Question: What is Chechnya area?

Chechnya

The country reverted to being part of Russia and a Russian-backed hardline dictator, Ramzan Kadyrov, rose to the leadership of Chechnya.


Question: What is Chechnya area?

Chechnya

Politics Chechnya is a republic of the Russian Federation, its constitution entered into force on April 2, 2003, after a referendum on March 23.


Question: What is Chechnya area?

Chechnya

More than 70 percent of Chechnya's residents support remaining part of the Russian Federation, including in polls organised by those critical of Russia.


Question: What is Chechnya area?

Chechnya

Ahmad Kadyrov, a former separatist warlord condemned as a traitor by separatists, was elected as the first president.


Question: What is Chechnya area?

Chechnya

Kadyrov received 83% of the vote in an internationally watched election on October 5, 2003.


Question: What is Chechnya area?

Chechnya

Not everyone accepted the result of the election, and accused Russian army soldiers of voter intimidation and ballot box rigging.


Question: What is Chechnya area?

Chechnya

He also had no significant counter-candidates.


Question: What is Chechnya area?

Chechnya

Kadyrov was assassinated by a bomb on 9 May 2004 at Grozy Stadium during the Victory Day celebrations.


Question: What is Chechnya area?

Chechnya

A total of 12 lives were killed and 56 injured in the attack.


Question: What is Chechnya area?

Chechnya

There had been a dozen assassination attempts against Kadyrov even before.


Question: What is Chechnya area?

Chechnya

A new presidential election was conducted on 29 August 2004.


Question: What is Chechnya area?

Chechnya

Alu Alhanov, former Interior Minister received 74% of the vote with 85.2% voter turnout.


Question: What is Chechnya area?

Chechnya

Alhanov was a Kremlin-backed candidate.


Question: What is Chechnya area?

Chechnya

Observers including the U.S. Department of the Interior and the Helsinki Group criticized the denial of the nomination of a prominent counter-candidate, businessman Malik Saidullayev, before the Supreme Court.


Question: What is Chechnya area?

Chechnya

The election was overseen by the CIS and Saudi Arabia, with Western observers not attending despite the invitation.


Question: What is Chechnya area?

Chechnya

Alu Alhanov was transferred to Moscow as Deputy Minister of Justice on 15 February 2007, when Ramzan Kadyrov took over the post.


Question: What is Chechnya area?

Chechnya

[5] In addition to an elected government, the country itself has a separatist government which regards Chechnya as an independent state under the name Chechen Republic of Ichkeria.


Question: What is Chechnya area?

Chechnya

This regime is not recognised by any government, but some European states and Arab countries have given its members sanctuaries, despite Russia's demand to extradite its members accused of being terrorists.


Question: What is Chechnya area?

Chechnya

The president of this government is Doku Umarov and the foreign minister is Iljas Ahmadov.


Question: What is Chechnya area?

Chechnya

Aslan Mashadov was elected in the OSCE-EN-controlled elections held on 27 January 1997 as President of Ichkeria.


Question: What is Chechnya area?

Chechnya

Mashadov received 63.8% of the vote.


Question: What is Chechnya area?

Chechnya

His passage was continued because no new free elections could be held during the war.


Question: What is Chechnya area?

Chechnya

He was unable to participate in the 2003 elections while the separatist party was banned and on trial for terrorism in Russia.


Question: What is Chechnya area?

Chechnya

Ahead of the Second Chechen War, Mashadov fled south to separatist-controlled areas in the south of the country, and on 8 March 2005, Russian officials reported that he was killed in an attack by Russian troops on the village of Tolstoy-Yurt north of Grozny.


Question: What is Chechnya area?

Chechnya

An internationally virtually unknown chairman of the Supreme Sharia Court using the name of Sheikh Abdul-Halim, who was born in the Chechen city of Argun, was appointed interim president.


Question: What is Chechnya area?

Chechnya

However, real power was believed to have passed to Commander Abdallah Shamil Abu Idris, better known internationally as Šamil Basayev.


Question: What is Chechnya area?

Chechnya

Basayev was killed two kilometres from the village of Ekaževo in Nazran District, Ingushetia, in an explosion on the night of 9 and 10 July 2006 as a Kamaz truck loaded with explosives in an FSB special operation exploded.


Question: What is Chechnya area?

Chechnya

Population According to the 2010 census, the area had a population of 1268989.


Question: What is Chechnya area?

Chechnya

[6] The population density of the area was 81.1 as. /km2.


Question: What is Chechnya area?

Chechnya

The population still lives mainly in villages and rural areas, only 34.9% of the population was urban dwellers.


Question: What is Chechnya area?

Chechnya

[6] Population growth is rapid, and the population is on average one of the youngest in Russia.


Question: What is Chechnya area?

Chechnya

The largest cities, villages and other district centers in Chechnya has a total of five cities.


Question: What is Chechnya area?

Chechnya

According to the 2010 Russian census, towns and large villages with more than 10,000 inhabitants are named (the population figure of the villages is given below as the population of the rural municipality of the village): Groznyi (271573 as.


Question: What is Chechnya area?

Chechnya

), Alxa-Marta (Urus-Martan, 49070 p.


Question: What is Chechnya area?

Chechnya

), Şela (Šali, 47708 as.


Question: What is Chechnya area?

Chechnya

), Gümse (Gudermes, 45631 p.


Question: What is Chechnya area?

Chechnya

), Orga (Argun, 29525 as.


Question: What is Chechnya area?

Chechnya

), Kurchaloi (Курчалой, village, 22723 as.


Question: What is Chechnya area?

Chechnya

), Atšhoi-Martan (Ачхой-Мартан, village, 20172 as.


Question: What is Chechnya area?

Chechnya

), Šelkovskaya (Шелковская, village, 11112 as.


Question: What is Chechnya area?

Chechnya

), Sernovodskoje (Серноводское, village, 10805 as.)


Question: What is Chechnya area?

Chechnya

and Znamenskoje (Знаменское, village, 10286 as.).


Question: What is Chechnya area?

Chechnya

Smaller than this Chechen district centres include Himoi (village, Химой, 309 as.


Question: What is Chechnya area?

Chechnya

), Itum-Kale (village, 1068 as.


Question: What is Chechnya area?

Chechnya

), Naurskaya (stanitsa Наурская, 9050 as.


Question: What is Chechnya area?

Chechnya

), Nožai-Yurt (village, Ножай-юрт, 6744 as.


Question: What is Chechnya area?

Chechnya

), Šatoi (Шатой, 2953 p.)


Question: What is Chechnya area?

Chechnya

and Vedeno (village, Ведено, 3186 as.).


Question: What is Chechnya area?

Chechnya

[6] Ethnic distribution thumbnail image|270x270px|Ahmat Kadyrov Mosque in Grozny is one of the largest mosques of 10000 prayers in Europe.


Question: What is Chechnya area?

Chechnya

The majority of Chechens are Sunni Muslims, to which faith the people converted between the 16th and 18th centuries.


Question: What is Chechnya area?

Chechnya

Chechnya is a very Muslim-dominated country and currently houses one of the largest mosques in Europe.


Question: What is Chechnya area?

Chechnya

In the final stages of the Soviet Union, there were 23% Russians in the country (269,000 in 1989).


Question: What is Chechnya area?

Chechnya

Most of the Russian population has fled the country due to wars and in the 21st century the number of Russians has been around 20000 — 40000.


Question: What is Chechnya area?

Chechnya

[7] Languages The official languages are Chechen and Russian.


Question: What is Chechnya area?

Chechnya

The Chechen language belongs to the North-Central Caucasian language group, whose related languages include Ingushi and Batsb.


Question: What is Chechnya area?

Chechnya

The local-administrative division of Chechnya is divided, like other federal subjects in Russia, at the upper level of local government, into urban districts (gorodskoi okrug) and municipal districts (raion).


Question: What is Chechnya area?

Chechnya

There are three urban districts and fifteen districts.


Question: What is Chechnya area?

Chechnya

These are listed below and each has been multiplied with a population according to the 2010 census.


Question: What is Chechnya area?

Chechnya

[6] Argun Urban District (Organ Urban District) (29525 as.)


Question: What is Chechnya area?

Chechnya

Atšhoi-Martan District (Ачхой-Мартановский район, 78505 as.)


Question: What is Chechnya area?

Chechnya

Grozny Urban District (271573 as.)


Question: What is Chechnya area?

Chechnya

Grozny District (Грозненский район, 118347 as.)


Question: What is Chechnya area?

Chechnya

Gundemes Urban District (or Gümse Urban District) (45631 as.)


Question: What is Chechnya area?

Chechnya

Gudermes District (Gümse District; Гудермесский район, 78108 a.s.)


Question: What is Chechnya area?

Chechnya

Itum-Kale District (Итум-Калинский район, 5483 a.s.)


Question: What is Chechnya area?

Chechnya

Kurchal District (Курчалоевский район, 114039 as.)


Question: What is Chechnya area?

Chechnya

Nadteretšn District (Надтеречный район, 55782 a.s.)


Question: What is Chechnya area?

Chechnya

Naurskaya District (Наурский район, 54752 as.)


Question: What is Chechnya area?

Chechnya

Nožai-Yurt District (Ножай-юртовский район, 49445 a.s.)


Question: What is Chechnya area?

Chechnya

Sunže District (Сунженский район, 20989 as.)


Question: What is Chechnya area?

Chechnya

Šal District (Şela District; Шалинский район, 115970 as.)


Question: What is Chechnya area?

Chechnya

Šaroi District (Шаройский район, 3094 as.)


Question: What is Chechnya area?

Chechnya

Šatoi District (Шатойский район, or Шатоевский, 16812 as.)


Question: What is Chechnya area?

Chechnya

Šelkovskaya District (Шелковской район, 53548 as.)


Question: What is Chechnya area?

Chechnya

Urus-Martan District (Alxa-Marta District; Урус-Мартановский район, 120585 as.)


Question: What is Chechnya area?

Chechnya

Vedeno District (Веденский район, 36801 as.)


Question: What is Chechnya area?

Chechnya

In 2012, Galanchezh and Cheberloyevsky Districts were created, but their boundaries have not been established.


Question: What is Chechnya area?

Chechnya

Economy Chechnya produced accounted for a total of 69.68 billion rubles, or 0.19% of the total Russian GDP accumulation, according to Rosstat, the Russian Statistical Agency.


Question: What is Chechnya area?

Chechnya

[8] For every resident of the Chechen Republic, the share amounted to 54.91 thousand rubles, or only about EUR 1345 for 2010.


Question: What is Chechnya area?

Chechnya

This is only 21% of the average reading in Russia and the second lowest value of all Russian Federation subjects (just after the neighboring republic Ingushetia).


Question: What is Chechnya area?

Chechnya

The region's ability to produce economic prosperity, as described by the regional GDP value, was therefore very low in Russia.


Question: What is Chechnya area?

Chechnya

[9] Chechnya's most important natural resource is oil.


Question: What is Chechnya area?

Chechnya

[2] Oil assets are largely held by Russian company Rosneft.


Question: What is Chechnya area?

Chechnya

Production was 800,000 tonnes in 2011.


Question: What is Chechnya area?

Chechnya

In 2012, the country announced it would invite Azerbaijanis to find new sources of oil to replace the fading ones.


Question: What is Chechnya area?

Chechnya

[10] Land mines hamper agriculture and forestry.


Question: What is Chechnya area?

Chechnya

Demining began in 2012 with the aim of clearing 500 fields and 8000 hectares of economic forest.


Question: What is Chechnya area?

Chechnya

Clearing is proceeding slowly.


Question: What is Chechnya area?

Chechnya

Before the war, growing vegetables in greenhouses was an important source of income, but infrastructure was destroyed in the war.


Question: What is Chechnya area?

Chechnya

[11] Before the war that began in 1994, Grozny Severn Airport was the largest in the Caucasus.


Question: What is Chechnya area?

Chechnya

[12] The first international flight after a 15-year hiatus took off from there in 2009 taking pilgrims to Saudi Arabia.


Question: What is Chechnya area?

Chechnya

[13] Railways were also damaged in the war, but the first train after a five-year hiatus ran from Grozny to Moscow in 2004.


Question: What is Chechnya area?

Chechnya

The train journey took 48 hours at the time.


Question: What is Chechnya area?

Chechnya

[14] Culture Since Chechen writing only became widespread in the early 20th century the literary tradition has survived as oral in folk tales.


Question: What is Chechnya area?

Chechnya

[15] Chechen poet Ruslan Akhtakhanov published patriotic poems and served as a professor in Moscow.


Question: What is Chechnya area?

Chechnya

He was slain in 2011.


Question: What is Chechnya area?

Chechnya

[16] The diet includes a lot of mutton and vegetables.


Question: What is Chechnya area?

Chechnya

[15] Boxing, equestrian and wrestling are traditional sports.


Question: What is Chechnya area?

Chechnya

[15] Spelling According to the instructions of the Language Office, Chechnya must be written with the letters of š, and the letter š should not be written, for example, “sh”.


Question: What is Chechnya area?

Chechnya

Literature on Chechen history can be found in Antero Leitzinger's book Chechens — History of the North Caucasus and the Battle of Grozny until January 24, 1995.


Question: What is Chechnya area?

Chechnya

The second Chechen war in Anna Politkovskaya's book “The Second Chechen War”, as well as Colonel Erkki Nordberg's study Estimate and prediction of Russian military policy in Finland's direction.


Question: What is Chechnya area?

Chechnya

Written by Džohar Dudayev's widow Alla Dudayev, the book “Millioni Pretender” has been published in Estonian.


Question: What is Chechnya area?

Chechnya

It details the history of Chechnya and the First Chechen War.


Question: What is Chechnya area?

Chechnya

At the end of the book is a chronology written by Estonian MP Andres Herkel.


Question: What is Chechnya area?

Chechnya

Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Anna Politkovskaja| title = Second Chechen War| publisher = Helsinki: Like| year = 2003| version=Ear Book.


Question: What is Chechnya area?

Chechnya

Initial work: Vtoraâ Čečenskaâ (nid.)


Question: What is Chechnya area?

Chechnya

2nd edition 2003.}}


Question: What is Chechnya area?

Chechnya

Matthew Evangelista, “Chechen Wars.


Question: What is Chechnya area?

Chechnya

Will Russia break up?”


Question: What is Chechnya area?

Chechnya

Like Sources On topic elsewhere {{Country data {{{1}}} | flaglink/core | variant = | size= | name= | altlink =national rugby union team | altvar =rugby union}} (www.chechnya.ru) Transclusion error: {{en}} is only for use in File namespace.


Question: What is Chechnya area?

Chechnya

Use {{lang-en}} or {{en icon}} instead.


Question: What is Chechnya area?

Chechnya

(RFE/RL) (BBC) (Chechen guerrillas site) * Chechen Category:Key articles of screening


Question: When was Charles S. Peirce born?

Charles S. Peirce

Charles Sanders Peirce (September 10, 1839 in Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States — April 19, 1914, Milford, Pennsylvania United States) was an American philosopher, logician, scientist and general genius.


Question: When was Charles S. Peirce born?

Charles S. Peirce

[1] He is particularly known as the originator of philosophical pragmatism, for his work in the field of mathematical logic, for his semiotic studies (for example, the development of the concept of trichotomic sign), his fallibilist and realistic philosophy of science, and for his German idealism and As the developer of a metaphysical system of objective idealism influenced by Darwin's theory of evolution.


Question: When was Charles S. Peirce born?

Charles S. Peirce

At the centre of Peirce's philosophy is his doctrine of three categories, to justify which Peirce developed a doctrine similar to Edmund Husserl's phenomenology as “phenomenology” and later “faneroscopy” (phaneroscopy).


Question: When was Charles S. Peirce born?

Charles S. Peirce

[2] [3] However, Peirce's scientific work covered not only philosophy and logic but also many other fields, for example natural sciences, mathematics and psychology, and although Peirce is known today mainly as a philosopher and logician, he never held paid employment or a research post in these sectors.


Question: When was Charles S. Peirce born?

Charles S. Peirce

He was known in his own day mainly as a naturalist.


Question: When was Charles S. Peirce born?

Charles S. Peirce

In this field, too, he was innovative, for example, making reforms to statistical research methods.


Question: When was Charles S. Peirce born?

Charles S. Peirce

Today, Peirce is generally recognized as one of the greatest if not the greatest American philosopher who ever lived, and some have equated him even with Aristotle and Leibniz.


Question: When was Charles S. Peirce born?

Charles S. Peirce

[4] Mathematician and popularizer of science Keith Devlin has called Peirce one of the greatest philosophers ever to have lived.


Question: When was Charles S. Peirce born?

Charles S. Peirce

[5] In the field of mathematical logic, he is considered one of the most significant scholars ever to have lived, and according to Robert Burch, Peirce's logical-mathematical work is “almost unmatched in scope and originality”.


Question: When was Charles S. Peirce born?

Charles S. Peirce

[6] Peirce, for example, published an article two years prior to the publication of Gottlob Frege Begriffsschrif presenting in strength a logical syntax equivalent to Frege's system.


Question: When was Charles S. Peirce born?

Charles S. Peirce

Furthermore, Peirce is considered one of the most prominent if not the most prominent semiotics.


Question: When was Charles S. Peirce born?

Charles S. Peirce

[7] Peirce himself considered himself primarily a logician, and logic was more or less synonymous with semiotics to him.


Question: When was Charles S. Peirce born?

Charles S. Peirce

[8] Mathematical logic Peirce called logic mathematics.


Question: When was Charles S. Peirce born?

Charles S. Peirce

[9] Life Childhood and Adolescence Peirce was born on September 10, 1839 in the university town of Cambridge in the state of Massachusetts.


Question: When was Charles S. Peirce born?

Charles S. Peirce

His parents included Sarah and Benjamin Peirce.


Question: When was Charles S. Peirce born?

Charles S. Peirce

Father Benjamin was a professor of mathematics and astronomy at Harvard University, the most prominent US mathematician of his own time.


Question: When was Charles S. Peirce born?

Charles S. Peirce

When he was only 12 years old, Peirce read his elder brother's copy of Richard Whately's Elements of Logic, the leading textbook of logic of his time, from which his entire passion for logic and reasoning endured.


Question: When was Charles S. Peirce born?

Charles S. Peirce

[10] Peirce also became interested in natural sciences and philosophy at a very young age, reading for example Friedrich Schiller and Immanuel Kant [11].


Question: When was Charles S. Peirce born?

Charles S. Peirce

Peirce studied at Harvard and earned a degree in chemistry in 1863.


Question: When was Charles S. Peirce born?

Charles S. Peirce

[12] His lifelong friendships with Francis Ellingwood Abbott, Chauncey Wright and William James also originated in Harward.


Question: When was Charles S. Peirce born?

Charles S. Peirce

However, Peirce's academic career tapered off, influenced by a scandal involving Peirce's private life, and the fact that Charles William Eliot, who served as president of Harvard from 1869 to 1909, had formed a very negative opinion of Peirce and repeatedly blocked with his authority all proposals to employ Peirce for a university position.


Question: When was Charles S. Peirce born?

Charles S. Peirce

Career as a scientist and researcher From 1859 to 1891 Peirce worked among the scientific research institutions of the United States Coast Survey</i>'s salary, [13] enjoying his influential father's protection until his death in 1880, through which Peirce was also spared the involvement of the U.S. to civil war.


Question: When was Charles S. Peirce born?

Charles S. Peirce

As part of his research work, Peirce visited Europe five times, first in 1871 as part of a solar eclipse to observe the Gone Group.


Question: When was Charles S. Peirce born?

Charles S. Peirce

In Europe, Peirce became personally acquainted with Augustus de Morgan, William Stanley Jevons, and William Kingdon Clifford, British mathematicians and logicians whose ideas were close to his own.


Question: When was Charles S. Peirce born?

Charles S. Peirce

From 1869, Peirce served as an assistant at Harvard Astronomical Observatory, working on the problems of determining stellar brightness and the shape of the Milky Way.


Question: When was Charles S. Peirce born?

Charles S. Peirce

[14] In April 1877, he was voted a member of the National Academy of Sciences.


Question: When was Charles S. Peirce born?

Charles S. Peirce

[15] In the 1880s, Peirce's indifference to bureaucracy increased and his schedule stretched.


Question: When was Charles S. Peirce born?

Charles S. Peirce

He devoted an increasing amount of his time to his philosophical studies, and from 1883 to 1909 wrote thousands of articles on philosophy, logic and science for the Century Dictionary encyclopedia.


Question: When was Charles S. Peirce born?

Charles S. Peirce

[16] In 1885, it was revealed that staff at the Coast Survey had been guilty of misappropriation of public funds.


Question: When was Charles S. Peirce born?

Charles S. Peirce

Peirce was eventually acquitted, but the department's superintendent, Julius Hilgard, was removed from his post.


Question: When was Charles S. Peirce born?

Charles S. Peirce

However, Peirce resigned at the urging of Superintendent Thomas Corwin Mendenhall.


Question: When was Charles S. Peirce born?

Charles S. Peirce

Peirce drifted out of work and for the rest of his life was not allowed to enjoy permanent paid employment.


Question: When was Charles S. Peirce born?

Charles S. Peirce

In 1879, Peirce received a working appointment to lecture on logic at John Hopkins University, where great interest was shown in Peirce's work.


Question: When was Charles S. Peirce born?

Charles S. Peirce

This was the only business appointment of Peirce's career in the university world.


Question: When was Charles S. Peirce born?

Charles S. Peirce

[17] According to Brent, who wrote Peirce's biography, Peirce never had any doubts that his attempts to become involved in scholarships or academic posts were repeatedly tapering due to veiled opposition from Canadian-American Simon Newcomb.


Question: When was Charles S. Peirce born?

Charles S. Peirce

[18] Brent also suspects that Peirce's misfortune was influenced by her difficult personality.


Question: When was Charles S. Peirce born?

Charles S. Peirce

[19] Keith Devlin, on the other hand, considers that Peirce was too ahead of his time in order for the academic mainstream to have been able to understand and appreciate his work.


Question: When was Charles S. Peirce born?

Charles S. Peirce

[5] What is clear, however, is that Peirce's private life hampered his career development.


Question: When was Charles S. Peirce born?

Charles S. Peirce

After Peirce's first wife Melusina Fay Peirce had left him in 1875, [20], Peirce and his future second wife Juliette Peirce had an affair while the first marriage was still in effect.


Question: When was Charles S. Peirce born?

Charles S. Peirce

Although Peirce's ties with his first wife had already been severed and although he married Juliette after getting divorced from Zinasa in 1883, in Victorian New England the case was a considerable scandal.


Question: When was Charles S. Peirce born?

Charles S. Peirce

Newcomb brought about Peirce's dismissal in 1884 on the grounds that she had lived and travelled together with a woman to whom he had not married, even while the former marriage was valid.


Question: When was Charles S. Peirce born?

Charles S. Peirce

[21] Philosophical and Scientific Publications While working for the Coast Survey</i>, Peirce published a series of writings on scientific and scientific methodology including the Coast Survey's own publication and the American Journal of Mathematics.


Question: When was Charles S. Peirce born?

Charles S. Peirce

In 1870, Peirce published a lengthy article on mathematical logic, “Description of a Notation for the Logic of Relatives, Resulting from an Amplification of the Conceptions of Boole's Calculus of Logic” in Memoirs of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences.


Question: When was Charles S. Peirce born?

Charles S. Peirce

In the article, Peirce was the first to introduce in history, two years before Fregen Begriffschrift</i>, a complete syntax for the logic of relations of any place number.


Question: When was Charles S. Peirce born?

Charles S. Peirce

[22] [23] Peirce also wrote and published his philosophical studies during this period following his graduation.


Question: When was Charles S. Peirce born?

Charles S. Peirce

The most influential of these is probably the article “How to Make our Ideas Clear” (1878), published in Popular Science Monthly, which can be seen as the fundamental writing of pragmatist philosophy.


Question: When was Charles S. Peirce born?

Charles S. Peirce

[24] In the same journal as part of the same “Illustrations of the Logic of Science” series of publications, “The Fixation of Belief” (1877), “The Doctrine of Chances” (1878), and “Induction, Deduction and Hypothesis” (1978), were also published in the same journal.


Question: When was Charles S. Peirce born?

Charles S. Peirce

The years 1967-1969 were also significant for Peirce's philosophical career.


Question: When was Charles S. Peirce born?

Charles S. Peirce

Peirce's writings, “On a New List of Categories”, in which Peirce first presented his three categories were published in 1968, in The Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences (PAAAS) as part of a series of publications that included a total of five articles, most of them dealt with mathematical logic.


Question: When was Charles S. Peirce born?

Charles S. Peirce

The philosophically significant writings “Nominalism versus Realism”, “Questions concerning certain Faculties claimed for Man” and “What is Meant by 'Determined'”, and “Grounds of Validity of the Laws of Logic: Further Consequences of Four Incapacities” were published in 1869.


Question: When was Charles S. Peirce born?

Charles S. Peirce

All writings in this series of publications were published by the Journal of Speculative Philosophy.


Question: When was Charles S. Peirce born?

Charles S. Peirce

However, most of the philosophical and other production of Peirce's era has only been published posthumously.


Question: When was Charles S. Peirce born?

Charles S. Peirce

Late years In 1887, approaching his fiftieth year of age, Peirce used up part of his inheritance and purchased an eight-square-mile farm near the town of Milford in Pennsylvania that never made him a financial profit.


Question: When was Charles S. Peirce born?

Charles S. Peirce

[25] Peirce and his wife moved into a large-sized farmhouse built in 1854 on the farm, which was renovated to the layout according to Peirce's plans.


Question: When was Charles S. Peirce born?

Charles S. Peirce

The Peirces lived on the farm named “Arisbe” by Charles for the rest of their lives, [26] repeatedly suffering from poverty and deprivation; Peirce devoted himself to his philosophical studies, and the housekeeping of the farm did not go at all according to his unrealistic plans, and soon the couple could not afford to publishing even heating their houses in winter, and they had to eat old bread donated by a local banker.


Question: When was Charles S. Peirce born?

Charles S. Peirce

Peirce's brother James Mills Peirce, his neighbours and a few other people eventually settled Peirce's property taxes and mortgages.


Question: When was Charles S. Peirce born?

Charles S. Peirce

[27] Peirce himself received minimal income mainly from a few engineering consulting jobs and his writing reviews for “The Nation” magazine.


Question: When was Charles S. Peirce born?

Charles S. Peirce

Peirce also made translations for the Smithsonian Institution.


Question: When was Charles S. Peirce born?

Charles S. Peirce

Although Peirce had to go through some hard times in his final decades, the era was at the same time philosophically his most prolific, although Peirce did not complete any of the book projects he started.


Question: When was Charles S. Peirce born?

Charles S. Peirce

[28] Peirce's series of essays published in Monist magazine in the 1890s, as well as most of his writings on semiotic and pragmatism and his mature diagrammatic logic, were born precisely in Arisbe.


Question: When was Charles S. Peirce born?

Charles S. Peirce

Of the overall fourteen articles of Monist magazine, the publication series is to thank Judge Francis C. Russell, who introduced Peirce to the magazine's editor Paul Caruse and owner Edward C.


Question: When was Charles S. Peirce born?

Charles S. Peirce

Heleler.


Question: When was Charles S. Peirce born?

Charles S. Peirce

[29] In addition to these writings, Peirce published numerous articles in Baldwin's Dictionary of Philosophy and Psychology in 1901-5.


Question: When was Charles S. Peirce born?

Charles S. Peirce

Although, about half of the articles in Peirce's name would appear to be Christine Ladd-Franklin's handwriting.


Question: When was Charles S. Peirce born?

Charles S. Peirce

[30] Peirce also applied for a grant to write a book from the newly formed Carnegie Institute, but the plea was rejected, blaming this time on Newcomb.


Question: When was Charles S. Peirce born?

Charles S. Peirce

[31] Peirce was greatly aided by his old friend and admirer William James during his most difficult years.


Question: When was Charles S. Peirce born?

Charles S. Peirce

James, among other things, arranged for Peirce to give two lecture series near Harvard (1898 and 1903), for which he was also paid.


Question: When was Charles S. Peirce born?

Charles S. Peirce

[32] And most pertinently, James wrote between 1907-10 every year to his friends in Boston intellectual circles with a request to support Peirce financially.


Question: When was Charles S. Peirce born?

Charles S. Peirce

A fund was created, which was continued even after Peirce's death, as his widow continued to live in Arisbe.


Question: When was Charles S. Peirce born?

Charles S. Peirce

James also dedicated his book Will to Believe to Peirce, and Peirce bequeathed his estate to James' eldest son, in case his wife Juliette happened to die before him.


Question: When was Charles S. Peirce born?

Charles S. Peirce

[33] Peirce died in Milford, Pennsylvania, on April 19, 1914, twenty years before his wife.


Question: When was Charles S. Peirce born?

Charles S. Peirce

Peirce had no children by either marriage.


Question: When was Charles S. Peirce born?

Charles S. Peirce

[34] Philosophical and Scientific Publications Regarding published production, Peirce's best-known articles of the late period are the essays he published in The Monist in 1891-3, in which Peirce introduced the objective idealism of the “synekistic” as representing his three categories a doctrine based on metaphysical interpretation.


Question: When was Charles S. Peirce born?

Charles S. Peirce

For example, the essays “The Architecture of Theories” (1891), “The Law of Mind” (1892), “Man's Glassy Essence” (1892), and “Evolutionary Love” (1893) were published in Monist magazine.


Question: When was Charles S. Peirce born?

Charles S. Peirce

The articles in the Monist series have since been republished as such in Esmerk in the Essential Peirce I article collection and can be read for free online at sites such as the internet archive (archive.org).


Question: When was Charles S. Peirce born?

Charles S. Peirce

Monist magazine would later also excommunicate Peirce's other writings, among them “The Regenerated Logic” (1896) on logic “The Logic of Relatives” (1897), and “What Pragmatism Is” (1905) on pragmatism, “Issues of Pragmaticism” (1905), and “Prolegomena To an Apology For Pragmaticism” (1906).


Question: When was Charles S. Peirce born?

Charles S. Peirce

Peirce also published a series of six essays in the weekly “Open Court” magazine dedicated to the reconciliation of religion and science.


Question: When was Charles S. Peirce born?

Charles S. Peirce

In these lesser-known writings, found on the archive.org website, Peirce addressed not only logic and metaphysics, but also ethical, criminal and theological issues.


Question: When was Charles S. Peirce born?

Charles S. Peirce

In addition, Peirce published articles in the following publications: Proceedings of the American Society for Psychical Research, The American Journal of Psychology, Educational Review, The New York Evening Post, and Popular Science Monthly.


Question: When was Charles S. Peirce born?

Charles S. Peirce

However, most of Peirce's philosophical and scientific output remained unpublished.


Question: When was Charles S. Peirce born?

Charles S. Peirce

In addition to article publications, Peirce was still offered the opportunity to present his ideas in lecture series.


Question: When was Charles S. Peirce born?

Charles S. Peirce

Between October 1892 and January 1893, Peirce delivered a series of twelve lectures entitled “The History of Science” at Lowell University of Massachusetts; in 1898 Peirce delivered a lecture entitled “Reasoning and the Logic of Things” at a conference in Cambridge; in the spring of 1903, Peirce gave a lecture entitled “Reasoning and the Logic of Things” at a conference in Cambridge; in the spring of 1903 a lecture series on pragmatism at Harvard, and in November and December of the same year, Peirce gave another lecture series at Lowell University entitled “Some Topics of Logic bearing on Questions now Vexed”; in 1905 Peirce delivered what was known under the title of Adirondack Summer School Lectures lecture series; and in April of 1907 performed for the last time to an academic audience at Harvard at the Philosophical Club, holding a series of presentations titled “Logical Methodeutic”.


Question: When was Charles S. Peirce born?

Charles S. Peirce

For example, article-format notes from the Second Lowell Lecture Series and the Pragmatism Series held at Harvard have been published in the Essential Peirce 2 collection, for example.


Question: When was Charles S. Peirce born?

Charles S. Peirce

Peirce presents in these writings, among other things, his semiotic concepts, through which they are quite influential in the sphere of semiotics.


Question: When was Charles S. Peirce born?

Charles S. Peirce

However, Peirce only releases a small portion of his output, and the Collected Papers collection, for example, also contains numerous previously unpublished writings.


Question: When was Charles S. Peirce born?

Charles S. Peirce

Not all of Peirce's production has still been published, but will still be included in the unfinished Writings collection.


Question: When was Charles S. Peirce born?

Charles S. Peirce

Classification of sciences Despite the fragmentation of his production, Peirce was a thinker in the manner of systems builder Aristotle or Leibniz.


Question: When was Charles S. Peirce born?

Charles S. Peirce

One demonstration of Peirce's systematizing efforts in thinking is his system of classification of sciences.


Question: When was Charles S. Peirce born?

Charles S. Peirce

Peirce divided sciences firstly into “exploratory” sciences (sciences of discovery) and recap sciences (sciences of review).


Question: When was Charles S. Peirce born?

Charles S. Peirce

Of these, the former falls into two broad categories: mathematics and positive sciences.


Question: When was Charles S. Peirce born?

Charles S. Peirce

Positive sciences are also divided into two main categories, philosophy on the one hand, special sciences, which Peirce also divided into two main groups, natural sciences (physics) and life sciences (psychics).


Question: When was Charles S. Peirce born?

Charles S. Peirce

Sciences of Discovery (1) Mathematics (A) Mathematics of Logic (B) Mathematics of Discrete Series (C) Mathematics of Continua and Pseudo-Continua (2) Positive sciences (A) Philosophy (caenoscopy) (I) Phenomenology (Phenomenology, Phaneroscopy) (II) Normative Sciences (i) Aesthetics (ii) Ethics (iii) Logic (l<i data-parsoid='{"dsr":[23263,23284,2,2]}'>ogick, semeiotics) (a) Philosophical grammar (philosophical grammar, speculative grammar) (b) Critical logic (critic, critical logic) (c) Metedeutics (Methodeutic) (III) Metaphysics (B) Special sciences (idioscopy) (I) Natural sciences (physics) (II) Life sciences (psychics) Sciences of Review Philosophy Logic and normative sciences William James called Peirce the father of pragmatism.


Question: When was Charles S. Peirce born?

Charles S. Peirce

In James' honor, Peirce added the first name Santiago (“saint James”, meaning “saint James” in Spanish) to his name, so that his full name belonged to Charles Santiago Sanders Peirce.


Question: When was Charles S. Peirce born?

Charles S. Peirce

However, Peirce was very critical of the many forms of pragmatism thought that had been inspired by his thinking, including the philosophy of his friend James.


Question: When was Charles S. Peirce born?

Charles S. Peirce

Because of this, he renamed his own doctrine “pragmatism,” joking that such an ugly name protects the name against hijackers.


Question: When was Charles S. Peirce born?

Charles S. Peirce

Peirce also called his pragmatism abductiology.


Question: When was Charles S. Peirce born?

Charles S. Peirce

Abduction differs from induction and deduction in that in it the result of a syllogism is a reasonable assumption, not a necessary or probable conclusion, on the basis of the premise.


Question: When was Charles S. Peirce born?

Charles S. Peirce

Peirce is one of the first great semiotics.


Question: When was Charles S. Peirce born?

Charles S. Peirce

He considered all philosophical problems to be semiotic and ended up with a characteristic character theory in which trimanifold plays a central part.


Question: When was Charles S. Peirce born?

Charles S. Peirce

The basis for division is the phenomenological categories ensiys (), otherness (secondness), and thirdness (thirdness).


Question: When was Charles S. Peirce born?

Charles S. Peirce

They describe a phenomenological structure of experience: the first is an instantaneous, immediate emotion; otherness is based on the dynamics of action and countereffect and refers to the past; and the third is directed towards the future and allows for the foresight of the future.


Question: When was Charles S. Peirce born?

Charles S. Peirce

Of the types of reasoning, the abduction represents first, induction the otherness, and the deduction the third.


Question: When was Charles S. Peirce born?

Charles S. Peirce

[35] Three aspects are required to define a sign: the external object, the representamen, and the interpretant, a type of second-order sign that tunes in the consciousness of the recipient under the influence of the first sign.


Question: When was Charles S. Peirce born?

Charles S. Peirce

Each of these aspects is further divided into three categories: the character may be relative to the signifier itself a quality sign (qualisign), single sign or guide sign (legisign); in relation to its subject, it can be an icon (Icon), index, or symbol (Symbol); the interpretation may be reema (Rheme), proposition (Dicent) or argument (Argument).


Question: When was Charles S. Peirce born?

Charles S. Peirce

[36] Metaphysics Peirce's evolutionary metaphysics is substantially related to his category doctrine and semiotics.


Question: When was Charles S. Peirce born?

Charles S. Peirce

Peirce's categories are substantially related to Hegel's system.


Question: When was Charles S. Peirce born?

Charles S. Peirce

Peirce also called his doctrine objective idealism.


Question: When was Charles S. Peirce born?

Charles S. Peirce

He wrote in his article “The Architecture of Theories” (1891) as follows: “The only rational theory of the universe is objective idealism, according to which matter is a crippled spirit, inveterate habits which have become the laws of nature.


Question: When was Charles S. Peirce born?

Charles S. Peirce

“[37] (“The one intelligible theory of the universe is that of objective idealism, that matter is effete mind, inveterate habits becoming physical laws.


Question: When was Charles S. Peirce born?

Charles S. Peirce

“[38]) The sentence means that matter is a “pioneered” or “enveloped” mind in which “hardened” ways are transformed into natural laws, and that such objective idealism allows the universe to be understood rationally and comprehensibly.


Question: When was Charles S. Peirce born?

Charles S. Peirce

His conception of the universe was pantheistic, which he reconciled to Darwin's view of evolution.


Question: When was Charles S. Peirce born?

Charles S. Peirce

[39] Peirce also presented speculations on mathematics and physics at a general level, somewhat parallel to the later Ernst Mach and Albert Einstein theories of relativity.


Question: When was Charles S. Peirce born?

Charles S. Peirce

It has not been shown that Peirce's ideas had any direct influence on either, but they can be considered to show that the philosophical basis for relativity was “in the air” at the turn of the century.


Question: When was Charles S. Peirce born?

Charles S. Peirce

Einstein then put forward a mathematical formulation of the theory of relativity, which proved correct.


Question: When was Charles S. Peirce born?

Charles S. Peirce

Since then, physicist Lee Smolin has defended views on cosmic evolution and the relativity of natural laws (they are the result of the evolutionary process, not absolutes), and acknowledged Peirce as the father of this thinking.


Question: When was Charles S. Peirce born?

Charles S. Peirce

Works of Peirce's extensive literary output have still not been published in full.


Question: When was Charles S. Peirce born?

Charles S. Peirce

Previous partial releases include e.g.


Question: When was Charles S. Peirce born?

Charles S. Peirce

Collected Papers (lr.


Question: When was Charles S. Peirce born?

Charles S. Peirce

CP) and Essential Peirce (lr.


Question: When was Charles S. Peirce born?

Charles S. Peirce

EP).


Question: When was Charles S. Peirce born?

Charles S. Peirce

From the Critical Department Writings of Charles S. Peirce: A Chronological Edition (1982—), six volumes have appeared to date.


Question: When was Charles S. Peirce born?

Charles S. Peirce

The facility is being prepared at Indiana University.


Question: When was Charles S. Peirce born?

Charles S. Peirce

[40] In English Collected Papers of Charles Sanders Peirce 1—8 (ed.


Question: When was Charles S. Peirce born?

Charles S. Peirce

Charles Hartshorne et al).


Question: When was Charles S. Peirce born?

Charles S. Peirce

Harvard University Press, Cambridge (Mass.).


Question: When was Charles S. Peirce born?

Charles S. Peirce


Question: When was Charles S. Peirce born?

Charles S. Peirce

The New Elements of Mathematics by Charles S. Peirce 1—4 (ed.


Question: When was Charles S. Peirce born?

Charles S. Peirce

Carolyn Eisele).


Question: When was Charles S. Peirce born?

Charles S. Peirce

Mouton Publishers, The Hague.


Question: When was Charles S. Peirce born?

Charles S. Peirce

in 1976.


Question: When was Charles S. Peirce born?

Charles S. Peirce

The Essential Peirce.


Question: When was Charles S. Peirce born?

Charles S. Peirce

Selected Philosophical Writings 1—2 (eds.


Question: When was Charles S. Peirce born?

Charles S. Peirce

Nathan Houser et al).


Question: When was Charles S. Peirce born?

Charles S. Peirce

Indiana University Press, Bloomington.


Question: When was Charles S. Peirce born?

Charles S. Peirce


Question: When was Charles S. Peirce born?

Charles S. Peirce

In Finnish Introduction to the logic of science and other writings.


Question: When was Charles S. Peirce born?

Charles S. Peirce

Selected and translated by Markus Lång.


Question: When was Charles S. Peirce born?

Charles S. Peirce

Vastapaino, Tampere 2001.


Question: When was Charles S. Peirce born?

Charles S. Peirce

ISBN 951-768-080-5 (What Is a Sign?)


Question: When was Charles S. Peirce born?

Charles S. Peirce

Translated by Mats Bergman and Sami Paavola.


Question: When was Charles S. Peirce born?

Charles S. Peirce

— Thought 58 (2001), p. 9—19.


Question: When was Charles S. Peirce born?

Charles S. Peirce

Draft classification of sciences (An Outline Classification of the Sciences).


Question: When was Charles S. Peirce born?

Charles S. Peirce

Translated by Markus Lång.


Question: When was Charles S. Peirce born?

Charles S. Peirce

— Synthesis 4/2003, p. 2—5.


Question: When was Charles S. Peirce born?

Charles S. Peirce

Doctrinal Ethics (The Ethics of Terminology).


Question: When was Charles S. Peirce born?

Charles S. Peirce

Translated by Markus Lång.


Question: When was Charles S. Peirce born?

Charles S. Peirce

— Synthesis 4/2003, p. 6—9.


Question: When was Charles S. Peirce born?

Charles S. Peirce

Translated by Ahti-Veikko Pietarinen and Lauri Snellman.


Question: When was Charles S. Peirce born?

Charles S. Peirce

— So & thus 2/2005, p. 38—41.


Question: When was Charles S. Peirce born?

Charles S. Peirce

Sources Literature Peirce, C.


Question: When was Charles S. Peirce born?

Charles S. Peirce

S.: Collected Papers of Charles Sanders Peirce, vols.


Question: When was Charles S. Peirce born?

Charles S. Peirce

1—6, Charles Hartshorne and Paul Weiss (eds.


Question: When was Charles S. Peirce born?

Charles S. Peirce

), vols.


Question: When was Charles S. Peirce born?

Charles S. Peirce

7—8, Arthur W. Burks (ed.


Question: When was Charles S. Peirce born?

Charles S. Peirce

), Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA, 1931—1935, 1958.


Question: When was Charles S. Peirce born?

Charles S. Peirce

[“CP.”] Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Tarasti, Eero| title = Introduction to semiotics: Essays on character systems in art and culture| location = Helsinki| publisher = Gaudeamus| year = 1990| isbn = 951-662-512-6}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Thellefsen, Torkild — Sørensen, Bent (ed.


Question: When was Charles S. Peirce born?

Charles S. Peirce

) | title = Charles Sanders Peirce in His Own Words: 100 Years of Semiotics, Communication and Cognition| location = Berlin| publisher = Walter de Gruyter| year = 2014| version = Semiotics, Communication and Cognition, 14| isbn = 978-1-61541-753-5| id = ISSN}} Citation error, replace {cite book| author = Tiercelin, Claudine| title= | publisher = Collège de France| year = 2013| isbn = 9782722602335}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Waal, Cornelis, de| title = Peirce: A Guide for The Perplexed| publisher = Bloomsbury Academic| publisher = Bloomsbury Academic| = 2013| isbn = 9781847065155}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Waal, Cornelis de — Skowroński, Krzysztof Piotr (ed.


Question: When was Charles S. Peirce born?

Charles S. Peirce

) | title= The Normative Thought of Charles S. Peirce| location = New York| publisher = Fordham University Press| year = 2012| isbn = 978-0-8232-4244-3}} On topic elsewhere Brent, Joseph: Transclusion error: {{en}} is only for use in File namespace.


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Charles S. Peirce

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Charles S. Peirce

entry in the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy entry in the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, University of Helsinki Lång, Markus:.


Question: When was Charles S. Peirce born?

Charles S. Peirce

so & thus 1/2000, 55.


Question: When was Charles S. Peirce born?

Charles S. Peirce

Peirce, Charles S.:.


Question: When was Charles S. Peirce born?

Charles S. Peirce

English. Markus Lång.


Question: When was Charles S. Peirce born?

Charles S. Peirce

so & thus 1/2000, 55—62.


Question: When was Charles S. Peirce born?

Charles S. Peirce

Category:Pragmatists Category:Semiotics Category:American philosophers Category:People born in 1839 Class:Dead in 1914


Question: How does an ad-funded television network work?

ITV

ITV (Independent Television) is a British advertising-funded television network set up by the Independent Television Authority (ITA) to bring competition to the BBC in 1955.


Question: How does an ad-funded television network work?

ITV

The company's main channel, ITV1, is Britain's oldest and also the most popular commercial television channel.


Question: How does an ad-funded television network work?

ITV

Official licence documents name the channel as Channel 3, but this is because local ITV operators usually broadcast on Channel 3.


Question: How does an ad-funded television network work?

ITV

In the mid-1990s, the ITV channel in Yorkshire, the Humber, Cumbria and the North East of England was known for a time as Channel 3 North East, as Yorkshire Television wanted to integrate the ITV brands of northern England with its purchase of North East England ITV operator Tyne Tees Television.


Question: How does an ad-funded television network work?

ITV

ITV is a network of several television channels formed from ITV1, a service formed by fifteen independent regional players, and three nationwide digital channels run from London.


Question: How does an ad-funded television network work?

ITV

Over the past few decades, the shareholdings of regional players have changed so that there are only three independent companies left.


Question: How does an ad-funded television network work?

ITV

ITV plc owns the operators in England, Wales, southern Scotland and the Channel Islands, STV plc owns the operators in central and northern Scotland and UTV plc owns the Northern Ireland concession.


Question: How does an ad-funded television network work?

ITV

Until 2011, the Channel Islands concession was owned by CTV plc (Channel Television), a subsidiary of Yattendon Media.


Question: How does an ad-funded television network work?

ITV

The ITV network should not be confused with listed company ITV plc, which itself is a part-owner of the ITV network and which came into existence following the merger of two concessionaires, Granada and Carlton, in 2003.


Question: How does an ad-funded television network work?

ITV

These companies were concessionaires in North West England (Granada's headquarters were located in Manchester) and South East England (Carlton kept a lodge in London), but had already had time to buy out all the other operators in England, Wales, southern Scotland and the Channel Islands and start mutual competition in the pay-TV industry.


Question: How does an ad-funded television network work?

ITV

The areas managed by ITV plc use the ITV1 brand exclusively, with the exception of the Channel Islands, where the channel is still called Channel Television, and Wales, where the local channel is called ITV1 Wales.


Question: How does an ad-funded television network work?

ITV

In Scotland and Northern Ireland, STV and UTV are running their own brands again.


Question: How does an ad-funded television network work?

ITV

History Early years The history of Independent Television begins in 1954, when the Television Acts Act 1954 in Great Britain allowed the establishment of the first commercial television network.


Question: How does an ad-funded television network work?

ITV

The Act did not escape criticism, with fears in both the House of Commons and the media that the ITV network would end up in the same situation as America's commercial TV networks, which many critics saw as too secular and crude.


Question: How does an ad-funded television network work?

ITV

To prevent this development, Parliament decided to create the institution Independent Television Authority (ITA).


Question: How does an ad-funded television network work?

ITV

ITA gained broad powers to guide the development of commercial television, and its board's first alignment (mainly to avoid Americanization) was that commercials needed to be clearly separated from programs.


Question: How does an ad-funded television network work?

ITV

The new network acquired the name Independent Television (Finnish: “independent television”) to distinguish itself from the BBC, which had previously dominated British broadcasting on its own.


Question: How does an ad-funded television network work?

ITV

ITV was formed from a number of companies that operated a local television service in their respective areas and also made programmes for the kingdom network.


Question: How does an ad-funded television network work?

ITV

Each corporation was responsible for producing local substantive content (mainly newscasts) and selling regional advertising space, which ensured that actors had to compete with each other and that no actor would gain control of the monopoly.


Question: How does an ad-funded television network work?

ITV

Nationwide news was not produced by any single actor; the news agency ITN (Independent Television News) was set up for this purpose.


Question: How does an ad-funded television network work?

ITV

Each regional actor had an individual character on the screen to differentiate between the companies, as the operators' areas of visibility generally extended well into the other operator's territory.


Question: How does an ad-funded television network work?

ITV

When the network was officially set up, the first six licences were distributed: both weekday and weekend concessions were distributed to the London and South East England, Midlands and Northern England regions.


Question: How does an ad-funded television network work?

ITV

Thus, in those regions, the programme was broadcast on weekdays and weekends by different actors.


Question: How does an ad-funded television network work?

ITV

At this point the companies that were licensed formed the so-called “big four” (The Big Four) — they were Rediffusion (London weekdays), ATV (Midlands weekdays and London weekends), Granada (Northern weekdays) and ABC (North and Midlands weekends).


Question: How does an ad-funded television network work?

ITV

The actors of the Great Foursome produced most of the programs for the kingdom network, and were also generally best known.


Question: How does an ad-funded television network work?

ITV

The first broadcast of the first ITV actor, Rediffusion, took place on the evening of 22 September 1955.


Question: How does an ad-funded television network work?

ITV

The BBC tried to keep viewers away from the new network by simultaneously broadcasting an episode of its popular series The Archers in which one of the series' main characters died.


Question: How does an ad-funded television network work?

ITV

They did quite well in their plan, with around 20 million people turning their receivers instead of ITV to the BBC channel.


Question: How does an ad-funded television network work?

ITV

The second operator to start broadcasting was ATV, which began broadcasting on 24 September as a London weekend channel.


Question: How does an ad-funded television network work?

ITV

The others of the Big Four's companies began broadcasting within a year of Rediffusion.


Question: How does an ad-funded television network work?

ITV

Over the next few years, the ITA issued more licences, which allowed the ITV network in 1962 to cover the whole of Britain.


Question: How does an ad-funded television network work?

ITV

The following is a list of ITV actors from September 1962, when the network was completed.


Question: How does an ad-funded television network work?

ITV

ITV became a member of the European Broadcasting Union EBU in 1959 along with ITA.


Question: How does an ad-funded television network work?

ITV

1963—1968 In August 1963, the head of the ITA, Lord Charles Hill, ordered all ITV actors and the services they produced to be assessed as a result of a report by Sir Harry Pilkington.


Question: How does an ad-funded television network work?

ITV

That report drastically criticised the operation of the network and allowed, in principle, to launch BBC Two.


Question: How does an ad-funded television network work?

ITV

A review committee ordered by Hill went through the financial situations of all the companies and either allowed them to continue operating, or put the concession under a forced auction.


Question: How does an ad-funded television network work?

ITV

The review process was repeated several times during ITV's first years and regular review also put pressure on actors to invest in the quality of programme offerings.


Question: How does an ad-funded television network work?

ITV

The potential start of another ITV channel was also factored into the documents for the new licences, as the Conservative Party promised to fund the start of the new channel when they won the 1964 election.


Question: How does an ad-funded television network work?

ITV

No company lost its licence in the 1963 assessment and all licences were extended until 1967, but operators who managed large geographical areas received written submissions due to the grandeur of local content.


Question: How does an ad-funded television network work?

ITV

The only change in the network was the formation of a unitary Wales and West of England concession area, resulting from the bankruptcy of WWN Teledu Cymru, the West and North Wales operator.


Question: How does an ad-funded television network work?

ITV

To this day, it is the only ITV operator to file for bankruptcy.


Question: How does an ad-funded television network work?

ITV

The new area was taken over by Television Wales and West, which had already previously held the South Wales and West of England concession.


Question: How does an ad-funded television network work?

ITV

Looking at the big picture, concessionaires already turned their turnover into profits during their first years of operation; this led the then Canadian-born director of Scottish Television, Baron Roy Thomson OBE, to call the ITV licence a 'money printing licence'.


Question: How does an ad-funded television network work?

ITV

1968—1974, the ITA ordered a second round of evaluation in 1967, with the intention of mapping the starting positions of the then operators for the concession round the following year.


Question: How does an ad-funded television network work?

ITV

Other reasons for making the review included clarifying colour broadcasting capabilities and the Conservatives' promise of an ITV2 channel.


Question: How does an ad-funded television network work?

ITV

At the start of the concession round, some companies circumvented ITA rules and, among other things, evaded taxes by placing permit applications in multiple regions or filling application quotas for a particular region by making multiple applications for the same region — with different business names, of course.


Question: How does an ad-funded television network work?

ITV

Due to speculation, ITA management made it clear that no company's licence was certain and that the regional chef itself could change.


Question: How does an ad-funded television network work?

ITV

Because of this, the wildest rumours circulated in the press about changes in the actors, most of which were untrue.


Question: How does an ad-funded television network work?

ITV

During the concession round, the regional division changed as follows: Separate weekend licences were abolished except London The London weekend operator broadcasts began from then on Friday night instead of the former Saturday morning, North England was split between North West England and The Yorkshire region Actors changed more drastically than ever at the time: The licence for the newly created Yorkshire region was granted to Telefusion Yorkshire, which later became Yorkshire Television ATV lost its London weekend licence to London, led by Sir David Frost For Weekend Television, TWW lost its Wales and West of England licence to HTV (Harlech) Granada got the North West England licence all to itself ATV got the Midlands licence entirely to itself Rediffusion and ABC merged and formed Thames Television, which obtained the London Daily License — However Rediffusion quickly withdrew from the company Baron Roy Thomson had to divest his stake in Scottish Television in order to allow it to continue operating In addition, ITA formed Independent Television Publications publishing company which began publishing the first nationwide television program information magazine, TV Times</i>ia.


Question: How does an ad-funded television network work?

ITV

The new magazine replaced the previously published local programme information magazines, with the exception of the Channel Islands Local Gazette.


Question: How does an ad-funded television network work?

ITV

Before the above changes came into effect, Baron Harold Wilson made Lord Hill Chairman of the BBC Board of Governors, thus becoming the head of the ITA by Lord Aylestone.


Question: How does an ad-funded television network work?

ITV

He reassessed the changes enforced by Hill, but allowed them to be implemented as such.


Question: How does an ad-funded television network work?

ITV

The changes in the network caused unease among the companies' employees, although no one lost their job (at the specific requirement of the ITA).


Question: How does an ad-funded television network work?

ITV

However, many workers were forced to move from one locality to another, or in the worst case, from country to country — exemplified by London Rediffusion, whose laborers relocated for the most part to Cardiff for HTV's loaves.


Question: How does an ad-funded television network work?

ITV

Some employees were allowed to keep their jobs in the same locality — however, when the employer changed.


Question: How does an ad-funded television network work?

ITV

Much of this workforce had no jobs to do, even if they did have a job and as a result unions started demanding compensation.


Question: How does an ad-funded television network work?

ITV

The board verbally agreed to this, but no written agreements were made and the employees ultimately did not receive their compensation.


Question: How does an ad-funded television network work?

ITV

This led to large-scale strikes in the weeks leading up to online changes and a strike by the British Technical Union finally pulled ITV off the people's screens in August 1968.


Question: How does an ad-funded television network work?

ITV

With almost all the technicians on strike, the management ladder had to get the emergency broadcast up as quickly as possible and with the help of a few strike cutters, the Nationwide Emergency National Service got to the air from the ABC's Teddington studio in London.


Question: How does an ad-funded television network work?

ITV

In early September, however, the strike ended as both sides celebrated victory and everyone went back to their jobs, allowing for the actual start of the new players.


Question: How does an ad-funded television network work?

ITV

However, the memory of the strike remained alive and served as a cautionary example for each party itself in similar situations over the coming decades.


Question: How does an ad-funded television network work?

ITV

The late 1960s brought the first color broadcasts and the 625-line standard as it came.


Question: How does an ad-funded television network work?

ITV

Some of the operators already had the capability for color broadcasts, but the Post Office required companies to wait until the 625-line system became the industry standard.


Question: How does an ad-funded television network work?

ITV

Eventually, PAL colour television came onto ITV's frequencies in November 1969 — two years after BBC Two and at the same time as BBC One.


Question: How does an ad-funded television network work?

ITV

Colour broadcasts were not immediately available throughout the kingdom, however, as some of the actors could not yet afford to buy new, expensive broadcasting systems.


Question: How does an ad-funded television network work?

ITV

Eventually colour television reached the whole kingdom in 1976, with the Channel Islands being the last region to switch to colour.


Question: How does an ad-funded television network work?

ITV

As a result, the 405-line system was phased out over the next several years.


Question: How does an ad-funded television network work?

ITV

1974—1982 Based on the Sound Broadcasting Act 1972, the ITA ceased to exist and the Independent Broadcasting Authority (IBA) was created in its place.


Question: How does an ad-funded television network work?

ITV

Along with ITV, the newly formed authority was responsible for controlling local radio chain Independent Local Radio</i>.


Question: How does an ad-funded television network work?

ITV

The next round of concessions would have taken place in 1974, but due to the costly colour shift, it would have been almost impossible for the new companies to compete for the concession.


Question: How does an ad-funded television network work?

ITV

The cancellation of the round helped the actors save substantial money, largely to cover losses incurred from colour transition.


Question: How does an ad-funded television network work?

ITV

However, changes occurred in the sphere of regionalisation: the world's highest television transmitter, the Belmont transmitter that served all of Lincolnshire moved from the Anglia coverage area to Yorkshire and County Durham and the Bilsdale transmitter in Helmsley, which served northernmost Yorkshire, moved from Yorkshire to the Tyne Tees area .


Question: How does an ad-funded television network work?

ITV

Public broadcasts of ITV's teletext service Oracle began after years of testing in 1978 — a few years behind the BBC's Ceefax.


Question: How does an ad-funded television network work?

ITV

Oracle initially provided news as well as program information, taking advantage of the surplus bits of the telecast data stream, but after a few years of aggressive campaigning, the offering expanded to sports and even vacancies.


Question: How does an ad-funded television network work?

ITV

By the time of the early 1980s, teletext was already a standard feature on new television models.


Question: How does an ad-funded television network work?

ITV

The Great Television Strike of 1979 One of the biggest cases in television history of that era was a ten-week industrial battle in 1979 that crippled the entire network and left ITV's frequencies empty for 2.5 months.


Question: How does an ad-funded television network work?

ITV

The problems began in London, where Thames technicians refused a “too low” pay rise.


Question: How does an ad-funded television network work?

ITV

The management tier tried to get the emergency dispatch up in the manner of the 1968 strike, but at this point all workers — including non-union members — went on strike.


Question: How does an ad-funded television network work?

ITV

When Thames management, using threats, tried to persuade workers to return to work, the management of the television industry ACTT trade union ordered employees of all other ITV companies to join the strike to show support for the strikers on the Thames.


Question: How does an ad-funded television network work?

ITV

The only operator to continue broadcasting was Channel Television in the Channel Islands, as the unions were aware that a strike by employees of a small company could destroy the entire company.


Question: How does an ad-funded television network work?

ITV

For the first time, the screens were left empty on the morning of August 10.


Question: How does an ad-funded television network work?

ITV

The strike ended with ITV's management bending over and its final cost of around £100m.


Question: How does an ad-funded television network work?

ITV

Programmes resumed again on 24 October and with the end of the strike it proved difficult for ITV to lure viewers away from the BBC's channels, as it was also not possible to produce new software during the strike.


Question: How does an ad-funded television network work?

ITV

In the two weeks that followed the continuation of broadcasting, the actors were busy getting a bunch of fresh repertoire and after these programmes appeared on the screen viewers began to turn back to the channel little by little.


Question: How does an ad-funded television network work?

ITV

The 1979 strike was the last major television industry strike before the unions' say waned, although minor controversies have arisen since this too.


Question: How does an ad-funded television network work?

ITV

The strike in question is to this day the longest in British television history.


Question: How does an ad-funded television network work?

ITV

1982—1990 At the end of 1980, the IBA again ordered operators to be evaluated, with the intention of surveying the status of the concession period beginning in January 1982.


Question: How does an ad-funded television network work?

ITV

The regional division changed as a result of the assessment, with the Midlands, Wales and the West of England and the South of England being split in two to localise the newscasts.


Question: How does an ad-funded television network work?

ITV

The territories divided in two were still controlled by one and the same actor.


Question: How does an ad-funded television network work?

ITV

The concession round resulted in the following changes: ATV was provisionally allowed to continue as an operator in the split Midlands region, but the IBA, as a result of its evaluation round, issued a written submission on too much local content.


Question: How does an ad-funded television network work?

ITV

As a result, the IBA told ATV shareholders to reduce their holdings and rename the company: after restructuring, the company became Central Independent Television Southern lost its licence to higher-bidding Television South (TVS) Westward also lost its licence, whereby Television South West (TSW), which shared a common ownership base with TVS, was authorised The new nationwide morning TV licence was granted to TV-AM Trident Television</i>in was to sell the Yorkshire and Tyne Tees it owned, thereby becoming independent companies in Kent and The Bluebell Hill transmitter, which served South Essex, moved from the Thames/LWT area to TVS In this era, television channels expanded their airtimes so that daytime broadcasts became part of the regular repertoire.


Question: How does an ad-funded television network work?

ITV

Pioneers in this were Yorkshire and Tyne Tees, who began their morning broadcasts Good Morning Calendarin and Good Morning Northin 1977 — the popularity of test broadcasts broadcast at 8.30am on weekday mornings proved that viewers were interested in television news in the mornings as well.


Question: How does an ad-funded television network work?

ITV

Six years from now, on February 1, 1983, the first nationwide morning TV broadcast TV-am began broadcasting, which was broadcast every day of the week between 6am and 9:25 a.m.


Question: How does an ad-funded television network work?

ITV

The transmission was originally supposed to last exactly half past ten, but the technicians of the local operators would not have had time at the time to move the broadcast without issue from London to their own area.


Question: How does an ad-funded television network work?

ITV

In the present day, the transition is smooth in the blink of an eye, but the airtime still hasn't changed.


Question: How does an ad-funded television network work?

ITV

The BBC started its rival Breakfast Time programme around the same time, which was lighter in format.


Question: How does an ad-funded television network work?

ITV

The popularity of Breakfast Time forced TV-AM to move away from its serious news-rich format.


Question: How does an ad-funded television network work?

ITV

On November 2, 1982, British television underwent a major change when another ad-funded channel, Channel 4, was established.


Question: How does an ad-funded television network work?

ITV

As its funding base, it used ITV for the first decade, when ITV actors were in charge of selling off C4's advertising space.


Question: How does an ad-funded television network work?

ITV

Channel 4 and ITV advertised each other's programmes extensively until 1993, when C4 management felt they had got on solid enough footing and both sides dissolved the co-operation agreement.


Question: How does an ad-funded television network work?

ITV

Daytime software grew even further in 1987 when ITV's school TV software moved to Channel 4.


Question: How does an ad-funded television network work?

ITV

This freed up a lot of space on ITV's morning, as well as early afternoon.


Question: How does an ad-funded television network work?

ITV

In a sense, the vacated programme time was used as an extension of TV-AM and the network started broadcasting the lighthearted This Morning current affairs programme produced by Granada.


Question: How does an ad-funded television network work?

ITV

Around the same time, even the late-night repertoire began to be expanded — first by major players, but at the end of 1988, even small actors were also broadcasting a 24-hour stream of programmes.


Question: How does an ad-funded television network work?

ITV

1990 onwards The Broadcasting Act 1990 loosened control of ITV and the ITC was created in place of the IBA, which did not oversee actors as harshly as its predecessor.


Question: How does an ad-funded television network work?

ITV

This allowed operators to buy companies that already had an existing ITV licence and changed the rules of the forced auction of licences so that the highest bidder got permission for themselves.


Question: How does an ad-funded television network work?

ITV

This was heavily criticised, as there was no guarantee of the quality of the programmes and the level of programmes varied more drastically between actors.


Question: How does an ad-funded television network work?

ITV

Moreover, the size of the licence fees paid by operators was now influenced not only by the size of the regions but the amount of competition: Central, which operated in the Midlands region, for example, paid only £2,000 a year for its licence due to lack of competition, while Yorkshire Television paid for it in its area of about the same size £37.7m because competition for the concession was fierce there.


Question: How does an ad-funded television network work?

ITV

As a result of the 1993 changes, ITV companies began buying each other to save money.


Question: How does an ad-funded television network work?

ITV

Ten years from now in 2003, five of the fifteen operators remained, the largest of which — Granada and Carlton — held all the licences on the border against England, Wales and Scotland.


Question: How does an ad-funded television network work?

ITV

In the same year they merged to form ITV plc and since then the only change has been the merger of Channel Television into ITV in 2011.


Question: How does an ad-funded television network work?

ITV

The ITV channels best known programmes Bad Girls The Benny Hill Show Britain's Got Talent Coronation Street Doc Martin Downton Abbey Emmerdale Want to be a millionaire?


Question: How does an ad-funded television network work?

ITV

Hercule Poirot Village Hospital Mr. Bean Stormbirds Pop Idol Horror and Love In A Matter Of The Heart Teen Titans Wycliffe The X Factor On The X Factor Topic Elsewhere Category:Television Companies Category:British listed companies


Question: What does professor emeritus mean?

Emeritus

The word Emeritus (fully served [1]) is used in connection with the former tenure title of a retired male professor, bishop, or other prominent professional.


Question: What does professor emeritus mean?

Emeritus

In women's case, the word emerita is used.


Question: What does professor emeritus mean?

Emeritus

The word is usually attached after the post, for example, Professor Emeritus N.N. According to some rules, emeritus/emerita should only be used when a post from which a person has retired (e.g. Professor Emeritus of Finnish at the University of Helsinki) is mentioned.


Question: What does professor emeritus mean?

Emeritus

Sources Category:Honours Category:Key articles in screening


Question: What year was the Thrilla in Manila boxing match taken?

Muhammad Ali

Muhammad Ali (originally named Cassius Marcellus Clay Jr., January 17, 1942 [1] Louisville, Kentucky — June 3, 2016 [2] Scottsdale, Arizona [3]) was an American heavyweight boxer.


Question: What year was the Thrilla in Manila boxing match taken?

Muhammad Ali

Ali was a three-time world champion of professional heavyweight, widely regarded as one of the greatest boxers and most outstanding athletes of all time.


Question: What year was the Thrilla in Manila boxing match taken?

Muhammad Ali

He adopted the name Muhammad Ali in 1964 after converting to Islam, but had time before that to also use the name Cassius X. As an amateur boxer, Ali won gold in the medium-heavyweight at the Rome Olympics in 1960.


Question: What year was the Thrilla in Manila boxing match taken?

Muhammad Ali

After turning professional, he dominated the world heavyweight championship on three occasions.


Question: What year was the Thrilla in Manila boxing match taken?

Muhammad Ali

He won his first world title by technical knockout from Sonny Liston in 1964.


Question: What year was the Thrilla in Manila boxing match taken?

Muhammad Ali

However, he lost the title in 1967 undefeated after refusing to participate in the Vietnam War.


Question: What year was the Thrilla in Manila boxing match taken?

Muhammad Ali

Ali also lost his boxing licence, for which he did not fight the next time until 1970.


Question: What year was the Thrilla in Manila boxing match taken?

Muhammad Ali

After his return, he won the world title back from George Foreman in 1974.


Question: What year was the Thrilla in Manila boxing match taken?

Muhammad Ali

He became the first World Heavyweight Champion since Floyd Patterson to have been able to win back the title he lost once.


Question: What year was the Thrilla in Manila boxing match taken?

Muhammad Ali

In 1978, he lost his championship to Leon Spinks, but won it back in a rematch, after which he announced he was quitting boxing.


Question: What year was the Thrilla in Manila boxing match taken?

Muhammad Ali

However, he made a comeback, losing in 1980 in a world title match to Larry Holmes.


Question: What year was the Thrilla in Manila boxing match taken?

Muhammad Ali

Ali was known as a boxer especially for his speed with which he could patch up his match technical shortcomings.


Question: What year was the Thrilla in Manila boxing match taken?

Muhammad Ali

[4] [5] In the early stages of his career, Ali often left off protection and fought with his hands down, seeking to dodge his opponent's blows.


Question: What year was the Thrilla in Manila boxing match taken?

Muhammad Ali

In his later career, he relied heavily on his impact resistance.


Question: What year was the Thrilla in Manila boxing match taken?

Muhammad Ali

After a career, Ali was diagnosed with Parkinson's disease, but there is no certainty about the impact of his boxing background on the condition.


Question: What year was the Thrilla in Manila boxing match taken?

Muhammad Ali

In addition to boxing, Ali also worked as an actor, recording music and performing the starring role in a musical.


Question: What year was the Thrilla in Manila boxing match taken?

Muhammad Ali

His match against George Foreman, known as Rumble in the Jungle, was made into a 1997 documentary film The Ring Kings, which was awarded with the Academy Award for Best Documentary.


Question: What year was the Thrilla in Manila boxing match taken?

Muhammad Ali

In 2001, a film about Muhammad Ali's life appeared, Ali, in which he was played by Will Smith.


Question: What year was the Thrilla in Manila boxing match taken?

Muhammad Ali

It was nominated for two Academy Awards, as well as many other film industry awards.


Question: What year was the Thrilla in Manila boxing match taken?

Muhammad Ali

Muhammad Ali has been honoured in many ways since his career: The Ring rated him the “best boxer” and “best fighter” in 1997.


Question: What year was the Thrilla in Manila boxing match taken?

Muhammad Ali

Sports Illustrated selected him as the “Athlete of the Century” in 1999.


Question: What year was the Thrilla in Manila boxing match taken?

Muhammad Ali

[6] In the same year, French club L'Équipe lifted Ali to second place, Finnish Helsingin Sanomat to third and Swede Dagens Nyheter to seventh in the list of the most outstanding athletes of the century.


Question: What year was the Thrilla in Manila boxing match taken?

Muhammad Ali

[7] He lit the Atlanta Olympic Fire in 1996.


Question: What year was the Thrilla in Manila boxing match taken?

Muhammad Ali

He was named King of Boxing by the WBC Boxing Federation in 2012.


Question: What year was the Thrilla in Manila boxing match taken?

Muhammad Ali

[8] Childhood Cassius Marcellus Clay Jr.


Question: What year was the Thrilla in Manila boxing match taken?

Muhammad Ali

was born on January 17, 1942, in Louisville, Kentucky.


Question: What year was the Thrilla in Manila boxing match taken?

Muhammad Ali

[9] According to memoirs published in 1975, after giving birth, the Odessa mother was initially brought the wrong baby, which she noticed on the name tag.


Question: What year was the Thrilla in Manila boxing match taken?

Muhammad Ali

She called in the nurses, who soon brought the real baby to her: 'I knew straight away something was askew because that other baby was so quiet and kind.


Question: What year was the Thrilla in Manila boxing match taken?

Muhammad Ali

As soon as Cassius came, he screamed so hard he made all the babies in the ward cry,” Odessa told reporters later.


Question: What year was the Thrilla in Manila boxing match taken?

Muhammad Ali

[10] Cassius Clay's family included, in addition to his Odessa mother, his father, Cassius Marcellus Clay Senior, who supported the family by working as a sign painter, and younger brother Rudolph (later Rahaman Ali).


Question: What year was the Thrilla in Manila boxing match taken?

Muhammad Ali

Cassius Sr.


Question: What year was the Thrilla in Manila boxing match taken?

Muhammad Ali

considered himself an artist and also painted murals for Louisville Baptist churches.


Question: What year was the Thrilla in Manila boxing match taken?

Muhammad Ali

The family lived on the west side of town.


Question: What year was the Thrilla in Manila boxing match taken?

Muhammad Ali

According to Cassius Sr, their home was located in the best area he could afford.


Question: What year was the Thrilla in Manila boxing match taken?

Muhammad Ali

[9] The paternal profession guaranteed a reasonable standard of living for the family, [11] [12] although Ali claimed in his memoirs published in 1975 that he had grown up in poor conditions and separately denied his family belonged to the so-called “black middle class”.


Question: What year was the Thrilla in Manila boxing match taken?

Muhammad Ali

[13] Clay's mother was Baptist and father Methodist, but the children, like their mother, were raised Baptists.


Question: What year was the Thrilla in Manila boxing match taken?

Muhammad Ali

According to Clay, his mother took him every Sunday to church, and taught him Christian values such as that hate and prejudice are wrong.


Question: What year was the Thrilla in Manila boxing match taken?

Muhammad Ali

When Cassius converted to Islam at a later age, the mother accepted the cause: “The most important thing was that he believed in God”.


Question: What year was the Thrilla in Manila boxing match taken?

Muhammad Ali

Clay himself said in his biography that after converting to Islam, he switched his religion and some beliefs, but continued to believe in the same God as his mother.


Question: What year was the Thrilla in Manila boxing match taken?

Muhammad Ali

[9] Father-Cassius ran into clashes with the police a few times because of disruptive behaviour, selling mortgaged property, and overindulgence.


Question: What year was the Thrilla in Manila boxing match taken?

Muhammad Ali

The parents often quarreled with each other due to Cassius Sr.'s female adventures, and the father is known to have occasionally behaved drunkenly violently.


Question: What year was the Thrilla in Manila boxing match taken?

Muhammad Ali

[9] With Cassius Sr, both his own drinking buddies and his spouse and sometimes also his own sons [11].


Question: What year was the Thrilla in Manila boxing match taken?

Muhammad Ali

Ali did not agree to talk about these issues to his biographer [9].


Question: What year was the Thrilla in Manila boxing match taken?

Muhammad Ali

According to Rahaman, racism was commonplace in Louisville, but despite that, boys only faced racism when moving through certain areas of the city.


Question: What year was the Thrilla in Manila boxing match taken?

Muhammad Ali

Around this time, racial segregation was still permitted in Kentucky.


Question: What year was the Thrilla in Manila boxing match taken?

Muhammad Ali

[9] At the age of 13, Clay saw a picture on the cover of Life magazine of a 14-year-old black boy who had been murdered because he had whistled at white girls.


Question: What year was the Thrilla in Manila boxing match taken?

Muhammad Ali

The memory of the picture haunted him for years.


Question: What year was the Thrilla in Manila boxing match taken?

Muhammad Ali

[11] First touches to boxing Cassius Clay Sr.


Question: What year was the Thrilla in Manila boxing match taken?

Muhammad Ali

often used to take his son to see the lamppost on which former world heavyweight champion Joe Louis had, according to legend, sometimes leaned while chatting with people on the street.


Question: What year was the Thrilla in Manila boxing match taken?

Muhammad Ali

On one occasion, a father asked his son Cassius to touch a pillar, after which his speaking is said to have increased.


Question: What year was the Thrilla in Manila boxing match taken?

Muhammad Ali

[14] Verbal annoyance of an opponent (trash talk in sports terms) later became an integral part of Clay's performance [15] in his boxing career.


Question: What year was the Thrilla in Manila boxing match taken?

Muhammad Ali

Boxing partner Clay drifted when he was 12 when his bicycle was stolen.


Question: What year was the Thrilla in Manila boxing match taken?

Muhammad Ali

In October 1954, Clay was pedaling with a friend to black bazaars events, but on leaving home, Clay discovered his bike has been stolen.


Question: What year was the Thrilla in Manila boxing match taken?

Muhammad Ali

He reported the matter to police officer Joe E. Martin, who coached young boxers in the basement facilities of the marketplace.


Question: What year was the Thrilla in Manila boxing match taken?

Muhammad Ali

According to Martin, a crying Clay was furious, and wanted to beat up the bike thieves, leading Martin to urge that he needed to learn how to fight first.


Question: What year was the Thrilla in Manila boxing match taken?

Muhammad Ali

At first Martin did not consider Clay any special case, but already after a year of training, he began to consider the talents of the young boy considerable.


Question: What year was the Thrilla in Manila boxing match taken?

Muhammad Ali

The reason for this Martin attributed Clay's determination and motivation.


Question: What year was the Thrilla in Manila boxing match taken?

Muhammad Ali

“The boy was ready to make the sacrifices required of a successful athlete, and he was almost impossible to discourage.


Question: What year was the Thrilla in Manila boxing match taken?

Muhammad Ali

Of all the youngsters I coached, he was by far the most gluttonous”.


Question: What year was the Thrilla in Manila boxing match taken?

Muhammad Ali

Clay practised, in his own words, six days a week and, thanks to boxing, mostly stayed away from intoxicants.


Question: What year was the Thrilla in Manila boxing match taken?

Muhammad Ali

[9] Martin guided Clay to boxing, but Clay also trained with black coach Fred Stoner.


Question: What year was the Thrilla in Manila boxing match taken?

Muhammad Ali

[9] Stoner, who owned a boxing gym, taught Clay how to move around the ring like a dancer.


Question: What year was the Thrilla in Manila boxing match taken?

Muhammad Ali

[12] [16] Career Amateur Boxing After Cassius Clay had fought his first fight as an amateur, his father declared that the boy would be the next World Heavyweight Champion and “the new Joe Louis”.


Question: What year was the Thrilla in Manila boxing match taken?

Muhammad Ali

[17] In his amateur career, Clay fought 108 bouts, of which he won one hundred.


Question: What year was the Thrilla in Manila boxing match taken?

Muhammad Ali

[18] [19] Clay's accomplishments as an amateur include six different league Kentucky Golden Gloves championships, two national middleweight Golden Gloves championships, and the AAU Middleweight United States Championship.


Question: What year was the Thrilla in Manila boxing match taken?

Muhammad Ali

[12] [19] [20] According to Chuck Bodak, who served as an amateur series trustee, Clay made an immediate impression on him when he saw a young boxer fight for the first time at a national Golden Gloves tournament in Chicago: “You had to be blind if you didn't notice the boy's talents”.


Question: What year was the Thrilla in Manila boxing match taken?

Muhammad Ali

Bob Sorkein, who has also been an Amateur Federation judge, has spoken of Clay's talent in the same vein: “After watching him in the ring a few times I knew there was something special about this youngster”.


Question: What year was the Thrilla in Manila boxing match taken?

Muhammad Ali

[21] Future world heavyweight champion, Louisvillean Jimmy Ellis became friends with Clay during his amateur career.


Question: What year was the Thrilla in Manila boxing match taken?

Muhammad Ali

According to him, Clay never behaved aggressively outside the ring, although he was already inclined at that time to loud shenanigans and self-praise.


Question: What year was the Thrilla in Manila boxing match taken?

Muhammad Ali

According to Ellis, Clay took the practice seriously.


Question: What year was the Thrilla in Manila boxing match taken?

Muhammad Ali

[21] In September 1958, Clay began studying at Lousville Central High School.


Question: What year was the Thrilla in Manila boxing match taken?

Muhammad Ali

He graduated in June 1960 with weak honours and finished at the tail end of his own yearly course.


Question: What year was the Thrilla in Manila boxing match taken?

Muhammad Ali

[22] To be precise, he was the 376th highest grades graduating pupil out of 391 in his year course.


Question: What year was the Thrilla in Manila boxing match taken?

Muhammad Ali

[11] Clay received better-than-average assessments solely for his health.


Question: What year was the Thrilla in Manila boxing match taken?

Muhammad Ali

[22] After graduating, Clay participated in the 1960 Rome Olympics.


Question: What year was the Thrilla in Manila boxing match taken?

Muhammad Ali

Joe Martin says Clay wouldn't have wanted to leave because he was afraid of flying.


Question: What year was the Thrilla in Manila boxing match taken?

Muhammad Ali

Clay was still trying to cancel the whole trip last night.


Question: What year was the Thrilla in Manila boxing match taken?

Muhammad Ali

However, Martin convinced Clay that winning the gold medal would help him emerge as world heavyweight champion.


Question: What year was the Thrilla in Manila boxing match taken?

Muhammad Ali

Prior to the competitions, US sports magazine Sports Illustrated named Clay the nation's greatest gold medal effort.


Question: What year was the Thrilla in Manila boxing match taken?

Muhammad Ali

[23] Expectations were rewarded, as Clay won an Olympic gold medal in boxing's middleweight.


Question: What year was the Thrilla in Manila boxing match taken?

Muhammad Ali

He won his first three fights, including two by judge points and one by knockout in the second round.


Question: What year was the Thrilla in Manila boxing match taken?

Muhammad Ali

[23] Clay emerged as one of the tournament favourites after defeating middleweight reigning Olympic gold medalist, Soviet Union Gennady Šatkov by overwhelming points.


Question: What year was the Thrilla in Manila boxing match taken?

Muhammad Ali

In the final, he beat experienced Polish Zbigniew Pietrzykowski, who was boxing's three-time European champion.


Question: What year was the Thrilla in Manila boxing match taken?

Muhammad Ali

[12] Clay's victory did not receive much attention in the United States media, but he became a well-known figure in the Olympic Village, where when passing he used to shake hands and get to know other athletes.


Question: What year was the Thrilla in Manila boxing match taken?

Muhammad Ali

[24] Clay was so proud of his medal, he kept it constantly around his neck.


Question: What year was the Thrilla in Manila boxing match taken?

Muhammad Ali

He walked the streets of Rome with the medal, and when he returned to the United States, he wore a tie around his neck as he stepped off the plane.


Question: What year was the Thrilla in Manila boxing match taken?

Muhammad Ali

[12] “I didn't take it off for 48 hours.


Question: What year was the Thrilla in Manila boxing match taken?

Muhammad Ali

I even wore it in bed.


Question: What year was the Thrilla in Manila boxing match taken?

Muhammad Ali

I didn't sleep very well because I had to sleep on my back so the medal wouldn't cut me.


Question: What year was the Thrilla in Manila boxing match taken?

Muhammad Ali

But I didn't care, I was an Olympic champion,” said Clay.


Question: What year was the Thrilla in Manila boxing match taken?

Muhammad Ali

[24] When a Soviet journalist asked Clay how he felt about winning a medal for a country where, because of the colour of his skin, he couldn't go to all restaurants, Clay replied: “Tell your readers that qualified experts are solving that problem for a good time, and I'm not about the outcome at all worried.


Question: What year was the Thrilla in Manila boxing match taken?

Muhammad Ali

The US is better than any other nation in the world, your home country included.


Question: What year was the Thrilla in Manila boxing match taken?

Muhammad Ali

“[25] Later in his biography, published in 1975, Ali claimed to have thrown his medal into the Ohio River when a Louisvillean restaurant refused to serve him because of racial segregation.


Question: What year was the Thrilla in Manila boxing match taken?

Muhammad Ali

Later, Ali said he lost the medal or someone stole it.


Question: What year was the Thrilla in Manila boxing match taken?

Muhammad Ali

[26] Beginning a professional career and assembling background influencers After winning an Olympic medal, Clay returned to Louisville with the intention of embarking on a professional career.


Question: What year was the Thrilla in Manila boxing match taken?

Muhammad Ali

He negotiated a sponsorship deal with Billy Reynolds, the deputy director in charge of the Reynolds Metals Company, but negotiations broke off after Clay's father intervened in them.


Question: What year was the Thrilla in Manila boxing match taken?

Muhammad Ali

Reynolds had suggested that Clay's former coach, police officer Joe E. Martin, might be involved in coaching him.


Question: What year was the Thrilla in Manila boxing match taken?

Muhammad Ali

Cops hated Cassius Clay Sr.


Question: What year was the Thrilla in Manila boxing match taken?

Muhammad Ali

could not accept this though.


Question: What year was the Thrilla in Manila boxing match taken?

Muhammad Ali

Clay eventually struck a deal with a group of investors led by Bill Faversham.


Question: What year was the Thrilla in Manila boxing match taken?

Muhammad Ali

Faversham was an avid follower of boxing, having first noticed Clay when he won the Amateurs' Golden Gloves award at heavyweight in 1960.


Question: What year was the Thrilla in Manila boxing match taken?

Muhammad Ali

He decided to put together a group of eleven investors to support the young professional after hearing negotiations with Billy Reynolds had broken off.


Question: What year was the Thrilla in Manila boxing match taken?

Muhammad Ali

[27] The investor group was known as the Louisville Sponsoring Group.


Question: What year was the Thrilla in Manila boxing match taken?

Muhammad Ali

It included eleven white men, ten of whom were millionaires.


Question: What year was the Thrilla in Manila boxing match taken?

Muhammad Ali

All of the company's shareholders except Faversham invested $2800 in the operation.


Question: What year was the Thrilla in Manila boxing match taken?

Muhammad Ali

Faversham paid $1400 less because of the work he had done to organize the company.


Question: What year was the Thrilla in Manila boxing match taken?

Muhammad Ali

Clay made a $10,000 signing bonus.


Question: What year was the Thrilla in Manila boxing match taken?

Muhammad Ali

Among other premiums, Clay was guaranteed a monthly salary of $333.


Question: What year was the Thrilla in Manila boxing match taken?

Muhammad Ali

[28] For the first four years, the proceeds were split equally, but thereafter Clay would receive 60 per cent under the contract and 40 per cent of his profits by investors.


Question: What year was the Thrilla in Manila boxing match taken?

Muhammad Ali

In its own time, the contract was considered fair and was equal to what Reynolds offered.


Question: What year was the Thrilla in Manila boxing match taken?

Muhammad Ali

[27] [28] Already three days after signing his contract on October 29, 1960, Clay fought for the first time as a professional.


Question: What year was the Thrilla in Manila boxing match taken?

Muhammad Ali

He defeated Tunney Hunsaker, who worked as a police officer, by points.