Question: How many books are included in The Vampire Diaries book series?

The Vampire Diaries (book series)

He leaves a message on Elena's computer explaining to her the reasons for her departure.


Question: How many books are included in The Vampire Diaries book series?

The Vampire Diaries (book series)

He plans to kill himself and tells him to trust his friends until he returns.


Question: How many books are included in The Vampire Diaries book series?

The Vampire Diaries (book series)

Damon, under Malachi and Kitsune's rule, changes the message to say that Stefan does not intend to return and leaves Damon as her protector.


Question: How many books are included in The Vampire Diaries book series?

The Vampire Diaries (book series)

Later, Matt learns Damon altered the message using files on his computer.


Question: How many books are included in The Vampire Diaries book series?

The Vampire Diaries (book series)

After discovering that Damon changed the message, they try to find out why and find out that he's been under Malachi's rule all along.


Question: How many books are included in The Vampire Diaries book series?

The Vampire Diaries (book series)

Elena helps Damon remember who this really is, pulling Malachi from inside this.


Question: How many books are included in The Vampire Diaries book series?

The Vampire Diaries (book series)

When the two of them confront Kitsune, Shinichi agrees to tell them the place where Stefan is held captive only if he is allowed to erase all of Damon's recent memories of time spent with Elena.


Question: How many books are included in The Vampire Diaries book series?

The Vampire Diaries (book series)

They say yes.


Question: How many books are included in The Vampire Diaries book series?

The Vampire Diaries (book series)

Only after Shinichi erased the memories, Elena realizes why this was such a hard price to pay.


Question: How many books are included in The Vampire Diaries book series?

The Vampire Diaries (book series)

Damon forgets his own regrets and their friendship, as well as alliances with Elena, Bonnie, Meredith and Matt.


Question: How many books are included in The Vampire Diaries book series?

The Vampire Diaries (book series)

At the end of the book, Damon, Elena, and Matt drive to find Stefan.


Question: How many books are included in The Vampire Diaries book series?

The Vampire Diaries (book series)

The Return: Shadow Souls Demon spirits have captured Stefan in the Dark Dimension, where human slaves serve vampires and demons that roam free.


Question: How many books are included in The Vampire Diaries book series?

The Vampire Diaries (book series)

To free her vampire sweetheart, Elena Gilbert must infiltrate that dark world and ask Damon, who hates her brother, as her guide.


Question: How many books are included in The Vampire Diaries book series?

The Vampire Diaries (book series)

At Fell's Chruss, Elena's friends, Bonnie and Meredith, have found out extremely valuable information.


Question: How many books are included in The Vampire Diaries book series?

The Vampire Diaries (book series)

They follow Elena into the Dark Dimension and find themselves on the most dangerous adventure.


Question: How many books are included in The Vampire Diaries book series?

The Vampire Diaries (book series)

Although Damon covets Elena's body like a soul, Elena believes herself in her hands.


Question: How many books are included in The Vampire Diaries book series?

The Vampire Diaries (book series)

Nothing would stop Elena from saving Stefan.


Question: How many books are included in The Vampire Diaries book series?

The Vampire Diaries (book series)

Not even that he feels more drawn to the dangerous Damon by the day.


Question: How many books are included in The Vampire Diaries book series?

The Vampire Diaries (book series)

Elena will soon have to decide which one of the two brothers she really wants.


Question: How many books are included in The Vampire Diaries book series?

The Vampire Diaries (book series)

The Return: Midnight The Vampire Triangle drama gets its final finale in this final instalment of The Vampire Diaries book series.


Question: How many books are included in The Vampire Diaries book series?

The Vampire Diaries (book series)

Elena Gilbert returns from the Dark Dimension, after rescuing her vampire boyfriend Stefan.


Question: How many books are included in The Vampire Diaries book series?

The Vampire Diaries (book series)

Stefan's rescue had unusual consequences: Stefan's vampire brother, Damon turned into a human.


Question: How many books are included in The Vampire Diaries book series?

The Vampire Diaries (book series)

Along with this surprising twist, the trio must survive the demons that have taken over the town of Fell's Church.


Question: How many books are included in The Vampire Diaries book series?

The Vampire Diaries (book series)

Meredith makes a terrible discovery in her background investigations and Bonnie has a strange experience that may explain all the destruction that's going on.


Question: How many books are included in The Vampire Diaries book series?

The Vampire Diaries (book series)

Matt confronts Caroline and at the same time Elena has to face the most important question of her life: Who does she really belong next to?


Question: How many books are included in The Vampire Diaries book series?

The Vampire Diaries (book series)

Stefan or Damon?


Question: How many books are included in The Vampire Diaries book series?

The Vampire Diaries (book series)

No matter how dark the night is, there's always a happy ending.


Question: How many books are included in The Vampire Diaries book series?

The Vampire Diaries (book series)

Midnight takes Elena, Stefan and Damon.


Question: How many books are included in The Vampire Diaries book series?

The Vampire Diaries (book series)

The book available in March 2011 The Spirit Hunter: The Phantom Plot has yet to be released.


Question: How many books are included in The Vampire Diaries book series?

The Vampire Diaries (book series)

The Spirit Hunter: Evensong The plot has yet to be released.


Question: How many books are included in The Vampire Diaries book series?

The Vampire Diaries (book series)

The Spirit Hunter: Eternity Plot has yet to be released.


Question: How many books are included in The Vampire Diaries book series?

The Vampire Diaries (book series)

TV series tie-in books The following books are tie-in books for the Vampire Diaries television series, and are not written by L. J. Smith.


Question: How many books are included in The Vampire Diaries book series?

The Vampire Diaries (book series)

Set in Stefan's Diaries: Origins At the time of the Civil War, glorious mansion holdings, vast riches and deadly secrets, the work tells the story of three young people caught up in a burning triangle drama that lasts forever.


Question: How many books are included in The Vampire Diaries book series?

The Vampire Diaries (book series)

Stefan and Damon Salvatore are inseparable until they meet the charming and mystery Katherine, a woman who turns their lives upside down.


Question: How many books are included in The Vampire Diaries book series?

The Vampire Diaries (book series)

The brothers turn into enemies and compete for Katherine's attention, only to discover the dark secret hidden beneath them by this glorious silk and glittering jewelry: Katherine is a vampire.


Question: How many books are included in The Vampire Diaries book series?

The Vampire Diaries (book series)

And he plans to turn both brothers into vampires so he can be with them — forever.


Question: How many books are included in The Vampire Diaries book series?

The Vampire Diaries (book series)

Book available November 2, 2010.


Question: How many books are included in The Vampire Diaries book series?

The Vampire Diaries (book series)

The cover of the book features Stefan's face.


Question: How many books are included in The Vampire Diaries book series?

The Vampire Diaries (book series)

Stefan's Diaries: Bloodlust Stefan and Damon Salvatore are now vampires and must endure the consequences of their fate.


Question: How many books are included in The Vampire Diaries book series?

The Vampire Diaries (book series)

They escape their small hometown of Mystic Falls, which has been overrun by vampire hunters and travel to New Orleans.


Question: How many books are included in The Vampire Diaries book series?

The Vampire Diaries (book series)

As Stefan reveals his powers, Damon continues to mourn Katherine.


Question: How many books are included in The Vampire Diaries book series?

The Vampire Diaries (book series)

But New Orleans offers temptations and dangers.


Question: How many books are included in The Vampire Diaries book series?

The Vampire Diaries (book series)

Stefan falls in love with a human and his willpower is put to the test.


Question: How many books are included in The Vampire Diaries book series?

The Vampire Diaries (book series)

Damon ends up being overrun by evil, a sadistic vampire predator.


Question: How many books are included in The Vampire Diaries book series?

The Vampire Diaries (book series)

Stefan knows he has to save his brother, but will it cost him his new love?


Question: How many books are included in The Vampire Diaries book series?

The Vampire Diaries (book series)

Book available January 4, 2011.


Question: How many books are included in The Vampire Diaries book series?

The Vampire Diaries (book series)

The cover of the book features Damon's face.


Question: How many books are included in The Vampire Diaries book series?

The Vampire Diaries (book series)

Stefan's Diaries: The Craving Stefan Salvatore has finally come to terms with his vampirism after the last few months of his head and bloodlust subsided.


Question: How many books are included in The Vampire Diaries book series?

The Vampire Diaries (book series)

He travels to New York City to start a new life where he would not have to kill people to survive.


Question: How many books are included in The Vampire Diaries book series?

The Vampire Diaries (book series)

Instead, Stefan feeds himself on Central Park animals.


Question: How many books are included in The Vampire Diaries book series?

The Vampire Diaries (book series)

But the quiet life that Stefan imagined ends when he runs into his brother Damon, who has convinced New York fine-buying circles that he is related to Italian royalty.


Question: How many books are included in The Vampire Diaries book series?

The Vampire Diaries (book series)

As Stefan tries to achieve his humanity, Damon completely loses his.


Question: How many books are included in The Vampire Diaries book series?

The Vampire Diaries (book series)

Stefan will do anything to protect Damon from himself, but there is also another enemy nearby: a vampire who fogs revenge for the death, for which the Salvatore brothers are responsible.


Question: How many books are included in The Vampire Diaries book series?

The Vampire Diaries (book series)

Stefan and Damon must work together to defeat their worst enemy hitherto.


Question: How many books are included in The Vampire Diaries book series?

The Vampire Diaries (book series)

Book available May 3, 2011.


Question: How many books are included in The Vampire Diaries book series?

The Vampire Diaries (book series)

The cover art was not yet released.


Question: How many books are included in The Vampire Diaries book series?

The Vampire Diaries (book series)

Persons Elena Gilbert: The book series sublimely refers to Elena looking just like an angel.


Question: How many books are included in The Vampire Diaries book series?

The Vampire Diaries (book series)

She is beautiful, slender, pale and has long blonde hair, as well as blue eyes of the color of “lapis Lazulin" (glass stone).


Question: How many books are included in The Vampire Diaries book series?

The Vampire Diaries (book series)

Elena's parents died in a car accident, after which she moved in with her aunt Judith to live.


Question: How many books are included in The Vampire Diaries book series?

The Vampire Diaries (book series)

Over the course of the book series, Elena transforms from the 'ice queen' to a more open-minded person.


Question: How many books are included in The Vampire Diaries book series?

The Vampire Diaries (book series)

Bonnie comments in Elena's diary after Elena's first death that she was far from perfect and although she was never an angel, she died a good person.


Question: How many books are included in The Vampire Diaries book series?

The Vampire Diaries (book series)

Elena breaks up with Matt Honeycutt at the start of school, feeling that this has become more than one of her many recyclable boyfriends; Elena loves this like a friend or brother.


Question: How many books are included in The Vampire Diaries book series?

The Vampire Diaries (book series)

Elena is good at leading and starting activities, but can be overaggressive.


Question: How many books are included in The Vampire Diaries book series?

The Vampire Diaries (book series)

Elena is in love with Stefan Salvatore though she finds herself having feelings for Damon as well.


Question: How many books are included in The Vampire Diaries book series?

The Vampire Diaries (book series)

At first Stefan tried to ignore Elena because she looks just like Stefan's ex-girlfriend Katherine, although she soon realises there's nothing the same about them.


Question: How many books are included in The Vampire Diaries book series?

The Vampire Diaries (book series)

For Elena, fame at school is important, so she invents herself a boyfriend to hide after Stefan rebuffed her.


Question: How many books are included in The Vampire Diaries book series?

The Vampire Diaries (book series)

Elena dies several times in the book series, transforming from human to vampire and again into a human who nevertheless possesses superpowers.


Question: How many books are included in The Vampire Diaries book series?

The Vampire Diaries (book series)

Elena has a strong romance with Stefan, which serves as the basis for the book series, although in later books Elena begins to fall in love with Damon as well.


Question: How many books are included in The Vampire Diaries book series?

The Vampire Diaries (book series)

In televising the book series, Elena has brown hair and eyes, dark skin and has been adopted into the Gilberts family.


Question: How many books are included in The Vampire Diaries book series?

The Vampire Diaries (book series)

He is also portrayed as a liking person than in the books.


Question: How many books are included in The Vampire Diaries book series?

The Vampire Diaries (book series)

Stefan Salvatore: Stefan is described in the books as very handsome and pale and is reported to have wavy dark brown hair, fine character features and deep green eyes.


Question: How many books are included in The Vampire Diaries book series?

The Vampire Diaries (book series)

Stefan is not impossibly tall, but still taller than his brother Damon, although he is weaker than his brother after choosing not to drink human blood unlike his brother.


Question: How many books are included in The Vampire Diaries book series?

The Vampire Diaries (book series)

Stefan lives on animal blood, but frequently exchanges blood with Elena.


Question: How many books are included in The Vampire Diaries book series?

The Vampire Diaries (book series)

Thanks to his powers, Stefan is able to read extremely fast.


Question: How many books are included in The Vampire Diaries book series?

The Vampire Diaries (book series)

Stefan is in love with Elena and is willing to do anything to protect her, despite killing his own brother.


Question: How many books are included in The Vampire Diaries book series?

The Vampire Diaries (book series)

Stefan also has trouble trusting Damon, though he blames himself for killing Damon and thus performing this metamorphosis into a vampire.


Question: How many books are included in The Vampire Diaries book series?

The Vampire Diaries (book series)

Stefan comes from a respected family and was a favourite of his father and always behaved like a gentleman.


Question: How many books are included in The Vampire Diaries book series?

The Vampire Diaries (book series)

Damon Salvatore: Stefan's immoral older brother.


Question: How many books are included in The Vampire Diaries book series?

The Vampire Diaries (book series)

However, the events of the books The Fury and Dark Reunion prove that he is also capable of loyalty and benevolence, even if he is often misunderstood.


Question: How many books are included in The Vampire Diaries book series?

The Vampire Diaries (book series)

Damon is very handsome and sexy, he has black hair and eyes, pale skin and he is slim but muscular.


Question: How many books are included in The Vampire Diaries book series?

The Vampire Diaries (book series)

Bonnie and Elena, among others, describe her as being “almost better looking than Stefan.”


Question: How many books are included in The Vampire Diaries book series?

The Vampire Diaries (book series)

Throughout the book series, Damon is described as having an extremely dark and seductive persona.


Question: How many books are included in The Vampire Diaries book series?

The Vampire Diaries (book series)

He shows his feelings for Elena and Bonnie and Bonnie turned out to be the first to whom Damon showed that he was still a person deep down.


Question: How many books are included in The Vampire Diaries book series?

The Vampire Diaries (book series)

There is a clear connection between Bonnie and Damon, although this does show more attention towards Elena.


Question: How many books are included in The Vampire Diaries book series?

The Vampire Diaries (book series)

Damon's morals are always in question, and he's always supposed to be out to spite evil.


Question: How many books are included in The Vampire Diaries book series?

The Vampire Diaries (book series)

In the book The Fury, Katherine offers Damon the opportunity to live with him in the shadows, but Damon refuses and tells him to “go to hell”.


Question: How many books are included in The Vampire Diaries book series?

The Vampire Diaries (book series)

Damon is described as extremely relentless, yet he does not take anger too seriously and possesses a dark sense of humour.


Question: How many books are included in The Vampire Diaries book series?

The Vampire Diaries (book series)

Damon has deep feelings for Elena and in more books it is revealed that Elena too has begun to fall in love with Damon.


Question: How many books are included in The Vampire Diaries book series?

The Vampire Diaries (book series)

Since Damon doesn't tell anyone how he feels, all of Elena's friends think this is just taking advantage of Elena.


Question: How many books are included in The Vampire Diaries book series?

The Vampire Diaries (book series)

Bonnie McCullough: One of Elena's best friends.


Question: How many books are included in The Vampire Diaries book series?

The Vampire Diaries (book series)

Bonnie is petite and brown-eyed and has a heart-shaped face, brown hair and dark skin.


Question: How many books are included in The Vampire Diaries book series?

The Vampire Diaries (book series)

Bonnie is a witch, and tries to get to grips with the extent of her powers without much success.


Question: How many books are included in The Vampire Diaries book series?

The Vampire Diaries (book series)

Bonnie begins to form feelings for Damon, though she also likes Matt.


Question: How many books are included in The Vampire Diaries book series?

The Vampire Diaries (book series)

Bonnie is often referred to as being kitten cute, small and harmless, although she has great psychic powers.


Question: How many books are included in The Vampire Diaries book series?

The Vampire Diaries (book series)

Meredith Sulez: Meredith is tall and has dark eyes, bushy lashes and black hair.


Question: How many books are included in The Vampire Diaries book series?

The Vampire Diaries (book series)

According to Elena, she never wears makeup, touched need it.


Question: How many books are included in The Vampire Diaries book series?

The Vampire Diaries (book series)

She is also described as very elegant and beautiful, calm and collective.


Question: How many books are included in The Vampire Diaries book series?

The Vampire Diaries (book series)

Meredith also seems like one of the most sensitive characters and also often serves as the “voice of reason.”


Question: How many books are included in The Vampire Diaries book series?

The Vampire Diaries (book series)

Matt Honeycutt: Elena's ex-boyfriend, who is a typical American youngster with his blonde hair, blue eyes and tanned skin.


Question: How many books are included in The Vampire Diaries book series?

The Vampire Diaries (book series)

Matt is still, as he and Elena stand out, very protective of this, jealous of Stefan but also showing his feelings for Bonnie.


Question: How many books are included in The Vampire Diaries book series?

The Vampire Diaries (book series)

Matt is forgiving, loyal and kind.


Question: How many books are included in The Vampire Diaries book series?

The Vampire Diaries (book series)

Caroline Forbes: Caroline is tall, curvy and tanned; like a model for Vogue.


Question: How many books are included in The Vampire Diaries book series?

The Vampire Diaries (book series)

She has wavy golden-brown hair, catlike bright green eyes and often wears revealing clothing.


Question: How many books are included in The Vampire Diaries book series?

The Vampire Diaries (book series)

Alaric Saltzman: A new young history teacher who was suspected of being a vampire slayer because he had studied vampires and found out they were real.


Question: How many books are included in The Vampire Diaries book series?

The Vampire Diaries (book series)

She has blonde hair, brown eyes and fair skin.


Question: How many books are included in The Vampire Diaries book series?

The Vampire Diaries (book series)

Alaric falls in love with Meredith and the pair begin an affair though Alaric leaves elsewhere to study.


Question: How many books are included in The Vampire Diaries book series?

The Vampire Diaries (book series)

Sources On topic elsewhere Vesa Interior:.


Question: How many books are included in The Vampire Diaries book series?

The Vampire Diaries (book series)

Helsingin Sanomat on 1 March 2011.


Question: How many books are included in The Vampire Diaries book series?

The Vampire Diaries (book series)

Reetta Kandolin:.


Question: How many books are included in The Vampire Diaries book series?

The Vampire Diaries (book series)

Mesta.net on 9 September 2011.


Question: How many books are included in The Vampire Diaries book series?

The Vampire Diaries (book series)

Category:Book Series Category:Youth Books Category:Vampires in Literature


Question: What is considered the first science fiction film?

Science fiction

Science fiction, or science fiction or science fiction, is a generic term for stories that typically deal with the impact of science and technology on society or people.


Question: What is considered the first science fiction film?

Science fiction

Traditional science fiction topics include space, the future, time travel and bizarre inventions.


Question: What is considered the first science fiction film?

Science fiction

Science fiction can be very fictional or close to reality.


Question: What is considered the first science fiction film?

Science fiction

Science fiction originated as science fiction.


Question: What is considered the first science fiction film?

Science fiction

Today, science fiction themes appear alongside fiction in television series, films, comics, visual arts, and video and role-playing games.


Question: What is considered the first science fiction film?

Science fiction

The term “science fiction” first appears in William Wilson's book A Little Earnest Book upon a Great Old Subject in 1851.


Question: What is considered the first science fiction film?

Science fiction

The term is often abbreviated to “SF”, “scfi”, “sci-fi”, or “sci-fi”.


Question: What is considered the first science fiction film?

Science fiction

In English-speaking countries, the abbreviation “science fiction” is often considered pejorative of the genre.


Question: What is considered the first science fiction film?

Science fiction

In Finland, the abbreviation does not have an equivalent value charge.


Question: What is considered the first science fiction film?

Science fiction

Types of Science Fiction Hard science fiction focuses on natural sciences and assumptions about advances in technology in the future.


Question: What is considered the first science fiction film?

Science fiction

Hard sci-fi tends to stick to what, at the time of writing, seems theoretically possible.


Question: What is considered the first science fiction film?

Science fiction

The antigravity and faster-than-light travel familiar from other science fiction stories rarely occur in hard sci-fi because there is no real scientific basis for them.


Question: What is considered the first science fiction film?

Science fiction

The development of person characters is often secondary, and the narrative focuses on the study of astronomical and physical phenomena.


Question: What is considered the first science fiction film?

Science fiction

Heroes of hard sci-fi often face challenges posed by physical facts, not present in space operas.


Question: What is considered the first science fiction film?

Science fiction

Some authors of hard science fiction are scholars themselves, most famously by Arthur C. Clarke as the most famous example.


Question: What is considered the first science fiction film?

Science fiction

Soft science fiction focuses on humanities, psychology, politics, sociology, and anthropology instead of natural sciences.


Question: What is considered the first science fiction film?

Science fiction

Natural scientific veracity often lies in the back field in these reports.


Question: What is considered the first science fiction film?

Science fiction

Soft science fiction can be categorized by many books dealing with social or political topics such as Ray Bradbury's Fahrenheit 451.


Question: What is considered the first science fiction film?

Science fiction

Space operas are entertaining science fiction stories set in a technologically advanced environment but fail to live up to the hallmarks of scientific science fiction.


Question: What is considered the first science fiction film?

Science fiction

Space opera approaches fantasy in some sense, but usually it is read as a genre of science fiction because of its appearance.


Question: What is considered the first science fiction film?

Science fiction

The most famous representative of the genre is the Star Wars series, and at least in part Star Trek and Flash Gordon also belong to this type.


Question: What is considered the first science fiction film?

Science fiction

Cyberpunk () is a key subtype.


Question: What is considered the first science fiction film?

Science fiction

Its most famous representative is William Gibson with his book The Neurowizard, published in 1984.


Question: What is considered the first science fiction film?

Science fiction

The term cyberpunk first appeared in the short story Cyberpunk - A Short Story written by Bruce Bethke in 1980.


Question: What is considered the first science fiction film?

Science fiction

Central characters in cyberpunk include hackers and artificial intelligence.


Question: What is considered the first science fiction film?

Science fiction

The central theme of several cyberpunk books is the relationship between man and placebo reality and, moreover, the technical shaping and healing of humans.


Question: What is considered the first science fiction film?

Science fiction

Cyberpunk can thus be seen as addressing a number of themes specific to transhumanism.


Question: What is considered the first science fiction film?

Science fiction

Steampunk is a form branching out from cyberpunk.


Question: What is considered the first science fiction film?

Science fiction

History of Science Fiction Even the Sumerian epic Gilgameš has been claimed as science fiction.


Question: What is considered the first science fiction film?

Science fiction

Also, some writers from Ancient Greece had subjects similar to science fiction, exemplified by the True Story of Lukianos Samosatan, which told of a journey from Earth to the Moon.


Question: What is considered the first science fiction film?

Science fiction

It was thought by some that science fiction only became possible at the beginning of the scientific revolution and the new age.


Question: What is considered the first science fiction film?

Science fiction

The novel Utopia, written by Thomas More in 1515, thus belongs to the antecedents of science fiction.


Question: What is considered the first science fiction film?

Science fiction

Johannes Kepler, meanwhile, wrote a story Somnium in the 17th century that dealt with travel to the moon.


Question: What is considered the first science fiction film?

Science fiction

1726 Jonathan Swift depicted strangers and imaginative cultures in his story Gulliver's travels.


Question: What is considered the first science fiction film?

Science fiction

Frankenstein, published in 1818 by Mary Shelley, is generally regarded as a key precursor to science fiction.


Question: What is considered the first science fiction film?

Science fiction

In addition, Edgar Allan Poe is often cited as an early science fiction cellist.


Question: What is considered the first science fiction film?

Science fiction

Frenchman Jules Verne is considered to be the first full-time science fiction writer.


Question: What is considered the first science fiction film?

Science fiction

After the mid-19th century, Verne wrote on many science fiction topics, including a novel about Earth to the Moon.


Question: What is considered the first science fiction film?

Science fiction

Towards the end of the 1890s, H. G. Wells created modern science fiction by developing many modern science fiction subjects.


Question: What is considered the first science fiction film?

Science fiction

His first major science fiction novel was The Time Machine and most famously The War of the Worlds, a subject that many writers and filmmakers have imitated.


Question: What is considered the first science fiction film?

Science fiction

Edgar Rice Burroughs, creator of the Tarzan books, wrote Mars books beginning in 1912, which, as its name suggests, are set on Mars.


Question: What is considered the first science fiction film?

Science fiction

In the 1930s, science fiction was developed by Olaf Stapledon, who has translated the novel The Last and First, an initial work of 1930.


Question: What is considered the first science fiction film?

Science fiction

In the United States, science fiction began to be published in magazines in 1926.


Question: What is considered the first science fiction film?

Science fiction

Until the 1950s, science fiction was the standard reading of cheap so-called pulp magazines.


Question: What is considered the first science fiction film?

Science fiction

One well-known of these is Hugo Gernsback's Amazing Stories.


Question: What is considered the first science fiction film?

Science fiction

The boom in science fiction was in the 1940s and 1950s, when Isaac Asimov, Arthur C. Clarke, Robert A. Heinlein, Poul Anderson, Robert Silverberg, and many other science fiction writers rose to the public consciousness.


Question: What is considered the first science fiction film?

Science fiction

See also Science fiction Science fiction science fiction art List of science fiction books List of science fiction books List of science fiction books Finnish science fiction fandom Literature Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Aldiss, Brian W. & Wingrove, David| title= Trillion year spree: The history of science fiction| location = London| publisher = Victor Gollancz| year = 1986| id = ISBN 0-575-03943-4| language = Transclusion error: {{En}} is only for use in File namespace.


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Science fiction

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Question: What is considered the first science fiction film?

Science fiction

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Question: What is considered the first science fiction film?

Science fiction


Question: What is considered the first science fiction film?

Science fiction

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Question: What is considered the first science fiction film?

Science fiction

) | title = Science fiction| location = Helsinki| publisher = Libraryservic| year = 1990| id = ISBN 951-692-217-1}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| title = Gate| location = Tampere| publisher = Tampere science fiction follow| year = 1982—| id = ISSN}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Savolainen, Matti (ed.


Question: What is considered the first science fiction film?

Science fiction

) | title = Worlds of Science Fiction| location = Helsinki| publisher = Library Service| year = 1987| id = ISBN 951-692-185-X}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Inner, Vesa & Jerrman, Toni (ed.


Question: What is considered the first science fiction film?

Science fiction

) | title = Foreign science fiction authors 1| location = Helsinki| publisher = BTJ| year = 2004| id = ISBN 951-692-560-X}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Inner, Vesa & Jerrman, Toni (ed.


Question: What is considered the first science fiction film?

Science fiction

) | title = Foreign science fiction writers 2| location = Helsinki| publisher = BTJ| year = 2004| id = ISBN 951-692-579-0}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| title = Starwander| location = Helsinki| publisher = Helsinki Science Fiction Society | year = 1984—| id = ISSN}} On topic elsewhere.


Question: What is considered the first science fiction film?

Science fiction

. . . . * Category:English words and sayings Category:Key articles of screening


Question: How long did it take for Lutheranism to become established in Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The period of Swedish rule in Finland is a period in Finnish history when Finland was part of the Kingdom of Sweden.


Question: How long did it take for Lutheranism to become established in Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The period of Swedish rule was not a continuous era and its inception was a long-term process involving ambiguity.


Question: How long did it take for Lutheranism to become established in Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The period of Swedish rule ended as a result of the Finnish War on 17 September 1809.


Question: How long did it take for Lutheranism to become established in Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The period of Swedish rule began with the crusades to Finland.


Question: How long did it take for Lutheranism to become established in Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

With the new powers, the Finnish Grand Peasants of Moisioi were forced to give up their positions and their estates fell into the ownership of the Swedish Crown and the Catholic Church.


Question: How long did it take for Lutheranism to become established in Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

[1] In connection with the crusades, as a result of the colonization of the Finnish coast by the Swedes, its Finnish inhabitants essentially lost their fishing rights in the area.


Question: How long did it take for Lutheranism to become established in Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Conflicts between newcomers and Finns also arose over farming rights.


Question: How long did it take for Lutheranism to become established in Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

[2] The Swedish language became the language of the nobility and the upper bourgeoisie, and priests and scholars were forced to use it as their official language.


Question: How long did it take for Lutheranism to become established in Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

During Swedish rule, the Finnish language was in danger of being lost, because it could not be used with the authorities, and newspapers were not written or produced enough non-fiction.


Question: How long did it take for Lutheranism to become established in Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Throughout the countries' connection, Finns were considered a separate people and, due to the language issue, did not have the same rights as the Swedes.


Question: How long did it take for Lutheranism to become established in Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Swedish kings visited Finland rarely and Finns were considered more primitive than Swedes or Germans and their language inferior.


Question: How long did it take for Lutheranism to become established in Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

[3] During Swedish rule, Finland became part of Western Christendom and the cultural, social and economic order of Western Europe, on the basis of which, among other things, a market economy, constitutional statesmanship and legalistic principles tied to legalistic principles of law emerged. administration.


Question: How long did it take for Lutheranism to become established in Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The Finnish language and some features of Finnish antiquity and culture remained despite conscious Swedishisation during Swedish rule, although they changed when adapting to new circumstances.


Question: How long did it take for Lutheranism to become established in Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

[3] [4] Finland's location as the frontier country of the kingdom brought numerous wars and raiding expeditions to the region.


Question: How long did it take for Lutheranism to become established in Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Swedish Crown Prince Adolf Fredrik stated in 1746 that Finland was Sweden's warehouse and protective wall.


Question: How long did it take for Lutheranism to become established in Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

[3] During this period the Swedish Empire has also been referred to as Swedish-Finland.


Question: How long did it take for Lutheranism to become established in Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The term was coined afterwards to describe the kingdom which included the main parts of present-day Sweden and Finland.


Question: How long did it take for Lutheranism to become established in Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Historian Peter Englund has stated that Finland during Swedish rule was not part or province of confederation but “... the eastern half of that kingdom which was practically destroyed in 1809, after which both parts went their separate ways.” In particular, Englund considers the Swedish Great Power period to be the common “property” of present-day Sweden and Finland, since the rise to superpower would have been impossible for a parched state without the resources of the eastern part of the empire.


Question: How long did it take for Lutheranism to become established in Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

[5] Early stages of Swedish rule The beginning of the period of Swedish rule was a long-standing process involving different regions of Finland at varying degrees at different times.


Question: How long did it take for Lutheranism to become established in Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Finland, or Sweden, cannot be spoken of at this stage as a unified administrative entity.


Question: How long did it take for Lutheranism to become established in Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The Kingdom of Sweden spread to Finland in the midst of its own process of birth and consolidation.


Question: How long did it take for Lutheranism to become established in Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

As recently as the beginning of the 13th century, the law of West Götaland constantly referred to the East Götans and the Uplantians as foreigners.


Question: How long did it take for Lutheranism to become established in Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

[6] Sweden's first written output, the Eerikinkronika, written in the 1320s, also speaks not of the Swedes but, for example, the Sveans, the Gothenites and the Uplantians.


Question: How long did it take for Lutheranism to become established in Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

[7] The Kingdom of Sweden can be said to have arisen around the year 1350.


Question: How long did it take for Lutheranism to become established in Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

[6] The early stages of the period of Swedish rule are fundamentally related to the missionary work of the Catholic Church in Finland.


Question: How long did it take for Lutheranism to become established in Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The northern Baltic region was a pagan area from the point of view of the Catholic Church and its goal was the conversion of the region to Catholicism.


Question: How long did it take for Lutheranism to become established in Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

In practice, the aim of the church was driven by the kings who professed the Catholic faith in the region, as well as by the crusaders, who were allowed in the name of Christianity to conquer new territories under their control.


Question: How long did it take for Lutheranism to become established in Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Crusades to Finland were made at least by Swedes and Danes, possibly including Germans and Norwegians.


Question: How long did it take for Lutheranism to become established in Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

[8] [9] [10] Orthodox Novgorod also fought a typical war against the Finnish tribes.


Question: How long did it take for Lutheranism to become established in Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Since at least 1042, the Hämäläs, or more commonly the Western Finns, had been waging almost constant war against Novgorod and the Baltic-Finnish peoples of the Karelian region, such as the Vatyans and Ingerians.


Question: How long did it take for Lutheranism to become established in Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

These conflicts contributed to the Swedes” chances of conquering territories from Finland.


Question: How long did it take for Lutheranism to become established in Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

A contemporaneous description of the Baltic conversion, Henry's Livonian Chronicle, gives a bloody picture of the conversion work of late 12th-century and early 13th century German Knights and Danes.


Question: How long did it take for Lutheranism to become established in Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Christianity was well established in Sweden by the 12th century and its nascent kingdom sought to compete with Germany and Denmark for influence in the Baltics and around the Gulf of Finland by fighting the pagans and conquering lands from these.


Question: How long did it take for Lutheranism to become established in Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

However, the Baltic war expedition ended for the Swedes in 1220 with the destruction of the Swedish forces, including the earl and bishop, by the Islanders, and the fortress they had established at Lihula.


Question: How long did it take for Lutheranism to become established in Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

[11] [12] The first historical reference to the rule of Swedes in Finland is the earliest legend of St. Eerik, dating from the 1270s, according to which King Eerik the Saint and the English bishop Henry made the so-called First Crusade to Finland in the 1150s.


Question: How long did it take for Lutheranism to become established in Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Legend tells that the king returned after an expedition to Sweden with the bishop remaining to arrange the ecclesiastical conditions in Finland.


Question: How long did it take for Lutheranism to become established in Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

However, the war expedition is not considered a real event today.


Question: How long did it take for Lutheranism to become established in Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

[13] The following reference in historical sources to Swedish influence in Finland is the statement in the Lübeck chronicle of 1266: “Duke Birger forced Finland to belong to Sweden”.


Question: How long did it take for Lutheranism to become established in Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

[14] Possibly the same event is dealt with by the Eerikinchronicle, written in the 1320s, which describes the Uplantians' expedition against the Hazy people.


Question: How long did it take for Lutheranism to become established in Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The war expedition in question has been considered to have possibly been the Second Crusade to Finland made between 1249 and 1250.


Question: How long did it take for Lutheranism to become established in Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

According to the Eerikinchronika, as a result of the crusade, construction of a castle was started in Häme.


Question: How long did it take for Lutheranism to become established in Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The Swedes also began colonization of the Finnish coast in stages around the time of the Crusades, starting in Åland and Southwest Finland.


Question: How long did it take for Lutheranism to become established in Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The colonization of the Finnish coast by Christian people was a key means of spreading the faith.


Question: How long did it take for Lutheranism to become established in Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Of these emigrants, Finnish-Swedes emerged over time.


Question: How long did it take for Lutheranism to become established in Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

[15] The Bishop of Turku is first mentioned in connection with the bishops of Sweden on 11 February 1253 in connection with the exchange of land between the Earl of Birger and Gudheim Abbey.


Question: How long did it take for Lutheranism to become established in Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

[16] The Swedish Church spread to Finland practically only in the 14th century.


Question: How long did it take for Lutheranism to become established in Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

[17] Since about the 12th century, the Catholic Church had operated independently in Southwest Finland.


Question: How long did it take for Lutheranism to become established in Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The influence of Western and Eastern Christianity had spread to Finland even earlier in the prehistoric period, with indications such as tomb finds made in archaeological excavations.


Question: How long did it take for Lutheranism to become established in Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The Eerikinchronicle recounts the destruction of Sigtuna by the Karelians in 1187, the largest and most important city in Sweden at that time.


Question: How long did it take for Lutheranism to become established in Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The Karelians made a war expedition to Sweden also in 1257.


Question: How long did it take for Lutheranism to become established in Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

[18] In 1259 Pope Alexander IV approved the marriage of King Valdemar of Sweden and Sophia, granddaughter of King Christopher of Denmark, so that Sweden would be better and more effectively able to counter the constant attacks on the kingdom's villages and churches by pagans living nearby.


Question: How long did it take for Lutheranism to become established in Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

[19] In spite of this, even in 1275 the Christians of the Swedish Empire were tormented by the pagans of Karelia and Lapland.


Question: How long did it take for Lutheranism to become established in Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

[20] The first chronicle of Novgorod states that Dmitry Alexandrovich conquered Karelia in 1278.


Question: How long did it take for Lutheranism to become established in Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The pagan Karelians had been, up to that point, trading partners for Gotland, among others.


Question: How long did it take for Lutheranism to become established in Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

[21] Regardless of trade links, according to Eerikinkronika, the Uplantians made the so-called Third Crusade into Finland in 1293, conquering Karelia with 14 engagements.


Question: How long did it take for Lutheranism to become established in Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

[22] Birger Maununpoika's letter of authorisation of 4 March 1295 to Lübeck and other Baltic trading cities mentions as the motive for the conversion of Karelians the long long practice of banditry and looting by the Karelians and the taking captive of Swedes and other visitors to the Baltic Sea and torturing.


Question: How long did it take for Lutheranism to become established in Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

[23] The first historical reference of the Catholic Church to Swedish rule outside Finland dates back to about 1284.


Question: How long did it take for Lutheranism to become established in Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

In this act of Maunu Ladonluko on the general peace of land, Pentti Birgerinpoika is referred to as the Duke of Finland, that is, present-day Southwest Finland.


Question: How long did it take for Lutheranism to become established in Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

[24] However, he may have never visited Finland.


Question: How long did it take for Lutheranism to become established in Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Despite the expansion of Swedish power, the conflict between Hämäläs and Novgorod lasted for hundreds of years.


Question: How long did it take for Lutheranism to become established in Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The First Chronicle of Novgorod states that Novgorod made a war expedition against the Hazorites still in 1292.


Question: How long did it take for Lutheranism to become established in Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Conflicts between Finns and Swedes after the Crusades, the colonization of the Swedes in their wake also led to conflicts between Finns and Swedes.


Question: How long did it take for Lutheranism to become established in Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The Ostrobothian stories tell of the need to help the colonists, while other stories describe Sweden as mainly criminals and evildoers who came to the country to wage war against the Finns.


Question: How long did it take for Lutheranism to become established in Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

[25] In the 16th century, Mikael Agricola wrote that pagan Finns had harassed Swedish colonists, for which reason they had received help from their relatives in Sweden.


Question: How long did it take for Lutheranism to become established in Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

[25] The original Finnish settlement of Kimitoon Island completely disappeared from the site after the Swedes entered the area, which may contribute to the conflict between the groups.


Question: How long did it take for Lutheranism to become established in Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

[26] Conflicts between Finns and colonists also arose regarding the rights to use the territories.


Question: How long did it take for Lutheranism to become established in Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

In principle, the King of Sweden always gave fishing rights to the colonists in which case the Finns lost their rights to them.


Question: How long did it take for Lutheranism to become established in Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

[27] Several letters concerning these disputes are known.


Question: How long did it take for Lutheranism to become established in Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

For example, on 1 June 1303, Swedish colonists from Satakunta had quarreled with the Finns in the area as their holdings were located in the old casque lands of the Finns.


Question: How long did it take for Lutheranism to become established in Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

In 1347, an order was issued for the transfer of fishing rights in the Helsinki region from the Finns to the coastal Swedes.


Question: How long did it take for Lutheranism to become established in Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

[28] From 1348, a letter of protection from Bishop Hemming and the Head of the Castle of Turku is known, designed to protect the colonists of the Gulf of Bothnia coast against the Finns.


Question: How long did it take for Lutheranism to become established in Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

[26] Traces of conflict also remained until later times.


Question: How long did it take for Lutheranism to become established in Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The mayor of Helsinki, Anders Larsson Ehredt, wrote to Peter Brahe in 1639 that Helsinki's name was not allowed to be changed at the time of the transfer of the city because the name was “a reminder of the victorious arms of our ancestors.”


Question: How long did it take for Lutheranism to become established in Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

[29] After the Crusader period Around 1300, parts of the Swedish Empire and the Archdiocese of Uppsala, which were governed from the castles of Turku, Häme and Vyborg, had begun to enter the territory of present-day Western and Southern Finland.


Question: How long did it take for Lutheranism to become established in Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Castles built to consolidate the rule of the King of Sweden were centres of Crown administration in the Middle Ages and important tools for retaining power.


Question: How long did it take for Lutheranism to become established in Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The administrative unit that surrounded the castle was referred to as the Castle Sounds.


Question: How long did it take for Lutheranism to become established in Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

At the same time, the Christian population was being phased from Sweden to the Finnish coast.


Question: How long did it take for Lutheranism to become established in Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The Käkisalmi region and Ladoga Karelia, meanwhile, maintained ties with Orthodox northwestern Russia and Novgorod.


Question: How long did it take for Lutheranism to become established in Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The clash between Catholic and Orthodox cultural circles therefore took place off Finland.


Question: How long did it take for Lutheranism to become established in Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The Peace of Nut Island, concluded in 1323, was the first peace treaty between Sweden and Novgorod.


Question: How long did it take for Lutheranism to become established in Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

It also defined the eastern border between the Swedish Empire and Finland, at least for Karelia.


Question: How long did it take for Lutheranism to become established in Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Ownership of Northern Finland remained vague.


Question: How long did it take for Lutheranism to become established in Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

However, within the 14th century, Sweden annexed a Finnish settlement on the northern Ostrobothnia coast.


Question: How long did it take for Lutheranism to become established in Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The Swedes still in the 14th century did not commonly refer to Finland or Finland as Finland, although these designations had been in use for a long time.


Question: How long did it take for Lutheranism to become established in Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

For example, the first chronicle of Novgor speaks of Finns (sum) and runestones speak of Vikings who died in Finland.


Question: How long did it take for Lutheranism to become established in Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The name Finland had meant, and for a long time, meant the present province of Southwest Finland.


Question: How long did it take for Lutheranism to become established in Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

For this reason, the Swedes used the wider area of southern Finland from about 1350 to 1470 to the name Österland, or “Italia”.


Question: How long did it take for Lutheranism to become established in Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

[6] Prior to this, the regions were spoken in plural eastern countries.


Question: How long did it take for Lutheranism to become established in Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

[6] Finland, as part of the Kingdom of Sweden in the Middle Ages, Finland was part of the historical provinces of Finland, Southwest Finland and Satakunta belonged to the central region of the Swedish Empire and they retained their connections with Scandinavia that had already arisen in prehistoric times.


Question: How long did it take for Lutheranism to become established in Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

In southwestern Finland, Häme, the Karelian Isthmus and Southern Savo there were permanent settlements based on farming, which gradually became denser and spread over a wider area.


Question: How long did it take for Lutheranism to become established in Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The spread and consolidation of settlements in central and northern Ostrobothnia was one of the most significant settlement-historical phenomena in medieval Finland.


Question: How long did it take for Lutheranism to become established in Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

In addition, there were fresh Swedish-speaking settlements in Åland, the Turunmaa archipelago and the coastal regions of Ostrobothnia and Uusimaa.


Question: How long did it take for Lutheranism to become established in Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

In the Middle Ages, rural peasants were by far the largest population group in Finland.


Question: How long did it take for Lutheranism to become established in Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Much of the area of present-day Finland was still wilderness in the Middle Ages, where Satakunese, Hälite and Karelian wildernesses were camping, inhabited by a population called the Lappans, at least part of the Sámi speaking population.


Question: How long did it take for Lutheranism to become established in Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Wilderness areas were not among the territories of any realm other than in theory at most.


Question: How long did it take for Lutheranism to become established in Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

In the early stages of Swedish rule, administrative documents were often written in Latin, emphasizing the role of clergy in secular governance as well.


Question: How long did it take for Lutheranism to become established in Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The use of Swedish increased as a written administrative language as the 14th century wore on.


Question: How long did it take for Lutheranism to become established in Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

In urban local government, especially with regard to international relations, German was also widely used.


Question: How long did it take for Lutheranism to become established in Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

However, it is impossible to provide precise estimates of the language ratios of the population of medieval cities.


Question: How long did it take for Lutheranism to become established in Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Sweden was an electoral kingdom in the Middle Ages and the royal election was conducted with Mora stones.


Question: How long did it take for Lutheranism to become established in Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The territory of Finland also gained the right to send its representatives to the royal election of 1362, reflecting the status of Southwest Finland as part of the Swedish Empire.


Question: How long did it take for Lutheranism to become established in Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The land law enacted during the 1319—1364 reign of King Maunu Eerikinpoja was of great importance to the development of administration and legal order.


Question: How long did it take for Lutheranism to become established in Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

As a difference to Central Europe, peasants were free, and no central European-like feudalism developed in the Swedish Empire.


Question: How long did it take for Lutheranism to become established in Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Local government was based on keepers and parishes in rural areas.


Question: How long did it take for Lutheranism to become established in Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

In the Middle Ages, an urban institution also emerged in Finland.


Question: How long did it take for Lutheranism to become established in Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

However, the bourgeoisie, or merchants and craftsmen, who lived in the cities, accounted for a small


Question: How long did it take for Lutheranism to become established in Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The most important medieval cities in Finland were Turku and Vyborg.


Question: How long did it take for Lutheranism to become established in Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Other towns included Naantali, Rauma, Ulvila and Porvoo.


Question: How long did it take for Lutheranism to become established in Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

During the Middle Ages, Nordic and Finnish long-distance trade was largely held by German Hanseatic merchants, and because of this, a significant part of the bourgeoisie in Turku and Vyborg in particular was German.


Question: How long did it take for Lutheranism to become established in Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

In the towns, local government was the responsibility of a mayor-led panel.


Question: How long did it take for Lutheranism to become established in Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

By the 1280 Alsnö rule of King Maunu Birgerinpoika, adopted in the reign of King Maunu Birgerinpoika, a small secular rails, or nobility, emerged in Sweden and Finland.


Question: How long did it take for Lutheranism to become established in Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Spiritual rails, on the other hand, referred to the spiritual enactment exempt from taxes paid to the secular power (e.g. priests, nuns and beggar brothers).


Question: How long did it take for Lutheranism to become established in Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The parishes that operated within the Catholic Church on the territory of Finland belonged to the Diocese of Turku.


Question: How long did it take for Lutheranism to become established in Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

In addition to ecclesiastical authority, the Bishop of Turku, who was at the head of the diocese, also had plenty of secular power and was, for example, a member of the King's Council of Power.


Question: How long did it take for Lutheranism to become established in Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

One of the most prominent medieval bishops of Turku was Maunu Tavast, who held office between 1412 and 1450.


Question: How long did it take for Lutheranism to become established in Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Spiritual rails formed a literacy and literacy civilisation in medieval Finland.


Question: How long did it take for Lutheranism to become established in Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Its members had often attended Turku Cathedral School and some had also studied at foreign universities.


Question: How long did it take for Lutheranism to become established in Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Kalmar Union Time (1397—1523) Birth of the Union The Nordic Kalmar Union was founded under Queen Margaret of Denmark in 1397.


Question: How long did it take for Lutheranism to become established in Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

In practice, there were conflicts in the Union, as the Swedish surplus was interested in the east, in the direction of Russia, in the direction of Russia, while the Danish interests were more towards the south — per German territories.


Question: How long did it take for Lutheranism to become established in Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Nor, within the different countries, was the superiority unanimous among themselves.


Question: How long did it take for Lutheranism to become established in Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The struggle for power was by no means caused solely by modern concepts of “foreign policy” disagreements.


Question: How long did it take for Lutheranism to become established in Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

However, at the beginning of the Union period, the country's status as part of the kingdom changed


Question: How long did it take for Lutheranism to become established in Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Over the course of four decades, the monarch's grip on Finland was firmer than in the past.


Question: How long did it take for Lutheranism to become established in Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Queen Margaret was a background influence on the regime right up until her death in 1412.


Question: How long did it take for Lutheranism to become established in Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Throughout, he delegated further responsibilities to his successor King Eerik XIII of Pomerania (as king 1396—1439), who had responsibility especially for Norwegian and Finnish affairs.


Question: How long did it take for Lutheranism to become established in Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

He visited Finland two times, in 1403 and 1407.


Question: How long did it take for Lutheranism to become established in Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

All the king's decisions concerning Finland were issued in his name.


Question: How long did it take for Lutheranism to become established in Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

[30] With the Union, the leading administrators of the country changed, as the king placed his own creditmen in charge of the castles.


Question: How long did it take for Lutheranism to become established in Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Abraham Broderinpoika rose to be head of the castle in Turku, and the Danish Klaus Fleming was also appointed as Lamann.


Question: How long did it take for Lutheranism to become established in Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Later, Klaus Lydekenpoika Djäkn and Krister Nilsson Vaasa rose to prominent positions.


Question: How long did it take for Lutheranism to become established in Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Bishop Maunu Tavast was a supporter of unionism.


Question: How long did it take for Lutheranism to become established in Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Even during the Union period, Finland did not form a single administrative entity; the region was divided into two different administrative districts.


Question: How long did it take for Lutheranism to become established in Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Vyborg served as a major, at times quasi-autonomous centre as Turku was more closely incorporated into the central authority's administrative region.


Question: How long did it take for Lutheranism to become established in Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The independent status of Vyborg can be seen, among other things, in the fact that although Finland was divided in 1435 into two Lamalandic municipalities South and Bottom-Finland, Vyborg was born as early as the 1440s, an independent Karelian Llamann, which was probably laid down by a castle chief in Vyborg.


Question: How long did it take for Lutheranism to become established in Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Although the Karelian Laman had no jurisdiction in the Turku Land Court.


Question: How long did it take for Lutheranism to become established in Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

[31] In Finland and Sweden, discontent in the early days of the Union was provoked by an increase in the tax burden.


Question: How long did it take for Lutheranism to become established in Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Eerik sought to make taxation more efficient in Finland, with the cancellation of the farms to the Crown and efforts to make the castle sound liable.


Question: How long did it take for Lutheranism to become established in Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

[30] During the Union period, the administration of the country was organised in a new way to improve the economic condition.


Question: How long did it take for Lutheranism to become established in Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

In 1405, tax exemptions for apparently hundreds of farms were withdrawn.


Question: How long did it take for Lutheranism to become established in Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

At that time, the groundwork for systematic land taxation was laid.


Question: How long did it take for Lutheranism to become established in Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The Crown also sought to increase tax revenues through settler activity: arable farming produced tax revenues, while the wilderness economy did not produce them.


Question: How long did it take for Lutheranism to become established in Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Tax revenues were therefore raised by the allocation of wilderness for permanent settlement.


Question: How long did it take for Lutheranism to become established in Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

In 1409, Turku also began to mint its own money, which differed in value from the money spent in Sweden.


Question: How long did it take for Lutheranism to become established in Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

They were silver and six-pence coins.


Question: How long did it take for Lutheranism to become established in Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

In 1407, Finland received its own supreme court, the Turku Land Court, and it was also given administrative power.


Question: How long did it take for Lutheranism to become established in Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Finland's leaders were now able to decide the country's affairs at their own meetings.


Question: How long did it take for Lutheranism to become established in Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The railing crew and clergy formed a politically leading group during the Union period.


Question: How long did it take for Lutheranism to become established in Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Finland's own raulsmen only rarely ruled the largest castle voices, usually headed by Swedish or Danish, sometimes German-born men, who, though often had lived in the country for decades.


Question: How long did it take for Lutheranism to become established in Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Domestic rails were generally responsible for lower administration, military functions and especially the courts.


Question: How long did it take for Lutheranism to become established in Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The most prominent positions in the Church also ended up in the Union period for the sons of the indigenous families.


Question: How long did it take for Lutheranism to become established in Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

On the other hand, the peasantry could also participate in the activities of various boards and district assemblies, as well as influence political solutions such as the election of the king.


Question: How long did it take for Lutheranism to become established in Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

With the exception of Turku and Vyborg, cities were small during the Union period and there were very few of them.


Question: How long did it take for Lutheranism to become established in Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Therefore, foreign trade was modest, too.


Question: How long did it take for Lutheranism to become established in Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Even Vyborg was unable to compete with Tallinn as a hub for trade in Russia.


Question: How long did it take for Lutheranism to become established in Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Domestic trade was economically certainly more significant than foreign trade.


Question: How long did it take for Lutheranism to become established in Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Externally, the beginning of the Union was a time of peace for Finland.


Question: How long did it take for Lutheranism to become established in Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

However, King Eerik the Pomeranian, who was active in foreign politics, was mired in conflict with the Hanseatic League, making commerce more difficult.


Question: How long did it take for Lutheranism to become established in Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

In the 1430s, the rebellion movements of the overlords and peasants that rose on the Swedish side had little effect in Finland.


Question: How long did it take for Lutheranism to become established in Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The overabnormality of modest insurgency movements in Finland can be explained by the expansion of the Crown and Rulse holdings [32].


Question: How long did it take for Lutheranism to become established in Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The most famous of these rebellion movements was the so-called. David's revolt in Häme in 1439.


Question: How long did it take for Lutheranism to become established in Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

It targeted Viikki Manor [33] [34].


Question: How long did it take for Lutheranism to become established in Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Finland did not participate in the 1435 meeting held in Arboga.


Question: How long did it take for Lutheranism to become established in Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

In the autumn of the same year, Bishop Maunu Tavast and Krister Nilsson arrived in Sweden, where, in arranged negotiations, they influenced the ousting of the leaders of the movement known as the Engelbrekt Engelbrektinpoika Rebellion and reaching a compromise.


Question: How long did it take for Lutheranism to become established in Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Drots became Krister Nilsson and Charlemagne Knuutinpoika Bonde became the marcher.


Question: How long did it take for Lutheranism to become established in Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

After the former returned to Finland in the autumn of the same year, the revolt movement began again in Sweden.


Question: How long did it take for Lutheranism to become established in Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

To counter the rebellion projects, the Finnish peasants were promised a tax reduction in a letter dated 24 June 1436, the signatories of which were the archbishop, drotsi and marski in the name of the Council of Power.


Question: How long did it take for Lutheranism to become established in Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The reason was put forward that the Finns had proved loyal to the kingdom and had sworn not to assume a head of their own, i.e., promised not to rise in rebellion, and would accept the head imposed by the Council of Power.


Question: How long did it take for Lutheranism to become established in Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Seppo Suvanto interpreted this as saying that in Sweden it was feared that the Finns, or the administrators of Finland, would break away from the Council of Power and Finland would elect its own head.


Question: How long did it take for Lutheranism to become established in Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

[35] Finland and Swedish power struggles Eventually the king was dismissed in 1439, after which Sweden was ruled by a power council of aristocrats.


Question: How long did it take for Lutheranism to become established in Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

It consisted of bishops and leading supremacists.


Question: How long did it take for Lutheranism to become established in Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The most powerful of this force emerged Charlemagne the son of Knuutinson, who was elected in 1438 as regent.


Question: How long did it take for Lutheranism to become established in Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

His worst rival, the drotsi Krister then withdrew to Vyborg.


Question: How long did it take for Lutheranism to become established in Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

After the fall of the monopolistic system of government, Finland's links with Denmark were severed.


Question: How long did it take for Lutheranism to become established in Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

However, links with Sweden were not much consolidated but the holders of local castle votes largely ruled the country.


Question: How long did it take for Lutheranism to become established in Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

In 1440, the Danes invited Christopher the Bavarian to the land and he was proclaimed king.


Question: How long did it take for Lutheranism to become established in Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Negotiations were held in Sweden on the terms of recognition.


Question: How long did it take for Lutheranism to become established in Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Kaarle Knuutinpoika moved to Finland in the same year and took over the castles of Turku and Kastelholm, promising to give up the position of state administrator if he could get all of Finland as his county.


Question: How long did it take for Lutheranism to become established in Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

With the exception of Åland, this wish came true.


Question: How long did it take for Lutheranism to become established in Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

However, the situation soon changed, and soon Charlemagne had to settle solely for the Vyborg Castle.


Question: How long did it take for Lutheranism to become established in Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Turku returned to the rule of a voud under the king.


Question: How long did it take for Lutheranism to become established in Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The king's purpose was to prevent the emergence of a unified Finland.


Question: How long did it take for Lutheranism to become established in Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

After Christopher died in 1448, Charlemagne Knuutinpoika sailed from Vyborg with 800 gunmen to Stockholm, where he was elected king (1448—1457), apparently because of his armed superiority.


Question: How long did it take for Lutheranism to become established in Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The reign was marked by war against Kristian Oldenburgian, which increased the tax burden in Finland as well.


Question: How long did it take for Lutheranism to become established in Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

During this period, Finland was the most significant area of support for the king.


Question: How long did it take for Lutheranism to become established in Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

In 1457, the Swedish Grand Excellence rose in revolt against the king, and he fled to Danzig.


Question: How long did it take for Lutheranism to become established in Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Kristian Oldenburgian was elected King of Sweden.


Question: How long did it take for Lutheranism to become established in Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

He ruled from 1457 to 1464.


Question: How long did it take for Lutheranism to become established in Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

However, support for the new king was not shared by everyone - especially in Vyborg.


Question: How long did it take for Lutheranism to become established in Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Controversy over the eastern border The following period was marked by problems in the eastern parts of the kingdom.


Question: How long did it take for Lutheranism to become established in Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

As the settlement spread to the wilderness areas, border disputes and skirmishes with Novgorod and Karelians began.


Question: How long did it take for Lutheranism to become established in Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

While Savonian settlement progressed, North Karelia was also colonized.


Question: How long did it take for Lutheranism to become established in Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

In 1478, Novgorod was annexed by Moscow, and a new force factor rose behind the eastern border.


Question: How long did it take for Lutheranism to become established in Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

In order to secure the border, construction began to be built on Olavinlinna to safeguard the settler settlement.


Question: How long did it take for Lutheranism to become established in Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

From the Russian point of view, this was a breach of the border treaty and open martial law prevailed for several years right up to the intermediate peace of 1482.


Question: How long did it take for Lutheranism to become established in Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

However, there was no consensus on the course of the border.


Question: How long did it take for Lutheranism to become established in Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

From the Axis sons to the Sten Sture period In the battle, the Swedish king's crown became the castles of Suomenk to take over and bend the Union king behind them.


Question: How long did it take for Lutheranism to become established in Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The Danish knight Eerik the Axis boy Tott came with his brothers to take over the castles in the 1480s, and eventually all the castles were held by the Axis sons.


Question: How long did it take for Lutheranism to become established in Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

After Eerik died, he left the counties of Vyborg, Hämeenlinna and Savonlinna to his brothers Ivar and Laur, who already ruled Raasepori.


Question: How long did it take for Lutheranism to become established in Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

However, the emergence of a unitary circle of power did not fit with regent minister Sten Sture's plans.


Question: How long did it take for Lutheranism to become established in Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

In 1481, Sten Sture arrived in Finland, all the way to Vyborg.


Question: How long did it take for Lutheranism to become established in Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

A reconciliation between the registrar and the local grandees could not arise: the regent promised the population tax breaks; the holders of the fiefdoms again did not accept these.


Question: How long did it take for Lutheranism to become established in Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

At the end of the Union period no longer saw the emergence of a jointly accepted monarch in the Nordic countries.


Question: How long did it take for Lutheranism to become established in Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

King Hansel of Denmark (1481—1513) did not achieve approval in the Union countries; instead, the power councils took control.


Question: How long did it take for Lutheranism to become established in Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

In 1483, Sten Sture gained control of three counties in Finland: Vyborg, Savonlinna and Hämeenlinna.


Question: How long did it take for Lutheranism to become established in Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The earlier Axis boys' dominance became a supporter of the regent and Finland became more firmly subordinated to the central authority; especially when Raaseporik came into the possession of Sten Sture's supporter, Knut Posse.


Question: How long did it take for Lutheranism to become established in Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Sture did not distribute castles as fiefs to the overlord, but controlled them through self-dependent vouts, collecting significantly tax revenue for himself.


Question: How long did it take for Lutheranism to become established in Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The tranquillities of the end of the Middle Ages at the end of the 15th century earlier skirmishes with Moscow condensed into war.


Question: How long did it take for Lutheranism to become established in Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

In 1495, Vyborg Castle began to be besieged.


Question: How long did it take for Lutheranism to become established in Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Lifting people were also gathered from Western Finland for the war effort at the time.


Question: How long did it take for Lutheranism to become established in Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

In endangered areas, all 15-year-olds were taken up in arms, and German mercenaries and people from the Swedish side also arrived in the country.


Question: How long did it take for Lutheranism to become established in Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Along with Karelia, Russian attacks also extended to Ostrobothnia, Savo and Häme.


Question: How long did it take for Lutheranism to become established in Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Peace was concluded in 1497.


Question: How long did it take for Lutheranism to become established in Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

In the same year, Sten Sture was dismissed from the position of state administrator by the Council of Power.


Question: How long did it take for Lutheranism to become established in Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

However, the Finnish castle lands remained in his possession.


Question: How long did it take for Lutheranism to become established in Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

King Hansel I of Denmark invaded Sweden in 1497, beating Sten Sture's forces on 28 September at the Battle of Rotebro.


Question: How long did it take for Lutheranism to become established in Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Thus Hansel I rose to become King of Sweden and thus of Finland (1497—1501).


Question: How long did it take for Lutheranism to become established in Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

In 1499, Sture had to give up his territories in Finland.


Question: How long did it take for Lutheranism to become established in Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

In 1503, Svante Niilonpoika Sture (1504—1512) was elected as regent, to whom the leading men of Finland also gave their assurances of allegiance.


Question: How long did it take for Lutheranism to become established in Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

At the meeting in Turku, his election was supported.


Question: How long did it take for Lutheranism to become established in Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

However, the unanimity was ostensible, as some of Finland's lords, along with Sten Sture's relatives, pursued their own political line.


Question: How long did it take for Lutheranism to become established in Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

To some extent, the goals have remained unclear.


Question: How long did it take for Lutheranism to become established in Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

National historiography, however, has highlighted the centrality of East politics in divisive terms.


Question: How long did it take for Lutheranism to become established in Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Vaasa period (1523—1617) The reign of Gustav Vasa during the end of the Union was peaceful in Finland other than Vyborg, in the early 16th century the Danes went on raiding the coasts of Finland, and the privateer captain Otto Rudi plundered Turku and its treasures of the cathedral.


Question: How long did it take for Lutheranism to become established in Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

On the rise of Christian II, the Danish Union king, at his coronation, he beheaded dozens of Swedish supremacists.


Question: How long did it take for Lutheranism to become established in Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

It's called the Stockholm massacre.


Question: How long did it take for Lutheranism to become established in Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The Swedish supreme Gustav Vasa rose to oppose the Union king and won the peasants over.


Question: How long did it take for Lutheranism to become established in Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

German Hanseatic merchants also supported Gustavus Vasa and supplied him with weapons and money.


Question: How long did it take for Lutheranism to become established in Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The Finnish-born Fleming brothers Eerik and Iivar conquered the Finnish castles for Gustav Vasa and drove the Danes out of Finland in 1523.


Question: How long did it take for Lutheranism to become established in Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The Nordic Union period ended, and Gustav Vasa became King of Sweden and Finland.


Question: How long did it take for Lutheranism to become established in Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The early modern state emerges in the Gustav Vasa period beginning a unified Swedish kingdom to form.


Question: How long did it take for Lutheranism to become established in Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

He succeeded in defeating the provincial communities that pushed for his own policies.


Question: How long did it take for Lutheranism to become established in Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The Reformation, in turn, snubbed the Church.


Question: How long did it take for Lutheranism to become established in Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Already weakened by the massacre, the high nobility was now attached to supporting royal policy.


Question: How long did it take for Lutheranism to become established in Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

However, the management of the government continued the medieval tradition: the king had numerous nobles as well as scribes who were not, however, strictly officials.


Question: How long did it take for Lutheranism to become established in Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Nor was there yet a clear division of labour within the administration, but the functions of office in the king's service varied according to the situation.


Question: How long did it take for Lutheranism to become established in Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

In the 1530s, Gustavus Vasa began to produce German administrative personnel in the country, with whom new views of monarch rule also arrived in Sweden.


Question: How long did it take for Lutheranism to become established in Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

In 1544, in the Riksdag of Västerås, the kingship was changed to hereditary and Gustav Vasa's eldest son Eerik was named heir to the throne.


Question: How long did it take for Lutheranism to become established in Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

After the withdrawal of fiefdoms, local government of the Crown was concentrated in the hands of the vouties.


Question: How long did it take for Lutheranism to become established in Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The tasks of these were diverse, but the collection of taxes was the most important of them.


Question: How long did it take for Lutheranism to become established in Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

During Gustavus Vasa's time, there was also a shift to written administration; first, systematic land books (on land ownership) are being drawn up to aid taxation, soon followed by other lists and written accounts.


Question: How long did it take for Lutheranism to become established in Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The Vouds were also responsible for repopulating deserted houses, a ride system and roadwork.


Question: How long did it take for Lutheranism to become established in Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Voud also had to prevent illegal trading in the countryside, as well as handicrafts.


Question: How long did it take for Lutheranism to become established in Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Maintaining public order and caring for the litigants were also part of the duties of the voud - thus ensuring the Crown's share of tax revenue and penalty payments.


Question: How long did it take for Lutheranism to become established in Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The stepped-up administration boosted the Crown's tax revenues by tens of percent.


Question: How long did it take for Lutheranism to become established in Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The war against Russia for Finland was still significant in foreign policy terms, continued conflicts with Russia; during the early stages of the period of Gustav Vasa, another attempt was made to gain clarity on the course of the border line through negotiations.


Question: How long did it take for Lutheranism to become established in Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The Swedes sought to delay the revision of the border as far as possible, and despite temporary agreements, skirmishes and mutual raiding continued.


Question: How long did it take for Lutheranism to become established in Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

In 1555, a meeting of nobles held in Vyborg recommended to the king to go to war.


Question: How long did it take for Lutheranism to become established in Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The attack prompted a counter-attack by Ivan the Terrible in the direction of Vyborg and Savo.


Question: How long did it take for Lutheranism to become established in Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Negotiations between 1556 and 1557 ended with the conclusion of a 40-year-long intermediate peace.


Question: How long did it take for Lutheranism to become established in Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The intention was to hold 1559 new negotiations for the passage of the border, which, however, never materialised.


Question: How long did it take for Lutheranism to become established in Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Abuses of nobility During the war, the king had stayed in Finland for a long time.


Question: How long did it take for Lutheranism to become established in Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

At that time, he also ordered the submission of an extensive inquiry into abuses committed by the nobility.


Question: How long did it take for Lutheranism to become established in Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

As a result of this investigation, the so-called A catalogue of complaints by Jaakko Teit, a major source of 16th-century social history.


Question: How long did it take for Lutheranism to become established in Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

In the summer of 1556, the king still formed a duchy of his own from Finland, with the king's son Juhana named at its head.


Question: How long did it take for Lutheranism to become established in Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Gustav Vasa died in September 1560.


Question: How long did it take for Lutheranism to become established in Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

On the throne he was succeeded by Eerik XIV.


Question: How long did it take for Lutheranism to become established in Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

From throne disputes to the beginning of great power politics, Eerik XIV's reign Eerik XIV was crowned king in 1561.


Question: How long did it take for Lutheranism to become established in Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

He sought to further intensify the kingship in relation to the overlord, and thus also to his brothers.


Question: How long did it take for Lutheranism to become established in Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

To weaken the position of these, Eerik established new counts and free lordships to share the power of the dukes.


Question: How long did it take for Lutheranism to become established in Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

In Finland, the king's policy was also reflected in the appointment of new llamanns to the country.


Question: How long did it take for Lutheranism to become established in Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

In 1561, the King approved in the Reichstag the so-called. Arboga's articles by which the dukes were subjected to the control of the king and deprived them of the possibility of an independent foreign policy.


Question: How long did it take for Lutheranism to become established in Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Central to the king was specifically the eroding of the position of Duke Juhana of Finland.


Question: How long did it take for Lutheranism to become established in Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

As the Duchy of Juhana, Finland was formed into a “feudal miniature state” (Keränen) subjugated to the kingdom, with its own office, chamber of taxes and calculations, and a council corresponding to the power council.


Question: How long did it take for Lutheranism to become established in Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Juhana's interests in Livonia were also at odds with the king: with the planned marriage to Catherine Jagellonica, Juhana would gain possession of several pledge castles in Livonia.


Question: How long did it take for Lutheranism to become established in Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Simultaneously, Eerik XIV was drifting into war with Poland due to its expansionist policy towards Livonia.


Question: How long did it take for Lutheranism to become established in Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

In 1561 the Tallinn jury had already ceded the city to the patronage of the king, during the same spring the nobility of Viru and Harju separated from the Teutonic Order.