Question: Where is the Power Rangers series created?

Power Rangers

[8] It's going to be a reboot of the series, rather than a sequel to the earlier films.


Question: Where is the Power Rangers series created?

Power Rangers

Naomi Scott was cast for the role of Kimberly Hart.


Question: Where is the Power Rangers series created?

Power Rangers

[9] Power Morphicon Power Morphicon was the first Power Rangers event held in Los Angeles in 2007.


Question: Where is the Power Rangers series created?

Power Rangers

The event celebrated the 15th anniversary of the Power Rangers series, with guests including Austin St. John, Steve Cardenas, Jason Narvy, Walter Jones, Johnny Yong Bosch, and James Maclurcan and Rhoda Montemayor, who starred in Operation Overdrive.


Question: Where is the Power Rangers series created?

Power Rangers

The following Power Morphicon events took place in 2010 and 2012.


Question: Where is the Power Rangers series created?

Power Rangers

At the third event, in August 2012, the cast guard of the 2013 Power Rangers Megaforce was released.


Question: Where is the Power Rangers series created?

Power Rangers

In addition, the event featured a large number of individuals throughout the series' history.


Question: Where is the Power Rangers series created?

Power Rangers

The next Power Morphicon will probably take place in the summer of 2014.


Question: Where is the Power Rangers series created?

Power Rangers

Sources Elsewhere Transclusion error: {{En}} is only for use in File namespace.


Question: Where is the Power Rangers series created?

Power Rangers

Use {{lang-en}} or {{en icon}} instead.


Question: Where is the Power Rangers series created?

Power Rangers

Transclusion error: {{En}} is only for use in File namespace.


Question: Where is the Power Rangers series created?

Power Rangers

Use {{lang-en}} or {{en icon}} instead., (in French),, (in Polish) * Category:Key articles of screening


Question: Who has directed the movie Christmas Party?

Jari Halonen

Jari Juhani Halonen (born 30 September 1962) [1] is a Finnish film and theatre director.


Question: Who has directed the movie Christmas Party?

Jari Halonen

Halonen is known as a cutting edge rebellion and a distinctive director.


Question: Who has directed the movie Christmas Party?

Jari Halonen

His films he has habitually written himself and been in those notable minor parts.


Question: Who has directed the movie Christmas Party?

Jari Halonen

Halonen has directed five feature-length films, including theatrical films Back to the USSR — Back to Ryss (1992), Lipton Cockton in the Shadows of Sodom (1995), Christmas Party (1996), Aleksis Kivi's Life (2002) and Kalevala — New Time (2013).


Question: Who has directed the movie Christmas Party?

Jari Halonen

Ura Halonen was involved in the highly publicized case of the Theatre of God in 1987, in which he and three other students from the Theatre Academy threw fireworks and feces over an Oulu-based theatre audience to protest against the level of theatre art.


Question: Who has directed the movie Christmas Party?

Jari Halonen

He has also starred in some other film directorships, most famously playing a supporting role in Aleksi Mäkelä's film Vares (2004) as the gangster boss Miesmann.


Question: Who has directed the movie Christmas Party?

Jari Halonen

In 2005 Halonen made a talk show Halonen's harharetket for Yle Teema television channel.


Question: Who has directed the movie Christmas Party?

Jari Halonen

Teuvo Tulio, Pentti Linkola and man were the subjects of the ten-part series.


Question: Who has directed the movie Christmas Party?

Jari Halonen

In early 2009, Yle TV1 aired Halonen's 11-part Jerry Halloween entertainment show, where Halonen served as presenter, Jerry Halloween.


Question: Who has directed the movie Christmas Party?

Jari Halonen

In addition to the discussion, the programme featured music and dance performances.


Question: Who has directed the movie Christmas Party?

Jari Halonen

In addition to guest singers, Halonen himself also performed songs.


Question: Who has directed the movie Christmas Party?

Jari Halonen

[2] [3] Halonen's film Kalevala — New Time has been working on since 2008 [4] premiered on 15 November 2013.


Question: Who has directed the movie Christmas Party?

Jari Halonen

Kalevala - New Age was also released on television, as a three-part series on 22.2.


Question: Who has directed the movie Christmas Party?

Jari Halonen

- March 8, 2015.


Question: Who has directed the movie Christmas Party?

Jari Halonen

[5] Film Directions Caring Lover (television film, TV3, 1990) Back to the USSR — Back to Ryss (1992) Lipton Cockton in the Shadows of Sodom (1995) Christmas Party (1996) Life of Aleksis Kivi (2002) Kalevala — New Age (2013) Television productions Halonen harharetket (Yle Teema, 2005) Jerry Halloween (Yle TV1, 2009) Sources on the topic elsewhere Category:Finnish film directors Category:Finnish film screenwriters Category:Finnish actors Category:People born in 1962


Question: How do you define Baroque time?

Renaissance

The Renaissance (, 'rebirth' <, from the word rinascere 'to be reborn again') was an art, cultural and creature history transition from the Middle Ages to the New Age.


Question: How do you define Baroque time?

Renaissance

It is mainly about changes in culture at the beginning of the 15th century (in Italian: millequattrocento), which manifested themselves in fields such as fine arts, literature, music, sciences and Renaissance philosophy.


Question: How do you define Baroque time?

Renaissance

These changes had global significance.


Question: How do you define Baroque time?

Renaissance

Depending on whether one considers the phenomenon in terms of art, cultural or historical history, Renaissance can therefore mean: A period of style in the arts from the 14th to the 16th century in Italy and elsewhere in Europe.


Question: How do you define Baroque time?

Renaissance

The change of culture that occurred during the transition from the Middle Ages to the New Age.


Question: How do you define Baroque time?

Renaissance

The change in attitudes and mindset that occurred at the same time.


Question: How do you define Baroque time?

Renaissance

Precisely defining the Renaissance concept and drawing borderlines to humanism is tricky.


Question: How do you define Baroque time?

Renaissance

Sometimes the phrase Renaissance is also used purely as a period expression, the same meaning for the beginning of a new age.


Question: How do you define Baroque time?

Renaissance

The Early Renaissance is normally considered to have begun as early as the 14th century in the Italian city-states and spread to other parts of Europe as known to the 16th century.


Question: How do you define Baroque time?

Renaissance

Scandinavia it reached only much later.


Question: How do you define Baroque time?

Renaissance

Origin of appellation Italian Giorgio Vasari, painter and architect, also known as art historian and art critic, published the word rinascita in his book Artist Biographies (Vite or Vite de' più eccellenti architetti, pittori, et scultori Italiani 1550—1556).


Question: How do you define Baroque time?

Renaissance

[1] Admittedly, this word for the rebirth of the arts had already been known from the time of Leon Battista Albert.


Question: How do you define Baroque time?

Renaissance

However, it was not until the 19th century that the concept became widespread in Western European language use.


Question: How do you define Baroque time?

Renaissance

The French word renaissance began to be used by the Frenchman Jules Michelet in the 1820s and 1830s (as a translation for the Italian word rinascimento) and later by the Swiss Jacob Burckhardt in the 1860s as an expression that verbially means reincarnation.


Question: How do you define Baroque time?

Renaissance

Antiquity's admiration for Renaissance thought is characterised by admiration for the values of antiquity and the concepts of beauty in both literature and visual arts, but nevertheless seen through a filter typical of the New Age.


Question: How do you define Baroque time?

Renaissance

Humanists reported that they had rediscovered ancient writers and philosophers in oblivion in the Middle Ages, and translated texts already thought to be lost not only from Arabs who had translated Greek works into Arabic in the Middle Ages, but also directly from those now brought to the West from Greek manuscripts.


Question: How do you define Baroque time?

Renaissance

Later translations made in the Middle Ages have also been found directly from Greek to Latin, but humanists were keen to downplay their significance.


Question: How do you define Baroque time?

Renaissance

[2] During the closing decades of the Byzantine Empire, and especially after the Ottoman Conquest of Constantinople (1453), Greek scholars had arrived in the West, which also expanded the language skills of the humanists.


Question: How do you define Baroque time?

Renaissance

The spread of written text and new ideas was greatly influenced by improvements in book printing skills developed by Gutenberg, such as bulk typefaces.


Question: How do you define Baroque time?

Renaissance

The cradle of capitalism to the Renaissance can also be attributed to non-strictly speaking cultural phenomena.


Question: How do you define Baroque time?

Renaissance

A budding early capitalism also developed in Italian city-states during the Renaissance.


Question: How do you define Baroque time?

Renaissance

In the Middle Ages, the Catholic Church had taken a relatively nuve approach to profit, and usury from another Christian was considered a sin.


Question: How do you define Baroque time?

Renaissance

Turning to active profit-making, the returns were high and Italian trading towns achieved economic heyday during the Renaissance.


Question: How do you define Baroque time?

Renaissance

The Renaissance is central to the so-called new age, which brought with it as a social transformation centralised states to replace the former feudal states.


Question: How do you define Baroque time?

Renaissance

Many Renaissance Medieval history scholars have emphasized classical humanism and the Renaissance as being recurring cultural phenomena even during the Middle Ages.


Question: How do you define Baroque time?

Renaissance

The idea of the so-called Carolingic Renaissance, as well as Charles Homer Haskins' claim of the so-called 12th-century Renaissance, has become the most widely accepted.


Question: How do you define Baroque time?

Renaissance

For both these periods, an increased interest in classical, particularly Latin, literature was marked.


Question: How do you define Baroque time?

Renaissance

The term Renaissance is now also used in a broader sense, allowing almost any new cultural phenomenon or style to experience a Renaissance, hence rebirth and re-entry into fashion.


Question: How do you define Baroque time?

Renaissance

For example, The Harlem Renaissance refers to African American literature, art, music, dance and social criticism, previously known as The New Negro Movement in the early 20th century and especially in the 1920s. , which began to flourish in the Harlem borough of New York City.


Question: How do you define Baroque time?

Renaissance

Causes of birth Why did the Italian Florence, for example, have a renaissance?


Question: How do you define Baroque time?

Renaissance

A clear reason for the birth of the Renaissance has not been established.


Question: How do you define Baroque time?

Renaissance

One of the oldest explanations is that the support given by the Medici family, especially during the time of Lorenzo de' Medici, would have laid the groundwork for the development of art life.


Question: How do you define Baroque time?

Renaissance

This, in turn, led to a renaissance.


Question: How do you define Baroque time?

Renaissance

However, the beginning of the Renaissance can be dated as early as 1410—1420, the time before the Medici rose to power.


Question: How do you define Baroque time?

Renaissance

According to the great man theory, Donatello, Brunelleschi and Michelangelo were geniuses who, by their own contribution, brought about a renaissance.


Question: How do you define Baroque time?

Renaissance

This is an orbital conclusion that cannot explain the circumstances under which the influence of these three geniuses might have materialized.


Question: How do you define Baroque time?

Renaissance

The development of individual theory is a similar claim to the above.


Question: How do you define Baroque time?

Renaissance

According to it, it is claimed that there was a change from the collective neutrality of the Middle Ages to the solitary genius of the Renaissance.


Question: How do you define Baroque time?

Renaissance

The birth of the Renaissance has also been attributed to refugees from Byzantium to Italy, who brought with them ancient Greek masterpieces and rekindled interest in the sciences and arts of antiquity.


Question: How do you define Baroque time?

Renaissance

In Byzantium, the culture of antiquity had outlived throughout the Middle Ages, and there the three legacies — Greek, Roman and Christian — were all intertwined.


Question: How do you define Baroque time?

Renaissance

According to the Black Death theory, it is estimated that the European population died out of about 70 million to about 20 million in the 14th century.


Question: How do you define Baroque time?

Renaissance

The plague did not choose the enactment, age or wealth of its target, and according to Christianity, one could not protect yourself from it by paying indulgences, confessing their sins, or otherwise.


Question: How do you define Baroque time?

Renaissance

According to this theory, it was the Black Death that caused the Christian worldview to crack, which again led to more thought of life on this side than post-mortem.


Question: How do you define Baroque time?

Renaissance

This fact, together with the wide spread of Gutenberg's printmaking (1450s) and Greco-Roman humanist philosophies, created its intellectual climate that fostered the appearance of humanism, as well as an interest in man himself.


Question: How do you define Baroque time?

Renaissance

Renaissance period notables Dante Alighieri Giovanni Boccaccio Sandro Botticelli Niccolò Machiavelli Michelangelo Paracelsus Francesco Petrarca François Rabelais William Shakespeare Leonardo da Vinci Galileo Galilei Erasmus Rotterdamese Johannes Gutenberg Martti Luther See also 12th century Renaissance Humanism Italian History Chinese Renaissance Golden Age of Islam Renaissance philosophy Renaissance music Renaissance art Sources Literature Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Burckhardt, Jacob| title = Italian Renaissance civilization| location = Helsinki| publisher = WSOY| year = 1999| version = (Die Kultur der Renaissance in Italy, 1860.)


Question: How do you define Baroque time?

Renaissance

Transformed by A.


Question: How do you define Baroque time?

Renaissance

A. Koskenjaakko (1st edition 1956.)


Question: How do you define Baroque time?

Renaissance

2nd edition: Quality book| id = ISBN 951-0-23524-5}} Hauser, Arnold: The Social History of Art 2: Renaissance, Manierism, Baroque.


Question: How do you define Baroque time?

Renaissance

Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1977 [1951].


Question: How do you define Baroque time?

Renaissance

Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Stier, Richard| title = The Unrepentant Renaissance: From Petrarch to Shakespeare to Milton| location = Chicago| publisher = The University of Chicago Press| year = 2011| isbn = 978-0-226-77751-1}} Vasari, Giorgio: Artist Biographies of Giotto Michelangelo.


Question: How do you define Baroque time?

Renaissance

Translated by Pia Mänttä.


Question: How do you define Baroque time?

Renaissance

Publishing company Taide, Helsinki 1994.


Question: How do you define Baroque time?

Renaissance

References * Category:Key Articles of Screening


Question: When is the Russian Empire established?

Russian Empire

The Russian Empire () was an empire extending from the eastern parts of Europe to the Bering Sea and existed from 1721 to 1917.


Question: When is the Russian Empire established?

Russian Empire

It originated during the period of Peter the Great, when Russia was expanding from the Baltics to the Pacific, and lasted right up until the February Revolution of 1917, when Emperor Nicholas II was deposed.


Question: When is the Russian Empire established?

Russian Empire

[1] The Empire was preceded by Moscow Russia and succeeded by the Russian Republic.


Question: When is the Russian Empire established?

Russian Empire

History Russia was considered after the fall of Byzantium, the freeze of Constantinople in 1453 to be conquered by the Turkic Ottomans, the heir of Rome and patron of the Orthodoxies, and Moscow as the “Third Rome”.


Question: When is the Russian Empire established?

Russian Empire

[2] Already the title Tsar assumed by Ivan IV came from Caesar.


Question: When is the Russian Empire established?

Russian Empire

The first Russian emperor was crowned in 1721 Peter the Great.


Question: When is the Russian Empire established?

Russian Empire

[3] 18th century Peter the Great Peter was born from the second marriage of Tsar Alexei I of the Romanov House.


Question: When is the Russian Empire established?

Russian Empire

Alexei was succeeded by Fyodor III, who, being ill, died already in 1682.


Question: When is the Russian Empire established?

Russian Empire

Peter became co-ruler with his half-brother Ivan, but his half-sister Sofia exercised real power.


Question: When is the Russian Empire established?

Russian Empire

In 1689 he, along with his guard, thwarted Sofia's plot to become crowned Tsaraté, and when Ivan V died in 1696, Peter became monospace.


Question: When is the Russian Empire established?

Russian Empire

[4] Peter was interested in warring, especially artillery and shipping.


Question: When is the Russian Empire established?

Russian Empire

He warred against the Tatars and Ottomans and conquered Azov in 1696, obtaining Russia its first port on the Black Sea.


Question: When is the Russian Empire established?

Russian Empire

To continue the war against the Ottomans, Peter traveled as the first tsar to Western Europe to seek allies in Brandenburg, the Netherlands, England, and the Holy Roman Empire.


Question: When is the Russian Empire established?

Russian Empire

On the way, he recruited hundreds of experts and masters.


Question: When is the Russian Empire established?

Russian Empire

The voyage was cut short by the attempted capture of Sofia, which was defeated by Peter's backers.


Question: When is the Russian Empire established?

Russian Empire

Peter executed hundreds of those involved in the conspiracy and left their bodies on display as a warning to others.


Question: When is the Russian Empire established?

Russian Empire

[3] While remaining unsupported against the Turks, Peter made peace with the Ottoman Empire in 1700 and decided to seek to gain control of ports from the Baltic Sea.


Question: When is the Russian Empire established?

Russian Empire

Taking advantage of the war between Sweden and Poland, he attacked Narva, which had belonged to Sweden.


Question: When is the Russian Empire established?

Russian Empire

Charles XII of Sweden, however, was more powerful.


Question: When is the Russian Empire established?

Russian Empire

The Russian army suffered a heavy setback at the Battle of Narva in November 1700.


Question: When is the Russian Empire established?

Russian Empire

However, the Swedish king did not take advantage of the opportunity further, instead concentrating on waging war against Poland to put his own candidate on the throne.


Question: When is the Russian Empire established?

Russian Empire

Peter reassembled his army and finally defeated Charles of Poltava, who had advanced to Russia, at the 1709 Battle of Poltava.


Question: When is the Russian Empire established?

Russian Empire

As Charles fled to the Ottoman Sultan, Peter re-declared war on the Turks, in which, however, he again lost his port on the Sea of Azov.


Question: When is the Russian Empire established?

Russian Empire

However, the Great Northern War continued until 1721, during which time Russia conquered Livonia, Estonia, Inkeria, Finland and invaded as far as the western base to destroy Umeå.


Question: When is the Russian Empire established?

Russian Empire

In the peace of New Town, Sweden's great dominance was over, and Peter was awarded the title of emperor for his brilliant success.


Question: When is the Russian Empire established?

Russian Empire

[3] Peter reformed Russia in several ways.


Question: When is the Russian Empire established?

Russian Empire

He established a navy and defeated Sweden with it, Westernized the army, reformed the system of government, established the first civil service and senate.


Question: When is the Russian Empire established?

Russian Empire

The Moscow Patriarchate was annexed as part of the state and the post of patriarch was replaced by a holy synod headed by a chief procurator appointed by the emperor.


Question: When is the Russian Empire established?

Russian Empire

The amount of taxes collected under St. Petersburg tripled.


Question: When is the Russian Empire established?

Russian Empire

In addition to the mental tax, booze and salt began to be taxed.


Question: When is the Russian Empire established?

Russian Empire

He westernized Russia in terms of customs and art, founded the first book printing and the Russian Academy of Sciences.


Question: When is the Russian Empire established?

Russian Empire

Westernization, though, led to a drink between the people and the superiority.


Question: When is the Russian Empire established?

Russian Empire

The capital was moved to the Western-style city of Saint Petersburg, founded in 1703, which had been built on lands reclaimed from Sweden in the bottomland of the Gulf of Finland.


Question: When is the Russian Empire established?

Russian Empire

[3] [4] Peter died in 1725.


Question: When is the Russian Empire established?

Russian Empire

[5] In 1727 Russia wrote a border treaty with China, however, for the first time already during Moscow Russia in the 1689 Nerchinsk Peace Treaty.


Question: When is the Russian Empire established?

Russian Empire

[6] The time of the palace revolutions Peter changed the succession to the throne by slaying his own son Alexei, who opposed his father's reforms and gathered troops opposing them.


Question: When is the Russian Empire established?

Russian Empire

Under the new law, the Tsar was allowed to choose his successor himself, but Peter did not have time to do this; he died accidentally in 1725 while rescuing his men.


Question: When is the Russian Empire established?

Russian Empire

The ambiguous succession to the throne led to coups in which the crown was inherited by whoever managed to persuade the Palace Guard in St. Petersburg to its side.


Question: When is the Russian Empire established?

Russian Empire

[5] After Peter's death, his wife Catherine I (reigned 1725—1727) assumed the throne.


Question: When is the Russian Empire established?

Russian Empire

However, Catherine died as early as 1727, and Peter's grandson Peter II (reigned 1727—1730) was crowned emperor.


Question: When is the Russian Empire established?

Russian Empire

In 1730 Peter II died of smallpox, and Ivan V's daughter Anna Ivanovna (reigned 1730—1740), who had been Peter's co-ruler, ascended the throne.


Question: When is the Russian Empire established?

Russian Empire

He gained power with the support of the top brass, but had to bend to many concessions.


Question: When is the Russian Empire established?

Russian Empire

[5] Anna adopted the eight-week-old son of Anna Leopoldnovna, the daughter of her sister Catherine.


Question: When is the Russian Empire established?

Russian Empire

Empress Anna herself already died a few weeks later on 28 October 1740, and the four-faced Ivan VI (1740—1764) (reigned 1740—1741) ascended the throne.


Question: When is the Russian Empire established?

Russian Empire

As regent, Anna had ordered Ernst Johann von Biron (1690—1772), duke of Curunland, who was loathed by the Russians, and Anna Leopoldovna eaten him from power in November.


Question: When is the Russian Empire established?

Russian Empire

In December 1741, Peter the Great's daughter Yelizaveta Petrovna (1709—1762) seized power with the favored assistance of the Guard and ascended the throne under the monarch name Elizabeth (reigned 1741—1762).


Question: When is the Russian Empire established?

Russian Empire

[5] [7] Ivan VI was confined to prison, where he lived for the rest of his life.


Question: When is the Russian Empire established?

Russian Empire

[8] Elizabeth continued her father's reforms, and in her time the Moscow University (1755) and the Saint Petersburg Academy of Arts (1757) were founded.


Question: When is the Russian Empire established?

Russian Empire

Mikhail Lomonosov, Russia's first prominent scientist, was admitted professor of chemistry at St. Petersburg University, and later rose to become its rector and 1764 interior minister.


Question: When is the Russian Empire established?

Russian Empire

[5] In 1726—1761, Russia was an ally of Austria against the Ottoman Empire and France.


Question: When is the Russian Empire established?

Russian Empire

In the War of the Polish Succession of 1733—1735, Russia and Austria blocked a French candidate from entering the Polish throne.


Question: When is the Russian Empire established?

Russian Empire

In the war against the Ottoman forces of 1734—1739, Russia again conquered Azov.


Question: When is the Russian Empire established?

Russian Empire

In the Seven Years' War of 1756—1763, Russian forces were already at the gates of Berlin, but after Elisabeth died in 1762 Anna Petrovna's son Peter III (reigned 1762) made peace with Prussia.


Question: When is the Russian Empire established?

Russian Empire

[5] Peter III was unpopular and his reign short.


Question: When is the Russian Empire established?

Russian Empire

As the son of Anna Petrovna, daughter of Catherine I, and Karl Friedrich, a German Holstein-Gottorp, he had received a Lutheran upbringing and was considered a foreigner by the Russians.


Question: When is the Russian Empire established?

Russian Empire

After a six-month reign, the emperor was assassinated; behind the conspiracy were his wife and her lover Alexei Orlov.


Question: When is the Russian Empire established?

Russian Empire

His wife ascended the throne as Catherine II in June 1762.


Question: When is the Russian Empire established?

Russian Empire

[5] During the reign of Catherine the Great Catherine II (reigned 1762—1796), Russia expanded significantly.


Question: When is the Russian Empire established?

Russian Empire

There was war against the Ottomans again in 1768.


Question: When is the Russian Empire established?

Russian Empire

In the peace treaty of 1774, Russia received a port on the Black Sea, and the Crimean Tatars gained independence from the Ottoman Empire.


Question: When is the Russian Empire established?

Russian Empire

Catherine annexed Crimea to Russia in 1783, leading to a new war against the Turks in 1787.


Question: When is the Russian Empire established?

Russian Empire

In the Peace of Jass of 1792, Russia extended to the Dniester.


Question: When is the Russian Empire established?

Russian Empire

Catherine did not achieve her entire goal; to expel the Turks from Europe and re-establish the Byzantine Empire.


Question: When is the Russian Empire established?

Russian Empire

However, the Ottomans no longer constituted a significant danger, although the Balkans remained under their control.


Question: When is the Russian Empire established?

Russian Empire

[9] Expansion westward led to the partition of Poland.


Question: When is the Russian Empire established?

Russian Empire

Poland had been weakened by the 18th century and its neighbors—Russia, Prussia and Austria—sought to place their own ruler on its throne.


Question: When is the Russian Empire established?

Russian Empire

In 1772, in the first partition of Poland, Russia received Belarus and Livonia.


Question: When is the Russian Empire established?

Russian Empire

Poland then embarked on a major reform and democratic development, whose radicalism alarmed neighbouring countries, and they decided to weaken Poland further 1793.


Question: When is the Russian Empire established?

Russian Empire

Now Russia gained most of Belarus and Ukraine west of the Dnieper.


Question: When is the Russian Empire established?

Russian Empire

The division led to anti-Prussian and Russian uprisings, whereby by the Third Partition of 1795 Poland ceased to exist as an independent state.


Question: When is the Russian Empire established?

Russian Empire

Russia now lost Poland as a buffer territory and gained powerful German states on its border.


Question: When is the Russian Empire established?

Russian Empire

[9] The annexation of new territories also led to instability.


Question: When is the Russian Empire established?

Russian Empire

Catholic Poles proved troublesome citizens.


Question: When is the Russian Empire established?

Russian Empire

Russia had expelled all Jews in 1742 and due to the new population a law was enacted ordering Jews to remain in the western parts of the Empire.


Question: When is the Russian Empire established?

Russian Empire

Catherine initiated the Russification and unification activities that her successors also pursued by abolishing the independence of Ukraine, the Baltics and Cossacks east of the Dnieper.


Question: When is the Russian Empire established?

Russian Empire

[9] During the 1768—1774 war against the Ottomans, Russia experienced the first signs of social discontent.


Question: When is the Russian Empire established?

Russian Empire

In the Pugachev Rebellion of 1773, Don Cossack Yemeljan Pugachev declared himself Tsar Peter III and received support from other Cossacks, Turkic tribes, Ural factory workers and serfs.


Question: When is the Russian Empire established?

Russian Empire

Pugachev's supporters took over a large area on the Volga, but the rebellion of 1774 was crushed by the regular army.


Question: When is the Russian Empire established?

Russian Empire

[9] As a result of the rebellion, Catherine decided to reform the administration and in 1775 she divided the country into provinces and districts with local government.


Question: When is the Russian Empire established?

Russian Empire

The overlords were relieved of the obligation to work for the central government, and many of them were placed in positions in local governments.


Question: When is the Russian Empire established?

Russian Empire

He also divided the people into the enactments of 1785, giving every part of the people its own responsibilities.


Question: When is the Russian Empire established?

Russian Empire

The supremacy now gained rights that even the emperor could not interfere with.


Question: When is the Russian Empire established?

Russian Empire

The status of serfs was not addressed.


Question: When is the Russian Empire established?

Russian Empire

Westernization continued and the increasing number of publications led to criticism from those who hold power.


Question: When is the Russian Empire established?

Russian Empire

In 1790, Aleksandr Radichchev published his book criticising the status and exclusivity of serfs, and, spooked by the Great French Revolution, Catherine the Great condemned him to Siberia.


Question: When is the Russian Empire established?

Russian Empire

[9] Paul I Catherine II died 1796 and his son Paul I (reigned 1796—1801) succeeded him on the throne.


Question: When is the Russian Empire established?

Russian Empire

Aware that Catherine had planned to succeed her son, Aleksandr Pavlovich Romanov, Paul imposed a new succession to the throne, with the eldest of the children always succeeded.


Question: When is the Russian Empire established?

Russian Empire

He also founded the Russian-American Trade Company of 1799, which established the first bases in Alaska for fur fishing.


Question: When is the Russian Empire established?

Russian Empire

Paul was seen as unstable and indecisive, and could spin his older decisions unexpectedly, creating chaos and enemies.


Question: When is the Russian Empire established?

Russian Empire

[4] [10] As a European superpower, Russia did not escape the effects of the French Revolution.


Question: When is the Russian Empire established?

Russian Empire

Paul became a relentless opponent of France and joined Britain and Austria in the war against France.


Question: When is the Russian Empire established?

Russian Empire

In 1798—1799, Russian troops under Aleksandr Suvorov fought gloriously in Italy and Switzerland.


Question: When is the Russian Empire established?

Russian Empire

Paul, however, changed his mind and rejected as an ally.


Question: When is the Russian Empire established?

Russian Empire

This led to a crisis in addition to domestic political problems, and Paul was assassinated in March 1801.


Question: When is the Russian Empire established?

Russian Empire

[10] First half of the 19th century Alexander I ascended to the throne as Alexander I (reigned 1801—1825) after the murder of his father, in which he was also implicated.


Question: When is the Russian Empire established?

Russian Empire

Alexander had been brought up in the spirit of the Enlightenment period, but he was also inclined towards romanticism and mysticism, especially in the latter stages of his reign.


Question: When is the Russian Empire established?

Russian Empire

He replaced colleges founded by Peter the Great with ministries, but lost interest in larger administrative reforms.


Question: When is the Russian Empire established?

Russian Empire

[10] Napoleon's growing power was the main concern of European countries, and Russia joined Britain and Austria again alongside Britain and Austria against Napoleon.


Question: When is the Russian Empire established?

Russian Empire

Napoleon defeated the coalition at the Battle of Austerlitz in 1805 and lobbed the Russians again at Friedland in 1807.


Question: When is the Russian Empire established?

Russian Empire

Alexander was forced to bend to peace, and by the 1807 Treaty of Tilsit he became an ally of Napoleon.


Question: When is the Russian Empire established?

Russian Empire

To force Sweden into a British blockade, he conquered Finland in the Finnish War of 1809 and attacked another 1812 against Turkey, capturing Bessarabia.


Question: When is the Russian Empire established?

Russian Empire

[10] The Russo-French alliance began to crack as Napoleon was suspicious of Russia's intentions regarding the Bosphorus and the Darnells, and Alexander doubted the purpose of the Polish Grand Duchy of Warsaw, which was re-established by Napoleon.


Question: When is the Russian Empire established?

Russian Empire

The continental closure of the United Kingdom did not serve Russia's economic interests, and Alexander said he disconnected from it in 1810.


Question: When is the Russian Empire established?

Russian Empire

In June 1812, Napoleon invaded Russia with the Grande Armée of 600,000 men.


Question: When is the Russian Empire established?

Russian Empire

The troops marched as far as Moscow, but failed to achieve a decisive victory.


Question: When is the Russian Empire established?

Russian Empire

By the retreat, the army numbered only 30,000 men.


Question: When is the Russian Empire established?

Russian Empire

[10] With the allies, the French were driven back to Paris, and Napoleon was overthrown.


Question: When is the Russian Empire established?

Russian Empire

After the victory of the Allies, Alexander gained a reputation as the saviour of Europe, and his part was prominent at the Congress of Vienna of 1815 in redrawing the borders of Europe.


Question: When is the Russian Empire established?

Russian Empire

In the same year he founded the Holy Alliance with Austria and Prussia, with whose leaders he declared that he would uphold Christian values in Europe.


Question: When is the Russian Empire established?

Russian Empire

At the same time, countries protected their backs against the worrying values of exclusivity and demanding freedom from the French Revolution.


Question: When is the Russian Empire established?

Russian Empire

The union became a four-union with the advent of Britain.


Question: When is the Russian Empire established?

Russian Empire

[10] Russia continued its westward expansion.


Question: When is the Russian Empire established?

Russian Empire

The Congress of Vienna re-established the Kingdom of Poland, to which Alexander granted a constitution.


Question: When is the Russian Empire established?

Russian Empire

In addition to the position of autocratic emperor of Russia and Grand Duke of Finland (1809), he also became the fundamental legal monarch of Poland.


Question: When is the Russian Empire established?

Russian Empire

In 1813, Russia conquered Baku in the Caucasus from Persia, and Alaska, too, was already firmly held by the Empire.


Question: When is the Russian Empire established?

Russian Empire

[10] Under Alexander I, the first revolutionary movements arose.


Question: When is the Russian Empire established?

Russian Empire

Officers returning from France brought with them the ideas of human rights, representative government and democracy.


Question: When is the Russian Empire established?

Russian Empire

Opposition to autocratics and calls for an end to serfdom began to increase.


Question: When is the Russian Empire established?

Russian Empire

The most radical were even ready for the violent end of autocracy by revolution.


Question: When is the Russian Empire established?

Russian Empire

The oddity that Congress-Poland had been allowed a legislative parliament accountable only to the Polish Viscount, while Russia had an autocracy without constitutions sparked discontent and several groups were preparing to revolt when Emperor Alexander unexpectedly died in 1825.


Question: When is the Russian Empire established?

Russian Empire

[10] Alexander's brother, Konstantin, who was next in the line of succession, refused the crown and his other brother Nicholas ascended to the throne.


Question: When is the Russian Empire established?

Russian Empire

A group of officers with a 3,000-man force under their command refused to recognise the new monarch and instead demanded a constitution.


Question: When is the Russian Empire established?

Russian Empire

[11] According to the date of the revolt in December, it is called the Decembrist Revolt.


Question: When is the Russian Empire established?

Russian Empire

The Decembrists posed as allies of Konstantin and demanded a constitutional monarchy to be formed around him, but there were also republicans among them.


Question: When is the Russian Empire established?

Russian Empire

After Constantin's refusal of the crown, the army crushed the rebellion.


Question: When is the Russian Empire established?

Russian Empire

Its five leaders were hanged, and the rest were exiled to Siberia.


Question: When is the Russian Empire established?

Russian Empire

[10] Nicholas I Nicholas I (reigned 1825—1855) was born in 1796 and died in 1855.


Question: When is the Russian Empire established?

Russian Empire

He avoided his brother's religious and Enlightenment influences and sought to prop up his power as an autocrat by necessary means.


Question: When is the Russian Empire established?

Russian Empire

He created in 1826 the gendarmerie headed by the Third Department of the Emperor's Office, which oversaw the country's internal security.


Question: When is the Russian Empire established?

Russian Empire

It was initially led by Count Benckendorff and subsequently by Alexei Orlov.


Question: When is the Russian Empire established?

Russian Empire

Censorship carefully controlled all publications.


Question: When is the Russian Empire established?

Russian Empire

In 1833, Minister of Education Sergei Uvarov confirmed monopoly, orthodoxy and nationalism as the guideline of the regime.


Question: When is the Russian Empire established?

Russian Empire

The principles did not bring popular support, but led to attempts to suppress minority nationalities.


Question: When is the Russian Empire established?

Russian Empire

The Eastern Rites, which had been associated with the Catholic Church, were suppressed in Ukraine and Belarus in 1839.


Question: When is the Russian Empire established?

Russian Empire

After the French rebellion of 1830, Poles also rose up in rebellion of 1830.


Question: When is the Russian Empire established?

Russian Empire

After the Eleven Months' War, the Poles were overthrown in 1831, the Polish parliament was dissolved, the constitution was repealed, and the country was made a province of Russia, with Russian as its official language.


Question: When is the Russian Empire established?

Russian Empire

In Europe's mad year of 1848, Nikolai was on the front lines defending the old system.


Question: When is the Russian Empire established?

Russian Empire

He provided assistance to the Habsburgs in defeating the Hungarian revolt and persuaded Prussia not to adopt a libertarian constitution.


Question: When is the Russian Empire established?

Russian Empire

Having helped prevent revolutions, Nicholas appeared to be the most powerful ruler in Europe.


Question: When is the Russian Empire established?

Russian Empire

[12] Despite the general atmosphere, Russian culture still rose to its heyday, Aleksandr Pushkin, Nikolai Gogol and Ivan Turgenev brought international fame and glory to Russia.


Question: When is the Russian Empire established?

Russian Empire

Ballet was imported from France and established itself thanks to the compositions of Mikhail Glinka (1804—1857).


Question: When is the Russian Empire established?

Russian Empire

With the nationality cause, philosophers split into two schools (see Slavophiles and Zapadniks), others still saw Russia as backward and primitive, and sought to promote Westernization.


Question: When is the Russian Empire established?

Russian Empire

Still others focused on Slavic culture and disparaged Western influences.


Question: When is the Russian Empire established?

Russian Empire

Some of the latter saw the traditional peasant commune as an alternative to Western capitalism and as the social and moral savior of Russia.


Question: When is the Russian Empire established?

Russian Empire

[12] As Nicholas sought to maintain the existing situation in Europe, he took a firm stance in charge of the Ottoman Empire.


Question: When is the Russian Empire established?

Russian Empire

Following Russia's traditional position as patron of the Orthodox, he aspired to become a protector of the Balkan Orthodox forces dominated by the Turks.


Question: When is the Russian Empire established?

Russian Empire

Russia waged a victorious war against the Ottoman forces in 1828 and 1829 and concluded the 1833 Hungari—Skeliss Treaty.


Question: When is the Russian Empire established?

Russian Empire

Under the cover of his international standing strengthened by the overthrow of the Revolutions of 1848, he provoked the Ottoman into the War of 1853 by conquering Moldavia and Wallachia.


Question: When is the Russian Empire established?

Russian Empire

Fearing Russia would defeat the Ottoman, Britain and France joined the side of the Turks in the Crimean War.


Question: When is the Russian Empire established?

Russian Empire

Austria demanded a Russian withdrawal, and Prussia remained neutral, leaving Russia without allies.


Question: When is the Russian Empire established?

Russian Empire

European forces recaptured the Russian fortified Sevastopol base after a one-year siege in September 1854.


Question: When is the Russian Empire established?

Russian Empire

Nicholas I died before the end of the war, but after the loss of Sevastopol and the rise to power of Alexander II, peace negotiations began and the war ended with the Peace of Paris on 30 March (J: 18 March) 1856.


Question: When is the Russian Empire established?

Russian Empire

[12] [13] The second half of the 19th century Alexander II Alexander II (reigned 1855—1881) succeeded his father in 1855.


Question: When is the Russian Empire established?

Russian Empire

He was a conservative, but reforms were bound to be made.


Question: When is the Russian Empire established?

Russian Empire

He reformed education, administration, law enforcement, and the military.


Question: When is the Russian Empire established?

Russian Empire

[14] After the ill-ended Crimean War, Russia pursued a cautious foreign policy.


Question: When is the Russian Empire established?

Russian Empire

The 1856 Treaty of Paris had demilitarized the Black Sea and deprived Russia of Bessarabia and a strip of land at the mouth of the Danube.


Question: When is the Russian Empire established?

Russian Empire

Western European states gained the right to protect Christians of the Ottoman Empire rather than Russia, which had had this right since 1774 until the Treaty of Kuchuk-Kainirj.


Question: When is the Russian Empire established?

Russian Empire

Alexander II's first objective was to once again gain access to his warship from the Bosphorus.


Question: When is the Russian Empire established?

Russian Empire

Britain and Austria (from 1867 Austria-Hungary) were considered the major obstacles to this plan, so France, Prussia and the United States became important partners.


Question: When is the Russian Empire established?

Russian Empire

Prussia (from 1871 the German Empire) replaced Britain as banker.


Question: When is the Russian Empire established?

Russian Empire

[13] After the Crimean War, the policy of expansion was continued in the direction of the Caucasus.


Question: When is the Russian Empire established?

Russian Empire

Numerous Muslim people—Chechens, Cherkesis and Dagestans—continued to resist despite numerous operations.


Question: When is the Russian Empire established?

Russian Empire

It was not until the troops captured legendary Chechen leader Šamili's 1859 conquests that the 1859 conquests could be resumed.


Question: When is the Russian Empire established?

Russian Empire

The conquest of Tashkent from Kokand Khanate was a significant victory, and the country was annexed by Russia in 1866.


Question: When is the Russian Empire established?

Russian Empire

The lands were formed the Governorate General of Gubernija with its capital Tashkent in 1867.


Question: When is the Russian Empire established?

Russian Empire

The Khanate of Buhara lost the Samakand region in 1868, but to avoid skirmishing with the British, some of the Buharan lands were left nominally independent on the borders of Afghanistan and Persia.


Question: When is the Russian Empire established?

Russian Empire

The Khanates retained autonomy until 1917.


Question: When is the Russian Empire established?

Russian Empire

[13] Following the United States, Britain, and France, Russia established relations with Japan and acquired concessions with Britain and France from China in the Second Opium War of 1856—1860.


Question: When is the Russian Empire established?

Russian Empire

In the Treaty of Aigun of 1858 and the Treaty of Peking of 1860, Russia obtained extensive trading rights over the Amur and Ussuri rivers, and began building a port and base in Vladivostok.


Question: When is the Russian Empire established?

Russian Empire

In order to secure the Amurin—Ussuri area and obtain funds, Alaska was sold to the United States in 1867.


Question: When is the Russian Empire established?

Russian Empire

[13] In 1861, Alexander II freed 20 million serfs from the power of his masters.


Question: When is the Russian Empire established?

Russian Empire

Land was distributed to the farm laborers, but they had to pay dues to the state for fifty years.


Question: When is the Russian Empire established?

Russian Empire

The losses of the hosts were offset by bonds.


Question: When is the Russian Empire established?

Russian Empire

The government had hoped the freed would be able to support themselves and produce enough crops to export and offset government spending.


Question: When is the Russian Empire established?

Russian Empire

However, the land distributed to the peasants was the poorest and due to inefficient farming methods, the peasants soon fell behind on their payments.


Question: When is the Russian Empire established?

Russian Empire

The value of landowners' bonds plummeted, and many were no longer able to farm the entire land they owned without labour and capital.


Question: When is the Russian Empire established?

Russian Empire

[14] Local government restructuring followed the emancipation of slaves.


Question: When is the Russian Empire established?

Russian Empire

The European part of Russia was organized into provinces and districts (zemstva) whose management was attended by representatives of all social classes and were responsible for schools, health care, roads, prisons and food distribution.


Question: When is the Russian Empire established?

Russian Empire

In 1870, urban councils, dumat, were established.


Question: When is the Russian Empire established?

Russian Empire

Often held by the former upper class, the administration imposed taxes and assigned manpower to carry out local government functions.


Question: When is the Russian Empire established?

Russian Empire

[14] In 1864, Western-style law courts with juries were established in major cities.


Question: When is the Russian Empire established?

Russian Empire

The new jurisprudence worked well, but the state did not have the funds to expand it to smaller villages.


Question: When is the Russian Empire established?

Russian Empire

Judges were prohibited from using precedents as grounds for judgments, apply they would have created a form of jurisdiction independent of state law.


Question: When is the Russian Empire established?

Russian Empire

[14] Censorship was partially repealed, and some issues required public debate before decision-making.


Question: When is the Russian Empire established?

Russian Empire

After the 1866 attempt was made to assassinate Alexander II, censorship returned, and the universities again lost the independence they had gained five years earlier.


Question: When is the Russian Empire established?

Russian Empire

The government also tried to impose a curriculum for school education, but lacked the resources to implement it.


Question: When is the Russian Empire established?

Russian Empire

[14] The State Bank of Russia was established in 1866 to stabilize the currency.


Question: When is the Russian Empire established?

Russian Empire

Russia did not invent a productive use for Alaska it owned, so it put that huge tract of land up for sale in 1867, the area was sold, along with the Aleutian Islands, to the U.S. state for $7.2 million: 4 cents per acre.


Question: When is the Russian Empire established?

Russian Empire

The Ministry of Economy supported the development of railways to increase commerce, and established a Peasants' Land Bank in 1882 to spur the acquisition of additional land.


Question: When is the Russian Empire established?

Russian Empire

Admittedly, the Interior Ministry resisted the attempt and in 1885 established a noble land bank, which assisted nobles in financial trouble to avoid foreclosure on property.


Question: When is the Russian Empire established?

Russian Empire

[14] One of the goals of the emancipation of serfs was the intensification of the army, since before a serf could not leave his owner for military training only to return to being a slave.


Question: When is the Russian Empire established?

Russian Empire

Bureaucracy slowed the reform of the army until the Franco-Prussian War of 1870—1871 seemed indispensable for the creation of a modern army.


Question: When is the Russian Empire established?

Russian Empire

The introduction of the call-out system in 1874 led to the duty of the Army to teach soldiers to be literate.


Question: When is the Russian Empire established?

Russian Empire

Still, despite the reforms, the military remained a backwater.


Question: When is the Russian Empire established?

Russian Empire

The use of a bayonet continued to be a popular tactic and rifle sights were feared to lead to cowardice.


Question: When is the Russian Empire established?

Russian Empire

Russia fell behind the others in the deployment of rifles, machine guns and artillery and in the field of navy.


Question: When is the Russian Empire established?

Russian Empire

[14] As part of its Europe policy, Russia supported French anti-Austrian diplomacy.


Question: When is the Russian Empire established?

Russian Empire

However, the countries' cooperation tapered off after France supported the revolt of Poles against Russian rule in 1863.


Question: When is the Russian Empire established?

Russian Empire

Russia more firmly supported Prussia, accepting German reunification at the price of the Black Sea issue.


Question: When is the Russian Empire established?

Russian Empire

This goal was achieved at the London Conference of 1871 after Prussia defeated France in the German-French War.


Question: When is the Russian Empire established?

Russian Empire

United Germany became the most powerful state in Europe, allying with the Union of the Three Emperors with Austria-Hungary and Russia in 1873 to prevent these from forming an alliance with France.


Question: When is the Russian Empire established?

Russian Empire

However, Russian and Austro-Hungarian ambitions crossed in the Balkans, where Christian Slavic peoples were under the rule of the weakening Ottoman Empire.


Question: When is the Russian Empire established?

Russian Empire

In the 1870s, public opinion began to turn to the side of liberating Christians in the Balkans and the annexation of Bulgaria and Serbia as Russian protectorates.


Question: When is the Russian Empire established?

Russian Empire

In 1875—1877, there were rebellions in the Balkans in Bosnia, Herzegovina and Bulgaria, whose rebellions were brutally defeated by the Turks.


Question: When is the Russian Empire established?

Russian Empire

The major European powers did not react, but Serbia declared war on the Ottoman.


Question: When is the Russian Empire established?

Russian Empire

[13] In 1877, Russia came to the aid of besieged Serb and Russian volunteer forces by declaring war.


Question: When is the Russian Empire established?

Russian Empire

Within a year, the Russian army approached Constantinople and the Ottoman surrendered.


Question: When is the Russian Empire established?

Russian Empire

Generals and diplomats called for forcing the Ottoman to sign the Treaty of San Sterfanono, which would have created an independent Bulgaria stretching as far as the northwestern Balkans.


Question: When is the Russian Empire established?

Russian Empire

Britain threatened to declare war over the terms of the treaty, and Russia backed down.


Question: When is the Russian Empire established?

Russian Empire

At the Congress of Berlin in July 1878, a smaller Bulgaria was created and the Western Balkans remained to Austria-Hungary.


Question: When is the Russian Empire established?

Russian Empire

Russian nationalists infuriated Austria-Hungary and Germany for their lack of support, but the renewed alliance of the Three Emperors remained in effect.


Question: When is the Russian Empire established?

Russian Empire

[13] The military focus shifted again to Central Asia, where there had been a defeated series of rebellions in the 1870s.


Question: When is the Russian Empire established?

Russian Empire

Britain became concerned again in 1881 after Russian forces occupied the Turkmen lands on the Persian and Afghan borders, but war was averted after Germany gave its support to Russia.


Question: When is the Russian Empire established?

Russian Empire

Meanwhile, in Bulgaria, dissatisfaction with Russian meddling in its affairs grew, and the country turned to Austro-Hungary.


Question: When is the Russian Empire established?

Russian Empire

Germany supported Austria, but pacified Russia by entering into a bilateral defense alliance in 1887.


Question: When is the Russian Empire established?

Russian Empire

After a year, however, Bismarck banned further loans to Russia, and France took over as the main financier.


Question: When is the Russian Empire established?

Russian Empire

Following the sacking of Emperor William II, Bismarck's 1890 German-Russian military alliance ended, and Russia entered into an alliance with France three years later, to counterbalance the 1879 German—Austro-Hungarian alliance.


Question: When is the Russian Empire established?

Russian Empire

[13] Revolutionaries assassinated Alexander II with a homemade bomb on 13 March (J: 1 March) 1881.


Question: When is the Russian Empire established?

Russian Empire

Into power came to power was his son Alexander III, who continued to tighten the grip of the regime by organizing the police as Ohrana, which was placed under the control of the Ministry of the Interior and given special powers.


Question: When is the Russian Empire established?

Russian Empire

Interior Minister Count Dmitry Tolstoy put in place the posts of land captain, to which the supreme positions supervised the provinces and the powers of the zemstva and the Duma were reduced.


Question: When is the Russian Empire established?

Russian Empire

In an attempt to save Russia from modernism, Alexander III enacted religious censorship, persecuted minority religions and peoples, initiated persecutions of Jews, and reduced the authority of universities.


Question: When is the Russian Empire established?

Russian Empire

Poles, Finns, Latvians, Lithuanians and Ukrainians reacted to unification efforts with accelerating nationalism and many Jews joined radical movements.


Question: When is the Russian Empire established?

Russian Empire

The secret societies and political movements continued to grow despite the state's attempt to suppress them.


Question: When is the Russian Empire established?

Russian Empire

[14] The early stages of industrialization throughout the second half of the 19th century Russia developed more economically slower than other states.


Question: When is the Russian Empire established?

Russian Empire

Otto von Bismarck unified Germany in the 1860s.


Question: When is the Russian Empire established?

Russian Empire

The post-Civil War United States rapidly strengthened with the British investing the proceeds of their empire there and Southern and Eastern Europe sending their excess populations there.


Question: When is the Russian Empire established?

Russian Empire

Modern Japan emerged after the Meiji Restoration of 1868 as a national backlash against the opening by American Admiral Perry with naval power of the Japanese market.


Question: When is the Russian Empire established?

Russian Empire

As giant as Russia was, it could neither create nor memorize enough capital for industrialisation.


Question: When is the Russian Empire established?

Russian Empire

[15] France sought to invest significantly in Russia.


Question: When is the Russian Empire established?

Russian Empire

The Swedish Nobel family is well known for its investments in the oil fields of Baku.


Question: When is the Russian Empire established?

Russian Empire

In terms of population, the land was considerably larger than its western counterparts, but the majority of the population lived in rural areas, engaging in small-scale farming.


Question: When is the Russian Empire established?

Russian Empire

Four-fifths of the rural population were former serfs and state peasants.


Question: When is the Russian Empire established?

Russian Empire

20% of the agricultural land was large farms over 50 km², but they were rarely cultivated as a single unit.


Question: When is the Russian Empire established?

Russian Empire

[16] Between 1850 and 1900 Russia's population doubled, but the land remained agricultural-dominated well into the 20th century.


Question: When is the Russian Empire established?

Russian Empire

Between 1850 and 1910, population growth was fastest among the major powers, with the exception of the United States.


Question: When is the Russian Empire established?

Russian Empire

[16] Industrial growth was significant, but volatile and not very extensive.


Question: When is the Russian Empire established?

Russian Empire

The most industrialized regions were Moscow, the central regions on the European side, St. Petersburg, the Baltic cities, Russian Poland and some areas along the Don and Dnieper rivers and the southern regions of the Ural Mountains.


Question: When is the Russian Empire established?

Russian Empire

By 1890, Russia had 32000 kilometers of railway and 1.4 million factory workers, most in the textile industry.


Question: When is the Russian Empire established?

Russian Empire

Between 1860 and 1890 coal production had increased by 1200% to 6.6 million tonnes per year and steel and iron were produced by 2 million tons per year.


Question: When is the Russian Empire established?

Russian Empire

The state budget doubled, though debt expenses quadrupled, taking 28% of government spending in 1891.


Question: When is the Russian Empire established?

Russian Empire

[16] Revolutionary movements The reforms of Alexander II, especially the relenting of censorship, led to a freer expression of political opinions.


Question: When is the Russian Empire established?

Russian Empire

While the government sought to win support for its policies in era and newspaper publications, movements critical of the government and exclusivity also got out loud.


Question: When is the Russian Empire established?

Russian Empire

[17] In the 1860s—1880s, the radicals were known by the generic name narodniks, and mostly focused on peasant affairs, which they referred to as narod (people).


Question: When is the Russian Empire established?

Russian Empire

In the 1860s, Nikolai Chernychevsky suggested that Russia could move directly to socialism, bypassing capitalist society.


Question: When is the Russian Empire established?

Russian Empire

Other radicals included anarchist Mikhail Bakunin and his associate Sergei Netshayev, who called for direct action.


Question: When is the Russian Empire established?

Russian Empire

Pyotr Tkatchev spoke out against Marxism, arguing that revolutionaries had to act before capitalism developed.


Question: When is the Russian Empire established?

Russian Empire

At the incitement of moralist and individualist Pyotr Lavrov, hundreds of idealists left their educational institutions in 1873 and 1874 for the countryside to create a popular movement, but the populists' campaign failed after the peasants rejected the ideas of urban idealists.


Question: When is the Russian Empire established?

Russian Empire

[17] As a result of the failure in 1876, the propaganda organization Zemlja i volja (Earth and Freedom) was created, which relied on terrorism.


Question: When is the Russian Empire established?

Russian Empire

The group was renamed the Narodnaya volja (People's Will) three years later, under which name it operated in connection with the 1881 assassination of Alexander II.


Question: When is the Russian Empire established?

Russian Empire

In 1879, Georgi Plekhanov formed a propaganda group for Earth and Freedom under the name Chornyi peredel, whose goal was to redistribute all land to peasants.


Question: When is the Russian Empire established?

Russian Empire

The group studied Marx's doctrines but remained mostly underground until 1887 group member Aleksandr Ulyanov attempted the assassination of Emperor Alexander III.


Question: When is the Russian Empire established?

Russian Empire

Authorities caught up with him and he was executed.


Question: When is the Russian Empire established?

Russian Empire

The execution shocked Aleksandr's younger brother Vladimir Ulyanov, who joined the People's Will Organization and later adopted the pseudonym Lenin.


Question: When is the Russian Empire established?

Russian Empire

[17] Alexander III Alexander III (reigned 1881—1894) was not to become monarch, as he was the second eldest son of Alexander II.


Question: When is the Russian Empire established?

Russian Empire

However, after the illness and death of his brother in 1865, and due to the murder of his father, he ascended the throne on 13 March (J: 1 March) 1881.


Question: When is the Russian Empire established?

Russian Empire

Already in his Coronation Manifesto, he stated plainly that no changes were coming to the autocratic form of government, nor did he change his mind later.


Question: When is the Russian Empire established?

Russian Empire

In his view, Russia would be saved from agitation by anarchists and revolutionaries the same values espoused by the older generation of Slavophiles — nationality, orthodoxy and autocracy.


Question: When is the Russian Empire established?

Russian Empire

For him, an idealistic state would consist of one nationality, language, religion and government.


Question: When is the Russian Empire established?

Russian Empire

This would be achieved by setting Russian as the school language for German, Polish and Finnish subjects, and by destroying the remaining remnants of German, Polish and Swedish institutions from the outer provinces.


Question: When is the Russian Empire established?

Russian Empire

[18] At the end of the 19th century, Russian backwardness reached critical relations: the 1891 decay claimed half a million lives.


Question: When is the Russian Empire established?

Russian Empire

In return, extensive, but costly, renewal projects were needed.


Question: When is the Russian Empire established?

Russian Empire

To implement these was appointed Minister of Finance in 1892 Sergei Witte.


Question: When is the Russian Empire established?

Russian Empire

He organized foreign borrowing, organized an unstable currency for the gold standard, and accelerated the development of heavy industry, including the building of the Siberian Railway.


Question: When is the Russian Empire established?

Russian Empire

These actions were intended to modernize the country and secure the Russian far east against the threat of Japan and China.


Question: When is the Russian Empire established?

Russian Empire

Despite the late-century slump, coal, iron and oil output tripled, and Russia rose in number of rail miles to second place behind the United States.


Question: When is the Russian Empire established?

Russian Empire

Yet grain production and exports did little to grow, and doubling government spending ate up some of the economic growth.


Question: When is the Russian Empire established?

Russian Empire

[19] Industrialization increased the number of factory workers in cities.


Question: When is the Russian Empire established?

Russian Empire

Much of the industry was held by state and foreign owners, leaving the laborers with considerable influence in the absence of a rich bourgeoisie.


Question: When is the Russian Empire established?

Russian Empire

In the 1890s—20th centuries, unhappy working and living conditions, high taxes, and the poor status of peasants led to many strikes and disorganization.


Question: When is the Russian Empire established?

Russian Empire

These also encouraged political organization.


Question: When is the Russian Empire established?

Russian Empire

[20] Poles in Russia, hardest hit by periods of repression, founded the Polish Socialist Party in Paris in 1892.


Question: When is the Russian Empire established?

Russian Empire

The party's founders hoped to unify a Poland divided between Austria-Hungary, Germany and Russia.


Question: When is the Russian Empire established?

Russian Empire

Jewish laborers founded the 1897 Party (Bund), which gained support in western Ukraine, Belarus, Lithuania and Poland.


Question: When is the Russian Empire established?

Russian Empire

The Russian Social Democratic Workers' Party was founded 1898.


Question: When is the Russian Empire established?

Russian Empire

The Finns remained separate, but the Georgians and Latvian Social Democrats joined the Russian Party.


Question: When is the Russian Empire established?

Russian Empire

In the south, politically active Muslim peoples were attracted by Islamic unity and pan-Turkism.


Question: When is the Russian Empire established?

Russian Empire

However, the United Social Revolutionary Party, born on the basis of the Narodnik movement, was formed as the largest party, with a mainly agrar-socialist programme.


Question: When is the Russian Empire established?

Russian Empire

[20] Young Vladimir Ulyanov was exiled 1895—1899 in Siberia, where he took the name Lenin from the Lenjoki River.


Question: When is the Russian Empire established?

Russian Empire

In December 1900, he founded the Iskra magazine (Spark), believing that a magazine produced abroad could create an organized revolutionary party to oust autocracy.


Question: When is the Russian Empire established?

Russian Empire

He also acted to create the Social Democracy Party of Russia tightly organized and united.


Question: When is the Russian Empire established?

Russian Empire

At the second party congress of 1903, he forced the Federation of Jews to walk out, and was expelled from the party by the Menshevik fact, believing in spontaneous activity of workers rather than centralist guidance.


Question: When is the Russian Empire established?

Russian Empire

[20] Early 20th century With the death of Nicholas II Alexander III on 1 November (J: 20 October) 1894, power was inherited by his eldest son Nicholas II (reigned 1894—1917).


Question: When is the Russian Empire established?

Russian Empire

On crowning day 1896 in Moscow, thousands of people trampled to death in pursuit of the emperor's gifts.


Question: When is the Russian Empire established?

Russian Empire

[21] Nikolai heard of what had happened the next day, but at the urging of advisers did not cancel the banquet dinners, which was considered a bad sign.


Question: When is the Russian Empire established?

Russian Empire

Nicholas was ill-prepared for his rise to power due to the early death of his father and relied on his wife for governmental matters.


Question: When is the Russian Empire established?

Russian Empire

[22] The wife of Aleksandra Fyodorovna (born Alix von Hessen-Darmstadt) and the court were inclined to mysticism.


Question: When is the Russian Empire established?

Russian Empire

This was highlighted by the haemorrhagic disease suffered by heir to the throne Aleksei (d. 1904), at which point the Tsarist family sought help from the mystic Grigory Rasputini, who claimed to be able, by the power of prayer, to stop the bleeding.


Question: When is the Russian Empire established?

Russian Empire

[23] Nicholas II travelled somewhat and, among other things, made a trip to the far east, causing him to be slightly injured.


Question: When is the Russian Empire established?

Russian Empire

[22] At the turn of the century, Russia gained space to expand in Asia thanks to accelerating competition from Britain and Germany.


Question: When is the Russian Empire established?

Russian Empire

1895 Germany competed with France for the popularity of Russia, and the British government hoped to negotiate a treaty for a division of interests in Asia.


Question: When is the Russian Empire established?

Russian Empire

Thus Russia came in between at the conclusion of the Japan-China War of 1895.


Question: When is the Russian Empire established?

Russian Empire

In the negotiations, Japan was forced to retreat and cede the Liaotung Peninsula and Port Arthur in southern Manchuria.


Question: When is the Russian Empire established?

Russian Empire

In 1900, the Chinese responded to the encroachment of foreign powers with the Boksar Revolt, which was defeated by European, U.S. and Japanese forces.


Question: When is the Russian Empire established?

Russian Empire

180,000 Russian troops fought in Manchuria to keep possession of its newly completed railroad.


Question: When is the Russian Empire established?

Russian Empire

Japan demanded that Russia, backed by the United States and Britain, withdraw from Manchuria, and Minister Witte and a few diplomats were prepared to swap the territory for Korea, but courtiers, navy and army representatives, and the emperor rejected Japan's threats, despite its alliance with Britain.


Question: When is the Russian Empire established?

Russian Empire

[24] Japan declared war in 1904.


Question: When is the Russian Empire established?

Russian Empire

In January 1905, Japan conquered Port Arthur after an eight-month blockade, and in March Russian forces were pushed north of Mukden.


Question: When is the Russian Empire established?

Russian Empire

The fleet sent to aid in May suffered a crushing defeat at the Battle of Tsushima.


Question: When is the Russian Empire established?

Russian Empire

[24] Revolution of 1905 A broad strike that began in December 1904 had left St. Petersburg without electricity and newspapers.


Question: When is the Russian Empire established?

Russian Empire

On January 22 (J: January 9) 1905, Orthodox priest Georgi Gapon led a peaceful march in Saint Petersburg to take a petition to the Emperor to the Winter Palace.


Question: When is the Russian Empire established?

Russian Empire

The crowd carried icons and sang anthems, but nervous security forces opened fire.


Question: When is the Russian Empire established?

Russian Empire

Known as Blood Sunday, the event claimed up to thousands of casualties and led to a general strike and rioting.


Question: When is the Russian Empire established?

Russian Empire

[25] Seventy protesters were shot in Riga and more than a hundred in Warsaw.


Question: When is the Russian Empire established?

Russian Empire

[26] In February, the army lost about 89,000 men in the battle against Japan.


Question: When is the Russian Empire established?

Russian Empire

[27] Strikes spread to the Caucasus and in April to the rear of the Urals.


Question: When is the Russian Empire established?

Russian Empire

[28] In May, almost the entire fleet was lost at Tsushima.


Question: When is the Russian Empire established?

Russian Empire

[27] Navy detachments mutinied in Sevastopol, Vladivostok and Kronstadt.


Question: When is the Russian Empire established?

Russian Empire

[29] In June, the crew of the tank ship Potjomkin mutinied while sailing their ship to Romania.


Question: When is the Russian Empire established?

Russian Empire

[30] In the October Manifesto written by Witte and Aleksandr Obolensky, the emperor finally conceded to the recognition of basic civil rights, to allow political parties and the right to vote.


Question: When is the Russian Empire established?

Russian Empire

Nicholas II himself regretted the manifesto that led to the end of autocracy.


Question: When is the Russian Empire established?

Russian Empire

The strikes ended shortly after the manifesto, however the last fighting was still fought in December between the Bolsheviks and the government in Moscow.


Question: When is the Russian Empire established?

Russian Empire

[25] The unrest and diplomatic pressure that led to the 1905 Revolution forced Russia into peace with Japan.


Question: When is the Russian Empire established?

Russian Empire

In an agreement brokered by U.S. President Theodore Roosevelt, Russia ceded the southern part of Sakhalin Island to Japan, recognizing its domination over Korea and Matchuria.


Question: When is the Russian Empire established?

Russian Empire

[31] The first National Duma was elected in March 1906.


Question: When is the Russian Empire established?

Russian Empire

The Socialists boycotted the elections, so the Constitutional-Democratic Party, or so-called Cadet Party, rose to the lead.


Question: When is the Russian Empire established?

Russian Empire

The new constitution came into force on 6 May 1906 and the Duma met for the first time on 10 May [32].


Question: When is the Russian Empire established?

Russian Empire

Nicholas II sacked Witte and elected Pyotr Stolypin a more sympathetic Pyotr Stolypin as his prime minister.


Question: When is the Russian Empire established?

Russian Empire

Relations between the Duma and the government remained tense.


Question: When is the Russian Empire established?

Russian Empire

[25] The Emperor dissolved the First Duma in July 1906 due to new requirements and because the Duma served as a “hotbed of agitation”.


Question: When is the Russian Empire established?

Russian Empire

Left parties won plenty of seats in the Second Duma, but the deadlock continued, and the Second Duma was dissolved in June 1907.


Question: When is the Russian Empire established?

Russian Empire

The new electoral law reduced the influence of the poor and minority nationalities, and the Third Duma was made more conservative, dominated by the Octobrists, or Octobrists.


Question: When is the Russian Empire established?

Russian Empire

[25] [33] One of Stolypin's reforms was the new land law, which came into force in 1906, which allowed private ownership and sought to break up traditional village communities, or mirit.


Question: When is the Russian Empire established?

Russian Empire

In doing so, he hoped to create a new class of landowners loyal to the Tsar.


Question: When is the Russian Empire established?

Russian Empire

However, most peasants were unwilling to give up community security or allow outsiders to buy land.


Question: When is the Russian Empire established?

Russian Empire

By 1914, only a tenth of the mires had been demolished.


Question: When is the Russian Empire established?

Russian Empire

The economy grew significantly between 1907 and 1914, with steel production exceeding those of France and Austro-Hungary.


Question: When is the Russian Empire established?

Russian Empire

[33] In 1911, Stolypin was assassinated by a double agent in Ohrana and the Minister of Finance Vladimir Kokovtsov took his place.


Question: When is the Russian Empire established?

Russian Empire

[33] By manipulating voting rights, the government organized the Duma to its liking, but less representative of the people, and if necessary it was bypassed entirely by imperial edicts.


Question: When is the Russian Empire established?

Russian Empire

The implementation of civil rights was postponed, and neither the laborers nor the Orthodox Church were allowed to organize themselves as they wished.


Question: When is the Russian Empire established?

Russian Empire

Repressive measures against Poles, Finns, Jews, Ukrainians and Old Believers were resumed.


Question: When is the Russian Empire established?

Russian Empire

[33] The Balkan Japanese victory of 1905 forced Russia into treaties with it and Britain.


Question: When is the Russian Empire established?

Russian Empire

In the division of interest concluded in 1907, Russia gained northern Matcheuria and northern Persia, Japan southern Manchuria and Korea, and Britain southern Persia, Afghanistan and Tibet.


Question: When is the Russian Empire established?

Russian Empire

To ensure the split, Russia and Japan agreed to keep the United States out of China.


Question: When is the Russian Empire established?

Russian Empire

After the Chinese Revolution of 1911, Russia and Japan agreed on the partition of Outer Mongolia.


Question: When is the Russian Empire established?

Russian Empire

To protect its strategic and economic interests, Russia went into a trialliance with Britain and France against Germany.


Question: When is the Russian Empire established?

Russian Empire

[34] In the Balkans, Russia competed with Austria-Hungary.


Question: When is the Russian Empire established?

Russian Empire

In 1908, Foreign Minister Aleksandr Izvolski agreed to support the annexation of Bosnia and Herzegovina, occupied by Austria since 1878, into Austria in exchange for an agreement on Bosphorus and Dardanelles neutrality.


Question: When is the Russian Empire established?

Russian Empire

However, Britain was categorically opposed to this, allowing Austria to gain Bosnia without any counter-concessions.


Question: When is the Russian Empire established?

Russian Empire

[34] In 1912, Bulgaria, Serbia, Greece and Montenegro defeated the Ottoman in the First Balkan War, but in 1913 the alliance was broken and the Serbs, Greeks and Romanians were defeated in the Second Bulgarian War.


Question: When is the Russian Empire established?

Russian Empire

Austria-Hungary now became protector of Bulgaria and Germany of the Ottoman Empire.


Question: When is the Russian Empire established?

Russian Empire

Russia, in turn, allied itself with Serbia.


Question: When is the Russian Empire established?

Russian Empire

The complex network of alliance relations was extremely unstable with Bulgaria and Serbia being rivals of each other and the Serb resentment against Austria-Hungary over the annexation of the Serb territories of Bosnia and Herzegovina.


Question: When is the Russian Empire established?

Russian Empire

[34] In June 1914, Gavrilo Princip assassinated Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria in Sarajevo.


Question: When is the Russian Empire established?

Russian Empire

Austria-Hungary issued an ultimatum to Serbia, which it considered culpable.


Question: When is the Russian Empire established?

Russian Empire

Although Serbia was ready to concede for the most part, for Austria the answer was invalid and it withdrew its envoy from Serbia.


Question: When is the Russian Empire established?

Russian Empire

After the Austrian declaration of war on 28 July, the network of alliance relations went into action following Russia's declaration of 1909 support for Serbian independence, German support for Austria-Hungary and French Russia.


Question: When is the Russian Empire established?

Russian Empire

After Germany invaded France through Belgium, the war escalated into a world war.


Question: When is the Russian Empire established?

Russian Empire

[34] World War I Russia's large population allowed it to equip more troops than Germany and Austria-Hungary combined.


Question: When is the Russian Empire established?

Russian Empire

However, the troops were as poorly armed as Austria's, and for Germany the Russian army did not fare as in number of troops.


Question: When is the Russian Empire established?

Russian Empire

In the early stages, the invasion of East Prussia tied up the German forces enough to stop the German attack on the perimeter powers of the west.


Question: When is the Russian Empire established?

Russian Empire

However, the Russian II Army was almost completely destroyed at the Battle of Tannenberg, which forced a withdrawal from East Prussia and after which Russia was, throughout the rest of the war, on the defensive against Germany.


Question: When is the Russian Empire established?

Russian Empire

[35] The Austro-Hungarian offensive was repulsed and the counterattack advanced into eastern Galitsia.


Question: When is the Russian Empire established?

Russian Empire

However, the 1915 German—Austrian Spring and Summer Offensive drove the Russians from Galitsia and Poland and resulted in extensive losses.


Question: When is the Russian Empire established?

Russian Empire

[35] The Circum-Powers had already agreed upon the territorial changes caused by the victory, Russia had to receive Eastern Galitsia from Austria-Hungary, East Prussia from Germany and Armenia from the Ottoman Empire, which had joined the war; in addition, control of Constantinople, Bosporus and the Darnells.


Question: When is the Russian Empire established?

Russian Empire

[35] February Revolution However, the national feeling at the beginning of the war changed to unrest caused by deprivation and discontent as the war continued.


Question: When is the Russian Empire established?

Russian Empire

In the summer of 1914, the Duma and the zemstvot were alone with votes in support of the government's war effort and the German-derived name of the capital, Peter, was changed in the national mood to Slavic Petrograd.


Question: When is the Russian Empire established?

Russian Empire

Mobilization proved to be record-breaking rapid based on the experience of the Russo-Japanese War and surprised the Germans.


Question: When is the Russian Empire established?

Russian Empire

However, German control of the Baltic Sea and Ottoman rule at the mouth of the Black Sea soon led to goods shortages and severe inflation.


Question: When is the Russian Empire established?

Russian Empire

A Military Industrial Committee was set up to ensure the return of military equipment.


Question: When is the Russian Empire established?

Russian Empire

However, the military leadership did not trust the civilian administration and took control of the administration of the front areas, refusing to cooperate with the committee.


Question: When is the Russian Empire established?

Russian Empire

The central government did not rely on independent outreach activities organized by zemstvos and cities.


Question: When is the Russian Empire established?

Russian Empire

The Duma was mired in conflict with the war bureaucracy and government, and centre-left representatives founded the 1915 so-called progressive bloc, which demanded a government installed by the Duma.


Question: When is the Russian Empire established?

Russian Empire

[36] After the defeats of 1915, Nicholas II left for the front and assumed the position of nominal commander-in-chief from his uncle Nikolai Nikolaevich.


Question: When is the Russian Empire established?

Russian Empire

He was now linked to every adversity in the military.


Question: When is the Russian Empire established?

Russian Empire

Left in the capital were his German-born wife, Aleksandra, and the debauched Rasputin, who now wielded significant power in politics and the appointment of ministers.


Question: When is the Russian Empire established?

Russian Empire

[36] In 1916, food prices and fuel shortages caused strikes in some towns.


Question: When is the Russian Empire established?

Russian Empire

Workers who had gained seats on the Military Industries Committee took advantage of it to create a political opposition opposed to the government.


Question: When is the Russian Empire established?

Russian Empire

The countryside, too, began to become restless.


Question: When is the Russian Empire established?

Russian Empire

Soldiers, especially the rural population who were at high risk of being cannon fodder because of the unworthiness of war-leadership, became unruly and unwilling.


Question: When is the Russian Empire established?

Russian Empire

Of the 15 million soldiers sent to the front, 4.6 million had been killed or wounded.


Question: When is the Russian Empire established?

Russian Empire

[37] Due to material shortages some had to be sent to the front unarmed, they were instructed to take the guns from their fallen comrades.


Question: When is the Russian Empire established?

Russian Empire

The price of grain was rationed, leaving the revenue from it no longer sufficient for the purchase of consumer goods.


Question: When is the Russian Empire established?

Russian Empire

[36] In December 1916, a group of nobles decided to get rid of Rasputini and he was assassinated.


Question: When is the Russian Empire established?

Russian Empire

The increasing confrontation between the Duma and the emperor's government branded both incapable of their actions.


Question: When is the Russian Empire established?

Russian Empire

In early 1917, rail transportation capacity collapsed leading to fuel and food shortages.


Question: When is the Russian Empire established?

Russian Empire

[36] There was rioting and picketing in Petrograd, the strike expanded to a general strike from 10 March (J: 25 February).


Question: When is the Russian Empire established?

Russian Empire

General Sergei Habalov, who commanded Petrograd's 160,000 man force, was ordered to pacify the city.


Question: When is the Russian Empire established?

Russian Empire

The next day several hundred were shot, but the strike continued on the 12th (J: 27th).


Question: When is the Russian Empire established?

Russian Empire

The troops were again ordered to the streets, but they turned to the protesters, setting up the Petrograd Workers' and Soldiers' Representatives Council.


Question: When is the Russian Empire established?

Russian Empire

[38] [39] To suppress the rebellion, units had to be withdrawn from the front.


Question: When is the Russian Empire established?

Russian Empire

Nicholas II left towards Petrograd, but his train was stopped at Visher station, from where he had to return to Pskov.


Question: When is the Russian Empire established?

Russian Empire

After the commander of the troops sent to the capital received information from Habalov of the extent of the rebellion, these troops also returned.


Question: When is the Russian Empire established?

Russian Empire

[39] On 15 March (J: 2 March), the Duma established an executive committee, organized with the support of the Petrograd Council into a provisional government.


Question: When is the Russian Empire established?

Russian Empire

Prince Georgi Lvov became the prime minister of the government.


Question: When is the Russian Empire established?

Russian Empire

The Duma also decided on the creation of a Constituent Assembly, but its elections were postponed until autumn.


Question: When is the Russian Empire established?

Russian Empire

Government representatives met Nicholas II in the evening of the same day in Pskov, where he manifesto renounced the crown and handed it over to his brother Michael.


Question: When is the Russian Empire established?

Russian Empire

Michael announced the next day that he would agree to become emperor only if the Constituent Assembly decided to do so.


Question: When is the Russian Empire established?

Russian Empire

[38] [39] [40] First the United States, then Britain, France and Italy quickly recognized the ad hoc committee set by the Duma as the legitimate government of Russia.


Question: When is the Russian Empire established?

Russian Empire

[40] The February Revolution made Russia a de facto republic.


Question: When is the Russian Empire established?

Russian Empire

[41] Emperors of the Russian Empire the title of Emperor of Russia was taken by Peter I the Great after expanding and westernizing Russia in the early 18th century.


Question: When is the Russian Empire established?

Russian Empire

[3] The last emperor was Nicholas II.


Question: When is the Russian Empire established?

Russian Empire

Titles Russian emperors also held a large number of other titles, some of which referred to territories and localities not included in Russia.


Question: When is the Russian Empire established?

Russian Empire

At the end of the 19th century, the Emperor held the following list of titles: Emperor and autocrat of All Russia, Moscow, Kiev, Vladimir and Novgorod, Tsar of Kersonessos of Kasan, Astrakan, Poland, Siberia and Tauri, Lord of Pskov and Grand Duke of Smolensk, Lithuania, Volhynia, Podolia and Finland , Prince of Estonia, Livonia, Curonia and Semgallen, Samogitia, Białystok, Karelia, Tver, Yugoria, Perm, Vyatka, Bulgaria and others, Nizhny Novgorod, Chernigov, Ryazan, Polotsk, Rostov, Yaroslav, Beloe Uzero, Orian, Obdorian, Vitebsk and Mstislav and the whole Lord and Grand Duke of the Northern Territory, Lord and Ruler of Iberia, Cartalinia, Georgia and Kabarinian and Armenia, Cherkesh and Mountain Princes, et al. Inheritance Prince and Sovereign, Heir of Norway, Duke of Schleswig-Holstein, Dithmarschen and Oldenburg etc etc. [42].


Question: When is the Russian Empire established?

Russian Empire

However, many documents used a shorter list of titles referring only to Russia, Poland and Finland.


Question: When is the Russian Empire established?

Russian Empire

[42] See also rulers of Russia List of administrative regions of the Russian Empire Sources Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Curtis, Glenn E.| title = Russia| location = Washington| publisher = GPO for the Library of Congress| year = 1996| language = Transclusion error: {{En}} is only for use in File namespace.


Question: When is the Russian Empire established?

Russian Empire

Use {{lang-en}} or {{en icon}} instead.| format = [Country Studies]}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Arthur Mee, J. A. Hammerton, Arthur D. Innes| title = Harmsworth history of the world: Volume 7| location = London| publisher = Carmelite House| year = 1907| language = Transclusion error: {{En}} is only for use in File namespace.


Question: When is the Russian Empire established?

Russian Empire

Use {{lang-en}} or {{en icon}} instead.| format = [online version]}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| title = Facta 2001.


Question: When is the Russian Empire established?

Russian Empire

18 — Ved—Ö| publisher = WSOY| year = 1986| version = Keyword “Russo-Japanese War 1904-05” | id = ISBN 951-0-10239-3}} References on the topic elsewhere * Category:Key articles of screening


Question: Why did Lavrenti Berija serve Josif Stalin?

Kliment Voroshilov

Kliment Jefremovich Vorošilov (, 4 February (J: 23 January) 1881 Yekaterinoslav Governorate — 2 December 1969 Moscow) was a long-influential Soviet military leader and politician.


Question: Why did Lavrenti Berija serve Josif Stalin?

Kliment Voroshilov

He was People's Commissar of Military and Naval Affairs of the Soviet Union (Minister of Defense) 1925—1940, member of the Politburo 1926—1960, and Chairman of the Bureau of the Supreme Soviet 1953—1960.


Question: Why did Lavrenti Berija serve Josif Stalin?

Kliment Voroshilov

Background Voroshilov was born in Verhneye near Yekaterinoslav (now Dnipro, Ukraine) as the son of a working family.


Question: Why did Lavrenti Berija serve Josif Stalin?

Kliment Voroshilov

His first occupation was as a metalworker.


Question: Why did Lavrenti Berija serve Josif Stalin?

Kliment Voroshilov

[1] He joined the Bolsheviks in 1903 and was involved in the Revolution of 1905, through which temporary political reforms were achieved.


Question: Why did Lavrenti Berija serve Josif Stalin?

Kliment Voroshilov

After the October Revolution, he was involved in the Provisional Government of Ukraine as People's Commissar for Internal Affairs.


Question: Why did Lavrenti Berija serve Josif Stalin?

Kliment Voroshilov

During the Russian Civil War, he served under Josif Stalin, who tasked him with the defense of Tsaritsyn (then Stalingrad, now Volgograd).


Question: Why did Lavrenti Berija serve Josif Stalin?

Kliment Voroshilov

He served thereafter under Semjon Buddonnyi.


Question: Why did Lavrenti Berija serve Josif Stalin?

Kliment Voroshilov

During the war, Voroshilov gained fame for his hard grips.


Question: Why did Lavrenti Berija serve Josif Stalin?

Kliment Voroshilov

1921—1939 In 1921—1925, Vorošilov held several military deployments.


Question: Why did Lavrenti Berija serve Josif Stalin?

Kliment Voroshilov

In 1921, he was elected to the NKP Central Committee, where he served until 1961.


Question: Why did Lavrenti Berija serve Josif Stalin?

Kliment Voroshilov

After the death of Mikhail Frunze in 1925, Vorošilov became People's Commissar for Military and Naval Affairs (from 1934 to 1940 People's Commissar of Defense) and Speaker of the Military Revolutionary Council until 1934.


Question: Why did Lavrenti Berija serve Josif Stalin?

Kliment Voroshilov

In 1935 he received the rank of Marshal of the Soviet Union.


Question: Why did Lavrenti Berija serve Josif Stalin?

Kliment Voroshilov

In 1926, he was elected to the newly formed NKP Politburo.


Question: Why did Lavrenti Berija serve Josif Stalin?

Kliment Voroshilov

Voroshilov was a close ally of Stalin in the latter's political struggle against Lev Trotsky.


Question: Why did Lavrenti Berija serve Josif Stalin?

Kliment Voroshilov

Voroshilov opposed the transformation efforts of Trotsky and Marshal Mikhail Tuhachevsky's armed forces.


Question: Why did Lavrenti Berija serve Josif Stalin?

Kliment Voroshilov

He supported Stalin's persecutions at the end of the 1930s, when his career received a further boost from the execution of Tuhachevsky.


Question: Why did Lavrenti Berija serve Josif Stalin?

Kliment Voroshilov

He rose to the Central Military Council.


Question: Why did Lavrenti Berija serve Josif Stalin?

Kliment Voroshilov

Due to the failures of the Winter War and World War II against Finland, Vorošilov lost his position as Minister of Defence (People's Commissar) and was replaced by Marshal Semjon Timoshenko.


Question: Why did Lavrenti Berija serve Josif Stalin?

Kliment Voroshilov

To the General Staff (Stavka), Vorošilov was appointed just before the German invasion of June 1941.


Question: Why did Lavrenti Berija serve Josif Stalin?

Kliment Voroshilov

Voroshilov was appointed commander of the Northwest Front, but despite his personal gallantry (he led an attack against panzers with a pistol in his hand) he was unable to prevent the Germans from blockading Leningrad.


Question: Why did Lavrenti Berija serve Josif Stalin?

Kliment Voroshilov

According to his colleague general, Voroshilov was incapable of understanding modern warfare.


Question: Why did Lavrenti Berija serve Josif Stalin?

Kliment Voroshilov

At this point in the Great Patriotic War, front commanders were forced to submit to Stalin's order, in which retreat was forbidden.


Question: Why did Lavrenti Berija serve Josif Stalin?

Kliment Voroshilov

This stiffened the war and led to an implosion of defences and an escape from disarray.


Question: Why did Lavrenti Berija serve Josif Stalin?

Kliment Voroshilov

However, the German attack was halted off Leningrad.


Question: Why did Lavrenti Berija serve Josif Stalin?

Kliment Voroshilov

Voroshilov accompanied Stalin to the Tehran Conference in 1943.


Question: Why did Lavrenti Berija serve Josif Stalin?

Kliment Voroshilov

Accompanied in Khrushchev's rise to power Years 1946—1953, Voroshilov was Deputy Speaker of the Council of Ministers.


Question: Why did Lavrenti Berija serve Josif Stalin?

Kliment Voroshilov

From 1945 to 1947, he oversaw the establishment of a communist regime in Hungary.