Question: Have mafiosos ruled Sicily before the 21st century?

History of Italy

Inland towns, on the other hand, benefited from good farmland, such as the Po River Valley.


Question: Have mafiosos ruled Sicily before the 21st century?

History of Italy

In turn, wool, wheat and precious metals were imported via land and river routes from France, Germany and the Netherlands.


Question: Have mafiosos ruled Sicily before the 21st century?

History of Italy

Trade stretching from Egypt to the Baltics created surpluses that could be invested in mining, farming and early industry.


Question: Have mafiosos ruled Sicily before the 21st century?

History of Italy

Northern Italy was not richer than the rest of Europe in terms of resources, but the high rate of processing built on the bottom of commerce enabled it to succeed.


Question: Have mafiosos ruled Sicily before the 21st century?

History of Italy

Florence, for example, initially emerged as one of the most prosperous cities in northern Italy largely through the production of fabrics.


Question: Have mafiosos ruled Sicily before the 21st century?

History of Italy

Wool was imported from Northern Europe and Spain, and with dyes imported from the East, it was made into quality clothes.


Question: Have mafiosos ruled Sicily before the 21st century?

History of Italy

In the 13th century, Italian city-states grew strongly and became virtually independent from the Empire.


Question: Have mafiosos ruled Sicily before the 21st century?

History of Italy

During this period, banking and monetary methods also developed, the center of which Florence became its center, and its currency, the florin, the currency of international trade.


Question: Have mafiosos ruled Sicily before the 21st century?

History of Italy

A new aristocrat class emerged, which had gained ground through their business skills and challenged the feudal upper class that ruled Europe in the Middle Ages.


Question: Have mafiosos ruled Sicily before the 21st century?

History of Italy

In most of northern Italy, urban grand burghers were more formidable than rural feudal lords.


Question: Have mafiosos ruled Sicily before the 21st century?

History of Italy

The economic crash of the 14th century and the beginning of the Renaissance in the 14th century saw a series of disasters that collapsed the European economy.


Question: Have mafiosos ruled Sicily before the 21st century?

History of Italy

These included the beginning of the Little Ice Age, which depressed agricultural production as well as the Hundred Years' War between France and England, which stirred the economy: for example, two of Florence's largest banks, Bardi and Peruzzi, fell after Edward III of England left his debts of 1.5 million florins unserviced in in 1345.


Question: Have mafiosos ruled Sicily before the 21st century?

History of Italy

[8] In the east, the formation of the Ottoman Empire cut off trade routes.


Question: Have mafiosos ruled Sicily before the 21st century?

History of Italy

The most devastating was the Black Death, which killed tens of percent of Europe's population.


Question: Have mafiosos ruled Sicily before the 21st century?

History of Italy

The population of Florence, for example, collapsed from 90000,0000 to 50000 and caused turmoil including, for example, the Textile Workers' Revolt of 1378.


Question: Have mafiosos ruled Sicily before the 21st century?

History of Italy

Some accidents of the 14th century contributed to the Renaissance.


Question: Have mafiosos ruled Sicily before the 21st century?

History of Italy

Ottoman expansion at the expense of Byzantium caused an influx of refugees from the east, and they brought with them classical Greek civilisation.


Question: Have mafiosos ruled Sicily before the 21st century?

History of Italy

The Black Death wiped out a third of Europe's population, leaving the new smaller population soon more prosperous than previously thought.


Question: Have mafiosos ruled Sicily before the 21st century?

History of Italy

The population had more property for luxury goods, but fewer of their producers, improving the position of the lower classes.


Question: Have mafiosos ruled Sicily before the 21st century?

History of Italy

The horrors of the Black Death and the Church's inability to prevent them also undermined the Church's influence, which was one of the prerequisites for the Renaissance.


Question: Have mafiosos ruled Sicily before the 21st century?

History of Italy

During this period, the first Renaissance figures such as Dante and Francesco Petrarca lived, and the first signs of the Renaissance were visible in the early 14th century.


Question: Have mafiosos ruled Sicily before the 21st century?

History of Italy

The fall of the Bard and Peruzzi banks opened the way for the rise of the Medici family in Florence.


Question: Have mafiosos ruled Sicily before the 21st century?

History of Italy

Robert Sabatino Lopez has even suggested that financial collapse was a necessary cause of the renaissance, as in economically favorable times businessmen invest their money quickly, while in bad times fewer investment items can be found, causing them to spend their funds on culture and to art.


Question: Have mafiosos ruled Sicily before the 21st century?

History of Italy

[9] Wars Especially the early part of the Renaissance was an almost continuous war between city-states, fought by mercenaries brought from all over Europe.


Question: Have mafiosos ruled Sicily before the 21st century?

History of Italy

Cities warred against each other, and on the other hand, the pope struggled for power with the emperor.


Question: Have mafiosos ruled Sicily before the 21st century?

History of Italy

More powerful city-states often subjugated their weaker ones and annexed them to themselves, such as Florence of Pisa 1406 and Venice of Padua and Verona.


Question: Have mafiosos ruled Sicily before the 21st century?

History of Italy

The cities depended entirely on mercenaries who, in the worst case scenario, might turn on their master and take power in the city.


Question: Have mafiosos ruled Sicily before the 21st century?

History of Italy

Fleets were equipped for wars at sea.


Question: Have mafiosos ruled Sicily before the 21st century?

History of Italy

Venice became the superior sea master after it dispossessed the Genoese fleet in 1380.


Question: Have mafiosos ruled Sicily before the 21st century?

History of Italy

On land, the main wars were fought between Florence and Milan; these wars have been seen as important in the emergence of the Renaissance.


Question: Have mafiosos ruled Sicily before the 21st century?

History of Italy

[10] The Medici family, which owned the largest bank in Europe, became Lord of Florence in the 1430s, with Cosimo de' Medici as its first leader.


Question: Have mafiosos ruled Sicily before the 21st century?

History of Italy

Florence was formally preserved as a republic, but the instruments of power were firmly in the hands of the Medici and their allies.


Question: Have mafiosos ruled Sicily before the 21st century?

History of Italy

Cosimo de' Medici was very popular among the townspeople due to the peace and heyday of the era.


Question: Have mafiosos ruled Sicily before the 21st century?

History of Italy

His most notable achievements included making peace with the Sforza family of Milan, bringing an end to decades of war.


Question: Have mafiosos ruled Sicily before the 21st century?

History of Italy

Cosimo was also a supporter of the arts, though some have regarded his reputation in this regard as exaggerated.


Question: Have mafiosos ruled Sicily before the 21st century?

History of Italy

In 1469, Cosimo's grandson Lorenzo de' Medici, who was the first member of the family to receive humanistic education in his early years and the most important of the family's supporters of the arts, came to power.


Question: Have mafiosos ruled Sicily before the 21st century?

History of Italy

Under Lorenzo, Medici power was consolidated with the creation of the Council of Seventy, which Lorenzo presided over.


Question: Have mafiosos ruled Sicily before the 21st century?

History of Italy

The republican institutions survived, but lost their influence.


Question: Have mafiosos ruled Sicily before the 21st century?

History of Italy

In business, Lorenzo was not as successful as his predecessors, and the Medici financial empire slowly began to decline.


Question: Have mafiosos ruled Sicily before the 21st century?

History of Italy

Lorenzo's relations with the pope deteriorated, leading to the attempted assassination of Lorenzo orchestrated by the Pope with the Pazzi House.


Question: Have mafiosos ruled Sicily before the 21st century?

History of Italy

It failed, but led to a war with the Pope by which centralized power of the Medici was later justified.


Question: Have mafiosos ruled Sicily before the 21st century?

History of Italy

[11] The spread of the Renaissance Renaissance ideals spread from Florence first to the Tuscan neighboring cities of Siena and Lucca.


Question: Have mafiosos ruled Sicily before the 21st century?

History of Italy

Tuscan culture soon became an object of imitation for all of northern Italy, with the Tuscan dialect of Italian dominant especially in the literature of the region.


Question: Have mafiosos ruled Sicily before the 21st century?

History of Italy

In 1447, Francesco Sforza rose to power in Milan and quickly transformed the medieval city into an arts and civilisation centre.


Question: Have mafiosos ruled Sicily before the 21st century?

History of Italy

Venice, one of the most prosperous cities, also became a cultural center, especially in architecture.


Question: Have mafiosos ruled Sicily before the 21st century?

History of Italy

In 1378, the pope returned to Rome, but the former mighty city remained mostly poor and ruined through the early years of the Renaissance.


Question: Have mafiosos ruled Sicily before the 21st century?

History of Italy

Nicholas V, who became pope in 1447, initiated a major rebuilding.


Question: Have mafiosos ruled Sicily before the 21st century?

History of Italy

With the papacy falling into the hands of northern power families such as the Medici and the Borgias, the renaissance world and art became dominant in the Vatican.


Question: Have mafiosos ruled Sicily before the 21st century?

History of Italy

Pope Sixtus IV continued the work of Nicholas, most famously his project the construction of the Sistine Chapel.


Question: Have mafiosos ruled Sicily before the 21st century?

History of Italy

Popes increasingly became secular administrators, and under the “warrior popes”, the power of the Church State was centralised.


Question: Have mafiosos ruled Sicily before the 21st century?

History of Italy

The character of the Renaissance changed in the late 15th century.


Question: Have mafiosos ruled Sicily before the 21st century?

History of Italy

Renaissance ideals were then fully embraced in the ruling class and aristocracy.


Question: Have mafiosos ruled Sicily before the 21st century?

History of Italy

Early Renaissance artists were considered craftsmen with few reputations and recognitions.


Question: Have mafiosos ruled Sicily before the 21st century?

History of Italy

Later Renaissance artists were influential and billed large commissions.


Question: Have mafiosos ruled Sicily before the 21st century?

History of Italy

The end of the Italian Renaissance Many view the Renaissance as the symbolic endpoint of Girolamo Savonarola's rise to power in Florence in 1497.


Question: Have mafiosos ruled Sicily before the 21st century?

History of Italy

In the short reign of the unjeweled monk, many works of art were destroyed “on the pyres of vanities”.


Question: Have mafiosos ruled Sicily before the 21st century?

History of Italy

Savonarola's power ran short and the Medici lineage returned to power, but similar moral resistance movements continued within the church, and in the middle of the 16th century Renaissance works were banned in connection with the Counter-Reformation.


Question: Have mafiosos ruled Sicily before the 21st century?

History of Italy

At least as important a factor in the waning of the Italian Renaissance as the Church resistance movement, was a series of attacks on Italy by foreign powers, the Italian Wars that dragged on for decades.


Question: Have mafiosos ruled Sicily before the 21st century?

History of Italy

They began with the 1494 French invasion, which caused widespread destruction in northern Italy and ended the independence of many city-states.


Question: Have mafiosos ruled Sicily before the 21st century?

History of Italy

The most devastating blow was on 6 May 1527, when Spanish and German troops ravaged Rome, thus ending the pope's role as the greatest supporter of the Renaissance.


Question: Have mafiosos ruled Sicily before the 21st century?

History of Italy

Due to chaos and contacts with foreign rulers, many of Italy's greatest artists decided to leave the country, the most famous example of Leonardo da Vinci who emigrated to France in 1516.


Question: Have mafiosos ruled Sicily before the 21st century?

History of Italy

The shift of focus to the north represented a broader trend.


Question: Have mafiosos ruled Sicily before the 21st century?

History of Italy

The Mediterranean was no longer the main trade route; Vasco da Gama had reached India in 1498, and the main trade routes from the Orient went to Atlantic ports in Iberia, France and England.


Question: Have mafiosos ruled Sicily before the 21st century?

History of Italy

These territories soon overtook Italy in prosperity and power.


Question: Have mafiosos ruled Sicily before the 21st century?

History of Italy

As the Italian Renaissance waned, however, many of its influences moved north and contributed to the Northern Renaissance.


Question: Have mafiosos ruled Sicily before the 21st century?

History of Italy

The Renaissance did not mean sweeping social and economic changes, but mostly touched only a small percentage of people.


Question: Have mafiosos ruled Sicily before the 21st century?

History of Italy

Admittedly, in northern Italian cities, the class of skilled craftsmen was in a much better position than in Europe in general, but the status of unskilled laborers was no longer much affected by the Renaissance.


Question: Have mafiosos ruled Sicily before the 21st century?

History of Italy

Foreign power and unification in the Italian Wars involved all the major Western European countries from 1494 to 1559: France, Spain, the Holy German-Roman Empire, England, Scotland, the Republic of Venice, the Church State, and most Italian city-states.


Question: Have mafiosos ruled Sicily before the 21st century?

History of Italy

Originally beginning with disputes over the succession in Naples, the wars soon formed into complex power struggles, with varied allied relations, involving the Reformation.


Question: Have mafiosos ruled Sicily before the 21st century?

History of Italy

The Pope's influence diminished due to military defeats and the Reformation, and he allied himself with Charles V for the Counter-Reformation.


Question: Have mafiosos ruled Sicily before the 21st century?

History of Italy

By the end of the wars, the Habsburgs” Spain had become the ruler of Italy and a European powerhouse state at the expense of France.


Question: Have mafiosos ruled Sicily before the 21st century?

History of Italy

The Italian states, which had been powerful in the Middle Ages and Renaissance periods, became second-class factors or were completely destroyed.


Question: Have mafiosos ruled Sicily before the 21st century?

History of Italy

[12] Reunification Main article: Risorgimento At the end of the 18th century, the political situation in Italy was pretty much the same as in the 16th century, distinguished by the fact that Austria had become the dominant external power instead of Spain and the fact that the Dukes of Savoy, who also ruled the Northwest Piedmont, had become Sardinian rulers.


Question: Have mafiosos ruled Sicily before the 21st century?

History of Italy

This situation was shaken by the 1796 invasion of Italy by Napoleon.


Question: Have mafiosos ruled Sicily before the 21st century?

History of Italy

States created by Napoleon, such as the Cisalpine Republic, were merely satellites of France, but fueled the nationalist movement.


Question: Have mafiosos ruled Sicily before the 21st century?

History of Italy

The Cisalpine Republic was transformed into the Italian Republic in 1802, with Napoleon as its president.


Question: Have mafiosos ruled Sicily before the 21st century?

History of Italy

The Congress of Vienna (1814) restored matters close to the situation of 1795.


Question: Have mafiosos ruled Sicily before the 21st century?

History of Italy

The northeastern parts of Italy, including the Venice region and also Lombardy, fell to Austria, and the rest of Italy was divided into six states, namely the Kingdom of Sardinia, the Kingdom of Sicily, the Church State, Tuscany, Parma and Modena.


Question: Have mafiosos ruled Sicily before the 21st century?

History of Italy

The Kingdom of both Sicilies encompassed the whole of southern Italy, and the Kingdom of Sardinia included not only the island of Sardinia but also territories on the mainland of northern Italy.


Question: Have mafiosos ruled Sicily before the 21st century?

History of Italy

The states wanted to maintain the status quo and opposed the nationalist, liberal and republican movements.


Question: Have mafiosos ruled Sicily before the 21st century?

History of Italy

In the 1820s some rebellions arose, but were suppressed by the interventions of the Austrian army.


Question: Have mafiosos ruled Sicily before the 21st century?

History of Italy

In the 1830s, there was a revolt which spread to the Church State and raised a popular force against the reactionary pope Gregory XVI.


Question: Have mafiosos ruled Sicily before the 21st century?

History of Italy

Austria put down the rebellion, but came under pressure from France to reduce its presence in Italy and withdraw its troops from the Church State.


Question: Have mafiosos ruled Sicily before the 21st century?

History of Italy

In the 1840s, the unification act, the risorgimento, began to take on more importance through, among others, Giuseppe Mazzini's Young Italy movement.


Question: Have mafiosos ruled Sicily before the 21st century?

History of Italy

Sardinian monarchs, such as Carlo Alberto and especially Viktor Emanuel II, also began to warm to the idea of unification.


Question: Have mafiosos ruled Sicily before the 21st century?

History of Italy

The increased movement led to extensive rebellions practically throughout Italy in the European madness of 1848.


Question: Have mafiosos ruled Sicily before the 21st century?

History of Italy

In connection with the revolts, Carlo Alberto of Sardinia declared a war against Austria, which has been referred to as the First War of Independence.


Question: Have mafiosos ruled Sicily before the 21st century?

History of Italy

Austria defeated the Sardinians and Carlo Alberto renounced the crown in favour of Viktor Emanuel II.


Question: Have mafiosos ruled Sicily before the 21st century?

History of Italy

Rebellions were also defeated in Tuscany, Milan and Naples.


Question: Have mafiosos ruled Sicily before the 21st century?

History of Italy

In Rome, the situation escalated in 1849 so that Pope Pius IX was forced to flee the city, and a republic was proclaimed there.


Question: Have mafiosos ruled Sicily before the 21st century?

History of Italy

Roman defences were organized by Giuseppe Garibaldi.


Question: Have mafiosos ruled Sicily before the 21st century?

History of Italy

Eventually France and Austria occupied Rome, where the rebellions ended.


Question: Have mafiosos ruled Sicily before the 21st century?

History of Italy

The events of 1848—1849 strained the situation in Italy: Pius IX cancelled his liberal reforms, and Austria took control firmly in Lombardy, Venice, and virtually Tuscany.


Question: Have mafiosos ruled Sicily before the 21st century?

History of Italy

The Kingdom of Sardinia, which ruled Piedmont, remained somewhat independent and presided over the unification of Italy.


Question: Have mafiosos ruled Sicily before the 21st century?

History of Italy

The Crimean War weakened Austria's international standing.


Question: Have mafiosos ruled Sicily before the 21st century?

History of Italy

Sardinian Prime Minister Camillo Cavour and French Emperor Napoleon III met in the summer of 1858 and agreed to war against Austria — the treaty was preceded by an attempted assassination of Napoleon III by an Italian nationalist fanatic.


Question: Have mafiosos ruled Sicily before the 21st century?

History of Italy

Sardinia did not achieve its objectives in the short Second War of Independence, but through skilful diplomacy, in 1860, Cavour was able to agree the accession of Tuscany and Emilia to Sardinia, after which Sardinia controlled much of northern and central Italy.


Question: Have mafiosos ruled Sicily before the 21st century?

History of Italy

Italy now had four states: Piedmont Sardinia, the Kingdom of Both Sicily, the Church State, and Austrian-ruled Venice.


Question: Have mafiosos ruled Sicily before the 21st century?

History of Italy

Giuseppe Garibaldi In May 1860, freedom fighter Giuseppe Garibaldi, who had resigned from the Sardinian army, invaded Sicily with a small force of volunteers and conquered Palermo after beating, with British support, the many times larger armies of the Kingdom of Both Sicily.


Question: Have mafiosos ruled Sicily before the 21st century?

History of Italy

The episode showed the weakness of the Kingdom of Sicily and made Garibaldi a national hero.


Question: Have mafiosos ruled Sicily before the 21st century?

History of Italy

In six weeks, Garibaldi took Messina and thereafter moved on to Italy, whose takeover of the southern parts went as fast as Sicily.


Question: Have mafiosos ruled Sicily before the 21st century?

History of Italy

After winning Calabria and Naples, Garibaldi advanced towards Rome, but his advance was slowed by the ripples of the forces of the Kingdom of Sicily at both.


Question: Have mafiosos ruled Sicily before the 21st century?

History of Italy

Sardinia decided to keep the situation under its control and conquered the Church State with the exception of its core part, mainly the city of Rome.


Question: Have mafiosos ruled Sicily before the 21st century?

History of Italy

Garibaldi ceded southern Italy to King Viktor Emanuel II of Sardinia.


Question: Have mafiosos ruled Sicily before the 21st century?

History of Italy

Cavour confirmed the annexations by referendum, and the elected First National Parliament met on 18 February 1861 and proclaimed Viktor Emanuel King of Italy.


Question: Have mafiosos ruled Sicily before the 21st century?

History of Italy

The Italian capital at first became Turin, but it was changed to Florence in 1865.


Question: Have mafiosos ruled Sicily before the 21st century?

History of Italy

Venice and Rome, which Garibaldi unsuccessfully still tried to take in 1862 and 1867, had remained outside the Kingdom of Italy.


Question: Have mafiosos ruled Sicily before the 21st century?

History of Italy

Venice joined Italy in 1866 in connection with the so-called Third War of Independence, but Pope Pius IX wanted nothing to do with the new state.


Question: Have mafiosos ruled Sicily before the 21st century?

History of Italy

However, the Papal position was dependent on the French garrison, and when withdrawn in the context of the Franco-Prussian War, it marched the Italian army to Rome on 20 September 1870.


Question: Have mafiosos ruled Sicily before the 21st century?

History of Italy

Rome was annexed by referendum to Italy, and became the capital.


Question: Have mafiosos ruled Sicily before the 21st century?

History of Italy

The pope barricaded himself in the Vatican and declared himself a “prisoner of the Vatican.”


Question: Have mafiosos ruled Sicily before the 21st century?

History of Italy

Kingdom Until 1922, Italy was a constitutional monarchy with a parliament.


Question: Have mafiosos ruled Sicily before the 21st century?

History of Italy

The constitution was largely inherited from the Constitution of the Kingdom of Sardinia of 1848 established by Carlo Alberto.


Question: Have mafiosos ruled Sicily before the 21st century?

History of Italy

The king had, in principle, extensive powers, which, however, he did not often exercise.


Question: Have mafiosos ruled Sicily before the 21st century?

History of Italy

The most notable change was universal male suffrage in 1912.


Question: Have mafiosos ruled Sicily before the 21st century?

History of Italy

King Umberto I was assassinated on 29 July 1900.


Question: Have mafiosos ruled Sicily before the 21st century?

History of Italy

He was succeeded by Viktor Emanuel III.


Question: Have mafiosos ruled Sicily before the 21st century?

History of Italy

[13] In the Italian—Turkish War of 1911—1912, Italy conquered Libya.


Question: Have mafiosos ruled Sicily before the 21st century?

History of Italy

[14] World War I Italy declared itself neutral at the start of World War I, claiming that the trialliance with Germany and Austria was only defensive and did not apply to the Austro-Hungarian war.


Question: Have mafiosos ruled Sicily before the 21st century?

History of Italy

Both coalitions tried to win Italy over, and in April 1915 the country joined the Circum-Powers, declaring war on Austria-Hungary.


Question: Have mafiosos ruled Sicily before the 21st century?

History of Italy

The aim was to have territorial extensions such as Trento, Trieste, Istria and Dalmatia at Austria's expense.


Question: Have mafiosos ruled Sicily before the 21st century?

History of Italy

The fighting bogged down in the Austrian-Italian border region into a war of positions that claimed great losses.


Question: Have mafiosos ruled Sicily before the 21st century?

History of Italy

In October 1917, the Austrians, with the help of German troops, broke through the Italians' lines, but with the support of the Circum-Powers, the Italian managed to halt the attack near Venice.


Question: Have mafiosos ruled Sicily before the 21st century?

History of Italy

Fascist regime After the end of World War I, Italy gained most of the territories it wanted except Dalmatia, which was given to the Kingdom of Yugoslavia.


Question: Have mafiosos ruled Sicily before the 21st century?

History of Italy

However, the war had claimed the lives of nearly 700,000 Italian soldiers, and the internal state of the country was chaotic.


Question: Have mafiosos ruled Sicily before the 21st century?

History of Italy

Workers staged strikes demanding rights and better working conditions.


Question: Have mafiosos ruled Sicily before the 21st century?

History of Italy

Some took over factories and production facilities following the model of the Russian Revolution.


Question: Have mafiosos ruled Sicily before the 21st century?

History of Italy

The Fascist Party, led by Benito Mussolini, emerged from the Black Shirts organisation that broke the strikes.


Question: Have mafiosos ruled Sicily before the 21st century?

History of Italy

In October 1922, the Fascists marched on Rome.


Question: Have mafiosos ruled Sicily before the 21st century?

History of Italy

The king forbade the army from meddling, allied himself with Mussolini and allowing him to form a fascist-led government.


Question: Have mafiosos ruled Sicily before the 21st century?

History of Italy

In the following years, Mussolini, who was known as “Il Ducena”, or leader, banned other political parties and curtailed civil liberties.


Question: Have mafiosos ruled Sicily before the 21st century?

History of Italy

In 1929, Mussolini signed the so-called lateran treaties with the Catholic Church, which led to the formation of a teeny Vatican City State under the papacy, ending the schism with the Pope that had been going on since 1870.


Question: Have mafiosos ruled Sicily before the 21st century?

History of Italy

Mussolini was initially on quite good terms with Britain and France, but with Italy's conquest of Ethiopia in 1935—1936, relations with Western countries cooled.


Question: Have mafiosos ruled Sicily before the 21st century?

History of Italy

Because of this, as well as ideological similarities, Italy was oriented towards Adolf Hitler's Nazi Germany, and formed a Berlin—Rome axis with Germany.


Question: Have mafiosos ruled Sicily before the 21st century?

History of Italy

After Germany annexed Czechoslovakia without notifying Italy of the plan, Italy considered itself a lesser member of the Axis, and Mussolini decided to annex Albania to Italy.


Question: Have mafiosos ruled Sicily before the 21st century?

History of Italy

Albania was occupied on 7 April 1939, its king became King Viktor Emanuel III of Italy and a Fascist government was formed there.


Question: Have mafiosos ruled Sicily before the 21st century?

History of Italy

The Italian-German alliance was strengthened by the Steel Treaty on 22 May 1939.


Question: Have mafiosos ruled Sicily before the 21st century?

History of Italy

World War II Mussolini dreamed of a Greater Italy encompassing the Mediterranean, but Italy remained neutral when World War II broke out.


Question: Have mafiosos ruled Sicily before the 21st century?

History of Italy

Italy declared war on France and Great Britain on 10 June 1940 with France's defeat looking certain.


Question: Have mafiosos ruled Sicily before the 21st century?

History of Italy

After the German occupation of Poland, Denmark, Norway, Holland, Belgium, Luxembourg and France, Mussolini decided to occupy Greece by using Albania as a support area.


Question: Have mafiosos ruled Sicily before the 21st century?

History of Italy

This failed badly, for not only did the Greeks repel the attack, they pushed the front deep into Albania.


Question: Have mafiosos ruled Sicily before the 21st century?

History of Italy

Fearing that the Balkans would become the Achilles heel of its European rule, Germany occupied Greece and Yugoslavia.


Question: Have mafiosos ruled Sicily before the 21st century?

History of Italy

With the failure of the Soviet conquest (1941—1942) and the entry of the United States into the war (December 1941), the situation for the Axis powers deteriorated.


Question: Have mafiosos ruled Sicily before the 21st century?

History of Italy

In March 1943, British and US forces were definitively defeated by the Italians and Germans in North Africa and came ashore in Sicily.


Question: Have mafiosos ruled Sicily before the 21st century?

History of Italy

King Viktor Emanuel III sacked and arrested Mussolini and appointed Marshal Pietro Badoglio as prime minister.


Question: Have mafiosos ruled Sicily before the 21st century?

History of Italy

The new government officially resumed the war, but initiated secret peace talks.


Question: Have mafiosos ruled Sicily before the 21st century?

History of Italy

Hitler did not trust Badoglio but sent troops to Italy.


Question: Have mafiosos ruled Sicily before the 21st century?

History of Italy

On 8 September 1943, Badoglio's government concluded an armistice with the Allies, but did not declare war on Germany.


Question: Have mafiosos ruled Sicily before the 21st century?

History of Italy

Badoglio and the king family relocated to Allied controlled territory.


Question: Have mafiosos ruled Sicily before the 21st century?

History of Italy

In the confusion that followed, most of the Italian army disintegrated and Germany took control of central and northern Italy.


Question: Have mafiosos ruled Sicily before the 21st century?

History of Italy

The Germans freed Mussolini with a commando strike and installed him as puppet ruler of the Italian Social Republic established in the north.


Question: Have mafiosos ruled Sicily before the 21st century?

History of Italy

As the Allies slowly forced the Germans towards the north, the official government finally declared war on Germany.


Question: Have mafiosos ruled Sicily before the 21st century?

History of Italy

At the same time, the anti-fascist popular movement grew stronger and caused problems for the Germans.


Question: Have mafiosos ruled Sicily before the 21st century?

History of Italy

Eventually, in April 1945, the Allies had pushed the Germans out of Italy.


Question: Have mafiosos ruled Sicily before the 21st century?

History of Italy

Italy's war success in World War II was something, with individual exceptions, weak.


Question: Have mafiosos ruled Sicily before the 21st century?

History of Italy

The Fascists had thus completely failed in the task they considered most important, turning Italy into a military power.


Question: Have mafiosos ruled Sicily before the 21st century?

History of Italy

Republic After World War II, Italy was forced to abandon its African territories as well as Fiume and Istria, but freed itself from war reparations and received Marshall aid.


Question: Have mafiosos ruled Sicily before the 21st century?

History of Italy

Elections were held in 1946 to elect a new Constituent Parliament.


Question: Have mafiosos ruled Sicily before the 21st century?

History of Italy

Women had the right to vote in this election for the first time.


Question: Have mafiosos ruled Sicily before the 21st century?

History of Italy

In conjunction with the election, a vote was taken to preserve the monarchy and the republican option won.


Question: Have mafiosos ruled Sicily before the 21st century?

History of Italy

King Umberto II resigned after only a month in power.


Question: Have mafiosos ruled Sicily before the 21st century?

History of Italy

The parliamentary election was won by Italy's Christian Democratic Party (DC), which ruled Italy for nearly the next four decades.


Question: Have mafiosos ruled Sicily before the 21st century?

History of Italy

The position of the Communist Party (PCI) was also quite strong in the post-war years.


Question: Have mafiosos ruled Sicily before the 21st century?

History of Italy

The new constitution had to be prepared for almost two years and eventually, apart from the king, it became quite similar to the one that preceded the Fascist rule.


Question: Have mafiosos ruled Sicily before the 21st century?

History of Italy

Italy became a republic with its president essentially having nominal power.


Question: Have mafiosos ruled Sicily before the 21st century?

History of Italy

Italy is a founding member of both NATO and the European Community.


Question: Have mafiosos ruled Sicily before the 21st century?

History of Italy

[15] Post-war Italy was faced with poverty and agrarian domination, but in the 1950s and 1960s the northern part was heavily industrialised, which has even been spoken of as an economic miracle for Italy, but the development of the south of the country was slower.


Question: Have mafiosos ruled Sicily before the 21st century?

History of Italy

[16] Under the Lateran Contracts renewed in 1948, Italian marital law was regulated by the Catholic Church.


Question: Have mafiosos ruled Sicily before the 21st century?

History of Italy

In the 1970s, the church's power in this regard was breached and divorce, as well as abortion, were legalized.


Question: Have mafiosos ruled Sicily before the 21st century?

History of Italy

The 1970s were marked by student riots and terrorism from both the far right and -left.


Question: Have mafiosos ruled Sicily before the 21st century?

History of Italy

Of the many far-left organisations, the best known was the Red Brigades, whose most famous act is the 1978 capture and assassination of former Prime Minister Aldo Moro.


Question: Have mafiosos ruled Sicily before the 21st century?

History of Italy

The single most serious act of terrorism was the 1980 bombing of Bologna railway station by a far-right organisation in which 84 people were killed.


Question: Have mafiosos ruled Sicily before the 21st century?

History of Italy

The extensive Tangentopol kickback scandal of the early 1990s dissolved the DC Party and revolutionised the political map to such an extent that the period since has been talked of as a “second republic.”


Question: Have mafiosos ruled Sicily before the 21st century?

History of Italy

With a broad campaign, the Italian government sought to quash corruption (the “clean hands” campaign), as well as the Mafia, whose members were arrested with the help of whistleblowers over 200 and assets were seized worth about $1 billion in 1992.


Question: Have mafiosos ruled Sicily before the 21st century?

History of Italy

[17] In the March 1994 general election, the overwhelming winner was the Alliance for Freedom (Polo della Libertá), formed as an electoral alliance, formed by Forward Italy (Forza Italia, FI), founded by media mogul Silvio Berlusconi, the National Conservative National League (Alleanza Nazionale, AN) and Northern Alliance (Lega Nord, LN) called for autonomy for Northern Italy.


Question: Have mafiosos ruled Sicily before the 21st century?

History of Italy

Berlusconi formed a right-wing coalition government in which the aforementioned parties participated.


Question: Have mafiosos ruled Sicily before the 21st century?

History of Italy

The government was already toppled in December 1994 over bribe doubts against Berlusconi.


Question: Have mafiosos ruled Sicily before the 21st century?

History of Italy

In 1996, with Romano Prodi's centre-left coalition coming to power, Prodi's government lasted until the rest of 1998.


Question: Have mafiosos ruled Sicily before the 21st century?

History of Italy

In the 2001 elections, the “House of Freedoms” (Casa delle Libertà) coalition led by Berlusconi survived the winner, and Berlusconi was allowed to form his second government.


Question: Have mafiosos ruled Sicily before the 21st century?

History of Italy

Forza Italia gained from the country's upper house of parliament, the Senate (Senato della Repubblica), 82 seats out of 315 and the lower house, the Chamber of Deputies (Camera dei Deputati), 189 seats out of 630.


Question: Have mafiosos ruled Sicily before the 21st century?

History of Italy

The main opposition force in the early 2000s was the centre-left “Olive Tree” (Uniti Nell'ulivo) coalition, whose largest party is the Social Democratic “Democrats of the Left” (Democratici di Sinistra).


Question: Have mafiosos ruled Sicily before the 21st century?

History of Italy

The bribery trial against Berlusconi was halted in June 2003 when parliament voted on a new law guaranteeing legal immunity to politicians and judges.


Question: Have mafiosos ruled Sicily before the 21st century?

History of Italy

Berlusconi's reign continued into the April 2006 elections, narrowly won by Romano Prodi's coalition.


Question: Have mafiosos ruled Sicily before the 21st century?

History of Italy

Prodi's first government, made up of a dozen parties, lasted nine months before falling to a vote to keep the country's troops in Afghanistan.


Question: Have mafiosos ruled Sicily before the 21st century?

History of Italy

However, Prodi was allowed to form a new government.


Question: Have mafiosos ruled Sicily before the 21st century?

History of Italy

The centre-left's new party grouping has been the Democratic Party since, [18] and its ranks emerged in early 2014 as Prime Minister Matteo Renzi.


Question: Have mafiosos ruled Sicily before the 21st century?

History of Italy

Sources On Topic Elsewhere * Category:Key Articles of Screening


Question: Who invented the time calculus?

Timing

Time calculation or chronology refers to the determination of temporal relationships between past and future events from the perspective of everyday life and history.


Question: Who invented the time calculus?

Timing

The system used to calculate time is called a calendar.


Question: Who invented the time calculus?

Timing

The calculation of time has been of great importance to all organized societies.


Question: Who invented the time calculus?

Timing

It is used to predict periodically recurring events and cycles of nature and for planning cooperation between people.


Question: Who invented the time calculus?

Timing

Time calculation also serves as a constructor of cultural identity, since time calculation is always started with some event significant to cultural self-understanding.


Question: Who invented the time calculus?

Timing

Definition Time calculation and time measurement are usually distinguished so that the time calculation involves a system formed by units longer than a day, such as months and years, but units shorter than day fall within the field of time measurement and time system.


Question: Who invented the time calculus?

Timing

[1] Need The most common need to use time is to predict natural cycles, for example when the Sun will set.


Question: Who invented the time calculus?

Timing

Another point of use is the design of joint activities between people.


Question: Who invented the time calculus?

Timing

These needs, coupled with human lifespan, have led to the current form of time calculation in which the largest unit is the year, i.e., the rotation period of the Earth around the Sun and thus the variation of the seasons.


Question: Who invented the time calculus?

Timing

The other two most pivotal rotations are the Moon's rotation around Earth and the rotation of the Earth around its axis.


Question: Who invented the time calculus?

Timing

The problems with defining units arise from the fact that the interrelations between these are not integers, yet one wants periodic events to always be placed at the same point in the time period.


Question: Who invented the time calculus?

Timing

Lunar Calendar and Solar Calendar In the time calculation we use today, months are no longer as long as the Moon's actual rotation period; by contrast, leap years allow calendar months to remain for thousands of years during the same season.


Question: Who invented the time calculus?

Timing

Such a calendar is called a solar calendar.


Question: Who invented the time calculus?

Timing

Instead, in lunar calendars, the month always starts at the new moon, but calendar months do not always hurt at the same time of year.


Question: Who invented the time calculus?

Timing

Many cultures have also used a combined lunar solar calendar, or lunisolar calendar, in which the month always changes to the new moon, but at fixed intervals to the year, an extra month is added to the year so that the calendar months always remain roughly the same time of year.


Question: Who invented the time calculus?

Timing

History Earliest surviving calendars The earliest discovery interpreted as a lunar calendar is found in France, 28000 BCE.


Question: Who invented the time calculus?

Timing

timed Cro-Magnon human carved bone.


Question: Who invented the time calculus?

Timing

The early calendar has also been interpreted as 11000 BCE.


Question: Who invented the time calculus?

Timing

timed calendar made of eagle bone found in La Placard, France.


Question: Who invented the time calculus?

Timing

The earliest known year number is from Egypt 4241 BCE.


Question: Who invented the time calculus?

Timing

The earliest nilometers and calendars again are dated to 4000 BCE.


Question: Who invented the time calculus?

Timing

[2] Different cultures In all cultures, there is some way of measuring and dividing time.


Question: Who invented the time calculus?

Timing

The zero moment of time is, in different cultures, usually defined by some historical event in that society.


Question: Who invented the time calculus?

Timing

In ancient Egypt there was an early use of the solar calendar.


Question: Who invented the time calculus?

Timing

According to the Egyptian calendar, there were 365 days in a year.


Question: Who invented the time calculus?

Timing

The oldest known date in Egypt dates back to 4236 BCE.


Question: Who invented the time calculus?

Timing

Its time-lapse began from that year.


Question: Who invented the time calculus?

Timing

The Egyptian calendar is based on the Coptic and Ethiopian calendar currently in use.


Question: Who invented the time calculus?

Timing

The Old Chinese calendar is a typical lunar solar calendar.


Question: Who invented the time calculus?

Timing

In it, the length of the year was 354 days, or 12 months, which always begin at the New Moon.


Question: Who invented the time calculus?

Timing

At periodic intervals to the year, a 13th month is added so that the calendar months always remain roughly the same time of year.


Question: Who invented the time calculus?

Timing

For some time the Jews used their departure from Egypt as the beginning of the period (Genesis 2).


Question: Who invented the time calculus?

Timing

Even today, the Jewish period used in religious contexts begins with the creation of the world, which is timed to 3760 BCE based on Talmudic chronology.


Question: Who invented the time calculus?

Timing

In September 2006, the Jewish Year 5767 began.


Question: Who invented the time calculus?

Timing

The length of the Jewish year was 354 days.


Question: Who invented the time calculus?

Timing

Similar to China, a year was added in the Jewish calendar periodically the 13th month.


Question: Who invented the time calculus?

Timing

This is done eight times over a period of 19 years, known as the Meton period.


Question: Who invented the time calculus?

Timing

[3] This fact has contributed to the definition of Easter by Christians, since its date depends on both the vernal equinox and the lunar phases.


Question: Who invented the time calculus?

Timing

Several divergent calendars were in use in the various city-states of Ancient Greece.


Question: Who invented the time calculus?

Timing

Like the Chinese and Jewish calendar, most of them too were moon-solar calendars, where the length of the year was 354 days, or 12 months, but periodically a thirteenth month was added to the year to keep the month roughly the same time of year.


Question: Who invented the time calculus?

Timing

Instead of annual numbers, the Greeks used four-year Olympiads and their ordinal numbers.


Question: Who invented the time calculus?

Timing

Olympiads were counted from 776 BCE, the first year of the first Olympiad, when the first Olympic Games of Antiquity were held, about which written records have survived.


Question: Who invented the time calculus?

Timing

The Seleucidic period of the Syrians began in 312 BC.. It was also used by Jews during the Maccabian period.


Question: Who invented the time calculus?

Timing

The Romans at some point began a period of estimated Roman genesis (ca.


Question: Who invented the time calculus?

Timing

753 BC)


Question: Who invented the time calculus?

Timing

The length of the Romans year was initially 304 days and was changed in a calendar reform in 700 BCE.


Question: Who invented the time calculus?

Timing

355 for the day.


Question: Who invented the time calculus?

Timing

Julius Caesar reformed the Roman period, based on information from Egypt, into a Julian period on 1 January 45 BCE.


Question: Who invented the time calculus?

Timing

After the change, the length of the year averaged 365 1/4 days.


Question: Who invented the time calculus?

Timing

Due to the change of Caesar years 46 BC.


Question: Who invented the time calculus?

Timing

was called the “year of confusion” because the length of its year, due to timing, was 445 days (80 days were added to the year).


Question: Who invented the time calculus?

Timing

The Islamic calendar is a pure lunar calendar.


Question: Who invented the time calculus?

Timing

In it, the year is always 354 or 355 days, or 12 months.


Question: Who invented the time calculus?

Timing

Thus, the month always changes to the New Moon, but different months, for example Ramadan, do not always coincide with the same time of the year, but rotate around all seasons within about 33 years.


Question: Who invented the time calculus?

Timing

The Islamic period begins with the day the Prophet Muhammad fled from Mecca to Medina.


Question: Who invented the time calculus?

Timing

In the Julian calendar, the day was July 16, 622 share.


Question: Who invented the time calculus?

Timing

[4] In making the timetable for Easter in the early 5th century, Abbot Dionysius Exiguus began counting the years from his presumption of Christ's birth.


Question: Who invented the time calculus?

Timing

[5] Year 754 a.u.c.


Question: Who invented the time calculus?

Timing

(ab urbe condita, meaning the founding of the city (Rome)) became Year 1 of the New Age.


Question: Who invented the time calculus?

Timing

For months and days, on the other hand, the Julian calendar inherited from the Romans was still followed, so, for example, the days and month lengths of the Christian period were not changed, so for example January 1 600 divides.


Question: Who invented the time calculus?

Timing

corresponded, according to Roman time, 1 January 1353 a.u.c.


Question: Who invented the time calculus?

Timing

The Gregorian calendar in use today in Western countries was drafted in the 16th century by Pope Gregory XIII and is based on the Julian calendar introduced by Julius Caesar.


Question: Who invented the time calculus?

Timing

From the 5th century onwards, the period began from the estimated year of Jesus' birth.


Question: Who invented the time calculus?

Timing

Prior to that, the years might have been counted from the founding of the city of Rome (Ab urbe condita) or by consuls.


Question: Who invented the time calculus?

Timing

Pope Gregory revised the calendar in 1582.


Question: Who invented the time calculus?

Timing

Since the length of the year is actually slightly shorter than the 365 1/4 days required for the Julian period, the vernal equinox had time to move from 21 March to the 11th of the same month.


Question: Who invented the time calculus?

Timing

In order to remedy this and to bring the year's holidays into place, he decreed that the 15th came directly after October 4 of that year.


Question: Who invented the time calculus?

Timing

Furthermore, henceforth the leap day had to be excluded when the annual number is full hundreds but not divisible by 400.


Question: Who invented the time calculus?

Timing

[6] To date, it has been omitted in 1700, 1800 and 1900, but not in 1600 and 2000.


Question: Who invented the time calculus?

Timing

Reform was introduced in Catholic countries during the period prescribed by the Pope, but in the Protestant and Orthodox countries, the new period passed much later, for example in England 1752, Sweden and Finland 1753 [7] and Russia only 1918.


Question: Who invented the time calculus?

Timing

1792 France underwent a short-lived calendar reform after the revolution, so called. “Calendar of Reason”, a revolutionary calendar, that is, a republican calendar with a calendar based on 30-day months, to which five (six) extra days off were added at the end of the year.


Question: Who invented the time calculus?

Timing

In it, the period began since 1792.


Question: Who invented the time calculus?

Timing

There were 10 days in a week and a month thus had 3 weeks.


Question: Who invented the time calculus?

Timing

Napoleon restored the Gregorian calendar in 1806.


Question: Who invented the time calculus?

Timing

[8] Sources Duncan, David Ewing: “Calendar”, 1998 ISBN 951-0-23645-4 References On the topic elsewhere, This date in various calendars and counter, CalendarHome.com Transclusion error: {{en}} is only for use in File namespace.


Question: Who invented the time calculus?

Timing

Use {{lang-en}} or {{en icon}} instead.


Question: Who invented the time calculus?

Timing

* Category:Key articles of screening


Question: How many letters are in Greek lettering?

Greek Literal

The Greek alphabet (Greek alphabet,) is an alphabet that has been used to write the Greek language from the 7th century BCE.


Question: How many letters are in Greek lettering?

Greek Literal

Since, from Ancient Greek all the way up to Modern Greek.


Question: How many letters are in Greek lettering?

Greek Literal

However, the phonemes represented by its letters were partly different in Ancient Greek than they are today.


Question: How many letters are in Greek lettering?

Greek Literal

In its current form, the alphabet includes 24 letters, starting with the alpha and ending with the oomega.


Question: How many letters are in Greek lettering?

Greek Literal

[1] The Greek literal is developed on the basis of Phoenician lettering.


Question: How many letters are in Greek lettering?

Greek Literal

The Greek lettering was the first to include not only consonant characters but also vowel markers, and thus represented the first pronunciation.


Question: How many letters are in Greek lettering?

Greek Literal

It has served as a model for both Latin and Cyrillic letters.


Question: How many letters are in Greek lettering?

Greek Literal

Greek letters are also used as number signs in the system of Greek numerals.


Question: How many letters are in Greek lettering?

Greek Literal

[1] In formulas in mathematics and physics, Greek letters are used to denote a wide range of majors and variables.


Question: How many letters are in Greek lettering?

Greek Literal

In addition, Greek letters (or variations thereof) may appear in specialized markings from other disciplines (for example, as markers in the International Phonetic Literature and Finno-Ugric precision writing).


Question: How many letters are in Greek lettering?

Greek Literal

History thumbnail image|220px|The so-called Dipylon plotline inscribed on Oinokhoe dating to about 740 BCE.


Question: How many letters are in Greek lettering?

Greek Literal

is one of the oldest known texts using the Greek alphabet.


Question: How many letters are in Greek lettering?

Greek Literal

The Greeks developed their lettering based on Phoenician lettering in the geometric period in the 7th century BCE.


Question: How many letters are in Greek lettering?

Greek Literal

Phoenician was written as a Semitic language with mere consonants, of which there were 22.


Question: How many letters are in Greek lettering?

Greek Literal

Because Greek as a language was different, and this many consonants were not needed, some of the consonant characters were taken to match Greek vowels (e.g., alpha < alef).


Question: How many letters are in Greek lettering?

Greek Literal

Thus, the first actual alphabetic script with characters for both consonants and vowels was born.


Question: How many letters are in Greek lettering?

Greek Literal

The Greeks were the first in Europe to use alphabetic writing.


Question: How many letters are in Greek lettering?

Greek Literal

[1] [2] Some of the letters, such as fii, khii, psii, and oomega, were apparently the Greeks' own invention.


Question: How many letters are in Greek lettering?

Greek Literal

In Phoenician custom, Greek was originally written right to left or sometimes as what is known as bustrophedon, where every second line was written from right to left and every second from left to right.


Question: How many letters are in Greek lettering?

Greek Literal

Gradually, the current from left to right became established as the writing direction.


Question: How many letters are in Greek lettering?

Greek Literal

There was a great deal of regional variation in the lettering due to the numerous dialect differences in Greek, and initially it also included letters that have since been disused, such as digamma, koppa, and san.


Question: How many letters are in Greek lettering?

Greek Literal

[1] In 403/402 BC.


Question: How many letters are in Greek lettering?

Greek Literal

In Athens, Ionian lettering was formalized, on which the current Greek lettering is also based.


Question: How many letters are in Greek lettering?

Greek Literal

[1] The lettering became firmly established in its classical form in the 3rd century BCE.


Question: How many letters are in Greek lettering?

Greek Literal

Only the sound value of some letters has changed from antiquity to the present days.


Question: How many letters are in Greek lettering?

Greek Literal

The Greek lettering served as the basis for other alphabetic inscriptions in Europe, first the Latin letter and then the Cyrillic letter.


Question: How many letters are in Greek lettering?

Greek Literal

Letters Some letters in Ancient Greek have fallen out of use: Diacritic marks In connection with letters in the Greek letter, most often on top of vowels, several diacritic characters i.e. precise are used.


Question: How many letters are in Greek lettering?

Greek Literal

Modern Greek uses what is now known as a monotone orthography with two precision, acute accent and treema.


Question: How many letters are in Greek lettering?

Greek Literal

In the past, polytonic orthography was used, which included several types of accents, spirits, etc.


Question: How many letters are in Greek lettering?

Greek Literal

signs.


Question: How many letters are in Greek lettering?

Greek Literal

The Greek standard ELOT 743 is now recommended for Latinisation of Greek letters in Finnish texts.


Question: How many letters are in Greek lettering?

Greek Literal

It is specifically used for place names, for which it is also a UN recommendation, and personal names.


Question: How many letters are in Greek lettering?

Greek Literal

When complying with this recommendation, the Latinization of names differs from the transcription adapted to the Finnish sound and spelling system.


Question: How many letters are in Greek lettering?

Greek Literal

[4] [5] Previously Finnish texts have used the Finnish standard SFS 5807.


Question: How many letters are in Greek lettering?

Greek Literal

It is based on the German standard DIN 31 634 and partly differs from the international standard ISO 843.


Question: How many letters are in Greek lettering?

Greek Literal

SFS 5807 contains transliteration rules in addition to Modern Greek transcription rules especially for Ancient Greek, [6] and for Ancient Greek the instruction is still in use.


Question: How many letters are in Greek lettering?

Greek Literal

In the Unicode Unicode standard, the characters in the Greek letter are given by the codes U+0370—U+03FF (Greek and Coptic) [7] and U+1F00—U+1FFF (Extended Greek).


Question: How many letters are in Greek lettering?

Greek Literal

[8] Audio Sample Sources Literature Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Woodard, Roger D.| title = Greek Writing from Knossos to Homer: A Linguistic Interpretation of the Origin of the Greek Alphabet and the Continuity of Ancient Greek Literacy| publisher = Oxford University Press| year = 1997| id = ISBN 0195355660}} On topic elsewhere * Category:Key articles in screening


Question: What is the atomic number of nitrogen in a chemical system?

Aordinal (chemistry)

In chemistry and physics, an ordinal number (Z) is the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom.


Question: What is the atomic number of nitrogen in a chemical system?

Aordinal (chemistry)

For example, carbon has an atomic number of six (Z = 6) because there are six protons in the nucleus of a carbon atom.


Question: What is the atomic number of nitrogen in a chemical system?

Aordinal (chemistry)

In the periodic system, the elements are arranged according to the increasing ordinal number.


Question: What is the atomic number of nitrogen in a chemical system?

Aordinal (chemistry)

History In the periodic system of Dmitry Mendeleev, there was a problem with the order of the elements.


Question: What is the atomic number of nitrogen in a chemical system?

Aordinal (chemistry)

When the elements were arranged into groups based on chemical behavior, they were not perfectly in order of magnitude by atomic mass.


Question: What is the atomic number of nitrogen in a chemical system?

Aordinal (chemistry)

For example, tellurium was in the periodic system before lighter iodine.


Question: What is the atomic number of nitrogen in a chemical system?

Aordinal (chemistry)

[1] The problem was solved by Henry Gwyn Jeffreys Moseley in 1913.


Question: What is the atomic number of nitrogen in a chemical system?

Aordinal (chemistry)

Using X-ray spectra of different elements, Moseley concluded that an atom has a fundamental magnitude that steadily increases as the transition from one element of the periodic system to the next.


Question: What is the atomic number of nitrogen in a chemical system?

Aordinal (chemistry)

This magnitude is an ordinal indicating the place of the element in the periodic system.


Question: What is the atomic number of nitrogen in a chemical system?

Aordinal (chemistry)

The ordinal number is equal to the positive charge of the atomic nucleus.


Question: What is the atomic number of nitrogen in a chemical system?

Atomic (chemistry)

[2] Moseley's experiments showed that chemical properties of an element are determined by ordinal rather than atomic mass.


Question: What is the atomic number of nitrogen in a chemical system?

Atomic (chemistry)

Thus, it could be accepted that tellurium is in the periodic system before iodine.


Question: What is the atomic number of nitrogen in a chemical system?

Atomic (chemistry)

See also mass number Sources Category:Chemical properties Category:Key articles on screening


Question: What does pneumonia do to the lungs?

Pneumonia

Pneumonia, or pneumonia, is an inflammation of the lung tissue caused by an infection.


Question: What does pneumonia do to the lungs?

Pneumonia

Pneumonia is usually caused by a bacterium or virus and, more rarely, by a fungus or parasite.


Question: What does pneumonia do to the lungs?

Pneumonia

The most common causative agent is the pneumococcal bacterium.


Question: What does pneumonia do to the lungs?

Pneumonia

Typical symptoms are rapidly rising fever, cough, shortness of breath and chest pain, but many times, especially in pneumonia caused by viruses and atypical bacteria, the picture of the disease is milder.


Question: What does pneumonia do to the lungs?

Pneumonia

In the diagnosis of the disease, X-ray of the lungs and laboratory tests are used as an auxiliary.


Question: What does pneumonia do to the lungs?

Pneumonia

With pneumonia, inflammation of the bronchi or pleura is not specifically intended, although they may co-occur with pneumonia.


Question: What does pneumonia do to the lungs?

Pneumonia

Treatment of pneumonia depends on the causative agent.


Question: What does pneumonia do to the lungs?

Pneumonia

Bacterial pneumonia is recommended to be treated with antibiotics.


Question: What does pneumonia do to the lungs?

Pneumonia

Sometimes pneumonia causes complications such as pleural fluid accumulation, empyema, or purulent fluid accumulation in the pleura, or pulmonary abscess, that is, purulent accumulation formed in the lung tissue.


Question: What does pneumonia do to the lungs?

Pneumonia

Viral pneumonia also increases the risk of developing a bacterial infection, and pneumonia is a known side disease of influenza.


Question: What does pneumonia do to the lungs?

Pneumonia

Pneumonia is a dangerous disease, especially in the elderly and in poor health, where it is a common direct cause of death.


Question: What does pneumonia do to the lungs?

Pneumonia

[1] Symptoms Typical symptoms of pneumonia include fever, cough, shortness of breath and chest pain.


Question: What does pneumonia do to the lungs?

Pneumonia

Fever is usually high (above 38.5°C) in bacterial pneumonia and may be associated with horny nose.


Question: What does pneumonia do to the lungs?

Pneumonia

With coughing, sputum may rise.


Question: What does pneumonia do to the lungs?

Pneumonia

Shortness of breath may be accompanied by increased breathing (more than 18 times per minute).


Question: What does pneumonia do to the lungs?

Pneumonia

Chest or flank pain is usually of a stabbing type and may worsen when coughing or intense inhalation.


Question: What does pneumonia do to the lungs?

Pneumonia

Other symptoms of pneumonia include fatigue, loss of appetite, muscle aches, bloody sputum, headache, abdominal pain and nausea.


Question: What does pneumonia do to the lungs?

Pneumonia

[2] Atypical symptomatology, in which many typical symptoms are absent, is even more common than classic pneumonia that begins with sudden and drastic symptoms.


Question: What does pneumonia do to the lungs?

Pneumonia

Pneumonia caused by viruses and atypical bacteria is often mild symptomatic.


Question: What does pneumonia do to the lungs?

Pneumonia

They may appear with flu-like symptoms, a slow-onset mild fever and a dry cough.


Question: What does pneumonia do to the lungs?

Pneumonia

[3] Sudden worsening of general condition and worsening of underlying disease may also be a sign of onset pneumonia.


Question: What does pneumonia do to the lungs?

Pneumonia

For example, in the elderly, the most visible symptoms of pneumonia may be confusion and abdominal symptoms.


Question: What does pneumonia do to the lungs?

Pneumonia

Symptoms in children most often include fever, cough, runny nose and difficulty breathing, but a tenth of children do not experience any symptoms indicative of respiratory infection.


Question: What does pneumonia do to the lungs?

Pneumonia

[4] Despite the name, fever may be absent in a significant proportion of individuals with pneumonia.


Question: What does pneumonia do to the lungs?

Pneumonia

Diagnostics Pneumonia is diagnosed on the basis of the patient's symptoms and clinical examination.


Question: What does pneumonia do to the lungs?

Pneumonia

As a rule, X-ray and laboratory studies are also required.


Question: What does pneumonia do to the lungs?

Pneumonia

In Finland, mild pneumonia is examined and treated in a health center.


Question: What does pneumonia do to the lungs?

Pneumonia

Clinical examination The basis for the diagnosis of pneumonia is a clinical examination by a doctor.


Question: What does pneumonia do to the lungs?

Pneumonia

Frequent findings include fever, elevated breathing frequency and rapid heart beat.


Question: What does pneumonia do to the lungs?

Pneumonia

Oxygen saturation in the blood may be reduced, and as a result, the skin and mucous membranes may become cyanotic, that is, bluish.


Question: What does pneumonia do to the lungs?

Pneumonia

Occasionally, the patient's level of consciousness may decrease.


Question: What does pneumonia do to the lungs?

Pneumonia

When assessing the patient's condition, age and possible underlying conditions such as asthma, COPD and heart disease should be taken into account.


Question: What does pneumonia do to the lungs?

Pneumonia

[2] The study always involves auscultation of the lungs and heart with a stethoscope.


Question: What does pneumonia do to the lungs?

Pneumonia

Typical listening findings in pneumonia include rumblings, crackles, and attenuation or absence of normal breathing sounds.


Question: What does pneumonia do to the lungs?

Pneumonia

However, the listening finding may be normal in up to a third of pneumonia patients.


Question: What does pneumonia do to the lungs?

Pneumonia

[4] Percussion of the chest, or knocking, may reveal compaction in the lungs caused by inflammation.


Question: What does pneumonia do to the lungs?

Pneumonia

Imaging and laboratory studies In case of suspicion of pneumonia, the first imaging examination is an X-ray of the lungs.


Question: What does pneumonia do to the lungs?

Pneumonia

The disease can manifest itself in a lung picture in many different ways.


Question: What does pneumonia do to the lungs?

Pneumonia

On an X-ray, air-filled lungs appear black and denser areas such as bone and fluid are paler.


Question: What does pneumonia do to the lungs?

Pneumonia

Typically, in a person with pneumonia, a shade is observed in the lung image, which is the more dense the alveoli are filled with inflammatory fluid.


Question: What does pneumonia do to the lungs?

Pneumonia

[5] The imaging finding can often be used to infer the type of pneumonia.


Question: What does pneumonia do to the lungs?

Pneumonia

In block pneumonia, flat compaction is usually seen in the area of one or more lobes, while in atypical pneumonia, diffuse shading of both lungs is observed.


Question: What does pneumonia do to the lungs?

Pneumonia

The pulmonary image may also show pleural fluid and atelectases, that is, parts of the lung that are pressed into a pile.


Question: What does pneumonia do to the lungs?

Pneumonia

However, the lung image may look normal if the illness has lasted less than two days.


Question: What does pneumonia do to the lungs?

Pneumonia

Occasionally, computed tomography of the lungs may reveal pneumonia, which is not visible on the X-ray.


Question: What does pneumonia do to the lungs?

Pneumonia

[5] Laboratory tests for suspected pneumonia usually include blood counts, inflammatory values such as CRP, and electrolytes.


Question: What does pneumonia do to the lungs?

Pneumonia

In bacterial pneumonia, CRP is elevated generally significantly higher than in viral pneumonia.


Question: What does pneumonia do to the lungs?

Pneumonia

If necessary, a blood culture is taken, which will often help to find out the causative agent of pneumonia, if the same bacterium also grows in the blood.


Question: What does pneumonia do to the lungs?

Pneumonia

A bacterial culture can be taken from purulent sputum or bronchial asthma.


Question: What does pneumonia do to the lungs?

Pneumonia

If a disease caused by pneumococcus is suspected, urine is examined for pneumococcal antigen.


Question: What does pneumonia do to the lungs?

Pneumonia

[2] There are a lot of studies that are done to further clarify a patient's illness.


Question: What does pneumonia do to the lungs?

Pneumonia

During the flu season, an influenza antigen study of nasopharyngeal mucus can be carried out.


Question: What does pneumonia do to the lungs?

Pneumonia

It is possible to study the blood for antibodies to mycoplasma and pulmonary chlamydia, and in the urine for legionella antigen.


Question: What does pneumonia do to the lungs?

Pneumonia

TB samples can be taken from sputum if necessary.


Question: What does pneumonia do to the lungs?

Pneumonia

Pathophysiology Symptoms of pneumonia are caused by microbes taking over lung tissue and the response of the body's immune defense to infection.


Question: What does pneumonia do to the lungs?

Pneumonia

Although more than a hundred pneumonia causative organisms have been found, only a few of them account for the majority of cases of the disease.


Question: What does pneumonia do to the lungs?

Pneumonia

Bacteria Bacteria usually reach the lungs by droplets inhaled from the air, but they can also travel to the lungs along with the blood flow from the rest of the foci of infection in the body.


Question: What does pneumonia do to the lungs?

Pneumonia

After reaching the alveoli, or alveoli, bacteria begin to multiply and quickly take over lung tissue.


Question: What does pneumonia do to the lungs?

Pneumonia

The infection triggers the body's immune defences, causing bactericidal white blood cells, neutrophils, to begin to build up in the lungs.


Question: What does pneumonia do to the lungs?

Pneumonia

In addition to destroying microbes, neutrophils release inflammatory mediators, cytokines, which lead to general activation of the immune system.


Question: What does pneumonia do to the lungs?

Pneumonia

This causes symptoms typical of bacterial pneumonia, such as fever and fatigue.


Question: What does pneumonia do to the lungs?

Pneumonia

Bacteria, inflammatory cells and fluid seeping from blood vessels fill the alveoli and cause disruption of gas exchange in the lung.


Question: What does pneumonia do to the lungs?

Pneumonia

The most common bacterium that causes pneumonia in all age groups except newborns is Streptococcus pneumoniae, also called pneumococcus.


Question: What does pneumonia do to the lungs?

Pneumonia

In addition to pneumococcus, another important Gram-positive causative bacterium is Staphylococcus aureus.


Question: What does pneumonia do to the lungs?

Pneumonia

Gram-positive bacteria are often, even in healthy people, part of the normal flora of the mouth and nasopharynx.


Question: What does pneumonia do to the lungs?

Pneumonia

In addition to Gram-positive bacteria, Gram-negative bacteria also sometimes cause pneumonia.


Question: What does pneumonia do to the lungs?

Pneumonia

Notable bacteria belonging to this group include Haemophilus influenzae, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Moraxella catarrhalis.


Question: What does pneumonia do to the lungs?

Pneumonia

Gram-negative bacteria often live in the gut and may enter the lungs, for example, with breath drawn vomit.


Question: What does pneumonia do to the lungs?

Pneumonia

[2] Gram-positivity and -negativity refers to classifying bacteria by gram staining into two categories according to the structure of their cell wall.


Question: What does pneumonia do to the lungs?

Pneumonia

Atypical pneumonia can be caused by Chlamydia pneumoniae, Mycoplasma pneumoniae and Legionella pneumophila.


Question: What does pneumonia do to the lungs?

Pneumonia

Pneumonia is appointed atypical because its symptoms differ from the “typical”, that is, pneumococcal pneumonia, and its treatment is different.


Question: What does pneumonia do to the lungs?

Pneumonia

[2] Viruses Viruses usually enter the lungs by droplet infection along with inhalation.


Question: What does pneumonia do to the lungs?

Pneumonia

In the lungs, viruses penetrate into the cells of the walls of the alveoli, where they get to divide.


Question: What does pneumonia do to the lungs?

Pneumonia

A cell infected by the virus often dies either killed by the virus or by apoptosis, or programmed cell death.


Question: What does pneumonia do to the lungs?

Pneumonia

Once immune defenses are activated, white blood cells migrate into the lungs and release inflammatory neurotransmitters that cause fluid to seep into the alveoli.


Question: What does pneumonia do to the lungs?

Pneumonia

Cell destruction and fluid-filled alveoli make gas exchange through the lungs difficult.


Question: What does pneumonia do to the lungs?

Pneumonia

Many viruses, along with the lungs, damage other organs.


Question: What does pneumonia do to the lungs?

Pneumonia

Viral infection predisposes the body to other infections.


Question: What does pneumonia do to the lungs?

Pneumonia

Viruses that cause respiratory infections increase the risk of developing bacterial pneumonia, a common post-disease in cases such as flu.


Question: What does pneumonia do to the lungs?

Pneumonia

During influenza pandemics, there have been many cases of both severe viral pneumonia and post-disease bacterial pneumonia, which also account for a large proportion of mortality.


Question: What does pneumonia do to the lungs?

Pneumonia

[6] Pneumonia is usually caused by influenza virus, parainfluenza virus, RS virus, adenovirus and metapneumovirus.


Question: What does pneumonia do to the lungs?

Pneumonia

In newborns, viral pneumonia may be caused by the herpes simplex virus.


Question: What does pneumonia do to the lungs?

Pneumonia

Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is generally harmless to a healthy body, but can cause pneumonia in immunocompromised individuals.


Question: What does pneumonia do to the lungs?

Pneumonia

[2] Fungi Pneumonia can be caused by endemic or opportunistic species of fungi.


Question: What does pneumonia do to the lungs?

Pneumonia

Endemic fungal infections are diseases manifested in both healthy and immunocompromised individuals that occur in a specific geographic area.


Question: What does pneumonia do to the lungs?

Pneumonia

Typical endemic fungi that cause pneumonia include Histoplasma capsulatum, Blastomyces dermatitidis and Coccidioides immitis found in the United States and Mexico, Paracoccidioides brasiliensis found in Intermediate and South America, and Histoplasma capsulatum duboisii found from Africa.


Question: What does pneumonia do to the lungs?

Pneumonia

[7] Opportunistic fungal infections are, in turn, rare in healthy people.


Question: What does pneumonia do to the lungs?

Pneumonia

However, they may occur in people whose immune systems are poorly functioning, for example, due to HIV infection or immunosuppressive medication.


Question: What does pneumonia do to the lungs?

Pneumonia

Opportunistic infection can be caused by Candida fungi, Aspergillus fungi, Mucor fungi, Pneumocystis jirovecii (previous name Pneumocystis carinii) and Cryptococcus neoformans, among others.


Question: What does pneumonia do to the lungs?

Pneumonia

[7] Parasites Parasites cause pneumonia only rarely and even then usually in immunocompromised individuals.


Question: What does pneumonia do to the lungs?

Pneumonia

Parasitic infections are most common in tropical and subtropical regions.


Question: What does pneumonia do to the lungs?

Pneumonia

Parasites enter the body most often through the skin or digestive tract.


Question: What does pneumonia do to the lungs?

Pneumonia

In the body, they enter the lungs by penetrating through tissues or along with the bloodstream and cause an inflammatory reaction of lung tissue.


Question: What does pneumonia do to the lungs?

Pneumonia

Some parasites live in the lungs as part of their normal cycle of life.


Question: What does pneumonia do to the lungs?

Pneumonia

Of the cells of the immune system, eosinophils in particular respond to parasitic infection, and eosinophils accumulating in the lungs may cause eosinophilic pneumonia.


Question: What does pneumonia do to the lungs?

Pneumonia

Common parasites that cause lung infections include the genera Strongyloides, Ascaris, Toxocara, and Ancylostoma.


Question: What does pneumonia do to the lungs?

Pneumonia

[8] Classification Clinical-pathological classifications The anatomic-pathological classification is based on the histology and macroscopic appearance of the lung.


Question: What does pneumonia do to the lungs?

Pneumonia

Block pneumonia is usually confined to one lobe of the lung, and its most common causative agent is the pneumococcal bacterium.


Question: What does pneumonia do to the lungs?

Pneumonia

Multilobar pneumonia extends to more pulmonary lobes.


Question: What does pneumonia do to the lungs?

Pneumonia

In colony pneumonia, that is, bronchopneumonia, especially the airways are inflamed.


Question: What does pneumonia do to the lungs?

Pneumonia

In interstitial pneumonia, the disease targets the spaces between the alveoli and can be caused by a virus or atypical bacterium, or may be a lung reaction associated with drugs or connective tissue diseases, for example.


Question: What does pneumonia do to the lungs?

Pneumonia

Radiological classification is based on changes seen in lung imaging studies, most commonly an X-ray.


Question: What does pneumonia do to the lungs?

Pneumonia

A simple breakdown can be made between typical block pneumonia and atypical pneumonia; in the former a dense shading of one of the pulmonary lobe is seen and in the latter diffuse patterning over a wider area of the lungs.


Question: What does pneumonia do to the lungs?

Pneumonia

[9] With the development of modern microbiology, it became possible to classify pneumonia according to their causative agent.


Question: What does pneumonia do to the lungs?

Pneumonia

Determining the pathogen in pneumonia is an important step in deciding the type and length of treatment.


Question: What does pneumonia do to the lungs?

Pneumonia

According to the clinical picture of pneumonia, the disease can be divided into acute (less than three weeks) and chronic pneumonia.


Question: What does pneumonia do to the lungs?

Pneumonia

Chronic disease is often non-infectious in type or is caused by less common pathogens such as mycobacteria or fungi.


Question: What does pneumonia do to the lungs?

Pneumonia

Acute disease manifestations can be divided into classical or typical pneumonia (caused, for example, by pneumococcus), atypical, that is, atypical pneumonia (caused by, for example, Chlamydia pneumoniae or Mycoplasma pneumoniae) and aspiration pneumonia.


Question: What does pneumonia do to the lungs?

Pneumonia

Outpatient pneumonia Outpatient pneumonia () is pneumonia in which an infection has been obtained from a non-hospital setting.


Question: What does pneumonia do to the lungs?

Pneumonia

This is the most common type of pneumonia, with an incidence of about 170/10,000 per year.


Question: What does pneumonia do to the lungs?

Pneumonia

[9] The disease is most often caused by the bacterium Streptococcus pneumoniae; other common causative bacteria include Haemophilus influenzae, Moraxella catarrhalis, Chlamydia pneumoniae and Mycoplasma pneumoniae.


Question: What does pneumonia do to the lungs?

Pneumonia

Viruses such as influenza virus, RS virus, adenovirus and parainfluenza virus can also cause outpatient pneumonia.


Question: What does pneumonia do to the lungs?

Pneumonia

Rare causative agents include zoonotic Coxiella burnetii (Q fever), Chlamydia psittaci (psittacosis), and Francisella tularensis (tularemia).


Question: What does pneumonia do to the lungs?

Pneumonia

The mortality rate from outpatient pneumonia is 14 per cent for patients requiring hospitalization, but less than one per cent among patients who do not require hospital treatment.


Question: What does pneumonia do to the lungs?

Pneumonia

[2] Hospital pneumonia Hospital pneumonia () is pneumonia in which an infection has been obtained from a hospital environment.


Question: What does pneumonia do to the lungs?

Pneumonia

The causes, microbiology, treatment and prognosis of hospital pneumonia are different than in outpatient pneumonia.


Question: What does pneumonia do to the lungs?

Pneumonia

Pneumonia is the second most common nosocomial infection after urinary tract infections.


Question: What does pneumonia do to the lungs?

Pneumonia

Hospital patients may have many risk factors predisposing to pneumonia, including advanced age, severe underlying conditions, immunodeficiencies, intubation and ventilator therapy.


Question: What does pneumonia do to the lungs?

Pneumonia

The mortality rate associated with hospital pneumonia is between 7 and 33 per cent, according to various studies.


Question: What does pneumonia do to the lungs?

Pneumonia

However, intensive care patients have significantly higher mortality rates.


Question: What does pneumonia do to the lungs?

Pneumonia

[10] Common causative bacterial species of hospital pneumonia include Haemophilus influenzae, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Enterobacter, Staphylococcus aureus, MRSA, and Streptococcus pneumoniae.


Question: What does pneumonia do to the lungs?

Pneumonia

Mixed infections of two or more bacteria are also quite common.


Question: What does pneumonia do to the lungs?

Pneumonia

[10] Interstitial pneumonias Interstitial pneumonias are called a diverse group of lung diseases in which the inflammatory reaction is directed at the intermediate space of the alveoli.


Question: What does pneumonia do to the lungs?

Pneumonia

Several theories have been put forward about the cause of the diseases, but their causative agent is still largely unclear.


Question: What does pneumonia do to the lungs?

Pneumonia

According to one general theory, damage to lung tissue would lead to a chronic interstitial inflammatory response, activation of fibroblasts, and eventually the development of pulmonary fibrosis and tissue destruction.


Question: What does pneumonia do to the lungs?

Pneumonia

On the other hand, idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis would appear to be a predominantly non-inflammatory disorder leading to fibroblast activation and division, the triggering factor of which is unknown.


Question: What does pneumonia do to the lungs?

Pneumonia

[11] Interstitial pneumonias are usually treated with corticosteroids.


Question: What does pneumonia do to the lungs?

Pneumonia

However, in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, corticosteroids are not useful because there is no inflammatory component to the disease.


Question: What does pneumonia do to the lungs?

Pneumonia

In some cases, a lung transplant may be considered.


Question: What does pneumonia do to the lungs?

Pneumonia

[12] Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosisIdiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF, formerly fibrotizing alveolitis) is the most common type of interstitial pneumonia.


Question: What does pneumonia do to the lungs?

Pneumonia

Its causative agent is unknown.


Question: What does pneumonia do to the lungs?

Pneumonia

IPF leads in a few years to the development of severe fibrosis, that is, connective tissue formation, and the prognosis of the disease is poor.


Question: What does pneumonia do to the lungs?

Pneumonia

The incidence of the disease is about 7-10 per 100,000.


Question: What does pneumonia do to the lungs?

Pneumonia

[12] Lymphocytic interstitial pneumonialymphocytic interstitial pneumonia (LIP) is often associated with connective tissue diseases such as Sjogren's syndrome and other autoimmune diseases.


Question: What does pneumonia do to the lungs?

Pneumonia

In LIP, a lymphocyte-intensive inflammatory reaction occurs in lung tissue.


Question: What does pneumonia do to the lungs?

Pneumonia

[13] Respiratory bronchiolitis and interstitial lung diseaseRespiratory bronchiolitis and interstitial lung disease (RB-ILD) is a lung disease found in smokers.


Question: What does pneumonia do to the lungs?

Pneumonia

It is likely caused by an inflammatory reaction of alveolar macrophages to cigarette smoke.


Question: What does pneumonia do to the lungs?

Pneumonia

[12] Cryptogenic Organizing Pneumoniacryptogenic Organizing Pneumonia (COP) was formerly known as obliterating bronchiolitis and organizing pneumonia (, BOOP).


Question: What does pneumonia do to the lungs?

Pneumonia

It is clinically a pneumonia-like lung reaction that can be linked to infections, drugs and connective tissue diseases such as rheumatism or SLE.


Question: What does pneumonia do to the lungs?

Pneumonia

In a large number of cases, the cause is not found out.


Question: What does pneumonia do to the lungs?

Pneumonia

[13] Acute interstitial pneumonsAcute interstitial pneumonia (AIP) is a rapidly progressive alveolar injury similar to sudden respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS).


Question: What does pneumonia do to the lungs?

Pneumonia

Despite treatment, mortality from the disease within six months is between 60 and 100 per cent.


Question: What does pneumonia do to the lungs?

Pneumonia

[12] Other types of pneumonia SARSerious severe pulmonary tract syndrome (SARS,) is an atypical form of pneumonia caused by the previously unknown SARS coronavirus that was first detected in East Asia at the end of 2002.


Question: What does pneumonia do to the lungs?

Pneumonia

The only outbreak to date occurred from November 2002 to July 2003, when the death rate from SARS was 9.6%.


Question: What does pneumonia do to the lungs?

Pneumonia

[14] Eosinophilic pneumoniaEosinophilic pneumonia is a rare group of pulmonary diseases that are associated with eosinophilic infiltrates accumulating in the lungs.


Question: What does pneumonia do to the lungs?

Pneumonia

Primary eosinophilic pneumonia develops without a preceding cause and can be acute or chronic in type.


Question: What does pneumonia do to the lungs?

Pneumonia

Secondary disease manifests itself as a reaction, for example, to drugs or a parasitic infection.


Question: What does pneumonia do to the lungs?

Pneumonia

[15] AspirationPneumoniaPneumonia is caused by material aspirated in the lungs, that is, inhaled.


Question: What does pneumonia do to the lungs?

Pneumonia

Aspiration pneumonia usually involves two components: chemical pneumonia, caused by gastric acid drawn into the breath, and bacterial pneumonia, which is caused by bacteria inhaled into the lungs.


Question: What does pneumonia do to the lungs?

Pneumonia

Withdrawal may occur, for example, with eating, vomiting or general anaesthesia, or in individuals who, because of their illnesses, are unable to protect their airways in a normal way.


Question: What does pneumonia do to the lungs?

Pneumonia

[2] Chemical pneumoniaChemical pneumonia () is an inflammatory reaction of the lungs caused by the ingress of an irritant chemical substance into the lungs.


Question: What does pneumonia do to the lungs?

Pneumonia

Typical disease-causing harmful substances include chlorine gas, solvents, insecticides, and gastric acids entering the lungs through breath.


Question: What does pneumonia do to the lungs?

Pneumonia

If the irritant is oil, the lung reaction can be called lipoid pneumonia.


Question: What does pneumonia do to the lungs?

Pneumonia

Radiation therapy in the lungs can cause radiation pneumonitis, which causes coughing and shortness of breath, sometimes including fever.


Question: What does pneumonia do to the lungs?

Pneumonia

Cortisone has been used as a treatment.


Question: What does pneumonia do to the lungs?

Pneumonia

[16] Complications Respiratory and circulatory disorders A patient with severe pneumonia may experience respiratory failure if pulmonary gas exchange is excessively disturbed.


Question: What does pneumonia do to the lungs?

Pneumonia

Increased respiratory work also gradually fatigues the respiratory muscles.


Question: What does pneumonia do to the lungs?

Pneumonia

Non-invasive ventilation, such as CPAP and BIPAP, can be used as an aid, which facilitate breathing by generating constant overpressure in the airways.


Question: What does pneumonia do to the lungs?

Pneumonia

Occasionally, ventilator therapy may be necessary at the worst stage of pneumonia.


Question: What does pneumonia do to the lungs?

Pneumonia

Pneumonia can trigger sudden respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), in which a severe inflammatory response in the lungs causes the alveoli to fill with fluid and gradually scarring the lungs.


Question: What does pneumonia do to the lungs?

Pneumonia

ARDS leads to respiratory failure, which usually requires ventilator treatment.


Question: What does pneumonia do to the lungs?

Pneumonia

[17] Sepsis, i.e. septicaemia and septic shock, are possible complications of pneumonia.


Question: What does pneumonia do to the lungs?

Pneumonia

Sepsis is a dangerous general infection caused by the ingress of bacteria into the bloodstream and a strong reaction of the body.


Question: What does pneumonia do to the lungs?

Pneumonia

The most common causative bacterium of post-pneumonia sepsis is Streptococcus pneumoniae.


Question: What does pneumonia do to the lungs?

Pneumonia

Sepsis is treated in hospital with antibiotics, but despite treatment it may cause organ damage and, in the worst case, lead to death.


Question: What does pneumonia do to the lungs?

Pneumonia

Pleural fluid deposition, empyema and abscess Pneumonia may cause fluid to accumulate in the pleura surrounding the lung.


Question: What does pneumonia do to the lungs?

Pneumonia

Pleural fluid can be taken with the help of pleural puncture for examination.


Question: What does pneumonia do to the lungs?

Pneumonia

Therapeutic pleural puncture, in which a larger amount of fluid is removed, is indicated if abundant fluid accumulation causes, for example, shortness of breath.


Question: What does pneumonia do to the lungs?

Pneumonia

Pleural fluid accumulation usually disappears on its own once pneumonia is treated.


Question: What does pneumonia do to the lungs?

Pneumonia

If the pleural fluid is infected, that is, microbes grow on it, the fluid accumulation is called empyema, that is, purulent pleural accumulation.


Question: What does pneumonia do to the lungs?

Pneumonia

Empyema is a progressive infection in which the pleural fluid gradually compartmentalizes and becomes thicker and more wet.


Question: What does pneumonia do to the lungs?

Pneumonia

If left untreated, a hard, scarred cover caused by a fibrin formation may develop within a few weeks.


Question: What does pneumonia do to the lungs?

Pneumonia

Empyema usually requires surgical cleansing, in addition to antibiotic treatment, which can be done through pleuradrene, a pleural drain tube, thoracoscopy, or thoracotomy, or thoracotomy, or chest opening.


Question: What does pneumonia do to the lungs?

Pneumonia

[18] Pneumonia may rarely be a complication of pulmonary abscess, i.e. purulent accumulation in the lung tissue.


Question: What does pneumonia do to the lungs?

Pneumonia

A pulmonary abscess is usually a necrotizing mixed infection caused by breath-drawn bacteria.


Question: What does pneumonia do to the lungs?

Pneumonia

The causative bacteria most often include anaerobic bacteria such as Bacteroides, Fusobacterium, and Peptostreptococcus, but aerobic bacteria, fungi and parasites may also form abscesses in the lungs.


Question: What does pneumonia do to the lungs?

Pneumonia

The abscess is treated with antibiotics, but it may sometimes require surgical opening and cleaning.


Question: What does pneumonia do to the lungs?

Pneumonia

If the abscess bursts into the airways, it may infect the entire lung and, in the worst case, lead to sudden respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS).


Question: What does pneumonia do to the lungs?

Pneumonia

[19] Treatment For pneumonia, antibiotics are recommended, although they are only effective against bacterial diseases.


Question: What does pneumonia do to the lungs?

Pneumonia

Antibiotics are also used to suspect pneumonia as the cause of viral infection, since mixed infections are common and bacterial pneumonia may occur as a consequence of viral infection.


Question: What does pneumonia do to the lungs?

Pneumonia

In addition, it is usually not possible, for example, from a lung X-ray to say whether the disease is caused by a bacterium or another microbe.


Question: What does pneumonia do to the lungs?

Pneumonia

Treatment should be started as quickly as possible.


Question: What does pneumonia do to the lungs?

Pneumonia

Patients who are fit can be treated with oral medications at home, but unfit patients are recommended to be treated in hospital.


Question: What does pneumonia do to the lungs?

Pneumonia

An antibiotic for outpatient pneumonia can be selected from a variety of options.


Question: What does pneumonia do to the lungs?

Pneumonia

The premise is that treatment should be effective against the pneumococcal bacterium, which usually causes the greatest mortality.


Question: What does pneumonia do to the lungs?

Pneumonia

Pneumococcal agents include penicillin, amoxicillin, cephalosporins and fluoroquinolones.


Question: What does pneumonia do to the lungs?

Pneumonia

Often, a macrolide antibiotic is added to treatment, which is effective against atypical bacteria that may be involved in infection.


Question: What does pneumonia do to the lungs?

Pneumonia

Macrolide antibiotics used include azithromycin, roxithromycin, and the novel telithromycin.


Question: What does pneumonia do to the lungs?

Pneumonia

In recent years, Finland and the world have seen an increasing number of macrolide-resistant pneumococcal strains, so macrolide alone in treating pneumonia may be inadequate.


Question: What does pneumonia do to the lungs?

Pneumonia

The duration of antibiotic therapy is usually from 7 to 14 days.


Question: What does pneumonia do to the lungs?

Pneumonia

[3] In hospital pneumonia, antibiotic therapy is recommended to be selected to be effective against the most common causative bacteria.


Question: What does pneumonia do to the lungs?

Pneumonia

Treatment may include, for example, cephalosporins, fluoroquinolones, aminoglycosides or carbapenems.


Question: What does pneumonia do to the lungs?

Pneumonia

Experimental antimicrobial therapy is initiated with a broad-spectrum combination of antibiotics whose efficacy covers the most likely pathogens.


Question: What does pneumonia do to the lungs?

Pneumonia

If the bacterium that caused pneumonia is found out, switch to a narrow-spectrum antibiotic that works on that particular bacterium.


Question: What does pneumonia do to the lungs?

Pneumonia

[20] Symptomatic and other treatment of the patient is also important.


Question: What does pneumonia do to the lungs?

Pneumonia

To lower fever, anti-inflammatory drugs or paracetamol can be used.


Question: What does pneumonia do to the lungs?

Pneumonia

If the patient is dehydrated, the fluid balance is corrected by intravenous or oral rehydration.


Question: What does pneumonia do to the lungs?

Pneumonia

Efforts are made to increase low oxygen levels in the blood due to gas exchange disorder by providing supplemental oxygen.


Question: What does pneumonia do to the lungs?

Pneumonia

[3] Cure of pneumonia should be ensured after about a month of lung imagery.


Question: What does pneumonia do to the lungs?

Pneumonia

It usually takes three to six weeks for changes to appear on X-rays associated with pneumonia.


Question: What does pneumonia do to the lungs?

Pneumonia

If the changes do not go away or if pneumonia repeatedly returns, further examinations in the hospital should be carried out to exclude tuberculosis, lung cancer and immunological diseases, among others.


Question: What does pneumonia do to the lungs?

Pneumonia

In fit patients with mild pneumonia, a control pneumonia may not be required.


Question: What does pneumonia do to the lungs?

Pneumonia

[3] Prognosis and mortality Pneumonia is the most common cause of death due to infections in Finland, and in 2004 it was the fifth most common cause of death among all causes.


Question: What does pneumonia do to the lungs?

Pneumonia

[21] In the elderly, pneumonia is a very common immediate cause of death.


Question: What does pneumonia do to the lungs?

Pneumonia

[1] According to WHO statistics, in 2002 the mortality rate from pneumonia in Finland was 55/100,000 among people aged 65 to 74 and 595 per 100,000 for people over 75 years of age.


Question: What does pneumonia do to the lungs?

Pneumonia

[22] The mortality rate for sufferers among adults under 60 is 0.6%, and the corresponding figure for those over 60 is 2%.


Question: What does pneumonia do to the lungs?

Pneumonia

If pneumonia requires intensive care, there is a mortality rate of 20 to 50 percent.