Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

Debate had taken place in the Senate over the publication of the manifesto, with the final vote supporting publication by 12 senators and 6 opposed.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

Senators who voted for were insulted and those who voted against were shown respect and praise on the part of the people.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

[152] In 1902, the language manifesto was supplemented by a decree confirming the status of Finnish language.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

Only then did the Finnish language reach a full position in the administration and courts [153] The Finnish Party, as its leader, Yrjö Sakari Yrjö-Koskinen, became a supporter of the acquiescence trend.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

On 10 December 1900, on the occasion of his 70th birthday, he published an Open Letter to my friends urging that resistance be avoided in relation to repression.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

“We have insisted that the country and the people should always be treated with the same loyalty,” Yrjö-Koskinen writes.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

“Now the position has changed.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

Now no help other than to look reality directly in the eye, and to what extent it is necessary, to bend”.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

The open letter provoked bitter anger but also sparked infatuation in low-numbers circles among the civilised Old Finnish youth and in much of the Finnish-speaking nationally awakened house ordinance.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

He called for an end to all cooperation with the Swedish party, thus imagining better relations with the Russians.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

This brought about discord in the past with a people who had opposed repression more uniformly.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

[154] [155] [156] [157] [158] [159] [160] In his open letter, Yrjö-Koskinen also stated his position that legal scholars such as Leo Mechel were trying, citing the Constitution, to resist repression.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

“But let's say: Now it is not a question of language and nationality alone, but about constitutions.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

Documentaries are good to exist, but the old truth is that a peace instrument is only valid if it is reinforced by a good instrument of war.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

And even if there are both, there is a powerful, vibrant national spirit more important than both.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

All the more there is this spirit, where warlike defence is impossible "[161] During the Language Manifesto, the Old Finns had opposed the publication of the manifesto and severely criticised those senators who had allowed intimidation to influence their solution.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

[162] Yrjö Koskinen's open letter to my friends was Th. According to Rhine's memoirs, a torch of discord thrown at the centre of a nation struggling for its existence.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

[163] J. K. Paasikivi, who was beginning his political career at the time, interprets in his memoirs that “in his open letter Yrjö-Koskinen showed doubts about the possibility of preserving Finland's then state institutions.”


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

Paasikivi's view was that “if the melskits of the First World War had not unexpectedly reversed the course of our history, the fate of Yrjö-Koskinen would probably have awaited us.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

“[164] The actions of the men of acquiescence made passive resistance difficult, because after the Russians dismissed a law-abiding official or his resignation in protest, a representative of the acquiescence party was immediately ready to take his place.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

[165] On 12 July 1901, Nicholas II confirmed the new Conscription Act for Finns [166] and a particularly gracious declaration book, the so-called Manifesto of Conscription [167], which stated that Finland's status obliged the Finns. to participate in the defense of the throne and the fatherland.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

Some detachments of Finnish military personnel were abolished under it.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

All sniper battalions were disbanded, with the exception of the Finnish Guard.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

[168] Hundreds of officers and their families were driven from their apartments in the middle of winter to the street.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

The assets, weapons, barracks and movables of the Finnish army were handed over without compensation to the Russian Army.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

[169] The invitation under the new law was ordered to be delivered in 1902.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

The decree effectively meant the abolition of the Finnish national military force: there were no more purely Finnish troop detachments where the officers and crew would be Finnish citizens.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

[170] Since 1887 there had been a conscription law in Finland, according to which the purpose of the Finnish army was the defence of Finland, but it was not allowed to be exported outside the country.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

[171] [172] By law, the army was permitted to include only Finnish citizens, [171] with the exception of its two supreme chiefs, the Governor-General and the Russian Minister of War.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

The Finns alone financed the maintenance of the army.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

[173] The Manifesto was considered illegal, as it repealed the Conscription Act of 1878 and placed provisions in its place that had not been adopted by the Finnish Riksdag.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

[174] In the final vote on 1 August 1901, the publication of the Conscription Act was opposed by four senators: Heikel, Homén, Nummelin and Ramsay.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

As a result of their vote, they were allowed to resign from the Senate.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

The Senate published an illegal conscription law and, on the same occasion, a letter from a subject to the monarch, mentioning: “A law which had arisen in a different way than the laws of the land required, had to raise concern with Finland and bring it to the understanding that the country's form of government was not secured.”


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

But then the Senate added to the letter that among it - it when it was in the earlier decisions of the monarch “and even now in the published manifesto” noticed “many unfrozen testimonies of Your Imperial Majesty's benevolence and leniency towards this country” nevertheless “cannot to arise any doubt that the Finnish form of government is constantly considered sacred”.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

The Senate pleading became widely known and was considered to be the most worthless document ever published by the Senate of Finland.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

Former Senator Lennart Gripenberg said in his article about it that it is a criminal document because of a heavy affront to the country's form of government through the conscription manifesto.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

[175] The priestly ordinance was held by the Old Finns, but when the priests, according to custom, made vocations in churches, in some localities the people covered their voices with a smirk.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

[176] An adress containing 92889 names was collected in 1901 against the promulgation of the Conscription Act from the countryside by Mauno Rosendal and judiciously W. Wallin and the peasants.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

At the invitation of Mauno Rosendal, citizens opposed to the illegal conscription law gathered in Tampere on 23 February 1901.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

Among them it was believed that a Russian conscription decree would result in an abundance of young men emigrating and many hiding in the heartlands.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

Mauno Rosendal was chosen as a staff member who took care of collecting names from Oulu County.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

They wanted with adress from the air that the people would not accept illegal regulations.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

On the night of February 26 and 27, there were 25 women who wrote the adress.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

The adress project was met with opposition from the leaders of the Finnish Party.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

On 11 March 1901, the legation arrived in Helsinki, where Linder, Vice-President of the Senate, refused to accept the adress.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

The adress was handed over to the Senators, but it ended up in the archives of the House of Independence.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

Members of the embassy went to meet with senators and told them about the adress and its genesis.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

Later the Great Conscription Address was collected due to the initiative leaving Helsinki, which yielded 473,468 names.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

[177] [178] Establishment of Kagaal Kagaali was founded in the law firm of Arne Cederholm on 15 September 1901 as an organization of passive resistance.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

In 1902, Kagaal's upper management body, the Council, was formed, with Mechelin as its head.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

Kagaali circulated illegal books and newspapers, opposed conscription calls, and organised non-profit popular education activities.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

Later, the Kagal also engaged in active resisting by acquiring weapons and organizing shooting exercises.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

[179] Kagaali did not cooperate with activists or Russian revolutionaries, but sought cooperation with Russian libertarians.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

[180] Vocation strikes of 1902 In 1902, the calling strikes began, organized by passive resistance supporters founded by Kagaali.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

[181] Sixty-five priests refused to read the Conscription Act in their churches, and in half of all keepers, citizens objected to reading.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

[182] There were 870 conscripts in Helsinki, and only 57 of them enrolled in the Russian army.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

In several Ostrobothnia municipalities, no one arrived.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

[183] Only 41.8% of conscripts participated in the 1902 invitations.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

[184] [185] Old Finnish acquiescence men opposed the call strike, Archbishop Gustaf Johansson sent his famous shepherd letter to priests, which allowed most priests to read the illegal decree in churches.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

[186] In June 1902 a new decree was issued on the use of Finnish and Swedish in courts and offices.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

[187] The decree brought the Finnish language equal alongside the Swedish language.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

[188] The invitation riot in April 1902 in Helsinki arose from 17 to 18 April 1902 a street riot, curious people had gathered in abundance at the Senate Square in front of the police chamber, when Russian governor Mikhail Kaigorodov commanded a large number of people in motion Gendarmes, which led to the accumulation of more people.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

People whistled at gendarmes and others taunted them.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

[189] Mounted police officers tried to scare the crowd into silence, but were unsuccessful.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

The governor then commanded a hundred Cossacks into the square, and as they approached the multitudes, the market emptied.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

[190] [191] Only a few individual walkers passed through the market, but nevertheless Kaigorodow commanded the Cossacks attacked.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

Russian Cossacks pursued with their sabres, striking and nagaikos, or knot whips, whipping people passing near the market, leaving several women and children injured.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

They rode people down, letting their steeds trample the people to their feet.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

This prompted general anger among citizens who witnessed the events, causing people to start throwing stones at the Cossacks, and some wearing steel guns.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

[190] [192] [193] [194] A message was delivered to the Governor that thousands of people would soon be on the streets from the closing factories, and what would happen then was unnecessary to predict, whereby he understood that it was better to command the Cossacks off the citizens.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

[190] The Finns were not inducted into the Russian army; the call-up strikes caused the end of conscription of Finns.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

Instead, Finland had to make monetary reparations, so-called military millions.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

[195] The labour movement strongly criticized in its flyers the giving of 20 million marks to the Reich Fund.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

[196] The dictatorial decree granting dictator powers to Bobrikov had been discussed at a secret Russian conference in February 1902, when it was stated that he must be able to defeat opposition through temporary measures and decrees.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

[197] Bobrikov, at his own request, was granted the powers of dictator on 2 April 1903, when the Merciful Decree was issued on measures to preserve state order and general peace in Finland (AsK 36/1903), [198] and a letter of command or rescript a week later.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

[199] With the dictator's powers, he was able to expel and arrest whomever he pleased and also gained the legal right to interfere in most of the affairs of the country.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

He obtained the right to close commercial and industrial establishments, ban general and private gatherings, abolish associations.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

[200] Deportations 1903 The status of Finnish and Swedish languages and the autonomous status of Finland came under various attacks.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

Among other things, pro-Finnish politicians were expelled abroad and newspapers were abolished.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

[201] [202] Defunct newspapers were v.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

1899 by 4, yrs.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

1900 chassis calculated from approx.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

20 and fixed-term abolished approx.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

It's 50.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

[148] [203] In 1903, supposedly to preserve Finnish security, Governor General Bobrikov expelled Senator Leo Mechelin, who was one of the first to be expelled.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

[202] [204] Other known exiles included Freeman V.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

M. von Born, Count Carl Mannerheim, Consul Eugen Wolff, Reguel Wolff, Jonas Castren, and Wentzel Hagelstam and Mauno Rosendal.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

The deportations attracted attention in other countries and Bobrikov's actions were condemned.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

[205] [206] [207] [208] [209] 68% of invitees arrived at the 1903 call-outs, so the call-out strike was not very successful.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

[185] [210] [211] Dismissal from Estonia In January 1903, governors who did not agree to blindly obey the orders of the Governor-General of Finland Bobrikov were dismissed from their posts.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

[212] In February, 16 members and officials of the Turku and 3 Vaasa Court of Appeal were dismissed because of the position they had taken in relation to the decree of 14 August 1902.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

That decree provided, contrary to existing law, that no prosecution may be brought against an officer without the permission of his superior.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

[213] [214] [215] [216] [217] [218] Russification of drivers and Russian-language street signs Helsinki police officers were ordered to wear Russian-style uniform.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

From the beginning of 1904, the express drivers in Helsinki were ordered to wear Russian-style driver suits.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

Russian texts were required for street nameplates, with the street name in Finnish and Swedish below.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

[219] [220] Labour demonstration A large group of people gathered on 5 June 1904 at Mäntymäki Zoo.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

The main purpose was to oppose unnatural voting rights conditions.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

Dr. S. Ingman gave a speech on the voting rights issue, teacher W. Reima on Prohibition, Matti Hälleberg on the eight-hour workday.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

Then a group of men arrived on the speaking platform, one of whom stepped on stage and began shouting “Away from the oppressive violence, down Plehve, Bobrikov and our grovelling Senate.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

Long live freedom!”.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

After giving the speech, the man exited the stage and disappeared into the crowd.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

Several cheer screams and claps were heard as a result of the speech.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

Police arrested several individuals, but the speaker could not be found out.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

It has later been discovered that the speech was crafted by P. E. Svinhufvud, W. Zilliacus, and Th.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

Homé.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

[221] [222] Assassination of Bobrikov The first period of repression culminated with the shooting of Bobrikov by Eugen Schauman on June 16, 1904.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

In the process, Schauman shot himself.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

[201] [223] [224] [225] [226] [227] Schauman acted alone, albeit with the knowledge and deadline of activists.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

Lennart Hohenthal, too, had been preparing to assassinate Bobrikov.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

[228] The daily newspaper published an editorial entitled “Midsummer" [229] and described in it how at midsummer the light always overcomes darkness after all.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

The magazine was then forced to be permanently disbanded.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

According to Tekla Hultin's view, Bobrikov's death broke the myth of Finns' satisfaction with Bobrikov's regime.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

The celebration of Bobrikov's death was quite visible in Helsinki according to contemporaries, but especially among Finns staying abroad, the act was seen as Finland's liberation from oppression.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

The new Finnish magazine labelled Schauman's act an outrageous and disgusting crime.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

[230] According to Russian papers, Bobrikov's death had shocked the Finnish population because “the Governor-General was popular as a benevolent and very easy-to-speak man.”


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

[231] The Acknowledgement Senate released its statement of what happened on 22 June 1904: “In its deepest disgust at the appalling devious crime unheard of in the documents of our country, to which Governor-General Bobrikov has fallen victim and which all rightfully think in this country the deeper disapprove...


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

The Senate has wished the inhabitants of the earth to point out the greatly deplorable consequences of the incitement to disobedience against the predominance which, in recent years, has already been conducted, by the malevolent, partly ill-fated persons in our country, and of the dangers of unbridled sedition in the future might for our country produce... “[232] Bobrikov's death was widely written in the pages of foreign journals, describing the Russification policy pursued by Bobrikov, and also often bringing understanding of Schauman's act.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

The period of repression eased slightly after the death of the active Bobrikov.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

[233] Due to the murder of Bobrikov, a search of the house was carried out at the home of Schauman's father, general and senator, secret counselor Fredrik Waldemar Schauman, he was captured and transported to St. Petersburg and confined to the Peter Paul Fortress, where he was held for several months until the liberator as the winds began to blow, he was released and left for investigation by the Turku Court of Appeal.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

[234] In accordance with the report of Oerstroem, assistant to the Secretary of State for Ministers, the assassination of Bobrikov had raised public Russian opinion to demand revenge and casualties as a result of what had happened, but Nicholas II, to appease the public mood, had sent a special Russian police magistrate on the matter to find out.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

However, the unstable conditions in Russia caused by the Russo-Japanese war drew attention from the issue that had happened.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

[235] [236] [237] Nicholas II appointed Prince Ivan Obolenski as Governor-General of Finland on 30 June 1904 to continue the Russification that was interrupted by the assassination of Bobrikov.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

[238] [239] [240] When Governor-General Prince Ivan Obolenski and Minister of State E. Öerström took office, it seemed that the worst times were over.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

The repressive measures did continue, but in a more restrained way.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

Magazines were allowed to write more freely than before.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

It followed that now people knew more about the activities of the Russian regime, including about the nasty things that, under Bobrikov, were kept out of the public eye by strong censorship.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

[241] [242] [243] In July 1904, Vyacheslav von Plehwe, the Minister of the Interior of Russia, was assassinated in Saint Petersburg.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

[244] [245] [246] A few weeks after Bobrikov's murder was deported to Russia Emil Schybergson, R.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

A. Wrede and Viktor Theodor Homén and Ernst Estlander.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

[247] [248] The exiles were held in Sweden by exile Riksdag under Mechelin.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

Mechelin opposed violence and lawlessness, so the writer Konni Zilliacus, who remained in the minority, founded the Finnish Active Resistance Party on 11 October 1904.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

The founding meeting of the Finnish Active Opposition Party was held in Helsinki on 17 November.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

[249] [250] The Riksdag on 6 December 1904 and the Great Supplication The result of the Riksdag elections was a disappointment for the Acquisition Party, with 167 constitutionalists and 30 acquiescent men in the knighthood and nobility.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

In Priestly Acts 24 and 24.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

In bourgeoisie, 3 socialists, 3 acquiescence men and 67 constitutionalists.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

The peasant statute had constitutional 62 and acquiescence men 25.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

[251] It was suggested to those who were illegally deported from the country that they would beg the Governor-General for the right to return, but no one pleaded.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

They were then informed that even that is enough for them to inform the relevant governor that they want to return, but no one indicated.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

It was then suggested that deportees may request a passport from the Governor-General, but no one asked.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

Those illegally deported demanded justice, they wanted no mercy.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

On 2 December 1904, it was published in the official press of the country that those expelled who represented their family or who were elected representatives were allowed to stay in the country during the Riksdag, since the act of representative was not only a right, but also an obligation.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

The consequence was that the deportees returned.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

[249] [252] In the Riksdag, Senator Constantin Linder served as land marshal and Senator O. Bergbom-Wuorenheimo served as deputy marshal.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

They were both acquiescence men.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

The priestly ordinance was presided over by Archbishop Gustaf Johansson, an acquiescence man he too.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

The President of the bourgeoisie was the Constitutional Court Court Cessor Hugo Lilius, who chaired the Peasants' Act, the acquiescence man, mounted rancher Kaarlo Ojanen.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

As a land marshal, Senator Constantin Linder gave a speech at the opening of the Reichstag.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

As he entered the chamber, no one stood up other than Vice Marshal O. Bergbom-Wuorenheimo.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

The speech, which contained merely an expression of the feelings of a regulated subordinate, was not accepted; several objections were raised against the speech.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

[253] The Acts assembled in the Riksdag, and the most significant decision was the adoption of the Great Supplication demanding full restoration of legal conditions on 12 December 1904.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

[254] [255] Senator Arne Cederholm gave a speech in which he called for the office of procurator fiscal to be restored to what it was before and proposed the dismissal of procurator Eliel Soisalon-Soininen because he did not enjoy the trust of the people and requested that the monarch order another man in his place.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

In his speech, he mentioned Eugen Schauman's act and said: “The compelling duty of the Finnish regulations must be, as far as they are concerned, to try to remove the subjects so that more such acts do not occur in this country.”


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

Two months later procurator Eliel Soisalon-Soininen was fired.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

[256] On 19 January 1905, all deportations were cancelled, and those expelled by Bobrikov received permission to come back.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

[257] The Riksdag dealt with e.g.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

Russians getting into posts in Finland, which was opposed by only a few.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

The establishment of a Finnish-Russian joint committee was discussed, whose task would be to draw a line between the laws which were fixed for Finland forever and those whose modification depended on the ruler.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

[258] On 26 September 1902, the Tagantsev Committee and General Reich Legislation of 1904 Nicholas II had instructed the Senate to prepare a detailed proposal on those matters that should be transferred to the general impeachment legislation.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

A committee set by the Senate prepared a 17-point proposal.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

In March 1904, by order of the monarch, the secret-counselor Tagantsev established a committee whose members included State Counsellor Sergeyevsky, Major General Mikhail Borodkin, as well as other senior officials.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

The Finnish members of the Committee were Archbishop Gustaf Johansson, Borenius, Danielson, Robert Hermanson, E.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

G. Palmén and Kasten Antell.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

The result of the Committee was a good bill for the Finns, listing the common laws of Russia and Finland.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

[259] [260] [261] At the great meeting of constitutionalists on 31 October 1905, it was decided on the suggestion of Master Georg Schauman that the Finnish members of the Tagantsev Committee should resign.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

That's what happened on November 5, 1905.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

[262] Murder of procurator Eliel Soisalon-Soininen On 6 February 1905, the pro-Russian procurator (attorney general) Eliel Soisalon-Soininen was shot dead by activist Lennart Hohenthal.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

Kagaali did not approve of Hohenthal's act, and did not consider it in any way beneficial to the cause of freedom.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

And the act wasn't sanctioned by all activists either.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

[263] Military millions.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

The Manifesto on Military Affairs appeared on 29 March 1905, under which the implementation of the illegal Conscription Decree of 1901 was repealed and agreed that 10 million marks would be paid to Russia in compensation to avoid the Finns being forced to Russian military people.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

The Acts had only awarded the sum for 1905.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

In Finland, it was hoped for the resettlement of Finnish military personnel.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

The Russians also demanded the sum to be paid in 1906-1907, due to which several negotiations took place.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

However, the sum was not taken into the 1906-1907 budgets.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

[264] [265] Dissolution of Constitutional Assembly 1905 Constitutionalists held a large meeting in Helsinki at Palokunta Hall, attended by approx.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

1000 people.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

The meeting became a marker case in the history of passive resistance.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

In the middle of the meeting came Russian military people with willownets in their hands.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

The two police officers were the first and they announced that the Governor-General, in the name of the emperor, would ask the meeting to disperse.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

As the meeting was deemed a private occasion, it was not agreed to.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

The privates then went towards the participants and pulled chairs from their pool and threw them bust.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

Only when all the chairs were bust and some were broken in the meeting hall, Setälä, the chairman of the meeting, raised a protest and urged the meeting participants to disperse peacefully.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

Knowledge quickly spread throughout Helsinki, theatres depleted and large crowds of people filled the center of Helsinki.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

The event attracted great attention throughout the country and abroad as well.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

The papers wrote about it as strongly as they can.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

[266] End of the first period of repression The Great Strike, the victory of Japan and the establishment of the Red Guards In 1905, Russia's defeat in the war against Japan led to revolution.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

On 30 October 1905, a major strike began in Finland too, demanding the restoration of legality.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

[267] [268] The Great Strike arose at the initiative of an active opposition party, with socialists and constitutionalists joining into action.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

[269] The Russian general strike spread to Finland in late October, on October 29, the rail link between Finland and Russia was broken.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

The Finnish working people saw an opportunity in the general strike to try to implement the social changes it demanded.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

The first goal was to have a parliamentary institution based on universal and equal suffrage.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

Constitutionalists demanded the removal of Russians who were illegally placed in office, the dismissal of members of the Senate and Minister of State Linder, and the convening of the Riksdag.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

[270] Large crowds gathered around the Governor-General's house demanded the resignation of the Senate, who was sitting in the house, and of Governor-General Obolensky.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

The embassy was chosen to take the people's demand to the Governor-General.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

The legation included Adolf von Bonsdorff, Jonas Castrén, Tekla Hultin, W. A. Lavonius, Heikki Renvall and Georg Schauman.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

The senators immediately promised to send their resignation applications to the government and at the embassy's insistence Senator Sohlberg read the notice from the palace's second-floor balcony.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

The announcement was received with great glee.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

[271] The events leading up to the Great Strike led the Russian authorities to fear.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

The governor of Vyborg County, Nikolai Mjasojedov, was wounded and Gendarmerie Lieutenant Kromarenko was killed in Vyborg by workers' activist Kalle Procopé.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

While Assistant to the Governor-General, the secret counsel V.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

However, no retaliatory measures were taken against F. Deutrich.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

[272] [273] During the Great Strike, Red Guards were established.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

In Tampere, a Red Declaration was issued calling for more self-determination.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

Striking constitutionalists shut down agencies and workers striking factories.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

Many employers paid their workers wages even during the strike.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

Patriotic demonstrations were organized and protests were also veiled as various celebrations, resistance organisations as sports or scouting movements etc. [274] [275] The November 4 Manifesto of 1905, forced by internal difficulties in Russia, Nicholas II agreed to the issue of Finland to the November Manifesto.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

[276] Count Witte as President of the Council of Ministers supported the adoption of the manifesto.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

He recognized the Finnish state rule, using the word “konstitutsija” from it.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

He stresses in his memoirs that the emperor was “a constitutional monarch in Finland, governed according to the peculiar state (constituent) given to it.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

“[277] In his Manifesto signed at Peterhof, Emperor Nicholas II accepted the supplication of the Statutes on 31 December 1904; actions requesting the restoration of legal order.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

In this case, the February manifesto was repealed and promises of universal and equal voting and electoral rights, as well as freedom of speech, print, association and assembly were made.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

[278] The supplication was delivered to the Emperor by Konstantin Linder, Secretary of State for Ministers of Finland, and Edvard Oerstroem, his deputy, who took it to live on a ship from St. Petersburg to Petersburg.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

The supplication was presented late in the evening of 3 November, and signed by the Emperor at 1 o'clock at night.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

The document was brought to Helsinki on the ship “Live” the following afternoon at 5:00 a.m.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

[279] [280] [281] The publication of the 4 November Manifesto prompted the perception that the grievances caused by the February Manifesto had been removed.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

But pretty soon after the start of the second period of repression it was discovered that manifesto promises and expectations were nothing more than empty hopes.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

[282] [283] [284] [285] The Finnish Commission on State Regulations had proposed that the February Manifesto cease to be valid, but the Declaration Book confirmed by the Emperor indicated that the February Manifesto would not be respected for the time being.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

The manifesto contained the following phrase “As the matters referred to therein will be organised through a legislative action”, which left open the possibility that a different entity, other than a legislative act with the consent of the legal Parliament of Finland, could also resolve matters.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

[285] [286] After bending to concessions in Russia, the Grand Duke wanted to appease Finland as well and agreed to the demands of the constituents in the November manifesto, where he froze the illegal laws as well as allowing Mechelin to form the Senate (government) (1905—1908) which implemented the Reichstag reform ( universal and equal right to vote and election) and enacted freedom of speech, print, association, and assembly.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

The first period of repression ended there, though not entirely satisfied by the Socialists.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

[279] [287] [288] [289] After the first period of repression, after Nicholas II issued a manifesto on the restoration of legal conditions, he ordered the summoning of extraordinary Riksdag to deal with the reform of the Finnish parliamentary institution for universal and equal suffrage to the principle.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

These last enactment Riksdag was held from December 22, 1905 to September 18, 1906.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

The old four-chamber legislative parliament was replaced by a unicameral parliament to which 200 delegates were elected by secret election using proportional representation.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

[290] [291] [292] After the Grand Strike, Prince Obolenski received his resignation from the post of Governor-General of Finland and the Emperor ordered a member of the Privy Council, Nikolai Gerard, as his successor on 22 November 1905.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

[293] The Senate, referred to as the Mechel Senate, constitutionalists were elected senators, and Mechel was appointed chairman.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

Members included August Nybergh, K. F. Ignatius, Lennart Gripenberg, Hugo Lilius, Kasten Antell, Otto Donner, Onni Schildt, K. J. Ståhlberg, Fredrik Stjernvall and J. K. Kari, and in the Judicial Division R.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

A. Wrede, Carl Alexander Almqvist, Ferdinand Alexander Kumlin, Johan Fredrik Lundenius, Edvard Paldani, Carl Johan Timgren, Gustaf Werner Wilskman, Henrik Waldemar Kyander and Julius Grotenfelt as procurator fiscal.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

[294] [295] Minister of State Constantin Linder resigned and August Langhoff was appointed to replace him on 5 February 1906.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

Following the resignation of Edvard Oerstroem, who served as Deputy Secretary of State for Ministers, he was ordered to replace him by Fr.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

Bjornberg.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

[296] The last enactment Riksdag was discontinued on 18 September 1906.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

The monarch's throne speech had been gracious and promising to the future.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

The party counterparts had been stark and the debate in the committees and debates ripping.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

[297] Viapori Rebellion Russian soldiers rose on 30 July 1906 in a mutiny in the fortress of Viapori and gained control of the tank ship Pamjat Asovan.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

Their intention was to declare Russia a republic and invade, via Kronstadt, to Saint Petersburg.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

The rebellion failed, only a small percentage of the soldiers left to join the rebellion, with others remaining loyal to the monarch.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

The Red Guard declared a general strike in Helsinki.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

The Senate banned Red Guard activities on December 4, 1907.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

[298] [299] Electoral law and strengthening the Riksdag order on 20 July 1906, Nicholas II confirmed the Finnish Riksdag and the electoral law.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

[300] After the Great Strike, a new party was born, the Agrarian League, with Santeri Alkio and Kyösti Kallio as its founders.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

In 1906, Swedish-speakers formed the Swedish People's Party.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

The Social Democratic Party of Finland had organized in the past, v.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

1903 at a meeting in Forssa, Kullervo Manner, Otto Wille Kuusinen and Väinö Tanner were the most famous influencers.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

[301] [302] First Parliamentary Elections The reform of the parliamentary institution decided in July 1906 had extended the number of suffragettes to 1 million.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

Suffrage was granted to women and the lower social classes and to those representatives of the upper classes who had not been able to fit within the former enactments.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

[303] With the reform of the Parliamentary Institution, the parties changed the way they operate.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

The Swedish People's Party paid more attention to the Finnish-Swedish population of the coast.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

[304] [305] The Social Democratic Party targeted its activities more towards the non-independent population of the countryside, which was evident at the Forssa meeting in August 1903 as well as at the Tampere “crofter meeting” in April 1906, where the acquisition of land for the unsubscribed population was discussed through the expropriation procedure and the enactment of the so-called farming compulsion law.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

[304] [306] Representative of the acquiescence trend, the Old Finnish Party appeared as the “party of the whole people” and adopted a radical agenda on the language issue, forming a broad and elaborate “country programme”.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

[304] The electoral programme of the Young Finns was based on compromises leveling different internal views within the party and was therefore more cautious on the agrarian arc and on the issue of municipal suffrage.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

The Socialists, the Agrarian League and the Old Finns presented a more detailed country programme, so the Youth Finns programme was perceived as over-the-top.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

[304] [307] In the first parliamentary elections of 1907, the constitutional parties suffered defeat [308], however gaining 80 seats.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

The Social Democrats received 80 delegates.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

The Old Finnish Party received 59 delegates, the NuorFinns 26, the Swedish People's Party 24, the Agrarian League 9 and the Christian Workers' Union 2 seats.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

[309] [310] [311] Parliament first met on 23 May 1907.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

P. E. was elected Speaker of the Parliament.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

Svinhufvud.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

[312] In 1908, the Socialists gave the Senate a vote of no confidence, something the Old Finns supported by abstention, allowing the Senate to end up in the hands of acquiescence men, following the resignation of Mechelin and several others.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

[313] [314] [315] Parliament was dissolved, following Nicholas II's displeasure, four times.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

[316] On 17 October 1907, Prohibition was enacted in the Riksdag.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

A supplication signed by 140.000 citizens of legal age in favour of General Prohibition had been filed with the Reichstag of 1900.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

Prohibition didn't go into effect until later.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

[317] [318] [319] In November 1907, Major General F.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

A. Sey to Governor-General Gerard's assistant, in what was seen as a threatening sign.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

[320] On October 31, 1907, the parliament decided to pay the military millions for 1906 and 1907, totaling 20 million marks.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

[321] [322] [323] See also Second period of repression National Romanticism Sources Literature Aho, Juhani and others: Citizen Address 1901.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

Porvoo, WSOY 1901.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

Autio, Veli-Matti: Roadtime.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

History of the Savo-Karelian sub-municipality III 1888-1905.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

WSOY, Porvoo, 1997.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

ISBN 951-0-21803-0 Alanen, Aulis: History of Finnish land trade.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

Merchants Kustous Oy, Gummerus, Jyväskylä, 1957.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

Borg, Olavi: Finnish parties and party programmes 1880-1964.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

WSOY, Helsinki, 1965.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

Cederberg, A.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

R.: The latest history of Finland 1898-1942.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

WSOY, Porvoo, 1943.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

Cowles, Virginia: Romanovs.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

FAQ, 1972.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

ISBN 951-638-007-7 Becker, Erik: Becker-Bei Finnish soldier and politician.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

Karisto, Hämeenlinna, 1968.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

Danielson-Squid, J. R: The unification of Finland with the Russian Empire.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

WSOY IN 1890.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

Danielson-Squid, J. R: Along the road to national and state independence I-IV.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

WSOY 1928-1931.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

Danielson-Kalmari, J. R: Finnish state and social life in the 18th and 19th centuries 1-11.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

WSOY 1920-33 Danielson-Squid, J. R: Finland's internal independence: to combat constant attacks.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

WSOY 1892 Administrative History Committee: History of the Finnish Central Government 1809-1996.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

Edita, 1996.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

ISBN 951-37-1976-6 Hedenström, Alfred von: History of Russia 1878—1918.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

Otava, 1922.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

Hornborg, Eirik: History of Finland.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

WSOY, Helsinki, 1965.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

Homén, Th.: Our Passive Resistance: Political Writings 1899—1904.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

Otava, 1906.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

Pyhämäki, Lauri: Before frost.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

Otava, Helsinki, 1960.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

Hyvönen, Antti: History of the Old Finnish Labour Party.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

People's Culture Oy, Kuopio, 1963.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

Idman K. G.: From the years of our country's independence.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

WSOY 1953.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

Ignatius, Hannes: From the years of repression to independence.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

Otava, 1927.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

Jaakkola, Jalmari: Outline of Finnish history.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

WSOY, 1941.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

Jussila, Osmo: Grand Duchy of Finland 1809—1917.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

WSOY, 2004, ISBN 951-0-29500-0 Juva, Einar W.: Chronicles of the Finnish People VIII, Otava, 1935 Juva, Einar W.: P. E. Svinhufvud 1 1861-1917.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

WSOY, Helsinki, 1957 Klinge, Matti: Kaisarin Finland.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

Schildts Miktor, 1997.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

ISBN 951-50-0682-1 Kolu, Ere: Activist.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

Secret war in Russia's shadow.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

Jan. 2005.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

Langhoff, August: Seven years as Finnish representative, Wsoy, 1922 Merikoski, K.: Battle for Karelia, Enlightenment, 1940 Olsoni, Emerik: Russia before and now, Wsoy, 1923 Osmonsalo, Erkki K.: History of the Finnish Postal Service 1638-1938 1, Board of Posts and Telegraphs, Helsinki, 1938 Oravala, Aukusti : M. Rosendal.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

Porvoo, WSOY, 1922 Paasikivi, Juho Kusti: Paasikivi's memoirs from the repressive years 1-2.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

WSOY, 1957.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

Paasivirta, Juhani: Finland and Europe: Autonomy period and international crises (1808-1914).


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

Book Group, Helsinki, 1978.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

ISBN 951-26-1548-7 Parmanen, Eino I.: Book of Battles I-II.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

Wsoy 1936, 1937 Pohjolan-Pirhonen, Helge etc.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

: History of the Nation.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

2, Time of Autonomy, Wsoy, Porvoo, 1984, ISBN 951-0-12234-3 Polvinen, Tuomo: Reich and Borderland.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

N.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

I. Bobrikov as Governor-General of Finland 1898—1904, Wsoy, 1984, ISBN 951-0-12660-8 Platonov S. F.:History of Russia.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

Otava, 1933.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

Puntila, L.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

A.: Finland and Russia.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

J. R. Danielsson squid and his contemporaries as defenders of the Finnish position.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

Sanoma Oy, Keuruu, 1953.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

Puntila, L.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

A.: Political History of Finland 1809—1955.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

Otava, Keuruu, 1963.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

Rhine, Th.: The Life of Leo Mechel.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

Otava, 1915 Rhine, Th.: Recollections of Life I. Otava, 1918 Roos, Sigurd: Finnish National Strike I. Alex F. Lindberg, 1907 Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Rosenqvist, G. O.| title = Church of Finland| location = Porvoo| publisher = Wsoy| year = 1952}} Schybergson, Emil: Bank of Finland 1811—1911.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

Frenckell Printing Ltd, Helsinki, 1914.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

Sinkko, Erkki:, Russian-Finnish press polemic 1890-1894.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

University of Tampere, 1976.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

ISBN 951-44-0467-X Teljo, Jussi: The Transition of Finnish State Life 1905-1908, Wsoy, Porvoo, 1949 Tommila, Päiviö: Great Address 1899, Wsoy, 1999, ISBN 951-0-23454-0 Torvinen, Seedling: J.R.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

Danielson-Kalmari as Defender of Finnish Autonomy, Wsoy, 1965. ed.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

Tommila, Päiviö, Russian repression in Finland, Wsoy, 1960 Editorial Board: Adolescence I—II, Wsoy 1913, 1918 Editorial Board: My Country VI., Wsoy, 1911 Editorial Board: Maa kanskunta II.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

Otava, 1924 Virkkunen, Artturi Heikki,: Legal conditions!


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

Memories from the past frost years.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

Finnish Party Office, 1906.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

Wegelius K. A.: Frost and iron 1.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

WSOY, Helsinki, 1926.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

Öhquist, John: The Lion Flag.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

The rise of the Finnish people to freedom., Otava, 1922.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

Zetterberg, Seppo: Five shots in the Senate.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

The Life and Deed of Eugen Schauman.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

Otava, 1986, ISBN 951-1-09266-9 References on the topic elsewhere i.e. Postal manifesto Category:Periods of repression


Question: Where is the Gudžarati language used?

Gudžarati

Gudžarati or Gujarati [1] is an Indo-Aryan language.


Question: Where is the Gudžarati language used?

Gudžarati

Most of its speakers live in India and it is the main language of the state of Gujarat.


Question: Where is the Gudžarati language used?

Gudžarati

Gudžarat has national language status in India.


Question: Where is the Gudžarati language used?

Gudžarati

In addition, it is a minority language in countries including Pakistan, Kenya and Tanzania.


Question: Where is the Gudžarati language used?

Gudžarati

Gudžarati is spoken as a native language by over 46 million people [2], making it about the 23rd most spoken language in the world.


Question: Where is the Gudžarati language used?

Gudžarati

The word order in Gudžarat is subject—object—verb.


Question: Where is the Gudžarati language used?

Gudžarati

There are neither vague nor denominated articles in the language.


Question: Where is the Gudžarati language used?

Gudžarati

Nouns have three genera and two grammatical numbers.


Question: Where is the Gudžarati language used?

Gudžarati

The vocabulary of the language has been influenced by Arabic and Persian and, today, especially from English and Portuguese.


Question: Where is the Gudžarati language used?

Gudžarati

Gudžarat is written with its own alphabet, Gujaratian letters.


Question: Where is the Gudžarati language used?

Gudžarati

Occasionally, Arabic and Persian alphabets have also been used.


Question: Where is the Gudžarati language used?

Gudžarati

The Bible was translated into the Gujarati language completely for the first time in 1823.


Question: Where is the Gudžarati language used?

Gudžarati

[3] Mahatma Gandhi, Muhammad Ali Jinnah and Vallabhbhai Patel spoke Gujarati as their native languages.


Question: Where is the Gudžarati language used?

Gudžarati

Sources on the topic elsewhere Category:Indo-Aryan languages Category:Key articles on screening


Question: How much tax does a Finn pay on average on his salary?

Tax wedge

Tax wedge refers to the total amount of taxes and tax-related contributions to labour, or its share of labour costs.


Question: How much tax does a Finn pay on average on his salary?

Tax wedge

In other words, a tax wedge is the difference between the employer's labor costs and the employee's net income, or the share of that difference in total labor costs.


Question: How much tax does a Finn pay on average on his salary?

Tax wedge

Employer labour costs include salary and employer contributions such as occupational pension and social security contribution.


Question: How much tax does a Finn pay on average on his salary?

Tax wedge

[1] An employee's net income is gross salary less income tax, social security, occupational pension and health insurance contributions.


Question: How much tax does a Finn pay on average on his salary?

Tax wedge

By looking at the tax wedge, one usually wants to illustrate the overall burden that taxation puts on work.


Question: How much tax does a Finn pay on average on his salary?

Tax wedge

Equally, we can talk about the effect of reducing the incentives of taxation to work and employment.


Question: How much tax does a Finn pay on average on his salary?

Tax wedge

The proportion of taxes can be considered, for example, for a typical household between countries or by income bracket within a country.


Question: How much tax does a Finn pay on average on his salary?

Tax wedge

In the case of progressive taxation, taxes share of labor costs increases as incomes rise.


Question: How much tax does a Finn pay on average on his salary?

Tax wedge

The impact of the tax wedge is high, particularly in labour intensive service production [2].


Question: How much tax does a Finn pay on average on his salary?

Tax wedge

The term double tax wedge refers to the fact that the tax wedge is both in the employee's own salary and the price of the service purchased.


Question: How much tax does a Finn pay on average on his salary?

Tax wedge

Efforts have been made to reduce the impact of the tax wedge on service production.


Question: How much tax does a Finn pay on average on his salary?

Tax wedge

In Finland and Denmark, for example, a household deduction has been introduced.


Question: How much tax does a Finn pay on average on his salary?

Tax wedge

Tax money produces public services such as education and health care, which are available free of charge or for a small fee.


Question: How much tax does a Finn pay on average on his salary?

Tax wedge

[3] Border tax wedge and total tax wedge The total tax wedge indicates how much of a person's (total) salary goes to different taxes.


Question: How much tax does a Finn pay on average on his salary?

Tax wedge

The wage hike tax wedge, or marginal tax wedge (“marginal tax wedge”), tells you how much a wage increase increases taxes (the proportion of change in the amount of labour taxes to the change in labour costs).


Question: How much tax does a Finn pay on average on his salary?

Tax wedge

The total tax wedge discourages the acquisition of a job at all (the “unemployment trap”), the border tax wedge discourages the acquisition of a better income (the “income trap”) [4].


Question: How much tax does a Finn pay on average on his salary?

Tax wedge

Effective tax wedge The effective border tax wedge, or effective border tax rate, indicates what percent of an employer's employee's wage expenditure ends up as an increase in the employee's income when other statutory factors are taken into account in addition to taxation, such as increases in daycare fees, housing benefit and other decrease in social security, etc. [4] Tax wedge in Finland The average income tax wedge was estimated at 53.9% in 2007 (52.9% in 1991 [5]): of the amount paid by the employer for work, the employee received 46.1%, income taxes went to 24.3%, the employer's social insurance contributions (pension contribution and others) went 19.4%, consumption taxes (VAT and others) went 10,2%. [6].


Question: How much tax does a Finn pay on average on his salary?

Tax wedge

So the average worker is only worth hiring if his net wage claim is less than 46.1% of what the customer has to pay for his performance, since the difference goes to taxes and tax contributions.


Question: How much tax does a Finn pay on average on his salary?

Tax wedge

In 2007, the border tax wedge was estimated at 63.4% for the average income: extra pay for the worker (overtime, salary increase, side work, etc.) the employee received 36.6%, the income tax went 35.9%, the employer's social insurance contributions (pension contribution and others) went 19.4%, consumption taxes (VAT and others) went to 8.1%. [7].


Question: How much tax does a Finn pay on average on his salary?

Tax wedge

It is therefore not worth paying a middle-income worker a net premium of more than €36.6 for a further effort worth €100.


Question: How much tax does a Finn pay on average on his salary?

Tax wedge

The effective tax wedge tends to be even higher (as much as 118% [8] for family free) because income usually increases daycare payments and reduces social security and other benefits.


Question: How much tax does a Finn pay on average on his salary?

Tax wedge

The tax wedge can also be considered on a commodity-by-commodity basis, for example, the proportion of tax is most often in fuel, 75-80%, when viewed from the perspective of the worker and the employer, with progressive consideration of the value added taxes levied by the employer, the state, as well as other contributions, are subject to Finland certain commodities actually tax up to more than 90% on the purchase of the product.


Question: How much tax does a Finn pay on average on his salary?

Tax wedge

See also Marginal tax Welfare State Withholding Tax Hell Sources Category:Public Finance Category:Taxation


Question: What is Japan's largest port?

Port of Nagoya

The Port of Nagoya (, LOCODE: JP NGO [1]) is the port of Japan's fourth largest city, Nagoya City.


Question: What is Japan's largest port?

Port of Nagoya

The largest port in Japan by cargo volume, is located on Honshō Island, Aichi Prefecture of the Chūbu region, on the shores of the Pacific Gulf of Isa.


Question: What is Japan's largest port?

Port of Nagoya

The port was opened to international traffic in 1907.


Question: What is Japan's largest port?

Port of Nagoya

[2] The harbour contains a total of 35.2 km of berths of at least 4.5 metres or 290 berths.


Question: What is Japan's largest port?

Port of Nagoya

There are five container terminals in the area.


Question: What is Japan's largest port?

Port of Nagoya

[3] Japan's largest port The port is one of Japan's five most central ports (others include: Kōbe Port, Port of Yokohama, Port of Osaka, and Port of Tokyo).


Question: What is Japan's largest port?

Port of Nagoya

The port is the largest port in Japan in terms of cargo volume and approximately 10% of Japan's foreign trade passes through it.


Question: What is Japan's largest port?

Port of Nagoya

A large number of Japanese cars are exported abroad through the port, for example, more than 2 million pieces each year.


Question: What is Japan's largest port?

Port of Nagoya

[2] In 2011, the port was among the 20 largest ports in the world by its cargo volume.


Question: What is Japan's largest port?

Port of Nagoya

171.4 million tonnes of cargo passed through the port in 2011, according to data compiled by the Port of Rotterdam.


Question: What is Japan's largest port?

Port of Nagoya

[4] According to the statistics of the port's own and the American port authority organization AAPA, which also include domestic traffic, 186.3 million freight passed.


Question: What is Japan's largest port?

Port of Nagoya

tons.


Question: What is Japan's largest port?

Port of Nagoya

[5] [6] As a container port, Nagoya was 2011 among the 50 largest in the world.


Question: What is Japan's largest port?

Port of Nagoya

A total container volume of 2,472 kTeu passed through Nagoya in 2011.


Question: What is Japan's largest port?

Port of Nagoya

Larger container ports from Japanese ports were the ports of Tokyo, Yokohama and Kōbe at the time.


Question: What is Japan's largest port?

Port of Nagoya

[6] Port Area Attractions Annually on Sea Day, which is a public holiday and holiday celebrated on the 3rd Monday of July in Japan, large celebrations are held on the northern edge of the port area off Nagoyakō Metro Station.


Question: What is Japan's largest port?

Port of Nagoya

With a stay at this apartment in Nagoya, you'll be minutes from the popular Nagoya Harbour Aquarium (coordinates).


Question: What is Japan's largest port?

Port of Nagoya

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Question: What is Japan's largest port?

Port of Nagoya

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Question: What is Japan's largest port?

Port of Nagoya

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Question: What is Japan's largest port?

Port of Nagoya

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Question: What is Japan's largest port?

Port of Nagoya


Question: What is Japan's largest port?

Port of Nagoya

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Question: What is Japan's largest port?

Port of Nagoya


Question: What is Japan's largest port?

Port of Nagoya

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Question: What is Japan's largest port?

Port of Nagoya

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Question: What is Japan's largest port?

Port of Nagoya

Use {{lang-en}} or {{en icon}} instead.


Question: What is Japan's largest port?

Port of Nagoya

(kaiho.mlit.go.jp) Coordinates: Port Category:Ports of Japan


Question: When are the Jokers founded?

The Jokers

Helsingin Jokerit [1] is a Helsinki-based ice hockey club founded in 1967 with a representative team playing in the KHL.


Question: When are the Jokers founded?

The Jokers

Prior to the KHL, Jokerit played mainly in the Finnish premier league.


Question: When are the Jokers founded?

The Jokers

Jokerit consists of two separate organizations.


Question: When are the Jokers founded?

The Jokers

The representative team's backing company is Jokerit Hockey Club Oy and the junior teams are the Helsingin Jokerit ry.


Question: When are the Jokers founded?

The Jokers

Junior teams still play in the Finnish series.


Question: When are the Jokers founded?

The Jokers

Helsinki-based builder Aimo Mäkinen founded Jokerit in 1967 by purchasing the hockey operations of a sports club called Töölön Vesa.


Question: When are the Jokers founded?

The Jokers

Thanks to Mäkinen's player acquisitions, Jokerit quickly rose to the top and won the Finnish championship in 1973.


Question: When are the Jokers founded?

The Jokers

However, the club mired in financial difficulties and was eventually relegated in 1987 from the premier sarja SM-liiga to I-division, where it played for two seasons before climbing back.


Question: When are the Jokers founded?

The Jokers

Harry “Hjallis” Harkimo bought himself the Jokerie share majority in February 1991, and the club won the Finnish championship in 1992, 1994, 1996 and 1997.


Question: When are the Jokers founded?

The Jokers

In contrast, in the 2000s, Jokerie's success was modest in terms of resources, although the team did win one more Finnish championship in 2002.


Question: When are the Jokers founded?

The Jokers

Jokerit moved mainly to the KHL series played in Russia in 2014, after Harkimo had sold 49% of Jokerie's shares in the previous year as well as the entirety of the team's home hall Hartwall Arena to the Finnish-Russian Arena Arena Arena Arena Arena Events Ltd.


Question: When are the Jokers founded?

The Jokers

During its history, Jokerit has won a total of six Finnish championships, six silver and two bronze medals.


Question: When are the Jokers founded?

The Jokers

In addition, it has achieved, among other things, two European Cup titles as well as winning the Continental Cup.


Question: When are the Jokers founded?

The Jokers

In the KHL, Jokerit has reached the division championship in 2016.


Question: When are the Jokers founded?

The Jokers

The club's subsequent joint-stock company has also had a football club FC Jokerit, which was active from 1999 to 2004.


Question: When are the Jokers founded?

The Jokers

History Early years Jokerit was born in 1967 when Helsinki-based builder Aimo Mäkinen bought the hockey operations of Töölö Vesa and at the same time took over some of the club's debts.


Question: When are the Jokers founded?

The Jokers

[2] [3] Officially, Jokerit began operations on October 27, 1967, when a founding meeting was held.


Question: When are the Jokers founded?

The Jokers

[4] Its first match was a training match on 7 November against Upon Pallo, who played at the top league level.


Question: When are the Jokers founded?

The Jokers

[5] For his first two seasons Jokerit played in Finland's second highest league level in Finland.


Question: When are the Jokers founded?

The Jokers

[2] For the 1969—1970 season, the club rose to the main league level to SM-sarja.


Question: When are the Jokers founded?

The Jokers

[6] Although in the late 1960s Jokerit had developed a junior series called Kanada-sarja in Helsinki, there was no expectation of their own breeding, instead Aimo Mäkinen acquired star players of national team level mainly from outside the metropolitan area.


Question: When are the Jokers founded?

The Jokers

In the club's first years, the team was represented by artists such as Veli-Pekka Ketola, Lauri and Erkki Mononen, Ilpo Koskela, Jorma Valtonen, Timo Turunen, Pentti Hiiros, Timo Sutinen and Henry Leppä.


Question: When are the Jokers founded?

The Jokers

Jokerit immediately achieved success.


Question: When are the Jokers founded?

The Jokers

In his first major league season, 1969—1970, Jokerit was fifth, in spring 1971 second, spring 1972 fourth, and in spring 1973 Jokerit achieved his first Finnish championship.


Question: When are the Jokers founded?

The Jokers

In the 1972—1973 season, Jokerit also played skill hockey, which became part of its identity.


Question: When are the Jokers founded?

The Jokers

[7] The championship was followed by a ten-year period of decline.


Question: When are the Jokers founded?

The Jokers

Instead of new championships, the Jokerit moved on to fight for their league spot.


Question: When are the Jokers founded?

The Jokers

Grounding was the 1977—1978 SM-liiga season, when Jokerit finished tenth, last in the series.


Question: When are the Jokers founded?

The Jokers

The team retained their league place eventually through qualifiers.


Question: When are the Jokers founded?

The Jokers

Aimo Mäkinen, who led the company like an autocrat, sometimes ran into bad debts, weakening the team.


Question: When are the Jokers founded?

The Jokers

[8] As an impulsive nature, Mäkinen also fired coaches if the game did not run.


Question: When are the Jokers founded?

The Jokers

However, the course for the jokers did not reverse.


Question: When are the Jokers founded?

The Jokers

[9] Aimo Mäkinen stepped down from the club in August 1980.


Question: When are the Jokers founded?

The Jokers

[10] Finally, in the spring of 1983, Jokerit made a momentary rise, coached by Reino Ruotsalainen, as it won the regular season.


Question: When are the Jokers founded?

The Jokers

The team cleared their way to the SM-Finals against local opponent HIFK.


Question: When are the Jokers founded?

The Jokers

Jokerit led the series 2—0, but lost it in the end, winning 2—3.


Question: When are the Jokers founded?

The Jokers

Immediately after the 1982—1983 season, Jokerit returned to the tail end of the league table.


Question: When are the Jokers founded?

The Jokers

Poor success expelled the public, which again undermined the money supply.


Question: When are the Jokers founded?

The Jokers

The Jokers team was largely made up of young people with their own upbringing in a difficult economic climate.


Question: When are the Jokers founded?

The Jokers

[9] In the summer of 1985, Jokeriklubin Tuki, led by Tapani Korpela, was twice filed for bankruptcy, but the necessary funds were finally brought together.


Question: When are the Jokers founded?

The Jokers

[11] In the spring of 1987, the Jokers' 18-year stint in the main league came to an end when the team was relegated to Division I.


Question: When are the Jokers founded?

The Jokers

[9] Harkimo dynasty Jokerit spent two seasons in Division I until rising back to SM-liiga for the 1989—1990 season.


Question: When are the Jokers founded?

The Jokers

However, the team was plagued by financial problems and the club, which racked up debts of six million marks, was to file for bankruptcy in the early 1990s.


Question: When are the Jokers founded?

The Jokers

[12] In February 1991, Harry “Hjallis” Harkimo bought himself the majority of the Jokers.


Question: When are the Jokers founded?

The Jokers

[13] During Harkimo, marketing was invested and player acquisitions were conducted thoughtfully successfully.


Question: When are the Jokers founded?

The Jokers

[14] Jokerit rose to the top and, in spring 1992, won the second Finnish championship in its history, thanks largely to young breeders.


Question: When are the Jokers founded?

The Jokers

[15] For example, the 1988 A-Youth Finnish champions Teemu Selänne, Keijo Käänoja, Mika Strömberg, Waltteri Immonen, Markus Ketterer, Ari sulander and Marko Halonen played in the team.


Question: When are the Jokers founded?

The Jokers

[16] The 1991—92 season is also considered to have started a new period in the club's history, with Teemu Selänne serving as the figurehead of the “Jokeri phenomenon” for many years.


Question: When are the Jokers founded?

The Jokers

[17] Money worries also receded, although Finland experienced a period of depression at the beginning of the decade.


Question: When are the Jokers founded?

The Jokers

[18] The years 1992—97 were the most successful in its history for the Jokers, as the club also won the Finnish championship in 1994, 1996 and 1997 and the SM-silver in 1995.


Question: When are the Jokers founded?

The Jokers

[19] In addition to them, Jokerit won the European Cup in 1995 and 1996.


Question: When are the Jokers founded?

The Jokers

[20] [21] Moving to Hartwall Arena For the 1997—98 season, Jokerit moved to play their home matches from Helsinki Ice Hall to the new Hartwall Arena.


Question: When are the Jokers founded?

The Jokers

However, a nominally strong squad and fluttering conditions proved no guarantee of success.


Question: When are the Jokers founded?

The Jokers

In the spring of 1998, Jokerit achieved bronze, but in 1999 the club's medal streak, which lasted five seasons, was broken when the team lost in the quarterfinals to SAIPA.


Question: When are the Jokers founded?

The Jokers

[22] [23] In 2000, Jokerit reached silver, but in 2001 the team that won the regular season was relegated again already in the quarterfinals.


Question: When are the Jokers founded?

The Jokers

[24] In the spring of 2002, Jokerit won his sixth and final Finnish Championship.


Question: When are the Jokers founded?

The Jokers

[25] The second half of the first decade of the 21st century was an ambivalent time for the Jokers.


Question: When are the Jokers founded?

The Jokers

In 2005 and 2007, the team achieved silver, but in the second extreme, Jokerit finished only ranked 11th in 2006, outside the playoffs.


Question: When are the Jokers founded?

The Jokers

[24] [26] The Jokers spent a lot of money on player purchases, but success was modest in comparison to the events.


Question: When are the Jokers founded?

The Jokers

According to financial journals, the club's finances were also in poor shape as they entered the 2010s.


Question: When are the Jokers founded?

The Jokers

[27] Jokerie's best achievement in the 2010s in SM-liiga was bronze from spring 2012.


Question: When are the Jokers founded?

The Jokers

[28] In addition, at the 2011 European Trophy tournament, the team achieved silver.


Question: When are the Jokers founded?

The Jokers

[29] In the 2012—13 season, Jokerit won the regular season, but lost in the quarterfinals to Rauman Luko.


Question: When are the Jokers founded?

The Jokers

[30] KHL era In June 2013, Harry Harkimo was announced to sell the Hartwall Arena to Finnish-Russian businessmen Gennady Timchenko, as well as Arkadi, Boris and Roman Rotenberg, who also had an option to buy part of the Jokers.


Question: When are the Jokers founded?

The Jokers

[31] At the same time, it was announced that Jokerit will enter the KHL league for the 2014—15 season as the first Finnish club.


Question: When are the Jokers founded?

The Jokers

[32] Jokerien thus far remained the last SM-liiga season in 2013—14, which ended in the first round of the playoffs.


Question: When are the Jokers founded?

The Jokers

[33] Moving to the KHL marked a significant increase in the club's player budget.


Question: When are the Jokers founded?

The Jokers

[34] [35] In his first 2014—15 KHL season, Jokerit finished sixth in the 28-team series.


Question: When are the Jokers founded?

The Jokers

In the regular season, the team achieved 119 points, qualifying for fourth place in the Western Conference.


Question: When are the Jokers founded?

The Jokers

It was better than any rookie club in the KHL ever before.


Question: When are the Jokers founded?

The Jokers

In the playoffs, Jokerit dropped Dinamo Minsk from the extension, thus making the Jokers the first rookie club in history to advance from the conference quarterfinals.


Question: When are the Jokers founded?

The Jokers

The team was relegated from the extension in the conference semi-finals against CSKA Moscow.


Question: When are the Jokers founded?

The Jokers

[36] A total of 327,972 spectators attended Jokerie's home games in the regular season, which was a new Finnish record.


Question: When are the Jokers founded?

The Jokers

[37] In addition to good game play and high public interest, Jokerit also made headlines during the season due to, among others, an agreement with a foreign betting company, NordicBet, as well as the political situation in Russia.


Question: When are the Jokers founded?

The Jokers

[38] In his second 2015—16 KHL season, Jokerit won as the first team outside Russia in the division's Western Conference, where it finished second.


Question: When are the Jokers founded?

The Jokers

Throughout the series, Jokerit accumulated the third most points.


Question: When are the Jokers founded?

The Jokers

[39] However, in the playoffs, the team immediately lost in the conference quarterfinals to Torpedo Nizhny Novgorod, winning 2—4.


Question: When are the Jokers founded?

The Jokers

[40] In the 2016—17 season, Jokerit finished eighth in the Western Conference in the regular season and fell in the conference quarterfinals to CSKA Moscow with a win of 0—4.


Question: When are the Jokers founded?

The Jokers

[41] In March 2017, Jokerit announced that he would continue in the KHL for at least the next five years.


Question: When are the Jokers founded?

The Jokers

[42] The 2017—2018 season was the 50th anniversary season of the Jokers.


Question: When are the Jokers founded?

The Jokers

[43] Jokerit fell again to CSKA Moscow, now in the conference semi-finals with a win 2—4.


Question: When are the Jokers founded?

The Jokers

[44] However, the ranking was the club's best of the KHL era: 5th in the KHL and third in the Western Conference.


Question: When are the Jokers founded?

The Jokers

[45] Identity Seura Jokerie has its roots in Töölö, Helsinki, as the club is descended from sports club Töölön Vesa.


Question: When are the Jokers founded?

The Jokers

[46] However, the Jokers have traditionally had an East Helsinki stamp.


Question: When are the Jokers founded?

The Jokers

Mika Wickström's HIFK—Jokers — struggle for domination of Helsinki states that the Jokers did not become a central city organisation like HIFK and HJK, but an East Helsinkian, and above all a company for those who moved to the suburbs.


Question: When are the Jokers founded?

The Jokers

This was influenced by a junior series organised by Jokerie, the Kanada Series, which was played largely in the eastern districts of Helsinki.


Question: When are the Jokers founded?

The Jokers

Many of those who moved from the country to Helsinki did not know each other in the suburbs, but with the Kanada series it was possible for them to get to know each other through their sons' hobby and thus assimilate into the Helsinki population.


Question: When are the Jokers founded?

The Jokers

[47] In the 1970s, a large number of those who moved from other parts of Finland to Eastern Helsinki were from working-class backgrounds, and the duel between the Jokers and neighbouring club HIFK was fought on three axes at the time: east-west, working-class—bourgeoisie, Finnish—Finnish-Swedish.


Question: When are the Jokers founded?

The Jokers

[46] Referring to the last, in the early 1980s, Jokerit developed a slogan for the Helsinki Finnish-speaking ice hockey team.


Question: When are the Jokers founded?

The Jokers

[48] In its early years, HIFK considered the Jokers the “Koo-veena of Helsinki”, which referred to its popularity among working people and leftists.


Question: When are the Jokers founded?

The Jokers

[49] For example, Paavo Arhinmäki, a former Minister of Culture and Sport who has recognised himself as a supporter of the Jokers, says that his support is based on the support of the workers' team Töölön Vesa because of his workers' background.


Question: When are the Jokers founded?

The Jokers

For KHL jokers, his endorsement does not sustain.


Question: When are the Jokers founded?

The Jokers

[50] [51] When Hjallis Harkimo took command of the club leadership in 1991, North America became the core of the team's new identity.


Question: When are the Jokers founded?

The Jokers

The Jokers still had thousands of committed supporters in the direction of Kontula, Myllypuro and Vuosaari, but their role in Harkimo's marketing plan was not highlighted.


Question: When are the Jokers founded?

The Jokers

Jokerit wanted to identify now with the East instead of the West, North America, where Harkimo's business ideas also originated.


Question: When are the Jokers founded?

The Jokers

[52] Mika Wickström has written that when Jokerit moved to Hartwall Arena, it ceased to be stigmatised as Eastern Helsinki and especially “Helsinki's Finnish-speaking hockey team”.


Question: When are the Jokers founded?

The Jokers

The Jokerit was no longer just a hockey club, but had become a multi-purpose hall running and a multi-faceted sports and entertainment industry group whose businesses went all the way abroad.


Question: When are the Jokers founded?

The Jokers

[53] Following Jokerie's move to the KHL in 2014, the club sought to change its brand from just Helsinki to more of a team in Finland.


Question: When are the Jokers founded?

The Jokers

In the SM-liiga, 70% of the Jokerie games were from the metropolitan area, but only 58 in the first KHL season.


Question: When are the Jokers founded?

The Jokers

[54] The Jokers no longer had the need to position themselves as a Helsinki team, and also wanted to avoid confrontation with HIFK.


Question: When are the Jokers founded?

The Jokers

[55] Supporters Jokerie's work in the 1970s in Eastern Helsinki also produced results in the form of an audience.


Question: When are the Jokers founded?

The Jokers

However, at the time, the jokerie games were being watched by people all over Helsinki.