Question: In what year did Valmet start building airplanes?

Saab (car brand)

[16] Around the same time, General Motors struck a deal to sell production lines of Saab's old sedan models (9-5 and 9-3) to Chinese company BAINC.


Question: In what year did Valmet start building airplanes?

Saab (car brand)

[16] In January, Spyker made a new takeover offer for General Motors for Saab.


Question: In what year did Valmet start building airplanes?

Saab (car brand)

Similarly, US investment company Merbanco left Spyker after a fresh bid for Saab.


Question: In what year did Valmet start building airplanes?

Saab (car brand)

[17] Formula One mogul Bernie Ecclestone announced his interest in Saab in January 2010.


Question: In what year did Valmet start building airplanes?

Saab (car brand)

Around the same time, the company's management was replaced and the consultants responsible for the shutdown plan to terminate Saab's sales and distribution division, dealership and subcontracting agreements.


Question: In what year did Valmet start building airplanes?

Saab (car brand)

[18] In the same year, Volvo, another traditional Swedish passenger car manufacturer, was in a similar situation in many respects, with Ford of the United States selling to, among other things, Chinese investors.


Question: In what year did Valmet start building airplanes?

Saab (car brand)

[19] On January 26, 2010, Spyker Cars was reported to have reached an agreement to acquire Saab from General Motors.


Question: In what year did Valmet start building airplanes?

Saab (car brand)

[20] The deal was signed on February 23, 2010.


Question: In what year did Valmet start building airplanes?

Saab (car brand)

[21] Spyker paid $74 million, or EUR 54 million, for Saab shares.


Question: In what year did Valmet start building airplanes?

Saab (car brand)

Still, General Motors still retained for itself Saab shares worth $326 million.


Question: In what year did Valmet start building airplanes?

Saab (car brand)

[22] The agreement involves the new car manufacturer being renamed Saab Spyker Automobiles.


Question: In what year did Valmet start building airplanes?

Saab (car brand)

[23] [24] In September 2010, Saab entered into a cooperation agreement with BMW, mostly related to engine technology.


Question: In what year did Valmet start building airplanes?

Saab (car brand)

Since 2010, Saab has entered into a cooperation agreement with German company BMW in relation to engine technology.


Question: In what year did Valmet start building airplanes?

Saab (car brand)

In March 2011, production of new cars was interrupted in Trollhättan due to payment difficulties to the company's subcontractors.


Question: In what year did Valmet start building airplanes?

Saab (car brand)

[25] Saab's letter of intent with Chinese companies Youngma and Pangda threatened to be cancelled in October 2011 when the Chinese would have preferred the entire stock of the company, which Saab subsequently agreed to.


Question: In what year did Valmet start building airplanes?

Saab (car brand)

[26] [27] On December 19, 2011, Saab filed for bankruptcy after the money supply was exhausted.


Question: In what year did Valmet start building airplanes?

Saab (car brand)

[28] Car production restarted with the old 9-3 model in December 2013 when new owner National Electric Vehicle Sweden (NEVS) launched operations at the Trollhättan plant.


Question: In what year did Valmet start building airplanes?

Saab (car brand)

[1] NEVS' owners include NME Holdings, registered in the Virgin Islands, with a majority stake, and the City of Qindao (Qingdao Qingbo Investment Co Ltd).


Question: In what year did Valmet start building airplanes?

Saab (car brand)

[29] However, Saab production stopped in May 2014, and in August of the same year NEVS went into liquidation, from which it was cleared in April 2015 by order of the Vänersborg court.


Question: In what year did Valmet start building airplanes?

Saab (car brand)

[30] [31] In May 2015, NEVS announced that it had received two strategic partners from China.


Question: In what year did Valmet start building airplanes?

Saab (car brand)

They are Tianjin Binhai Hi-tech Industrial Development Area (THT) and Beijing State Research Information Technology Co.


Question: In what year did Valmet start building airplanes?

Saab (car brand)

Ltd.


Question: In what year did Valmet start building airplanes?

Saab (car brand)

(SRIT).


Question: In what year did Valmet start building airplanes?

Saab (car brand)

At the same time, NEVS announced its intentions to open a new factory in the city of Tianjin, China.


Question: In what year did Valmet start building airplanes?

Saab (car brand)

[32] Saab in Finland Saab's first representative in Finland was Importer Oy from Helsinki, which imported around 900 Saab passenger cars from 1950 to 1963.


Question: In what year did Valmet start building airplanes?

Saab (car brand)

In 1963 Saab representation passed to Oy Scan-Auto AB, which had been importing Scania-Vabis brand trucks and bus chassis since 1949.


Question: In what year did Valmet start building airplanes?

Saab (car brand)

[33] In 1959, only about 500 Saab passenger cars were registered in Finland.


Question: In what year did Valmet start building airplanes?

Saab (car brand)

Import rationing of passenger cars ended in 1962, but Saab remained a fairly rare brand of cars due to its relatively expensive price.


Question: In what year did Valmet start building airplanes?

Saab (car brand)

[34] In 1965, for example, the Ford Taunus and Cortina cost the same as the Saab 96 (8900 marks), although they were part of the larger size range.


Question: In what year did Valmet start building airplanes?

Saab (car brand)

[35] At the same time, however, Saab gained fame as a rally car, especially thanks to Carl-Otto Bremer and Simo Lampinen.


Question: In what year did Valmet start building airplanes?

Saab (car brand)

[34] A few pieces of Saab Sonett sports car were imported on special order.


Question: In what year did Valmet start building airplanes?

Saab (car brand)

[36] In 1968, Saab-Valmet Oy, a Finnish-Swedish joint venture, was established in which the Finnish state was part owner through Valmet.


Question: In what year did Valmet start building airplanes?

Saab (car brand)

Automobile assembly at the Uusikaupunki automobile factory began in November 1969.


Question: In what year did Valmet start building airplanes?

Saab (car brand)

The choice of Uusikaupunki as the location for the plant was partly due to the fact that the Uusikaupunki region, Vakka-Suomi, enjoyed tax concessions granted to the so-called development regions at that time.


Question: In what year did Valmet start building airplanes?

Saab (car brand)

During the 1970s, Saab's share of Finland's passenger car fleet rose appreciably from one per cent to around eight per cent.


Question: In what year did Valmet start building airplanes?

Saab (car brand)

With just under 6300 Saabs on the register at the end of 1969, the corresponding figure ten years later was around 95,000, more than 13 times higher.


Question: In what year did Valmet start building airplanes?

Saab (car brand)

[37] Saab 95 models were registered as vans as so-called hidden farmers between 1967 and 1971 for a total of 2638 copies.


Question: In what year did Valmet start building airplanes?

Saab (car brand)

[38] As a rally car, the Saab 96 offered tough resistance to newer car models even in the 1970s, and Scan-Auto was driven by others such as Simo Lampinen, Tapio Rainio and Jari Vilkas.


Question: In what year did Valmet start building airplanes?

Saab (car brand)

[37] Saab models designed at the Uusikaupunki car factory and only manufactured there were the extended Saab 99 Finlandia presented in 1977 and 99 Petro, which went on sale in 1979.


Question: In what year did Valmet start building airplanes?

Saab (car brand)

In Saab 99 Finlandia, the standard model had been extended from the middle with an extra 20 centimeters, and most of them went to government institutions and companies.


Question: In what year did Valmet start building airplanes?

Saab (car brand)

The Saab 99 Petro used kerosene or turpentine as fuel, along with petrol, the former when started and at peak load, and the latter when driving at partial power.


Question: In what year did Valmet start building airplanes?

Saab (car brand)

The state played its part by enacting a law that made vehicles using wood-derived fuel free from vehicle tax; though, the law applied only to domestically manufactured vehicles.


Question: In what year did Valmet start building airplanes?

Saab (car brand)

However, Saab Petro remained short-lived as a model, as oil companies were not eager to invest in kerosene distribution channels due to lower demand, fuel price trends became disadvantageous for kerosene and, moreover, technical dilemmas arose in cars.


Question: In what year did Valmet start building airplanes?

Saab (car brand)

[37] Car models Picture modelmanufacturing informationAAB 921949—1956The first production model was a small two-stroke car.


Question: In what year did Valmet start building airplanes?

Saab (car brand)

Model shapes originated in the company's aircraft history and survived until the end of manufacturing of the Saab 96 in 1980 in the smallest Saab models.The Saab 931955—1960Saab 93 was Saab's second mass-produced passenger car model.


Question: In what year did Valmet start building airplanes?

Saab (car brand)

Was largely based on the 92 model.


Question: In what year did Valmet start building airplanes?

Saab (car brand)

The Saab Sonett1956, 1967—1974Saab light-built sports car model.The Saab 951959—1978Saab 95 was a station wagon version of the Saab 93 introduced in 1959.


Question: In what year did Valmet start building airplanes?

Saab (car brand)

When the Saab 96 entered the market a year later, the 95 model changed and began using the same basic parts and technology as the 96.


Question: In what year did Valmet start building airplanes?

Saab (car brand)

[39] 150pxSaab 961960—1980Saab 96 is one of Saab's most distinctive models.


Question: In what year did Valmet start building airplanes?

Saab (car brand)

It is a 2-door coupé that was based on the Saab 93 and 95.


Question: In what year did Valmet start building airplanes?

Saab (car brand)

The first models were two-stroke, but in 1967 the four-stroke V4 was changed to the engine.


Question: In what year did Valmet start building airplanes?

Saab (car brand)

The same change was made to the Saab 95.


Question: In what year did Valmet start building airplanes?

Saab (car brand)

[39] The Saab 991968—1984The bigger middle class Saab 99 saw the launch of seat belts and a turbocharger.


Question: In what year did Valmet start building airplanes?

Saab (car brand)

The new body model Combi coupé expanded the model range in the early 1970s. The Saab 9001979—1998900 is a bigger model and sort of a sister model of the 90.


Question: In what year did Valmet start building airplanes?

Saab (car brand)

The earlier model was received as a sedan and a hatchback Combi coupé.


Question: In what year did Valmet start building airplanes?

Saab (car brand)

The next model was only hatchback 3- as well as 5-door.


Question: In what year did Valmet start building airplanes?

Saab (car brand)

The successor of the second generation is the Saab 9-3.Saab 901984—198799 model extender manufactured in Uusimacity with the bow of its predecessor and the stern of the 900 model.The Saab 90001984—1998Saab 9000 was the output of the Tipo4 project with Saab.


Question: In what year did Valmet start building airplanes?

Saab (car brand)

Saab had financial difficulties and so was born a large Saab into a much-needed class.


Question: In what year did Valmet start building airplanes?

Saab (car brand)

The 9000 featured two body models sedan and hatchback.The 150pxSaab 9-51997—9-5 is Saab's larger model.


Question: In what year did Valmet start building airplanes?

Saab (car brand)

It is available as a sedan and station wagon. The Saab 9-31998—Saab 9-3 is based on the further developed Saab 900 (1993-1998).


Question: In what year did Valmet start building airplanes?

Saab (car brand)

Saab 9-3 Sport Sedan starting in 2003 and Saab 9-3 SportCombi starting in 2005.


Question: In what year did Valmet start building airplanes?

Saab (car brand)

Today it is also available as an open roof sportcabrion.Saab 9-2X2004 to 2006Lower middle class model, which was essentially a Subaru Impreza modified to Saab with its external essence.


Question: In what year did Valmet start building airplanes?

Saab (car brand)

The car was manufactured at Subaru's factories in Japan.


Question: In what year did Valmet start building airplanes?

Saab (car brand)

The car was mainly aimed at the U.S. market.Saab 9-7X2005—Manufactured for GM's GM SUV chassis in the manner of the Chevrolet Trailblazer.


Question: In what year did Valmet start building airplanes?

Saab (car brand)

The 9-7X Aero is the most powerful and fastest model in Saab's history (0-60mph) [40].


Question: In what year did Valmet start building airplanes?

Saab (car brand)

For sale only in the United States and Canada, as well as Sweden.


Question: In what year did Valmet start building airplanes?

Saab (car brand)

Special and concept models Ursaab (1946) Saab's first passenger car prototype (Swedish: UrSaab) was completed in June 1947.


Question: In what year did Valmet start building airplanes?

Saab (car brand)

The car had a transverse two-stroke engine and its aerodynamic shape resembled an aircraft wing.


Question: In what year did Valmet start building airplanes?

Saab (car brand)

The body structure was solid.


Question: In what year did Valmet start building airplanes?

Saab (car brand)

Saab Monster (1959) Saab Quantum (1962-1963) Saab Cather (1964) Saab MFI13 (1965) Saab Toad (1966) Saab 98 (1974) Saab 99 Finland (1976-1978) With the help of the 99 GLE luxury model that came to the Model Year 1976, Saab 99 received an extended representation model in Finland. became Finlandia (99 GLE-L) according to its country of manufacture.


Question: In what year did Valmet start building airplanes?

Saab (car brand)

The model model of Finlandia comes from neighbouring Sweden, where President Urho Kekkonen had bought an extended Saab 99 made with a small body version (Heiners, Malmö).


Question: In what year did Valmet start building airplanes?

Saab (car brand)

The Finlandia model, made in Uusikaupunki alone, featured a 25cm extension of the rear door of the 4/5-door model between the front and rear doors, with its own narrow screen called the “sauna battery”.


Question: In what year did Valmet start building airplanes?

Saab (car brand)

The 1976 model year was made a few pre-series Finlandia.


Question: In what year did Valmet start building airplanes?

Saab (car brand)

In the first year of production 1977, only 15 pieces of Finlandia were produced in Uusikaupunki.


Question: In what year did Valmet start building airplanes?

Saab (car brand)

In 1978, 11 more pieces of Finlandia, 20cm longer than the standard model, were completed, where the extra length was divided equally between the front and rear doors.


Question: In what year did Valmet start building airplanes?

Saab (car brand)

Two of these had turbo technology.


Question: In what year did Valmet start building airplanes?

Saab (car brand)

[41] Saab 900 Finlandia/CD (1979-1986) Finlandia lore continued in the 900 model.


Question: In what year did Valmet start building airplanes?

Saab (car brand)

20cm extended representative cars were initially made as 5-door (900 Finlandia), and later as 4-door (900 CD).


Question: In what year did Valmet start building airplanes?

Saab (car brand)

A total of 580 copies of these were made in Uusikaupunki.


Question: In what year did Valmet start building airplanes?

Saab (car brand)

The last six 900 CDs were produced in 1986.


Question: In what year did Valmet start building airplanes?

Saab (car brand)

The Saab EV-1 (1985) Saab EV-1 (Experimental Vehicle Number One) was one of Saab's prototypes, a futuristic sport coupé that, with a two-litre turbo engine, reaches a speed of 270 kilometers per hour and accelerates from zero to 100 in 5.9 seconds Saab 9-X (2003) Saab 9-5 BioPower (2006) Saab Aero-X (2006) Main article: The Saab Aero-X Aero-X is a two-seat sports car that is a combination of Saab's aircraft history as well as trends for future models.


Question: In what year did Valmet start building airplanes?

Saab (car brand)

The car has a 400-horsepower bioethanol-powered two-turbo 2.8-liter V6 engine.


Question: In what year did Valmet start building airplanes?

Saab (car brand)

The distinctive features of the concept model include the missing a-pillars and the uniform opening of the doors and ceiling. [42].


Question: In what year did Valmet start building airplanes?

Saab (car brand)

The Saab 9-5 BioPower 100 Consept (2007) Concept car was presented at the Geneva Motor Show in March 2007.


Question: In what year did Valmet start building airplanes?

Saab (car brand)

With 100% ethanol, 224kW (300 hp) is obtained from the engine.


Question: In what year did Valmet start building airplanes?

Saab (car brand)

[43] [44] Saab 9-1 Possibly a future compact passenger car.


Question: In what year did Valmet start building airplanes?

Saab (car brand)

Its chassis design is suspected to be based on General Motors' Delta platform, which produces Opel Astros.


Question: In what year did Valmet start building airplanes?

Saab (car brand)

[45] Saab 9-2 Retro model planned with body design as a two-door coupé.


Question: In what year did Valmet start building airplanes?

Saab (car brand)

Gallery (production models) Saab 92 Saab Sonett III Saab 96 Saab 900 Cabriolet Saab 9000 Saab 9-5 Saab 9-3 Gallery (special concept models) Saab 92001 (UrSaab, first Saab) Saab 99 (Saab “Daihatsu”, prototype) Saab 900 cabriolet (prototype) Saab 9000 cabriolet (prototype) Saab EV-1 (concept) Saab 9X1 (concept) Saab Aero-X (concept) Sources Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Raunio, Jukka| title = Pilot's Perspective II| publisher = Kerava: Jukka Ruunio| year = 1993| id = ISBN 951-9686| 6-0-6}} References on the topic elsewhere * Category:Swedish Automotive Category:Key articles on screening


Question: What is neutral ph?

Acidity

Common pH values of various substances:SubstancePh Value Acid<1,0gastric acid2,0lemon juice2,4cola2,5acetic2,9orang/apple juice3,5beer4,5coffe5,0tee5,5acid rain< 5,6Milk6,5Distilled water7,0Human saliv6,5-7,4blood7,34-7,45Seawater8,0Included Soap9.0-10,0ammonia11,5Laundry detergent12,5lye (NaOH) 13.5 Acidity refers to the activity of positive hydrogen ions (H+) (protons) in solution.


Question: What is neutral ph?

Acidity

When hydrogen ions are shed from the dissolved substance and they adhere to the water molecules in the solution, oxonium ions (H3O+) are formed from the water molecules.


Question: What is neutral ph?

Acidity

When hydrogen activity is mentioned in chemistry, mainly refers to the ability of the oxonium ion to influence other reactions with their excess hydrogen.


Question: What is neutral ph?

Acidity

However, hydrogen can be transmitted to other substances, from which it then influences environmental reactions.


Question: What is neutral ph?

Acidity

Taking into account the activity of all hydrogen ions in the solution, the acidity of the aqueous solution is found out.


Question: What is neutral ph?

Acidity

Acidity is caused mainly by acids and alkalis.


Question: What is neutral ph?

Acidity

Acids increase the amount of hydrogen ions in the solution, and the bases reduce it.


Question: What is neutral ph?

Acidity

The acidity of the solution is commonly reported as pH (read “peehoo”).


Question: What is neutral ph?

Acidity

[1] [2] [3] In Finnish school education, the concentration of oxonium ion is used to determine acidity.


Question: What is neutral ph?

Acidity

The picture it gives of acid reaction ability in solutions is truthful only in dilute solutions.


Question: What is neutral ph?

Acidity

In strong solutions, the actual working capacity of hydrogen donated by acids is best described by the definition of activity.


Question: What is neutral ph?

Acidity

In postgraduate studies, a definition based on activity is often used.


Question: What is neutral ph?

Acidity

[2] [4] [5] [3] Background of acidity History Acidity and alkalinity (including alkalinity) are old concepts in chemistry that were first based on the chemist's sense of taste.


Question: What is neutral ph?

Acidity

Many theories arose about the essence of acids and bases, but it was not until the use of the hydrogen ion by the Swede Svante Arrhenius (1859—1927) that the concept of the hydrogen ion brought a modern perspective to the phenomenon.


Question: What is neutral ph?

Acidity

According to him, “acid gives off hydrogen ions and base hydroxide ions”.


Question: What is neutral ph?

Acidity

Arrhenius limited the bases to only hydroxide ion-bearing ionic compounds.


Question: What is neutral ph?

Acidity

The modern acid-base theory was taken unbeknownst to each other in 1923 by Danish Johannes Brønsted (1879—1947) and Englishman Thomas Lowry (1874—1936).


Question: What is neutral ph?

Acidity

Today, a theory known as the Brønsted—Lowry principle posited that “acids are donors of hydrogen ions (i.e., protons) and bases are their recipients”.


Question: What is neutral ph?

Acidity

[2] [5] [3] Søren Peder Lauritz Sørensen (1868—1939) suggested in 1909 that the amount of acidity would better describe oxonium concentration by the counter-figure of the logarithm he labeled pH.


Question: What is neutral ph?

Acidity

This acidity level, or shorter acidity, is today denoted by the abbreviation pH.


Question: What is neutral ph?

Acidity

[6] The letter p or potenz of the marking pH is German for strength and the letter H stands for hydrogen ion (H+).


Question: What is neutral ph?

Acidity

Occasionally the acronym is said to come from the Latin words pondus hydrogenii, meaning hydrogen potential.


Question: What is neutral ph?

Acidity

[6] [5] [3] Acid-base reactions In an acid-base reaction, acid donates a hydrogen ion to the base, which is the basic idea of acid-base reactions.


Question: What is neutral ph?

Acidity

The substances involved in the reactions are called protolytes, and the reaction itself is protolysis.


Question: What is neutral ph?

Acidity

When sulfuric acid (H2SO4) is dissolved in water, for example, two hydrogen ions are shed from the sulfuric acid, which adhere to two water molecules, forming oxonium ions from them.


Question: What is neutral ph?

Acidity

In the reaction sulfuric acid must give up acid and water receiving base.


Question: What is neutral ph?

Acidity

Since sulfuric acid is completely protolyzed in water, sulfuric acid is called a strong acid.


Question: What is neutral ph?

Acidity

Those acids that only partially protolyze into water are weak acids.


Question: What is neutral ph?

Acidity

The acid can give off one hydrogen, making it a monoprotic acid, or multiple hydrogens, making it a two- or three-valent or polyprotic acid.


Question: What is neutral ph?

Acidity

[2] [3] [7] Salts of bases and acids are also soluble in water and their ions deprive water of hydrogen ions and, on the other hand, can give off hydrogen ions themselves.


Question: What is neutral ph?

Acidity

Aqueous solutions of such salts are then acidic or alkaline.


Question: What is neutral ph?

Acidity

[8] [9] The water molecule can also self-donate a hydrogen ion to another water molecule, thus becoming a hydroxide ion (OH−) and the other becoming an oxonium ion: H2O + H2O {\ displaystyle\ rightleftharpoons} H3O+ + OH−.


Question: What is neutral ph?

Acidity

[10] Water can thus act as both an acid and a base, so water is therefore called an ampholyte.


Question: What is neutral ph?

Acidity

This reaction to itself is called autoprotolysis.


Question: What is neutral ph?

Acidity

The normal concentration of oxonium ion formed by pure water autoprotolysis (denoted as [H3O+]) is approximately [H3O+] = 1.0·10−7mol/L.


Question: What is neutral ph?

Acidity

An aqueous solution with this concentration is called neutral.


Question: What is neutral ph?

Acidity

[2] [10] Definition of acidity The original modern acidity was defined as the concentration of oxonium ion, that is, its concentration.


Question: What is neutral ph?

Acidity

In the case of strong acid, it is assumed that the acid instilled into the water will completely protolyze.


Question: What is neutral ph?

Acidity

Acidity, in the case of a strong acid, is the concentration of oxonium, which is the same as the initial concentration of acid.


Question: What is neutral ph?

Acidity

The concentration of oxonium ion formed by a weak acid is not the same as the initial concentration of acid added to water, since protolysis occurs only partially.


Question: What is neutral ph?

Acidity

The degree of degradation of such equilibrium reactions should be known in order to determine the acidity.


Question: What is neutral ph?

Acidity

In the definition of alkalinity, the concentration of hydroxide ions is observed in the corresponding.


Question: What is neutral ph?

Acidity

[2] If a small amount of acetic acid (CH3COOH, a weak acid) is instilled in a litre of water at a concentration of 0.1mol/l, a concentration of oxonium protolyzes from [H3O+] = 1,3·10−3mol/l.


Question: What is neutral ph?

Acidity

This is the amount of acidity of the solution, which today is changed on the pH scale to pH 2.90.


Question: What is neutral ph?

Acidity

If acetic acid is added to pure water enough to have a concentration of 0.05mol/L, acidity [H3O+] = 9,4·10−4mol/l, that is, pH 3.00.


Question: What is neutral ph?

Acidity

[2] The mutual differences in the concentrations of oxonium and hydroxide ions in the solution determine the quality of acidity.


Question: What is neutral ph?

Acidity

When [2] [10] [H3O+] > [OH−], the solution is acidic (the solution contains more oxonium than hydroxide ions), and when [H3O+] = [OH−], the solution is neutral and when [H3O+] < [OH−] is the solution alkaline.


Question: What is neutral ph?

Acidity

A more modern and more precisely acidity-defining theory includes the concept of activity instead of concentration.


Question: What is neutral ph?

Acidity

In concentrated solutions, all the amount of oxonium ion indicated by the concentration is not involved in acid-base reactions, only its active part.


Question: What is neutral ph?

Acidity

One “rule of thumb” says that instead of activism, one can settle for concentration when the total concentration of dissolved acids and bases is less than 0.1mol/l.


Question: What is neutral ph?

Acidity

The acidity of concentrated solutions is difficult to calculate, as the activity coefficient calculation requires some arbitrary assumptions.


Question: What is neutral ph?

Acidity

[4] Computational determination of pH from concentrations pH scale When solution activity a H + {\ displaystyle a_ {\ rm {H^ {+}}} or concentration of oxonium ion [H3O+] is determined, it can be changed To the pH scale.


Question: What is neutral ph?

Acidity

This value means the level of acidity, that is, the level of acidity.


Question: What is neutral ph?

Acidity

Often, even this great name acidity is used.


Question: What is neutral ph?

Acidity

The number value obtained is called either the pH value or the pH number, which is a pure numerical value without a unit.


Question: What is neutral ph?

Acidity

[2] The pH of the solution is defined as pH = − log 10 a H + ≈ − log 10 [H 3 O +].


Question: What is neutral ph?

Acidity

{\ displaystyle {\ mbox {pH}} =-\ log _ {10} a_ {\ rm {H^ {+}}\ approx -\ log _ {10} [H_ {3} O^ {+}].}


Question: What is neutral ph?

Acidity

The pH value of [1] [11] [5] [12] is therefore the counternumber to the ten-base logarithm of activity, which follows a logarithmic scale.


Question: What is neutral ph?

Acidity

When the pH is increased by one unit, activity decreases to its tithe.


Question: What is neutral ph?

Acidity

By taking a logarithmic counternumber, turns the pH value into a positive one.


Question: What is neutral ph?

Acidity

Nevertheless, strong acids made to be highly concentrated may receive negative pH values.


Question: What is neutral ph?

Acidity

The acidity level is usually between −2... 14, but highly acidic or alkaline solutions may be outside these limits.


Question: What is neutral ph?

Acidity

The colourful table above shows some pH values of everyday substances in aqueous solution.


Question: What is neutral ph?

Acidity

[1] [11] In water there is always autoprotolysis among water molecules and the concentration of the oxonium ion in water depends on its temperature.


Question: What is neutral ph?

Acidity

Its concentration at 25°C is approximately 1,004·10−7mol/L, meaning its pH value is 7.0.


Question: What is neutral ph?

Acidity

This is the normal pH value of pure water, which is also the pH value of the neutral solution.


Question: What is neutral ph?

Acidity

[2] [12] PoH scale Acidity can equally be indicated by the concentration of hydroxide ions (OH−), in which case its logarithm counternumber is called PoH and calculated by the formula PoH = − log 10 a O H − ≈ − log 10 [O H −].


Question: What is neutral ph?

Acidity

{\ displaystyle {\ mbox {PoH}} =-\ log _ {10} a_ {\ rm {OH^ {-}}\ approx -\ log _ {10} [OH^ {-}].}


Question: What is neutral ph?

Acidity

[1] [11] [12] Since water protolysis is an equilibrium reaction, its equilibrium coefficient, i.e., the ion input of water at 25°C is Kw = 1.008·10−14 (mol/L) 2.


Question: What is neutral ph?

Acidity

The ionic input of autoprotolysis multiply the concentrations of oxonium ions and hydroxide ions with each other by the formula K w = [H 3 O +] [O H −].


Question: What is neutral ph?

Acidity

{\ displaystyle K_ {w} = [H_ {3} O^ {+}] [OH^ {-}].}


Question: What is neutral ph?

Acidity

[2] [12] The counter-number for the logarithm of this expression is p K w = − l o g 10 ([H 3 O +] [O H −]) = − l o g 10 [H 3 O +] − l o g 10 [O H −] = p H + p O H. {\ displaystyle Pk_ {w} =-log_ {10} ([H_ {3} O^ {+}] [OH^ {-}]) =-log_ {10} [H_ {3} O^ {+}] -log_ {10} [OH^ {-}] =PH+PoH.}


Question: What is neutral ph?

Acidity

[2] The value of the sum is given by the antithesis of the logarithm of the ion input of water thus: p K w = − l o g 10 (1,008 ⋅ 10 − 14) ≈ 14.00.


Question: What is neutral ph?

Acidity

{\ displaystyle Pk_ {w} =-log_ {10} (1 {,} 008\ cdot 10^ {-14})\ approx 14 {,} 00.}


Question: What is neutral ph?

Acidity

[2] The logarithmic values are thus integral to each other: p H + p O H = 14.00 {\ displaystyle pH+poH=14 {,} 00} [2], whereby one of the values is pH, or PoH can be calculated using another value.


Question: What is neutral ph?

Acidity

Note that in use, the pH scale is more common than the PoH scale.


Question: What is neutral ph?

Acidity

Qualitative interpretation of pH A solution is neutral if the concentrations of ions are as in pure water, i.e. the same [H3O+] = [OH−] = x.


Question: What is neutral ph?

Acidity

Then the ionic input of water is calculated by the formula K w = [H 3 O +] [O H −] = x ⋅ x {\ displaystyle K_ {w} = [H_ {3} O^ {+}] [OH^ {-}] =x\ cdot x} and from it we obtain x = [H 3 O +] = [O H −] = K w = 1.008 ⋅ 10 − 14 = 1.004 ⋅ 10 − 7 .


Question: What is neutral ph?

Acidity

{\ displaystyle x= [H_ {3} O^ {+}] = [OH^ {-}] = {\ sqrt {K_ {w}}} = {\ sqrt {1 {,} 008\ cdot 10^ {-14}}} =1 {,} 004\ cdot 10^ {-7}.}


Question: What is neutral ph?

Acidity

[2] [12] In this case, pH of the solution = 7.00.


Question: What is neutral ph?

Acidity

The solution is acidic if [H3O+] > [OH−], giving [H3O+] > 1.004·10−7 and [OH−] < 1.004·10−7.


Question: What is neutral ph?

Acidity

Then pH = −log10 [H3O+] < 7,00 ja pOH = −log10 [OH−] > 7, based on the properties of the logarithm counternumber.


Question: What is neutral ph?

Acidity

The same result is concluded when remembering the connection p H + p O H = 14.00 p H = 14.00 − p O H < 7.


Question: What is neutral ph?

Acidity

{\ displaystyle pH+poh=14 {,} 00\ Leftrightarrow pH=14 {,} 00-poh<7.}


Question: What is neutral ph?

Acidity

[13] In alkaline solution [H3O+] < [OH−], jolloin pH > 7.


Question: What is neutral ph?

Acidity

In summary, the solution is (see the figure on the right) [2] [12] [13] acidic when the pH is less than 7, neutral when pH is 7 and alkaline when the pH is above 7. The accuracy of pH values If the oxonium ion is 2,13·10−5mol/l, it becomes a pH of 4.6716... Since the pH value is mainly determined by The exponent of the tenpotency form and where the coefficient 2.13 becomes the pH value decimal, becomes the number of digits denoting pH values by the number of decimal places.


Question: What is neutral ph?

Acidity

The coefficient of 2.13 is formed with the precision of three significant figures, so the pH value is expressed to three decimal places: pH 4.672.


Question: What is neutral ph?

Acidity

[14] Average pH Acidity pH values are not high that can be used to calculate new pH values.


Question: What is neutral ph?

Acidity

For example, the mean of pH values does not indicate the new acidity of the solution to be mixed.


Question: What is neutral ph?

Acidity

For the thought experiment, three liter driven vessels are taken, each containing hydrochloric acid at concentrations of 0.01mol/l, 0.02mol/l and 0.08mol/l.


Question: What is neutral ph?

Acidity

The pH values of these are 2.0; 1.7 and 1.1, respectively.


Question: What is neutral ph?

Acidity

If the three vessels are mixed together, the concentration of the mixture averages 0,0367mol/l of these concentrations and the pH of the mix is 1,4.


Question: What is neutral ph?

Acidity

However, the average pH values of the three dishes are 1.6, which does not correspond to the pH of the actual mix.


Question: What is neutral ph?

Acidity

Example: strong acid Strong acid protolyzes completely into water in dilute aqueous solutions according to the following reaction equation H C l + H 2 O → C l − + H 3 O +.


Question: What is neutral ph?

Acidity

{\ displaystyle HCl+H_ {2} O\ rightarrow Cl^ {-} +H_ {3} O^ {+}.}


Question: What is neutral ph?

Acidity

[14] Then its concentration of oxonium ion is almost the same as the initial concentration of the added acid.


Question: What is neutral ph?

Acidity

Therefore, if 0.050mol hydrogen chloride is added to one liter of water, an oxonium ion concentration of 0.050mol/l is also obtained.


Question: What is neutral ph?

Acidity

The pH of the hydrochloric acid solution then becomes [14] p H = − l o g 10 [H 3 O +] = − l o g 10 (0.050) = 1.30.


Question: What is neutral ph?

Acidity

{\ displaystyle pH=-log_ {10} [H_ {3} O^ {+}] =-log_ {10} (0 {,} 050) =1 {,} 30.}


Question: What is neutral ph?

Acidity

Example: strong base If 0.080mol of liquor is dissolved in one liter of water, protolyze it almost completely into water according to the reaction equation N a O H + H 2 O → N a + O H − + H 2 O.


Question: What is neutral ph?

Acidity

{\ displaystyle NaOH+H_ {2} O\ rightarrow Na^ {+} +OH^ {-} +H_ {2} O.}


Question: What is neutral ph?

Acidity

Water does not participate in the reaction at all, but the hydroxide ion in the lye is released into the water.


Question: What is neutral ph?

Acidity

The concentration of the hydroxide ion is almost the same as the initial concentration of lye.


Question: What is neutral ph?

Acidity

[13] The poH value of the solution is then p O H = − l o g 10 [O H −] = − l o g 10 0.080 = 1, 10 {\ displaystyle POH=-log_ {10} [OH^ {-}] =-log_ {10} 0 { ,} 080=1 {,} 10} and the pH of the solution is then p H = 14.00 − p O H ≈ 12.90.


Question: What is neutral ph?

Acidity

{\ displaystyle pH=14 {,} 00-poH\ approx 12 {,} 90.}


Question: What is neutral ph?

Acidity

Example: weak acid In the previous strong acid example, the concentration of oxonium ion was determined by assuming it to be the same as the initial concentration of the acid.


Question: What is neutral ph?

Acidity

Weak acid does not protolyze completely and therefore one should first know how much of the acid forms oxonium ion.


Question: What is neutral ph?

Acidity

The protolysis reaction of a weak acid is by its nature an equilibrium reaction whose equilibrium state is determined mathematically by the acid constant of the ionic input.


Question: What is neutral ph?

Acidity

[14] For example, the protolysis reaction of weak acetic acid is C H 3 C O O H + H 2 O C H 3 C O − + H 3 O + {\ displaystyle CH_ {3} COOH+H_ {2} O\ rightleftharpoons CH_ {3} COO^ {-} +H_ {3} O^ {+}} and the acid constant of the reaction is Ka = 1.8·10−5mol/l.


Question: What is neutral ph?

Acidity

The ion input is calculated by dilute acid solutions from the concentrations of reagents K a = [C H 3 C O O H −] [H 3 O +] [C H 3 C O O H].


Question: What is neutral ph?

Acidity

{\ displaystyle K_ {a} = {\ frac {[CH_ {3} COOH^ {-}] [H_ {3} O^ {+}]} {[CH_ {3} COOH]}}.}


Question: What is neutral ph?

Acidity

If 0,010mol acetic acid is added to a liter of water and protolyzes into xmol acetate ion and oxonium ion, the ion input K a = x ⋅ x 0.01 − x is obtained.


Question: What is neutral ph?

Acidity

{\ displaystyle K_ {a} = {\ frac {x\ cdot x} {0 {,} 01-x}}.}


Question: What is neutral ph?

Acidity

The positive solution of this equation is x = 4,15359·10−4mol/L, whose acidity level corresponds to pH = 3.4.


Question: What is neutral ph?

Acidity

Determination and measurement Neutralising acidity by titration Neutralizing acid initially meant adding a base to the solution so that it no longer tasted acidic.


Question: What is neutral ph?

Acidity

Since alkalinity can be similarly neutralized by adding acid to the solution, were acid-base pairs of each other's neutralizers.


Question: What is neutral ph?

Acidity

For the determination of acidity, a neutralizing base of known concentration is used to neutralize an unknown acidic solution.


Question: What is neutral ph?

Acidity

As a result of titration, the concentration of the acidic substance and its pH value can be calculated from the amount of liquid in the acid solution and the amount of base known for its concentration.


Question: What is neutral ph?

Acidity

[15] [8] pH indicator When the effect of acidity and alkalinity on the color of certain solutions was discovered, the first method of determining the acidity level by color changes of dyes had been found.


Question: What is neutral ph?

Acidity

These dyes are called pH indicators.


Question: What is neutral ph?

Acidity

By combining some suitable pH indicators, general indicators have been prepared.


Question: What is neutral ph?

Acidity

Their color changes form a continuum of colors in which pH values can be determined from a wide pH range by visual inspection.


Question: What is neutral ph?

Acidity

It works by dipping paper impregnated with a general indicator into the solution under study or adding a general indicator directly to the solution under study.


Question: What is neutral ph?

Acidity

[16] pH gauge Acidity can be measured quickly with an ion selective electrode, which means pH meter.


Question: What is neutral ph?

Acidity

See also Acidity (limnology) Acid Base Indicator Buffer solution Acid-base equilibrium Housewater Sources Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Zumdahl, Steven S.


Question: What is neutral ph?

Acidity

(ed.


Question: What is neutral ph?

Acidity

) | title=Chemical Principles| location = California, USA| publisher = Brooks/Cole Cengage Learning| year = 2009| isbn=978-0-538-73456-1| language = Transclusion error: {{en}} is only for use in File namespace.


Question: What is neutral ph?

Acidity

Use {{lang-en}} or {{en icon}} instead.| accessdate = 23.9.2016}} References On the topic elsewhere McCarty, Christopher G.


Question: What is neutral ph?

Acidity

& Vitz, Ed:, linked September 11, 2016 Category:Physical Chemistry Category:Analytical Chemistry Category:Key articles in screening


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

The Winter War was a war fought from 30 November 1939 — 13 March 1940 between Finland and the Soviet Union.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

The Soviets began the Winter War by attacking without a declaration of war, and the war ended 105 days later with the Moscow Peace Treaty.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

The League of Nations condemned the attack and separated the Soviet Union from its membership on 14 December 1939.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

World War II had begun three months earlier after Germany and the Soviet Union occupied Poland.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

Because a low-event fake war was underway on the Western Front, the Winter War was closely monitored by the Western press.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

The terms sisu and Molotov cocktail became internationally known.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

The designation Winter War only came into use during the Continuation War, including in the Mannerheim Day Order No 1 in June 1941, but did not stabilise immediately.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

Earlier and partially parallel designations included the Finnish War 1939—40 and the Finnish—Russian War 1939—40.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

[1] The war is known for particularly difficult winter conditions (the winter of 1939—1940 was the coldest of the century), the immense male losses of the Red Army, the motto tactics of the Finns, and the “spirit of the Winter War”.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

As a result of the war, Finland lost 11% of its land holdings to the Soviet Union and its second largest city, Vyborg.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

The revancy spirit created by the Winter War was instrumental in bringing Finland into the Continuation War.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

Background Great Powers Germany and the Soviet Union World War I meant a loss of great power status for Germany and Soviet Russia.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

Both countries recovered in the 1930s by coming back as dictatorships to the great powers, and began to seek back the territories they had lost.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

Europe's democratic superpowers France and Britain were politically weak.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

[2] With the independence of Finland and Estonia, Russia had lost all of the coastal fortifications in the Gulf of Finland, with the exception of Kronstadt, thus weakening Leningrad's defensive position.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

Similarly, the border between Finland and the Soviet Union ran on the Rajajoki from the city at a distance of only about 32 km.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

Taking Finland would offer the Soviet Union several advantages: it could threaten Germany to import vital iron ore from northern Sweden, control the Baltic Sea, and gain industry and ore reserves from Finland.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

[3] Immediately after his rise to power, German leader Adolf Hitler began systematic efforts to dismantle the world order created by the Versailles Peace Treaty.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

In March 1935, Germany broke away from the provisions of the treaty restricting its armed forces and declared general conscription and in March 1936 occupied the Rhineland.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

This led, in part, to the Politburo member of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union and secretary of the Leningrad District of the NKP, Colonel General Andrei Ždanov, in a menacingly tinged speech in November 1936 likening Leningrad to a window opening westward, from behind which could be heard increasingly loud'” pedo-howling and teeth bite of fascism”.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

Ždanov's speech was a warning to the Soviet Union's western neighbours that an eastern superpower preparing for war would not allow Finland and the Baltic states such luxury as neutrality.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

[4] Finland-Soviet relations Finland had been part of the Russian Empire between 1809 and 1917.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

Relations between the Grand Duchy of Finland and Russia had been stable and peaceful until the Russification periods and the First World War.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

The Great War broke up the Russian Empire in 1917, and in the event of upheaval Finland gained independence, but was followed by a civil war in which Soviet-Russia supported the Red Guards and Germany a division of Brandenstein and the German Baltic Division supported the Whites.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

After the Civil War, Finnish volunteer troops penetrated Russian territory in connection with so-called tribal wars.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

After the war, relations between Finland and the Soviet Union were marked by suspicion and resentment, exacerbated by right-wing radicalism in Finland in the 1920s—1930s and Soviet meddling in Finland's internal affairs by supporting communist activities.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

As the Soviet Union grew stronger, it began to take an interest in restoring its former periphery.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

Formally, relations between the two countries improved, among other things, with the Non-Aggression Treaty of 1932, but in practice intervals were quite cool before World War II.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

[5] In the September situation of 1939, Finns mainly sought to rely on the international community, the League of Nations and Nordic cooperation.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

[6] In the Soviet Union, communist persecution, German-friendly and Greater Suomi dreaming were closely monitored by the Lapuan Movement, Patriotic People's Movement and the Academic Kareliala Society.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

Dreams of a Greater Finland took on a serious tone when, according to the Russians, Germany was envisaged as the background force for their implementation.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

In the spring of 1938, Vladimir Derevyanski, the Soviet ambassador to Helsinki, drew attention in a report sent to Moscow to the fact that at the 20th anniversary of the liberation of Helsinki on 16 May 1938, General Rüdiger von der Goltz, who had served as commander of German auxiliary forces in 1918, had taken with Marshal Gustaf Mannerheim to receive a celebratory parade with the ringing of the Guard playing the German “Alte Kameraden” (Old Comrades) march.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

[7] Rudolf Holsti, who became Foreign Minister in the Kallio government, sought to improve relations between Finland and the Soviet Union by visiting Moscow, which came to fruition in February 1937.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

Holst's trip was supported domestically by the political left and centre, against it were the right and military circles.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

It was the first visit by a Finnish foreign minister to the Soviet Union in 20 years.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

During the visit, the Soviet Minister of Defense, Marshal Kliment Vorošilov asked Holst what Finland would do if any third state used Finnish territory to attack the Soviet Union.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

Holsti replied as a personal position that Finland would fight against every invader.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

Holst's position was formally confirmed by President Kyösti Kallio in his inaugural address to parliament in early March 1937.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

The election of Kallio as president and the appointment of Cajander's cabinet put individuals in the Finnish leadership who were not so pro-German in Moscow's eyes as their predecessors.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

However, the period of enlargement fell short as the Soviet Union wanted tangible security policy outcomes in addition to diplomatic rapprochement.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

[8] Soviet propaganda sought to make the most of the supposed plans of the Finns to invade East Karelia, ignoring the fact that this kind of thing was dreamed of only by a small far-right minority.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

The Soviet Union's own action in the autumn of 1939 showed that it could not expect the Finns to be able to attack when it did not believe the Finns could even defend their own country.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

Instead, the Soviets feared a flank attack by the Germans through Finland against Leningrad just as Imperial Russia had during World War I feared a German invasion of Saint Petersburg via southern Finland, leaving Finland presumed defenseless to be helpless to take independent position on issues.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

[9] Finnish-German relations Germany was, along with Sweden, the main source of influences in Finland during the 1930s.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

However, support for the National Socialists was marginal in Finland.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

[10] For the Cajander Red Mud Government, appointed in March 1937, it was not at all incompatible with the regime in Germany and how the powers there conducted themselves.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

The German envoy to Helsinki, Wipert von Blücher, reported to Berlin on the Finnish attitude towards Germany and, in particular, the propaganda hostile to Germany by social-democratic magazines among the working people.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

In March 1938, the Finnish Social Democrat, the main SDP supporter, condemned the Anschluss, namely the annexation of Austria to Germany, even though this had taken place under an apparent “referendum”.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

[11] The conquest of Czechoslovakia in the spring of 1939 was seen in Finland as an even worse demonstration of the great power's ruthlessness towards smaller states.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

It shocked even Finnish right-wing circles because this measure could not be justified by a nationality idea.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

Subsequently, in a report sent to Berlin, von Blücher stated that the renowned draw towards the Third Reich had hit its lowest in Finland.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

Max Jakobson has stated that “if the reports of the German envoy to Helsinki von Blücher from 1937—1939 had accidentally strayed into Moscow, there would hardly have been any more nightmare dreams about the Finnish-German conspiracy”.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

[12] German propaganda took a nice view of Finnish assistance from Western powers, even against it.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

Most obviously, the secret Additional Protocol to the Non-Aggression Treaty has been affected.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

When President P. E. Svinhufvud planned in October 1939 to travel to Germany to obtain support for Finland, Envoy Wipert von Blücher received a call from his superiors in Berlin to block it: “Please point out to him that Germany is not interested in the problems between Finland and the Soviet Union.” On the contrary, Germany urged Finland to make sensible concessions, as too much stubbornness would lead to war, as a result of which Finland would soon be left with “nothing but a poignant heroine”.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

[13] Italy, belonging to the Axis powers, did not see Germany's actions favourably, but tried to help Finland with greater aid without success.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

Nordic orientation and Åland fortress plans In 1921, Finland concluded a treaty in Warsaw that annexed Finland to the Eastern European group of states led by Poland.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

This group of states formed a buffer zone between France and the Soviet Union.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

However, Finland did not ratify the treaty, which it felt contained hazards rather than safety, and as the 1930s entered this so-called Baltic trend faded in Finland.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

On the other hand, no formal agreements were needed as a basis for Nordic cooperation.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

Finland joined in 1933 as the so-called. Oslo States, which included not only the Nordic countries but also the Benelux countries.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

The following year Finland participated for the first time in a meeting of Nordic foreign ministers.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

Nordic cooperation developed into the so-called Nordic trend, which emphasized neutrality.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

In December 1935, the Nordic trend was chosen as Finland's official foreign policy line.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

[14] Finland's acceptance into the Nordic countries was not self-evident, as doubts arose especially during the Kivimäki government (1932—1936) about the authenticity of Finnish democracy, relations with Germany and the status of the Swedish language.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

Especially during the Cajander government (1937—1939), these doubts were successfully dispelled and cooperation with the Nordic countries deepened.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

[15] The development of Nordic cooperation was reflected, for example, in the increased meetings of foreign ministers, the removal of barriers to commercial cooperation, a common plan to safeguard the maintenance of times of crisis, a harmonised appearance in the League of Nations and a common attitude for example, into the Spanish Civil War.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

In 1938, common rules of neutrality were adopted through which the world hoped to recognise the Nordic countries as “a pacified region where it would not be worth hunting”.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

[16] However, Nordic cooperation did not lead to a defence alliance, as there were no political conditions for it.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

Finland feared the Soviet Union, Sweden feared the Soviet Union and Germany, Denmark was afraid of Germany, and Norway imagined that no one had to fear for its location.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

[17] However, Norway, in Germany's view, was associated with controlling the North Sea in an essential way and to the Danish straits, so it did not adopt Norway's policy of neutrality that understood England.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

Links with Sweden and the purchase of iron ore from there were essential to Germany's equipping.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

Although the defence alliance did not arise in the absence of a common enemy, the Nordic countries were united by an effort to avoid going to war.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

Therefore, in 1938, talk began to be made of “defensive readiness extended up to military measures.”


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

[18] In the end, all that remained of the Nordic Defence League was Sweden's and Finland's quest for military cooperation in the Åland archipelago.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

[19] JARTSEV negotiations in Finland on 14 April 1938, Boris Jartsev, Second Secretary of the Soviet Legation in Helsinki, arrived to meet Foreign Minister Rudolf Holst.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

[20] According to Jartsev, the Soviet government was confident that Germany was planning an attack on the Soviet Union and that plans included a flank strike through Finland.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

Thus, Finland's attitude towards the invasion of the Germans was important to the Soviet Union.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

The Red Army would not wait for the Raja River if Finland allowed the invasion.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

On the other hand, if Finland were to oppose the invasion of the Germans, the Soviet Union would provide military and economic assistance, since Finland's ability to repel the German invasion by its own forces was not trusted.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

[21] The start of the JARTSEV negotiations was led by the Anschluss, namely Austria's annexation of Hitler's Germany in March 1938, which from Moscow's perspective marked the first rift in the Soviet Union's western buffer zone.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

[22] Over the next five months, Jartsev held talks several times with, among others, Prime Minister A.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

With K. Cajander and Finance Minister Väinö Tanner.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

Finland's assurance that Finland would not allow its integrity to be violated or attacked by the Soviet Union was not sufficient for the Soviet Union.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

[23] The Soviet Union demanded a secret treaty that would allow it to participate in the defence of Finland — and above all its maritime borders — in the German offensive and in the fortification of Åland; moreover, it would also have wanted to have a fortified air and sea defence base in Suursaari.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

Finland rebuffed Jartsev's proposal in late August 1938.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

In March 1939, the Soviet Union announced that it wanted to lease Suursaari, Lavansaari, Daughter Islands and Seiskar for 30 years.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

Later, land from East Karelia was offered in exchange for the islands.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

[24] Mannerheim was prepared to cede islands that would effectively not have been able to defend, as well as border revisions on the Isthmus.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

[25] The break off of these negotiations on 6 April 1939 led to the Moscow negotiations in the fall of 1939.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

Moscow's negotiations on Finnish territory after the Molotovin—Ribbentropin Pact, signed on 23 August, initially felt relief in Finland that the German-Soviet conflict, and with it, Finland's entry into the Great War, seemed to have been averted.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

Quite soon, however, doubts began to be expressed as to the price Hitler had paid for safeguarding his back.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

The price was hidden in a secret additional protocol to the treaty, which proved fatal for Finland and the Baltic states: together with the eastern part of Poland, they were read as belonging to the Soviet sphere of interest.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

Stalin, on the other hand, bought additional time to equip himself with the treaty, as he — as well as Hitler — knew the treaty would only postpone the German-Soviet confrontation more imported.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

In early September 1939, Germany invaded Poland and World War II began after France and the United Kingdom, in accordance with their promise to Poland, declared war on Germany.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

The declaration of war was joined by India, Australia and New Zealand, who were members of the British Commonwealth.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

[26] The Soviet Union invited Finnish representatives to negotiate in Moscow on “concrete political issues” on October 5, 1939.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

Negotiations took place in three sections, 12—14.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

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October, 3—4 a.m.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

from November to 9 November 1939.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

Finland's negotiators for the first time were the envoy, State Counsellor J. K. Paasikivi, Finland's envoy to Moscow, Aarno Yrjö-Koskinen, Head of Division at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs Johan Nykopp, and Colonel Aladár Paasonen as military expert.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

On the second and third trips, the Finnish delegation had as the second chief negotiator alongside Paasikivi, Finance Minister Väinö Tanner.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

Rafael Hakkarainen, the State Counsellor, was on the third trip.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

[27] The Soviet Union proposed that Finland should cede parts of the Karelian Isthmus and the outer islands of the Gulf of Finland to the Soviet Union, as well as the port of Hanko and Lappohh.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

Similarly, the Soviet Union offered a territorial exchange in which Finland would have received wider territories from Repola and Porajärvi in East Karelia.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

Repola and Porajärvi were territories that had sought independence from 1918—1920 Russia, but which, by the Peace Treaty of Tartu, remained in Soviet Russia.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

The Finnish Council of State did not agree to the barter to the extent shown, as both public opinion and parliament opposed it, but offered only the areas closest to Leningrad, Kuokkala Bend and Terijoki to the Soviet Union.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

Negotiations broke off 9.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

on Nov.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

[28] Finnish negotiators returned to Helsinki with the ominous words uttered by Vyacheslav Molotov, the Soviet Foreign Minister, during the last round of negotiations: “Now the civil authorities have dealt with the matter, and when no agreement has been reached, the matter must be given to the soldiers.” [ 29] According to current Russian historiography, a negotiated outcome would have been possible until the end of October, when the plan for the war against Finland was finally approved.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

[30] The Soviet Union had previously made similar demands to the Baltic States, which agreed to hand over to the Red Army bases in their territories.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

The Finns chose otherwise: from 10 October 1939, Finland invited the soldiers of its reserve for an additional refresher exercise, which effectively amounted to mobilization.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

[31] Negotiations ended fruitless on Nov.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

Eventually, on 26 November 1939, the Soviets staged the Mainila shots, with which the Soviets justified the war as a defensive measure.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

[32] On 28 November, the Soviet Union exited the non-aggression pact and severed diplomatic relations between the two countries on 29 November.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

Preparations for the invasion of the Soviet Union Already after the end of the negotiations in the spring of 1939 were inconclusive, the possibilities of military conflict were considered under the leadership of the Soviet Union.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

In June 1939, Stalin drew the attention of General Kirill Meretskov, commander of the Leningrad Military District, to the danger posed by Finland's “Soviet hostility”.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

When Stalin stressed that he expected serious action on the part of Germany still that summer, he tasked Meretskov with drawing up a plan for border protection and counterattack against the Finnish defences in the event of a military provocation.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

[33] At the start of the Second World War in early September 1939, the Soviet Union declared mobilisation, in connection with which troops on the borders with Finland were also reinforced.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

Apparently, the actual concentrations aimed at war began only after the Soviet leadership had become clear of Finland's inclination.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

This is supported by the fact that the Soviet concrete war effort against Finland began two weeks after negotiations between the Finns and the Soviets had broken off.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

As the Polish expedition proved to be shorter than expected and when the Baltic bases were quickly occupied, troops originally intended for these directions could be moved to the eastern border of Finland.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

[34] A public secret circulated in Moscow's diplomatic circles in mid-November that 18 Red Army divisions had already been concentrated on the Finnish border.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

[35] During the Winter War, Soviet prisoners of war reported that the Red Army corps detachments concentrated at the Finnish borders were certain since mid-November that war would break out.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

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[36] According to the preconception of the Soviet leadership, the war against Finland was not to be difficult or long-term.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

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Germany would certainly remain loyal to the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact and would not intervene, and Sweden would not help Finland either.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

[37] Soviet Foreign Minister Vyacheslav Molotov ordered the Soviet envoy to Stockholm, Aleksandra Kollontai, specifically to ensure that Sweden, Norway and Denmark would not get involved in the conflict between Finland and the Soviet Union.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

[38] No miracle was expected of Finland's own defenses other than the Finns themselves.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

In particular, Leningrad's party secretary, Colonel General Andrei Ždanov, convinced Stalin that Finland could be managed “neatly” by the forces of the Leningrad Military District.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

The working population of Finland was supposed to rise in revolt against the bourgeois government and take on the Red Army as a “liberator”, which would have freed the Soviet Union from the embarrassing ballast of appearing as an aggressor.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

A couple of months earlier, the Red Army had unopposed occupied eastern Poland, whose population was predominantly Ukrainians and Belarusians.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

There it had appeared as a liberator of the tribal brethren after they were exposed to “all kinds of dangers” as a result of the dissolution of the Polish state, so it might as well march to Finland to free the “proletarians”.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

[39] Propaganda attack on the eve of the war, following the breakdown of negotiations between the Finns and the Soviet leadership, the Soviet newspaper press began a vigorous campaign of criticism and vilification against Finland in mid-November 1939.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

The journals published deliberately and deliberately coloured news that seemed incomprehensible from Finland's point of view.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

The campaign was largely aimed at shaping the mood of the Soviet population to support an invasion of Finland.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

The inscriptions included the desertions of Finnish soldiers from their garrisons and mutinies against their officers, skirmishes between reservists and patrons who had claimed casualties, and an extreme example of 1500 atheists supposedly carried out in Tampere liquidation.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

Finnish public opinion was said to be opposed to the attitude of the Finnish delegation at the Moscow talks and the British government's inciting the Finnish government to engage in warlike adventures.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

In an inscription published in Pravda, the main voice supporter of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, on 26 November 1939, Prime Minister A.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

K. Cajander was insulted as a “stumping cock”, a “writhing snake”, a “greedy little beast”, a “puppet of imperialists” and a “circus clown standing on top”.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

The Finnish envoy to Moscow, Aarno Yrjö-Koskinen, who had been summoned to Foreign Minister Vyacheslav Molotov on the evening of the same day, intended to express his objections to Pravda's writing, but before Yrjö-Koskinen could speak, Molotov read to him the Soviet government of Finland a sharp note to the government in response to the shots in Mainila.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

[40] When Molotov on 28 November informed Yrjö-Koskinen, who was once again invited to the Kremlin, that the Soviet Union was unilaterally terminating its non-aggression pact with Finland “due to Finland's hostile attitude”, Yrjö-Koskinen pointed out that it was not possible to terminate the agreement before for the year 1945.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

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To this, Molotov did not respond anything.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

[41] The Finns, who felt violated, did not keep up with this chain of events, but considered legal considerations that had nothing more to do with reality.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

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However, Hitler's Germany had done exactly the same way three months earlier before the invasion of Poland, and the Red Army had delayed its march to eastern Poland until it could be noted that the Polish government had fallen short of the user and the Ukrainians and Belarusians were “longing” protection”.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

Against this background, it was insignificant whether or not there had been a shooting in Mainila.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

[42] The military and political invasion of the Red Army invasion of Finland began on 30 November 1939.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

The Red Artillery opened fire on the Karelian Isthmus at 6:50 a.m.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

[43] However, on the shores of the Arctic Ocean and in Salla, the attack can be considered to have begun a few days earlier.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

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[44] At 9 o'clock, the first air alert was issued in Vyborg.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

During the first day, the Soviet Air Force bombed 16 localities in Finland, including Helsinki twice.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

Soviet Foreign Minister Vyacheslav Molotov gave a late evening radio speech and reported that the Soviet government had instructed the Red Army to ensure the external security of the Soviet state.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

In Finland, President Kyösti Kallio read the parliament's decision on the state of war on the radio at 1:30 p.m.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

The League of Nations condemned the attack and separated the Soviet Union from the organization [45] on 14 December 1939.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

On 1 December, the Soviet leadership formed the government of the Finnish People's Republic of Terijoki, led by Otto Wille Kuusinen, out of the Reds who fled to Soviet Russia after the 1918 civil war.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

The Soviet Union announced its recognition of the Government of the People's Republic of Finland as the only official government in Finland, that it was waging war against the White-Finnish rebellious forces, and refused to negotiate with the new government formed by Risto Ryti on 1 December.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

[46] The imposition of the Terijoki government revealed that the Soviet objective was to take over all of Finland.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

Terijoki's government was also supposed to act as a political offensive wedge that would open the way to Helsinki for the Red Army.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

It was otherwise and the outside threat united the Finns, regardless of class boundaries, to defend themselves against the Soviet Union.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

[47] On 7 December 1939, the staff of the Finnish Embassy received permission, with the Winter War already raging, to travel from Moscow by train via Latvia to Germany.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

There, military attachés belonging to the Finnish embassy staff heard alarming news.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

Dining with military agents was a German acquaintance of Major Kaarlo Somerro, a lieutenant colonel working in the foreign section of the German General Staff.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

He told me that at the General Staff meeting Adolf Hitler would have wanted to declare war on Finland alongside the Soviet Union.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

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However, the declaration of war tapered to the absolutely negative opposition of Marshal Herman Göring.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

The Finns speculated this was the German idea of occupying demilitarized Åland and thus securing ore shipments from northern Sweden.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

[48] Troops Finnish Army Army of the Isthmus II Army Corps (II AK, 3 divisions and Cavalry Brigade) III Army Corps (III AK, 2 divisions) In addition, one division IV army corps (IV AK, 2 divisions) Northern Finland Group Lapland Group during the war a further I Army Corps was formed, which belonged to the Army of the Isthmian.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

Red Army 7th Army 8th Army 9th Army 14th Army to Finnish Front was sent during the war still 13th Army and 15th Army.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

The two phases The Winter War can be divided into two different phases: the failure of the Red Army attacks and the successful interceptor battle of the Finnish Defence Forces in December 1939 on all fronts.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

the gradual breaching of Finnish defences in the western part of the Karelian Isthmus and the Gulf of Vyborg in February—March 1940 caused by the pressure of a major offensive by the Soviet Army.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

Due to limited crew and material resources, the combat capability of the Finnish Defence Forces peaked at the end of December and, in the absence of adequate replenishment, it was reduced towards the end of the war.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

The opposite was true for the Red Army; a serious underestimation of enemy combat capability observed at the beginning of the war and overestimation of its own capabilities could be corrected by significant resource increases in January—February 1940.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

Objectives Finland had concentrated the first defence protection forces on the eastern border already during the Moscow negotiations and, under the guise of YH, a significant part of the field army was in defensive positions at the start of the war.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

The Soviet strategy was to invade Finland from six points along the eastern border: Karjalan Kannas, Ladoga Karelia, Kuhmo (and Lieksa), Suomussalmi, Salla and Petsamo.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

The main objective was the Karelian Isthmus, which was to advance to Vyborg and on to Helsinki.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

Another important direction was Ladoga Karelia, from which Karelian stock and southern Finland could be threatened.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

The third key objective was to cut off Finland's “waist” at its narrowest point and advance to Oulu.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

In Lapland, the goal was to take Salla via Rovaniemi and reach the Swedish border.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

Petsamo was pursued mostly because of ore resources in the area and the port.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

The Red Army was capable of deploying stronger troop divisions than the Finnish warfare command had expected: entire, partly motorised divisions, in the area between the northern side of Ladoga and Petsamo.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

In terms of the Finnish army's fighting capability, the first week of war was marked by unaccustomed to war and, among other things, tank horrors, that is, panic situations caused by enemy tank forces, which led to a faster than planned withdrawal from the Reich frontier.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

The Finns' good improvisational ability (dismembering tactics of motti and troop divisions) and rapid development of interceptor equipment (including firebottles) [49], as well as the almost complete commitment of Red Army troops to road work, made the situation more advantageous for the Finns and raised the confidence of the Finnish soldiers.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

The pressure of the war also caused personnel changes in the Red Army.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

Finland's combat victories in December and January on the Karelian Isthmus, the Red Army offensive stopped on 5 December at the end of the fighting on the Mannerheim Line, where the advanced tactics of Finnish artillery and its cooperation with the infantry came to light — as long as there was sufficient artillery ammunition.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

The Karelian stock was defended by the Army of the Isthmian divided into II Army Corps in the Western Column and III Army Corps in the Eastern Isthmus.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

The former included the 4th, 5th, and 11th Divisions, and to the latter the 8th and 10th Divisions.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

The Army of the Isthmian and Headquarters reserve were the 1st and 6th Divisions.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

Groups of the Soviet 7th Army began the first breakthrough attempt at the Taipaleen River on the Eastern Isthmus on 6 December, but the offensive ended in failure on 8 December 1939.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

The 7th Army comprised nine infantry divisions, a Panzer Army Corps and three armoured brigades.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

The new attempt was scored 15—17.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

December ending with the defeat of the Finns.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

Fighting in the Red Army's center of gravity in the village of Summa in the western column began on 17 December and lasted until 22 December.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

The struggle ended with heavy losses for the Red Army.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

It was typical of the fighting for Soviet panzers to easily penetrate the positions of the Finns, under the cover of artillery concentrations, but the Finns were capable, with artillery fire and effective infantry fire, to keep the Red Army infantry and tank forces separate from each other.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

After the infantry had been destroyed to barbed wire barriers, the tanks were destroyed by anti-tank tanks and pile charges.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

[50] After the Red Army offensive had been halted on the Karelian Isthmus in December, Marshal Mannerheim authorised the launch of a counterattack towards Soviet positions.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

The II Army Corps of the Isthmian Army reinforced with two reserve divisions conducted a counterattack on 23 December 1939.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

However, it failed and II Army Corps suffered heavy losses.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

The event was named “fool's cans”.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

[51] The 8th Army, six divisions and one armoured brigade, attacked towards Finland in Ladoga Karelia.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

They advanced up to the northern shore of Lake Ladoga and a slightly more northerly route, through the strategically important area of Suojärvi towards Sortavala.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

The Finns resisted the attack with the 12th and 13th Divisions of the IV Army Corps.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

Suojärvi was quickly recaptured, and after unsuccessful counterattacks, the Finnish defences stabilized on the Kollaanjoki from 7 December.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

On the shores of Ladoga, the Finnish army initially withdrew via Salmin—Pitkäranta, but the Red Army was stopped in the Kitilän—Koirinoja area on 11—15.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

on Dec.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

In December, the Finns began counterattacks, which eventually led to the emergence of the Kitilän—Koirinojan—Lemet mots in early January 1940.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

In them, fighting continued until the end of the Winter War.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

[52] In addition to the fighting victories in the Karelian Isthmus and Ladoga Karelia, the Finnish army achieved the first offensive and strategically significant victory.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

December at Lake Tolvajärvi in Raja-Karelia.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

In the fighting, Group Talvela, led by Colonel Paavo Talvela, with Lieutenant Colonel Aaro Pajari as the front commander, struck the 139th Infantry Division of the Red Army, thus preventing the Red Army's attack on the back of the Finnish troops fighting in Ladoga Karelia.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

Northern Finland Major victories based on the war of aggression and attracted significant international attention by the Finns in the Battle of Suomussalmi on 27—29.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

December 1939 and the ensuing Battle of Raatteentie 1—7.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

on January 1940.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

On the Finnish side, the 9th Division under Colonel Hjalmar Siilasvuo was responsible for the combat action.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

In the battle, the Soviet 163rd and 44th Infantry Divisions were destroyed with relatively few Finnish troops, as well as a considerable war booty.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

The battles in the area between Ladoga Karelia and Suomussalmi are good examples of effective exploitation of terrain and conditions in war and motto tactics.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

As a result of heavy losses, the Soviet Union abandoned its goal of cutting Finland off the level of Oulu.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

[53] In the Kuhmon—Lieksa area, Finnish brigade Vuokko prevented the penetration of the Red Army's 54th Infantry Division in the directions of Kajaani and Pielisjärvi from 8 to 28.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

in the raven battles of December 1939.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

After the fighting in Suomussalmi, the 9th Division was transferred in January 1940 to the Kuhmon—Lieksa area where it tried to destroy the aforementioned Soviet division.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

However, the attempt failed, so a motto war that lasted until the end of the war ended in the area.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

[54] During December 1939, Sections Roininen and Suoranta stopped Soviet 122 in Salla.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

(and 88.)


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

Infantry Division attacks on the Kemijärvi area.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

Similarly, at Petsamo, the Finnish detachment Pennanen halted the advance of the Soviets 52nd Infantry Division and the 104th Mountain Division into the Nautsin-Featherjärvi area.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

[55] The Red Army Grand Offensive in February Soviet preparations The Red Army's failure to take Finland in December 1939 led to a thorough re-evaluation of the situation at the turn of 1939—1940.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

Combat activity subsided considerably for almost a month and a significant force group against Finland also began to be assembled in relation to Soviet resources.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

On 7 January 1940, the High Command of the Red Army, Stavka established the Northwest Front Staff to lead the war against the Finns and 1st Class Army Commander Semjon Timošenko was appointed at its head.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

The Karelian Isthmus Front was divided into two parts and 7.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

The army was assigned front responsibility for the western part of the area, where the focus of the major offensive was placed, and a new 13 was brought to the eastern part.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

Army.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

The total number of Soviet divisions on the Karelian Isthmus increased from ten to 21—26 and in addition, Timoshenko gained access to five new armoured brigades and 11 artillery regiments, as well as additional air force support.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

The Red Army had 4000 cannons and 1000—1200 tanks at its disposal on the Karelian Isthmus.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

A further additional high command reserve 28 was formed in the Leningrad region.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

Army Corps.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

A 6 kilometer wide center of gravity was created in the area of the sum, where 50 attacked


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

The army corps, three divisions supported by 500—1000 guns and 200 tanks, on the flanks attacked the 10th and 19th.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

Army Corps.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

Artillery density peaked at around 50—100 guns per front kilometre.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

On the Finnish side, the main attack was taken up by one, the 3rd Division formed in Satakunta and Häme, with the 4th and 2nd divisions on their sites (in early January 1940, the numbering of some Finnish divisions was changed: 6 D.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

→ 3.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

D., 10 D.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

→ 7 D., 11 D.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

→ 2 D.).


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

[56] Major Offensive to break through the Isthmus of the Mannerheim Line, on 1 February 1940, the Red Army began a vigorous and sustained artillery action that initialised the offenders, particularly on the Summa block.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

It was also accompanied by round-the-clock attacks by infantry and armoured forces.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

The end result was damage to Finnish positions and fatigue of troops with minimal reserves even before the start of the main attack.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

Due to constant combat contact, troops could not be replaced.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

The actual general attack began at 8:40am on the morning of 11 February with artillery fire accelerating into intense drum fire.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

By the afternoon, the Soviets achieved a decisive breakthrough in Summa with the Source block.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

In the Red Army, cooperation between artillery, tank units and infantry had improved significantly, and the Finns in turn suffered from a severe shortage of artillery ammunition and anti-tank guns.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

Firebottles and pile charges were no longer sufficient, as Soviet infantry effectively shielded tanks with their fire.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

On 15 February, the Finnish counterattacks failed and finally Commander-in-Chief Mannerheim issued the Isthmus 2.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

The Army Corps gave orders to withdraw to an intermediate position to Samolanlahti—Väkäkkijärvi—Muolaanjärvi, Muolaanjärvi—Äyräpää lake.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

The army corps remained in place in the Mannerheim Line until the end of the war.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

[57] However, the effective belting that the Red Army had underway broke the intermediate position and the corps was ordered to withdraw to the rear position to the line Vyborg—Tali—Coskuanback—Copper Island—Vyborg on 27 February 1940.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

On 26 February, Timošenko, commander of the Northwestern Front Staff, gave orders to his troops to recapture the city of Vyborg.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

The mission became 7.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

Performed by the Army as a two-sided encirclement maneuver and a direct front attack.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

10th and 28.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

The army corps had to advance to the west of Vyborg over the frozen Gulf of Vyborg and 19.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

The army corps was to advance to the east of the city.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

34th and 50.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

The army corps attacked directly towards Vyborg.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

In addition, 13.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

The army was tasked with crossing Veuksi from Äyrähead—Vuosalmi and blockade Finland 3, which fought on the Mannerheim Line on the eastern isthmus.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

Army Corps.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

[58] Battles of Vyborg and Vyborg Gulf In terms of the defence of the rear position, the westward extension of the front line to the Gulf of Vyborg was a serious blow to the Finnish army of the Isthmus.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

The surroundings of Vyborg were a more advantageous area for the defender than the southern and central Isthmus, but part of the advantage was lost due to the Gulf of Vyborg, which was in thick ice.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

The strength of the Finnish defence force has steadily dwindled resources in terms of both crew and material, and the physical fatigue of the troops brought the Finns' fighting ability to the limit for the final two weeks of the Winter War.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

A new 23rd Division and 21st Division for the Eastern Isthmus had been received in support of the Vyborg area, but were supplement forces weaker than other divisions in combat value.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

A successful strategic breakthrough by the Soviets in the Gulf of Vyborg would have threatened the entire defences of southern Finland with Finnish troops still deep east of the area.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

In the Gulf of Vyborg, Finnish troops of the 4th Division were unable to prevent the Soviets' invasion of Härännäniemi and Vilaniemi on the western bank of the bay, where the Red Army cut off the Vyborg—Helsinki highway on 9 March.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

The Finnish defenders held up and prevented the breakthrough from expanding.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

However, when peace came on 13 March, the situation was critical: 7.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

The Army relocated 3.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

The Cavalry Corps on 11 March already at Koivisto, aiming to establish a decisive superiority on the west bank of the Vyborg Gulf, but peace interrupted the action.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

In Vyborg, the 3rd and 5th Divisions lost their suburban areas and the front line moved to Patterinmäki on 12 March.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

The threat of encirclement to the east of the town formed severe after the Red Army penetrated the Oak Swamp and breached the support line of the defences of the Isthmus of Tali on 7—9.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

March 1940, but the attack was still successful in stopping Portinslender.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

In Tal, severe drum fire and tank fire from Soviet artillery caused even the threat of escape among the overburdened Finns.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

[59] Since the beginning of March, the 13th Army of the Red Army attacked with at least six divisions in Äyräpää, defended by the under-numbered 2nd and 21st Divisions.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

The central part of Äyräheadharju and Kirkonmäki west of Vuoksi were lost on 4 March and Vasikkasaari of Vuoksen on 5 March.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

Soviet forces eventually managed to cross Vuos on 8—11.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

March and to create a bridgehead about 500 meters deep on the east bank of the river, but the coming of peace resolved the critical situation.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

At Taipaleenriver, the Finnish 7th Division withstood fierce attacks by the Red Army from 11—20.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

February and largely retained their original positions until the end of the war.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

[59] Peace in Moscow The unexpected turn in the war by Finnish army soldiers during December 1939, the defeat of the Red Army, brought a partial solution to the conflict.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

The Soviet Union was forced to reassess the objectives of the war and the overall effects of a conflict that stretched longer than planned.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

It began planning a better-prepared new major offensive for January—February 1940.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

[60] The positive international attention caused by the successful struggle of the Finns seriously disturbed Stalin since early December.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

Information on British and French plans to support Finland in the Winter War, both in military and material, put the NL in front of a whole new situation.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

The interference of Western superpowers in the war threatened to extend the conflict in a direction disadvantageous to the Soviet Union.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

[61] Stalin had calculated that World War I would expand over the course of 1940 to include between Germany and the Western Allies, which would have provided new avenues for action for the Soviet Union.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

[62] The stretching of the war over the turn of the year and the information about the Western Powers' mission project to Finland, the Arctic Ocean and the Caucasus led the Soviet leadership to abandon the goal of occupying Finland and installing a Soviet-minded Terijoki government in Finland.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

It opened up the possibility of a compromise peace, and the Soviet leadership, via Sweden, informed Finland on 29 January 1940, contrary to its previous line, that Stalin was ready for armistice negotiations with the government of Risto Ryti.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

The announcement was preceded by secret confessions between writer Hella Wuolijoki and Soviet envoy to Stockholm Alexandra Kollontai on 10—21.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

on January 1940.


Question: How did the Winter War begin?

Winter War

[63] However, the Soviet Union required — because “blood had flowed” — that Finland be prepared for greater concessions than what the NL had demanded in the autumn of 1939.