Question: How many years was Richard III King of England?

Richard III of England

Publicity image Since his death, Richard III has been one of England's most controversial kings.


Question: How many years was Richard III King of England?

Richard III of England

According to contemporary historians, Richard's reputation was damaged by the early chroniclers of the succeeding monarchs, and especially William Shakespeare.


Question: How many years was Richard III King of England?

Richard III of England

There has been some reflection on the extent to which the image given of Richard III as a monarch of terror constitutes propaganda fomented by the Tudor family towards this last ruler of the rival House of York.


Question: How many years was Richard III King of England?

Richard III of England

The principal source of anti-Richard propaganda is often considered to be the Bishop of Ely (later Archbishop of Canterbury) John Morton, on whose narratives many of the claims in Thomas More's work The History of King Richard III are believed to be based.


Question: How many years was Richard III King of England?

Richard III of England

In the 20th century, The Richard III Society was formed to redress Richard III's disrepute, which, according to the Society, did not reflect the historical truth.


Question: How many years was Richard III King of England?

Richard III of England

Prince Richard, Duke of Gloucester, has been the patron of the association since 1980.


Question: How many years was Richard III King of England?

Richard III of England

Also Richard III was Duke of Gloucester before his crowning.


Question: How many years was Richard III King of England?

Richard III of England

Also, author Josephine Tey, in her book Daughter of Time, has tried to defend Richard's reputation.


Question: How many years was Richard III King of England?

Richard III of England

There is no definite evidence that it was Richard who murdered the little princes in the Tower, and some have developed an alternative theory that the murderer might have been, for example, Henry Tudor.


Question: How many years was Richard III King of England?

Richard III of England

To some extent, it can be said that Henry Tudor even had a greater reason to assassinate the little princes of the Tower.


Question: How many years was Richard III King of England?

Richard III of England

Henry had no legal right to the English crown, the country had been dominated by the War of the Roses and mayhem for many years.


Question: How many years was Richard III King of England?

Richard III of England

Furthermore, Henrik was Welsh.


Question: How many years was Richard III King of England?

Richard III of England

He had the full job of convincing the English of his right to the crown.


Question: How many years was Richard III King of England?

Richard III of England

Best it managed to smear competitors.


Question: How many years was Richard III King of England?

Richard III of England

The later Tudor rulers had great benefit from Shakespeare's popularity and savvy of dramatics.


Question: How many years was Richard III King of England?

Richard III of England

In 2002, Richard III fit into the “100 Most Outstanding Brits” list voted by the public on the BBC programme.


Question: How many years was Richard III King of England?

Richard III of England

The popularity explainer has been speculated about Richard's “cult status”.


Question: How many years was Richard III King of England?

Richard III of England

See also Daughter of Time Sources elsewhere Category:Kings of the Plantagenet family of England Class:Lord protectors of England Category:Regents Class:Born in 1452 Class:Those who died in 1485 Class:Key articles of screening


Question: Have conifers always grown in Finland?

Conifers

Conifers are a group of plants belonging to bare-seeded seed plants.


Question: Have conifers always grown in Finland?

Conifers

Conifers are perennial woody and most often alwaysgreen plants.


Question: Have conifers always grown in Finland?

Conifers

[1] The leaves of coniferous trees are typically narrow needles, but scab-like and wider leaves are also found on conifers.


Question: Have conifers always grown in Finland?

Conifers

Conifers do not have flowers; instead, inflorescences called pine cones are formed by mere fruit leaves settled around the ranga or emape leaves called pineal scales on their supporting leaves.


Question: Have conifers always grown in Finland?

Conifers

The mother trees, or actual pine cones, are often dry and numb when ripe on coniferous trees, but they can also be soft and juicy like the fruits of cop-seeded plants.


Question: Have conifers always grown in Finland?

Conifers

The wood material consists of special tube cells, which are ringporous and from which annual cartilages are formed.


Question: Have conifers always grown in Finland?

Conifers

Conifers are known depending on definitions between 600 and 650 species, typically divided into six tribes.


Question: Have conifers always grown in Finland?

Conifers

[2] [1] Conifers are an economically important group of plants.


Question: Have conifers always grown in Finland?

Conifers

They make up a significant part of the raw materials of the world's sawmill industry and especially the paper industry.


Question: Have conifers always grown in Finland?

Conifers

[3] Description Conifers are perennial woody plants.


Question: Have conifers always grown in Finland?

Conifers

They are often large sized trees, but can also be bush-like or sparrow-like, like some junipers growing downland.


Question: Have conifers always grown in Finland?

Conifers

[1] [4] [5] Among the ancient conifers known from fossils, there are also some species considered to be grass artifacts.


Question: Have conifers always grown in Finland?

Conifers

[6] In woody conifers, the trunk is often straight and erect, as well as the branches horizontally grating, giving many conifers a regular conical crown shape.


Question: Have conifers always grown in Finland?

Conifers

[1] [4] Conifers are typically alwayshaft, [1] but the group also includes seasonal representatives such as larches and favorypresses.


Question: Have conifers always grown in Finland?

Conifers

[4] Most conifers also crop their lateral shoots along with their old leaves.


Question: Have conifers always grown in Finland?

Conifers

[7] The wood material of coniferous trees consists mainly of hollow tube cells carrying water, namely tracheids [7] [8], unlike cop-seeded hardwoods, which have larger tubes formed from multiple coalesced cells in wood.


Question: Have conifers always grown in Finland?

Conifers

[9] There are ring pores between the tube cells.


Question: Have conifers always grown in Finland?

Conifers

[7] [10] The wood material may additionally contain transverse core beams and longitudinal strands consisting of a blunt lock, as well as often resin ducts.


Question: Have conifers always grown in Finland?

Conifers

[7] [11] In conifers, the reaction tree formed due to stress is compression wood, or lyly, formed by compressive stress on the side of the trunk or branch, as opposed to cop-seeded hardwoods which form pull-wood on the opposite side of the tensile stress.


Question: Have conifers always grown in Finland?

Conifers

[12] [13] [14] All conifers form fungal roots, or mycorrhizea, together with symbiotic fungi.


Question: Have conifers always grown in Finland?

Conifers

[7] Fungal roots of coniferous trees are often infungal roots, or endomycorrhizas, where fungal mycelium permeates the cell walls of the plant roots, but in the pine family, fungal roots are surface mushroom roots, or ectomycorrhizas.


Question: Have conifers always grown in Finland?

Conifers

[7] [11] Conifers often have an upward uniformly tapering conical canopy.


Question: Have conifers always grown in Finland?

Conifers

Most conifers are alwaysgreenish and overwinter with foliage.


Question: Have conifers always grown in Finland?

Conifers

The mammoth predator is one of the most large size of the tree species.


Question: Have conifers always grown in Finland?

Conifers

The wood material of coniferous trees consists largely of hollow tube cells.


Question: Have conifers always grown in Finland?

Conifers

Leaves The main connecting organs of conifers are leaves.


Question: Have conifers always grown in Finland?

Conifers

The leaves are typically narrow needles, but other leaf forms also occur, such as the scaly leaves common especially on cypress plants and podcarpus plants, and the larger flat leaves of some podocarp plants and araukaria plants.


Question: Have conifers always grown in Finland?

Conifers

On many conifers, the early leaves of a young plant are needle-like, but the late leaves of the older plant are scaly.


Question: Have conifers always grown in Finland?

Conifers

[1] [4] [7] [15] Shade firs and blade trees serve as the primary communicating organs, rather than vestigial leaves, broadly flat leafy green shoots, or flat-leaf stems.


Question: Have conifers always grown in Finland?

Conifers

[4] [7] There is also one conifer species that does not need to connect; podori (Parasitaxus usta) is a parasitic plant unique among bare-seeded plants.


Question: Have conifers always grown in Finland?

Conifers

[3] A conifer leaf often has only one leaf vein called a medium vein, but wider leaves may also be silposuonic, resulting in several veins in parallel.


Question: Have conifers always grown in Finland?

Conifers

[7] [16] [17] The veins are formed by one or more conductor tendons surrounding the transfusion cell.


Question: Have conifers always grown in Finland?

Conifers

The conductor tendons consist mainly of a tree cell and an ankle cell formed by tube cells, while the surrounding transfusion cell consists of blunt cells and short tube cells.


Question: Have conifers always grown in Finland?

Conifers

[7] [11] [18] [19] The cord tendons and the transfusion cell are surrounded by the leaf-green part of the leaf, or mesophyll, consisting of predominantly branched flesh blunt cells in conifers.


Question: Have conifers always grown in Finland?

Conifers

Many conifers in the mesophyll also have resin ducts.


Question: Have conifers always grown in Finland?

Conifers

The surface of the leaf is formed by a wax layer, or a cuticle protected by an epidermis, and a hypoderm that often contains reinforcing cells that stiffen the leaf.


Question: Have conifers always grown in Finland?

Conifers

The surface of the leaf is pierced by air gaps that allow gas exchange in the plant, and in some conifers also resin cysts secreting resin.


Question: Have conifers always grown in Finland?

Conifers

[7] [11] [18] Many always-hated conifers have features that reduce water evaporation typical of drying plants.


Question: Have conifers always grown in Finland?

Conifers

Narrow leaves have a relatively small surface area relative to their volume, the surface is often covered by a thick cuticle, or a layer of wax, and air gaps are often depressed deep into the surface structure.


Question: Have conifers always grown in Finland?

Conifers

[18] The leaves of pine plants are typically needle-like.


Question: Have conifers always grown in Finland?

Conifers

Cypress plants often have small lapping scaly leaves.


Question: Have conifers always grown in Finland?

Conifers

Araukaria plants often have larger flat leaves like the kauri in the picture.


Question: Have conifers always grown in Finland?

Conifers

Needle-like early leaves (left) and scaly late leaves (right) in Chinese juniper.


Question: Have conifers always grown in Finland?

Conifers

Inflorescences Conifers are bare-seeded plants whose inflorescences are cones in structure.


Question: Have conifers always grown in Finland?

Conifers

The inflorescences of coniferous trees are normally singular, [1] [3] in which case they can be divided into staminate cones [20] and mother cones, i.e. actual cones.


Question: Have conifers always grown in Finland?

Conifers

[21] [22] Coniferous cones or parts thereof are sometimes referred to as flowers, but in precise definition conifers as bare-seeded plants do not have flowers.


Question: Have conifers always grown in Finland?

Conifers

[23] The coniferous staminate cone consists of fruit leaves settled around the inflorescence spine.


Question: Have conifers always grown in Finland?

Conifers

The pollen-producing dust trays located on the abaxial, or underside, of the fruit leaf.


Question: Have conifers always grown in Finland?

Conifers

[3] There are characteristic air cavities in pollen particles of pine plants and podocarus plants.


Question: Have conifers always grown in Finland?

Conifers

[7] [11] The coniferous mother cone, or cone, basically consists of the scale-like enamel leaves settled around the inflorescence spine and their bracts called quilt bracts.


Question: Have conifers always grown in Finland?

Conifers

Seed motifs develop directly on the surface of cone enamel leaves, as with other bare-seeded plants.


Question: Have conifers always grown in Finland?

Conifers

However, there are considerable differences in the structure of cones between different coniferous groups.


Question: Have conifers always grown in Finland?

Conifers

For example, on pine plants, numbed enamel and thin quilt bracts stand out as distinctly separate parts in the pine cone, whereas in cypress plants the pistil and quilt bracts are fully coalesced.


Question: Have conifers always grown in Finland?

Conifers

On several conifers, the cone has atrophied to single-seeded.


Question: Have conifers always grown in Finland?

Conifers

These types of cones on podocarp plants and yew plants usually develop as the seed ripens into fleshy structures resembling the fruits of cope-seeded plants.


Question: Have conifers always grown in Finland?

Conifers

[3] [4] The pine cone consists of numbed enamel and thin quilt bracts.


Question: Have conifers always grown in Finland?

Conifers

The cone of a cypress plant usually consists of pineal scales formed by coalescent parent and quilt veins.


Question: Have conifers always grown in Finland?

Conifers

The pine scales of the yew plant have atrophied, and the sole seed is surrounded by a fleshy seed sheath.


Question: Have conifers always grown in Finland?

Conifers

The fleshy part of the pine cone of a podocarpus plant can be formed by both coalescent blanket bracts and the sheath surrounding the seed.


Question: Have conifers always grown in Finland?

Conifers

Development History Conifers have evolved from early seed plants that lived in the Paleozoic World Period.


Question: Have conifers always grown in Finland?

Conifers

Known from these especially from the Early Coal Age onwards, the order Cordaitales has often been suspected to contain stem forms of conifers, and sometimes the plants in the group have themselves been classified as conifers.


Question: Have conifers always grown in Finland?

Conifers

[3] [6] The oldest known conifer is often considered to be the species Swillingtonia denticulata known from Late Coal Age fossils around 315 million years old.


Question: Have conifers always grown in Finland?

Conifers

Another very early conifer is Thucydia mahoningensis, which lived just over 300 million years ago.


Question: Have conifers always grown in Finland?

Conifers

It has been interpreted as a small tree whose erect trunk grew horizontally branching branches covered by short needle-like leaves.


Question: Have conifers always grown in Finland?

Conifers

Different from contemporary conifers, the tree produced multiples of cones where the larger cone consisted of more small cones.


Question: Have conifers always grown in Finland?

Conifers

Swillington has been described from a more concise and poorly-preserved material, but has been suggested to have been similar.


Question: Have conifers always grown in Finland?

Conifers

These late Coal Age trees are often considered representatives of the line of development that led to contemporary conifers, although they are traditionally classified within the separate order Voltziales.


Question: Have conifers always grown in Finland?

Conifers

[6] [24] [25] From the Coal Age to the Permian and Triassic, conifers became substantially sorted and diversified.


Question: Have conifers always grown in Finland?

Conifers

The diverse group of Triastric conifers included not only always-haired trees and shrubs living in a wide variety of habitats, but also cool-climate seasonal trees such as Telemachus, [26] as well as fast-growing grasses such as Aethophyllum.


Question: Have conifers always grown in Finland?

Conifers

[6] [27] The wood material, leaves and staminate cones of these ancient conifers were often very similar to those of the present ones, but their mother beds were still multiples.


Question: Have conifers always grown in Finland?

Conifers

Scientists have suggested the simpler pineal scales of existing conifers evolved from the multi-coloured structures of these types of cones.


Question: Have conifers always grown in Finland?

Conifers

[6] In the Mesozoic World Period, plants belonging to current coniferous tribes appear in fossil material.


Question: Have conifers always grown in Finland?

Conifers

The boundary draw between existing conifer groups and prehistoric groups is not unequivocal, and for example the Triassic genus Parasciadopitys has sometimes been considered the oldest known representative of a tribe of cypress plants, [6] but in other interpretations it is classified within the order Voltziales.


Question: Have conifers always grown in Finland?

Conifers

[28] By the Cretaceous at the latest, however, all six generally accepted current conifer tribes unquestionably existed and the cones serving as their main distinguishing signs had largely evolved into their present form.


Question: Have conifers always grown in Finland?

Conifers

[3] [6] With the increasing prevalence of coppic-seeded, or flowering plants, from the Cretaceous to the Cenozoic period, conifers have become less common.


Question: Have conifers always grown in Finland?

Conifers

Flowering plants have been able to adapt, evolve and sort conifers more quickly.


Question: Have conifers always grown in Finland?

Conifers

As a result, flowering plants have largely displaced conifers from many habitats, and completely replaced conifers as plants in steppe areas, for example.


Question: Have conifers always grown in Finland?

Conifers

Existing conifers often grow in marginal habitats, in conditions that are too cold or nutrient-poor for flowering plants of comparable size.


Question: Have conifers always grown in Finland?

Conifers

[29] Over 300 million years old, Dorycordaites sometimes belong to the order Cordaitales, considered the oldest conifers.


Question: Have conifers always grown in Finland?

Conifers

Around 300 million years ago, Walchia belongs to the order Voltziales of early conifers.


Question: Have conifers always grown in Finland?

Conifers

Fronds of the genus “Brachyphyllum” have been variously shown to belong to araucaria plants and the family Cheirolepidiaceae.


Question: Have conifers always grown in Finland?

Conifers

Around 160 million years old, Araucaria mirabilis belongs to the now-living genus of araucarias.


Question: Have conifers always grown in Finland?

Conifers

Classification Conifers are bare-seeded seed plants.


Question: Have conifers always grown in Finland?

Conifers

The exact position of the group depends on the classification used.


Question: Have conifers always grown in Finland?

Conifers

Coniferous trees have been treated, among others, as tribe Coniferae, order Coniferales, class Pinopsida and arc Pinophyta.


Question: Have conifers always grown in Finland?

Conifers

In the current cladistic classification, the coniferous group might be referred to as Pinidae or Coniferales.


Question: Have conifers always grown in Finland?

Conifers

[1] [3] According to several genetic studies, tribes traditionally considered conifers are not actually a coherent group and thus do not form a scientific taxon at all.


Question: Have conifers always grown in Finland?

Conifers

In many research results, the bare-seeded plant sect Gnetales, which has not traditionally been considered coniferous, ranks the coniferous pine plant tribe as a sister group between pine plants and other conifers.


Question: Have conifers always grown in Finland?

Conifers

In this case, conifers would not be a single-born, or monophyletic group according to the current classification, without plants of the order Gnetales.


Question: Have conifers always grown in Finland?

Conifers

[3] [11] [7] Some researchers have therefore defined plants in the Gnetales group as conifers.


Question: Have conifers always grown in Finland?

Conifers

[3] Sects and tribes The conifers living today are divided into six tribes according to the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group, which developed the classification of plants.


Question: Have conifers always grown in Finland?

Conifers

The following diagram shows their kinship relationships.


Question: Have conifers always grown in Finland?

Conifers

[2] Pine plants are distinctly different in lineage and appearance from all other conifers.


Question: Have conifers always grown in Finland?

Conifers

The pine plant tribe is the most basal of the current coniferous tribes, which means it separated from the common line of development of coniferous trees first.


Question: Have conifers always grown in Finland?

Conifers

[2] [11] There are several views among scholars regarding the division of conifers into sects.


Question: Have conifers always grown in Finland?

Conifers

In the classification used by the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group, plant tribes traditionally included in conifers are divided into two sects; the order Pinales includes only the tribe of pine plants [11] and the large order Cupressales includes all other five coniferous tribes.


Question: Have conifers always grown in Finland?

Conifers

[7] In some classifications, the closely related araucaria plants and podocarp plants have been separated from the order Cupressales into a separate order Araucariales.


Question: Have conifers always grown in Finland?

Conifers

[1] In the second classifications, all coniferous tribes living today are included in the order Pinales.


Question: Have conifers always grown in Finland?

Conifers

[30] There are also differing views on the number of coniferous tribes.


Question: Have conifers always grown in Finland?

Conifers

For example, a genus of grapes (Cephalotaxus) may be separated from yew plants into a separate family of Cephalotaxaceae, or a genus of blade trees (Phyllocladus) can be separated from podocladaceae from podocladaceae as family Phyllocladaceae.


Question: Have conifers always grown in Finland?

Conifers

In addition, genera in the current family of cypress plants were commonly divided into the family of cypress plants and the favorypress plant family (Taxodiaceae) until genetic studies proved the division to be unjustified.


Question: Have conifers always grown in Finland?

Conifers

[1] [31] Fossil conifer groups In addition to the tribes that live today, several prehistoric plants known from fossils have been classified within conifers that resembled the present conifers structurally and morphologically, but do not clearly belong to any current conifer tribe.


Question: Have conifers always grown in Finland?

Conifers

For example, Cheirolepidiaceae is a family of plants that lived in the Mesozoic World Period and is considered quite unanimously among scientists to belong to conifers, as the plants in the family resemble a great deal in external characteristics and structure, especially araucaria plants and cypress plants of tribal conifers.


Question: Have conifers always grown in Finland?

Conifers

However, representatives of the family Cheirolepidiaceae distinguish themselves as their own group from these existing coniferous tribes that existed already in the Mesozoic period due to their unique complex pollen structure as well as their exceptionally thick cuticula.


Question: Have conifers always grown in Finland?

Conifers

[6] Voltziales are a large group of bare-seeded plants of the Paleozoic and early Mesozoic period, traditionally classified as a separate order from contemporary conifers, but representing the stem forms of existing conifers in the opinion of several scientists.


Question: Have conifers always grown in Finland?

Conifers

Plants classified in the Voltziales group resemble contemporary conifers in many ways, but differ markedly in favor of the structure of the multiplier of the mother tree.


Question: Have conifers always grown in Finland?

Conifers

Many researchers believe the simpler pineal scales of existing conifers evolved from the multiple-coloured structures of these cones.


Question: Have conifers always grown in Finland?

Conifers

[3] [6] [32] Cordaitales are another set of mainly bare-seeded plants of the Paleozoic period, which are also considered by some scientists to be stem forms of coniferous trees, while other researchers consider them to represent a distinct line of development from coniferous trees.


Question: Have conifers always grown in Finland?

Conifers

The plants of the Cordaitales group resemble contemporary conifers structurally, but differ markedly in favor of the structure of both their staminate and mother cones.


Question: Have conifers always grown in Finland?

Conifers

[33] [34] Distribution Conifers occur naturally on all continents except Antarctica.


Question: Have conifers always grown in Finland?

Conifers

Conifers are particularly dominant in the cool-temperate zone of the Northern Hemisphere, which is often referred to as the Northern Coniferous Forest Zone.


Question: Have conifers always grown in Finland?

Conifers

However, only a small proportion of coniferous species grow in the cool-temperate climate region, as species abundance is highest in the highlands of subtropical and tropical zones.


Question: Have conifers always grown in Finland?

Conifers

[29] Four species grow wild in Finland: pine pine (Pinus sylvestris), spruce (Picea abies), juniper (Juniperus communis) and European yew (Taxus baccata), and among others Siberian larch (Larix sibirica), European larch (Larix decidua), sembra pine (Pinus harpsichord), Thuja occidentalis, Japanese yew (Taxus cuspidata) and Siberian fir (Abies sibirica).


Question: Have conifers always grown in Finland?

Conifers

Sources Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Farjon, Aljos| title = A Handbook of the World's Conifers: Revised and Updated Edition| location = Leiden| publisher = Brill| year= 2017| id = ISBN 9789004324510| language = Transclusion error: {{En}} is only use for in File namespace.


Question: Have conifers always grown in Finland?

Conifers

Use {{lang-en}} or {{en icon}} instead.| page = 15—44}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Sharp, Eija and Heather, Eira| title = Plant anatomy | location = Helsinki| publisher = Edita| year = 2008| isbn = 978-951-37-5296-5}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Taylor, Thomas N.; Krings, Michael and Taylor, Edith L.| title= Paleobotany: The Biology and Evolution of Fossil Plants| publisher = Academic Press| year = 2009| isbn=978-0-12-373972-8| language = Transclusion error: {{En}} is only for use in File namespace.


Question: Have conifers always grown in Finland?

Conifers

Use {{lang-en}} or {{en icon}} instead.| page = 788—871}} References * Category:Key articles in screening


Question: What is the Golgi plant?

Golgi device

Golgi's apparatus is a membrane-structured cellular organ of nucleated cells involved in shaping proteins by adding carbohydrate groups to them, for example, creating glycoproteins.


Question: What is the Golgi plant?

Golgi device

Other functions of Golgi's apparatus include forming exudate vesicles, packing excretable substance into exudative vesicles, forming a membrane of lysosomes, and making lysosomal enzymes.


Question: What is the Golgi plant?

Golgi device

In addition, Golgi's device transports substances in the cell from place to place.


Question: What is the Golgi plant?

Golgi device

With plant cells, the corresponding cellular organ is also called a dictyosome.


Question: What is the Golgi plant?

Golgi device

Anatomically, Golgi's apparatus is formed mostly by membrane structures called cisterns.


Question: What is the Golgi plant?

Golgi device

The convex side of the cisterns is towards the nucleus and concave towards the cell membrane.


Question: What is the Golgi plant?

Golgi device

The glycoproteins and other matter it produces appear in the microscope mainly as small droplet-like formations.


Question: What is the Golgi plant?

Golgi device

RNA plays a part in regulating the chemical function of the Golgi membrane.


Question: What is the Golgi plant?

Golgi device

In mammalian mammary cells, or alveoli cells, Golgi's apparatus also forms milk lactose.


Question: What is the Golgi plant?

Golgi device

From the starting materials, glucose is taken from the bloodstream, and galactose is synthesized in the cytoplasm of the alveoli cell.


Question: What is the Golgi plant?

Golgi device

[1] Golgi's device was discovered by Camillo Golgi in 1897 and reported his discovery officially in 1898.


Question: What is the Golgi plant?

Golgi device

However, the existence of Golgi's device was disputed for decades; it was not confirmed until the 1950s.


Question: What is the Golgi plant?

Golgi device

[2] See also Transportation vesicle Sources Category:Cell organelles Category:Key articles on screening


Question: Is there any written about the military guilt trial in Helsingin Sanomat?

Guilt-martial trial

Military guilt trial refers to a trial held in Finland between 1945 and 1946 which condemned the political leadership of Finland during the Continuation War.


Question: Is there any written about the military guilt trial in Helsingin Sanomat?

Guilt-martial trial

The trial was held at the Helsinki Säätytalo.


Question: Is there any written about the military guilt trial in Helsingin Sanomat?

Guilt-martial trial

The term war guilt today refers to political responsibility, for example initiating a war of aggression, while the terms war crime and war criminal relate to crimes committed during the war and violations of the laws and customs of war, for example the slayings of prisoners.


Question: Is there any written about the military guilt trial in Helsingin Sanomat?

Guilt-martial trial

The distinction of terms has only taken shape in post-World War II litigation.


Question: Is there any written about the military guilt trial in Helsingin Sanomat?

Guilt-martial trial

[2] Background The Allies already decided during World War II that the political leadership of the Axis powers, as initiators of the war, had to be held accountable.


Question: Is there any written about the military guilt trial in Helsingin Sanomat?

Guilt-martial trial

This was tentatively agreed already in the Moscow Declaration of 30 October 1943.


Question: Is there any written about the military guilt trial in Helsingin Sanomat?

Guilt-martial trial

According to Article 13 of the Moscow Interim Peace Treaty, which ended the Continuation War on 19 September 1944, “Finland commits itself to co-operation with the Allied Powers to arrest and convict persons accused of war crimes.” The interpretation of the article caused ill-awareness: whether it was only about war criminals, or also to the political leadership.


Question: Is there any written about the military guilt trial in Helsingin Sanomat?

Guilt-martial trial

The winning states also had conflicting opinions on the issue.


Question: Is there any written about the military guilt trial in Helsingin Sanomat?

Guilt-martial trial

[2] The interpretation that the issue was only war criminals was reinforced by the list of persons who would have committed war crimes by the Allied Control Commission as early as 19 October 1944 to the then Prime Minister Castrén.


Question: Is there any written about the military guilt trial in Helsingin Sanomat?

Guilt-martial trial

There was no Finnish political leadership on the list.


Question: Is there any written about the military guilt trial in Helsingin Sanomat?

Guilt-martial trial

When Parliament approved the Intermediate Peace Treaty, the main focus was the restoration of the borders under the Moscow Peace of 1940, as well as the surrender of Petsamo to the Soviet Union, war reparations and the lease of Porkkala from the neighbour of Helsinki as a base for a recent enemy, rather than Treaty 13. almost no attention paid to the article.


Question: Is there any written about the military guilt trial in Helsingin Sanomat?

Guilt-martial trial

[3] In January 1945, the political advisor of the Supervisory Commission, Soviet diplomat Orlov issued a statement to foreign newspapermen who arrived in Finland in which he did not mention anything about holding Finland's wartime political leadership legally accountable.


Question: Is there any written about the military guilt trial in Helsingin Sanomat?

Guilt-martial trial

In response to Article 13 of the Intermediate Peace Agreement, Orlov said that the Finns themselves had to resolve the issue of “war perpetrators”, because “if these persons are allowed to remain in power and constantly influence Finnish politics, the mistrusts we know will prove justified.” A perception arose among the Finns that the issue of war guilt would not fall within the scope of the implementation of the Intermediate Peace Treaty; the Control Commission would only require wartime leaders to leave their seats.


Question: Is there any written about the military guilt trial in Helsingin Sanomat?

Guilt-martial trial

[4] At the end of January, Prime Minister Paasikivi called on the persons concerned to step aside from politics “in order to facilitate the establishment of good and confidential intervals between Finland and the Soviet Union, as well as the Soviet Union's suspicion of Finland to dispel and strengthen confidence in Finnish politics,” because history, according to him, had shown changes of personnel in the leadership seats of the kingdoms as necessary in the context of major political changes.


Question: Is there any written about the military guilt trial in Helsingin Sanomat?

Guilt-martial trial

At the same time, Paasikivi announced that the government would set up a committee to investigate the official actions of Finland's wartime political leadership and their legality.


Question: Is there any written about the military guilt trial in Helsingin Sanomat?

Guilt-martial trial

[5] Developments towards trial The matter was constantly featured in Finnish political debate even during the war and after the war.


Question: Is there any written about the military guilt trial in Helsingin Sanomat?

Guilt-martial trial

In Stockholm in August 1944, Kekkonen presented Wilho Tikander of the OSS with a fairly accurate description of the upcoming war guilt process [6].


Question: Is there any written about the military guilt trial in Helsingin Sanomat?

Guilt-martial trial

In the summer of 1944, Paavo Kastari, the head of the state police, had imposed Kekkonen under special supervision and travel ban.


Question: Is there any written about the military guilt trial in Helsingin Sanomat?

Guilt-martial trial

Kastari when he was clear about Kekkonen's Tikander connections.


Question: Is there any written about the military guilt trial in Helsingin Sanomat?

Guilt-martial trial

In the parliamentary debate, the war guilt case was brought by the so-called Sixers in January 1945 and in the summer it was also the subject of an intermediate question.


Question: Is there any written about the military guilt trial in Helsingin Sanomat?

Guilt-martial trial

A total of 55 MPs signed the Intermediate Question, 36 of whom were from the SKDL — first Hertta Kuusinen — ten from the RKP, seven from the SDP and two from the Agrarian League.


Question: Is there any written about the military guilt trial in Helsingin Sanomat?

Guilt-martial trial

[7] The Hornborg Committee report, commissioned by the Government, did not give a clear solution to the matter, but the Government felt that the report did not support the prosecution of wartime politicians.


Question: Is there any written about the military guilt trial in Helsingin Sanomat?

Guilt-martial trial

The same result was reached by the government on the basis of an expert opinion requested from President K. J. Ståhlberg; according to Ståhlberg, the Finnish legislation felt no political war guilt.


Question: Is there any written about the military guilt trial in Helsingin Sanomat?

Guilt-martial trial

[2] The situation changed substantially when the Allies concluded the London Agreement on 8 August 1945, which defined the concept of war guilt, or “crime against peace”.


Question: Is there any written about the military guilt trial in Helsingin Sanomat?

Guilt-martial trial

Later, accused of these crimes, several politicians of Nazi Germany were convicted at the Nuremberg Trial in October 1946.


Question: Is there any written about the military guilt trial in Helsingin Sanomat?

Guilt-martial trial

At the same time sentences were also issued for war crimes, namely crimes against humanity.


Question: Is there any written about the military guilt trial in Helsingin Sanomat?

Guilt-martial trial

Crimes against peace included planning, preparing, initiating and visiting wars of aggression, wars in conflict with international treaties, and participation in plans or covert projects for such wars.


Question: Is there any written about the military guilt trial in Helsingin Sanomat?

Guilt-martial trial

[2] Savonenkov, deputy head of the Supervisory Commission, discussed the matter with Prime Minister Paasikivi on 8 August.


Question: Is there any written about the military guilt trial in Helsingin Sanomat?

Guilt-martial trial

Savonenkov stated that the government had held off on the issue of military guilt, and that if Finland did not resolve the issue itself, it would be the winning countries.


Question: Is there any written about the military guilt trial in Helsingin Sanomat?

Guilt-martial trial

According to Savonenkov, if the war perpetrators could not be prosecuted by law, a new law should be made on the matter.


Question: Is there any written about the military guilt trial in Helsingin Sanomat?

Guilt-martial trial

The war guilt case was being prepared in the government, and on 13 August Paasikivi informed the parliament that the government would bring to the hearing the law on special tribunals.


Question: Is there any written about the military guilt trial in Helsingin Sanomat?

Guilt-martial trial

If the bill was not passed the government, according to the prime minister, would resign.


Question: Is there any written about the military guilt trial in Helsingin Sanomat?

Guilt-martial trial

[2] The Chairman of the Supervisory Commission, Ždanov, arrived in Helsinki on 21 August in order to accelerate the progress of the matter and visited Paasikivi the next day.


Question: Is there any written about the military guilt trial in Helsingin Sanomat?

Guilt-martial trial

The Law on War Guilt Under the draft bill, a person who had in government influenced Finland's participation in the war alongside Germany, or prevented from obtaining peacetime during the war, was to be convicted of abusing office to the detriment of the Reich, either in a discipline room or in prison.


Question: Is there any written about the military guilt trial in Helsingin Sanomat?

Guilt-martial trial

The charges were to be brought by the end of 1945, with the government of the country acting as rapporteur for the prosecutions, and the attorney general as the prosecutor.


Question: Is there any written about the military guilt trial in Helsingin Sanomat?

Guilt-martial trial

The Special Court would be presided over by the President of the Supreme Court.


Question: Is there any written about the military guilt trial in Helsingin Sanomat?

Guilt-martial trial

[2] On September 11, 1945, a message in Finnish to inform the Allied Control Commission appeared on the Parliament's bulletin board, stating that the war guilt also applies to Finland's wartime political leadership, which was considered by the Soviet Union to be the initiator of the war.


Question: Is there any written about the military guilt trial in Helsingin Sanomat?

Guilt-martial trial

The result of the message to Parliament is not recorded and it was not verified by the Supervisory Commission.


Question: Is there any written about the military guilt trial in Helsingin Sanomat?

Guilt-martial trial

[8] Nor would the message appear to have remained in any of the documents had it not been dictated to the stenographers in Parliament by SDP MP Väinö Leskinen.


Question: Is there any written about the military guilt trial in Helsingin Sanomat?

Guilt-martial trial

[9] On the draft law, opinions were sought from experts, and both the Supreme Court and Professor Kaarlo Kaira found that Article 13 of the Moscow Intermediate Peace Agreement did not require condemnation of the Finnish political leadership.


Question: Is there any written about the military guilt trial in Helsingin Sanomat?

Guilt-martial trial

On the other hand, the retroactive jurisprudence required by law was not in accordance with the Finnish Constitution or the Western concept of law.


Question: Is there any written about the military guilt trial in Helsingin Sanomat?

Guilt-martial trial

Based on this, Professor Veli Merikoski had proposed a regulation to be used instead of the law, which would be attached to the Implementation Act of the Intermediate Peace Agreement, whereby the political necessity of the process would have come to light.


Question: Is there any written about the military guilt trial in Helsingin Sanomat?

Guilt-martial trial

The Constitutional Committee, on the other hand, held by a vote of 10 to 8 that Article 13 was open to interpretation, but if the Government considers the law necessary, the committee would not oppose its adoption.


Question: Is there any written about the military guilt trial in Helsingin Sanomat?

Guilt-martial trial

The law was passed at second reading.


Question: Is there any written about the military guilt trial in Helsingin Sanomat?

Guilt-martial trial

When the Act came to its third reading on 11 September 1945, there was a briefing by the Commission of Control in the newspapers, in which it presented Article 13 also for war perpetrators, and stressed that the peace treaty was also preeminent over legislation; if there were conflicts, new laws should be enacted.


Question: Is there any written about the military guilt trial in Helsingin Sanomat?

Guilt-martial trial

On the same day, Parliament adopted − with some minor amendments and additions made to the bill in the Constitutional Committee— a law to punish the perpetrators of war at third reading by a vote of 129 to 11.


Question: Is there any written about the military guilt trial in Helsingin Sanomat?

Guilt-martial trial

Ten MPs abstained and 48 were absent from the ballot.


Question: Is there any written about the military guilt trial in Helsingin Sanomat?

Guilt-martial trial

Amendments made by the Constitutional Committee to the Act included, among other things, that the elected member of the court-martial was not allowed to refuse the position, that the attorney general was allowed to order another person to serve as prosecutor if he wished, and that those convicted at trial enjoy the so-called state prisoner rights.


Question: Is there any written about the military guilt trial in Helsingin Sanomat?

Guilt-martial trial

[10] With President Mannerheim prevented by illness, Prime Minister Paasikivi confirmed the law on 12 September.


Question: Is there any written about the military guilt trial in Helsingin Sanomat?

Guilt-martial trial

The State Council decided to prosecute those named guilty of war for “abuse of office to the detriment of the kingdom” on 6 November and Valpo arrested these within the next 24 hours.


Question: Is there any written about the military guilt trial in Helsingin Sanomat?

Guilt-martial trial

[2] The Prime Minister's secretary Toivo Heikkilä said in his memoirs that immediately after the arrests of the persons who had been attributed to the war, a letter addressed to Paasikivki arrived at the State Council, which did not contain the name of the sender.


Question: Is there any written about the military guilt trial in Helsingin Sanomat?

Guilt-martial trial

The length of the letter was one word: “Judas.” Paasikivi himself never received the letter because Heikkilä, who received it, did not forward it, but threw it in a paper basket.


Question: Is there any written about the military guilt trial in Helsingin Sanomat?

Guilt-martial trial

[11] Georg C. Ehrnrooth, one of the most famous opposition politicians of the post-war decades, has reported that Veli Merikoski, professor of administrative law at the University of Helsinki, interrupted his lecture, saying: “When justice has been thrown trash, I cannot lecture on law.” [12] Even earlier Merikoski had refused to participate in the selection of members of the court martial.


Question: Is there any written about the military guilt trial in Helsingin Sanomat?

Guilt-martial trial

[13] The trial of justice took place in the House of Estates from 15 November 1945 to 21 February 1946 in a total of 23 sessions.


Question: Is there any written about the military guilt trial in Helsingin Sanomat?

Guilt-martial trial

The Special Tribunal consisted of three jurists: Hjalmar Neovius, President of the Supreme Court, and upon his resignation in December 1945 nominally on health grounds (according to Yrjö Soini for reasons of conscience) [14] his successor Oskar Möller, President of the Council of State Urho Castrén, Professor Kaarlo Kaira and 12 members appointed by Parliament: Otto Toivonen, Kalle Hakala and Lauri af Heurlin of the SDP; Eino Pekkala, Aaro Uusitalo and Hertta Kuusinen of the Agrarian League; Lauri Riikonen, Juho Pilppula and Anshelm Alestalo; Arno Tuurna of the Coalition Party; Tor Therman of the RKP and Heikki Kannisto of the Progress Party.


Question: Is there any written about the military guilt trial in Helsingin Sanomat?

Guilt-martial trial

Among the members elected by the parliament, jurists were af Heurlin, Pekkala, Riikonen, Tuurna and Kannisto.


Question: Is there any written about the military guilt trial in Helsingin Sanomat?

Guilt-martial trial

A personal alternate was designated for each member of the court.


Question: Is there any written about the military guilt trial in Helsingin Sanomat?

Guilt-martial trial

The prosecutor was Attorney General Toivo Tarjanne.


Question: Is there any written about the military guilt trial in Helsingin Sanomat?

Guilt-martial trial

The defendants' defense was led by former Foreign Minister and Ambassador Hjalmar J. Procopé and additionally each accused had a personal lawyer.


Question: Is there any written about the military guilt trial in Helsingin Sanomat?

Guilt-martial trial

The best available were selected as lawyers, and the defence was equipped with an office in Hotel Andreaa, headed by journalist-MP Yrjö Kilpeläinen.


Question: Is there any written about the military guilt trial in Helsingin Sanomat?

Guilt-martial trial

The trial was also followed by a large group of foreign newspaper correspondents.


Question: Is there any written about the military guilt trial in Helsingin Sanomat?

Guilt-martial trial

[15] Mannerheim was not among the accused.


Question: Is there any written about the military guilt trial in Helsingin Sanomat?

Guilt-martial trial

The respect felt by the Finns for Mannerheim, in which case the consequences of his condemnation could have been unpredictable, and the need for the Soviets to keep Finland calm and implement the terms of the Intermediate Peace Treaty.


Question: Is there any written about the military guilt trial in Helsingin Sanomat?

Guilt-martial trial

However, the Finnish communists who emerged from underground into government would have fervently wanted Mannerheim on the bench of the accused; from their point of view, the sins of Mannerheim — and also Ryti and Tanner — began as early as the 1918 Civil War and prison camps.


Question: Is there any written about the military guilt trial in Helsingin Sanomat?

Guilt-martial trial

The Soviets, for their part, were no longer interested in events more than a quarter of a century ago.


Question: Is there any written about the military guilt trial in Helsingin Sanomat?

Guilt-martial trial

[16] The Attorney-General had divided his indictment into seven points, the first dealing with the activities of the Finnish political leadership in the period between the Winter and Continuation Wars and the second on the ignition phase of the Continuation War.


Question: Is there any written about the military guilt trial in Helsingin Sanomat?

Guilt-martial trial

The remaining five paragraphs concerned policy solutions during the Continuation War, which the Attorney General felt had widened and prolonged the war.


Question: Is there any written about the military guilt trial in Helsingin Sanomat?

Guilt-martial trial

[17] The former bourgeoisie chamber of the House served as the court room.


Question: Is there any written about the military guilt trial in Helsingin Sanomat?

Guilt-martial trial

In addition, there were dedicated rooms for members of the court, the prosecutor, the accused and their lawyers, representatives of the Control Commission, as well as foreign correspondents.


Question: Is there any written about the military guilt trial in Helsingin Sanomat?

Guilt-martial trial

Seats in the courtroom were reserved for not only relatives of the accused, journalists and foreign diplomats, but also for MPs and members of the government, but of these only Interior Minister Leino was regularly present at the sessions.


Question: Is there any written about the military guilt trial in Helsingin Sanomat?

Guilt-martial trial

Prime Minister Paasikivi, Justice Minister Kekkonen and Foreign Ministers Enckell and Svento and the Supervisory Commission's senior management did not attend a single session during the entire trial.


Question: Is there any written about the military guilt trial in Helsingin Sanomat?

Guilt-martial trial

Since one of the accused − Kukkonen − was a priest, a representative of the Chapter was present at each session.


Question: Is there any written about the military guilt trial in Helsingin Sanomat?

Guilt-martial trial

[18] At the third hearing of the trial on 17 November, Kivimäki, Kukkonen, Reinikka and Tanner were released from captivity on condition that they had to reach all future court sessions from then on under threat of imprisonment.


Question: Is there any written about the military guilt trial in Helsingin Sanomat?

Guilt-martial trial

At the same time, there was a three-week break in the trial, during which the court's chairman also changed.


Question: Is there any written about the military guilt trial in Helsingin Sanomat?

Guilt-martial trial

On account of the acquittal of the four defendants, Ždanov invited Prime Minister Paasikivi to stay with him at Hotel Torni on the same day and expressed his very strong disapproval.


Question: Is there any written about the military guilt trial in Helsingin Sanomat?

Guilt-martial trial

Paasikivi replied to Ždanov that the government did not have the authority under Finnish laws to intervene in the trial, but said he was personally unhappy with the turn the case had taken.


Question: Is there any written about the military guilt trial in Helsingin Sanomat?

Guilt-martial trial

[19] In the last session before the Christmas break, on 20 December, Kivimäki, Reinikka and Tanner were re-imprisoned.


Question: Is there any written about the military guilt trial in Helsingin Sanomat?

Guilt-martial trial

After Christmas, the trial resumed on 9 January until it was again interrupted by two week-long breaks during January.


Question: Is there any written about the military guilt trial in Helsingin Sanomat?

Guilt-martial trial

In the first session after the Christmas recess, the prosecutor presented to the court a dossier provided by the Supervisory Commission chairman Ždanov from Moscow, including an interrogation report by German general Erich Buschenhagen and a copy of the German invasion of the Soviet Union About the Barbarossa Plan.


Question: Is there any written about the military guilt trial in Helsingin Sanomat?

Guilt-martial trial

Buschenhagen had visited Finland twice between the Winter and Continuation Wars—then with the rank of colonel, chief of staff of the German occupation forces in Norway—and had been present when Finnish officers visited Salzburg in May 1941.


Question: Is there any written about the military guilt trial in Helsingin Sanomat?

Guilt-martial trial

During his military guilt trial, he was a prisoner of war in the Soviet Union and his exact whereabouts were not disclosed.


Question: Is there any written about the military guilt trial in Helsingin Sanomat?

Guilt-martial trial

In the hearing of the defendants and witnesses — as one witness, Lt. Gen. A., who was captured in connection with the weapons cache case and brought directly from prison to the House of Institution.


Question: Is there any written about the military guilt trial in Helsingin Sanomat?

Guilt-martial trial

F. Airoa — it was suggested that the Barbarossa Plan was completely unknown to the Finnish military and civil authorities alike, and that no agreements on joint warfare had been concluded between Finland and Germany either during the Salzburg negotiations or after them.


Question: Is there any written about the military guilt trial in Helsingin Sanomat?

Guilt-martial trial

The defendants, their assistants and witnesses pointed to many errors and inaccuracies in Buschenhagen's report, which caused it not to receive the decisive part in the subsequent verdict desired by the prosecution and the Supervisory Commission.


Question: Is there any written about the military guilt trial in Helsingin Sanomat?

Guilt-martial trial

[20] After the defendants and their lawyers had presented all their statements, the final session of the trial was held 2.


Question: Is there any written about the military guilt trial in Helsingin Sanomat?

Guilt-martial trial

on Feb.


Question: Is there any written about the military guilt trial in Helsingin Sanomat?

Guilt-martial trial

[21] The members of the court then proceeded to Parliament House to negotiate judgments.


Question: Is there any written about the military guilt trial in Helsingin Sanomat?

Guilt-martial trial

[22] Verdict The court-martial court negotiated the verdicts for a good week by going through accumulated material, conducted a trial vote on February 15, and completed the next day the verdict, which was to be declared on February 18.


Question: Is there any written about the military guilt trial in Helsingin Sanomat?

Guilt-martial trial

The court's advance ruling, which would have freed Kivimäki and sentenced Ryti, eight, Rangell to five, and others to prison sentences of 2 to 3½ years, prompted the oversight commission to intervene and demand a stay of sentence.


Question: Is there any written about the military guilt trial in Helsingin Sanomat?

Guilt-martial trial

A handwritten note came to the court, reportedly a reference from a telephone message received from Mr Savonenkov, vice chairman of the Paasikivi Supervisory Commission on February 17.


Question: Is there any written about the military guilt trial in Helsingin Sanomat?

Guilt-martial trial

The message was written from its top on a slant-ripped pad page and had no title, date and no signature.


Question: Is there any written about the military guilt trial in Helsingin Sanomat?

Guilt-martial trial

According to the message, Ryti, Rangell, Linkomies, Tanner and Kivimäki were to be sentenced to prison terms of 5−10 years.


Question: Is there any written about the military guilt trial in Helsingin Sanomat?

Guilt-martial trial

The Control Commission was reported to have no opinion of its own regarding Ramsay, Kukonen and Reinika, but even these rulings were not allowed to have “only a symbolic caractar”.


Question: Is there any written about the military guilt trial in Helsingin Sanomat?

Guilt-martial trial

The message ended with a warning that the position still expressed at the court's final session on Soviet military action against Finland would be “slander and has an anti-Soviet caractar”.


Question: Is there any written about the military guilt trial in Helsingin Sanomat?

Guilt-martial trial

[23] The defendants and their lawyers were not allowed to see the paper, which remained secret until 1956, until it was discovered among court documents by writer Yrjö Soini.


Question: Is there any written about the military guilt trial in Helsingin Sanomat?

Guilt-martial trial

Soini has suggested that the message would have actually been the work of the Finnish Communists, not the Supervisory Commission, because he did not think it was an official document.


Question: Is there any written about the military guilt trial in Helsingin Sanomat?

Guilt-martial trial

[9] On 19 February, Shepherd, the British Ambassador to Helsinki, visited Foreign Secretary Enckell to express his personal opinion that the penalties recommended by the Control Commission were to be considered lenient.


Question: Is there any written about the military guilt trial in Helsingin Sanomat?

Guilt-martial trial

[24] Just before the court completed its final judgment, on 20 February a telegram from the Finnish ambassador to London, Eero Wuore, said that the British Foreign Office had warned Finland of Soviet reactions if the penalties had been too lenient.


Question: Is there any written about the military guilt trial in Helsingin Sanomat?

Guilt-martial trial

[25] George Soini has suspected that behind the telegram would have been a later uncovered communist cell in the British Foreign Office (the so-called 'Communist Cellar. Cambridge Fives).


Question: Is there any written about the military guilt trial in Helsingin Sanomat?

Guilt-martial trial

[26] Subsequently, the court ended up in favour of the minimum sentences required by the Control Commission.


Question: Is there any written about the military guilt trial in Helsingin Sanomat?

Guilt-martial trial

The verdict was decided by the move of Riikonen, Alestalo and Pilppula, members of the country allies of the Justice to support the opinion of the People's Democratic members Kuusinen, Pekkala and Uusitalo; these in turn had somewhat haggled over their initial demands.


Question: Is there any written about the military guilt trial in Helsingin Sanomat?

Guilt-martial trial

The court's decision was not unanimous, as four members of the court - Toivonen, Hakala, af Heurlin and Tuurna - considered that none of the accused had committed illegality.


Question: Is there any written about the military guilt trial in Helsingin Sanomat?

Guilt-martial trial

[27] The reasoning for the final judgment was worded by the statement of Mr Therman, a member of the RKP of Justice.


Question: Is there any written about the military guilt trial in Helsingin Sanomat?

Guilt-martial trial

[28] The final sentences declared on February 21, 1946 were: The convicted convicted served their sentences in Helsinki Central Prison.


Question: Is there any written about the military guilt trial in Helsingin Sanomat?

Guilt-martial trial

The transcripts of the martial guilt trial accumulated four large files with a total of 2293 pages, and five files of equivalent size from their appendices.


Question: Is there any written about the military guilt trial in Helsingin Sanomat?

Guilt-martial trial

[29] Public word commented on the end of the trial and sentences handed down to varying degrees.


Question: Is there any written about the military guilt trial in Helsingin Sanomat?

Guilt-martial trial

In the writings of bourgeois and social-democratic journals, the wish that a crucial domestic and foreign policy obstacle had now been removed from the path to reaching a final peace agreement.


Question: Is there any written about the military guilt trial in Helsingin Sanomat?

Guilt-martial trial

Instead, far-left journals Working People's Sanomat and Free Sana compared the sentences received by the defendants to those handed down in countries experienced by German occupation and former vassal states of Germany and considered them lenient.


Question: Is there any written about the military guilt trial in Helsingin Sanomat?

Guilt-martial trial

Similarly, they sharply criticised those members of the court who had been demanding the release of all defendants throughout the trial.


Question: Is there any written about the military guilt trial in Helsingin Sanomat?

Guilt-martial trial

The end of the trial was also noted in the foreign press, with The New York Times, the largest newspaper in the United States, for example, writing: “The tragic mistaking of the convicted Finnish leaders occurred when they, in order to recover land lost in the [Winter War], teamed up with Hitler.


Question: Is there any written about the military guilt trial in Helsingin Sanomat?

Guilt-martial trial

Then they not only overestimated Germany's capabilities, but also misunderstood the nature of the larger conflict into which they led their country.” [30] Onni Petäys, the judicial councilor who headed the panel of investigators who prepared the military guilty court charges, shot himself less than a month after after the verdicts were announced, on 17 March 1946.


Question: Is there any written about the military guilt trial in Helsingin Sanomat?

Guilt-martial trial

Petäy was reported to have been subjected to overwhelming nerve pressure before and during the trial and under direct Soviet pressure.


Question: Is there any written about the military guilt trial in Helsingin Sanomat?

Guilt-martial trial

[31] Release following the Soviet ratification of the Paris Peace Treaty on 29 August 1947 and the departure of the Supervisory Commission from Finland in late September of the same year, Kukkonen and Reinikka, who received the shortest imprisonment, were released on parole in October 1947, when they were completed 5/6 of the prescribed penalty.


Question: Is there any written about the military guilt trial in Helsingin Sanomat?

Guilt-martial trial

After serving a two-and-a-half year sentence, Ramsay got out of prison at Christmas 1947.


Question: Is there any written about the military guilt trial in Helsingin Sanomat?

Guilt-martial trial

The rest of the men were eligible for parole as permitted by law as they had served half of their sentence.


Question: Is there any written about the military guilt trial in Helsingin Sanomat?

Guilt-martial trial

The last to get out of prison was Rangell on 21 February 1949.


Question: Is there any written about the military guilt trial in Helsingin Sanomat?

Guilt-martial trial

[32] In May 1949, President J. K. Paasikivi pardoned Risto Ryti, who had been hospitalized since autumn 1948 for health reasons; at the same time he pardoned Rangell, Tanner, Linkommies and Kivimäki, who were still on parole.


Question: Is there any written about the military guilt trial in Helsingin Sanomat?

Guilt-martial trial

According to normal release practice, Ryti would not have been released from prison until February 1951, but, due to severe illness, he had already been transferred to Kivelä Hospital in October 1948.


Question: Is there any written about the military guilt trial in Helsingin Sanomat?

Guilt-martial trial

For Ryti himself, the clemency decision effectively meant only that the police officers who had been guards left the hospital foyer.


Question: Is there any written about the military guilt trial in Helsingin Sanomat?

Guilt-martial trial

[33] The release of those convicted of war from the remainder of their sentences meant that they regained the civic trust they had lost.


Question: Is there any written about the military guilt trial in Helsingin Sanomat?

Guilt-martial trial

This allowed Linkomies and Kivimäki to return to hold their professorships at the University of Helsinki, and with the return of eligibility for election, Tanner rose again to Parliament in the 1951 and 1954 elections respectively.


Question: Is there any written about the military guilt trial in Helsingin Sanomat?

Guilt-martial trial

Others also returned to various public offices and positions with the exception of Ryti, who retired from the public eye and spent his final years at his home in Kaivopuisto.


Question: Is there any written about the military guilt trial in Helsingin Sanomat?

Guilt-martial trial

[34] Their own views on the military guilt process were published recently by Hjalmar J. Procopé, director of the defence of the defendants, and Toivo T. Kaila, deputy of the court of martial guilt.


Question: Is there any written about the military guilt trial in Helsingin Sanomat?

Guilt-martial trial

In his multi-part memoir series, Väinö Tanner covered extensively his own activities up to the war years, but remained completely silent about the military guilt trial and his years in prison.


Question: Is there any written about the military guilt trial in Helsingin Sanomat?

Guilt-martial trial

So did Edwin Linkomies in prison in his memoirs he wrote, but not published until 1970.


Question: Is there any written about the military guilt trial in Helsingin Sanomat?

Guilt-martial trial

T. M. Kivimäki told in his own memoir in 1965 about the trial very briefly and excessively.


Question: Is there any written about the military guilt trial in Helsingin Sanomat?

Guilt-martial trial

[35] Efforts have been made to dismantle court-martial convictions, but the Attorney General has held that in the application of the Military Guilty Act (890/45), provided for in the order of enactment of the Constitution, no errors of law or excesses of discretion have been committed in the courts-martial that would create sufficient legal ground for an application to dissolve the judgment.


Question: Is there any written about the military guilt trial in Helsingin Sanomat?

Guilt-martial trial

The first attempt to dissolve the convictions occurred in 1956 when Coalition MPs Johannes Wirtanen and Jaakko Hakala conducted a parliamentary poll on the matter.


Question: Is there any written about the military guilt trial in Helsingin Sanomat?

Guilt-martial trial

In response, Arvo Helminen, the then justice minister, acknowledged that there were “quite different perceptions prevalent” of the War Guilt Act which arose under exceptional circumstances and the trial that followed, but said there was no reason to proceed with quashing the convictions as it would be, according to him been contrary to the obligations of the peace treaty.


Question: Is there any written about the military guilt trial in Helsingin Sanomat?

Guilt-martial trial

[36] Criticism The War Guilt legislation was created in agreement between the Western Allies and the Soviet Union.


Question: Is there any written about the military guilt trial in Helsingin Sanomat?

Guilt-martial trial

In spring 1956, the author Yrjö Soini published a description of the military guilt trial under the name Kui Peter on the Charcoal White, in which the author, who wrote plays and novels under the name of Agapetus, ranted as a harsh moralist.


Question: Is there any written about the military guilt trial in Helsingin Sanomat?

Guilt-martial trial

The driving theme of Soini's work was that the war guilt process was a play that left Finnish soil and mainly staged by the Home Communists, to whom Moscow reluctantly gave only minimal flank support.


Question: Is there any written about the military guilt trial in Helsingin Sanomat?

Guilt-martial trial

In Soini's view, it was first and foremost a manhunt by the Communists against the Social Democrats and specifically Väinö Tanner, and ultimately the preparation of a coup d'état.


Question: Is there any written about the military guilt trial in Helsingin Sanomat?

Guilt-martial trial

There were criticisms of Paasikivi and Kekko in the work between the lines.


Question: Is there any written about the military guilt trial in Helsingin Sanomat?

Guilt-martial trial

In addition, Soini portrayed the British ambassador, Francis Shepherd, as weak in diplomatic abilities and entirely unwilling of his own will as a running boy of the Control Commission.


Question: Is there any written about the military guilt trial in Helsingin Sanomat?

Guilt-martial trial

[35] The question of war guilt was the subject of a doctoral dissertation by young researcher Jukka Tarka in 1977.


Question: Is there any written about the military guilt trial in Helsingin Sanomat?

Guilt-martial trial

According to Tarka, the Allies followed their general line with regard to Finland as well and were even lenient towards Finland.


Question: Is there any written about the military guilt trial in Helsingin Sanomat?

Guilt-martial trial

The Finns themselves were allowed to judge their leaders, who atoned their imprisonment under tolerable conditions.


Question: Is there any written about the military guilt trial in Helsingin Sanomat?

Guilt-martial trial

Meanwhile, in Germany, its former allied countries and the territories it occupied, leaders and co-operatives — men and women alike — were relentlessly sentenced to death and executed.


Question: Is there any written about the military guilt trial in Helsingin Sanomat?

Guilt-martial trial

In the atmosphere of the 1970s, Tarka's views were praised for almost all the way down to President Urho Kekko.


Question: Is there any written about the military guilt trial in Helsingin Sanomat?

Guilt-martial trial

[35] In 1981, researcher Hannu Rautkallio published his own study of the military guilt trial, based mostly on documents from the British side of the Control Commission.


Question: Is there any written about the military guilt trial in Helsingin Sanomat?

Guilt-martial trial

According to Rautkallio, Britain's passive attitude to the Finnish war guilt issue and adaptation to the Soviet Party's leadership in the Commission was consistent superpower policy, but on the other hand, London wanted to prevent Finland from becoming a satellite of Moscow.


Question: Is there any written about the military guilt trial in Helsingin Sanomat?

Guilt-martial trial

Rautkallio was quite strongly critical of Paasikivi's activities, which was unheard of in Finnish political culture.


Question: Is there any written about the military guilt trial in Helsingin Sanomat?

Guilt-martial trial

[35] In 1988, Professor Mauno Jokipii once and for all scrapped the so-called driftwood theory, to which public opinion, and especially bourgeois Finland, had adhered to throughout the post-war period.


Question: Is there any written about the military guilt trial in Helsingin Sanomat?

Guilt-martial trial

Thus the statements of the generals accused in the military guilt trial and heard as witnesses about the lack of knowledge in advance in Finland of German plans for an invasion of the Soviet Union were cast in a new light.


Question: Is there any written about the military guilt trial in Helsingin Sanomat?

Guilt-martial trial

[35] Much of the lines of Yrjö Soini in the war guilt case came from Hannu Rautkallio and Lasse Lehtinen in their 2005 book The Nation's Surrogate Sufferers.


Question: Is there any written about the military guilt trial in Helsingin Sanomat?

Guilt-martial trial

According to them, Ždanov, the chairman of the Control Commission, never received a formal order from Stalin to start the process, but was a matter of prestige for Ždanov, regarded as Stalin's “crown prince”, as well as for J. K. Paasikivi and Urho Kekkonen, who had sought to promote his own career.


Question: Is there any written about the military guilt trial in Helsingin Sanomat?

Guilt-martial trial

According to Lehtinen, Kekkonen, among other things, wrote the text of Hertta Kuusinen's interim question in June 1945 and Prime Minister J. K. Paasikivi's response to it.


Question: Is there any written about the military guilt trial in Helsingin Sanomat?

Guilt-martial trial

Rautkallio and Lehtinen also organised an extensive war guilt seminar at Säätytalo in November 2005.


Question: Is there any written about the military guilt trial in Helsingin Sanomat?

Guilt-martial trial

Jukka Tarkan replied to Lehtinen and Rautkallio with his book Hirmuinen asia in 2009.


Question: Is there any written about the military guilt trial in Helsingin Sanomat?

Guilt-martial trial

[35] On the other hand, for example, according to Professor Juhani Finland, author of Urho Kekkonen's multi-volume biography, Kekkonen did not have any personal advantage for his role in the lawsuit, but on the contrary, he was soon sidetracked politically after it ended.


Question: Is there any written about the military guilt trial in Helsingin Sanomat?

Guilt-martial trial

Paasikivi's government resigned in late March 1946 and Kekkonen was sidelined from ministerial seats until 1950.


Question: Is there any written about the military guilt trial in Helsingin Sanomat?

Guilt-martial trial

Paasikivi and Kekkonen, under pressure from the Control Commission, had to drive the issue of war guilt to a very distasteful conclusion and they knew they would be guilty of it for life.


Question: Is there any written about the military guilt trial in Helsingin Sanomat?

Guilt-martial trial

Due to the war guilt process, Kekkonen permanently turned on the hatreds of the political right and the Tannerian wing of the SDP.


Question: Is there any written about the military guilt trial in Helsingin Sanomat?

Guilt-martial trial

According to Finland, Kekkonen's intervals with those convicted of war later returned to formal practice, with the exception of Väinö Tanner, who never forgave Paasikkivi and Kekkonen for being accused and convicted.


Question: Is there any written about the military guilt trial in Helsingin Sanomat?

Guilt-martial trial

[37] Questioning the grounds of the trial in Finland, military guilty verdicts have been criticized, inter alia, on the grounds that retroactive legislation and the violation of the integrity of heads of state would be contrary to the Finnish Constitution and the Western concept of law.


Question: Is there any written about the military guilt trial in Helsingin Sanomat?

Guilt-martial trial

[38] The weightiest argument for dismantling the sentences was that they would be contrary to Article 11 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights adopted by the UN.


Question: Is there any written about the military guilt trial in Helsingin Sanomat?

Guilt-martial trial

Under Article 2, no person shall be tried for acts or omissions which, under national or international law, were not criminal at the time they were committed.


Question: Is there any written about the military guilt trial in Helsingin Sanomat?

Guilt-martial trial

[39] On the other hand, researcher Markku Jokisipilä, among others, has marveled at the martyrdom gained by the condemned military trial, noting that their fate was mild in relation to the heads of other lost states and that tens of thousands died and maimed in the war. men.


Question: Is there any written about the military guilt trial in Helsingin Sanomat?

Guilt-martial trial

He has pointed out that for many scholars, Ryti's ouster from power and imprisonment appears to be a greater tragedy than the death of 80,000 men.


Question: Is there any written about the military guilt trial in Helsingin Sanomat?

Guilt-martial trial

[40] Dr Jukka Tarka, PhD in Political Science, has also stressed that although the majority of Finns considered the solution of the war guilt to be an unreasonable injustice, the aftermath of the war was washed in Finland more civilised and moderately than in any Western European country that experienced German occupation, on the losing side, not to mention the wars and subsequently the states that have fallen behind the Iron Curtain.


Question: Is there any written about the military guilt trial in Helsingin Sanomat?

Guilt-martial trial

On the other hand, Finland's wartime leading politicians cannot be compared, for example, to Pierre Laval and Vidkun Quisling, the heads of pro-German puppet governments in France and Norway.


Question: Is there any written about the military guilt trial in Helsingin Sanomat?

Guilt-martial trial

[41] According to Max Jakobson, the military guilt trial was not a question of historical truth, but was a “political war reparation” to the Soviet Union.


Question: Is there any written about the military guilt trial in Helsingin Sanomat?

Guilt-martial trial

[42] Solicitor Kari Silvennoinen applied to the Supreme Court as proxy for Väinö Tanner's grandson, Ilkka Tanner, to the Supreme Court for the demolition of the war guilty verdict received by Tanner in 2007.


Question: Is there any written about the military guilt trial in Helsingin Sanomat?

Guilt-martial trial

[43] The Supreme Court filed the application inadmissible in October 2008 on the grounds that the Supreme Court has no jurisdiction to hear the application to dissolve the verdict of a court-martial guilty plea.


Question: Is there any written about the military guilt trial in Helsingin Sanomat?

Guilt-martial trial

[44] In 2008, Väinö Tanner's grandson appealed the verdict to the European Court of Human Rights, and in 2009 the Ministry of Justice decided to conduct a review of the military guilt trial.


Question: Is there any written about the military guilt trial in Helsingin Sanomat?

Guilt-martial trial

[45] Completed was released in Spring 2010.


Question: Is there any written about the military guilt trial in Helsingin Sanomat?

Guilt-martial trial

A 2010 review found that the military guilt trial did not follow the principles of the rule of law.


Question: Is there any written about the military guilt trial in Helsingin Sanomat?

Guilt-martial trial

The law to punish those responsible for going to war, among other things, violated the legislation's ban on retroactivity.


Question: Is there any written about the military guilt trial in Helsingin Sanomat?

Guilt-martial trial

The court-martial was a violation of the prohibition of random courts.


Question: Is there any written about the military guilt trial in Helsingin Sanomat?

Guilt-martial trial

The defendants were chosen in part in violation of the principle of equality.


Question: Is there any written about the military guilt trial in Helsingin Sanomat?

Guilt-martial trial

The presumption of innocence could not be adhered to at trial.


Question: Is there any written about the military guilt trial in Helsingin Sanomat?

Guilt-martial trial

Opportunities for defendants to defend themselves were limited.


Question: Is there any written about the military guilt trial in Helsingin Sanomat?

Guilt-martial trial

In addition, the court was also subject to intense outside pressure.


Question: Is there any written about the military guilt trial in Helsingin Sanomat?

Guilt-martial trial

In April 2012, Professor Heikki A. Reenpää and Veikko Saksi, editor-in-chief of Karelia Kuvallehti, filed a petition with President Sauli Niinistö to dissolve the verdicts handed down in the military guilt trial.


Question: Is there any written about the military guilt trial in Helsingin Sanomat?

Guilt-martial trial

[46] See also Kellogg—Briand agreement Erich Buschenhagen Sources Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Soini, George | title = Like Peter on the Coal White — Stages of Military Charge 1944-1949| location = Helsinki| publisher = Otava | year = 1956}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Soini, George | title = Second act — how about the third?


Question: Is there any written about the military guilt trial in Helsingin Sanomat?

Guilt-martial trial

— later stages of military guilt| location = Hämeenlinna| publisher = Karisto| year = 1968}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Blinnikka, Aulis| title = Supervisory Commission time| location = Porvoo| publisher = WSOY| year = 1969| accessdate = 21.12.2008}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Niku, Risto| title = Eight convicted men.


Question: Is there any written about the military guilt trial in Helsingin Sanomat?

Guilt-martial trial

Prison years.| location = Helsinki| publisher = Edita| year = 2005| id = ISBN 951-37-4410-8}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Turtola, Martti| title = Risto Ryti − Life for the Motherland| location = Helsinki| publisher = Otava | year = 1994| id = ISBN 951-1-11783 -1}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Blomstedt, Yrjö & Klinge, Matti (ed.


Question: Is there any written about the military guilt trial in Helsingin Sanomat?

Guilt-martial trial

) | title = Paasikivi diaries, part 1 (1944—1949) | location = Porvoo| publisher = WSOY| year = 1985| id = ISBN 951-0-13291-8}} References Literature Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Procopé, Hjalmar J.| = Fällande dom som friar| location = Support publisher = Fahlcrantz & Gumelius| year = 1946}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Accurate, Jukka| title = Awful thing: War guilt and history skill| location = Helsinki| publisher = WSOY| year = 2009| id = ISBN 978-951-0-34892-5}} Yuck Accurate: Article 13.


Question: Is there any written about the military guilt trial in Helsingin Sanomat?

Guilt-martial trial

Finnish war guilt issue and Allied war crimes policy from 1944 to 1946.


Question: Is there any written about the military guilt trial in Helsingin Sanomat?

Guilt-martial trial

Dissertation.


Question: Is there any written about the military guilt trial in Helsingin Sanomat?

Guilt-martial trial

Porvoo in 1977.


Question: Is there any written about the military guilt trial in Helsingin Sanomat?

Guilt-martial trial

ISBN 951-0-08022-5 Hannu Rautkallio: A war guilt play.


Question: Is there any written about the military guilt trial in Helsingin Sanomat?

Guilt-martial trial

Secret documents from the Surveillance Commision speak.


Question: Is there any written about the military guilt trial in Helsingin Sanomat?

Guilt-martial trial

Savonlinna 1981.


Question: Is there any written about the military guilt trial in Helsingin Sanomat?

Guilt-martial trial

ISBN 951-35-2520-1 Hannu Rautkallio (ed.


Question: Is there any written about the military guilt trial in Helsingin Sanomat?

Guilt-martial trial

): Documents of War Guilt.


Question: Is there any written about the military guilt trial in Helsingin Sanomat?

Guilt-martial trial

in 2006.


Question: Is there any written about the military guilt trial in Helsingin Sanomat?

Guilt-martial trial

ISBN 952-92-1152-X Lasse Lehtinen & Hannu Rautkallio: Surrogate sufferers of the nation.


Question: Is there any written about the military guilt trial in Helsingin Sanomat?

Guilt-martial trial

War guilt reassessed.


Question: Is there any written about the military guilt trial in Helsingin Sanomat?

Guilt-martial trial

WSOY 2005.


Question: Is there any written about the military guilt trial in Helsingin Sanomat?

Guilt-martial trial

Risto Niku: Eight condemned men.


Question: Is there any written about the military guilt trial in Helsingin Sanomat?

Guilt-martial trial

Prison years for war perpetrators.


Question: Is there any written about the military guilt trial in Helsingin Sanomat?

Guilt-martial trial

Edita, Helsinki 2005.


Question: Is there any written about the military guilt trial in Helsingin Sanomat?

Guilt-martial trial

ISBN 951-37-4410-8 Edwin Spin Man: Difficult Time.


Question: Is there any written about the military guilt trial in Helsingin Sanomat?

Guilt-martial trial

Otava 1970.


Question: Is there any written about the military guilt trial in Helsingin Sanomat?

Guilt-martial trial

T. M. Kivimäki: Memoirs of a Finnish politician.


Question: Is there any written about the military guilt trial in Helsingin Sanomat?

Guilt-martial trial

WSOY 1965.


Question: Is there any written about the military guilt trial in Helsingin Sanomat?

Guilt-martial trial

Toivo T. Kaila: Our culprit of war at the Weather House.


Question: Is there any written about the military guilt trial in Helsingin Sanomat?

Guilt-martial trial

WSOY IN 1946.


Question: Is there any written about the military guilt trial in Helsingin Sanomat?

Guilt-martial trial

Toivo Heikkilä: Paasikivi at the helm: Memoirs of the Prime Minister's Secretary 1944—1948.


Question: Is there any written about the military guilt trial in Helsingin Sanomat?

Guilt-martial trial

Otava in 1965.


Question: Is there any written about the military guilt trial in Helsingin Sanomat?

Guilt-martial trial

Väinö Tanner defends himself.


Question: Is there any written about the military guilt trial in Helsingin Sanomat?

Guilt-martial trial

Social Democratic Municipal Organisation of Tampere, Tampere 1946.


Question: Is there any written about the military guilt trial in Helsingin Sanomat?

Guilt-martial trial

On topic elsewhere, Attorney-General 27.11.1992 Category:Court Cases Category:War crimes Class:1945 Class:1946 Class:History of independent Finland Category:Key articles of screening


Question: Who were the Stone Feases?

Stone Feasts

Kivikasvot is a Finnish singing and entertainment quartet founded by RUK course mates Ismo Sajakorpi, Ilkka Hemming, Matti “Fredi” Siitonen and Georg “Jori” Dolivo in the summer of 1965 [1].


Question: Who were the Stone Feases?

Stone Feasts

Stone Face's first recording was “On the Verge of Destruction” (“Eve of Destruction”) and was made in the fall of 1965.


Question: Who were the Stone Feases?

Stone Feasts

Stone Face's most famous song is “Tankeros Love”, also known as “Made In Finland”.


Question: Who were the Stone Feases?

Stone Feasts

It became the big chart hit of 1975 and was at the top of the charts for many weeks.


Question: Who were the Stone Feases?

Stone Feasts

Stoneface first appeared on television with his programme Really on TV1 in 1966.


Question: Who were the Stone Feases?

Stone Feasts

After that, Kivikasvot was the standard guests of Matti Kuusla's Summer Steel programme in the summer of 1968.


Question: Who were the Stone Feases?

Stone Feasts

Stone Face's television career opened in Advertisement Television in the autumn of 1969 with its own programme.


Question: Who were the Stone Feases?

Stone Feasts

The program continued for six years until the spring of 1975.


Question: Who were the Stone Feases?

Stone Feasts

The Flintface program garnered soaring ratings, even more than 2.5 million viewers per episode.


Question: Who were the Stone Feases?

Stone Feasts

It turned out to be one of the most watched and popular TV shows of the 1970s.


Question: Who were the Stone Feases?

Stone Feasts

After a four-year hiatus in the summer of 1979, Kivikface resumed their collaboration and returned to television with a miniature musical series aired in 1980.


Question: Who were the Stone Feases?

Stone Feasts

Subsequently, the quartet still made their own programme series for MTV in 1983, 1985, 1992 and 1994.


Question: Who were the Stone Feases?

Stone Feasts

In the spring of 1996, the Kokoillan Fireworks — Kivikasvot 30th anniversary show, hosted by Heikki Hietamies, aired on MTV3.


Question: Who were the Stone Feases?

Stone Feasts

In total, about 100 pieces were made between 1969 and 1996.


Question: Who were the Stone Feases?

Stone Feasts

In 1987 Georg Dolivo left Kivikasvot and took over as director of the Swedish Theatre.


Question: Who were the Stone Feases?

Stone Feasts

He was initially replaced by singer-actor Kai Hyttinen.


Question: Who were the Stone Feases?

Stone Feasts

In 1989, Hyttinen replaced Kivikasova' miniature musical series in 1980 directed by Vesa Nuotio.


Question: Who were the Stone Feases?

Stone Feasts

In the 1980s, Kivikasvot made not only television shows but also restaurant records.


Question: Who were the Stone Feases?

Stone Feasts

They continued these shows in the 1990s on Swedish ships.


Question: Who were the Stone Feases?

Stone Feasts

Kivikasvot was also the founder of the Comedy Theatre Arena in Helsinki in the mid-1990s.


Question: Who were the Stone Feases?

Stone Feasts

The group ceased operations again in 1998.


Question: Who were the Stone Feases?

Stone Feasts

In their 40th anniversary year, they did a concert tour called Stone Age 40.


Question: Who were the Stone Feases?

Stone Feasts

Due to a favourable reception, they renewed the tour in late 2006.


Question: Who were the Stone Feases?

Stone Feasts

In November 2015, for their 50th anniversary year, the group undertook a farewell tour Tour of Honor.


Question: Who were the Stone Feases?

Stone Feasts

[2] In 2015, in honor of the 50-year history of Stone Face, a book about Stone Face and I also appeared.


Question: Who were the Stone Feases?

Stone Feasts

The work was written by Ismo Sajakorpi.


Question: Who were the Stone Feases?

Stone Feasts

At the request of the public, Stone Face made a comeback in 2017.


Question: Who were the Stone Feases?

Stone Feasts

In spring 2017, the Satumani Suomi music revue was premiered at Lahti City Theatre.


Question: Who were the Stone Feases?

Stone Feasts

In the summer of 2017, the group performed their programme Song Suomen playing in Lappajärvi at Halkosaari Summer Theatre.


Question: Who were the Stone Feases?

Stone Feasts

In autumn 2017, Kivikasvot took the Satumani Suomi music revue to major concert stages in the country such as Tampere Hall and Finlandia Hall.


Question: Who were the Stone Feases?

Stone Feasts

2019 marks the 50th anniversary of the beginning of the Stone Face TV series.


Question: Who were the Stone Feases?

Stone Feasts

To celebrate this, Kikface is planning a TV series Golden Age, which will see the Stone Face Show's memorable songs, skits and comedies.


Question: Who were the Stone Feases?

Stone Feasts

Members Original line-up Matti “Fredi” Siitonen Ismo “Saja” Sajakorpi Georg “Jori” Dolivo (1965—1987, 2018—) Ilkka “Hemming” Lähteenmäki (1965—2009, 2018—) Current line-up Matti “Fredi” Siitonen Ismo “Saja” Sajakorpi Georg “Jori” Dolivo Ilkka “Hemming” Lähteenmäki Vesa Nuotio Other participants Kai Hyttinen (1987—1989) Seppo Ruohonen (2015) [2] Henrik Lamberg (2009—2018) [2] llkka Hämäläinen (2016—2018) Discography Albums Folk-Fredi and Kivikface (1966) Fredi and Kivikhavot (1971) Music world of rock face (1974) ) DVD Kivikasvot Show - Kivikausi 1-2 (2005) Compilations 20 favourites - Tankeros love (1999) Sources elsewhere Category:Finnish vocal groups Category:Finnish pop groups Category:Finnish humor groups


Question: When did Mary Boley die?

Anna Boleyn

Anna Boleyn (), Marquisess of Pembroke, (circa 1501 or 1507 — 19 May 1536) was the second wife of Henry VIII, King of England, and mother of Queen Elizabeth I.


Question: When did Mary Boley die?

Anna Boleyn

Henry VIII's separation from his first wife Catherine of Aragon and subsequent marriage to Anna Boleyn led to a complex chain of events that started the English Reformation.


Question: When did Mary Boley die?

Anna Boleyn

Boleyn is also known as the first of Henry VIII's executed wives: Boleyn was executed in 1536 on charges of adultery and treason, although the real reason for the execution was to give birth to a daughter.


Question: When did Mary Boley die?

Anna Boleyn

Childhood and family Anna Boleyn's parents were Thomas Boleyn, 1st Earl of Wiltshire and 1st Earl of Ormonde, and Lady Elizabeth Boleyn (born Elizabeth Howard), daughter of the 2nd Duke of Norfolk.


Question: When did Mary Boley die?

Anna Boleyn

Anna Boleyn's birth year is not known for certain, but she was born either on her family's Blicking Hall estate in Norfolk or the family's favourite residence at Hever Castle in Kent.


Question: When did Mary Boley die?

Anna Boleyn

There is no definite information on Anna Boleyn's date of birth, as church books are missing.


Question: When did Mary Boley die?

Anna Boleyn

Historians have put forward two different options, 1500—1501 or 1507.


Question: When did Mary Boley die?

Anna Boleyn

[1] The strongest evidence of an earlier date of birth is generally considered to be a letter written by Anna in 1514, stylistically fitting more to be written by a girl of about thirteen years old than by a seven-year-old girl.


Question: When did Mary Boley die?

Anna Boleyn

[2] Anne had two siblings: sister Mary and brother George.


Question: When did Mary Boley die?

Anna Boleyn

Mary Boleyn was likely the elder of the siblings and born in either 1499 or 1500.


Question: When did Mary Boley die?

Anna Boleyn

George was likely the youngest (he was the last to marry apart from Anne, who was dating the king at the time) and born no earlier than 1502.


Question: When did Mary Boley die?

Anna Boleyn

[3] The age order of siblings and its contradiction is perhaps best described by Ives [4].


Question: When did Mary Boley die?

Anna Boleyn

Later in Anna Boleyn's lifetime, it was rumoured, although there is no evidence of the veracity of the rumour, that she had six fingers on her left hand, which was considered a damn sign at the time — but the rumour was possibly due to the hostility of Catholics following Henry VIII's sacking of English Rome from the church.


Question: When did Mary Boley die?

Anna Boleyn

At her later age, Anna Boleyn was not on particularly good terms with her father, but as a child she wanted to please him.


Question: When did Mary Boley die?

Anna Boleyn

His relationship with his sister Mary was tumultuous, for he did not approve of Mary's second husband, who was below the Boleyn family on the social value scale and merely a rank-and-file soldier.


Question: When did Mary Boley die?

Anna Boleyn

Anna Boleyn's relationship with her mother and brother was much better, and she had close ties to each.


Question: When did Mary Boley die?

Anna Boleyn

The Boleyns were not the most exalted nobility, and had only been influential for four generations.


Question: When did Mary Boley die?

Anna Boleyn

Anna Boleyn's father had married into the influential Howard family.


Question: When did Mary Boley die?

Anna Boleyn

Anna Boleyn, however, was of aristocratic descent: her ancestry included, among others, the Mayor of London, a Duke, an Earl, two ladies of high birth, as well as a knight.


Question: When did Mary Boley die?

Anna Boleyn

Anna Boleyn was definitely more exalted than the other two of Henry VIII's wives, Jane Seymour and Catherine Parr.


Question: When did Mary Boley die?

Anna Boleyn

He was also a cousin of Henry's fifth wife, Lady Catherine Howard.


Question: When did Mary Boley die?

Anna Boleyn

Anna Boleyn's father, Thomas Boleyn, was a distinguished diplomat and gifted in languages.


Question: When did Mary Boley die?

Anna Boleyn

He was a favourite of both Henry VII and Henry VIII: the latter sent him on several diplomatic missions to Europe, where his professionalism and charm brought him many admirers, among them Archduchess Margaret the Austrian, Holy German-Roman daughter of Emperor Maksimilian I of the Empire.


Question: When did Mary Boley die?

Anna Boleyn

Margaret ruled the Netherlands at the time on behalf of her father, caring for her nephew and three nieces.


Question: When did Mary Boley die?

Anna Boleyn

Thomas Boleyn made such an impression on Margaret that she offered Boleyn's youngest daughter Anna a place at her court.


Question: When did Mary Boley die?

Anna Boleyn

Normally a girl had to be twelve years old to receive such an accolade, but Anna may have been slightly younger, as what Margaret called referred to her often in words as “la Petite Boleyn”.


Question: When did Mary Boley die?

Anna Boleyn

However, the denomination is often used as evidence that Anna had been born in 1501 rather than in 1507.


Question: When did Mary Boley die?

Anna Boleyn

He made a good impression in the Netherlands with his good manners and determination to work hard for his education.


Question: When did Mary Boley die?

Anna Boleyn

He is believed to have been in the Netherlands from spring 1513 until autumn 1514.


Question: When did Mary Boley die?

Anna Boleyn

Contemporaries did not consider Anna Boleyn a great beauty.


Question: When did Mary Boley die?

Anna Boleyn

She was too skinny and her hippie too dark according to the beauty ideals of that time.


Question: When did Mary Boley die?

Anna Boleyn

However, many men commented on her gorgeous dark eyes and beautiful dark hair.


Question: When did Mary Boley die?

Anna Boleyn

The most famous of the men infatuated with him was, of course, King Henry VIII.


Question: When did Mary Boley die?

Anna Boleyn

Most contemporaries painted Anna blonde hair because they wanted to flatter the beauty of their model.


Question: When did Mary Boley die?

Anna Boleyn

Anna Boleyn also complemented her look with fashion savvy: she inspired many new styles and was arguably the greatest style paragon in her own time.


Question: When did Mary Boley die?

Anna Boleyn

One Italian, who met Anna Boleyn in 1532, wrote that she “was not one of the most beautiful women in the world”, but others considered her “quite beautiful” and “young and charming-looking”.


Question: When did Mary Boley die?

Anna Boleyn

His liveliness was also considered charming.


Question: When did Mary Boley die?

Anna Boleyn

William Forrest, who wrote a contemporaneous poem about Catherine of Aragon, praised Anna's “excellent” ability to dance and wrote: “There was a young woman who could walk in light steps.” Anna Boleyn's persona was complex and contradictory.


Question: When did Mary Boley die?

Anna Boleyn

The descriptions have been greatly distorted by those who opposed his controversial marriage and radical view of faith.


Question: When did Mary Boley die?

Anna Boleyn

He was a devout Christian in the spirit of Renaissance humanism traditions (to be called a Protestant would be too strongly said).


Question: When did Mary Boley die?

Anna Boleyn

He was also a generous philanthropist and contrary to the popular story highly emotional.


Question: When did Mary Boley die?

Anna Boleyn

As a youngster, he was “sweet and cheerful” and enjoyed gambling, wine and gossip.


Question: When did Mary Boley die?

Anna Boleyn

He was also brave and charismatic.