Question: What do Jehovah's Witnesses emphasize in their religion?

Jehovah's Witnesses

Designations such as “baptism” were waived so that the Reich Halls would not have passed into state control, although assembly in the premises would not have been restricted.


Question: What do Jehovah's Witnesses emphasize in their religion?

Jehovah's Witnesses

According to Franz, this arrangement was maintained right up until the change in the law until the turn of the 1990s.


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Jehovah's Witnesses

Construction and humanitarian work Jehovah's Witnesses are known for their construction work.


Question: What do Jehovah's Witnesses emphasize in their religion?

Jehovah's Witnesses

International and regional building groups make kingdom halls using the so-called quick-hall method.


Question: What do Jehovah's Witnesses emphasize in their religion?

Jehovah's Witnesses

A quick hall means that a large group of members build a Reich Hall over one or two weekends on top of the finished foundations.


Question: What do Jehovah's Witnesses emphasize in their religion?

Jehovah's Witnesses

Large construction projects are also carried out almost entirely by voluntary force.


Question: What do Jehovah's Witnesses emphasize in their religion?

Jehovah's Witnesses

All Jehovah's Witnesses' congregations in Finland now meet in purpose-built kingdom halls.


Question: What do Jehovah's Witnesses emphasize in their religion?

Jehovah's Witnesses

The organisation will contribute some relief effort, if funds permit.


Question: What do Jehovah's Witnesses emphasize in their religion?

Jehovah's Witnesses

In Africa, the organisation's Hutu and Tutsi witnesses have been assisted at the time of the Rwandan massacre.


Question: What do Jehovah's Witnesses emphasize in their religion?

Jehovah's Witnesses

Humanitarian work is primarily about helping other members.


Question: What do Jehovah's Witnesses emphasize in their religion?

Jehovah's Witnesses

In some places, the movement's buildings may have been used as temporary shelters.


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Jehovah's Witnesses

Medicines and clothing have been distributed to a few schools and orphanages in Goma.


Question: What do Jehovah's Witnesses emphasize in their religion?

Jehovah's Witnesses

[36] Views and Practices Basis of views Jehovah's Witnesses agree with Protestant churches that the Bible is the supreme guideline of faith and doctrine.


Question: What do Jehovah's Witnesses emphasize in their religion?

Jehovah's Witnesses

According to them, the Bible is infallible and non-contradictory in all respects.


Question: What do Jehovah's Witnesses emphasize in their religion?

Jehovah's Witnesses

Members of the movement are required to accept the governing body's current interpretation of the Bible, and the formation of a view that differs from the main lines is not accepted.


Question: What do Jehovah's Witnesses emphasize in their religion?

Jehovah's Witnesses

Invoking a deviant interpretation might even lead to separation from the congregation.


Question: What do Jehovah's Witnesses emphasize in their religion?

Jehovah's Witnesses

The bible interpretation of Jehovah's Witnesses has undergone numerous changes throughout the history of the movement.


Question: What do Jehovah's Witnesses emphasize in their religion?

Jehovah's Witnesses

Continued learning changes are, according to the movement, “progress made in understanding the Bible” and a “brightening of light.”


Question: What do Jehovah's Witnesses emphasize in their religion?

Jehovah's Witnesses

In colloquial language and literature, Jehovah's Witnesses use the general concept of “truth” from the current Biblical interpretation and doctrinal system of the movement.


Question: What do Jehovah's Witnesses emphasize in their religion?

Jehovah's Witnesses

The movement has produced its own English translation of the Bible, the New World Translation, of which a Finnish translation has been made.


Question: What do Jehovah's Witnesses emphasize in their religion?

Jehovah's Witnesses

According to the translators, it has sought the most verbatim translation of the initial text into modern English and, consequently, into other languages.


Question: What do Jehovah's Witnesses emphasize in their religion?

Jehovah's Witnesses

Some Bible scholars criticize the translation solutions of the New World Translation as supporting Jehovah's Witnesses' interpretation of the Bible.


Question: What do Jehovah's Witnesses emphasize in their religion?

Jehovah's Witnesses

[37] See also: New World Translation of Jehovah's Witnesses Teachings The movement emphasizes the use of God's personal name Jehovah.


Question: What do Jehovah's Witnesses emphasize in their religion?

Jehovah's Witnesses

Jehovah's Witnesses don't believe in the trinity.


Question: What do Jehovah's Witnesses emphasize in their religion?

Jehovah's Witnesses

Jesus Christ is, according to them, the son of God, a created being.


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Jehovah's Witnesses

Jehovah's Witnesses believe that Jesus is currently King in Heaven.


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Jehovah's Witnesses

He has a beginning, while Jehovah God has neither a beginning nor an end.


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Jehovah's Witnesses

The Holy Spirit, on the other hand, is God's acting power


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Jehovah's Witnesses

According to them, man is an entity created by God, a living soul.


Question: What do Jehovah's Witnesses emphasize in their religion?

Jehovah's Witnesses

After the fall of sin, man is inherently mortal, but he can receive immortality as a gift from God (so-called conditionalism).


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Jehovah's Witnesses

Human salvation is based on the death suffered by Jesus in the torture pile, a reconciliation offering, or ransom.


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The existence of hell as a perpetual torture site is disputed.


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Jehovah's Witnesses

Sinner people are disposed of at God's deadline to non-existent (so-called annihilationism).


Question: What do Jehovah's Witnesses emphasize in their religion?

Jehovah's Witnesses

According to Jehovah's Witnesses, mankind has lived since 1914 in the “last days” mentioned in Matthew's 24th chapter.


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Jehovah's Witnesses

They believe that in the future Jehovah God through his son Jesus Christ will eradicate the present world order and its adherents in the Armageddon War.


Question: What do Jehovah's Witnesses emphasize in their religion?

Jehovah's Witnesses

After that, faithful Christians will restore the earth into a place similar to the Garden of Eden, where people are allowed to live forever.


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Jehovah's Witnesses

After Armageddon, a resurrection is believed to begin, in which faithful servants of God who died before Armageddon are resurrected from the dead.


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Jehovah's Witnesses

Jesus Christ and the chosen 144,000 in heaven lead the people in the restoration works of paradise.


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Jehovah's Witnesses

After a thousand years from Armageddon, Christ hands over kingship back to God, allowing Satan “thrown into the abyss” in Armageddon to go free to test for the last time who is faithful to God.


Question: What do Jehovah's Witnesses emphasize in their religion?

Jehovah's Witnesses

After this test, God will destroy Satan once and for all.


Question: What do Jehovah's Witnesses emphasize in their religion?

Jehovah's Witnesses

According to Jehovah's Witnesses, before the final test, humans have been brought back to the same perfect state in which Adam and Eve were originally before they fell into sin.


Question: What do Jehovah's Witnesses emphasize in their religion?

Jehovah's Witnesses

The concept of baptism among Jehovah's Witnesses is Baptist, meaning that baptism includes only those who have professed their faith.


Question: What do Jehovah's Witnesses emphasize in their religion?

Jehovah's Witnesses

Jehovah's Witnesses baptisms are similar to Christian communities with the Baptist concept of baptism insofar as baptism is delivered in immersion using.


Question: What do Jehovah's Witnesses emphasize in their religion?

Jehovah's Witnesses

However, Christian communities with the baptist ring concept of baptism do not consider Jehovah's Witness baptisms valid because Jehovah's Witnesses do not recognize Trinity doctrine.


Question: What do Jehovah's Witnesses emphasize in their religion?

Jehovah's Witnesses

Jehovah's Witnesses, on the other hand, do not consider valid any baptism other than their own.


Question: What do Jehovah's Witnesses emphasize in their religion?

Jehovah's Witnesses

Based on their interpretation of the Bible, Jehovah's Witnesses believe that there are two classes of Christians: the 144,000 anointed in the slave class who, when they die, go to heaven to reign over humanity with Jesus Christ, and other Jehovah worshippers awaiting admission to terrestrial paradise.


Question: What do Jehovah's Witnesses emphasize in their religion?

Jehovah's Witnesses

The apostles, early Christians and today about 11000 professing to be members of the slave class form that group of 144,000 heavenly rulers.


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Jehovah's Witnesses

Serving God Movement members believe that faithful servants of God have existed throughout human history, starting with Abel in the Old Testament.


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[38] During his time on earth, Jesus Christ taught the truth about God and established Christianity.


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According to their understanding, however, the original Christianity became corrupted and disappeared after the time of the Apostles.


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In this case, the Church began to confuse secular power, transforming the doctrine into a pagan one and trying to suppress pure worship.


Question: What do Jehovah's Witnesses emphasize in their religion?

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However, members of Jehovah's Witnesses think that in all centuries God has had at least some sincere servants on earth, despite the persecution inflicted upon them.


Question: What do Jehovah's Witnesses emphasize in their religion?

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The movement's current activity began in the early 1870s with a group studying the Bible in Allegheny, Pennsylvania.


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They were known at the time as Bible scholars.


Question: What do Jehovah's Witnesses emphasize in their religion?

Jehovah's Witnesses

According to the community's understanding, Jehovah God began at that time to rally his people.


Question: What do Jehovah's Witnesses emphasize in their religion?

Jehovah's Witnesses

Charles Taze Russell, leader of the Adventist-inspired group of Bible Scholars, declared that Jesus was already present invisibly beginning in 1874.


Question: What do Jehovah's Witnesses emphasize in their religion?

Jehovah's Witnesses

At the same time, he began to critically study the doctrines of Christian churches.


Question: What do Jehovah's Witnesses emphasize in their religion?

Jehovah's Witnesses

Jehovah's Witnesses believe that in 1919 God observed that on earth only those Bible scholars preached Christ's invisible presence and pure Christian doctrine.


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Jehovah's Witnesses

Based on this, Jehovah's Witnesses believe that they are the only true Christians and that God guides the community.


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[39] Meetings Meetings Meeting places are the kingdom halls, which are their places of worship.


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Kingdom halls are usually simple and modestly decorated.


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No images are used for worship, so there are also no icons or paintings that receive religious observance in the halls.


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The men do the teaching in the parishes.


Question: What do Jehovah's Witnesses emphasize in their religion?

Jehovah's Witnesses

In the service, parishioners usually refer to each other as brothers and sisters, for example Brother Virtanen.


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There are a total of three to four hours of meetings per week.


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Jehovah's Witnesses

Each meeting addresses biblical topics in different ways.


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Specifically aimed at the public, the meeting is a 30-minute audience presentation on Sunday followed by an hour-long examination of the Watchtower magazine.


Question: What do Jehovah's Witnesses emphasize in their religion?

Jehovah's Witnesses

In the examination, one of the articles interpreting the Bible in the journal is examined.


Question: What do Jehovah's Witnesses emphasize in their religion?

Jehovah's Witnesses

Articles are divided into numbered paragraphs.


Question: What do Jehovah's Witnesses emphasize in their religion?

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The so-called Watchtower Summaries reader reads a paragraph at a time, and the chairman then presents the audience with the printed, read paragraph-by-paragraph questions to the audience.


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Answers are usually found directly in paragraphs, but some of the questions are reflective in nature, and more experienced Jehovah's Witnesses in particular present perspectives within the framework of movement doctrine in response to them.


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Arkena is one meeting in the Reich Hall for the life and service of a Christian who started at the beginning of 2016.


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[40] The meeting lasts in its entirety 1h 45min and its parts are: Treasures of God's Word.


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The program discusses the features of a weekly bible reading program.


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Coaching for field service.


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Jehovah's Witnesses

Deals with different forms of preaching work as its name suggests, includes pair-three exercises.


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Jehovah's Witnesses

Life as a Christian (45min), includes one or two sections that help listeners apply Biblical principles (15min) Congregational Bible study, addressed with questions and answers.


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Jehovah's Witnesses

(30min) In the past, parishioners also gathered as daily lives in small assigned groups for an occasion called book examination in private homes, but from the beginning of 2009 the parish book examination in the kingdom hall replaced the one held in private homes.


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Jehovah's Witnesses

The programme of meetings and publications to be used are unified throughout the world, so anywhere in the world Jehovah's Witnesses go through the same material at the meetings.


Question: What do Jehovah's Witnesses emphasize in their religion?

Jehovah's Witnesses

The congregation meetings are started and concluded with a joint song (so called:


Question: What do Jehovah's Witnesses emphasize in their religion?

Jehovah's Witnesses

Kingdom Songs) and with a prayer held by one of the brothers from the stage from the front of the hall.


Question: What do Jehovah's Witnesses emphasize in their religion?

Jehovah's Witnesses

There is also chanting in between meetings.


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Jehovah's Witnesses

The meeting ends with song and prayer.


Question: What do Jehovah's Witnesses emphasize in their religion?

Jehovah's Witnesses

In addition to the meetings, Jehovah's Witnesses hold larger events, conventions, three times a year: two smaller round conventions, where all congregations in the part of the round (usually 5—7 congregations and about 500 people) gather, and a bigger regional convention in the summer where people gather in the district belonging members (usually about 4,000 to 6,000 Jehovah's Witnesses at one time.


Question: What do Jehovah's Witnesses emphasize in their religion?

Jehovah's Witnesses

Summer regional conventions in Finland are most commonly held in Helsinki, Tampere and Oulu.


Question: What do Jehovah's Witnesses emphasize in their religion?

Jehovah's Witnesses

In addition, there is a Swedish-speaking regional convention in Hämeenlinna.


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Jehovah's Witnesses

The Nordic English-speaking regional convention rotates by tide in different Nordic countries.


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Jehovah's Witnesses

In 2016, it was held in Helsinki.


Question: What do Jehovah's Witnesses emphasize in their religion?

Jehovah's Witnesses

The convention halls where the round conventions are held are similar in appearance to smaller kingdom halls.


Question: What do Jehovah's Witnesses emphasize in their religion?

Jehovah's Witnesses

Finland has three convention halls, one in Hämeenlinna, one in Varkaus and the Oulu Convention Hall in Kello, Oulu.


Question: What do Jehovah's Witnesses emphasize in their religion?

Jehovah's Witnesses

Religious Symbols and Holidays The movement does not accept the use of religious symbols such as the cross or images.


Question: What do Jehovah's Witnesses emphasize in their religion?

Jehovah's Witnesses

The use of images and symbols is considered idolatry.


Question: What do Jehovah's Witnesses emphasize in their religion?

Jehovah's Witnesses

Although the cross was still partially in use during Russell's time, today Jehovah's Witnesses do not use the cross, justifying it as follows: the instrument of execution of Jesus must not be an object of appreciation because it is an instrument of slaying.


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Jehovah's Witnesses

Jesus is believed to have been executed in a straight pile, not on a cross.


Question: What do Jehovah's Witnesses emphasize in their religion?

Jehovah's Witnesses

The cross came with them to early Christianity accompanied by pagan converts.


Question: What do Jehovah's Witnesses emphasize in their religion?

Jehovah's Witnesses

The rationale uses the fact that many ancient pagan peoples, such as the Egyptians and Babylonians, used crosses in religious editorials.


Question: What do Jehovah's Witnesses emphasize in their religion?

Jehovah's Witnesses

The cross and crown surrounded by a wreath was the emblem of Bible scholars and later Jehovah's Witnesses from 1891—1931.


Question: What do Jehovah's Witnesses emphasize in their religion?

Jehovah's Witnesses

[41] The use of the cross was abandoned when the movement began to interpret the cross as being associated with pagan religions.


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Jehovah's Witnesses

The emblem in which the cross appears is on the grave of Charles Taze Russell, the founder of the movement.


Question: What do Jehovah's Witnesses emphasize in their religion?

Jehovah's Witnesses

Today, the cross is not used as part of the visual look in publications or the movement's logo; instead, the cross and crown have been replaced by a tower.


Question: What do Jehovah's Witnesses emphasize in their religion?

Jehovah's Witnesses

The movement also does not accept the celebration of ecclesiastical holidays because the origins of Christmas, Easter, Midsummer and other holidays lie in paganism according to Jehovah's Witnesses.


Question: What do Jehovah's Witnesses emphasize in their religion?

Jehovah's Witnesses

In addition, the celebrations in question involve customs derived from paganism, such as the Christmas tree and Easter eggs, and sometimes also immorality.


Question: What do Jehovah's Witnesses emphasize in their religion?

Jehovah's Witnesses

The only annual religious holiday celebrated by Jehovah's Witnesses is the commemoration of Jesus' death, or celebration of remembrance in the spring, around the time of the Jewish pesah.


Question: What do Jehovah's Witnesses emphasize in their religion?

Jehovah's Witnesses

Preaching Work Each member of the congregation is expected to preach as possible as they wish.


Question: What do Jehovah's Witnesses emphasize in their religion?

Jehovah's Witnesses

Normally, Jehovah's Witnesses are known for their door-to-door preaching.


Question: What do Jehovah's Witnesses emphasize in their religion?

Jehovah's Witnesses

At the end of each calendar month, each member of the congregation returns a report to their congregation indicating the amount of proclamation work for the month, together with information on the printed matter distributed in the preaching work.


Question: What do Jehovah's Witnesses emphasize in their religion?

Jehovah's Witnesses

Each baptized witness must do preaching work for at least an hour a month, which can in practice be, say, a discussion of spiritual matters with a non-believer relative.


Question: What do Jehovah's Witnesses emphasize in their religion?

Jehovah's Witnesses

You cannot obtain responsibilities in the parish unless you spend sufficient time on preaching activities.


Question: What do Jehovah's Witnesses emphasize in their religion?

Jehovah's Witnesses

As an exception to the one-hour requirement, a service committee formed from parish elders may allow in a special case reporting preaching work for only 15 minutes per month.


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Jehovah's Witnesses

A lightened arrangement can be reached if preaching is difficult, for example because of age or illness.


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Jehovah's Witnesses

[42] If a member does not report for at least one hour in a month or 15 minutes in a lightened case, he shall be called an irregular declarer.


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Jehovah's Witnesses

If non-reporting continues for six months, the declarer becomes inactive.


Question: What do Jehovah's Witnesses emphasize in their religion?

Jehovah's Witnesses

[43] The order and rules of congregations of Jehovah's Witnesses congregations discipline is handled by the elders.


Question: What do Jehovah's Witnesses emphasize in their religion?

Jehovah's Witnesses

Elders have at their disposal a book published by the Watchtower Society Pay attention to yourselves and the whole flock, which provides detailed instructions on disciplinary proceedings to elders, among other things.


Question: What do Jehovah's Witnesses emphasize in their religion?

Jehovah's Witnesses

An ordinary movement member cannot obtain a book for viewing, nor is it referenced in other material intended by the movement to be public.


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Jehovah's Witnesses

The instructions in the book are supplemented from time to time.


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Jehovah's Witnesses

Disciplinary actions include public handing out and dismissal.


Question: What do Jehovah's Witnesses emphasize in their religion?

Jehovah's Witnesses

Separation is preceded by a session of the Congregational Court of Justice, or Judicial Committee, in which the severity of a person's sin is assessed and possible disciplinary action is decided.


Question: What do Jehovah's Witnesses emphasize in their religion?

Jehovah's Witnesses

After separation, members of the elder endeavour to visit each separated once a year to direct him back to the congregation.


Question: What do Jehovah's Witnesses emphasize in their religion?

Jehovah's Witnesses

Sins classified as serious For example, the following sins are classified as serious sins that, as unrepentant acts, lead to separation from the congregation: Premarital sex, adultery, blatant impurity [44] Homosexual sex [45] Apostasy: the fact that denies any On the basic teachings of Jehovah's Witnesses or actively participates in other denominations [46] [47] Not carding blood (taking blood transfusions, donating blood, eating blood) [48] Gambling [49] Smoking or taking drugs [44] Excessive alcohol abuse [50] Standing as a candidate in political elections or political activity in parties for example [51] Separating from the movement from Jehovah's Witnesses can differ in two ways: By formal notice.


Question: What do Jehovah's Witnesses emphasize in their religion?

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A person can either verbally or in writing declare that they no longer wish to be a Jehovah's Witness.


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Jehovah's Witnesses

By their own actions.


Question: What do Jehovah's Witnesses emphasize in their religion?

Jehovah's Witnesses

A person may, by his own conduct, demonstrate that he is no longer part of Jehovah's Witnesses.


Question: What do Jehovah's Witnesses emphasize in their religion?

Jehovah's Witnesses

[52] Attitudes towards those separated and divorced from the congregation The movement strongly condemns members' interactions with those who have been separated or divorced from the congregation on non-essential matters.


Question: What do Jehovah's Witnesses emphasize in their religion?

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On separation it says: Jehovah's Witnesses urge members of the movement to avoid close interactions even with family members and relatives who have separated or become separated from the congregation.


Question: What do Jehovah's Witnesses emphasize in their religion?

Jehovah's Witnesses

However, of those living in the same household, it is said: “Does this mean that Christians living with a separated family member in the same household must avoid talking, eating and having daily interactions with him?


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Jehovah's Witnesses

In the Watchtower on April 15, 1991, a footnote on page 22 says: “If a Christian householder has a separated relative, he is still involved in the normal everyday work and activities of the househouse.” It therefore remains up to family members to what extent the separated could be involved in joint meals and other family activities.


Question: What do Jehovah's Witnesses emphasize in their religion?

Jehovah's Witnesses

On the other hand, they do not wish to give the brothers in the congregation the impression that everything is the same as before separation.” [53] — “[Separation or resignation of a family member] implies changes in the spiritual cohesion which may have prevailed in the home.” [54] If separated relative living in one's household, such as an adult child or adult siblings who moved away from home, contact with such can be stopped almost completely: The separated has the option of returning to becoming a Jehovah's Witness if they have ceased to proceed or think in a way because of he was expelled.


Question: What do Jehovah's Witnesses emphasize in their religion?

Jehovah's Witnesses

If the separated comes to the Reich Hall in order to return to the congregation, he or she will be directed to the elder members.


Question: What do Jehovah's Witnesses emphasize in their religion?

Jehovah's Witnesses

Members of the congregation do not converse with the separated either in the Reich Hall during the time when the separated shows remorse by attending meetings.


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Depending on the case, the time required for admission may last from a few months to years.


Question: What do Jehovah's Witnesses emphasize in their religion?

Jehovah's Witnesses

A separated or divorcee wishing to rejoin the congregation should refer a request for readmission to the Judicial Committee that dismissed him or her.


Question: What do Jehovah's Witnesses emphasize in their religion?

Jehovah's Witnesses

The Committee shall consider the application and, if necessary, provide guidance on how the separated should proceed in order to better meet the requirements for readmission.


Question: What do Jehovah's Witnesses emphasize in their religion?

Jehovah's Witnesses

If the separated is accepted back as a member of the congregation, parishioners, relatives and friends can again greet, discuss and interact with him or her.


Question: What do Jehovah's Witnesses emphasize in their religion?

Jehovah's Witnesses

If a member of the movement repeatedly socializes with persons who have been separated or separated from the congregation, the loss of any congregational positions of trust and eventual separation from the congregation ensues.


Question: What do Jehovah's Witnesses emphasize in their religion?

Jehovah's Witnesses

Whoever is self-divorced from the congregation will be treated in the same way as someone who is separated.


Question: What do Jehovah's Witnesses emphasize in their religion?

Jehovah's Witnesses

Separation applies only to a baptized congregation member.


Question: What do Jehovah's Witnesses emphasize in their religion?

Jehovah's Witnesses

Those who have not attended baptism and are removed or leave the parish activities themselves are not treated in the manner mentioned above; baptized members of the movement may continue to interact with them according to their conscience.


Question: What do Jehovah's Witnesses emphasize in their religion?

Jehovah's Witnesses

Habits Relationship with Society Jehovah's Witnesses doctrines generally emphasize honest work and the performance of taxes, fees and other obligations, as well as reasonableness in alcohol use.


Question: What do Jehovah's Witnesses emphasize in their religion?

Jehovah's Witnesses

They will seek to comply with the legislation as long as it does not conflict with their convictions.


Question: What do Jehovah's Witnesses emphasize in their religion?

Jehovah's Witnesses

Jehovah's Witnesses believe that Christians must remain neutral in relation to society and political systems.


Question: What do Jehovah's Witnesses emphasize in their religion?

Jehovah's Witnesses

That's why they don't think it's appropriate to belong to parties.


Question: What do Jehovah's Witnesses emphasize in their religion?

Jehovah's Witnesses

Jehovah's Witnesses also do not vote or stand as candidates in political elections.


Question: What do Jehovah's Witnesses emphasize in their religion?

Jehovah's Witnesses

Since World War I, the Watchtower Society has required members of congregations to refuse military service and until 1996 to refuse civilian service.


Question: What do Jehovah's Witnesses emphasize in their religion?

Jehovah's Witnesses

[55] Jehovah's Witnesses have been imprisoned for this reason, and the refusal has sometimes caused serious difficulties for members of the movement in totalitarian countries.


Question: What do Jehovah's Witnesses emphasize in their religion?

Jehovah's Witnesses

During World War II in Germany, some 2000 members of the movement perished in concentration camps and prisons after refusing to perform a Nazi salute and serve in the armed forces.


Question: What do Jehovah's Witnesses emphasize in their religion?

Jehovah's Witnesses

[56] [57] Jehovah's Witnesses were also subject to violence in some other countries, as they were seen to be a threat to the war effort because of their non-nationalist worldview.


Question: What do Jehovah's Witnesses emphasize in their religion?

Jehovah's Witnesses

Subsequently, the Watchtower Society was banned in countries such as Canada, Australia and Finland.


Question: What do Jehovah's Witnesses emphasize in their religion?

Jehovah's Witnesses

[58] In Finland, the ban on the activities of the Watchtower Society was preceded by the confiscation of its publications Government and Peace and Freedom for the Peoples on 18 January 1940 by decision of the Ministry of Justice.


Question: What do Jehovah's Witnesses emphasize in their religion?

Jehovah's Witnesses

[59] Criticism and Limitations of Activity Although separation from Jehovah's Witnesses is easy in itself, according to former members, seceding is nevertheless perceived as difficult, as friends, family members and relatives who remain Jehovah's Witnesses are forced to shun the expelled from the congregation or divorced.


Question: What do Jehovah's Witnesses emphasize in their religion?

Jehovah's Witnesses

Features of the administration of justice within congregations, such as negative attitudes towards secular litigation between congregation members, have been feared to contribute, among other things, to the activities of child abusers.


Question: What do Jehovah's Witnesses emphasize in their religion?

Jehovah's Witnesses

An example of this is Barbara Anderson, a former Governing Body aide who criticised the action.


Question: What do Jehovah's Witnesses emphasize in their religion?

Jehovah's Witnesses

[60] In France in 1996, the Parliamentary Working Group on Inquiry classified the organization as one of 173 dangerous suspected sects that a special institution was set up to observe.


Question: What do Jehovah's Witnesses emphasize in their religion?

Jehovah's Witnesses

[61] Since then, the tax exemption for the activities of Jehovah's Witnesses in France was abolished and the state demanded a large posthumous tax on Jehovah's Witnesses in France from 1993 to 1996.


Question: What do Jehovah's Witnesses emphasize in their religion?

Jehovah's Witnesses

In 2011, the European Court of Human Rights ruled that France had violated the rights of Jehovah's Witnesses in this, and in July 2012 it ordered France to pay 4.5 million euros to witnesses.


Question: What do Jehovah's Witnesses emphasize in their religion?

Jehovah's Witnesses

In Russia, the court decided in March 2004 to ban the movement from operating in the Moscow


Question: What do Jehovah's Witnesses emphasize in their religion?

Jehovah's Witnesses

In the court's view, the movement's practices violate families, drive to suicide and threaten the health of its members by banning blood transfusions.


Question: What do Jehovah's Witnesses emphasize in their religion?

Jehovah's Witnesses

[62] Admittedly, the Organization for the Activities of Cults and Neo-Religions states that “the attitude of anti-cult movements towards Jehovah's Witnesses and other religious communities is considered discriminatory within human rights lawyers; most anti-cult organizations have not been able to to provide evidence to support their claims; most organizations have not cited Jehovah's Witnesses' contributions to the cause of religious freedom”.


Question: What do Jehovah's Witnesses emphasize in their religion?

Jehovah's Witnesses

[63] The Supreme Court of Russia has declared the Jehovah's Witness Administrative Center to be extremist on April 20, 2017.


Question: What do Jehovah's Witnesses emphasize in their religion?

Jehovah's Witnesses

According to YLE, the decision means that its activities will be deemed prohibited and assets will be confiscated.


Question: What do Jehovah's Witnesses emphasize in their religion?

Jehovah's Witnesses

[64] [65] UN-NGO ally membership 1992—2001 The Watchtower Society of Jehovah's Witnesses applied for NGO ally membership in the UN Information Department in 1991 and was admitted to NGO membership in 1992.


Question: What do Jehovah's Witnesses emphasize in their religion?

Jehovah's Witnesses

The Watchtower Society referred to as a specialist in human rights and published a few writings on the UN and human rights in a positive light during that time, especially Awake! magazine.


Question: What do Jehovah's Witnesses emphasize in their religion?

Jehovah's Witnesses

[66] Through their various organizations, Jehovah's Witnesses also participated in the UN Human Rights Commission.


Question: What do Jehovah's Witnesses emphasize in their religion?

Jehovah's Witnesses

[67] Allies membership ended in [68] just days after membership entered the public domain, [69] and it was raised that Jehovah's Witnesses regard the UN as a beast of the Book of Revelation in their theology and have cited it as being “a forgery mocking the God of the Kingdom of God” [70] and that they have for years been criticizing other religions for collaborating with the UN.


Question: What do Jehovah's Witnesses emphasize in their religion?

Jehovah's Witnesses

[71] On 4 March 2004, due to numerous contacts, the UN published a bulletin on its website, [72], which mentioned, among other things, the need for Jehovah's Witnesses to the United Nations that the organisation share the ideals of the UN Charter.


Question: What do Jehovah's Witnesses emphasize in their religion?

Jehovah's Witnesses

Religion has not commented on the case.


Question: What do Jehovah's Witnesses emphasize in their religion?

Jehovah's Witnesses

Refusing military service and civilian service Jehovah's Witnesses believe Christians should refrain from violence and practice armed defense.


Question: What do Jehovah's Witnesses emphasize in their religion?

Jehovah's Witnesses

Refusal to perform military service has led to the imprisonment of thousands of conscription age Jehovah's Witnesses in various countries.


Question: What do Jehovah's Witnesses emphasize in their religion?

Jehovah's Witnesses

For decades Jehovah's Witnesses also refused to perform civilian service replacing military service.


Question: What do Jehovah's Witnesses emphasize in their religion?

Jehovah's Witnesses

The Watchtower Society justified refusal from civilian service, among other things, that civilian service was intended solely as a substitute for military service, and to perform it would violate the Bible's call to Christians to remain neutral.


Question: What do Jehovah's Witnesses emphasize in their religion?

Jehovah's Witnesses

[73] These arguments were overturned and the view of civilian service was changed in 1996, when the Watchtower magazine allowed members of the movement to perform non-military civilian service under civilian administration.


Question: What do Jehovah's Witnesses emphasize in their religion?

Jehovah's Witnesses

[74] Before the change, thousands of Jehovah's Witnesses in different countries suffered prison sentences after refusing military service and also the civil service that replaced it.


Question: What do Jehovah's Witnesses emphasize in their religion?

Jehovah's Witnesses

Several European countries, such as Sweden, [75] Germany, Holland, France, Poland [76] and Finland, have since, in the post-World War II period, through various arrangements, exempted Jehovah's Witnesses from performing peacetime military service and civil service.


Question: What do Jehovah's Witnesses emphasize in their religion?

Jehovah's Witnesses

[77] In other parts of the world, exemption from service has been given in countries such as Israel, [78] Armenia [79] and Kyrgyzstan [80].


Question: What do Jehovah's Witnesses emphasize in their religion?

Jehovah's Witnesses

In countries where Jehovah's Witnesses have no exemption, such as Greece and Russia, many of them today perform civil service.


Question: What do Jehovah's Witnesses emphasize in their religion?

Jehovah's Witnesses

In December 2005, more than 1,000 Jehovah's Witnesses were imprisoned for conscientious objector in South Korea, as the country's law knows no possibility of civilian service at all.


Question: What do Jehovah's Witnesses emphasize in their religion?

Jehovah's Witnesses

[81] [82] Total prohibition in Finland under the law that came into force in Finland in 1987, Jehovah's Witnesses have had the opportunity to obtain an exemption from performing conscription during peacetime.


Question: What do Jehovah's Witnesses emphasize in their religion?

Jehovah's Witnesses

[83] A Jehovah's Witness of conscription age shall receive a deferment of three years at a time until he reaches the age of 28, when he is released from peacetime service as a member of the congregation.


Question: What do Jehovah's Witnesses emphasize in their religion?

Jehovah's Witnesses

Before the Emancipation Act came into force, Jehovah's Witnesses were sentenced as total denialists to custodial sentences.


Question: What do Jehovah's Witnesses emphasize in their religion?

Jehovah's Witnesses

During World War II, the sentence for refusal was, for example, three and a half years of discipline room.


Question: What do Jehovah's Witnesses emphasize in their religion?

Jehovah's Witnesses

[84] From 1947 to 1961, refusing Jehovah's Witnesses were held in a camp organised and guarded by Hanko's Coastal Patteristo in the outer archipelago of Raseborg on Hästö-Busö fortress island for 240 days, with a sentence of 3 to 6 months imprisonment.


Question: What do Jehovah's Witnesses emphasize in their religion?

Jehovah's Witnesses

[85] In 1959, sentences for refusal were extended.


Question: What do Jehovah's Witnesses emphasize in their religion?

Jehovah's Witnesses

Beginning in 1961, Jehovah's Witnesses were assigned to serve at the Karvia Special Works Institution, established in place of the Karvia Reserve Prison, which was abolished in 1960.


Question: What do Jehovah's Witnesses emphasize in their religion?

Jehovah's Witnesses

[86] [87] In the Karvia Special Work Institution, the mandatory period of service for Jehovah's Witnesses was approximately two years [88] and had to be performed closed, without the possibility of moving around the territory of the institution or beyond.


Question: What do Jehovah's Witnesses emphasize in their religion?

Jehovah's Witnesses

[89] The conditions of the facility began to be characterised in public as concentration camp-like.


Question: What do Jehovah's Witnesses emphasize in their religion?

Jehovah's Witnesses

[90] [89] President Urho Kekkonen visited the facility in August 1968 and the facility closed in 1969.


Question: What do Jehovah's Witnesses emphasize in their religion?

Jehovah's Witnesses

[91] Jehovah's Witnesses began to be sentenced, like other refusers, to nine-month prison sentences until the release procedure took effect in 1987.


Question: What do Jehovah's Witnesses emphasize in their religion?

Jehovah's Witnesses

On December 4, 2006, the Department of Defense announced intentions to set up a task force to determine the necessity of discharge from performing conscription for Jehovah's Witnesses.


Question: What do Jehovah's Witnesses emphasize in their religion?

Jehovah's Witnesses

[92] The Commission for Examining the National Defence Duty of Jehovah's Witnesses, which was set to task on 14 March 2007, was commissioned to determine the necessity of the law concerning the exemption of Jehovah's Witnesses from performing conscription in some cases and the Constitution provisions and to submit a proposal for regulatory reform.


Question: What do Jehovah's Witnesses emphasize in their religion?

Jehovah's Witnesses

The Commission was unable to make a legislative proposal to resolve the matter, but ended up proposing a broad round of opinions on the matter.


Question: What do Jehovah's Witnesses emphasize in their religion?

Jehovah's Witnesses

[93] Opinions received from a major round of opinions held in 2008 were to such an extent that no resolution was reached through the Opinion Round.


Question: What do Jehovah's Witnesses emphasize in their religion?

Jehovah's Witnesses

[94] In 2009, the Defence Forces asked for statements from abroad on how the matter has been handled in other countries.


Question: What do Jehovah's Witnesses emphasize in their religion?

Jehovah's Witnesses

The purpose of the Ministry of Defence was to once again establish a task force to consider the exemption of Jehovah's Witnesses from conscription.


Question: What do Jehovah's Witnesses emphasize in their religion?

Jehovah's Witnesses

According to a spokesman for the Ministry of Defence, it is possible that nothing will eventually be done about it.


Question: What do Jehovah's Witnesses emphasize in their religion?

Jehovah's Witnesses

[95] According to the spokesperson of Jehovah's Witnesses in Finland, Jehovah's Witnesses refuse to “carry out conscription in all its forms” and therefore continue to receive “civil service derived from national defence duty”.


Question: What do Jehovah's Witnesses emphasize in their religion?

Jehovah's Witnesses

[96] [97] Each year approximately 150 Jehovah's Witnesses apply for deferments on the basis of the Jehovah's Witnesses Emancipation Act.


Question: What do Jehovah's Witnesses emphasize in their religion?

Jehovah's Witnesses

[98] [99] Morality Organization members' concepts of morality are based on the bible interpretation of the movement.


Question: What do Jehovah's Witnesses emphasize in their religion?

Jehovah's Witnesses

They believe that according to the Bible, human life begins at conception, so abortion is considered murder.


Question: What do Jehovah's Witnesses emphasize in their religion?

Jehovah's Witnesses

The practice of homosexuality, premarital and extramarital sex is considered a grave sin, that is, grounds for separation from the congregation.


Question: What do Jehovah's Witnesses emphasize in their religion?

Jehovah's Witnesses

In worship, dress is considered neat: in Western countries such as Finland, men wear costume at meetings and other spiritual gatherings, and women wear dress or skirt.


Question: What do Jehovah's Witnesses emphasize in their religion?

Jehovah's Witnesses

Entertainment that includes the idolization of money or property, violence, sex or spiritism is condemned.


Question: What do Jehovah's Witnesses emphasize in their religion?

Jehovah's Witnesses

Earrings or long hair can, in men, prevent the obtaining of a responsible position or other duties in church activities.


Question: What do Jehovah's Witnesses emphasize in their religion?

Jehovah's Witnesses

Nor is a beard considered preferable, depending in part on the local culture.


Question: What do Jehovah's Witnesses emphasize in their religion?

Jehovah's Witnesses

Important is considered good behavior and the love of the neighbor, both in and outside the congregation.


Question: What do Jehovah's Witnesses emphasize in their religion?

Jehovah's Witnesses

Family Life Courtship and Marriage According to Jehovah's Witnesses teaching courtship should always seriously aim towards marriage.


Question: What do Jehovah's Witnesses emphasize in their religion?

Jehovah's Witnesses

Dating is recommended only with another baptized Jehovah's Witness.


Question: What do Jehovah's Witnesses emphasize in their religion?

Jehovah's Witnesses

[100] According to the movement's guidelines, a socializing couple should avoid staying alone in premises where they might engage in sexual intercourse or displays of affection deemed inappropriate by the organisation.


Question: What do Jehovah's Witnesses emphasize in their religion?

Jehovah's Witnesses

[101] This is why the organisation's guidelines recommend that a couple who are dating always carry an “apron” - that is, a companion - when they spend time in a place that is not a public space.


Question: What do Jehovah's Witnesses emphasize in their religion?

Jehovah's Witnesses

[102] Jehovah's Witnesses are instructed to marry only another Witness.


Question: What do Jehovah's Witnesses emphasize in their religion?

Jehovah's Witnesses

[100] Its basis is considered to be the advice given in the Bible 1.Corinthians () to marry “only in the Lord”.


Question: What do Jehovah's Witnesses emphasize in their religion?

Jehovah's Witnesses

Marrying an outsider does not result in separation from the congregation, but there are some consequences: for example, the loss of all duties in the parish.


Question: What do Jehovah's Witnesses emphasize in their religion?

Jehovah's Witnesses

[103] If the parents of someone married to an outsider approve or give it “tacit approval”, the loss of service benefits such as serving in the elder may result.


Question: What do Jehovah's Witnesses emphasize in their religion?

Jehovah's Witnesses

In family life, an interpretation of the model given by the Bible is followed.


Question: What do Jehovah's Witnesses emphasize in their religion?

Jehovah's Witnesses

The man is the head of the family and makes the final decisions.


Question: What do Jehovah's Witnesses emphasize in their religion?

Jehovah's Witnesses

The wife's job is to support and advise the husband, as well as respect the decisions made.


Question: What do Jehovah's Witnesses emphasize in their religion?

Jehovah's Witnesses

The man is urged to love as well as respect his wife and care for his family like Christ congregations.


Question: What do Jehovah's Witnesses emphasize in their religion?

Jehovah's Witnesses

In the family, the husband should bear responsibility for decisions and their consequences before God.


Question: What do Jehovah's Witnesses emphasize in their religion?

Jehovah's Witnesses

He should take into account the wishes of his wife and the interests of the family.


Question: What do Jehovah's Witnesses emphasize in their religion?

Jehovah's Witnesses

Parents have a responsibility to teach their children.


Question: What do Jehovah's Witnesses emphasize in their religion?

Jehovah's Witnesses

This is done in part through the family exploration method, which examines material published by the Watchtower Society.


Question: What do Jehovah's Witnesses emphasize in their religion?

Jehovah's Witnesses

Children are not baptized at birth; baptism occurs at the child's own decision.


Question: What do Jehovah's Witnesses emphasize in their religion?

Jehovah's Witnesses

Divorce Marriage is considered sacred and should not be dissolved at any time other than because of infidelity.


Question: What do Jehovah's Witnesses emphasize in their religion?

Jehovah's Witnesses

If the marriage is dissolved without justification, the parties will not be able to remarry until infidelity has been demonstrated.


Question: What do Jehovah's Witnesses emphasize in their religion?

Jehovah's Witnesses

The reason is that Jehovah's Witnesses consider an unjustifiably dissolved marriage to be still valid before God and the congregation until adultery has occurred.


Question: What do Jehovah's Witnesses emphasize in their religion?

Jehovah's Witnesses

However, if remarried, the “trespassing” person is usually expelled from the congregation.


Question: What do Jehovah's Witnesses emphasize in their religion?

Jehovah's Witnesses

[104] Sex according to Jehovah's Witnesses sex belongs only to marriage


Question: What do Jehovah's Witnesses emphasize in their religion?

Jehovah's Witnesses

Any sexual behavior with a non-ordained spouse is considered a sin.


Question: What do Jehovah's Witnesses emphasize in their religion?

Jehovah's Witnesses

[105] Masturbation is also forbidden, although it is not considered a serious sin, but as an impure habit, the practice of which one must seek to get rid of, among other things, by praying for forgiveness from God.


Question: What do Jehovah's Witnesses emphasize in their religion?

Jehovah's Witnesses

[106] Contraception is not banned, but congregation members are given the freedom of choice to decide the direction of their lives: whether to have a family or not.


Question: What do Jehovah's Witnesses emphasize in their religion?

Jehovah's Witnesses

There are biblical grounds to be found for both options according to jehovah's witnesses.


Question: What do Jehovah's Witnesses emphasize in their religion?

Jehovah's Witnesses

Abortion is not approved.


Question: What do Jehovah's Witnesses emphasize in their religion?

Jehovah's Witnesses

[107] Jehovah's Witnesses believe that married couples should also exercise reasonable self-control in their mutual sexual intercourse.


Question: What do Jehovah's Witnesses emphasize in their religion?

Jehovah's Witnesses

Alcohol and other intoxicants Members are allowed to consume alcohol, but binge drinking is a sin, and alcoholism can be grounds for separation.


Question: What do Jehovah's Witnesses emphasize in their religion?

Jehovah's Witnesses

Smoking is forbidden to members of the movement because it contaminates the body 2.


Question: What do Jehovah's Witnesses emphasize in their religion?

Jehovah's Witnesses

In accordance with Corinthians 7:1.


Question: What do Jehovah's Witnesses emphasize in their religion?

Jehovah's Witnesses

It was banned in the 1970s, when a member of the congregation who smoked had six months to quit or would be expelled from the congregation.


Question: What do Jehovah's Witnesses emphasize in their religion?

Jehovah's Witnesses

Drug use is also considered a sin.


Question: What do Jehovah's Witnesses emphasize in their religion?

Jehovah's Witnesses

Drugs prescribed by a doctor, on the other hand, should be used according to the instructions.


Question: What do Jehovah's Witnesses emphasize in their religion?

Jehovah's Witnesses

Attitudes towards outsiders, criticism and media Jehovah's Witnesses take a negative view of their members' close befriending with outsiders.


Question: What do Jehovah's Witnesses emphasize in their religion?

Jehovah's Witnesses

[108] Members are not encouraged to participate actively, for example, in school clubs, sports clubs or NGOs.


Question: What do Jehovah's Witnesses emphasize in their religion?

Jehovah's Witnesses

[109] However, there are calls to be open and considerate to everyone regardless of religion, race, gender or age.


Question: What do Jehovah's Witnesses emphasize in their religion?

Jehovah's Witnesses

According to Jehovah's Witnesses, in particular former Jehovah's Witnesses sometimes disseminate false or misrepresented information about it on television and newspapers.


Question: What do Jehovah's Witnesses emphasize in their religion?

Jehovah's Witnesses

There have been media reports of cases where a Jehovah's Witness has refused a blood transfusion or denied giving one to his child, and accusations of covering up abuse cases in congregations.


Question: What do Jehovah's Witnesses emphasize in their religion?

Jehovah's Witnesses

The leadership of Jehovah's Witnesses denies all accusations against them and considers them to be slander orchestrated by opponents.


Question: What do Jehovah's Witnesses emphasize in their religion?

Jehovah's Witnesses

[110] The organisation accuses its former active members, namely renegades, of spreading misrepresentations, lies and half-truths.


Question: What do Jehovah's Witnesses emphasize in their religion?

Jehovah's Witnesses

Jehovah's Witnesses are extremely negative about former members criticizing Jehovah's Witnesses' policies and teachings in the public eye and on the internet.


Question: What do Jehovah's Witnesses emphasize in their religion?

Jehovah's Witnesses

[111] The organisation recommends that parishioners avoid using search engines to search for information about Jehovah's Witnesses, as they may be accessed to sites run by former members.


Question: What do Jehovah's Witnesses emphasize in their religion?

Jehovah's Witnesses

[112] Witnesses have increasingly outspoken prohibited their members from reading material on the internet criticizing Jehovah's Witnesses' beliefs or practices, although otherwise Witnesses are happy to seek spiritual discussions with those who think differently.


Question: What do Jehovah's Witnesses emphasize in their religion?

Jehovah's Witnesses

Reading such critical texts is feared to undermine the faith of Jehovah's Witnesses because former Jehovah's Witnesses differ from other interlocutors by having sometimes believed in Jehovah themselves, and, having lost their faith, criticize the actions of their former brethren.


Question: What do Jehovah's Witnesses emphasize in their religion?

Jehovah's Witnesses

[111] Jehovah's Witnesses believe that criticism directed at them from non-former members constitutes persecution directed at them without reason, and that it proves that Jehovah's Witnesses are the group of so-called true believers who are persecuted for the fulfillment of Bible prophecies.


Question: What do Jehovah's Witnesses emphasize in their religion?

Jehovah's Witnesses

[113] The Watchtower Society has recently been more active in defending its rights against material published on the Internet.


Question: What do Jehovah's Witnesses emphasize in their religion?

Jehovah's Witnesses

In January 2006, The Guardian reported in its online version that quotes from literature published by the Watchtower Society, the popular Canadian website Quotes.WatchTower.ca were shut down.


Question: What do Jehovah's Witnesses emphasize in their religion?

Jehovah's Witnesses

[114] The Legitimate Association of Jehovah's Witnesses had issued a subpoena for 100,000 Canadian Dollars to shut down the site citing copyright infringement and accusing the author of the fact that the main purpose of this is to bully the interested party by selectively quoting what was published by Jehovah's Witnesses literature.


Question: What do Jehovah's Witnesses emphasize in their religion?

Jehovah's Witnesses

Blood and Organ Transplants Jehovah's Witnesses refuse to consume foods containing blood and transfusions.


Question: What do Jehovah's Witnesses emphasize in their religion?

Jehovah's Witnesses

This teaching is based on their understanding of the Biblical commandment to “shun blood”.


Question: What do Jehovah's Witnesses emphasize in their religion?

Jehovah's Witnesses

According to them, blood should not be stored for later use, and therefore they also consider donating blood inappropriate.


Question: What do Jehovah's Witnesses emphasize in their religion?

Jehovah's Witnesses

Refusal from blood applies not only to whole blood, but also red blood cells, white blood cells, blood plasma and platelets separated from the blood.


Question: What do Jehovah's Witnesses emphasize in their religion?

Jehovah's Witnesses

Receiving blood components separated from the previous ones, such as hemoglobin and albumin, is currently left to the individual consideration of each member of the movement.


Question: What do Jehovah's Witnesses emphasize in their religion?

Jehovah's Witnesses

This is justified, among other things, by the fact that during pregnancy the fetus receives some smaller parts of blood from its mother.


Question: What do Jehovah's Witnesses emphasize in their religion?

Jehovah's Witnesses

The number of avoidable deaths caused by Jehovah's Witnesses blood doctrine is unknown, but considering the number of Jehovah's Witnesses worldwide, the number of deaths moves in at least thousands.


Question: What do Jehovah's Witnesses emphasize in their religion?

Jehovah's Witnesses

In births alone, mothers' risk of death is known to increase more than a thousandfold, to 0.1 percent from less than 0.0001 percent when the mother refuses blood transfusions.


Question: What do Jehovah's Witnesses emphasize in their religion?

Jehovah's Witnesses

[115] Given the number of Jehovah's Witnesses, this amounts to at least 1450 avoidable maternal birthing deaths between 1995 and 2006.


Question: What do Jehovah's Witnesses emphasize in their religion?

Jehovah's Witnesses

[116] In modern medicine, whole blood transfusions are less common, and increasingly, surgery and medications use some component of blood.


Question: What do Jehovah's Witnesses emphasize in their religion?

Jehovah's Witnesses

Members of the organization can approve their own blood recycling in a closed system if it does not cut off normal blood flow and stored blood is directly counted back without longer storage.


Question: What do Jehovah's Witnesses emphasize in their religion?

Jehovah's Witnesses

A question of conscience is also whether to accept mixing the drug with one's own blood outside the body.


Question: What do Jehovah's Witnesses emphasize in their religion?

Jehovah's Witnesses

The learning change that permits smaller parts of the blood has come in the 21st century.


Question: What do Jehovah's Witnesses emphasize in their religion?

Jehovah's Witnesses

[117] Representatives of Jehovah's Witnesses have mentioned that increasing the amount of blood plasma is a common way to treat a patient in an emergency.


Question: What do Jehovah's Witnesses emphasize in their religion?

Jehovah's Witnesses

[118] Jehovah's Witnesses also report that in light of modern science, alternative, bloodless treatment options are safer for the patient and cost less.


Question: What do Jehovah's Witnesses emphasize in their religion?

Jehovah's Witnesses

[119] Taking an organ transplant is currently a matter to be decided in accordance with the conscience of each member of the movement [120] although it involves a large number of external white blood cells.


Question: What do Jehovah's Witnesses emphasize in their religion?

Jehovah's Witnesses

Jehovah's Witnesses refused transplants between 1967 and 1980, when they were considered “nourishing the body with human flesh”, or cannibalism, in the literature of the movement.


Question: What do Jehovah's Witnesses emphasize in their religion?

Jehovah's Witnesses

[121] Although Jehovah's Witnesses also seek to prevent blood transfusions to underage children, law courts in Western countries, including Finland, [122] have intervened and, through custody, provided the child with the blood-related care they consider necessary.


Question: What do Jehovah's Witnesses emphasize in their religion?

Jehovah's Witnesses

Criticism of the movement has been met with regard to, among other things, Jehovah's Witnesses' perceptions of blood transfusions, neutrality, military service, and their way of treating former members of the movement.


Question: What do Jehovah's Witnesses emphasize in their religion?

Jehovah's Witnesses

Criticism often appears on internet message boards and media, where comments by Jehovah's Witnesses representatives, or literature published by them, often represent a minority alongside interviews with former movement members and material they publish.


Question: What do Jehovah's Witnesses emphasize in their religion?

Jehovah's Witnesses

Smaller religious groups that have split from the organisation have also emerged as a result of the criticism.


Question: What do Jehovah's Witnesses emphasize in their religion?

Jehovah's Witnesses

Jehovah's Witnesses are criticized for changing doctrines from time to time and the non-biblicality of the method.


Question: What do Jehovah's Witnesses emphasize in their religion?

Jehovah's Witnesses

[4] The Christian press has criticized the passing of several apocalyptic dates predicted by Jehovah's Witnesses without anything specific having happened, as a gnawing factor in the entire credibility of the movement's doctrines.


Question: What do Jehovah's Witnesses emphasize in their religion?

Jehovah's Witnesses

[123] Jehovah's Witnesses have been criticized for considering the current order of affairs to be corrupted and doomed by the soon-to-impending Armageddon, and for believing all other religions and denominations and political systems to be controlled by Satan the Slander.


Question: What do Jehovah's Witnesses emphasize in their religion?

Jehovah's Witnesses

Especially with other religions there is no desire to be in any co-operation, participating in politics is considered useless and siding with Satan against the kingdom of God.


Question: What do Jehovah's Witnesses emphasize in their religion?

Jehovah's Witnesses

Jehovah's Witnesses believe the Kingdom of God will solve all problems on Earth in the future.


Question: What do Jehovah's Witnesses emphasize in their religion?

Jehovah's Witnesses

This view of society meets critical disposition.


Question: What do Jehovah's Witnesses emphasize in their religion?

Jehovah's Witnesses

[124] In Germany, the authorities for a long time prevented the adoption of Jehovah's Witnesses as a public law community because of their negative stance on voting.


Question: What do Jehovah's Witnesses emphasize in their religion?

Jehovah's Witnesses

However, Jehovah's Witnesses in various countries have actively sought to register as a denomination as expected from state denominations.


Question: What do Jehovah's Witnesses emphasize in their religion?

Jehovah's Witnesses

The attitude of Jehovah's Witnesses to blood has been criticized.


Question: What do Jehovah's Witnesses emphasize in their religion?

Jehovah's Witnesses

The current blood doctrine of Jehovah's Witnesses divides blood into several parts, some of which are forbidden to members of the movement, some not.


Question: What do Jehovah's Witnesses emphasize in their religion?

Jehovah's Witnesses

The split has been accused of being arbitrary and claimed not to be based in any way on the Bible.


Question: What do Jehovah's Witnesses emphasize in their religion?

Jehovah's Witnesses

Jehovah's Witnesses also do not approve of blood donation.


Question: What do Jehovah's Witnesses emphasize in their religion?

Jehovah's Witnesses

Jehovah's Witnesses have received criticism for requiring their members to shun dealing with former congregation members.


Question: What do Jehovah's Witnesses emphasize in their religion?

Jehovah's Witnesses

These separated or divorced are not to be greeted and efforts are made to shun them.


Question: What do Jehovah's Witnesses emphasize in their religion?

Jehovah's Witnesses

Former Jehovah's Witnesses have occasionally given interviews critical of the organisation's modus operandi on television, radio [125] [126] and the press.


Question: What do Jehovah's Witnesses emphasize in their religion?

Jehovah's Witnesses

[127] The treatment of former members and those contemplating submission has been presented as “spiritual violence”.


Question: What do Jehovah's Witnesses emphasize in their religion?

Jehovah's Witnesses

[128] Jehovah's Witnesses have also been accused of covering up child sexual abuse in their community.


Question: What do Jehovah's Witnesses emphasize in their religion?

Jehovah's Witnesses

Attitudes towards Jehovah's Witnesses in Finland in Finland, former Jehovah's Witnesses have been organizing protests with the Victims of Religions Association during the largest annual gathering of Jehovah's Witnesses since 1999.


Question: What do Jehovah's Witnesses emphasize in their religion?

Jehovah's Witnesses

[129] In 2006, the demonstration took place not only in Helsinki but also at the district convention in Tampere.


Question: What do Jehovah's Witnesses emphasize in their religion?

Jehovah's Witnesses

According to Religious Victims Support Ry, Jehovah's Witnesses is the religion that employs it most.


Question: What do Jehovah's Witnesses emphasize in their religion?

Jehovah's Witnesses

[130] In a 1999 survey of Church Monitor 99, Jehovah's Witnesses were the largest non-Christian community.


Question: What do Jehovah's Witnesses emphasize in their religion?

Jehovah's Witnesses

Among other things, the survey asked questions about people's attitudes towards spiritual matters and different religions.


Question: What do Jehovah's Witnesses emphasize in their religion?

Jehovah's Witnesses

Seventy-one per cent of those taking part in the survey had a negative view of the organisation, while 4 per cent had a positive view of them.


Question: What do Jehovah's Witnesses emphasize in their religion?

Jehovah's Witnesses

[131] Jehovah's Witnesses themselves do not find such an attitude towards them surprising.


Question: What do Jehovah's Witnesses emphasize in their religion?

Jehovah's Witnesses

See also List of known Jehovah's Witnesses Jehovah's Witnesses in Finland Sources Publications are published by the Watchtower Bible and Tract Society unless otherwise noted.


Question: What do Jehovah's Witnesses emphasize in their religion?

Jehovah's Witnesses

References Literature by A. H. Macmillan: Faith on the March: My Life as a Jehovah's Witness () Transclusion error: {{En}} is only for use in File namespace.


Question: What do Jehovah's Witnesses emphasize in their religion?

Jehovah's Witnesses

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Question: What do Jehovah's Witnesses emphasize in their religion?

Jehovah's Witnesses

Raymond Franz: Crisis of Conscience (Paperback ISBN 0-914675-23-0, Hardcover ISBN 0-914675-24-9) Raymond Franz: In Search of Christian Freedom ISBN 0-914675-16-8 With Other M. J. Penton: Apocalypse Delayed, University of Toronto Press.


Question: What do Jehovah's Witnesses emphasize in their religion?

Jehovah's Witnesses

1997 Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Matti Liljeqvist| title = Tower and Temple: Jehovah's Witnesses and Mormons| location = Beautiful| publisher = Basic Message| year = 2004| isbn = 951-888-371-8}} M. J. Penton: Jehovah's Witnesses and the Third Reich Reich Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Seija Ronimus| title= On guard against the world: A study of the experiences of divorcees from the Jehovah's Witness| location = Turku| publisher = University of Turku | year= 2011| version = Dissertation.


Question: What do Jehovah's Witnesses emphasize in their religion?

Jehovah's Witnesses

Publications of the University of Turku.


Question: What do Jehovah's Witnesses emphasize in their religion?

Jehovah's Witnesses

Series C, Scripta lingua Fennica edita, part 318| isbn=978-951-29-4722-5| format = [online version] (pdf)}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Aila Grasho| title = Shadow of the Watchtower.


Question: What do Jehovah's Witnesses emphasize in their religion?

Jehovah's Witnesses

Another truth about Jehovah's Witness| location = Jyväskylä | publisher = Atena| year = 2015| isbn = 978-952-300-164-0}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Ron Rhodes| title = The Challenge of the Cults and New Religions| location = United States| publisher = Zondervan| title = The Challenge of the Cults and New Religions| location = United States| publisher = Zondervan| year = 2001| isbn = 978-0-310-23217-9}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Harri Heino| title = What does Finland believe in today| location = Porvoo| publisher = WSOY| year = 1997| id = ISBN 951-021-197-4}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Pasi Turunen| title = Watchtower kingdom in new light| location = Saarijärvi| publisher = Photo and Word| year = 2005| id = ISBN 951-585-135-1}} Films on the topic elsewhere Movement official information website Critical review of the Victims of Religions Support UUT ry and its JT support, former and current Jehovah's Witnesses Brethren Society of Jehovah's Witnesses New World Translation Bible Translation, peer support for former Jehovah's Witnesses, Yle, 2017 Yle, 2018 Other pages Programmes about Jehovah's Witnesses Yleisradio Check date values in: |accessdate=, |date= (help) Category:Christianity Category:Key articles of screening


Question: Are robots machines?

robotic

A robot (“forced labour”) most often refers to a mechanical device or machine that can operate in some way in the physical world.


Question: Are robots machines?

robotic

In modern times, with the transition of work to information systems, software that replaces the work performed by a human is called a bot.


Question: Are robots machines?

robotic

The first appearance of the word robot was premiered on 25 January 1921 in Karel Čapek's play R.U.R.


Question: Are robots machines?

robotic

In modern language, the robots featured in the play would be called androids because of the human-like features that existed in them.


Question: Are robots machines?

robotic

Initially, the Czech word robot used to mean a worker or a slave, according to etymology, and this still affects the meaning of the word robot so that any automaton is not a robot, but a robot must have some features that obey human orders.


Question: Are robots machines?

robotic

For example, an articulated robot used as an industrial robot mimics human arm structures.


Question: Are robots machines?

robotic

In strict terms, remote controlled devices should not be called robots, but since the word robot has proved popular, the meaning of the word has expanded so that a device called a robot can perform complex tasks either directly under the command of a human being, partially commanded by humans, under human control or fully autonomously (under the command of a computer).


Question: Are robots machines?

robotic

As the nature of work in modern society has also changed, human-made replacement software such as investment robots or multi-game “bots” can also be called robots.


Question: Are robots machines?

robotic

History of robots The first working robot was built by Jacques de Vaucanson in 1738.


Question: Are robots machines?

robotic

His robot could play the flute; he also built a mechanical duck which, according to descriptions, ate grains and defecated.


Question: Are robots machines?

robotic

If remote-controlled devices are considered robots, then the first modern robot is considered a remote-controlled boat introduced by Nikola Tesla in 1898.


Question: Are robots machines?

robotic

He hoped to develop it into a weapon (the current torpedo) for the United States Navy.


Question: Are robots machines?

robotic

The history of actual computer-controlled robots — today's industrial robots — began with the founding of a company called Unimation in 1956 by George Devol and Joseph F. Engelberger.


Question: Are robots machines?

robotic

Unimation was the first to launch a hydraulic, industrially usable computer-controlled robot in the early 1970s.


Question: Are robots machines?

robotic

Strömberg (nowadays ABB) acquired such for the Pääjänmäki plant in Helsinki in 1974.


Question: Are robots machines?

robotic

In the late 1970s, Asea Ab (now ABB) developed the first robot implemented with electric servos, IRB6.


Question: Are robots machines?

robotic

Nokia Corporation manufactured robots in the 1980s under license from Unimation and also developed a few robots of its own, such as the Nokia Ns-16 [1].


Question: Are robots machines?

robotic

The Finnish Robotics Association has built a fully domestic Nokia robot in Helsinki.


Question: Are robots machines?

robotic

The largest manufacturer of mechanical robots in Finland is Ulvila-based Cimcorp Oy, whose portal robot solutions were developed in the late 1970s for the Valco picture tube factory.


Question: Are robots machines?

robotic

[2] International standards for robotics play an essential part in ensuring the safe operation of robots.


Question: Are robots machines?

robotic

In addition to standardizing the robot itself and its actuators and tools, robotic standardization includes standardizing the hardware and software of the control system.


Question: Are robots machines?

robotic

The main goal of standardization work is safety standards for industrial and personal care robots.


Question: Are robots machines?

robotic

The standard ISO 9787, updated in 2013, can be considered the basic standard in robotics.


Question: Are robots machines?

robotic

It discusses the coordinate system and traffic nomenclature of robots and robotic devices.


Question: Are robots machines?

robotic

An important standard is also the robotics vocabulary standard ISO 8373, updated in 2012.


Question: Are robots machines?

robotic

Robots in art Literature The word robot comes from the Czech word robota, which means (forced) work, originally the taxvärk of serfs.


Question: Are robots machines?

robotic

The word was first used in Karel Čapek's play R.U.R.


Question: Are robots machines?

robotic

: Rossum's Universal Robots in 1920; the word had been scrambled by the writer's brother, artist Josef Čapek (1887—1945).


Question: Are robots machines?

robotic

[3] Čapek's robots were artificial humans, i.e., a kind of androids, but the word robot is well established to denote a mechanical device.


Question: Are robots machines?

robotic

The term android means a human-looking artificial being and a cyborg being with both organic and mechanical parts.


Question: Are robots machines?

robotic

The term robotics was first used by science fiction writer Isaac Asimov in 1942.


Question: Are robots machines?

robotic

Asimov wrote a lot about robots, and formulated in his books the so-called. Laws of Robotics: A robot must not harm a human being and refraining from action may cause him to harm.


Question: Are robots machines?

robotic

The robot must obey the orders given to it by humans, except when they contradict the first rule.


Question: Are robots machines?

robotic

The robot must guard its own existence insofar as it does not contradict the first or second main rule.


Question: Are robots machines?

robotic

Later, a zero law was added to the list: A robot cannot harm humanity and cannot allow humanity to be harmed.


Question: Are robots machines?

robotic

Artificial humans have been imagined from an early age.


Question: Are robots machines?

robotic

In his Politics, Aristotle mentions in passing the possibility of self-controlling machines.


Question: Are robots machines?

robotic

In Kalevala, Seppo Ilmarinen forges himself a bride from silver and gold.


Question: Are robots machines?

robotic

An old Jewish legend tells of the Golem, a clay statue made to live by a spell.


Question: Are robots machines?

robotic

Könn's hoe man is one of Finland's most famous folk tales: it tells the story of a mechanical “robot” that Könn's masters used to clear land for farming.


Question: Are robots machines?

robotic

Leonardo da Vinci was the first to design, circa 1495, a humanoid-shaped robot.


Question: Are robots machines?

robotic

He precisely designed a mechanical knight after studying anatomy.


Question: Are robots machines?

robotic

Movies Various robot and android characters have played the main or minor part in numerous films since the early 20th century.


Question: Are robots machines?

robotic

Well-known robotic characters appear in films such as Metropolis (1927), Ultimatum to Earth (1951) and Forbidden Planet (1956), as well as in the Star Wars film series.


Question: Are robots machines?

robotic

Later, various androids and cyborgs have become more common than robots, such as in the films Blade Runner (1982), Terminator — Destroyer (1984), RoboCop (1987) with sequels, and A.I. — Artificial Intelligence (2001).


Question: Are robots machines?

robotic

Use of robots outside of industry Most robots today are in industrial use, but robots are also commonly developed for use by private consumers.


Question: Are robots machines?

robotic

Robots are now becoming available for entertainment and health care, like Aibo, which serves social needs, for example.


Question: Are robots machines?

robotic

In general, robots perform tasks that are too simple, dirty, or dangerous for humans, or for which human fine motor skills are not precise enough.


Question: Are robots machines?

robotic

Applications include e.g.


Question: Are robots machines?

robotic

floor cleaning, lawn mowing, toxins cleaning, underwater and space research, surgery, mining, search and rescue, explosives positioning, and military applications.


Question: Are robots machines?

robotic

Among other things, vacuuming and lawnmowing robots have been developed for households, but these have not yet become common.


Question: Are robots machines?

robotic

Robot vacuum cleaners are automatic, wireless vacuums with an intelligent cleaning system.


Question: Are robots machines?

robotic

The first manufacturer of robotic vacuum cleaners was Electrolux.


Question: Are robots machines?

robotic

[4] Today, one of the most successful manufacturers is iRobot.


Question: Are robots machines?

robotic

[5] Service robotics is a developing area.


Question: Are robots machines?

robotic

Joseph Engelberger, who developed the industrial robot, later moved on to developing service robots.


Question: Are robots machines?

robotic

His company has produced a coach-type solution for distributing medications and other small-scale goods in hospitals.


Question: Are robots machines?

robotic

Outside the industry, you can find sites where industrial robots can be used.


Question: Are robots machines?

robotic

For example, Sello, a shopping centre in Espoo for sorting return bottles, had a robot putting bottles into baskets between 2003 and 2010.


Question: Are robots machines?

robotic

[6] [7] Robots are also used in laboratories to automate sample processing when the number of samples processed daily is large.


Question: Are robots machines?

robotic

Google began in secret in 2009 a development project for self-driving cars, the Google driverless car.


Question: Are robots machines?

robotic

[8] Test use of Google self-driving cars has already been allowed in four US states.


Question: Are robots machines?

robotic

[9] [10] [11] Deployment of robots in healthcare is necessary due to challenging and sometimes hazardous working environments.


Question: Are robots machines?

robotic

[12] Robotics Competitions Abroad In the DARPA Grand Challenge, right-sized robotic cars drive a desert rally.


Question: Are robots machines?

robotic

[13] The Association for Unmanned Vehicle Systems International (AUVSI) organizes international competitions in which groups of students compete in the development of unmanned land, air and water vehicles.


Question: Are robots machines?

robotic

The RoboCup football competition features kits of autonomous robots ranging from human-sized to fist-sized.


Question: Are robots machines?

robotic

[14] The Eurobot is also a competition for autonomous robots, with small robots measuring 30x30x30cm playing “ball games” each year with changing rules on a 210x300cm sized playing field.


Question: Are robots machines?

robotic

[15] Usually there are two robots facing each other in a match, with rounds usually lasting a minute and a half.


Question: Are robots machines?

robotic

The 2006 competition from Finland participated in the Tampere University of Technology Roboteam, the Mechatronics course at the University of Technology and the team Paavo Robotics from Arcada.


Question: Are robots machines?

robotic

In 2007, the topic was interesting: garbage collection [16].


Question: Are robots machines?

robotic

In this case, Tampere's Roboteam team made it to sixth place in the finals.


Question: Are robots machines?

robotic

The European Land-Robot Trial (ELROB) will showcase the current state of European unmanned unit research.


Question: Are robots machines?

robotic

[17] The objective is that the robots being presented are feasible even in the short term.


Question: Are robots machines?

robotic

The race is held for rotation for robots designed for civilian and military use.


Question: Are robots machines?

robotic

The competition has several blocks for both controllable and autonomous ground and flight units, robots operating in urban and non-urban environments.


Question: Are robots machines?

robotic

In 2007, a team from the Intelligent Systems Research Group Robot Team in the Electrical and Computer Engineering Division of the University of Oulu participated in the civil competition.


Question: Are robots machines?

robotic

[18] Finland held the 1983 European Micromice Championship () at Tampere University of Technology.


Question: Are robots machines?

robotic

The competition was normally held in conjunction with the Euromicro conference, but Israel's military action in Lebanon cancelled the conference scheduled for Haifa, which is why the competition was held in Tampere.


Question: Are robots machines?

robotic

Previously, qualifying competitions had been held in Finland to participate in the corresponding competition.


Question: Are robots machines?

robotic

In the race, the micromouse took off from a corner of the 16x16 maze and had to find a route to the centre.


Question: Are robots machines?

robotic

After learning the route, the mouse had to run it as fast as possible.


Question: Are robots machines?

robotic

[19] On 15 July 2006, the Finnish Robot Association organised the SM2006 Off-Road Robotic Car Races in Jämi.


Question: Are robots machines?

robotic

The purpose of the robots was to circumnavigate a track running along road and terrain as quickly as possible, without remote control.


Question: Are robots machines?

robotic

The track is made by the umpire on the terrain ten minutes before the start


Question: Are robots machines?

robotic

The track is marked by four wooden sticks.


Question: Are robots machines?

robotic

The length is 200 meters of track.


Question: Are robots machines?

robotic

The terrain includes trees, shrubs, rocks, and steep climbs.


Question: Are robots machines?

robotic

One robotic car survived the mission.


Question: Are robots machines?

robotic

Robot cars have very few requirements: they have to fit in a cubic metre sized box.


Question: Are robots machines?

robotic

The 2007 Off-Road Robotics competitions were held in Jämi on 14 July 2007.


Question: Are robots machines?

robotic

The rules were almost the same as the previous year.


Question: Are robots machines?

robotic

The Finnish Robotityhdistys organised Off-road robot competitions in Tampere on 29 September 2007, Jämi on 14 July 2008, 10 July 2009 and 10 July 2010.


Question: Are robots machines?

robotic

Studying robotics in Finland, you can study robotics in these places: University of Oulu [20] Aalto yliopisto [21] Teuva Adult Education Centre [22] List of robots AIBO — Sony's robotic dog ASIMO — 1.3-metre high robot built by Honda Milking robot — machine that automatically milks cows Mörri — Robosaurus, a human-like robot built by the University of Oulu Intelligent Systems Research Group — Robosaurus — 12 meters high and 30 tonnes heavy entertainment robot Lego Mindstorms — Toy robots built from legos See also Android Industrial robot Mechatronics Bot Sources On topic elsewhere (pdf) — Open Directory Project Transclusion error: {{en}} is only for use in File namespace.


Question: Are robots machines?

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Question: Are robots machines?

robotic

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robotic

— Aalto University Category:Art Topics Category:Imaginary Words Category:Key articles in screening


Question: When was Timo Heikkilä born?

Timo Heikkilä

Timo Heikkilä is a Helsinki-based writer and free researcher.


Question: When was Timo Heikkilä born?

Timo Heikkilä

He has dealt with ancient Finnish and Kalevalan culture in an original way, and has considered the connection of Finnish mythology with the mythologies of other cultures in Europe and Asia.


Question: When was Timo Heikkilä born?

Timo Heikkilä

Heikkilä in particular has emphasised the links of Finnish ancient culture with Baltic and Germanic cultures.


Question: When was Timo Heikkilä born?

Timo Heikkilä

According to Professor of Traditional Studies Seppo Knuuttila, Heikkilä represents a so-called fictional study that combines mythology with original views.


Question: When was Timo Heikkilä born?

Timo Heikkilä

[1] According to his words, Heikkilä seeks to create a broader overall picture through which, according to him, the metaphysical system of the Kalevalan worldview opens.


Question: When was Timo Heikkilä born?

Timo Heikkilä

Heikkilä often seeks to combine wider entities from preserved knowledge, thus seeking earlier conceptions on which now-known myths and beliefs could be based.


Question: When was Timo Heikkilä born?

Timo Heikkilä

Heikkilä often turns to other peoples perceptions and looks for possible explanations for Finnish myths.


Question: When was Timo Heikkilä born?

Timo Heikkilä

Many myths Heikkilä sees as emblematic.


Question: When was Timo Heikkilä born?

Timo Heikkilä

For example, he has suggested that myths dealing with Lemminkäinen's death and resurrection might have originally been related to harvesting in autumn and new sowing in spring, such as the Osiris myth of Ancient Egypt.


Question: When was Timo Heikkilä born?

Timo Heikkilä

Even before him, Martti Haavio and Iivar Kemppinen have suggested that the two might have connections.


Question: When was Timo Heikkilä born?

Timo Heikkilä

In the clashes between Joukahainen and Väinämöinen, Heikkilä has suggested that a kind of dualistic worldview, a struggle between two opposing fundamental forces.


Question: When was Timo Heikkilä born?

Timo Heikkilä

This struggle would have spawned the universe or affected its structure, on par with the counterforces of the Christian God and the Devil, the fire and ice of the Scandinavians, and the yin and yang of the Chinese.


Question: When was Timo Heikkilä born?

Timo Heikkilä

Heikkilä has also equated Ukon axe pendants and the World Tree.


Question: When was Timo Heikkilä born?

Timo Heikkilä

Heikkilä has scripted Kalevala-themed dramas and presented on ancient history, mythology and symbolism.


Question: When was Timo Heikkilä born?

Timo Heikkilä

Heikkilä's conceptions Interpretation of the birth of the world In Kalevala's narrative, the world was born from a bird's egg, but in reference to the original folk poems, Heikkilä suggests that the birth of the world was preceded by a clash of godly beings.


Question: When was Timo Heikkilä born?

Timo Heikkilä

According to some folk poems, at first the maternal goddess Iro maiden gave birth to three sons.


Question: When was Timo Heikkilä born?

Timo Heikkilä

One son, Ilmarinen, stayed in place, according to Heikkilä to the sun in the Alku logo, while Väinämöinen and Joukahainen went along the “Road” together.


Question: When was Timo Heikkilä born?

Timo Heikkilä

However, the brothers began to walk apart and were subjected to answers.


Question: When was Timo Heikkilä born?

Timo Heikkilä

This is how Joukahainen, the fallen deity of the dark North, turned to oppose Väinämöinen.


Question: When was Timo Heikkilä born?

Timo Heikkilä

Väinämöinen sang Joukahainen into the swamp, after which an embittered Joukahainen retaliated by shooting Väinämöinen into the sea.


Question: When was Timo Heikkilä born?

Timo Heikkilä

Väinämöinen drifted in the sea until the Sotka bird laid eggs on his knee.


Question: When was Timo Heikkilä born?

Timo Heikkilä

The eggs were shattered, and a world was born out of them.


Question: When was Timo Heikkilä born?

Timo Heikkilä

Heikkilä suggests that the battle between Väinämöinen and Joukahainen has started a world genesis, and that that battle is still ongoing, and the dynamics of the opposing forces maintain the existence of the world.


Question: When was Timo Heikkilä born?

Timo Heikkilä

Thus the combined power of Kilpalaulanta Väinämöinen and Joukahainen compares to electricity, its + and - poles.


Question: When was Timo Heikkilä born?

Timo Heikkilä

The “heavenly war” between Väinämöinen and Joukahainen was subsequently also reflected on historical levels.


Question: When was Timo Heikkilä born?

Timo Heikkilä

According to Heikkilä, the battle between Kalervo and Untamo, which appear in the Kullervo poem, is described even down to details in the same way as the clash between Väinämöinen and Joukahainen in the Kilpalaulanta poem.


Question: When was Timo Heikkilä born?

Timo Heikkilä

According to Heikkilä, Kalervo and Untamo represent the eastern and western populations of Finland, the struggle between which reflected the early celestial war.


Question: When was Timo Heikkilä born?

Timo Heikkilä

The Battle of Väinämöinen and Joukahainen tells how when these horses or sleighs wedge together “falls red”, i.e.


Question: When was Timo Heikkilä born?

Timo Heikkilä

fire.


Question: When was Timo Heikkilä born?

Timo Heikkilä

Heikkilä therefore suggests that the Viking age fire iron, with two riders depicted on the handle, shows the events of Kilpalaulanta.


Question: When was Timo Heikkilä born?

Timo Heikkilä

According to Heikkilä, the main philosophical doctrines of Kalevalan mythology are linked precisely to the birth of Fire, which, according to Heikkilä, refers to energy, life force and its transformation more broadly than usual fire.


Question: When was Timo Heikkilä born?

Timo Heikkilä

According to the genesis of fire spells, the brimstone falls from the sun to the ground, where it disposes of everything that comes before, and then it flies into the sea.


Question: When was Timo Heikkilä born?

Timo Heikkilä

The brimstone is swallowed in the sea by blue whitefish, its again red salmon and this in turn is swallowed by grey pike.


Question: When was Timo Heikkilä born?

Timo Heikkilä

When the pike swallowed by other fish is caught and opened, there is a white brimstone unexpectedly split into a blue and red fire coat.


Question: When was Timo Heikkilä born?

Timo Heikkilä

In other words, the dissipating nature of absolute energy was transformed into a creative and life-sustaining force when organized into the three differentiations of fire.


Question: When was Timo Heikkilä born?

Timo Heikkilä

In his texts, Heikkilä returns again and again to the interaction of these three forms of energy in different themes.


Question: When was Timo Heikkilä born?

Timo Heikkilä

Heikkilä also juxtaposes blue and red fire with threads of the same colour in the poems, which in turn would be a philosophy related to iron age ribbon ornament.


Question: When was Timo Heikkilä born?

Timo Heikkilä

In connection with this topic, Heikkilä takes a reference point from Indian philosophy.


Question: When was Timo Heikkilä born?

Timo Heikkilä

The subjects of white, blue and red fire may be related to the three, all-forming strands of fundamental power in the Indian conception.


Question: When was Timo Heikkilä born?

Timo Heikkilä

These strands, sattva, rajas and tamas, took off from the initial state of the universe and realized the world.


Question: When was Timo Heikkilä born?

Timo Heikkilä

Rajas was the fiercest and fastest, and left the others behind.


Question: When was Timo Heikkilä born?

Timo Heikkilä

Tamas, on the other hand, was calm, and fell behind the others.


Question: When was Timo Heikkilä born?

Timo Heikkilä

Sattva, Finnish for “bright”, passed through the middle.


Question: When was Timo Heikkilä born?

Timo Heikkilä

Everything that is and is happening is because these are trying to control each other.


Question: When was Timo Heikkilä born?

Timo Heikkilä

Thus the sattwa reflects the white brimstone, the red fire corresponds to the rajas and the blue became tamas.


Question: When was Timo Heikkilä born?

Timo Heikkilä

Elias Lönnrot wrote in 1839: [2] Heikkilä speculates that the prehistoric Uko's axe jewel (uppermost in the picture below) could be the image of this conception, which could also be called the world tree.


Question: When was Timo Heikkilä born?

Timo Heikkilä

In it, a vertical “column” describes the movement from the sun to the ground, horizontal, curving again the resulting surface of the earth.


Question: When was Timo Heikkilä born?

Timo Heikkilä

The triangular shape at the intersection of these would describe the forces moving apart, and again coming together. The families of Untamo and Kalervo Timo Heikkilä speculates that the story of Untamo and Kalervo's fraternal war has accumulated material from several epochs of hostilities between groups that lived on Finnish soil.


Question: When was Timo Heikkilä born?

Timo Heikkilä

The oldest strata could be inherited from the clashes between the tightrope culture that has already come from the Baltics, or the “hammerhead axe people”, and the original combed ceramic culture.


Question: When was Timo Heikkilä born?

Timo Heikkilä

However, the fabled Untamo name is of later, apparently Iron Age origin, and is related, according to some scholars, to the numerous place names that resemble it, the most famous of which is probably Laitila's Untamala.


Question: When was Timo Heikkilä born?

Timo Heikkilä

These place names are most numerous on the shores of Kokemäenjoki and in the zone extending from there to Päijät-Häme, before along the important water route.