ordered its destruction [2].


Question: When is Moscow founded?

Moscow

After the fall of the Tsarist power in March 1918, Lenin and the government moved to Moscow, which thus became effectively the capital again.


Question: When is Moscow founded?

Moscow

The status of the capital of Moscow was confirmed in the constitution at the establishment of the Soviet Union in December 1922.


Question: When is Moscow founded?

Moscow

In December 1941, the German Central Army Group was stopped at the city limits and driven off during the winter in the Battle of Moscow.


Question: When is Moscow founded?

Moscow

Geography and climate Moscow is located in the European part of Russia, on a plateau between the Oka and Volga rivers, along the Moskva River.


Question: When is Moscow founded?

Moscow

The city averages 156 metres above sea level.


Question: When is Moscow founded?

Moscow

Like Saint Petersburg, Moscow is a federal city and is surrounded by the Moscow Oblast, a federation subdivision separate from most air directions; after the July 2012 territorial expansion, Moscow borders the Kaluga Oblast in the southwest.


Question: When is Moscow founded?

Moscow

[3] Much of the Moscow city border is formed by a 109-kilometer-long ring road completed in 1962.


Question: When is Moscow founded?

Moscow

Of the roughly 1,000 square kilometres remaining inside it, a third is park and green space.


Question: When is Moscow founded?

Moscow

Moscow has a continental climate: winters are cold and summers are hot.


Question: When is Moscow founded?

Moscow

The average temperature for the year is +5°C and the average rainfall is 688mm.


Question: When is Moscow founded?

Moscow

The rainiest month is July, when an average of 92mm of rain is received.


Question: When is Moscow founded?

Moscow

Moscow usually experiences 12—15 degrees frost in winter, sometimes as low as −20°C, but wind does not increase frost biting to the extent that coastal areas do.


Question: When is Moscow founded?

Moscow

The city has permanent snow cover from late November to mid-March.


Question: When is Moscow founded?

Moscow

The Moskva River ice typically leaves in the early part of April.


Question: When is Moscow founded?

Moscow

In the summer of 2017, 14 people were killed and 168 injured in a border storm in Moscow.


Question: When is Moscow founded?

Moscow

Trees were downed and roofs and bus stops came loose.


Question: When is Moscow founded?

Moscow

[4] Administrative Areas The city is divided into twelve administrative districts ().


Question: When is Moscow founded?

Moscow

The two southwestern counties were annexed to the region on July 1, 2012.


Question: When is Moscow founded?

Moscow

The regional federation brought a fair amount of new territory to Moscow (the area increased from 1081km2 to 2510km2) and also increased the number of districts from the previous 124 districts ().


Question: When is Moscow founded?

Moscow

The districts are shown in the accompanying map [5] [6]: 1 Central () 2 North () 3 Northeast () 4 East () 5 Southeast () 6 South () 7 Southwest () 8 West () 9 Northwest () 10 Zelenograd () 11 Novomoskovsky () 12 Troitsky () The administration of the city of Moscow is headed by Mayor Sergei Sobyanin.


Question: When is Moscow founded?

Moscow

He was elected the second mayor of Moscow on 21 October 2010, following the resignation of Yuri Luzhkov from the mayoral post of Russian President Dmitry Medvedev citing a lack of confidence in September 2010.


Question: When is Moscow founded?

Moscow

Appointed by President Boris Yeltsin, Lužkov had time to hold the office of mayor of Moscow from 1992 until when the Soviet Union dissolved.


Question: When is Moscow founded?

Moscow

Population development of the number of inhabitants of Moscow 1400:400001840:348562 [7] 1926:21012001638:2000001856:3688001931:2781340 [8] 1710: 1600001863:462500 [9] 1939:4137018 [10] 1725:1450001868:4164001959:5045905 [11] 1738:1384001871:6019691970:6941961 [12] 1775:1610001888:7534591979:7830509 [13] 1785:1887001897:103851897 91 [14] 1989:8769117 [15] 1811:270200 [9] 1912:16171572002:10382754 [16] 1813:2150001914:1762700 [9] 2010:11503501 [17] 1825:2415001920:10273002012:11918057 (a) 2012 population is the population following the regional union on 1 July 2012 from the municipal level population data of Rosstat on 1 January 2012.


Question: When is Moscow founded?

Moscow

It is based on 1 January 2012 population statistics (Moscow: 11612943 as.


Question: When is Moscow founded?

Moscow

), to which is attached the new Novomoskovsky (148980 as.)


Question: When is Moscow founded?

Moscow

and Troisk Districts (94655 as.)


Question: When is Moscow founded?

Moscow

population from the same statistics according to the division of municipalities in the new districts.


Question: When is Moscow founded?

Moscow

[18] The municipal division of the new districts and their population as of January 1, 2012 are described in the article Administrative Areas of Moscow.


Question: When is Moscow founded?

Moscow

The economy of Moscow, the largest city in Europe by population, is one of the largest in European cities.