Question: What city did Zabava Putjatišna have grown up in?

Slavic mythology

Statues of Slavic gods were “discovered” and folk songs and tales were “recorded”, in which half of the Slavic family of gods were depicted picking flowers and dancing around a campfire.


Question: What city did Zabava Putjatišna have grown up in?

Slavic mythology

Published in the 19th century, Vedic Slovena is a collection of Bulgarian folk songs and legends, with many references to Slavic mythology but considered a forgery by most scholars.


Question: What city did Zabava Putjatišna have grown up in?

Slavic mythology

A more recent example is the controversial Book of Veles, which purports to be the original written source describing Slavic mythology from the 8th or 9th centuries.


Question: What city did Zabava Putjatišna have grown up in?

Slavic mythology

It is written in letters resembling the Cyrillic alphabet, but the Slavs cannot be shown to have had any sort of written system prior to their conversion to Christianity, let alone have used the Cyrillic one.


Question: What city did Zabava Putjatišna have grown up in?

Slavic mythology

Slavic neo-pagans regard the Book of Veles as their sacred book and claim it to be authentic.


Question: What city did Zabava Putjatišna have grown up in?

Slavic mythology

The original work, written on wood, is likely lost, and its authenticity cannot therefore be verified.


Question: What city did Zabava Putjatišna have grown up in?

Slavic mythology

Calendar and holidays Slavic myths were cyclical and repeated according to the seasons and the cycle of nature every year in the form of various celebrations.


Question: What city did Zabava Putjatišna have grown up in?

Slavic mythology

Therefore, in order to understand Slavic mythology, it is also important to know about the time calculation used by the Slavs.


Question: What city did Zabava Putjatišna have grown up in?

Slavic mythology

Based on archaeological and vernacular evidence, it has been possible to ascertain some features of the Slavic calendar, mainly large celebrations.


Question: What city did Zabava Putjatišna have grown up in?

Slavic mythology

The Slavs apparently used a lunar calendar.


Question: What city did Zabava Putjatišna have grown up in?

Slavic mythology

The year began on the first day of March similarly to that of other Indo-European cultures, whose calendar system is better known.


Question: What city did Zabava Putjatišna have grown up in?

Slavic mythology

From the last night of the old year and the first day of the new year, the names brother noc and velik dan (great night, great day) were apparently used.


Question: What city did Zabava Putjatišna have grown up in?

Slavic mythology

After the adoption of Christianity, these names were moved to describe Easter.


Question: What city did Zabava Putjatišna have grown up in?

Slavic mythology

In Slavic countries belonging to the Orthodox Church, the denomination of Easter is still a big day (for example, in Ukrainian Великдень) when Catholic Slavs call it a big night (for example, in Czech velikonoce).


Question: What city did Zabava Putjatišna have grown up in?

Slavic mythology

During the pagan period, the celebration included shamans wearing masks and sheep's wool coats who passed around the village.


Question: What city did Zabava Putjatišna have grown up in?

Slavic mythology

Namely, it was believed that the spirits of the ancestors who died during the Great Night came to the houses to celebrate the New Year with their living relatives.


Question: What city did Zabava Putjatišna have grown up in?

Slavic mythology

The god of the last day of the year was the god of the underworld Veles.


Question: What city did Zabava Putjatišna have grown up in?

Slavic mythology

The Slavs also had a large feast dedicated to Jarilo, the god of vegetation and fertility, celebrated in the spring.


Question: What city did Zabava Putjatišna have grown up in?

Slavic mythology

A procession of young girls and boys toured the villages carrying green branches and flowers as signs of new life.


Question: What city did Zabava Putjatišna have grown up in?

Slavic mythology

They went from house to house singing songs and blessing the housefolk.


Question: What city did Zabava Putjatišna have grown up in?

Slavic mythology

The leader of the procession normally rode a horse and impersonated Jarilo.


Question: What city did Zabava Putjatišna have grown up in?

Slavic mythology

The custom was apparently also to prepare decorative eggs (pisanki): this tradition later also passed on to the celebration of Easter.


Question: What city did Zabava Putjatišna have grown up in?

Slavic mythology

The celebration of the summer solstice (Ivanje, Kupala) was celebrated pretty much in the same way as big weddings.


Question: What city did Zabava Putjatišna have grown up in?

Slavic mythology

There are also confluences during midsummer.


Question: What city did Zabava Putjatišna have grown up in?

Slavic mythology

During the Pagan period, the feast likely included a general orgy.


Question: What city did Zabava Putjatišna have grown up in?

Slavic mythology

The night before were eaten and drunk and large campfires were lit, young people danced and jumped over the fires.


Question: What city did Zabava Putjatišna have grown up in?

Slavic mythology

Young girls tried through various rituals to find out their future marriage: they tied flower garlands, whisked them into the river and made predictions about how and where the wreaths floated.


Question: What city did Zabava Putjatišna have grown up in?

Slavic mythology

Ritual bathing was also important this night, which was well suited to the significance given later by the church to this celebration, the day of remembrance of John the Baptist (Ivan Kupala).


Question: What city did Zabava Putjatišna have grown up in?

Slavic mythology

In mid-summer, a feast dedicated to Perun, the thunder god, was celebrated.


Question: What city did Zabava Putjatišna have grown up in?

Slavic mythology

In the Christian period, the feast turned into one dedicated to the prophet Elijah.


Question: What city did Zabava Putjatišna have grown up in?

Slavic mythology

This was considered the holiest time of the year, and some historical sources point to the use of human sacrifice.


Question: What city did Zabava Putjatišna have grown up in?

Slavic mythology

Harvesting probably began after this celebration.


Question: What city did Zabava Putjatišna have grown up in?

Slavic mythology

The date of the harvest's closing celebration is unclear.


Question: What city did Zabava Putjatišna have grown up in?

Slavic mythology

Historical sources cite a related interesting tradition practiced today on the island of Rügen, which belongs to Germany, in the temple of Svantovit, the god of war and fertility.


Question: What city did Zabava Putjatišna have grown up in?

Slavic mythology

People gathered in front of the temple, where priests placed a huge, almost human-sized wheat cake.


Question: What city did Zabava Putjatišna have grown up in?

Slavic mythology

The top priest stood behind the cake and asked people if they saw him.


Question: What city did Zabava Putjatišna have grown up in?

Slavic mythology

Regardless of the answer, the priest then asked that the following year people would not see him from behind the cake.


Question: What city did Zabava Putjatišna have grown up in?

Slavic mythology

The request hoped that the following year would be even more hundredful.


Question: What city did Zabava Putjatišna have grown up in?

Slavic mythology

The time of the winter solstice was also likely to be celebrated.


Question: What city did Zabava Putjatišna have grown up in?

Slavic mythology

Later, this celebration was associated with the celebration of Christmas.


Question: What city did Zabava Putjatišna have grown up in?

Slavic mythology

In many Slavic countries, Christmas is referred to as božić, meaning little god.


Question: What city did Zabava Putjatišna have grown up in?

Slavic mythology

Although the name also fits well with the Christian idea of Christmas, it is likely of pagan origin: apparently it referred to the birth of a new sun god when the old one died on the longest night of the year.


Question: What city did Zabava Putjatišna have grown up in?

Slavic mythology

The old sun god was called Svarog and his son was called Dažbog.


Question: What city did Zabava Putjatišna have grown up in?

Slavic mythology

An alternative and perhaps original name for this celebration was kračún.


Question: What city did Zabava Putjatišna have grown up in?

Slavic mythology

Cosmology The Slavs used a rather typical Indo-European cosmological concept, the World Tree, in their explanation of the world.


Question: What city did Zabava Putjatišna have grown up in?

Slavic mythology

It was either oak or some kind of pine.


Question: What city did Zabava Putjatišna have grown up in?

Slavic mythology

The mythical symbol of the world tree survived in Slavic folklore for many centuries even after the period of paganism.


Question: What city did Zabava Putjatišna have grown up in?

Slavic mythology

In the tree were located the three levels of the universe.


Question: What city did Zabava Putjatišna have grown up in?

Slavic mythology

Its crown depicted heaven and the kingdom of the heavenly gods, while the body was the realm of mortals.


Question: What city did Zabava Putjatišna have grown up in?

Slavic mythology

The roots of the tree depicted the underworld and the abode of the dead.


Question: What city did Zabava Putjatišna have grown up in?

Slavic mythology

Contrary to the perceptions of other cultures, it seems that the underworld was a rather comfortable place in Slavic mythology, a verdant world with eternal spring.


Question: What city did Zabava Putjatišna have grown up in?

Slavic mythology

The three kingdoms were located on top of each other, vertically on the world column as opposed to the horizontality of the ordinary world.


Question: What city did Zabava Putjatišna have grown up in?

Slavic mythology

The territory of gods and mortals was located in the center of a world considered flat, surrounded by the sea.


Question: What city did Zabava Putjatišna have grown up in?

Slavic mythology

Across the sea was the land of the dead, where the birds flew for the winter to return in the spring.


Question: What city did Zabava Putjatišna have grown up in?

Slavic mythology

In many folk tales, going behind the sea or coming back from behind the sea meant dying and coming back to life.


Question: What city did Zabava Putjatišna have grown up in?

Slavic mythology

This is reminiscent of the age-old mythical notion that an afterlife is achieved by passing some sort of body of water.


Question: What city did Zabava Putjatišna have grown up in?

Slavic mythology

Horizontally, the world was divided by four points, which described the direction of the four winds (northern, southern, eastern and western).


Question: What city did Zabava Putjatišna have grown up in?

Slavic mythology

The world thus had two dimensions, and was divided by a vertical axis into three and a horizontal one into four parts.


Question: What city did Zabava Putjatišna have grown up in?

Slavic mythology

The division played an important part in mythology and appears in many statues depicting Slavic gods, most notably in images of the three-headed Triglav and four-headed Svantovit.


Question: What city did Zabava Putjatišna have grown up in?

Slavic mythology

The Sun was regarded as a female deity and the Moon as male in contrast to that in Indo-European mythologies in general.


Question: What city did Zabava Putjatišna have grown up in?

Slavic mythology

Baltic mythology, which is closest to Slavic, is also similar to it in this respect.


Question: What city did Zabava Putjatišna have grown up in?

Slavic mythology

Gods Slavs worshipped a very large number of gods over a wide geographical area from the Baltic Sea to the Black Sea over a span of more than 600 years.


Question: What city did Zabava Putjatišna have grown up in?

Slavic mythology

The gods and beliefs were also very local even so that each tribe worshipped their own gods in their own ways.


Question: What city did Zabava Putjatišna have grown up in?

Slavic mythology

However, Slavic mythology has common features, which by studying, one can create an image of the original Slavic antiquity in the same way that Slavic languages are inherited from a common initial language.


Question: What city did Zabava Putjatišna have grown up in?

Slavic mythology

Overgod Some new theories consider Rod or Svarog to be the overgod of the Slavs, and some of the tribes also worshipped Svantovit or Triglav as their high god.


Question: What city did Zabava Putjatišna have grown up in?

Slavic mythology

The best candidate for chief god, however, is Peruvian, whose name appears most frequently in all historical sources.


Question: What city did Zabava Putjatišna have grown up in?

Slavic mythology

Peruvian is actually the first Slavic god mentioned in historiography (Prokopios mentions that the god of thunder and lightning is the sole god and over-god of the Slavs).


Question: What city did Zabava Putjatišna have grown up in?

Slavic mythology

Nestor's chronicle announces him as the chief god of Kievan Russia (Kievan Rus).


Question: What city did Zabava Putjatišna have grown up in?

Slavic mythology

A brief note in Helmold's Chronica Slavorum asserts that the West Slavs believed in a single celestial god who would rule over all other gods.


Question: What city did Zabava Putjatišna have grown up in?

Slavic mythology

The name of the High God is not mentioned, though.


Question: What city did Zabava Putjatišna have grown up in?

Slavic mythology

Perun's high deity is also advocated by the fact that he was known to all Slavs across Europe, as evidenced by the wide range of present-day place names derived from Perun's name in Slavic countries.


Question: What city did Zabava Putjatišna have grown up in?

Slavic mythology

Analyzing folklore, it has also been found that Peruvian was the only Slavic god to be equated with the God of Christianity.


Question: What city did Zabava Putjatišna have grown up in?

Slavic mythology

This evidence strongly indicates that Peruvian was the overgod of the original Slavic antiquity.


Question: What city did Zabava Putjatišna have grown up in?

Slavic mythology

However, Perun also had a rival.


Question: What city did Zabava Putjatišna have grown up in?

Slavic mythology

Roman Jakobson has shown that whenever Peruvian is mentioned in historical texts, another god, Veles, is also mentioned in the same context.


Question: What city did Zabava Putjatišna have grown up in?

Slavic mythology

This relationship is also reflected in place names: if the name of a mountain or hill can be linked to Perun, there is usually a place near the river in the lowland whose name resembles Vele.


Question: What city did Zabava Putjatišna have grown up in?

Slavic mythology

Similar to Peru's equation with God, was the equivalent of Satan Veles in Christianity.


Question: What city did Zabava Putjatišna have grown up in?

Slavic mythology

Peruvian and Veles Ivanov and Toporov reconstructed the old myth about the two most important gods of the Slavs, Perun and Veles, who were opposites of each other in almost every respect.


Question: What city did Zabava Putjatišna have grown up in?

Slavic mythology

Perun is the heavenly god of thunder and lightning who rules the living world from above.


Question: What city did Zabava Putjatišna have grown up in?

Slavic mythology

His fortress is located on the top branch of the World Tree.


Question: What city did Zabava Putjatišna have grown up in?

Slavic mythology

Veles, in turn, are combined with waters and land.


Question: What city did Zabava Putjatišna have grown up in?

Slavic mythology

He is the god of the underworld who rules the realm of the dead from below, from the roots of the World Tree.


Question: What city did Zabava Putjatišna have grown up in?

Slavic mythology

Peruvian gives farmers rain and is the god of arms as well as war.


Question: What city did Zabava Putjatišna have grown up in?

Slavic mythology

Veles, on the other hand, protects the shepherds and is the god of cattle, and is associated with magic and commerce.


Question: What city did Zabava Putjatišna have grown up in?

Slavic mythology

Peru creates order, Veles chaos.


Question: What city did Zabava Putjatišna have grown up in?

Slavic mythology

The cosmic battle between the two is depicted by the myth of a battle between the god of the storm and the dragon found in several Indo-European cultures.


Question: What city did Zabava Putjatišna have grown up in?

Slavic mythology

Attacking from heaven with lightning bolts, Peruvian stalks its serpent-like enemy Veles.


Question: What city did Zabava Putjatišna have grown up in?

Slavic mythology

Veles taunts Perun and escapes, transforming himself into various animals.


Question: What city did Zabava Putjatišna have grown up in?

Slavic mythology

Finally, the Peruvian slays Veles or she flees into the water, the underworld.


Question: What city did Zabava Putjatišna have grown up in?

Slavic mythology

In practice, it is the same thing, for by killing Veles, Peru does not destroy him, but returns him to his rightful place in the realm of the dead.


Question: What city did Zabava Putjatišna have grown up in?

Slavic mythology

Thus, Peru will once again restore the world order disturbed by Veles.


Question: What city did Zabava Putjatišna have grown up in?

Slavic mythology

The idea of storm and thunder as a divine battle between the High God and this archenemy was very important to the Slavs, and it lived long after Peru and Veles had been replaced by God and Satan.


Question: What city did Zabava Putjatišna have grown up in?

Slavic mythology

The enmity between Perun and Veles was explained by the fact that Veles would have stolen Perun cattle, or vice versa (since Veles is a god of cattle, ownership is not self-evident).


Question: What city did Zabava Putjatišna have grown up in?

Slavic mythology

The subject of divine cattle stealing is also common in Indo-European mythology and can be conceived as a metaphor for rain.


Question: What city did Zabava Putjatišna have grown up in?

Slavic mythology

Since Veles is combined with waters and Peruvian skies, as well as clouds, it is again unclear which of whom the rain should fall.


Question: What city did Zabava Putjatišna have grown up in?

Slavic mythology

Another reason for hostile relationships may be stealing a wife.


Question: What city did Zabava Putjatišna have grown up in?

Slavic mythology

To justify folklore, it seems clear that the sun was considered Perun's wife.


Question: What city did Zabava Putjatišna have grown up in?

Slavic mythology

The “dying” of the sun every night as it pressed behind the horizon was handled in such a way that Veles stole Perun's wife, who was again robbed by Peru in the morning back to himself.


Question: What city did Zabava Putjatišna have grown up in?

Slavic mythology

Jarilo and Morana Radoslav Katičić and Vitomir Belaj continued the road signposted by Ivanov and Toporov and reconstructed a myth telling of Jarilo, the god of fertility and vegetation, and his sister and wife Morana, a female goddess of nature and death.


Question: What city did Zabava Putjatišna have grown up in?

Slavic mythology

Jarilo is linked to the moon, while Morana is considered the daughter of the sun.


Question: What city did Zabava Putjatišna have grown up in?

Slavic mythology

Both are children of Perun and born on the night of the new year.


Question: What city did Zabava Putjatišna have grown up in?

Slavic mythology

On the same night, however, Jarilo is abducted from his cradle and taken to the underworld, where Veles raises him as his own son.


Question: What city did Zabava Putjatišna have grown up in?

Slavic mythology

At the celebration of spring, Jarilo returns from the world of the dead, bringing spring to the living.


Question: What city did Zabava Putjatišna have grown up in?

Slavic mythology

He meets his sister Morana, and later in the summer their jubilant wedding is celebrated.


Question: What city did Zabava Putjatišna have grown up in?

Slavic mythology

The covenant of the children of the High God brings fertility and wealth to the land, guaranteeing a rich harvest.


Question: What city did Zabava Putjatišna have grown up in?

Slavic mythology

Since Jarilo is also Veles's foster son, the marriage brings peace between the two great gods; in other words, it ensures that storms do not damage crops.


Question: What city did Zabava Putjatišna have grown up in?

Slavic mythology

After the harvest, however, Jarilo is unfaithful to his wife, who slays her (returning her to the underworld), renewing the hostility between Perun and Veles.


Question: What city did Zabava Putjatišna have grown up in?

Slavic mythology

Without her husband, the nature goddess Morana wilts and frostbitten in the incipient winter: she transforms into a terrible, old and dangerous goddess of darkness and frost, dying as the year ends.


Question: What city did Zabava Putjatišna have grown up in?

Slavic mythology

The myth repeats itself every year, and with the re-telling of its parts, the great annual festivities passed at the same rate.


Question: What city did Zabava Putjatišna have grown up in?

Slavic mythology

Svantovit and Triglav It is somewhat ironic that so far the status of these two gods in the pre-Slavic family of gods has not been able to be accurately ascertained, although there is the greatest amount of written evidence for them.


Question: What city did Zabava Putjatišna have grown up in?

Slavic mythology

Undoubtedly, the Svantovs (Svetovid, Svantevid, Svantovid) and Triglav were important to all Slavs, as evidenced by the considerable number of place names associated with them and many-headed statues that have been found in several Slavic countries.


Question: What city did Zabava Putjatišna have grown up in?

Slavic mythology

Both gods were considered high gods in some localities.


Question: What city did Zabava Putjatišna have grown up in?

Slavic mythology

Both were also depicted on horseback, but Svantovit's horse was white and Triglav's black.


Question: What city did Zabava Putjatišna have grown up in?

Slavic mythology

In the statues, Svantovit was depicted as a quadriplegic while Triglav (whose name implies a three-headed one) had three heads.


Question: What city did Zabava Putjatišna have grown up in?

Slavic mythology

The Svantovs were also combined with harvesting, trading and victory in the war.


Question: What city did Zabava Putjatišna have grown up in?

Slavic mythology

Several hypotheses have been put forward about Svantovit and Triglav, for example that they were actually one and the same god, or that they were combinations of three and four gods.


Question: What city did Zabava Putjatišna have grown up in?

Slavic mythology

Slavic neo-pagans think of Triglav as a trinity.


Question: What city did Zabava Putjatišna have grown up in?

Slavic mythology

Svantovit has also been claimed to have been a late West Slavic version of Perun or Jarilo.


Question: What city did Zabava Putjatišna have grown up in?

Slavic mythology

None of these hypotheses are particularly satisfying, and mostly they are just wild speculation.


Question: What city did Zabava Putjatišna have grown up in?

Slavic mythology

Svarog, Svarogič, and Dažbog Svarog's name appears only in East Slavic manuscripts, where it is usually equated with the Greek god of forge art Hephaestus.


Question: What city did Zabava Putjatišna have grown up in?

Slavic mythology

However, the name is very old, which may imply that Svarog also belonged to a pre-Slavic family of deities.


Question: What city did Zabava Putjatišna have grown up in?

Slavic mythology

The root of the word svar denotes bright and the suffix -og indicates the place.


Question: What city did Zabava Putjatišna have grown up in?

Slavic mythology

Comparison with Vedic Svarga suggests that Svarog simply signified heaven.


Question: What city did Zabava Putjatišna have grown up in?

Slavic mythology

It is possible that he was the original sky god, perhaps a Slavic version of the Indo-European origin god Dyēus.


Question: What city did Zabava Putjatišna have grown up in?

Slavic mythology

The name can also be associated with ahjo, which, along with the Hephaistos parallels, would suggest that Svarog was the god of fire and blacksmiths.


Question: What city did Zabava Putjatišna have grown up in?

Slavic mythology

According to Ivanov and Toporov's interpretation, Svarog had two sons: Svarogič or Svarozič, who described terrestrial fire, and Dažbog, who depicted fire in heaven and thus united with the sun.


Question: What city did Zabava Putjatišna have grown up in?

Slavic mythology

Svarog was believed to have forged the sun and given it to his son Dažbog so that he would carry it across the sky.


Question: What city did Zabava Putjatišna have grown up in?

Slavic mythology

It can be shown that Dažbogin knew all three main branches of the Slavs.


Question: What city did Zabava Putjatišna have grown up in?

Slavic mythology

He would thus be an important pre-Slavic god.


Question: What city did Zabava Putjatišna have grown up in?

Slavic mythology

In Russian manuscripts, he is associated with the sun, and folklore remembers him as a benevolent god of light and sun.


Question: What city did Zabava Putjatišna have grown up in?

Slavic mythology

However, Serbian lineage paints a much darker picture of him: he is remembered as Dabog, a fearsome and crippled god who guarded the gates of the underworld and who was linked to mining and precious metals.


Question: What city did Zabava Putjatišna have grown up in?

Slavic mythology

Veselin Čajanković pointed out that the two positions of view fit together quite well in Slavic symbolism.


Question: What city did Zabava Putjatišna have grown up in?

Slavic mythology

Thus, the benevolent Dažbog carries the sun across the sky, while the vicious and ugly Dabog carries the sun through the underworld at night.


Question: What city did Zabava Putjatišna have grown up in?

Slavic mythology

This can also be combined with the annual cycle of the sun: a benevolent persona is combined with a young summer sun, a malevolent old winter sun.


Question: What city did Zabava Putjatišna have grown up in?

Slavic mythology

Russian peasants worshipped Svarogič as a spirit of fire long after the adoption of Christianity.


Question: What city did Zabava Putjatišna have grown up in?

Slavic mythology

He was also known to the Western Slavs, but they worshipped him as the high god of the holy city of Rasegast.


Question: What city did Zabava Putjatišna have grown up in?

Slavic mythology

Svarogič is simply a diminutive form of Svarogi's name.


Question: What city did Zabava Putjatišna have grown up in?

Slavic mythology

According to one view, Svarog would be the ancestor of all other Slavic gods, allowing Svarogič to refer to any of the other gods.


Question: What city did Zabava Putjatišna have grown up in?

Slavic mythology

Dažbog, Peruvian and Veles could therefore all be Svarogičeja.


Question: What city did Zabava Putjatišna have grown up in?

Slavic mythology

Development of mythology Ivanov and Toporov also sketched the development course of Slavic mythology, trying to explain how it evolved from the original pre-Slavic family of gods.


Question: What city did Zabava Putjatišna have grown up in?

Slavic mythology

The first step in development was the division of the Slavs into East, West and South Slavs, whereby the deities of different branches also differentiated.


Question: What city did Zabava Putjatišna have grown up in?

Slavic mythology

These gods include, for example, Rod and Mokoš.


Question: What city did Zabava Putjatišna have grown up in?

Slavic mythology

Such gods as Hors and Simargl are sometimes interpreted as borrowings by the East Slavs from their Scythian neighbours.


Question: What city did Zabava Putjatišna have grown up in?

Slavic mythology

At the level of abstract personification of divine action, there are such concepts as pravda and krivda (right and wrong) or dobra kob and zla kob (good and evil fate or happiness).


Question: What city did Zabava Putjatišna have grown up in?

Slavic mythology

These concepts, appearing in several Slavic fairy tales, are thought to be inherited from a time when old myths were already turning into legends and stories.


Question: What city did Zabava Putjatišna have grown up in?

Slavic mythology

Loius Leger pointed out that several words describing success, fate or happiness are all connected to the Old Slavic word bog signifying God.


Question: What city did Zabava Putjatišna have grown up in?

Slavic mythology

Although it was used to refer to the God of Christianity, the word is of pagan origin and quite old.


Question: What city did Zabava Putjatišna have grown up in?

Slavic mythology

The next step was the mythologization of historical traditions.


Question: What city did Zabava Putjatišna have grown up in?

Slavic mythology

Development began as early as pagan times and continued for a long time even after the arrival of Christianity.


Question: What city did Zabava Putjatišna have grown up in?

Slavic mythology

This season is characterized by songs and narratives of legendary heroes ranging from fabled leaders of tribes (for example, the stories of the three brothers Lech, Čech and Rus, who were progenitors of the Slavic peoples) to real historical figures like the 15th century to Croatian-Hungarian king Matias Corvinus or South Slavic Prince Marko, who were made immortal by folk poetry and tales.


Question: What city did Zabava Putjatišna have grown up in?

Slavic mythology

Russian bylinas about bogatyrs, Polish legends about Krak the Dragonslayer, Czech tales of Libuše and Prague's founding are all included in this series.


Question: What city did Zabava Putjatišna have grown up in?

Slavic mythology

These stories still reveal ingredients from old myths (for example, the hero slaying a dragon recalls a battle between Perun and Veles).


Question: What city did Zabava Putjatišna have grown up in?

Slavic mythology

Certain established characters also appeared in fairy tales.


Question: What city did Zabava Putjatišna have grown up in?

Slavic mythology

These include the witch-hag Baba Yaga, Koshchey the Immortal, the bandit Solovei-Razboinik, Vodjanoi, the three-headed dragon Zmei Gorynych and so on.


Question: What city did Zabava Putjatišna have grown up in?

Slavic mythology

At this point, one can hardly talk about mythology anymore.


Question: What city did Zabava Putjatišna have grown up in?

Slavic mythology

Rather, it is stories with snippets of old myths, but whose structure and purpose are not clear.


Question: What city did Zabava Putjatišna have grown up in?

Slavic mythology

The lowest level of development includes a lot of domestic or natural spirits and magical beings, which vary greatly between Slavic peoples.


Question: What city did Zabava Putjatišna have grown up in?

Slavic mythology

The mythical structure is already practically imperceptible, but some of the beliefs may be very old.


Question: What city did Zabava Putjatišna have grown up in?

Slavic mythology

As early as the 4th century, Prokopios mentions that Slavs worshipped the spirits of the river and nature.


Question: What city did Zabava Putjatišna have grown up in?

Slavic mythology

Remnants of these beliefs can still be found in Slavic tales of vila fairies, vampires, witches, and werewolves.


Question: What city did Zabava Putjatišna have grown up in?

Slavic mythology

Sources Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Charles Phillips and Michael Kerrigan| title = Forests of the Vampire: Slavic Myth| publisher = Time-Life Books BV, Amsterdam| year = 1999| id = ISBN 0-7054-3613-6}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Harvilahti, Lauri| title = Bylinat: Russian Narrative Poetry| location = Helsinki| publisher = Society of Finnish literature| year = 1985| version=Data Lipas 98| id = ISBN 951-717-406-3}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| title = Nestor's chronicle| location = Porvoo Helsinki Juva| publisher = WSOY| year = 1994| version = (Povest' vremennyh let.)


Question: What city did Zabava Putjatišna have grown up in?

Slavic mythology

The Russian interpretation by Dmitry Sergeyevich Lihachev translated by Marja-Leena Jaakkola.


Question: What city did Zabava Putjatišna have grown up in?

Slavic mythology

Illustrated by Mjud Metshev| id = ISBN 951-0-19828-5}} Literature Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Warner, Elizabeth| title = Wondersmith and tsars| location = Porvoo Helsinki Juva| publisher = WSOY| year = 1986| version = (Heroes, monsters and other worlds Sian mythology, 1985.)


Question: What city did Zabava Putjatišna have grown up in?

Slavic mythology

Illustrated by Alexander Koškin.


Question: What city did Zabava Putjatišna have grown up in?

Slavic mythology

Translated by Paula Pesonen.


Question: What city did Zabava Putjatišna have grown up in?

Slavic mythology

The world's fabled treasures.


Question: What city did Zabava Putjatišna have grown up in?

Slavic mythology

Russia| id = ISBN 951-0-12852-X}} On the subject elsewhere Transclusion error: {{En}} is only for use in File namespace.


Question: What city did Zabava Putjatišna have grown up in?

Slavic mythology

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Question: What city did Zabava Putjatišna have grown up in?

Slavic mythology

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Question: What city did Zabava Putjatišna have grown up in?

Slavic mythology

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Question: What city did Zabava Putjatišna have grown up in?

Slavic mythology


Question: What city did Zabava Putjatišna have grown up in?

Slavic mythology

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Question: What city did Zabava Putjatišna have grown up in?

Slavic mythology


Question: What city did Zabava Putjatišna have grown up in?

Slavic mythology

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Question: What city did Zabava Putjatišna have grown up in?

Slavic mythology


Question: What city did Zabava Putjatišna have grown up in?

Slavic mythology

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Question: What city did Zabava Putjatišna have grown up in?

Slavic mythology


Question: What city did Zabava Putjatišna have grown up in?

Slavic mythology

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Question: What city did Zabava Putjatišna have grown up in?

Slavic mythology

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Question: What city did Zabava Putjatišna have grown up in?

Slavic mythology

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Question: What city did Zabava Putjatišna have grown up in?

Slavic mythology


Question: Is Shōjo kakumei Utena presented in Finland?

Shōjo kakumei Utena

Shōjo kakumei Utena (, Finnish. Revolutionary Utena Girl) is a manga and anime series made in Japan during the latter half of the 1990s.


Question: Is Shōjo kakumei Utena presented in Finland?

Shōjo kakumei Utena

The manga publication was drawn by Chiho Saitō and the anime was directed by Kunihiko Ikuhara, [1] both members of the Be-Papas artist group.


Question: Is Shōjo kakumei Utena presented in Finland?

Shōjo kakumei Utena

[2] The first volume of the manga was published in the June 1996 issue of CIAO magazine and the 39-episode anime had its premiere on television in 1997.


Question: Is Shōjo kakumei Utena presented in Finland?

Shōjo kakumei Utena

At the end of the millennium, the series was complemented by an anime film Shōjo kakumei Utena — Adolescence mokushiroku () directed by Ikuhara and written by Yōji Enokido, which premiered in Japan on August 14, 1999.


Question: Is Shōjo kakumei Utena presented in Finland?

Shōjo kakumei Utena

[3] There is also a manga version of the film.


Question: Is Shōjo kakumei Utena presented in Finland?

Shōjo kakumei Utena

[4] There are differences and conflicts between the TV series, manga and film, but they also partially complement each other.


Question: Is Shōjo kakumei Utena presented in Finland?

Shōjo kakumei Utena

Based on the story, a few plays have been performed and have been performed in Tokyo and Hyōgo Prefecture in 1997, 1999 and 2000.


Question: Is Shōjo kakumei Utena presented in Finland?

Shōjo kakumei Utena

Additionally, in 1998, Sega released a playable Utena game on its Sega Saturn console called Shōjo kakumei Utena: Itsuka Kakumeisareru Monogatari ().


Question: Is Shōjo kakumei Utena presented in Finland?

Shōjo kakumei Utena

The game was only released in Japan and is set between the eighth and ninth episodes of the anime series.


Question: Is Shōjo kakumei Utena presented in Finland?

Shōjo kakumei Utena

[5] Plot The protagonist of the story is a teenage, boyish orphan girl Utena Tenjō.


Question: Is Shōjo kakumei Utena presented in Finland?

Shōjo kakumei Utena

Since childhood, she has had an inexplicable recollection in her mind of how an unknown 'prince' comforted her after losing her parents and gave Utena a rose-patterned ring.


Question: Is Shōjo kakumei Utena presented in Finland?

Shōjo kakumei Utena

The hero made such a strong impression on Utena that he wants to become a brave “prince” himself.


Question: Is Shōjo kakumei Utena presented in Finland?

Shōjo kakumei Utena

Thus, Utena wears a school uniform for boys at his school, Ōtori Academy, and behaves quite boyishly.


Question: Is Shōjo kakumei Utena presented in Finland?

Shōjo kakumei Utena

[6] Most of the other girls in the school respect him.


Question: Is Shōjo kakumei Utena presented in Finland?

Shōjo kakumei Utena

Utena finds herself in the middle of a bizarre chain of events while defending her friend Wakaba Shinohara.


Question: Is Shōjo kakumei Utena presented in Finland?

Shōjo kakumei Utena

A love letter written by Wakaba to the deputy head of the student council, Kyōichi Saionji, appears on the school's bulletin board.


Question: Is Shōjo kakumei Utena presented in Finland?

Shōjo kakumei Utena

Kyōichi describes the letter as silly and has no regrets about making it public.


Question: Is Shōjo kakumei Utena presented in Finland?

Shōjo kakumei Utena

Kyōichi is also the leader of the kendō club, so Utena, who is sympathetic to Wakaba, challenges him to a duel.


Question: Is Shōjo kakumei Utena presented in Finland?

Shōjo kakumei Utena

Kyōichi takes on the challenge and struggles with Swords against Utena in a peculiar battle arena with a castle hovering above it.


Question: Is Shōjo kakumei Utena presented in Finland?

Shōjo kakumei Utena

[7] Utena wins the battle and thinks it will end there, but learns that Kyōichi's mistreated girlfriend Anthy Himemiya will now inevitably become Utena's bride, even against Utena's will.


Question: Is Shōjo kakumei Utena presented in Finland?

Shōjo kakumei Utena

Anthy tells Utena that she is the Rose Bride, [8] who automatically belongs to the winner of the duel and must obey orders from her respective betrothed.


Question: Is Shōjo kakumei Utena presented in Finland?

Shōjo kakumei Utena

Anthy's free will is very minor and, in the opinion of some of the characters in the series, even non-existent.


Question: Is Shōjo kakumei Utena presented in Finland?

Shōjo kakumei Utena

Utena wishes Anthy to live like regular girls, though she herself is not very ordinary.


Question: Is Shōjo kakumei Utena presented in Finland?

Shōjo kakumei Utena

Members of the Student Council — which resembles a secret society rather than a regular student body — believe Anthy is the key to achieving mysterious, revolutionary power.


Question: Is Shōjo kakumei Utena presented in Finland?

Shōjo kakumei Utena

Thus, they want to defeat Utena in the battle arena and get Anthy for themselves.


Question: Is Shōjo kakumei Utena presented in Finland?

Shōjo kakumei Utena

Student Council members receive instructions and information by letter at the end of the world.


Question: Is Shōjo kakumei Utena presented in Finland?

Shōjo kakumei Utena

Behind the pseudonym is the acting director of the academy and Anthy's brother Akio Ōtori.


Question: Is Shōjo kakumei Utena presented in Finland?

Shōjo kakumei Utena

To prevent Anthy from falling under the command of others, Utena still finds herself in further duels.


Question: Is Shōjo kakumei Utena presented in Finland?

Shōjo kakumei Utena

He is also confronted with fighting persuaded black rose bearers and gradually develops into an increasingly capable fencer.


Question: Is Shōjo kakumei Utena presented in Finland?

Shōjo kakumei Utena

Shōjo kakumei Utena consists of four parts, or saga.


Question: Is Shōjo kakumei Utena presented in Finland?

Shōjo kakumei Utena

In Finnish, their names are the Pupil Council Saga (Seitokaihen, anime episodes 1-13), the Black Rose saga (Kurobarahen, episodes 14-24), the Akio Ōtori saga (Ōtori Akio -hen, episodes 25-33), and the Apocalypse Saga (Mokushirokuhen, episodes 34-39).


Question: Is Shōjo kakumei Utena presented in Finland?

Shōjo kakumei Utena

The story, with its recurring prince and princess references, might bring to mind children's fairy tales, but as a contrast to them, the series contains very raw elements such as pedigree, attempted suicide and mass murder.


Question: Is Shōjo kakumei Utena presented in Finland?

Shōjo kakumei Utena

Themes and some meanings of Shōjo kakumei Utena is strongly metaphysical in the story.


Question: Is Shōjo kakumei Utena presented in Finland?

Shōjo kakumei Utena

In basic construction, it resembles some of the more famous Japanese magic girl series, but is remarkably ambiguous.


Question: Is Shōjo kakumei Utena presented in Finland?

Shōjo kakumei Utena

People in Japanese popular culture are more accustomed to hearing stories in which not only evil but the antagonist has a good side.


Question: Is Shōjo kakumei Utena presented in Finland?

Shōjo kakumei Utena

In this case, a black and white confrontation between pure good and pure evil does not occur.


Question: Is Shōjo kakumei Utena presented in Finland?

Shōjo kakumei Utena

Utena makes much use of this narrative mode, although at the end of the story, Akio Ōtori emerges as Utena's main antagonist and a manifestation of almost pure evil.


Question: Is Shōjo kakumei Utena presented in Finland?

Shōjo kakumei Utena

The motives for the actions of other fighting pairs in Utena tend to be somewhat more acceptable, though there are large individual differences.


Question: Is Shōjo kakumei Utena presented in Finland?

Shōjo kakumei Utena

Student Council members, for example, compare themselves to a chicken pox who must break the shell of its egg in order to be born and live.


Question: Is Shōjo kakumei Utena presented in Finland?

Shōjo kakumei Utena

The parable has influences from Hermann Hesse's Demian novel.


Question: Is Shōjo kakumei Utena presented in Finland?

Shōjo kakumei Utena

[9] With a shell, the members of the Student Council refer to a world in which they must carry out a revolution with the power they hope to achieve with the help of Anthy.


Question: Is Shōjo kakumei Utena presented in Finland?

Shōjo kakumei Utena

The detailed content of this planned revolution remains a secret and it is possible that all members will have a different understanding of it.


Question: Is Shōjo kakumei Utena presented in Finland?

Shōjo kakumei Utena

Duels recur in the series regularly.


Question: Is Shōjo kakumei Utena presented in Finland?

Shōjo kakumei Utena

They are visually spectacular, but are not mere eye candy for readers and viewers or part of the plot of the story, but symbolise different things and emotions.


Question: Is Shōjo kakumei Utena presented in Finland?

Shōjo kakumei Utena

Some of the battles involve universal creatures, while some are personal.


Question: Is Shōjo kakumei Utena presented in Finland?

Shōjo kakumei Utena

The meanings of many struggles remain unexplained in the story, but duels represent at least friendship, choices, reason, love, admiration, trust, self and revolution.


Question: Is Shōjo kakumei Utena presented in Finland?

Shōjo kakumei Utena

Utena strives to grow into a princess-saving prince, despite being a girl herself.


Question: Is Shōjo kakumei Utena presented in Finland?

Shōjo kakumei Utena

However, traditional gender roles are not criticized in the series unilaterally judgemental, but are commented on from different characters' perspectives.


Question: Is Shōjo kakumei Utena presented in Finland?

Shōjo kakumei Utena

Regarding the gender theme, the story has been considered to have similarities to the form of feminism that influenced the Western world in the early 20th century.


Question: Is Shōjo kakumei Utena presented in Finland?

Shōjo kakumei Utena

[10] The story also plays with how maneuverable and misguided man is.


Question: Is Shōjo kakumei Utena presented in Finland?

Shōjo kakumei Utena

This theme is addressed in the Black Rose saga found in the manga and anime series, [11] but not in the film.


Question: Is Shōjo kakumei Utena presented in Finland?

Shōjo kakumei Utena

In the saga, desperate people are offered solace by claiming that the path they must choose has already been prepared for them.


Question: Is Shōjo kakumei Utena presented in Finland?

Shōjo kakumei Utena

This idea pleases people suffering from anxiety and anger so much that they agree to become bearers of the Black Rose, with the goal of fighting Utena and slaying Anthy.


Question: Is Shōjo kakumei Utena presented in Finland?

Shōjo kakumei Utena

They think these goals are their own, even though they have been forcibly — or at least halfway — foisted on them.


Question: Is Shōjo kakumei Utena presented in Finland?

Shōjo kakumei Utena

After the battles, however, they do not remember anything about the events.


Question: Is Shōjo kakumei Utena presented in Finland?

Shōjo kakumei Utena

This can be interpreted as either counteracting negative memories or as a post-hypnosis mode.


Question: Is Shōjo kakumei Utena presented in Finland?

Shōjo kakumei Utena

A reference can be seen in the series to the thousand-year-old myth of a phoenix bird returning to ashes and being reborn.


Question: Is Shōjo kakumei Utena presented in Finland?

Shōjo kakumei Utena

According to a recollection of Sōji Mikage, director of the Mikage Seminary, a fire started by a young Mamiya boy raged on the grounds of Ōtori Academy years ago in which 100 people lost their lives.


Question: Is Shōjo kakumei Utena presented in Finland?

Shōjo kakumei Utena

Mikage defended this murder incineration, saying the dead were a necessary casualty needed to fuel future events in the same way that energy is being obtained today from fossil fuels formed from the remains of long-ago organisms.


Question: Is Shōjo kakumei Utena presented in Finland?

Shōjo kakumei Utena

However, it is hinted in the series that Mikage's understanding of events is incorrect and that in reality the fire was not started by Mamiya and no one died in it.


Question: Is Shōjo kakumei Utena presented in Finland?

Shōjo kakumei Utena

In any case, Mikage dreams of a phoenix immortality that will be achieved if the road to eternity is opened from Ōtori Academy.


Question: Is Shōjo kakumei Utena presented in Finland?

Shōjo kakumei Utena

The word Ōtori means a dog-sided phoenix bird in Finnish.


Question: Is Shōjo kakumei Utena presented in Finland?

Shōjo kakumei Utena

[12] The whole story, and especially its ending, can be seen as a depiction of the transition from childhood to adulthood.


Question: Is Shōjo kakumei Utena presented in Finland?

Shōjo kakumei Utena

Anime director Kunihiko Ikuhara in the commentary track for “Shōjo kakumei Utena — Adolescence mokushiroku” expressed that this was exactly what was in the creators' minds when creating the story.


Question: Is Shōjo kakumei Utena presented in Finland?

Shōjo kakumei Utena

Upon discovering that the adult world is scruffy and dirty, a person can either cling to a protected but circumscribed childhood environment — represented in the story by the Ōtori Academy — or head towards a more unfamiliar and insecure adulthood.


Question: Is Shōjo kakumei Utena presented in Finland?

Shōjo kakumei Utena

In the film, Utena and Anthy come to the conclusion that it is best to leave the academy to the open outside world, although the price is to give up the beautiful dreams typical of children.


Question: Is Shōjo kakumei Utena presented in Finland?

Shōjo kakumei Utena

In the outside world, they can build roads for themselves, but in staying in the academy they would have been like two puppets who only walk along already made paths.


Question: Is Shōjo kakumei Utena presented in Finland?

Shōjo kakumei Utena

Artistic Powers The series utilizes several artistic means of power, such as futuristic architecture, the large number of roses, spectacular cars, as well as shadow theatre.


Question: Is Shōjo kakumei Utena presented in Finland?

Shōjo kakumei Utena

[13] In the film version of the story, some characters are transformed into cars.


Question: Is Shōjo kakumei Utena presented in Finland?

Shōjo kakumei Utena

In the film, too, water is one of the key effects.


Question: Is Shōjo kakumei Utena presented in Finland?

Shōjo kakumei Utena

Unlike, e.g., roses and architecture, shadow theatre sections in anime series do not most often merge into parts of the actual event continuum and setting, but are a “story in story” or a metaphorical summary of the twists and situations of the series.


Question: Is Shōjo kakumei Utena presented in Finland?

Shōjo kakumei Utena

In the film version, shadow images take on a kind of editor's role.


Question: Is Shōjo kakumei Utena presented in Finland?

Shōjo kakumei Utena

Influences In the plot of Shōjo kakumei Utena as well as in visual details, references to other manga and anime series can be seen.


Question: Is Shōjo kakumei Utena presented in Finland?

Shōjo kakumei Utena

Some of the features of the story, for example, are quite similar to those in the Lady Oscar series made in the 1970s.


Question: Is Shōjo kakumei Utena presented in Finland?

Shōjo kakumei Utena

[14] Jari Lehtinen, former editor-in-chief of Anime magazine, has described the similarities between the series: “Utena is a shōjo narrative that parodies all the conventions of shōjo while at the same time presenting something completely different.


Question: Is Shōjo kakumei Utena presented in Finland?

Shōjo kakumei Utena

Stylistically, Saitō is close to classical Riyoko Ikeda.


Question: Is Shōjo kakumei Utena presented in Finland?

Shōjo kakumei Utena

Persons are ikedama-handsome, as far away from magic girl cuteness as possible.


Question: Is Shōjo kakumei Utena presented in Finland?

Shōjo kakumei Utena

The school of Utena resembles in many respects what had already been seen in the 1980s Ikeda's Oniisama e... in.


Question: Is Shōjo kakumei Utena presented in Finland?

Shōjo kakumei Utena

Both institutions, Oniisama e... Seiran and Utena's Ōtori are elite schools, where it is as difficult to get in as it is out.


Question: Is Shōjo kakumei Utena presented in Finland?

Shōjo kakumei Utena

In both, the power is held by a junta running under the name of the Student Council with its own plans.


Question: Is Shōjo kakumei Utena presented in Finland?

Shōjo kakumei Utena

[...] The protagonist Utena Tenjō is the third edition of the androgynous shōjos hero, the latest chapter in a tradition started by Sapphire and continued by Lady Oscar.


Question: Is Shōjo kakumei Utena presented in Finland?

Shōjo kakumei Utena

“[15] In addition to older anime and manga, influences can also be found in films and theatre art, especially Shūji Terayama's directing style, which was highly appreciated by anime director Kunihiko Ikuhara.


Question: Is Shōjo kakumei Utena presented in Finland?

Shōjo kakumei Utena

[16] Music In the anime series and film, music plays an important part.


Question: Is Shōjo kakumei Utena presented in Finland?

Shōjo kakumei Utena

In the background of the duels, choral songs performed by J. A., a longtime collaborator of the aforementioned Shūji Terayama, are heard in the background of the duels.


Question: Is Shōjo kakumei Utena presented in Finland?

Shōjo kakumei Utena

Seazer.


Question: Is Shōjo kakumei Utena presented in Finland?

Shōjo kakumei Utena

[17] The lyrics of these songs are historical-mythological and for each battle there is its own song.


Question: Is Shōjo kakumei Utena presented in Finland?

Shōjo kakumei Utena

Always upon Utena's arrival in the battle arena, a Zettai unmei mokushiroku written by Seazer is played and sung, which is consequently performed in almost every episode of the anime.


Question: Is Shōjo kakumei Utena presented in Finland?

Shōjo kakumei Utena

Two slightly different versions of the song are heard in the series and a third version in the film, but in a different context.


Question: Is Shōjo kakumei Utena presented in Finland?

Shōjo kakumei Utena

Shinkichi Mitsumune was responsible for the instrument music.


Question: Is Shōjo kakumei Utena presented in Finland?

Shōjo kakumei Utena

His piano tune The Sunlit Garden is played several times in the anime series and in one episode it is said to be a well-known work.


Question: Is Shōjo kakumei Utena presented in Finland?

Shōjo kakumei Utena

Mitsumune also participated in the making of some dueling songs.


Question: Is Shōjo kakumei Utena presented in Finland?

Shōjo kakumei Utena

Masami Okui sang the song Rinbu Revolution, which was used as the opening music for the anime series and the music for the motoring scene in the film, as well as the pop ballad Toki ni ai wa performed during the dance scene of the film.


Question: Is Shōjo kakumei Utena presented in Finland?

Shōjo kakumei Utena

Rinbu Revolution was still part of Okui's concert repertoire until at least 2008.


Question: Is Shōjo kakumei Utena presented in Finland?

Shōjo kakumei Utena

[18] In all, at least ten CDs of music related to Shōjo kakumei Utena have been released.


Question: Is Shōjo kakumei Utena presented in Finland?

Shōjo kakumei Utena

[19] Awards The anime series won the Best TV Animation Award at the Animation Kōbe '97 event held in 1997 in Kōbe, and additionally director Kunihiko Ikuhara was awarded with the Kōbe Award at the same occasion.


Question: Is Shōjo kakumei Utena presented in Finland?

Shōjo kakumei Utena

The characters in the story, Utena Tenjō () is a brave but also naive [20] girl who wants to act like a prince saving princesses in her life.


Question: Is Shōjo kakumei Utena presented in Finland?

Shōjo kakumei Utena

The series primarily follows his steps.


Question: Is Shōjo kakumei Utena presented in Finland?

Shōjo kakumei Utena

Anthy Himemiya (), the Rose Bride, is a quiet girl whose own will is minimal.


Question: Is Shōjo kakumei Utena presented in Finland?

Shōjo kakumei Utena

He obeys his fiancée, the person who has defeated him in the latest duel as his own.


Question: Is Shōjo kakumei Utena presented in Finland?

Shōjo kakumei Utena

Many of the Student Council members want to use Anthy as a tool for their own ends.


Question: Is Shōjo kakumei Utena presented in Finland?

Shōjo kakumei Utena

Akio Ōtori (), Apocalypse, is the head of the academy and brother of Anthy.


Question: Is Shōjo kakumei Utena presented in Finland?

Shōjo kakumei Utena

His importance grows sharply as the story progresses.


Question: Is Shōjo kakumei Utena presented in Finland?

Shōjo kakumei Utena

Akio is engaged to Kanae Ōtori, but despite this, he has a sexual relationship with Kanae's mother, Utena, and even his sister, Anthy.


Question: Is Shōjo kakumei Utena presented in Finland?

Shōjo kakumei Utena

To his high status, Akio has reached through his engagement.


Question: Is Shōjo kakumei Utena presented in Finland?

Shōjo kakumei Utena

Tōga Kiryū () is the head of the Student Council.


Question: Is Shōjo kakumei Utena presented in Finland?

Shōjo kakumei Utena

He knows how to seem nice and gentle if he wants, but does not believe in true friendship and does not hesitate to deceive others to get what he wants.


Question: Is Shōjo kakumei Utena presented in Finland?

Shōjo kakumei Utena

He was sold as a child to an adult man who sexually abused young Tōga.


Question: Is Shōjo kakumei Utena presented in Finland?

Shōjo kakumei Utena

Nanami Kiryū (), Tōga's younger sister, is the most superficial character in the story.


Question: Is Shōjo kakumei Utena presented in Finland?

Shōjo kakumei Utena

Tōga is everything to him and Nanami easily becomes jealous when he sees her brother have female company other than himself.


Question: Is Shōjo kakumei Utena presented in Finland?

Shōjo kakumei Utena

In the TV series, Nanam's climax of superficiality and fashion loyalty is perceived when she temporarily transforms into a cow after mistaking a certain cowbell for a creation of a famous fashion designer.


Question: Is Shōjo kakumei Utena presented in Finland?

Shōjo kakumei Utena

In the manga version of the story, Nanami is almost completely absent and even in the film she is shown only as a cow.


Question: Is Shōjo kakumei Utena presented in Finland?

Shōjo kakumei Utena

Kyōichi Saionji () is the deputy head of the student council and the head of the academy's kendō club, having known Tōga since he was a child.


Question: Is Shōjo kakumei Utena presented in Finland?

Shōjo kakumei Utena

Kyouichi has quite a temperamental character.


Question: Is Shōjo kakumei Utena presented in Finland?

Shōjo kakumei Utena

Anthy's engagement is a worse obsession for her than any other student council member.


Question: Is Shōjo kakumei Utena presented in Finland?

Shōjo kakumei Utena

Yuri Arisugawa () is a determined and strong-willed fencing club leader who is also involved in the Student Council.


Question: Is Shōjo kakumei Utena presented in Finland?

Shōjo kakumei Utena

In the anime, he is secretly in love with a girl named Shiori Takatsuki, but in the manga, Yuri is presented as straight.


Question: Is Shōjo kakumei Utena presented in Finland?

Shōjo kakumei Utena

Miki Kaoru () is the most polite and honest member of the Student Council.


Question: Is Shōjo kakumei Utena presented in Finland?

Shōjo kakumei Utena

He is an accomplished pianist and does well in academy exams, but is reclusive in his private life.


Question: Is Shōjo kakumei Utena presented in Finland?

Shōjo kakumei Utena

Miki is looking for someone close to her who is as sincere and talented as herself.


Question: Is Shōjo kakumei Utena presented in Finland?

Shōjo kakumei Utena

He has a peculiar habit of constantly taking time on his stopwatch.


Question: Is Shōjo kakumei Utena presented in Finland?

Shōjo kakumei Utena

Kozue Kaoru () is Miki's twin sister.


Question: Is Shōjo kakumei Utena presented in Finland?

Shōjo kakumei Utena

Like Nanami, Kozue is very possessive towards his brother, however Kozue and Miki's sibling relationship is different from Nanami's and Tōga's.


Question: Is Shōjo kakumei Utena presented in Finland?

Shōjo kakumei Utena

Kozue is a scruffy materialist who thinks humans are essentially wild animals.


Question: Is Shōjo kakumei Utena presented in Finland?

Shōjo kakumei Utena

Sōji Mikage () is the director of the prestigious Mikage Seminary.


Question: Is Shōjo kakumei Utena presented in Finland?

Shōjo kakumei Utena

He wants to have Anthy killed in order to elevate a sick son named Mamiya to the status of Rose Bride in Anthony's place.


Question: Is Shōjo kakumei Utena presented in Finland?

Shōjo kakumei Utena

The student council considers him an unwanted competitor.


Question: Is Shōjo kakumei Utena presented in Finland?

Shōjo kakumei Utena

Sōji is happy to procure others to do the dirty work in turn and knows how to manipulate them through a kind of suggestion.


Question: Is Shōjo kakumei Utena presented in Finland?

Shōjo kakumei Utena

Thus, Sōji easily sees humans as machine-like tools, and does not consider individual dignity very great.


Question: Is Shōjo kakumei Utena presented in Finland?

Shōjo kakumei Utena

However, Sōji is incapable of manipulating Utena's mindsets.


Question: Is Shōjo kakumei Utena presented in Finland?

Shōjo kakumei Utena

Mitsuru Tsuwabuki () is the youngest of the characters in the story.


Question: Is Shōjo kakumei Utena presented in Finland?

Shōjo kakumei Utena

He wants to help Nanam with all sorts of mundane things in order to be around this and make him happy.


Question: Is Shōjo kakumei Utena presented in Finland?

Shōjo kakumei Utena

Mitsuru is confused about things like love and growing up, and can't always tell right from wrong.


Question: Is Shōjo kakumei Utena presented in Finland?

Shōjo kakumei Utena

He is even willing to put Nanam into dangerous situations only to be allowed to appear as her savior.


Question: Is Shōjo kakumei Utena presented in Finland?

Shōjo kakumei Utena

Sources Elsewhere Transclusion error: {{En}} is only for use in File namespace.


Question: Is Shōjo kakumei Utena presented in Finland?

Shōjo kakumei Utena

Use {{lang-en}} or {{en icon}} instead.


Question: Is Shōjo kakumei Utena presented in Finland?

Shōjo kakumei Utena

Category:1990s anime and manga Category:Anime Series Category:Manga Series Category:Shōjo Category:Romantic anime and manga


Question: How long was Nelson Mandela in prison?

Nelson Mandela

Nelson Rolihlahla Mandela (18 July 1918, Mvezo — 5 December 2013 [1] Johannesburg) was a South African politician of the Thembu tribe of the Xhosa people who also served as a lawyer.


Question: How long was Nelson Mandela in prison?

Nelson Mandela

In South Africa, he was often known by the Xhosan language clan name Madiba or as tata, meaning “father” in Xhosa.


Question: How long was Nelson Mandela in prison?

Nelson Mandela

[2] Mandela did significant anti-racial repression work in South Africa.


Question: How long was Nelson Mandela in prison?

Nelson Mandela

He received the Nobel Peace Prize in 1993 with Frederik de Klerk and was South Africa's first black president from 1994 to 1999.


Question: How long was Nelson Mandela in prison?

Nelson Mandela

Nelson Mandela was one of the most famous political prisoners of the 20th century and one of the most prominent African political leaders.


Question: How long was Nelson Mandela in prison?

Nelson Mandela

[3] [4] [5] Life Childhood Family Mandela's father Gadla Henry Mphakanyiswa was the leader of the Xhosa tribe in Transkei, which was part of the British colony of Kapmaa.


Question: How long was Nelson Mandela in prison?

Nelson Mandela

Mandela's father had four wives.


Question: How long was Nelson Mandela in prison?

Nelson Mandela

The third of them was Mandela's mother, Nosekeni Fanny, who belonged to the Amampempvu clan of the Xhos.


Question: How long was Nelson Mandela in prison?

Nelson Mandela

Rolihlahla's father had 13 children, of whom Rolihlahla was the youngest of the boys.


Question: How long was Nelson Mandela in prison?

Nelson Mandela

[6] While Mandela was still a child, the family moved to the village of Qunu near Umtata, the capital of Transkei, as the father of the family had lost all his property and position after insubordination to the judge.


Question: How long was Nelson Mandela in prison?

Nelson Mandela

In the village, people lived in huts shaped like circles.


Question: How long was Nelson Mandela in prison?

Nelson Mandela

The Mandela family had three huts, one for sleeping, one for cooking, and one was kept as a shed.


Question: How long was Nelson Mandela in prison?

Nelson Mandela

[6] Mandela's mother Fanny and her children converted to Christianity when Rolihlahla Mandela was seven years old.


Question: How long was Nelson Mandela in prison?

Nelson Mandela

Mandela's father's friends George and Ben Mbekela were influential in allowing young Rolihlahla to attend college.


Question: How long was Nelson Mandela in prison?

Nelson Mandela

He soon started school, receiving the English name Nelson.


Question: How long was Nelson Mandela in prison?

Nelson Mandela

[6] Nelson was nine years old when his father died, most likely from some form of pneumonia.


Question: How long was Nelson Mandela in prison?

Nelson Mandela

[6] Moving to Mqhekezwen and studying (1927—1941) After Mphakanyiswa died, Nelson Mandela moved alone from Qunu to Mqhekezwen because the regent of Thembu, Chief Jongintaba Dalindyebon had pledged to be Nelson's guardian.


Question: How long was Nelson Mandela in prison?

Nelson Mandela

Mandela attended a school next to the palace and was very successful.


Question: How long was Nelson Mandela in prison?

Nelson Mandela

[6] At the age of sixteen, Mandela underwent circumcision in accordance with Xhos tradition, and became a man.


Question: How long was Nelson Mandela in prison?

Nelson Mandela

He soon moved to study at Clarkebury Boarding School, where he completed a three-year lower degree in two years, followed in 1937 by going to Methodist College in Healdtown in Fort Beaufort.


Question: How long was Nelson Mandela in prison?

Nelson Mandela

[6] At the age of 21, Mandela was admitted to Fort Hare University, located in the municipality of Alice.


Question: How long was Nelson Mandela in prison?

Nelson Mandela

During her time in college, she joined the Students' Christian Association and held bible classes in nearby villages.


Question: How long was Nelson Mandela in prison?

Nelson Mandela

However, due to disagreements with the Students' Representative Council, he was expelled from the school, and in 1941 he returned to Mqhekezwen.


Question: How long was Nelson Mandela in prison?

Nelson Mandela

To avoid an arranged marriage, Mandela ran away from Mqhekezwen soon to Johannesburg.


Question: How long was Nelson Mandela in prison?

Nelson Mandela

[6] Johannesburg (1941—1943) Mandela initially found work for a gold mine in Johannesburg.


Question: How long was Nelson Mandela in prison?

Nelson Mandela

Soon, however, it became clear to the director of the mine that Mandela had run away, and he was dismissed.


Question: How long was Nelson Mandela in prison?

Nelson Mandela

Mandela moved on to work at a law firm to become an office assistant.


Question: How long was Nelson Mandela in prison?

Nelson Mandela

In the evenings, he studied at the University of South Africa, as he wished to complete his postgraduate degree at Fort Hare.


Question: How long was Nelson Mandela in prison?

Nelson Mandela

[6] In Johannesburg, Mandela attended Communist Party meetings with his friends, among other things, where he was introduced to the history of racial repression in South Africa.


Question: How long was Nelson Mandela in prison?

Nelson Mandela

[6] Mandela graduated from the university at the end of 1942 and continued the following year with studies at the Department of Law at the University of the Witwatersrand.


Question: How long was Nelson Mandela in prison?

Nelson Mandela

[6] Marriages and children Mandela met his future wife Evelyn Mase in the living room of Sisulu.


Question: How long was Nelson Mandela in prison?

Nelson Mandela

They got married already after a couple of months of acquaintance.


Question: How long was Nelson Mandela in prison?

Nelson Mandela

In early 1945, the couple was born a firstborn son, Madiba Thembekilen, and the family was able to move into a new house.


Question: How long was Nelson Mandela in prison?

Nelson Mandela

A second child born in 1947, Makaziwen died at just nine months old.


Question: How long was Nelson Mandela in prison?

Nelson Mandela

In 1953, a daughter was born into the Mandela family, taking the name of a daughter who had previously died as Makaziwe.


Question: How long was Nelson Mandela in prison?

Nelson Mandela

[6] Evelyn and Nelson Mandela divorced in 1957, for the marriage no longer worked.


Question: How long was Nelson Mandela in prison?

Nelson Mandela

That same year, Mandela met his future wife, Nomzamo Winnifred Madikizela, better known as Winnie Mandela.


Question: How long was Nelson Mandela in prison?

Nelson Mandela

Winnie and Nelson Mandela married in 1958.


Question: How long was Nelson Mandela in prison?

Nelson Mandela

Mandela petitioned for a relaxation of the pan-order and he was cleared to leave Johannesburg for six days.


Question: How long was Nelson Mandela in prison?

Nelson Mandela

That same year, Winnie gave birth to the couple's first child, daughter Zenan.


Question: How long was Nelson Mandela in prison?

Nelson Mandela

[6] Another daughter Zindziswa was born in 1960.


Question: How long was Nelson Mandela in prison?

Nelson Mandela

Nelson and Winnie Mandela divorced in 1994, and in 1998 Nelson Mandela married for the third time.


Question: How long was Nelson Mandela in prison?

Nelson Mandela

The bride was Graca, the widow of former Mozambique president Samora Machel.


Question: How long was Nelson Mandela in prison?

Nelson Mandela

[7] The Birth of a Freedom Fighter Insults (1944—1948) The insults and humiliations of the system of racial segregation led Mandela to join the ANC in 1944 at the initiative of his friend Walter Sisulu.


Question: How long was Nelson Mandela in prison?

Nelson Mandela

After World War II, Mandela and Sisulu were co-founding the Congress Youth League, an ANC youth organisation, with the aim of pressuring the ANC for more active action in the fight against racial segregation.


Question: How long was Nelson Mandela in prison?

Nelson Mandela

According to CYL, strikes, boycotts and civil disobedience were introduced.


Question: How long was Nelson Mandela in prison?

Nelson Mandela

[6] The miners' strike and the new Asians Land Management Act in 1946 influenced Mandela's political activities.


Question: How long was Nelson Mandela in prison?

Nelson Mandela

The union leader at the time was J. B. Marks, a longtime member of the ANC, whose activities impressed Mandela.


Question: How long was Nelson Mandela in prison?

Nelson Mandela

After the strike went on for a week, leaders of the miners” union, including Marks, were arrested and 12 workers were killed.


Question: How long was Nelson Mandela in prison?

Nelson Mandela

Mandela visited the miners and told them he appreciated them.


Question: How long was Nelson Mandela in prison?

Nelson Mandela

The two-year passive resistance campaign that opposed the Indian Immigration Act also served as an example for the ANC and other organisations that opposed apartheid.


Question: How long was Nelson Mandela in prison?

Nelson Mandela

[6] [8] In the 1948 elections, the Afrikaaner nationalist National Party came to power, which initiated a new policy of enforcing apartheid.


Question: How long was Nelson Mandela in prison?

Nelson Mandela

[6] Laws (1949—1952) In 1949, a law was enacted banning mixed marriages.


Question: How long was Nelson Mandela in prison?

Nelson Mandela

Soon, the Immorality Act also came into effect, designed to make sexual relations between whites and non-whites illegal.


Question: How long was Nelson Mandela in prison?

Nelson Mandela

Next came the Group Areas Act, which imposed their own neighborhoods for all races, which whites were allowed to declare as theirs at any time.


Question: How long was Nelson Mandela in prison?

Nelson Mandela

[6] The CYL succeeded in ousting the ANC chairman Alfred Xuma, who had a negative view of those methods, and took James Moroka in the ANC Assembly in 1949 in his place.


Question: How long was Nelson Mandela in prison?

Nelson Mandela

At the same meeting, Tambo, Sisulu and Mandela ascended to the ANC's executive committee.


Question: How long was Nelson Mandela in prison?

Nelson Mandela

Mandela was still working at another law firm.


Question: How long was Nelson Mandela in prison?

Nelson Mandela

In 1950, the Passport Act was enacted, which ordered blacks to always carry a passport outside their neighbourhood.


Question: How long was Nelson Mandela in prison?

Nelson Mandela

Because of the law, a freedom strike was held in May 1950.


Question: How long was Nelson Mandela in prison?

Nelson Mandela

During that day, the authorities banned all meetings, but still that day more than two-thirds of African laborers stayed in their homes.


Question: How long was Nelson Mandela in prison?

Nelson Mandela

In the evening, protesters gathered in the streets.


Question: How long was Nelson Mandela in prison?

Nelson Mandela

Police officers came to the scene, scrambling to shoot at the protesters.


Question: How long was Nelson Mandela in prison?

Nelson Mandela

The consequence was that 18 Africans were killed and several wounded.


Question: How long was Nelson Mandela in prison?

Nelson Mandela

After a few weeks, the Eradication of Communism Act came into force.


Question: How long was Nelson Mandela in prison?

Nelson Mandela

In 1950, the Population and Registration Act was also enacted, which meant that all South Africans were classified according to their race.


Question: How long was Nelson Mandela in prison?

Nelson Mandela

[6] Mandela was elected 1951 President of CYL.


Question: How long was Nelson Mandela in prison?

Nelson Mandela

In the ANC General Assembly, a 1952 decision was made to require the government to repeal the Communism Eradication Act, Group Areas Act, Separate Voter Representation Act, Bantu Administration Act, Passport Laws and Livestock Restriction Act, which went into effect in February 1952.


Question: How long was Nelson Mandela in prison?

Nelson Mandela

In practice, it further shrunk the lands of Africans.


Question: How long was Nelson Mandela in prison?

Nelson Mandela

Because the government did not repeal the laws, a campaign of defiance was organized against the laws.


Question: How long was Nelson Mandela in prison?

Nelson Mandela

The campaign began on 26 June 1952.


Question: How long was Nelson Mandela in prison?

Nelson Mandela

On the same day, another son, Makgatho Lewanika, was born to Mandela.


Question: How long was Nelson Mandela in prison?

Nelson Mandela

[6] Mandela traveled around the country gathering supporters for non-violent protests against discrimination laws.


Question: How long was Nelson Mandela in prison?

Nelson Mandela

[9] Freedom struggle (1952—1953) The ANC gained in late 1952 a new chairman, Albert Luthul.


Question: How long was Nelson Mandela in prison?

Nelson Mandela

Mandela became vice-president and, in addition to that, he was president of the Transvaal ANC.


Question: How long was Nelson Mandela in prison?

Nelson Mandela

Because of his anti-apartheid campaigning, Mandela received his first six-month-long pot order.


Question: How long was Nelson Mandela in prison?

Nelson Mandela

A person who received a pot order was not allowed to appear in public and his or her residence and movement were restricted.


Question: How long was Nelson Mandela in prison?

Nelson Mandela

[6] Due to fears within the ANC that the state would cease the organisation's activities, Mandela was asked to make a plan for underground activities.


Question: How long was Nelson Mandela in prison?

Nelson Mandela

So Plan M, or Mandela Plan, was born.


Question: How long was Nelson Mandela in prison?

Nelson Mandela

The plan came to fruition only to a small extent in some places, and it encountered a lot of difficulties.


Question: How long was Nelson Mandela in prison?

Nelson Mandela

[6] Mandela worked for a year at Terblanche & Briggish, after which he moved to the Helma and Michel office.


Question: How long was Nelson Mandela in prison?

Nelson Mandela

At the same time, he studied a qualification degree to gain the right to act as a lawyer.


Question: How long was Nelson Mandela in prison?

Nelson Mandela

He had already completed his Bachelor of Laws degree.


Question: How long was Nelson Mandela in prison?

Nelson Mandela

After completing his bar degree, Mandela went for a short time as a barrister in the office of H. M. Basner, and then, in 1952, set up his own bar office in Johannesburg with another ANC leader, Oliver Tambo.


Question: How long was Nelson Mandela in prison?

Nelson Mandela

[9] The office had a lot of clients from the beginning.


Question: How long was Nelson Mandela in prison?

Nelson Mandela

Mandela and Tambo was then the only African law firm in South Africa.


Question: How long was Nelson Mandela in prison?

Nelson Mandela

[10] The law on bantu education came into force in 1953, and so school hardly received the stamp of apartheid.


Question: How long was Nelson Mandela in prison?

Nelson Mandela

In the ANC, the law was seen as catalana, and therefore it was made to plan a school boycott.


Question: How long was Nelson Mandela in prison?

Nelson Mandela

The boycott lasted a week, but its adherence was left sporadic, and therefore failed.


Question: How long was Nelson Mandela in prison?

Nelson Mandela

That same year, 35-year-old Mandela was given a pot order and was forced to resign from the ANC.


Question: How long was Nelson Mandela in prison?

Nelson Mandela

[6] Treason charge (1956—1961) Mandela was arrested in December 1956 along with ANC leader Albert Luthuli, and charged with treason.


Question: How long was Nelson Mandela in prison?

Nelson Mandela

144 detainees remained in custody for two weeks, after which they were released on bail.


Question: How long was Nelson Mandela in prison?

Nelson Mandela

[6] In December 1959, an ANC General Assembly was held where it was decided to organise an anti-passport campaign.


Question: How long was Nelson Mandela in prison?

Nelson Mandela

In March 1960, the mood was tense throughout the country because of the campaign, as the government was already threatening the organisation with a ban.


Question: How long was Nelson Mandela in prison?

Nelson Mandela

Protests erupted all over the country.


Question: How long was Nelson Mandela in prison?

Nelson Mandela

Police officers fired toward protesters, and particularly bad was the situation in Sharpeville, where 69 people were killed and hundreds wounded.


Question: How long was Nelson Mandela in prison?

Nelson Mandela

A week after the Sharpeville massacre, Mandela had his passport burned.


Question: How long was Nelson Mandela in prison?

Nelson Mandela

He was arrested for links to protests that began after the Sharpeville massacre, first illegally but legally the next day.


Question: How long was Nelson Mandela in prison?

Nelson Mandela

He was taken to Pretoria Local Prison, where he remained for five months.


Question: How long was Nelson Mandela in prison?

Nelson Mandela

The trials, though, continued even after his imprisonment.


Question: How long was Nelson Mandela in prison?

Nelson Mandela

[9] In April 1960, while Mandela was in prison, the organisations ANC and PAC that organised the protests were banned.


Question: How long was Nelson Mandela in prison?

Nelson Mandela

[11] “Mandela and Tambo” closed its doors in 1960.


Question: How long was Nelson Mandela in prison?

Nelson Mandela

In December, Mandela and his wife had another daughter, Zindziswa.


Question: How long was Nelson Mandela in prison?

Nelson Mandela

[6] In March 1961, the verdict of a treason trial was declared.


Question: How long was Nelson Mandela in prison?

Nelson Mandela

The trial had lasted many years and the result was the acquittal of the defendants.


Question: How long was Nelson Mandela in prison?

Nelson Mandela

Soon after, Mandela went underground, meaning he ran the ANC's affairs secretly and became South Africa's most wanted man “Black Carnation.”


Question: How long was Nelson Mandela in prison?

Nelson Mandela

Because Mandela was an outlaw and hiding from the cops, he posed when what laborer and only travelled at night.


Question: How long was Nelson Mandela in prison?

Nelson Mandela

He used an alias and lived with others.


Question: How long was Nelson Mandela in prison?

Nelson Mandela

[6] The Road of Violence (1960—1962) The ANC's armed wing Umkhonto we Sizwe was formed after the Sharpeville massacre in March 1960 with the intention of building a modern guerrilla army into a part of the wider South African liberation movement and to support the political agenda pursued by the ANC.


Question: How long was Nelson Mandela in prison?

Nelson Mandela

Umkhonto we Sizwe was not initially directly attached to the ANC, but was referred to as the People's Army representing the South African population.


Question: How long was Nelson Mandela in prison?

Nelson Mandela

[12] The ANC was condemned as a terrorist organisation by the South African government, which also won the support of many Western countries.


Question: How long was Nelson Mandela in prison?

Nelson Mandela

[13] It came as a complete surprise to the government in December 1961 with the MK blasts in the middle of a white party, with the policemen's main task being to capture MK members.


Question: How long was Nelson Mandela in prison?

Nelson Mandela

In February 1962, Mandela was asked to head an ANC delegation to go to the conference, which also meant that he would get to see Africa.


Question: How long was Nelson Mandela in prison?

Nelson Mandela

On the way he met his old friend Oliver Tambo, who had set up ANC offices in Ghana, England, Egypt and Tanganyika (now.


Question: How long was Nelson Mandela in prison?

Nelson Mandela

Tanzania).


Question: How long was Nelson Mandela in prison?

Nelson Mandela

After the meeting was over, Mandela went with one Robbie to tour African countries and give an update on the situation in South Africa.


Question: How long was Nelson Mandela in prison?

Nelson Mandela

The military training Mandela received in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.


Question: How long was Nelson Mandela in prison?

Nelson Mandela

[6] Capture (1962—1964) Mandela had been on the run for nearly a year and a half and toured several African countries seeking financial and military assistance.


Question: How long was Nelson Mandela in prison?

Nelson Mandela

In August 1962, armed police stopped a car in Howick with a white man sitting in the back seat of which Mandela had disguised as his chauffeur.


Question: How long was Nelson Mandela in prison?

Nelson Mandela

It was not known for a long time how police had gotten on Mandela's trail, but in 1986 South African papers reported that CIA agent Donald C. Rickard had revealed to Special Branch that Mandela may have been on his way to Durban disguised as a chauffeur.


Question: How long was Nelson Mandela in prison?

Nelson Mandela

Information about this Rickard had received from an ANC infiltrator.


Question: How long was Nelson Mandela in prison?

Nelson Mandela

A year later, Rickard said that on that night he was due to meet Mandela, but instead he went to the police to report Mandela.


Question: How long was Nelson Mandela in prison?

Nelson Mandela

[14] The information was also confirmed by a former CIA agent who wished to remain anonymous while giving an interview to The Atlanta Journal and Constitute newspaper.


Question: How long was Nelson Mandela in prison?

Nelson Mandela

He reported that a former CIA agent, Paul Eckl, said a couple of hours after Mandela's arrest “We have exposed Mandela to the South African Security Division.


Question: How long was Nelson Mandela in prison?

Nelson Mandela

We gave them the exact information — how he's dressed, the time, where he moves.


Question: How long was Nelson Mandela in prison?

Nelson Mandela

They have caught Mandela.


Question: How long was Nelson Mandela in prison?

Nelson Mandela

This is one of our best hijackings.


Question: How long was Nelson Mandela in prison?

Nelson Mandela

“[15] After Mandela went to court, he was taken to the Johannesburg Fortress Hospital, from there he was transferred to Pretoria Local Prison and soon back to Johannesburg again.


Question: How long was Nelson Mandela in prison?

Nelson Mandela

The court hearing in October resulted in five years in prison, including two years for incitement to strike and two years for leaving the country without a passport.


Question: How long was Nelson Mandela in prison?

Nelson Mandela

From court, Mandela was taken to Pretoria, where he offered to go to a special cell so he could get long trousers.


Question: How long was Nelson Mandela in prison?

Nelson Mandela

However, being isolated from others was awful, so he agreed to take breeches and got together with political prisoners.


Question: How long was Nelson Mandela in prison?

Nelson Mandela

[6] In June 1962, a sabotage law had been enacted, allowing for house arrest and stricter panning orders, which were not to be appealed to court.


Question: How long was Nelson Mandela in prison?

Nelson Mandela

In May 1963, the government enacted the Ninety Day Detention Act, which meant that police could detain anyone without a warrant.


Question: How long was Nelson Mandela in prison?

Nelson Mandela

[6] In 1963, Mandela was transferred for a short time to the prison island Robben Island and from there back to Pretoria Prison, where MK members mostly from the senior management team were in custody.


Question: How long was Nelson Mandela in prison?

Nelson Mandela

Police had arrested them from MK's headquarters in Rivonia.


Question: How long was Nelson Mandela in prison?

Nelson Mandela

Now all of them, including Mandela, were charged with sabotage and conspiracy.


Question: How long was Nelson Mandela in prison?

Nelson Mandela

What followed was the turn of a lengthy trial, which was given the name Rivonia.


Question: How long was Nelson Mandela in prison?

Nelson Mandela

In court, all the defendants denied their guilt and instead blamed the government.


Question: How long was Nelson Mandela in prison?

Nelson Mandela

Finally, in June 1964, Mandela, like others, was able to hear his verdict, which found him guilty on all charges.


Question: How long was Nelson Mandela in prison?

Nelson Mandela

As punishment, he received a sentence of life imprisonment in lieu of the death sentence.


Question: How long was Nelson Mandela in prison?

Nelson Mandela

Out of court, the prisoners were transported to Pretoria Prison, from where they were taken to Robben Island.


Question: How long was Nelson Mandela in prison?

Nelson Mandela

[6] [3] Robben Island and the dreary years (1964—1982) The cell to which Mandela fell was damp and cramped.


Question: How long was Nelson Mandela in prison?

Nelson Mandela

Outside it read “N Mandela 466/64", which meant he was the 466th prisoner brought to the island in 1964.


Question: How long was Nelson Mandela in prison?

Nelson Mandela

In the early days, Mandela made a calendar on the cell wall because there were not allowed to have clocks or other time-setters on the island, but it was important that he did not lose the sense of time.


Question: How long was Nelson Mandela in prison?

Nelson Mandela

[6] In prison, food was subject to discrimination: Indians and mixed-race people received better food than Africans.


Question: How long was Nelson Mandela in prison?

Nelson Mandela

[6] At Robben Island prison, Mandela was only allowed to visit one guest in six months and was only allowed to receive and send one letter in six months.


Question: How long was Nelson Mandela in prison?

Nelson Mandela

He did heavy work on the limestone mine.


Question: How long was Nelson Mandela in prison?

Nelson Mandela

[16] The anti-apartheid struggle continued even in prison, where inmates had to fight for long trousers, the right to study, food and sunglasses, which were of great importance in the quarry where the sun shone heavily.


Question: How long was Nelson Mandela in prison?

Nelson Mandela

The sunglasses were only allowed to be acquired by themselves after three years of effort.


Question: How long was Nelson Mandela in prison?

Nelson Mandela

Improvement on clothing was obtained through the Red Cross, prisoners were given long trousers, and anyway clothing improved.


Question: How long was Nelson Mandela in prison?

Nelson Mandela

The study was also successful: after Mandela was on the island for a few months, they were informed that those willing would be allowed to apply for permission to study.


Question: How long was Nelson Mandela in prison?

Nelson Mandela

[6] Possession of newspapers was prohibited in prison, and punishment ensued.


Question: How long was Nelson Mandela in prison?

Nelson Mandela

Mandela was once caught reading a newspaper and placed in solitary confinement for three days without food.


Question: How long was Nelson Mandela in prison?

Nelson Mandela

[6] In 1966, prisoners staged a very successful cancerous strike to protest poor conditions.


Question: How long was Nelson Mandela in prison?

Nelson Mandela

[6] After Rivonia, most of the underground network had been destroyed and ANC leaders imprisoned.


Question: How long was Nelson Mandela in prison?

Nelson Mandela

In 1967, the ANC entered into an alliance with the African People's Union.


Question: How long was Nelson Mandela in prison?

Nelson Mandela

The ANC also had its own organisational body on the island, consisting of ANC leaders there who had also belonged to the Executive Committee.


Question: How long was Nelson Mandela in prison?

Nelson Mandela

They made decisions about the hardships associated with prison life.


Question: How long was Nelson Mandela in prison?

Nelson Mandela

[6] In 1968, Mandela's mother died, but Mandela was not let out of prison for the funeral.


Question: How long was Nelson Mandela in prison?

Nelson Mandela

The following year, his firstborn son, Madiba Thembikile, died in a car crash, and Mandela was unable to attend his funeral either.


Question: How long was Nelson Mandela in prison?

Nelson Mandela

[6] In 1969, prison conditions improved further, as prisoners received their own prison trousers of the right size.


Question: How long was Nelson Mandela in prison?

Nelson Mandela

That same year, a new, young guard came along, pretending to be Mandela's friend and helper promising to help him escape from prison.


Question: How long was Nelson Mandela in prison?

Nelson Mandela

Mandela was suspicious of the young man, however, and the suspicion hit right, as the “escape” turned out to be a secret plot to try to get Mandela off the island so that he could be assassinated.


Question: How long was Nelson Mandela in prison?

Nelson Mandela

More conspiracy plots came later.


Question: How long was Nelson Mandela in prison?

Nelson Mandela

[6] In 1976, the Soweto Uprising broke out, in which thousands of children rose up to oppose the government's decree on the language in which they receive instruction in school.


Question: How long was Nelson Mandela in prison?

Nelson Mandela

Chaos ensued, and hundreds of children were wounded.


Question: How long was Nelson Mandela in prison?

Nelson Mandela

[6] In early 1977, prisoners' work at the quarry ended, and they had more free time.


Question: How long was Nelson Mandela in prison?

Nelson Mandela

Now Mandela had time for things like tending the garden and playing tennis.


Question: How long was Nelson Mandela in prison?

Nelson Mandela

In 1978, a compromise was struck, and the authorities set about providing their own radio news to prisoners.


Question: How long was Nelson Mandela in prison?

Nelson Mandela

In 1979, another reform was made, after which people of different races were given the same food.


Question: How long was Nelson Mandela in prison?

Nelson Mandela

In 1980, prisoners were allowed to buy newspapers censored by the authorities.


Question: How long was Nelson Mandela in prison?

Nelson Mandela

[6] In 1982, Mandela was transferred to Pollsmoor Prison.


Question: How long was Nelson Mandela in prison?

Nelson Mandela

[9] Freedom tasting (1982—1988) in Pollsmoor everything was different from the island, where Mandela had had his own vegetable garden and lots of leisure and sports facilities.


Question: How long was Nelson Mandela in prison?

Nelson Mandela

In Pollsmoor, the cells were damp, and he was in the same cell with five other men.


Question: How long was Nelson Mandela in prison?

Nelson Mandela

In 1987, Mandela had water removed from his chest containing tuberculosis bacteria.


Question: How long was Nelson Mandela in prison?

Nelson Mandela

The disease had been caused by excess moisture in the cell.


Question: How long was Nelson Mandela in prison?

Nelson Mandela

[6] In 1986, the ANC started the “Release Mandela” campaign.


Question: How long was Nelson Mandela in prison?

Nelson Mandela

That same year, Mandela was allowed to sample freedom several times when authorities took him to view life in the country.


Question: How long was Nelson Mandela in prison?

Nelson Mandela

The intention was to persuade Mandela to compromise, allowing him freedom.


Question: How long was Nelson Mandela in prison?

Nelson Mandela

[6] In 1987, there was an ANC General Assembly where it was decided that armed struggle would continue until the government was prepared to talk about removing racial repression.


Question: How long was Nelson Mandela in prison?

Nelson Mandela

[6] Mandela was in isolation until 1988, when he was moved from prison to his “own apartment,” which was like a golden cage.


Question: How long was Nelson Mandela in prison?

Nelson Mandela

He was imprisoned in the apartment, but still he could live in the house comfortably.


Question: How long was Nelson Mandela in prison?

Nelson Mandela

The house was also allowed to invite guests.


Question: How long was Nelson Mandela in prison?

Nelson Mandela

[6] Mandela was occasionally offered freedom by the government on condition that he would settle in the “independent” state of Transkei and formally recognise its existence, but Mandela refused.


Question: How long was Nelson Mandela in prison?

Nelson Mandela

[9] Negotiations between Mandela and the government (1985—1989) The first informal and secret negotiation between Mandela and the government formed by the National Party took place in October 1985 at the Volks Hospital in Cape Town, where Mandela was undergoing treatment for an enlarged prostate.


Question: How long was Nelson Mandela in prison?

Nelson Mandela

Mandela had requested a meeting by letter from the country's justice minister, Kobie Coetse, as early as 1984, and although the minister did not respond at the time, he arrived to see Mandela at the hospital.


Question: How long was Nelson Mandela in prison?

Nelson Mandela

[17] Following the meeting, Mr Mandela's jurist, George Bizos, went to meet Oliver Tambo, the exiled ANC leader in Lusaka, and sought a mandate from the organisation's leadership that Mandela was allowed to resume preliminary talks with the government.


Question: How long was Nelson Mandela in prison?

Nelson Mandela

Coetsee, in turn, reported the meeting to the country's president P.W.


Question: How long was Nelson Mandela in prison?

Nelson Mandela

Bothalle, who urged him to continue communicating with Mandela.


Question: How long was Nelson Mandela in prison?

Nelson Mandela

Over the next year, Coetsee and Mandela met several times at the minister's mansion, the side building of Palismoor Prison and the residence of General Johan Willemse, the head of the country's prisons.


Question: How long was Nelson Mandela in prison?

Nelson Mandela

[18] Botha and Mandela met in person at the President's official residence on July 5, 1989.


Question: How long was Nelson Mandela in prison?

Nelson Mandela

Mandela was transported to the president's official residence in Tuynhuys secretly past security police.


Question: How long was Nelson Mandela in prison?

Nelson Mandela

Nothing concrete was agreed at the meeting, but its symbolic significance was great.


Question: How long was Nelson Mandela in prison?

Nelson Mandela

[19] De Klerk's rise to power and Mandela's release (1989-1990) The Nationalist Party fieldfolk had been increasingly dissatisfied with Botha, and finally on 15 August Botha was forced to resign from the position of president in the face of pressure.


Question: How long was Nelson Mandela in prison?

Nelson Mandela

Frederik de Klerk, who had been elected chairman of the party in February, emerged as the new president.


Question: How long was Nelson Mandela in prison?

Nelson Mandela

[20] In October, de Klerk released Walter Sisulu and five other ANC members who had been sentenced to life imprisonment, as did Jafta Masemola, founder of the PAC's military wing.


Question: How long was Nelson Mandela in prison?

Nelson Mandela

Simultaneously, Mandela continued negotiations with a committee headed by Kobie Coetsee.


Question: How long was Nelson Mandela in prison?

Nelson Mandela

[21] Mandela was released from Victor Verster Prison [22] after “ten thousand days in prison” on 11 February 1990.


Question: How long was Nelson Mandela in prison?

Nelson Mandela

In a speech to thousands of his supporters, he declared that the struggle against apartheid and for democracy needed to be intensified, and that the goal was universal and equal suffrage in a united and racially free South Africa.


Question: How long was Nelson Mandela in prison?

Nelson Mandela

He also sought to calm the exiled ANC leadership, which was unaware of the content of negotiations he had held with government representatives.


Question: How long was Nelson Mandela in prison?

Nelson Mandela

He stressed that at no point had he negotiated the future of the country but called for a meeting between the government and the ANC.


Question: How long was Nelson Mandela in prison?

Nelson Mandela

[23] [24] [25] Freedom Negotiations between the ANC and the government (1989—1993) The first negotiations between the ANC and the government took place between 2 and 4.


Question: How long was Nelson Mandela in prison?

Nelson Mandela

May 1989 in the Groote Schuur estate at the foot of Table Mountain, which had been bequeathed by Cecil Rhodes as the official residence of the country's prime ministers.


Question: How long was Nelson Mandela in prison?

Nelson Mandela

The Groote Schur Protocol, which resulted from the negotiations, agreed on the release of the remaining political prisoners, the right of return for exiles, and changes to security laws.


Question: How long was Nelson Mandela in prison?

Nelson Mandela

In August, talks resumed in Pretoria, and during them Mandela announced the ANC would unilaterally suspend armed struggle.