Question: When was Mika Waltari born?

Mika Waltari

[43] Some of the writings Waltari prepared specifically for this book in the year of its publication in 1978, and they remained his last literary works.


Question: When was Mika Waltari born?

Mika Waltari

[44] It was only after Waltari died that Mika's poems and notes 1925—1978 (1979) and The Writer's Memoirs (1980), edited by Haaviko, appeared.


Question: When was Mika Waltari born?

Mika Waltari

In the 1970s, Haavikko interviewed Waltar about his life and work.


Question: When was Mika Waltari born?

Mika Waltari

The interviews were lengthy, and based on them, Haavikko submitted an article-format 370-page biography of Waltari, Mika Waltari: Giant of Imagination, completed in 1982.


Question: When was Mika Waltari born?

Mika Waltari

[44] [45] Waltari's daughter, Satu Elstelä, has stated that the image given by the memoirs does not always correspond to reality.


Question: When was Mika Waltari born?

Mika Waltari

The problem has been addressed by Markéta Hejkalová in her biography Mika Waltari.


Question: When was Mika Waltari born?

Mika Waltari

The Finn and Waltari researcher Juha Järvelä.


Question: When was Mika Waltari born?

Mika Waltari

[46] [47] Writer image Waltari was a professional writer and took into account the wishes that were presented to him by the subscribers of the texts.


Question: When was Mika Waltari born?

Mika Waltari

Gabriel, for example, the come-back comedy originated at the request of Helge Ranin.


Question: When was Mika Waltari born?

Mika Waltari

She hoped to perform a four-act fun play with one staging, three female roles and a large male role to be performed on the tour.


Question: When was Mika Waltari born?

Mika Waltari

[48] Waltari was versatile as a writer, he mastered light comedies as well as serious and contemplative works.


Question: When was Mika Waltari born?

Mika Waltari

He is also remembered for his diligence: few Finnish writers have been able to achieve similar writing speed and frequency of publication.


Question: When was Mika Waltari born?

Mika Waltari

To distract his critics — and perhaps embarrass — Waltari entered writing contests, often under pseudonyms.


Question: When was Mika Waltari born?

Mika Waltari

[2] Waltari also published his most entertaining books and short stories under pseudonyms, perhaps because he himself did not appreciate them very much or simply to hide his prolificity.


Question: When was Mika Waltari born?

Mika Waltari

[2] [49] Personal photo Mika Waltar is often described as a calm, friendly and warm person.


Question: When was Mika Waltari born?

Mika Waltari

However, Waltar's life also included dipsomania-type alcoholism, as well as severe periods of insomnia and depression, which forced him to be hospitalized many times.


Question: When was Mika Waltari born?

Mika Waltari

[2] Events usually followed each other in a particular order: completion of work, depression, drinking streak, relationship or infatuation, insight on a new topic, and returning to work.


Question: When was Mika Waltari born?

Mika Waltari

[24] In sober seasons, the drunken outings embarrassed Waltar, and his relationship with alcohol was problematic.


Question: When was Mika Waltari born?

Mika Waltari

However, he spoke quite openly about the issue at an older age.


Question: When was Mika Waltari born?

Mika Waltari

Waltari also publicly recounted his mental hospital experiences in a newspaper interview in the 1970s.


Question: When was Mika Waltari born?

Mika Waltari

The act was considered rather courageous, as at the time mental illness was often seen as a disgraceful and matter to conceal.


Question: When was Mika Waltari born?

Mika Waltari

[50] Relationship with religion Mika Waltari had received a harsh Christian upbringing and struggled all his life with Christianity.


Question: When was Mika Waltari born?

Mika Waltari

Although he interrupted his theology studies, he regularly attended the annual celebrations of his course.


Question: When was Mika Waltari born?

Mika Waltari

In the novel “Turms, Immortal”, Waltari may have been sketching his own idea of religion because not much is known about Etruscan religion.


Question: When was Mika Waltari born?

Mika Waltari

According to Reijo Vahtokar, Turms has downright new age features in modern terms.


Question: When was Mika Waltari born?

Mika Waltari

After that, however, the author returned to homely Helsinki and Christianity in the book Feliks happy.


Question: When was Mika Waltari born?

Mika Waltari

[24] Faith provided Waltar with a justification for adopting a positive outlook on life, despite the disappointments caused by humans.


Question: When was Mika Waltari born?

Mika Waltari

Despite this, the author repeatedly appeared as an incessant skeptic.


Question: When was Mika Waltari born?

Mika Waltari

Waltari recognized that one cannot live without faith, but a thinking person cannot live without suspicion either.


Question: When was Mika Waltari born?

Mika Waltari

Nonetheless, Waltari's late production shows the writer to have found in Christianity such hope for the future of mankind that seemed completely lost in his main work Sinuhe Egyptian (1945).


Question: When was Mika Waltari born?

Mika Waltari

[51] Political views Mika Waltar is often seen as right-wing, yet liberal and tolerant.


Question: When was Mika Waltari born?

Mika Waltari

[52] Katri Vala called Waltar a “Coalition moralist and Mother's Day speaker.”


Question: When was Mika Waltari born?

Mika Waltari

[53] Waltari described himself in 1972 as being a “stray voter” whose choice to vote is based more on person than party.


Question: When was Mika Waltari born?

Mika Waltari

He also told me he would always vote for a woman because women are much more rational than men in his opinion.


Question: When was Mika Waltari born?

Mika Waltari

[54] Waltari translated the cult work of the National Socialists, Horst Wessel: A German Fate (WSOY, 1933), written by Hanns Heinz Ewers.


Question: When was Mika Waltari born?

Mika Waltari

[1] In his memoirs, Waltari explains that at that time he did not know the National Socialist cause very well.


Question: When was Mika Waltari born?

Mika Waltari

[9] In 1939, before the start of World War II, he wrote an article about his journey in Europe describing Nazi Germany in a rather positive tone.


Question: When was Mika Waltari born?

Mika Waltari

[55] Interest in visual arts Mika Waltari's texts are very visual, and visual art influenced his writing.


Question: When was Mika Waltari born?

Mika Waltari

Waltari has told me he surrounded himself with fine art.


Question: When was Mika Waltari born?

Mika Waltari

The boards were friends and companions to him.


Question: When was Mika Waltari born?

Mika Waltari

He was also a diligent visitor to art exhibitions and museums.


Question: When was Mika Waltari born?

Mika Waltari

According to Waltari himself: [56] The exhibition presented at the Ateneum Art Museum in autumn 2008 included works by Eemu Mynt, Yrjö Saarinen, Otto Mäkilä, Mauno Markkula and Aimo Kanerva, important to Mika Waltari.


Question: When was Mika Waltari born?

Mika Waltari

Among other things, a book was published in conjunction with the exhibition, which compiles all of Waltari's writings on the five artists in the exhibition.


Question: When was Mika Waltari born?

Mika Waltari

Other articles in the book detail Waltar's relationship with the visual arts.


Question: When was Mika Waltari born?

Mika Waltari

[56] Commendations Waltari was awarded the Pro Finlandia Medal in 1952.


Question: When was Mika Waltari born?

Mika Waltari

In honour of Waltari, the Finnish Writers' Union annually awards the Waltari Prize to distinguished young writers [57].


Question: When was Mika Waltari born?

Mika Waltari

There is a monument to Mika Waltari near Waltari's home in Etu-Töölö, Helsinki.


Question: When was Mika Waltari born?

Mika Waltari

Veikko Hirvimäki's sculpture The idea of the king has derived its idea from the phrase Turms immortal “In man himself are the longest journeys.” [58] At one time there was a heated debate about what it should be like.


Question: When was Mika Waltari born?

Mika Waltari

A lot of people would have preferred a statue of sight.


Question: When was Mika Waltari born?

Mika Waltari

Waltari himself stated that when he left time, a public urge could be built in the centre of Helsinki in his memory [59].


Question: When was Mika Waltari born?

Mika Waltari

The memory of the writer is cherished by the Mika Waltari Society, founded in 2000, which, among other things, publishes a yearbook called Illusioni.


Question: When was Mika Waltari born?

Mika Waltari

[60] The multifunction space on the fourth floor of the Töölö Library in Helsinki was opened on 19 September 2007, named Mika Waltari Hall.


Question: When was Mika Waltari born?

Mika Waltari

[61] Nominal celestial bodies dedicated to Waltar include asteroid No 4266 (Mika Waltari) and asteroid No 4512 (Sinuhe).


Question: When was Mika Waltari born?

Mika Waltari

[62] 2008 was the centenary year of Waltari's birth, and Waltar was commemorated on many occasions, newspaper articles, and radio and television programmes.


Question: When was Mika Waltari born?

Mika Waltari

The Mint issued a silver commemorative coin of €10 in denomination in honour of Waltar.


Question: When was Mika Waltari born?

Mika Waltari

Sinuhe Egyptian was voted the loveliest book by Finns at the time.


Question: When was Mika Waltari born?

Mika Waltari

[63] In autumn, WSOY published an 850-page biography of Waltari written by Panu Rajala, Unio mystica: The Life and Works of Mika Waltari, and the English-language work Mika Waltari the Finn, written by Marketa Hejkalová, which is a translation from the Czech language.


Question: When was Mika Waltari born?

Mika Waltari

[64] Donald Duck magazine published an 11-page comic-book dedicated to Waltari by comic artist Kari Korhonen, featuring Waltari himself as well as “obsolete” Kieku and Kaiku.


Question: When was Mika Waltari born?

Mika Waltari

[65] Selection of works Citation error, replace with {{cite book| title = God in Escape | publisher = Seaman Church| year = 1925| isbn = 978-951-98549-4-6}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| title = Great illusion| publisher = WSOY| year = 1928| isbn = 78-951-0-03814-7}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| title = Lonely man's train| publisher = WSOY| year = 1929| isbn = 978-951-0-34016-5}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| title = Orangeseed| publisher = WSOY| year = 1931| isbn = 978-951-0-34013-34013-4}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| title = Where men are made | publisher = WSOY| year = 1931| isbn = 951-0-21470-1}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| title = Father to son| publisher = WSOY| year = 1942| version = Joint Institute of Helsinki Trilogy 1933—35| isbn = 978-951-400-30-4014-1}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| title = Are you going to be a writer? | publisher = WSOY| year = 1935| isbn = 951-0-19264-3}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| title = City of Sorrow and Joy| publisher = WSOY| year = 1936| isbn = 978-951-0-34015-81}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| title = Miraculous publisher = WSOY| year = 1938| isbn = 951-0-18835-2}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| title = Who murdered Mrs. Skrof? | publisher = otava| year = 1939| isbn = 978-951-1-23273-5}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| title = Inspector Palm Error| publisher = WSOY| year = 1940| isbn = 951-0-32099-4}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| title = Woman came dark from and other short stories | publisher = WSOY| year = 1943| isbn = 951-0-15019-3}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| title = Fine van Brooklyn| publisher = WSOY| year = 1942| isbn = 978-951-0-34017-2}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| title = Kaarina Maundaughter | WSOY| publisher = SOY| year = 1942| isbn = 951-0-18930-8}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| title = Love of stalker| publisher = WSOY| year = 1943| isbn = 951-0-19679-7}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| title = Dance over graves| publisher = WSOY| year = 1944| isbn = 978-951-0-35682-1}} error, replace with {{cite book| title = Sinuhe Egyptian| publisher = WSOY| year = 1945| isbn = 951-0-20749-7}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| title = Four Days| publisher = WSOY| year = 1949| isbn = 951-0-28426-2}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| Source title = Istanbulin| publisher = WSOY| year = 1948| isbn = 978-951-0-34018-9}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| title = Mikael Foot | publisher = WSOY| year = 2004| version=1948| isbn = 951-0-20748-9}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| title = Mikael Hakim| publisher her = WSOY| year = 1949| isbn = 951-0-20747-0}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| title = Young Johannes| publisher = WSOY| year = 1981| isbn = 951-0-20746-2}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| title = Johannes Angelos| publisher = WSOY| year = 1952| isbn = 951-0-20745-4}} Citation with error, replace {{cite book| title = Turms , undeath| publisher = WSOY| year = 1955| isbn = 951-0-22633-5}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| title = Frisky Waltari| publisher = WSOY| year = 1957| isbn = 978-951-0-34055-4}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| Feliks happy| publisher = WSOY| year = 1958| isbn = 978-951-0-35683-8}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| title = Kingdom secret| publisher = WSOY| year = 1959| isbn = 951-0-20751-9}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| title = Stars tell, Inspector Palm! | publisher = WSOY| year = 1962| isbn = 951-0-32100-1}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| title = Enemies of Humanity| publisher = WSOY| year = 1964| isbn = 951-0-20744-6}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| title = Miniature Novels| WSOY| publisher = WSOY| publisher = SOY| year = 1966| isbn = 951-0- 03805-9}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| title = Locked box and other narratives| publisher = WSOY| year = 1978| isbn = 951-0-28427-0}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| title = Mika's poems and notes 1925—1978| publisher = WSOY| year = 1978| publisher = WSOY| year = 1978| publisher = WSOY| year = 1978| publisher = WSOY| year = 1978| publisher = WSOY| year = 1978| publisher = 9| isbn = 951-0-28425-4 }} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| title= 10 Waltaria| publisher = WSOY| year = 1985| isbn = 951-0-12890-2}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| title = Christmas stories| publisher = WSOY| year = 1985| isbn = 951-0-20722-5}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| title = Travelogues — Mika Waltari's journey 1927-1968| publisher = WSOY| year = 1988| isbn = 951-0-28005-4}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| title = Five aces and other narratives| publisher = WSOY| year = 1999| isbn = 951-0-23843-0}} Citation, error replace with {{cite book| title = Mika Waltari plays| publisher = WSOY| year = 1999| isbn = 951-0-23508-3}} Sources Literature Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Envall, Markku| title = The Great Illusionist: Mika Waltari Novels| location = Porvoo Helsinki Juva| publisher = WSOY| year = 1994| | id = ISBN 951-0-19650-9}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Haavikko, Ritva| title = Mika Waltari, conquer| location = Helsinki| publisher = WSOY| year = 2008| id = ISBN 978-951-0-32484-4}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Haavikko, Ritva (ed.


Question: When was Mika Waltari born?

Mika Waltari

) | title = Mika Waltari: Giant of Imagination| location = Porvoo Helsinki Juva| publisher = WSOY| year = 1982| id = ISBN 951-0-11565-7}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Hejkalová, Markéta| title = Mika Waltari: The Finn| location = Helsinki| publisher = WSOY| year = 2008| id = ISBN 978-951-0-34335-7| language = Transclusion error: {{En}} is only for use in File namespace.


Question: When was Mika Waltari born?

Mika Waltari

Use {{lang-en}} or {{en icon}} instead.}


Question: When was Mika Waltari born?

Mika Waltari

Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Järvelä, Juha| title = Waltari and the gender| location = Helsinki| publisher = Key| year = 2013| id = ISBN 978-951-692-972-2}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Lindstedt, Risto & Vahtokari, Reijokari | title = Mika Waltari: Stranger in the world| location = Helsinki| publisher = WSOY| year = 2007| id = ISBN 978-951-0-32457-8}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Nummelin, Yuri | title = Forgotten Waltari| location = Helsinki| publisher = BTJ| year = 2008| id = ISBN 978-| 951-692-712-4}} Citation error , replace with {{cite book| author = Rajala, Panu| title = Witch returns to the scene: Mika Waltari in the limelight| location = Porvoo Helsinki Juva| publisher = WSOY| year = 1998| id = ISBN 951-0-23014-6}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Rajala, Panu| title = Unio mystica: Mika Life and works| location = Helsinki| publisher = WSOY| year = 2008| id = ISBN 978-951-0-31137-0}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Waltari, Mika| title = Recollection| location = Porvoo Helsinki Juva| publisher = WSOY| year = 1980 1998) | version = Edited by Ritva Haavikko| id = ISBN 951-0-10083-8}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Waltari, Mika| title = Mika Waltari's musings | location = Porvoo| publisher = WSOY| year = 1982| version = Edited by Kalevi Haiko| id = ISBN 951-0-11433-2}} On topic elsewhere .


Question: When was Mika Waltari born?

Mika Waltari

Yle Living Archive.


Question: When was Mika Waltari born?

Mika Waltari

... Helena Pilke: Book review: Järvelä, Juha: Waltari and gender worlds.


Question: When was Mika Waltari born?

Mika Waltari

Huddersfield 2013.


Question: When was Mika Waltari born?

Mika Waltari

(Agricola review publication 22.4.2013) Jukka Kemppinen 2007 Lasse Lehtinen: SK 20/2016 * Category:Finnish writers Category:Born in 1908 Category:Persons who died in 1979 Category:Key articles of screening


Question: Where was Caligula born?

Caligula

Gaius Julius Caesar Augustus Germanicus (commonly Caligula) (31 August 12 — 24 January 41) was a Roman emperor who reigned from 18 March [1] 37 to 24 January 41.


Question: Where was Caligula born?

Caligula

Along with Nero, Caligula is the most notorious of the Roman emperors and is remembered as a mad despot.


Question: Where was Caligula born?

Caligula

Almost all ancient sources dealing with Caligula are hostile to him and focus on trivia and anecdotes about the Emperor's life.


Question: Where was Caligula born?

Caligula

Although Caligula's reign lasted only four years, it nevertheless had an impact on Roman history.


Question: Where was Caligula born?

Caligula

Among other things, Caligula planned the conquest of Britain, which his successor Claudius put into practice.


Question: Where was Caligula born?

Caligula

Caligula was also the first emperor to be granted all emperor privileges by the Senate immediately upon his ascension to emperor.


Question: Where was Caligula born?

Caligula

This practice was also continued during Caligula's successors.


Question: Where was Caligula born?

Caligula

[2] Life Early stages Caligula was born in Antium (present-day Anzio) on August 31 in the year 12.


Question: Where was Caligula born?

Caligula

His father was the popular warlord Germanicus, who was the nephew and adopted son of the future emperor Tiberius.


Question: Where was Caligula born?

Caligula

Caligula's mother was Vipsania Agrippina, whose father was of low descent, but with his talents and merits the advanced Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa, a good friend and closest assistant of Emperor Augustus.


Question: Where was Caligula born?

Caligula

The Caligula family followed Germanicus after his work.


Question: Where was Caligula born?

Caligula

In military camps, Caligula was a kind of mascot for soldiers, dressed in military attire down to small military shoes.


Question: Where was Caligula born?

Caligula

He got his calledname from these military shoes (caligae): caligula means “little military boot”.


Question: Where was Caligula born?

Caligula

By the time Caligula was born, Augustus, the first Roman emperor, had ruled the kingdom for over 40 years.


Question: Where was Caligula born?

Caligula

Caligula was directly descended from Augustus; his grandmother was Augustus' daughter Julia.


Question: Where was Caligula born?

Caligula

[3] Caligula's father died in murky circumstances in Syria in 19 when Caligula was seven years old.


Question: Where was Caligula born?

Caligula

Widowed, Agrippina moved with her children to Rome.


Question: Where was Caligula born?

Caligula

He fell into the disfavour of Emperor Tiberius, and was exiled to the island of Pandatarian, where he died of starvation.


Question: Where was Caligula born?

Caligula

Caligula's brothers Nero and Drusus also fell into the emperor's disfavour and died.


Question: Where was Caligula born?

Caligula

Caligula is cared for by her grandmother, Antonia, as well as Livia.


Question: Where was Caligula born?

Caligula

Tiberius' successor In 27, Caligula was invited to live with Emperor Tiberius on the island of Capri.


Question: Where was Caligula born?

Caligula

Caligula had reached the age of 19 at the time and was given the toga virilis used by adults.


Question: Where was Caligula born?

Caligula

Tiberius asked the Senate that no early tributes be given to Caligula.


Question: Where was Caligula born?

Caligula

Tiberius appointed Caligula as Auguri and, upon appointment, praised his good character and sense of responsibility.


Question: Where was Caligula born?

Caligula

This was taken as a sign that Tiberius wanted Caligula to succeed him.


Question: Where was Caligula born?

Caligula

This knowledge was received with glee in Rome, where the memory of Germanicus lived still strong.


Question: Where was Caligula born?

Caligula

Thanks to Tiberius, Caligula also received an excellent education.


Question: Where was Caligula born?

Caligula

In 31, Tiberius deposed the pretorian prefect Sejanus and appointed Naevius Sutorius Macron in his place, who became one of the most important Caligula supporters.


Question: Where was Caligula born?

Caligula

[4] In 33, Tiberius nominated Caligula as a candidate for the post of Quaestor.


Question: Where was Caligula born?

Caligula

He also promised to propose Caligula in future to post five years earlier when he might have been seeking his age.


Question: Where was Caligula born?

Caligula

Caligula's mother Agrippina and her brother Drusus died the same year; Agrippina of hunger suicide and Drusus on Tiberius' orders.


Question: Where was Caligula born?

Caligula

In the same year, Caligula married for the first time.


Question: Where was Caligula born?

Caligula

The father of Caligula's wife Junia Claudilla was consul of year 15 and Tiberius' favourite Marcus Junius Silanus.


Question: Where was Caligula born?

Caligula

Two of Caligula's sisters also became engaged in the same year; Julia Livilla with Marcus Vinicius and Julia Drusilla with Lucius Cassius Longinus.


Question: Where was Caligula born?

Caligula

The third sister Agrippina had even earlier married Gnaeus Domitius Ahenobarbus.


Question: Where was Caligula born?

Caligula

[5] Caligula and Junia travelled with Tiberius to Capri.


Question: Where was Caligula born?

Caligula

Junia soon became pregnant, but died in childbirth.


Question: Where was Caligula born?

Caligula

According to Tacitus, Macro persuaded his wife Ennia Thrasylla to start an affair with Caligula.


Question: Where was Caligula born?

Caligula

According to Suetonius, Caligula even promised to marry Ennia if he became emperor.


Question: Where was Caligula born?

Caligula

At Capri, Caligula became acquainted with Julius Agrippa, better known as Herod Agrippa, who became one of Caligula's best and most trusted friends.


Question: Where was Caligula born?

Caligula

Agrippa was the grandson of Herod, King of Judea.


Question: Where was Caligula born?

Caligula

[6] Tiberius basically had two options as his successor: Caligula or Gemellus, son of his son Drusus.


Question: Where was Caligula born?

Caligula

According to Suetonius, Tiberius would have wanted Gemellus as his successor.


Question: Where was Caligula born?

Caligula

Tacitus, on the other hand, tells us that in Tiberius's opinion, Caligula had all the bad qualities of the cruel dictator Sulla, but none of his good qualities.


Question: Where was Caligula born?

Caligula

On the other hand, Tiberius did not clearly state which one he wanted as his successor.


Question: Where was Caligula born?

Caligula

Even if Tiberius had wanted Gemellus to succeed him, it was not a realistic option due to his youth.


Question: Where was Caligula born?

Caligula

In addition, Caligula was very popular among the people and the military.


Question: Where was Caligula born?

Caligula

Probably Tiberius feared the fate of his grandson after his own death.


Question: Where was Caligula born?

Caligula

[7] At the beginning of March in 37 Tiberius fell ill while in Campania.


Question: Where was Caligula born?

Caligula

As Tiberius' condition deteriorated day by day, his doctor told Macro the emperor would die soon.


Question: Where was Caligula born?

Caligula

Macro immediately began preparations for Caligula's rise to power.


Question: Where was Caligula born?

Caligula

Tiberius died on 16 March.


Question: Where was Caligula born?

Caligula

Tiberius had believed that he would live another ten years, because this is what an astrologer had predicted to him.


Question: Where was Caligula born?

Caligula

[8] Suetonius tells us that many stories circulated about Tiberius' death that Caligula either poisoned him, starved him or strangled him to death.


Question: Where was Caligula born?

Caligula

According to Dion, Caligula killed Tiberius with Macro's assistance.


Question: Where was Caligula born?

Caligula

According to Tacitus, Tiberius appeared to have already died, but began to show signs of life before Macro killed him.


Question: Where was Caligula born?

Caligula

According to Seneca, Tiberius' death was entirely natural.


Question: Where was Caligula born?

Caligula

[9] Rise to power Two days after Tiberius' death, the Senate convened and declared Caligula emperor.


Question: Where was Caligula born?

Caligula

Caligula hurried to Rome, where he attended the Senate session on 28 March.


Question: Where was Caligula born?

Caligula

The Senate session was attended not only by senators, but also representatives of the knighthood and the people.


Question: Where was Caligula born?

Caligula

Tiberius' will was opened and read to the Senate.


Question: Where was Caligula born?

Caligula

In his will, Tiberius appointed Caligula and Gemellus as his heirs.


Question: Where was Caligula born?

Caligula

This was standard practice in wills, but the economy of the emperor, or domus Caesaris, was not customary and splitting it into two parts would have caused major problems.


Question: Where was Caligula born?

Caligula

On the other hand, Gemellus was still a child and he could not hold public offices.


Question: Where was Caligula born?

Caligula

Eventually, the Senate decided to nullify Tiberius' will and declared Caligula as Tiberius' sole heir.


Question: Where was Caligula born?

Caligula

[8] The Senate gave Caligula privileges, which certainly included at least the tribunicia potestas and the proconsul's imperium, or authority of command.


Question: Where was Caligula born?

Caligula

The same privileges that Augustus had received one by one over several years were given to Caligula, now 25 years old, on a one-time basis.


Question: Where was Caligula born?

Caligula

Caligula also received the title Augustus.


Question: Where was Caligula born?

Caligula

Caligula was also appointed pontifex maximus.


Question: Where was Caligula born?

Caligula

The Senate would also have given him the title pater patriae, but Caligula refused this, at least initially.


Question: Where was Caligula born?

Caligula

[10] An important role behind Caligula's rise to power was played by the pretorian prefect Naevius Sutorius Macrolla, who negotiated with the Senate even before Tiberius' death.


Question: Where was Caligula born?

Caligula

Caligula is reported to have asked the Senate to give Tiberius the same honours as had been given to Augustus earlier.


Question: Where was Caligula born?

Caligula

These included, among other things, proclamation to be a god, but this was unacceptable to the Senate.


Question: Where was Caligula born?

Caligula

[11] The officials of the kingdom soon swore their loyalty to Caligula and his domus.


Question: Where was Caligula born?

Caligula

In his funeral oration for Tiberius, Caligula stressed that he was the son of Germanicus and proclaimed the return of the style of Augustus's administration.


Question: Where was Caligula born?

Caligula

Caligula promised to adopt Gemellus and made this into princeps iuventutis.


Question: Where was Caligula born?

Caligula

These actions weighed on the fact that Gemellus was too young to be a threat to Caligula.


Question: Where was Caligula born?

Caligula

The first task for the new emperor was to gain the endorsement of all Roman social classes.


Question: Where was Caligula born?

Caligula

Tiberius' will had promised the soldiers of the Praetorian Guard 500 sestertius, but Caligula increased this to 1,000.


Question: Where was Caligula born?

Caligula

In a sense, the money paid for the loyalty of the Guard, instead of being the former emperor's salary for the loyal service of soldiers.


Question: Where was Caligula born?

Caligula

Caligula also distributed 75 sestertius to all citizens who lived in the city of Rome.


Question: Where was Caligula born?

Caligula

Unlike Tiberius, Caligula spared no money in arranging circus shuttles for the people.


Question: Where was Caligula born?

Caligula

He also embarked on a major building program.


Question: Where was Caligula born?

Caligula

[12] A good start Caligula's reign has sometimes been attempted to divide into a “good” early period, followed by a reign of terror.


Question: Where was Caligula born?

Caligula

Attempts have been made to date the date of these periods to Antonia's death, Caligula's illness in fall 37, or the death of her sister Drusilla in the summer of 38.


Question: Where was Caligula born?

Caligula

According to ancient sources, Drusilla was so dear to Caligula that they were accused of incest.


Question: Where was Caligula born?

Caligula

Drusilla is presumed to have had a moderating influence on her brother.


Question: Where was Caligula born?

Caligula

Drusilla was married to a certain Lucius Cassius Longinus, but Caligula gave her as wife to Marcus Aemilius Lepidus, whom Caligula trusted perfectly.


Question: Where was Caligula born?

Caligula

During his illness Caligula gave Lepidus his signet ring as a sign that if he were to die, Lepidus' husband of Drusilla should take care of Caligula's inheritance.


Question: Where was Caligula born?

Caligula

After Drusilla's death, Caligula allowed to declare him a god.


Question: Where was Caligula born?

Caligula

Caligula also probably wanted him to be worshipped as a god in the style of Hellenistic kings.


Question: Where was Caligula born?

Caligula

[13] The illness Caligula became seriously ill in the fall of the year 37.


Question: Where was Caligula born?

Caligula

The exact time of the illness is not known.


Question: Where was Caligula born?

Caligula

Caligula's illness was mourned throughout the kingdom.


Question: Where was Caligula born?

Caligula

A member of the knighthood, Atanius Secundus, promised to fight as a gladiator if Caligula was healed.


Question: Where was Caligula born?

Caligula

A certain Publius Afranius Potitus, on the other hand, promised to give his own life, as long as only Caligula could survive.


Question: Where was Caligula born?

Caligula

It is unclear whether the men really had to carry out their promises once Caligula was cured.


Question: Where was Caligula born?

Caligula

There is also no information about the exact cause of the disease.


Question: Where was Caligula born?

Caligula

According to contemporary researchers' estimates, Caligula may have contracted encephalitis, hyperthyroidism or some virus.


Question: Where was Caligula born?

Caligula

It is also difficult to assess whether the illness had an impact on Caligula's mental health.


Question: Where was Caligula born?

Caligula

[14] Caligulan improved at the end of year 37.


Question: Where was Caligula born?

Caligula

Shortly after this, Gemellus and Caligula's father-in-law Silanus were forced to commit suicide.


Question: Where was Caligula born?

Caligula

Gemellus was accused of having intended to exploit Caligula's illness and seize power for himself.


Question: Where was Caligula born?

Caligula

The exact reason why Silanus was forced to commit suicide is not known.


Question: Where was Caligula born?

Caligula

Silanus had been already in the time of Tiberius one of the most powerful men in the kingdom and perhaps Caligula feared he would seize power for himself or be involved in a conspiracy to elevate Gemellus to the throne.


Question: Where was Caligula born?

Caligula

[15] Caligula remarried in 37.


Question: Where was Caligula born?

Caligula

The wife's name was either Livia Orestilla (according to Suetonius) or Cornelia Oresti (according to Dion).


Question: Where was Caligula born?

Caligula

She was already engaged to a certain Gaius Calpurnius Piso, who belonged to a prominent and formidable lineage.


Question: Where was Caligula born?

Caligula

Caligula joked that he had taken his new wife in the same way as Augustus and Romulus, who had adopted a woman who was already married.


Question: Where was Caligula born?

Caligula

Caligula soon grew tired of his new wife and in a couple of years he expelled Orestilla when she returned to Piso.


Question: Where was Caligula born?

Caligula

[16] At the beginning of 38, Macro and his wife Ennia were also forced to commit suicide.


Question: Where was Caligula born?

Caligula

Macro had been one of Caligula's main supporters and it is unclear why Caligula wanted to get rid of it.


Question: Where was Caligula born?

Caligula

Maybe Macro had participated in Silanus and Gemellus's secret plot, or Caligula was just tired of an older man trying to control him.


Question: Where was Caligula born?

Caligula

[17] It is likely that Caligula appointed two different persons as prefects of the Praetorian Guard.


Question: Where was Caligula born?

Caligula

At least there were two prefects at the end of Caligula's reign.


Question: Where was Caligula born?

Caligula

In 38 Herod Agrippa travelled from Rome to Judea.


Question: Where was Caligula born?

Caligula

[18] In his rise to power, Caligula had neither administrative nor military experience.


Question: Where was Caligula born?

Caligula

Gradually, he became drunk from power — even so badly that he set about demanding treatment for himself the same as the gods.


Question: Where was Caligula born?

Caligula

He turned flabbergasted, belittled others and stressed his right to do anything to anyone.


Question: Where was Caligula born?

Caligula

Caligula set up a temple in Rome where he was to be sacrificed, and the Temple in Jerusalem he wanted to completely transform into his own place of worship.


Question: Where was Caligula born?

Caligula

He beat the heads off all the famous god pictures he could get his hands on, and replaced them with his own facial features.


Question: Where was Caligula born?

Caligula

He conversed naturally with other gods.


Question: Where was Caligula born?

Caligula

At the Capitolium, for example, he often held one-on-one and mysterious negotiations with Juppiter, and finally threatened that Juppiter's domination would soon be at an end.


Question: Where was Caligula born?

Caligula

Caligula had the need to ensure his admission as a god even before his death, but he could only be declared a god by the Senate.


Question: Where was Caligula born?

Caligula

It was not amenable, however, primarily because Caligula was still alive.


Question: Where was Caligula born?

Caligula

In Rome, only the dead were declared to be gods.


Question: Where was Caligula born?

Caligula

Caligula therefore began to emphasize his divinity by wearing bracelets, silky women's costumes, military shoes and cloaks decorated with precious stones.


Question: Where was Caligula born?

Caligula

Sometimes he also wore the chest armour of Alexander the Great, which had been raised from his tomb.


Question: Where was Caligula born?

Caligula

As the Senate was still unwilling to grant Caligula divinity, he reduced the power of the Senate and humiliated the senators by forcing them to run long distances beside the emperor's chariots or ordering them to waiter duties.


Question: Where was Caligula born?

Caligula

Although the Senate disliked Caligula, he still enjoyed great popular popularity.


Question: Where was Caligula born?

Caligula

Caligula organized many amusements for the nation: gladiatorial fights and theatrical performances.


Question: Where was Caligula born?

Caligula

He also built new public buildings.


Question: Where was Caligula born?

Caligula

He set up amusements for himself as well.


Question: Where was Caligula born?

Caligula

Caligula's perhaps most famous whim was to build a pontoon bridge over the Bay of Baiae nearly five and a half miles long from merchant ships.


Question: Where was Caligula born?

Caligula

[19] In the time of Tiberius, the Emperor's court astrologer had prophesied that Caligula could as little become emperor as ride across the Gulf of Naples.


Question: Where was Caligula born?

Caligula

After the bridge was completed, Caligula rode proudly wearing the chest armour of Alexander the Great across the bridge.


Question: Where was Caligula born?

Caligula

Coming back, he stopped in the middle of the bridge and set about extolling his feats.


Question: Where was Caligula born?

Caligula

After this, he held a huge party in honor of himself.


Question: Where was Caligula born?

Caligula

When people started getting drunk enough, Caligula told me to throw them all into the sea.


Question: Where was Caligula born?

Caligula

Caligula was famous for his ability to come up with new ways to waste money — he ate gilded bread, bathed in oil, built 70-foot-long ships covered in jewels and had entire fruit gardens on their deck.


Question: Where was Caligula born?

Caligula

He thus wasted the three billion sesterius collected by Tiberius long before there had been a year as emperor.


Question: Where was Caligula born?

Caligula

Strapped for cash, he began to raise money through various auctions, legacies and litigation.


Question: Where was Caligula born?

Caligula

He also raised taxes and put a tax on prostitution, food imported to Rome, and transportation commissions.


Question: Where was Caligula born?

Caligula

As a warlord, Caligula fared very poorly despite having grown up in a military camp.


Question: Where was Caligula born?

Caligula

Ignoring this, he wanted to go to war and thereafter spend the finest triumph of his time.


Question: Where was Caligula born?

Caligula

Caligula assembled a troop and set out.


Question: Where was Caligula born?

Caligula

However, he himself did not ride, but was carried in a carrying chair.


Question: Where was Caligula born?

Caligula

The people of Gaul had to sweep the road and water it with water lest dust fly from it.


Question: Where was Caligula born?

Caligula

When Caligula and his army reached the Germanian border, they encountered no one they would have fought with.


Question: Where was Caligula born?

Caligula

In this case, he dressed the Germans in his bodyguard as enemies and took them as prisoners.


Question: Where was Caligula born?

Caligula

He also commanded his army to the battlefront to the English Channel coast and ordered his troops to run into the water to collect seashells.


Question: Where was Caligula born?

Caligula

After that, he built a lighthouse to commemorate this “victory”.


Question: Where was Caligula born?

Caligula

After this farce, we set off back to Rome to plan the triumph.


Question: Where was Caligula born?

Caligula

It was, admittedly, never allowed to keep, for on 24 January in 41 Caligula died at the age of 28 from dagger blows by the conspirators.


Question: Where was Caligula born?

Caligula

While Caligula was alone in a corridor, he was attacked by Cassius Chaerea, who had previously been in Germanicus' army and had personal reasons for hating Caligula.


Question: Where was Caligula born?

Caligula

In the process, Caligula's wife Caesonia and their daughter Julia Drusilla, whose head was smashed into a wall, were also killed.


Question: Where was Caligula born?

Caligula

The murderers included three soldiers of the Praetorian Guard, but the commissioners were probably a few members of the Senate.


Question: Where was Caligula born?

Caligula

Caligula had time to be in power for three years and ten months.


Question: Where was Caligula born?

Caligula

Aftermath Caligula is said to have been an insane and brutal despot.


Question: Where was Caligula born?

Caligula

Numerous stories are told about him, including that he named his horse Incitatus Senator, he was rumoured to have had an incestuous relationship with his sister Drusilla and two other sisters, and that he organised orgies in his palace.


Question: Where was Caligula born?

Caligula

The veracity of the stories is hard to ascertain.


Question: Where was Caligula born?

Caligula

Much thought has been given to the reasons for Caligula's behaviour.


Question: Where was Caligula born?

Caligula

The two most common explanations are that he was either insane or was misrepresented by historians.


Question: Where was Caligula born?

Caligula

For example, appointing a horse as a senator may have been a way of showing contempt for the Senate, and pro-Senate historiography traditionally did not look well upon those who ridiculed the Senate position.


Question: Where was Caligula born?

Caligula

The family Caligula was married four times.


Question: Where was Caligula born?

Caligula

He, along with his fourth wife, Milonia Caesonia, had a daughter, Julia Drusilla.


Question: Where was Caligula born?

Caligula

[20] Junia Claudilla Livia Orestilla (Cornelia Orestilla) Lollia Paulina Milonia Caesonia Ancient sources The main sources on Caligula's life are the biography of Caligula written by Suetonius and the Book of Roman History by Dion Kassios 59, which deals with the reign of Caligula .


Question: Where was Caligula born?

Caligula

Suetonius's biography is problematic because he does not recount events in chronological order and because Suetonius is not very interested in political events to the extent that they are not related to Caligula's person.


Question: Where was Caligula born?

Caligula

In his biographies, Suetonius uncritically repeats even the worst gossip and most colourful anecdotes.


Question: Where was Caligula born?

Caligula

Dion, who lived in the 200th century, dealt with Roman history from the time of kingship until Severus Alexander.


Question: Where was Caligula born?

Caligula

Dion's work catalogues events but does not contain any kind of deeper analysis and, like Suetonius's work, it also contains implausible events.


Question: Where was Caligula born?

Caligula

The end of the 59th book of Dion's work and the beginning of the 60th book are lost.


Question: Where was Caligula born?

Caligula

In these books, Dion dealt with the events of the year 40 and of these only abbreviations of John Xifilinos (10th century) and Johannes Zonaras (11th century) have survived to the present day.


Question: Where was Caligula born?

Caligula

[21] An important contemporaneous source on Caligula's life is Seneca, who was an eyewitness and who knew Caligula personally.


Question: Where was Caligula born?

Caligula

Seneca was more of a philosopher than a historian, but he often uses current events as examples in his works.


Question: Where was Caligula born?

Caligula

Seneca, however, was a well-known flatterer, praising the surviving emperors but berating their dead predecessors.


Question: Where was Caligula born?

Caligula

Seneca had reason to hate Caligula for personal and political reasons alike, as Caligula drove him into exile, berating his writing style, among other things.


Question: Where was Caligula born?

Caligula

[22] Another source of contemporaries was Philo's Alexandrian, who led a Jewish delegation to Rome in 39/40.


Question: Where was Caligula born?

Caligula

Filon wrote two works preserved to the present day, dealing with the Caligula era.


Question: Where was Caligula born?

Caligula

In Flaccum and commonly referred to as Legation, the work deals primarily with events important to Jews, but they also sometimes deal with events in Rome.


Question: Where was Caligula born?

Caligula

Filon always tries to present the Jews in the best possible light and he does not hide the hatred he feels against Caligula.


Question: Where was Caligula born?

Caligula

[23] Caligula's reign is also addressed by Josephus Book of the Jewish Ancients 19.1—211.


Question: Where was Caligula born?

Caligula

The part of Tacitus's work on Caligula has been lost, but he refers to Caligula several times in his works.


Question: Where was Caligula born?

Caligula

All sources that survive to the present day are hostile to Caligula.


Question: Where was Caligula born?

Caligula

In addition to literary sources, there are also numismatic and epigraphic sources from Caligula's reign.


Question: Where was Caligula born?

Caligula

[24] Literature Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Henrikson, Alf| title = Ancient stories| others = Translated by Maija Westerlund| location = Porvoo Helsinki Juva| publisher = WSOY| year = 2004| version = (Antikens historier, 1959) | id = ISBN 951-0-18515-9}} error, replace with {{cite book| author = Kivimäki, Arto & Tuomisto, Pekka| title = Roman Emperors| location = Hämeenlinna| publisher = Karisto| year = 2005| id = ISBN 951-23-4546-3}} Sources Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Alan K. Bowman et al.| The title = Cambridge Ancient History Volume X, The Augustan Empire, 43 BC—AD 69| publisher = Cambridge University Press| year = 2005| id = ISBN 0-521-30199-8}} Transclusion error: {{en}} is only for use in File namespace.


Question: Where was Caligula born?

Caligula

Use {{lang-en}} or {{en icon}} instead.


Question: Where was Caligula born?

Caligula

Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Anthony A. Barrett| title= Caligula: The Corruption of Power| publisher = Routledge| year = 2002| id=ISBN 9780203137765| language = Transclusion error: {{En}} is only for use in File namespace.


Question: Where was Caligula born?

Caligula

Use {{lang-en}} or {{en icon}} instead.}


Question: Where was Caligula born?

Caligula

Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Anthony A. Barrett| title= Caligula: The Corruption of Power| publisher = Yale University Press| year = 1990| id=ISBN 978030007429-1| language = Transclusion error: {{En}} is only for use in File namespace.


Question: Where was Caligula born?

Caligula


Question: Where was Caligula born?

Caligula

Check date values in: |accessdate=, |date= (help) CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link) Check date values in: |accessdate= (help) References Caligula Caligula Category:Roman emperors Category:Key articles of screening


Question: What is the share of the grey economy in Finland?

The Gray Economy

A grey economy otherwise refers to legal business or business activities which, however, are not subject to statutory payments or taxes, for example withholding or social security and pension contributions.


Question: What is the share of the grey economy in Finland?

The Gray Economy

The European Union also counts illicit trafficking, such as drug trafficking, as part of the grey economy.


Question: What is the share of the grey economy in Finland?

The Gray Economy

[1] The gray economy typically exists in labor-intensive industries such as construction, accommodation and nutrition, and transportation.


Question: What is the share of the grey economy in Finland?

The Gray Economy

[2] Typical manifestations include paying dark wages, receipt trading, undeclared entrepreneurial income, and the use of short-life businesses to avoid taxes.


Question: What is the share of the grey economy in Finland?

The Gray Economy

The grey economy is also present in international trade and investment activities.


Question: What is the share of the grey economy in Finland?

The Gray Economy

Different estimates of the prevalence of the grey economy have been made.


Question: What is the share of the grey economy in Finland?

The Gray Economy

The assessment is complicated by the fact that the grey economy is largely hidden crime, only some of which comes to the attention of the authorities.


Question: What is the share of the grey economy in Finland?

Grey economy

The extent of the phenomenon is assessed, for example, in a study commissioned by the Parliament's Audit Committee on 16 June 2010, which is Finland's most extensive study of the grey economy to date.


Question: What is the share of the grey economy in Finland?

Grey economy

The study deals with the phenomena of the grey economy from the perspective of investment activities, international trade in goods and the domestic grey economy, namely the construction industry and the accommodation and nutrition industry, as well as the transport industry.


Question: What is the share of the grey economy in Finland?

Grey economy

According to estimates in the study, the shadow economy would amount to between €10 billion and €14 billion by a calculation method based on tax audits in 2008, equivalent to between 5.5 and 7.5 per cent of gross domestic product.


Question: What is the share of the grey economy in Finland?

Grey economy

In terms of fiscal damage, this translates into annual losses of between 4 and 6 billion euros in taxes and fees.


Question: What is the share of the grey economy in Finland?

Grey economy

According to Olavi Ala-Nissilä, in 2012 the value of the black economy in EU countries amounted to 16% of the EU countries' economy, or more than EUR 1850 billion.


Question: What is the share of the grey economy in Finland?

Grey economy

In addition, tax revenues were massively eschewed into tax havens.


Question: What is the share of the grey economy in Finland?

Grey economy

According to Olavi Ala-Nissilä, if all taxable revenues were collected, it would be enough to address the budget deficit of the EU countries as a whole.


Question: What is the share of the grey economy in Finland?

Grey economy

[3] According to another estimate, in the European region (EU-27, Norway, Switzerland, Croatia and Turkey) the relative share of the black economy has decreased from around 22.4% to 18.5% of the countries' GDP between 2003 and 2013 (2013 totalling €2150 billion).


Question: What is the share of the grey economy in Finland?

Grey economy

Significantly higher than average values of the GDP share of the black economy were in Bulgaria (31%), Romania, Croatia, Lithuania and Estonia (28%), as well as Turkey (27%) and Latvia (26%).


Question: What is the share of the grey economy in Finland?

Grey economy

The estimate of the share of the black economy in Finland in this study was 13.0% in 2013 (EUR 25.8 billion).


Question: What is the share of the grey economy in Finland?

Grey economy

According to Eurostat, in 2013, a high share of the black economy in the EU region would be on average in construction activity (31%), wholesale and retail trade (20%), hotel and restaurant (19%), productive activities (15%) and agriculture (15%) and other personal services (%-share not specified: entertainment, massage, prostitution, domestic services, etc.).


Question: What is the share of the grey economy in Finland?

Grey economy

[4] Financial crime Habits of acquiring and investing gray money belong as an integral part of financial crimes.


Question: What is the share of the grey economy in Finland?

Grey economy

Transfers of financial crime-related funds abroad and transactions by criminals with foreign companies as well as companies set up in a tax haven state have increased.


Question: What is the share of the grey economy in Finland?

Grey economy

[5] Practices to combat the black economy and interpretations of what constitutes an economic crime vary across countries.


Question: What is the share of the grey economy in Finland?

Grey economy

In Finland, the grey economy is covered by financial crime investigations [6] [7].


Question: What is the share of the grey economy in Finland?

Grey economy

Investigating financial crimes is difficult, as traces of them are often indirect: no direct evidence, supporting documents and contracts can be found.


Question: What is the share of the grey economy in Finland?

Grey economy

The money is laundered by investing it in legitimate businesses or, for example, gambling.


Question: What is the share of the grey economy in Finland?

Grey economy

Because of this, police seek to identify financial crimes, among other things, with the cover-up offences often associated with them.


Question: What is the share of the grey economy in Finland?

Grey economy

A cover crime can be money laundering, for example.


Question: What is the share of the grey economy in Finland?

Grey economy

In Italy, other crimes related to their connection, such as extortion, are also considered economic crimes.


Question: What is the share of the grey economy in Finland?

Grey economy

In the operation of the Italian mafia, even contract killings are commonplace.


Question: What is the share of the grey economy in Finland?

Grey economy

[8] In key mafia inquiries, in general, interest divisions in economic crime are underlying.


Question: What is the share of the grey economy in Finland?

Grey economy

The Mafia's actions are being investigated in Italy by the Guardia di Finanza, an authority specialising in economic crimes and the grey economy.


Question: What is the share of the grey economy in Finland?

Grey economy

[8] Pimping as an integral part of prostitution, but also prostitution where taxes are not paid is subject to financial criminal investigations [9].


Question: What is the share of the grey economy in Finland?

Grey economy

China reads the 2008 milk powder scandal as an economic crime, for which the maximum sentence is a death sentence.


Question: What is the share of the grey economy in Finland?

Grey economy

In developing countries, the average share of the national economy is larger than industrialised countries.


Question: What is the share of the grey economy in Finland?

Grey economy

In Somalia, where most of the country's grip on state government is nonexistent and power rests with clan rulers at the local level, practically the entire national economy runs on the grey economy.


Question: What is the share of the grey economy in Finland?

Grey economy

Piracy has become an important part of the region's economy. [10].


Question: What is the share of the grey economy in Finland?

Grey economy

According to the US-based FAS, about half of Russia's economy was linked in one way or another to organised crime at the end of the 1990s.


Question: What is the share of the grey economy in Finland?

Grey economy

[11] The effects of the gray economy is detrimental to the state economy.


Question: What is the share of the grey economy in Finland?

Grey economy

The state loses tax revenue.


Question: What is the share of the grey economy in Finland?

Grey economy

Legally operating companies are, in principle, at a disadvantage in trying to compete with those in the grey economy.


Question: What is the share of the grey economy in Finland?

Grey economy

Working conditions or pay for official workers may suffer due to the more favorable price of labour input for workers in the grey economy.


Question: What is the share of the grey economy in Finland?

Grey economy

The activity is beneficial to those involved in it.


Question: What is the share of the grey economy in Finland?

Grey economy

After failing to pay his taxes and legal fees, the entrepreneur will be left with more money on his hand and will at the same time be able to sell his product at a more competitive price.


Question: What is the share of the grey economy in Finland?

Grey economy

The employee benefits from the amount of unpaid income tax.


Question: What is the share of the grey economy in Finland?

Grey economy

The consumer benefits when they get a product or service at a lower cost.


Question: What is the share of the grey economy in Finland?

Grey economy

The grey economy poses certain risks to those involved in it.


Question: What is the share of the grey economy in Finland?

Grey economy

The entrepreneur and employee are threatened with criminal charges if the matter is revealed.


Question: What is the share of the grey economy in Finland?

Grey economy

Employees work without employment conditions or insurance and do not accrue a statutory pension.


Question: What is the share of the grey economy in Finland?

Grey economy

The consumer has no statutory consumer protection, and there is no guarantee for the work or service other than the asset the seller gives it.


Question: What is the share of the grey economy in Finland?

Grey economy

The grey economy often involves other criminal activity as well.


Question: What is the share of the grey economy in Finland?

Grey economy

It could be, for example, money laundering and exploiting tax havens.


Question: What is the share of the grey economy in Finland?

Grey economy

On the other hand, it can be neglect of labor protections or abuse of social security, such as raising unemployment benefit, for example, when actually working is being done.


Question: What is the share of the grey economy in Finland?

Grey economy

Finland The fight against the black economy and economic crime involves several authorities in Finland, which have a lot of observations and information on the subject within their statutory tasks.


Question: What is the share of the grey economy in Finland?

Grey economy

The website, run with cooperation from the authorities, brings together public materials related to combating the black economy and financial crime.


Question: What is the share of the grey economy in Finland?

Grey economy

The site is intended for the general public, policymakers and authorities as well as scientists.


Question: What is the share of the grey economy in Finland?

Grey economy

The website provides current information on the phenomena of the black economy and economic crime, their extent and how to combat them.


Question: What is the share of the grey economy in Finland?

Grey economy

In addition, the site gives businesses and citizens information on how to do the right thing and protect themselves from the harms caused by the black economy and financial crime.


Question: What is the share of the grey economy in Finland?

Grey economy

Current phenomena are described by combining observations from several different authorities.


Question: What is the share of the grey economy in Finland?

Grey economy

The aim is to show that the fight against the black economy and economic crime belongs to everyone: authorities, businesses and citizens.


Question: What is the share of the grey economy in Finland?

Grey economy

The site also serves as a support for decision-making by authorities and policymakers.


Question: What is the share of the grey economy in Finland?

Grey economy

Information can be found in new phenomena such as platform economics and virtual currencies, but also in more traditional forms of the grey economy, such as dark work and corruption.


Question: What is the share of the grey economy in Finland?

Grey economy

The website implementation project is part of the operational programme of the National Black Economy and Economic Crime Combating Strategy for 2016-2020.


Question: What is the share of the grey economy in Finland?

Grey economy

[12] The content is provided by an editorial board consisting of key authorities and ministries involved in combating the black economy.


Question: What is the share of the grey economy in Finland?

Grey economy

The Ministry of Interior, Ministry of Finance, Ministry of Social Affairs and Health, Ministry of Justice, Ministry of Employment and the Economy, Ministry of Transport and Communications, Tax Administration, Police, Customs, Regency Office, Bankruptcy Attorney Office, Regional Administrative Office, Finnish Pension Security Centre, Unemployment Insurance Fund, Accident Insurance Centre, Competition and Consumer Agency, Valvira, Evira, ELY, Trafi and the Prosecutor General's Office.


Question: What is the share of the grey economy in Finland?

Grey economy

[13] The Grey Economy Settlement Unit (HTSY) was established in 2011 in the Tax Administration, which continues the activities of Virke, a project for the development of public authority cooperation.


Question: What is the share of the grey economy in Finland?

Grey economy

The Gray Economy Settlement Unit (21.12.2010/1207) shall act according to which the task of the unit is defined as (1) to promote the fight against the black economy by producing and sharing information on the grey economy and the fight against it; and (2) to prepare obligations management reports for the Authority on organisations and from organisational persons to the uses laid down in Section 6.


Question: What is the share of the grey economy in Finland?

Grey economy

[14] The Act guarantees uniquely broad access rights to information.


Question: What is the share of the grey economy in Finland?

Grey economy

For example, surveys may collect and combine confidential government information, classify clients or customer groups.


Question: What is the share of the grey economy in Finland?

Grey economy

In addition, the clearing unit prepares public reports on phenomena describing the phenomena of the black economy and the fight against the black economy and the impact of these at general level.


Question: What is the share of the grey economy in Finland?

Grey economy

The entity is therefore a service organisation which, within its rights of access to information, provides services to other authorities in support of measures.


Question: What is the share of the grey economy in Finland?

Grey economy

In this way, measures to combat the black economy and economic crime are targeted on a risk-based basis to specific target groups, and there is no need to disturb businesses or citizens who are doing the right thing to do in vain.


Question: What is the share of the grey economy in Finland?

Grey economy

Estimates of costs Since the turn of the millennium, the black economy and economic crime have become an integral part of the activities of organised crime in Finland.


Question: What is the share of the grey economy in Finland?

Grey economy

The corporate activities of criminal groups involve concealment of income, salaries paid undeclared, receipt trading and order fraud.


Question: What is the share of the grey economy in Finland?

Grey economy

[15] In 2006 there were a total of 429 convictions for tax fraud, eight of them absolute prison sentences [16].


Question: What is the share of the grey economy in Finland?

Grey economy

According to Virke's report by the Authority Cooperation Development Project, the grey economy of construction increased throughout 2007, and the Finnish state lost EUR 300 million in tax revenue purely due to undeclared work.


Question: What is the share of the grey economy in Finland?

Grey economy

One in ten builders worked darkly, which meant a total of more than 15,000 man-years in 2007.


Question: What is the share of the grey economy in Finland?

Grey economy

[17] Economic crime and the grey economy are constantly expanding and transforming forms of crime.


Question: What is the share of the grey economy in Finland?

Grey economy

In Finland, hidden and cover crime has been revealed in several different industries.


Question: What is the share of the grey economy in Finland?

Grey economy

In relation to construction and restaurant activities, the undercontracting and receipt trading of companies in the sector and exploitation of foreign workers and companies they use have been typical modes of the black economy.


Question: What is the share of the grey economy in Finland?

Grey economy

Clear indications of professional financial crime have also been obtained from abuses related to timber trade, forestry farm trade, foreign trade, drug trafficking, charity collecting, telemarketing, science and research activities, securities trading, and information technology crime.


Question: What is the share of the grey economy in Finland?

Grey economy

Crimes related to securities markets and computer environments are new crime categories employing financial crime investigators that were previously not under investigation at all.


Question: What is the share of the grey economy in Finland?

Grey economy

The extent of the phenomenon is assessed, for example, in a study commissioned by the Parliament's Audit Committee on 16 June 2010, which is Finland's most extensive study of the grey economy to date.


Question: What is the share of the grey economy in Finland?

Grey economy

The study deals with the phenomena of the grey economy from the perspective of investment activities, international trade in goods and the domestic grey economy, namely the construction industry and the accommodation and nutrition industry, as well as the transport industry.


Question: What is the share of the grey economy in Finland?

Grey economy

According to estimates in the study, the shadow economy would amount to between €10 billion and €14 billion by a calculation method based on tax audits in 2008, equivalent to between 5.5 and 7.5 per cent of gross domestic product.


Question: What is the share of the grey economy in Finland?

Grey economy

In terms of fiscal damage, this translates into annual losses of between 4 and 6 billion euros in taxes and fees.


Question: What is the share of the grey economy in Finland?

Grey economy

Pairing, often associated with prostitution as an integral part, constitutes criminal activity under Finnish law and is the subject of financial criminal investigations.


Question: What is the share of the grey economy in Finland?

Grey economy

[18] But independent prostitutes do not have legal trader status in Finland, even though tax and accounting obligations apply to income from prostitution in the same way as other earned income.


Question: What is the share of the grey economy in Finland?

Grey economy

[19] [20] In practice, most prostitution falls within the black economy, since, for example, according to Anna Kontula's report by MP and researcher Anna Kontula, only some of the most professional prostitutes report their income to the tax authorities [19], and the majority leave both earned income taxes and VAT and non-payment of statutory pension and social security contributions.


Question: What is the share of the grey economy in Finland?

Grey economy

Statistics Finland has also identified the growth in consumption of sexual services as being in the black economy, and a written question has been tabled in Parliament, to which the Government acknowledged the extent of the problem.


Question: What is the share of the grey economy in Finland?

Grey economy

[21] [22] If the income is undeclared, prostitutes could also receive labour market or income support and other social benefits from society.


Question: What is the share of the grey economy in Finland?

Grey economy

The grey economy is being tackled in Finland precisely through financial crime investigations, and thus tax and accounting offences related to the practice of prostitution are also covered.


Question: What is the share of the grey economy in Finland?

Grey economy

[23] In Finland, pre-investigation and prevention of financial crimes are carried out by the national Central Criminal Police, regional economic crime investigation units and financial crime investigation units and teams of certain engagement police departments or an individual financial criminal investigator of the police department.


Question: What is the share of the grey economy in Finland?

Grey economy

The competence of the Customs Service in preliminary investigations is limited to customs offences under the Customs Act, some of which are economic offences [9].


Question: What is the share of the grey economy in Finland?

Grey economy

Tax audits fight against financial crime Tax audits are tasked with keeping the tax system credible and safeguarding the accumulation of tax revenue.


Question: What is the share of the grey economy in Finland?

Grey economy

In 2010, 3552 tax audits were completed in the Tax Administration.


Question: What is the share of the grey economy in Finland?

Grey economy

Overall, 719 of the audits identified a grey economy.


Question: What is the share of the grey economy in Finland?

Grey economy

[24] Construction Subscriber Liability Act 2007 requires the subscriber to works and temporary labour to ensure that subcontractors have paid their taxes and their employees' pension contributions.


Question: What is the share of the grey economy in Finland?

Grey economy

According to Helsingin Sanomat, the law has failed to end the gray economy.


Question: What is the share of the grey economy in Finland?

Grey economy

The construction union estimates that there are 20,000 undeclared workers in the sector and an estimated loss of more than 300 million euros per year in taxes.


Question: What is the share of the grey economy in Finland?

Grey economy

[25] According to the Home Office, half of financial crime police officers investigate receipt trades in the construction industry: in April 2008, for example, 146 investigators acted in 142 cases.


Question: What is the share of the grey economy in Finland?

Grey economy

The suspects included 653 people and 481 construction companies.


Question: What is the share of the grey economy in Finland?

Grey economy

[26] Organised crime leagues engage in receipt trading and pay wages darkly to their employees.


Question: What is the share of the grey economy in Finland?

Grey economy

Tax control on construction sites is handled by just under 20 inspectors throughout the country, and for them, too, access to tax information can be problematic.


Question: What is the share of the grey economy in Finland?

Grey economy

The Treasury Department has floated the idea of a so-called reverse VAT, which it would hope would reduce the grey economy.


Question: What is the share of the grey economy in Finland?

Grey economy

[16] [25] From September 2012, every person working on a new construction site must have a visible identification number and tax number and the tax numbers of all persons working on construction sites will be recorded in the public register that opens in August.


Question: What is the share of the grey economy in Finland?

Grey economy

The new practice aims to combat the grey economy that is rampant in the construction industry.


Question: What is the share of the grey economy in Finland?

Grey economy

[27] To facilitate compliance with the Subscriber Liability Act, an online service has been developed.


Question: What is the share of the grey economy in Finland?

Grey economy

The service development partner is Construction Industry RT ry.


Question: What is the share of the grey economy in Finland?

Grey economy

The owners of the company are Rakennan Luato RALA ry and the Electricity and Telecommunication Contractors Union STUL ry, who own the company together with Aspida Oy, the developer of the Tilaajavasta.fi service.


Question: What is the share of the grey economy in Finland?

Grey economy

Reverse VAT In the reverse VAT system, VAT is paid to the government by the buyer and not the seller.


Question: What is the share of the grey economy in Finland?

Grey economy

Even in long chains of services, VAT would only be paid once and would be paid by the first buyer.


Question: What is the share of the grey economy in Finland?

Grey economy

The system is in place in Sweden, Germany, Holland and Austria.


Question: What is the share of the grey economy in Finland?

Grey economy

[28] Opinions on reverse VAT are contradictory.


Question: What is the share of the grey economy in Finland?

Grey economy

Prosecutors handling financial crime cases in the Helsinki Prosecutor's Office have appealed in early 2008 for the introduction of the system.


Question: What is the share of the grey economy in Finland?

Grey economy

[26] For his part, Minister of Finance Jyrki Katainen wishes to look forward to the Swedish State's experience in the change of tax system.


Question: What is the share of the grey economy in Finland?

Grey economy

[29] In 2006, a working group appointed by the Tax Board investigated the operation of the reverse VAT system.


Question: What is the share of the grey economy in Finland?

Grey economy

The working group failed to agree on the impact of the scheme.


Question: What is the share of the grey economy in Finland?

Grey economy

While the majority of the group thinks the tax accumulation would increase by around 130 million euros, the minority said tax revenues could even decrease as the potential for tax evasion increases.


Question: What is the share of the grey economy in Finland?

Grey economy

[29] Accommodation and hospitality industry Helsingin Sanomat tested [30] in 2011 the customer service of pitseri restaurants in Helsinki to manage their customers' payment for providing their services to them.


Question: What is the share of the grey economy in Finland?

Grey economy

There were plenty of indications of tax evasion in small food restaurants.


Question: What is the share of the grey economy in Finland?

Grey economy

Approximately one in three of the fifteen restaurants tested, when asked for a receipt, problems arose: the cash register door may have been left open for the duration of the purchase transaction; in some places, receiving the receipt required a long keystroke or may even require its current truncation to complete the purchase transaction.


Question: What is the share of the grey economy in Finland?

Grey economy

The cash register could possibly even have been manipulated, so getting a receipt did not guarantee the integrity of the place.


Question: What is the share of the grey economy in Finland?

Grey economy

VAT on food is 13 per cent in Finland, but receipts issued by restaurants showed up to four different VAT rates: 12, 13, 18 and 22 per cent.


Question: What is the share of the grey economy in Finland?

Grey economy

They estimate that the black economy accounts for 8 to 10 percent of the lodging and hospitality industry's revenue.


Question: What is the share of the grey economy in Finland?

Grey economy

That amounts to around 500 million euros.


Question: What is the share of the grey economy in Finland?

Grey economy

Experts called for controls to be directed towards risk firms and improved information flow between authorities.


Question: What is the share of the grey economy in Finland?

Grey economy

In Sweden, a certified and black box cash register and a legally regulated receipt obligation would also be helpful.


Question: What is the share of the grey economy in Finland?

Grey economy

Developing countries In developing countries, the gray economy often accounts for a large part of economic activity.


Question: What is the share of the grey economy in Finland?

Grey economy

Business legislation and control over it are smaller in these countries than in industrialized countries.


Question: What is the share of the grey economy in Finland?

Grey economy

Therefore, in the case of developing countries, there is talk of an informal economy (), which refers to economic activity outside the control of government.


Question: What is the share of the grey economy in Finland?

Grey economy

It is estimated that in Asia, Africa and Latin America, more than half of non-agricultural employment would be informal.


Question: What is the share of the grey economy in Finland?

Grey economy

In agriculture, the informal economy is even more common.


Question: What is the share of the grey economy in Finland?

Grey economy

Because the activity is outside the control of the regime, it is difficult to obtain reliable information about its prevalence.


Question: What is the share of the grey economy in Finland?

Grey economy

See also Tax Hell Tax evasion Illegal migration Piracy Corporate hospice Sources Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Saviano, Roberto| title = Gomorrah: mafia kingdom| location = Helsinki| publisher = WSOY| year = 2007| isbn = 978-951-0-33186-6}} References Elsewhere Referenced 1.4.2011.


Question: What is the share of the grey economy in Finland?

Grey economy

Referenced as of May 2, 2012.


Question: What is the share of the grey economy in Finland?

Grey economy

Force 5/2014 Category:Financial Crime Category:Taxation Category:Key articles of screening


Question: In which year Seppo Innättö received his doctorate?

Urho Kekkonen

Urho Kaleva Kekkonen () was a Finnish politician and the eighth President of the Republic of Finland.


Question: In which year Seppo Innättö received his doctorate?

Urho Kekkonen

He was the sitting President of the Republic continuously from 1956 until early 1982, for over 25 years.


Question: In which year Seppo Innättö received his doctorate?

Urho Kekkonen

His last presidential term was left unfinished because of illness.


Question: In which year Seppo Innättö received his doctorate?

Urho Kekkonen

Kekkonen is the longest-serving president in Finland's history.


Question: In which year Seppo Innättö received his doctorate?

Urho Kekkonen

He is the first person to serve as President of the Republic for two full terms and the only one elected to serve more than two terms, which according to the subsequent amendment to the Constitution, the former Finnish form of government and the current Constitution of Finland, would no longer be it's possible.


Question: In which year Seppo Innättö received his doctorate?

Urho Kekkonen

Prior to his presidency, Kekkonen served as a jurist, athletics, justice minister, speaker of parliament and prime minister of five governments, among others.


Question: In which year Seppo Innättö received his doctorate?

Urho Kekkonen

[1] As Presidential Elector, MP and Minister, Kekkonen was in the process of electing Kyösti Kallio in 1937, Risto Ryti in 1940 and 1943, Gustaf Mannerheim in 1944 and J. K. Paasikivi in 1946.


Question: In which year Seppo Innättö received his doctorate?

Urho Kekkonen

[2] Biography Pedigree Kekkonet are an old Savonian family.


Question: In which year Seppo Innättö received his doctorate?

Urho Kekkonen

Urho Kekkonen's earliest known ancestors settled in the Savo region, possibly even before the 16th century.


Question: In which year Seppo Innättö received his doctorate?

Urho Kekkonen

It is unclear where the Kekkones have arrived in Savo.


Question: In which year Seppo Innättö received his doctorate?

Urho Kekkonen

Since the Kekkons were known to have lived in the Karelian Isthmus at least in Muola and Valkjärvi, it is thought that they originated from Karelia, but Urho Kekkonen himself also thought it possible that the Kekkonet might originate from western Finland, for example Häme, where it is already 1400- since the century there have been place names associated with the name of Kekkonten.


Question: In which year Seppo Innättö received his doctorate?

Urho Kekkonen

[3] The earliest known ancestor of Kekkonen was his great-great-great-grandfather Tuomas Kekkonen (b. ca.


Question: In which year Seppo Innättö received his doctorate?

Urho Kekkonen

1630), which is first mentioned in piece-like documents of 1673.


Question: In which year Seppo Innättö received his doctorate?

Urho Kekkonen

He was possibly a native of either Kangasniemi or Jorois.


Question: In which year Seppo Innättö received his doctorate?

Urho Kekkonen

[3] Although Kekkonen's birth home in Pielavesi is known as Lepiko croft, Kekkonen has no crofter background.


Question: In which year Seppo Innättö received his doctorate?

Urho Kekkonen

The house had been acquired as a family family home.


Question: In which year Seppo Innättö received his doctorate?

Urho Kekkonen

Urho Kekkonen's ancestors up to the twelfth generation were all descendants of old Eastern Finnish peasant families.


Question: In which year Seppo Innättö received his doctorate?

Urho Kekkonen

The family of Kekkonen on the father's side were squatters of the Casque lands, and the peasant family remained on their own lands from the mother's side.


Question: In which year Seppo Innättö received his doctorate?

Urho Kekkonen

However, Grandfather Eenokki, the father of Urho Kekkonen, belonged to a group of unrequited people growing up in the 19th century and acquired his support with temporary and tyres.


Question: In which year Seppo Innättö received his doctorate?

Urho Kekkonen

[4] After serving in different houses, Eenokki Kekkonen married Anna-Liisa Koskinen.


Question: In which year Seppo Innättö received his doctorate?

Urho Kekkonen

They were born four sons, given the names Taavetti, John, Alpert and Juho.


Question: In which year Seppo Innättö received his doctorate?

Urho Kekkonen

Juho Kekkonen, the youngest son of the family who left Korvenmök in Koivujärvi village in 1878, was the father of Urho Kekkonen.


Question: In which year Seppo Innättö received his doctorate?

Urho Kekkonen

Grandfather Aatu Pylnäinen, Urho Kekkonen's mother's father, who farmed the Kangasniemi Tarkkala farm, married Amanda Manninen, aged just 16, in the summer of 1878.


Question: In which year Seppo Innättö received his doctorate?

Urho Kekkonen

Their children, three daughters and two sons, were Emilia, Elsa, Silas, Tyne, and Eetu.


Question: In which year Seppo Innättö received his doctorate?

Urho Kekkonen

[4] Father Juho Kekkonen, as the son of a destitute family, had to go to forest work and ended up in 1898 at a log farm in Kangasniemi.


Question: In which year Seppo Innättö received his doctorate?

Urho Kekkonen

There, Emilia, the eldest daughter of the sibling flock of the House of Kuvasmäki's Tarkkala, herded cattle on the beach pastures of the Haahkala lands.


Question: In which year Seppo Innättö received his doctorate?

Urho Kekkonen

Juho Kekkonen also moved around the same beaches.


Question: In which year Seppo Innättö received his doctorate?

Urho Kekkonen

The young became acquainted and were ordained in 1899.


Question: In which year Seppo Innättö received his doctorate?

Urho Kekkonen

The couple moved to Otava, where Juho Kekkonen had obtained a job at Koivusaha, Halla Oy.


Question: In which year Seppo Innättö received his doctorate?

Urho Kekkonen

He later promoted to forestry foreman and log agent.


Question: In which year Seppo Innättö received his doctorate?

Urho Kekkonen

[4] The newlyweds moved along with the site to Pielavede, where Juho Kekkonen bought a smoking flat, which he gradually repaired and expanded into a decent house.


Question: In which year Seppo Innättö received his doctorate?

Urho Kekkonen

He built a chimney in the tupa shortly before the birth of his firstborn son Urho.


Question: In which year Seppo Innättö received his doctorate?

Urho Kekkonen

Because of the beautiful rest behind the house, the house began to be called Lepiko's croft.


Question: In which year Seppo Innättö received his doctorate?

Urho Kekkonen

A smoke sauna was located in the yard, where Urho Kekkonen was born on 3 September 1900.


Question: In which year Seppo Innättö received his doctorate?

Urho Kekkonen

In Lepiko croft, the family lived for six years and the daughter of Siiri was born in 1904.


Question: In which year Seppo Innättö received his doctorate?

Urho Kekkonen

With the savotos of Juho Kekkonen, the family moved in 1906 to Kuopio and in 1908 to Lapinlahti.


Question: In which year Seppo Innättö received his doctorate?

Urho Kekkonen

There was tightness, but there was no shortage.


Question: In which year Seppo Innättö received his doctorate?

Urho Kekkonen

The family's kuopus Jussi was born in 1910.


Question: In which year Seppo Innättö received his doctorate?

Urho Kekkonen

[4] Childhood and Adolescence “I got a happy childhood as a gift” is Urho Kekkonen said about his childhood.


Question: In which year Seppo Innättö received his doctorate?

Urho Kekkonen

The school Urho Kekkonen started in Lapinlahti.


Question: In which year Seppo Innättö received his doctorate?

Urho Kekkonen

After attending three years of national school, he was allowed to aspire to the Iisalmi Coeducational School.


Question: In which year Seppo Innättö received his doctorate?

Urho Kekkonen

The following year Iisalmi moved to Kajaani, where a sawmill and cellulose factory had been established at the turn of the century.


Question: In which year Seppo Innättö received his doctorate?

Urho Kekkonen

Father Juho became a log agent for the Kajaani Puutavara Limited Company, and so in autumn 1911 Urho entered the second class of Kajaani Yauterakunta School.


Question: In which year Seppo Innättö received his doctorate?

Urho Kekkonen

He was the youngest student in the class.


Question: In which year Seppo Innättö received his doctorate?

Urho Kekkonen

He wasn't a model student, he was unruly and unfrisky.


Question: In which year Seppo Innättö received his doctorate?

Urho Kekkonen

In the upper classes, he was at the head of the school's fellowship and edited its magazine, Mielikki, and was allowed to practice giving speeches at the annual festivities.


Question: In which year Seppo Innättö received his doctorate?

Urho Kekkonen

He also avidly read works of history and fiction.


Question: In which year Seppo Innättö received his doctorate?

Urho Kekkonen

He was also allowed from the age of 12 to be involved in his father's bathing sites.


Question: In which year Seppo Innättö received his doctorate?

Urho Kekkonen

[5] Urho Kekkonen was an avid writer.


Question: In which year Seppo Innättö received his doctorate?

Urho Kekkonen

The first texts appeared on the 1914 side.


Question: In which year Seppo Innättö received his doctorate?

Urho Kekkonen

They were published by the city's Old Finnish newspaper, Kaikuja of Kajaani.


Question: In which year Seppo Innättö received his doctorate?

Urho Kekkonen

The following year, he translated the pseudonym he used into Esaias Ranstakan Kohennescue and began writing for the oldest paper in the city, the Young Finnish Kajaanin Lehti.


Question: In which year Seppo Innättö received his doctorate?

Urho Kekkonen

Later, Kekkonen started using the names Kää and Urho Sorsimo invented by his schoolmates.


Question: In which year Seppo Innättö received his doctorate?

Urho Kekkonen

[5] Parents could afford to educate their son to matriculate.


Question: In which year Seppo Innättö received his doctorate?

Urho Kekkonen

[6] Kekkonen had two younger siblings: Siiri Kekkonen (1904—1969), who later served as an insurance officer, and Uuno Johannes (Jussi) Kekkonen (1910—1962), managing director.


Question: In which year Seppo Innättö received his doctorate?

Urho Kekkonen

[7] In 1949, when Kekkonen was made president by real means, the photo of Lepiko croft was retouched off the chimney with the intention of presenting Kekkonen as the “son of a smokehirti” and created the image of Kekkonen as a “civilised” rising from the deep ranks of the people. as a dude”.


Question: In which year Seppo Innättö received his doctorate?

Urho Kekkonen

[8] Juho Kekkonen had bought Lepiko croft in the summer of 1900 and the Kekkonen family lived in it until 1906.


Question: In which year Seppo Innättö received his doctorate?

Urho Kekkonen

The Kekkonet moved in 1906 from Pielavede first to Kuopio and later, as the family father's works changed further to Lapinlahti, Iisalme and finally in 1911 to Kajaani.


Question: In which year Seppo Innättö received his doctorate?

Urho Kekkonen

In Kajaani, the Kekkonet lived in Kalliokatu 7 and Juho Kekkonen worked as foreman at the Kajaanin Puutavara Okkonkki company.


Question: In which year Seppo Innättö received his doctorate?

Urho Kekkonen

Urho Kekkonen also attended the majority of grammar school here.


Question: In which year Seppo Innättö received his doctorate?

Urho Kekkonen

[9] As a high school student, Kekkonen joined Kajaani's patron council and participated in the Finnish Civil War with the Kajaani guerrilla regiment in the White Government forces.


Question: In which year Seppo Innättö received his doctorate?

Urho Kekkonen

He participated in the battles of Kuopio, Varkaus, Mouhu and Vyborg, among others, and led the execution of nine reds in Hamina.


Question: In which year Seppo Innättö received his doctorate?

Urho Kekkonen

[10] Kekkonen became bald at a relatively young age.


Question: In which year Seppo Innättö received his doctorate?

Urho Kekkonen

This was alleged to have been because when he was a bit on the second ten, the family's landlady in Kajaani gave him such a fierce hair owl.


Question: In which year Seppo Innättö received his doctorate?

Urho Kekkonen

[11] Sports career Kekkonen was a top national athletics athlete as a young man.


Question: In which year Seppo Innättö received his doctorate?

Urho Kekkonen

In 1924 he won the high jump and triple jump at the Finnish Championships in pacy jumps.


Question: In which year Seppo Innättö received his doctorate?

Urho Kekkonen

At the Kaleva Games of the same year, she won the high jump and finished second in her minor sport in the 100 m run.


Question: In which year Seppo Innättö received his doctorate?

Urho Kekkonen

In the height jump, Kekkonen also achieved three bronzes at the Kaleva Games in 1923, 1927 and 1928.


Question: In which year Seppo Innättö received his doctorate?

Urho Kekkonen

He held the Finnish record (972cm) for an unpaced triplet.


Question: In which year Seppo Innättö received his doctorate?

Urho Kekkonen

Kekkonen's other personal record results included 185cm in the high jump, 14.06 metres in the triple jump and 11.0 seconds in the 100m run.


Question: In which year Seppo Innättö received his doctorate?

Urho Kekkonen

[12] After his career as an athlete, Kekkonen was head of the Finnish Olympic Committee and the Finnish Athletic Association (SUL).


Question: In which year Seppo Innättö received his doctorate?

Urho Kekkonen

At the 1932 Olympic Games in Los Angeles, Kekkonen was the manager of the Finnish Olympic team.


Question: In which year Seppo Innättö received his doctorate?

Urho Kekkonen

During these Games, Swede Sigfrid Edström, as president of the IAAF, excluded Paavo Nurmi from the Games due to professional allegations.


Question: In which year Seppo Innättö received his doctorate?

Urho Kekkonen

Kekkonen fought persistently and even stubbornly for Nurmi's participation.


Question: In which year Seppo Innättö received his doctorate?

Urho Kekkonen

As a result, athletics country matches in Finland and Sweden were interrupted for several years.


Question: In which year Seppo Innättö received his doctorate?

Urho Kekkonen

The dispute strongly stigmatized as a dispute between Edström and Kekkonen.


Question: In which year Seppo Innättö received his doctorate?

Urho Kekkonen

For his merits in favour of Finnish sport, Urho Kekkonen was awarded the Grand Cross of Merit for Finnish Sport in 1950.


Question: In which year Seppo Innättö received his doctorate?

Urho Kekkonen

[13] Study time and beginning of political career As a student, Kekkonen wrote about Kajaani Lyceum in 1919.


Question: In which year Seppo Innättö received his doctorate?

Urho Kekkonen

After that, he completed his conscription in the Helsinki Automobile Battalion and demobilized as a sergeant.


Question: In which year Seppo Innättö received his doctorate?

Urho Kekkonen

He moved to Helsinki in 1921, studied quickly and graduated with a Bachelor of Laws in 1926.


Question: In which year Seppo Innättö received his doctorate?

Urho Kekkonen

He was active in Osakunta, North Ostrobothnia, as well as in law readers' profession, and was editor of the Ylioppilaslehti from 1927 to 1928.


Question: In which year Seppo Innättö received his doctorate?

Urho Kekkonen

[13] He received the title of deputy judge in 1928.


Question: In which year Seppo Innättö received his doctorate?

Urho Kekkonen

[14] As a law student and deputy magistrate, Kekkonen worked for the Central Police Department in Detective Science.


Question: In which year Seppo Innättö received his doctorate?

Urho Kekkonen

He became familiar with anti-communist activities.


Question: In which year Seppo Innättö received his doctorate?

Urho Kekkonen

According to Arvo Tuominen, who committed interference with the Communists, Kekkonen was competent and professional towards his opponents.


Question: In which year Seppo Innättö received his doctorate?

Urho Kekkonen

[15] In the detective Central Police, Urho Kekkonen also found Sylvi Uino, who was an Isthmian priest's daughter, who was a typist.


Question: In which year Seppo Innättö received his doctorate?

Urho Kekkonen

[16] In 1928 they were born twin sons Taneli and Matti.


Question: In which year Seppo Innättö received his doctorate?

Urho Kekkonen

Kekkonen began planning his own thesis on the activities of the secret police.


Question: In which year Seppo Innättö received his doctorate?

Urho Kekkonen

However, he himself was forced to resign from the Detective Central Police after publicly suggesting that it should be abolished and merged with the CID.


Question: In which year Seppo Innättö received his doctorate?

Urho Kekkonen

Kekkonen took over as a lawyer in 1927 for the Association of Country Municipalities, but his public appearances led to the employment relationship being dissolved in 1932.


Question: In which year Seppo Innättö received his doctorate?

Urho Kekkonen

Kekkonen received his doctorate in law in 1936.


Question: In which year Seppo Innättö received his doctorate?

Urho Kekkonen

His dissertation was on municipal electoral law according to Finnish law.


Question: In which year Seppo Innättö received his doctorate?

Urho Kekkonen

[17] Urho Kekkonen's ideological roots were in nationalist baccalaureate politics, and it was also a natural continuation of his work in the Academic Karelia Society.


Question: In which year Seppo Innättö received his doctorate?

Urho Kekkonen

The defragmentation of the people, the hatred of the language, and the East Karelian question were important to him.


Question: In which year Seppo Innättö received his doctorate?

Urho Kekkonen

Kekkonen wrote pachinas for AKS' magazine Suomen Heimo, and in 1930 he became chairman of the Association of Suomanism which AKS took over three years earlier.


Question: In which year Seppo Innättö received his doctorate?

Urho Kekkonen

However, in 1932, Kekkonen resigned from the AKS along with many other central-oriented members when the AKS majority did not agree to condemn the Mäntsälä rebellion.


Question: In which year Seppo Innättö received his doctorate?

Urho Kekkonen

He continued to work in the journal of the Finnish Federation of Suomalainen Finland (later Kanal), where he focused on promoting the Finnishness of the university in particular.


Question: In which year Seppo Innättö received his doctorate?

Urho Kekkonen

[18] Moving into party politics, Kekkonen visited Germany in 1932 and witnessed Adolf Hitler's rise to power.


Question: In which year Seppo Innättö received his doctorate?

Urho Kekkonen

Apparently these experiences contributed to his joining the Agrarian League the following year and publishing his political pamphlet, “The Self-Defense of Democracy”.


Question: In which year Seppo Innättö received his doctorate?

Urho Kekkonen

He warned against the rise of the far right, suggesting, among other things, that the state power may have to restrict freedom of expression to a certain extent in order to prevent democracy from imploding.


Question: In which year Seppo Innättö received his doctorate?

Urho Kekkonen

[8] In working life, Kekkonen took over as junior government secretary in the Ministry of Agriculture in 1933 [19] and tried for the first time in Parliament in the same year but failed to get elected.


Question: In which year Seppo Innättö received his doctorate?

Urho Kekkonen

In the Agrarian League, Kekkonen quickly rose to prominence as a member of the central board of the Action Party from 1935 until his election as President.


Question: In which year Seppo Innättö received his doctorate?

Urho Kekkonen

[20] In 1936, he tried for a second time for parliament and was elected from the western constituency of Vyborg County.


Question: In which year Seppo Innättö received his doctorate?

Urho Kekkonen

He was immediately appointed Minister of Justice (1936—1937) in the government of Kyösti Kallio, followed by A.


Question: In which year Seppo Innättö received his doctorate?

Urho Kekkonen

K. Cajander was appointed Minister of Internal Affairs (1937—1939) in the Red Mold Government.


Question: In which year Seppo Innättö received his doctorate?

Urho Kekkonen

He tried to abolish the far-right Patriotic People's Movement in 1938, and in this failed operation became known the concept of Kekkonen konstit.


Question: In which year Seppo Innättö received his doctorate?

Urho Kekkonen

[6] Professor Bruno Salmiala, one of the most prominent figures in the IKL, referred to it as recently as 1968, accusing Kekko of desecrating the IKL in the presidential campaign.


Question: In which year Seppo Innättö received his doctorate?

Urho Kekkonen

[21] In 1938, Sylvi and Urho Kekkonen bought a farm called Paarmakallio in Vahviala, South Karelia.


Question: In which year Seppo Innättö received his doctorate?

Urho Kekkonen

Urho Kekkonen thus contributed to establishing links with the electorate of his constituency.


Question: In which year Seppo Innättö received his doctorate?

Urho Kekkonen

The forests on the farm had been cut and the buildings were in poor condition, but even before the war the Kekkons had time to start renovating the farm.