Question: When did Finland make peace with the Soviet Union?

Continuation War

In the Soviet Union, the management of Finnish affairs was transferred to the Main Administration of State Security (GUGB) under the People's Commissariat of Internal Affairs (Ministry), and in addition, invasion forces began to be transferred to their grouping areas.


Question: When did Finland make peace with the Soviet Union?

Continuation War

Soviet Foreign Minister Vyacheslav Molotov visited Berlin in November to ask German leader Adolf Hitler for consent to the occupation of Finland.


Question: When did Finland make peace with the Soviet Union?

Continuation War

However, as the Germans had already included Finland in their invasion plans Hitler warned the Soviet Union to stay out of Finland.


Question: When did Finland make peace with the Soviet Union?

Continuation War

The rapprochement of Finland and Germany on 6 September 1940 Finland concluded a transit agreement with the Soviet Union for traffic to Hanko.


Question: When did Finland make peace with the Soviet Union?

Continuation War

In August 1940, Field Marshal Gustaf Mannerheim, Commander-in-Chief of the Defence Forces, received an intelligence from Germany to allow the transit of German troops from ports in the Gulf of Bothnia to Kirkenes.


Question: When did Finland make peace with the Soviet Union?

Continuation War

At the same time, it was announced that it was possible for Finland to buy military equipment from Germany.


Question: When did Finland make peace with the Soviet Union?

Continuation War

Transit agreement: On 12 September, the Finnish General Staff and the German Air Force agreed to transport Luftwaffe crew and equipment through Finnish territory.


Question: When did Finland make peace with the Soviet Union?

Continuation War

A political agreement between the states on 22 September also allowed for transport by German land forces.


Question: When did Finland make peace with the Soviet Union?

Continuation War

A further increase in holiday traffic was negotiated in October.


Question: When did Finland make peace with the Soviet Union?

Continuation War

The first troops came ashore at Vaasa on the 22nd and 26 in Oulu.


Question: When did Finland make peace with the Soviet Union?

Continuation War

on Sept.


Question: When did Finland make peace with the Soviet Union?

Continuation War

[4] The ore of the Kolo River in Petsamo, Germany considered vital to its war industry and Petsamo as a necessary stepping stone for the invasion of Murmansk.


Question: When did Finland make peace with the Soviet Union?

Continuation War

The Soviet Union, on the other hand, after the end of the Winter War, felt no interest in Petsamo's nickel reserves, nor Petsamoo as a military territory.


Question: When did Finland make peace with the Soviet Union?

Continuation War

[5] When the German authorities were planning to integrate Scandinavia into their own economic area, Finland was also included from April 1940, even though the country was part of the Soviet Union's interest.


Question: When did Finland make peace with the Soviet Union?

Continuation War

[6] The situation at the nickel mine changed sharply in July 1940 with the Finnish and German I.G.


Question: When did Finland make peace with the Soviet Union?

Continuation War

With the agreement reached by Farbenindustrie.


Question: When did Finland make peace with the Soviet Union?

Continuation War

Negotiations had been taking place since the spring, with the deal promising Germany 60% of production.


Question: When did Finland make peace with the Soviet Union?

Continuation War

German negotiators reported the ore to Berlin to be worth more than RM1 billion and enough for 20 years to cover the entire nickel need of Greater Germany.


Question: When did Finland make peace with the Soviet Union?

Continuation War

Late in the year, the Germans increased the ore volume estimate fourfold.


Question: When did Finland make peace with the Soviet Union?

Continuation War

After negotiations began, the Soviet Union already proposed the transfer of the mine concession to itself in June.


Question: When did Finland make peace with the Soviet Union?

Continuation War

Soviet forces intensified the claim by grouping to the frontier, and fortifying the Fishermen's blockade.


Question: When did Finland make peace with the Soviet Union?

Continuation War

England took a steeply negative view of mining negotiations with Germany, halting Liinahamar merchant ships.


Question: When did Finland make peace with the Soviet Union?

Continuation War

Finland negotiated with everyone in a politically tight gap.


Question: When did Finland make peace with the Soviet Union?

Continuation War

The Finns negotiated in tense moods in Moscow seven times, until February 1941 without agreeing to the Russians' demands.


Question: When did Finland make peace with the Soviet Union?

Continuation War

The Soviets also negotiated with Germany until March 1941, unsuccessfully.


Question: When did Finland make peace with the Soviet Union?

Continuation War

[5] In protest, the Soviet Union stopped its exports to Finland.


Question: When did Finland make peace with the Soviet Union?

Continuation War

[7] Soon 90% of foreign trade was handled through Germany.


Question: When did Finland make peace with the Soviet Union?

Continuation War

Military cooperation between Finland and Germany began with negotiations between the countries' highest military command in the winter of 1940—1941.


Question: When did Finland make peace with the Soviet Union?

Continuation War

The Chiefs of General Staff held talks in Berlin in January.


Question: When did Finland make peace with the Soviet Union?

Continuation War

Among other things, the Germans inquired about how long it took Finland to get its army to the border with the Soviet Union, and also received a response.


Question: When did Finland make peace with the Soviet Union?

Continuation War

From February 1941, road construction and reconnaissance cooperation with the Germans were conducted in Lapland.


Question: When did Finland make peace with the Soviet Union?

Continuation War

German troops began arriving in Finland, which eventually reached 40,000 when the Continuation War broke out.


Question: When did Finland make peace with the Soviet Union?

Continuation War

During February—March, the Germans engaged in systematic reconnaissance in northern Finland.


Question: When did Finland make peace with the Soviet Union?

Continuation War

In April 1941, an engineering company in Ratas began to recruit volunteers for the Finnish battalion of the Waffen-SS's Wiking Division.


Question: When did Finland make peace with the Soviet Union?

Continuation War

Enlistment continued into June 1941.


Question: When did Finland make peace with the Soviet Union?

Continuation War

The first recruits left for Germany for training in May 1941.


Question: When did Finland make peace with the Soviet Union?

Continuation War

[8] On 25 May 1941, during Operation Barbarossa and Finland, the Finnish Supreme Military Command visited the German General Staff in Salzburg, where a German military delegation led by General Alfred Jodl explained the planned invasion of the Soviet Union.


Question: When did Finland make peace with the Soviet Union?

Continuation War

The Germans presented a plan of cooperation between German and Finnish combat forces.


Question: When did Finland make peace with the Soviet Union?

Continuation War

Finland was asked to commit Soviet forces on its borders and participate in the offensive against Leningrad.


Question: When did Finland make peace with the Soviet Union?

Continuation War

During further negotiations between different types of weapons in Berlin 26—28.


Question: When did Finland make peace with the Soviet Union?

Continuation War

On May technical and tactical information was exchanged.


Question: When did Finland make peace with the Soviet Union?

Continuation War

[9] A transit permit was issued for German troops through northern Finland.


Question: When did Finland make peace with the Soviet Union?

Continuation War

The attack plan included the use of Finnish territory.


Question: When did Finland make peace with the Soviet Union?

Continuation War

In particular, Finnish Lapland played an important role in taking over Murmansk with the Germans aiming for the Arkhangelsk equality.


Question: When did Finland make peace with the Soviet Union?

Continuation War

In the south, the attention of the Germans was drawn to the Gulf of Finland and the Karelian Isthmus, so that the recapture of Leningrad and its complete destruction would have become possible.


Question: When did Finland make peace with the Soviet Union?

Continuation War

In May, the Finnish Supreme Command decided to take part in Germany's planned war expedition against the Soviet Union.


Question: When did Finland make peace with the Soviet Union?

Continuation War

At the beginning of June, Germany was informed of the terms of participation: Finland should remain independent in future, Germany had to attack first, and only after the Soviet Union began the war effort would join the Finnish front.


Question: When did Finland make peace with the Soviet Union?

Continuation War

[10] On 3 June 1941, during negotiations with Germany in Helsinki, it was agreed that, with Finland going to war with the Soviet Union, Germany would come to Finland's aid.


Question: When did Finland make peace with the Soviet Union?

Continuation War

At the same time, negotiations in Kiel agreed to joint war efforts, including mining the southern coast of the Gulf of Finland, when war broke out.


Question: When did Finland make peace with the Soviet Union?

Continuation War

Ore and Uti airfields were made available to the German Air Force even before the war.


Question: When did Finland make peace with the Soviet Union?

Continuation War

Beginning on 7 June 1941, German troops intended for the invasion began arriving in Finnish ports.


Question: When did Finland make peace with the Soviet Union?

Continuation War

On June 15, 1941, Mannerheim subjugated General Siilasvuo's army corps in northern Finland under German control.


Question: When did Finland make peace with the Soviet Union?

Continuation War

On 18 June 1941, Finnish Air Force aircraft were painted yellow Eastern Front insignia in accordance with the German Luftwaffe.


Question: When did Finland make peace with the Soviet Union?

Continuation War

On 22 June 1941, Germany launched the offensive and, as previously agreed, used Finnish airspace and airfields to bomb the Soviet Union.


Question: When did Finland make peace with the Soviet Union?

Continuation War

[11] The Germans began grouping invasion forces in northern Finland during the first week of June.


Question: When did Finland make peace with the Soviet Union?

Continuation War

Finnish protective forces began moving into their positions on June 10, 1941, on June 17 a general mobilization was declared in Finland.


Question: When did Finland make peace with the Soviet Union?

Continuation War

On June 21, the government ordered 45,000 residences on the Soviet borders to be evacuated.


Question: When did Finland make peace with the Soviet Union?

Continuation War

Transfers of German troops to Northern Finland Preparations for the arrival of German troops began immediately.


Question: When did Finland make peace with the Soviet Union?

Continuation War

Arrangements were handled under the guise of transit organisation, and German forces were not authorized to move east of the Arctic Oceans until 18 June, when it was thought preparations for the invasion east had already been exposed anyway.


Question: When did Finland make peace with the Soviet Union?

Continuation War

Two divisions of German troops, 20,000 men from Stettin and 10600 men from Oslo, were shipped to Oulu and transferred as train transports to Rovaniemi.


Question: When did Finland make peace with the Soviet Union?

Continuation War

Shipings began on 5 June and the last troops were at Rovaniemi on 14 June.


Question: When did Finland make peace with the Soviet Union?

Continuation War

On 7 June, SS Division Nord began a march from Norway along the Arctic Sea Road via Vuosso and Sodankylä to Rovaniemi.


Question: When did Finland make peace with the Soviet Union?

Continuation War

The passing march of the 8000—9000 man strong division's vehicle column lasted 10 hours.


Question: When did Finland make peace with the Soviet Union?

Continuation War

The division was at Rovaniemi on 10 June.


Question: When did Finland make peace with the Soviet Union?

Continuation War

A total force of 40600 men was concentrated in the Rovaniemi region, from where on 18 June they began moving towards Salla.


Question: When did Finland make peace with the Soviet Union?

Continuation War

[12] The German Norwegian Army Staff moved to Rovaniemi on 15 June, Army commander Colonel General Nikolaus von Falkenhorst arrived a week later.


Question: When did Finland make peace with the Soviet Union?

Continuation War

Two days after the HQ, Luftwaffe aircraft landed in Rovaniemi.


Question: When did Finland make peace with the Soviet Union?

Continuation War

Of the corps, two mountain divisions (2nd and 3rd)


Question: When did Finland make peace with the Soviet Union?

Continuation War

moved from Norway to Petsamo only on 22 June, [13] [14] for preparations German pioneers in civilian attire had already been allowed into the country a day earlier.


Question: When did Finland make peace with the Soviet Union?

Continuation War

Petsamo's German divisions began an attack towards Murmansk on 29 June.


Question: When did Finland make peace with the Soviet Union?

Continuation War

Events just before the start of the war by order of the Finnish Air Force Staff, automatic morsing equipment was installed in the Lahti Radio Station and Turku and Oulu radio masts on 21 June for radio navigation of German bombers.


Question: When did Finland make peace with the Soviet Union?

Continuation War

[15] According to Dr. Hannu Valtonen, who studied aviation history, German bombers flew at night 21—22.


Question: When did Finland make peace with the Soviet Union?

Continuation War

June from East Prussia through southern Finnish airspace to the north of Ladoga and thence south to the Leningrad region, where Germany and the Soviet Union engaged in the first air battles of the operation after about three o'clock in the early hours of the morning.


Question: When did Finland make peace with the Soviet Union?

Continuation War

The German bombers then flew to Utt, Finland, where they refueled and from where they continued on to their home fields in East Prussia.


Question: When did Finland make peace with the Soviet Union?

Continuation War

[16] 21—22.


Question: When did Finland make peace with the Soviet Union?

Continuation War

During the night between, the Germans in cooperation with the Finnish State Police took over the Soviet consulate in Petsamo and the Finns arrested the entire staff of the consulate and their families.


Question: When did Finland make peace with the Soviet Union?

Continuation War

The German Gestapo confiscated the consulate's archives for examination and later forwarded them to Valpo.


Question: When did Finland make peace with the Soviet Union?

Continuation War

[17] The German naval forces were taking advantage of Finnish territory, they had been relying on the Finnish coast and ports since mid-June.


Question: When did Finland make peace with the Soviet Union?

Continuation War

[16] The Finnish warfare command had already ordered the U-boat squadron on 17 June to take part in mining the Estonian coast and on the evening of 21 June the U-boat squadron received an execution order for its mission.


Question: When did Finland make peace with the Soviet Union?

Continuation War

On the 22nd, Finnish submarines and Finnish and German ships began mining the Gulf of Finland to prevent the free passage of the Soviet Baltic Fleet.


Question: When did Finland make peace with the Soviet Union?

Continuation War

The effort was to ensure that the Soviet fleet would not be able to distract from the Gulf of Finland to the flank of the Germans' land front to the Baltics, and to prevent an attack on Åland, the control of which was vital for Finland.


Question: When did Finland make peace with the Soviet Union?

Continuation War

Mining was extended on the 22nd off Soviet-occupied Estonia (including Tallinn).


Question: When did Finland make peace with the Soviet Union?

Continuation War

Finnish submarines laid mines on the Estonian coast between 7:28 a.m. and 9:06 a.m. on 22 June 1941.


Question: When did Finland make peace with the Soviet Union?

Continuation War

[18] [19] When information arrived in Finland about the start of the German invasion, the Finnish Navy immediately began Operation Kilsailing, i.e. the transfer of troops to the demilitarised Åland Islands.


Question: When did Finland make peace with the Soviet Union?

Continuation War

Soviet aircraft carried out the first air attack of the war against the Finns after attacking warships involved in this operation as well as coastal forts at 6:05am on 22 June.


Question: When did Finland make peace with the Soviet Union?

Continuation War

In addition, artillery fire began from Hanko to Porsöhu, Storholm and the mainland at 6:50am [20] Adolf Hitler declared in a radio speech on 22 June that Finland would fight together (Im Verein) with Germany.


Question: When did Finland make peace with the Soviet Union?

Continuation War

Finland announced that it would remain neutral in foreign policy, but Hitler's speech was embarrassing for the country's leadership, it signaled to the world that Finland was allied with Germany in the war against the Soviet Union.


Question: When did Finland make peace with the Soviet Union?

Continuation War

[21] These actions also led the Soviet Union to initiate military action against Finland, as it considered Finland to allow its territory to be used to attack itself.


Question: When did Finland make peace with the Soviet Union?

Continuation War

Despite the coordinated naval warfare initiated with Germany and the army stationed by Germany from the level of Nurmes as far as Petsamoo, Finland declared that it remained neutral in foreign policy.


Question: When did Finland make peace with the Soviet Union?

Continuation War

[22] [23] [24] [25] [26] The course of the war The war begins Soviet attacks against Finland began at 06:05 on 22 June, when the Soviet Union bombed a Finnish naval division at sea.


Question: When did Finland make peace with the Soviet Union?

Continuation War

Subsequently, on the same day, Finland participated in the mining of the southern Gulf of Finland.


Question: When did Finland make peace with the Soviet Union?

Continuation War

On the same day Germany launched its invasion of the Soviet Union.


Question: When did Finland make peace with the Soviet Union?

Continuation War

German planes returning from the bombing flight stopped in Finnish territory for refueling.


Question: When did Finland make peace with the Soviet Union?

Continuation War

The Soviets responded by bombing Finnish military targets in Finland with aircraft and cannons.


Question: When did Finland make peace with the Soviet Union?

Continuation War

Finland refrained from returning fire and tried to assert neutrality in the new war.


Question: When did Finland make peace with the Soviet Union?

Continuation War

A significant war effort was avoided between Finland and the Soviet Union for a few days.


Question: When did Finland make peace with the Soviet Union?

Continuation War

On June 24, 1941, the Soviet Union evacuated its legation in Helsinki.


Question: When did Finland make peace with the Soviet Union?

Continuation War

[11] On 25 June 1941, the Soviet Air Force bombed Helsinki, Turku and Porvoo, as well as a dozen other localities, with about 500 planes, of which 27 planes were shot down on Finnish territory.


Question: When did Finland make peace with the Soviet Union?

Continuation War

Based on these bombings and past events, in its communique to parliament, the government had reached the conclusion that the country had fallen into a state of war.


Question: When did Finland make peace with the Soviet Union?

Continuation War

This position was adopted by Parliament [27].


Question: When did Finland make peace with the Soviet Union?

Continuation War

On the same day 25.6, Prime Minister Jukka Rangell stated on the radio that Finland was again at war with the Soviet Union.


Question: When did Finland make peace with the Soviet Union?

Continuation War

War was declared on 26 June.


Question: When did Finland make peace with the Soviet Union?

Continuation War

The Finnish army and German troops in Finland began a ground offensive.


Question: When did Finland make peace with the Soviet Union?

Continuation War

The Finnish army launched a major offensive in Ladoga Karelia in the direction of Korpiselä on 10 July with its focus on the left wing.


Question: When did Finland make peace with the Soviet Union?

Continuation War

The brunt of the attack was the advance of the 1st Ice Brigade commanded by Colonel Ruben Lagus, which reached the shores of Ladoga within days.


Question: When did Finland make peace with the Soviet Union?

Continuation War

[28] By the end of August, the Karelian Army, commanded by Lieutenant-General Erik Heinrichs, had reached the limits that preceded the Winter War.


Question: When did Finland make peace with the Soviet Union?

Continuation War

The Finnish people who experienced the Winter War were, with rare unanimity, behind the country's leadership and the reclamation of lost Karelia.


Question: When did Finland make peace with the Soviet Union?

Continuation War

The new war was seen as a continuation war of the Winter War, aimed at righting the wrong suffered.


Question: When did Finland make peace with the Soviet Union?

Continuation War

[21] On several occasions the Soviet Union demanded Britain declare war on Finland.


Question: When did Finland make peace with the Soviet Union?

Continuation War

British Prime Minister Winston Churchill sent Marshal Mannerheim a personal, private and secret letter expressing regret that Britain will soon have to declare war on Finland.


Question: When did Finland make peace with the Soviet Union?

Continuation War

Churchill also urged Finland not to cross the old border.


Question: When did Finland make peace with the Soviet Union?

Continuation War

The letter is preserved at Britain's Imperial War Museum.


Question: When did Finland make peace with the Soviet Union?

Continuation War

[29] Britain severed diplomatic relations on 1 August and threatened with war on 22 September unless the advance was cut off.


Question: When did Finland make peace with the Soviet Union?

Continuation War

Following Finland's accession to the Anti-Comintern Treaty on 25 November, Britain filed an ultimatum demanding a cessation of hostilities by 5 December.


Question: When did Finland make peace with the Soviet Union?

Continuation War

After remaining without a satisfactory response, London announced on Finnish Independence Day, 6 December, a declaration of war on Finland.


Question: When did Finland make peace with the Soviet Union?

Continuation War

Relations with foreign countries deteriorated as Finnish forces advanced.


Question: When did Finland make peace with the Soviet Union?

Continuation War

However, the actual war effort between the two countries was already limited to the earlier bombing of Liinahamar on 30 June.


Question: When did Finland make peace with the Soviet Union?

Continuation War

Australia, Canada and New Zealand also submitted a declaration of war to Finland.


Question: When did Finland make peace with the Soviet Union?

Continuation War

Already during the civil war in 1918, Mannerheim had issued a declaration in Antrea on the Karelian Isthmus stating that we should not put his sword in a sheath until Finland and East Karelia were free.


Question: When did Finland make peace with the Soviet Union?

Continuation War

In the Continuation War, Mannerheim issued his famous so-called sword-sheath day order, in which he referred to his declaration.


Question: When did Finland make peace with the Soviet Union?

Continuation War

There were also mentions of a large Finland in the daily order, which even at that time caused negative attention in political circles.


Question: When did Finland make peace with the Soviet Union?

Continuation War

During the Continuation War, Finland occupied the most extensive territory in its history.


Question: When did Finland make peace with the Soviet Union?

Continuation War

Many people outside the right wanted to annex East Karelia to Finland.


Question: When did Finland make peace with the Soviet Union?

Continuation War

The grounds were not only ideological and political, but also military: the so-called Three Isthmus Line was easier to defend than the previous frontier.


Question: When did Finland make peace with the Soviet Union?

Continuation War

With Germany backed, there was an opportunity to do so.


Question: When did Finland make peace with the Soviet Union?

Continuation War

On the other hand, there were economic motives in the form of exploitation of forest reserves in East Karelia.


Question: When did Finland make peace with the Soviet Union?

Continuation War

However, the territories were not legally annexed to Finland; only the territories lost in the Winter War were declared by Parliament as belonging to Finland.


Question: When did Finland make peace with the Soviet Union?

Continuation War

The management of the territories was provided by the Military Administration of East Karelia, which made preparatory measures to annex the conquered territories to Finland.


Question: When did Finland make peace with the Soviet Union?

Continuation War

Internment camps were established in the conquered territory, which in their own time were referred to at first as “concentration camps” and later as “displacement camps”.


Question: When did Finland make peace with the Soviet Union?

Continuation War

[30] They were excluded: [31] (a) “unnational population from those areas where their stay in view of military action could not be permitted”; (b) “politically unreliable persons belonging to the national and non-national population of the military administrative territory”; (c) “in exceptional cases other persons belonging to the population of the Military Administrative Region whose vacancy was deemed undesirable”.


Question: When did Finland make peace with the Soviet Union?

Continuation War

When defined as the national population, the Finnish population was perceived as a native population.


Question: When did Finland make peace with the Soviet Union?

Continuation War

[32] [33] The population of Väisniemi, Syyrinlaakso and Maanselänänänänänisthus, who traditionally happen to speak Russian, were moved from the front line to camps not only to prevent attacks by Soviet partisans, but also to protect civilians themselves.


Question: When did Finland make peace with the Soviet Union?

Continuation War

In addition to this, refugees of non-Finnish descent were packed in Vänisniemi from all over the Karelian-Finnish Soviet Socialist Republic; while waiting in vain for transport across Sänisjärvi, they remained in the hands of the Finnish Defence Forces.


Question: When did Finland make peace with the Soviet Union?

Continuation War

Based on the research literature, it can be estimated that evacuees or refugees from near the fronts may have numbered up to 16600 of the people placed in camps in East Karelia.


Question: When did Finland make peace with the Soviet Union?

Continuation War

This would mean more than 69% of the camps” highest population, which was 23984 people, on April 1, 1942.


Question: When did Finland make peace with the Soviet Union?

Continuation War

[34] Mortality in the concentration camps of occupied East Karelia was up to 3.75%, significantly higher than among the free population of the same region (2.6%), in Finland (1.31%).


Question: When did Finland make peace with the Soviet Union?

Continuation War

The main reason for the high mortality rate among East Karelian campers appears to have been poor nutritional status and, to some extent, their age structure: a high relative proportion of women aged 20—30 years and minor children (almost 50%).


Question: When did Finland make peace with the Soviet Union?

Continuation War

[35] During the Continuation War, about 62000 Inger Finns migrated to Finland from the German-occupied Inger region.


Question: When did Finland make peace with the Soviet Union?

Continuation War

The war of positions Mannerheim and Ryti had a negative view of the conquest of Leningrad and its direct support, as well as the severing of the Muurmann line in order to hold the argument for a separate war and to keep Finland better prospects for peace negotiations even after Germany's eventual defeat context [36].


Question: When did Finland make peace with the Soviet Union?

Continuation War

The advance of the Finns stalled on Mannerheim's orders in December 1941, when the so-called positional warfare phase began.


Question: When did Finland make peace with the Soviet Union?

Continuation War

It lasted two and a half years.


Question: When did Finland make peace with the Soviet Union?

Continuation War

On 6 December, the territories lost in the Winter War were annexed back to Finland by the Parliament in restoring the borders of the Peace of Tartu.


Question: When did Finland make peace with the Soviet Union?

Continuation War

During the Continuation War, production and foreign trade declined, creating problems for the country's food supply.


Question: When did Finland make peace with the Soviet Union?

Continuation War

The most difficult food situation was during the winter between 1942—1943.


Question: When did Finland make peace with the Soviet Union?

Continuation War

In this case, for example, frontmen experienced deficiency diseases, and especially in some younger men general weakness due to lack of food.


Question: When did Finland make peace with the Soviet Union?

Continuation War

The situation was saved by imports of food supplies, mostly from Germany and the countries under its influence.


Question: When did Finland make peace with the Soviet Union?

Continuation War

In addition, the situation of the frontmen was facilitated by German troops in northern Finland, who victualled 50,000 Finnish soldiers in their area of responsibility.


Question: When did Finland make peace with the Soviet Union?

Continuation War

Despite the practical problems brought with them by long transport journeys, monotonous food and limited portions the victualling of the frontmen was satisfactorily successful.


Question: When did Finland make peace with the Soviet Union?

Continuation War

There were a total of 300 cases of deficiency disease that required hospitalisation among frontmen during the Continuation War, which can be considered quite a small number.


Question: When did Finland make peace with the Soviet Union?

Continuation War

[37] In 1942, fighting continued fragmented at Syvär and Kiesting.


Question: When did Finland make peace with the Soviet Union?

Continuation War

The Finns' only offensive war during the entire war of positions remained the capture of Suursaari in March.


Question: When did Finland make peace with the Soviet Union?

Continuation War

[38] On June 4, Mannerheim reached the age of 75 and was promoted to Marshal of Finland.


Question: When did Finland make peace with the Soviet Union?

Continuation War

The day was designated by defensive force as a flag feast day.


Question: When did Finland make peace with the Soviet Union?

Continuation War

In Helsinki, a street was announced to be named in his honour.


Question: When did Finland make peace with the Soviet Union?

Continuation War

Adolf Hitler unexpectedly visited Mannerheim's birthday party in Immola and complained that he had not been able to ensure Romanian oil for Germany to do anything for Finland before or during the Winter War.


Question: When did Finland make peace with the Soviet Union?

Continuation War

A recording of Hitler's “soliloquy” by the Finns also clarified the level of Soviet arms race that had surprised Hitler.


Question: When did Finland make peace with the Soviet Union?

Continuation War

On his return visit to Germany, Mannerheim had apparently received further information about the German “expedition to the East” because, after his return, assessed to Defence Minister Walden the German “expedition to the east” as ending in disaster.


Question: When did Finland make peace with the Soviet Union?

Continuation War

The Soviets sent a military detachment behind the Finns front line around Rukajärvi.


Question: When did Finland make peace with the Soviet Union?

Continuation War

However, the Finns defeated the attempt in a short chase.


Question: When did Finland make peace with the Soviet Union?

Continuation War

After Germany suffered defeat at Stalingrad, efforts began to be made in Finland to distance themselves from Germany.


Question: When did Finland make peace with the Soviet Union?

Continuation War

The parliament began to show dissatisfaction towards Ryti, which was manifested by Secretary of State R.J.


Question: When did Finland make peace with the Soviet Union?

Continuation War

On Witting's criticism of Ryti's signing of an anticomintern contract.


Question: When did Finland make peace with the Soviet Union?

Continuation War

Parliament refused to extend the power law granted to Ryti.


Question: When did Finland make peace with the Soviet Union?

Continuation War

However, this did not prevent his re-election to an additional two-year term in February 1943.


Question: When did Finland make peace with the Soviet Union?

Continuation War

However, Prime Minister Rangell's government was switched to a less pro-German one led by Edwin Linkommies.


Question: When did Finland make peace with the Soviet Union?

Continuation War

The government held together mainly thanks to Väinö Tanner, the finance minister of the Social Democrats.


Question: When did Finland make peace with the Soviet Union?

Continuation War

Initial peace talks on Peace were held through the year, but no agreement was reached.


Question: When did Finland make peace with the Soviet Union?

Continuation War

As early as 8 February, the Soviet Union declared its willingness for peace.


Question: When did Finland make peace with the Soviet Union?

Continuation War

The United States insisted on maintaining Finland's independence, and the Soviet ambassador to Washington, A. Litvinov, stated that the Soviet Union did not intend to occupy Finland as a whole.


Question: When did Finland make peace with the Soviet Union?

Continuation War

The Finns received the same insurance from Aleksandra Kollonta in Stockholm.


Question: When did Finland make peace with the Soviet Union?

Continuation War

Finland insisted on the 1939 borders as the basis for peace negotiations, but the Soviet Union was informed that Finland's representative is welcome to negotiate in Moscow, but Finland's proposal should not include territories not belonging to it before the war.


Question: When did Finland make peace with the Soviet Union?

Continuation War

Peace terms were locked up among the Allies at a Tehran conference in December.


Question: When did Finland make peace with the Soviet Union?

Continuation War

Josif Stalin's terms included the borders of the 1940 peace, Hanko or Petsamo permanently for the Soviet Union and the replacement of half war damage, expulsion of Germans from the country, and demobilization.


Question: When did Finland make peace with the Soviet Union?

Continuation War

In order to more easily persuade Finland to acquiesce to peace, Churchill and Roosevelt proposed that Vyborg be left to Finland, but Stalin insisted Vyborg was strictly for the Soviet Union and refused to even discuss the matter.


Question: When did Finland make peace with the Soviet Union?

Continuation War

[39] When the new Finnish government inquired about peace terms in the spring of 1944, it was still unable to accept them.


Question: When did Finland make peace with the Soviet Union?

Continuation War

Helsinki Grand Bombing Finland rejected peace terms it had judged impossible in April 1944.


Question: When did Finland make peace with the Soviet Union?

Continuation War

The Soviet Union sought to persuade Finland to peace with the Grand Bombing of Helsinki (“Peace Bombing”) during February.


Question: When did Finland make peace with the Soviet Union?

Continuation War

The Soviet Union wanted a quick solution to the war so that it could concentrate its forces on the takeover of Berlin.


Question: When did Finland make peace with the Soviet Union?

Continuation War

Thumble|400px|Mannerheim and Ryti inspect troops in Enso on June 4, 1944.


Question: When did Finland make peace with the Soviet Union?

Continuation War

The Soviet Grand Offensive of 1944 The Red Army ended the war of positions with a major offensive on the Karelian Isthmus on 9 June 1944 and two weeks later in the direction of Maaselä.


Question: When did Finland make peace with the Soviet Union?

Continuation War

On June 10, four days after the Normandy landings, the United States declared Finland and its leaders to be pro-German and asked Envoy Procopé to leave the country.


Question: When did Finland make peace with the Soviet Union?

Continuation War

After the major offensive began, the Soviets responded to Finnish peace enquiries, demanding an unconditional surrender.


Question: When did Finland make peace with the Soviet Union?

Continuation War

[40] Soviet artillery concentrations and superiority broke the Finnish defences [40] (at Valkeasaari, 10 June 1944).


Question: When did Finland make peace with the Soviet Union?

Continuation War

The VT line (Vammelsuu—Taipale) was broken in Kuuterselä on 14 June and Vyborg was recaptured from the Finns almost without battle on 20 June.


Question: When did Finland make peace with the Soviet Union?

Continuation War

On the same day, the Elisenvaara Station was carried out the most devastating aerial bombardment of the war, with over 100 deaths, and injuring over 300 lives.


Question: When did Finland make peace with the Soviet Union?

Continuation War

Preparations had already been made in Moscow before the invasion that Finland would be occupied.


Question: When did Finland make peace with the Soviet Union?

Continuation War

On 22 June, the Finnish government informed Moscow that it was willing to abandon the war and break its relations with Germany.


Question: When did Finland make peace with the Soviet Union?

Continuation War

In response, the Soviets demanded unconditional surrender.


Question: When did Finland make peace with the Soviet Union?

Continuation War

On the same day, German Foreign Minister Joachim von Ribbentrop arrived in the country and announced that Germany would only continue to provide support if Finland entered into an alliance with Germany and continued to wage war.


Question: When did Finland make peace with the Soviet Union?

Continuation War

The Germans demanded a commitment to the war from Finland because the Narva Front was important to them.


Question: When did Finland make peace with the Soviet Union?

Continuation War

On 26 June, President Risto Ryti made a so-called settlement with the Germans. The Ryti—Ribbentrop agreement, which obliged Finland not to negotiate a separate peace and increased supplies of materials to the Germans.


Question: When did Finland make peace with the Soviet Union?

Continuation War

In the early 2000s, however, the importance of the treaty has been questioned


Question: When did Finland make peace with the Soviet Union?

Continuation War

At the time Ryti signed his letter to Adolf Hitler, most of the German anti-tank guns, plunge bombers, assault cannons and infantry divisions were already in Finland or en route.


Question: When did Finland make peace with the Soviet Union?

Continuation War

The Ryti-Ribbentrop Treaty was not a binding state treaty, but merely Ryti's personal assurance that he would not make a separate peace while serving as President of the Republic.


Question: When did Finland make peace with the Soviet Union?

Continuation War

The peace of separation was made after Ryti had resigned his post and the Parliament had elected Marshal Mannerheim as President by exceptional law.


Question: When did Finland make peace with the Soviet Union?

Continuation War

The Soviet Army captured Petrozavodsk on 28 June 1944.


Question: When did Finland make peace with the Soviet Union?

Continuation War

From Syvär, the Finns managed to retreat orderly, while on the Isthmus the troops had dispersed in many places.


Question: When did Finland make peace with the Soviet Union?

Continuation War

However, the front organisation endured even great losses on the front line if the artillery fire command, anti-tank and the net of machine-fire weapons only remained.


Question: When did Finland make peace with the Soviet Union?

Continuation War

However, trespassing from the front line, even troops detaching by unit was a problem for the Finns which greatly affected the outcome of the battle.


Question: When did Finland make peace with the Soviet Union?

Continuation War

[40] From Valkeasaari there is a distance of about a hundred kilometers to Vyborg, which the Red Army spent ten days to fold.


Question: When did Finland make peace with the Soviet Union?

Continuation War

Although the rate of withdrawal of the Finns thus averaged about ten kilometers per day, what can be considered a militarily successful performance.


Question: When did Finland make peace with the Soviet Union?

Continuation War

However, it caused great problems for the Finns, manifesting itself in the rapid loss and desertion of Vyborg, among other things.


Question: When did Finland make peace with the Soviet Union?

Continuation War

[40] In the defensive battle, the Finns were also supported by German troops.


Question: When did Finland make peace with the Soviet Union?

Continuation War

Particular importance to the fighting against the Isthmus has been said to have been the anti-tank armament supplied by Germany earlier, since the pst artillery used by the Finns was not effective against the latest Klim Vorošilov and Josif Stalin tanks of Soviet forces.


Question: When did Finland make peace with the Soviet Union?

Continuation War

For a short time, a very significant part of the battle for the defence of the isthmus was carried out by the German Air Detachment Kuhlmey, especially against ground combat aircraft, supply contacts and maintenance, but the material air supremacy was that of the Soviets.


Question: When did Finland make peace with the Soviet Union?

Continuation War

According to the most common estimate, the skillful concentration of field artillery and good cooperation with the tenaciously fought infantry helped the Finns as the only ones in World War II to stop the Soviet strategic major offensive at the Battle of Talin—Ihantala from 25 June to 9 July 1944, Äyräpää — Vuosalmi and Vyborg Bay.


Question: When did Finland make peace with the Soviet Union?

Continuation War

Some historians felt that German support was crucial to the success of the interceptor battle.


Question: When did Finland make peace with the Soviet Union?

Continuation War

From Syvär, the Red Army's advance continued as a so-called major offensive in East Karelia, but it was stopped in fierce fighting at U position up to Impilahden—Jänisjärvi.


Question: When did Finland make peace with the Soviet Union?

Continuation War

Also in the north, the Finns retreated.


Question: When did Finland make peace with the Soviet Union?

Continuation War

The force of more than two divisions that had crossed the old border at Ilomants was repulsed and destroyed in the Battle of Ilomants, which ended on 9 August.


Question: When did Finland make peace with the Soviet Union?

Continuation War

After mid-July, the situation on the Isthmus stabilised and Aleksandra Kollontai announced via the Swedes on 12 July that the demand for unconditional surrender had been the result of her “misunderstanding”.


Question: When did Finland make peace with the Soviet Union?

Continuation War

The Soviet Union renounced the demand for unconditional surrender and through Sweden informed Mannerheim that the Soviet Union was ready for an armistice, provided it would be signed by Mannerheim and not by a representative of the then government.


Question: When did Finland make peace with the Soviet Union?

Continuation War

Ryti resigned on 1 August and Mannerheim was appointed as his successor.


Question: When did Finland make peace with the Soviet Union?

Continuation War

Mannerheim appointed a new government on 7 August.


Question: When did Finland make peace with the Soviet Union?

Continuation War

Finland had fourteen infantry divisions, seven brigades and an armoured division in the summer of 1944.


Question: When did Finland make peace with the Soviet Union?

Continuation War

On the Finnish front, the Red Army deployed a total of 54 divisions, eleven infantry brigades and seven troops from the fortress area, i.e. a total of 68 groups, a total of about 605000 men with superior combat equipment.


Question: When did Finland make peace with the Soviet Union?

Continuation War

Total Finnish losses were around 44500 on the Isthmus and around 19500 men in East Karelia fallen and wounded, Red Army losses were at least 96,400 men.


Question: When did Finland make peace with the Soviet Union?

Continuation War

Professor Heikki Ylikangas interprets the various sources as saying that the Soviet Union reduced the importance of the Finnish Front's war efforts during the summer of 1944.


Question: When did Finland make peace with the Soviet Union?

Continuation War

According to him, among other things, Mannerheim considered the situation in Finland hopeless yet, for example, on 16 and 18 June.


Question: When did Finland make peace with the Soviet Union?

Continuation War

On 19 June, Mannerheim received intelligence material from Colonel Aladár Paasonen, according to which the Soviets aimed not at occupying Finland, but at peace, took place at the headquarters.


Question: When did Finland make peace with the Soviet Union?

Continuation War

Ylikangas interprets the main focus of the Soviet war effort to have been in more southern Europe, where countering the German invasion was most important.


Question: When did Finland make peace with the Soviet Union?

Continuation War

[41] Prisoners of war The number of Soviet prisoners of war in Finland is estimated to be around 64,000 people.


Question: When did Finland make peace with the Soviet Union?

Continuation War

Of these, 56,000 prisoners had been taken as early as 1941.


Question: When did Finland make peace with the Soviet Union?

Continuation War

About 2700 prisoners were exchanged for the Baltic Finns of the Germans, of which there were about 2200.


Question: When did Finland make peace with the Soviet Union?

Continuation War

Due to the poor harvest of 1942, many prisoners of war died from starvation.


Question: When did Finland make peace with the Soviet Union?

Continuation War

Soviet prisoners of war died in 18318 in Finnish POW camps.


Question: When did Finland make peace with the Soviet Union?

Continuation War

Finnish prisoners of war numbered 2377 according to official Soviet statistics.


Question: When did Finland make peace with the Soviet Union?

Continuation War

The homeland was restored in 1969 lives.


Question: When did Finland make peace with the Soviet Union?

Continuation War

According to Timo Malmi, 3402 Finns were prisoners, 1388 died in the camp, and the number of repatriated persons was 1938, or 57 per cent.


Question: When did Finland make peace with the Soviet Union?

Continuation War

The difference in numbers to the official figures is partly explained by the fact that Soviet statistics only account for those prisoners of war who survived to the camp.


Question: When did Finland make peace with the Soviet Union?

Continuation War

[42] After the resignation of Peace Ryti from office and on 4 August, Mannerheim, who took office as the new President-elect, considered Ryti's assurance, known as the Ribbentrop Agreement, to be invalid to bind Finland to Germany.


Question: When did Finland make peace with the Soviet Union?

Continuation War

Peace terms were received at the end of August.


Question: When did Finland make peace with the Soviet Union?

Continuation War

The Soviet condition for the armistice was the severing of relations with Germany.


Question: When did Finland make peace with the Soviet Union?

Continuation War

On 2 September, Parliament voted to break relations by a vote of 113—43 and the Soviet Union was ready to initiate an armistice at 8:00am on 4 September 1944, on condition that Finland informed of the severing of relations with Germany.


Question: When did Finland make peace with the Soviet Union?

Continuation War

The Finns ceased the war effort at that time, but the Soviets continued to fire for another 24 hours, apparently due to the delay in the release of the bulletin.


Question: When did Finland make peace with the Soviet Union?

Continuation War

[43] The terms of peace were the secession from Germany and the expulsion of German troops, despite the fact that at the same time the army came to a peaceful position, i.e. the demobilization of the troops.


Question: When did Finland make peace with the Soviet Union?

Continuation War

The Lapland War broke out between Finland and Germany.


Question: When did Finland make peace with the Soviet Union?

Continuation War

The Soviets pressured Finland into the fighting, but the withdrawal was initially carried out according to a common timetable secretly agreed with the Germans.


Question: When did Finland make peace with the Soviet Union?

Continuation War

The more significant war effort began with the Tornio landings by the Finns on 1 October and fierce fighting in the Tornion valley.


Question: When did Finland make peace with the Soviet Union?

Continuation War

The German army retreated in good order towards the north, with motorised retroop fighting with the Finnish troops coming behind.


Question: When did Finland make peace with the Soviet Union?

Continuation War

The German forces withdrew to Norway and to a ready-fortified defensive line at Arm Lapland.


Question: When did Finland make peace with the Soviet Union?

Continuation War

Since the main forces of the Finnish Army came to be demobilized in early December 1944, the final phase of the war became a “children's crusade”, with the army's regular staff leading only the youngest age groups.


Question: When did Finland make peace with the Soviet Union?

Continuation War

The Soviet Union did not agree to immediately conclude a final peace, and an intermediate peace was signed in Moscow on 19 September: Finland ceded to the Soviet Union, in addition to the territories lost in the Winter War, Petsamo and was forced to lease Porkkala for 50 years and guarantee there to Soviet soldiers free access through the territories of Finland.


Question: When did Finland make peace with the Soviet Union?

Continuation War

German troops had to be expelled from the country and the Germans' possessions handed over to the Allies.


Question: When did Finland make peace with the Soviet Union?

Continuation War

Finland had to reduce the strength of its army to 42,000 men.


Question: When did Finland make peace with the Soviet Union?

Continuation War

War reparations came to pay US$300 million in six years, and to replace all property exported and disposed of from the ceded territory.


Question: When did Finland make peace with the Soviet Union?

Continuation War

Anti-Soviet and “fascist” organizations (among them Lotta Svärd) had to be permanently abolished.


Question: When did Finland make peace with the Soviet Union?

Continuation War

War criminals had to be tried.


Question: When did Finland make peace with the Soviet Union?

Continuation War

The end of the Continuation War practically extinguished the Greater Finland cause as there were no longer political or military prerequisites for its implementation.


Question: When did Finland make peace with the Soviet Union?

Continuation War

The Soviet Union had won the war and established harsh peace terms for Finland, in which, among other things, the territory of Finland was further reduced.


Question: When did Finland make peace with the Soviet Union?

Continuation War

During the Continuation War, the Inger Finns transferred to Finland were to be returned back to the Soviet Union under the terms of the intermediate peace.


Question: When did Finland make peace with the Soviet Union?

Continuation War

They were met in the Soviet Union by deportation to Siberia.


Question: When did Finland make peace with the Soviet Union?

Continuation War

The Soviet Union defined Finland's peace terms and territorial losses for its Western allies in advance in the early stages of the war.


Question: When did Finland make peace with the Soviet Union?

Continuation War

When Anthony Eden, the British Minister for Outside, travelled in December 1941 to Moscow to intensify military cooperation, the Soviet Union raised the situation on 22 June 1941 that Britain should recognise the Baltic states, south-eastern Finland, eastern Poland, as a first condition, Belongation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina to the Soviet Union.


Question: When did Finland make peace with the Soviet Union?

Continuation War

In addition to these, the NL claimed parts of East Prussia, Petsamo and additionally bases from Romania and Finland.


Question: When did Finland make peace with the Soviet Union?

Continuation War

The Soviets wanted to record all the listed conditions with a secret additional protocol.


Question: When did Finland make peace with the Soviet Union?

Continuation War

Having been informed of the terms by the British, the Americans categorically rejected the proposal to draw up a secret additional protocol.


Question: When did Finland make peace with the Soviet Union?

Continuation War

Stalin's proposal was considered to have been contrary to the principles of the Atlantic Declaration.


Question: When did Finland make peace with the Soviet Union?

Continuation War

The British government, in principle, did not consider itself opposed to Stalin's proposal, but it just couldn't be decided at that very moment.


Question: When did Finland make peace with the Soviet Union?

Continuation War

[44] The relationship between Finland and Germany during the Continuation War The discussion of the beginning of the Continuation War, the surprise of the Grand Offensive, the combat victory and the contribution of the Germans still continues both in memoir literature and in studies.


Question: When did Finland make peace with the Soviet Union?

Continuation War

From the end of the war until the end of the 1980s, there was a debate about the beginning of the war, where the so-called driftwood theory was considered to explain Finland's path to war.


Question: When did Finland make peace with the Soviet Union?

Continuation War

In the subject of great attack, according to traditional perception, Stalin needed the forces primarily against Germany.


Question: When did Finland make peace with the Soviet Union?

Continuation War

Continuing the attack on the commanded Kymijoki line would have required new plans and reinforcements concentrations, and again the general situation and the change of seasons would not have allowed.


Question: When did Finland make peace with the Soviet Union?

Continuation War

Therefore, the Soviet Union agreed to a negotiated separate peace, even though the Allies had agreed to demand surrender from Germany and its allies.


Question: When did Finland make peace with the Soviet Union?

Continuation War

The Finns considered themselves to be “co-hosts” of Germany with their own goals and not allies.


Question: When did Finland make peace with the Soviet Union?

Continuation War

The debate over whether Finland was allied with Germany or whether it was fighting its own separate war, your separate war, has continued in Finland until the 21st century.


Question: When did Finland make peace with the Soviet Union?

Continuation War

According to the official political view, Finland and Germany were not in the union (including President Tarja Halonen's statements ahead of the 60th Victory Day [45]).


Question: When did Finland make peace with the Soviet Union?

Continuation War

There has long been a prevailing perception in foreign historical studies that Finland was an ally of Germany.


Question: When did Finland make peace with the Soviet Union?

Continuation War

[46] A considerable number of Finnish scholars also think that Finland was effectively an ally of Germany.


Question: When did Finland make peace with the Soviet Union?

Continuation War

The basic work on further war research, Markku Jokisipilä's dissertation “Brothers-in-arms or allies?” According to the fact that the war began to be talked about in Finland only when the fortunes of war began to turn and Germany's defeat seems increasingly clear.


Question: When did Finland make peace with the Soviet Union?

Continuation War

In 2008, Professor of History Henrik Meinander also took a position in favour of abandoning the concept of separate war [47] In October 2008 Helsingin Sanomat conducted a survey among Finnish history professors.


Question: When did Finland make peace with the Soviet Union?

Continuation War

Of the 28 professors who responded, 16 (57%) said that Finland did not wage a separate war in the Continuation War but was an ally of Nazi Germany.


Question: When did Finland make peace with the Soviet Union?

Continuation War

Six (21%) of professors were in favour of a separate war, and six did not give a direct answer.


Question: When did Finland make peace with the Soviet Union?

Continuation War

[48] Supporters of the Alliance view draw attention, for example, to the fact that a number of high-ranking Finnish officers received prior information about Operation Barbarossa in such a way that the Continuation War was essentially tied to this operation.


Question: When did Finland make peace with the Soviet Union?

Continuation War

Thus, the Finnish Continuation War as it was fought would not have been fought without significant material and strategic support from Germany.


Question: When did Finland make peace with the Soviet Union?

Continuation War

Finland was not an ally of Germany by law, as there had been no treaty of alliance between Finland and Germany, but in practice Finland was an ally of Germany, as it waged war with German resources and weapons, making Northern Finland available to the Germans and subjugating its forces to the German army seconded.


Question: When did Finland make peace with the Soviet Union?

Continuation War

Especially in the early stages of the Continuation War, Finnish operations were fully intertwined with and dependent on Germany's own operations.


Question: When did Finland make peace with the Soviet Union?

Continuation War

Similarly, the countries' security police had firm relations.


Question: When did Finland make peace with the Soviet Union?

Continuation War

[47] During the war, Germans were called brothers in arms, as were Finns in Germany.


Question: When did Finland make peace with the Soviet Union?

Continuation War

The term was also used by the Finnish state leadership when talking about Germany.


Question: When did Finland make peace with the Soviet Union?

Continuation War

[49] [50] [51] See also Ilomants' defeat 1944 East Karelian concentration camps Eastern Front (World War II) Continuation War Finnish aircraft of the Continuation War Finnish aircraft of the Continuation War Offensive phase Continuation War Resistance solution battles Northern Finland during the invasion phase of the Continuation War 1941 Salpalinja History of the Finnish Air Force — Continuation War Planes and Air War Grand Attack from Syvär 1944 Unknown Soldier Sources Books, magazines Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Alftan, Robert (ed.


Question: When did Finland make peace with the Soviet Union?

Continuation War

) | title = Brothers-in-Arms: German-Finnish Brother-in-Arms 1942—1944| publisher = WSOY| year = 2005| version = Introduction and footnotes: Markku Jokisipilä}} Glantz, David: The Siege of Leningrad 1941—44, MBI Publishing Company 2001 Citation error, replace with {{cite book| title = Continuation War history| publisher = Department of Military Science, WSOY| year = 1988}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Jokipii, Mauno| title = Genesis of Continuation War: Studies on German and Finnish Military Cooperation 1940—41| publisher = Otava| year = 1987| version = Finnish Literary Society editorials 848}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Jussila, Osmo & Hentilä, Seppo & Nevakivi, Jukka| title = Political History of Finland 1809—2006| publisher = WSOY| year =}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Jussila, Osmo & Hentilä, Seppo & Nevakivi, Jukivi Kkka| title = Finnish Political History 1809—2009| publisher = WSOY Study Materials| year = 2006| version = 5. uud.


Question: When did Finland make peace with the Soviet Union?

Continuation War

p.}} Historical Studies 148.


Question: When did Finland make peace with the Soviet Union?

Continuation War

Helsinki: Finnish Historical Society.


Question: When did Finland make peace with the Soviet Union?

Continuation War

Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Junila, Marianne| title = Brotherhood of the Home Front: Coexistence between Finnish civilian population and German military personnel in Northern Finland 1941—1944| publisher = Society of Finnish Literature | year = 2000| version = Doctoral dissertation: University of Oulu.


Question: When did Finland make peace with the Soviet Union?

Continuation War

Bibliotheca historica 61}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Järventaus, Jorma etc.| title = Finland at war| publisher = Oy Chosen Palat — Reader's Digest Ab| year = 1983}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Kijanen, Kalervo| title = Dive Alert | publisher = Submarine veterans ry| year = 1977}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Hans Peter Krosby| title = Nickel Diplomacy in Petsamo 1940—1941| location = Helsinki| publisher = Book| year = 1966| page = 240—243}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Land, Jukka| title = Sound Castle.


Question: When did Finland make peace with the Soviet Union?

Continuation War

Years of Finnish occupation of Petrozavodsk 1941—1944| location = Helsinki| publisher = Finnish Historical Society| year = 1989| version = Historical Studies 148| page = 67—75}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Laine, Antti| title = Two Faces of Greater Finland: East Karelia status of civil population in the Finnish occupation administration 1941—1944| publisher = Otava| year = 1982| version = Doctoral dissertation, University of Joensuu}} Mannerheim, G.: Memoirs II.


Question: When did Finland make peace with the Soviet Union?

Continuation War

Huddersfield: Otava 1952.


Question: When did Finland make peace with the Soviet Union?

Continuation War

Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Meinander, Henrik| title= | publisher = xx| year = 2008}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Paasilinna, Erno| title = World in the throes | publisher = Otava| year = 1983}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Pranttila, Anneli| title = Victualling of frontmen in Finland during the war years 1939—1945| chapter = abstract| location = Helsinki| publisher = University of Helsinki, Department of Applied Chemistry and Microbiology | year = 2006| version = Doctoral dissertation | accessdate = 14.6.2008}} Citation error, replace with {{ cite book| author = Raunio, Ari & Kilin, Juri| title = Fighting Continuation War 1942—44| publisher = Map Centre| year = 2008}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Silvennoinen, Oula| title = Brothers-in-arms: Finnish and German Security Police Cooperation 1933—1944| publisher = Otava| year = 2008| version = Dissertation: University of Helsinki}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Skyksi, Kyösti| title = No other glory.


Question: When did Finland make peace with the Soviet Union?

Continuation War

Risto Ryti's alley run 1939—1945| location = Jyväskylä| publisher = Gummerus, Bookgrou| year = 1989}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Vahtola, Jous| title = History of Finland — From the Ice Age to the European Union| publisher = Otava| year = 2003}} Citation error, replace with {{ cite book| author = Ylikangas, Heikki| title = One man's Continuation War| publisher = Otava| year = 2009}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Ziemke, Earl F.| title = German military action in the Nordic region 1939—1945| publisher = WSOY| year = 1963}} Daily newspapers Web Check date values in: |accessdate= (help) Check date values in: |accessdate=, |date= (help) Check date values in: |accessdate=, |date= (help) Check date values in: |accessdate=, |date= (help) References Literature Citation error, replace with {{cite book| title = History of Continuation War 1—6| location = Porvoo| publisher = WSOY| year = 1988| version=ed.


Question: When did Finland make peace with the Soviet Union?

Continuation War

Military History Office of the Department of Military Science}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Moisala, U.


Question: When did Finland make peace with the Soviet Union?

Continuation War

E.


Question: When did Finland make peace with the Soviet Union?

Continuation War

& Alanen, Pertti (eds.


Question: When did Finland make peace with the Soviet Union?

Continuation War

) | title = When the attacker's road was closed — the Soviet Grand Offensive in the summer of 1944 on the Karelian Isthmus under the light of veteran research and Soviet sources | publisher = Publications of the Department of Military Science XXVI| year = 1988}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Siilasvuo, Ensio et al.


Question: When did Finland make peace with the Soviet Union?

Continuation War

(ed.


Question: When did Finland make peace with the Soviet Union?

Continuation War

) | title = Continuation War: Chronicle| location = Jyväskylä Helsinki| publisher = Gummerus| year = 1991 (2nd edition 1997)}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Kuusela, Kari| title = Wehrmacht armours in Finland: German armoured units in Finland 1941—1944| location = Helsinki| publisher = Wiking-division Oy| year = 2000}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Raunio, Ari (ed.


Question: When did Finland make peace with the Soviet Union?

Continuation War

) | title = Defenders of Independence -series| publisher = Weilin+Göös etc.| year = 2002—2003}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Leskinen, Jari & Juutilainen, Antti (ed.


Question: When did Finland make peace with the Soviet Union?

Continuation War

) | title = Petty Giant of Continuation War| publisher = WSOY| year = 2005}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Drabkin, Artem & Irincheev, Bair (ed.


Question: When did Finland make peace with the Soviet Union?

Continuation War

) | title = Continuation War with the eyes of the Red Army| location = Jyväskylä| publisher = Atena| year = 2007| version = In Finnish ed.


Question: When did Finland make peace with the Soviet Union?

Continuation War

Tiilikainen, Heikki & Laine, Jukka-Pekka}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Raunio, Ari & Kilin, Yuri | title = Continuation War Attacks 1941| publisher = Karttakeskus | year = 2007}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Näre, Sari & Kirves, Jenni ed.


Question: When did Finland make peace with the Soviet Union?

Continuation War

) | title = Ugly War: The Silent History of the Winter and Continuation War| location = Helsinki| publisher = Johnny Kniga| year = 2008}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Ruin, Ari & Kilin, Yuri | title = Continuation War Fighting 1942—44| publisher = Map Centre| year = 2008}} error, replace with {{cite book| author = Rantanen, Sponge| title = Difficult road to peace: Finland under German, Swedish and Soviet compression | location = Jyväskylä | publisher = Atena| year = 2010}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Kankare, Vilho| title = Let's go when told!


Question: When did Finland make peace with the Soviet Union?

Continuation War

Young Men's Continuation War| location = Helsinki| publisher = Otava| year = 2011}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| title = Stalin's Secret Continuation War| publisher = Docendo| year = 2014| version=ed.


Question: When did Finland make peace with the Soviet Union?

Continuation War

Vihavainen, Timo & Manninen, Ohto}} Films in front of the front line, a film about JR 61 on the Syvärs and Isthmus, Åke Lindman, 2004 Silence, film about the evacuation centre for the fallen, directed by Sakari Kirjainen, 2011 Abandoned houses, deserted courtyards, film Laila Hietamies by the same name novel, about the last days of Vyborg in summer 1944, directed by Lauri Törhönen, 1999 Lupaus, film about lot in winter and continuation war, directed by Ilkka Vanne, 2005 Headquarters, film about the moods of the headquarters in summer 1944, directed by Matti Kassila, 1970 Rintamalotta, a film about the lot fronts Continuation War, directed by Aarne Tarkas, 1956 Rukajärvi tie, Olli Saarela, screenplay by Antti Tuuri and Olli Saarela, 1999 Tali-Ihantala 1944, Åke Lindman and Sakari Kirjainen, screenplay by Stefan Foss, Benedict Zilliacus and Esko Salervi, 2007 The Unknown Soldier, Edvin Laine, 1955 Unknown Soldier, Rauni Mollberg, 1985 Unknown Soldier, Aku Louhimies, 2017 On the topic elsewhere Check date values in: |accessdate=, |date= (help) Check date values in: |accessdate= (help) Check date values in: |accessdate= (help) Check date values in: |accessdate=, |date= ( help) Check date values in: |accessdate= (help) Search Engine.


Question: When did Finland make peace with the Soviet Union?

Continuation War

Check date values in: |accessdate=, |date= (help) Check date values in: |accessdate= (help) Check date values in: |accessdate= (help) Check date values in: |accessdate=, |date= (help) Book review of Pilke, Helena and Kleemola, Olli: Life in the Trenches.


Question: When did Finland make peace with the Soviet Union?

Continuation War

The amusements and hobbies of soldiers on the fronts of the Continuation War.


Question: When did Finland make peace with the Soviet Union?

Continuation War

SKS, 2015.


Question: When did Finland make peace with the Soviet Union?

Continuation War

* Category:Key articles of screening


Question: How large is the area of the island of Sicily?

Sicily

Sicily (Italian and Sicilian: Sicilia) is the largest island in the Mediterranean Sea in Italy.


Question: How large is the area of the island of Sicily?

Sicily

The size of the island is 25,700 square kilometers and is home to a good five million people.


Question: How large is the area of the island of Sicily?

Sicily

At its narrowest, the Messinan Strait, just 3.3 kilometres wide, separates Sicily from the Apennine Peninsula.


Question: How large is the area of the island of Sicily?

Sicily

[1] The island, with its neighboring islands, forms the administrative region of Sicily, divided into nine county-level regions.


Question: How large is the area of the island of Sicily?

Sicily

The geography of Sicily is somewhat of a triangle, the shortest “side” of which is oriented towards the east.


Question: How large is the area of the island of Sicily?

Sicily

The northeastern corner is closest to mainland Italy, namely the Apennine Peninsula, from which Sicily is separated by the Strait of Messinans.


Question: How large is the area of the island of Sicily?

Sicily

Sicily is volcanic.


Question: How large is the area of the island of Sicily?

Sicily

To its north lie the smaller similarly volcanic Lipar Islands.


Question: How large is the area of the island of Sicily?

Sicily

The southern and western part of Sicily are relatively expansive.


Question: How large is the area of the island of Sicily?

Sicily

The northern and eastern parts are mountainous.


Question: How large is the area of the island of Sicily?

Sicily

The eastern part of the island is dominated by the volcano Etna (3340 m mpy.


Question: How large is the area of the island of Sicily?

Sicily

), located near the city of Catania.


Question: How large is the area of the island of Sicily?

Sicily

The circumference of the volcano is about 200 kilometers.


Question: How large is the area of the island of Sicily?

Sicily

Sicily is a fertile island.


Question: How large is the area of the island of Sicily?

Sicily

Olives and wine are the main agricultural products of the island.


Question: How large is the area of the island of Sicily?

Sicily

Oranges, lemons and almonds are also grown on the island.


Question: How large is the area of the island of Sicily?

Sicily

Cities major cities in Sicily include the capital Palermo and the provincial and metropolitan capitals of Catania, Messina, Syracuse, Trapani, Enna, Caltanissetta, Agrigento and Ragusa.


Question: How large is the area of the island of Sicily?

Sicily

Other well-known Sicilian cities include Cefalù, Taormina, Bronte, Marsala, Corleone, Castellammare del Golfo, and Tripi.


Question: How large is the area of the island of Sicily?

Sicily

Earthquakes and volcanic eruptions Etna volcanic eruptions and earthquakes have caused great loss of life and economic damage throughout the time.


Question: How large is the area of the island of Sicily?

Sicily

The eruption of Etna in 1669 partially obliterated the town of Catania.


Question: How large is the area of the island of Sicily?

Sicily

The 1693 earthquake caused great devastation in the eastern part of the island.


Question: How large is the area of the island of Sicily?

Sicily

In 1783, half of the city of Messina was destroyed by an earthquake.


Question: How large is the area of the island of Sicily?

Sicily

75,000 people were killed in the 1908 earthquake.


Question: How large is the area of the island of Sicily?

Sicily

In 1968, hundreds of people died in an earthquake in the west of the island.


Question: How large is the area of the island of Sicily?

Sicily

History Prehistory Sicily has been inhabited as early as the Paleolithic period when the island has been home to a gathering and hunter culture left by cave drawings.


Question: How large is the area of the island of Sicily?

Sicily

The Neolithic culture arrived in Sicily around 5000 BCE, and brought with it farming and pottery from the Near East.


Question: How large is the area of the island of Sicily?

Sicily

In the 21st century BC.


Question: How large is the area of the island of Sicily?

Sicily

Sicily became part of copper-age metals trade routes.


Question: How large is the area of the island of Sicily?

Sicily

The Bronze Age began around 1800 BCE.


Question: How large is the area of the island of Sicily?

Sicily

Around 1400—1200 BCE.


Question: How large is the area of the island of Sicily?

Sicily

the island was within the sphere of influence of the Greek Mycenaean culture, and there were Mycenaean trading posts.


Question: How large is the area of the island of Sicily?

Sicily

[2] The oldest known inhabitants of Sicily were the chicans.


Question: How large is the area of the island of Sicily?

Sicily

Late Bronze Age circa 1200—900 BCE.


Question: How large is the area of the island of Sicily?

Sicily

Chiculs from mainland Italy, as well as elyms, arrived on the island.


Question: How large is the area of the island of Sicily?

Sicily

The Phoenicians established trading posts on the coast of the island around 1100—1000 BCE.


Question: How large is the area of the island of Sicily?

Sicily

[2] Antique miniature|Volcano Etna as seen from Taormina Theatre.


Question: How large is the area of the island of Sicily?

Sicily

The Greeks established settlements in Sicily from the Geometric Period from the 7th century BCE.


Question: How large is the area of the island of Sicily?

Sicily

since.


Question: How large is the area of the island of Sicily?

Sicily

[2] Thus the coastal areas of the island gradually became Hellenic.


Question: How large is the area of the island of Sicily?

Sicily

At the same time, the Greeks colonized the southern part of mainland Italy, or so-called Greater Greece (Magna Graecia).


Question: How large is the area of the island of Sicily?

Sicily

In Greek terms, Sicily was known as Sikelia.


Question: How large is the area of the island of Sicily?

Sicily

Due to favourable farming conditions and lively trade, Sicily became a prosperous and thriving region, and in this many ways overtook the mother country of Greece.


Question: How large is the area of the island of Sicily?

Sicily

The most prominent polis, or city-states, in Sicily were Syracuse, Akgaras, Gela, Selinus, Katane, Naksos, Himera and Zankle, or later Messene.


Question: How large is the area of the island of Sicily?

Sicily

As time passed, the original tribes of the island also Hellenized.


Question: How large is the area of the island of Sicily?

Sicily

The Greek cities of Sicily often warred not only with each other but also against Carthage.


Question: How large is the area of the island of Sicily?

Sicily

Carthaginians began settling on the island from the 6th century BCE.


Question: How large is the area of the island of Sicily?

Sicily

Since, [2] and conquered part of the island.


Question: How large is the area of the island of Sicily?

Sicily

Carthage, however, lost its territory to the Romans in the First Punic War.


Question: How large is the area of the island of Sicily?

Sicily

Once and for all, Rome confirmed the island for itself in the Second Punic War.


Question: How large is the area of the island of Sicily?

Sicily

In the Roman period, Sicily became the first province of Rome.


Question: How large is the area of the island of Sicily?

Sicily

[2] At the start of the Roman period, the whole of Sicily must have been predominantly Hellenic and Greek-speaking.


Question: How large is the area of the island of Sicily?

Sicily

In the early days of Roman rule, Sicily served as the granary of the empire before the annexation of Egypt into the kingdom.


Question: How large is the area of the island of Sicily?

Sicily

However, the island suffered considerably from Rome's numerous civil wars, and regressed relative to the Greek period.


Question: How large is the area of the island of Sicily?

Sicily

Later history During the Late Antiquity and Early Middle Ages, the location of Sicily protected it somewhat from the worst barbarian waves that devastated Western Rome.


Question: How large is the area of the island of Sicily?

Sicily

Alarik failed to recapture the island for the Visigoths in the 3rd century Jaa., but Geiserik gained control of it by the Vandals in the following century.


Question: How large is the area of the island of Sicily?

Sicily

In the end, however, it ended up being goths.


Question: How large is the area of the island of Sicily?

Sicily

Belisarius recaptured the island for the Byzantine Empire in 535, and remained part of the empire until the 8th century.


Question: How large is the area of the island of Sicily?

Sicily

In the 8th century, Sicily was invaded by Saracens.


Question: How large is the area of the island of Sicily?

Sicily

These first settled in Agrigentum (Agrigento) in 827, then took Messena (Messina) in 831 and Panormus (Palermo) in 835.


Question: How large is the area of the island of Sicily?

Sicily

Syracuse did not fall last until 878.


Question: How large is the area of the island of Sicily?

Sicily

Byzantium regained part of the island in the 10th century with the help of the Normans.


Question: How large is the area of the island of Sicily?

Sicily

In 1061, however, Robert Guiscard of the Normans invaded the island in his own name and, after a long struggle, gained control of it.


Question: How large is the area of the island of Sicily?

Sicily

In 1130, the Norman Roger II united Naples and Sicily into a single kingdom, the Kingdom of Sicily.


Question: How large is the area of the island of Sicily?

Sicily

In 1282, Sicily fell to Aragon, whose king in 1442 also gained possession of the Kingdom of Naples.


Question: How large is the area of the island of Sicily?

Sicily

In 1504—1713, Sicily belonged to the Spanish Empire.


Question: How large is the area of the island of Sicily?

Sicily

Sicily fell to the Savoy in 1713 and was reannexed in 1720 to Naples.


Question: How large is the area of the island of Sicily?

Sicily

In 1815, Sicily and Naples received the name Kingdom of Both Sicily, which was annexed by the Kingdom of Sardinia in 1861 to form a united Italy.


Question: How large is the area of the island of Sicily?

Sicily

During World War II, German-Italian troops had a base on the island during African actions.


Question: How large is the area of the island of Sicily?

Sicily

The Allies came ashore in Sicily in 1943.


Question: How large is the area of the island of Sicily?

Sicily

Culture Language The Sicilian language is a language inherited from Latin that differs somewhat from the Italian language.


Question: How large is the area of the island of Sicily?

Sicily

It has a lot of words derived from the Arabic language and also many borrowings from Catalan, French and Spanish.


Question: How large is the area of the island of Sicily?

Sicily

Attractions Near the small mountain town of Piazza Armerina in the central part of the island lies the remains of Villa Romana del Casale, the villa of Emperor Maximianus.


Question: How large is the area of the island of Sicily?

Sicily

The urban centre of Taormina and the ruins of the theatre where major classical music festivals are held in mid-August.


Question: How large is the area of the island of Sicily?

Sicily

Etna Volcano can be reached by cable car to admire the scenery overlooking the entire island.


Question: How large is the area of the island of Sicily?

Sicily

Cathedrals of Palermo, Cefalù and Monreale, especially their Norman period mosaics.


Question: How large is the area of the island of Sicily?

Sicily

The Mafia (Cosa Nostra), a criminal organisation spread to the United States with migrants, is from Sicily.


Question: How large is the area of the island of Sicily?

Sicily

It originated in the 19th century, not the Middle Ages as some myths claim.


Question: How large is the area of the island of Sicily?

Sicily

Benito Mussolini received a weakened Mafia position, but after the war, the Mafia re-emerged as a factor influencing the whole of Italian politics.


Question: How large is the area of the island of Sicily?

Sicily

Beginning in the 1980s, several mafiosos have broken the omertà, or law of silence, during interrogations and several Mafia leaders have been arrested.


Question: How large is the area of the island of Sicily?

Sicily

Sources On Topic Elsewhere * Category:Key Articles of Screening


Question: Does the Evangelical Lutheran religion include temples?

Jehovah's Witnesses

Jehovah's Witnesses is a Christian movement that emphasises end-time waiting and returning to the roots of Christianity that differs from mainstream Christianity, for example by not accepting the Trinity doctrine.


Question: Does the Evangelical Lutheran religion include temples?

Jehovah's Witnesses

[1] Estimates of Jehovah's Witnesses membership range from 6 million worldwide [2] to more than 8.3 million in 240 different countries (2016).


Question: Does the Evangelical Lutheran religion include temples?

Jehovah's Witnesses

[3] [2] The deciding body of the movement, the nine-member governing body of Jehovah's Witnesses meeting in Warwick (New York), coordinates the activities and practices of the movement.


Question: Does the Evangelical Lutheran religion include temples?

Jehovah's Witnesses

The Governing Body decides the movement's interpretation of the Bible.


Question: Does the Evangelical Lutheran religion include temples?

Jehovah's Witnesses

[4] In Finland, Jehovah's Witnesses is the fourth largest religious community, after the Evangelical Lutheran, Orthodox Church and the Pentecostal Church of Finland, the largest of the registered religious communities.


Question: Does the Evangelical Lutheran religion include temples?

Jehovah's Witnesses

[5] [6] According to Statistics Finland's demographic statistics, Jehovah's Witnesses had a membership of 17,979 in Finland at the end of 2016.


Question: Does the Evangelical Lutheran religion include temples?

Jehovah's Witnesses

Membership numbers have declined by about 1,100 people in the 2010s.


Question: Does the Evangelical Lutheran religion include temples?

Jehovah's Witnesses

[7] As a religion, Jehovah's Witnesses emphasize adherence to their interpretation of the Bible in practical life, the use of the name Jehovah as the name of God, and the status of their religious community as the only true true Christian denomination.


Question: Does the Evangelical Lutheran religion include temples?

Jehovah's Witnesses

They believe secular power systems and other religions will be destroyed in the near future in the Armageddon War.


Question: Does the Evangelical Lutheran religion include temples?

Jehovah's Witnesses

[8] Due to religious differences, the largest Christian denominations do not consider Jehovah's Witnesses to be Christians.


Question: Does the Evangelical Lutheran religion include temples?

Jehovah's Witnesses

Jehovah's Witnesses publish magazines Watchtower and Wake Up! , and they have their own parish buildings, called kingdom halls.


Question: Does the Evangelical Lutheran religion include temples?

Jehovah's Witnesses

Classification of the movement in Christian theology The religion of Jehovah's Witnesses differs from Christianity in several ways, such as by rejecting the doctrine of the Trinity [9], considering Jesus as Michael the Archangel, [10] as well as denying the existence of eternal damnation as stated by the Bible, restricting to heaven access to only 144000 anointed people [11], as well as believing Jesus returned to earth in 1914 invisibly, this is the current conception, previously taught by Jehovah's Witnesses that Jesus returned in 1874.


Question: Does the Evangelical Lutheran religion include temples?

Jehovah's Witnesses

[12] Jehovah's Witnesses is a monotheistic religion based on the Judeo-Christian tradition.


Question: Does the Evangelical Lutheran religion include temples?

Jehovah's Witnesses

However, according to popular perception, Jehovah's Witnesses are not counted as belonging to Christian movements because Jehovah's Witnesses do not recognize the doctrine of the tri-common God and the deity of Christ.


Question: Does the Evangelical Lutheran religion include temples?

Jehovah's Witnesses

Thus, Jehovah's Witnesses also do not accept the so-called ecumenical confessions of faith in which these doctrines are defined, nor otherwise the general ecclesiastical tradition of interpretation of Christianity.


Question: Does the Evangelical Lutheran religion include temples?

Jehovah's Witnesses

Jehovah's Witnesses regard the Trinity as an adjunct to Greek or Hellenistic culture that was not accepted as a doctrine until the 3rd century share, and which they say neither Jews nor early Christians had.


Question: Does the Evangelical Lutheran religion include temples?

Jehovah's Witnesses

Jehovah's Witnesses hold that the original Christianity preached by Jesus and the apostles is corrupted in present-day Christendom [13] and that pure worship was restored by God Himself in the late 19th century through Charles Taze Russell and a group of Bible scholars born around him.


Question: Does the Evangelical Lutheran religion include temples?

Jehovah's Witnesses

Jehovah's Witnesses regard Christian churches as depraved, and they dismiss themselves from any ecumenical co-operation with other religious movements.


Question: Does the Evangelical Lutheran religion include temples?

Jehovah's Witnesses

Christian churches are considered by Jehovah's Witnesses to be the Great Babylon and the Harlot according to their interpretation of the Biblical Book of Revelation.


Question: Does the Evangelical Lutheran religion include temples?

Jehovah's Witnesses

[14] According to Jehovah's Witnesses, there must therefore be only one correct form of worship.


Question: Does the Evangelical Lutheran religion include temples?

Jehovah's Witnesses

Jehovah's Witnesses use the New World translation of the Bible they deliver in their teaching work and at their own meetings, where the most significant difference from many other translations is the use of the Jehovah name more than 7,000 times.


Question: Does the Evangelical Lutheran religion include temples?

Jehovah's Witnesses

[15] The expectation of the apocalypse, or Armageddon, is central to the doctrine of Jehovah's Witnesses.


Question: Does the Evangelical Lutheran religion include temples?

Jehovah's Witnesses

Based on this, Jehovah's Witnesses have been considered eschatological.


Question: Does the Evangelical Lutheran religion include temples?

Jehovah's Witnesses

Witnesses do not believe the entire planet will be destroyed, but that the current world order, with its nation states and nations, will be replaced by the kingdom of God and the paradise inhabited by its adherents.


Question: Does the Evangelical Lutheran religion include temples?

Jehovah's Witnesses

Considered the founder of the movement, Charles Russell, president of the Watchtower Society, expected the Kingdom of God to be realised on earth and the Battle of Armageddon to take place as early as 1914.


Question: Does the Evangelical Lutheran religion include temples?

Jehovah's Witnesses

Although this expectation was not realised, Jehovah's Witnesses believe that 1914 began the “time of the end”.


Question: Does the Evangelical Lutheran religion include temples?

Jehovah's Witnesses

Later Jehovah's Witnesses have set expectations for the onset of Armageddon for, among other things, 1925 and 1975, and still in the 1980s considered unlikely the survival of the current world order into the turn of the millennium.


Question: Does the Evangelical Lutheran religion include temples?

Jehovah's Witnesses

[16] They believe that the Battle of Armageddon is preceded by the turning of political powers under the leadership of the United Nations against the false religions of the world and destroying them in order to fulfil the prophecies of the Biblical Book of Revelation.


Question: Does the Evangelical Lutheran religion include temples?

Jehovah's Witnesses

[17] This is followed, according to them, by the Battle of Armageddon, in which the reigns are destroyed and in which Jehovah is preserved not only those faithful to God, but who have not had the opportunity to learn the Bible's truth about God.


Question: Does the Evangelical Lutheran religion include temples?

Jehovah's Witnesses

Birth Stages and History During the early 1870s in Allegheny in the state of Pennsylvania in the United States, a relatively modest, Charles Taze Russell-led bible study group began to operate in the area of present-day Pittsburgh.


Question: Does the Evangelical Lutheran religion include temples?

Jehovah's Witnesses

Russell drew strong influences from the Adventist movement, particularly in formulating prophecies for the date of the apocalypse.


Question: Does the Evangelical Lutheran religion include temples?

Jehovah's Witnesses

Among other things, he emphasized personal faith, his opposition to organizing into a church-like organization, and the importance that the group formed around him would be known only as Christians and not by any other specific name.


Question: Does the Evangelical Lutheran religion include temples?

Jehovah's Witnesses

[18] In 1881, the Zion Watchtower Tractate Society was founded and Russell became its president.


Question: Does the Evangelical Lutheran religion include temples?

Jehovah's Witnesses

The association's name was later changed to the Watchtower Bible and Tractate Society.


Question: Does the Evangelical Lutheran religion include temples?

Jehovah's Witnesses

The association was formed to publish and disseminate religious literature written by Russell.


Question: Does the Evangelical Lutheran religion include temples?

Jehovah's Witnesses

Joseph Franklin Rutherford, who was at the head of the movement from 1916 to 1942, got hold of a few of Russell's books in 1884 and became convinced by what he said.


Question: Does the Evangelical Lutheran religion include temples?

Jehovah's Witnesses

He was baptized as a Bible scholar in 1906, and later became an official advisor to the Watchtower Society.


Question: Does the Evangelical Lutheran religion include temples?

Jehovah's Witnesses

Rutherford was elected manager of the club in January 1917, following Russell's death.


Question: Does the Evangelical Lutheran religion include temples?

Jehovah's Witnesses

In the summer of 1917, the leadership of the movement split, and some of the members turned against the Rutherford line.


Question: Does the Evangelical Lutheran religion include temples?

Jehovah's Witnesses

The power struggle escalated and as a result independent groups of bible scholars broke away from the movement.


Question: Does the Evangelical Lutheran religion include temples?

Jehovah's Witnesses

In 1918—1919, Rutherford began a worldwide series of presentations called The World Has Ended, but the millions who now live will never die.


Question: Does the Evangelical Lutheran religion include temples?

Jehovah's Witnesses

In 1931, Bible scholars led by Rutherford adopted Jehovah's Witnesses as their name, referring to the 43rd chapter of the biblical Book of Isaiah and verses 10—12.


Question: Does the Evangelical Lutheran religion include temples?

Jehovah's Witnesses

The name change away from bible scholars liking Russell was one of Rutherford's most significant moves within the movement against those who opposed him.


Question: Does the Evangelical Lutheran religion include temples?

Jehovah's Witnesses

Subsequently, the organisation has been an independent, missionary and actively spreading religion.


Question: Does the Evangelical Lutheran religion include temples?

Jehovah's Witnesses

Calling themselves Bible scholars, supporters of Russell's original views still gather mostly in the United States, but the activity is small-scale.


Question: Does the Evangelical Lutheran religion include temples?

Jehovah's Witnesses

From 1942 to 1975, the Watchtower Club was headed by Nathan Homer Knorr.


Question: Does the Evangelical Lutheran religion include temples?

Jehovah's Witnesses

In 1943, the Watchtower Bible School Gilead was established to coach missionary workers.


Question: Does the Evangelical Lutheran religion include temples?

Jehovah's Witnesses

The school is located in Patterson, New York City.


Question: Does the Evangelical Lutheran religion include temples?

Jehovah's Witnesses

Under Knorr, the community's membership grew from 115,000 to about two million, or nearly 800 percent.


Question: Does the Evangelical Lutheran religion include temples?

Jehovah's Witnesses

[19] In the fold of the 1960s and 1970s, it was widely believed that the apocalypse would come in 1975 among the movement's members.


Question: Does the Evangelical Lutheran religion include temples?

Jehovah's Witnesses

The movement's journals and other publications dealt with what 1975 would bring when it came and raised numerous speculations about what would happen in the year then or by then.


Question: Does the Evangelical Lutheran religion include temples?

Jehovah's Witnesses

The year was considered prophetic and special because Jehovah's Witnesses believed mankind's six thousand years of existence would come full precisely in 1975.


Question: Does the Evangelical Lutheran religion include temples?

Jehovah's Witnesses

When the expectation for 1975 did not materialize, between 1975 and 1980 the activity of movement members in the preaching work decreased considerably and many left the movement.


Question: Does the Evangelical Lutheran religion include temples?

Jehovah's Witnesses

Between 1977 and 1978, the movement's worldwide membership numbers exceptionally declined.


Question: Does the Evangelical Lutheran religion include temples?

Jehovah's Witnesses

[20] In the fold of the 1970s and 1980s, after the disappointment of 1975, groups practicing independent bible interpretation were formed in the movement's main office in the United States.


Question: Does the Evangelical Lutheran religion include temples?

Jehovah's Witnesses

In 1976, the governing body based at the World Center in Brooklyn was expanded; administrative functions were allocated and delegated to committees made up of members of the governing body.


Question: Does the Evangelical Lutheran religion include temples?

Jehovah's Witnesses

Today, there is no single person at the head of the operation; decisions are made by the governing body.


Question: Does the Evangelical Lutheran religion include temples?

Jehovah's Witnesses

Since Knorr's death, Frederick William Franz, as well as Milton G. Henschel, who was the last prominent president of the club, have served as the club's “presidents”, or presidents.


Question: Does the Evangelical Lutheran religion include temples?

Jehovah's Witnesses

Today, the Watchtower Society is chaired by Don A. Adams, but the post is mainly formal.


Question: Does the Evangelical Lutheran religion include temples?

Jehovah's Witnesses

The most significant doctrinal change of the period was the repeal of generational teaching in 1995.


Question: Does the Evangelical Lutheran religion include temples?

Jehovah's Witnesses

According to an abandoned notion, the apocalypse would come before the last of those alive in 1914 die.