Question: Which science fiction film did David Bowie play the lead in?

Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2

2 is a 2017 superhero film based on the superhero group Guardians of the Galaxy created by Marvel Comics.


Question: Which science fiction film did David Bowie play the lead in?

Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2

It is the sequel to the 2014 film Guardians of the Galaxy as well as the fifteenth film at the Marvel Cinematic Universe.


Question: Which science fiction film did David Bowie play the lead in?

Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2

The film was directed and scripted by James Gunn and starring Chris Pratt, Zoë Saldaña, Dave Bautista, Vin Diesel, Bradley Cooper, Michael Rooker, Karen Gillan, Pom Klementieff, Elizabeth Debicki, Chris Sullivan, Sean Gunn, Sylvester Stallone, and Kurt Russell.


Question: Which science fiction film did David Bowie play the lead in?

Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2

In the film, Guardians of the Galaxy discover the truth about the Star Lord's father.


Question: Which science fiction film did David Bowie play the lead in?

Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2

Guardians of the Galaxy Vol.


Question: Which science fiction film did David Bowie play the lead in?

Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2

2 was announced at San Diego Comic-Con International in 2014 ahead of the premiere of the first film, with Gunn while confirming his return as director.


Question: Which science fiction film did David Bowie play the lead in?

Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2

The film's official title was not revealed until June 2015.


Question: Which science fiction film did David Bowie play the lead in?

Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2

Filming began in February 2016 at Pinewood Atlanta Studios and ended in June 2016.


Question: Which science fiction film did David Bowie play the lead in?

Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2

Gunn said the sequel would be set shortly after the first film, to explore the new role of Watchmen and continue the story of Quill's father, a role for which Russell was cast in July 2016, playing Ego, who in the comics was not Quill's father.


Question: Which science fiction film did David Bowie play the lead in?

Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2

Guardians of the Galaxy Vol.


Question: Which science fiction film did David Bowie play the lead in?

Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2

2 had its world premiere in Tokyo on April 10, 2017.


Question: Which science fiction film did David Bowie play the lead in?

Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2

In cinemas, it appeared in Finland on April 26, 2017 and in the United States on May 5, 2017.


Question: Which science fiction film did David Bowie play the lead in?

Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2

The film received a mostly positive reception, with critical acclaim for its visual effects, soundtrack and acting, although it was not as good as the first film in their opinion.


Question: Which science fiction film did David Bowie play the lead in?

Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2

Plot The Guardians of the Galaxy — Peter Quill, Gamora, Drax, Rocket and Little Groot — have received the task of defending valuable anulax batteries from the monster known as the Abilisk from the Sovereign people's high priestess, Ayesha.


Question: Which science fiction film did David Bowie play the lead in?

Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2

In return, these hand over to the Guardians the Nebula, who had been imprisoned for his attempt to steal batteries.


Question: Which science fiction film did David Bowie play the lead in?

Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2

When it is revealed that Rocket himself has stolen a few batteries, the Sovereign sends remote controlled fighter jets to kill the Watchmen.


Question: Which science fiction film did David Bowie play the lead in?

Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2

The mysterious creature easily destroys all destroyers, but the Guardians' ship Milan makes an emergency landing on a nearby planet.


Question: Which science fiction film did David Bowie play the lead in?

Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2

The creature reveals himself to be Quill's father Ego and invites his son as well as Gamora and Drax to his home planet.


Question: Which science fiction film did David Bowie play the lead in?

Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2

Rocket and Groot are left to repair Milan and watch over Nebula.


Question: Which science fiction film did David Bowie play the lead in?

Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2

Ayesha hires Yondu Udonta and the Ravagers to find the Guardians.


Question: Which science fiction film did David Bowie play the lead in?

Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2

Yondu traces Milan's location, but when he decides to catch Quill rather than simply sell the batteries stolen from the Sovereign, the Ravagers, led by Taserface and with the aid of Nebula, rise to revolt.


Question: Which science fiction film did David Bowie play the lead in?

Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2

Taserface captures Yondu and Rocket on his ship Elector, while Nebula sets out to find Gamora to avenge him for the tortures inflicted by their adoptive father Thanos.


Question: Which science fiction film did David Bowie play the lead in?

Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2

Yondu tells Rocket he is expelled from the larger space bandit community for abducting children and that he doesn't trust Ego.


Question: Which science fiction film did David Bowie play the lead in?

Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2

Groot and Yondu's loyal mate Kraglin free them, after which they destroy the ship and kill its crew before fleeing.


Question: Which science fiction film did David Bowie play the lead in?

Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2

However, before he dies, Taserface makes it to inform the Sovereign people of the Watchmen's whereabouts.


Question: Which science fiction film did David Bowie play the lead in?

Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2

While introducing his planet, Ego explains that he is a celestial who had formed a planet around his brain as his true body, but also created a human body for himself to travel around the galaxy and communicate with other living beings.


Question: Which science fiction film did David Bowie play the lead in?

Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2

Eventually, he had met Quill's mother Meredith and fell in love with her.


Question: Which science fiction film did David Bowie play the lead in?

Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2

By the time Meredith died, he had hired Yondu to pick up Quill.


Question: Which science fiction film did David Bowie play the lead in?

Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2

But Yondu didn't bring him, so Ego decided to find his son himself.


Question: Which science fiction film did David Bowie play the lead in?

Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2

He taught Quill to use the powers of the celestial he inherited to manipulate the planet's environment.


Question: Which science fiction film did David Bowie play the lead in?

Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2

Nebula arrives on the planet of Ego and attempts to kill Gamora.


Question: Which science fiction film did David Bowie play the lead in?

Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2

However, they end up making a truce and discover hundreds of skeletons in the caves beneath the planet.


Question: Which science fiction film did David Bowie play the lead in?

Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2

Meanwhile, Ego reveals to Quill that he planted plants on the planets he visited whose purpose was to convert the planets into extensions of his body.


Question: Which science fiction film did David Bowie play the lead in?

Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2

But it took another celestial to start the expansion process, so he made himself several offspring with hundreds of women and hired Yondu to bring the children to him.


Question: Which science fiction film did David Bowie play the lead in?

Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2

However, the children had been killed by the ego, as these had not inherited celestial powers like Quill.


Question: Which science fiction film did David Bowie play the lead in?

Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2

The hypnotized Quill was about to agree to help his father until he found out Ego had deliberately implanted Meredith with a brain tumor from which she died.


Question: Which science fiction film did David Bowie play the lead in?

Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2

Raised by Ego's naïve and empathetic raised with Drax, Mantis confesses the truth to Drax, Gamora, and Nebula just as Rocket, Yondu, Groot, and Kraglin arrive.


Question: Which science fiction film did David Bowie play the lead in?

Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2

The Guardians find themselves in a battle against both Ego and the Sovereign destroyers who arrived on the scene to reach the planet's core.


Question: Which science fiction film did David Bowie play the lead in?

Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2

Rocket builds a bomb out of anulax batteries, which Groot places in Ego's brain.


Question: Which science fiction film did David Bowie play the lead in?

Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2

Quill uses his powers to keep Ego busy until the rest of the Guardians can escape.


Question: Which science fiction film did David Bowie play the lead in?

Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2

The bomb's explosion kills Ego and causes the planet to collapse, but Yondu sacrifices himself to save Quill.


Question: Which science fiction film did David Bowie play the lead in?

Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2

Quill realizes that Yondu never took him to Ego because he wanted to prevent him from experiencing the same fate as Ego's other children, and begins to regard this as his true father.


Question: Which science fiction film did David Bowie play the lead in?

Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2

Nebula reconciles with Gamora, but goes away to find a way to slay Thanos.


Question: Which science fiction film did David Bowie play the lead in?

Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2

The Guards and Mantis, who joined them, organise a funeral for Yondu with Kraglin to be attended by the rest of the Ravagers, who had again accepted Yondu as one of them.


Question: Which science fiction film did David Bowie play the lead in?

Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2

Several scenes are shown during the closing credits: Kraglin is learning how to use Yondu's telekinetic arrow, Ravagers general manager Stakar Ogord has in honor of Yondu's memory put his original group back together, Groot grows up from a child to a young adult, [lower-alpha 1] Ayesha plans to destroy the Watchmen by creating a new artificial being named Adam, [lower-alpha 2] and the Followers listen in disinterest to the narrative of an astronaut acting as their informant.


Question: Which science fiction film did David Bowie play the lead in?

Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2

Actors Thor: Video footage taken from the filming of Ragnarök of the Grandmaster, played by Jeff Goldblum, is briefly shown during the closing credits.


Question: Which science fiction film did David Bowie play the lead in?

Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2

Kevin Feige explained how Marvel “thought it would be fun to add it there” because the character is the brother of the Collector who appeared in the first films.


Question: Which science fiction film did David Bowie play the lead in?

Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2

[4] Production Development In May 2014, Bob Iger, CEO of The Walt Disney Company, noted the potential of Guardians of the Galaxy for making a larger series, saying, “We look forward to introducing to the world a more fantastic Marvel narrative, with great actors and with characters in Guardians of the Galaxy, which we released pictures of last week and believe it has strong potential as a movie series.


Question: Which science fiction film did David Bowie play the lead in?

Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2

[5] He added further, “I predict we'll have another Avengers movie on our hands, but that's definitely our goal.


Question: Which science fiction film did David Bowie play the lead in?

Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2

“[6] Later that same month, Gunn revealed that should a sequel be implemented, he would be interested in returning, adding that he would agree to a deal if asked.


Question: Which science fiction film did David Bowie play the lead in?

Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2

[7] In June 2014, Feige added, “if this film works, if audiences came to applaud this, there will definitely be a place for [the film series] to be executed and we have ideas that we would like to make it happen with,” referring to the wide range of characters, worlds and stories in Guardians comics.


Question: Which science fiction film did David Bowie play the lead in?

Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2

[8] Pre-production In July 2014, co-screenwriter Nicole Perlman confirmed the making of a sequel, saying it was “going to happen” with positive reception, and confirmed Gunn would be responsible for both directing and screenwriting.


Question: Which science fiction film did David Bowie play the lead in?

Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2

[9] [10] at San Diego Comic-Con in 2014, a sequel was confirmed to be in development, and would premiere on July 28, 2017.


Question: Which science fiction film did David Bowie play the lead in?

Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2

[11] In July, Gunn also said he knew “many directions where one would like to move forward [with a sequel].


Question: Which science fiction film did David Bowie play the lead in?

Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2

I have a lot of ideas in terms of stories and characters that appear, pre-written documentaries exist too.”


Question: Which science fiction film did David Bowie play the lead in?

Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2

Gunn hoped to better explore the backgrounds of Quill's father, Yondu, Drax, and Nebula, as well as expand the cultural view to Xandar, the Krii-i Empire, the Crylorians, and the Yondu space bandits.


Question: Which science fiction film did David Bowie play the lead in?

Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2

[12] Gunn also said he was exploring a potential crossover opportunity with the Avengers, saying, “We talked about all the possibilities [regarding crossover] and I kind of know what the basic plan is.


Question: Which science fiction film did David Bowie play the lead in?

Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2

That could always change with any minute.


Question: Which science fiction film did David Bowie play the lead in?

Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2

Would or would not include a meeting between some of the Avengers and Guardians of the Galaxy, or all the Avengers and Watchmen.


Question: Which science fiction film did David Bowie play the lead in?

Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2

But, we inhabit the same universe and have broad personalities who at one moment or another, meet each other.


Question: Which science fiction film did David Bowie play the lead in?

Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2

“[13] In August, Gunn announced “at least one of the new Watchman cartoons” would appear in the sequel, [14] and revealed that he had begun work on the film.


Question: Which science fiction film did David Bowie play the lead in?

Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2

[15] Gunn announced later that same month that Quill's father would not be Spartax's J'son, as in the comics.


Question: Which science fiction film did David Bowie play the lead in?

Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2

[16] [17] On October 28, 2014, Marvel announced the sequel's new premiere had been brought forward to May 5, 2017 and filming would be set in Atlanta.


Question: Which science fiction film did David Bowie play the lead in?

Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2

[18] [19] In June 2015, Gunn revealed that he had finalized the script [20] as well as confirming Pratt, Saldaña, Bautista, Diesel, Cooper, Rooker, Gillan and Sean Gunn would return to their roles familiar from the previous film.


Question: Which science fiction film did David Bowie play the lead in?

Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2

[21] Late that same month, Guardians of the Galaxy Vol was announced as the official title of the film.


Question: Which science fiction film did David Bowie play the lead in?

Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2


Question: Which science fiction film did David Bowie play the lead in?

Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2

[22] In October 2015, Deadline reported that Pom Klementieff had been selected to play Mantista.


Question: Which science fiction film did David Bowie play the lead in?

Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2

[23] In December 2015, Kurt Russell was involved in negotiations for the acting of Peter Quill's father.


Question: Which science fiction film did David Bowie play the lead in?

Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2

[24] In early February 2016, comedian Steve Agee was revealed to be involved in the film, [25] Filming began on February 11th 2016 [26] at Pinewood Atlanta Studios in Fayette County, Georgia, [27] with Henry Braham serving as cinematographer and Scott Chambliss acting as as a production designer.


Question: Which science fiction film did David Bowie play the lead in?

Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2

[28] [21] Gunn pointed out that many of the production team on the first film, such as cinematographer Ben Davis and production designer Charles Wood, had contracted to work on Doctor Strange, and by the time production on the film began in November 2015 they were unable to work on Vol.


Question: Which science fiction film did David Bowie play the lead in?

Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2

On 2.


Question: Which science fiction film did David Bowie play the lead in?

Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2

[29] [30] Guardians of the Galaxy Vol.


Question: Which science fiction film did David Bowie play the lead in?

Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2

2 will be the first film shot with an 8K resolution camera.


Question: Which science fiction film did David Bowie play the lead in?

Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2

[31] Gunn expected filming to last about 81 days, meaning until early May.


Question: Which science fiction film did David Bowie play the lead in?

Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2

[32] In a February 17, 2016 bulletin, Marvel announced Elizabeth Debick and Chris Sullivan would appear in the film and confirmed Russell's joining the acting guard.


Question: Which science fiction film did David Bowie play the lead in?

Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2

[33] In April, Gunn revealed that neither John C. Reilly nor Benicio del Toro would return for this film, saying of the latter, “lest The Collector just fit Vol.


Question: Which science fiction film did David Bowie play the lead in?

Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2

to 2”.


Question: Which science fiction film did David Bowie play the lead in?

Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2

He further added that there were many characters he would not be able to use in the film because 20th Century Fox owned the rights to many cosmic enemies and minor characters, such as Annihilus or Kang the Conqueror.


Question: Which science fiction film did David Bowie play the lead in?

Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2

[34] Filming ended on June 16, 2016.


Question: Which science fiction film did David Bowie play the lead in?

Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2

[35] Post-production In July 2016 at San Diego Comic-Con International, it was confirmed that Quill's father, played by Russell, would be Ego in this film.


Question: Which science fiction film did David Bowie play the lead in?

Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2

It was also confirmed that Debicki will play Ayesha, and that Sylvester Stallone will also appear in the film.


Question: Which science fiction film did David Bowie play the lead in?

Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2

[36] In addition, Gunn revealed actors who would play the space bandits of Yondu, who played a larger role in the film.


Question: Which science fiction film did David Bowie play the lead in?

Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2

[37] Fred Raskin and Craig Wood, familiar from the previous film, returned to take charge of cutting the film.


Question: Which science fiction film did David Bowie play the lead in?

Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2

[33] Framestore returned to create Rocket's visual effects for the film.


Question: Which science fiction film did David Bowie play the lead in?

Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2

[38] In August 2016, Gunn confirmed Stan Lee would make a cameo role in this film too.


Question: Which science fiction film did David Bowie play the lead in?

Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2

[39] Music In August 2014, Gunn had “some ideas listed, but nothing certain” regarding Quill's Awesome Mix Vol.


Question: Which science fiction film did David Bowie play the lead in?

Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2

2 cartridges.


Question: Which science fiction film did David Bowie play the lead in?

Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2

[40] In April 2015, Gunn said he felt “a little pressure about the soundtrack because so many people loved [the soundtrack of the first film], we sold platinum and everything else.


Question: Which science fiction film did David Bowie play the lead in?

Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2

But I feel like the soundtrack of another movie is better.


Question: Which science fiction film did David Bowie play the lead in?

Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2

“[41] In June 2015, Gunn stated that All Awesome Mix Vol.


Question: Which science fiction film did David Bowie play the lead in?

Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2

2's songs had been selected and adapted into the script.


Question: Which science fiction film did David Bowie play the lead in?

Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2

[21] In August 2015, Tyler Bates returned as composer for the film.


Question: Which science fiction film did David Bowie play the lead in?

Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2

[42] In the case of Guardians of the Galaxy, Bates wrote some of the compositions first so Gunn could film it accordingly, instead of Bates having done the compositions afterwards.


Question: Which science fiction film did David Bowie play the lead in?

Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2

[38] In January 2016, Gunn announced that he had chosen one of Bowie's songs for the film (“Moonage Daydream” was included in the first film), but had to cut the scene in which it was originally used.


Question: Which science fiction film did David Bowie play the lead in?

Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2

This would have made Bowie the only lead singer to feature on both recordings.


Question: Which science fiction film did David Bowie play the lead in?

Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2

After his death, Gunn nevertheless hoped to find a way to include the selected song in some other passage in the film in a “fair and proper” way to honor him, as Bowie was one of Gunn's idols.


Question: Which science fiction film did David Bowie play the lead in?

Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2

[43] Publication of Guardians of the Galaxy Vol.


Question: Which science fiction film did David Bowie play the lead in?

Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2

2 premiered in Tokyo on April 10, 2017, [44] and had its Hollywood premiere on April 19, 2017.


Question: Which science fiction film did David Bowie play the lead in?

Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2

[45] The film premiered in Finland on 26 April 2017, in Britain and Ireland on 28 April 2017 [46] and in North America on 5 May 2017.


Question: Which science fiction film did David Bowie play the lead in?

Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2

[18] [47] [48] [49] The original planned premiere of the film was on July 28, 2017.


Question: Which science fiction film did David Bowie play the lead in?

Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2

[11] Sequel In November 2014, Gunn announced while working on his first film, as well as creating a “basic story” for Guardians of the Galaxy Vol.


Question: Which science fiction film did David Bowie play the lead in?

Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2

2 to come up with a few ideas for a possible third film.


Question: Which science fiction film did David Bowie play the lead in?

Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2

[50] Despite this, Gunn announced in June 2015 that he wasn't sure if he would be involved in a third Guardians film, saying it would depend on how he would feel about Guardians of the Galaxy Vol.


Question: Which science fiction film did David Bowie play the lead in?

Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2

2 after graduation.


Question: Which science fiction film did David Bowie play the lead in?

Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2

[21] In April 2016, Feige spoke about upcoming MCU films, saying, “2020 and the period beyond is still a big checkboard, but I would say with certainty that Guardians 3 is [one film].


Question: Which science fiction film did David Bowie play the lead in?

Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2

I don't know what the order will be.” [51] In March 2017, Gunn announced that a third Guardians film would come to fruition with certainty, [52] and added that there would be no feature film for Guardians of the Galaxy Vol.


Question: Which science fiction film did David Bowie play the lead in?

Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2

3 have no specific plan.


Question: Which science fiction film did David Bowie play the lead in?

Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2

“But we know that if nothing goes badly — which is always possible, but you can't know —, I think Marvel would like to make one more film.” [53] He also reiterated that he was unsure of whether to be involved in the execution of the film, and said he would figure out his next project with “upcoming over the course of weeks”.


Question: Which science fiction film did David Bowie play the lead in?

Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2

[52] Over the following month, Gunn announced that he would be directing and scripting Guardians of the Galaxy Vol.


Question: Which science fiction film did David Bowie play the lead in?

Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2


Question: Which science fiction film did David Bowie play the lead in?

Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2

[54] But in July 2018, Disney fired Gunn after discovering his old controversial Twitter postings.


Question: Which science fiction film did David Bowie play the lead in?

Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2

[55] [56] Pratt, Saldaña, Bautista, Cooper, Diesel, Sean Gunn, Klementieff, Rooker and Gillan have expressed support for Gunn.


Question: Which science fiction film did David Bowie play the lead in?

Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2

[57] Pratt, Klementieff and Bautista are expected to return to roles familiar from previous films.


Question: Which science fiction film did David Bowie play the lead in?

Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2

[58] [59] Vol.


Question: Which science fiction film did David Bowie play the lead in?

Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2

Filming for the 3 was scheduled to begin in early 2019 and premiere to be in 2020.


Question: Which science fiction film did David Bowie play the lead in?

Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2

[58] [60] [55] In early August, Variety reported that Disney was in no hurry in searching for a new director, instead waiting for a free Grade A filmmaker to be found, even if it meant moving production to a later date.


Question: Which science fiction film did David Bowie play the lead in?

Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2

[61] During the same month, it was decided to temporarily suspend production and reschedule to February 2021.


Question: Which science fiction film did David Bowie play the lead in?

Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2

[62] [63] Sources Considerations References On the topic elsewhere Please use a more specific IMDb template.


Question: Which science fiction film did David Bowie play the lead in?

Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2

See the documentation for available templates.


Question: Which science fiction film did David Bowie play the lead in?

Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2

Category:American films of 2017 Category:Science Fiction Films Category:Action Comedies Category:3D Films Category:IMAX Films Category:Marvel Cinematic Universe films


Question: What was SISU's first truck?

Sisu Auto

Oy Sisu Auto Ab is a Finnish automotive factory founded in 1931 and was born under the name Oy Suomen Auto Ab.


Question: What was SISU's first truck?

Sisu Auto

The company is privately owned and manufactures SISU brand trucks for civilian and military use.


Question: What was SISU's first truck?

Sisu Auto

Today its factory is located in Karja, Raasepori.


Question: What was SISU's first truck?

Sisu Auto

History The Finnish Automotive Industry and SISU Trademark The transactions of two car body factories in Kallio, Helsinki, were merged in 1931, creating O/Y Suomen Automotive A/B.


Question: What was SISU's first truck?

Sisu Auto

The company started operations at Fleminginkatu 27.


Question: What was SISU's first truck?

Sisu Auto

The design of the cars began.


Question: What was SISU's first truck?

Sisu Auto

From the start, the car's internal working title was “Sisu”.


Question: What was SISU's first truck?

Sisu Auto

Volvo, a Swedish company, was chosen as the component supplier.


Question: What was SISU's first truck?

Sisu Auto

The company's longtime CEO served as Tor Nessling.


Question: What was SISU's first truck?

Sisu Auto

The SISU name of the car was confirmed as an official trademark on the basis of public competition.


Question: What was SISU's first truck?

Sisu Auto

The name was proposed by Veikko Arohonka from Hämeenlinna.


Question: What was SISU's first truck?

Sisu Auto

The first nine cars manufactured — one bus and eight trucks — will be completed during the summer and fall of 1932.


Question: What was SISU's first truck?

Sisu Auto

The production principle was “from the factory to direct driving” if the customer so desired.


Question: What was SISU's first truck?

Sisu Auto

Production started in Helsinki with three different models with a total weight of 4800kg and a load capacity of 2300kg.


Question: What was SISU's first truck?

Sisu Auto

In 1934, the company started using Finnish Olympia engines and started producing trams as well.


Question: What was SISU's first truck?

Sisu Auto

The use of Volvo components in the SISU car was abandoned.


Question: What was SISU's first truck?

Sisu Auto

Manufacturing of railway stock began with bus-body line cars supplied to VR.


Question: What was SISU's first truck?

Sisu Auto

The first diesel-engined Sisu was completed, it was powered by the American Hercules diesel.


Question: What was SISU's first truck?

Sisu Auto

The first armored car prototype was produced by the company in 1938.


Question: What was SISU's first truck?

Sisu Auto

Demand for trucks fizzled thanks to the boom and preparations for war.


Question: What was SISU's first truck?

Sisu Auto

Cars were exported to Estonia and Latvia.


Question: What was SISU's first truck?

Sisu Auto

Serial manufacture of trams began in 1938.


Question: What was SISU's first truck?

Sisu Auto

In 1943, the Finnish Automotive industry handed over to a company called Yhtesisu Oy for five years the exclusive right to manufacture Sisu S-22 trucks.


Question: What was SISU's first truck?

Sisu Auto

Joint Sisu will be established in Helsinki, the initiative will come from the Finnish Defence Forces, including the State and all the main metal companies in the country.


Question: What was SISU's first truck?

Sisu Auto

The company built a factory in Vanaja near Hämeenlinna.


Question: What was SISU's first truck?

Sisu Auto

The last Sisu trucks were completed from the Yönnisu factory in 1948, after which the company continued to operate as Vanajan Autotehdas Oy, producing Vanaja brand trucks and buses.


Question: What was SISU's first truck?

Sisu Auto

In total, Yhtesisu manufactured 294 SISU-branded trucks.


Question: What was SISU's first truck?

Sisu Auto

Moving to Karja in 1944 the operations of the Finnish Automotive factory in Helsinki moved to Karja, where a plot had already been acquired in 1941.


Question: What was SISU's first truck?

Sisu Auto

The plants of the current Oy Sisu Auto AB are still operating in Karja.


Question: What was SISU's first truck?

Sisu Auto

After the Continuation War, the Finnish Automotive industry supplied more than 2000 pieces of Sisu AMC side-valve engines to the Soviet Union as war reparations.


Question: What was SISU's first truck?

Sisu Auto

Own cab production finished before the Winter War begins again in 1955, with the Nalle-Sisu all-steel cabin as the first product.


Question: What was SISU's first truck?

Sisu Auto

In the same year, the light truck collection Nalle-Sisu will be presented.


Question: What was SISU's first truck?

Sisu Auto

The medium-heavy truck collection is named Kontio-Sisu.


Question: What was SISU's first truck?

Sisu Auto

In 1959, Sisu's own tram manufacture ends.


Question: What was SISU's first truck?

Sisu Auto

The Finnish Automotive Industry has also imported Rolls-Royce passenger cars in 1946 and Leyland trucks in 1955.


Question: What was SISU's first truck?

Sisu Auto

The Sisu KB-112 (1962) is the first European truck to enter series production with a hydraulically forward plastering cab.


Question: What was SISU's first truck?

Sisu Auto

Fusion and State Ownership In 1968, Suomen Autoteollisuus and Vanajan Autotehdas Oy merged.


Question: What was SISU's first truck?

Sisu Auto

After the merger, Sisu began using an American-made non-synchronised Fuller gearbox previously used by Vanaja, as well as a lift drive designed by Master of Science Veikko Murose, which was capable of lifting the rear axle when the car was under full load.


Question: What was SISU's first truck?

Sisu Auto

From 1969 onwards, the Finnish Automotive industry also manufactured terminal tractors.


Question: What was SISU's first truck?

Sisu Auto

In 1975, the Finnish Automotive Industry became a state company.


Question: What was SISU's first truck?

Sisu Auto

In 1976, a tripartite agreement was concluded between Leyland, Saab-Scania and the Finnish Automotive Industry, giving Leyland and Saab-Scania the transfer of ten per cent of the Finnish Automotive shares each.


Question: What was SISU's first truck?

Sisu Auto

The Finnish Automotive industry changed its name to Oy Sisu Auto AB in 1981.


Question: What was SISU's first truck?

Sisu Auto

In 1985, Sisu Auto again became a company wholly owned by the state.


Question: What was SISU's first truck?

Sisu Auto

Sisu Auto abandoned the manufacture of buses.


Question: What was SISU's first truck?

Sisu Auto

On 1 May 1994, Valmet's transportation equipment and tractor businesses were merged into Sisu Auto.


Question: What was SISU's first truck?

Sisu Auto

Sisu Auto Partek Ownership 2002 and Investors 2004 In 1997, Sisu Auto entered into a letter of intent with Renault, and Sisu Defence Oy took over as a state-owned company.


Question: What was SISU's first truck?

Sisu Auto

In the same year, Partek Corporation acquired a majority stake in Oy Sisu Auto Ab's common stock.


Question: What was SISU's first truck?

Sisu Auto

The Hämeenlinna unit Sisu Akselit was separated into its own company and sold to private equity investors in 1999.


Question: What was SISU's first truck?

Sisu Auto

In 2002, Kone Plc acquired Partek Plc.


Question: What was SISU's first truck?

Sisu Auto

In 2004, Kone Oyj sold Oy Sisu Auto Ab to Suomen Auto Oy Oy, a group of investors formed by Finnish individuals and the company's management.


Question: What was SISU's first truck?

Sisu Auto

In 2005, a new Sisu Defence unit was created to be responsible for the manufacture and marketing of military trucks.


Question: What was SISU's first truck?

Sisu Auto

A subsidiary LT Finland Oy was established for the import and marketing of Renault commercial vehicles.


Question: What was SISU's first truck?

Sisu Auto

In 2008, Sisu won an international tender for timber car combinations to be delivered to Russia; Sisu Auto supplied 91 lumber car combinations to ILIM Group, Russia's largest international forestry industry company.


Question: What was SISU's first truck?

Sisu Auto

ILIM Group also ordered 12 factory-equipped SISU Rock 6x4 earthmoving cars.


Question: What was SISU's first truck?

Sisu Auto

[1] Timo Korhonen period In 2010, a group of investors sold the entire stock of Suomen Automotive Oy to a company founded by the acting management (Timo Korhonen, Olof and Maija Elenius) for the acquisition of shares, Suomen Special Vehicles Oy (SEA).


Question: What was SISU's first truck?

Sisu Auto

In 2012, Sisu was selected as the winner of the title of Truck of the Year in Finland 2012 by the Auto, Technology and Transport truck magazine.


Question: What was SISU's first truck?

Sisu Auto

Sisu bought back the truck production from Komas Ltd.


Question: What was SISU's first truck?

Sisu Auto

In the store, 45 employees transferred to Sisu.


Question: What was SISU's first truck?

Sisu Auto

In 2013, Timo Korhonen, CEO of Sisu Auto, acquired Olof and Maija Elenius' interests in SEA.


Question: What was SISU's first truck?

Sisu Auto

The Chairman of the Board of Directors Timo Korhonen therefore owns the entire stock of Oy Sisu Auto Ab alone.


Question: What was SISU's first truck?

Sisu Auto

In 1951, trucks Jyry, Kontio and Nalle K-50 were put on sale: the largest Sisu manufactured in Finland, with a total weight of 52200kg.


Question: What was SISU's first truck?

Sisu Auto

Sisu KB-117 to market in 1963 the first European mass-produced dump cab truck M-series 250px|miniature|Sisu M-162 In 1969, the Sisu M-series was introduced.


Question: What was SISU's first truck?

Sisu Auto

Named names e.g.


Question: What was SISU's first truck?

Sisu Auto

“Rivittikoppi-sisu” and “wiener pipe”.


Question: What was SISU's first truck?

Sisu Auto

The names were attributed to the cab's large windows and the way it was built, as the cockpit was mainly rivetingly assembled.


Question: What was SISU's first truck?

Sisu Auto

S-series 250px|Thumble|right|SISU SL 190 In 1980, the Sisu S-series was launched.


Question: What was SISU's first truck?

Sisu Auto

Different models were: SL: nosed and low-cabin SR: nosed and high-cabin SK: nose roof and low cabin SM: nose roof and high-cabin E-series In 1995, the Sisu E-series entered production and replaced 14 years in production, in many respects already after its competitors of the missed S series.


Question: What was SISU's first truck?

Sisu Auto

Renault cab in 1998.


Question: What was SISU's first truck?

Sisu Auto

E11 Cummins E11 Renault somewhere in model years E12 Mack E14 Cummins E18 Caterpillar In 1996, the robust Supra range was introduced.


Question: What was SISU's first truck?

Sisu Auto

C500, R500 and C600 In 2005, Sisu introduced the new C500, R500 (each of the aforementioned DXi13 500 hp group engine manufactured by Renault) and C600 (Caterpillar's E15M 550 hp engine) models.


Question: What was SISU's first truck?

Sisu Auto

In 2006, Sisu began producing a new collection.


Question: What was SISU's first truck?

Sisu Auto

Sisu Rock: Earthmoving truck Sisu Roll: Replacement truck Sisu Timber: Timber car Sisu Works: Road care/multifunctional car Sisu Crane: Special made crane car Sisu Carrier: Machinery transport truck is powered by Renault's R460 and R500, and Caterpillar's C520, C560 and C630.


Question: What was SISU's first truck?

Sisu Auto

Sisu Polar 250px|Thumble|right|Sisu Polar Works DK16M K-AKK-8x4/335+140+137 In 2010, Sisu started a component collaboration with Daimler and introduced the Sisu Polar range, which uses a lot of components from Mercedes-Benz trucks.


Question: What was SISU's first truck?

Sisu Auto

The collection has been awarded the Key Flag and Design from Finland by the Finnish Federation of Work.


Question: What was SISU's first truck?

Sisu Auto

Production of the second generation Polar Euro VI model began in May 2014.


Question: What was SISU's first truck?

Sisu Auto

The model has been completely redesigned and designed in Finland.


Question: What was SISU's first truck?

Sisu Auto

The engines are still from Mercedes-Benz, but compared to the engine versions of the previous generation, there is 100—200 Nm more torque.


Question: What was SISU's first truck?

Sisu Auto

The six product categories, which are familiar from the first Euro V generation, optimized for different user environments, are also the body of the Euro VI range.


Question: What was SISU's first truck?

Sisu Auto

[2] [3] Sisu Rock: Earthmoving truck Sisu Roll: Replacement truck Sisu Timber: Timber car Sisu Works: Road care/multi-function car Sisu Crane: Special made crane truck Sisu Carrier: Machine transport truck Sisu Hauler: Heavy duty locomotive with engines Mercedes-Benz OM501LA, V6, 350kW/480 hp, 2,300 Nm Mercedes-Benz OM502LA, V8, 405kW/550 hp, 2,600 Nm Mercedes-Benz OM502LA, V8, 440kW/600 hp, 2,800 Nm Transmissions Mercedes PowerShift G280-16, gear automatic, Mercedes Telligent G240-16 Synch16 Light drive Eaton Fuller RTLO 20918, non-synchronized gearbox Frame Sisun high C-profile C-460 frame Sisun low U-profile U-300 frame Cab Semi-length cab Sleeping cab High sleeping cab.


Question: What was SISU's first truck?

Sisu Auto

Traction mode selectable from 6×2, 6×4, 8×2, 8×4, 10×2 or 10×4, selectable with several different suspension and steering options.


Question: What was SISU's first truck?

Sisu Auto

Buses from the start of the Ilves bus for sale 1951 The design developed by the military collection Sisu for the use of the Defence Forces for a long time was the twisting body of cars, which ensured good off-road mobility while the wheels remained attached to the ground.


Question: What was SISU's first truck?

Sisu Auto

Kärppä-Sisu, mainly aimed at distribution use and as a light garrison truck Proto-Sisu The first all-wheel drive off-road truck manufactured by Sisu, the Sisu KB-45, was handed over to the Defence Forces in 1964.


Question: What was SISU's first truck?

Sisu Auto

In the Defence Forces, the name of this model, as well as its various versions, the A-45 and AH-45, became established as Proto-Sisu or, more briefly, Proto.


Question: What was SISU's first truck?

Sisu Auto

Classified as a medium-heavy all-terrain truck, the Proto is used as a puller for topping guns and heavy mortars, among other things.


Question: What was SISU's first truck?

Sisu Auto

Now, the Defence Forces have been auctioning off decommissioned Proto equipment, which has gained popularity among private enthusiasts.


Question: What was SISU's first truck?

Sisu Auto

Due to its small size and twisting hull, the Proto has excellent off-road characteristics.


Question: What was SISU's first truck?

Sisu Auto

Many enthusiasts have switched to the larger 14.00R20 tyres, the so-called Mas tyres.


Question: What was SISU's first truck?

Sisu Auto

With bigger tires, good off-road characteristics are enhanced even more.


Question: What was SISU's first truck?

Sisu Auto

Sisu A-45 specifications: Engines: KB-45 SF: 4-stroke, 6 cylinder SISU petrol engine, production volume 1 pcs KB-45 BH: 4-stroke, 6 cylinder 7.0-litre Valmet 612D (protype engine, not the same as the newer Valmet 612 in production 1985-2006) KB-45 SV: 4-stroke, 6- cylinder 6.54-litre Leyland EO.400 direct injection diesel A-45 CV: 4-stroke, 6-cylinder 6.54-litre Leyland EO.401 direct injection diesel (103kW/393 Nm) A-45 BH: 4-stroke, 6-cylinder 7.0-litre Valmet 612D A-45 CI: 4-stroke, 6-cylinder 6.60-litre Valmet 611CA direct injection diesel (96kW/420 Nm).


Question: What was SISU's first truck?

Sisu Auto

A-45 GM: 6.21 litre Detroit diesel/GM V8 diesel engine (116/kW/346 Nm) manufacturing volume 4 pcs AH-45 SVT: 4-stroke, 6-cylinder supercharged 6.54-litre Leyland EO.410 direct injection diesel (110kW/468 Nm) AH-45 CVT: 4-stroke, 6-cylinder supercharged 6.54-litre Leyland EO.410 - direct injection diesel (110kW/468 Nm) traction system: 4×2 (rear-wheel drive) in normal driving, 4×4 (four-wheel drive) switchable if necessary.


Question: What was SISU's first truck?

Sisu Auto

5-speed basic gearbox, as well as an off-road range gearbox.


Question: What was SISU's first truck?

Sisu Auto

Differentials are equipped with pneumatic locks.


Question: What was SISU's first truck?

Sisu Auto

winch; mechanical Sepson winch, traction 50kN, wire length 50m, front and rear traction tires; 14.5-20MPT/12PR Curb weight: 5500kg load capacity: 4000kg dimensions: length 6.10m, width 2.35m, height 2.85m wheelbase: 3400mm/3700mm, part of frame extended as new or in case of renovation, giving the space obtained for a short pto shaft between the gearbox and the transfer box to replace the original instrument joint.


Question: What was SISU's first truck?

Sisu Auto

Naturally, the overall length also increased by the same amount.


Question: What was SISU's first truck?

Sisu Auto

wading depth 1.00 m ground clearance 0.34 m Approach and leave angle 38 degrees seating in addition to driver in cab 2, load mode 24 years of manufacture: KB-45:1964-1969 A-45:1970-1981 AH-45:1970-1977 Sisu KB-46 was a prototype of an all-terrain truck built in 1968.


Question: What was SISU's first truck?

Sisu Auto

Only 7 pieces of the Sisu SA-110 model were produced in the mid-1980s.


Question: What was SISU's first truck?

Sisu Auto

Specifications: Engines: 4-stroke, 4-cylinder 4.40-liter Valmet 411 DSJ direct injection diesel Power 110kW (150hp)/2500r/min.


Question: What was SISU's first truck?

Sisu Auto

Torque 500Nm/1500r/min.


Question: What was SISU's first truck?

Sisu Auto

or Deutz BF 6 L 913 traction system: Normal running 4×2, if necessary 4×4 switchable.


Question: What was SISU's first truck?

Sisu Auto

5-speed synchronized base gearbox as well as off-road range gearbox.


Question: What was SISU's first truck?

Sisu Auto

Differentials are equipped with locks.


Question: What was SISU's first truck?

Sisu Auto

Portal-type driving wheels.


Question: What was SISU's first truck?

Sisu Auto

Tyres 14.00R20 Curb weight: 5950kg Load capacity: 3550kg Gross weight 9500kg Exterior dimensions: length 6.50 m, width 2.34 m, height 2.84 m Platform length 3.85 m Masi In 1982 the Defence Forces acquired more off-road trucks from Sisu.


Question: What was SISU's first truck?

Sisu Auto

The Sisu SA-150, which received the nickname Masi (Terrain Sisu), was developed on the basis of Proto and is a four-wheel drive.


Question: What was SISU's first truck?

Sisu Auto

The most obvious differences are the redesigned cab and the larger tyres, which allow Mas to have a ground clearance of 40cm when measured against differentials.


Question: What was SISU's first truck?

Sisu Auto

The Masi is classified as a medium-heavy all-terrain truck and in the Defence Forces its main use is traction for field guns as well as maintenance transport.


Question: What was SISU's first truck?

Sisu Auto

In 1990, the Sisu SA-151 was introduced, which differs externally very little from the SA-150 model.


Question: What was SISU's first truck?

Sisu Auto

The main difference is a pallet 10cm wider.


Question: What was SISU's first truck?

Sisu Auto

Mas's latest Sisu SA-130 model, introduced in 1992, features an externally redesigned cockpit as well as a lower-power (low emission) engine compared to older models.


Question: What was SISU's first truck?

Sisu Auto

Also, the axles are newer model, they have five planetary wheels on the wheel hub.


Question: What was SISU's first truck?

Sisu Auto

Older Mases (and Protos, Rases, Pases, and Civil models) have three planetary wheels.


Question: What was SISU's first truck?

Sisu Auto

In addition, the leaf springs are parable-type.


Question: What was SISU's first truck?

Sisu Auto

Sisu SA-150 specifications: engine: 4-stroke turbocharged, 6.6-litre Valmet 611 CSBA/DSBA direct injection diesel.


Question: What was SISU's first truck?

Sisu Auto

Power 150kW (204hp)/2500r/min.


Question: What was SISU's first truck?

Sisu Auto

Torque 695Nm (71 kpm)/1500r/min.


Question: What was SISU's first truck?

Sisu Auto

traction system: Normal running 4x2, if necessary 4x4 switchable.


Question: What was SISU's first truck?

Sisu Auto

6-speed synchronized base gearbox as well as off-road range gearbox.


Question: What was SISU's first truck?

Sisu Auto

Differentials are equipped with locks.


Question: What was SISU's first truck?

Sisu Auto

winch; hydraulic winch, traction 80kN, cable length 50 m, front and rear traction tires 14.00R20 Curb weight: 7600kg load capacity: 6400kg Exterior dimensions: length 6.76 m, width 2.50 m, height 3.10 m Pallet size: 2.30 m x 4.90 m seating in addition to the driver in the cab 2, in load mode 16 Years of manufacture: 1982—1991 in the Sisu SA-130 model 4-stroke turbocharged 6.6-litre Valmet/SISUdiesel 620 DS direct injection diesel.


Question: What was SISU's first truck?

Sisu Auto

Power 132kW (180hp).


Question: What was SISU's first truck?

Sisu Auto

The Rasi Sisu SA-240, or Heavy Sisu, callednamed Rasi, is a heavy three-axle off-road truck developed in the late 1980s.


Question: What was SISU's first truck?

Sisu Auto

From the box there is also a version SA-241, the external differences of which to the model SA-240 are quite minimal.


Question: What was SISU's first truck?

Sisu Auto

Engine: brand/model/mode of operation: 4-stroke turbocharged and intercooled 10.00 litre Cummins LTA 10 330 T direct injection diesel (246kW/1260 Nm) Traction system: Continuous 6x6, equipped with separately lockable transverse locks.


Question: What was SISU's first truck?

Sisu Auto

Between the engine and the gearbox is a torque converter, which acts as a clutch for the vehicle.


Question: What was SISU's first truck?

Sisu Auto

Tyres: 14.00R20 18PR Curb weight: 10,000kg Load capacity: 12,000kg Dimensions: length: 7.80 m, width: 2.50 m, height: 3.10 m Seats in the driver's cab: 2, in load mode: 24 Years of manufacture: 1984-1990 SK series for example Sisu SK-250 6x6 MIL Engine: brand/ model/mode: turbocharged intercooled Cummins LTA 10-335 10/ 4-T direct injection diesel, cylinder displacement/propulsion: 10.00 l/diesel, max power/torque: 250kW/1340 Nm Traction system: 6x6 switchable Tyres: 14.00R20 18PR Curb weight: 9120kg Load capacity: 15380kg Dimensions: Length: 8,30 m, width: 2.54 m, height: 3.07 m Seating in the cab in addition to the driver: 2 Equipment for example Hiab 120-2 body crane Manufacture/Supply years: 1990-1993 SM series for example Sisu SM-270 8x4 tanker Engine: brand/model/mode of operation: turbocharged intercooled Cummins NTE-365/ 4-T direct injection diesel, cylinder volume/propulsion: 14.00 l/diesel, max power/torque: 270kW/1260 Nm Traction system: 8x4 switchable Curb weight: 14600kg Load capacity: 16750kg Dimensions: length: 10.40 m, height: 2.60 m,: 3.60 m For example, fuel refueling and transport equipment, Load capacity: 2400 l + 4800 l + 4900 l + 4900 l + 3100 l = 20100 l Seating in the driver's cab: 1 Manufacture/procurement years: 1990-1993 Pasi Sisu XA-180/185 models, called Pasi or Armour-Sisu, are three-axle armored personnel carriers.


Question: What was SISU's first truck?

Sisu Auto

Despite a very similar type designation, the XA-203 is not made by Sisu.


Question: What was SISU's first truck?

Sisu Auto

Its manufacturer was Patria.


Question: What was SISU's first truck?

Sisu Auto

Nasu NA-110 calledNamed Nasu or “Nauha-Sisu” is a type crawler vehicle of the Swedish Bandvagni.


Question: What was SISU's first truck?

Sisu Auto

Engine: brand/model/mode of operation: GM 6.2 l Heavy Duty V-8/ 4-T pre-chamber, cylindry/propulsion: 6.21 l/diesel, max power/torque: 113kW/346 Nm traction system: four rolls, continuous dead weight: 5250kg load capacity: 1950kg Dimensions: length 7.67m, width 1.91m, height 2.38m seating in the driver's cab 4, in load space 12 swimming-capable manufacture/acquisition years: 1992-1994 country of manufacture: Finland NA-140 BT Engine: brand/model/mode of operation: Rover 3.5 (3.9) V-8/ 4-T injection, cylinder displacement/propulsion: 3,528 l (3,950 l) /petrol 99 oct, max Power/torque: 142kW/280Nm (138kW/318 Nm) traction system: four rolls, continuous dead weight: 4850kg load capacity: 1950kg Dimensions: length 7.55m, width 1.91m, height 2.30m seating in addition to driver in cab 4, load compartment 12 swimming-capable manufacture/acquisition years : 1986-1991 country of manufacture: Finland Raisu Minesweeper, type designation RA-140.


Question: What was SISU's first truck?

Sisu Auto

“Raisu” is built on a modified Pasi platform.


Question: What was SISU's first truck?

Sisu Auto

It has a cockpit booth on top of the fuselage, the middle axle has been removed, and a robust clearing rotor is located in the aft part of the unit.


Question: What was SISU's first truck?

Sisu Auto

Various versions of the device have been made for use by ground forces and air forces.


Question: What was SISU's first truck?

Sisu Auto

Total length: 9.5 m Total width: 4 m Height about: 3 m Gross weight: 15t Maximum speed: 70km/h Maximum clearance speed: 6km/h Engine: 6.1-litre, 6-cylinder, air-cooled, intercooled Deutz turbo diesel, 141kw, 635nm Transmission: Doromat 874 AM/PTO 4+1 - automatic transmission with torque converter clearing width: 3.4 m clearance device hydraulically operated chain rotor rotor rotating arm blasts or breaks mines continuous four-wheel drive with lockable differential liquid assisted pneumatic brakes, front discs, rear drum brakes bulletproof Tyres, cockpit armored, soundproof and pressure-protected off-road mounting system Anti-aircraft machine gun ET-Series (Eemeli), 1st generation Since 1999, Sisu has been producing Sisu ET model series, all-wheel-drive especially for off-road conditions intended truck.


Question: What was SISU's first truck?

Sisu Auto

Unlike previous SISU all-terrain trucks, this model uses a Renault cab and a near-normal road truck body, which does not have the twisting frame that has refunded the good off-road mobility of previous models.


Question: What was SISU's first truck?

Sisu Auto

However, reasonable off-road mobility is ensured by large, independent flexibility of the wheels.


Question: What was SISU's first truck?

Sisu Auto

This model is made with both continuous 6x6 and 8x8 drawways.


Question: What was SISU's first truck?

Sisu Auto

Most ET models in use by the Armed Forces are equipped with an 11-litre Cummins engine and either a 6- or 7-speed Allison automatic transmission.


Question: What was SISU's first truck?

Sisu Auto

This model is also known under the names Sisu HMTV and Sisu Defence.


Question: What was SISU's first truck?

Sisu Auto

Collection: Sisu E11T 6x6 Sisu E11T 8x8 Specifications of the Sisu E11T 6x6 used by the Defence Forces: engine: brand/model/mode of operation: 4-stroke turbocharged and intercooled 10.82-litre Cummins M11-380 E direct injection diesel (278kW/1825 Nm).


Question: What was SISU's first truck?

Sisu Auto

traction system: 6x6 traction with longitudinal and transverse locks.


Question: What was SISU's first truck?

Sisu Auto

Dead weight: 12 400kg Load capacity: 11 600kg Dimensions: length 9.24 m, width 2.55 m, height 3.23 m Seating capacity for the driver in the cab 1, in load mode 30 (since 1 April 2007 24) of the car also exist fire engine and other special versions of ETP series (Eemeli), 2nd generation ETP Sisu lived callednamed “Fly” or “Frog”.


Question: What was SISU's first truck?

Sisu Auto

Sisu Defence introduced a new ETP series in the summer of 2006.


Question: What was SISU's first truck?

Sisu Auto


Question: What was SISU's first truck?

Sisu Auto

The Generation Sisu Defence ETP series features a Finnish-made two-person low-profile cockpit positioned lower than normal to allow the vehicle to be able to transport.


Question: What was SISU's first truck?

Sisu Auto

The armoured cockpit is mine-protected and ballistic weapons protection is also available.


Question: What was SISU's first truck?

Sisu Auto

The car has an engine manufactured by Caterpillar with power from 275 to 550 hp (depending on the model).


Question: What was SISU's first truck?

Sisu Auto

The car is equipped with a 7-step Allison automatic transmission.


Question: What was SISU's first truck?

Sisu Auto

In the 10x10 version, the first, second and fifth axes are controlling.


Question: What was SISU's first truck?

Sisu Auto

The model series is based on the use of standard truck components.


Question: What was SISU's first truck?

Sisu Auto

All critical components are well protected.


Question: What was SISU's first truck?

Sisu Auto

For example, the cooling system is positioned between the fuselage behind the armored cockpit.


Question: What was SISU's first truck?

Sisu Auto

Collection: Sisu E 7 T 4x4 Engine: Caterpillar C7 diesel engine, 275 hp, Euro IV Gearbox: Allison 3000 automatic Axles: Sisu Axles Suspension: SISU Cabin: Finnish-made armored 2-seater cab Payload: 5 t Sisu E 13 T 6x6 Engine: Caterpillar C13 diesel engine, 400 hp, Euro IV Transmission: Allison 4500 automatic Axles: Sisu Axles Suspension: SISU Cabin: Finnish-made armored 2-seater cab Payload: 15 t Sisu E 13 T 8x8 (Called by drivers chameleon or 8x8 alone) Engine: Caterpillar C13 diesel engine, 485 hp, Euro IV Transmission: Allison 4500 automatic Axles: Sisu Axles Suspension: SISU Cabin: Finnish-made armored 2-seater cab Payload: 20 t Sisu E 15 T 10x10 (Leguan called by drivers) Engine: Caterpillar C15 diesel engine, 550 hp, Euro IV Transmission: Allison 4700 automaton Axles: Sisu Axles Suspension: SISU Cabin: Finnish-made armored 2-seater cab Payload: 25 t A bridge vehicle version of the car is a collaborative project with German KMW and Finnish Patria.


Question: What was SISU's first truck?

Sisu Auto

The Sisu A2045 Sisu A2045 is a medium-duty off-road truck introduced in the fall of 2008.


Question: What was SISU's first truck?

Sisu Auto

The Defence Force has ordered 240 of these pieces.


Question: What was SISU's first truck?

Sisu Auto

The A2045 is the smallest of Sisu's military-use vehicles.


Question: What was SISU's first truck?

Sisu Auto

It is partly based on technology purchased from MAN, e.g.


Question: What was SISU's first truck?

Sisu Auto

for the engine and axles.


Question: What was SISU's first truck?

Sisu Auto

On 6 April 2018, Sisu GTP 4x4 Sisu announced a new vehicle, named the Sisu GTP 4x4, in its press release.


Question: What was SISU's first truck?

Sisu Auto

This is a 10-seat armored personnel carrier vehicle with many different cockpit options possible.


Question: What was SISU's first truck?

Sisu Auto

The vehicle has a maximum payload of 4500 kg.


Question: What was SISU's first truck?

Sisu Auto

Sources References Elsewhere (referenced 22.11.2008) Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Blomberg, Olli| title = Finnish Sisua since 1931: from conglomerate to truck| location = Karja| publisher = Sisu Auto| year = 2006}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Nygrén, Helge| title = Sisu on the roads of Finland and the world| location = Helsinki| publisher = Sisu-auto| year = 1981}} * Category:Key articles of screening


Question: What year was Cicero allowed to go back to Rome?

Cicero

Marcus Tullius Cicero ([ˈmaːr.ks ˈtl.lɪ.s ˈkɪ.kə.roː]; January 3, 106 BC.


Question: What year was Cicero allowed to go back to Rome?

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— 7 December 43 BC)


Question: What year was Cicero allowed to go back to Rome?

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was a Roman politician, orator, philosopher, lawyer and writer.


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He is generally regarded as a master of Latin prose, and Classical Latin is usually defined on the basis of the works of him and Julius Caesar.


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An extraordinary number of Cicero's works have survived.


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His influence on later literature and language use has been significant.


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He is also considered one of the founding figures of European humanism.


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[1] Cicero lived at a time when the Roman Republic was inevitably crumbling piece by piece.


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During his political career, he endeavoured idealistically to defend this oligarchy, but was unable to influence its replacement by exclusivity.


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He was pragmatic in his political activities, although his activities included many contradictions and changes of mind.


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Life Beginning Taival Cicero was born in Arpinum in Latium to a well-proportioned knightly family who, however, had no connections to the ruling aristocracy.


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He moved to Rome at a young age and received a level education.


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According to Plutarchus, he was an able pupil who attracted attention with his abilities.


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Cicero was given the opportunity to study law under Quintus Mucius Scaevola.


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Philosophy to him was initially taught by the Epicurean philosopher Faidros as well as the Academic philosopher Filon Larisalainen.


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[2] Cicero was interested in many fields, especially poetry.


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He was fond of all things Greek and even hoped to be buried there.


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During the period 89 BCE to 88 BC.


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Seventeen-year-old Cicero served in the Allied War in the forces of Gnaeus Pompeius Strabo and Lucius Cornelius Sulla.


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Cicero was not much amused by warring and he was oriented towards a career as a lawyer.


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In 80 BC.


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he travelled with his brother to Greece after he had annoyed dictator Sulla by defending his opponent in court.


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It was both a precautionary measure and a chance to visit the country that fascinated him.


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There was also a factor in the fact that Cicero had lost his voice, presumably at least in part because of the rhetorical style he used up until then.


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In Athens, Cicero's teacher was the Middle Platonian philosopher Antiokhos Askalonlainen.


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[3] Reettori Apollonios Molon guided Cicero in finding a speech style more suitable for the larynx.


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Upon his return to Rome, Cicero married and had two children.


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He continued his work as a lawyer, as well as studying philosophy.


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In Rome, Cicero's teacher was Diodotus who lived in his house, [4] who taught him Stoic philosophy and logic.


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Cicero was elected quaestor to Sicily in 75 BCE, though he had not completed the ten-year army service normally preceding the ten-year army service.


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[5] According to Cicero, during his time in Sicily, he saw Archimedes's tombstone inscribed with his favourite phrase on geometry.


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Upon his return to Rome, Cicero continued successfully as a lawyer.


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He became famous for the accusatory speech of the corrupt Sicilian landlord Gaius Verres in August 70 BCE.


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The Sicilians had asked him to be their lawyer because they had in memory Cicero's fair activities as quaestor.


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Verre was defended by the famous lawyer Hortensius Hortalus.


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Cicero won the case, which boosted his reputation.


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He distributed the grain he received as a reward to the multitudes.


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The upstart Cicero's progress in politics, however, was disrupted by his pedigree.


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He was a homo novus (new man, “upstart” [6]), the first in his family to rise to the Senate, and therefore to the end of his life an outsider to some extent.


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The previous homo novus to advance to consul had been Marius, who had survived so far mainly by force.


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This made Cicero's inherent support base narrow and the search for allies difficult.


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During his career he drifted into the same front with figures as diverse as Pompey and Octavianus.


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The state of the Republic was already quite unstable following the Marius and Sulla controversies.


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This all further hampered his attempts to push his program to save the republic.


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Cicero was elected in 69 BC.


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in Edile and 66 BC.


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as a praetorian.


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In this case, for the first time, he made a major political speech supporting the powers to be granted to Pompey.


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Often the careers of politicians from outside the power elite ended there, but Cicero decided to run for the highest office of the republic as consul.


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The year 64 BC.


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in the election held in the autumn, the senatorial electors Catilina and Gaius Antonius Hybrida stood against him.


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The former had problems with his publicity image; the latter was not more highly appreciated.


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The election campaign included plenty of loan-throwing, which Cicero also took part in with enthusiasm.


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Some of his election speech in the Senate has been preserved.


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Cicero won, Antony was second.


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Thus Cicero became the subject of the year 63 BC.


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consul.


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He had by then just reached the minimum age of 42 years required for consular office.


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In the consular year he was able, among other things, to overthrow the land law presented by Servilius Rullus, which would have increased the influence of Crassus and Caesar.


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In addition, he defended several individuals in court, not least from Caesar's accusations.


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How long, Catilina?


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The most significant event of the consular year, however, was when he revealed in the Senate Catilina's conspiracy to overthrow the Republic.


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Catilina, indentured by the previous year's election defeat, had decided to run for consul again.


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His economically insane election program promised, among other things, universal debt amnesty.


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Apparently the intent was to get debt-ridden senators to tell their clientals to vote this up.


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This promise in itself was enough to destabilize the city's economy.


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In addition, the threat of violence hovered in the air as veterans arrived in the city in support of Catilina.


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Cicero decided to take action.


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He asked for an adjournment to the consular election.


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The Senate decided to postpone the election by a few days.


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Cicero suggested that the election of Catilina was a threat, among other things, by acquiring a security detail that looks like election day.


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Eventually, when the election in July was held, Catilina again went unselected.


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Catilina had had enough and decided to resort to illegal means.


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Cicero had to die.


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The murder was due to take place on 28 October.


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Catilina planned to sneak with his troops at night to Rome, where not only Cicero but also numerous other senators would be killed.


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Knowledge, however, a year from the conspirators' circle and Cicero was informed of the plan.


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He disclosed the information to the Senate.


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In this context, at Cicero's instigation, the Senate issued an ultimatum (senatus consultum ultimum) against the conspirators.


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The conspirators decided to postpone their actions and October passed peacefully.


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However, they could not be arrested, for there was no supporting evidence.


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In November, the conspirators decided to embark on a new, even larger enterprise.


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Cicero heard about these plans, too.


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However, there was still no evidence, so he decided to resort to his strongest weapon: words.


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Cicero gave several accusatory speeches in the Senate against Catilina.


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Of these, the first was aimed directly at Catilina, the others more at the Senate and the people.


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These speeches have been considered masterpieces of rhetoric.


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The first speech was a somewhat direct ultimatum to Catilina.


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He had to leave with his henchmen immediately.


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From the first speech, its beginning is widely known.


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Cicero began by asking rhetorically, “How long, Catilina, are you going to exploit our patience?” (“Quousque tandem abutere Catilina patientia nostra?”).


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Life has also been left with the phrase “O times, oh ways!” (“O tempora, o mores!”).


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Catilina fled Rome to Etruria apparently with the intention of raising reinforcements.


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However, he was left behind by several of his supporters, who were persuaded by Cicero to acknowledge his intentions to the Senate.


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Catilina's backers had been in secret contact with the Gallic tribe allobrogs.


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However, the Galls had not agreed to rebel.


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Under emergency powers, some of the conspirators were executed without trial.


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Julius Caesar advocated more lenient punishments, Cato the Younger instead supported capital punishment.


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Cicero took the conspirators to the malicious Tullianum prison and was personally present when the executioner strangled them.


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The forgetting of the trial infuriated the public, but according to the story, Cicero responded by giving a speech in its entirety one word long: “Fuerunt” (“They were”).


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[7] or “Vixerunt” (“They Lived”).


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The motivation behind this formulan-type expression was possibly an attempt to avoid bad luck by avoiding direct talking about death.


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Father of the Fatherland in exile, Cicero was rewarded for exposing the conspiracy with the title pater patriae (father of the fatherland).


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However, he was forced to flee Rome in 58 BCE, when the kou for sentencing citizens without trial did not take to abate.


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The law of expulsion had been put forward by a demagogue, the folk tribune Clodius, whose hooligan supporters persecuted Cicero without sensitivity.


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Clodius was bitter with Cicero, among other things, over the earlier Bona Dea scandal, in connection with which Cicero had demanded punishment for sacrilege at worship expenditures for Clodius, who had swung in women's clothing.


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Cicero tried to gain sympathy for himself even by walking down the street in a mourning suit, but nothing helped.


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No one had the strength or desire to stop Clodius.


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After Cicero had left, Clodius allowed him to burn down his villas and destroy this house.


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Cicero's assets were also confiscated.


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In Cicero's own view, the ultimatum given by the Senate had given him the necessary authority for the executions that took place.


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In May 58 BC.


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Cicero went into exile to Thessalonica on the shore of the Adriatic Sea.


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The exile was a really hard blow for Cicero, the loss of his auctorias'.


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He fell into a deep depression as well as despair and planned suicide, of which his daughter Tullia and friend Atticus nevertheless managed to talk him out of.


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He wrote to his friend Atticus: “Your requests have prevented me from committing suicide.


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But what is it worth living for?


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Don't accuse me of whining.


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My sufferings are worse than those of anyone else you have heard of before.” [8] When a tribune tried to call Cicero home from exile the following year, Clodius sought to prevent this decision by force.


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However, Clodius' plan was thwarted by Titus Annius Milo's rival brawler gang.


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Cicero was therefore allowed to return in September 57 BC.


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by decision of the People's Assembly [9] and was received by a jubilant crowd, somewhat as well as the Greek Demosthenee in his time, as Appianus later observes.


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The return now also had the approval of Caesar, who had agreed to it after receiving assurances from Pompey that the speaker's language would remain in check.


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Upon his return, Cicero sought to regain his fortune and position.


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The Senate awarded him compensation for the destroyed property.


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Clodius, however, took care that Cicero had enough to do.


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He, with his gangs, attacked the workmen who had built Cicero's house, assaulted Cicero in the street, and burned down Cicero's brother's house.


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[5] Cicero now supported the populist Milo, whom he used against Clodius.


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The situation in the city was unsettled and food was in short supply too.


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Clodius was finally killed by Milo's man in January 52 BCE, after the troops of Milo and Clodius had encountered on the Via Appia.


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Cicero defended in court Milo, who was on trial for the murders of Clodius's relatives, but lost the case.


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Defensive talk of Pro Milone, despite this, has been considered significant.


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Cicero posited that Milo had no reason to kill Clodius.


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After this, 51 BC.


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Cicero left to become proconsul to Cilicia, where he attained the title of imperator.


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Attached to Roman city life, Cicero did not really want to leave, but legislation introduced earlier by Pompey, intended to reduce the plundering of provinces, had led to a shortage of civil service.


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[10] On the other hand, Cicero had proved to be an honest official already during his Quaestorian period in Sicily.


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Cicero arrived in the province in July.


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The rest of the summer months he spent conducting necessary combat actions, the winter he decided to reserve for legal action.


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With the help of his experienced legates, who included among others his brother Quintus, he pacified the province's border with Syria.


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He was not awarded the Triumph for this, although when he returned he waited for a good time outside the walls of Rome.


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Much of the winter went to solving tax-collection ambiguities.


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On the side of bloodhounds, against bloodhounds Later in 50 BC.


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In the power struggle between Pompey and Caesar, Cicero sought to remain neutral, even though he supported Pompey.


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He stated in one of his letters, “I know who I want to flee, but not whom to follow”.


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Eventually, after a long hesitation, he positioned himself publicly to support Pompey.


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After Caesar's incursion into Italy in 49 BC.


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Cicero fled Rome.


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Caesar tried in vain to persuade him to return.


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Cicero travelled further out of Italy to Dyrrhakhion, where his brother Quintus was also present.


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The brothers were of no greater help to Pompey, Quintus was reluctant to fight and Marcus opened his head with unnecessarily zeal.


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As Pompey continued on to Farsalos, the Ciceros remained in Cato's possession to hold at Dyrrhakhion.


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Cato offered Marcus the duties of military commander, but Cicero continued to be of little interest in warring.


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The Ciceros went on their travels.


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The bloodthirsty attitudes of Pompey supporters, for example the son of Pompey, sickened Marcus.


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Caesar defeated Pompey, but pardoned Cicero.


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Cicero returned to Rome.


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46 BC.


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Cicero wrote that his role in Caesar's dictatorship was to be invisible and to serve his country through his writings.


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As suitable writing topics, he saw ethics and constitutional issues.


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In February 44 BC.


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Cicero's deeply loved daughter Tullia died in childbirth.


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He wrote: “Now my home cannot comfort me in the grief I feel for the Republic, nor will public life compensate for the sadness I feel at home”.


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[11] The Last Republican and the Sheep March 44 BC.


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following Caesar's assassination, Cicero found himself on bad terms with Mark Antony.


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In the periods of instability that followed the murder, many sought refuge in Cicero.


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He operated in the background as the political balance of power was sought again.


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Antony and Cicero were now Rome's leading men.


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Cicero represented the Senate, Antony the late Caesar.


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However, the relationship between the men was difficult and Cicero made it clear that he did not appreciate Antony's way of interpreting Caesar's will.


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When Octavianus, proclaimed as Caesar's heir in a will, returned to Italy in April, Cicero sought a rapprochement on this.


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Cicero planned to play with the help of the young Octavian against Antony.


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He wrote 14 Philippine speeches against Antony since September.


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In these speeches, he said of Octavian as a child sent by a god, while Antony was a “sheep”.


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Cicero demanded that Antony be declared an enemy of the state, which happened after delays.


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This turned out to be a mistake.


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The Senate and the people alike sided in support of Cicero, but this no longer played a role in Roman politics.


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Octavianus and Antony settled their dispute and allied with Lepidus, forming the Second Triumvirate.


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In proscriptions performed as part of the treaty, Cicero and his brother Quintus were ordered to lose their lives as enemies of the state.


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Octavian is reported by some sources to have resisted naming Cicero for two days, but eventually the end of Cicero began looming.


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Cicero was given the honor of being the most fiercely chased of all those proscribed.


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He tried to escape, but to no avail.


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The pursuers learned he had fled to his villa in Tusculum, which they arrived on 7 December 43 BC.


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Brother Quintusk had been there, but had gone to Rome to fetch money, where he had been embezzled by his own slaves.


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Now Cicero fled to the nearby coast to Formiae.


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He sought to leave by ship for Greece, but the winds were not favourable.


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Thus, Cicero was left to wait for his executioners.


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According to the story, his last words would have been, “There is nothing decent about your action, soldier, but try to kill me properly”.


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Mark Antony let him nail his chipped off head to the forum Romanum speaker's stage.


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Nailed next to them was the hand of Cicero, who had written the Philippine speeches that Antony hated.


Question: What year was Cicero allowed to go back to Rome?

Cicero

According to Cassius Dio, Antony's wife Fulvia repeatedly struck Cicero's dangling tongue with a needle in retaliation for its sharpness.


Question: What year was Cicero allowed to go back to Rome?

Cicero

As an interesting detail, Cicero's son read to the Senate years later the information of Mark Antony's defeat at Aktion.


Question: What year was Cicero allowed to go back to Rome?

Cicero

According to another story, Octavianus once found a book of Cicero from his son, on which he wrote: “He was a learned man, a dear child.


Question: What year was Cicero allowed to go back to Rome?

Cicero

A learned man who loved his country”.


Question: What year was Cicero allowed to go back to Rome?

Cicero

[12] Family Cicero had one daughter and one son from his marriage to his wife Terentia.


Question: What year was Cicero allowed to go back to Rome?

Cicero

After thirty years of marriage, he divorced Terentia at the age of 57 and married the young and rich Publia.


Question: What year was Cicero allowed to go back to Rome?

Cicero

The breakup had a lot to do with finances, apparently Terentia had taken liberties in using Cicero's money.


Question: What year was Cicero allowed to go back to Rome?

Cicero

[13] [14] However, upon resigning, Cicero was forced to return the dowry he had paid for Terentia.


Question: What year was Cicero allowed to go back to Rome?

Cicero

[15] Cicero's second alliance ended up being separated.


Question: What year was Cicero allowed to go back to Rome?

Cicero

Cicero's Thinking Politics Cicero used to be republican.


Question: What year was Cicero allowed to go back to Rome?

Cicero

This means that he was not a Democrat, but was in favor of an oligarchy.


Question: What year was Cicero allowed to go back to Rome?

Cicero

But he sought not just to preserve the status quo, but to revive the political system from its current state of demotion.


Question: What year was Cicero allowed to go back to Rome?

Cicero

In Cicero's view, the selfless superiority should decide Roman affairs by Senate consensus.


Question: What year was Cicero allowed to go back to Rome?

Cicero

(These themes he addressed, for example, in his fragmentarily preserved work on the State.)


Question: What year was Cicero allowed to go back to Rome?

Cicero

This view was influenced by Cicero's middle-class background, which meant that he had fewer accomplished interests to defend than many others in the Senate.


Question: What year was Cicero allowed to go back to Rome?

Cicero

Cicero's vision included, not only the consensus of the aristocracy in the Senate, but also inter-legislative agreement, which meant before the rest the like-mindedness of the knighthood and the superiority.


Question: What year was Cicero allowed to go back to Rome?

Cicero

He apparently understood that the republic's separation of powers would have to change if it was to survive the changes in Rome's population, economy and world political position.


Question: What year was Cicero allowed to go back to Rome?

Cicero

But he was completely wrong in assuming that the ruling class would be prepared for the massive reforms needed that would have deprived it of power.


Question: What year was Cicero allowed to go back to Rome?

Cicero

Repeatedly, the oligarchy had shown itself to be uncommonly short-sighted.


Question: What year was Cicero allowed to go back to Rome?

Cicero

It responded to problems as they emerged, without its larger plan, and sought to maximise its own profits at every turn.


Question: What year was Cicero allowed to go back to Rome?

Cicero

The Roman system was constantly under both external and internal pressure.


Question: What year was Cicero allowed to go back to Rome?

Cicero

External military threats and internal infighting badly destabilized the regime in the final decades of the republic.


Question: What year was Cicero allowed to go back to Rome?

Cicero

The machinery of government designed for the city-state's use was simply not enough for world power.


Question: What year was Cicero allowed to go back to Rome?

Cicero

The societal situation was ripe for unrest.


Question: What year was Cicero allowed to go back to Rome?

Cicero

After the Catilina conspiracy, Cicero had begun to see himself as the elder statesman on whose shoulders the republic lay.


Question: What year was Cicero allowed to go back to Rome?

Cicero

[5] In Rome, the reforms were always more of a return to the old and Cicerok sought to return with his own reforms to the “good old days” of the Republic.


Question: What year was Cicero allowed to go back to Rome?

Cicero

However, the Senate, divided between optimates and populars, was powerless, time had pushed past it.


Question: What year was Cicero allowed to go back to Rome?

Cicero

After the Civil War, Cicero saw this for himself.


Question: What year was Cicero allowed to go back to Rome?

Cicero

He said: “The Republic, the Senate and the courts are mere zeros.


Question: What year was Cicero allowed to go back to Rome?

Cicero

None of us have any constitutional status”.


Question: What year was Cicero allowed to go back to Rome?

Cicero

Caesar came, saw and won.


Question: What year was Cicero allowed to go back to Rome?

Cicero

The plebeians welcomed the relative stability that ensued from the one-man dictatorship.


Question: What year was Cicero allowed to go back to Rome?

Cicero

This stability was only underlined by the unrest that followed Caesar's murder.


Question: What year was Cicero allowed to go back to Rome?

Cicero

Cicero remained “the last true friend of the Republic” and he spoke tirelessly of his ideals.


Question: What year was Cicero allowed to go back to Rome?

Cicero

Cicero's ideal, however, was a delusion.


Question: What year was Cicero allowed to go back to Rome?

Cicero

He was reaching for a golden time that never existed.


Question: What year was Cicero allowed to go back to Rome?

Cicero

There were no “men loyal to the Republic” in Rome whom armies could have been entrusted.


Question: What year was Cicero allowed to go back to Rome?

Cicero

Cicero did not possess sufficient political power or military understanding that he would have needed to pass through his own ideas.


Question: What year was Cicero allowed to go back to Rome?

Cicero

Theodor Mommsen even said in the 19th century that Cicero was a mere “journalist in the worst sense of the word” who had “no vision, no thought, nor purpose.”


Question: What year was Cicero allowed to go back to Rome?

Cicero

[16] [17] Mommsen, in particular, was disturbed by the recognition Cicero later received, which he regarded as strange hero worship.


Question: What year was Cicero allowed to go back to Rome?

Cicero

Failure to adopt the rules of the new power was ultimately fatal when the swords of Octavian and Antony spoke.


Question: What year was Cicero allowed to go back to Rome?

Cicero

All that remained of the republican restoration was word-rattling.


Question: What year was Cicero allowed to go back to Rome?

Cicero

Octavianus put forward his own programme during his empire, which was supposed to restore the ideals of the republic.


Question: What year was Cicero allowed to go back to Rome?

Cicero

However, this was merely a propaganda veil, in whose sheds a monopoly that lasted centuries was created.


Question: What year was Cicero allowed to go back to Rome?

Cicero

The philosophy of Cicero did not so much create a new philosophy, but romanized the abundance of Greek.


Question: What year was Cicero allowed to go back to Rome?

Cicero

[18] In Cicero's own time, the Roman superiority also knew Greek, so they were also able to familiarize themselves with original works.


Question: What year was Cicero allowed to go back to Rome?

Cicero

However, Cicero wanted to create opportunities for Latin philosophy as well.


Question: What year was Cicero allowed to go back to Rome?

Cicero

He therefore wrote his works specifically in Latin, translated works from Greek into Latin, as well as developing the Latin vocabulary of philosophy by inventing Latin equivalents for Greek terms.


Question: What year was Cicero allowed to go back to Rome?

Cicero

[19] Developed by Cicero include e.g.


Question: What year was Cicero allowed to go back to Rome?

Cicero

the terms a priori, a posteriori and reductio ad absurdum.


Question: What year was Cicero allowed to go back to Rome?

Cicero

Later, when the original Greek philosophy was largely forgotten in Europe, Cicero was an important source.


Question: What year was Cicero allowed to go back to Rome?

Cicero

As Christian ethics took shape in the 3rd century, Bishop Ambrosius drew from Cicero's production.


Question: What year was Cicero allowed to go back to Rome?

Cicero

Hieronymus and Augustine were also familiar with Cicero's production, and Augustine did quote Cicero diligently in his works.


Question: What year was Cicero allowed to go back to Rome?

Cicero

These quotations have subsequently helped significantly in the reconstruction of Cicero's works on the basis of surviving fragments.


Question: What year was Cicero allowed to go back to Rome?

Cicero

Augustine says Cicero's work Hortensius was the first stimulus for his conversion.


Question: What year was Cicero allowed to go back to Rome?

Cicero

The Catholic Church declared Cicero a “virtuous gentile” and thus many of his works were deemed worthy of preservation.


Question: What year was Cicero allowed to go back to Rome?

Cicero

Although within the church circle, Cicero was also opposed.


Question: What year was Cicero allowed to go back to Rome?

Cicero

Cicero was eclectic in thinking, meaning his thinking was a mixture of many schools, most noticeably the Platonism of the Old and New Academy and Stoicism.


Question: What year was Cicero allowed to go back to Rome?

Cicero

For Cicero, philosophy was subordinate to politics and must serve, above all, political purposes.


Question: What year was Cicero allowed to go back to Rome?

Cicero

Because of this, he did not accept excessive Academic skepticism, as he considered it to lead to inaction.


Question: What year was Cicero allowed to go back to Rome?

Cicero

On issues of ethics and policy, he favored more stoic and peripatetic thinking, which he felt were, for the most part, congruent.


Question: What year was Cicero allowed to go back to Rome?

Cicero

[20] Stoicism holds that man acts as part of the community to which he has obligations.