Question: Which Atlantic island group is next located south of Madeira?

Madeira

The island group arose as a result of volcanic activity millions of years ago.


Question: Which Atlantic island group is next located south of Madeira?

Madeira

Madeira and the Desertas Islands are the youngest of the islands, while Porto Santo and the Selvagen Islands are older in age.


Question: Which Atlantic island group is next located south of Madeira?

Madeira

[1] Madeira Island Madeira Island lies on top of a large underwater shield mountain that rises about six kilometers from the ocean floor.


Question: Which Atlantic island group is next located south of Madeira?

Madeira

[2] Madeira is the geologically youngest island in the island group.


Question: Which Atlantic island group is next located south of Madeira?

Madeira

It arose as a result of several underwater volcanic eruptions.


Question: Which Atlantic island group is next located south of Madeira?

Madeira

The first eruption is estimated to have occurred about 15 million years ago, but to above sea level, however, Madeira did not begin to rise until about five million years ago.


Question: Which Atlantic island group is next located south of Madeira?

Madeira

[1] The eruptions ended about 700,000 years ago, after which the island was consumed by intense erosion.


Question: Which Atlantic island group is next located south of Madeira?

Madeira

Volcanic activity later reactivated and reshaped the surface of the island.


Question: Which Atlantic island group is next located south of Madeira?

Madeira

The most recent volcanic eruptions occurred about 6500 years ago.


Question: Which Atlantic island group is next located south of Madeira?

Madeira

[2] Madeira is about 57 kilometres long and 22 kilometres wide.


Question: Which Atlantic island group is next located south of Madeira?

Madeira

Of surface area it has about 740 square kilometers.


Question: Which Atlantic island group is next located south of Madeira?

Madeira

[3] Elevation differences on Madeira Island are large.


Question: Which Atlantic island group is next located south of Madeira?

Madeira

The highest mountain, Pico Ruivo, rises to a height of 1862 meters.


Question: Which Atlantic island group is next located south of Madeira?

Madeira

[4] The second and third highest mountains are Pico das Torres (1851m) and Pico do Areeiro (1818m).


Question: Which Atlantic island group is next located south of Madeira?

Madeira

[4] The island is surrounded by a deep sea area.


Question: Which Atlantic island group is next located south of Madeira?

Madeira

Already a few dozen kilometres from the northern coast of the island there are already 2500—4000 m deep stretches.


Question: Which Atlantic island group is next located south of Madeira?

Madeira

[1] More than 2000 kilometres of levadas pass through Madeira, carrying water from the rainy mountain range to the drier south and south-east of the island, which is better suited for farming and settlement.


Question: Which Atlantic island group is next located south of Madeira?

Madeira

Flowing water generates hydropower at the same time.


Question: Which Atlantic island group is next located south of Madeira?

Madeira

[5] [6] Other Islands Porto Santo is one of the two inhabited islands and is located about 40 kilometers northeast of Madeira.


Question: Which Atlantic island group is next located south of Madeira?

Madeira

Porto Santo has a length of about 11 kilometers, a latitude of 6 kilometers and a total area of about 40 square kilometers.


Question: Which Atlantic island group is next located south of Madeira?

Madeira

The age of the island has been estimated at 13.5—18 million years.


Question: Which Atlantic island group is next located south of Madeira?

Madeira

The capital of the island is Vila Baleira.


Question: Which Atlantic island group is next located south of Madeira?

Madeira

[1] The island is formed by two volcanic uplands, with an island airfield located in the shallower area between them.


Question: Which Atlantic island group is next located south of Madeira?

Madeira

[7] The highest point of the island, Pico do Facho, rises 516 meters above sea level.


Question: Which Atlantic island group is next located south of Madeira?

Madeira

[1] The climate of Porto Santo is dry and irrigation is a challenge for all farming.


Question: Which Atlantic island group is next located south of Madeira?

Madeira

[8] Six smaller creeds lie around the main island of Porto Santo: Ilhéu da Cal, Ilhéu das Cenouras, Ilhéu de Cima, Ilhéu de Fora, Ilhéu de Ferro and Ilhéu da Fonte da Areia.


Question: Which Atlantic island group is next located south of Madeira?

Madeira

[9] The Desertas Islands consist of three main islands.


Question: Which Atlantic island group is next located south of Madeira?

Madeira

The largest of the islands is the 12 kilometres long and 2 kilometres wide Deserta Grande, whose highest point rises 490 metres above sea level.


Question: Which Atlantic island group is next located south of Madeira?

Madeira

Ilha do Bugio is about 7.5 kilometers long by 800 metres wide.


Question: Which Atlantic island group is next located south of Madeira?

Madeira

The smallest of the islands, Ilhéu Chão is about 1.6 kilometers long and 500 meters wide, rising gently at the northern end to a height of almost a hundred meters.


Question: Which Atlantic island group is next located south of Madeira?

Madeira

[1] The islands are popular with fishermen but are not allowed to go ashore more than ten metres from the shoreline.


Question: Which Atlantic island group is next located south of Madeira?

Madeira

[10] The Desertas Islands and Selvagen Islands were privately owned until 1971, when they were acquired by the Portuguese government.


Question: Which Atlantic island group is next located south of Madeira?

Madeira

[1] The Selvagen Islands lie approximately 280 kilometres southeast of Funchal and are closer to the Canary Islands than to the main island Madeira.


Question: Which Atlantic island group is next located south of Madeira?

Madeira

The sea area between Desertas and Selvagen Islands is up to 4.5 kilometres deep in places.


Question: Which Atlantic island group is next located south of Madeira?

Madeira

[1] The Selvagen Islands are formed of two groups with a combined area of approximately 2.8 square kilometres.


Question: Which Atlantic island group is next located south of Madeira?

Madeira

The northern group is formed by Selvagem Grande, along with two smaller islands, Palheiro da Terra and Palheiro do Mar.


Question: Which Atlantic island group is next located south of Madeira?

Madeira

The southern group is formed by Selvagem Pequena and Ilhéu de Fora, as well as several smaller bullets.


Question: Which Atlantic island group is next located south of Madeira?

Madeira

[11] The islands are so shallow that there is no orographic rain on them, so three years can pass between the rains.


Question: Which Atlantic island group is next located south of Madeira?

Madeira

[12] The climate of Madeira is located in the subtropical zone.


Question: Which Atlantic island group is next located south of Madeira?

Madeira

Rather, a temperate climate prevails in the northern part of the island, as an average 1000 m high mountain range running in an east-west direction divides the island into the southern and northern halves, causing climatic differences between them.


Question: Which Atlantic island group is next located south of Madeira?

Madeira

High mountain chains force moist and warm pasate winds blowing on Madeira's northern coast to soar upwards, condensing into fog and clouds.


Question: Which Atlantic island group is next located south of Madeira?

Madeira

High mountains slow down the southward passage of clouds, so rains are mostly concentrated on the north side of the island and in the mountains.


Question: Which Atlantic island group is next located south of Madeira?

Madeira

The most rainy days are between November and March, while the least rainy days are from May to September.


Question: Which Atlantic island group is next located south of Madeira?

Madeira

Golf Stream Extension Canary Current influences ocean temperatures.


Question: Which Atlantic island group is next located south of Madeira?

Madeira

[13] [14] Funchal has an average temperature of 16—21 degrees from December to April, after which it rises gradually reaching 20—25 degrees Celsius in July—August.


Question: Which Atlantic island group is next located south of Madeira?

Madeira

Between October and December, Funchal averages between 18 and 21 degrees.


Question: Which Atlantic island group is next located south of Madeira?

Madeira

Temperatures hardly soar above 27—28 degrees except rarely when a warm easterly wind blows from the direction of Africa.


Question: Which Atlantic island group is next located south of Madeira?

Madeira

Elevation above sea level is a major factor in Madeira's climate.


Question: Which Atlantic island group is next located south of Madeira?

Madeira

Going up into the mountains, the average temperature drops by about 3°C for every 500m climb.


Question: Which Atlantic island group is next located south of Madeira?

Madeira

The subtropical zone extends to about 300 m and the Mediterranean climate to 300—750 m above sea level.


Question: Which Atlantic island group is next located south of Madeira?

Madeira

Although even at the highest peaks, you can reach 20 degrees Celsius on a summer day.


Question: Which Atlantic island group is next located south of Madeira?

Madeira

The island of Madeira is characterized by microclimates influenced by elevation above sea level as well as winds.


Question: Which Atlantic island group is next located south of Madeira?

Madeira

Madeira has recently experienced noticeable changes in climate.


Question: Which Atlantic island group is next located south of Madeira?

Madeira

Rainfall has become significantly less than in the early 1990s, winters are warmer, average temperatures have increased, and drought has increased.


Question: Which Atlantic island group is next located south of Madeira?

Madeira

[13] [14] The nature of Madeira is rich in biodiversity and over 7500 species of earth are thought to live in the archipelago.


Question: Which Atlantic island group is next located south of Madeira?

Madeira

Endemic species and their subspecies number nearly 1500, representing about 20% of the number of species.


Question: Which Atlantic island group is next located south of Madeira?

Madeira

There are six protected areas in the Madeira archipelago, including the Madeira Nature Reserve, which covers nearly two-thirds of Madeira Island.


Question: Which Atlantic island group is next located south of Madeira?

Madeira

In addition, more than ten sites are included in the European Union's Natura 2000 project and 11 are considered important bird areas.


Question: Which Atlantic island group is next located south of Madeira?

Madeira

Madeira additionally has one UNESCO World Heritage Site.


Question: Which Atlantic island group is next located south of Madeira?

Madeira

[15] Vegetation Madeira's vegetation is diverse and abundant.


Question: Which Atlantic island group is next located south of Madeira?

Madeira

Approximately 760 seed or flowering plants are found in the Madeira archipelago, nearly 20% of which are endemic.


Question: Which Atlantic island group is next located south of Madeira?

Madeira

More than 40 species of ferns, 500 species of algae, 450 species of fungi, 450 lichen and 320 moss are also found in Madeira.


Question: Which Atlantic island group is next located south of Madeira?

Madeira

Of the 156 endemic species growing in the Madeira archipelago, 99 grow on Madeira Island.


Question: Which Atlantic island group is next located south of Madeira?

Madeira

Porto Santo and the Selvagen Islands both have nine endemic species and only two in the Desertas Islands.


Question: Which Atlantic island group is next located south of Madeira?

Madeira

The rest of the species are common between different island groups.


Question: Which Atlantic island group is next located south of Madeira?

Madeira

On Madeira Island, four vegetation zones can be distinguished, the boundaries of which nevertheless move.


Question: Which Atlantic island group is next located south of Madeira?

Madeira

[16] The Madeira Nature Reserve is home to the world's largest unified area of laurisilva forest.


Question: Which Atlantic island group is next located south of Madeira?

Madeira

[17] The forest is located in areas around 600 to 1300 metres above sea level and typical species such as macaronesian anavocado, canary laurel, barbusano and stink greenwood.


Question: Which Atlantic island group is next located south of Madeira?

Madeira

[16] The area has been included in the UNESCO World Heritage List since 1999.


Question: Which Atlantic island group is next located south of Madeira?

Madeira

[17] The forest is particularly threatened by invasive species, such as the Eucalyptus feverwood (Eucalyptus globulus) and silver acacia (Acacia dealbata), which spread on the island, displacing native species.


Question: Which Atlantic island group is next located south of Madeira?

Madeira

As a result, the environment is effectively controlled and alien species are replaced by native species.


Question: Which Atlantic island group is next located south of Madeira?

Madeira

Actual crops on the island are represented, first of all, by banana and vine.


Question: Which Atlantic island group is next located south of Madeira?

Madeira

[18] The fauna of the Madeira archipelago live almost 200 species of birds and there are about 40 nesting species.


Question: Which Atlantic island group is next located south of Madeira?

Madeira

[19] Three endemic bird species live on the islands: the madeiran chamfer, the madeira dove and the madeiran hippie.


Question: Which Atlantic island group is next located south of Madeira?

Madeira

It is also an important breeding site for several seabirds.


Question: Which Atlantic island group is next located south of Madeira?

Madeira

[20] Common birds in Madeira include blackbird, blackhead creepy and dairy sack.


Question: Which Atlantic island group is next located south of Madeira?

Madeira

Some of the birds found in Madeira also nest in the canary archipelago, such as the madeira speedster, canary hemp and canary axe.


Question: Which Atlantic island group is next located south of Madeira?

Madeira

For example, the canary axe, fish tern, canary windhawk and frigate storm bird nest in the Selvagen Islands.


Question: Which Atlantic island group is next located south of Madeira?

Madeira

On the largest island, Selvagem Grande, nests a yellow-nosed grander, for the protection of which the islands were purchased by the Portuguese government in 1971 as a nature reserve.


Question: Which Atlantic island group is next located south of Madeira?

Madeira

[19] Nearly 500 different marine mollusc species occur in Madeira.


Question: Which Atlantic island group is next located south of Madeira?

Madeira

[19] There are almost 300 species of land mollusc in the archipelago.


Question: Which Atlantic island group is next located south of Madeira?

Madeira

Porto Santo is home to the world's most diverse land mollusc population in terms of area.


Question: Which Atlantic island group is next located south of Madeira?

Madeira

Admittedly, human activities have had negative consequences for the mollusc population in the area and according to the IUCN, the preservation of several species is threatened.


Question: Which Atlantic island group is next located south of Madeira?

Madeira

[21] With the exception of bats, land-living mammals have come to the islands with humans, such as the rabbit introduced as a game animal.


Question: Which Atlantic island group is next located south of Madeira?

Madeira

Of the reptiles, you can find some geckos and geckos.


Question: Which Atlantic island group is next located south of Madeira?

Madeira

[22] Frogs can be seen in Madeira especially in spring.


Question: Which Atlantic island group is next located south of Madeira?

Madeira

There are an estimated 800 to 1200 species of insects, beetles about 550 species and butterflies 120 species.


Question: Which Atlantic island group is next located south of Madeira?

Madeira

There are about 100 species of spiders and in the Desertas Islands live Madeira's only venomous animal species, Lycosa ingens.


Question: Which Atlantic island group is next located south of Madeira?

Madeira

[19] More than 200 fish genera live in the waters of Madeira, including numerous species.


Question: Which Atlantic island group is next located south of Madeira?

Madeira

These include various types of tuna, mackerel, cod, toothperch, sea perch, coral perch, sardines, cod, moray and swordfish.


Question: Which Atlantic island group is next located south of Madeira?

Madeira

[19] Many invertebrates are found in riparian waters, as well as fish species such as blue-thorn mackerel, Japanese mackerel and yellow-tailed horse mackerel.


Question: Which Atlantic island group is next located south of Madeira?

Madeira

[23] When the waters of Madeira are at their warmest in July/September, large barrakudes may be circulating in the waters.


Question: Which Atlantic island group is next located south of Madeira?

Madeira

Espada, or black scabbard fish, is the most common species of fish on the Madeiran dinner table.


Question: Which Atlantic island group is next located south of Madeira?

Madeira

Numerous different deep-sea fish live at a depth of about 1000 m, including seabrass, lanternfish, and cross-toothed perch.


Question: Which Atlantic island group is next located south of Madeira?

Madeira

[19] Whales, dolphins and sea turtles also live in deeper waters.


Question: Which Atlantic island group is next located south of Madeira?

Madeira

[24] An endangered monk seal lives on the Desertas Grande, whose population is recovering again thanks to tranquilization and conservation activities.


Question: Which Atlantic island group is next located south of Madeira?

Madeira

Cashelot was caught in Madeira waters until the 1980s until it was tranquilized to protect the stock.


Question: Which Atlantic island group is next located south of Madeira?

Madeira

[19] Sharks do not come near the coast.


Question: Which Atlantic island group is next located south of Madeira?

Madeira

[19] History Early stages The first historically reliable source of Europeans visiting Madeira is the arrival of the Portuguese in the early 15th century.


Question: Which Atlantic island group is next located south of Madeira?

Madeira

However, there are also considerably older but uncertain references from Madeira right from the beginning of the time count.


Question: Which Atlantic island group is next located south of Madeira?

Madeira

The Roman writer Pliny mentioned in his texts the Purple Islands, which may well have referred to Madeira on behalf of its location.


Question: Which Atlantic island group is next located south of Madeira?

Madeira

The Arabs have allegedly discovered the island as early as the 10th century and named it El Ghanem and the possibility of a Viking visit has also been mooted.


Question: Which Atlantic island group is next located south of Madeira?

Madeira

Anne d'Arfet, a rich English maid of nobility, is reported to have fallen in love with poor Robert Machim in 14th century England and fled with him through her forced marriage to France.


Question: Which Atlantic island group is next located south of Madeira?

Madeira

However, the ship carrying them is reported to have been caught in a severe storm, resulting in it drifting off course and being shipwrecked off the present town of Machico.


Question: Which Atlantic island group is next located south of Madeira?

Madeira

The town is thought to have been named after Robert Machim.


Question: Which Atlantic island group is next located south of Madeira?

Madeira

By the 14th century, however, Madeira probably was already known, as it appears on an Italian map dating from as early as 1351.


Question: Which Atlantic island group is next located south of Madeira?

Madeira

In the map, Madeira appears as Isola di Lolegname (tree island), in addition to which it also shows Porto Santo as well as the Desertas Islands under their current names.


Question: Which Atlantic island group is next located south of Madeira?

Madeira

[25] From colonization towards modernity, the official written history of the Madeira island group began in 1418 when João Gonçalves Zarco and Tristão Vaz Teixeira, who sailed in the service of the Portuguese prince Henry the Sailor, drifted in a storm to the island of Porto Santo, which received to be named Porto Santo, meaning Holy Harbor.


Question: Which Atlantic island group is next located south of Madeira?

Madeira

The following year, an expedition was organised to the islands.


Question: Which Atlantic island group is next located south of Madeira?

Madeira

Italian nobleman Bartolomeu Perestrello was tasked with colonizing Porto Santo and Zarco and Teixeira were sent to explore Madeira.


Question: Which Atlantic island group is next located south of Madeira?

Madeira

[26] The islands were completely uninhabited when discovered, and the Portuguese began colonizing them in the 1420s.


Question: Which Atlantic island group is next located south of Madeira?

Madeira

[27] Settlers brought sugar cane to the island from Italy and vine from Crete.


Question: Which Atlantic island group is next located south of Madeira?

Madeira

Madeira soon had large sugarcane plantations using slaves imported from Africa from the 1450s onwards [27] as labour.


Question: Which Atlantic island group is next located south of Madeira?

Madeira

[25] Madeira's economic importance grew with the valuable sugar trade and the Portuguese soon gained control of the European sugar monopoly.


Question: Which Atlantic island group is next located south of Madeira?

Madeira

[25] From 1450 to 1470, Madeira was a considerable centre of grain production and grain was exported to mainland Portugal as well as trading centres in Portuguese Africa, among others.


Question: Which Atlantic island group is next located south of Madeira?

Madeira

[25] However, sugar farming was considerably more profitable and in 1485 the islands were plagued by famine due to lack of grain.


Question: Which Atlantic island group is next located south of Madeira?

Madeira

The Azores became the grain granary of the region and Madeira was able to concentrate on valuable sugar production.


Question: Which Atlantic island group is next located south of Madeira?

Madeira

[26] Funchal and Machico developed into thriving cities as a result of their prosperity.


Question: Which Atlantic island group is next located south of Madeira?

Madeira

[26] At the end of the 15th century, more inhabitants flowed into Madeira from Europe.


Question: Which Atlantic island group is next located south of Madeira?

Madeira

Many of them were merchants who brought with them more investment and prospered the island.


Question: Which Atlantic island group is next located south of Madeira?

Madeira

[27] Maine for the welfare of Madeira spread and attracted pirates to the archipelago.


Question: Which Atlantic island group is next located south of Madeira?

Madeira

[25] Madeira suffered its worst pirate attack in 1566 when a pirate force of more than a thousand attacked Funchal under French pirate Bertrand de Montluch and pillaged the island for over two weeks.


Question: Which Atlantic island group is next located south of Madeira?

Madeira

[28] Sugar production flourished from the 1450s onwards until it in the early part of the 16th century reversed into decline.


Question: Which Atlantic island group is next located south of Madeira?

Madeira

[26] During the 16th century, Madeira lost its dominance as a sugar cane producer to Brazil, where it could be produced more cheaply.


Question: Which Atlantic island group is next located south of Madeira?

Madeira

Poor fertilization and climatic causes also contributed to the collapse in sugar production.


Question: Which Atlantic island group is next located south of Madeira?

Madeira

Sugarcane had consumed Madeira's soil, resulting in several plantations beginning to grow a less demanding vine.


Question: Which Atlantic island group is next located south of Madeira?

Madeira

However, Madeira still received almost seven times more income from sugar at the end of the 16th century than from wine.


Question: Which Atlantic island group is next located south of Madeira?

Madeira

Madeira was from 1580 until 1640 with the rest of Portugal under Spanish control.


Question: Which Atlantic island group is next located south of Madeira?

Madeira

[25] In the 17th century, Madeira's economy depended on wine exports as well as revenue from shipping.


Question: Which Atlantic island group is next located south of Madeira?

Madeira

[25] In the 1660s, Madeira was to be subject to a dowry gift to England when King Charles II of England married Catherine de Bragança of Portugal in 1662.


Question: Which Atlantic island group is next located south of Madeira?

Madeira

The bride's dowry is reported to have been accompanied by a secret agreement whereby Portugal would have given England a further Madeira if Charlemagne had not been satisfied with his dowry.


Question: Which Atlantic island group is next located south of Madeira?

Madeira

[25] The influence of English merchants in Madeira increased from the end of the 17th century onwards.


Question: Which Atlantic island group is next located south of Madeira?

Madeira

[29] As early as the 18th century, Madeira was growing in emigration to Brazil, as Madeira began to be overpopulated in relation to the conditions of the time.


Question: Which Atlantic island group is next located south of Madeira?

Madeira

Despite this, Madeira's population continued to grow.


Question: Which Atlantic island group is next located south of Madeira?

Madeira

By the middle of the 18th century, there were already 75,000 inhabitants.


Question: Which Atlantic island group is next located south of Madeira?

Madeira

[25] In 1803, a flood of unprecedented magnitude rose in Madeira, causing great destruction, especially in Funchal.


Question: Which Atlantic island group is next located south of Madeira?

Madeira

At least 600 people were killed.


Question: Which Atlantic island group is next located south of Madeira?

Madeira

Madeira was twice occupied by the British in the early 19th century during the Napoleonic Wars.


Question: Which Atlantic island group is next located south of Madeira?

Madeira

Many Englishmen had migrated to Madeira as early as the 18th century, mainly to become winemakers, and during and after the Napoleonic Wars, more arrived when many of the British soldiers remained on the island permanently.


Question: Which Atlantic island group is next located south of Madeira?

Madeira

[25] Some of the British merchants who arrived in Madeira after the wars established prominent merchant lineages, such as Charles Blandy and Thomas Slap Leacock, who were early business partners.


Question: Which Atlantic island group is next located south of Madeira?

Madeira

[30] Within the course of the 19th century, Madeira developed into a popular tourist and holiday destination; however, holidaymakers still represented, well into the 20th century, the upper middle class.


Question: Which Atlantic island group is next located south of Madeira?

Madeira

[30] During José Silvestre Ribeiro, who served as governor of Madeira (1846-1852), roads were built, Funchal electric lighting started and social reforms were implemented.


Question: Which Atlantic island group is next located south of Madeira?

Madeira

[25] Cholera that raged in 1852 killed an estimated 7000 people and in the same year mold destroyed the island's vines, resulting in the loss of an estimated 90% of the crop.


Question: Which Atlantic island group is next located south of Madeira?

Madeira

Wine aphids, accidentally imported from the United States, infested and destroyed the remaining vines in the early 1870s.


Question: Which Atlantic island group is next located south of Madeira?

Madeira

Although new varieties were soon planted in their place, the plantations could not yet be fully restored and by the end of the 19th century many had to leave the island.


Question: Which Atlantic island group is next located south of Madeira?

Madeira

[27] In 1900, however, record harvests were already received and agricultural production on the island was diversified by planting bananas, which even today are of great importance for exports.


Question: Which Atlantic island group is next located south of Madeira?

Madeira

[31] In 1905, the German company offered to build hospitals, a sanatorium on Madeira and to develop the island into a modern resort, provided that it was allowed to take over all the island's business operations accordingly.


Question: Which Atlantic island group is next located south of Madeira?

Madeira

The Portuguese government initially agreed to the proposal, but did not take into account British opinion.


Question: Which Atlantic island group is next located south of Madeira?

Madeira

[31] In addition, following the advent of German colonial ambitions, the proposal was finally refused.


Question: Which Atlantic island group is next located south of Madeira?

Madeira

[29] At the beginning of World War I German possessions on the island were confiscated.


Question: Which Atlantic island group is next located south of Madeira?

Madeira

Germany declared war on Portugal in 1916 and in the same year a German submarine made a surprise attack on Funchal and sank three French ships in the harbour as well as bombarding the city.


Question: Which Atlantic island group is next located south of Madeira?

Madeira

[31] [25] In 1917, German submarines bombed Funchal again, destroying buildings in the city.


Question: Which Atlantic island group is next located south of Madeira?

Madeira

After World War I, the economic situation in Madeira was poor.


Question: Which Atlantic island group is next located south of Madeira?

Madeira

[25] A general strike broke out in Madeira in early 1931 due to rising bread prices as well as the bankruptcy of two major Madeiran banks.


Question: Which Atlantic island group is next located south of Madeira?

Madeira

[32] Bankruptcies had taken away the savings of thousands of Madeirans.


Question: Which Atlantic island group is next located south of Madeira?

Madeira

Military troops were sent to the island from Portugal, but some of the troops joined the rebels led by General Sousa Dias, who had been expelled from Portugal.


Question: Which Atlantic island group is next located south of Madeira?

Madeira

More troops were sent from Portugal and the rebellion was eventually defeated.


Question: Which Atlantic island group is next located south of Madeira?

Madeira

Others were granted asylum from Great Britain, but most including Dias were forced to surrender to the Portuguese.


Question: Which Atlantic island group is next located south of Madeira?

Madeira

[29] Portugal remained neutral in World War II and Madeira was spared the war effort.


Question: Which Atlantic island group is next located south of Madeira?

Madeira

Political refugees came to Madeira and Great Britain evacuated about 2,000 civilian workers from its colony of Gibraltar during the war to Madeira.


Question: Which Atlantic island group is next located south of Madeira?

Madeira

[25] Autonomy and Modernity The Carnation Revolution in Portugal on 25 April 1974 toppled the military junta that ruled the country.


Question: Which Atlantic island group is next located south of Madeira?

Madeira

The right-wing paramilitary organisation Flama carried out terrorist attacks in Madeira with the aim of achieving independence and complete independence from Portugal.


Question: Which Atlantic island group is next located south of Madeira?

Madeira

When Portugal received a new constitution in 1976 and autonomous status was defined for Madeira, the organisation ceased to function.


Question: Which Atlantic island group is next located south of Madeira?

Madeira

[32] In 1986, Madeira joined Portugal to the European Union.


Question: Which Atlantic island group is next located south of Madeira?

Madeira

[25] Madeira then began to receive financial support to build better infrastructure and new roads, as well as improving electricity distribution, medical care and education.


Question: Which Atlantic island group is next located south of Madeira?

Madeira

[27] Madeira's standard of living has risen during the period of autonomy and EU membership.


Question: Which Atlantic island group is next located south of Madeira?

Madeira

[33] Madeira was hit by heavy heavy rains on 20 February 2010, causing severe flooding and mudslides, especially in the south of the island.


Question: Which Atlantic island group is next located south of Madeira?

Madeira

The worst devastation was concentrated in the capital Funchal.


Question: Which Atlantic island group is next located south of Madeira?

Madeira

Forty-two people were killed, about 120 people were injured and more than 200 people lost their homes due to the storm.


Question: Which Atlantic island group is next located south of Madeira?

Madeira

This was the worst storm since 1993, when eight people were killed.


Question: Which Atlantic island group is next located south of Madeira?

Madeira

[34] [35] In the summer of 2012, Madeira was hit by extensive wildfires, like mainland Portugal, which were also sent firefighters from the mainland to extinguish.


Question: Which Atlantic island group is next located south of Madeira?

Madeira

[36] [37] [38] Administration and politics The degree of autonomy of Madeira has varied over the years and its extent is decided by the Portuguese Parliament.


Question: Which Atlantic island group is next located south of Madeira?

Madeira

[39] Before 1974, practically all matters had to be handled through Lisbon.


Question: Which Atlantic island group is next located south of Madeira?

Madeira

However, the island had a general council representing the central government in Lisbon and operated under the Ministry of the Interior.


Question: Which Atlantic island group is next located south of Madeira?

Madeira

[33] In April 1976 Portugal held its first free elections in decades.


Question: Which Atlantic island group is next located south of Madeira?

Madeira

The constitution of the same year defined Madeira as an autonomous region.


Question: Which Atlantic island group is next located south of Madeira?

Madeira

In Madeira, the election was won by the Madeira branch of the centre-right Social Democratic Party (PSD) led by Alberto João Jardim, which received 65% of the vote.


Question: Which Atlantic island group is next located south of Madeira?

Madeira

[32] Jardim became president two years later when Ornelas Camacho resigned from office.


Question: Which Atlantic island group is next located south of Madeira?

Madeira

[33] Jardim served as President of Madeira since 1978, and still in 2011 he was elected to a further term.


Question: Which Atlantic island group is next located south of Madeira?

Madeira

[40] In 2015, Miguel Albuquerque, who had previously served as mayor of Funchal, was elected as his successor.


Question: Which Atlantic island group is next located south of Madeira?

Madeira

[41] Madeira joined Portugal in 1986.


Question: Which Atlantic island group is next located south of Madeira?

Madeira

Taxation was regionalised in early 2006.


Question: Which Atlantic island group is next located south of Madeira?

Madeira

[33] Nowadays, Madeira can practically decide all its affairs, except for the security policy, which is shared with mainland Portugal.


Question: Which Atlantic island group is next located south of Madeira?

Madeira

[33] The Regional Parliament and Government are the administrative bodies of the Autonomous Region of Madeira.


Question: Which Atlantic island group is next located south of Madeira?

Madeira

The president heads the regional government and is elected to a term lasting four years.


Question: Which Atlantic island group is next located south of Madeira?

Madeira

The same person can be elected to office in unlimited numbers.


Question: Which Atlantic island group is next located south of Madeira?

Madeira

Madeira's regional parliament is made up of 47 regional MPs elected for a four-year term.


Question: Which Atlantic island group is next located south of Madeira?

Madeira

[33] The regional parliament may legislate, but they must fit into the Portuguese Constitution.


Question: Which Atlantic island group is next located south of Madeira?

Madeira

[42] The President heads the regional government, assisted by the Vice President, as well as seven ministries whose branches were slightly modified in 2007.


Question: Which Atlantic island group is next located south of Madeira?

Madeira

The Vice President's responsibilities include parliamentary affairs, general administration, EU-related matters, energy production, trade and industry, and the Madeira Development Society.


Question: Which Atlantic island group is next located south of Madeira?

Madeira

[33] Madeirans hold Portuguese passports and state taxes are paid to Portugal.


Question: Which Atlantic island group is next located south of Madeira?

Madeira

[39] Madeira also has its own flag, anthem and stamp.


Question: Which Atlantic island group is next located south of Madeira?

Madeira

[33] The administrative division of Madeira consists of 11 municipalities, ten of which are located on the island of Madeira and one on Porto Santo.


Question: Which Atlantic island group is next located south of Madeira?

Madeira

The municipalities are further divided into 54 freguesia.


Question: Which Atlantic island group is next located south of Madeira?

Madeira

Madeira has 53 freguesias and Porto Santo has one.


Question: Which Atlantic island group is next located south of Madeira?

Madeira

[43] The Desertas Islands are administratively part of the municipality of Santa Cruz and the Selvagen Islands to the municipality of Funchal.


Question: Which Atlantic island group is next located south of Madeira?

Madeira

[44] Economy The main cornerstones of Madeira's economy are farming, fishing, tourism and economic services for foreign companies.


Question: Which Atlantic island group is next located south of Madeira?

Madeira

[46] The industry in the region is not very diverse and consists mainly of various traditional handicrafts aimed at external markets, such as embroidery, tapestries and basketry.


Question: Which Atlantic island group is next located south of Madeira?

Madeira

Major industries are related to activities in the food, beverage, tobacco and construction sectors.


Question: Which Atlantic island group is next located south of Madeira?

Madeira

[47] As a result of the increased economic prosperity, the country's unemployment rate was around 6% in 2008, low compared to the rest of Portugal.


Question: Which Atlantic island group is next located south of Madeira?

Madeira

[46] Madeira has also received considerable support from European Union funds, which has had a major impact on its economy.


Question: Which Atlantic island group is next located south of Madeira?

Madeira

The subsidies received include lengthening the airport runway, as well as improving road networks by building tunnels to speed up passage.


Question: Which Atlantic island group is next located south of Madeira?

Madeira

[48] The official currency of Madeira is the euro.


Question: Which Atlantic island group is next located south of Madeira?

Madeira

In September 2002, Moody's gave the Madeira region an Aa3 issuer credit rating due to the region's buoyant economy and improved performance, as well as a manageable debt burden.


Question: Which Atlantic island group is next located south of Madeira?

Madeira

In September 2011, Moody's downgraded Madeira's long-term credit rating from B1 to B3 over concerns about mismanagement and management in the region, as well as poor budget execution.


Question: Which Atlantic island group is next located south of Madeira?

Madeira

The combined impact of the costs and debt restructuring agreements not announced by the regional government of Madeira since 2003 amounted to €1.1 billion in 2008-2010 deficits.


Question: Which Atlantic island group is next located south of Madeira?

Madeira

[46] President Jardim resigned from office in spring 2007 in protest at the law passed by the government of José Sócrates on the use of the territories.


Question: Which Atlantic island group is next located south of Madeira?

Madeira

Without consulting with Madeira, the government had amended the joint Portuguese and Madeira laws so that 2% of the EU money belonging to Madeira remained in Portugal.


Question: Which Atlantic island group is next located south of Madeira?

Madeira

However, Jardim stood again and won the election overwhelmingly.


Question: Which Atlantic island group is next located south of Madeira?

Madeira

[25] Transport for citizens of Member States of the European Union and the Schengen Area are free to travel to Madeira.


Question: Which Atlantic island group is next located south of Madeira?

Madeira

The island group has two airports: Madeira Airport in Santa Cruz, and Porto Santo Airport on the island of Porto Santo.


Question: Which Atlantic island group is next located south of Madeira?

Madeira

Air connections to Madeira go from Portugal, as well as from the Azores, but also from other parts of Europe and, for example, South America.


Question: Which Atlantic island group is next located south of Madeira?

Madeira

From Portugal you can also travel to Madeira by ferry.


Question: Which Atlantic island group is next located south of Madeira?

Madeira

Traveling between Madeira and Porto Santo is either by plane or by ferry, which also carries cars as well as other vehicles.


Question: Which Atlantic island group is next located south of Madeira?

Madeira

Madeira Island has a comprehensive road network, and the most affordable method of transport is buses running around the island, however, with timetables designed mainly for the needs of locals.


Question: Which Atlantic island group is next located south of Madeira?

Madeira

The easiest way to go is a rental car, which can be rented, for example, at the airport.


Question: Which Atlantic island group is next located south of Madeira?

Madeira

In the capital Funchal, you can move reliably by taxi.


Question: Which Atlantic island group is next located south of Madeira?

Madeira

[49] Tourism miniature|Shape-cut shrubs in the Madeira Botanical Garden.


Question: Which Atlantic island group is next located south of Madeira?

Madeira

Tourism is an important source of income for Madeira's economy as it generates about 20% of the region's GDP.


Question: Which Atlantic island group is next located south of Madeira?

Madeira

[47] Madeira has been a popular destination for tourists since the 18th century.


Question: Which Atlantic island group is next located south of Madeira?

Madeira

The region's mild climate attracted tourists, particularly from Britain and other parts of Europe.


Question: Which Atlantic island group is next located south of Madeira?

Madeira

In addition, sick people also arrived in Madeira who believed they would find a cure for their ailments.


Question: Which Atlantic island group is next located south of Madeira?

Madeira

[48] An airport was built in Madeira in 1964, before which the island had to be travelled by ship.


Question: Which Atlantic island group is next located south of Madeira?

Madeira

[48] Today, the number of onboard tourists is on the rise again, as many Atlantic cruises stop in Madeira.


Question: Which Atlantic island group is next located south of Madeira?

Madeira

During winter time, air tourists seeking warmth and sun arrive in Madeira from Germany, Britain and Scandinavia, while in summer there are more southern European arrivals fleeing the heats of their homeland.


Question: Which Atlantic island group is next located south of Madeira?

Madeira

[50] Madeira is located on the Atlantic Ocean and tourists host a wide variety of nautical themed activities, including sailing, fishing, whale and dolphin safaris, water skiing, surfing, diving and swimming.


Question: Which Atlantic island group is next located south of Madeira?

Madeira

[51] The island's most famous tourist attractions include the Botanical Gardens, the isolated Nun Valley Curral das Freiras, where guided tours take place, and the gardens of the Palace of Monte and the lava caves of São Vincente.


Question: Which Atlantic island group is next located south of Madeira?

Madeira

Hiking trips on levadas and mountain peaks to vantage points are also popular.


Question: Which Atlantic island group is next located south of Madeira?

Madeira

[52] Cabo Girão is the second tallest sea cliff in the world and a popular attraction, [53] with a glass-bottomed observation deck.


Question: Which Atlantic island group is next located south of Madeira?

Madeira

[54] The capital Funchal hosts an annual spectacular New Year fireworks display, which has made it into the Guinness Book of Records as the largest in the world.


Question: Which Atlantic island group is next located south of Madeira?

Madeira

[55] Madeira has a boat connection to Porto Santo Island.


Question: Which Atlantic island group is next located south of Madeira?

Madeira

[56] The climate of Porto Santo and the nine-kilometer-long sandy beach on the south of the island attract not only tourists but also families from the island of Madeira.


Question: Which Atlantic island group is next located south of Madeira?

Madeira

[57] [58] Sand is said to have health-promoting effects.


Question: Which Atlantic island group is next located south of Madeira?

Madeira

[59] Health risks In October 2012, a mosquito-borne dengue fever epidemic broke out in Madeira.


Question: Which Atlantic island group is next located south of Madeira?

Madeira

[60] [61] Among the sufferers were also Finnish tourists.


Question: Which Atlantic island group is next located south of Madeira?

Madeira

[62] The number of people affected by the disease turned to a decline in mid-November.


Question: Which Atlantic island group is next located south of Madeira?

Madeira

[63] The epidemic caused no fatalities and no new cases of illness have been reported since spring 2013.


Question: Which Atlantic island group is next located south of Madeira?

Madeira

[64] [65] Madeira authorities, however, recommend tourists follow preventative measures, such as using mosquito repellents, keeping hotel room windows closed in the evenings, and preferring skin-covering clothing.


Question: Which Atlantic island group is next located south of Madeira?

Madeira

[65] Levadat Levadas are canals on the island of Madeira that transport water from the rainy mountain areas of the island down to drier areas in the south and southeast, more suitable for farming and settlement.


Question: Which Atlantic island group is next located south of Madeira?

Madeira

The first levadas were built in the 15th century from wood and later from earth mixture or by chipping into rock.


Question: Which Atlantic island group is next located south of Madeira?

Madeira

Today, levadas are made of concrete.


Question: Which Atlantic island group is next located south of Madeira?

Madeira

In the 17th century, ever-longer and wider water channels were built due to watermills and sugar cane cultivation.


Question: Which Atlantic island group is next located south of Madeira?

Madeira

The work was usually done by Moorish people who worked in dangerous conditions or by slaves imported from Africa.


Question: Which Atlantic island group is next located south of Madeira?

Madeira

In 1940, the Water Use Commission began modernizing the levadas, resulting in three new electric plants being built by 1969, as well as five new levadas.


Question: Which Atlantic island group is next located south of Madeira?

Madeira

[6] Today, a total of 2150 km of levadas pass through Madeira, transporting water to the south of the island while generating hydropower.


Question: Which Atlantic island group is next located south of Madeira?

Madeira

The trails that run next to the Levadas, which were originally meant to facilitate the construction and repair of canals, are today popular hiking trails for tourists.


Question: Which Atlantic island group is next located south of Madeira?

Madeira

[5] Walking trails popular with hikers include the Three Levada Trail in the Rabaçal Valley, [66] and Levada dos Tornos, the starting point of which can be reached by bus from Funchal.


Question: Which Atlantic island group is next located south of Madeira?

Madeira

[67] Population The population of Madeira in 2010 totalled about 247000, of which just over 240000 lived on Madeira Island and the rest in Porto Santo.


Question: Which Atlantic island group is next located south of Madeira?

Madeira

[45] Madeira was completely uninhabited before the arrival of Portuguese settlers in the early 15th century.


Question: Which Atlantic island group is next located south of Madeira?

Madeira

After them, the population of the area grew, including crews and passengers of ships that passed through the island, merchants, and soldiers.


Question: Which Atlantic island group is next located south of Madeira?

Madeira

Until recent years, Madeirans lived quite isolated from the rest of the world.


Question: Which Atlantic island group is next located south of Madeira?

Madeira

Much has been migrated from densely populated Madeira to other places, especially South America.


Question: Which Atlantic island group is next located south of Madeira?

Madeira

Porto Santo is home mainly to pensioners, airline staff and idle tourists.


Question: Which Atlantic island group is next located south of Madeira?

Madeira

[68] The University of Madeira was established in 1988.


Question: Which Atlantic island group is next located south of Madeira?

Madeira

[69] Culture Food Madeiran cuisine includes a great variety of meat dishes such as espetada, carne de vinho e alhos and picado.


Question: Which Atlantic island group is next located south of Madeira?

Madeira

Espetada is a grilled steer of ox meat seasoned with garlic and sea salt, preferably using a stick made from a laurel tree branch.


Question: Which Atlantic island group is next located south of Madeira?

Madeira

Picado is a beef stew seasoned with garlic, meat broth and olive oil and served with fries.


Question: Which Atlantic island group is next located south of Madeira?

Madeira

The third traditional meat dish, carne de vinho e alhos, is pork meat marinated in wine, rich garlic and bay leaves.


Question: Which Atlantic island group is next located south of Madeira?

Madeira

[70] [71] Fish plays an important part in Madeiran cuisine culture due to traditional fishing.


Question: Which Atlantic island group is next located south of Madeira?

Madeira

Tuna, espada, or black scabbard fish, and cod appear in several dishes, as do mussels and octopuses caught in the area.


Question: Which Atlantic island group is next located south of Madeira?

Madeira

Espada is usually served with fried banana.


Question: Which Atlantic island group is next located south of Madeira?

Madeira

Açorda à madeirense is a popular soup dish made with bread, garlic and egg.


Question: Which Atlantic island group is next located south of Madeira?

Madeira

[70] [71] Madeira's well-known country bread Bolo do Caco is always served with garlic butter.


Question: Which Atlantic island group is next located south of Madeira?

Madeira

It is almost always offered at various events and parties, as well as in restaurants.


Question: Which Atlantic island group is next located south of Madeira?

Madeira

Various pastries and desserts are available in Madeira, such as queijadas (cheese pastry) and Bolo de mel (honey cake).


Question: Which Atlantic island group is next located south of Madeira?

Madeira

[70] [71] The famous Madeira wine is made in Madeira.


Question: Which Atlantic island group is next located south of Madeira?

Madeira

[72] It is a concentrated wine, usually sweet, which is heated during its preparation so that the wine acquires a distinctive flavour.


Question: Which Atlantic island group is next located south of Madeira?

Madeira

[73] There are four types of madeira that differ in their sweetness: the driest sercial is suitable for the appetizer, the semi-dry verdelho is often enjoyed with fruitcake, the semi-sweet bual resembles port wine, and the sweetest malmsey is the most pronounced dessert wine.


Question: Which Atlantic island group is next located south of Madeira?

Madeira

[74] Sports The seas and cliffs of Madeira are suitable for many sports activities such as diving, surfboarding, gliding shading, BASE jumping and bodyboarding.


Question: Which Atlantic island group is next located south of Madeira?

Madeira

The bright blue shallows of Madeira attract many divers to the area, as well as diving schools.


Question: Which Atlantic island group is next located south of Madeira?

Madeira

The most popular areas are the Garajau Marine Reserve, the Machico Coastal Area and Porto Santo.


Question: Which Atlantic island group is next located south of Madeira?

Madeira

[75] Other popular activities include camping in Madeira nature, horseback riding and golf.


Question: Which Atlantic island group is next located south of Madeira?

Madeira

Madeira has three golf courses: two nearby Funchal and one in Porto Santo.


Question: Which Atlantic island group is next located south of Madeira?

Madeira

The first 9-hole field to have was built in 1937.


Question: Which Atlantic island group is next located south of Madeira?

Madeira

[76] Local football clubs CS Marítimo, CD Nacional and União da Madeira play in the Portuguese main league.


Question: Which Atlantic island group is next located south of Madeira?

Madeira

Also famous footballer Cristiano Ronaldo hails from Madeira.


Question: Which Atlantic island group is next located south of Madeira?

Madeira

In basketball, the island is represented by CAB Madeira, which plays in the Portuguese main league.


Question: Which Atlantic island group is next located south of Madeira?

Madeira

[77] Sources Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Svensson, Bertil| title = Traveller's Madeira| publisher = Otava| year = 2005| isbn = 951119979X}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author title = Beadeker, Karl| = Beadeker's Madeira| publisher = Automobile Associ| ation| year = 1997| isbn=0749517336| language = Transclusion error: {{En}} is only for use in File namespace.


Question: Which Atlantic island group is next located south of Madeira?

Madeira

Use {{lang-en}} or {{en icon}} instead.}


Question: Which Atlantic island group is next located south of Madeira?

Madeira

Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Kemppainen, Arja| title = Madeira| publisher = Finnish Travel Guide| year = 2009| isbn = 978-952-9715-43-5}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Murphy, Paul| title = Madeira| publisher = Berlitz Publish| year = 1998| isbn = 951- 31-2415-0| language = Transclusion error: {{En}} is only for use in File namespace.


Question: Which Atlantic island group is next located south of Madeira?

Madeira


Question: Which Atlantic island group is next located south of Madeira?

Madeira

Citation error, replace with {{cite book| title= Insight Guides: Madeira| publisher = Insight Guides| year = 2007| isbn=9812586636| language = Transclusion error: {{En}} is only for use in File namespace.


Question: Which Atlantic island group is next located south of Madeira?

Madeira


Question: Which Atlantic island group is next located south of Madeira?

Madeira

References on the topic elsewhere * Category:UNESCO World Heritage Sites in Portugal Category:Key articles on screening Category:41.5 Southern Europe


Question: How many different stories have been told about the Holy Grail?

Indiana Jones

Dr Henry Walton “Indiana” Jones Jr., [1] occasionally briefly Indy, [2] is a fictional archaeologist and adventurer created by film directors Steven Spielberg and George Lucas.


Question: How many different stories have been told about the Holy Grail?

Indiana Jones

Harrison Ford has played Indiana Jones in four films whose success, winged by the success of which, the character has appeared in comics, books, ancillary toys and games, among others.


Question: How many different stories have been told about the Holy Grail?

Indiana Jones

In addition, four amusement park devices are marketed under the character's name across the world.


Question: How many different stories have been told about the Holy Grail?

Indiana Jones

Indiana Jones first appeared in the 1981 film Hunters of the Lost Treasure, which became a success.


Question: How many different stories have been told about the Holy Grail?

Indiana Jones

Subsequently, the character has appeared in three films: Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom (1984), Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade (1989), and Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull (2008).


Question: How many different stories have been told about the Holy Grail?

Indiana Jones

The fifth film is scheduled to premiere in July 2021.


Question: How many different stories have been told about the Holy Grail?

Indiana Jones

With the exception of the television series Indiana Jones Junior (1992—93), voice roles in computer games, and a youth scene set at the beginning of The Last Crusade (in which Jones is played by River Phoenix), the character has always been played by Harrison Ford.


Question: How many different stories have been told about the Holy Grail?

Indiana Jones

Indiana Jones is a professor of archaeology at Marshall University by civil profession [3] who nevertheless spends most of his time searching for treasures in various parts of the world.


Question: How many different stories have been told about the Holy Grail?

Indiana Jones

Lucas, who served as a screenwriter and producer for films, took character influences from the functional serial films he saw in his youth.


Question: How many different stories have been told about the Holy Grail?

Indiana Jones

[4] Indiana Jones' costume, which includes a fedora-shaped hat, a leather jacket and the whip he carries on his belt, has become a recognisable part of the character.


Question: How many different stories have been told about the Holy Grail?

Indiana Jones

The accessories have been handed over to the Smithsonian Institution.


Question: How many different stories have been told about the Holy Grail?

Indiana Jones

[5] Character Birth Creation Film director Steven Spielberg had long before the first Indiana Jones film released in 1981 wanted to make an adventure film in which the characters would tour the world and visit different locations.


Question: How many different stories have been told about the Holy Grail?

Indiana Jones

[6] He would have preferred to direct a James Bond film and offered to the company producing them, who hired another director anyway.


Question: How many different stories have been told about the Holy Grail?

Indiana Jones

[7] His fellow student, [8] film director George Lucas had in turn long been planning an adventure film that would serve as a homage to the serial films he had liked when he was young.


Question: How many different stories have been told about the Holy Grail?

Indiana Jones

[6] The films had been series produced by Republic Pictures in the 1930s and '40s, including Zorro's Fighting Legion, Spy Smasher and Don Winslow of the Navy, which told of a waitress fighting the Nazis.


Question: How many different stories have been told about the Holy Grail?

Indiana Jones

[9] Lucas began planning Star Wars without forgetting once and for all the idea of an adventure film starring an archaeologist hunting treasure-hunting.


Question: How many different stories have been told about the Holy Grail?

Indiana Jones

In 1975, he first presented the adventurer-archaeology he designed to director Philip Kaufman, who liked the idea and suggested the Ark of the Covenant as a treasure for the film.


Question: How many different stories have been told about the Holy Grail?

Indiana Jones

However, Kaufman left to make another film, and Lucas, due to Star Wars, did not have time for his adventure film, so the project was forgotten.


Question: How many different stories have been told about the Holy Grail?

Indiana Jones

[9] Spielberg and Lucas and their wives traveled on a joint vacation to Hawaii in March 1977.


Question: How many different stories have been told about the Holy Grail?

Indiana Jones

[6] Lucas wanted to avoid the premiere of his Star Wars film.


Question: How many different stories have been told about the Holy Grail?

Indiana Jones

[11] He feared that the film would be a major flop.


Question: How many different stories have been told about the Holy Grail?

Indiana Jones

In addition, she had suffered a nervous breakdown at the end of filming and was longing for a rest.


Question: How many different stories have been told about the Holy Grail?

Indiana Jones

[8] Lucas perked up when a week later he got to hear about the film's big success.


Question: How many different stories have been told about the Holy Grail?

Indiana Jones

[7] At the time, Lucas asked Spielberg what he was going to do next.


Question: How many different stories have been told about the Holy Grail?

Indiana Jones

[11] Spielberg revealed to him that he wanted to make a film in which the main characters would move around the world.


Question: How many different stories have been told about the Holy Grail?

Indiana Jones

[6] After being told by Spielberg that he had not been chosen to be the director of the next James Bond film, Lucas stated that he would have “something better” for Spielberg.


Question: How many different stories have been told about the Holy Grail?

Indiana Jones

[11] Lucas revealed that he was already planning a hero character, for which he used the name Indiana Smith at the time.


Question: How many different stories have been told about the Holy Grail?

Indiana Jones

[7] The character would be a well-known archaeologist and treasure hunter whom Lucas had named after a dog he owned at that time.


Question: How many different stories have been told about the Holy Grail?

Indiana Jones

[7] Spielberg was inspired by the idea but didn't like the character's name, leading Lucas to tell Spielberg to name the film “Indiana Jones or whatever, it's your movie.”


Question: How many different stories have been told about the Holy Grail?

Indiana Jones

[7] This happened, according to Spielberg, on the Hawaiian island of Mauna Kea.


Question: How many different stories have been told about the Holy Grail?

Indiana Jones

[12] When Spielberg agreed to direct the film, Lucas added that they would make three films around the character.


Question: How many different stories have been told about the Holy Grail?

Indiana Jones

Spielberg agreed, and the series was agreed, in Spielberg's words, in May 1977.


Question: How many different stories have been told about the Holy Grail?

Indiana Jones

[13] After a trip to Hawaii, Lucas, Spielberg and screenwriter Lawrence Kasdan held a story meeting in Sherman Oaks, Los Angeles.


Question: How many different stories have been told about the Holy Grail?

Indiana Jones

Lucas first introduced his protagonist (still under the name Indiana Smith) and the plot of the film, after which all three began brainstorming scenes.


Question: How many different stories have been told about the Holy Grail?

Indiana Jones

Lucas's goal was to make the film one long chase scene, with Spielberg describing it as an “amusement park ride”.


Question: How many different stories have been told about the Holy Grail?

Indiana Jones

Some of the ideated scenes did not accommodate the Hunters of the Lost Treasure, but were used in the Temple of Doom.


Question: How many different stories have been told about the Holy Grail?

Indiana Jones

The meeting was recorded and can be read online.


Question: How many different stories have been told about the Holy Grail?

Indiana Jones

[14] Actor Choice Spielberg and Lucas went through several male actors in order to find the most suitable Indiana Jones presenter.


Question: How many different stories have been told about the Holy Grail?

Indiana Jones

[6] Eventually, they ended up choosing a then-relatively unknown Tom Selleck for the role, who nonetheless opted out of the project after committing to the CBS television series Magnum (1980—1988), [7] although his role had already been formalized.


Question: How many different stories have been told about the Holy Grail?

Indiana Jones

[6] Harrison Ford, who had previously worked with Lucas in three films: Svengijengi '62 (1973), Star Wars (1977) and Empire Counter-Strike (1980) was then hired for the role.


Question: How many different stories have been told about the Holy Grail?

Indiana Jones

Ironically, it was Lucas who opposed Ford's hiring, as he felt Ford was better suited to become Han Solo.


Question: How many different stories have been told about the Holy Grail?

Indiana Jones

[6] Lucas also did not want him and Ford to always be linked to the same films, such as director Martin Scorsese and actor Robert De Niro, who made several films together.


Question: How many different stories have been told about the Holy Grail?

Indiana Jones

[15] However, Spielberg and Lucas reached an understanding, and Ford was asked to be an Indiana cast member three weeks before filming began.


Question: How many different stories have been told about the Holy Grail?

Indiana Jones

[10] A section had been added to the contract for two sequels.


Question: How many different stories have been told about the Holy Grail?

Indiana Jones

Ford did not want to agree to this after Star Wars (at the time of writing the deal, two of the three Star Wars films had appeared), but acquiesced after reading the script for the Hunters of the Lost Treasure.


Question: How many different stories have been told about the Holy Grail?

Indiana Jones

[15] Although Ford had made his breakthrough as early as Star Wars and its sequel The Empire Counter-Strike, it has been claimed that it was not until Indiana Jones' role that made him a superstar.


Question: How many different stories have been told about the Holy Grail?

Indiana Jones

[16] The character's prequel, Indiana Jones' character was influenced by serial films from the 1930s Republic production company, which both Spielberg and Lucas watched as young people.


Question: How many different stories have been told about the Holy Grail?

Indiana Jones

[6] However, there is no certainty as to the character's actual prequel, and different views have been expressed by different critics.


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The character's predecessors may have included heroes from old adventure films, such as Kay Hoog, the protagonist in Fritz Lang's film Spiders (Die Spinnen, 1919).


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[17] Deborah Nadoolman Landis, who acted as costumer, has said Harry Steele in the Inca Secret film was particularly influenced by the character's appearance.


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[18] Comic book hero Tintt has also been compared to Jones: After the appearance of Hunters for the Lost Treasure, Spielberg read a review comparing the film to the Adventures of Tintin cartoon albums.


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Spielberg had not heard of Tint before and after reading the review, he sent his assistant to buy all the Tintti comics for himself.


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[19] The real-life paragon has been considered to be the English explorer and officer Percy Harrison Fawcett (1867—1925), who has been shown on several occasions as the real-life equivalent of Indiana Jones.


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[20] This made several expeditions into the Brazilian rainforests and finally disappeared in 1925 into the jungle.


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[21] Character Life Henry Walton “Indiana” Jones was born in Princeton, New Jersey, on 1 July 1899 into the family of Henry Jones, a Scottish professor of medieval literature [22], and Anna Jones, a Virginian.


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[23] The boy took his name from his Indiana family's eponymous dog, of whom he had many fond memories.


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[22] He left in 1908 with his father and mother on a two-year-long lecture trip, during which Indiana learned to speak 27 languages, including French, Italian, Russian, Arabic, and Greek.


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[24] Jones' mother died of scarlet fever in 1912.


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[23] In the summer of the same year in Utah, Jones, while on a scouting expedition, attempted to save a cross belonging to explorer Francisco Vásquez de Coronado from men who later sold it to an unknown collector.


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During the adventure, Jones got his fedora hat and began suffering from ophydiophobia after falling into a container full of snakes.


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[22] In his quest for adventurity he was forced to join the Pancho Villa Corps in 1916, [25] and found himself enlisted in the ranks of the Belgian Army in the same year for World War I, where he took part in the Battle of the Somme.


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[26] Sometime in the 1920s Jones became acquainted with Abner Ravenwood, who taught him archaeology.


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Jones became his best student and friend.


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Jones had a romance with Abner Ravenwood's daughter Marion, which severed Jones' ties with Abner.


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[27] Indiana Jones worked as an archaeologist around the world and got into many difficulties.


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The film “Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom” recounts that in Central America he was accused of being a grave robber and the Sultan of Madagascar forbade him from coming to his country again.


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[28] In 1935, Indiana Jones travelled to China, where he was hired to find a pearl called the Heart of the Dragon, which was also followed by the Nazis.


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[29] Later in Shanghai he was forced to flee Chinese gangsters and on escape his plane crashed in India, where Jones helped local villagers reclaim their sacred stone from the tugen cult.


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[30] A year later Jones was hired by the US government to find the Ark of the Covenant before the Nazis.


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During the mission, Jones met Marion Ravenwood again and fell in love.


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[31] They got engaged in, but Jones did not show up for the couple's wedding, after which Ravenwood married a British Air Force pilot.


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[32] In 1937, Jones left Marshall College in Connecticut to teach at Barnett College.


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A year later, Jones finally regained possession of the Cross of Coronado on a ship off the coast of Portugal and took part in an expedition seeking the Holy Grail.


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[22] In 1939, Jones discovered an object in Barnett's warehouse containing an unknown substance called orichalcum.


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The object was revealed to be an ancient excavator by the Atlanteans and the orichalcum as its source of energy.


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As a result, he set out to search the Atlantic, the ruins of which, however, were destroyed at the end of the adventure.


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[33] Jones served as an agent for the United States during World War II, performing clandestine missions including in Berlin.


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For his actions, he was awarded several Medals of Honor.


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[32] Jones also had time for archaeology during the war years.


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In 1941 he set out to find the Staff of Moses in Panama [34] and in 1947 he encountered Soviet soldiers while preventing them from repairing a plane located in the ruins of the Tower of Babel.


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[35] In addition to his archaeology and espionage duties, he was among the experts who were the first to investigate the Roswell case in 1947.


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[32] Sometime before the events of Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull, Jones returned back to Marshall College to become an archaeology teacher.


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[36] In 1957, while searching for the lost city of Akator, he met Marion Ravenwood again and learned that she bore him a son, Henry Jones III; Jones and Ravenwood fell in love with each other again and married.


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[32] Indiana Jones Jr.


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television series reveals that in 1993 Indiana Jones was living in New York and, despite his age of 94 years, continued to lecture still in archaeology.


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The series reports that he has a daughter (son “Mutt” Williams is not mentioned) and several grandchildren.


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Jones has lost his right eye, but the reason for this is not stated.


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[37] Clothing and Weapons Design The outfit was designed by Deborah Nadoolman Landis, with whom Spielberg had previously worked on the film 1941 — Excuse me, where is Hollywood?


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(the first film in which he used a costumer), and whom he also hired for the Hunters of the Lost Treasure.


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[39] Before designing the costume, Spielberg showed Nadoolman Landis and assistant Kelly Kimball two films: Secret of the Incas (Secret of the Incas, 1954) and Adventurers in China (China, 1943).


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[39] Landis has said Jones' dress was significantly influenced by Charlton Heston's role in The Secret of the Incas.


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Adventurer Harry Steele, played by Heston, dressed exactly the same as Indiana Jones in the film and even carried a whip on his belt.


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Nadoolman has said he watched the film several times with Spielberg, Lucas and Lawrence Kasdan, screenwriter of Hunters of the Lost Treasure, and that he was surprised when neither Lucas nor Spielberg later said the film was the source of their inspiration.


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[18] Jones' costume has slight differences from Steele's costume: for example, Indiana Jones' fedora is considerably smaller than the hat worn by Harry Steele.


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[18] The costume was the first to be adapted by Tom Selleck, who was originally to become an Indiana Jones actor.


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[39] The hat and leather jacket worn by Harrison Ford during the filming of Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade were handed over after filming to the Smithsonian Institution in 1989.


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The whip was not attached to the Institute's collections until 1999.


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[5] Models Indiana Jones wears a fedora hat and brown leather jacket.


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On his belt, he carries a whip and a revolver.


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Hat: Fedora-style hat.


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The fedora was a popular city hat in the 1930s, but a hat of the same design was already used in early adventure films as an adventurer's headdress.


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[40] Leather jacket: Indiana Jones leather jacket design takes influences from 1930s leather jackets and A-2 model aviator jackets.


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[41] Whip: The whip was darker, than the other whips made by David Morgan and made of kangaroo leather.


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However, it has been argued that the Lost Treasure Hunters' whip was not actually made of kangaroo skin due to restrictions imposed by US import laws.


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[42] Revolver: Jones has had several different revolvers available during his adventures.


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In Hunters of Lost Treasure, he used two different revolvers; the Smith & Wesson models M1917 and the Hand Ejector Model 2.


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[43] In the Temple of Doom he has at his disposal the Colt New Service M1917 and the Last Crusade, and in the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull, Webley Green.


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[43] Clothing manufacturers The whips used in the first three films were made by the David Morgan company.


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[44] Hats was supplied for the first three films by the Herbert Johnson Hatters company and the fourth film originally by the AdventureBilt Hat Co founded by Indiana Jones fans.


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[38] Leather jackets were made by various companies: Western Leather produced several sheepskin coats for the first three films and the Wilson company supplied one coat made of cowhide, which was used in the Lost Treasure Hunters truck scene for its greater durability.


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[45] Tony Nowak Original supplied coats to the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull.


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[46] Films Production and Reception The first three films were shot at Elstree studios in England [47] like Lucas' Star Wars films.


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[8] Outdoor filming took place in Tunisia, Sri Lanka, Spain and Venice.


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[47] Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull was filmed entirely in the United States by Downey, Sony, Paramount, Warner Bros.


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'in and Universal studios.


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[48] Hunters of the Lost Treasure, 1981 Before filming began, Lucas and Spielberg hired Lawrence Kasdan as screenwriter, with whom they discussed the subject of the film and the action scenes they had planned.


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In Spielberg's view, the actual film originated in the script stage rather than Hawaii, where Spielberg and Lucas had only brainstormed the character.


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[6] Kasdan invented, among other things, the character of Marion Ravenwood, who derived his first name from his wife's grandmother's name and his surname from the Losangelesian Ravenwood Court.


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[10] Many studios rejected the Lost Treasure Hunters script and refused to produce it.


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The studios were suspicious of the $20 million budget that Lucas had planned for the film, and did not want Spielberg as director.


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[15] Eventually, Paramount Pictures agreed to produce the film.


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Lucas offered the film to Paramount after falling out with 20th Century Fox, which produced Star Wars.


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[8] It was decided to film the scenes set in Egypt in Tunisia, which was an easier option for the film crew as there was no need to show the sphinx or pyramids in pictures.


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[10] [47] During filming in Tunisia, the group encountered difficulties: Harrison Ford was suffering from abdominal pain, and the scene where Indiana Jones had to fight a sword-wielding Arab warrior had to be shortened so that he simply shot him.


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[10] As the events of the film were set in the 1930s, the film crew had to remove 300 television antennas from the roofs of houses.


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[10] In making Hunters for Lost Treasure, Spielberg had made it his personal goal of staying on budget and schedule, with his previous films Jaws (1975), Third Degree Connection (1977) and 1941 — Sorry, where is Hollywood?


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(1979) had all exceeded their given budget and missed schedule.


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[6] Hunters for the Lost Treasure was completed 17 days early, and its production costs remained precisely within the planned budget.


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[6] The film was the most lucrative film of 1981 in North America, [49] and received an enthusiastic reception from critics.


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According to the website Rotten Tomatoes, 94% of them have given the film a positive review.


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[50] Hunters of the Lost Treasure received four Academy Awards.


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Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom, 1984 Spielberg said Lucas wanted to use the same formula in the film series as in his Star Wars series.


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According to this, the second part of the trilogy should be more sinister than the predecessor (the backlash against the Empire was, in Lucas's view, much darker than the preceding Star Wars).


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[8] [13] Steven Spielberg had divorced and Lucas himself was in the midst of the divorce process during the writing phase of the film.


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Lucas believes that for this reason, perhaps unconsciously, they wanted to make a dark film.


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[51] Furthermore, Lucas had decided he wouldn't want to recycle ideas from an earlier film, so the Nazis and Marion Ravenwood were deliberately omitted from the sequel.


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[13] [51] However, this produced problems, as inventing a new enemy was difficult, according to Lucas.


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Coming up with the story produced difficulties, and Lucas has told them all they did was throw in ideas that featured a Chinese monkey king or a haunted castle.


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[51] The film was set in 1935, meaning its events are set in a time before the Hunters of the Lost Treasure.


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This, too, was a conscious solution because Lucas wanted to avoid questions about where Ravenwood has disappeared.


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[13] Spielberg wanted to attach the film to the first film a planned chase with mining wagons, which, however, was not filmed due to scheduling problems.


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[13] The Pankot Palace seen in the film was a miniature model.


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All exterior shots showing the palace were shot at Elstree studios.


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[52] The film was not as successful as its predecessor, but it was still the third most lucrative film of the year.


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[53] Critics did not like the film as much as its predecessor, and Willie Scott's actress Kate Capshaw remembers her character being berated a lot.


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[54] The film was banned in India after it came out because the film showed Indians in a negative light.


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The ban has later been dismantled.


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[55] Today, the Temple of Doom has an 85% “fresh” rating on Rotten Tomatoes.


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[56] The film was originally given an age limit recommendation PG (Parental Guidance).


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At that time, only two recommendations were in use in the United States: PG suitable for everyone and R.


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Many of the children who came with their parents to watch the film were shocked and had to leave the theatre in the middle of the film, some crying.


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[57] Due to the violence contained in the film, a whole new rating, PG-13, was created, as the film was deemed not to fit into either existing category.


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[57] George Lucas has defended the film, saying it was meant to be scary.


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[57] However, he has said that he doesn't like it as much as other Indiana Jones films.


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[13] Spielberg has said that “Indy 2 is not one of my best moments”, [57] but has also stated that he has a special relationship with Temple of Doom because he met his future wife Kate Capshaw on set.


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[13] Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade, 1989 Because the grim Temple of Doom had received a more negative reception from critics than the Hunters of the Lost Treasure, Lucas decided in 1985 when he began scripting the third Indiana Jones film that it would return to recapture the first Indiana Jones film for the lighter mood of the part.


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[59] Initially Spielberg was not enthusiastic about the idea that came up at story meetings suggesting the search for the Holy Grail as the subject of the film because it brought him to mind the crazy world of the film Monty Python.


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[59] [60] Lucaskin became more interested in the Ape King adventure in Chinese mythology already presented in the manuscript phase of the Temple of Doom.


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[59] [60] Chris Columbus was hired as screenwriter, who wrote the film script for Indiana Jones and the Monkey King word for word according to Lucas and Spielberg's wishes.


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Columbus, however, was fired.


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[61] Later, the Monkey King concept was abandoned and the creators returned to the Holy Grail.


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Spielberg still found the subject boring, and Lucas contrived to attach to it the legend he invented himself that drinking from the Grail would bring eternal life.


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[59] George Lucas and Jeffrey Boam wrote the final manuscript, which featured Henry Jones, Indiana Jones' father, an expert in medieval literature and the Holy Grail myth.


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[59] The character was invented by Spielberg, because despite everything, the search for the Holy Grail was a boring premise for the story.


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He has told us instead that he wanted to make the search for the Holy Grail a metaphor for father and son, who search for and eventually find each other with the help of the Holy Grail.


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[62] Lucas did not like the fact that Spielberg chose Sean Connery for the role of Henry Jones because he only came to mind for Lucas as James Bond.


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[62] Spielberg, on the other hand, insisted on hiring Connery because Spielberg's original idea for an adventure film had originally originated precisely with Bond.


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[6] Connery was flattered to be asked for the role, and before formalising his role, he asked Spielberg “is this Indiana Jones meets James Bond?”.


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[59] When the Last Crusade was completed in 1989, it was the first time any relative of Indiana Jones was introduced.


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The film's best-known filming locations was the rock town of Petra, where the film's closing scene was shot.


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The numbers of tourists who travelled to the site increased after the film came out.


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[58] Spielberg says that when he saw The Last Crusade in the theater he heard the audience laughing more than in other films in the Indiana Jones series, and that is why he himself considers the film to be the funniest of the series.


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[62] The film has an 89% “fresh” rating on Rotten Tomatoes.


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[63] To the end of the film, Spielberg pasted a scene in which Indiana Jones rides off into the sunset as a symbol that the series had been completed.


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[64] Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull, 2008 Spielberg has said talks about the sequel began about five years after the Last Crusade.


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While marketing one of the films, he was asked repeatedly because he will make the next Indiana Jones movie.


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[64] Harrison Ford took the proposal seriously and suggested making a new Indiana Jones to Spielberg, who nonetheless declined.


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[64] However, Ford got Lucas excited by the idea, and together they persuaded Spielberg to go along.


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[64] Spielberg, however, believed for a long time that he would not direct the film in question himself, but would hire some young director to do it.


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[64] He was particularly concerned about how audiences would view 60-year-old Harrison Ford starring.


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[64] Lucas proposed that the film be made into a film borrowing from Category B science fiction and paranoid propaganda films of the 1950s, which at the time was still titled Indiana Jones and the Saucer Men from Mars.


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[64] Spielberg didn't like the idea and was eventually abandoned when the Independence Day — War of the Worlds film came out in 1996.


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[64] Lucas invented to make a small change to the film: in it the aliens are not actually aliens, but interdimensional beings living in another dimension.


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[64] During the planning stages, the 1950s, different from previous films, were ensured, which was better suited to Harrison Ford's age.


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[64] Because of the era, the Nazis could not be used as opponents of Jones, and Spielberg, in his own words, would not have wanted to use them.


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[64] The treasure around which the plot would be built was a crystal skull found in South America, which Lucas said he heard about while making Indiana Jones Jr.


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One episode's script dealt with them, which got him interested in the subject.


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[65] It was decided to use characters from old films in the film: Karen Allen was hired to reprise her role as Marion Ravenwood and Sean Connery was asked to appear again as Henry Jones, but he declined.


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[66] A new Indiana Jones relative, son Mutt Williams (Shia LaBeouf), whose real name is Henry Jones III, was also brought into the story.