Question: When reportedly did the last Pouch Waster die?

7 September

MP 1948 — Timo Nummelin, Finnish ice hockey player and soccer player 1949 — Gloria Fowles (“Gloria Gaynor”), American soul singer 1953 — Ami Aspelund, Finnish singer 1953 — Jussi Myllymäki, Finnish actor 1954 — Michael Emerson, U.S. actor 1956 — Arto Melleri, Finnish poet (The death of a tightrope dancer or how Pete Q got wings) (d. 2005) 1964 — Eric Lynn Wright (“Eazy-E”), American rap singer (“N.W.A”) (d. 1995) 1965 — Angela Burlacus (“Angela Gheorghiu”), Romanian opera star 1965 — Andreas Thorn, German football player and coach 1967 — Toby Jones, British actor 1967 — Tommi Taurula, Finnish actor 1971 — Kimmo Eronen, Finnish ice hockey player 1973 — Alex Kurtzman, American film and television screenwriter, producer, and director 1978 — Matt Cooke, Canadian ice hockey player 1979 — Antti Luusuaniemi, Finnish actor 1979 — Owen Pallett (“Final Fantasy”), Canadian violinist 1980 — Gabriel Milito, Argentine football player 1982 — Vasíleios Spanoúlis, Greek basketball player 1985 — Rafael Ferreida de Souza, Rafinha, Brazilian footballer 1986 — Hamdi Braa, Tunisian basketball player 1987 — Obi Metzger, Sierraleonic footballer 1987 — Evan Rachel Wood, American actress 1990 — Libor Hudáček, Slovak ice hockey player Dead 1548 — Catherine Parr, Queen of England, last consort of King Henry VIII (d. 1512) 1657 — Arvid Wittenberg, Swedish marshal and power counsellor (d. 1606) 1809 — Buddha Yodfa Chulaloke, Rama I, King of Siam, founder of the Chakri dynasty (d. 1737) 1809 — Anders Björkk Qvist, Finnish chaplain and postal writer (d. 1741) 1836 — John Pond, English astronomer and Astronomer Royal (born 1767) 1895 — Evald Ferdinand Jahnsson, Finnish writer, teacher and priest (born 1844) 1915 — Miina Lönnrot, niece and housekeeper of Elias Lönnrot (born 1827) 1956 — Otto Schmidt, Soviet mathematician, astronomer, geophysicist and politician (born 1891) 1960 — Wilhelm Pieck, President of the German Democratic Republic (born 1876) 1962 — Karen Blixen (“Isak Dinesen”), Danish author (Seven Mysterious Stories) John Hoborov (born 1885) 1973 — Olavi Seeve, Finnish military pilot and Air Force commander (born 1909) 1978 — Cecil Aronowitz, British viola player (born 1916) 1978 — Keith Moon, British rock musician (born 1946) 1989 — Valery Hoborov, Soviet basketball player (born 1965) ) 1990 — Ahti Karjalainen, Prime Minister and Foreign Minister of Finland (born 1923) 1991 — Edwin McMillan, American chemist who won the 1951 Nobel Prize in Chemistry (born 1907) 1994 — James Clavell, Australian writer (Shōgun) (born 1924) 1997 — Joseph-Désiré Mobutu (“Mobutu Sese Seko”), Dictator of Zaire (born 1930) 2001 — Pertti Pasanen (“Spede”), Finnish entertainment artist, inventor and film director (born 1930) 2007 — John Compton, Prime Minister of Saint Lucia (born 1925) 2008 — Christian Dudeck (“Chris Witchhunter”), of the German thrash metal band Sodom Original drummer (born 1965) 2010 — Glenn Shadix, American actor (born 1952) 2011 — Stefan Liv, Swedish ice hockey goaltender (born 1980) 2011 — Pavol Demitra, Slovak ice hockey player (born 1974) 2011 — Jan Marek, Czech ice hockey player (born 1979) 2011 — Karel Rachůnek, Czech ice hockey player (born 1979) 2011 — Ruslan Salei, Belarusian ice hockey player (born 1974) 2013 — Albert Bartlett, American physics professor (born 1923) 2013 — Barney Hayhoe, British Conservative Party politician (born 1925) 2013 — Ilya Hurník, Czech composer and pianist (born 1922) 2014 — Juhani Ikonen, Finnish financial journalist (born 1934) 2014 — Yoshiko Ōtaka, Japanese singer, actor and politician (born 1920) 2016 — Joseph Keller, American mathematician (born 1923) 2018 — Mac Miller, American rap- artist (b. 1992) Holidays Finnish cavalry tradition day.


Question: When reportedly did the last Pouch Waster die?

7 September

See also: Calendar ~ September 6, September 8 Category:September -09-07


Question: Why did France attack Greenpeace's Rainbow Warrior ship?

Case of Rainbow Warrior

The Rainbow Warrior incident occurred on 10 July 1985 when the French external intelligence service DGSE carried out a bomb attack on Greenpeace's Rainbow Warrior ship in Auckland Harbour, New Zealand.


Question: Why did France attack Greenpeace's Rainbow Warrior ship?

Case of Rainbow Warrior

Photographer Fernando Pereira was killed in the blast, and following the incident, New Zealand police arrested two French agents on suspicion of arson and murder.


Question: Why did France attack Greenpeace's Rainbow Warrior ship?

Case of Rainbow Warrior

The agents eventually received a ten-year prison sentence for manslaughter, of which, however, due to French pressure, they only served two years.


Question: Why did France attack Greenpeace's Rainbow Warrior ship?

Case of Rainbow Warrior

The scandal that emerged from the case contributed to the resignation of French Defence Minister Charles Hernu.


Question: Why did France attack Greenpeace's Rainbow Warrior ship?

Case of Rainbow Warrior

In New Zealand, the Rainbow Warrior incident has been described as a silent war of independence.


Question: Why did France attack Greenpeace's Rainbow Warrior ship?

Case of Rainbow Warrior

The country felt that Britain and the United States, once considered allies, were leaving New Zealand alone at the mercy of French pressure.


Question: Why did France attack Greenpeace's Rainbow Warrior ship?

Case of Rainbow Warrior

Although the attack was carried out against Greenpeace, it was also known to have been directed against New Zealand.


Question: Why did France attack Greenpeace's Rainbow Warrior ship?

Case of Rainbow Warrior

[1] Background France and Greenpeace had been skirmishing since before the Rainbow Warrior incident because Greenpeace had opposed nuclear tests conducted by France in the Pacific and nuclear power at all.


Question: Why did France attack Greenpeace's Rainbow Warrior ship?

Case of Rainbow Warrior

In 1972, Greenpeace claimed that a French minesweeper had deliberately collided with a vessel called the organisation's Greenpeace III while it was en route to oppose French nuclear tests.


Question: Why did France attack Greenpeace's Rainbow Warrior ship?

Case of Rainbow Warrior

A year later, Greenpeace said French commandos had boarded the ship and assaulted the crew.


Question: Why did France attack Greenpeace's Rainbow Warrior ship?

Case of Rainbow Warrior

Some years earlier, Rainbow Warrior had also allegedly been the target of a collision when it had tried to block a road from a ship carrying nuclear waste in Cherbourg.


Question: Why did France attack Greenpeace's Rainbow Warrior ship?

Case of Rainbow Warrior

In 1985, Greenpeace planned to send a fleet under Rainbow Warrior to the French nuclear test site on the southern Mururoa Atoll [1] in the Pacific Ocean from New Zealand.


Question: Why did France attack Greenpeace's Rainbow Warrior ship?

Case of Rainbow Warrior

In France, this raised concerns, particularly because Rainbow Warrior was suspected to have equipment that could measure radioactivity at a nuclear test site.


Question: Why did France attack Greenpeace's Rainbow Warrior ship?

Case of Rainbow Warrior

Greenpeace could have made the measurement data public, arguing that radioactivity would pose a threat to the inhabitants of islands near the nuclear test site.


Question: Why did France attack Greenpeace's Rainbow Warrior ship?

Case of Rainbow Warrior

[2] The decision to start the mission DGSE became even more concerned when Rainbow Warrior visited Vanuatu the same year.


Question: Why did France attack Greenpeace's Rainbow Warrior ship?

Case of Rainbow Warrior

Walter Lini, who had close ties to the Soviet Union, Cuba and Libya, served as the country's prime minister at the time.


Question: Why did France attack Greenpeace's Rainbow Warrior ship?

Case of Rainbow Warrior

The country had even been visited by a Libyan delegation exploring the possibilities of interfering with the independence movement in New Caledonia and anti-Indonesian activities in Papua.


Question: Why did France attack Greenpeace's Rainbow Warrior ship?

Case of Rainbow Warrior

Admittedly, the Libyan delegation was not learned until two years after the Rainbow Warrior incident.


Question: Why did France attack Greenpeace's Rainbow Warrior ship?

Case of Rainbow Warrior

In any case, General Roger Emin, assistant to the head of the DGSE, ordered the Rainbow Warrior under surveillance.


Question: Why did France attack Greenpeace's Rainbow Warrior ship?

Case of Rainbow Warrior

The operation began to be handled by Colonel Serge Codet, who was given command of special forces from Corcette camp near Orléans.


Question: Why did France attack Greenpeace's Rainbow Warrior ship?

Case of Rainbow Warrior

[3] Beginning of Operation The first member of the Codet force to arrive in New Zealand was Lieutenant Christine Cabon, who entered the country in mid-April under the alias Fredérique Bonlieu.


Question: Why did France attack Greenpeace's Rainbow Warrior ship?

Case of Rainbow Warrior

Cabon's role in the operation has remained obscure.


Question: Why did France attack Greenpeace's Rainbow Warrior ship?

Case of Rainbow Warrior

Posing as a geologist and environmental supporter, he quickly became acquainted with Greenpeace representatives.


Question: Why did France attack Greenpeace's Rainbow Warrior ship?

Case of Rainbow Warrior

He eventually joined the organization as a temporary assistant.


Question: Why did France attack Greenpeace's Rainbow Warrior ship?

Case of Rainbow Warrior

However, he left New Zealand in May for Tahiti.


Question: Why did France attack Greenpeace's Rainbow Warrior ship?

Case of Rainbow Warrior

On 22 June, the DGSE sent the French New Caledonia-registered yacht Ouvea to New Zealand, where it remained in the remote port of Parengarenga in the north of the country.


Question: Why did France attack Greenpeace's Rainbow Warrior ship?

Case of Rainbow Warrior

[3] Five Frenchmen were included, among them Staff Sergeant Roger Verge and two sergeants with a connection to the Aspretto diver school on Corsica.


Question: Why did France attack Greenpeace's Rainbow Warrior ship?

Case of Rainbow Warrior

The task of the French was to report on the Greenpeace ships and to find out whether, according to the Greenpeace Navy, it would be possible to infiltrate the French ship, possibly in order to mess up these plans.


Question: Why did France attack Greenpeace's Rainbow Warrior ship?

Case of Rainbow Warrior

Another option was to try to get Verge as captain of some Greenpeace ship.


Question: Why did France attack Greenpeace's Rainbow Warrior ship?

Case of Rainbow Warrior

Similarly, on 22 June, a separate contingent from Ouvea's crew, a couple speaking French with Swiss passports, also arrived in the country.


Question: Why did France attack Greenpeace's Rainbow Warrior ship?

Case of Rainbow Warrior

The passports bore the names Alain Jacques and Sophie-Claire Turenge.


Question: Why did France attack Greenpeace's Rainbow Warrior ship?

Case of Rainbow Warrior

They came to Auckland and told them they were on their honeymoon.


Question: Why did France attack Greenpeace's Rainbow Warrior ship?

Case of Rainbow Warrior

In reality, both were DGSE officers, Major Alain Mafart and Captain Dominique Prieur.


Question: Why did France attack Greenpeace's Rainbow Warrior ship?

Case of Rainbow Warrior

Mafart had been an instructor at the DGSE Naval School, and Prieur was married to an employee of the French Ministry of Defence.


Question: Why did France attack Greenpeace's Rainbow Warrior ship?

Case of Rainbow Warrior

Following the Rainbow Warrior incident, France issued a statement stating that the pair's job was to report on the number of ships departing according to Rainbow Warrior and their characteristics.


Question: Why did France attack Greenpeace's Rainbow Warrior ship?

Case of Rainbow Warrior

[4] Attacked on 28 June, Ouvea sailed to Whangarei, about a hundred miles from Auckland.


Question: Why did France attack Greenpeace's Rainbow Warrior ship?

Case of Rainbow Warrior

There, one of its captains rented a car and travelled about 1400 miles over the next week, but the cause is not known.


Question: Why did France attack Greenpeace's Rainbow Warrior ship?

Case of Rainbow Warrior

[4] On 6 July, the Rainbow Warrior arrived from Vanuatu at Auckland Harbour.


Question: Why did France attack Greenpeace's Rainbow Warrior ship?

Case of Rainbow Warrior

[4] The French began to control it and tried to find out if the New Zealand government was somehow implicated [5], as the country's Prime Minister David Lange had taken a stand against nuclear power [4].


Question: Why did France attack Greenpeace's Rainbow Warrior ship?

Case of Rainbow Warrior

Three days after Rainbow Warrior arrived, Ouvea set off from New Zealand towards Norfolk Island, which was part of Australia.


Question: Why did France attack Greenpeace's Rainbow Warrior ship?

Case of Rainbow Warrior

The next day, Rainbow Warrior was sunk by magnetic mines.


Question: Why did France attack Greenpeace's Rainbow Warrior ship?

Case of Rainbow Warrior

The first explosion occurred below the waterline.


Question: Why did France attack Greenpeace's Rainbow Warrior ship?

Case of Rainbow Warrior

[5] The 12 crew members on board escaped, with the exception of Portuguese photographer Fernando Pereira, who went below deck and tried to save his camera.


Question: Why did France attack Greenpeace's Rainbow Warrior ship?

Case of Rainbow Warrior

That's when another explosion occurred, and Pereira was killed.


Question: Why did France attack Greenpeace's Rainbow Warrior ship?

Case of Rainbow Warrior

[6] Police arrested Mafart and Prieur a few hours after the caravan near the harbour.


Question: Why did France attack Greenpeace's Rainbow Warrior ship?

Case of Rainbow Warrior

Life jackets, a rubber boat and a compressed air bottle, all of the type used by the French Navy, had been left in the harbour.


Question: Why did France attack Greenpeace's Rainbow Warrior ship?

Case of Rainbow Warrior

Using phone numbers held by the pair, it was discovered that they were working for French intelligence.


Question: Why did France attack Greenpeace's Rainbow Warrior ship?

Case of Rainbow Warrior

New Zealand intelligence, meanwhile, worked out that the pair had called the DGSE number from a hotel.


Question: Why did France attack Greenpeace's Rainbow Warrior ship?

Case of Rainbow Warrior

[5] The apprehension of the French on 15 July, Mafart and Prieur were charged with possession of false passports, and at the same time New Zealand police sent their men to question Ovea's crew on Norfolk Island.


Question: Why did France attack Greenpeace's Rainbow Warrior ship?

Case of Rainbow Warrior

On July 23, Mafart and Prieur faced arson and murder charges and were passports to Auckland's Mount Eden Prison.


Question: Why did France attack Greenpeace's Rainbow Warrior ship?

Case of Rainbow Warrior

Three days later, warrants were issued for the crew of Ouvea on suspicion of the same crimes.


Question: Why did France attack Greenpeace's Rainbow Warrior ship?

Case of Rainbow Warrior

At the time, evidence had already been gathered about Ouvea's links to the matter.


Question: Why did France attack Greenpeace's Rainbow Warrior ship?

Case of Rainbow Warrior

[7] On 27 July, a wanted warrant was also issued for Fredérique Bonlieu, who at the time was working on archaeological excavations in Israel.


Question: Why did France attack Greenpeace's Rainbow Warrior ship?

Case of Rainbow Warrior

New Zealand police asked Israeli police to take over Bonlieu for questioning, but he flew to New York before that.


Question: Why did France attack Greenpeace's Rainbow Warrior ship?

Case of Rainbow Warrior

Meanwhile, Ouvea, who was en route to New Caledonia, was lost at sea, apparently sunk by her crew.


Question: Why did France attack Greenpeace's Rainbow Warrior ship?

Case of Rainbow Warrior

The crew had apparently arranged to transfer to another ship.


Question: Why did France attack Greenpeace's Rainbow Warrior ship?

Case of Rainbow Warrior

[7] Reaction As the Rainbow Warrior incident spread to the news in France, the country's Ministry of Defence attempted to conceal information that two of those arrested for the attack were members of the DGSE.


Question: Why did France attack Greenpeace's Rainbow Warrior ship?

Case of Rainbow Warrior

President François Mitterrand asked Prime Minister Laurent Fabius to arrange an investigation into the incident, and this in turn put the former Élysée Palace Secretary-General Bernand Tricot on the matter.


Question: Why did France attack Greenpeace's Rainbow Warrior ship?

Case of Rainbow Warrior

At the same time, the French media circulated information, at least some of which came from the DGSE.


Question: Why did France attack Greenpeace's Rainbow Warrior ship?

Case of Rainbow Warrior

On a couple of occasions the case tried to blame Britain.


Question: Why did France attack Greenpeace's Rainbow Warrior ship?

Case of Rainbow Warrior

It was first hinted that Britain might be responsible for the whole attack, and then Britain was accused of handing over information about the French mission to New Zealand.


Question: Why did France attack Greenpeace's Rainbow Warrior ship?

Case of Rainbow Warrior

An attempt to retaliate against France for its Exocet missiles sold to Argentina by Argentina successfully used by Argentina in the Falklands War was the motive for the British attack.


Question: Why did France attack Greenpeace's Rainbow Warrior ship?

Case of Rainbow Warrior

[7] However, the only evidence linking the British to the attack was a rubber boat that had been found in the harbour shortly after the attack.


Question: Why did France attack Greenpeace's Rainbow Warrior ship?

Case of Rainbow Warrior

The boat had been bought from Brent in north London.


Question: Why did France attack Greenpeace's Rainbow Warrior ship?

Case of Rainbow Warrior

The seller remembered the boat buyer speaking French and claimed to recognise him from a photograph of Alain Mafar.


Question: Why did France attack Greenpeace's Rainbow Warrior ship?

Case of Rainbow Warrior

The French claimed after Mafair revealed that the seller of the boat was a former British agent.


Question: Why did France attack Greenpeace's Rainbow Warrior ship?

Case of Rainbow Warrior

Britain's defence minister, Geoffrey Howe, described the French accusations as absurd in an interview given to television.


Question: Why did France attack Greenpeace's Rainbow Warrior ship?

Case of Rainbow Warrior

[8] In the meantime, problems arose in clearing the case.


Question: Why did France attack Greenpeace's Rainbow Warrior ship?

Case of Rainbow Warrior

The French had assumed that the New Zealanders would cooperate with the French clearing team, but they were demanding the extradition to New Zealand of all persons connected to the case.


Question: Why did France attack Greenpeace's Rainbow Warrior ship?

Case of Rainbow Warrior

France replied that it would not extradite its citizens to other countries.


Question: Why did France attack Greenpeace's Rainbow Warrior ship?

Case of Rainbow Warrior

[8] Later, French Prime Minister Fabius asked New Zealand for all evidence relating to the case for inquiries.


Question: Why did France attack Greenpeace's Rainbow Warrior ship?

Case of Rainbow Warrior

Fabius acknowledged that DGSE agents were responsible for the scuttling of the Rainbow Warrior and they had acted according to regulations.


Question: Why did France attack Greenpeace's Rainbow Warrior ship?

Case of Rainbow Warrior

[9] Mitterrand was then forced to dismiss those responsible: Defence Minister Charles Hernu was replaced by Paul Quilès, [10] and DGSE leader Admiral Pierre Lacosten was replaced in turn by General René Imbot [11].


Question: Why did France attack Greenpeace's Rainbow Warrior ship?

Case of Rainbow Warrior

Lacoste later claimed in his memoirs that the order to sink Rainbow Warrior had come directly from President Mitterrand, but Mitterrand claimed to have been unaware of the matter.


Question: Why did France attack Greenpeace's Rainbow Warrior ship?

Case of Rainbow Warrior

[12] The conviction and acquittal of the guilty in New Zealand, the charges against Mafart and Prieur were eventually converted to manslaughter.


Question: Why did France attack Greenpeace's Rainbow Warrior ship?

Case of Rainbow Warrior

This immediately prompted criticism and accusations that France and New Zealand had entered into some sort of secret agreement, but Prime Minister David Lange quickly denied the deal in the public eye.


Question: Why did France attack Greenpeace's Rainbow Warrior ship?

Case of Rainbow Warrior

More likely, though, is that New Zealand feared the murder charge would fall because of the scant evidence.


Question: Why did France attack Greenpeace's Rainbow Warrior ship?

Case of Rainbow Warrior

[13] On November 22, Mafart and Prieur were found guilty and sentenced to ten-year prison terms.


Question: Why did France attack Greenpeace's Rainbow Warrior ship?

Case of Rainbow Warrior

[14] France tried to entangle itself in the trial by spreading rumours that the pair of agents were not responsible for the bombing but the perpetrators had fled.


Question: Why did France attack Greenpeace's Rainbow Warrior ship?

Case of Rainbow Warrior

When that was not successful, they began work to free their agents.


Question: Why did France attack Greenpeace's Rainbow Warrior ship?

Case of Rainbow Warrior

New Zealand therefore agreed that the prisoners were transferred to the Atoll of Hoa, which is part of France, where they were to be held for three years.


Question: Why did France attack Greenpeace's Rainbow Warrior ship?

Case of Rainbow Warrior

France gave New Zealand £4500,000 in compensation and issued a formal apology.


Question: Why did France attack Greenpeace's Rainbow Warrior ship?

Case of Rainbow Warrior

After negotiations with New Zealand, France had threatened to make it harder for New Zealand to import mutton and butter and, as a warning, imports of these products into French New Caledonia were blocked.


Question: Why did France attack Greenpeace's Rainbow Warrior ship?

Case of Rainbow Warrior

The agreement reached was ordered to be overseen by UN Secretary-General Javier Pérez de Cuéllar.


Question: Why did France attack Greenpeace's Rainbow Warrior ship?

Case of Rainbow Warrior

However, as early as September 1987, it was claimed that Mafart and Prieur served as trainers for combat divers on Hoa.


Question: Why did France attack Greenpeace's Rainbow Warrior ship?

Case of Rainbow Warrior

In December, it was announced that Mafart had been flown to Paris for humanitarian and medical reasons.


Question: Why did France attack Greenpeace's Rainbow Warrior ship?

Case of Rainbow Warrior

[15] Prieurkin was finally flown from the island in 1988.


Question: Why did France attack Greenpeace's Rainbow Warrior ship?

Case of Rainbow Warrior

The French had taken advantage of a point in the treaty which mentioned that exit was possible in the event of illness or pregnancy.


Question: Why did France attack Greenpeace's Rainbow Warrior ship?

Case of Rainbow Warrior

So first Prieur's man was flown to the island, and in May 1988, Jacques Chirac arranged for Prieur to be removed from the island, citing pregnancy.


Question: Why did France attack Greenpeace's Rainbow Warrior ship?

Case of Rainbow Warrior

[16] Sources Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author=Richard Deacon| title= The French Secret Service| publisher = Grafton Books| year = 1990| id=ISBN 0-586-20673-6| language = Transclusion error: {{En}} is only for use in File namespace.


Question: Why did France attack Greenpeace's Rainbow Warrior ship?

Case of Rainbow Warrior

Use {{lang-en}} or {{en icon}} instead.}


Question: Why did France attack Greenpeace's Rainbow Warrior ship?

Case of Rainbow Warrior

References Coordinates: Category:Auckland Category:New Zealand History Category:Espionage Class:1985 terrorist attacks Category:Greenpeace Category:French political scandals


Question: Where is Melanie Oudin born?

Melanie Oudin

Melanie Oudin (born September 23, 1991 in Marietta, Georgia, United States) is an American professional tennis player.


Question: Where is Melanie Oudin born?

Melanie Oudin

[1] In the world list of juniors, he was best ranked second.


Question: Where is Melanie Oudin born?

Melanie Oudin

[2] At her best, Oudin was ranked number 31 in singles and number 125 in doubles.


Question: Where is Melanie Oudin born?

Melanie Oudin

She won one WTA tournament in her career in singles.


Question: Where is Melanie Oudin born?

Melanie Oudin

[1] Oudin announced the end of his career in August 2017.


Question: Where is Melanie Oudin born?

Melanie Oudin

[3] Tennis Career Beginning In his junior career, Oudin won 27 consecutive matches on the junior ITF tour in late 2007.


Question: Where is Melanie Oudin born?

Melanie Oudin

[4] [5] In 2008, Oudin made it to the semi-finals of the U.S. Open girls' tournament, where she lost to Gabriela Paz.


Question: Where is Melanie Oudin born?

Melanie Oudin

[5] On the ITF tour, Oudin made his debut in 2006 playing in the United States.


Question: Where is Melanie Oudin born?

Melanie Oudin

In 2007, she toured ITF tournaments and participated in both the Memphis and U.S. Open qualifiers.


Question: Where is Melanie Oudin born?

Melanie Oudin

In the first round of U.S. Open qualifying, Oudin, who was ranked 548 on the world list, defeated Ayumi Morita, who was ranked 152.


Question: Where is Melanie Oudin born?

Melanie Oudin

In the second round of qualifying, she lost to Regina Kulikova.


Question: Where is Melanie Oudin born?

Melanie Oudin

[6] ITF tournaments and a wild card to the US Open (2008), Oudin moved on to become a professional player in February 2008 [1], when she survived to a final in the ITF tournament at Fort Walton Beach, losing it to Barbora Záhlavová-Strýcová by figures of 3—6, 7—5, 6—7 (5).


Question: Where is Melanie Oudin born?

Melanie Oudin

In March, she qualified by wild card to enter the WTA Tournament at Indian Wells, where she defeated Maret An in the first round.


Question: Where is Melanie Oudin born?

Melanie Oudin

In the second round, she lost to Francesca Schiavone, who was ranked 22 on the world list.


Question: Where is Melanie Oudin born?

Melanie Oudin

In April, she received a wild card to the WTA Tournament in Miami, where she lost in the first round to Tathiana Garbin in three sets.


Question: Where is Melanie Oudin born?

Melanie Oudin

[6] In July, Oudin made it to the final at the ITF tournament in Lexington, where she lost to Carly Gullickson.


Question: Where is Melanie Oudin born?

Melanie Oudin

In August, Oudin received a wild card into the main series of a Grand Slam tournament at the U.S. Open.


Question: Where is Melanie Oudin born?

Melanie Oudin

She lost in the first round to Jessica Moore by figures of 6—7 (5), 6—7 (5).


Question: Where is Melanie Oudin born?

Melanie Oudin

In October—November, Oudin played in the Bell Challenge tournament in Quebec City.


Question: Where is Melanie Oudin born?

Melanie Oudin

In the first round, Oudin defeated second-placed Sybille Bammer 6—4, 3—6, 7—5.


Question: Where is Melanie Oudin born?

Melanie Oudin

In the second round came against Olga Putškova, whom Oudin defeated 6—1, 7—6 (3).


Question: Where is Melanie Oudin born?

Melanie Oudin

After reaching the quarterfinals for the first time in a WTA tournament, she lost to her sixth-placed compatriot Bethanie Mattek-Sands by figures of 6—7 (7), 1—6.


Question: Where is Melanie Oudin born?

Melanie Oudin

[6] Going into the fourth round at the U.S. Open (2009), Oudin started the season by qualifying for the Australian Open.


Question: Where is Melanie Oudin born?

Melanie Oudin

After qualifying, she lost in the first round of the main series to Akgul Amanmuradova by figures of 1—6, 4—6.


Question: Where is Melanie Oudin born?

Melanie Oudin

At the WTA tournament in Memphis, Oudin, who was ranked 150 on the world list, defeated Jill Craybas in the first round.


Question: Where is Melanie Oudin born?

Melanie Oudin

In the second round, she lost to Marina Erakovic.


Question: Where is Melanie Oudin born?

Melanie Oudin

In March, Oudin lost in the first round of Indian Wells to Lucie Šafářová and in the first round of the Miami tournament to Daniela Hantuchová.


Question: Where is Melanie Oudin born?

Melanie Oudin

In April, Oudin made it to the third round at the WTA Tournament in Charleston, where she defeated Aleksandra Wozniak, who was ranked 29 on the world list in the second round.


Question: Where is Melanie Oudin born?

Melanie Oudin

In the third round, she lost to Marion Bartoli.


Question: Where is Melanie Oudin born?

Melanie Oudin

In May, Oudin won both the Indian Harbour Beach and Raleigh ITF tournaments.


Question: Where is Melanie Oudin born?

Melanie Oudin

[6] In June, Oudin qualified through qualifying to enter the Wimbledon tennis tournament, where she advanced to the fourth round after defeating Sybille Bammer, Yaroslava Švedova and former world list number one, the current top six, Jelena Janković.


Question: Where is Melanie Oudin born?

Melanie Oudin

Oudin defeated Janković with figures of 6—7, 7—5, 6—2, but lost in the fourth round to Agnieszka Radwańska 4—6, 5—7.


Question: Where is Melanie Oudin born?

Melanie Oudin

[6] In the first round of the U.S. Open, Oudin defeated Anastasija Pavljutchenkova 6—2, 6—1.


Question: Where is Melanie Oudin born?

Melanie Oudin

In the second round, she defeated fourth-placed Jelena Dementjeva 5—7, 6—4, 6—3.


Question: Where is Melanie Oudin born?

Melanie Oudin

Ranked 70, Oudin defeated the 2006 champion, Marija Šarapova, 3—6, 6—4, 7—5, in the third round.


Question: Where is Melanie Oudin born?

Melanie Oudin

In the fourth round, she defeated the next Russian, 13th-placed Nadja Petrova, reading 1—6, 7—6, 6—3.


Question: Where is Melanie Oudin born?

Melanie Oudin

[7] Oudin became the youngest American tennis player to make it to the quarterfinals since Serena Williams in 1999.


Question: Where is Melanie Oudin born?

Melanie Oudin

[8] However, Oudin's tournament ended in the quarterfinals as she lost to ninth-placed Caroline Wozniacki by figures of 2—6, 2—6.


Question: Where is Melanie Oudin born?

Melanie Oudin

[6] Poor success in Grand Slam tournaments (2010) In January, Oudin participated in the Hopman Cup along with John Isner.


Question: Where is Melanie Oudin born?

Melanie Oudin

[9] [10] At the Australian Open, Oudin lost in the first round to Alla Kudryavcheva.


Question: Where is Melanie Oudin born?

Melanie Oudin

In February, she reached the semi-finals at the WTA Tournament in Paris, where she lost to first-placed Svetlana Kuznetsova.


Question: Where is Melanie Oudin born?

Melanie Oudin

The following week in Memphis, Oudin made it to the quarterfinals.


Question: Where is Melanie Oudin born?

Melanie Oudin

In April, he reached the quarterfinals at the Ponte Vedra Beach and Charleston tournaments.


Question: Where is Melanie Oudin born?

Melanie Oudin

[6] In the French Open, Oudin's games ended in the opening round as he lost to Spain's Anabel Medina Garriques by figures of 5—7, 2—6.


Question: Where is Melanie Oudin born?

Melanie Oudin

At Wimbledon, she defeated Anna-Lena Grönefeld in the opening round, but lost in the second round to Jarmila Groth 4—6, 3—6.


Question: Where is Melanie Oudin born?

Melanie Oudin

At the U.S. Open, Oudin defeated Olga Savchuk, but lost in the second round to Alona Bondarenko by figures of 2—6, 5—7.


Question: Where is Melanie Oudin born?

Melanie Oudin

In September, at the Quebec City tournament, Oudin reached the quarterfinals.


Question: Where is Melanie Oudin born?

Melanie Oudin

In November, she reached the final at the ITF tournament in Phoenix, which she lost to Varvara Lepchenko.


Question: Where is Melanie Oudin born?

Melanie Oudin

[6] The mixed doubles championship at the United States Open (2011) Australian Open, Oudin lost in the first round to Klára Zakopalová.


Question: Where is Melanie Oudin born?

Melanie Oudin

At the Indian Wells tournament in March, Oudin defeated Jelena Vesnina, but lost in the second round to Yanina Wickmayer.


Question: Where is Melanie Oudin born?

Melanie Oudin

Also in Miami, Oudin made it to the second round after defeating Julia Görges.


Question: Where is Melanie Oudin born?

Melanie Oudin

In the second round, she lost to Daniela Hantuchová.


Question: Where is Melanie Oudin born?

Melanie Oudin

At the tournament in Fes, Oudin reached the quarterfinals where she lost to Alberta Briant.


Question: Where is Melanie Oudin born?

Melanie Oudin

In the first round of the French Open, Oudin lost to the reigning champion of the tournament, Francesca Schiavone.


Question: Where is Melanie Oudin born?

Melanie Oudin

[6] At Wimbledon, Oudin lost in the first round to Ana Ivanović 0—6, 1—6.


Question: Where is Melanie Oudin born?

Melanie Oudin

At the U.S. Open, Oudin's poor Grand Slam success continued as she lost in the first round to Romina Oprand.


Question: Where is Melanie Oudin born?

Melanie Oudin

[6] He won the mixed doubles title at the US Open, however, along with Jack Sock.


Question: Where is Melanie Oudin born?

Melanie Oudin

On a wild card, the pair qualified for the tournament defeated eighth-placed Gisela Dulko and Eduardo Schwank by figures of 7—6 (4), 4—6, [10—8] in the final.


Question: Where is Melanie Oudin born?

Melanie Oudin

[11] First WTA tournament win (2012) Oudin lost in the first qualifying round of the Australian Open to Laura Robson.


Question: Where is Melanie Oudin born?

Melanie Oudin

At the French Open, she defeated Johanna Larsson in the first round, but lost in the second round to Sara Errani.


Question: Where is Melanie Oudin born?

Melanie Oudin

[6] In June, Oudin achieved her first WTA tournament win in singles after winning the Birmingham grass court tournament.


Question: Where is Melanie Oudin born?

Melanie Oudin

Oudin, who cleared her way to the main series through qualifiers, defeated Jelena Janković in the tournament final.


Question: Where is Melanie Oudin born?

Melanie Oudin

He was ranked 208 on the world list after winning the tournament.


Question: Where is Melanie Oudin born?

Melanie Oudin

[12] At Wimbledon, Oudin lost in the first round to Tímea Babos in three sets.


Question: Where is Melanie Oudin born?

Melanie Oudin

At the U.S. Open, Oudin lost in the first round to Lucie Šafářová.


Question: Where is Melanie Oudin born?

Melanie Oudin

In September, he advanced to the quarterfinals at the Quebec City tournament.


Question: Where is Melanie Oudin born?

Melanie Oudin

[6] In the first round of the 2013 Australian Open, Oudin lost to Laura Robson.


Question: Where is Melanie Oudin born?

Melanie Oudin

He also suffered first-round losses in tournaments at Memphis, Indian Wells, and Charleston.


Question: Where is Melanie Oudin born?

Melanie Oudin

In Rome, she reached the second round after defeating Yekaterina Makarova.


Question: Where is Melanie Oudin born?

Melanie Oudin

At the French Open, she lost in the second round to Zheng Jie, after defeating Tamira Paszek in the opening round.


Question: Where is Melanie Oudin born?

Melanie Oudin

[6] Fed Cup Oudin played its first Fed Cup match in February 2009.


Question: Where is Melanie Oudin born?

Melanie Oudin

In the quarterfinals, she lost to Argentina's Gisela Dulko, but defeated Betina Jozam.


Question: Where is Melanie Oudin born?

Melanie Oudin

After the United States made it to the finals, Oudin played against Italy's Francesca Schiavone and Flavia Pennetta, but lost to both.


Question: Where is Melanie Oudin born?

Melanie Oudin

Italy defeated the United States cleanly 4—0 in the Fed Cup final.


Question: Where is Melanie Oudin born?

Melanie Oudin

[13] Tennis fans voted Oudin as the Fed Cup concluding Heart Award winner.


Question: Where is Melanie Oudin born?

Melanie Oudin

The award is given to a player who has represented his country with distinction, shown exceptional courage on the field and committed to the team during the Fed Cup.


Question: Where is Melanie Oudin born?

Melanie Oudin

[14] In February 2010, Oudin again played for the U.S. team.


Question: Where is Melanie Oudin born?

Melanie Oudin

She defeated both Pauline Parmentier and Julie Coin of France in the quarterfinals.


Question: Where is Melanie Oudin born?

Melanie Oudin

[15] [16] In the semi-final against Russia, Oudin defeated Alla Kudryavcheva, but lost to Yelena Dementjeva.


Question: Where is Melanie Oudin born?

Melanie Oudin

[13] However, the US team made it to the final, where it faced Italy again.


Question: Where is Melanie Oudin born?

Melanie Oudin

[17] Oudin defeated Schiavone by figures of 6—3, 6—1, and levelled the score at 1—2 with Italy leading.


Question: Where is Melanie Oudin born?

Melanie Oudin

[18] However, Italy eventually won the championship when Pennetta defeated Coco Vandeweghe in a singles match.


Question: Where is Melanie Oudin born?

Melanie Oudin

[19] In the quarterfinals played at the 2011 Fed Cup against Belgium, Oudin lost to both Kim Clijsters and Yanina Wickmayer [13], and when the U.S. team won only doubles, so the team was relegated from the sequel.


Question: Where is Melanie Oudin born?

Melanie Oudin

[20] Statistics Singles Success by Year [1] Sources on the topic elsewhere {{WTA}} template missing ID and not present in Wikidata.


Question: Where is Melanie Oudin born?

Melanie Oudin

Category:79.35 Tennis Class:American tennis players Category:Born in 1991 Class:Living persons


Question: When was Stephenie Meyer born?

Stephenie Meyer

Stephenie Meyer (o.b. Morgan, born December 24, 1973, Hartford, Connecticut) is an American writer.


Question: When was Stephenie Meyer born?

Stephenie Meyer

She is known for the four-part romantic fantasy series Temptation ().


Question: When was Stephenie Meyer born?

Stephenie Meyer

The first volume of the book series, The Decoy published in 2005, was Meyer's pre-production work.


Question: When was Stephenie Meyer born?

Stephenie Meyer

Meyer's Lure series books have sold over 42 million copies worldwide, [1] [2] and the series has been translated into 37 languages.


Question: When was Stephenie Meyer born?

Stephenie Meyer

[3] In 2005, Publishers Weekly magazine selected Meyer as one of the year's most promising new writers.


Question: When was Stephenie Meyer born?

Stephenie Meyer

[4] According to USA Today, the four volumes of Lure were the best-selling books of 2008 in the United States, [5] and Meyer's publisher estimates his books sold 22 million copies that year.


Question: When was Stephenie Meyer born?

Stephenie Meyer

Meyer is the first author to have captured the top four spots on USA Today's list with his works.


Question: When was Stephenie Meyer born?

Stephenie Meyer

[6] In addition to the Decoy series, Meyer has also written the science fiction novel Guest (2008) for adults.


Question: When was Stephenie Meyer born?

Stephenie Meyer

In 2009, Meyer reached number 26 on a list of the world's most influential public figures compiled by financial magazine Forbes [7].


Question: When was Stephenie Meyer born?

Stephenie Meyer

Life Stephenie Meyer's parents were Stephen and Candy Morgan.


Question: When was Stephenie Meyer born?

Stephenie Meyer

Meyer has five siblings: Seth, Emily, Jacob, Paul, and Heidi.


Question: When was Stephenie Meyer born?

Stephenie Meyer

The unusual spelling of his first name, he received based on the name of his father Stephen.


Question: When was Stephenie Meyer born?

Stephenie Meyer

[8] When Meyer was four years old, his family moved from Connecticut to Phoenix, the Arizona state capital.


Question: When was Stephenie Meyer born?

Stephenie Meyer

He attended Chaparral High School in Scottsdale and went on to study at Brigham Young University in Provo, Utah, where he majored in English.


Question: When was Stephenie Meyer born?

Stephenie Meyer

[9] Meyer graduated from the university in 1995.


Question: When was Stephenie Meyer born?

Stephenie Meyer

In 1994, Meyer married Christian “Pancho” Meyer.


Question: When was Stephenie Meyer born?

Stephenie Meyer

The couple have three sons: Gabe, Seth and Eli.


Question: When was Stephenie Meyer born?

Stephenie Meyer

[8] Meyer is a member of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints.


Question: When was Stephenie Meyer born?

Stephenie Meyer

For example, because of his faith, he does not drink alcohol or smoke tobacco.


Question: When was Stephenie Meyer born?

Stephenie Meyer

[10] In his youth, Meyer dreamed of a career as a writer and studied English at university, but nevertheless considered becoming a lawyer because he did not believe he could succeed as a writer.


Question: When was Stephenie Meyer born?

Stephenie Meyer

After giving birth to her first child, Gabe, she abandoned the idea of a career in law and remained a stay-at-home mother.


Question: When was Stephenie Meyer born?

Stephenie Meyer

[10] Decoy series Meyer's Decoy series was released between 2005 and 2008.


Question: When was Stephenie Meyer born?

Stephenie Meyer

The book series tells the story of a young girl named Bella Swan who falls in love with a vampire boy named Edward Cullen.


Question: When was Stephenie Meyer born?

Stephenie Meyer

According to what he told, Meyer got the idea for a series of books about his dream where a girl and a vampire boy discussed their relationship and how the vampire boy had to fight back against his desire to drink the girl's blood.


Question: When was Stephenie Meyer born?

Stephenie Meyer

[11] The next day, in June 2003, Meyer began writing her first-born novel The Lure, based on her dream.


Question: When was Stephenie Meyer born?

Stephenie Meyer

[11] Meyer entered into a $750,000 contract to publish Lure with the US publishing company Little, Brown and Company [12].


Question: When was Stephenie Meyer born?

Stephenie Meyer

The agreement also covered the release of the other three volumes.


Question: When was Stephenie Meyer born?

Stephenie Meyer

Lure was released in 2005 and was very successful.


Question: When was Stephenie Meyer born?

Stephenie Meyer

It was, among others, a selection by the New York Times and Publishers Weekly as the best book of the year in 2005.


Question: When was Stephenie Meyer born?

Stephenie Meyer

[13] Meyer continued the book series for three more volumes.


Question: When was Stephenie Meyer born?

Stephenie Meyer

The lure was followed by Uusikuu in 2006 (Finland 2007), Doubt in 2007 (Finland 2008) and Aamunkoi in 2008 (Finland 2009).


Question: When was Stephenie Meyer born?

Stephenie Meyer

The book series was translated into Finnish between 2005 and 2009 as published by WSOY.


Question: When was Stephenie Meyer born?

Stephenie Meyer

Meyer was due to write Midnight Sun, a re-telling piece of the first part of the series from Edward's point of view, but after its drafts leaked onto the internet he stopped writing it.


Question: When was Stephenie Meyer born?

Stephenie Meyer

Sketches of Midnight Sun can be viewed on Meyer's homepage.


Question: When was Stephenie Meyer born?

Stephenie Meyer

[14] Meyer has also written a piece with additional information about the Decoy series titled The Twilight Saga: The Official Guide, whose release date has not been announced.


Question: When was Stephenie Meyer born?

Stephenie Meyer

[15] For this collection with additional information, Meyer also made a miniature novel The Short Life of Bree Tanner.


Question: When was Stephenie Meyer born?

Stephenie Meyer

Influences Meyer has said that each part of the Decoy series is inspired by a particular literary classic work and that the books are loosely based on this way.


Question: When was Stephenie Meyer born?

Stephenie Meyer

The first part of The Lure was inspired by Jane Austen's work Pride and Prejudice and the New Moon is loosely based on William Shakespeare's play Romeo and Juliet.


Question: When was Stephenie Meyer born?

Stephenie Meyer

Doubt was inspired by Emily Brontë's Wuthering Grayling.


Question: When was Stephenie Meyer born?

Stephenie Meyer

The final part of Dawn is partly based on Shakespeare's play A Midsummer Night's Dream.


Question: When was Stephenie Meyer born?

Stephenie Meyer

[16] Meyer has said that he was inspired by music when writing and has posted lists of inspired songs on his website [8].


Question: When was Stephenie Meyer born?

Stephenie Meyer

Frequent ensembles appearing on the charts include Muse, Blue October, My Chemical Romance, Coldplay and Linkin Park.


Question: When was Stephenie Meyer born?

Stephenie Meyer

[17] [18] [19] [20] Films Three films have also been made based on the book series: Twilight — Lure (2008), Twilight — New Moon (2009) and Twilight — Doubt (2010).


Question: When was Stephenie Meyer born?

Stephenie Meyer

Based on the fourth work, a two-part film Twilight — Dawn will be made, with the first part scheduled to premiere on 18 November 2011 and the second part in the summer of 16 November 2012.


Question: When was Stephenie Meyer born?

Stephenie Meyer

[21] Meyer made a cameo role in the film Twilight — Lure.


Question: When was Stephenie Meyer born?

Stephenie Meyer

[22] In all films, the lead roles are played by Kristen Stewart, Robert Pattinson and Taylor Lautner.


Question: When was Stephenie Meyer born?

Stephenie Meyer

Other works In 2008, Meyer's science fiction novel for adults was published (The Host, Finland 2009).


Question: When was Stephenie Meyer born?

Stephenie Meyer

Meyer has been writing a sequel to it, The Soul.


Question: When was Stephenie Meyer born?

Stephenie Meyer

[23] Meyer has also written the short story “Hell on Earth” for the compilation work Prom Nights from Hell published in 2007.


Question: When was Stephenie Meyer born?

Stephenie Meyer

[24] [25] Admirers With their great popularity, Meyer and Lure are often said to have created a “Twilight phenomenon” around them, which has been compared to J. K. Rowling and his Harry Potter book series [26].


Question: When was Stephenie Meyer born?

Stephenie Meyer

Lure's admirers have, among other things, written their own stories, namely fan fiction, on the internet and set up lure themed ensembles.


Question: When was Stephenie Meyer born?

Stephenie Meyer

Meyer's public appearances have drawn multi-thousand-headed audiences.


Question: When was Stephenie Meyer born?

Stephenie Meyer

[27] According to US Weekly, US President Barack Obama has been reading the Decoy book series along with his elder daughter Malia.


Question: When was Stephenie Meyer born?

Stephenie Meyer

[28] The events of the Decoy books are set in the small town of Forks in the US state of Washington.


Question: When was Stephenie Meyer born?

Stephenie Meyer

The town has received a lot of attention, and as a tribute to the writer, it celebrates Stephenie Meyer Day on the birthday of the Bella Swan character 13.


Question: When was Stephenie Meyer born?

Stephenie Meyer

on Sept.


Question: When was Stephenie Meyer born?

Stephenie Meyer

[29] The popularity of the series has increased tourism to the city, and townspeople began, for example, selling products related to the series, as well as organising decoy themed tours in Forks and surrounding areas.


Question: When was Stephenie Meyer born?

Stephenie Meyer

[30] Works Sources on the topic elsewhere.


Question: When was Stephenie Meyer born?

Stephenie Meyer

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Question: When was Stephenie Meyer born?

Stephenie Meyer

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Question: When was Stephenie Meyer born?

Stephenie Meyer

Jussi Ahlroth:.


Question: When was Stephenie Meyer born?

Stephenie Meyer

NYT Annex of Helsingin Sanomat, 22.10.2009.


Question: When was Stephenie Meyer born?

Stephenie Meyer

Category:American fantasy writers Category:American horror writers Category:American children's and youth writers Category:American science fiction writers Category:Living persons Category:Key articles of screening


Question: When was the birth control pill invented?

Birth control pill

A contraceptive pill (e-pill, contraceptive pill) is a pill form drug used to prevent pregnancy.


Question: When was the birth control pill invented?

Birth control pill

Birth control pills have existed until now only for women.


Question: When was the birth control pill invented?

Birth control pill

Traditional birth control pills work based on estrogen copycats that mimic a woman's natural oestrogen, or estradiol, which make a woman's brain think there would be plenty of oestrogen in her blood.


Question: When was the birth control pill invented?

Birth control pill

This causes the body's own production of estrogen to stop, which prevents ovulation and becoming pregnant [1].


Question: When was the birth control pill invented?

Birth control pill

Combined oral contraceptive pills containing natural oestrogen, or estradiol, are also on the market today.


Question: When was the birth control pill invented?

Birth control pill

The birth control pill is the most used method of birth control among Western women.


Question: When was the birth control pill invented?

Birth control pill

Attempts have also been made to develop a contraceptive pill for men, but projects have foundered due to troublesome side effects.


Question: When was the birth control pill invented?

Birth control pill

In 2017, it was predicted that male birth control pills would come to market within five years.


Question: When was the birth control pill invented?

Birth control pill

[2] The Economist magazine selected the birth control pill as the most important invention of the 20th century.


Question: When was the birth control pill invented?

Birth control pill

Unlike condoms, birth control pills don't protect against STDs.


Question: When was the birth control pill invented?

Birth control pill

Combination preparations Traditional birth control pills work based on oestrogen-mimicking oestrogen copycats that make the brain think there is a high level of oestrogen in the blood.


Question: When was the birth control pill invented?

Birth control pill

This leads to the cessation of oestrogen production and inhibition of ovulation [3].


Question: When was the birth control pill invented?

Birth control pill

Traditional combined oral contraceptive pills contain ethinyl estradiol, which mimics the natural hormone oestrogen, as well as progestin, which mimics the natural luteum hormone.


Question: When was the birth control pill invented?

Birth control pill

These synthetic compounds act more efficiently than natural hormones [4] [5].


Question: When was the birth control pill invented?

Birth control pill

Nowadays, combined oral contraceptive pills containing natural oestrogen, or estradiol, are also on the market, especially for people over 40 years of age or over 35 years of age for whom ethinylestradiol is not suitable.


Question: When was the birth control pill invented?

Birth control pill

According to the current understanding, healthy, non-smoking women do not need to switch to a natural oestrogen-containing contraceptive, but can continue to use normal low-hormone contraceptives until menopause.


Question: When was the birth control pill invented?

Birth control pill

[6] The contraceptive pill works by reducing the secretion of pituitary hormones FSH and LH, resulting in the cessation of the body's own hormone production and inhibition of follicular maturation and ovulation.


Question: When was the birth control pill invented?

Birth control pill

Birth control pills are reliable if you remember to take them regularly: when used correctly, the probability of betrayal of the method is only 0.1% per year, that is, lower than, for example, with a condom or a copper curl.


Question: When was the birth control pill invented?

Birth control pill

[4] [7] Birth control pills are normally eaten 21 days in a row every day at the same time.


Question: When was the birth control pill invented?

Birth control pill

Taking the pill may be less than 12 hours late from the normal time of taking, in which case the contraceptive efficacy is not affected by being late.


Question: When was the birth control pill invented?

Birth control pill

After 21 days of eating, a seven-day break is taken.


Question: When was the birth control pill invented?

Birth control pill

However, there are character-specific exceptions to this.


Question: When was the birth control pill invented?

Birth control pill

During a seven-day break, a discharge similar to menstrual bleeding begins.


Question: When was the birth control pill invented?

Birth control pill

The efficacy of birth control pills is maintained even during the break.


Question: When was the birth control pill invented?

Birth control pill

There is no health reason why a break should be taken every month.


Question: When was the birth control pill invented?

Birth control pill

Fixed-dose pills, rings and patches can be used continuously for up to months and only then take a break when a drain leak comes.


Question: When was the birth control pill invented?

Birth control pill

This can reduce the amount of menstrual bleeding and bleeding symptoms such as pain or headache.


Question: When was the birth control pill invented?

Birth control pill

[8] Combination pills are fixed dose (all tablets have the same amount of hormone) and variable dose (the number of hormones changes during the cycle).


Question: When was the birth control pill invented?

Birth control pill

Whichever type of combination pill is chosen depends largely on the benefits or harms experienced by the woman.


Question: When was the birth control pill invented?

Birth control pill

A fixed-dose pill may reduce circulation-related mood swings in some women, but some will experience even even hormone levels too steady.


Question: When was the birth control pill invented?

Birth control pill

A variable-dose combination pill can better prevent throughput, especially if estrogen is estradiol.


Question: When was the birth control pill invented?

Birth control pill

Changing the progestin component may also contribute to the risks of side effects as well as the benefits and harms perceived.


Question: When was the birth control pill invented?

Birth control pill

For example, antiandrogenic progestins such as drospirenone reduce skin fat and hair growth, while levonorgestrel again increases skin oily and can increase acne.


Question: When was the birth control pill invented?

Birth control pill

Minipill Some birth control pills, so-called mini-pills, contain only progestin.


Question: When was the birth control pill invented?

Birth control pill

In 15% of users, they prevent ovulation, and in part interfere with it.


Question: When was the birth control pill invented?

Birth control pill

In others, the effectiveness of the mini-pill is based on changes in the endometrium and uterine mucus that make it difficult for sperm to progress, and if fertilization still occurs, changes in the mucous membrane prevent the embryo from attaching.


Question: When was the birth control pill invented?

Birth control pill

Mini-pills are taken daily without breaks.


Question: When was the birth control pill invented?

Birth control pill

[7] Minipills have lower contraceptive efficacy than combination pills.


Question: When was the birth control pill invented?

Birth control pill

[9] Unlike combination pills, mini-pills can be used to prevent pregnancy even during breastfeeding.


Question: When was the birth control pill invented?

Birth control pill

[10] Indications for use Birth control pills can only be obtained in Finland with a doctor's prescription.


Question: When was the birth control pill invented?

Birth control pill

Today, post-contraceptive pills can also be purchased by people under 15 without a prescription from a pharmacy.


Question: When was the birth control pill invented?

Birth control pill

As recently as 2014, under-15s received them with the permission of a doctor.


Question: When was the birth control pill invented?

Birth control pill

Birth control pills can also be used to treat acne, hirsutism, profuse and/or irregular menstrual bleeding and menstrual pain, and endometriosis.


Question: When was the birth control pill invented?

Birth control pill

Ovulation prevention combined oral contraceptive pills reduce the appearance of functional ovarian cysts, and also protect against ectopic pregnancy.


Question: When was the birth control pill invented?

Birth control pill

[11] Risks The use of hormones for contraception is a controversial issue like hormone therapy during menopause.


Question: When was the birth control pill invented?

Birth control pill

On the one hand, memorized hormones have been found to be associated with a decrease in some cancers and an increase in some.


Question: When was the birth control pill invented?

Birth control pill

The use of combination pills is known to reduce the risk of uterine cancer, colon cancer and ovarian cancer - especially in the latter, the protective effect is already manifested by less than a year of use.


Question: When was the birth control pill invented?

Birth control pill

[12] Use before the first pregnancy reduces the lifetime risk of ovarian cancer by 9% per year.


Question: When was the birth control pill invented?

Birth control pill

[13] On the other hand, they slightly increase the risk of breast and cervical cancer.


Question: When was the birth control pill invented?

Birth control pill

[14] However, current birth control pills contain significantly lower amounts of the hormone than the first pills in the 1960s.


Question: When was the birth control pill invented?

Birth control pill

There is a small risk that oral contraceptive pills containing oestrogen will cause a woman to develop a deep vein thrombosis, potentially leading to pulmonary embolism and even death.


Question: When was the birth control pill invented?

Birth control pill

It should be remembered that the risk of blood clots due to unwanted pregnancy is several times higher than the risk posed by the use of combined contraceptive pills.


Question: When was the birth control pill invented?

Birth control pill

The risk of embolism is highest within a few months of starting taking the pills and decreases within a year.


Question: When was the birth control pill invented?

Birth control pill

[15] This is why taking breaks in e-pill contraception every year, for example, does not make sense.


Question: When was the birth control pill invented?

Birth control pill

Combination pills should not be prescribed to a woman who is at elevated risk for venous blood clots (e.g., a sick venous thrombosis or hereditary predisposition).


Question: When was the birth control pill invented?

Birth control pill

Smoking increases the risk of venous blood clots and, therefore, not usually prescribe pills containing synthetic estrogen to a woman over 35 years of age.


Question: When was the birth control pill invented?

Birth control pill

Also, being overweight increases the risk of venous blood clots during the use of combination pills.


Question: When was the birth control pill invented?

Birth control pill

[16] Alumatic migraine increases the risk of brain events, and is also an absolute contraindication to combined contraception.


Question: When was the birth control pill invented?

Birth control pill

[11] Also, the progestin part of the pill affects the risk of blood clots.


Question: When was the birth control pill invented?

Birth control pill

The safest yellow hormones are levonorgestrel, norgestimate and norethisterone.


Question: When was the birth control pill invented?

Birth control pill

The highest risk is with gestodene, desogestrel and drospirenone.


Question: When was the birth control pill invented?

Birth control pill

[17] The use of mini-pills does not increase the risk of venous thrombosis.


Question: When was the birth control pill invented?

Birth control pill

[10] History The idea of a contraceptive pill like medicine took off from US nurse Margaret Sanger [18].


Question: When was the birth control pill invented?

Birth control pill

The “fathers” of the contraceptive pill have been named Carl Djerassi and Gregory Pincus.


Question: When was the birth control pill invented?

Birth control pill

The first birth control pills were licensed in the United States in 1960, though only to treat menstrual pain.


Question: When was the birth control pill invented?

Birth control pill

[18] Sources On The Topic Elsewhere, MTV News 10/08/2014, The Voice 24.10.2016 Category:Prevention Category:Gynecology Category:Key Articles of Screening


Question: When did the Continuation War begin?

Continuation War

The Continuation War was fought between Finland and the Soviet Union from 25 June 1941 to 19 September 1944.


Question: When did the Continuation War begin?

Continuation War

Continuation war was fought on the Finnish front at the same time as Germany was carrying out a widespread invasion of the Soviet Union known as Operation Barbarossa.


Question: When did the Continuation War begin?

Continuation War

The Finnish front had been divided between German and Finnish forces, with the Finns in charge of the Southern Front and the Germans for the Lapland Front.


Question: When did the Continuation War begin?

Continuation War

Finland was not, by law, an ally of Germany, as there was no treaty of alliance.


Question: When did the Continuation War begin?

Continuation War

Instead, Finland was effectively an ally of Germany, giving its territory at German disposal, subjecting its forces to Germany, and receiving arms aid from Germany.


Question: When did the Continuation War begin?

Continuation War

At the beginning of the war, on the southern front section, Finnish troops recaptured areas lost in the Winter War and advanced across Syyr and the Leningrad defensive lines.


Question: When did the Continuation War begin?

Continuation War

In December 1941, the offensive was halted and a station warfare phase that lasted more than two years began.


Question: When did the Continuation War begin?

Continuation War

The northern front sections were unable to obtain the severed Muurmann track and the German forces were unable to advance on Murmansk.


Question: When did the Continuation War begin?

Continuation War

The Soviet Grand Offensive in June 1944 broke through the Finns' foremost defensive lines.


Question: When did the Continuation War begin?

Continuation War

After heavy interceptor fighting, the guns were lowered to 4—5.


Question: When did the Continuation War begin?

Continuation War

on Sept.


Question: When did the Continuation War begin?

Continuation War

The Moscow Intermediate Peace was signed on 19 September 1944 and confirmed in the Peace of Paris 1947.


Question: When did the Continuation War begin?

Continuation War

The intermediate peace terms of the Continuation War included, among other things, forcing German troops out of Finland, leading to the Lapland War against Germany.


Question: When did the Continuation War begin?

Continuation War

Pre-war events The peace in Moscow, which ended the Winter War in March 1940, was not peace in the truest sense of the word.


Question: When did the Continuation War begin?

Continuation War

Europe was at war and Finland remained under martial law as well.


Question: When did the Continuation War begin?

Continuation War

During peacetime, the 100000 members of the lifting crew who remained untrained were ordered to enter service and their military training in the final stages of the Winter War to increase the low perceived reserve was commenced.


Question: When did the Continuation War begin?

Continuation War

Squad leaders who had rehabilitated in the Winter War were asked to remain as loyal sub-officers for the training mission.


Question: When did the Continuation War begin?

Continuation War

Finland was targeting an internationally identified possible maximum of the population, which could be disconnected from other duties to army service, i.e. 16%.


Question: When did the Continuation War begin?

Continuation War

In the case of Finland, this was considered sufficient only for the operational defence of the entire eastern border.


Question: When did the Continuation War begin?

Continuation War

General Aksel Airo had written a book on the subject after the Winter War, Honor - Motherland, in which he considered Finland's own defence possibilities superficially viewed only in the light of numbers to be almost non-existent.


Question: When did the Continuation War begin?

Continuation War

Foreign countries' estimates of Finland's defence capabilities before the Winter War were based on the same criteria.


Question: When did the Continuation War begin?

Continuation War

[1] Germany invaded Denmark and Norway in April 1940 and quickly captured the countries.


Question: When did the Continuation War begin?

Continuation War

In May, Germany invaded France.


Question: When did the Continuation War begin?

Continuation War

The northern part of the country was occupied directly by Germany and the southern part was formed by the German-controlled Vichy government, which refused to continue fighting.


Question: When did the Continuation War begin?

Continuation War

Britain prepared for major air battles to prevent extensive German bombardment aimed at capturing the British Isles against it.


Question: When did the Continuation War begin?

Continuation War

The Baltic Sea had been closed by the Soviet Union and Germany, the only free passage to the oceans for foreign trade was the troublesome and long Liinahamar route to Petsamo.


Question: When did the Continuation War begin?

Continuation War

When Germany had also occupied Northern Norway by mid-June, Finland's physical isolation was almost complete: Germany would have been able to quickly cut off Finland's last open foreign trade route to the west if it wished, [2] and the same could have been done by the Soviet Fishermen and From the central blockade.


Question: When did the Continuation War begin?

Continuation War

In June 1940, following the German takeover of Denmark, Norway and finally France, the Soviet Union began pressuring Finland.


Question: When did the Continuation War begin?

Continuation War

The first demand was to recover all equipment taken away from the Karelian Isthmus and Hanko rental area.


Question: When did the Continuation War begin?

Continuation War

A stake in Petsamo's nickel mines was also called for.


Question: When did the Continuation War begin?

Continuation War

In July, the Soviet Union made a demand for the demilitarization of Åland, and the right to train transport across Finnish territory to Hanko.


Question: When did the Continuation War begin?

Continuation War

[2] The agreement for transit from Finland's eastern border to Hankoniemi was signed in early September.


Question: When did the Continuation War begin?

Continuation War

The Soviet Union did not reduce its pressure on Finland until early spring the following year.


Question: When did the Continuation War begin?

Continuation War

[3] The political climate during the intermediate peace was pressing; for example, the demonstrations and the resulting riots of the Finnish and Soviet Peace and Friendship Society and the downshooting of the Aero airliner Kaleva in the Gulf of Finland in June 1940 at the same time as the occupation of the Soviet Union The Baltic States, was perceived very strongly in Finland.


Question: When did the Continuation War begin?

Continuation War

Finland was in a tight gap in foreign policy when Norway and the Baltics were overrun, Germany and the Soviet Union were in a diplomatic state of peace with each other, and Sweden's proposed confederation with Finland in October 1940 fell into opposition from the Soviet Union and Germany.


Question: When did the Continuation War begin?

Continuation War

The Soviet Red Army Staff had issued instructions to the Leningrad Military District for a new war against Finland on 18 September 1940.


Question: When did the Continuation War begin?

Continuation War

The order was further refined on 25 November with the requirement to draw up an attack plan in case of a situation in which Finland would be the enemy alone.


Question: When did the Continuation War begin?

Continuation War

The Baltic Fleet drew up a plan to take over Åland and the forces of the Hanko base were transferred under the Leningrad Military District and its defensive direction was reversed on 12 November 1940 parallel to the mainland.


Question: When did the Continuation War begin?

Continuation War

In the Soviet Union, the management of Finnish affairs was transferred to the Main Administration of State Security (GUGB) under the People's Commissariat of Internal Affairs (Ministry), and in addition, invasion forces began to be transferred to their grouping areas.


Question: When did the Continuation War begin?

Continuation War

Soviet Foreign Minister Vyacheslav Molotov visited Berlin in November to ask German leader Adolf Hitler for consent to the occupation of Finland.


Question: When did the Continuation War begin?

Continuation War

However, as the Germans had already included Finland in their invasion plans Hitler warned the Soviet Union to stay out of Finland.


Question: When did the Continuation War begin?

Continuation War

On 6 September 1940, Finland concluded a transit agreement with the Soviet Union for traffic to Hanko.


Question: When did the Continuation War begin?

Continuation War

In August 1940, Field Marshal Gustaf Mannerheim, Commander-in-Chief of the Defence Forces, received an intelligence from Germany to allow the transit of German troops from ports in the Gulf of Bothnia to Kirkenes.


Question: When did the Continuation War begin?

Continuation War

At the same time, it was announced that it was possible for Finland to buy military equipment from Germany.


Question: When did the Continuation War begin?

Continuation War

Transit agreement: On 12 September, the Finnish General Staff and the German Air Force agreed to transport Luftwaffe crew and equipment through Finnish territory.


Question: When did the Continuation War begin?

Continuation War

A political agreement between the states on 22 September also allowed for transport by German land forces.


Question: When did the Continuation War begin?

Continuation War

A further increase in holiday traffic was negotiated in October.


Question: When did the Continuation War begin?

Continuation War

The first troops came ashore at Vaasa on the 22nd and 26 in Oulu.


Question: When did the Continuation War begin?

Continuation War

on Sept.


Question: When did the Continuation War begin?

Continuation War

[4] The ore of the Kolo River in Petsamo, Germany saw as vital to its war industry and Petsamo as an indispensable stepping stone for the invasion of Murmansk.


Question: When did the Continuation War begin?

Continuation War

The Soviet Union, on the other hand, after the end of the Winter War, felt no interest in Petsamo's nickel reserves, nor Petsamoo as a military territory.


Question: When did the Continuation War begin?

Continuation War

[5] When the German authorities were planning to integrate Scandinavia into their own economic area, Finland was also included from April 1940, even though the country was part of the Soviet Union's interest.


Question: When did the Continuation War begin?

Continuation War

[6] The situation at the nickel mine changed sharply in July 1940 with the Finnish and German I.G.


Question: When did the Continuation War begin?

Continuation War

With the agreement reached by Farbenindustrie.


Question: When did the Continuation War begin?

Continuation War

Negotiations had been taking place since the spring, with the deal promising Germany 60% of production.


Question: When did the Continuation War begin?

Continuation War

German negotiators reported the ore to Berlin to be worth more than RM1 billion and enough for 20 years to cover the entire nickel need of Greater Germany.


Question: When did the Continuation War begin?

Continuation War

Late in the year, the Germans increased the ore volume estimate fourfold.


Question: When did the Continuation War begin?

Continuation War

After negotiations began, the Soviet Union already proposed the transfer of the mine concession to itself in June.


Question: When did the Continuation War begin?

Continuation War

Soviet forces intensified the claim by grouping to the frontier, and fortifying the Fishermen's blockade.


Question: When did the Continuation War begin?

Continuation War

England took a steeply negative view of mining negotiations with Germany, halting Liinahamar merchant ships.


Question: When did the Continuation War begin?

Continuation War

Finland negotiated with everyone in a politically tight gap.


Question: When did the Continuation War begin?

Continuation War

The Finns negotiated in tense moods in Moscow seven times, until February 1941 without agreeing to the Russians' demands.


Question: When did the Continuation War begin?

Continuation War

The Soviets also negotiated with Germany until March 1941, unsuccessfully.


Question: When did the Continuation War begin?

Continuation War

[5] In protest, the Soviet Union stopped its exports to Finland.


Question: When did the Continuation War begin?

Continuation War

[7] Soon 90% of foreign trade was handled through Germany.


Question: When did the Continuation War begin?

Continuation War

Military cooperation between Finland and Germany began with negotiations between the countries' highest military command in the winter of 1940—1941.


Question: When did the Continuation War begin?

Continuation War

The Chiefs of General Staff held talks in Berlin in January.


Question: When did the Continuation War begin?

Continuation War

Among other things, the Germans inquired about how long it took Finland to get its army to the border with the Soviet Union, and also received a response.


Question: When did the Continuation War begin?

Continuation War

From February 1941, road construction and reconnaissance cooperation with the Germans were conducted in Lapland.


Question: When did the Continuation War begin?

Continuation War

German troops began arriving in Finland, which eventually reached 40,000 when the Continuation War broke out.


Question: When did the Continuation War begin?

Continuation War

During February—March, the Germans engaged in systematic reconnaissance in northern Finland.


Question: When did the Continuation War begin?

Continuation War

In April 1941, an engineering company in Ratas began to recruit volunteers for the Finnish battalion of the Waffen-SS's Wiking Division.


Question: When did the Continuation War begin?

Continuation War

Enlistment continued into June 1941.


Question: When did the Continuation War begin?

Continuation War

The first recruits left for Germany for training in May 1941.


Question: When did the Continuation War begin?

Continuation War

[8] On 25 May 1941, during Operation Barbarossa and Finland, the Finnish Supreme Military Command visited the German General Staff in Salzburg, where a German military delegation led by General Alfred Jodl explained the planned invasion of the Soviet Union.


Question: When did the Continuation War begin?

Continuation War

The Germans presented a plan of cooperation between German and Finnish combat forces.


Question: When did the Continuation War begin?

Continuation War

Finland was asked to commit Soviet forces on its borders and participate in the offensive against Leningrad.


Question: When did the Continuation War begin?

Continuation War

During further negotiations between different types of weapons in Berlin 26—28.


Question: When did the Continuation War begin?

Continuation War

On May technical and tactical information was exchanged.


Question: When did the Continuation War begin?

Continuation War

[9] A transit permit was issued for German troops through northern Finland.


Question: When did the Continuation War begin?

Continuation War

The attack plan included the use of Finnish territory.


Question: When did the Continuation War begin?

Continuation War

In particular, Finnish Lapland played an important role in taking over Murmansk with the Germans aiming for Arkhangelsk.


Question: When did the Continuation War begin?

Continuation War

In the south, the attention of the Germans was drawn to the Gulf of Finland and the Karelian Isthmus, so that the recapture of Leningrad and its complete destruction would have become possible.


Question: When did the Continuation War begin?

Continuation War

In May, the Finnish Supreme Command decided to take part in Germany's planned war expedition against the Soviet Union.


Question: When did the Continuation War begin?

Continuation War

At the beginning of June, Germany was informed of the terms of participation: Finland should remain independent in future, Germany had to attack first, and only after the Soviet Union began the war effort would join the Finnish front.


Question: When did the Continuation War begin?

Continuation War

[10] On 3 June 1941, during negotiations with Germany in Helsinki, it was agreed that, with Finland going to war with the Soviet Union, Germany would come to Finland's aid.


Question: When did the Continuation War begin?

Continuation War

At the same time, negotiations in Kiel agreed to joint war efforts, including mining the southern coast of the Gulf of Finland, when war broke out.


Question: When did the Continuation War begin?

Continuation War

Ore and Uti airfields were made available to the German Air Force even before the war.


Question: When did the Continuation War begin?

Continuation War

Beginning on 7 June 1941, German troops intended for the invasion began arriving in Finnish ports.


Question: When did the Continuation War begin?

Continuation War

On June 15, 1941, Mannerheim subjugated General Siilasvuo's army corps in northern Finland under German control.


Question: When did the Continuation War begin?

Continuation War

On 18 June 1941, Finnish Air Force aircraft were painted yellow Eastern Front insignia in accordance with the German Luftwaffe.


Question: When did the Continuation War begin?

Continuation War

On 22 June 1941, Germany launched the offensive and, as previously agreed, used Finnish airspace and airfields to bomb the Soviet Union.


Question: When did the Continuation War begin?

Continuation War

[11] The Germans began grouping invasion forces in northern Finland during the first week of June.


Question: When did the Continuation War begin?

Continuation War

Finnish protective forces began moving into their positions on June 10, 1941, on June 17 a general mobilization was declared in Finland.


Question: When did the Continuation War begin?

Continuation War

On June 21, the government ordered 45,000 residences on the Soviet borders to be evacuated.


Question: When did the Continuation War begin?

Continuation War

Transfers of German troops to Northern Finland Preparations for the arrival of German troops began immediately.


Question: When did the Continuation War begin?

Continuation War

Arrangements were handled under the guise of transit organisation, and German forces were not authorized to move east of the Arctic Oceans until 18 June, when it was thought preparations for the invasion east had already been exposed anyway.


Question: When did the Continuation War begin?

Continuation War

Two divisions of German troops, 20,000 men from Stettin and 10600 men from Oslo, were shipped to Oulu and transferred as train transports to Rovaniemi.


Question: When did the Continuation War begin?

Continuation War

Shipings began on 5 June and the last troops were at Rovaniemi on 14 June.


Question: When did the Continuation War begin?

Continuation War

On 7 June, SS Division Nord began a march from Norway along the Arctic Sea Road via Vuoso and Sodankylä to Rovaniemi.


Question: When did the Continuation War begin?

Continuation War

The passing march of the 8000—9000 man strong division's vehicle column lasted 10 hours.


Question: When did the Continuation War begin?

Continuation War

The division was at Rovaniemi on 10 June.


Question: When did the Continuation War begin?

Continuation War

A total force of 40600 men was concentrated in the Rovaniemi region, from where on 18 June they began moving towards Salla.


Question: When did the Continuation War begin?

Continuation War

[12] The German Norwegian Army Staff moved to Rovaniemi on 15 June, Army commander Colonel General Nikolaus von Falkenhorst arrived a week later.


Question: When did the Continuation War begin?

Continuation War

Two days after the HQ, Luftwaffe aircraft landed in Rovaniemi.


Question: When did the Continuation War begin?

Continuation War

Of the corps, two mountain divisions (2nd and 3rd)


Question: When did the Continuation War begin?

Continuation War

moved from Norway to Petsamo only on 22 June, [13] [14] for preparations German pioneers in civilian attire had already been allowed into the country a day earlier.


Question: When did the Continuation War begin?

Continuation War

Petsamo's German divisions began an attack towards Murmansk on 29 June.


Question: When did the Continuation War begin?

Continuation War

Events just before the start of the war by order of the Finnish Air Force Staff, automatic morsing equipment was installed in the Lahti Radio Station and Turku and Oulu radio masts on 21 June for radio navigation of German bombers.


Question: When did the Continuation War begin?

Continuation War

[15] According to Dr. Hannu Valtonen, who studied aviation history, German bombers flew at night 21—22.


Question: When did the Continuation War begin?

Continuation War

June from East Prussia through southern Finnish airspace to the north of Ladoga and thence south to the Leningrad region, where Germany and the Soviet Union engaged in the first air battles of the operation after about three o'clock in the early hours of the morning.


Question: When did the Continuation War begin?

Continuation War

The German bombers then flew to Utt, Finland, where they refueled and from where they continued on to their home fields in East Prussia.


Question: When did the Continuation War begin?

Continuation War

[16] 21—22.


Question: When did the Continuation War begin?

Continuation War

During the night between, the Germans in cooperation with the Finnish State Police took over the Soviet consulate in Petsamo and the Finns arrested the entire staff of the consulate and their families.


Question: When did the Continuation War begin?

Continuation War

The German Gestapo confiscated the consulate's archives for examination and later forwarded them to Valpo.


Question: When did the Continuation War begin?

Continuation War

[17] The German naval forces were taking advantage of Finnish territory, they had been relying on the Finnish coast and ports since mid-June.


Question: When did the Continuation War begin?

Continuation War

[16] The Finnish warfare command had already ordered the U-boat squadron on 17 June to take part in mining the Estonian coast and on the evening of 21 June the U-boat squadron received an execution order for its mission.


Question: When did the Continuation War begin?

Continuation War

On the 22nd, Finnish submarines and Finnish and German ships began mining the Gulf of Finland to prevent the free passage of the Soviet Baltic Fleet.


Question: When did the Continuation War begin?

Continuation War

The effort was to ensure that the Soviet fleet would not be able to distract from the Gulf of Finland to the flank of the Germans' land front to the Baltics, and to prevent an attack on Åland, the control of which was vital for Finland.


Question: When did the Continuation War begin?

Continuation War

Mining was extended on the 22nd off Soviet-occupied Estonia (including Tallinn).


Question: When did the Continuation War begin?

Continuation War

Finnish submarines laid mines on the Estonian coast between 7:28 a.m. and 9:06 a.m. on 22 June 1941.


Question: When did the Continuation War begin?

Continuation War

[18] [19] When information arrived in Finland about the start of the German invasion, the Finnish Navy immediately began Operation Kilsailing, i.e. the transfer of troops to the demilitarised Åland Islands.


Question: When did the Continuation War begin?

Continuation War

Soviet aircraft carried out the first air attack of the war against the Finns after attacking warships involved in this operation as well as coastal forts at 6:05am on 22 June.


Question: When did the Continuation War begin?

Continuation War

In addition, artillery fire began from Hanko to Porsöhu, Storholm and the mainland at 6:50am [20] Adolf Hitler declared in a radio speech on 22 June that Finland would fight together (Im Verein) with Germany.


Question: When did the Continuation War begin?

Continuation War

Finland announced that it would remain neutral in foreign policy, but Hitler's speech was embarrassing for the country's leadership, it signaled to the world that Finland was allied with Germany in the war against the Soviet Union.


Question: When did the Continuation War begin?

Continuation War

[21] These actions also led the Soviet Union to initiate military action against Finland, as it considered Finland to allow its territory to be used to attack itself.


Question: When did the Continuation War begin?

Continuation War

Despite the coordinated naval warfare initiated with Germany and the army stationed by Germany from the level of Nurmes as far as Petsamoo, Finland declared that it remained neutral in foreign policy.


Question: When did the Continuation War begin?

Continuation War

[22] [23] [24] [25] [26] The course of the war The war begins Soviet attacks against Finland began at 06:05 on 22 June, when the Soviet Union bombed a Finnish naval division at sea.


Question: When did the Continuation War begin?

Continuation War

Subsequently, on the same day, Finland participated in the mining of the southern Gulf of Finland.


Question: When did the Continuation War begin?

Continuation War

On the same day Germany launched its invasion of the Soviet Union.


Question: When did the Continuation War begin?

Continuation War

German planes returning from the bombing flight stopped in Finnish territory for refueling.


Question: When did the Continuation War begin?

Continuation War

The Soviets responded by bombing Finnish military targets in Finland with aircraft and cannons.


Question: When did the Continuation War begin?

Continuation War

Finland refrained from returning fire and tried to assert neutrality in the new war.


Question: When did the Continuation War begin?

Continuation War

A significant war effort was avoided between Finland and the Soviet Union for a few days.


Question: When did the Continuation War begin?

Continuation War

On June 24, 1941, the Soviet Union evacuated its legation in Helsinki.


Question: When did the Continuation War begin?

Continuation War

[11] On 25 June 1941, the Soviet Air Force bombed Helsinki, Turku and Porvoo, as well as a dozen other localities, with about 500 planes, of which 27 planes were shot down on Finnish territory.


Question: When did the Continuation War begin?

Continuation War

Based on these bombings and past events, in its communique to parliament, the government had reached the conclusion that the country had fallen into a state of war.


Question: When did the Continuation War begin?

Continuation War

This position was adopted by Parliament [27].


Question: When did the Continuation War begin?

Continuation War

On the same day 25.6, Prime Minister Jukka Rangell stated on the radio that Finland was again at war with the Soviet Union.


Question: When did the Continuation War begin?

Continuation War

War was declared on 26 June.


Question: When did the Continuation War begin?

Continuation War

The Finnish army and German troops in Finland began a ground offensive.


Question: When did the Continuation War begin?

Continuation War

The Finnish army launched a major offensive in Ladoga Karelia in the direction of Korpiselä on 10 July with its focus on the left wing.


Question: When did the Continuation War begin?

Continuation War

The brunt of the attack was the advance of the 1st Ice Brigade, commanded by Colonel Ruben Lagus, which reached the shores of Ladoga within days.


Question: When did the Continuation War begin?

Continuation War

[28] By the end of August, the Karelian Army commanded by Lieutenant-General Erik Heinrichs had reached the limits preceding the Winter War.


Question: When did the Continuation War begin?

Continuation War

The Finnish people who experienced the Winter War were, with rare unanimity, behind the country's leadership and the reclamation of lost Karelia.


Question: When did the Continuation War begin?

Continuation War

The new war was seen as a continuation war of the Winter War, aimed at righting the wrong suffered.


Question: When did the Continuation War begin?

Continuation War

[21] On several occasions the Soviet Union demanded Britain declare war on Finland.


Question: When did the Continuation War begin?

Continuation War

British Prime Minister Winston Churchill sent Marshal Mannerheim a personal, private and secret letter expressing regret that Britain will soon have to declare war on Finland.


Question: When did the Continuation War begin?

Continuation War

Churchill also urged Finland not to cross the old border.


Question: When did the Continuation War begin?

Continuation War

The letter is preserved at Britain's Imperial War Museum.


Question: When did the Continuation War begin?

Continuation War

[29] Britain severed diplomatic relations on 1 August and threatened with war on 22 September unless the advance was cut off.


Question: When did the Continuation War begin?

Continuation War

Following Finland's accession to the Anti-Comintern Treaty on 25 November, Britain filed an ultimatum demanding a cessation of hostilities by 5 December.


Question: When did the Continuation War begin?

Continuation War

After remaining without a satisfactory response, London announced on Finnish Independence Day, 6 December, a declaration of war on Finland.


Question: When did the Continuation War begin?

Continuation War

Relations with foreign countries deteriorated as Finnish forces advanced.


Question: When did the Continuation War begin?

Continuation War

However, the actual war effort between the two countries was already limited to the earlier bombing of Liinahamar on 30 June.


Question: When did the Continuation War begin?

Continuation War

Australia, Canada and New Zealand also submitted a declaration of war to Finland.


Question: When did the Continuation War begin?

Continuation War

Already during the civil war in 1918, Mannerheim had issued a declaration in Antrea on the Karelian Isthmus stating that we should not put his sword in a sheath until Finland and East Karelia were free.


Question: When did the Continuation War begin?

Continuation War

In the Continuation War, Mannerheim issued his famous so-called sword-sheath day order, in which he referred to his declaration.


Question: When did the Continuation War begin?

Continuation War

There were also mentions of a large Finland in the daily order, which even at that time caused negative attention in political circles.


Question: When did the Continuation War begin?

Continuation War

During the Continuation War, Finland occupied the most extensive territory in its history.


Question: When did the Continuation War begin?

Continuation War

Many people outside the right wanted to annex East Karelia to Finland.


Question: When did the Continuation War begin?

Continuation War

The grounds were not only ideological and political, but also military: the so-called Three Isthmus Line was easier to defend than the previous frontier.


Question: When did the Continuation War begin?

Continuation War

With Germany backed, there was an opportunity to do so.


Question: When did the Continuation War begin?

Continuation War

On the other hand, there were economic motives in the form of exploitation of forest reserves in East Karelia.


Question: When did the Continuation War begin?

Continuation War

However, the territories were not legally annexed to Finland; only the territories lost in the Winter War were declared by Parliament as belonging to Finland.


Question: When did the Continuation War begin?

Continuation War

The management of the territories was provided by the Military Administration of East Karelia, which made preparatory measures to annex the conquered territories to Finland.


Question: When did the Continuation War begin?

Continuation War

Internment camps were established in the conquered territory, which in their own time were referred to at first as “concentration camps” and later as “displacement camps”.


Question: When did the Continuation War begin?

Continuation War

[30] They were excluded: [31] (a) “unnational population from those areas where their stay in view of military action could not be permitted”; (b) “politically unreliable persons belonging to the national and non-national population of the military administrative territory”; (c) “in exceptional cases other persons belonging to the population of the Military Administrative Region whose vacancy was deemed undesirable”.


Question: When did the Continuation War begin?

Continuation War

When defined as the national population, the Finnish population was perceived as a native population.


Question: When did the Continuation War begin?

Continuation War

[32] [33] The population of Väisniemi, Syyrinlaakso and Maanselänänänänänisthus, who traditionally happen to speak Russian, were moved from the front line to camps not only to prevent attacks by Soviet partisans, but also to protect civilians themselves.


Question: When did the Continuation War begin?

Continuation War

In addition to this, refugees of non-Finnish descent were packed in Vänisniemi from all over the Karelian-Finnish Soviet Socialist Republic; while waiting in vain for transport across Sänisjärvi, they remained in the hands of the Finnish Defence Forces.


Question: When did the Continuation War begin?

Continuation War

Based on the research literature, it can be estimated that evacuees or refugees from near the fronts may have numbered up to 16600 of the people placed in camps in East Karelia.


Question: When did the Continuation War begin?

Continuation War

This would mean more than 69% of the camps” highest population, which was 23984 people, on April 1, 1942.


Question: When did the Continuation War begin?

Continuation War

[34] Mortality in the concentration camps of occupied East Karelia was up to 3.75%, significantly higher than among the free population of the same region (2.6%), in Finland (1.31%).


Question: When did the Continuation War begin?

Continuation War

The main reason for the high mortality rate among East Karelian campers appears to have been poor nutritional status and, to some extent, their age structure: a high relative proportion of women aged 20—30 years and minor children (almost 50%).


Question: When did the Continuation War begin?

Continuation War

[35] During the Continuation War, about 62000 Inger Finns migrated to Finland from the German-occupied Inger region.


Question: When did the Continuation War begin?

Continuation War

The war of positions Mannerheim and Ryti had a negative view of the conquest of Leningrad and its direct support, as well as the severing of the Muurmann line in order to hold the argument for a separate war and to keep Finland better prospects for peace negotiations even after Germany's eventual defeat context [36].


Question: When did the Continuation War begin?

Continuation War

The advance of the Finns stalled on Mannerheim's orders in December 1941, when the so-called positional warfare phase began.


Question: When did the Continuation War begin?

Continuation War

It lasted two and a half years.


Question: When did the Continuation War begin?

Continuation War

On 6 December, the territories lost in the Winter War were annexed back to Finland by the Parliament in restoring the borders of the Peace of Tartu.


Question: When did the Continuation War begin?

Continuation War

During the Continuation War, production and foreign trade declined, creating problems for the country's food supply.


Question: When did the Continuation War begin?

Continuation War

The most difficult food situation was during the winter between 1942—1943.


Question: When did the Continuation War begin?

Continuation War

In this case, for example, frontmen experienced deficiency diseases, and especially in some younger men general weakness due to lack of food.


Question: When did the Continuation War begin?

Continuation War

The situation was saved by imports of food supplies, mostly from Germany and the countries under its influence.


Question: When did the Continuation War begin?

Continuation War

In addition, the situation of the frontmen was facilitated by German troops in northern Finland, who victualled 50,000 Finnish soldiers in their area of responsibility.


Question: When did the Continuation War begin?

Continuation War

Despite the practical problems brought with them by long transport journeys, monotonous food and limited portions the victualling of the frontmen was satisfactorily successful.


Question: When did the Continuation War begin?

Continuation War

There were a total of 300 cases of deficiency disease that required hospitalisation among frontmen during the Continuation War, which can be considered quite a small number.


Question: When did the Continuation War begin?

Continuation War

[37] In 1942, fighting continued fragmented at Syvär and Kiesting.


Question: When did the Continuation War begin?

Continuation War

The Finns' only offensive war during the entire war of positions remained the capture of Suursaari in March.


Question: When did the Continuation War begin?

Continuation War

[38] On June 4, Mannerheim reached the age of 75 and was promoted to Marshal of Finland.


Question: When did the Continuation War begin?

Continuation War

The day was designated by defensive force as a flag feast day.


Question: When did the Continuation War begin?

Continuation War

In Helsinki, a street was announced to be named in his honour.