Question: What is the surface area of South Africa?

South Africa

[108] During apartheid, all sporting life in the country was completely racially segregated and because of this, among others, the world-class cricketer Basil D'Oliviera was forced to move to England in the 1960s, with whose national team he forged a career.


Question: What is the surface area of South Africa?

South Africa

In 1968, when the England national team entered a country match in South Africa, D'Oliviera was blocked from entering the country by the country's government.


Question: What is the surface area of South Africa?

South Africa

[109] South African world champions can be found in swimming, athletics, surfboarding and boxing, among others.


Question: What is the surface area of South Africa?

South Africa

[109] South Africa has hosted Formula One races a total of 20 times between 1967 and 1993.


Question: What is the surface area of South Africa?

South Africa

The race has run under the name South African Grand Prix.


Question: What is the surface area of South Africa?

South Africa

South Africa's final formula-1 race was won by Alain Prost.


Question: What is the surface area of South Africa?

South Africa

[110] The South African rugby union national team, or the Springboks, won the first Rugby World Cup in 1995 and in 2007 it renewed its gold at the World Cup held in France.


Question: What is the surface area of South Africa?

South Africa

The Springboks, which have been played by New Zealand, Australia and South Africa since 1996, have won the Tri Nations Cup in 1998 and 2004.


Question: What is the surface area of South Africa?

South Africa

[111] Among the most successful and well-known teams in the South African national football championship series are the Kaizer Chiefs, formed in 1970, from Soweto, and the Orlando Pirates, founded in 1937.


Question: What is the surface area of South Africa?

South Africa

The National Football Championship Series is the seventh largest championship series in the world as measured by sponsor money.


Question: What is the surface area of South Africa?

South Africa

[112] A distinctive feature of local football culture is the vuvuzela: plastic, about one meter long and colourful wind instrument.


Question: What is the surface area of South Africa?

South Africa

[113] South Africa national football team, or Bafana Bafana ([114], is apartheid again active since the early 1990s.


Question: What is the surface area of South Africa?

South Africa

In 1996, it won the African Championships played on its own country and participated in the World Championships in 1998 as well as 2002.


Question: What is the surface area of South Africa?

South Africa

Both times it missed 1.


Question: What is the surface area of South Africa?

South Africa

for the round.


Question: What is the surface area of South Africa?

South Africa

[115] In 2010, South Africa served as the host team for the World Championships.


Question: What is the surface area of South Africa?

South Africa

[116] Five new stadiums were built for the tournament, three of which are match stadiums and two are practice fields.


Question: What is the surface area of South Africa?

South Africa

[117] Five other stadiums already ready underwent renovations [117].


Question: What is the surface area of South Africa?

South Africa

Food South African cuisine embodies the country's multicultural background.


Question: What is the surface area of South Africa?

South Africa

Malay slaves brought to the country as labour by Dutch colonists on farms also brought their own food tradition to the country, as did the Huguenots who fled religious persecution from France, who established the first wineries in the country as early as 1600 lvuu.


Question: What is the surface area of South Africa?

South Africa

Later in the 19th century, Indians brought especially to the sugar plantations of Natal enriched the country's food culture with their own heritage, as did the British and Germans who immigrated after gold.


Question: What is the surface area of South Africa?

South Africa

[118] National holidays under South African law in cases where a national holiday falls on a Sunday, the following Monday is a public holiday.


Question: What is the surface area of South Africa?

South Africa

[119] DateHolidays Notes1.


Question: What is the surface area of South Africa?

South Africa

JanuaryNew Year's Day21.


Question: What is the surface area of South Africa?

South Africa

MarchHuman Rights Daysharpeville Massacre Anniversary, Anniversary of the establishment of the South African Human Rights Commission Moving, Friday Good Friday Movement, Monday Family Day, 2nd Easter Day27.


Question: What is the surface area of South Africa?

South Africa

April—Freedom Dayetelä-Africa's first free elections1.


Question: What is the surface area of South Africa?

South Africa

MayWorkers Day16.


Question: What is the surface area of South Africa?

South Africa

JuneYouth DayEarlier “Soweto day”, the day of remembrance of the Soweto riots9.


Question: What is the surface area of South Africa?

South Africa

AugustNational Women's DayThe Day of Remembrance of major demonstrations that opposed the 1956 passport laws24.


Question: What is the surface area of South Africa?

South Africa

SeptemberHeritage DayNational Traditions Day16.


Question: What is the surface area of South Africa?

South Africa

DecemberDay of Reconciliationanniversary of the Battle of Blood River.


Question: What is the surface area of South Africa?

South Africa

The Time of Apartheid “Day of the Oath”, today the Day of National Commonness and Reconciliation.25.


Question: What is the surface area of South Africa?

South Africa

DecemberChristmas Day26.


Question: What is the surface area of South Africa?

South Africa

DecemberDay of Goodwill, 2nd Christmas Day See also List of cities in South Africa Sources On topic elsewhere Government official government site Foreign Office site Parliament site Statistics Agency site Commerce and Commerce Department of Industry Site South African Police Force Department of Home Affairs Site Media Tourism Other Coordinates: * Category:Key articles of screening Category:43 Africa Category:BRICS


Question: Where does the designation tiger variegated come from?

Tiger mottled

Tiger mottled is a co-designation for a group of interrelated genetically related horse colors.


Question: Where does the designation tiger variegated come from?

Tiger mottled

Tiger literature is distinguished by its characteristic peculiarities from other types of literature.


Question: Where does the designation tiger variegated come from?

Tiger mottled

Despite the name of the color, tiger mottled horses are not striped but mainly spotted.


Question: Where does the designation tiger variegated come from?

Tiger mottled

The colour is sometimes referred to by the name “appaloosa”, which, however, is its own breed of horse, not the name of the color.


Question: Where does the designation tiger variegated come from?

Tiger mottled

Tiger literature is a diverse group of colours, ranging from an uneven whiteness that appears in a kimouse or headbutt coloration to a distinctly spotted, white-bottomed leopard pattern resembling Dalmatian dog coloration.


Question: Where does the designation tiger variegated come from?

Tiger mottled

There are also secondary features associated with the colour, including the white sclera of the eye, striped hooves and spotted skin.


Question: Where does the designation tiger variegated come from?

Tiger mottled

Tiger literalism genes have also been linked to abnormalities in eyes and vision.


Question: Where does the designation tiger variegated come from?

Tiger mottled

[1] These features are most often associated with appalose, but as they also exist in Asian and Western European breeds, they are probably due to a very old mutation.


Question: Where does the designation tiger variegated come from?

Tiger mottled

Transformations Different types of tiger literature range from full-dark to almost pure white.


Question: Where does the designation tiger variegated come from?

Tiger mottled

Unlike in most other species of literature, the spots, and especially pale areas, meet to be located symmetrically and expand starting from the hips.


Question: Where does the designation tiger variegated come from?

Tiger mottled

In addition, some of this inherited white literature is visible already immediately after birth.


Question: Where does the designation tiger variegated come from?

Tiger mottled

[1] Even if the animal does not have white in its fur at birth, the amount of white tends to increase with age.


Question: Where does the designation tiger variegated come from?

Tiger mottled

This blanching is not associated with ricochling or headache.


Question: Where does the designation tiger variegated come from?

Tiger mottled

[1] Dark spots correspond to the base colour of the animal, be it black, rautias, kimo or silvery-white black.


Question: Where does the designation tiger variegated come from?

Tiger mottled

A number of different genetic factors affect color.


Question: Where does the designation tiger variegated come from?

Tiger mottled

Leopard spotted One partially dominant gene (Lp) influences whether a horse has leopard spots.


Question: Where does the designation tiger variegated come from?

Tiger mottled

[2] Only one piece of a dominant gene is required to produce a phenotype consistent with the gene; a partially dominant gene produces varying results depending on whether there is one gene or two.


Question: Where does the designation tiger variegated come from?

Tiger mottled

The horse's genotype may be lp/lp (recessive homozygote), Lp/Lp (heterozygote), or Lp/Lp (dominant homozygote).


Question: Where does the designation tiger variegated come from?

Tiger mottled

If a horse lacks the dominant LP gene, it does not exhibit any features of tiger literature and cannot pass on the LP gene to its offspring.


Question: Where does the designation tiger variegated come from?

Tiger mottled

Such specimens are called “atypical” (non-characteristic) among appalose enthusiasts [3].


Question: Where does the designation tiger variegated come from?

Tiger mottled

If a horse has at least one LP gene, it exhibits at least “secondary features” of tiger literature: skin is mottled or spotted in areas of the safety, eyes, genitals and anus; elsewhere the skin may be predominantly pigmented (black or grey in the absence of other genes), predominantly unpigmented (pink or skin-colored) or variegated, striped hooves, white eye sclera.


Question: Where does the designation tiger variegated come from?

Tiger mottled

Skin literature does not necessarily indicate that the horse carried the LP gene.


Question: Where does the designation tiger variegated come from?

Tiger mottled

Literature can also be obscured by the influence of other genes.


Question: Where does the designation tiger variegated come from?

Tiger mottled

For example, large head marks can fade from spots of skin in the areas of the eyes and safety, and white sock marks on the feet often cause white hooves.


Question: Where does the designation tiger variegated come from?

Tiger mottled

In addition, other genes can produce similar traits: broad head marks can cause sclera whiteness, silver gene can produce stripe hooves, and champagne colour may be associated with freckles.


Question: Where does the designation tiger variegated come from?

Tiger mottled

The LP gene can be identified through a DNA test, but knowledge of the animal's pedigree and color details can also help.


Question: Where does the designation tiger variegated come from?

Tiger mottled

Although horses carrying the LP gene as both a heterozygous and homozygous exhibit the above traits, hetero- and homozygous carriers differ significantly in terms of genuine spots.


Question: Where does the designation tiger variegated come from?

Tiger mottled

Only the LP gene produces genuine leopard spots, the colour of which is determined by the horse's ground colour.


Question: Where does the designation tiger variegated come from?

Tiger mottled

Since such spots correspond to the base color, they do not appear unless the surrounding pigment is removed.


Question: Where does the designation tiger variegated come from?

Tiger mottled

Roughly speaking, the spots in heterozygotes are larger and occur more frequent, and the spots in homozygotes are smaller and less frequent.


Question: Where does the designation tiger variegated come from?

Tiger mottled

Lots of large leopard spots Clear but very small blotches Colored spots sparsely or not at all; called “white-born” (white-born) or “few-spot”.


Question: Where does the designation tiger variegated come from?

Tiger mottled

White Literature Tiger literature involves at least one specific type of white literature.


Question: Where does the designation tiger variegated come from?

Tiger mottled

This white literature makes the specks of a tiger mottled horse appear.


Question: Where does the designation tiger variegated come from?

Tiger mottled

Other species of white literature such as tobiano literature or white socks cover spots underneath them.


Question: Where does the designation tiger variegated come from?

Tiger mottled

Some white patterning associated with tiger literature may be visible as early as the horse is born.


Question: Where does the designation tiger variegated come from?

Tiger mottled

Below we will consider temporary changes in white pattern.


Question: Where does the designation tiger variegated come from?

Tiger mottled

The white print associated with the leopard pattern is often symmetrical and starts at the hips.


Question: Where does the designation tiger variegated come from?

Tiger mottled

The proposed gene PATN-1 may cause the most common forms of whiteness: heterozygotes carriers have normal sizes and homozygotes have broader, even so-called “felt patterns” spread to either carcass.


Question: Where does the designation tiger variegated come from?

Tiger mottled

However, even those individuals in which white is very widely present retain dark areas on hoof margins, moth joints, tail, crest, and bony parts of the head.


Question: Where does the designation tiger variegated come from?

Tiger mottled

The smallest amount of white again has only slight spots on the hips.


Question: Where does the designation tiger variegated come from?

Tiger mottled

Minimal felt pattern: there is only a spot of white on the hips.


Question: Where does the designation tiger variegated come from?

Tiger mottled

The horse also has varnish roan mixed hair.


Question: Where does the designation tiger variegated come from?

Tiger mottled

Quite typical felt pattern Large size but clear felt pattern Wide felt on a small colt.


Question: Where does the designation tiger variegated come from?

Tiger mottled

Dark areas, among other things, in the areas of the joints of the legs, the brush and head.


Question: Where does the designation tiger variegated come from?

Tiger mottled

Lightening associated with tiger literature Tiger literature is associated with not only special white literature, but also a specific type of gradual lightening that is not related to chimney or butt rope.


Question: Where does the designation tiger variegated come from?

Tiger mottled

Some species of tiger literature have a tendency to change strangely.


Question: Where does the designation tiger variegated come from?

Tiger mottled

This unusual feature is due, at least in part, to tiger literal lightening, also called “marble patterning” ().


Question: Where does the designation tiger variegated come from?

Tiger mottled

While kimogen only affects hair colour, some horses carrying the LP gene progressively lose colour from both their hair and skin as they age.


Question: Where does the designation tiger variegated come from?

Tiger mottled

Similarly, unlike sparkling, this blanching does not affect leopard spots.


Question: Where does the designation tiger variegated come from?

Tiger mottled

The horse's “bony points” (i.e., among other things, the head area and the joints of the legs) do not lighten in this way.


Question: Where does the designation tiger variegated come from?

Tiger mottled

As the marble horse pales, leopard spots “hidden” in its hair become visible.


Question: Where does the designation tiger variegated come from?

Tiger mottled

Some individuals who do not have any dense white patterning on their hair at birth appear to spontaneously develop into white leopard spots as they age.


Question: Where does the designation tiger variegated come from?

Tiger mottled

Marble patterning is more common on appalose than in noricum horses or knabstrup horses, as breeders of the latter breeds consider the color undesirable.


Question: Where does the designation tiger variegated come from?

Tiger mottled

Gene Interactions and Terminology Similarly to other colors, color terms often used may not accurately correspond to the gene lineage that produces color.


Question: Where does the designation tiger variegated come from?

Tiger mottled

However, terminology can reveal much about the co-operation of genes associated with tiger literature.


Question: Where does the designation tiger variegated come from?

Tiger mottled

The heterozygote Lplp can produce: large white areas and large spots of ground color.


Question: Where does the designation tiger variegated come from?

Tiger mottled

The color is called “leopard” (leopard) if the base is completely white, “shed leopard” (near-leopard) in other cases.


Question: Where does the designation tiger variegated come from?

Tiger mottled

Marble enlargement can make a leopard pattern that goes by over time look completely leopard.


Question: Where does the designation tiger variegated come from?

Tiger mottled

smaller pale areas.


Question: Where does the designation tiger variegated come from?

Tiger mottled

Pattern is appointed according to “felt” and spots (for example, spotted felt with cups and hips).


Question: Where does the designation tiger variegated come from?

Tiger mottled

The pattern may change with marbling.


Question: Where does the designation tiger variegated come from?

Tiger mottled

The homozygote LPLP can produce: broad white areas with very small sparse spots, or no blotches at all.


Question: Where does the designation tiger variegated come from?

Tiger mottled

In most languages, such animals are called “white-born” (white-born), but in English the more common term is “sparsely speckled (leopard)” (fewspot leopard).


Question: Where does the designation tiger variegated come from?

Tiger mottled

smaller white areas.


Question: Where does the designation tiger variegated come from?

Tiger mottled

The horse has a white “blanket”.


Question: Where does the designation tiger variegated come from?

Tiger mottled

The pattern is referred to in English as “snowcap”.


Question: Where does the designation tiger variegated come from?

Tiger mottled

Both genotypes can also produce only very small amounts of white, with small or large spots not becoming visible from the ground colour.


Question: Where does the designation tiger variegated come from?

Tiger mottled

The small white speckle on the hips is called a “snowflake pattern” (snowflake).


Question: Where does the designation tiger variegated come from?

Tiger mottled

Such minimal “blankets” can, with marble depletion, expand.


Question: Where does the designation tiger variegated come from?

Tiger mottled

If the horse does not have large white areas and if it does not lighten, both genotypes appear extremely similar.


Question: Where does the designation tiger variegated come from?

Tiger mottled

If the horse marbles and becomes more and more white, any spots will emerge.


Question: Where does the designation tiger variegated come from?

Tiger mottled

A homozygote Lp/Lp individual with only teeny specks may develop a lightening pattern of this nature, called a “frosted pattern” (frosted) or “marble” (marble).


Question: Where does the designation tiger variegated come from?

Tiger mottled

The heterozygote may eventually be a distinctly leopard speck.


Question: Where does the designation tiger variegated come from?

Tiger mottled

LP gene Different forms of tiger literature can sometimes appear very different; however, leopard spotted parents can produce offspring with a full spectrum of different patterns.


Question: Where does the designation tiger variegated come from?

Tiger mottled

This has long been believed to be due to the action of a single gene.


Question: Where does the designation tiger variegated come from?

Tiger mottled

D. Phillip Sponenberg named the gene LP (after the English designation for tiger literature “leopard complex”) in 1982, and described the gene as autosomic and partially dominant.


Question: Where does the designation tiger variegated come from?

Tiger mottled

[2] Horses lacking the gene (lplp) were monochrome; the coloration of heterozygotes carriers (Lplp) varied from mottled to leopard spot; and homozygote carriers (LPLP) were most often “sparsely speckled”.


Question: Where does the designation tiger variegated come from?

Tiger mottled

[2] In 2004, the LP gene was identified to be located on the horse's 1st chromosome (ECA1).


Question: Where does the designation tiger variegated come from?

Tiger mottled

Congenital stationary night blindness (CSNB) is an equine vision disorder that exists in an individual from birth, does not develop, and hinders the animal's vision in obscure conditions.


Question: Where does the designation tiger variegated come from?

Tiger mottled

A horse suffering from the condition may be hesitant to enter obscure spaces such as a manesis, a dark stable or a trailer.


Question: Where does the designation tiger variegated come from?

Tiger mottled

The animal may also behave nervously in low light, which may affect its handling or use.


Question: Where does the designation tiger variegated come from?

Tiger mottled

Diagnosis is often made on the basis of observations of the owner, but some horses have visible anomalies in the eyes: twistiness of the eyes (dorsomedial strabismus) or eye stains (nystagmus).


Question: Where does the designation tiger variegated come from?

Tiger mottled

The condition can be established by electroretinography, from which the result “negative ERG” confirms the CSNB.


Question: Where does the designation tiger variegated come from?

Tiger mottled

Although the retina is normal in shape, signals from rod cells do not reach the brain.


Question: Where does the designation tiger variegated come from?

Tiger mottled

Retinal rod cells are connected to two-headed cells that transmit nerve impulses to the following neurons.


Question: Where does the designation tiger variegated come from?

Tiger mottled

CSBN is thought to be due to the fact that these cells are unable to transmit calcium (Ca2+) with each other and thus do not transmit nerve impulses.


Question: Where does the designation tiger variegated come from?

Tiger mottled

Congenital undeveloped night blindness has been linked to tiger literature since the 1970s.


Question: Where does the designation tiger variegated come from?

Tiger mottled

The presence of the condition in individuals and races of other colors suggests that color and visual impairment may be located in close but distinct genes.


Question: Where does the designation tiger variegated come from?

Tiger mottled

In one study using ERG, all homozygotes in LP gene carriers were diagnosed with CSNB, and heterozygote carriers and those who didn't stick the gene were found to be healthy for it.


Question: Where does the designation tiger variegated come from?

Tiger mottled

The gene in which LP is a todfet is located is responsible for the production of a protein that controls calcium ions.


Question: Where does the designation tiger variegated come from?

Tiger mottled

Calcium is a key factor in the transmission of nerve impulses.


Question: Where does the designation tiger variegated come from?

Tiger mottled

The protein in question is found in the retina and skin and was present in homozygotes in LPLP carriers at a fraction of normal.


Question: Where does the designation tiger variegated come from?

Tiger mottled

A 2008 study exhausts both CSBN and tiger literature patterns to be associated with the TRPM1 gene.


Question: Where does the designation tiger variegated come from?

Tiger mottled

Equine recurrent choroiditis (equine recurrent uveitis, ERU) occurs in appalose four times as often as in horses usually.


Question: Where does the designation tiger variegated come from?

Tiger mottled

If left untreated, it may lead to permanent blinding of the horse.


Question: Where does the designation tiger variegated come from?

Tiger mottled

The condition is thought to be genetically related to colour, but the exact mechanics of inheritance are not yet known.


Question: Where does the designation tiger variegated come from?

Tiger mottled

Appearance Tiger literature in Europe hundreds of years ago was quite widespread and popular, even fashionable, but today the appearance of color is limited to quite a few breeds.


Question: Where does the designation tiger variegated come from?

Tiger mottled

The Appaloosa breed is almost always tiger-mottled.


Question: Where does the designation tiger variegated come from?

Tiger mottled

The colour is also common on the American pony, Colorado ranger, tiger horse, British Spotted Pony, and knabstrup horse.


Question: Where does the designation tiger variegated come from?

Tiger mottled

The gene also occurs quite common in miniature horses and phalabellas, Spanish mustangs, noricum horses, and southern German workhorses related to it.


Question: Where does the designation tiger variegated come from?

Tiger mottled

[2] Spotted specimens have been found in carabair horses and altain horses since ancient times, suggesting the gene is very old.


Question: Where does the designation tiger variegated come from?

Tiger mottled

Tiger literature is also rare in Gotland russes and quarterhorses.


Question: Where does the designation tiger variegated come from?

Tiger mottled

Sources Viitanen J: “Commas, Signs and Shades (Colors and Colour Genetics, Part 4)”, Horses and Horse Riding, 2002/5 References on the topic elsewhere Category:Horse colours


Question: What is Russia's GDP?

Economy of Russia

The Russian economy is among the largest in the world: in 2012, Russia has the sixth or seventh largest gross domestic product in the world according to purchasing power parity, whether the European Union is counted as a single economy or an enclave.


Question: What is Russia's GDP?

Economy of Russia

[1] The currency of the country is the Russian ruble.


Question: What is Russia's GDP?

Economy of Russia

[2] Russia has improved its position in the international financial markets since the 1998 crisis and has averaged an annual growth rate of 7%.


Question: What is Russia's GDP?

Economy of Russia

Russia's 2012 gross domestic product was the seventh largest in the world, at 2.509 trillion US dollars (estimated purchasing power parity), and had a growth rate of 3.6 percent.


Question: What is Russia's GDP?

Economy of Russia

[2] The key factors behind the strong upturn in the Russian economy have been strong growth in productivity, real wages and consumption.


Question: What is Russia's GDP?

Economy of Russia

[3] The country is counted as one of the BRIC countries along with Brazil, India and China.


Question: What is Russia's GDP?

Economy of Russia

[4] Russia's actions in the Crimean crisis at the turn of February/March 2014, and the consequent economic sanctions imposed on Russia by the European Union and the United States, have caused economic uncertainty in Russia.


Question: What is Russia's GDP?

Economy of Russia

[5] [6] Economic Policy A simpler tax law introduced in 2001 reduced the tax burdens on people and greatly increased government revenues.


Question: What is Russia's GDP?

Economy of Russia

[7] Russia has a 13% equal taxation on personal income, which, compared to other countries, has been considered very attractive for entrepreneurs.


Question: What is Russia's GDP?

Economy of Russia

[8] [9] The Federation's budget has been in surplus since 2001 at a 2007 reading of 6% of GDP.


Question: What is Russia's GDP?

Economy of Russia

In 2003, the Federation Stabilization Fund was created, to which funds are transferred when the price of Ural oil exceeds the price of $27 per barrel.


Question: What is Russia's GDP?

Economy of Russia

[10] Between April and May 2006, oil prices were $60.9 per barrel and 1800 billion rubles (US$70 billion) had accumulated in the Stabilization Fund.


Question: What is Russia's GDP?

Economy of Russia

[11] It was decided to invest them in bonds of 14 European countries.


Question: What is Russia's GDP?

Economy of Russia

Over the past several years, Russia has also used its oil resources from the Stabilization Fund to pre-pay all Soviet-era debts to the Paris Club creditors as well as the International Monetary Fund.


Question: What is Russia's GDP?

Economy of Russia

The external debt has decreased considerably.


Question: What is Russia's GDP?

Economy of Russia

[12] Russia's currency reserves are the third largest in the world.


Question: What is Russia's GDP?

Economy of Russia

[2] The economic development of the country has been geographically uneven with Moscow region producing more than 20% of the country's GDP.


Question: What is Russia's GDP?

Economy of Russia

[13] Most regions of Russia, especially indigenous regions and rural communities in Siberia, have fallen badly behind.


Question: What is Russia's GDP?

Economy of Russia

Yet the middle class has grown from eight million in 2000 to 55 million (2006 figure).


Question: What is Russia's GDP?

Economy of Russia

[14] Russia has the second highest number of billionaires among the countries in the world after the United States.


Question: What is Russia's GDP?

Economy of Russia

In 2012, their number totalled 96.


Question: What is Russia's GDP?

Economy of Russia

[15] Industries Agriculture Agriculture employs 9.8% of the labour force in Russia and covers 4.4% of GDP.


Question: What is Russia's GDP?

Economy of Russia

Major products include cereals, beet, sunflower seeds, fruits and vegetables, beef and dairy products.


Question: What is Russia's GDP?

Economy of Russia

[2] Only 10% of the land area is used by agriculture, 60% in cultivation and the rest as pasture.


Question: What is Russia's GDP?

Economy of Russia

The main area of cultivation is the grass plain between Ukraine and Kazakhstan.


Question: What is Russia's GDP?

Economy of Russia

Of the farmland, more than half is devoted to cereals, the main one being wheat.


Question: What is Russia's GDP?

Economy of Russia

Barley is grown further north, but oat cultivation has declined.


Question: What is Russia's GDP?

Economy of Russia

Potatoes are grown in the northern parts of the country between the 50th and 60th latitudes for food and for making vodka.


Question: What is Russia's GDP?

Economy of Russia

Linen is used for the manufacture of both textiles and oil.


Question: What is Russia's GDP?

Economy of Russia

Vegetable and fruit growing increased with the privatization of farming.


Question: What is Russia's GDP?

Economy of Russia

In the mid-1990s, cabbage, apple, tomato and carrot were the most important.


Question: What is Russia's GDP?

Economy of Russia

[16] In the Siberian taiga, forestry is an important source of livelihood.


Question: What is Russia's GDP?

Economy of Russia

Russia is also a major fishing nation.


Question: What is Russia's GDP?

Economy of Russia

[17] Important fishing ports on the European side are Kaliningrad and St. Petersburg in the northern Gulf of Finland.


Question: What is Russia's GDP?

Economy of Russia

In addition to these, major fishing ports include Murmansk and Arkhangelsk in the northern parts, as well as Far Eastern ports on the Pacific shore such as Vladivostok.


Question: What is Russia's GDP?

Economy of Russia

[18] Industrial Industry makes up 37.6% of Russia's GDP and employs 27.5% of the country's workforce.


Question: What is Russia's GDP?

Economy of Russia

Russian industry covers the production of coal, oil, gas, chemicals and metals from mining to refining.


Question: What is Russia's GDP?

Economy of Russia

In addition, Russia produces a wide scale of various machines, military equipment, road and railway equipment, as well as communications equipment.


Question: What is Russia's GDP?

Economy of Russia

Production also covers agricultural machinery, supplies for the production and transmission of electricity, medical and scientific instruments, and durable goods.


Question: What is Russia's GDP?

Economy of Russia

There is also substantial clothing, food and craft industries operating in the country.


Question: What is Russia's GDP?

Economy of Russia

In 2010, the industry grew by 8.2%.


Question: What is Russia's GDP?

Economy of Russia

[2] Russia has the largest fossil fuel reserves in the world: gas reserves are the largest in the world, coal reserves second and oil reserves eighth largest.


Question: What is Russia's GDP?

Economy of Russia

As of early 2011, Russia is confirmed to hold 47.57 trillion m3 of gas reserves and 60 billion barrels of oil reserves.


Question: What is Russia's GDP?

Economy of Russia

[2] In 2010, Russia produced 10.27 million barrels of oil per day, of which 2,199 million barrels were consumed by the country for its own use.


Question: What is Russia's GDP?

Economy of Russia

The rest of the oil produced went for export.


Question: What is Russia's GDP?

Economy of Russia

Natural gas production amounted to 588.9 billion cubic meters, of which Russia's own consumption was 414.1 billion cubic meters.


Question: What is Russia's GDP?

Economy of Russia

[2] The most significant player in natural gas production is Gazprom.


Question: What is Russia's GDP?

Economy of Russia

Estimates of the oil and gas sector's share of Russian GDP vary from less than 10% to around 20% depending on the statistical entity.


Question: What is Russia's GDP?

Economy of Russia

[19] In addition to fuel reserves, Russia has rich mineral resources.


Question: What is Russia's GDP?

Economy of Russia

In 2006, Russian diamond production covered a quarter of total world production.


Question: What is Russia's GDP?

Economy of Russia

In addition, Russia produced one-third of the world's nickel, 20% cobalt, 40% platinum, as well as 12% aluminum.


Question: What is Russia's GDP?

Economy of Russia

[17] Services in Soviet times services were not considered productive parts of the national economy, but mainly as an item of expenditure in the economy.


Question: What is Russia's GDP?

Economy of Russia

The organisation of services was very much in the hands of the regime's planning machinery.


Question: What is Russia's GDP?

Economy of Russia

The collapse of the Soviet Union created a vacuum in the service sector, which, with increased freedom of action for private enterprise and foreign enterprises, began to be filled by business activity.


Question: What is Russia's GDP?

Economy of Russia

At the beginning of the 2000-decade, the development of the market economy, rising incomes of citizens, educated labor and low labor costs laid a good foundation for the development of the service economy, but the high price level of raw materials and labor shortages slowed its development.


Question: What is Russia's GDP?

Economy of Russia

Statistics on the service economy were incomplete after the collapse of the Soviet Union, making it difficult to monitor its development, but statistics have nevertheless evolved considerably over the years.


Question: What is Russia's GDP?

Economy of Russia

The importance of the service economy to the state economy grew all the way up to 2008.


Question: What is Russia's GDP?

Economy of Russia

In the 2000-decade, services have accounted for 55— 60% of Russia's GDP, compared to around 65— 70% in developed industrialized countries.


Question: What is Russia's GDP?

Economy of Russia

[20] The major service sectors are trade and repair services, real estate agency and rental services, and transport and communication services.


Question: What is Russia's GDP?

Economy of Russia

The largest employment impact is in the trade sector, which in 2009 employed 29% of the service sector workforce.


Question: What is Russia's GDP?

Economy of Russia

There was also a major structural change for financial services, which increased in importance between 2000 and 2008 from 3% to 8%.


Question: What is Russia's GDP?

Economy of Russia

[20] Foreign trade In 2010, Russian exports were valued at US$400.1 billion.


Question: What is Russia's GDP?

Economy of Russia

Its most notable export products were oil, natural gas, metals, wood and wood supplies, chemicals, and a number of civilian and military products.


Question: What is Russia's GDP?

Economy of Russia

Russia's exports were hardest hit by Germany (8.2%), the Netherlands (6%), the United States (5.6%), China (5.4%) and Turkey (4.6%).


Question: What is Russia's GDP?

Economy of Russia

In the same year, Russian imports were valued at $248.7 billion.


Question: What is Russia's GDP?

Economy of Russia

It most prominent importing countries were Germany (14.7%), China (13.5%), Ukraine (5.5%), Italy (4.7%) and Belarus (4.5%).


Question: What is Russia's GDP?

Economy of Russia

The most notable imported goods were machinery, vehicles, medical supplies, plastics, semi-finished metal products, optical and medical supplies, iron, and steel.


Question: What is Russia's GDP?

Economy of Russia

From food, Russia imported especially meat, fruits, as well as nuts.


Question: What is Russia's GDP?

Economy of Russia

[2] Russia is the world's leading natural gas exporter and the second largest oil exporter.


Question: What is Russia's GDP?

Economy of Russia

Oil, natural gas, metals and wood comprise 80 percent of Russia's foreign exports.


Question: What is Russia's GDP?

Economy of Russia

[2] Russia exports 16% of the world's oil and 20% of its natural gas.


Question: What is Russia's GDP?

Economy of Russia

Russia's domestic oil consumption is expected to rise over the next few years, which is likely to limit crude oil exports in particular.


Question: What is Russia's GDP?

Economy of Russia

As far as natural gas is concerned, Russia is estimated to have growth potential because, although the resources of existing gas fields are dwindling, new, substantial deposits have been discovered in the same regions.


Question: What is Russia's GDP?

Economy of Russia

Russia exports natural gas mainly to the CIS, Turkey and EU countries.


Question: What is Russia's GDP?

Economy of Russia

The gas exported by Russia is mainly pipeline gas and has no significant activity in the liquefied natural gas (LNG) market.


Question: What is Russia's GDP?

Economy of Russia

This delineates Russia away from Asia's fast-growing natural gas market, which, as a rule, consists of precisely LNG.


Question: What is Russia's GDP?

Economy of Russia

The first LNG facility in Russia began operation in 2010 and a second facility is planned.


Question: What is Russia's GDP?

Economy of Russia

[19] Russia established a customs union with Belarus and Kazakhstan in 2010.


Question: What is Russia's GDP?

Economy of Russia

In early 2012, the Customs Union member countries established the Single Economic Area and integration between its members is planned to deepen into the Eurasian Union in 2015.


Question: What is Russia's GDP?

Economy of Russia

Russia held 18 years of negotiations with the World Trade Organization regarding Russia's accession to it.


Question: What is Russia's GDP?

Economy of Russia

Russia was officially admitted as a member in 2011 and the country's Duma ratified the treaty in July of the same year.


Question: What is Russia's GDP?

Economy of Russia

[21] [22] The workforce in Russia is 75.49 million people of working age, making it the seventh largest labour capacity in the world.


Question: What is Russia's GDP?

Economy of Russia

[2] At the beginning of 2008, the average salary of Russians was $640 a month, while still in 2000 it was only $80.


Question: What is Russia's GDP?

Economy of Russia

[23] Approximately 13.1% of Russians lived below the national poverty line in 2007, [2] while the reading was close to 40% in 1999, when it was the worst of the post-Soviet years.


Question: What is Russia's GDP?

Economy of Russia

[24] Unemployment in 2010 was 7.5%, [2] whereas in 1999 it had been 12.4%.


Question: What is Russia's GDP?

Economy of Russia

[25] [26] The gin coefficient of income inequality in Russia was 42.2 in 2009.


Question: What is Russia's GDP?

Economy of Russia

That's up slightly since 2001, when the coefficient was 39.9.


Question: What is Russia's GDP?

Economy of Russia

[2] Unlike most other natural resource-rich countries, Russia is considered to be in relatively long development due to its long and robust heritage of education, science and industry.


Question: What is Russia's GDP?

Economy of Russia

[27] The country has more college graduates than any other country in Europe.


Question: What is Russia's GDP?

Economy of Russia

[28] Financing relative to Russia's size, its financial markets are comparatively small and the banking sector is undeveloped.


Question: What is Russia's GDP?

Economy of Russia

In addition, the country's capital markets are volatile and vulnerable to changes in international financial markets as well as domestic liquidity.


Question: What is Russia's GDP?

Economy of Russia

The volatility is partly the result of Russia's lack of infrastructure.


Question: What is Russia's GDP?

Economy of Russia

Financial market developments are limited, among other things, by the absence of institutional investors and the dearth of foreign investors.


Question: What is Russia's GDP?

Economy of Russia

[29] The Bank of Russia is responsible for the issuance and stability of the Russian currency, or the ruble.


Question: What is Russia's GDP?

Economy of Russia

Compared to many other central banks, it has less autonomous decision-making power.


Question: What is Russia's GDP?

Economy of Russia

Only about thirty of Russia's largest banks are able to obtain loans on the interbank market.


Question: What is Russia's GDP?

Economy of Russia

In 2011, there were about 980 banks, so the vast majority of banks are forced to use guarantees for loan purchases or apply for a loan from the Bank of Russia.


Question: What is Russia's GDP?

Economy of Russia

The three largest banks (Sberbank, VTB, and Gazprombank) have a majority share in the state.


Question: What is Russia's GDP?

Economy of Russia

Foreign banks cannot carry out banking activities through branches, but in order to operate in Russia, they must establish a local subsidiary in the country.


Question: What is Russia's GDP?

Economy of Russia

[29] The two largest stock exchanges in Russia are Russian Trading System (RST) and Moscow Interbank Currency Exchange (MICEX).


Question: What is Russia's GDP?

Economy of Russia

They were nominally merged at the end of 2011 and are scheduled to complete the merger into the Moscow Stock Exchange (MISEC-RTS) during 2012 and 2013.


Question: What is Russia's GDP?

Economy of Russia

Russia is also in the process of setting up its own CSD, which is due to start operating in 2013.


Question: What is Russia's GDP?

Economy of Russia

[29] Russia's insurance business is more underdeveloped than the banking sector and covers only 1% of GDP (2011).


Question: What is Russia's GDP?

Economy of Russia

The insurance industry is very much in the hands of private operators and foreign companies in the sector, unlike the banking sector, are free to operate in the country through branches.


Question: What is Russia's GDP?

Economy of Russia

[29] In the first half of 2007, foreign investment in Russia doubled compared to the previous year, finally reaching a value of $60.3 billion.


Question: What is Russia's GDP?

Economy of Russia

[30] In 2000, total investment in fixed assets totaled $40 billion, an increase of 300% until 2006, when investments reached the 120 billion level.


Question: What is Russia's GDP?

Economy of Russia

[31] Infrastructure Energy The production, transmission and distribution of electricity was controlled until the beginning of the 2000s by the Russian state-owned monopoly company RAO JeEs Rossi.


Question: What is Russia's GDP?

Economy of Russia

Price regulation and lacking competition kept investment in the electricity sector low, which from time to time led to blackouts and, in the most severe cases, even electricity shortages.


Question: What is Russia's GDP?

Economy of Russia

The weak availability of electricity has curbed investment in the economy in the fastest-growing regions, such as Moscow.


Question: What is Russia's GDP?

Economy of Russia

RAO JeEs Rossi ceased operations in 2008, after which the Russian electricity sector began to open up to competition.


Question: What is Russia's GDP?

Economy of Russia

In a year, 20 private production companies began operating in Russia.


Question: What is Russia's GDP?

Economy of Russia

Water and nuclear power companies remained state-owned.


Question: What is Russia's GDP?

Economy of Russia

The privatization of electricity generation is part of an ongoing electricity sector reform plan in Russia.


Question: What is Russia's GDP?

Economy of Russia

Other elements of the plan include transferring loyalty networks to state ownership, gradually liberalizing pricing, creating an electricity exchange and a capacity market.


Question: What is Russia's GDP?

Economy of Russia

[32] As part of the reforms, the Russian wholesale electricity market was liberalized in 2011.


Question: What is Russia's GDP?

Economy of Russia

[33] Russia is among the top ten most energy-consuming countries in the world and in 2005 was third on the list.


Question: What is Russia's GDP?

Economy of Russia

Total energy consumption for 2008 was 857.6 billion kWhh and production the following year was 925.9 billion kWhh.


Question: What is Russia's GDP?

Economy of Russia

[2] Russia's energy consumption relative to its GDP is higher than any other most energy-consuming country.


Question: What is Russia's GDP?

Economy of Russia

[34] Low energy efficiency is largely due to outdated production and transmission capacity, which has fallen short of 1990 European levels due to low investment.


Question: What is Russia's GDP?

Economy of Russia

As part of the electricity reform, generating companies will be subject to a binding investment plan designed to guarantee the modernisation of existing generation capacity and the construction of new generation capacity needed for the growth of electricity consumption.


Question: What is Russia's GDP?

Economy of Russia

[32] Russia has invested in nuclear power for more than 50 years and its nuclear power plants are operated by the energy company Rosenergoatom.


Question: What is Russia's GDP?

Economy of Russia

In the 2000s, planning for new plants began to grow, with the country aiming to nearly double nuclear capacity by 2020.


Question: What is Russia's GDP?

Economy of Russia

At the same time, hydropower is also being built efficiently.


Question: What is Russia's GDP?

Economy of Russia

[35] There would be a lot of renewable energy potential, but very little use of it.


Question: What is Russia's GDP?

Economy of Russia

[36] Traffic in Russia is 1213 aerodromes — only the United States, Brazil, Canada and Mexico have more.


Question: What is Russia's GDP?

Economy of Russia

Of the aerodromes, 593 are paved.


Question: What is Russia's GDP?

Economy of Russia

In addition to these, Russia has 50 heliports.


Question: What is Russia's GDP?

Economy of Russia

There are 776,000 kilometres of paved road, which includes 30000 km of highway.


Question: What is Russia's GDP?

Economy of Russia

In terms of railways, Russia remains second only to the United States with its 87157 rail kilometers.


Question: What is Russia's GDP?

Economy of Russia

[2] The Siberian line is the longest railway section in the world.


Question: What is Russia's GDP?

Economy of Russia

[37] Built over 60 years, the 3500-kilometer-long Baikalin—Amur railway runs along its north side.


Question: What is Russia's GDP?

Economy of Russia

[38] There are 102000 kilometers of water routes in Russia, which is the second most in the world after China.


Question: What is Russia's GDP?

Economy of Russia

The country's merchant fleet comprises 1097 ships and its most notable ports are located in Kaliningrad, Nahodka, Novorossiysk, Koivisto and Saint Petersburg.


Question: What is Russia's GDP?

Economy of Russia

[2] Grey economy and corruption The importance of the grey economy has been traditionally great in Russia.


Question: What is Russia's GDP?

Economy of Russia

Today, it covers around 30-35 per cent of GDP, according to various estimates.


Question: What is Russia's GDP?

Economy of Russia

[39] The grey economy is counted as including tax evasion and informal bartering.


Question: What is Russia's GDP?

Economy of Russia

It is common among Russian big companies to manage corporate ownership arrangements through tax havens.


Question: What is Russia's GDP?

Economy of Russia

[40] Undeclared pay is also common.


Question: What is Russia's GDP?

Economy of Russia

Companies might also pay part of the salary legally and some undeclared.


Question: What is Russia's GDP?

Economy of Russia

These grey salaries made up to a third of all wages paid in 2006.


Question: What is Russia's GDP?

Economy of Russia

[41] Informal barter trade became more common during the Soviet era as people and production facilities sought to fill resource shortages caused by the planned economy.


Question: What is Russia's GDP?

Economy of Russia

It was at its most common around the time of 1998, after which the importance of barter began to decline.


Question: What is Russia's GDP?

Economy of Russia

The 2008 recession sent the popularity of the informal barter soar again.


Question: What is Russia's GDP?

Economy of Russia

The culture of informal and reciprocal exchange, blat, has contributed significantly to the emergence of Russian business culture.


Question: What is Russia's GDP?

Economy of Russia

[42] The prevalence of informal influence and personnel networks also support the existence of corruption.


Question: What is Russia's GDP?

Economy of Russia

[42] In 2011, Russia was ranked 143 in Transparency International's list of corruption, meaning the organisation considers corruption in Russia to be common.


Question: What is Russia's GDP?

Economy of Russia

[43] The prevalence of corruption complicates the development of the Russian economy.


Question: What is Russia's GDP?

Economy of Russia

[44] Economic history after the collapse of the Soviet Union Transitional economy From the 1991 Soviet collapse to the mid-1990s, the Russian economy was in a deep depression.


Question: What is Russia's GDP?

Economy of Russia

The recession was caused by many factors.


Question: What is Russia's GDP?

Economy of Russia

Russia traditionally had poor infrastructure, meaning too few roads and transportation capacity.


Question: What is Russia's GDP?

Economy of Russia

After communism, the lack and fragmentation of legislation supporting enterprise and ownership came to light, organised crime that operates more effectively, persistent instability in the major economy, corruption and corruption, unnecessary bureaucracy, bank bankruptcies, trade in non-money and bad corporate derivation.


Question: What is Russia's GDP?

Economy of Russia

[46] The government began to push for reforms in an effort to move from a planned economy to a market economy.


Question: What is Russia's GDP?

Economy of Russia

As part of the reforms, Russia abolished 90% of price controls on consumer goods and 80% of semi-finished goods.


Question: What is Russia's GDP?

Economy of Russia

The government continued to control energy and staple food prices.


Question: What is Russia's GDP?

Economy of Russia

The aim of the changes was to build a realistic relationship between production and consumption that had been lacking in the planned economy previously in use.


Question: What is Russia's GDP?

Economy of Russia

[47] Russia also undertook the privatisation programme of 1991.


Question: What is Russia's GDP?

Economy of Russia

[48] The privatisation of small state enterprises began in 1992 and in October of the same year the State began to distribute privatisation vouchers to individuals for the purchase of shares in medium and large enterprises.


Question: What is Russia's GDP?

Economy of Russia

By the end of 1993, more than 85% of Russia's small and about a third of all state enterprises had been privatized.


Question: What is Russia's GDP?

Economy of Russia

It was also possible for investment voucher recipients to sell the coupon or invest it in a trust.


Question: What is Russia's GDP?

Economy of Russia

[48] But the common people did not realise the value of the coupons they received but sold them off at a mock price.


Question: What is Russia's GDP?

Economy of Russia

Through this, stock holdings were concentrated on factory managers and young businessmen, who formed a small group of oligarchs in Russia.


Question: What is Russia's GDP?

Economy of Russia

[49] Investment trusts disappeared in a few months in 1992, taking the value of the coupons invested in them with them.


Question: What is Russia's GDP?

Economy of Russia

[50] The economy generated by the privatization program was also referred to as bandit capitalism.


Question: What is Russia's GDP?

Economy of Russia

[49] Taxation was reformed by introducing a 28% VAT plus a progressive income tax and taking up taxation of corporate income.


Question: What is Russia's GDP?

Economy of Russia

Customs duties and taxation of exports were also reformed and a fixed exchange rate was established for the ruble.


Question: What is Russia's GDP?

Economy of Russia

Several restrictions on foreign trade and investment were lifted to allow Russian economic life to come into contact with foreign countries” price levels.


Question: What is Russia's GDP?

Economy of Russia

As the price of energy was still under government control, new taxes were imposed on domestic electricity to encourage citizens to use it thrifty.


Question: What is Russia's GDP?

Economy of Russia

New taxes were imposed on oil and natural gas exports to reduce the difference between the price of subsidized domestic electricity and the global trade price and prevent electricity shortages from occurring.


Question: What is Russia's GDP?

Economy of Russia

[47] Problems of the economy State spending of money led to the fact that at the end of 1992 the deficit of the Russian state budget was 20% of GDP.


Question: What is Russia's GDP?

Economy of Russia

Due to the deficit, Russia was unable to obtain foreign financing, and covered the deficit mainly by increasing its money supply.


Question: What is Russia's GDP?

Economy of Russia

As a result of this economic policy, inflation increased in 1992 to 2000 percent.


Question: What is Russia's GDP?

Economy of Russia

As a result of the escalation in the economic situation, Yeltsin replaced Prime Minister Jegor Gaidar with Viktor Chernomyrdin.


Question: What is Russia's GDP?

Economy of Russia

Under a new economic programme developed to control inflation, the government set about patching up budget deficits and closing unprofitable state enterprises, as well as ordering the central bank to raise interest rates on credit by selling government bonds.


Question: What is Russia's GDP?

Economy of Russia

The budget deficit was closed by limiting wage increases for state enterprises, setting quarterly budget targets, and providing more efficient social security for the unemployed and retirees.


Question: What is Russia's GDP?

Economy of Russia

In May 1993, the Ministry of Finance and the Central Bank agreed to rebalance the economy by reducing government aid and increasing revenues.


Question: What is Russia's GDP?

Economy of Russia

The central bank raised the interest rate on the loans it made to reflect inflation.


Question: What is Russia's GDP?

Economy of Russia

The results of the changes had a positive impact on the economy and the IMF agreed to provide Russia with $1.5 billion in aid.


Question: What is Russia's GDP?

Economy of Russia

[51] By 1994 inflation had fallen to 224% and in the first half of 1996 it was no longer 16.5%.


Question: What is Russia's GDP?

Economy of Russia

[52] The first period of the privatisation programme was completed in the summer of 1994, when 70% of large and medium-sized enterprises in Russia and 90% of small enterprises had been privatised.


Question: What is Russia's GDP?

Economy of Russia

This was followed by a move to the second part of the privatisation programme, in which the shares of the remaining state enterprises were sold to individuals for cash.


Question: What is Russia's GDP?

Economy of Russia

The program was completed in the early quarter of 1996.


Question: What is Russia's GDP?

Economy of Russia

By 1995, the privatisation programme had fallen into discredit in the eyes of the ordinary people because of the problems it encountered, and during 1995 and 1996, corruption scandals further tarnished its reputation.


Question: What is Russia's GDP?

Economy of Russia

[48] In August 1998, Russia was mired in an economic crisis resulting from a significant deficit in the state budget.


Question: What is Russia's GDP?

Economy of Russia

To cover the deficit, the federation had begun trading short-term GKO notes.


Question: What is Russia's GDP?

Economy of Russia

Initially, the proceeds from the notes offset the inflation of the federation so that the ruble could be linked to the US dollar using the crawling peg technique.


Question: What is Russia's GDP?

Economy of Russia

At the same time, however, the Russian economy was also exposed to changes in international markets.


Question: What is Russia's GDP?

Economy of Russia

With the 1997 Asian economic crisis, demand and prices for fuels fell and investment volumes decreased.


Question: What is Russia's GDP?

Economy of Russia

Since the vast majority of Russian exports were based at that time on exports of oil, natural gas and metals, increased by the decrease in revenues from them due to the already significant deficit in the budget of the Federation.


Question: What is Russia's GDP?

Economy of Russia

Interest rates on GKO notes rose and finally in August 1998 Russia drifted into default and was forced to devalue the ruble.


Question: What is Russia's GDP?

Economy of Russia

The economic crisis led to the collapse of several banks and further lowered the income of Russians.


Question: What is Russia's GDP?

Economy of Russia

The average wage dripped from pre-crisis $180 to $70 while inflation increased to 84 per cent.


Question: What is Russia's GDP?

Economy of Russia

[53] Putin's first periods As a result of the devaluation of the currency, the competitiveness of Russian industry improved.


Question: What is Russia's GDP?

Economy of Russia

[53] The collapse of the rouble, together with the sharp increase in world commodity prices, had a strong impact on the growth of the Russian economy.


Question: What is Russia's GDP?

Economy of Russia

In the five years following the 1998 economic crisis, the state's economy grew by almost 40%.


Question: What is Russia's GDP?

Economy of Russia

Vladimir Putin implemented a series of economic reforms during his first term in power, the chief planner of which was Russian Economy Minister German Gref.


Question: What is Russia's GDP?

Economy of Russia

Ownership of agglomeration and agricultural land was also made possible for private operators, the judiciary was reformed in a more westernized direction, taxation was reformed by eliminating company-specific tax breaks and increasing expenses deduction rights.


Question: What is Russia's GDP?

Economy of Russia

Other tax reforms included reducing the profits tax, as well as changing the income tax to a 13% flat tax.


Question: What is Russia's GDP?

Economy of Russia

[54] Efforts were made to improve distrust of the Russian financial system by extending deposit protection to include all banks meeting the central bank's criteria.


Question: What is Russia's GDP?

Economy of Russia

Previously, only the deposit of the country's largest bank, Sberbank, were protected.


Question: What is Russia's GDP?

Economy of Russia

Efforts were made to increase the role of small businesses burdened by bureaucracy and excessive control by simplifying the methods of registering companies and limiting the number of regulatory checks.


Question: What is Russia's GDP?

Economy of Russia

Intentional bankruptcies were reduced and the status of previously unjustifiably treated small shareholders by enacting the Companies Act and the Bankruptcy Act.


Question: What is Russia's GDP?

Economy of Russia

This change, as a rule, did not reach smaller companies, for whom the image of the company did not play a big role.


Question: What is Russia's GDP?

Economy of Russia

Efforts were made to facilitate foreign trade by reforming the Customs Act and the regulation of foreign exchange traffic was almost completely abandoned with the new Currency Act.


Question: What is Russia's GDP?

Economy of Russia

[54] During Putin's first two terms, Russia's GDP grew by 70%, industry by 75% and investment volume by 125%.


Question: What is Russia's GDP?

Economy of Russia

With the development, Russia emerged among the ten largest economies in the world.


Question: What is Russia's GDP?

Economy of Russia

In addition, Russia has increased its importance in the global economy as an energy exporter, effectively using its revenue from energy exports to repay Soviet debt.


Question: What is Russia's GDP?

Economy of Russia

Between 2000 and 2008, the number of people living below the poverty line in Russia halved and the average salary and pension multiplied.


Question: What is Russia's GDP?

Economy of Russia

However, Russia suffered from high inflation and its economy was very much based on raw materials.


Question: What is Russia's GDP?

Economy of Russia

[55] The last Soviet debt was paid by Russia in 2006.


Question: What is Russia's GDP?

Economy of Russia

[56] Medvedev's term Dmitry Medvedev ascended to become President of Russia in 2008, just at the beginning of the global recession.


Question: What is Russia's GDP?

Economy of Russia

The fall in oil prices that followed the recession and the shift of capital abroad drove Russia's economy into recession in 2009.


Question: What is Russia's GDP?

Economy of Russia

The situation was also complicated by the underdevelopment of the Russian banking sector, the devaluation of the rouble and inflation.


Question: What is Russia's GDP?

Economy of Russia

[57] Before the crisis began, the Russian economy had grown at an annual rate of 8.7% in 2008.


Question: What is Russia's GDP?

Economy of Russia

With the recession, Russia's economy contracted by almost 8% and became one of the countries hardest hit by the crisis.


Question: What is Russia's GDP?

Economy of Russia

[58] [59] After the recession, the Russian economy turned to growth, inflation was at the lowest level in the country's economic history, real wages on the rise and the public indebtedness rate below 10%.


Question: What is Russia's GDP?

Economy of Russia

[56] See also the Eurasian Economic Community of Russia Sources Check date values in: |accessdate= (help) CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link) References elsewhere Statistics Finland Finland, 2006 Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Finland, 2012 Bank of Finland, 2012 Economy Russia Information Category:36 Economy * Category:Key articles of screening


Question: What is the surface area of Mozambique?

Mozambique

The Republic of Mozambique (), or Mozambique (), is a state in southern Africa.


Question: What is the surface area of Mozambique?

Mozambique

It is bordered by South Africa, Swaziland, Zimbabwe, Zambia, Malawi and Tanzania.


Question: What is the surface area of Mozambique?

Mozambique

To the east, it borders the Indian Ocean.


Question: What is the surface area of Mozambique?

Mozambique

[1] Mozambique has a population of about 26.4 million inhabitants, according to an estimate by the country's Central Statistics Agency, and covers an area of just under 800,000 square kilometres.


Question: What is the surface area of Mozambique?

Mozambique

Mozambique's capital is Maputo, and the country is a multi-party democracy with the president as its head of state.


Question: What is the surface area of Mozambique?

Mozambique

Arab traders connected the Mozambique coast to an international trade network.


Question: What is the surface area of Mozambique?

Mozambique

In the 16th century, the Portuguese established several trading posts along the coast, but the whole of Mozambique did not enter proper colonial rule until the late 19th century.


Question: What is the surface area of Mozambique?

Mozambique

Many African colonies became independent shortly after World War II.


Question: What is the surface area of Mozambique?

Mozambique

In the Portuguese colonies, development was slower, and Portugal did not want to give independence to its colonies.


Question: What is the surface area of Mozambique?

Mozambique

The Mozambique War of Independence began in 1964 and soon ended with independence after the Portuguese Carnation Revolution.


Question: What is the surface area of Mozambique?

Mozambique

Mozambique was initially a communist one-party state in the People's Republic of Mozambique, ruled by Frelimo.


Question: What is the surface area of Mozambique?

Mozambique

The Renamo movement triggered a devastating civil war lasting more than 10 years in 1977 that ruined the country's economy.


Question: What is the surface area of Mozambique?

Mozambique

Mozambique is one of the world's poorest states, but the country has significantly untapped natural resources and the country has experienced remarkably rapid economic growth since the early 1990s.


Question: What is the surface area of Mozambique?

Mozambique

The majority of the population derives their livelihood from self-sustaining farming.


Question: What is the surface area of Mozambique?

Mozambique

Mozambique is a member of the Community of Portuguese-speaking Countries and the Commonwealth of Nations, although the country has never been part of the British Empire.


Question: What is the surface area of Mozambique?

Mozambique

[2] The geography and nature of Mozambique is located in Southeast Africa.


Question: What is the surface area of Mozambique?

Mozambique

It shares a land border with Tanzania, Malawi, Zambia, Zimbabwe, South Africa and Swaziland.


Question: What is the surface area of Mozambique?

Mozambique

East of Mozambique is the Mozambique Channel, which separates Madagascar from the African continent.


Question: What is the surface area of Mozambique?

Mozambique

The country is split in half in a north-south direction by the Sambesi River.


Question: What is the surface area of Mozambique?

Mozambique

A large grave shed stretches from its southern part to Mozambique.


Question: What is the surface area of Mozambique?

Mozambique

The highest point in Mozambique is Monte Binga, which rises to 2436 metres above sea level.


Question: What is the surface area of Mozambique?

Mozambique

[1] The largest of the rivers in Mozambique are Sambesi and Limpopo.


Question: What is the surface area of Mozambique?

Mozambique

Other notable rivers include the Buzi, Chinde, Komati, Maputo, Mazowe, Pungwe, Ruvuma, Save and Shire.


Question: What is the surface area of Mozambique?

Mozambique

Dams and reservoirs have been built in them for electricity generation.


Question: What is the surface area of Mozambique?

Mozambique

[3] [4] [5] Many of the rivers are flooded in the rainy season.


Question: What is the surface area of Mozambique?

Mozambique

[6] There are two large lakes in Mozambique.


Question: What is the surface area of Mozambique?

Mozambique

Lake Njassa in the north of the country is the third largest lake in Africa and famous for its native fish species.


Question: What is the surface area of Mozambique?

Mozambique

In the territory of Mozambique, the lake accounts for one third.


Question: What is the surface area of Mozambique?

Mozambique

The province of Tete contains the Cahora Bassa Reservoir.


Question: What is the surface area of Mozambique?

Mozambique

[7] The natural harbour of Nacala is 14 metres deep and the best in Southeast Africa.


Question: What is the surface area of Mozambique?

Mozambique

[8] North of Maputo is a coastal plain covering almost half the land area, which is one of the most important farming areas in the country.


Question: What is the surface area of Mozambique?

Mozambique

The hinterland of the southern parts of the country is predominantly rolling savannah.


Question: What is the surface area of Mozambique?

Mozambique

The northern parts are mainly uplands.


Question: What is the surface area of Mozambique?

Mozambique

[9] [10] The Limpopo Natural Park in the south of the country, Gaza Province, is part of a project to create a large unified protected area in the territory of three states: Mozambique, Zimbabwe and South Africa.


Question: What is the surface area of Mozambique?

Mozambique

[11] The target size of the entire protected area is 4.4 million hectares.


Question: What is the surface area of Mozambique?

Mozambique

[12] On the coast of Mozambique, the Bazaruto and Quirimbas archipelagos in the Indian Ocean exist partly as national parks and attract tourists with sandy beaches and coral reefs.


Question: What is the surface area of Mozambique?

Mozambique

[13] [14] [15] The landscape of southern Mozambique is dominated by a coastal plain narrowing towards the north.


Question: What is the surface area of Mozambique?

Mozambique

Going inland from the coast, the land rises in steps to the High Veld.


Question: What is the surface area of Mozambique?

Mozambique

[16] The height of the inland massif is between 250 and 600 metres.


Question: What is the surface area of Mozambique?

Mozambique

[17] To the south there are sandstone plains and to the north of the Zambesi River there are granite plains higher than them.


Question: What is the surface area of Mozambique?

Mozambique

On the western border of Mozambique, the highland turns into a mountain.


Question: What is the surface area of Mozambique?

Mozambique

In the northwest, the land spends steeply towards the shore of Lake Njassa.


Question: What is the surface area of Mozambique?

Mozambique

[16] The Mozambique bedrock is formed in the north and northwest of the country by predominantly Precambrian period rock species.


Question: What is the surface area of Mozambique?

Mozambique

Further south, on the other hand, there are sediments from the Mesozoic and Cenozoic World Periods.


Question: What is the surface area of Mozambique?

Mozambique

[18] Fauna Mozambique fauna is diverse and previously unknown animal species are still found in its forests.


Question: What is the surface area of Mozambique?

Mozambique

[19] More than 750 species of birds have been observed.


Question: What is the surface area of Mozambique?

Mozambique

[20] Mammal species have been counted 195, reptiles 228 and amphibians 59 species.


Question: What is the surface area of Mozambique?

Mozambique

[21] Most elephants, buffalo and zebras live in the northern part of the country in the Nissa Conservation Area.


Question: What is the surface area of Mozambique?

Mozambique

There are also some lions and leopards.


Question: What is the surface area of Mozambique?

Mozambique

[22] A population of 450 individuals of critically endangered hyena dogs live in the Niassa region.


Question: What is the surface area of Mozambique?

Mozambique

[23] There were about 2200 elephants in Gorongosa National Park before the Civil War, after the war in 1994, there were no more than one hundred.


Question: What is the surface area of Mozambique?

Mozambique

[24] By 2011, this number had already risen to three hundred.


Question: What is the surface area of Mozambique?

Mozambique

Specimens brought from neighbouring countries have also been planted in the park.


Question: What is the surface area of Mozambique?

Mozambique

[25] Flora Most of Mozambique's land area, 70 percent, is miombo savannah with the main plant genus being phlom trees.


Question: What is the surface area of Mozambique?

Mozambique

Trees and shrubs of the same genus grow elsewhere in Africa, but in Mozambique the phlox bushes are higher and denser than elsewhere.


Question: What is the surface area of Mozambique?

Mozambique

On the savannas of the southern part of the country and on the other, on the river banks of the northern parts, acacias also grow


Question: What is the surface area of Mozambique?

Mozambique

The Zambes Delta and other flood-plagued lowlands have reedy swamps and palmyra palms in their midst.


Question: What is the surface area of Mozambique?

Mozambique

On the coasts grow palm groves and dense shrubland.


Question: What is the surface area of Mozambique?

Mozambique

Proper forest exists only in the rainforests of the slopes of Mount Gorongosa and the highlands of the western Zambezia, and in the forests of the dry uplands of Cabo Delgado and Dondo.


Question: What is the surface area of Mozambique?

Mozambique

[26] The coastal mangrove zone is 2700 kilometres long and one of the widest in Africa.


Question: What is the surface area of Mozambique?

Mozambique

[27] At least 5600 different plant species are known to occur in Mozambique.


Question: What is the surface area of Mozambique?

Mozambique

[21] There are 250 endemic species.


Question: What is the surface area of Mozambique?

Mozambique

Forty-five endemic species grow in the Chimanimani Mountains alone.


Question: What is the surface area of Mozambique?

Mozambique

Another area famous for its flora is a wetland area that continues from the St. Lucia Marshland Nature Reserve from the South African side to Maputo Province, [22] and up to the town of Xai-Xai.


Question: What is the surface area of Mozambique?

Mozambique

[28] The climate in Mozambique is tropical climate.


Question: What is the surface area of Mozambique?

Mozambique

The rainy season is from November to March.


Question: What is the surface area of Mozambique?

Mozambique

[9] The warmest month is January, the coolest July.


Question: What is the surface area of Mozambique?

Mozambique

[29] Especially in the northern parts of the country, annual rainfall is high.


Question: What is the surface area of Mozambique?

Mozambique

The rainiest parts are, on the one hand, the uplands along the Zimbabwe-Malawi border, on the other the coast between Maputo and Beira, which is exposed to rains brought by pasate winds throughout the year.


Question: What is the surface area of Mozambique?

Mozambique

Typical rainfall there is between 1000 and 1500 millimeters per year.


Question: What is the surface area of Mozambique?

Mozambique

[30] South of the Zambesi River, the climate is much drier.


Question: What is the surface area of Mozambique?

Mozambique

[9] There, annual rainfall falls between 500 and 750 millimeters, in some places even below 400 millimeters.


Question: What is the surface area of Mozambique?

Mozambique

The mountainous island of Madagascar protects part of the low-lying parts of the coast from pasate winds, the heaviest rains and also tropical cyclones that pass most frequently from the east of Madagascar.


Question: What is the surface area of Mozambique?

Mozambique

[30] Drought, desertification and downpours caused by tropical cyclones cause environmental problems.


Question: What is the surface area of Mozambique?

Mozambique

The flooding and cyclone experienced in 2000 were the worst in 50 years.


Question: What is the surface area of Mozambique?

Mozambique

Hundreds of thousands of families were forced to leave their homes.


Question: What is the surface area of Mozambique?

Mozambique

[31] However, the population's disaster preparedness has improved, and the spring 2007 flood devastation was significantly lower.


Question: What is the surface area of Mozambique?

Mozambique

In the spring of 2008, major evacuations were carried out in flood-affected areas.


Question: What is the surface area of Mozambique?

Mozambique

[32] History Early stages The first inhabitants of Mozambique were sans (busmans).


Question: What is the surface area of Mozambique?

Mozambique

In the last few centuries before the beginning of the period, members of Bantu peoples arrived in the region from the north.


Question: What is the surface area of Mozambique?

Mozambique

[2] In the Middle Ages, Arab traders arrived on the coast of Mozambique, who incorporated it as part of trade networks stretching into India and the Arabian Peninsula and bringing Islam to the region.


Question: What is the surface area of Mozambique?

Mozambique

Arab and Persian routes stretched as far as the island of Mozambique in the south, and the entire country was named after an Arab sheik named Musa Bin Biki who lived on the island, whom Vasco da Gama encountered there in 1498.


Question: What is the surface area of Mozambique?

Mozambique

[33] There have been quite loosely organised tribes living in the region, which from time to time formed alliances.


Question: What is the surface area of Mozambique?

Mozambique

In the Central Mozambique region, these alliances merged in the 12th century with the Kingdom of Zimbabwe, which, as well as its successor, the Kingdom of Mwene Mutapa, was located in the territories of present-day Mozambique and Zimbabwe.


Question: What is the surface area of Mozambique?

Mozambique

[33] [34] The Maravi kingdom ruled by the Bantu peoples spread from Lake Malawi towards the Indian Ocean coast, and covered at its widest extent in the mid-17th century large areas of the northern parts of present-day Mozambique, between Mogincual and Angoche.


Question: What is the surface area of Mozambique?

Mozambique

In the province of present-day Nissa, there was a Yao people who formed a loose-built kingdom.


Question: What is the surface area of Mozambique?

Mozambique

In the provinces of Nampula and Zambezia, the makuas and lomwet mostly organized themselves as village communities, but some sort of broader power structures developed in the 16th century.


Question: What is the surface area of Mozambique?

Mozambique

In the south, village and tribal level rule survived the longest, with the first organized kingdom being the newly ruled Kingdom of Gaza by Soshangane in the 19th century.


Question: What is the surface area of Mozambique?

Mozambique

[34] European contacts Portuguese Vasco da Gama arrived on the coast of Mozambique in 1498, when several Arab population centers and local sultanates existed in the region.


Question: What is the surface area of Mozambique?

Mozambique

In the 16th century, the Portuguese built and occupied several ports and bases as intermediate highways for trade to India.


Question: What is the surface area of Mozambique?

Mozambique

[35] Initially, the main base for the Portuguese was the town of São Sebastião de Moçambique, located on the island of Mozambique.


Question: What is the surface area of Mozambique?

Mozambique

Alongside gold, first ivory and later slaves rose as a commodity.


Question: What is the surface area of Mozambique?

Mozambique

It is estimated that more than one million slaves were sold through Mozambique's ports.


Question: What is the surface area of Mozambique?

Mozambique

[34] The slave trade in the country by Arabs and Portuguese continued until 1877.


Question: What is the surface area of Mozambique?

Mozambique

[35] The interest of the Portuguese was focused on the trading ports along the coast.


Question: What is the surface area of Mozambique?

Mozambique

From the hinterland, they gradually occupied trading posts established by Arabs like Teten and Sena.


Question: What is the surface area of Mozambique?

Mozambique

In the 17th century, large areas were fiefed by the Portuguese as large farms known as prazos.


Question: What is the surface area of Mozambique?

Mozambique

[34] After the Treaty of Berlin and the Transvaal gold rush in the late 19th century, the Portuguese also took tighter control of the hinterland.


Question: What is the surface area of Mozambique?

Mozambique

[35] In 1878, the Portuguese government ceded much of the land to the control of the private, mainly British-owned, Mozambique Company.


Question: What is the surface area of Mozambique?

Mozambique

The power of the companies continued until 1932.


Question: What is the surface area of Mozambique?

Mozambique

[2] The largest of these were the Zambezia Company, which operated in the area of present-day Tete and Zambezia provinces, the Mozambique Company in Manica and Sofiala, and the Nissa Company in Cabo Delgado and Nissa Province.


Question: What is the surface area of Mozambique?

Mozambique

Of these, only the former made a profit.


Question: What is the surface area of Mozambique?

Mozambique

[34] The United Kingdom and Portugal agreed on the borders of the colony of Mozambique in 1891.


Question: What is the surface area of Mozambique?

Mozambique

[2] In the colonial era, Mozambique was developed on the terms of European colonists and there was no regard for the conditions of the native inhabitants.


Question: What is the surface area of Mozambique?

Mozambique

[35] Frustration with conditions brought the first revolt in 1917, when Portugal lost control of part of the colony for as many as three years.


Question: What is the surface area of Mozambique?

Mozambique

[33] In the early 20th century, large gold mines were established in neighbouring South Africa and Rhodesia, and many southern Mozambicans moved there to work.


Question: What is the surface area of Mozambique?

Mozambique

[34] Independent Mozambique From independence to civil war Although after World War II other European countries granted independence to their colonies, Portugal decided to hold on to its own colonies.


Question: What is the surface area of Mozambique?

Mozambique

The status of Mozambique was changed to an overseas province.


Question: What is the surface area of Mozambique?

Mozambique

Around the same time, Portuguese immigration to Mozambique also increased.


Question: What is the surface area of Mozambique?

Mozambique

In 1975, about 250000 Portuguese lived in Mozambique.


Question: What is the surface area of Mozambique?

Mozambique

[33] In 1962, the FRELIMO Movement for the Liberation of Mozambique (Front for the Liberation of Mozambique) was founded in Dar es Salaam.


Question: What is the surface area of Mozambique?

Mozambique

Frelimo launched the 1964 guerrilla war to achieve independence.


Question: What is the surface area of Mozambique?

Mozambique

Mozambique gained independence after the Portuguese Carnation Revolution on 25 June 1975.


Question: What is the surface area of Mozambique?

Mozambique

A Marxist one-party system led by Frelimo was established in the country.


Question: What is the surface area of Mozambique?

Mozambique

Samora Machel rose to become the first president.


Question: What is the surface area of Mozambique?

Mozambique

After independence, racial conflicts intensified, and many Portuguese-born fled the country.


Question: What is the surface area of Mozambique?

Mozambique

[33] On leaving, the Portuguese disposed of the property they had left behind.


Question: What is the surface area of Mozambique?

Mozambique

One colonial-era monument is the ruin of a grandeur hotel on Maputo's waterfront boulevard, whose elevator shafts have been cast full of concrete by the Portuguese.


Question: What is the surface area of Mozambique?

Mozambique

[35] Bordering Rhodesia and South Africa feared independence arguments and Marxism would spread wider from Mozambique, and supported the activities of Renamo, Mozambique's national resistance movement.


Question: What is the surface area of Mozambique?

Mozambique

Similarly, Mozambique supported guerrilla movements warring against white minority rule in the countries, which had bases on the Mozambique side.


Question: What is the surface area of Mozambique?

Mozambique

Armed clashes and border closures deprived Mozambique of significant revenue accrued from the country's transit fees.


Question: What is the surface area of Mozambique?

Mozambique

The power struggle between Frelimo and Renamo soon led to civil war.


Question: What is the surface area of Mozambique?

Mozambique

[35] Clashes with Rhodesia stopped in 1980 when Zimbabwe gained independence.


Question: What is the surface area of Mozambique?

Mozambique

South Africa, which supported Renamo, conquered even Maputo momentarily until the countries made peace with the Nkomati Treaty of 1984.


Question: What is the surface area of Mozambique?

Mozambique

However, even after the deal, the South African Defence Force gave a secret tueka to Renamo, also helped by Malawi President Hastings Banda, who offered Renamo asylum from his country.


Question: What is the surface area of Mozambique?

Mozambique

Mozambique President Machel visited Malawi in 1986 to negotiate with Banda on ending Malawi's support.


Question: What is the surface area of Mozambique?

Mozambique

On the way back, Machel died in a plane crash.


Question: What is the surface area of Mozambique?

Mozambique

[36] Joaquim Chissano was elected as his successor.


Question: What is the surface area of Mozambique?

Mozambique

[35] With the weakening of South Africa's apartheid regime, the civil war ended in 1990 with an armistice.


Question: What is the surface area of Mozambique?

Mozambique

In the same year, a new constitution was written.


Question: What is the surface area of Mozambique?

Mozambique

In 1992, a peace agreement was concluded and Mozambique became a multi-party democracy.


Question: What is the surface area of Mozambique?

Mozambique

Until 1995, the agreement was overseen in Mozambique by UN peacekeepers.


Question: What is the surface area of Mozambique?

Mozambique

[37] During the Civil War, some 900,000 civilians were killed and more than five million evacuated.


Question: What is the surface area of Mozambique?

Mozambique

1.7 million people fled to neighboring countries.


Question: What is the surface area of Mozambique?

Mozambique

Landmines also led to a number of serious injuries and deaths.


Question: What is the surface area of Mozambique?

Mozambique

[35] Peacetime The leftist Frelimo has won the presidential and parliamentary elections of 1994 and 1999, but right-wing Renamo is the second largest party in the country.


Question: What is the surface area of Mozambique?

Mozambique

In 1995 Mozambique joined the Commonwealth as the first country never to have been part of the British Empire.


Question: What is the surface area of Mozambique?

Mozambique

In 1996, Mozambique became one of the founding members of the Community of Portuguese-Speaking Countries.


Question: What is the surface area of Mozambique?

Mozambique

[38] In February 2004, the country's first female prime minister, Luísa Diogo, was elected.


Question: What is the surface area of Mozambique?

Mozambique

[39] Fluctuating weather, floods in 2001 and 2008, and drought in 2009 hit the country and increased the need for assistance.


Question: What is the surface area of Mozambique?

Mozambique

[2] Although natural disasters struck the poor country, the economy grew strongly thanks to debt relief and economic reforms.


Question: What is the surface area of Mozambique?

Mozambique

[40] Although the economy grew in Mozambique, poverty was still widespread.


Question: What is the surface area of Mozambique?

Mozambique

Due to this imbalance, relations between the government and Renamo became tighter again in 2013, and Renamo resigned in October from the 1992 peace agreement.


Question: What is the surface area of Mozambique?

Mozambique

[40] Following President Guebuza's two terms as president in 2014, Filipe Nyusi, a former defence minister who represented Frelimo, was also elected as President.


Question: What is the surface area of Mozambique?

Mozambique

His opposing candidate, Remamon Afonso Dhlakama was holed up in the mountains before the presidential election and arrived to sign a peace deal with the government just a few weeks before the election.


Question: What is the surface area of Mozambique?

Mozambique

[41] Politics and society Mozambique is a multi-party democracy.


Question: What is the surface area of Mozambique?

Mozambique

The head of state is the president who is elected by direct popular election for five years at a time.


Question: What is the surface area of Mozambique?

Mozambique

Filipe Nyusi assumed his presidency in January 2015. [42].


Question: What is the surface area of Mozambique?

Mozambique

The government is headed by the Prime Minister, who was appointed by the President in January 2015, Carlos Agostinho do Rosário.


Question: What is the surface area of Mozambique?

Mozambique

[43] The Parliament of Mozambique consists of 250 members with five-year terms of office.


Question: What is the surface area of Mozambique?

Mozambique

Every eighteen year or older is entitled to vote.


Question: What is the surface area of Mozambique?

Mozambique

[44] Mozambique is part of the Southern African Development Community (SADC).


Question: What is the surface area of Mozambique?

Mozambique

[45] It is also a member of the Islamic Conference since 1994.


Question: What is the surface area of Mozambique?

Mozambique

The country's foreign policy aims to maintain good relations with all neighbouring countries and important development partners.


Question: What is the surface area of Mozambique?

Mozambique

During the racial turmoil, relations were strained by Mozambique's open support for the oppressed blacks of Rhodesia and South Africa.


Question: What is the surface area of Mozambique?

Mozambique

During the Cold War, the country was supported by the Soviet Union and its allies.


Question: What is the surface area of Mozambique?

Mozambique

[46] Capital punishment was banned in Mozambique by the 1990 Constitution.


Question: What is the surface area of Mozambique?

Mozambique

[47] Unlike many neighbouring countries, homosexuality per se is not illegal in Mozambique.


Question: What is the surface area of Mozambique?

Mozambique

[48] The law's ambiguous mention of “anti-naturalism” has sometimes been interpreted as a comment on homosexuality.


Question: What is the surface area of Mozambique?

Mozambique

[49] Development Challenges Despite economic growth in recent years, Mozambique is one of the poorest countries in the world.


Question: What is the surface area of Mozambique?

Mozambique

The UN Development Programme UNDP has measured the development of different states based on expected lifespan, literacy, education and living standards.


Question: What is the surface area of Mozambique?

Mozambique

The measure scale is called the Human Development Index (, HDI).


Question: What is the surface area of Mozambique?

Mozambique

Mozambique ranks right at the tail end of the scale: in 2007 it was ranked 172 out of all 182 countries involved.


Question: What is the surface area of Mozambique?

Mozambique

From 1980 to 2007, Mozambique's HDI rose by 1.34% in value every year to 0.280 to a current reading of 0.402.


Question: What is the surface area of Mozambique?

Mozambique

[50] The post-independence civil war lasted 16 years, and reconstruction did not get under way properly until after the signing of the 1992 peace agreement.


Question: What is the surface area of Mozambique?

Mozambique

But the country has been hit not only by floods, but also by food shortages, national debt and AIDS.


Question: What is the surface area of Mozambique?

Mozambique

[1] [2] Mozambique has been granted debt relief because it has been able to meet the conditions imposed on it for economic transformation.


Question: What is the surface area of Mozambique?

Mozambique

[51] Development cooperation Despite good development, Mozambique is dependent on external development assistance, which it also receives from Finland.


Question: What is the surface area of Mozambique?

Mozambique

Finland's support in Mozambique is aimed at education and rural development and promoting democracy.


Question: What is the surface area of Mozambique?

Mozambique

[52] Previous aid to the forestry programme was cut in 2012 due to abuses.


Question: What is the surface area of Mozambique?

Mozambique

[53] Development cooperation has achieved good results in the health sector.


Question: What is the surface area of Mozambique?

Mozambique

Vaccination programs have led to a decrease in infant mortality.


Question: What is the surface area of Mozambique?

Mozambique

There are also fewer cases of malaria than previously thought, and access to clean drinking water has improved.


Question: What is the surface area of Mozambique?

Mozambique

Malaria and HIV/AIDS reduce Mozambique's gross domestic product growth by about a percentage point a year, according to the IMF.


Question: What is the surface area of Mozambique?

Mozambique

[54] [55] Although poverty is decreasing in Mozambique, more than half of the population lives in extreme poverty.


Question: What is the surface area of Mozambique?

Mozambique

[56] Between 1997 and 2003, the proportion of people living in poverty was reduced by one fifth.


Question: What is the surface area of Mozambique?

Mozambique

The implementation of the 2006-2009 poverty reduction plan has also been effective.


Question: What is the surface area of Mozambique?

Mozambique

Mozambique is believed to meet the UN Millennium Development Goal of halving poverty by 2015.


Question: What is the surface area of Mozambique?

Mozambique

[54] In Mozambique, income inequality is lower than in many other African countries.


Question: What is the surface area of Mozambique?

Mozambique

Poverty, especially in rural areas, has decreased, and purchasing power for the poorest has improved.


Question: What is the surface area of Mozambique?

Mozambique

However, agricultural productivity is limited by periods of drought and floods.


Question: What is the surface area of Mozambique?

Mozambique

Around 44% of Mozambicans suffer from food shortages, and one in four children is underweight for their age.


Question: What is the surface area of Mozambique?

Mozambique

[56] The regional division and the largest cities Mozambique is divided into 10 provinces, namely provinces, with the capital Maputo having provincial status.


Question: What is the surface area of Mozambique?

Mozambique

Provinces are divided into districts, [57] which are further subdivided into localities ().


Question: What is the surface area of Mozambique?

Mozambique

Most provincial boundaries are inherited from the colonial era.


Question: What is the surface area of Mozambique?

Mozambique

In 1892, the land had been divided up to the Sambesi River in two: Mozambique and the Lourenço Marques region.


Question: What is the surface area of Mozambique?

Mozambique

Mozambique was formed from Cabo Delgado (which was the former Nissa Company administrative district), Mozambique and Zambezia, from which in 1902 the Tete region was separated.


Question: What is the surface area of Mozambique?

Mozambique

The southern part was divided into Lourenço Marques, Inhambane, Gaza, Manica and Sofala, which in turn was formed from the former Mozambique Company territory.


Question: What is the surface area of Mozambique?

Mozambique

[58] Provinces serve as constituencies in presidential and parliamentary elections.


Question: What is the surface area of Mozambique?

Mozambique

[59] The 2004 Constitution also defined them with their own local elected governing body, a type of provincial council (), but with very limited powers.


Question: What is the surface area of Mozambique?

Mozambique

The council can only approve (or reject) a budget drawn up by the provincial government, and to a limited extent monitor its implementation.


Question: What is the surface area of Mozambique?

Mozambique

The council meets twice a year, for a ten-day part-session at a time.


Question: What is the surface area of Mozambique?

Mozambique

[60] In 2014, the largest cities in Mozambique were: [63] Maputo 1.2 million inhabitants Matola 893000 Nampula 605800 Beira 459400 Chimoio 304900 Nacala 238000 Quelimane 236000 Economy Natural resources, livelihoods and currency Mozambique is much poorly exploited natural resources such as petroleum, copper, coal, bauxite and possible hydropower.


Question: What is the surface area of Mozambique?

Mozambique

[9] Plans have already been made to exploit natural resources legally and in line with sustainable development, including legislation and tax reforms.


Question: What is the surface area of Mozambique?

Mozambique

[64] There is also no shortage of cultivable land and forest.


Question: What is the surface area of Mozambique?

Mozambique

Economically exploitable forests of tropical tree species still remain in several areas.


Question: What is the surface area of Mozambique?

Mozambique

The country's ports are modern and connected to the rail network.


Question: What is the surface area of Mozambique?

Mozambique

There is an abundance of fish in the sea, and the islands along the coast are well suited for tourism.


Question: What is the surface area of Mozambique?

Mozambique

[65] The breakdown of Mozambique's GDP in 2013 was as follows: services 46%, industry 25% and agriculture 29%.


Question: What is the surface area of Mozambique?

Mozambique

[1] The main industrial sectors are food, beverage, tobacco, textiles, cooking oil, soap and other consumer goods industries.


Question: What is the surface area of Mozambique?

Mozambique

Mozambique's economy is dependent on foreign investment.