Question: How many years did Duke Charles serve as King of Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

In addition, there were fresh Swedish-speaking settlements in Åland, the Turunmaa archipelago and the coastal regions of Ostrobothnia and Uusimaa.


Question: How many years did Duke Charles serve as King of Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

In the Middle Ages, rural peasants were by far the largest population group in Finland.


Question: How many years did Duke Charles serve as King of Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Much of the area of present-day Finland was still wilderness in the Middle Ages, where Satakunese, Hälite and Karelian wildernesses were camping, inhabited by a population called the Lappans, at least part of the Sámi speaking population.


Question: How many years did Duke Charles serve as King of Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Wilderness areas were not among the territories of any realm except in theory at most.


Question: How many years did Duke Charles serve as King of Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

In the early stages of Swedish rule, administrative documents were often written in Latin, emphasizing the role of clergy in secular governance as well.


Question: How many years did Duke Charles serve as King of Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The use of Swedish increased as a written administrative language as the 14th century wore on.


Question: How many years did Duke Charles serve as King of Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

In urban local government, especially with regard to international relations, German was also widely used.


Question: How many years did Duke Charles serve as King of Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

However, it is impossible to provide precise estimates of the language ratios of the population of medieval cities.


Question: How many years did Duke Charles serve as King of Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Sweden was an electoral kingdom in the Middle Ages and the royal election was conducted with Mora stones.


Question: How many years did Duke Charles serve as King of Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The territory of Finland also gained the right to send its representatives to the royal election of 1362, reflecting the status of Southwest Finland as part of the Swedish Empire.


Question: How many years did Duke Charles serve as King of Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The land law enacted during the 1319—1364 reign of King Maunu Eerikinpoja was of great importance to the development of administration and legal order.


Question: How many years did Duke Charles serve as King of Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

As a difference to Central Europe, peasants were free, and no central European-like feudalism developed in the Swedish Empire.


Question: How many years did Duke Charles serve as King of Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Local government was based on keepers and parishes in rural areas.


Question: How many years did Duke Charles serve as King of Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

In the Middle Ages, an urban institution also emerged in Finland.


Question: How many years did Duke Charles serve as King of Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

However, the bourgeoisie, or merchants and craftsmen, who lived in the cities, accounted for a small


Question: How many years did Duke Charles serve as King of Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The most important medieval cities in Finland were Turku and Vyborg.


Question: How many years did Duke Charles serve as King of Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Other towns included Naantali, Rauma, Ulvila and Porvoo.


Question: How many years did Duke Charles serve as King of Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

During the Middle Ages, Nordic and Finnish long-distance trade was largely held by German Hanseatic merchants, and because of this, a significant part of the bourgeoisie in Turku and Vyborg in particular was German.


Question: How many years did Duke Charles serve as King of Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

In the towns, local government was the responsibility of a mayor-led panel.


Question: How many years did Duke Charles serve as King of Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

By the 1280 Alsnö rule of King Maunu Birgerinpoika, adopted in the reign of King Maunu Birgerinpoika, a small secular rails, or nobility, emerged in Sweden and Finland.


Question: How many years did Duke Charles serve as King of Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Spiritual rails, on the other hand, referred to the spiritual enactment exempt from taxes paid to the secular power (e.g. priests, nuns and beggar brothers).


Question: How many years did Duke Charles serve as King of Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The parishes that operated within the Catholic Church on the territory of Finland belonged to the Diocese of Turku.


Question: How many years did Duke Charles serve as King of Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

In addition to ecclesiastical authority, the Bishop of Turku, who was at the head of the diocese, also had plenty of secular power and was, for example, a member of the King's Council of Power.


Question: How many years did Duke Charles serve as King of Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

One of the most prominent medieval bishops of Turku was Maunu Tavast, who held office between 1412 and 1450.


Question: How many years did Duke Charles serve as King of Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Spiritual rails formed a literacy and literacy civilisation in medieval Finland.


Question: How many years did Duke Charles serve as King of Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Its members had often attended Turku Cathedral School and some had also studied at foreign universities.


Question: How many years did Duke Charles serve as King of Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Kalmar Union Time (1397—1523) Birth of the Union The Nordic Kalmar Union was founded under Queen Margaret of Denmark in 1397.


Question: How many years did Duke Charles serve as King of Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

In practice, there were conflicts in the Union, as the Swedish surplus was interested in the east, in the direction of Russia, in the direction of Russia, while the Danish interests were more towards the south — per German territories.


Question: How many years did Duke Charles serve as King of Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Nor, within the different countries, was the superiority unanimous among themselves.


Question: How many years did Duke Charles serve as King of Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The struggle for power was by no means caused solely by modern concepts of “foreign policy” disagreements.


Question: How many years did Duke Charles serve as King of Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

However, at the beginning of the Union period, the country's status as part of the kingdom changed


Question: How many years did Duke Charles serve as King of Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Over the course of four decades, the monarch's grip on Finland was firmer than in the past.


Question: How many years did Duke Charles serve as King of Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Queen Margaret was a background influence on the regime right up until her death in 1412.


Question: How many years did Duke Charles serve as King of Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Throughout, he delegated further responsibilities to his successor King Eerik XIII of Pomerania (as king 1396—1439), who had responsibility especially for Norwegian and Finnish affairs.


Question: How many years did Duke Charles serve as King of Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

He visited Finland two times, in 1403 and 1407.


Question: How many years did Duke Charles serve as King of Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

All the king's decisions concerning Finland were issued in his name.


Question: How many years did Duke Charles serve as King of Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

[30] With the Union, the leading administrators of the country changed, as the king placed his own creditmen in charge of the castles.


Question: How many years did Duke Charles serve as King of Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Abraham Broderinpoika rose to be head of the castle in Turku, and the Danish Klaus Fleming was also appointed as Lamann.


Question: How many years did Duke Charles serve as King of Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Later, Klaus Lydekenpoika Djäkn and Krister Nilsson Vaasa rose to prominent positions.


Question: How many years did Duke Charles serve as King of Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Bishop Maunu Tavast was a supporter of unionism.


Question: How many years did Duke Charles serve as King of Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Even during the Union period, Finland did not form a single administrative entity; the region was divided into two different administrative districts.


Question: How many years did Duke Charles serve as King of Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Vyborg served as a major, at times quasi-autonomous centre as Turku was more closely incorporated into the central authority's administrative region.


Question: How many years did Duke Charles serve as King of Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The independent status of Vyborg can be seen, among other things, in the fact that although Finland was divided in 1435 into two Lamalandic municipalities South and Bottom-Finland, Vyborg was born as early as the 1440s, an independent Karelian Llamann, which was probably laid down by a castle chief in Vyborg.


Question: How many years did Duke Charles serve as King of Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Although the Karelian Laman had no jurisdiction in the Turku Land Court.


Question: How many years did Duke Charles serve as King of Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

[31] In Finland and Sweden, discontent in the early days of the Union was provoked by an increase in the tax burden.


Question: How many years did Duke Charles serve as King of Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Eerik sought to make taxation more efficient in Finland, with the cancellation of the facilities for the Crown and efforts were made to make the castle sound liable.


Question: How many years did Duke Charles serve as King of Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

[30] During the Union period, the administration of the country was organised in a new way to improve the economic condition.


Question: How many years did Duke Charles serve as King of Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

In 1405, tax exemptions for apparently hundreds of farms were withdrawn.


Question: How many years did Duke Charles serve as King of Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

At that time, the groundwork for systematic land taxation was laid.


Question: How many years did Duke Charles serve as King of Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The Crown also sought to increase tax revenues through settler activity: arable farming produced tax revenues, while the wilderness economy did not produce them.


Question: How many years did Duke Charles serve as King of Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Tax revenues were therefore raised by the allocation of wilderness for permanent settlement.


Question: How many years did Duke Charles serve as King of Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

In 1409, Turku also began to mint its own money, which differed in value from the money spent in Sweden.


Question: How many years did Duke Charles serve as King of Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

They were silver and six-pence coins.


Question: How many years did Duke Charles serve as King of Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

In 1407, Finland received its own supreme court, the Turku Land Court, and it was also given administrative power.


Question: How many years did Duke Charles serve as King of Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Finland's leaders were now able to decide the country's affairs at their own meetings.


Question: How many years did Duke Charles serve as King of Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The railing crew and clergy formed a politically leading group during the Union period.


Question: How many years did Duke Charles serve as King of Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Finland's own raulsmen only rarely ruled the largest castle voices, usually headed by Swedish or Danish, sometimes German-born men, who, though often had lived in the country for decades.


Question: How many years did Duke Charles serve as King of Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Domestic rails were generally responsible for lower administration, military functions and especially the courts.


Question: How many years did Duke Charles serve as King of Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The most prominent positions in the Church also ended up in the Union period for the sons of the indigenous groups.


Question: How many years did Duke Charles serve as King of Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

On the other hand, the peasantry could also participate in the activities of various boards and district assemblies, as well as influence political solutions such as the election of the king.


Question: How many years did Duke Charles serve as King of Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

With the exception of Turku and Vyborg, cities were small during the Union period and there were very few of them.


Question: How many years did Duke Charles serve as King of Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Therefore, foreign trade was modest, too.


Question: How many years did Duke Charles serve as King of Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Even Vyborg was unable to compete with Tallinn as a hub for trade in Russia.


Question: How many years did Duke Charles serve as King of Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Domestic trade was economically certainly more significant than foreign trade.


Question: How many years did Duke Charles serve as King of Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Externally, the beginning of the Union was a time of peace for Finland.


Question: How many years did Duke Charles serve as King of Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

However, King Eerik the Pomeranian, who was active in foreign politics, was mired in conflict with the Hanseatic League, making commerce more difficult.


Question: How many years did Duke Charles serve as King of Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

In the 1430s, the rebellion movements of the overlords and peasants that rose on the Swedish side had little effect in Finland.


Question: How many years did Duke Charles serve as King of Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The overabnormality of modest insurgency movements in Finland can be explained by the expansion of the Crown and Rulse holdings [32].


Question: How many years did Duke Charles serve as King of Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The most famous of these rebellion movements was the so-called. David's revolt in Häme in 1439.


Question: How many years did Duke Charles serve as King of Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

It targeted Viikki Manor [33] [34].


Question: How many years did Duke Charles serve as King of Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Finland did not participate in the 1435 meeting held in Arboga.


Question: How many years did Duke Charles serve as King of Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

In the autumn of the same year, Bishop Maunu Tavast and Krister Nilsson arrived in Sweden, where, in arranged negotiations, they influenced the ousting of the leaders of the movement known as the Engelbrekt Engelbrektinpoika Rebellion and reaching a compromise.


Question: How many years did Duke Charles serve as King of Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Drots became Krister Nilsson and Charlemagne Knuutinpoika Bonde became the marcher.


Question: How many years did Duke Charles serve as King of Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

After the former returned to Finland in the autumn of the same year, the revolt movement began again in Sweden.


Question: How many years did Duke Charles serve as King of Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

To counter the rebellion projects, the Finnish peasants were promised a tax reduction in a letter dated 24 June 1436, the signatories of which were the archbishop, drotsi and marski in the name of the Council of Power.


Question: How many years did Duke Charles serve as King of Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The reason was put forward that the Finns had proved loyal to the kingdom and had sworn not to assume a head of their own, i.e., promised not to rise in rebellion, and would accept the head imposed by the Council of Power.


Question: How many years did Duke Charles serve as King of Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Seppo Suvanto interpreted this as saying that in Sweden it was feared that the Finns, or the administrators of Finland, would break away from the Council of Power and Finland would elect its own head.


Question: How many years did Duke Charles serve as King of Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

[35] Finland and Swedish power struggles Eventually the king was dismissed in 1439, after which Sweden was ruled by a power council of aristocrats.


Question: How many years did Duke Charles serve as King of Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

It consisted of bishops and leading supremacists.


Question: How many years did Duke Charles serve as King of Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The most powerful of this force emerged Charlemagne the son of Knuutinson, who was elected in 1438 as regent.


Question: How many years did Duke Charles serve as King of Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

His worst rival, the drotsi Krister then withdrew to Vyborg.


Question: How many years did Duke Charles serve as King of Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

After the fall of the monopolistic system of government, Finland's links with Denmark were severed.


Question: How many years did Duke Charles serve as King of Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

However, links with Sweden were not much consolidated but the holders of local castle votes largely ruled the country.


Question: How many years did Duke Charles serve as King of Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

In 1440, the Danes invited Christopher the Bavarian to the land and he was proclaimed king.


Question: How many years did Duke Charles serve as King of Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Negotiations were held in Sweden on the terms of recognition.


Question: How many years did Duke Charles serve as King of Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Kaarle Knuutinpoika moved to Finland in the same year and took over the castles of Turku and Kastelholm, promising to give up the position of state administrator if he could get all of Finland as his county.


Question: How many years did Duke Charles serve as King of Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

With the exception of Åland, this wish came true.


Question: How many years did Duke Charles serve as King of Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

However, the situation soon changed, and soon Charlemagne had to settle solely for the Vyborg Castle.


Question: How many years did Duke Charles serve as King of Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Turku returned to the rule of a voud under the king.


Question: How many years did Duke Charles serve as King of Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The king's purpose was to prevent the emergence of a unified Finland.


Question: How many years did Duke Charles serve as King of Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

After Christopher died in 1448, Charlemagne Knuutinpoika sailed from Vyborg with 800 gunmen to Stockholm, where he was elected king (1448—1457), apparently because of his armed superiority.


Question: How many years did Duke Charles serve as King of Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The reign was marked by war against Kristian Oldenburgian, which increased the tax burden in Finland as well.


Question: How many years did Duke Charles serve as King of Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

During this period, Finland was the most significant area of support for the king.


Question: How many years did Duke Charles serve as King of Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

In 1457, the Swedish Grand Excellence rose in revolt against the king, and he fled to Danzig.


Question: How many years did Duke Charles serve as King of Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Kristian Oldenburgian was elected King of Sweden.


Question: How many years did Duke Charles serve as King of Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

He ruled from 1457 to 1464.


Question: How many years did Duke Charles serve as King of Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

However, support for the new king was not shared by everyone - especially in Vyborg.


Question: How many years did Duke Charles serve as King of Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Controversy over the eastern border The following period was marked by problems in the eastern parts of the kingdom.


Question: How many years did Duke Charles serve as King of Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

As the settlement spread to the wilderness areas, border disputes and skirmishes with Novgorod and Karelians began.


Question: How many years did Duke Charles serve as King of Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

While Savonian settlement progressed, North Karelia was also colonized.


Question: How many years did Duke Charles serve as King of Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

In 1478, Novgorod was annexed by Moscow, and a new force factor rose behind the eastern border.


Question: How many years did Duke Charles serve as King of Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

In order to secure the border, construction began to be built on Olavinlinna to safeguard the settler settlement.


Question: How many years did Duke Charles serve as King of Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

From the Russian point of view, this was a breach of the border treaty and open martial law prevailed for several years right up to the intermediate peace of 1482.


Question: How many years did Duke Charles serve as King of Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

However, there was no consensus on the course of the border.


Question: How many years did Duke Charles serve as King of Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

From the Axis sons to the Sten Sture period In the battle, the Swedish king's crown became the castles of Suomenk to take over and bend the Union king behind them.


Question: How many years did Duke Charles serve as King of Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The Danish knight Eerik the Axis boy Tott came with his brothers to take over the castles in the 1480s, and eventually all the castles were held by the Axis sons.


Question: How many years did Duke Charles serve as King of Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

After Eerik died, he left the counties of Vyborg, Hämeenlinna and Savonlinna to his brothers Ivar and Laur, who already ruled Raasepori.


Question: How many years did Duke Charles serve as King of Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

However, the emergence of a unitary circle of power did not fit with regent minister Sten Sture's plans.


Question: How many years did Duke Charles serve as King of Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

In 1481, Sten Sture arrived in Finland, all the way to Vyborg.


Question: How many years did Duke Charles serve as King of Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

A reconciliation between the registrar and the local grandees could not arise: the regent promised the population tax breaks; the holders of the fiefdoms again did not accept these.


Question: How many years did Duke Charles serve as King of Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

At the end of the Union period no longer saw the emergence of a jointly accepted monarch in the Nordic countries.


Question: How many years did Duke Charles serve as King of Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

King Hansel of Denmark (1481—1513) did not achieve approval in the Union countries; instead, the power councils took control.


Question: How many years did Duke Charles serve as King of Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

In 1483, Sten Sture gained control of three counties in Finland: Vyborg, Savonlinna and Hämeenlinna.


Question: How many years did Duke Charles serve as King of Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The earlier Axis boys' dominance became a supporter of the regent and Finland became more firmly subordinated to the central authority; especially when Raaseporik came into the possession of Sten Sture's supporter, Knut Posse.


Question: How many years did Duke Charles serve as King of Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Sture did not distribute castles as fiefs to the overlord, but controlled them through self-dependent vouts, collecting significantly tax revenue for himself.


Question: How many years did Duke Charles serve as King of Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The tranquillities of the end of the Middle Ages at the end of the 15th century earlier skirmishes with Moscow condensed into war.


Question: How many years did Duke Charles serve as King of Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

In 1495, Vyborg Castle began to be besieged.


Question: How many years did Duke Charles serve as King of Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Lifting people were also gathered from Western Finland for the war effort at the time.


Question: How many years did Duke Charles serve as King of Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

In endangered areas, all 15-year-olds were taken up in arms, and German mercenaries and people from the Swedish side also arrived in the country.


Question: How many years did Duke Charles serve as King of Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Along with Karelia, Russian attacks also extended to Ostrobothnia, Savo and Häme.


Question: How many years did Duke Charles serve as King of Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Peace was concluded in 1497.


Question: How many years did Duke Charles serve as King of Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

In the same year, Sten Sture was dismissed from the position of state administrator by the Council of Power.


Question: How many years did Duke Charles serve as King of Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

However, the Finnish castle lands remained in his possession.


Question: How many years did Duke Charles serve as King of Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

King Hansel I of Denmark invaded Sweden in 1497, beating Sten Sture's forces on 28 September at the Battle of Rotebro.


Question: How many years did Duke Charles serve as King of Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Thus Hansel I rose to become King of Sweden and thus of Finland (1497—1501).


Question: How many years did Duke Charles serve as King of Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

In 1499, Sture had to give up his territories in Finland.


Question: How many years did Duke Charles serve as King of Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

In 1503, Svante Niilonpoika Sture (1504—1512) was elected as regent, to whom the leading men of Finland also gave their assurances of allegiance.


Question: How many years did Duke Charles serve as King of Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

At the meeting in Turku, his election was supported.


Question: How many years did Duke Charles serve as King of Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

However, the unanimity was ostensible, as some of Finland's lords, along with Sten Sture's kin, pursued their own political line.


Question: How many years did Duke Charles serve as King of Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

To some extent, the goals have remained unclear.


Question: How many years did Duke Charles serve as King of Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

National historiography, however, has highlighted the centrality of East politics in divisive terms.


Question: How many years did Duke Charles serve as King of Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Vaasa period (1523—1617) The reign of Gustav Vasa during the end of the Union was peaceful in Finland other than Vyborg, in the early 16th century the Danes went on raiding the coasts of Finland, and the privateer captain Otto Rudi plundered Turku and its treasures of the cathedral.


Question: How many years did Duke Charles serve as King of Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

On the rise of Christian II, the Danish Union king, at his coronation, he beheaded dozens of Swedish supremacists.


Question: How many years did Duke Charles serve as King of Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

It's called the Stockholm massacre.


Question: How many years did Duke Charles serve as King of Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The Swedish supreme Gustav Vasa rose to oppose the Union king and won the peasants over.


Question: How many years did Duke Charles serve as King of Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

German Hanseatic merchants also supported Gustavus Vasa and supplied him with weapons and money.


Question: How many years did Duke Charles serve as King of Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The Finnish-born Fleming brothers Eerik and Iivar conquered the Finnish castles for Gustav Vasa and drove the Danes out of Finland in 1523.


Question: How many years did Duke Charles serve as King of Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The Nordic Union period ended, and Gustav Vasa became King of Sweden and Finland.


Question: How many years did Duke Charles serve as King of Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The early modern state emerges in the Gustav Vasa period beginning a unified Swedish kingdom to form.


Question: How many years did Duke Charles serve as King of Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

He succeeded in defeating the provincial communities that pushed for his own policies.


Question: How many years did Duke Charles serve as King of Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The Reformation, in turn, snubbed the Church.


Question: How many years did Duke Charles serve as King of Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Already weakened by the massacre, the high nobility was now attached to supporting royal policy.


Question: How many years did Duke Charles serve as King of Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

However, the management of the government continued the medieval tradition: the king had numerous nobles as well as scribes who were not, however, strictly officials.


Question: How many years did Duke Charles serve as King of Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Nor was there yet a clear division of labour within the administration, but the functions of office in the king's service varied according to the situation.


Question: How many years did Duke Charles serve as King of Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

In the 1530s, Gustavus Vasa began to produce German administrative personnel in the country, with whom new views of monarch rule also arrived in Sweden.


Question: How many years did Duke Charles serve as King of Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

In 1544, in the Riksdag of Västerås, the kingship was changed to hereditary and Gustav Vasa's eldest son Eerik was named heir to the throne.


Question: How many years did Duke Charles serve as King of Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

After the withdrawal of fiefdoms, local government of the Crown was concentrated in the hands of the vouties.


Question: How many years did Duke Charles serve as King of Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The tasks of these were diverse, but the collection of taxes was the most important of them.


Question: How many years did Duke Charles serve as King of Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

During Gustavus Vasa's time, there was also a shift to written administration; first, systematic land books (on land ownership) are being drawn up to aid taxation, soon followed by other lists and written accounts.


Question: How many years did Duke Charles serve as King of Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The Vouds were also responsible for repopulating deserted houses, a ride-hailing system and roadwork.


Question: How many years did Duke Charles serve as King of Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Voud also had to prevent illegal trading in the countryside, as well as handicrafts.


Question: How many years did Duke Charles serve as King of Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Maintaining public order and caring for the litigants were also part of the duties of the voud - thus ensuring the Crown's share of tax revenue and penalty payments.


Question: How many years did Duke Charles serve as King of Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The stepped-up administration boosted the Crown's tax revenues by tens of percent.


Question: How many years did Duke Charles serve as King of Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The war against Russia for Finland was still significant in foreign policy terms, continued conflicts with Russia; during the early stages of the period of Gustav Vasa, another attempt was made to gain clarity on the course of the border line through negotiations.


Question: How many years did Duke Charles serve as King of Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The Swedes sought to delay the revision of the border as far as possible, and despite temporary agreements, skirmishes and mutual raiding continued.


Question: How many years did Duke Charles serve as King of Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

In 1555, a meeting of nobles held in Vyborg recommended to the king to go to war.


Question: How many years did Duke Charles serve as King of Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The attack prompted a counter-attack by Ivan the Terrible in the direction of Vyborg and Savo.


Question: How many years did Duke Charles serve as King of Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Negotiations between 1556 and 1557 ended with the conclusion of a 40-year-long intermediate peace.


Question: How many years did Duke Charles serve as King of Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The intention was to hold 1559 new negotiations for the passage of the border, which, however, never materialised.


Question: How many years did Duke Charles serve as King of Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Abuses of nobility During the war, the king had stayed in Finland for a long time.


Question: How many years did Duke Charles serve as King of Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

At that time, he also ordered the submission of an extensive inquiry into abuses committed by the nobility.


Question: How many years did Duke Charles serve as King of Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

As a result of this investigation, the so-called. Jaakko Teit's list of complaints, a major source of 16th-century social history.


Question: How many years did Duke Charles serve as King of Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

In the summer of 1556, the king still formed a duchy of his own from Finland, with the king's son Juhana named at its head.


Question: How many years did Duke Charles serve as King of Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Gustav Vasa died in September 1560.


Question: How many years did Duke Charles serve as King of Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

On the throne he was succeeded by Eerik XIV.


Question: How many years did Duke Charles serve as King of Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

From throne disputes to the beginning of great power politics, Eerik XIV's reign Eerik XIV was crowned king in 1561.


Question: How many years did Duke Charles serve as King of Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

He sought to further intensify the kingship in relation to the overlord, and thus also to his brothers.


Question: How many years did Duke Charles serve as King of Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

To weaken the position of these, Eerik established new counts and free lordships to share the power of the dukes.


Question: How many years did Duke Charles serve as King of Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

In Finland, the king's policy was also reflected in the appointment of new llamanns to the country.


Question: How many years did Duke Charles serve as King of Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

In 1561, the King approved in the Reichstag the so-called. Arboga's articles by which the dukes were subjected to the control of the king and deprived them of the possibility of an independent foreign policy.


Question: How many years did Duke Charles serve as King of Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Central to the king was specifically the eroding of the position of Duke Juhana of Finland.


Question: How many years did Duke Charles serve as King of Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

As the Duchy of Juhana, Finland was formed into a “feudal miniature state” (Keränen) subjugated to the kingdom, with its own office, chamber of taxes and calculations, and a council corresponding to the power council.


Question: How many years did Duke Charles serve as King of Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Juhana's interests in Livonia were also at odds with the king: with the planned marriage to Catherine Jagellonica, Juhana would gain possession of several pledge castles in Livonia.


Question: How many years did Duke Charles serve as King of Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Simultaneously, Eerik XIV was drifting into war with Poland due to its expansionist policy towards Livonia.


Question: How many years did Duke Charles serve as King of Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

In 1561 the Tallinn jury had already ceded the city to the patronage of the king, during the same spring the nobility of Viru and Harju separated from the Teutonic Order.


Question: How many years did Duke Charles serve as King of Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

As the conflict intensified, the king convened in 1563 the Reichstag to condemn John to death.


Question: How many years did Duke Charles serve as King of Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The development led to the siege of Turku Castle in the summer of 1563.


Question: How many years did Duke Charles serve as King of Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

After skirmishes and bombardments, the castle surrendered on 12 August 1563, after which the splendour of the castle was destroyed, the pair of dukes were captured and taken to Sweden for imprisonment.


Question: How many years did Duke Charles serve as King of Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

In the 1560s, Swedish foreign policy was marked by warfare in the Baltics against Poland.


Question: How many years did Duke Charles serve as King of Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

In addition, Eerik XIV was mired in war against Denmark-Norway and Lübeck.


Question: How many years did Duke Charles serve as King of Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

This necessitated good relations with the East: the concentration of military forces elsewhere required good relations with the direction of Moscow.


Question: How many years did Duke Charles serve as King of Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Eerik XIV's term ended in 1568 with the rise of the nobility against the king.


Question: How many years did Duke Charles serve as King of Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

This time, Finland's top brass were also on the side of the rebels, as much the old supporters of Juhana as the creditmen of Eerik.


Question: How many years did Duke Charles serve as King of Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Turku Castle came into the possession of the rebels.


Question: How many years did Duke Charles serve as King of Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Eerik spent the next few years in captivity until he was sentenced to death and poisoned in 1577.


Question: How many years did Duke Charles serve as King of Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Long hatred during Juhana III's kingship, border skirmishes on the border of Käkisalmi County led to yet another war (1570—1595) known as the Nordic Five Third Year War.


Question: How many years did Duke Charles serve as King of Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

For the most part, it was a brutal, mutual guerrilla war.


Question: How many years did Duke Charles serve as King of Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

In the early stages, however, warfare was organized and in 1573—1577 a time of armistice lived on the Finnish front.


Question: How many years did Duke Charles serve as King of Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Halfway through the decade, however, peasant rustles began: Karelians invaded Oulujärvi and Iijoki, southern Finland went beyond the Gulf of Finland.


Question: How many years did Duke Charles serve as King of Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

In the fold of the decade, organised warfare was triggered again with the invasion of Narva (1579) and the conquest of Käkisalmi in 1580.


Question: How many years did Duke Charles serve as King of Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Narva was overrun the following year, with subsequent negotiations leading to an intermediate peace lasting until 1590.


Question: How many years did Duke Charles serve as King of Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Despite the intermediate peace, guerrilla warfare continued on both sides of the eastern border, leading to the widespread desolation of Kainuu and northern Ostrobothnia in the 1580s.


Question: How many years did Duke Charles serve as King of Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Led by Pekka Vesainen, the Ostrobothians made retaliatory expeditions to Viena Karelia.


Question: How many years did Duke Charles serve as King of Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The war ended with the Peace Treaty of Full Self in 1595.


Question: How many years did Duke Charles serve as King of Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

A new throne dispute upon the death of John III in 1592 left the throne without a holder.


Question: How many years did Duke Charles serve as King of Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

There were two successor candidates: Sigismund and Duke Charles.


Question: How many years did Duke Charles serve as King of Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The kingship issue was also intertwined with church politics: in Counter-Reformation Europe, Sigismund was Catholic, making his position even more problematic in Lutheran Sweden.


Question: How many years did Duke Charles serve as King of Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

In 1593 Sigismund arrived in the country to be crowned.


Question: How many years did Duke Charles serve as King of Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The ruler's assurance he issued in the autumn of the following year.


Question: How many years did Duke Charles serve as King of Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

In this case, he also adopted the Lutheran line of the enactment and ecclesiastical assembly of Uppsala (1593).


Question: How many years did Duke Charles serve as King of Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

With the crowning of Sigismund, a personal union was created between Sweden and Poland that lasted some years; as King of Poland, Sigismund always remained until 1632.


Question: How many years did Duke Charles serve as King of Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

After the king's return to Poland, rose to the nobility among disagreements over Charles Duke's position as registrar.


Question: How many years did Duke Charles serve as King of Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

In this dispute, Klaus Fleming, the commandholder of Finland, sided with the king.


Question: How many years did Duke Charles serve as King of Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

In the Riksdag of Arboga of 1597, however, Charles was named regent.


Question: How many years did Duke Charles serve as King of Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

In this case, he also declared his opponents, above all Klaus Fleming, rebels.


Question: How many years did Duke Charles serve as King of Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Harshing justice Generally in Europe At the beginning of the New Age, in the 16th and 17th centuries, secular rights began to use the so-called “Law of Moses”, that is, some passages from the Bible.


Question: How many years did Duke Charles serve as King of Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Under the law of Moses, witchcraft and magic were prohibited and, among other things, blasphemy, swearing, infringement against one's parents, perjury, manslaughter, interest railing, false testimony, and several sexual offences could be sentenced to death.


Question: How many years did Duke Charles serve as King of Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The Law of Moses became a general legal instruction in the Swedish Empire in 1608 and remained in force until the new Reich Law of 1734.


Question: How many years did Duke Charles serve as King of Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

However, the law was generally not applied in its full harshness and death sentences were commuted in about half of the cases.


Question: How many years did Duke Charles serve as King of Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

[36] [37] 16th century peasant unrest and mace war Peasant unrest increased during the reign of Gustav Vasa, inter alia, due to increased tax burdens and, on the other hand, the struggle for power of his sons.


Question: How many years did Duke Charles serve as King of Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The culmination of the peasant unrest was the bludgeon war in 1596—1597.


Question: How many years did Duke Charles serve as King of Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

It ended bloody with the army defeating the Ostrobothians and Savonian peasants armed with mace, spears and bows.


Question: How many years did Duke Charles serve as King of Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The revolt was directed against the nobility who exercised power in Finland and Klaus Fleming in particular.


Question: How many years did Duke Charles serve as King of Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The mutineers sought help from Charles Duke, who was pursuing the Swedish crown.


Question: How many years did Duke Charles serve as King of Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

As causes of the rebellion, contemporary research attributes the war burden of the rap war, economic decline, and the suffering caused by the castle camp system.


Question: How many years did Duke Charles serve as King of Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Scholars have been divided as to the great influence the incitement against Klaus Fleming exercised by the Duke of Charles had on the genesis of the bludgeon war [38] [39].


Question: How many years did Duke Charles serve as King of Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Great Power Period (1617—1721) Peace of Stolbova In 1604—1611 Duke Charles of Södermanland was King Charles IX of Sweden.


Question: How many years did Duke Charles serve as King of Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

During his reign, the kingdom was almost constantly waging war against Russia and Poland, especially over the ownership of the Baltic provinces Estonia and Livonia.


Question: How many years did Duke Charles serve as King of Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

In addition, in 1611—1613 there was a defeatist war against Denmark.


Question: How many years did Duke Charles serve as King of Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

On the death of Charles IX, his son Gustav II Adolf ascended to the throne.


Question: How many years did Duke Charles serve as King of Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The state of the kingdom was poor and Sweden had to conclude in 1613 peace with Denmark.


Question: How many years did Duke Charles serve as King of Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The Peace of Stolbova was concluded with Russia in 1617, as a result of which Käkisalmi County, Nutälinna and part of Inker were annexed by Sweden.


Question: How many years did Duke Charles serve as King of Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Modernisation and reforms under the leadership of the King and Reich Chancellor Axel Oxenstierna, Sweden and Finland began to implement substantial reforms after the foreign policy situation calmed down.


Question: How many years did Duke Charles serve as King of Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The army and the war establishment were reorganised, in particular in accordance with the paragon given by the Dutch Morits Oranian.


Question: How many years did Duke Charles serve as King of Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The navy and the administration of the Crown were also reformed.


Question: How many years did Duke Charles serve as King of Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

A new form of government was brought into effect in the country and the kingdom was divided into counties.


Question: How many years did Duke Charles serve as King of Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

In the 17th century, in addition, a Governor-General was appointed in Finland from time to time to develop the conditions


Question: How many years did Duke Charles serve as King of Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The office of Governor General of Finland was Nils Tuurenpoika Bielke and Count Peter Brahe, whose official residence was Turku Castle.


Question: How many years did Duke Charles serve as King of Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

During the Great Reign, new cities and the Royal Court of Appeal of Turku were also established in Finland, and in 1640 the Turku Academy, Finland's first university.


Question: How many years did Duke Charles serve as King of Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

During the Thirty Years' War in the Baltics, Sweden was still waging war against Poland-Lithuania and in 1629 the provisional Peace of Altmark was concluded.


Question: How many years did Duke Charles serve as King of Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

In the Thirty Years' War between the Catholic Emperor and Protestant princes that broke out in Germany, Gustav II Adolf joined in 1630 after coming ashore in northern Germany.


Question: How many years did Duke Charles serve as King of Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Sweden's goal in the war was to support German Protestants and strengthen its own position.


Question: How many years did Duke Charles serve as King of Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Gustav II Adolf, however, died at the Battle of Lützen in 1632 and his daughter Kristiina ascended the throne as a minor.


Question: How many years did Duke Charles serve as King of Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

In practice, the kingdom was ruled at this point by a caretaker government led by Axel Oxenstierna.


Question: How many years did Duke Charles serve as King of Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

In the Peace of Westphalia, 1648, which ended the Thirty Years' War, Sweden established itself as a great power.


Question: How many years did Duke Charles serve as King of Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

However, the Thirty Years' War and other conflicts of the Great Power period severely consumed the resources of Sweden and Finland.


Question: How many years did Duke Charles serve as King of Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

A significant number of peasants had to serve in the army and navy, where mortality rates were high.


Question: How many years did Duke Charles serve as King of Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

From wars to peace period, during Queen Kristiina's reign 1632—1654 Sweden and Finland gave vast territories as fiefdoms to the nobility.


Question: How many years did Duke Charles serve as King of Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The nobility had the right to collect tax on their fiefdoms, which complicated the financial position of the Crown.


Question: How many years did Duke Charles serve as King of Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

After Kristiina's abdication of the crown rose to power under Charles X Gustaf, who ruled the Swedish Empire from 1654 to 1660.


Question: How many years did Duke Charles serve as King of Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

During his reign, Sweden waged wars against both Poland, Russia, and Denmark.


Question: How many years did Duke Charles serve as King of Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Charles X died in 1660 and Charles XI ascended to the throne as his successor, in whose reign 1660—1697, a major reduction—the large-scale withdrawal of fiefdoms to the Crown took place in Sweden and Finland.


Question: How many years did Duke Charles serve as King of Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Charles XI diminished the power of the nobility and ruled the kingdom autocratically.


Question: How many years did Duke Charles serve as King of Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

For Finland, the reign of Charles XI meant a lengthy peace.


Question: How many years did Duke Charles serve as King of Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The Protestant clergy were responsible for teaching literacy to the people and ecclesiastical life was dominated by pure-apprenticity.


Question: How many years did Duke Charles serve as King of Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

1695—1697 Finland was hit by disastrous years of disastrous roofing, which resulted in a significant portion of the population dying from starvation and disease.


Question: How many years did Duke Charles serve as King of Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The Great Northern War under Charles XI's successor King Charles XII, in 1700 the Great Northern War broke out, resulting in Sweden losing its great power status.


Question: How many years did Duke Charles serve as King of Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The cause of the war was an anti-Swedish alliance established by Sweden's enemies Denmark, Russia, Polish-Lithuania and Saxony.


Question: How many years did Duke Charles serve as King of Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

In the Peace of Stolbova of 1617, Russia had lost contact with the Baltic Sea.


Question: How many years did Duke Charles serve as King of Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The reformist Tsar Peter I sought to reopen Russia a link with the Baltic Sea to facilitate its contacts and commerce with Western Europe.


Question: How many years did Duke Charles serve as King of Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Although Charles XII succeeded one by one in defeating Denmark, the Russian invasion army (at the Battle of Narva) and Poland, the Swedes ultimately suffered a decisive defeat to the Russians at the Battle of Poltava in 1709.


Question: How many years did Duke Charles serve as King of Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The king then fled to Turkey and the kingdom was open to enemy attack.


Question: How many years did Duke Charles serve as King of Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Vyborg was taken in 1710 and the Russians occupied the rest of Finland after the Battle of Kostianvirta on Pälkäne, the Battle of Napue in Ostrobothnia and the Battle of Riilahti off Hanko by 1714.


Question: How many years did Duke Charles serve as King of Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

From the Russian occupation period of 1714—1721, big-hatred is referred to as big-hatred.


Question: How many years did Duke Charles serve as King of Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The occupation period was disastrous for Finland.


Question: How many years did Duke Charles serve as King of Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Thousands of people were killed and even more were taken to Russia, in addition, a large number of the country's officials and clergy fled to Sweden.


Question: How many years did Duke Charles serve as King of Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The Great Northern War and at the same time big-hatred ended with the Peace of Uusikaupunki between Sweden and Russia of 1721.


Question: How many years did Duke Charles serve as King of Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The peace treaty annexed Inkerinmaa, Estonia, Livonia and Käkisalmi County, as well as Vyborg.


Question: How many years did Duke Charles serve as King of Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Karelia annexed to Russia is often referred to as Old Finland.


Question: How many years did Duke Charles serve as King of Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The Age of Freedom and the Gustavian Period (1721—1809) Power away from the king in the Swedish Empire After Charles XII, the Acts took power from the king in the reigns of 1719 and 1720 and the period of autocracy became the period of decree (the “time of freedom”).


Question: How many years did Duke Charles serve as King of Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Economics and science developed during this period, but on the other hand, the power politics of the parties caused problems.


Question: How many years did Duke Charles serve as King of Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

France and Russia gained influence in Sweden by funding rival parties called jackets and hats.


Question: How many years did Duke Charles serve as King of Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

[40] In the 1720s, reconstruction began in Finland following the Great Northern War.


Question: How many years did Duke Charles serve as King of Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

After the peace of New Town, the Russian occupying forces began to leave the country more neatly than agreed.


Question: How many years did Duke Charles serve as King of Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

During 1721, new land lords were appointed in Finland and were responsible for rebuilding.


Question: How many years did Duke Charles serve as King of Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Repair work proceeded quickly, as as early as the mid-1730s the rebuilding can be considered to have finished.


Question: How many years did Duke Charles serve as King of Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

[41] Finnish-born Arvid Horn was Permanent President of Sweden from 1720 to 1738.


Question: How many years did Duke Charles serve as King of Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

[42] His policy does not particularly find features that emphasise Finnishness.


Question: How many years did Duke Charles serve as King of Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The most significant acclamation of Finland of his time was the Law of 1734.


Question: How many years did Duke Charles serve as King of Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

It remained in force during the period of autonomy and is the basis for the legislation of an independent Finland.


Question: How many years did Duke Charles serve as King of Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

At the same time, attention began to be paid to Finnish as a language of administration as well.


Question: How many years did Duke Charles serve as King of Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

A post of translator was established at the Permanent College in 1734, translating documents into Finnish and assisting peasant Reichstag in Stockholm.


Question: How many years did Duke Charles serve as King of Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The 1734 law was translated into Finnish by the county secretary Samuel Forseen.


Question: How many years did Duke Charles serve as King of Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

[43] The War of the Hats came to power in the Reichstag of 1738.


Question: How many years did Duke Charles serve as King of Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The programme of the Hat Party included a war of reparation against the Russians, in which it was intended to conquer all the territories lost in 1721 and furthermore Russian Karelia.


Question: How many years did Duke Charles serve as King of Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

When Russia had throne disputes, Hats assumed the country was weakened.


Question: How many years did Duke Charles serve as King of Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Sweden declared war in June 1741.


Question: How many years did Duke Charles serve as King of Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Three Swedish infantry regiments were sent to Finland, but the warfleet was virtually crippled by pestilence.


Question: How many years did Duke Charles serve as King of Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Irish Field Marshal Peter de Lacy, who led Russian forces, took his troops to the Battle of Lappeenranta, where a badly underpowered Swedish force led by Carl Henrik Wrangel suffered a wicked defeat in August 1741.


Question: How many years did Duke Charles serve as King of Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Charles Emil Lewenhaupt, who served as Commander-in-Chief in Finland, agreed in late 1741 to a truce proposed by Emperor Elizabeth.


Question: How many years did Duke Charles serve as King of Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

[44] After the end of the armistice, the Russians marched to southern Finland in February 1742.


Question: How many years did Duke Charles serve as King of Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

After the Swedish army surrendered, the Russians occupy western Finland.


Question: How many years did Duke Charles serve as King of Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Elizabeth circulated a manifesto in March 1742 in which she promised to support the Finns if they wanted to secede from Sweden and establish an independent state.


Question: How many years did Duke Charles serve as King of Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

[44] However, after the Finnish occupation, talk of independence ceased.


Question: How many years did Duke Charles serve as King of Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

[45] The Russian occupation period has been called petty hatred, but the designation is misleading to some extent, as Russian troops behaved well.


Question: How many years did Duke Charles serve as King of Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

[44] On 7 August 1743 Sweden and Russia concluded the Peace of Turku, in which the border was moved to Kymijoki, Mäntyharju and Savonlinna.


Question: How many years did Duke Charles serve as King of Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Savonlinna city and Olavinlinna remained on the Russian side.


Question: How many years did Duke Charles serve as King of Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

[44] New Era Thoughts After the war, mercantilist principles of trade led to economic gains from tar and shipbuilding remaining in Stockholm.


Question: How many years did Duke Charles serve as King of Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

In the 1760s, Anders Chydenius, a vicar in Kokkola, started calling for freedom of business and expression.


Question: How many years did Duke Charles serve as King of Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

[40] In the last decades of the 18th century, the Turku Academy was particularly awakened by the influence of Henrik Gabriel Porthan, the “Father of Finnish History”, an interest in Finnish history and Finnish folk poetry.


Question: How many years did Duke Charles serve as King of Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

[46] Of the scholars, Eino Jutikkala says “In the second half of the 18th century, the inhabitants of the different provinces of Finland and members of different adjustments became more consciously Finns as opposed to the Swedes living behind the sea.” [47] The troubled reign of Gustav III In 1772 Gustav III After the coup, a new form of government was enacted by which power reverted back to the king.


Question: How many years did Duke Charles serve as King of Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The era sought to get rid of mercantilism.


Question: How many years did Duke Charles serve as King of Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Freedom of speech and religion expanded.


Question: How many years did Duke Charles serve as King of Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The confidence of Finnish officers in the king was weakened because the nobility lost their authority to the king, who was supported by the people.


Question: How many years did Duke Charles serve as King of Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Some high-ranking soldiers transferred to Russian service.


Question: How many years did Duke Charles serve as King of Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

[40] In 1788—1790, the so-called Gustav III War started by Gustav III took place between Sweden and Russia.


Question: How many years did Duke Charles serve as King of Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Sweden was also matched by Denmark.


Question: How many years did Duke Charles serve as King of Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The war was opposed by officers who formed the Anjala Union, among others.


Question: How many years did Duke Charles serve as King of Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Despite its maritime victory in the Swedish Strait, Sweden did not gain additional territories in the peace of Värälä.


Question: How many years did Duke Charles serve as King of Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The 1789 Book of Association and Collateral increased the king's power even further.


Question: How many years did Duke Charles serve as King of Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

With the war, the bitterness of the nobility towards the king increased, and this eventually led to the assassination of the king in 1792.


Question: How many years did Duke Charles serve as King of Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

[40] Sweden loses Finland The Finnish War was fought in 1808—1809 between Russia and Sweden.


Question: How many years did Duke Charles serve as King of Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The war was prompted by the peace established by Russia and France on 7 July 1807 in Tilsit.


Question: How many years did Duke Charles serve as King of Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

In it, France and Russia allied and Russia pledged to pressure, if necessary by force of arms, including Sweden to join the continental exclusion against Britain, an embargo by which France would have strengthened its position as a sea power against Britain.


Question: How many years did Duke Charles serve as King of Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The last Grand Duke of Finland during Swedish rule was the second son of Gustav IV Adolf, Charles Gustaf, who died 1802—1805 as a child.


Question: How many years did Duke Charles serve as King of Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

[48] As a result of the Finnish War, Finland passed to Russian rule and the administration was organized on the basis of autonomy.


Question: How many years did Duke Charles serve as King of Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The Russian Emperor became Grand Duke of the Autonomous Grand Duchy of Finland.


Question: How many years did Duke Charles serve as King of Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Sources Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Linna, Martti (ed.


Question: How many years did Duke Charles serve as King of Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

) | title = Sources of the Early Middle Ages | publisher = History Aitta| year = 1989| isbn = 9789519600611}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Tarkiainen, Kari| title = Swedish Oriental| publisher = Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland| year = 2010| isbn = 9798-5551-853-212-2}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Vahtola, Jouse| title = History of Finland — from the Stone Age to the 21st century| location = Helsinki| publisher = Otava| year = 2017| isbn = 978-951-1-31574-2}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Virrankoski, Pentti| title = History of Finland — country and people| location = Helsinki| publisher = Society of Finnish Literature | year = 2012| isbn = 978-952-222-377-7}} References Literature Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Vahtola, Jouse| title = History of Finland: From the Ice Age to the European Union| location = in Helsinki | publisher = Otava| year = 2003 (4. edition 2005) | id = ISBN 951-1-17397-9}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Zetterberg, Seppo (ed.


Question: How many years did Duke Charles serve as King of Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

) | title = Little Giant of Finnish History | location = Helsinki| publisher = WSOY| year = 1987| id = ISBN 951-0-14253-0}} Handbook of Finnish History.


Question: How many years did Duke Charles serve as King of Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Previous section, ed.


Question: How many years did Duke Charles serve as King of Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Arvi Korhonen.


Question: How many years did Duke Charles serve as King of Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

WSOY 1949, Porvoo — Helsinki.


Question: How many years did Duke Charles serve as King of Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Karonen, Petri| title = Northern Great Power: Sweden and Finland 1521-1809| location = Helsinki| publisher = WSOY| year = 1999| id = ISBN 951-0-23739-6}} Helge Pohjolan-Pirhonen, History of Finland 1523—1617.


Question: How many years did Duke Charles serve as King of Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

WSOY 1960, Porvoo — Helsinki.


Question: How many years did Duke Charles serve as King of Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

On topic elsewhere in Category:History of Finland Category:History


Question: Are video games manufactured in Finland?

Game & Watch

The LCD, or electronics games sold under the Game & Watch name, were Nintendo's first video games.


Question: Are video games manufactured in Finland?

Game & Watch

Game & Watch games were quite popular in the early 1980s and were produced between 1980 and 1991.


Question: Are video games manufactured in Finland?

Game & Watch

The games got their name from the fact that in the same shells there was both a game and a digital clock with a wake-up function.


Question: Are video games manufactured in Finland?

Game & Watch

Game & Watches were based on technology similar to LCD digital clocks and were quite simple compared to actual game machines of their time.


Question: Are video games manufactured in Finland?

Game & Watch

Control ranged from two pieces to a Nintendo Entertainment System-style selection of buttons.


Question: Are video games manufactured in Finland?

Game & Watch

In games implemented using LCD technology, characters were often animated.


Question: Are video games manufactured in Finland?

Game & Watch

The display consisted of individual “cells” each with a single image that was either on or off.


Question: Are video games manufactured in Finland?

Game & Watch

The animation was therefore quite limited and the movement step-by-step, but creative design provided fun and playable games.


Question: Are video games manufactured in Finland?

Game & Watch

Some classics such as Nintendo's Donkey Kong, Donkey Kong Jr.


Question: Are video games manufactured in Finland?

Game & Watch

and Super Mario Bros.


Question: Are video games manufactured in Finland?

Game & Watch

were also released as Game & Watch games.


Question: Are video games manufactured in Finland?

Game & Watch

Eventually, Game & Watch was supplanted by the black-and-white LCD display Game Boy released in, which has since become the longest-lived and Nintendo's most commercially successful game console of all time.


Question: Are video games manufactured in Finland?

Game & Watch

However, Game & Watch games have been re-released with gameplay mechanisms similar to the originals, but with improved graphics in Game Boy's Game & Watch Gallery packages.


Question: Are video games manufactured in Finland?

Game & Watch

In addition to that, Toymax, under license from Nintendo, released some classic Game & Watch games as keychains in the late '90s.


Question: Are video games manufactured in Finland?

Game & Watch

Hobbyists have also made Game & Watch games into home computer-powered versions, one-to-one with the originals, with all the sounds and graphics.


Question: Are video games manufactured in Finland?

Game & Watch

Nintendo's Game & Watch games have always been imitated.


Question: Are video games manufactured in Finland?

Game & Watch

Even today, for example, the US company Tiger still makes liquid-crystal display electronics games.


Question: Are video games manufactured in Finland?

Game & Watch

In Finland, Nintendo's Game & Watch games were generally priced at 149mk in single panes and 199mk in duplex (between 1980 and 1991 on average 52 and 69 euros in 2019 values).


Question: Are video games manufactured in Finland?

Game & Watch

[1] Game & Watch Generations Silver & Gold (1980—1981) One Screen 2—4 Action Buttons Known games: Manhole, Ball, Fire Widescreen (1981—1991) One wide screen 2—5 action buttons Known games: Octopus, Popeye, Super Mario Bros, Donkey Kong Jr, Tropical Fish, Fire Attack, Fire, Snoopy Tennis, Parachute Multiscreen (1982—1989) Two wide screens, either horizontally or vertically opening Typically a Nintendo Entertainment System style cross controller and one action button Known games: Green House, Mario Bros, Donkey Kong, Donkey Kong Kong II, Zelda, Oil Panic, Squish, Bomb Sweeper, Goldcliff Tabletop (1983) One colored screen and enhanced sounds Joystick design gamepad and one action button Known games: Snoopy, Donkey Kong Jr, Popeye Panorama (1983—1984) Colored screen to view with mirror Two action buttons or cross controller Known games: Snoopy, Popeye, Donkey Kong Jr Superscreen (1984) Like Widescreen, but one high screen Only one game, Spitball Sparky Crystal Screen (1986—1988) Like Widescreen but wider device and different type of screen 5 Action Button Known games: Super Mario Bros Micro VS System (1984) Gaming device with one monitor and two wired controllers with cross controls All games singles Known games: Donkey Kong 3, Boxing, Donkey Kong Hockey Miniclassics (1998) Keychains, single screen, replays of old games Manufactured by Toymax Known games: Tetris, Super Mario Bros Sources On the topic elsewhere — information about Game & Watch Category:Nintendo Hand Consoles


Question: What is the oldest stone church in Finland?

Medieval stone churches in Finland

The Medieval Stone Churches of Finland are medieval churches built of natural stone, with the base formula most often rectangular.


Question: What is the oldest stone church in Finland?

Medieval stone churches in Finland

The building material has usually been granite.


Question: What is the oldest stone church in Finland?

Medieval stone churches in Finland

The oldest stone churches in Finland were built in Åland at the end of the 13th century.


Question: What is the oldest stone church in Finland?

Medieval stone churches in Finland

The oldest of these is the Jomala Church, built in 1275—1285, which is at the same time the oldest stone building in the whole of Finland.


Question: What is the oldest stone church in Finland?

Medieval stone churches in Finland

[1] In mainland Finland, stone churches began to be built at the beginning of the 15th century, initially in Varsinais-Suomi and Uusimaa.


Question: What is the oldest stone church in Finland?

Medieval stone churches in Finland

Early stone churches were influenced by churches on Gotland, and the basic type of churches is probably well established in the 14th century.


Question: What is the oldest stone church in Finland?

Medieval stone churches in Finland

The rectangular churches had a sabre on the north side and an arms room on the south side.


Question: What is the oldest stone church in Finland?

Medieval stone churches in Finland

The interior ceiling was initially a wooden barrel vault, brick vaults only becoming common in the 15th century.


Question: What is the oldest stone church in Finland?

Medieval stone churches in Finland

In their interior, the churches are either one-, two or three-ship.


Question: What is the oldest stone church in Finland?

Medieval stone churches in Finland

The pediments are masonry of bricks and decorated with Late Gothic closet motifs.


Question: What is the oldest stone church in Finland?

Medieval stone churches in Finland

[2] Timing of Stone Churches Contemporaneous sources tell little of the medieval stone churches in Finland.


Question: What is the oldest stone church in Finland?

Medieval stone churches in Finland

Only a few written records have survived, most of them in the structures of churches themselves.


Question: What is the oldest stone church in Finland?

Medieval stone churches in Finland

More than 95 percent of churches have to be scheduled by other means.


Question: What is the oldest stone church in Finland?

Medieval stone churches in Finland

In addition to natural history means, buildings can be timed based on the stylistic and other features of the buildings, requiring careful examination of churches.


Question: What is the oldest stone church in Finland?

Medieval stone churches in Finland

Nor can you take scientifically justified samples of buildings without this knowledge as a basis for natural-history timing.


Question: What is the oldest stone church in Finland?

Medieval stone churches in Finland

[3] The churches were first studied by the Finnish Society for Ancient Monuments, whose expedition examined the churches of Southwest Finland and Åland Islands in 1871.


Question: What is the oldest stone church in Finland?

Medieval stone churches in Finland

Emil Nervander, the leader of the expedition, later published a presentation in which he divided churches into groups, relying on international style studies.


Question: What is the oldest stone church in Finland?

Medieval stone churches in Finland

In his view, the round-arch openings represented the Old Romanesque style, while tapered arch openings represented the newer Gothic.


Question: What is the oldest stone church in Finland?

Medieval stone churches in Finland

Nervander gave churches yearly timing based on this division.


Question: What is the oldest stone church in Finland?

Medieval stone churches in Finland

Although confusion was caused by the fact that, for example, the churches of Nousiaie and Maaria, which he considered to be the oldest, had incorrectly shaped, tapered openings.


Question: What is the oldest stone church in Finland?

Medieval stone churches in Finland

The church of Nousiainen was, according to Nervander, built during the time of Bishop Henry in the 1150s.


Question: What is the oldest stone church in Finland?

Medieval stone churches in Finland

[3] In the fold of the 19th and 20th centuries, medieval churches became national monuments that were relevant to national identity in comparing the level of civilisation with those of the West and especially Scandinavian countries.


Question: What is the oldest stone church in Finland?

Medieval stone churches in Finland

According to Markus Siekanen, for nationalist reasons, it was desirable for stone churches to be as old as possible unless there was an entirely indisputable basis for some churches to turn out to be younger.


Question: What is the oldest stone church in Finland?

Medieval stone churches in Finland

As early as the 19th century, efforts had been made to prove most of the stone churches belonged to the 12th and 13th centuries.


Question: What is the oldest stone church in Finland?

Medieval stone churches in Finland

[3] Iikka Kronqvist studied the medieval construction of Finland from the 1920s to the early 1940s very much.


Question: What is the oldest stone church in Finland?

Medieval stone churches in Finland

He strongly criticized the earlier research and brought out his own interpretation.


Question: What is the oldest stone church in Finland?

Medieval stone churches in Finland

According to Kronqvist, the seams visible in the churches would have been indicative of very long construction times and construction work would have begun in many places around 1300.


Question: What is the oldest stone church in Finland?

Medieval stone churches in Finland

Kronqvist's theory was published after his death in 1948 and there was almost no criticism of the theory; it was, until the early 1990s, a generally accepted model.


Question: What is the oldest stone church in Finland?

Medieval stone churches in Finland

Only subsequent studies have shown that masonry seams meant only that the construction of the stone church had been divided into technical sections, which, however, had been done quickly after another.


Question: What is the oldest stone church in Finland?

Medieval stone churches in Finland

Reliable timing methods such as year ring timing have also shown many churches to be younger than thought.


Question: What is the oldest stone church in Finland?

Medieval stone churches in Finland

[3] Since the mid-1990s, archaeologist and researcher of the Middle Ages Markus Hiekanen has presented timings for stone churches indicating that stone churches are significantly younger than previously estimated.


Question: What is the oldest stone church in Finland?

Medieval stone churches in Finland

Hiekanen has compiled a new, comprehensive typology from the building elements of stone churches and has justified his estimates by year ring dating.


Question: What is the oldest stone church in Finland?

Medieval stone churches in Finland

Hiekanen has received criticism from Åsa Ringbom, among others, who has timed churches in Åland with a relatively new method of lime mortar.


Question: What is the oldest stone church in Finland?

Medieval stone churches in Finland

The Ålands kyrkor project has used the method to schedule the estimates presented by Hiekanen to be older.


Question: What is the oldest stone church in Finland?

Medieval stone churches in Finland

However, the mortar timing method is still at the stage of development and so far cannot be considered a definite natural science timing method.


Question: What is the oldest stone church in Finland?

Medieval stone churches in Finland

[4] See also List of medieval stone churches in Finland Sources Nurminen, Maija (Editorial Manager): Spectrum Data Centre: Part 11.


Question: What is the oldest stone church in Finland?

Medieval stone churches in Finland

WSOY, 1976.


Question: What is the oldest stone church in Finland?

Medieval stone churches in Finland

ISBN 951-0-07250-8.


Question: What is the oldest stone church in Finland?

Medieval stone churches in Finland

Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Hiekanen, Markus| title = Stone Churches of the Middle Ages in Finland | location = Helsinki| publisher = Society of Finnish Literature | year = 2007| version = Editorials of the Finnish Literary Society 1117| id = ISBN 978-951-746-861-9}} References On the topic elsewhere Juha Sinivaara: . . *


Question: Why was gold found in Lapland?

Lapland Gold Rushes

The Lapland gold rushes were major gold rushes that occurred in Finnish Lapland in the 19th and 20th century.


Question: Why was gold found in Lapland?

Lapland Gold Rushes

The first scramble lasting a few years was seen in the 1870s at Ivalojoki, in 1934 gold was found in Tankavaara, Sodankylä, and the next great gold rush started immediately after World War II in the Lemmenjoki in Inari.


Question: Why was gold found in Lapland?

Lapland Gold Rushes

[1] During the spring and summer of 1870, 500 gold prospectors migrated to the Ivalo River from the south, some of whom also became rich.


Question: Why was gold found in Lapland?

Lapland Gold Rushes

There were at best about a hundred diggers on the River Lemmenjoki after the war.


Question: Why was gold found in Lapland?

Lapland Gold Rushes

In addition to the discovery of gold, gold rushes in Lapland have contributed to the recognition, mapping, infrastructure and tourism activities of Finnish Lapland.


Question: Why was gold found in Lapland?

Lapland Gold Rushes

In addition, gold rushes have become a subject of Finnish literature and cinema.


Question: Why was gold found in Lapland?

Lapland Gold Rushes

Background The first gold discoveries in Lapland The earliest information on gold in Lapland was presented by Olaus Magnus in Carta Marina 1539, with an inscription on a gold mine located in the Nordic region.


Question: Why was gold found in Lapland?

Lapland Gold Rushes

German mining expert Georgius Agricola located it in his book De Veteribus et Novis Metallis (1546) for Finnmarken.


Question: Why was gold found in Lapland?

Lapland Gold Rushes

[2] The following known gold discoveries were made in Keminmaa in 1836, when the titular Johan Gustaf Bucht found an ore stone on the land of Laurila's house at the mouth of the Kemijoki River, which was found to be gold.


Question: Why was gold found in Lapland?

Lapland Gold Rushes

A piece of the specimen is in the collections of the Geological Survey.


Question: Why was gold found in Lapland?

Lapland Gold Rushes

This was the beginning of the state's systematic exploration of gold in northern Finland, but unsuccessfully it was discontinued in 1850.


Question: Why was gold found in Lapland?

Lapland Gold Rushes

[2] Minor gold-rich fine lines had already been found in the Lapland bedrock.


Question: Why was gold found in Lapland?

Lapland gold rush

[1] In the mid-1860s, Norwegian geologist Tellef Dahll explored the watercourse of the River Teno and in several places observed signs of gold.


Question: Why was gold found in Lapland?

Lapland gold rush

The most promising discoveries were on the Finnish bank of the river, and he reported his findings to the authorities of the Grand Duchy of Finland.


Question: Why was gold found in Lapland?

Lapland gold rush

[3] During the Great Hunger Years in the summer of 1868, the Finnish mountain government decided, based on Dahll's observations, to send an expedition to Lapland in search of gold.


Question: Why was gold found in Lapland?

Lapland gold rush

The 14-person expedition was then Deputy Director of the Mint of Finland Mountain Engineer Conrad Lihr, who has later also been called the discoverer of Lapland gold.


Question: Why was gold found in Lapland?

Lapland gold rush

The expedition's work was fruitless, but Lihr was hired with private funds to continue the search.


Question: Why was gold found in Lapland?

Lapland gold rush

It was sought at Ounasjoki, Utsjoki and Kaamasjoki, among others, until the discovery, which is considered significant, was finally made in mid-September at Nulkkamuka on the Ivalo River.


Question: Why was gold found in Lapland?

Lapland gold rush

[1] [4] The deposit proved so promising that the Senate of Finland decided to enact a new regulation on the exploration and flushing of gold in Lapland.


Question: Why was gold found in Lapland?

Lapland gold rush

[1] Salvation was expected for a country recovering from hunger years and its stunted national economy.


Question: Why was gold found in Lapland?

Lapland gold rush

[5] Lapland gold prospecting was linked to the national romanticism and Finnishness of the era, for example Professor Julius Krohn, in his arteicles in Kuvalehte of Finland, compared the gold diggers of Lapland to the heroes of Kalevala.


Question: Why was gold found in Lapland?

Lapland gold rush

[6] The law on gold prospecting after the gold discoveries at Teno and Ivalo river, Lapland's river stems were pacified by a provisional decree until the actual law on gold prospecting and excavating was achieved.


Question: Why was gold found in Lapland?

Lapland gold rush

Its preparation involved political struggle, pressure and various disputes, but the new decree finally went into effect, confirmed by Emperor Alexander II, in April 1870.


Question: Why was gold found in Lapland?

Lapland gold rush

It revoked the monarch's old privilege over precious metals and gave permission for gold prospecting except Jews to every reputable man of the Russian Empire and the Grand Duchy of Finland.


Question: Why was gold found in Lapland?

Lapland gold rush

[4] However, the law imposed such high licence fees and taxes on searching and excavating that the ordinary citizen had little chance in practice of obtaining a claim.


Question: Why was gold found in Lapland?

Lapland gold rush

Russian big businessmen, meanwhile, tried to gain exclusive rights to Lapland gold by promising in return a deposit of half a million silver rubles to the Bank of Finland.


Question: Why was gold found in Lapland?

Lapland gold rush

[5] Ivalojoki Gold Rush 1870 The gold area of Ivalojoki Kultala Ivalojoki was created in the surroundings of the confluence of Ivalojoki and Sotajoki, where the state built the so-called Kultala Crown Station in early spring 1870.


Question: Why was gold found in Lapland?

Lapland gold rush

It was a base for authorities overseeing the excavation, where search warrants and credentials were handed out, as well as cashing in on discoveries made by gold diggers.


Question: Why was gold found in Lapland?

Lapland gold rush

In addition, a tavern was opened nearby.


Question: Why was gold found in Lapland?

Lapland gold rush

However, gold exploration in the area had already begun the previous summer, when the Senate had granted special permission to Jakob Ervast, Nils Lepistö and Edvard Björkman before the actual decree came into force.


Question: Why was gold found in Lapland?

Lapland gold rush

In the autumn summer of 1869, men found more than two kilograms of gold on the shore of Saariporttikoski.


Question: Why was gold found in Lapland?

Lapland gold rush

[7] There were just under 40 government employees in Kultala in the early years.


Question: Why was gold found in Lapland?

Lapland gold rush

Conrad Planting, the Crown Vote of Lapland, was appointed overseer, who also made his own takeover, which later led to long disputes.


Question: Why was gold found in Lapland?

Lapland gold rush

[7] In turn, the mountain master Anders Ferdinand Thoreld was responsible for technical matters, whose assistance was initially by Conrad Lihr, who led the 1868 expedition.


Question: Why was gold found in Lapland?

Lapland gold rush

[4] The number of gold diggers, officials and bulk people in Kultala numbered up to 600 people, an exceptionally large community in Lapland of that time.


Question: Why was gold found in Lapland?

Lapland gold rush

[8] During the spring and summer of 1870, about 500 men wandered to the Ivalojoki river through Rovaniemi, who travelled a distance of hundreds of kilometres either by skiing, walking or by boat.


Question: Why was gold found in Lapland?

Lapland gold rush

Of them, only 19 of the wealthiest received their own takeover, or the so-called “factory district,” in the first summer.


Question: Why was gold found in Lapland?

Lapland gold rush

The rest were left to work for their takeovers for a small daily wage and worked 11-hour days six days a week.


Question: Why was gold found in Lapland?

Lapland gold rush

As many as 30—40 men could be employed on the largest takeovers.


Question: Why was gold found in Lapland?

Lapland gold rush

They lived in primitive log buildings, tents or lean-to.


Question: Why was gold found in Lapland?

Lapland gold rush

[4] One of the most successful prospectors was Frans Björklund, a pit man whose claim over ten kilograms of gold was discovered during the summer of 1871.


Question: Why was gold found in Lapland?

Lapland gold rush

His payroll included 28 men and one woman.


Question: Why was gold found in Lapland?

Lapland gold rush

Others enriched at Ivalojoki were Tuomas Matinpoika Ruikka, who represented at least the Rovaniemi family of Ruika, whose expedition also mined more than ten kilograms of gold, and also Matti Korva, from Rovaniemi, whose catch in five years amounted to more than 15 kilograms of gold.


Question: Why was gold found in Lapland?

Lapland gold rush

Several Finnish and Russian businessmen were also involved in the gold rush in Ivalojoki, among them the Helsinkians Robert Ullner and Fredrik Ekberg.


Question: Why was gold found in Lapland?

Lapland gold rush

[4] The gold digging was coloured by numerous disputes related to takeovers during the greatest rush, in which Georg von Alfthan, the county lord of the county of Oulu, had to intervene and which were also dealt with in court.


Question: Why was gold found in Lapland?

Lapland gold rush

In addition to Jakob Ervast, Nils Lepistö and Conrad Planting, the parties included Karl Adolf Govenius, a Tornioan merchant.


Question: Why was gold found in Lapland?

Lapland gold rush

[7] The gold rush also claimed numerous casualties, most of whom drowned in the Ivalo River.


Question: Why was gold found in Lapland?

Lapland gold rush

The worst accident was seen in May 1872 when six men drowned when a boat carrying them capsized in the rapids of Surmakönkä.


Question: Why was gold found in Lapland?

Lapland gold rush

[4] After the Great Initial Enthusiasm, interest in the gold of the Ivalo River faded rapidly over the course of a few years.


Question: Why was gold found in Lapland?

Lapland gold rush

Gold exploration fees had to be halved three years after the new law came into force and 1874, under pressure from the Russians, special orders were issued for gold mining in the Teno River.


Question: Why was gold found in Lapland?

Lapland gold rush

A year later, the entire regulation on gold exploration in Lapland was renewed, resulting in a further reduction in fees and at the same time reducing the size of the claims.


Question: Why was gold found in Lapland?

Lapland gold rush

[5] Kultala's surroundings became quiet by the end of the 1870s and in the early 1880s its main building was converted to the use of the Northern Lights Survey of the University of Helsinki.


Question: Why was gold found in Lapland?

Lapland gold rush

[7] An expedition led by Professor Selim Lemström explored the Northern Lights in Kultala between 1882 and 1884.


Question: Why was gold found in Lapland?

Lapland gold rush

[8] For good it closed in 1900.


Question: Why was gold found in Lapland?

Lapland gold rush

[9] Today, the main building of Kultala with its surroundings is a tourist attraction and there is also a desert lounge operated by Metsähallitus.


Question: Why was gold found in Lapland?

Lapland gold rush

[7] The Ivalojoki Gold Area is also one of the National Important Built Cultural Environments inventoried by the Office of Museums.


Question: Why was gold found in Lapland?

Lapland gold rush

[8] The Special Law on Gold Mining in Lapland was finally repealed in November 1883, when it was replaced by a new Mining and Takeover Act covering the entire Grand Duchy.


Question: Why was gold found in Lapland?

Lapland gold rush

[5] As gold quantities decreased, the remaining prospectors moved initially from Ivalojoki to Palsinoja and Sotajoki and from there further 10—15 km eastwards to the area of the village of Laanila.


Question: Why was gold found in Lapland?

Lapland gold rush

By the turn of the century, gold digging was no longer practised mainly by local residents, and their annual catch too was usually less than five pounds.


Question: Why was gold found in Lapland?

Lapland gold rush

At the same time, three gold companies were established which started ore mining in Laanila.


Question: Why was gold found in Lapland?

Lapland gold rush

However, the action was unsupportable and eventually the companies went out of business.


Question: Why was gold found in Lapland?

Lapland gold rush

[1] After Finland gained independence, Ivalojoki saw one more large-scale company when Oy Ivalojoki Ab started mechanized gold rinsing.


Question: Why was gold found in Lapland?

Lapland gold rush

Its experts and partners included Pentti Eskola, professor of geology and mineralogy at the University of Helsinki, and later geologist Aarne Laitakari, who was the Director General of the Geological Research Institute.


Question: Why was gold found in Lapland?

Lapland gold rush

However, the company's operations ended in bankruptcy after a year already.


Question: Why was gold found in Lapland?

Lapland gold rush

In the mid-1920s Lapin Kulta Oy, founded by Tamperean businessmen, tried to launch a similar project, but its funds ran out even before the excavation began.


Question: Why was gold found in Lapland?

Lapland gold rush

[1] Gold mining and rinsing in Ivalojoki Sotajoki in 1898.


Question: Why was gold found in Lapland?

Lapland gold rush

A visit by Gustaf Esaias Fellman, Governor of Oulu County, to Kultala in Ivalojoki in 1898.


Question: Why was gold found in Lapland?

Lapland gold rush

Oy Lapin Kulla industrial gold digging in Ivalojoki Pahaoja in the 1920s.


Question: Why was gold found in Lapland?

Lapland gold rush

Oy Lapland Kulla workers at Ivalojoki Sotajoki in 1924.


Question: Why was gold found in Lapland?

Lapland gold rush

Tankavaara gold rush 1934 The first discoveries The Tankavaara gold deposit in Sodankylä was discovered in the summer of 1934.


Question: Why was gold found in Lapland?

Lapland gold rush

Aslak Peltovuoma, a Sami, claimed to have had a dream in which an old man showed him where gold could be found.


Question: Why was gold found in Lapland?

Lapland gold rush

The inhabitants of Purnumuka Lapinkylä were the first summer to mine gold along the banks of the Tanka River's side streams, Lautuoja and Hopiaoja.


Question: Why was gold found in Lapland?

Lapland gold rush

The following spring, Niila Hirvasvuopio, chief of the village of Purnumuka, set about securing a formal takeover for himself, which he finally secured in November.


Question: Why was gold found in Lapland?

Lapland gold rush

At the same time, knowledge of Tankavaara's gold spread to the attention of outsiders and numerous gold seekers came from outside Finland.


Question: Why was gold found in Lapland?

Lapland gold rush

[10] In the summer of 1935, Boliden, the Swedish mining company, made a claim in the name of Lord Lorentz Silfverhjelm, and a year later it was already producing gold in such quantities that a mining district was applied for.