Question: What year was the first transatlantic flight made?

History of aviation

Operations on these planes began in 1976 and were flown until the early 2000s until a devastating accident occurred.


Question: What year was the first transatlantic flight made?

History of aviation

However, perhaps the main reason for the discontinuation of traffic flights on this type of aircraft was the poor profitability due to the high fuel consumption of the plane.


Question: What year was the first transatlantic flight made?

History of aviation

[29] Wide-body and economical models have been successful in long-distance aviation in recent decades.


Question: What year was the first transatlantic flight made?

History of aviation

Air safety When flying, safety is a major problem, because in crashes most often passengers die.


Question: What year was the first transatlantic flight made?

History of aviation

In the early days of aviation, this risk of death was also a kind of titillator when sensational magazines funded flight experiments in the hope of headlines.


Question: What year was the first transatlantic flight made?

History of aviation

There is much to thank the threatening pioneers of aviation's early days for the safety of current flying, as aircraft structures have evolved to be safer, largely through the investigation of the causes of accidents that have occurred.


Question: What year was the first transatlantic flight made?

History of aviation

Safety is better in current air transport than in land transport.


Question: What year was the first transatlantic flight made?

History of aviation

Every accident leads to an investigation and possible measures.


Question: What year was the first transatlantic flight made?

History of aviation

[30] [31] A wider series of accidents involving transport aircraft was in the 1950s, when metal fatigue and fracture growth caused more Comet passenger aircraft to crash.


Question: What year was the first transatlantic flight made?

History of aviation

This led to the development of design methodologies that follow the failsafe practice, that is, the section is designed so that the fault is detected before it causes an accident.


Question: What year was the first transatlantic flight made?

History of aviation

The properties of aluminium alloys used in aircraft have also been improved.


Question: What year was the first transatlantic flight made?

History of aviation

[32] See also Fighter aircraft development 1918—1939 History of air warfare History of air transport History of aircraft industry Sources Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Chaline, Eric| title= 50 planes that changed the world (50 Machines that Changed the Course of History) | publisher = Quid Publishing, (English version Moreni 2013) | year = 2012| version = Finland. Veli-Pekka Ketola| id = ISBN 978-952-254-160-4| language = English | accessdate = 5.4.2014}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Kero, Reino and Kujanen, Hannu (ed.


Question: What year was the first transatlantic flight made?

History of aviation

) | title = Kivaxe to information technology, social history of technology from the Stone Age to the present day | publisher = Turku: Department of History at the University of Turku | year = 1989| id = ISBN 951-880-296-3}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| title = Little Giant, part of Aviation | location = Helsinki| publisher = WSOY| year = 1985| id = ISBN 951-0-12416-8| accessdate = 3/30/2014}} References *


Question: How long was the period of antiquity?

time

Time is the constant apparently irreversible progression of existence and events from the past to the future through the present.


Question: How long was the period of antiquity?

time

[1] Time is the fundamental magnitude of physics whose unit is second [2] [3].


Question: How long was the period of antiquity?

time

Units of Time The basic unit of time is, according to the SI system, a second.


Question: How long was the period of antiquity?

time

[2] Its additional units include minute (60 seconds) and hour (60 minutes).


Question: How long was the period of antiquity?

time

Other multiples of the base unit include day (24 hours) and week (7 days).


Question: How long was the period of antiquity?

time

Based on Earth's rotation motion around the sun, the unit is a year (about 365.25 days), divided into twelve months of varying duration.


Question: How long was the period of antiquity?

time

A second is further divided into smaller units of time, such as milliseconds (1/1000 of a second).


Question: How long was the period of antiquity?

time

The shortest possible unit of time is the Planck time, approximately 10−43 seconds.


Question: How long was the period of antiquity?

time

[4] The history of units of time The year, the month based on the phases of the Moon and the day have been known as units of time for a long time.


Question: How long was the period of antiquity?

time

Other units of time are based on contract.


Question: How long was the period of antiquity?

time

Different cultures have had their own weeks, ranging in length from five to ten days.


Question: How long was the period of antiquity?

time

[5] The Babylonians divided the day into 12 parts, but the Egyptians and Chinese divided into 12 parts only a day.


Question: How long was the period of antiquity?

time

When the Egyptians began to keep time at night as well, their day became a total of 24 hours, a custom also adopted by the Babylonians.


Question: How long was the period of antiquity?

time

Hours at that time were still different lengths depending on the length of the light time of the day.


Question: How long was the period of antiquity?

time

It was not until the 13th—15th centuries that there was a shift to standard-measure hours.


Question: How long was the period of antiquity?

time

Minutes and seconds were learned to measure with clocks in the 17th century.


Question: How long was the period of antiquity?

time

They had been used much earlier in astronomy, where their base number 60 had been taken from the Babylonians.


Question: How long was the period of antiquity?

time

Seconds from shorter times started using decimal parts of a second.


Question: How long was the period of antiquity?

time

[6] Time in physics In physics, the fundamental magnitude time (, symbol t) is defined as the distance between events on the fourth axis of spacetime.


Question: How long was the period of antiquity?

time

According to Einstein's theory of special relativity, time cannot be represented other than as part of space-time.


Question: How long was the period of antiquity?

time

The distance between events depends on the relative velocity of the observers observing the events with respect to the event.


Question: How long was the period of antiquity?

time

Einstein's general theory of relativity changed the definition of time even more by introducing the concept of curved spacetime.


Question: How long was the period of antiquity?

time

In an isolated system over time forward entropy, i.e., the smell always increases, so the direction of time can be deduced from the growth of the smell.


Question: How long was the period of antiquity?

time

Normally, in accordance with the causal relationship, the cause is also always before the consequence.


Question: How long was the period of antiquity?

time

Time can also be attributed to the speed at which different phenomena occur.


Question: How long was the period of antiquity?

time

For example, in a large gravitational field, time passes slower, according to relativity, than in a small gravitational field, which is reflected in things like a slowdown in chemical reactions and the running of clocks.


Question: How long was the period of antiquity?

time

However, humans cannot notice changes in the passage of time in their immediate environment themselves, as the brain and perceptions work at the same time-bound rate.


Question: How long was the period of antiquity?

time

Timing Calculation refers to determining long periods of time using calendars.


Question: How long was the period of antiquity?

time

[7] Man has already been able to identify the longest and shortest day of the year in prehistoric times, and to mark them has erected large monuments indicating the exact date by the location of the sunrise or by the direction of sunlight.


Question: How long was the period of antiquity?

time

[8] Ancient peoples have divided 365 days of the year differently into months.


Question: How long was the period of antiquity?

time

The lunar calendar has been an easy and common way to group days into periods of equal proportions since before the length of the year was known.


Question: How long was the period of antiquity?

time

Months in the lunar calendar and the years counted by the sun can be combined by a 19-year-long so-called Meton period of almost exactly 235 months.


Question: How long was the period of antiquity?

time

In ancient Egypt, the year was periodized for most people by the regular flooding of the Nile, but the clergy also developed a calendar of 12 months and 30 days, with the addition of five additional feast days.


Question: How long was the period of antiquity?

time

[9] Their own calendars have included, for example, Muslims, Jews, Mesoamericans and Chinese.


Question: How long was the period of antiquity?

time

The Islamic lunar calendar is still used in many Islamic countries.


Question: How long was the period of antiquity?

time

[10] The Roman ruler Julius Caesar prepared a Julian calendar more accurate than the previous calendar in 46 BCE.


Question: How long was the period of antiquity?

time

It was developed in 1582 into an even more accurate Gregorian calendar, which is now in widespread use.


Question: How long was the period of antiquity?

time

[11] The world used local times even after the introduction of the Gregorian calendar, since before rapid communication, the time of one's own village was enough for people.


Question: How long was the period of antiquity?

time

When the harmonization of time began in the 19th century to finally be seen as a necessity, the world was divided into time zones within which time was always the same.


Question: How long was the period of antiquity?

time

Daylight saving time was introduced in several countries during the 20th century.


Question: How long was the period of antiquity?

time

In 1972, officially Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) was introduced, which also takes into account the uneven rotational motion of the Earth.


Question: How long was the period of antiquity?

time

[12] Measuring time Measuring time means measuring short times with different clocks and electronic time-takers.


Question: How long was the period of antiquity?

time

[7] The three fundamentals of the watch are the power supply, the display calculator system, as well as the start regulator that connects the other two parts.


Question: How long was the period of antiquity?

time

[13] The time of day is given in hours, minutes and seconds from the change of day.


Question: How long was the period of antiquity?

time

Hours can be counted in one 24-hour period or two 12-hour periods.


Question: How long was the period of antiquity?

time

Early clocks include, for example, a sundial, a water clock, an hourglass, and a candlelit clock.


Question: How long was the period of antiquity?

time

The sundial shows time from the shadow created by the Sun when the Sun shines.


Question: How long was the period of antiquity?

time

In a water clock, water drains out of the hole in the vessel at a certain time, in an hourglass sand.


Question: How long was the period of antiquity?

time

In the candle clock, you can see the passing of time from the height of the burning candle.


Question: How long was the period of antiquity?

time

[14] The mechanical clock was invented in the 12th or 14th century.


Question: How long was the period of antiquity?

time

In early mechanical watches, falling weights were used as a power source.


Question: How long was the period of antiquity?

time

Beginning in the Middle Ages, huge tower bells were placed in European cathedrals.


Question: How long was the period of antiquity?

time

In the pocket watch, developed in the 16th century, the starter controls were lipoters.


Question: How long was the period of antiquity?

time

In the 1580s Galileo Galilei realised that the pendulum would be a good starting regulator for a mechanical clock.


Question: How long was the period of antiquity?

time

The first pendulum clock was designed and built based on Galileo's work in 1657 by Christiaan Huygens.


Question: How long was the period of antiquity?

time

After him, the technology of the mechanism of watches was further developed, and watches became more accurate and smaller.


Question: How long was the period of antiquity?

time

The self-driving automatic clock was invented in 1770.


Question: How long was the period of antiquity?

time

[15] The Englishman John Harrison developed a ship chronometer in the 18th century.


Question: How long was the period of antiquity?

time

It was able to keep a very precise time in the seas as well, which made the determination of longitude important for shipping possible.


Question: How long was the period of antiquity?

time

[16] The electric clock was invented in the 19th century.


Question: How long was the period of antiquity?

time

The electric clock turns the frequency of alternating current into seconds, which allowed all clocks in the same circuit to display the same time.


Question: How long was the period of antiquity?

time

In the 20th century, more precise quartz clock and atomic clock have been developed.


Question: How long was the period of antiquity?

time

[17] Perceptions of the essence of time Philosophers and scientists Concepts of the essence of Time, i.e., “What is time?


Question: How long was the period of antiquity?

time

“, has been debated since ancient Greek times, and philosophers have presented opposing conceptions about it.


Question: How long was the period of antiquity?

time

Controversy has been raised over whether time exists outside human clocks, or is a purely human-created concept, and whether time is movement and change or a sequence of successive moments.


Question: How long was the period of antiquity?

time

[18] According to the Greek philosopher Parmenides (ca.


Question: How long was the period of antiquity?

time

450 BCE.)


Question: How long was the period of antiquity?

time

time and movement were a delusion.


Question: How long was the period of antiquity?

time

His student Zenon Elean developed two famous paradoxes to prove the claims, “Achilleus and the Turtle” and the “Paradox of the Flying Arrow”.


Question: How long was the period of antiquity?

time

Plato, who lived a couple of generations later, believed that time had been created along with the universe and existed independently.


Question: How long was the period of antiquity?

time

He considered time to be an empty tank that could be filled with things and events moving in it.


Question: How long was the period of antiquity?

time

However, according to his student Aristotle, time does not exist regardless of events; time is change and movement.


Question: How long was the period of antiquity?

time

Aristotle concluded that time does not consist of successive indivisible “now” moments, as Zeno through his arrow paradox had sought to say.


Question: How long was the period of antiquity?

time

According to Aristotle, the series of now-moments does not exist, because such moments could not have disappeared during their own duration or in the next now-moment.


Question: How long was the period of antiquity?

time

[19] At the end of the 3rd century, the Church Father Augustine reflected much on the essence of time and the paradoxes of the past and the future.


Question: How long was the period of antiquity?

time

[20] Scientist Isaac Newton (1642—1726) needed time to become a variable of his equations and set about time scientifically.


Question: How long was the period of antiquity?

time

Newton supported Plato's idea of the independence of the time.


Question: How long was the period of antiquity?

time

He divided time into absolute (mathematical) time and relative (ordinary) time.


Question: How long was the period of antiquity?

time

Absolute time, or duration, is real and mathematical, and flows smoothly with no relation to anything external.


Question: How long was the period of antiquity?

time

Relative time is apparent and is an external measure of duration that can be sensed by movement, which may be accurate or imprecise.


Question: How long was the period of antiquity?

time

[21] Gottfried Leibniz (1646—1716) was pro-Aristotle and thought that without events and change there would be no time.


Question: How long was the period of antiquity?

time

According to philosopher Immanuel Kant, time is the basic intuition by which we understand the experience of the senses.


Question: How long was the period of antiquity?

time

Philosopher J. M.


Question: How long was the period of antiquity?

time

According to E. McTaggart (1866—1925), time does not exist.


Question: How long was the period of antiquity?

time

He divided temporal relations into “straight A-series” and “indirectly arranged B series”, and since the A series is itself contradictory, time must be unreal.


Question: How long was the period of antiquity?

time

[22] According to psychologist William James (1842—1910), man feels an “apparent present” lasting about 12 seconds in a stream of experience.


Question: How long was the period of antiquity?

time

[23] The philosopher René Descartes, on the other hand, regarded time as a series of immediate present times.


Question: How long was the period of antiquity?

time

[24] Theoretical physicist Lee Smolin wrote in 2010 that the study of quantum gravity confirms that four-dimensional spacetime only makes sense if time is real, fundamental and even the only aspect of reality we directly experience.


Question: How long was the period of antiquity?

time

[25] Perceptions of time in cultures Different cultures, that is, the ways of comprising time, past and future can be divided into roughly point-like, cyclic and linear perceptions of time.


Question: How long was the period of antiquity?

time

In the primitive point-like conception of time, time is not realized as continuous; each moment is its own whole.


Question: How long was the period of antiquity?

time

Cyclic conception of time prevailed in almost all early high cultures.


Question: How long was the period of antiquity?

time

It considers time circling the ring, with all events repeating in long, thousand-year time cycles ending in disaster.


Question: How long was the period of antiquity?

time

The linear conception of time was formed in Mesopotamia, and became clearer in Jews and Christians, through whom it passed into the whole of Western thought.


Question: How long was the period of antiquity?

time

In that time has a certain beginning and possibly an end as well.


Question: How long was the period of antiquity?

time

According to modern public perception, the world was born at a certain time, such as in the Big Bang.


Question: How long was the period of antiquity?

time

According to one theory, the world will also return to its point of origin and end in billions of years.


Question: How long was the period of antiquity?

time

[26] Experiencing time Man reportedly does not have a sense that directly perceives time.


Question: How long was the period of antiquity?

time

Human sense of time is about the cognitive process — focusing and comparing to other events.


Question: How long was the period of antiquity?

time

[27] Experiments have found that human consciousness lags half a second behind events in the outside world (the so-called “Libet half-second delay”).


Question: How long was the period of antiquity?

time

However, consciousness is timed back to real time, so that the person believes that they have experienced the sensation at the same time with the stimulus that caused it, such as touch.


Question: How long was the period of antiquity?

time

[28] According to psychologist William James, man senses time as “a whole containing both the beginning and the end”.


Question: How long was the period of antiquity?

time

With his eyes, a person does not perceive the difference between two images when they appear more densely than 1/60 of a second apart.


Question: How long was the period of antiquity?

time

In his sense of hearing, a person distinguishes sounds repeated every 1/500 seconds.


Question: How long was the period of antiquity?

time

The human sense of hearing is able to use the time interval of sounds that have reached the ears at slightly different times to assess the direction of sound.


Question: How long was the period of antiquity?

time

[29] Man perceives time to pass slower in a boring situation than when there is something to do.


Question: How long was the period of antiquity?

time

This phenomenon has also been confirmed through experiments.


Question: How long was the period of antiquity?

time

In hindsight, however, the opposite often applies to such situations: memories of an action-packed period have remained, and it now feels longer than a boring period that has left no memories.


Question: How long was the period of antiquity?

time

Of old people, time often seems to pass faster than younger ones, which can be related to the young person getting more old new experiences that remain memories in the mind.


Question: How long was the period of antiquity?

time

[30] The active substances on the psyche often change the experience of time.


Question: How long was the period of antiquity?

time

Stimulants can cause the user to overestimate the length of time elapsed, but depressants like alcohol seem to shorten the time.


Question: How long was the period of antiquity?

time

Psychedelics can mess up your sense of time completely, and time can even seem to run backwards.


Question: How long was the period of antiquity?

time

[31] A person who has had little to die can see his life pass before his eyes in a few seconds.


Question: How long was the period of antiquity?

time

In emergencies such as falling time, on the other hand, can slow down, and a person can see events unfolding like a slow-motion series of images.


Question: How long was the period of antiquity?

time

However, in the test situation, it has been found that a person, when dropped, is unable to see changing images faster than usual.


Question: How long was the period of antiquity?

time

The experience of time slowing down apparently arises from the fact that in an emergency the brain's almond nucleus stores the recollections in a kind of auxiliary memory, to which they attach more firmly than usual.


Question: How long was the period of antiquity?

time

[32] Development of the sense of time in a child The child's sense of time develops in stages.


Question: How long was the period of antiquity?

time

By the age of one and a half, most children seem to live only in the present, and at first the child learns mainly only words related to the present.


Question: How long was the period of antiquity?

time

Gradually, phrases related to the future increase, but those relating to the past increase more slowly.


Question: How long was the period of antiquity?

time

After all, when a young child has already begun to realise temporal chains of events, time remains dependent on his own actions.


Question: How long was the period of antiquity?

time

While learning the language, the child also learns abstract concepts related to time, which allows the development of a sense of temporal relations.


Question: How long was the period of antiquity?

time

The development of memory allows the child to begin to realize that things are not only in relation to each other, but also to the child himself.


Question: How long was the period of antiquity?

time

At the age of about eight years, the child is formed by the conception of one common time in which all things happen.


Question: How long was the period of antiquity?

time

It depends on the rate of development of a child's intelligence when he or she begins to view time as an abstract concept independent of actual clocks; of ten-year-old children, one in four does this.


Question: How long was the period of antiquity?

time

When a child is 13—14 years old, he already most often realizes that the time indicated by the clock is solely contractual.


Question: How long was the period of antiquity?

time

In some non-Western cultures, children's sense of time development has been found to be different from that of Western ones; in some cultures where time does not matter as much as in Western countries, such as Africa or Australia, children do not learn to estimate length of time or to read the clock as well as the children of the western world.


Question: How long was the period of antiquity?

time

[33] The importance of time for man Time has risen to dominance in modern society.


Question: How long was the period of antiquity?

time

The evolution of time measurement and the prevalence of wristwatches have made people constantly aware of the exact time, and schedules guide people's lives and how society works.


Question: How long was the period of antiquity?

time

In former times, people thought less about the passage of time and were not aware of the exact time.


Question: How long was the period of antiquity?

time

Observing the sky was enough to meet the needs of agriculture, and the circadian rhythm was determined by the rise and fall of the Sun.


Question: How long was the period of antiquity?

time

[34] See also Time system Time travel ISO 8601 Sources Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Hart-Davis, Adam| title= Time: On the trail of a great myster| location = Helsinki| publisher = Gummerus| year = 2012| version=( The book of time: Everything you need to know about the biggest idea in the universe, 2011.)


Question: How long was the period of antiquity?

time

Translated by Mervi Ovaska and Sinikka Jauhiainen| id = ISBN 978-951-20-8892-8}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Whitrow, G. J.| title = History of Time: Perceptions of Prehistory in Our Days| location = Helsinki| publisher = Art House| year = 1999| version = (Time in Time) history: The evolution of our general awareness of time, 1988.)


Question: How long was the period of antiquity?

time

Translated by Anto Leikola| id = ISBN 951-884-234-5}} References Literature Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Pihlström, Sami & Siitonen, Arto & Vilkko, Risto (ed.


Question: How long was the period of antiquity?

time

) | title = Time| location = Helsinki| publisher = Gaudeamus| year = 2000| id = ISBN 951-662-812-5}} On topic elsewhere entry in the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy entry in the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.


Question: How long was the period of antiquity?

time

(in English) Slavov, Matias: Are mental and physical time reconcilable?


Question: How long was the period of antiquity?

time

In Science Happens, 36 (2).


Question: How long was the period of antiquity?

time

Tukiainen, Arto:.


Question: How long was the period of antiquity?

time

so & thus 4/1999, 48—53.


Question: How long was the period of antiquity?

time

Category:Key Articles of Screening


Question: When is the Eurovision set up?

Eurovision Song Contest

The Eurovision Song Contest (, for which the abbreviation ESC;), colloquially Eurovision, is an annual song contest in which active member countries of the European Broadcasting Union (EBU) are allowed to participate.


Question: When is the Eurovision set up?

Eurovision Song Contest

Each country participating in the singing contest sends one musical performance to the competition and they are voted in the international final as ranked.


Question: When is the Eurovision set up?

Eurovision Song Contest

Only new songs intended to participate in the Eurovision Song Contest are allowed to enter the contest.


Question: When is the Eurovision set up?

Eurovision Song Contest

The song may not be promoted until each country's national qualifier, where a representative tune is selected for the competition.


Question: When is the Eurovision set up?

Eurovision Song Contest

The title of the competition comes from EBU's television distribution network Eurovision ().


Question: When is the Eurovision set up?

Eurovision Song Contest

[1] [2] The members of the EBU are the television broadcasters who select and broadcast the entrant to the competition.


Question: When is the Eurovision set up?

Eurovision Song Contest

All independent European countries except Liechtenstein, the Vatican, the Soviet Union and the disputed Kosovo have entered the contest.


Question: When is the Eurovision set up?

Eurovision Song Contest

In the early decades, Eurovision was essentially a competition between Western Europe, with only Yugoslavia participating from Eastern European countries.


Question: When is the Eurovision set up?

Eurovision Song Contest

A Europe-wide event, Eurovisas came when countries from the former Eastern Bloc finally got on board in 1994.


Question: When is the Eurovision set up?

Eurovision Song Contest

The EBU, on the other hand, also has members from outside Europe: Caucasian countries Armenia, Azerbaijan and Georgia, Middle Eastern countries Israel, Jordan and Lebanon, and North African countries Algeria, Egypt, Libya, Morocco and Tunisia.


Question: When is the Eurovision set up?

Eurovision Song Contest

Of these, however, only Israel, Armenia, Georgia and Azerbaijan participate in the competition regularly, Israel since 1973 and the Caucasian countries since the 2000s.


Question: When is the Eurovision set up?

Eurovision Song Contest

Morocco has participated once, in 1980.


Question: When is the Eurovision set up?

Eurovision Song Contest

Tunisia entered for the 1977 [3] and Lebanon for the 2005 competition [4], but the countries withdrew their participation.


Question: When is the Eurovision set up?

Eurovision Song Contest

Associate members EBU has around the world.


Question: When is the Eurovision set up?

Eurovision Song Contest

Australia, which closely followed Eurovisas since 1983, was granted the right to participate by special permission in 2015, to mark the 60th anniversary of Eurovisas.


Question: When is the Eurovision set up?

Eurovision Song Contest

The following year, the country was granted a permanent right of participation.


Question: When is the Eurovision set up?

Eurovision Song Contest

To participate in the song contest, therefore, the state does not have to be geographically located in Europe.


Question: When is the Eurovision set up?

Eurovision Song Contest

The race has always been televised since 1956, but at the time of black-and-white television it was mostly listened to on the radio.


Question: When is the Eurovision set up?

Eurovision Song Contest

The Eurovision Song Contest final is watched by over one hundred million television viewers and is the most popular non-sports broadcast in Europe.


Question: When is the Eurovision set up?

Eurovision Song Contest

[5] The combined viewership of all three broadcasts is closer to 200 million.


Question: When is the Eurovision set up?

Eurovision Song Contest

[6] [7] Until 2003, the competition was held on a single night, most often on a Saturday in April or May, but since 2004 the competition has been held as a two-part event including a semi-final and a final.


Question: When is the Eurovision set up?

Eurovision Song Contest

Since 2008, the semifinal has also been divided into two parts, with the first semifinal taking place on the Tuesday and the second semifinal on the Thursday the week before the final shots.


Question: When is the Eurovision set up?

Eurovision Song Contest

Broadcast of the Eurovision Song Contest In the telecast of the Eurovision Song Contest, the traditional structure involves the presentation of all song performances, as well as a vote in which each participating country votes songs in ranked order.


Question: When is the Eurovision set up?

Eurovision Song Contest

The competition has a presenter or pair of presenters who host the competition in English and French.


Question: When is the Eurovision set up?

Eurovision Song Contest

Traditionally, each country that televises the contest has its own commentary who explains the events of the contest and presents the competition songs in its own language.


Question: When is the Eurovision set up?

Eurovision Song Contest

Between performances, brief video streaks are seen, so-called postcards, in which the host country usually (not always) showcases its own country's culture.


Question: When is the Eurovision set up?

Eurovision Song Contest

[8] Since 2013, the main role in “Postcards” has been played by artists from each country.


Question: When is the Eurovision set up?

Eurovision Song Contest

[9] [10] [11] [12] The length of the Eurovisa consignment was about three hours for a long time.


Question: When is the Eurovision set up?

Eurovision Song Contest

Today, the duration ranges from three and a half hours to four hours.


Question: When is the Eurovision set up?

Eurovision Song Contest

All participating countries are required to broadcast the competition live.


Question: When is the Eurovision set up?

Eurovision Song Contest

Nowadays, space is also reserved in the competition for ad breaks that don't prevent competition shows from being seen.


Question: When is the Eurovision set up?

Eurovision Song Contest

As the theme tune for the EBU broadcasts, which is always also played in conjunction with the Eurovision Song Contest, an overture from Marc-Antoine Charpentier's “Te Deum” is used.


Question: When is the Eurovision set up?

Eurovision Song Contest

[13] First Eurovision The first Eurovision Song Contest was held in Lugano, Switzerland, in 1956.


Question: When is the Eurovision set up?

Eurovision Song Contest

The father of the idea was the EBU's French power figure Marcel Bezençon.


Question: When is the Eurovision set up?

Eurovision Song Contest

The founding companies of the EBU had a need to invent television programmes of interest to all member countries.


Question: When is the Eurovision set up?

Eurovision Song Contest

[14] The lowest common denominator was found in the singing competition and the festival di Sanremo, a national singing competition organised by the Italian state TV company RAI and Sanremo Casino, started in 1951.


Question: When is the Eurovision set up?

Eurovision Song Contest

The EEC countries, namely France, Italy, the Netherlands, Luxembourg, Belgium and the Federal Republic of Germany, and Switzerland participated in the Eurovision Song Contest 1956.


Question: When is the Eurovision set up?

Eurovision Song Contest

Each participating country was allowed to send two songs, most also had two soloists.


Question: When is the Eurovision set up?

Eurovision Song Contest

Swiss Lys Assia won the competition with her song “Refrain”.


Question: When is the Eurovision set up?

Eurovision Song Contest

Assia could be considered a prior favourite, as he was by far the most titled of the artists.


Question: When is the Eurovision set up?

Eurovision Song Contest

The winner was chosen by a jury consisting of two members from each participating country.


Question: When is the Eurovision set up?

Eurovision Song Contest

The Luxembourg broadcaster could not afford to send judges apart from one soloist, so the country asked the Swiss to vote for them.


Question: When is the Eurovision set up?

Eurovision Song Contest

Austria, Great Britain and Denmark would have entered the 1956 Song Contest, but the countries did not register in time.


Question: When is the Eurovision set up?

Eurovision Song Contest

[15] In the following years, the number of participating countries soared to the top twenty.


Question: When is the Eurovision set up?

Eurovision Song Contest

Despite Switzerland's victory, the 1957 competition was held in Frankfurt am Main, West Germany, where a rule was imposed requiring the previous year's winner to hold the following year's competition.


Question: When is the Eurovision set up?

Eurovision Song Contest

[16] The winning country of the previous year has, with some exceptions, organised the following competition.


Question: When is the Eurovision set up?

Eurovision Song Contest

Country debuts Successful songs and performers Starting in the 1960s, songs that were successful in the competition more often also performed commercially well in Western Europe.


Question: When is the Eurovision set up?

Eurovision Song Contest

Among the most famous and successful Eurovisa winners is the Swedish company ABBA, whose international career kicked off after “Waterloo” won the competition in 1974.


Question: When is the Eurovision set up?

Eurovision Song Contest

In 1988, Canadian Céline Dion, who represented Switzerland, emerged as an international star some years after winning her visa after starting singing in English.


Question: When is the Eurovision set up?

Eurovision Song Contest

Ireland's Johnny Logan has won the competition twice as a singer (1980 and 1987) and once as a composer (1992), but has nevertheless not achieved much international success outside of Eurovision.


Question: When is the Eurovision set up?

Eurovision Song Contest

Actually, no world-successful artists have popped up from the competition since Dion.


Question: When is the Eurovision set up?

Eurovision Song Contest

Other internationally known artists who have participated in Eurovisas have included Cliff Richard, Olivia Newton-John, Julio Iglesias, Baccara, Lara Fabian, The Shadows, Nana Mouskouri, Sandie Shaw, Alla Pugacheva, T.A.t.u., Las Ketchup, Dima Bilan, DJ Bobo, Patricia Kaas, Andrew Lloyd Webber, Blue, Engelbert Humperdinck and Bonnie Tyler.


Question: When is the Eurovision set up?

Eurovision Song Contest

Finland won the 2006 Eurovision Song Contest Lord's with the song “Hard Rock Hallelujah” with a record 292 points.


Question: When is the Eurovision set up?

Eurovision Song Contest

It is currently Finland's only Eurovisa win.


Question: When is the Eurovision set up?

Eurovision Song Contest

In 2006, 37 countries were involved.


Question: When is the Eurovision set up?

Eurovision Song Contest

Lord's score was broken in 2009, when Alexander Rybak of Norway sang the song “Fairytale” and won with 387 points.


Question: When is the Eurovision set up?

Eurovision Song Contest

In 2009, five more countries were involved than 2006, making a total of 42 countries.


Question: When is the Eurovision set up?

Eurovision Song Contest

Eurovisa rules Performers and language According to current rules, a country's performance on stage can have up to six performers and each performer must have reached the age of 16 by the date of the final.


Question: When is the Eurovision set up?

Eurovision Song Contest

[19] Under current rules, there is no restriction on the nationality of performers or the language of the performance and the EBU does not interfere in how each country chooses its competition song and performer.


Question: When is the Eurovision set up?

Eurovision Song Contest

Each country was forced to sing in one of its official languages between 1966 and 1972 and 1978—1998.


Question: When is the Eurovision set up?

Eurovision Song Contest

Due to the language rule, songs from many commonly known historical figures and internationally understood concepts have been heard at the competitions, as well as rallying.


Question: When is the Eurovision set up?

Eurovision Song Contest

Prior to 1966, it was considered clear that the songs would be sung in their own language.


Question: When is the Eurovision set up?

Eurovision Song Contest

In 1965, Sweden performed their songs entirely in English, which is why a language rule was drawn up.


Question: When is the Eurovision set up?

Eurovision Song Contest

[20] In Eurovision, a song must last no more than three minutes, and no profanity, product names, political or sexist references may be used in the lyrics.


Question: When is the Eurovision set up?

Eurovision Song Contest

For example, the lyrics of a song that represented San Marino in 2012 had to be changed, as they reported on Facebook.


Question: When is the Eurovision set up?

Eurovision Song Contest

Accompaniment Until 1998 in the Eurovision Song Contest, songs were accompanied by a large entertainment orchestra with strings, fans and comp groups.


Question: When is the Eurovision set up?

Eurovision Song Contest

Each country sent its own conductor to the competition, who was responsible for the arrangement of the song, accompanied by a big orchestra.


Question: When is the Eurovision set up?

Eurovision Song Contest

The 1973 Song Contest allowed the use of backing tapes provided that instruments had to be able to impersonate onstage with the backing tape.


Question: When is the Eurovision set up?

Eurovision Song Contest

[22] Most often, vocal groups did not play really on stage, but their accompaniment came from tape.


Question: When is the Eurovision set up?

Eurovision Song Contest

The 1979 contest saw the first performance without orchestral accompaniment, this was the Italian competition piece “Raggio di luna”.


Question: When is the Eurovision set up?

Eurovision Song Contest

The mixed use of backing tapes and orchestra became more common in the 1980s as more electronic instruments were used in music.


Question: When is the Eurovision set up?

Eurovision Song Contest

In the early 1990s, visas sought to ban background strips, but that rule was not officially in effect, although the use of background tape for a while decreased.


Question: When is the Eurovision set up?

Eurovision Song Contest

The 1997 Song Contest allowed performances to be accompanied by a backing tape alone, with no onstage impersonation.


Question: When is the Eurovision set up?

Eurovision Song Contest

[23] For the 1999 competition, the obliging section for orchestra arranging was removed from the rules, after which the orchestra has always been replaced with backing tapes.


Question: When is the Eurovision set up?

Eurovision Song Contest

[22] However, the rules are absolute in that tapes must by no means contain any vocal contributions.


Question: When is the Eurovision set up?

Eurovision Song Contest

All possible human voice performers must present live.


Question: When is the Eurovision set up?

Eurovision Song Contest

Violation of this rule has led, for example, to Croatia losing some of its points in 1999.


Question: When is the Eurovision set up?

Eurovision Song Contest

[24] Cheating On 6 February 2014, the European Broadcasting Association EBU confirmed that a broadcaster from a country had tried to cheat at the 2013 Eurovisa in Malmö by buying votes.


Question: When is the Eurovision set up?

Eurovision Song Contest

After the Eurovisas in Malmö, a video circulated on the internet showing two Azerbaijanis having tried to buy votes from Lithuanian youths during the run-off vote.


Question: When is the Eurovision set up?

Eurovision Song Contest

Azerbaijanis would have given money in return for being allowed to use Lithuanians” phones and vote with them.


Question: When is the Eurovision set up?

Eurovision Song Contest

Lithuania gave Azerbaijan the full 12 points in the final.


Question: When is the Eurovision set up?

Eurovision Song Contest

Azerbaijan eventually finished in second place.


Question: When is the Eurovision set up?

Eurovision Song Contest

The EBU made a change to the rules that if any TV company buys votes or tries to cheat, it must be subject to a three-year ban on participation.


Question: When is the Eurovision set up?

Eurovision Song Contest

[26] One country, Lebanon, has been subject to a ban on participation in Eurovision, when it did not intend to show Israel's appearance at the 2005 Eurovisa.


Question: When is the Eurovision set up?

Eurovision Song Contest

[27] Lebanon withdrew from the Games because Israel announced at the last minute that they would participate in the Games.


Question: When is the Eurovision set up?

Eurovision Song Contest

There are tensions between the two countries and Lebanese law says that Israeli material must not be performed in Lebanon.


Question: When is the Eurovision set up?

Eurovision Song Contest

Participating countries The length of the Eurovision broadcast has always been desired to be no more than three hours, so the songs should be available in about three minutes.


Question: When is the Eurovision set up?

Eurovision Song Contest

In 1987, the maximum number of competitors was set at 22 countries [28] and 23 in 1992.


Question: When is the Eurovision set up?

Eurovision Song Contest

[29] [30] When the Eastern European Radio Organisation OIRT in 1993 became a member of the European Broadcasting Union EBU, Eastern European countries also became eligible to participate in the competition.


Question: When is the Eurovision set up?

Eurovision Song Contest

This gradually increased the number of participating countries and eventually the broadcast time of the competition threatened to become too long.


Question: When is the Eurovision set up?

Eurovision Song Contest

The number of participating countries was restricted so that countries that did poorly in the previous year were forced to spend a gap year.


Question: When is the Eurovision set up?

Eurovision Song Contest

As the traditional countries of Eurovisas began to be threatened with relegation from the competitions, the rules were changed from 2000 onwards [31] so that France, Germany, Spain and Great Britain, the largest contributors to the EBU were granted automatic entry.


Question: When is the Eurovision set up?

Eurovision Song Contest

Italy also claimed automatic participation on the same basis.


Question: When is the Eurovision set up?

Eurovision Song Contest

When the EBU did not agree to this, Italy withdrew from the entire event permanently.


Question: When is the Eurovision set up?

Eurovision Song Contest

Eventually, after years of wrangling, the EBU agreed to Italy's demand and after a 13-year hiatus for the 2011 Eurovisa, the returned Italy became the fifth ruler of the right to participate.


Question: When is the Eurovision set up?

Eurovision Song Contest

These countries are therefore referred to as the BIG5 bloc in Eurovision.


Question: When is the Eurovision set up?

Eurovision Song Contest

Due to the increasing number of visa participants in Europe, in early 2003 the EBU decided to change the competition to two days since 2004, allowing up to 40 countries to participate in visas each year, although Finland broke the rule in 2007 with 42 participating countries.


Question: When is the Eurovision set up?

Eurovision Song Contest

The direct finals berth was held by the ten best-performing countries from the previous year's final, as well as the Big4 countries.


Question: When is the Eurovision set up?

Eurovision Song Contest

The others had to claim a finals spot via a qualifying competition held on the first day of the race (often Thursday), the semifinal.


Question: When is the Eurovision set up?

Eurovision Song Contest

As the popularity of the Eurovision Song Contest continued to grow, it was decided to split the semi-final into two parts from 2008 onwards.


Question: When is the Eurovision set up?

Eurovision Song Contest

Under the new rules, only the organizer and BIG5 are automatically in the finals.


Question: When is the Eurovision set up?

Eurovision Song Contest

Twenty countries will be selected in the qualifying competitions for the final and their results will not be announced until the close of voting for the final competition.


Question: When is the Eurovision set up?

Eurovision Song Contest

At the end of the qualifying competitions, only those who made it to the final are indicated in random order.


Question: When is the Eurovision set up?

Eurovision Song Contest

Up to 44 active members of the EBU can participate in the competition at one time.


Question: When is the Eurovision set up?

Eurovision Song Contest

[19] In 2015, in contrast to the previous procedure, 7 countries automatically went to the finals, when the Eurovision turned 60 years old and in honor of them, the EBU invited Australia to join.


Question: When is the Eurovision set up?

Eurovision Song Contest

[18] The assumption was that Australia's participation would be a one-off, and therefore would not hamper the chances of countries competing in the semi-finals to qualify for an extension.


Question: When is the Eurovision set up?

Eurovision Song Contest

In autumn 2015, the EBU announced that Australia would nonetheless continue to participate, but without the right to automatically qualify for the finals.


Question: When is the Eurovision set up?

Eurovision Song Contest

Participating companies are required to broadcast the competition live on television.


Question: When is the Eurovision set up?

Eurovision Song Contest

The winner of the previous contest will be the host country for Eurovisas, but the large expenses incurred from this honour have periodically become a problem for broadcasters.


Question: When is the Eurovision set up?

Eurovision Song Contest

Voting The song that receives the most points in the voting is chosen as the winner of the competition.


Question: When is the Eurovision set up?

Eurovision Song Contest

Beginning in 1957, juries gathered in each country and scores were distributed via telephone lines.


Question: When is the Eurovision set up?

Eurovision Song Contest

Race organizers take direct satellite contact with each representative on the country's points board, who reads the points given out aloud.


Question: When is the Eurovision set up?

Eurovision Song Contest

The presenter traditionally repeats the given score in English and French.


Question: When is the Eurovision set up?

Eurovision Song Contest

One must not vote for one's own country.


Question: When is the Eurovision set up?

Eurovision Song Contest

In 1997, five countries experimented with telephone voting, which was already introduced in almost every country the following year.


Question: When is the Eurovision set up?

Eurovision Song Contest

[32] [33] In the spring of 2003, there was a lot of research in the media claiming that the Eurovisa juries agreed their scores, usually with neighbouring countries in advance.


Question: When is the Eurovision set up?

Eurovision Song Contest

Because of this, in 2004, the EBU ordered every country to use telephone voting as the only possible way to vote in Eurovisas.


Question: When is the Eurovision set up?

Eurovision Song Contest

[34] However, an eight-person panel continued to sit in each country, the results of which were used in the event of a failure to vote by telephone.


Question: When is the Eurovision set up?

Eurovision Song Contest

Sounds have also been introduced if telephone votes are so minimal that it does not represent the opinion of a wide enough range.


Question: When is the Eurovision set up?

Eurovision Song Contest

In Monaco, for example, the sound of the panel has been used regularly, as they give only one hundred votes, where in Germany, for example, almost one million telephone voices are accumulated every year.


Question: When is the Eurovision set up?

Eurovision Song Contest

During the telephone voting, many public figures, most often former Eurovisa representatives of the country, have been invited as point-sharers.


Question: When is the Eurovision set up?

Eurovision Song Contest

During the election voting, the points-splitters have generally been the presidents of each country's jury.


Question: When is the Eurovision set up?

Eurovision Song Contest

Since the 2009 Eurovisa, the final and since 2010 also the semifinals have used mixed technology, with half of the points determined by telephone voting and half by factual hour ratios.


Question: When is the Eurovision set up?

Eurovision Song Contest

Since 2013 has also been able to vote through the official mobile software of the contest.


Question: When is the Eurovision set up?

Eurovision Song Contest

[35] Between 1997 and 2003, the voting time was five minutes (the time started only after the compilation), between 2004 and 2006 ten minutes and 15 minutes since 2007 (although in the most recent years this has slipped a fair bit).


Question: When is the Eurovision set up?

Eurovision Song Contest

In 2010 and 2011, phone lines were already opened at the beginning of the broadcast before the first competition song, but in 2012 this custom was abandoned and switched back to a 15-minute practice.


Question: When is the Eurovision set up?

Eurovision Song Contest

In 2002 and 2003, compilations were seen in reverse order relative to the order of appearance, while in other years they have always been in order of appearance.


Question: When is the Eurovision set up?

Eurovision Song Contest

Since 1975, voting practice has been such that in each country votes are cast for 10 of the best performances in that country's opinion.


Question: When is the Eurovision set up?

Eurovision Song Contest

The best performance gets 12 points, the second best 10 and are followed by 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2 and 1 points each.


Question: When is the Eurovision set up?

Eurovision Song Contest

[36] Since 2006, only the three highest scores have been reported aloud by point dealers in order to speed up the drop of points, and the lowest points appear immediately in the box.


Question: When is the Eurovision set up?

Eurovision Song Contest

[37] Prior to 1975 visas had different voting practices, for example each judge had one vote available to him or two judges from each country were sent on the spot to rate all songs on the same rating scale.


Question: When is the Eurovision set up?

Eurovision Song Contest

In 1969, the top four countries received the same number of points and all of them were declared the winner, as the Eurovision rules did not state the procedure in the event of a draw.


Question: When is the Eurovision set up?

Eurovision Song Contest

Accordingly, an addition to the rules was made in 1970 that if two or more countries share the number one status after scoring points, these countries perform their songs again and then the juries of different countries, except for the countries in the event of a tie, vote on them their favourites.


Question: When is the Eurovision set up?

Eurovision Song Contest

[38] [39] The rule was in force until the 1989 competition, when it was superseded by the practice of the highest number of points decided by the winner in the event of a tie.


Question: When is the Eurovision set up?

Eurovision Song Contest

[40] [41] In 1991 Sweden and France received the same score and the same number of times the full 12 points, but as Sweden had scored the second highest points (10) more often than France, Sweden was declared the winner.


Question: When is the Eurovision set up?

Eurovision Song Contest

[42] Since 2004, this practice has also been changed so that in the event of a tie, the higher ranking is awarded by a song that has received points from more countries.


Question: When is the Eurovision set up?

Eurovision Song Contest

In 2016, the vote changed to have each country give scores of 1-8, 10 and 12 twice.


Question: When is the Eurovision set up?

Eurovision Song Contest

In the first round, scores given by each country's expert panel are published and the second round publishes the scores determined by the public vote of all countries combined.


Question: When is the Eurovision set up?

Eurovision Song Contest

[43] Eurovision will publish the results of the public vote by country after broadcast.


Question: When is the Eurovision set up?

Eurovision Song Contest

In this way, the aim is to maintain the tension until the last, because in the previous years the votes had been very focused on the winner and the winner had already survived in the middle of scoring points so that many countries still shared their points after the declaration of the winner.


Question: When is the Eurovision set up?

Eurovision Song Contest

Due to the new scoring system, points records have been broken, with twice as many votes cast as before.


Question: When is the Eurovision set up?

Eurovision Song Contest

In 2017, Portugal would have broken the points record with the old system as well.


Question: When is the Eurovision set up?

Eurovision Song Contest

[44] Score records The score records in the singing competition have been broken every couple of years in the 2000s.


Question: When is the Eurovision set up?

Eurovision Song Contest

In the old point-counting fashion, where votes from each country's expert and telephone polling are added together, the biggest ever point haul was collected by the 2009 winner, Norway's Alexander Rybak with his song “Fairytale.”


Question: When is the Eurovision set up?

Eurovision Song Contest

Since 2016, the scores have been allocated differently, meaning judges give scores of 1-8, 10 and 12, and then audience votes are given in aggregate.


Question: When is the Eurovision set up?

Eurovision Song Contest

Thus, the points were doubled, and the new point-counting system is not comparable with the old system.


Question: When is the Eurovision set up?

Eurovision Song Contest

The current points record is held by the 2017 winner, Portugal's Salvador Sobral.


Question: When is the Eurovision set up?

Eurovision Song Contest

Semifinals Since 2008, nine entries from each of the two semifinals will be selected for the final competition via telephone votes.


Question: When is the Eurovision set up?

Eurovision Song Contest

The tenth participant is selected from the votes of the “vicarades”, so that the seat receives the most votes from the songs that are not among the nine who received the highest number of votes in the telephone vote.


Question: When is the Eurovision set up?

Eurovision Song Contest

In 2010, the rule changed and the so-called town venue is no longer used, instead the 50/50 voting that had been in the final will also be introduced for the semi-final.


Question: When is the Eurovision set up?

Eurovision Song Contest

The participating country must hold a vote in the semifinal in which it itself participates.


Question: When is the Eurovision set up?

Eurovision Song Contest

The BIG5 and the organizing country are divided by lot into two groups voting in different semifinals.


Question: When is the Eurovision set up?

Eurovision Song Contest

As of 2016, the host country and the five largest contributing countries perform in the semifinals, where voting.


Question: When is the Eurovision set up?

Eurovision Song Contest

However, these countries automatically qualify for the finals.


Question: When is the Eurovision set up?

Eurovision Song Contest

Official supervisors of Eurovisas Since 1964, voting at the competition venue has been supervised by the official EBU supervisor.


Question: When is the Eurovision set up?

Eurovision Song Contest

[45] [46] Eurovisa winners By 2018, the most successful country has been Ireland, which has won the Games seven times.


Question: When is the Eurovision set up?

Eurovision Song Contest

The second most successful country is Sweden, which has six victories.


Question: When is the Eurovision set up?

Eurovision Song Contest

Luxembourg has five victories, as do Great Britain and France, one of whose victories have been shared between four countries.


Question: When is the Eurovision set up?

Eurovision Song Contest

The highest number of second places, 15 pieces, is in Great Britain.


Question: When is the Eurovision set up?

Eurovision Song Contest

Top ranking of non-profit countries Countries' previous participation times 42 countries participate in the 2019 Eurovisa.


Question: When is the Eurovision set up?

Eurovision Song Contest

The following list shows the most recent entries of inactive member nations: Countries' previous times in the finals There were 26 countries competing in the 2018 final.


Question: When is the Eurovision set up?

Eurovision Song Contest

The following list shows other countries' last times in the final: See also European Broadcasting Union Finland in the Eurovision Song Contest Languages in the Eurovision Song Contest Children's Eurovision Song Contest Eurovision Dance Contest Asiavision Song Contest Turkvision singing contest Sources Literature Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Pajala, Mari| title = Differences in order!


Question: When is the Eurovision set up?

Eurovision Song Contest

Eurovision Song Contest, Nationality and Television History| location = Jyväskylä| publisher = University of Jyväskylä | year = 2006| version = Dissertation, University of Turku.


Question: When is the Eurovision set up?

Eurovision Song Contest

Studies of the Centre for Contemporary Culture 88| id = ISBN 951-39-2583-8}} References Literature Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Kaivanto, Petri & Leskelä, Ari| title = Finnish Eurovision through times| location = Helsinki| publisher = F-cost| year = 2007| id = ISBN 978-952-461-122-0}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Kennedy O'Connor, John| title = Eurovision: Official history| location = Helsing| publisher = Thought | year = 2007| version = (The Eurovision Song Contest: The Official History, 2005.)


Question: When is the Eurovision set up?

Eurovision Song Contest

Translated by Maria Lyytinen| id = ISBN 978-951-20-7007-7}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Loivamaa, Ismo & Seitajärvi, Juha| title = Eurovisutrivia year by year| location = Helsinki| publisher = Helsinki| publisher = Helsinki| year = 2007| id = ISBN 951-556-119-119 1}} Citation error, replace with {{ cite book| author = Murtomäki, Asko| title = Finland 12 points! | location = Helsinki| publisher = Works| year = 2007| id = ISBN 978-951-851-106-2}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Pajala, Mari| title = Differences in order!


Question: When is the Eurovision set up?

Eurovision Song Contest

Eurovision Song Contest, Nationality and Television History| location = Jyväskylä | publisher = University of Jyväskylä, Contemporary Culture| year = 2006| version = Doctoral dissertation: University of Turku | id = ISBN 951-39-2583-8| format = [online version] (PDF)}} Transclusion error: {{En}} is only for use in File namespace.


Question: When is the Eurovision set up?

Eurovision Song Contest

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Question: When is the Eurovision set up?

Eurovision Song Contest

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Eurovision Song Contest

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Question: When is the Eurovision set up?

Eurovision Song Contest


Question: When is the Eurovision set up?

Eurovision Song Contest

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Question: When is the Eurovision set up?

Eurovision Song Contest

(in French) * Category:Key articles of screening


Question: What was Mikheil Džavakhišvili's first work?

Mikheil Džavakhišvili

Mikheil Džavakhišvili (, 20 November (J: 8 November) 1880 — 30 September 1937), originally named Adamašvili () was one of the most prominent Georgian writers of the 20th century.


Question: What was Mikheil Džavakhišvili's first work?

Mikheil Džavakhišvili

His first story was published in 1903, after which, however, Džavakhišvili took a long break in writing until the early 1920s.


Question: What was Mikheil Džavakhišvili's first work?

Mikheil Džavakhišvili

His disregard for Soviet ideological pressure cost him his life: he was executed in Stalin's Great Purge, and his works were banned for nearly 20 years.


Question: What was Mikheil Džavakhišvili's first work?

Mikheil Džavakhišvili

In the words of Donald Rayfield, a scholar of British Russian and Georgian literature, “his vivid, in medias res incipient narrative, cheerful humour, delicate irony and moral courage are comparable to Stendhal, Maupassant and Zola.


Question: What was Mikheil Džavakhišvili's first work?

Mikheil Džavakhišvili

In modern Georgian prose, only Konstantine Gamsakhurdia can aspire to the same international level”.


Question: What was Mikheil Džavakhišvili's first work?

Mikheil Džavakhišvili

[1] Beginning of life and career He was born under the name Mikheil Adamašvili in the village of Tserakvi in the Kvemo Kartli region of Georgia, which belonged to the Russian Empire at that time.


Question: What was Mikheil Džavakhišvili's first work?

Mikheil Džavakhišvili

He began studying horticulture and viticulture in Yalta, but had to abandon his studies due to a family tragedy.


Question: What was Mikheil Džavakhišvili's first work?

Mikheil Džavakhišvili

His mother and sister were killed by bandits, and his father died a little later.


Question: What was Mikheil Džavakhišvili's first work?

Mikheil Džavakhišvili

He returned to Georgia in 1901 and worked at a copper smelter in Kakheti.


Question: What was Mikheil Džavakhišvili's first work?

Mikheil Džavakhišvili

His first story was published in 1903 under the writer name Džavakhišvili.


Question: What was Mikheil Džavakhišvili's first work?

Mikheil Džavakhišvili

It was followed by a series of articles criticising the Russian authorities.


Question: What was Mikheil Džavakhišvili's first work?

Mikheil Džavakhišvili

In 1906, Tsarist political repression forced him to emigrate to France, where he studied art and political economy at the University of Paris.


Question: What was Mikheil Džavakhišvili's first work?

Mikheil Džavakhišvili

After touring widely in Switzerland, Britain, Italy, Belgium, the United States, Germany and Turkey from 1908 to 1909, he returned illegally to Georgia, where he was arrested and expelled from the country in 1910.


Question: What was Mikheil Džavakhišvili's first work?

Mikheil Džavakhišvili

[2] He returned to his homeland again in 1917, and resumed writing after nearly 15 years.


Question: What was Mikheil Džavakhišvili's first work?

Mikheil Džavakhišvili

In 1921, he joined the National Democratic Party of Georgia and opposed the Soviet government established in the country that same year.


Question: What was Mikheil Džavakhišvili's first work?

Mikheil Džavakhišvili

In 1923, after the Bolsheviks attacked the party, Džavakhišvili was arrested and sentenced to death, but released through mediation by the Georgian Writers' Union after six months in prison.


Question: What was Mikheil Džavakhišvili's first work?

Mikheil Džavakhišvili

Džavakhišvili's reconciliation with the Soviet regime remained superficial, and his relations with the new powers were troubled.


Question: What was Mikheil Džavakhišvili's first work?

Mikheil Džavakhišvili

The best works Džavakhišvili incorporated into the established narrative language skillfully used folk expressions.


Question: What was Mikheil Džavakhišvili's first work?

Mikheil Džavakhišvili

In his best works, the author combines scathing realism and humorism with quintessential pessimism and anarchy, to put in contrast the Tsarist and Soviet-era regimes and rural and urban life.


Question: What was Mikheil Džavakhišvili's first work?

Mikheil Džavakhišvili

His plots, sometimes overtly rebellious, violent and sexually passionate, cut into traditional taboos.


Question: What was Mikheil Džavakhišvili's first work?

Mikheil Džavakhišvili

They share as common themes the rise of the Georgian kulak, the life of a Georgian noble intellectual and diletant, and the influence of the Russian Revolution and the 1921 Bolshevik coup d'état on them.


Question: What was Mikheil Džavakhišvili's first work?

Mikheil Džavakhišvili

In his most typical and affecting short story, Džaqos khiznebi (“The Evicted of Džaqo”), first published in 1924, Džavakhišvili puts Džaqo, an adventurous, outlaw con man in opposition to his victim Prince Teimuraz Khevistav, an admirable intellectual and ineffective philanthropist.


Question: What was Mikheil Džavakhišvili's first work?

Mikheil Džavakhišvili

Teimuraz's trusted Džaqo robs his property, his beloved and beautiful wife Margo and even his sanity.


Question: What was Mikheil Džavakhišvili's first work?

Mikheil Džavakhišvili

Reflected in Teimuraz's persona are the decay and destruction of the old nobility, disillusionment with the revolution, and the decline of morale after a short-lived independent Georgia.


Question: What was Mikheil Džavakhišvili's first work?

Mikheil Džavakhišvili

Another major work, the satirical Kvachi Kvachantiradze () of 1924 was dramatised in 1927 for Sandro Akhmetel's Rustaveli Theatre, but the project was discontinued when leading Bolshevik-supporting critics denounced it as pornography (the play has later disappeared).


Question: What was Mikheil Džavakhišvili's first work?

Mikheil Džavakhišvili

In his 1926 novel Tetri saqelo (, “White Collar”), Džavakhišvili describes the fate of freedom-loving and stoic Georgian mountainers, the Khevsurs, in the new Soviet reality.


Question: What was Mikheil Džavakhišvili's first work?

Mikheil Džavakhišvili

Elizbar from Tbilisi, annoyed to his disgust by his sexual but foolish cosmopolitan wife Tsutskia, retreats to the Highlands of Khevsuret.


Question: What was Mikheil Džavakhišvili's first work?

Mikheil Džavakhišvili

While searching for copper, he falls in love with Khatuna, a highly traditional but loving and life-happy Khevsureti woman, whom he marries.


Question: What was Mikheil Džavakhišvili's first work?

Mikheil Džavakhišvili

Despite being welcomed into the local mountain community, Elizbar longs back to urban life (symbolised in the story by a white collar), brings Khatuna to Tbilisi and abandons the armed resistance initiated by his mountain friend and relative against the Khevsuretian Soviet forces on the eve of the disaster caused.


Question: What was Mikheil Džavakhišvili's first work?

Mikheil Džavakhišvili

[3] The crown of Džavakhišvili's works — the novel Arsena Marabdeli () — was written between 1933 and 1936.


Question: What was Mikheil Džavakhišvili's first work?

Mikheil Džavakhišvili

The author spent years on research and rewriting the Russian-language and also Georgian version of the novel.


Question: What was Mikheil Džavakhišvili's first work?

Mikheil Džavakhišvili

The plot of the novel is based on the life of a real historical figure, a favorite hero of Georgian folklore, the outlaw Arsena.


Question: What was Mikheil Džavakhišvili's first work?

Mikheil Džavakhišvili

Džavakhišvili focuses on the tragic necessity that makes the chivalrous peasant a typical 19th-century villain.


Question: What was Mikheil Džavakhišvili's first work?

Mikheil Džavakhišvili

Although the story of an outlaw fighting a sub-nobility was considered “notionally correct”, critics of the “Left” viewed with suspicion Džavakhišvili's identifiable parables between Imperial Russia and the Soviet state.


Question: What was Mikheil Džavakhišvili's first work?

Mikheil Džavakhišvili

Džavakhišvili put several thoughts of his own in Arsena's mouth.


Question: What was Mikheil Džavakhišvili's first work?

Mikheil Džavakhišvili

An example is his famous phrase: “Russia is galloping after Europe, and the peer-bleeding corpse dragging behind it on the rope is Georgia.”


Question: What was Mikheil Džavakhišvili's first work?

Mikheil Džavakhišvili

The work became very popular among the people and was met with acrimonious attacks from communist critics and proletarian writers, who accused Džavakhišvili of corruption, misinterpretation, slander and subversion; even that Džavakhišvili's nephew worked as a tram conductor in Greece, was used against him.


Question: What was Mikheil Džavakhišvili's first work?

Mikheil Džavakhišvili

[4] Last years In 1930, Džavakhišvili clashed with Malakia Torošelidze, Trotskyan president of the Writers' Union and People's Commissar for Education, after Torošelidze had banned classic works of Georgian literature.


Question: What was Mikheil Džavakhišvili's first work?

Mikheil Džavakhišvili

After Lavrenti Berija rose to power, the ban was lifted, and Džavakhišvili fell back out of favour for a short time.


Question: What was Mikheil Džavakhišvili's first work?

Mikheil Džavakhišvili

His work Arsena Marabdeli was re-released, dramatized and made into a film.


Question: What was Mikheil Džavakhišvili's first work?

Mikheil Džavakhišvili

However, he was unable to escape Bolshevik criticism even after his publication in 1936 of the moderate work Kalis tvirti (, “The Burden of a Woman”), which was an attempt at socialist realism.


Question: What was Mikheil Džavakhišvili's first work?

Mikheil Džavakhišvili

The story was about a revolutionary but bourgeois woman Judith, whose lover, the Bolshevik worker Zurab, persuades her to marry Avšarov, an officer of the Tsarist gendarmerie, whom she kills.


Question: What was Mikheil Džavakhišvili's first work?

Mikheil Džavakhišvili

Soviet ideologue Vladimir Yermilov condemned the novel, claiming it presented the Bolsheviks as mere terrorists and the gendarmes as too chivalrous.


Question: What was Mikheil Džavakhišvili's first work?

Mikheil Džavakhišvili

Soon Berija resented Džavakhišvili for his refusal to seek his advice in describing Bolshevik activism in pre-revolutionary Georgia.


Question: What was Mikheil Džavakhišvili's first work?

Mikheil Džavakhišvili

In addition, Džavakhišvili was suspected of warning writer Grigol Robakidze before his impending arrest and helping him escape to Germany in 1930.


Question: What was Mikheil Džavakhišvili's first work?

Mikheil Džavakhišvili

The state of affairs worsened when, in 1936, Džavakhišvili was accused of praising the French writer André Gide: his work Retour de l'Urs and its praise for Georgian writers classified both Gide and Džavakhišvili as enemies.


Question: What was Mikheil Džavakhišvili's first work?

Mikheil Džavakhišvili

On 22 July 1937, when the poet Paolo Iašvili shot himself in the Writers' Union building, and the union declared the poet's act an anti-Soviet provocation, Džavakhišvili was the only person present to praise the poet's bravery.


Question: What was Mikheil Džavakhišvili's first work?

Mikheil Džavakhišvili

Four days later on 26 July, the union's bureau voted: “Mikheil Džavakhišvili, as enemy of the people, spy and diversant should be expelled from the Writers' Union and physically destroyed.”


Question: What was Mikheil Džavakhišvili's first work?

Mikheil Džavakhišvili

His friends and colleagues, who included those already in prison, were forced to prove Džavakhišvili was a counter-revolutionary terrorist.


Question: What was Mikheil Džavakhišvili's first work?

Mikheil Džavakhišvili

Only the critic Geronti Kikodze left the Writers' Union meeting in protest, rather than give his consent to the resolution.


Question: What was Mikheil Džavakhišvili's first work?

Mikheil Džavakhišvili

Džavakhišvili was arrested on 14 August 1937 and was tortured in the presence of Berija until he signed a “confession”.


Question: What was Mikheil Džavakhišvili's first work?

Mikheil Džavakhišvili

He was shot on September 30, 1937.


Question: What was Mikheil Džavakhišvili's first work?

Mikheil Džavakhišvili

His property was confiscated, his archives destroyed, his brother was shot and his widow sent into exile.


Question: What was Mikheil Džavakhišvili's first work?

Mikheil Džavakhišvili

Džavakhišvili remained censored until the end of the 1950s until he was acquitted and his works began to be republished.


Question: What was Mikheil Džavakhišvili's first work?

Mikheil Džavakhišvili

[5] Sources on the topic elsewhere in the pages of the Georgian Parliament Library.


Question: What was Mikheil Džavakhišvili's first work?

Mikheil Džavakhišvili

Category:Georgian writers Category:Those born in 1880 Class:Those who died in 1937


Question: When was the XML language developed?

XML Data Retrieval

XML data retrieval refers to information retrieval from structured documents described in the XML language.


Question: When was the XML language developed?

XML Data Retrieval

XML data retrieval seeks to utilize the structured information of XML documents so that only parts of the document relevant to the user's search can be returned to the user rather than whole documents.


Question: When was the XML language developed?

XML Data Retrieval

XML data retrieval is basically just one aspect of data retrieval for structured documents, but is now so dominant that it has become synonymous with data retrieval in structured documents in practice.


Question: When was the XML language developed?

XML Data Retrieval

[1] XML data retrieval is based on the fact that XML documents can distinguish titles, text paragraphs, chapters, and other elements of text into a format understood by the computer, and to define the semantic relationships of the parts of the document on this basis.


Question: When was the XML language developed?

XML Data Retrieval

This semantic separation allows for more efficient alignment of searches to different levels of resolution in the document and return more accurate search results to the user.


Question: When was the XML language developed?

XML Data Retrieval

[2] XML data retrieval takes advantage of the hierarchical tree structure emerging from this separation of semantic relations, where the entire document forms the top level and the smallest indexed parts of text the lowest level - the so-called “leaves”.


Question: When was the XML language developed?

XML Data Retrieval

Each individual cell in a tree hierarchy is called an element.


Question: When was the XML language developed?

XML Data Retrieval

[3] XML data retrieval compared to traditional text retrieval in XML data retrieval, search can be targeted to parts of the document as a whole document rather than return as a search result only the parts relevant to the search.


Question: When was the XML language developed?

XML Data Retrieval

For example, if the entire document is relevant to the search, the entire document is returned as a search result, but if only some part or parts of the document are relevant, they are returned.


Question: When was the XML language developed?

XML Data Retrieval

In addition to searching for relevant elements, the goal is to restore the tree structure of XML documents by using the information that is as relevant to the search from the optimal level of accuracy.


Question: When was the XML language developed?

XML Data Retrieval

[4] Search can, in principle, also be directed at the same time to both content and structure.


Question: When was the XML language developed?

XML Data Retrieval

Although studies have found that this type of search delimitation by structure does not yet enhance the efficiency of the search by current methods.


Question: When was the XML language developed?

XML Data Retrieval

[5] XML data retrieval is especially useful when documents are long or contain information on a wide range of topics.


Question: When was the XML language developed?

XML Data Retrieval

In this case, the user would have to spend a significant amount of time searching for information inside the returned document, and this work can be reduced by returning only the parts of the document that are relevant to the user.


Question: When was the XML language developed?

XML Data Retrieval

[2] Data- and text-oriented XML data retrieval XML format information is usually broken down into data- and text-oriented based on its format.


Question: When was the XML language developed?

XML Data Retrieval

Data oriented XML information refers to database-enabled information, mostly numerical and based on predefined values, with a small proportion of text.


Question: When was the XML language developed?

XML Data Retrieval

[6] Text-oriented XML documents tend to be read by people, have a more irregular structure description, and the described elements are broader in textual content and more varied in content.


Question: When was the XML language developed?

XML Data Retrieval

For example, XML format books and emails are text-oriented XML documents.


Question: When was the XML language developed?

XML Data Retrieval

[7] In XML information retrieval, the retrieval of text-oriented documents often uses methods developed by traditional information retrieval research that have been extended to structured documents.


Question: When was the XML language developed?

XML Data Retrieval

Generally, when you talk about retrieving structured information in the context of XML, one refers specifically to retrieving text-oriented XML data as opposed to database queries that are done for data oriented data.


Question: When was the XML language developed?

XML Data Retrieval

[7] [8] Traditionally, XML data retrieval tools and methods for databases and content have been relatively separate from each other, but more need has slowly arisen to combine them with the same systems.


Question: When was the XML language developed?

XML Data Retrieval

Often in the same systems, both approaches are required and combining them gives the best results for the user.


Question: When was the XML language developed?

XML Data Retrieval

[9] Methods Indexing Indexing XML documents uses essentially the same methods as indexing unstructured documents.


Question: When was the XML language developed?

XML Data Retrieval

However, additional requirements arise from the fact that in XML documents the format of search units is not as delimited as in unstructured documents, where it is usually clear what the entity to be indexed is.


Question: When was the XML language developed?

XML Data Retrieval

In XML data retrieval, the answer to a query provided by the user can be the entire document or only part of it, and there are many ways to define the units to be indexed.


Question: When was the XML language developed?

XML Data Retrieval

In addition, it is necessary to decide which elements of the document to index, since indexing all elements may not be necessary.


Question: When was the XML language developed?

XML Data Retrieval

[10] [11] The indexing of elements in an XML document can be implemented at its simplest, so that the document is replaced by an element when indexing, and systematically indexing all elements one at a time.


Question: When was the XML language developed?

XML Data Retrieval

However, due to the nested hierarchical nature of the XML language, this so-called element based indexing has its problems.


Question: When was the XML language developed?

XML Data Retrieval

For example, a term occurring at the fifth level of a hierarchy is indexed five times because it is counted as occurring both at the lowest level and at all levels above it in the same branch.


Question: When was the XML language developed?

XML Data Retrieval

Pure element-based indexing often produces very broad indices.


Question: When was the XML language developed?

XML Data Retrieval

[11] Several alternative indexing methods have been developed to address the problems of element-based indexing.


Question: When was the XML language developed?

XML Data Retrieval

For example, instead of indexing all levels of a hierarchy, one can limit indexing to only the lowest elements of the different branches of the hierarchy, and then deduce the relevance of the unindexed elements based on the indexed elements.


Question: When was the XML language developed?

XML Data Retrieval

Another approach is to prune the lowest level of the hierarchy in order to lighten the index.


Question: When was the XML language developed?

XML Data Retrieval

For example, elements below a certain predefined word count may be left unindexed.


Question: When was the XML language developed?

XML Data Retrieval

In indexing, it is also possible to create separate indexes, in which case each different element type is created separately its own index, and in a search situation, a search is performed separately for each of these indices and the results are displayed to the user combined.


Question: When was the XML language developed?

XML Data Retrieval

[11] Presenting results Presenting XML data retrieval results differs from information retrieval on unstructured documents in that the number of elements found is often significantly higher, and several hits can be found in the same document, creating overlap in the result list .


Question: When was the XML language developed?

XML Data Retrieval

The challenge is that, on the one hand, the user should be able to display enough relevant information for his search, but on the other hand, the search results list should be kept clear.


Question: When was the XML language developed?

XML Data Retrieval

[12] Overlapping search results is a particular challenge because research suggests users don't want to see these duplicate results and they interfere with the interpretation of search results.


Question: When was the XML language developed?

XML Data Retrieval

Because of this, various methods have been developed to reduce duplication of search results lists presented to the user.


Question: When was the XML language developed?

XML Data Retrieval

Pruning can be carried out, for example, by displaying only certain types or the most relevant elements.


Question: When was the XML language developed?

XML Data Retrieval

In addition to such raw pruning, more complex methods are used that take into account the tree structure of the document or rearrange results using different algorithms before showing them to the user.


Question: When was the XML language developed?

XML Data Retrieval

It is also possible to clarify the presentation of results by only showing the user an element of the wider level and hiding the elements in the hierarchy below it from the default view and only displaying them when prompted.


Question: When was the XML language developed?

XML Data Retrieval

[13] [11] Another peculiarity of presenting results is that the context of search results is easily left obscure for the applicant, since the results being returned may be parts of the document separated from their context.


Question: When was the XML language developed?

XML Data Retrieval

To solve this, methods for presenting results have been developed to show the user not only the individual elements, but also their wider context.


Question: When was the XML language developed?

XML Data Retrieval

This can be accomplished, for example, by presenting the user with a larger structure alongside the search result, or by grouping all the hits found in the same document together.


Question: When was the XML language developed?

XML Data Retrieval

Context can also be amplified by showing the user the entire document, but automatically aligning the view to the most relevant point in the document that matches the hit.


Question: When was the XML language developed?

XML Data Retrieval

[14] XML data retrieval also enables, in principle, a wide variety of new ways to present search results, for example, by compiling entirely new documents from elements obtained from different sources for the user.


Question: When was the XML language developed?

XML Data Retrieval

However, such methods are still relatively undeveloped at present and more traditional results listings are the dominant way of presenting results.


Question: When was the XML language developed?

XML Data Retrieval

[15] Research on XML data retrieval has been conducted since the late 1990s, but more actively the research has progressed with the initiation of the Initiative for the Evaluation of XML Retrieval (INEX), launched in 2002.


Question: When was the XML language developed?

XML Data Retrieval

INEX was originally established to create common XML data retrieval system evaluation metrics and has evolved into a central discussion forum for researchers in XML information retrieval and a channel for the comparison of various XML data retrieval methods.


Question: When was the XML language developed?

XML Data Retrieval

INEX also maintains document collections for testing XML data retrieval and collecting data on search query execution and relevance estimates.


Question: When was the XML language developed?

XML Data Retrieval

[16] [17] Within the framework of INEX, numerous aspects of XML data retrieval are conducted and explored, such as the utilization of XML to retrieve various multimedia targets.


Question: When was the XML language developed?

XML Data Retrieval

For more traditional sources, for example, the exploitation of XML in searches for books is explored.


Question: When was the XML language developed?

XML Data Retrieval

In order to expand XML information retrieval, research has also begun to implement joint searches for XML databases heterogeneous in content and schemes.


Question: When was the XML language developed?

XML Data Retrieval

In addition to these, user research is also conducted within INEX, for example by collecting users' experiences of using XML data retrieval systems and ideas about possible application targets for XML data retrieval.


Question: When was the XML language developed?

XML Data Retrieval

[18] In Finland, research on XML data retrieval has focused on the FIRE research group (Finnish Information Retrieval Expert Group) under the auspices of the TRIM Research Centre of the University of Tampere.


Question: When was the XML language developed?

XML Data Retrieval

FIRE's TRIX research project has studied XML information retrieval including indexing, retrieval systems, query languages, contextualization in relevance sorting, and evaluation methods.


Question: When was the XML language developed?

XML Data Retrieval

Issues related to XML data retrieval have also been explored in FIRE's OLAPXML and InferxML projects.


Question: When was the XML language developed?

XML Data Retrieval

[19] Sources Arvola, SpongeBob.


Question: When was the XML language developed?

XML Data Retrieval

Implementation of a partial data retrieval system based on structural indexing of XML documents.


Question: When was the XML language developed?

XML Data Retrieval

Master's Thesis at the University of Tampere, 2004.


Question: When was the XML language developed?

XML Data Retrieval

FIRE Research Group Homepage.


Question: When was the XML language developed?

XML Data Retrieval

Read January 24, 2011.


Question: When was the XML language developed?

XML Data Retrieval

Lalmas, Mounia.


Question: When was the XML language developed?

XML Data Retrieval

“XML Retrieval”.


Question: When was the XML language developed?

XML Data Retrieval

Morgan & Claypool, 2009.


Question: When was the XML language developed?

XML Data Retrieval

Manning, Christopher, Prabhakar Raghavan & Schütze, Hinrich.


Question: When was the XML language developed?

XML Data Retrieval

“Introduction to Information Retrieval”.


Question: When was the XML language developed?

XML Data Retrieval

In Introduction to Information Retrieval.


Question: When was the XML language developed?

XML Data Retrieval

Cambridge University Press, 2008, p.195-218.


Question: When was the XML language developed?

XML Data Retrieval

References on the topic elsewhere Category:Information retrieval


Question: Where did Valentin Petrovich Gluško study to become a rocket engineer?

Valentin Gluško

Valentin Petrovich Gluško (, 2 September 1908, Odessa — 10 January 1989) was a Soviet rocket engineer.


Question: Where did Valentin Petrovich Gluško study to become a rocket engineer?

Valentin Gluško

He participated in the development work of rocket engines for several Soviet launchers.


Question: Where did Valentin Petrovich Gluško study to become a rocket engineer?

Valentin Gluško

He headed the OKB-456 design bureau from 1946 to 1974 and Energija from 1974 to 1989.


Question: Where did Valentin Petrovich Gluško study to become a rocket engineer?

Valentin Gluško

He led the development of the Energija launch vehicle and the Buran shuttle, among others.


Question: Where did Valentin Petrovich Gluško study to become a rocket engineer?

Valentin Gluško

Background Valentin Gluško was born on September 2, 1908 in Odessa, Russian Empire (now.


Question: Where did Valentin Petrovich Gluško study to become a rocket engineer?

Valentin Gluško

on the territory of Ukraine).


Question: Where did Valentin Petrovich Gluško study to become a rocket engineer?

Valentin Gluško

His parents were Russian farmers.


Question: Where did Valentin Petrovich Gluško study to become a rocket engineer?

Valentin Gluško

At the age of 15, he began reading Jules Verne's science fiction books, two of which works on lunar flying influenced him the most.


Question: Where did Valentin Petrovich Gluško study to become a rocket engineer?

Valentin Gluško

He began reading books on astronomy.


Question: Where did Valentin Petrovich Gluško study to become a rocket engineer?

Valentin Gluško

At the age of 16, he was writing a book at a local starry society entitled “History of the Evolution of Interplanetary and Interstellar Travel”.


Question: Where did Valentin Petrovich Gluško study to become a rocket engineer?

Valentin Gluško

In the summer of 1923, he saw a rocket at the Naval War Museum — based on that, he began outlining his own rockets.


Question: Where did Valentin Petrovich Gluško study to become a rocket engineer?

Valentin Gluško

He wrote a letter to Konstantin Tsiolkovsky, beginning a seven-year correspondence.


Question: Where did Valentin Petrovich Gluško study to become a rocket engineer?

Valentin Gluško

He attended a vocational school in Odessa, graduating as a tinmith.


Question: Where did Valentin Petrovich Gluško study to become a rocket engineer?

Valentin Gluško

He washed into a hydraulic company to be a fitter.


Question: Where did Valentin Petrovich Gluško study to become a rocket engineer?

Valentin Gluško

From this he progressed to become a machinist.


Question: Where did Valentin Petrovich Gluško study to become a rocket engineer?

Valentin Gluško

This period of study and internship was compulsory in the Soviet Union before university studies.


Question: Where did Valentin Petrovich Gluško study to become a rocket engineer?

Valentin Gluško

In August 1925, he was admitted to Leningrad State University as a student.


Question: Where did Valentin Petrovich Gluško study to become a rocket engineer?

Valentin Gluško

There he pre-designed a planetary probe (“Helioraketoplan”) with an electric propulsion system.


Question: Where did Valentin Petrovich Gluško study to become a rocket engineer?

Valentin Gluško

This work was quoted by the armed forces.


Question: Where did Valentin Petrovich Gluško study to become a rocket engineer?

Valentin Gluško

Beginning in May 1929, he was one of the leading persons of the Leningrad GDL (Gas Dynamics Laboratory, Laboratory of Flow Mechanics).


Question: Where did Valentin Petrovich Gluško study to become a rocket engineer?

Valentin Gluško

The laboratory in question was the first of the developers of Russian liquid rocket engines.


Question: Where did Valentin Petrovich Gluško study to become a rocket engineer?

Valentin Gluško

Gluško developed ORM engines that were used as a powertrain for RLA rockets.


Question: Where did Valentin Petrovich Gluško study to become a rocket engineer?

Valentin Gluško

1930s: Armed Forces take interest in rockets and purges The armed forces converted the Gird Group (Reaction Power Equipment Research Group) led by Moscow-based Sergey Korolyov into the RNII Institute (Scientific Research Institute of Reaction Thrust).


Question: Where did Valentin Petrovich Gluško study to become a rocket engineer?

Valentin Gluško

Gluško was invited to it to lead research into rocket engines using liquid propellant.


Question: Where did Valentin Petrovich Gluško study to become a rocket engineer?

Valentin Gluško

The RNII developed a few rockets and gliders in the 1930s, with a rocket engine powered by a rocket engine.


Question: Where did Valentin Petrovich Gluško study to become a rocket engineer?

Valentin Gluško

Korolyov's RP-318 was the first rocket aircraft of the Soviet Union.


Question: Where did Valentin Petrovich Gluško study to become a rocket engineer?

Valentin Gluško

Its powertrain was the ORM-65 rocket engine developed by Gluško.


Question: Where did Valentin Petrovich Gluško study to become a rocket engineer?

Valentin Gluško

Trial run of the ORM-65 engine developing 1700 newton thrust began on 5 November 1936.


Question: Where did Valentin Petrovich Gluško study to become a rocket engineer?

Valentin Gluško

Before the tests were completed, both designers were arrested in the Great Purges of 1937, in which Stalin's security services sought to eliminate power figures in Lenin's regime and those in close relationship with them.


Question: Where did Valentin Petrovich Gluško study to become a rocket engineer?

Valentin Gluško

The rocket research received its funding from Marshal Mikhail Tuhachevsky, one of the main targets of the purges.


Question: Where did Valentin Petrovich Gluško study to become a rocket engineer?

Valentin Gluško

Gluško was not arrested until March 1938.


Question: Where did Valentin Petrovich Gluško study to become a rocket engineer?

Valentin Gluško

Koroljov's charges came from Gluško's accusations with which Gluško sought to save his own skin and eliminate his rivals.


Question: Where did Valentin Petrovich Gluško study to become a rocket engineer?

Valentin Gluško

Captured aircraft engineers were soon transferred from labor camps to special prison camps, “šaraška” (prison design bureau) camps, where their work continued as normal.


Question: Where did Valentin Petrovich Gluško study to become a rocket engineer?

Valentin Gluško

Gluško became the lead designer of TSKB-4-Šaraška in Kazan.


Question: Where did Valentin Petrovich Gluško study to become a rocket engineer?

Valentin Gluško

Its design goals were less grandiose — rocket engines were developed purely to reduce aircraft take-off distance.


Question: Where did Valentin Petrovich Gluško study to become a rocket engineer?

Valentin Gluško

Gluško began testing RD-1 rocket engines with a thrust of 9000 newtons.


Question: Where did Valentin Petrovich Gluško study to become a rocket engineer?

Valentin Gluško

In August 1944 he could be relieved and in December 1944 he became the chief designer of his own design agency, OKB-SD.


Question: Where did Valentin Petrovich Gluško study to become a rocket engineer?

Valentin Gluško

The Cold War begins From June 1945 to December 1946 Gluško visited Germany studying German missile technology.