Question: How many works has Sergei Rachmaninov composed?

History of opera

In structure, the opera is three-act and each act has five scenes, each based on its own musical form: for example, a sonata or rondo.


Question: How many works has Sergei Rachmaninov composed?

History of opera

The work's protagonist, Wozzeck, is an unlucky victim of his surroundings, despised and betrayed in love by his fellow humans, and who eventually drifts into murder and suicide.


Question: How many works has Sergei Rachmaninov composed?

History of opera

Berg's second opera, Lulu, was left unfinished when the composer died in 1935.


Question: How many works has Sergei Rachmaninov composed?

History of opera

After Schönberg, Anton Webern and Alexander von Zemlinsky had refused to finish the work, Berg's widow declared that it could not be completed, and did not hand over the material in his possession to anyone.


Question: How many works has Sergei Rachmaninov composed?

History of opera

However, from the final act of the work there were thorough sketches of the composer and some orchestration ready, and it was finally performed in 1979, finished by Friedrich Cerha.


Question: How many works has Sergei Rachmaninov composed?

History of opera

In Lulu, Berg uses more profusely a twelve-tone system and six very different forms of vowel expression, from spoken dialogue to the protagonist's richly decorated vocals.


Question: How many works has Sergei Rachmaninov composed?

History of opera

Zeitoper Alongside composers from the Second Vienna School in the Weimar Republic, another kind of operatic tradition was represented by, among others, the composers Kurt Weill and the Zeitoper or topical opera represented by Ernst Křenek.


Question: How many works has Sergei Rachmaninov composed?

History of opera

Křenek and Weill sought to make opera the art of wider folk layers by combining ingredients deemed entertaining to the opera, such as skits and dance numbers.


Question: How many works has Sergei Rachmaninov composed?

History of opera

Křenek's breakthrough work Jonny spielt auf (“Jonny Begins to Play”, 1927), in an unheard of way, combined jazz ingredients with art music.


Question: How many works has Sergei Rachmaninov composed?

History of opera

Runway trains, police cars and other ingredients belonging to the new modern lifestyle are also featured in the opera's libretto.


Question: How many works has Sergei Rachmaninov composed?

History of opera

It became immensely popular and was quickly translated into 14 languages.


Question: How many works has Sergei Rachmaninov composed?

History of opera

Weill's early production had influences from expressionists, and the composer blended various compositional styles with each other freely throughout his career.


Question: How many works has Sergei Rachmaninov composed?

History of opera

A major influence on Weil's music was also through his collaboration with playwright Bertolt Brecht.


Question: How many works has Sergei Rachmaninov composed?

History of opera

Their best-known co-production is the Three Pence Opera (Die Dreigroschenoper, 1928), which paraphrases John Gay's opera The Beggar, which strongly criticises corruption in Germany.


Question: How many works has Sergei Rachmaninov composed?

History of opera

Zeitoper remained a short-lived phenomenon, particularly because the Nazis who came to power in 1933 favoured traditional German operatic art, particularly Wagner, and suppressed modernist tendencies.


Question: How many works has Sergei Rachmaninov composed?

History of opera

Both Křenek and Weill, as well as Schönberg, emigrated in the 1930s to the United States as a result.


Question: How many works has Sergei Rachmaninov composed?

History of opera

Opera in Nazi Germany After the National Socialists rose to power, they soon established the Reich Music Chamber () to oversee musical life.


Question: How many works has Sergei Rachmaninov composed?

History of opera

In 1933, the nearly 70-year-old Richard Strauss was appointed to head it by Joseph Goebbels.


Question: How many works has Sergei Rachmaninov composed?

History of opera

However, Strauss was soon forced to resign because he continued to collaborate with the Jewish libretist Stefan Zweig.


Question: How many works has Sergei Rachmaninov composed?

History of opera

The Nazis defined the music permitted in the Third Reich precisely: music was not allowed to be dissonant, atonal, dodecaphonic, “chaotic”, Jewish, jazz-influenced, or left-wing.


Question: How many works has Sergei Rachmaninov composed?

History of opera

Based on this, the vast majority of modernist and modern music was banned.


Question: How many works has Sergei Rachmaninov composed?

History of opera

Those in power focused on performing works by great German composers of the 19th century such as Beethoven and Anton Bruckner to demonstrate the superiority of the German people over other nationalities.


Question: How many works has Sergei Rachmaninov composed?

History of opera

Especially popular with those in power was Richard Wagner because of the composer's antisemitic views and the German mythology of the Ring series.


Question: How many works has Sergei Rachmaninov composed?

History of opera

Adolf Hitler was a great admirer of Wagner and sought to combine this music with the heroic history of the German people he developed.


Question: How many works has Sergei Rachmaninov composed?

History of opera

[23] Hitler was also a personal friend of Winifred Wagner, widow of the composer's son Siegfried, who ran the Bayreuth Opera Festival, and the opera festival became a major national event and received monetary support from the state.


Question: How many works has Sergei Rachmaninov composed?

History of opera

[24] Wagner's music was also linked to the fates of the Third Reich: as the news of Stalingrad's surrender had carried on Berlin, Siegfried's funeral march for the destruction of the Gods was played repeatedly over several days on the radio.


Question: How many works has Sergei Rachmaninov composed?

History of opera

[25] The only composer composed in Nazi Germany to rise to international fame is Carl Orff, whose stage cantata Carmina Burana is particularly well known.


Question: How many works has Sergei Rachmaninov composed?

History of opera

Orff also composed numerous other stage works which, however, have not become widely performed outside Germany.


Question: How many works has Sergei Rachmaninov composed?

History of opera

[26] Werner Egk also composed numerous works, among which the musically very traditional Die Zaubergeige (“The Magic Violin”, 1935) was among the most popular operas in National Socialist Germany.


Question: How many works has Sergei Rachmaninov composed?

History of opera

[27] France Although Claude Debussy is commonly referred to as an impressionist, he himself considered himself rather a representative of symbolism.


Question: How many works has Sergei Rachmaninov composed?

History of opera

Symbolists took much influence from the mythology of Wagner's operas and it was not surprising that Debussy chose Pelléas et Mélisande, a play by renowned Symbolist writer Maurice Maeterlinck as the basis for his opera libretto.


Question: How many works has Sergei Rachmaninov composed?

History of opera

In opera, Debussy used a whole new kind of harmonic language, combining the leitmotifs of Wagnerians with the peculiar harmonies and rhythms of Musorgsky's Boris Godunov.


Question: How many works has Sergei Rachmaninov composed?

History of opera

He additionally used the size tone scales favoured by Franz Liszt, among others.


Question: How many works has Sergei Rachmaninov composed?

History of opera

The most central element in Debussy's music, however, was its timber colour.


Question: How many works has Sergei Rachmaninov composed?

History of opera

Debussy's only opera, Pelléas et Mélisande (1902), was a great success, although it provoked outrage in the most conservative musical circles.


Question: How many works has Sergei Rachmaninov composed?

History of opera

Debussy planned for a long time to compose operas based on two plays by Edgar Allan Poe, but both remained unfinished.


Question: How many works has Sergei Rachmaninov composed?

History of opera

Maurice Ravel's L'Heure Espagnole (Spanish Moment, 1911) is a farce whose vocal proportions are close to normal speech and are rhythmically free and improvisational by accompanying orchestration.


Question: How many works has Sergei Rachmaninov composed?

History of opera

The orchestra used by Ravel was large and in L'Heure Espagnole as well as the second opera L'Enfant et les sortilèges (“The Enchanted Child”, 1925) used elements of jazz- foxtrot and ragtime.


Question: How many works has Sergei Rachmaninov composed?

History of opera

Les Six A key influence on French music in the 1920s was the group Les Six, which represented the neoclassical stylistic direction, formed by Georges Auric, Louis Durey, Arthur Honegger, Darius Milhaud, Francis Poulenc and Germaine Tailleferre.


Question: How many works has Sergei Rachmaninov composed?

History of opera

Their goal was to remove traces of German Romanticism from French music, sharpen the sensibility of Impressionism, and embrace new classicist ideals.


Question: How many works has Sergei Rachmaninov composed?

History of opera

The group used a lot of Jean Cocteau's librettos in their operas.


Question: How many works has Sergei Rachmaninov composed?

History of opera

In Arthur Honegger's oratorio Le roi David (“King David”, 1921), as well as operas Judith (1926), and Antigone (1927) include the typical features of the composer's music: the dynamism of the music, bold orchestral colours and tangy harmonies.


Question: How many works has Sergei Rachmaninov composed?

History of opera

In Le roi David, the composer combined with traditional choral singing features from Gregorian chant, Baroque polyphony and jazz.


Question: How many works has Sergei Rachmaninov composed?

History of opera

Among Milhaud's numerous operas, the chamber opera Les malheurs d'Orphée (“The Accidents of Orpheus”, 1926), a complex and multi-part sizeable work based on Aeskhylos's trilogy, Oresteia (1913—22), the last part of which was not performed on radio until 1949 as well as large-format grand opéra Bolivar (1936).


Question: How many works has Sergei Rachmaninov composed?

History of opera

Francis Poulenc's surrealist Les mamelles de Tirésias (“The Breasts of Tiresia”, 1947) is based on a play by Guillaume Apollinaire.


Question: How many works has Sergei Rachmaninov composed?

History of opera

It consists mostly of a series of solo songs, intertwined with each other by spoken dialogue and occasionally recitative.


Question: How many works has Sergei Rachmaninov composed?

History of opera

In its harmonies, the opera is traditional tonal.


Question: How many works has Sergei Rachmaninov composed?

History of opera

Dialogues des Carmélites (“Conversations of Carmelite Nuns”, 1957) is set around the French Revolution.


Question: How many works has Sergei Rachmaninov composed?

History of opera

The opera uses modal harmonies, drawing influences from Musorgski and Stravinky.


Question: How many works has Sergei Rachmaninov composed?

History of opera

What remained Poulenc's final opera was La Voix humaine (“The Human Voice”, 1959).


Question: How many works has Sergei Rachmaninov composed?

History of opera

The opera tells the story of a woman who, during a phone conversation, realizes that she has lost a loved one.


Question: How many works has Sergei Rachmaninov composed?

History of opera

During the man's answers, silence reigns.


Question: How many works has Sergei Rachmaninov composed?

History of opera

Soviet Union After the Russian Civil War, a relatively liberal social climate existed in the newly formed Soviet Union right up until Josif Stalin's eventual rise to power in the early 1930s.


Question: How many works has Sergei Rachmaninov composed?

History of opera

Two main trends prevailed in the musical life, represented by associations, the Association of New Music ASM and the Association of Russian Proletariat Musicians RAPM both founded in 1923.


Question: How many works has Sergei Rachmaninov composed?

History of opera

The former sought to promote modernism, taking influences from Stravinsky, Paul Hindemith and Schönberg, among others, while the latter regarded modernism as elitist and sought to promote traditional tonal music.


Question: How many works has Sergei Rachmaninov composed?

History of opera

The whole 1920s was a time of daring experimentation in Soviet music, although no actual masterpieces can be found among the works.


Question: How many works has Sergei Rachmaninov composed?

History of opera

Traditional romantic operas were performed with new librettos: for example, Tosca was performed in Leningrad in 1924 under the name Borba za Kommunu (Борьба за коммуну, meaning Battle for the Commune) and Giacomo Meyerbeer's Huguenots were renamed Dekabristy (Decembrists).


Question: How many works has Sergei Rachmaninov composed?

History of opera

Towards the end of the 1920s, the atmosphere began to change and modern aesthetics began to be attacked in the party press.


Question: How many works has Sergei Rachmaninov composed?

History of opera

Dmitry Shostakovich's satirical opera Нос (Nos, Nose 1930) was removed from the repertoire after only 16 performances and was not seen in the country until 1974.


Question: How many works has Sergei Rachmaninov composed?

History of opera

The official arts policy promulgated by the party in 1932 changed the situation forever.


Question: How many works has Sergei Rachmaninov composed?

History of opera

Art was considered to have become too elitist and composers expected more approachable works consistent with socialist realism.


Question: How many works has Sergei Rachmaninov composed?

History of opera

Competing music societies were dissolved and a new Soviet Union of Composers was established in their place.


Question: How many works has Sergei Rachmaninov composed?

History of opera

Shostakovich's Леди Макбет Мценского уезда (Ledi Makbet Mtsenskogo uezda, Lady Macbeth of Mtsensk Engagement, 1936) received an enthusiastic reception at the premiere, but was fully slated two years later under the title “A mess instead of music” with a review appearing in Pravda and the composer was obviously close to losing one's life.


Question: How many works has Sergei Rachmaninov composed?

History of opera

Elevated to a masterpiece in line with the ideals of the Communist Party, Ivan Dzeržinsky's Тихий дон (Tihi Don, Quietly Flows Don, 1935), based on Mikhail Šolohov's novel of the same name.


Question: How many works has Sergei Rachmaninov composed?

History of opera

The work was very old in its musical language and contained a lot of folk music.


Question: How many works has Sergei Rachmaninov composed?

History of opera

The opera also received numerous imitators.


Question: How many works has Sergei Rachmaninov composed?

History of opera

Pravda's review that knocked out the Mtsensk engagement Lady Macbeth compared it explicitly to Quiet Flows Don's melodicity and choral contributions.


Question: How many works has Sergei Rachmaninov composed?

History of opera

[28] Sergei Prokofiev lived abroad from 1918 until 1935, where he completed his first operas: Maddalena (1911) and Igrok (Gamblers, 1919).


Question: How many works has Sergei Rachmaninov composed?

History of opera

Любовь к трём апельсинам (Ljubov k trjom apelsinam, Love to Three Oranges, 1921), which premiered in Chicago, is a polygynous fairy tale about a young prince whose witch makes fall in love with three oranges.


Question: How many works has Sergei Rachmaninov composed?

History of opera

After returning back to the Soviet Union in 1935, Prokofievkin soon fell under the yoke of official communist cultural policy.


Question: How many works has Sergei Rachmaninov composed?

History of opera

In the Soviet Union he composed Семён Котко (Semjon Kotko, 1940), an opera set in Ukraine, during the closing stages of the Russian Revolution, in which he used folk musical subjects and strived for melodicity.


Question: How many works has Sergei Rachmaninov composed?

History of opera

However, the result was not good enough for the party and the piece was sidelined for almost two decades.


Question: How many works has Sergei Rachmaninov composed?

History of opera

During the war Prokofiev composed two operas Obrutšenije v monastyre (Betrothal in the Monastery, 1946) and Война и мир (Voina i mir, War and Peace, 1946), which were well received.


Question: How many works has Sergei Rachmaninov composed?

History of opera

Soviet opera after the war The strict control of cultural life continued in the Soviet Union until its dissolution and was carried out especially by Tihon Hrennikov, who had long served at the head of the Composers' Union.


Question: How many works has Sergei Rachmaninov composed?

History of opera

The style of the works survived as a mixture of puccinini and verism, accompanied by Soviet-inspired rhetoric.


Question: How many works has Sergei Rachmaninov composed?

History of opera

The only significant work of the entire era can be considered Yuri Šaporin's opera Dekabristy (“The Dekabrists”, 1957).


Question: How many works has Sergei Rachmaninov composed?

History of opera

It was only in the early 1990s when the Soviet Union broke up that the situation began to change decisively.


Question: How many works has Sergei Rachmaninov composed?

History of opera

Alfred Schnittken Žizn s idiotom (Life with an Idiot, 1992), which premiered in Amsterdam, is a satirical representation of life in the Soviet Union.


Question: How many works has Sergei Rachmaninov composed?

History of opera

Schnittke's next operas, “Gesualdo” about Renaissance composer Carlo Gesualdo (1995) and Historia von D. Johann Fausten also premiered abroad.


Question: How many works has Sergei Rachmaninov composed?

History of opera

[29] Modernism Art music underwent a major transformation after World War II.


Question: How many works has Sergei Rachmaninov composed?

History of opera

A new generation of composers who grew up during the World War wanted to develop a whole new kind of aesthetics for art music.


Question: How many works has Sergei Rachmaninov composed?

History of opera

The main style direction of music became serialism, with Schönberg and, in particular, Webern's structurally honed dodecaphony.


Question: How many works has Sergei Rachmaninov composed?

History of opera

In addition to the notes pitches, now other parameters of music such as rhythm and dynamics were set in the sets.


Question: How many works has Sergei Rachmaninov composed?

History of opera

Many composers who used serialization did not compose operas at all and some key influences were even hostile to the genre of music.


Question: How many works has Sergei Rachmaninov composed?

History of opera

Pierre Boulez, one of the most prominent serial composers, even exclaimed, “Burn down the opera houses!” [30] Among the composers who have used serialization in their music, the most notable opera composers have been Hans Werner Henze, Karlheinz Stockhausen and Olivier Messiaen.


Question: How many works has Sergei Rachmaninov composed?

History of opera

Hans Werner Henze is one of the most prolific opera composers of the postwar period.


Question: How many works has Sergei Rachmaninov composed?

History of opera

He is versed in the 12-tone technique, but also uses quotations and parodies of jazz music in his works.


Question: How many works has Sergei Rachmaninov composed?

History of opera

With his well-received early period operas such as König Hirch (1956) and The Bassarids (1966), Henze set about making political musical theatre.


Question: How many works has Sergei Rachmaninov composed?

History of opera

In the late 1970s Henze returned to opera and The English Cat (1983) has been influenced by Berg's Lulu as well as Monteverdi's Il ritorno d'Ulisse in patricia.


Question: How many works has Sergei Rachmaninov composed?

History of opera

At the age of about 50, Karlheinz Stockhausen began composing a huge seven-part opera series Licht (“Light”, 1977—2002), parts of which bear the names of days of the week and which took 25 years to complete.


Question: How many works has Sergei Rachmaninov composed?

History of opera

Licht is composed on the basis of three melodies, each associated with one of the opera's main characters.


Question: How many works has Sergei Rachmaninov composed?

History of opera

The work manifests a multi-level commonality of structure: each note in the melody corresponds to the tonal hubs and lengths of entire scenes.


Question: How many works has Sergei Rachmaninov composed?

History of opera

According to scholar Henry Bacon, the work can be thought of as taking the principle of total seriality to its logical endpoint.


Question: How many works has Sergei Rachmaninov composed?

History of opera

The total length of the piece is over 29 hours.


Question: How many works has Sergei Rachmaninov composed?

History of opera

[31] Messiaen's only operatic work, the five-hour-long Franciscus of Assisi (Saint François d'Assise, 1983) tells the life story of a saint who lived in the 12th century.


Question: How many works has Sergei Rachmaninov composed?

History of opera

The composer himself called his work a “spectacle” rather than an opera.


Question: How many works has Sergei Rachmaninov composed?

History of opera

Similar to his other works, Messiaen uses musical motifs similar to birdsong in opera.


Question: How many works has Sergei Rachmaninov composed?

History of opera

Musical theatre in the 1960s emerged, in protest at traditional opera, a new genre of musical drama known as musical theatre.


Question: How many works has Sergei Rachmaninov composed?

History of opera

Musical theatre works are usually pieces composed for small ensembles that combine music, stage action, and drama.


Question: How many works has Sergei Rachmaninov composed?

History of opera

Musical theatre has often musically represented the latest avant-garde.


Question: How many works has Sergei Rachmaninov composed?

History of opera

In serialization, the elements of music are determined in a strict logical, even detached manner from the actual auditory experience.


Question: How many works has Sergei Rachmaninov composed?

History of opera

Partly because of this, modernist music has sometimes been perceived as difficult and heavy.


Question: How many works has Sergei Rachmaninov composed?

History of opera

American John Cage sought to offer listeners alternatives with music he had sought to strip of all intellectuality and focused only on pure sounds.


Question: How many works has Sergei Rachmaninov composed?

History of opera

Many of Cage's works also involve theatrical elements.


Question: How many works has Sergei Rachmaninov composed?

History of opera

The composer himself referred to his works as Europeas 1 & 2, Europeas 3 & 4 and Europeas 5 operas, although in the traditional sense it is more of a treatise on the institutions of European opera carried out through the means of musical theatre.


Question: How many works has Sergei Rachmaninov composed?

History of opera

In Luciano Berio's first musical-theatrical work, Passaggio (1963), a woman travels slowly across the stage impersonating the stages of a play about Christ's suffering.


Question: How many works has Sergei Rachmaninov composed?

History of opera

The choir, placed in the orchestral gnome, will belive the suffering of a woman, but a speech choir placed among the audience demeans the woman.


Question: How many works has Sergei Rachmaninov composed?

History of opera

In several of his operas, Berio has designed the musical structures of the work first and later selected the texts that fit them.


Question: How many works has Sergei Rachmaninov composed?

History of opera

In the UK, Harrison Birtwistle has taken influences from the history of theatre in his works and in Punch and Judy (1968) there are noticeable features of puppetry and commedia dell'arte.


Question: How many works has Sergei Rachmaninov composed?

History of opera

Birtwistle uses a medieval isorhythmic compositional technique in his works.


Question: How many works has Sergei Rachmaninov composed?

History of opera

Birtwistle's operas The Mask of Orpheus (“The Mask of Orpheus”, 1986) and Sir Gawain and the Green Knight (“Sir Gawain and the Green Knight”, 1991) elevated him to one of the leading opera composers of his time.


Question: How many works has Sergei Rachmaninov composed?

History of opera

Minimalism by the latter part of the 20th century, the difference between new music and the taste of the vast masses had grown so great that, according to opera director David Freeman, “even in a city the size of London could be known by all visitors to concerts of new music.”


Question: How many works has Sergei Rachmaninov composed?

History of opera

Several composers set about developing a new musical expression that would allow full-fledged artistic expression while at the same time being broadly easily assimilated.


Question: How many works has Sergei Rachmaninov composed?

History of opera

Among the best-known opera composers of the resulting minimalism are Philip Glass and John Adams.


Question: How many works has Sergei Rachmaninov composed?

History of opera

Often regarded as major works by Glass, the operas Einstein on the Beach (1976), Satyagraha (1980) and Akhnaten (1983) aim to minimize the proportion of language.


Question: How many works has Sergei Rachmaninov composed?

History of opera

Einstein on the Beach mainly uses solphanyms of notes only as text, and the music consists of patterns repeated indefinitely.


Question: How many works has Sergei Rachmaninov composed?

History of opera

The Satyagraha narrating Mohandas Gandhi uses Sanskrit in the text and Ancient Akhnaten.


Question: How many works has Sergei Rachmaninov composed?

History of opera

Nixon in China (Nixon in China), completed in 1987 by John Adams, is exceptional for its strictly contemporary and world politics subject matter, which it tackles with a formality similar to Baroque opera.


Question: How many works has Sergei Rachmaninov composed?

History of opera

Adams is considered particularly adept as a composer of beautiful, easy-to-sing vowel lines.


Question: How many works has Sergei Rachmaninov composed?

History of opera

The composer's next opera The Death of Klinghoffer (The Death of Klinghoffer, 1991) recounts the events of the 1985 hijacking of the Achille Lauro-ship by Palestinian terrorists.


Question: How many works has Sergei Rachmaninov composed?

History of opera

[32] Opera in Finland had its first opera performances already in the latter part of the 18th century, but really interest in the art form did not arise until the second half of the 19th century.


Question: How many works has Sergei Rachmaninov composed?

History of opera

The first Finnish operatic work is the Hunting of Charles the King from 1852 composed by Fredrik Pacius to a libretto by Sakari Topelius.


Question: How many works has Sergei Rachmaninov composed?

History of opera

At the end of the 19th century, opera performances were held in Finland and for a short time there was a permanent opera troupe, the Finnish Opera, which had to be disbanded due to financial difficulties.


Question: How many works has Sergei Rachmaninov composed?

History of opera

In 1911, Aino Ackté and Edvard Fazer founded the Finnish Opera, which changed its name to Finnish Opera in 1914.


Question: How many works has Sergei Rachmaninov composed?

History of opera

It received permanent performance status in 1918 from the Alexander Theatre.


Question: How many works has Sergei Rachmaninov composed?

History of opera

In 1956 it became the Finnish National Opera.


Question: How many works has Sergei Rachmaninov composed?

History of opera

The art of opera in Finland began to achieve international fame in the 1970s, first of all with Joonas Kokkonen and Aulis Sallisen's so-called haircap operas such as the Red Line and The Last Temptations.


Question: How many works has Sergei Rachmaninov composed?

History of opera

Finland's rise to become one of the world's leading opera countries was also influenced by the Savonlinna Opera Festival and the international fame achieved by many Finnish singers such as Martti Talvela and later, for example Karita Mattila and Soile Isokoski.


Question: How many works has Sergei Rachmaninov composed?

History of opera

Since the turn of the millennium, the most prominent figure in Finnish opera has been Kaija Saariaho, whose first opera Kaukainen Love (L'amour de loin, 2000) received plenty of international attention.


Question: How many works has Sergei Rachmaninov composed?

History of opera

Sources Main sources Unless a separate reference is provided, it can be found in: Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Henry Bacon| title = Opera history| publisher = Otava| year = 1995| id=ISBN 951-1-13273-3}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Grout Donald Jay et al.| title = A History of Western Music, 7th ed.| publisher = W.W.


Question: How many works has Sergei Rachmaninov composed?

History of opera

Norton & Company, Inc.| year = 2005| id = ISBN 0-393-97991-1}} Other sources Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = William James Henderson| title = Some Forerunners of Italian Opera | publisher = Henry Holt and Company| year = 1911}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Olli Mäkinen| title = Modern, Repetition and Irony — Aspects of Søren Kierkegaard's Aesthetics and Joseph Heller's Catch-22| publisher = University of Oulu| year = 2004| id = ISBN 951-42-7268-4}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Richard Wagner, Translated by William Ashton Ellis| title= The Art-Work of the Future| year = 1849}} References Category:Opera Category:History of Music Category:Key articles of screening


Question: What did Johan Jakob Nervander die from?

Johan Jakob Nervander

Johan Jakob Nervander (23 February 1805, Uusikaupunki — 15 March 1848 Helsinki) [1] was a Finnish poet, physicist and meteorologist.


Question: What did Johan Jakob Nervander die from?

Johan Jakob Nervander

Nervander was the initiator of Finnish meteorological measurement and observation activities.


Question: What did Johan Jakob Nervander die from?

Johan Jakob Nervander

The so-called Helsinki observation series, launched in 1844 on magnetic measurements, is rare worldwide and appreciated in the current scientific community.


Question: What did Johan Jakob Nervander die from?

Johan Jakob Nervander

[2] He also developed galvanometer.


Question: What did Johan Jakob Nervander die from?

Johan Jakob Nervander

[3] Nervander was one of the founding members of several different clubs, including Societas pro Fauna et Flora Fennica, Saturiseura, Finnish Literature Society and the Finnish Science Society.


Question: What did Johan Jakob Nervander die from?

Johan Jakob Nervander

Life Adolescent Years Johan Jakob Nervander was born in Uusikaupunki on 23 February 1805.


Question: What did Johan Jakob Nervander die from?

Johan Jakob Nervander

His parents were pharmacist Johan Nervander and Beata Bergbom.


Question: What did Johan Jakob Nervander die from?

Johan Jakob Nervander

The Nervander family is native to the Närva farm east of Pori.


Question: What did Johan Jakob Nervander die from?

Johan Jakob Nervander

The surname is taken to paraphrase the farm name


Question: What did Johan Jakob Nervander die from?

Johan Jakob Nervander

In Uusikaupunki, Johan Nervander got into a good position financially.


Question: What did Johan Jakob Nervander die from?

Johan Jakob Nervander

He was one of the first apothecaries in the city, owned several properties and also shares in sailing ships.


Question: What did Johan Jakob Nervander die from?

Johan Jakob Nervander

However, the transactions failed and financial collapse ensued.


Question: What did Johan Jakob Nervander die from?

Johan Jakob Nervander

Nervander sold his pharmacy in 1813, when the family moved to Oulu.


Question: What did Johan Jakob Nervander die from?

Johan Jakob Nervander

Johan Nervander died three years after moving and the family stayed to live in Oulu in poverty.


Question: What did Johan Jakob Nervander die from?

Johan Jakob Nervander

The family is left in addition to J. J. Nervander by four other children.


Question: What did Johan Jakob Nervander die from?

Johan Jakob Nervander

Beata sent his 11-year-old firstborn son to this uncle, Fredrik Bergbom, assistant professor of philosophy, in Turku.


Question: What did Johan Jakob Nervander die from?

Johan Jakob Nervander

Nervander thus finished his short studies at the Oulu Trivial School and started studies at Turku Cathedral School.


Question: What did Johan Jakob Nervander die from?

Johan Jakob Nervander

Four years later, Nervander matriculated at the age of 15 and began university studies in the same year, 1820, at the Academy of Turku.


Question: What did Johan Jakob Nervander die from?

Johan Jakob Nervander

At the Academy of Turku, he was entered in the matricle of the Ostrobothnian Osakunta with the additional mention of rarioris spei adolescentulus, meaning “young people with unusually high hopes”.


Question: What did Johan Jakob Nervander die from?

Johan Jakob Nervander

On August 29, 1827, Nervander went in Gävle, Sweden to marry Agata Emerentia Öhmann, seven years older than himself.


Question: What did Johan Jakob Nervander die from?

Johan Jakob Nervander

Two years earlier, Augusta Matilda, in Kirkkonummi on 13 August.


Question: What did Johan Jakob Nervander die from?

Johan Jakob Nervander

The relationship between Nervander and Öhmann was kept under wraps.


Question: What did Johan Jakob Nervander die from?

Johan Jakob Nervander

Not even Nervander's close friend J. V. Snellman knew about it.


Question: What did Johan Jakob Nervander die from?

Johan Jakob Nervander

Another of the family's children, Hugo Emmerick, was also born before the marriage, on 22 April 1827.


Question: What did Johan Jakob Nervander die from?

Johan Jakob Nervander

Nervander's marriage is often said to have been unhappy.


Question: What did Johan Jakob Nervander die from?

Johan Jakob Nervander

However, the separation was not taken and a total of eight children were born into the family, three of whom died as infants


Question: What did Johan Jakob Nervander die from?

Johan Jakob Nervander

The poverty that ensued from the failure of Nervander's father put pressure on Nervander throughout his life.


Question: What did Johan Jakob Nervander die from?

Johan Jakob Nervander

He had to work for the spring semester of 1832 at the Helsingfors lyceum as a teacher in order to bring the family finances into balance.


Question: What did Johan Jakob Nervander die from?

Johan Jakob Nervander

Nervander earned his bachelor's degree in 1827 after presenting his master's thesis for public inspection.


Question: What did Johan Jakob Nervander die from?

Johan Jakob Nervander

At the conferment ceremony in the same year, the last to be held at the old Turku Academy, he was ordained as valedictorian.


Question: What did Johan Jakob Nervander die from?

Johan Jakob Nervander

According to the requirements, the Bachelor of Philosophy degree had to include 11 subjects.


Question: What did Johan Jakob Nervander die from?

Johan Jakob Nervander

Out of a total of 33 potentially pro-vote votes, Nervander received 30.


Question: What did Johan Jakob Nervander die from?

Johan Jakob Nervander

He had the highest grade in eight subjects.


Question: What did Johan Jakob Nervander die from?

Johan Jakob Nervander

This was the university's best performance in the history of asthma.


Question: What did Johan Jakob Nervander die from?

Johan Jakob Nervander

[4] By becoming a master's degree, Nervander had matriculated for seven years.


Question: What did Johan Jakob Nervander die from?

Johan Jakob Nervander

His study success had been glorious.


Question: What did Johan Jakob Nervander die from?

Johan Jakob Nervander

Nervander's closest fellow students included J. V. Snellman and J. L. Runeberg.


Question: What did Johan Jakob Nervander die from?

Johan Jakob Nervander

They spent a lot of time both in extracurricular profanities as well as in more serious connections.


Question: What did Johan Jakob Nervander die from?

Johan Jakob Nervander

Evidence of this is the letters Nervander sent to Snellman.


Question: What did Johan Jakob Nervander die from?

Johan Jakob Nervander

Snellman and Nervander were both poets and together they also wrote poetry.


Question: What did Johan Jakob Nervander die from?

Johan Jakob Nervander

Two years after completing his bachelor's degree, Nervander completed his docent thesis in physics.


Question: What did Johan Jakob Nervander die from?

Johan Jakob Nervander

The inscription is entitled In doctrinam electro-magnetism momenta.


Question: What did Johan Jakob Nervander die from?

Johan Jakob Nervander

Ten years earlier, the famous Danish physicist Hans Christian Ørsted had observed the effect of electric currents on magnets.


Question: What did Johan Jakob Nervander die from?

Johan Jakob Nervander

In his work, Nervander attempted to measure current strength by observing the effect of electric current on magnets that were close to the current loop.


Question: What did Johan Jakob Nervander die from?

Johan Jakob Nervander

The thesis was accepted, and Nervander was appointed docent in physics on the first day of June in 1829.


Question: What did Johan Jakob Nervander die from?

Johan Jakob Nervander

In the same year, he also began working as a professor of physics.


Question: What did Johan Jakob Nervander die from?

Johan Jakob Nervander

He received the position when Gustaf Gabriel Hällström was rector of the university and relieved of the duty of lecturing.


Question: What did Johan Jakob Nervander die from?

Johan Jakob Nervander

On 22 February 1832, Nervander published a treatise on mathematics De curvatum in genere tertii ordini osculatricae, after which he was appointed assistant professor of mathematics and physics at the University of Helsinki.


Question: What did Johan Jakob Nervander die from?

Johan Jakob Nervander

Three years earlier, Nervander and his fellow student Tulindberg had jointly applied for the position, but neither gained a seat because they were considered incompetent.


Question: What did Johan Jakob Nervander die from?

Johan Jakob Nervander

Nervander's positions were particularly enhanced by his thesis, although it contained several errors of weight and carelessness.


Question: What did Johan Jakob Nervander die from?

Johan Jakob Nervander

In the early 1830s, a travel scholarship was established at the University of Helsinki in the early 1830s.


Question: What did Johan Jakob Nervander die from?

Johan Jakob Nervander

Nervander was the first to receive a scholarship for funding his trip.


Question: What did Johan Jakob Nervander die from?

Johan Jakob Nervander

It made possible an extensive expedition to Europe between 1832 and 1836.


Question: What did Johan Jakob Nervander die from?

Johan Jakob Nervander

The journey began in the autumn of 1832 and the first stop was in Stockholm.


Question: What did Johan Jakob Nervander die from?

Johan Jakob Nervander

During his time in Sweden, Nervander established contact with Jöns Berzelius.


Question: What did Johan Jakob Nervander die from?

Johan Jakob Nervander

In Stockholm and Uppsala he met Swedish physicists, among them Fredrik Rudberg.


Question: What did Johan Jakob Nervander die from?

Johan Jakob Nervander

It is thought that Nervander's interest in Earth magnetism was just awakened thanks to contacts established in Sweden.


Question: What did Johan Jakob Nervander die from?

Johan Jakob Nervander

[5] From Sweden the journey continued to Copenhagen.


Question: What did Johan Jakob Nervander die from?

Johan Jakob Nervander

In Denmark he met poet Adam Oehlenschläger as well as physicist Hans Ørsted.


Question: What did Johan Jakob Nervander die from?

Johan Jakob Nervander

The journey eventually continued via Göttingen to Paris.


Question: What did Johan Jakob Nervander die from?

Johan Jakob Nervander

Nervander wrote an article in 1833 for the Annales de Chimie et de Physique, edited by Gay-Lussac.


Question: What did Johan Jakob Nervander die from?

Johan Jakob Nervander

In his article, Nervander writes about a new kind of galvanometer.


Question: What did Johan Jakob Nervander die from?

Johan Jakob Nervander

With its help, it is easier to calculate the effect of current on the magnetic field.


Question: What did Johan Jakob Nervander die from?

Johan Jakob Nervander

Later, the device was improved by Claude Pouillet, who also made it known in wide circles.


Question: What did Johan Jakob Nervander die from?

Johan Jakob Nervander

From Paris, Nervander continued his journey to Italy, where he became acquainted with the magnetic obsevatory of Milan in the autumn of 1834.


Question: What did Johan Jakob Nervander die from?

Johan Jakob Nervander

From Italy, he continued his journey to Vienna, where he was offered the position of professor at the University of Jena.


Question: What did Johan Jakob Nervander die from?

Johan Jakob Nervander

Nervander refused this.


Question: What did Johan Jakob Nervander die from?

Johan Jakob Nervander

He began a return voyage to Finland in 1836.


Question: What did Johan Jakob Nervander die from?

Johan Jakob Nervander

The intention was to return to the homeland via Stockholm, but a fierce winter prevented the journey from Stockholm to Helsinki.


Question: What did Johan Jakob Nervander die from?

Johan Jakob Nervander

For this reason, Nervander decided to travel to Finland via Saint Petersburg.


Question: What did Johan Jakob Nervander die from?

Johan Jakob Nervander

There he made new contacts and also presented a plan to build a magnetic observatory in Helsinki.


Question: What did Johan Jakob Nervander die from?

Johan Jakob Nervander

This was not a new idea, as already Gustaf Gabriel Hällström had put forward such ideas.


Question: What did Johan Jakob Nervander die from?

Johan Jakob Nervander

Nervander's plan was well received and in a letter received on 19 March 1838, Nervander obtained permission for the construction of the building.


Question: What did Johan Jakob Nervander die from?

Johan Jakob Nervander

The building was the largest project in the university world of its time in Finland.


Question: What did Johan Jakob Nervander die from?

Johan Jakob Nervander

[6] Nervander had time to do a lot of measurements.


Question: What did Johan Jakob Nervander die from?

Johan Jakob Nervander

Figures given by the devices were recorded every ten minutes.


Question: What did Johan Jakob Nervander die from?

Johan Jakob Nervander

After Nervander, the recording of observations decreased until, in 1912, only one measurement per day was satisfied and finally the nearby electric tram traffic disrupted measurements and measurements were discontinued.


Question: What did Johan Jakob Nervander die from?

Johan Jakob Nervander

Measurements of Nervander's magnetic declination, about 1010,000 observations, comprise five sunspot periods.


Question: What did Johan Jakob Nervander die from?

Johan Jakob Nervander

Death Nervander's career came to an abrupt end when he contracted smallpox and died on March 15, 1848.


Question: What did Johan Jakob Nervander die from?

Johan Jakob Nervander

When he died, he was only 43 years old.


Question: What did Johan Jakob Nervander die from?

Johan Jakob Nervander

Nervander had the seat of professor, director of the observatory, as well as free housing at the observatory and the right to keep cattle in Kaisaniemi Park.


Question: What did Johan Jakob Nervander die from?

Johan Jakob Nervander

It is clear from his Peruvian book that he had few cattle: a cow, a piglet and 12 chickens.


Question: What did Johan Jakob Nervander die from?

Johan Jakob Nervander

Despite his good standing, Nervander lived almost invariably his entire life in scarce conditions.


Question: What did Johan Jakob Nervander die from?

Johan Jakob Nervander

He enjoyed a good salary, but there was little extra left in the family, besides himself, a wife, four children and also a sister of his wife.


Question: What did Johan Jakob Nervander die from?

Johan Jakob Nervander

The household also included four maids.


Question: What did Johan Jakob Nervander die from?

Johan Jakob Nervander

Nervander had large debts to pay off and took out more loans to pay off previous loans.


Question: What did Johan Jakob Nervander die from?

Johan Jakob Nervander

He left his family in the same way in poverty as his father had previously left him.


Question: What did Johan Jakob Nervander die from?

Johan Jakob Nervander

Career Poet Nervander was known from the beginning as a poet.


Question: What did Johan Jakob Nervander die from?

Johan Jakob Nervander

His poetry production focuses primarily on the 1820s.


Question: What did Johan Jakob Nervander die from?

Johan Jakob Nervander

He published in 1830 a translation of poems Dikter af konung Ludvig i Bäjern.


Question: What did Johan Jakob Nervander die from?

Johan Jakob Nervander

For the work Jephtas bok, en minnessång i Israel Nervander was awarded with the Swedish Academy Award.


Question: What did Johan Jakob Nervander die from?

Johan Jakob Nervander

The compiled works of fiction Skrifter 1 and 2 were published only after his death.


Question: What did Johan Jakob Nervander die from?

Johan Jakob Nervander

[7] Physicist The study of electricity and magnetism progressed by great leaps and bounds in the fold of the 18th and 19th centuries.


Question: What did Johan Jakob Nervander die from?

Johan Jakob Nervander

Nervander decided to redirect physics research into these fields.


Question: What did Johan Jakob Nervander die from?

Johan Jakob Nervander

However, devotion to the natural sciences was not quite a clear thing, as he was gifted in a number of subjects.


Question: What did Johan Jakob Nervander die from?

Johan Jakob Nervander

He was particularly interested in classical languages, the Hebrew initial texts of the Bible, philosophy and history.


Question: What did Johan Jakob Nervander die from?

Johan Jakob Nervander

On his first trip to Europe in 1832—1836, Nervander became acquainted with European research institutes and, above all, scientific circles.


Question: What did Johan Jakob Nervander die from?

Johan Jakob Nervander

During his time in Paris, he introduced a delicate device for measuring current strength, the tangent bussole.


Question: What did Johan Jakob Nervander die from?

Johan Jakob Nervander

The gauge was based on the magnetic moment generated by the electric current, which caused the magnet inside the coil to turn.


Question: What did Johan Jakob Nervander die from?

Johan Jakob Nervander

The instrument was called a tangent bussole because, based on measurements, the tangent to the angle of turn of the needle was directly proportional to the current strength.


Question: What did Johan Jakob Nervander die from?

Johan Jakob Nervander

Around this time, it was believed Earth's magnetic field had an effect on weather.


Question: What did Johan Jakob Nervander die from?

Johan Jakob Nervander

Magnetism has been known as far back as the 17th century, but during Nervander's lifetime the magnetic field of Earth began to be measured across Earth.


Question: What did Johan Jakob Nervander die from?

Johan Jakob Nervander

An extensive network of observatories measuring magnetism was needed for this purpose.


Question: What did Johan Jakob Nervander die from?

Johan Jakob Nervander

This was the background when Helsinki established its own observatory.


Question: What did Johan Jakob Nervander die from?

Johan Jakob Nervander

As a result of the Turku fire, teaching moved to Helsinki.


Question: What did Johan Jakob Nervander die from?

Johan Jakob Nervander

This required the construction of new facilities, which again required a strong financial effort.


Question: What did Johan Jakob Nervander die from?

Johan Jakob Nervander

Despite this, the university was able to build the most expensive building in the university world of asthic Finland, a magnetic observatory in Kaisaniemi.


Question: What did Johan Jakob Nervander die from?

Johan Jakob Nervander

The building was completed in 1841 and regular magnetic field measurements began in July 1844.


Question: What did Johan Jakob Nervander die from?

Johan Jakob Nervander

The measurement results were analyzed by 12 assistants and measurements were taken daily every ten minutes.


Question: What did Johan Jakob Nervander die from?

Johan Jakob Nervander

In addition, meteorological observations were recorded at hourly intervals.


Question: What did Johan Jakob Nervander die from?

Johan Jakob Nervander

Nervander published the results of 1844—1848 in four volumes, but ill health and early death put an end to measurements on his part.


Question: What did Johan Jakob Nervander die from?

Johan Jakob Nervander

However, they were continued by Nervander's son-in-law Henrik Borenius, who served as director of the observatory from 1848 to 1860.


Question: What did Johan Jakob Nervander die from?

Johan Jakob Nervander

Nervander's observations series appeared in 1852, and it started the appearance of Finnish geophysical annals.


Question: What did Johan Jakob Nervander die from?

Johan Jakob Nervander

The St. Petersburg Academy awarded Nervander half of Demidov's prize.


Question: What did Johan Jakob Nervander die from?

Johan Jakob Nervander

Since Nervander had already died, the award was given to a family living in poverty.


Question: What did Johan Jakob Nervander die from?

Johan Jakob Nervander

In the field of geomagnetism, Nervander published a few studies on the periodicity of the circadian variation of the magnetic field, which he was able to explain as the sum of four Fourier waves.


Question: What did Johan Jakob Nervander die from?

Johan Jakob Nervander

The result still applies.


Question: What did Johan Jakob Nervander die from?

Johan Jakob Nervander

[8] Sources on the subject elsewhere Works freely available National Library Category:Finnish physicists Category:Professors of the Imperial Alexander University Category:Finnish poets Category:People born in 1805 Class:Persons who died in 1848 Category:Finnish professors


Question: Where was Makauni's first rental store located?

Video rental

A video rental store is an office open to the public where video recordings of films can be rented for home viewing.


Question: Where was Makauni's first rental store located?

Video rental

[1] Video rental stores began to emerge beginning in the late 1970s, as films began to be released on videocassettes alongside theatrical distribution and television performances.


Question: Where was Makauni's first rental store located?

Video rental

In the 1980s, VHS cassette became established as the standard for video recordings, which was supplanted by the turn of the millennium by DVD and its more advanced format Blu-ray disc.


Question: Where was Makauni's first rental store located?

Video rental

After the mid-1980s, releasing films on video became a bigger business than theatrical distribution in the world, and many films began to be released direct-to-video without showing them in theatres at all.


Question: Where was Makauni's first rental store located?

Video rental

[2] In the 2010s, video rental and other movie-watching has increasingly transitioned to being via the internet, with distribution channels such as Netflix and HBO Nordic.


Question: Where was Makauni's first rental store located?

Video rental

Therefore, rental companies for physical film recordings have developed other means to attract customers.


Question: Where was Makauni's first rental store located?

Video rental

In Finland, an increasing proportion of the turnover of video rental stores comes from sales of bulk confectionery: for example, 35% of Makun's turnover in the mid-2010s came from video rental.


Question: Where was Makauni's first rental store located?

Video rental

[3] [4] In 2018, My taste filed for bankruptcy.


Question: Where was Makauni's first rental store located?

Video rental

[5] Video rental in practice The rental of movies and video games from a video rental store requires verification of the customer's identity and acceptance of the terms of the contract.


Question: Where was Makauni's first rental store located?

Video rental

If the rental company's property remains unreturned, the rental company may then take recovery measures.


Question: Where was Makauni's first rental store located?

Video rental

A guardian's consent is required from a person under 15 years of age in Finland.


Question: Where was Makauni's first rental store located?

Video rental

Movie returns are often possible through the return hatch even when the rental company is closed.


Question: Where was Makauni's first rental store located?

Video rental

[6] In some countries there are also credit card vending machines for renting DVDs.


Question: Where was Makauni's first rental store located?

Video rental

History The first company to rent films for home use was a service founded by Eckhard Baum in Kassel, Germany, in 1975, where he rented copies of theatrical films made on Super 8 film at home for viewing on kaitaf-effect projectors.


Question: Where was Makauni's first rental store located?

Video rental

Baum's video rental store, in its modern form, was still in operation in the mid-2010s.


Question: Where was Makauni's first rental store located?

Video rental

[7] Following the entry of Sony's Betamax videocassettes, the first company to lease image tape recordings was founded in 1977 on Wilshire Boulevard in Los Angeles.


Question: Where was Makauni's first rental store located?

Video rental

Entrepreneur George Atkinson's “video club” had an annual fee of $50, and members could rent movies at a $10 per day rate.


Question: Where was Makauni's first rental store located?

Video rental

The largest video rental chain in North America and the world grew to be Blockbuster, founded in 1985 in Dallas, which already had 2800 in 1992 and over 10,000 rental stores in the early 2000s, mostly in English-speaking countries.


Question: Where was Makauni's first rental store located?

Video rental

Soon, Netflix and other online movie rental services began eating into the rental market, and Blockbuster filed bankruptcy in 2010.


Question: Where was Makauni's first rental store located?

Video rental

[8] Video releases for rental companies and sales use were primarily issued by subsidiaries specializing in the video market of major film companies, such as Paramount Home Video, Columbia Pictures Home Entertainment, and MGM/UA Home Video.


Question: Where was Makauni's first rental store located?

Video rental

Outside the United States, Paramount and Universal's video publishing business was handled by CIC Video (Cinema International Corporation).


Question: Where was Makauni's first rental store located?

Video rental

European publishers included British companies Thorn EMI Video and Rank Audiovisual; Polygram Video, a German joint venture between Siemens and Philips; and Swedish company Esselte.


Question: Where was Makauni's first rental store located?

Video rental store

[9] One mild phenomenon of video recordings of films is “pirated videos”, that is, pirated copies, for which no copyright or copying fees were paid to film producers.


Question: Where was Makauni's first rental store located?

Video rental store

Particularly bad, the pirated video market was plundered in the early 1990s in the last days of the Soviet Union.


Question: Where was Makauni's first rental store located?

Video rental store

There was no statute for pirated copies in the country's law, and so pirated copies of Western films were shown in “video salons”, that is, small ad hoc cinemas for a fee.


Question: Where was Makauni's first rental store located?

Video rental store

Television channels also showed pirated copies: among others, Renny Harlin's Die Hard 2 was aired as a pirated copy on the Soviet national television channel.


Question: Where was Makauni's first rental store located?

Video rental store

[10] History in Finland The first Finnish video rental stores came to the street around 1982.


Question: Where was Makauni's first rental store located?

Video rental store

Among the earliest video entrepreneurs was Lasse Backlund from Vaasa, owner of the still-operating Future Film, who ordered the films first in a rental business from a longer-term Sweden, but soon began buying video rights to films directly from foreign distribution companies.


Question: Where was Makauni's first rental store located?

Video rental store

In order to get a successful favourite in the theatre, one had to buy a dozen b-grade films as well.


Question: Where was Makauni's first rental store located?

Video rental store

The subtitles and covers were made in Finland, and the back covers were equipped with exaggerating promotional texts that often did not have much to do with the film.


Question: Where was Makauni's first rental store located?

Video rental store

[11] If the home did not have a VCR, a portable video player could be rented from a video rental store in the early years and connected to the antenna connection on the home TV.


Question: Where was Makauni's first rental store located?

Video rental store

The best known if not the only rental video player on the Finnish market was the Swedish company Esselten Moviebox [12].


Question: Where was Makauni's first rental store located?

Video rental store

At the end of 1981, Finland had around 30000 video recorders in use and half a million in 1987.


Question: Where was Makauni's first rental store located?

Video rental store

[13] [11] Around the same time, the video release of films was overtaking the admission ticket sales of cinemas worldwide in turnover.


Question: Where was Makauni's first rental store located?

Video rental store

[2] In 1990, VCR was already in 54% of households in Finland [14] [15].


Question: Where was Makauni's first rental store located?

Video rental store

The most common VCR was in 2004 in three-quarters of households.


Question: Where was Makauni's first rental store located?

Video rental store

[16] In 1983 there were more than one thousand video recordings of Finnish subtitled or Finnish long films on the market, at the same time as around five thousand video titles were available in the United States and a couple of thousand in Britain and the Federal Republic of Germany.


Question: Where was Makauni's first rental store located?

Video rental store

[17] [9] The toughest growth years for Finnish language rental video recordings were 1984 and 1985, when up to 1,000 titles a year entered the market.


Question: Where was Makauni's first rental store located?

Video rental store

Many of the video releases of the 1980s were low-budget action and softcore films produced for the rental video market, mostly from the United States.


Question: Where was Makauni's first rental store located?

Video rental store

In the mid-1990s, the pace of publication in Finland had stabilized at around 400 films per year.


Question: Where was Makauni's first rental store located?

Video rental store

[18] The 1994 Thick Video Guide already presents 8500 VHS records of feature-length feature films or animated series, in addition to a large number of documentaries, short films, hobby and educational videos, Yle television recordings, and sex and porn films on the market.


Question: Where was Makauni's first rental store located?

Video rental store

[19] The supply of videocassettes began to increase even in Finnish libraries after the mid-1980s, at a point when the Beta format had already dropped out and libraries could concentrate on VHS cassettes.


Question: Where was Makauni's first rental store located?

Video rental store

At the beginning of 1986, there were twenty libraries borrowing video films in Finland.


Question: Where was Makauni's first rental store located?

Video rental store

Development was slowed by complex copyright issues and the resulting high price of library cartridges.


Question: Where was Makauni's first rental store located?

Video rental store

Less expensive than commercial operators, Yleisradio recordings became a major part of libraries' video offerings.


Question: Where was Makauni's first rental store located?

Video rental store

Libraries also shunned the acquisition of sex and violence films, leaving them out of favor to commercial video rental stores.


Question: Where was Makauni's first rental store located?

Video rental store

[20] The violence and sex contained in rental videos prompted a strong popular movement in the mid-1980s, resulting in a law which came into force in 1987 to prevent the video release of films banned from under 18 years of age in Finland.


Question: Where was Makoon's first rental store located?

Video rental store

[21] The effect of the law was practically the opposite: “forbidden fruit”, that is, highly violent action and horror films became a special interest for many young people.


Question: Where was Makoon's first rental store located?

Video rental store

The law was repealed in 2001 when adult censorship of films was abolished.


Question: Where was Makoon's first rental store located?

Video rental store

[22] In the 1980s and 1990s, the leading company in the Finnish video rental market was Rautakirja.


Question: Where was Makoon's first rental store located?

Video rental store

[4] In addition to a comprehensive network of R-kiosks, it had a chain of video rental stores, which comprised about 30 locations in 1988, which was run down in Finland during the recession years of the early 1990s.


Question: Where was Makoon's first rental store located?

Video rental store

[23] The largest single video rental store in the mid-1990s was Compact Video, located on Fredrikinkatu, Helsinki.


Question: Where was Makoon's first rental store located?

Video rental store

[11] In 1999, R kiosks had around 30% market share in video rental and 740 offices throughout Finland.


Question: Where was Makoon's first rental store located?

Video rental store

Founded in 1985, Makuon had 50 rental companies, Filmtown, founded in 1991, 28, and Compact Video had five locations.


Question: Where was Makoon's first rental store located?

Video rental store

In addition, there were individual rental companies that may have had a couple of branches.


Question: Where was Makoon's first rental store located?

Video rental store

[24] In 2005, R kiosk rental points had decreased to about five hundred, while My Taste had grown to nearly 100 and Filmtown to 75 locations.


Question: Where was Makoon's first rental store located?

Video rental store

[11] Major publishers of VHS video recordings subtitled in Finnish (or dubbed for children's videos) were Oy Europa Vision Ab (brand name Showtime), Swedish Esselte Video and Danish company Egmont Film, each of which launched in the early 1990s another hundred films every year.


Question: Where was Makoon's first rental store located?

Video rental store

Medium-sized publishers included Nordic Film Group (which in 1991 was acquired by Finnkino), Fazervideo (branded as Warner Home Video), Alfa-Video-Panorama (among others.


Question: Where was Makoon's first rental store located?

Video rental store

Big Partner) as well as Castle Video (branded as Sesam Video).


Question: Where was Makoon's first rental store located?

Video rental store

[25] In the mid-1990s, there were about 9000 VHS video recordings of drama films released in Finnish on the market.


Question: Where was Makoon's first rental store located?

Video rental store

[26] [27] Rental video culture also gave rise to mild phenomena in Finland, such as the 1980s magazines Videolehti (A-magazines 1983—1986), Video+ (Finnish media group 1989) and Suomi Video, a thick video guide published by WSOY in the early 1990s, and video publishers own print product catalogs.


Question: Where was Makoon's first rental store located?

Video rental store

[28] Sales videos as an alternative to rental beginning in the early 1990s, sales videos began to eat into the status of video rental.


Question: Where was Makoon's first rental store located?

Video rental store

At first, children's films and music videos in particular were bought for their own rather than rented for a short period of time, but the market share of sales videos was increased by the reduction in their purchase price, the hassle of returning rental videocassettes and the sale of rented cassettes for home use.


Question: Where was Makoon's first rental store located?

Video rental store

Of the approximately 700 video releases in 1991, 300 were sales videos, the rest were rental videos.


Question: Where was Makoon's first rental store located?

Video rental store

[27] A couple of years later, sales videos already accounted for half of the publications.


Question: Where was Makoon's first rental store located?

Video rental store

[18] In addition, film companies began releasing their productions on video more quickly after the theatrical premiere, making the rental or purchase video a viable way to watch an absolutely fresh film in home conditions.


Question: Where was Makoon's first rental store located?

Video rental store

[29] VHS changed to DVD in the VHS era, rental videos consisted almost exclusively of feature-length drama films, [25] but with the turn of the millennium moving into the DVD age, more and more production seasonal dvd collections of television series entered the market.


Question: Where was Makoon's first rental store located?

Video rental store

Along with play films, gymnastics instruction videos and war documentary films became VHS sales videohits.


Question: Where was Makoon's first rental store located?

Video rental store

Some new age-inspired “meditative” video releases were also made, such as hour-long pair-long picture and audio recordings of a fireplace fire, aquarium or waterfall.


Question: Where was Makoon's first rental store located?

Video rental store

[27] Video rental goes online In March 2003, DVD rental surpassed VHS cassette rental turnover in the United States for the first time.


Question: Where was Makoon's first rental store located?

Video rental store

Within the next few years, VHS cassettes completely disappeared from the market.


Question: Where was Makoon's first rental store located?

Video rental store

[2] The turnover of the entire video rental business began to decrease in Finland in 2009, as did the number of video rental stores.


Question: Where was Makoon's first rental store located?

Video rental store

[4] In other countries, development began earlier: in France, for example, the number of video rental points decreased from around five thousand in 2004 to around two thousand in 2010.


Question: Where was Makoon's first rental store located?

Video rental store

[30] Among other things, Makuni opened a digital video rental store online, where other competitors in the Finnish market include Netflix, CDON, SF Anytime, Film2home, Apple's iTunes, as well as telecom operators' video services Elisa Entertainment, Sonera Entertainment and DNA Welho Entertainment.


Question: Where was Makoon's first rental store located?

Video rental store

[31] Video rental store in popular culture Video rental stores created a new type of young adult film culture in cities beginning in the 1980s, which has been covered several times in works of fiction.


Question: Where was Makoon's first rental store located?

Video rental store

The video rental store is a key venue for films such as Fisher King (1991), Benny's Video (1992), Dick Rats (1994) and Be Kind Rewind (2008).


Question: Where was Makoon's first rental store located?

Video rental store

From video rental culture to front-row filmmakers, artists such as Roger Avary, Darren Aronofsky and Quentin Tarantino have been elevated.


Question: Where was Makoon's first rental store located?

Video rental store

[32] Sources on the topic elsewhere, Finnish rental video cassettes collecting site for video recordings published before the 1987 Video Act Category:Retail trade Category:Cinema related concepts


Question: What is the area of Tampere?

Tampere

Tampere () is an American football team based on the shores of Lake Näsijärvi and Pyhäjärvi.


Question: What is the area of Tampere?

Tampere

Tampere is the third largest municipality in Finland in terms of population and the second largest urban area in Finland with its neighboring municipalities.


Question: What is the area of Tampere?

Tampere

Tampere is also the largest landlocked city in the Nordic countries by population.


Question: What is the area of Tampere?

Tampere

The population of the city of Tampere is [1] and the central district of Tampere is 330,711 inhabitants.


Question: What is the area of Tampere?

Tampere

[2] The most central part of Tampere's central drive is located in the lake and ridge area on the isthmus between Näsijärvi and Pyhäjärvi, through which flows from Tammerkoski Näsijärvi to Pyhäjärvi.


Question: What is the area of Tampere?

Tampere

Tammerkoski has a fall height of 18 metres.


Question: What is the area of Tampere?

Tampere

The red brick factory buildings displayed on its banks tell of Tampere's industrial history.


Question: What is the area of Tampere?

Tampere

Tampere is historically Finland's first and largest industrial city.


Question: What is the area of Tampere?

Tampere

The Tammerkoski rapids landscape has been designated as one of Finland's national landscapes.


Question: What is the area of Tampere?

Tampere

Gustav III founded Tampere in 1779, but the city only began to grow after the mid-19th century when it became a major industrial centre.


Question: What is the area of Tampere?

Tampere

The textile industry in particular was sizeable.


Question: What is the area of Tampere?

Tampere

Since then, industrial production has moved out of the city, and Tampere's economy has focused on services and high-tech enterprises.


Question: What is the area of Tampere?

Tampere

Tampere is also a cultural and sports city.


Question: What is the area of Tampere?

Tampere

The oldest theatres in Finland that operate there include Tampereen Teatteri and Tampereen Työkäen Teatteri.


Question: What is the area of Tampere?

Tampere

Museum Centre Vapriiki has many museums and exhibitions, but the most important tourist destination is the amusement park Särkänniemi.


Question: What is the area of Tampere?

Tampere

In popular culture, Tampere is especially known for the musical style that received the name Manserock.


Question: What is the area of Tampere?

Tampere

As a local dish, black sausage is considered.


Question: What is the area of Tampere?

Tampere

Several sports main league teams play in Tampere, and the city is often considered the “cradle” of Finnish ice hockey.


Question: What is the area of Tampere?

Tampere

The city's own teams are Ilves and Tappara.


Question: What is the area of Tampere?

Tampere

Tampere and its neighbouring area are part of the historical province of Satakunta.


Question: What is the area of Tampere?

Tampere

From 1831 to 1997, the area was part of Häme County, and it has been considered to be part of Häme province over the time.


Question: What is the area of Tampere?

Tampere

For example, in the New Encyclopedia published in the 1960s, the Tampere region is presented as part of the then province of Häme.


Question: What is the area of Tampere?

Tampere

Approximately beginning in the 1950s, Tampere and its surroundings began to become established as its own province of Pirkanmaa.


Question: What is the area of Tampere?

Tampere

Tampere became self-rightfully the centre of Pirkanmaa, and Tammermaa was also used as a co-designation of the province in its early days — e.g. in the 1968 “Finland Handbook”.


Question: What is the area of Tampere?

Tampere

Geography Location and Area The total area Tampere has a total area of square kilometres, of which there are square kilometres of land and square kilometres of water.


Question: What is the area of Tampere?

Tampere

[3] The northernmost point of Tampere is located in Teiskon Vankavesi, the southernmost at the eastern end of Hervantajärvi, the easternmost at the northeast corner of Teiskon Paalijärvi and the westernmost at the southeast corner of Haukijärvi.


Question: What is the area of Tampere?

Tampere

[4] The highest point in Tampere is located in Teisko Kanaaa.


Question: What is the area of Tampere?

Tampere

The Koskelanhigh is 211 metres above sea level.


Question: What is the area of Tampere?

Tampere

The lowest point is in a draught in Pyhäjärvi south of the Pyyniki Islands.


Question: What is the area of Tampere?

Tampere

It is 32 meters above sea level.


Question: What is the area of Tampere?

Tampere

[4] There are about 160 lakes in the territory of the municipality of Tampere.


Question: What is the area of Tampere?

Tampere

Two-thirds of them are less than ten hectares.


Question: What is the area of Tampere?

Tampere

There are about ten per cent of lakes over 50 hectares.


Question: What is the area of Tampere?

Tampere

The largest lakes are Näsijärvi and Pyhäjärvi.


Question: What is the area of Tampere?

Tampere

[5] Näsijärvi is the 16th largest lake in Finland: it is 44 kilometres long, and its waters extend to the municipalities of Ylöjärvi and Ruovesi.


Question: What is the area of Tampere?

Tampere

It is formed from three large backs, Koljonselä, Näsinselä and Vankavede.


Question: What is the area of Tampere?

Tampere

[6] Näsijärvi and Pyhäjärvi are connected by Tammerkoski, born about 5400—6900 years ago, formed at the shallowest point in Pyynikinharju.


Question: What is the area of Tampere?

Tampere

There are three falls in the rapids, and water drips from Näsijärvi to Pyhäjärvi for a distance of 18 metres.


Question: What is the area of Tampere?

Tampere

[7] Other central lakes in the city of Tampere are 145 hectares wide Särkijärvi, 142 hectares Kaukajärvi, 83 hectare Hervantajärvi, 64 hectares Iidesjärvi and 63 hectares Tohloppi.


Question: What is the area of Tampere?

Tampere

[8] The rock and soil in the soil of the city of Tampere is exceptional compared to other municipalities in the region, the abundant number of ridges in the moraine formations.


Question: What is the area of Tampere?

Tampere

Moraine is the most common soil type in Tampere.


Question: What is the area of Tampere?

Tampere

Its thickness is most commonly between 1 and 4 metres.


Question: What is the area of Tampere?

Tampere

[9] The northern parts of the municipality of Tampere runs through the Inner Finland peripheral formation zone and the southern parts have a seam ridge about one kilometre wide, running from northwest to southeast and rising 30 to 60 metres higher than its surroundings.


Question: What is the area of Tampere?

Tampere

Its parts include Epilänharju and Pyynikinharju, among others.


Question: What is the area of Tampere?

Tampere

[9], which is said to be the tallest gravel ridge in the world.


Question: What is the area of Tampere?

Tampere

[10] The Tampere bedrock is formed of mica slate and migmatite.


Question: What is the area of Tampere?

Tampere

[11] The building stone deposits in Tampere are diverse: in addition to traditional granite, there are plenty of quartz diorite, tonalite, mica slate and mica neiss, among others.


Question: What is the area of Tampere?

Tampere

[12] Climate Finland belongs to the intermediate boreal climate.


Question: What is the area of Tampere?

Tampere

Tampere has a predominantly continental climate, but the big lakes also bring marine influences to it.


Question: What is the area of Tampere?

Tampere

The wind blows predominantly from the south and southwest.


Question: What is the area of Tampere?

Tampere

[13] The climate in Tampere is also slightly warmer than the rest of the world in similar latitudes.


Question: What is the area of Tampere?

Tampere

July is Tampere's warmest month, with an average temperature of about 16.0 degrees Celsius.


Question: What is the area of Tampere?

Tampere

The average temperature in February, meanwhile, is -7.3 degrees Celsius.


Question: What is the area of Tampere?

Tampere

[14] In Tampere, it rains on average 7—8 days per month in spring, 10—11 days a month at other times.


Question: What is the area of Tampere?

Tampere

Rainfall for the month is 25mm in February, July and August more than 70mm.


Question: What is the area of Tampere?

Tampere

[15] Sunshine hours accumulate an average of 1661 per year, and the length of the growing season is 137 days.


Question: What is the area of Tampere?

Tampere

[16] Näsijärvi is frozen on average 140 days in winter.


Question: What is the area of Tampere?

Tampere

[17] Living nature The forests of Pirkanmaa and at the same time Tampere belong to the South Boreal region of the coniferous forest zone.


Question: What is the area of Tampere?

Tampere

[18] In forests owned by the City of Tampere, the most common type of habitat is fresh heath forest.


Question: What is the area of Tampere?

Tampere

[19] In the Teiskon—Aitolahti region, the most common habitat is the blueberry type heath forest, comprising about 43% of the forest.


Question: What is the area of Tampere?

Tampere

Leafy fabrics account for about 24 per cent, lingonberry type forests about 13 per cent and raven about 8 per cent of forests.


Question: What is the area of Tampere?

Tampere

[20] Tampere belongs to the Oasis zone.


Question: What is the area of Tampere?

Tampere

Most marshes are small and narrow and have arisen in the pressures of moraine and rock terrain, along streams and on the banks of lakes.


Question: What is the area of Tampere?

Tampere

The most common types of bog are swamps and ears.


Question: What is the area of Tampere?

Tampere

The most bogs are in the northeastern parts of Tampere.


Question: What is the area of Tampere?

Tampere

[9] Protected Areas The City of Tampere owns areas in Tampere as well as some extent in other municipalities under the Nature Conservation Act.


Question: What is the area of Tampere?

Tampere

These areas have a combined area of 593 hectares.


Question: What is the area of Tampere?

Tampere

The areas represent diverse habitats: old natural forests, groves, wetlands, bird lakes and butterfly meadows.


Question: What is the area of Tampere?

Tampere

The Vattula Nature Reserve in Teisko is the largest in Tampere.


Question: What is the area of Tampere?

Tampere

It has an area of 61 hectares.


Question: What is the area of Tampere?

Tampere

[21] Tampere city centre Tampere area and also the districts of Pyyniki, Ylä-Pispala and Lower Pispala are located on the isthmus between Pyhäjärvi and Näsijärvi.


Question: What is the area of Tampere?

Tampere

Näsijärvi and Pyhäjärvi are connected by a harnessed Tammerkoski with a fall height of 18 metres from Näsijärvi and flowing through the centre of Tampere.


Question: What is the area of Tampere?

Tampere

The town's location on the verge of water generating rapids between two long watercourse routes was one of the main impetus for its founding in the 1770s.


Question: What is the area of Tampere?

Tampere

[22] The streets in the centre of Tampere form a typical checkerboard pattern.


Question: What is the area of Tampere?

Tampere

On the western edge of the centre runs a north-south parallel park street, Hämeenpuisto, leading from the shore of Pyhäjärvi to Näsijärvi.


Question: What is the area of Tampere?

Tampere

The wide Hämeenkatu leads east-west from the railway station to Hämeenpark and crosses Tammerkoski along the Hämeen Bridge.


Question: What is the area of Tampere?

Tampere

Parallel to Hämeenkatu is also the longest street in the central area, the Satakunnankatu from Rautatienkatu to Pyyniki, which crosses Tammerkoski along the Satakunnanbridge.


Question: What is the area of Tampere?

Tampere

Tampere Keskustori is located on the western shore of Tammerkoski near Hämeensbridge.


Question: What is the area of Tampere?

Tampere

[23] The intersection of Independence Street, Teiskontien and Kaleva park road in Kaleva, Liisankallio district is considered to be the traffic hub of Tampere.


Question: What is the area of Tampere?

Tampere

[24] History Early history to the founding of the town Tammerkoski region received permanent settlement around the 6th century, when settlers from the west settled in Takahuhdi farming places.


Question: What is the area of Tampere?

Tampere

[25] The settlement history of the Tampere region focuses on the keepers of Messukylä and Pirkkala, whose individual houses were located in the later area of the city as early as the Middle Ages.


Question: What is the area of Tampere?

Tampere

[26] There were about 200 houses in the area of present-day Tampere during the Middle Ages.


Question: What is the area of Tampere?

Tampere

[25] Erik Edner proposed in the Riksdag 1771—1772 to establish a town in Tammerkoski.


Question: What is the area of Tampere?

Tampere

[27] Gustav III founded Tampere on 1 October 1779.


Question: What is the area of Tampere?

Tampere

Tampere was located in a remote hinterland, and its inhabitants were farmers.


Question: What is the area of Tampere?

Tampere

Tammerkoski still flowed almost vacant, but the king believed that with it the city could prosper and bring tax revenue to the Crown.


Question: What is the area of Tampere?

Tampere

Tampere was given free city rights.


Question: What is the area of Tampere?

Tampere

Anyone would be allowed to move to the city and operate in their preferred profession.


Question: What is the area of Tampere?

Tampere

However, land in the city was not allowed to be cultivated


Question: What is the area of Tampere?

Tampere

The livelihood was acquired from trade and handicrafts, as there were no factories yet.


Question: What is the area of Tampere?

Tampere

[28] Industrialisation Although business was free and Tampere had significant tariff advantages, industrialisation was slow.


Question: What is the area of Tampere?

Tampere

Finland was annexed by Russia in 1809, when Tampere still had fewer than 1,000 inhabitants.


Question: What is the area of Tampere?

Tampere

[28] A Scotsman named James Finlayson established a factory in Tampere in 1820 with the original intention of producing spinning machines.


Question: What is the area of Tampere?

Tampere

Finlayson was unable to get his machinery traded, which is why the mill switched to cotton spinning.


Question: What is the area of Tampere?

Tampere

Finlayson sold his factory in 1836 to St. Petersburg businessmen, which began the growth of industrialization.


Question: What is the area of Tampere?

Tampere

[29] Tampere was still a loosely built rural village in the early 19th century.


Question: What is the area of Tampere?

Tampere

The Old Church, designed by Charles Bass, was built as its landmark in 1824.


Question: What is the area of Tampere?

Tampere

The centre gained its present structure when the Empire style city plan designed by Carl Ludvig Engel was adopted.


Question: What is the area of Tampere?

Tampere

[30] The cotton factory employed 2000 people in Tampere in the 1850s, and the town of 1856 had 4000 inhabitants.


Question: What is the area of Tampere?

Tampere

The industry gradually also began to diversify, and alongside Finlayson came to the town the Tampella machine shop and linen factory, the Frenckell paper mill and the Tampere verkafactory.


Question: What is the area of Tampere?

Tampere

[29] In 1882, Finland's first electric light was introduced in the Finlayson weaving house.


Question: What is the area of Tampere?

Tampere

[31] Tampere's population and area grew rapidly at the end of the 19th century.


Question: What is the area of Tampere?

Tampere

The population increased between 1870 and 1900 from 7000 to 36,000.


Question: What is the area of Tampere?

Tampere

Tampere's economic boom was also reflected in the construction of many spectacular apartment buildings.


Question: What is the area of Tampere?

Tampere

Due to the increase in population numbers, new areas were annexed to Tampere.


Question: What is the area of Tampere?

Tampere

The construction of Pispala was also spurred by the completion of the Tampere—Pori line in 1893.


Question: What is the area of Tampere?

Tampere

[32] From the Civil War to World War II, Tampere grew to be a considerable economic and political centre, and the townspeople were remarkably active in the temperance, revivalist and women's movement, among others.


Question: What is the area of Tampere?

Tampere

[33] During the civil war that broke out after Finland's independence, Tampere was fought in spring 1918.


Question: What is the area of Tampere?

Tampere

During the Civil War Tampere was under the control of the Reds.


Question: What is the area of Tampere?

Tampere

As the Whites approached the city, Tampere turned into a shambles military camp.


Question: What is the area of Tampere?

Tampere

In the two-week takeover battle, about 2,000 people lost their homes.


Question: What is the area of Tampere?

Tampere

Kyttalä and Tammela suffered the most in the battle.


Question: What is the area of Tampere?

Tampere

[33] Although independent Finland lost its Russian market, Tampere remained a textile manufacturing centre.


Question: What is the area of Tampere?

Tampere

Finlayson, Pellavatehdas and Finnish Trikoo were the largest in the Nordic countries.


Question: What is the area of Tampere?

Tampere

In addition, in the late 1930s the State Aircraft Factory was relocated to the city and the Klingendahl Wool Factory, Tampere Weaving Industry and Pyyniki Brewery were established in the city.


Question: What is the area of Tampere?

Tampere

At the same time, several suburban areas arose around the city.


Question: What is the area of Tampere?

Tampere

[34] As an important industrial city, Tampere was repeatedly the target of bomb attacks by the Soviet Air Force during the Winter War, but during the Continuation War the city was not bombed once.


Question: What is the area of Tampere?

Tampere

[35] [36] The manufacture of war reparations promoted Tampere's metal industry, which drew a large population of working age to the city.


Question: What is the area of Tampere?

Tampere

With the strong population growth, new residential areas were built, especially east of Tammerkoski.


Question: What is the area of Tampere?

Tampere

Messukylä was annexed to Tampere in 1947 and Lielahti in 1950.


Question: What is the area of Tampere?

Tampere

Kaleva and Kissanmaa were built between the 1950s and 1960s.


Question: What is the area of Tampere?

Tampere

The border with a population of one hundred thousand was bypassed in 1950.


Question: What is the area of Tampere?

Tampere

[37] The restructuring of the city from Tampere began to build a modern industrial city in the 1960s.


Question: What is the area of Tampere?

Tampere

As automobile traffic increased, a freeway southbound and downtown bypasses were built.


Question: What is the area of Tampere?

Tampere

In terms of population, Tampere overtook Turku as the second largest city in Finland.


Question: What is the area of Tampere?

Tampere

The focus of residential development shifted west and south.


Question: What is the area of Tampere?

Tampere

Between 1965 and 1975, housing was to be built in Tampere for about 30000 new residents.


Question: What is the area of Tampere?

Tampere

Suburbs were built in different parts of the city, for example Hervanta began to be built in 1973.


Question: What is the area of Tampere?

Tampere

[38] Tampere became a higher education city when the University of Helsinki moved from Helsinki to Tampere in 1960 and became the University of Tampere in 1966.


Question: What is the area of Tampere?

Tampere

[39] The area of Tampere quadrupled in the 1960s and 1970s when the municipalities of Aitolahti and Teisko were annexed to it.


Question: What is the area of Tampere?

Tampere

[40] The “chimney industry” in central Tampere began to desolate in the 1980s—1990s as European industrial production began to move to low-cost production countries or urban periphery.


Question: What is the area of Tampere?

Tampere

Tampere coped relatively well with the structural change when the city started investing in high-tech products.


Question: What is the area of Tampere?

Tampere

A major opening was the Hermia Science Park, built in 1986 next to Tampere University of Technology.


Question: What is the area of Tampere?

Tampere

Nokia's research and development unit was also based there.


Question: What is the area of Tampere?

Tampere

[41] Tampere has continued to grow in the 2000s, and the city broke the 200,000 population limit in 2003.


Question: What is the area of Tampere?

Tampere

[41] Politics Councils From the beginning of 2007 Tampere moved to a model permitted by the new Municipalities Act, where the city is headed by a mayor and four deputy mayors who lead boards.


Question: What is the area of Tampere?

Tampere

Tampere was the first Finnish municipality to have a mayor elected to its leadership.


Question: What is the area of Tampere?

Tampere

[42] The mayor is not in a position of impeachment with the municipality, but is a trustee.


Question: What is the area of Tampere?

Tampere

The mayor chairs the town board and leads the operations of the municipality.


Question: What is the area of Tampere?

Tampere

The duties of the mayor are defined in the leadership rules of the city government.


Question: What is the area of Tampere?

Tampere

[43] Since the mayor and deputy mayors are trustees, they can be removed by the council if they lose the confidence of the majority.


Question: What is the area of Tampere?

Tampere

[44] For the first two-year term, Timo P. Nieminen, representing the Coalition Party, served as mayor from 2007 to 2012.


Question: What is the area of Tampere?

Tampere

In 2013, Anna-Kaisa Ikonen of the same party was elected mayor.


Question: What is the area of Tampere?

Tampere

[43] As of June 1, 2017, the number of deputy mayors was reduced from four to three.


Question: What is the area of Tampere?

Tampere

[45] Lauri Lyly (sd) was elected at the City Council meeting on 12 June 2017 as Mayor of the City of Tampere for the period 2017—2021.


Question: What is the area of Tampere?

Tampere

[46] In administration and services, Tampere used the so-called subscriber—producer model, [47] but this was abandoned and moved to a new operating model on 1 January 2017.


Question: What is the area of Tampere?

Tampere

The new operating model emphasises the role of municipalities, businesses and communities as co-developers and providers of services.


Question: What is the area of Tampere?

Tampere

The internal subscriber-producer model has a management model based on operational performance and effectiveness.


Question: What is the area of Tampere?

Tampere

City services are administratively placed in three service areas based on the basic functions of the municipality: the Welfare Service Area, the Service Area for Vitality and Competitiveness, and the Service Area of the Urban Environment.


Question: What is the area of Tampere?

Tampere

[45] The boards are responsible for the organisation of services and the political management of services in the new model.


Question: What is the area of Tampere?

Tampere

Political institutions under the new operating model started after municipal elections on 1 June 2017.


Question: What is the area of Tampere?

Tampere

[45] Tampere City Council has 67 members.


Question: What is the area of Tampere?

Tampere

The Chairman of the Board of Governors from 2017 to 2019 is Anna-Kaisa Ikonen (IoC).


Question: What is the area of Tampere?

Tampere

[48] The largest party in the council is the SDP.


Question: What is the area of Tampere?

Tampere

The Coalition and the RKP form a joint council group.


Question: What is the area of Tampere?

Tampere

The 11-member city board meets weekly and manages city administration, prepares matters to be considered in the City Council, takes care of the implementation of council decisions, oversees the best interests of the city, and represents the city.


Question: What is the area of Tampere?

Tampere

[47] Finland's first Children's Parliament was established in Tampere in 2001.


Question: What is the area of Tampere?

Tampere

The model has also spread from Tampere to other cities in Finland.


Question: What is the area of Tampere?

Tampere

[49] There is also a Youth Delegation, formerly called the Youth Forum, in Tampere since 1998.


Question: What is the area of Tampere?

Tampere

[50] Mayors and Mayors The office of Mayor of Tampere was established in 1929.


Question: What is the area of Tampere?

Tampere

The mayoral system came into use starting in 2007.


Question: What is the area of Tampere?

Tampere

[51] Economy City economy Tampere's financial performance in 2015 was the weakest of Finland's major cities.


Question: What is the area of Tampere?

Tampere

[53] In 2016, the financial year was left at a loss of 18.8 million.


Question: What is the area of Tampere?

Tampere

[54] In the city's economy, the largest income comes from taxes and state contributions.


Question: What is the area of Tampere?

Tampere

In 2015, the city received municipal tax revenue of €761 million.


Question: What is the area of Tampere?

Tampere

An additional 61.4 million came from corporation taxes and $64.0 million came from property taxes.


Question: What is the area of Tampere?

Tampere

[55] Tax revenues have not increased as assumed in the 2010s, although the population of the town has increased.


Question: What is the area of Tampere?

Tampere

This has been affected by high unemployment.


Question: What is the area of Tampere?

Tampere

[56] In 2016, the tax rate in Tampere is 19,75.


Question: What is the area of Tampere?

Tampere

[57] Jobs in the Tampere region, the focus of economic life has shifted from industry to services.


Question: What is the area of Tampere?

Tampere

More than 70% of the jobs in Tampere are covered by service industries.


Question: What is the area of Tampere?

Tampere

Manufacturing accounts for less than 20 per cent of jobs, with only 355 jobs in agriculture, game and forestry at the end of 2012.


Question: What is the area of Tampere?

Tampere

[58] In 2014, the largest employers in Pirkanmaa were Kesko, Pirkanmaa Osuuskauppa, Alma Media, which publishes Aamulehti, and Posti.


Question: What is the area of Tampere?

Tampere

Metso Tampere and Nokia Solutions & Networks, which had previously topped the list of largest employers, had fallen many places down.


Question: What is the area of Tampere?

Tampere

[59] Tampere had more than 116000 jobs at the end of 2010.


Question: What is the area of Tampere?

Tampere

34.5 per cent of employees visit Tampere from other localities.


Question: What is the area of Tampere?

Tampere

In turn, 15.6 per cent of Tampere workers worked in outdoor localities.


Question: What is the area of Tampere?

Tampere

[58] In January 2016, Tampere's unemployment rate was 18.9%; it was the highest among the six largest cities.


Question: What is the area of Tampere?

Tampere

[60] The number of people unemployed for more than one year increased by 28% in 2015, and youth unemployment also increased by 8%.


Question: What is the area of Tampere?

Tampere

Structural unemployment has risen continuously since 2012.


Question: What is the area of Tampere?

Tampere

[61] High unemployment is due in particular to the restructuring of IT enterprises and traditional industries, as well as the relocation of unemployed people from surrounding areas.


Question: What is the area of Tampere?

Tampere

[56] Tourism According to a study conducted by the Research and Training Centre Synergos of the University of Tampere University School of Management, the total impact of tourism in the Tampere sub-region was over EUR 909 million in 2012.


Question: What is the area of Tampere?

Tampere

Tourism also brought 4805 man-years to the region. [62] Tampere's single biggest attraction is the Särkänniemi Experience Park.


Question: What is the area of Tampere?

Tampere

It had about 630,000 visitors in 2016.


Question: What is the area of Tampere?

Tampere

[63] In 2015, hotels in Tampere were stayed 1021,151 times.


Question: What is the area of Tampere?

Tampere

The number surpassed the previous record year by more than 20,000 overnight stays.


Question: What is the area of Tampere?

Tampere

Tampere was the second most popular city in Finland after Helsinki in terms of hotel stays.


Question: What is the area of Tampere?

Tampere

Leisure tourism accounted for 55.4 per cent of overnight stays and occupation-related tourism 43.2 per cent.


Question: What is the area of Tampere?

Tampere

The occupancy rate of all establishments comprising more than 20 rooms was 57.0%, compared to 48.3% for accommodation throughout the country.


Question: What is the area of Tampere?

Tampere

[64] Transport City transport and public transport in Tampere city transport approximately 60% of journeys are made by car.


Question: What is the area of Tampere?

Tampere

Tampereans own 98000 cars at the end of 2011, which is 15.7% more than in 2005.


Question: What is the area of Tampere?

Tampere

[65] The increase in the number of cars has also increased traffic volumes in Tampere on major roads and streets.


Question: What is the area of Tampere?

Tampere

[66] In the 2010s, Tampere has tried to invest in the smoothness of cycling and footflow.


Question: What is the area of Tampere?

Tampere

[67] It enabled the city to win the Cycling Municipality of the Year title in 2013.


Question: What is the area of Tampere?

Tampere

[68] According to a survey conducted in 2015, the attractiveness of both cycling and walking had increased during 2014 and 2015.


Question: What is the area of Tampere?

Tampere

[69] The city of Tampere is responsible for public transport in addition to Tampere in the area of Kangasala, Lempäälä, Nokia, Orivesi, Pirkkala, Vesilahti and Ylöjärvi.