Question: Where did Merzifonlu Kara Mustafa Pasha die?

Merzifonlu Kara Mustafa Pasha

Grand Vizier Fazıl Ahmet Pashša had fallen seriously ill and Kara Mustafa was appointed as his officiant in July 1676.


Question: Where did Merzifonlu Kara Mustafa Pasha die?

Merzifonlu Kara Mustafa Pasha

The Grand Vizier died while travelling between Çorlu and Karistran, and Kara Mustafa was appointed the new Grand Vizier on 3 November 1676.


Question: Where did Merzifonlu Kara Mustafa Pasha die?

Merzifonlu Kara Mustafa Pasha

[3] Kara Mustafa has been described as a very greedy grand vizier.


Question: Where did Merzifonlu Kara Mustafa Pasha die?

Merzifonlu Kara Mustafa Pasha

According to Morosini de Alvise's contemporaneous description, his regime was tutto venale, crudele e ingiusto, “nothing but corruption, cruelty and injustice”.


Question: Where did Merzifonlu Kara Mustafa Pasha die?

Merzifonlu Kara Mustafa Pasha

A similar description was given by Giacomo Querini to the Signoria of Venice.


Question: Where did Merzifonlu Kara Mustafa Pasha die?

Merzifonlu Kara Mustafa Pasha

According to Querin, Kara Mustafa was “brave, violent, arrogant and harsh.”


Question: Where did Merzifonlu Kara Mustafa Pasha die?

Merzifonlu Kara Mustafa Pasha

Although for a long time, Giovanbattista Doná, the envoy to Venice who remained last, seemed to get along well with Kara Mustafa.


Question: Where did Merzifonlu Kara Mustafa Pasha die?

Merzifonlu Kara Mustafa Pasha

[7] Kara Mustafa's domestic politics were conservative in nature, and her economic policies were aimed at preparing for war as well as the pursuit of personal gain.


Question: Where did Merzifonlu Kara Mustafa Pasha die?

Merzifonlu Kara Mustafa Pasha

He restored the ancient custom that the grand vizier and his closest aides could spend Wednesdays making shopping trips in Istanbul's bazaar districts.


Question: Where did Merzifonlu Kara Mustafa Pasha die?

Merzifonlu Kara Mustafa Pasha

[3] He was also religiously conservative and sought to raise extremism among Turkish Islamists.


Question: Where did Merzifonlu Kara Mustafa Pasha die?

Merzifonlu Kara Mustafa Pasha

In December 1680, he abolished the tax imposed on the manufacture of wine because, in his view, the state's profit from the manufacture of wine was contrary to Sharia law.


Question: Where did Merzifonlu Kara Mustafa Pasha die?

Merzifonlu Kara Mustafa Pasha

[7] Foreign Policy Kara Mustafa's foreign policy was especially unthinkable.


Question: Where did Merzifonlu Kara Mustafa Pasha die?

Merzifonlu Kara Mustafa Pasha

He made communication between states more difficult by limiting the right of interpreters of Western ambassadors to meet with the Grand Vizier.


Question: Where did Merzifonlu Kara Mustafa Pasha die?

Merzifonlu Kara Mustafa Pasha

According to him, the interpreters belonged to the Rayah, that is, a large inferior segment of the population.


Question: Where did Merzifonlu Kara Mustafa Pasha die?

Merzifonlu Kara Mustafa Pasha

The status of those belonging to Rayah was too low for its members to participate in high-level political debates.


Question: Where did Merzifonlu Kara Mustafa Pasha die?

Merzifonlu Kara Mustafa Pasha

His attitude towards envoys from Christian countries has also been described as highly xenophobic, although according to some Western contemporaries sources he was a quick-thinking and acting man who showed great interest in the internal conditions of European states, as well as those between them events and political relations.


Question: Where did Merzifonlu Kara Mustafa Pasha die?

Merzifonlu Kara Mustafa Pasha

[3] Kara Mustafa's intermittent interest in Western politics may also have stemmed from his foreign policy, which has been described as an opportunistic effort to expand Ottoman territories westward and north by exploiting vassal princes of the frontier regions, such as Cossack hetmani Petro Dorošenko, Hungarian magnate Imre Thököly and Crimean khan Selim Giray II.


Question: Where did Merzifonlu Kara Mustafa Pasha die?

Merzifonlu Kara Mustafa Pasha

He has been said to have been belligerent in his politics and sought to start wars for the joy of warring, but some have seen the main aim of his policies as an attempt to consolidate the position of the Ottoman regime in the often hard-to-govern border regions.


Question: Where did Merzifonlu Kara Mustafa Pasha die?

Merzifonlu Kara Mustafa Pasha

[3] The indignation felt by the West towards Kara Mustafa was also enhanced by the fact that during her time the Barbaresque pirates holding their bases on the southern coasts of the Mediterranean were overwhelmed and were able to endanger even more of the merchant shipping in the Mediterranean.


Question: Where did Merzifonlu Kara Mustafa Pasha die?

Merzifonlu Kara Mustafa Pasha

[7] Fleet renewal Kara Mustafa maintained contact with the Barbaresques for other purposes.


Question: Where did Merzifonlu Kara Mustafa Pasha die?

Merzifonlu Kara Mustafa Pasha

Moving into the 1680s, the Ottoman fleet, formed mostly of galleys, began to be obsolete.


Question: Where did Merzifonlu Kara Mustafa Pasha die?

Merzifonlu Kara Mustafa Pasha

Sailing ships of the time were represented by only a few merchant ships chartered from Europeans.


Question: Where did Merzifonlu Kara Mustafa Pasha die?

Merzifonlu Kara Mustafa Pasha

Instead, sailing vessels had been used for years by the Barbary esques, which had proved worthy as warships.


Question: Where did Merzifonlu Kara Mustafa Pasha die?

Merzifonlu Kara Mustafa Pasha

In 1682, Kara Mustafa asked the Barbariesques for information on the type of ship they were using and ended up hiring the Tripolese Misırhoğlu Ibrahim Pashša to build modern liner ships for the Ottomans.


Question: Where did Merzifonlu Kara Mustafa Pasha die?

Merzifonlu Kara Mustafa Pasha

The renewal of the fleet got off to an effective start: the old galley dock of the Istanbul Navy was dismantled and a new shipyard for sailing ships sprang up in place.


Question: Where did Merzifonlu Kara Mustafa Pasha die?

Merzifonlu Kara Mustafa Pasha

The first sailing vessel was laid down in the waters still in the same year.


Question: Where did Merzifonlu Kara Mustafa Pasha die?

Merzifonlu Kara Mustafa Pasha

Two years later, the fleet had a total of six new ships and an additional ten were under construction.


Question: Where did Merzifonlu Kara Mustafa Pasha die?

Merzifonlu Kara Mustafa Pasha

[8] [9] War with Russia During the years 1676—1681, the main attention of the administration was directed to the problems of the Dnieper region.


Question: Where did Merzifonlu Kara Mustafa Pasha die?

Merzifonlu Kara Mustafa Pasha

The treaty with Poland signed in Žuravno had opened up the possibility for the Ottomans to compete for territories in Ukraine, but the Russo-Turkish War got off to a bad start.


Question: Where did Merzifonlu Kara Mustafa Pasha die?

Merzifonlu Kara Mustafa Pasha

The Ottoman strategy was of a highly defensive nature and sought to preserve the territories that had been achieved by the peace treaty with Poland.


Question: Where did Merzifonlu Kara Mustafa Pasha die?

Merzifonlu Kara Mustafa Pasha

The defection of hetmann Petro Doroshenko to the Russian side led to the failure of the 1677 war expedition.


Question: Where did Merzifonlu Kara Mustafa Pasha die?

Merzifonlu Kara Mustafa Pasha

During the second war expedition, the Ottoman army achieved some victories; it captured the Cossack fortress that existed in Chigirin, as well as erecting fortifications of its own along the Dnieper and Bug.


Question: Where did Merzifonlu Kara Mustafa Pasha die?

Merzifonlu Kara Mustafa Pasha

Yet the second expedition, as a rule, remained inconclusive, as did the third war expedition of 1680, after which the Ottoman peace with Russia in 1681.


Question: Where did Merzifonlu Kara Mustafa Pasha die?

Merzifonlu Kara Mustafa Pasha

[3] War against the Habsburgs The peace established the situation in the north, so Kara Mustafa could shift his attention to the west.


Question: Where did Merzifonlu Kara Mustafa Pasha die?

Merzifonlu Kara Mustafa Pasha

[3] With his conservative religious politics, he had attracted the support of bigoted Islamists whose popularity he wished to entrench.


Question: Where did Merzifonlu Kara Mustafa Pasha die?

Merzifonlu Kara Mustafa Pasha

Taking territory from Christians suited that goal.


Question: Where did Merzifonlu Kara Mustafa Pasha die?

Merzifonlu Kara Mustafa Pasha

He began preparing for a war of aggression against Austria.


Question: Where did Merzifonlu Kara Mustafa Pasha die?

Merzifonlu Kara Mustafa Pasha

Politically, he acknowledged the Hungarians' dissatisfaction with the Habsburg monarchy and installed Imre Thököly as vassal ruler.


Question: Where did Merzifonlu Kara Mustafa Pasha die?

Merzifonlu Kara Mustafa Pasha

Thököly was a Lutheran Protestant, like the majority of Hungarians.


Question: Where did Merzifonlu Kara Mustafa Pasha die?

Merzifonlu Kara Mustafa Pasha

The Hungarians felt that the Ottoman Empire's attitude towards the Lutheran Church was more permissive than that of the Catholic Habsburgs, so they joined in support of the Ottoman people when Kara Mustafa offered them their help.


Question: Where did Merzifonlu Kara Mustafa Pasha die?

Merzifonlu Kara Mustafa Pasha

[10] [3] [7] Kara Mustafa garrisoned a large army and chose the Austrian capital Vienna as the target of the war.


Question: Where did Merzifonlu Kara Mustafa Pasha die?

Merzifonlu Kara Mustafa Pasha

[3] The conditions for the operation were favourable at first, but strength relations turned when the Ottoman army began to besiege the capital.


Question: Where did Merzifonlu Kara Mustafa Pasha die?

Merzifonlu Kara Mustafa Pasha

Pope Innocentius XI managed to finance and raise a multinational army composed of soldiers from Catholic countries, whose leader became King John III Sobieski of Poland.


Question: Where did Merzifonlu Kara Mustafa Pasha die?

Merzifonlu Kara Mustafa Pasha

He led an army to Vienna and defeated the Ottoman and Hungarian siege forces at the Battle of Vienna in September 1683.


Question: Where did Merzifonlu Kara Mustafa Pasha die?

Merzifonlu Kara Mustafa Pasha

[10] Death Kara Mustafa initially withdrew to Budapest to assemble his army in confessions.


Question: Where did Merzifonlu Kara Mustafa Pasha die?

Merzifonlu Kara Mustafa Pasha

The Austrian forces marched in the stern, so next he retreated to the waters off Belgrade, where he remained to overwinter with his army.


Question: Where did Merzifonlu Kara Mustafa Pasha die?

Merzifonlu Kara Mustafa Pasha

He created a plan for a new Belgrade launching offensive for the following year, but, having suffered defeat, began to lose confidence in the eyes of the Sultan.


Question: Where did Merzifonlu Kara Mustafa Pasha die?

Merzifonlu Kara Mustafa Pasha

His political enemies and rivals were additionally free to influence the Sultan, who ended up issuing an order to execute Kara Mustafa on 13 December.


Question: Where did Merzifonlu Kara Mustafa Pasha die?

Merzifonlu Kara Mustafa Pasha

Officers sent from Edirne executed Merzifonlu Kara Mustafa Pasha in Belgrade on 25 December 1683 by strangulation.


Question: Where did Merzifonlu Kara Mustafa Pasha die?

Merzifonlu Kara Mustafa Pasha

[11] His head was carried to Edirne, where it was buried in the Saridja Pasha Mosque under his tombstone.


Question: Where did Merzifonlu Kara Mustafa Pasha die?

Merzifonlu Kara Mustafa Pasha

[3] After becoming more prosperous, Kara Mustafa supported the infrastructure of her birth village and set up a school there and a mosque dedicated to her mother's memory, and built a clean water well in its centre.


Question: Where did Merzifonlu Kara Mustafa Pasha die?

Merzifonlu Kara Mustafa Pasha

[3] The waqf (charitable foundation) he established in Aleppo additionally funded a number of construction projects over fifty years.


Question: Where did Merzifonlu Kara Mustafa Pasha die?

Merzifonlu Kara Mustafa Pasha

[12] His grandchildren established the Merzifonlu Kara Mustafa Paşa Charitable Foundation, which was run by his descendants until the 1970s.


Question: Where did Merzifonlu Kara Mustafa Pasha die?

Merzifonlu Kara Mustafa Pasha

[13] One of Kara Mustafa's notable descendants was his granddaughter's son Grand Admiral Mustafa Pasha, who was slain by rebels led by Patrona Halili, even though Mustafa Pasha had saved Halil, who had previously served on his flagship, from death sentence twice.


Question: Where did Merzifonlu Kara Mustafa Pasha die?

Merzifonlu Kara Mustafa Pasha

Mustafa Pasha was buried near the tomb of Kara Mustafa.


Question: Where did Merzifonlu Kara Mustafa Pasha die?

Merzifonlu Kara Mustafa Pasha

[14] [15] Sources Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = C.


Question: Where did Merzifonlu Kara Mustafa Pasha die?

Merzifonlu Kara Mustafa Pasha

E. Bosworth, E. van Donzel, B. Lewis & Ch.


Question: Where did Merzifonlu Kara Mustafa Pasha die?

Merzifonlu Kara Mustafa Pasha

Pellat| title = The Encyclopaedia of Islam (Vol.


Question: Where did Merzifonlu Kara Mustafa Pasha die?

Merzifonlu Kara Mustafa Pasha

4 Iran-Kha) | publisher = E. J. Brill| year = 1997| id = ISBN 90-04-05745-5}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Boyar, Ebru & Fleet, Kate| title = A Social History of Ottoman Istanbul| publisher = Cambridge University Press| year = 2010| id = ISBN 11394843}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Setton, Kenneth Meyer| title = Venice, Austria, and the Turks in the Seventeenth Century| publisher = American Philosophical Society| year = 1991| id = ISBN 0871691922}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Varvounis, Miltiades| title = Jan Sobiades| title = Jan Sobiades| Esque: The King Who Saved Europe| publisher = Xlibris Corporation| year = 2012| id = ISBN 1462880827}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Watenpaugh, Heghnar Zeitlian| title = The Image Of An Ottoman City: Imperial Architecture And Urban Experience In Aleppo In The 16th And 17th Centuries | publisher = BRILL| year = 2004| id = ISBN 9004124543}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Wheatcroft, Andrew| title = The Enemy at the Gate - Habsburgs, Ottomans and the Battle for Europe| publisher = Basic Books| year = 2009| id = ISBN 978-0-465-0131313| 4-6}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Zarinebaf, Fariba| title = Crime and Punishment in Istanbul: 1700-1800| publisher = University of California Press| year = 2011| id = ISBN 0520947568}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Işın, Ekrem| title = Osmanlı Donanmasının ın Seyir Defteri/The Logbook of the Ottoman Navy| publisher = Pera Müzesi| year = 2009| id = ISBN 9759123592}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Zurcher, Erik J.| title = Arming the State: Military Conscription in the Middle East and Central Asia, 1775-1925| publisher = I.B.Tauris| year = 1999| id = ISBN 186064404X}} References Category:99.3 Representatives of society Category:Grand vizier of the Ottoman Empire Category:Soldiers of the Ottoman Empire Category:Admirals Class:Pashat Class:Executed by the Ottoman Empire Class:Born in the 1630s Class:In 1683 the dead


Question: Are the Mahicans indigenous people still alive?

Narragansetts

Narragansettit is an indigenous people of North America belonging to the Algonkinian language group.


Question: Are the Mahicans indigenous people still alive?

Narragansetts

They initially lived in the area of present-day Rhode Island.


Question: Are the Mahicans indigenous people still alive?

Narragansetts

By the early 17th century, the Narragansettes numbered closer to 10,000 Indians, and they were the largest and most dominant of the New England coastal tribes before the arrival of colonists from England.


Question: Are the Mahicans indigenous people still alive?

Narragansetts

[1] The Narragansettes were forced to wage power struggles against the Pequots, Mohegans and Mohawks.


Question: Are the Mahicans indigenous people still alive?

Narragansetts

The good relations established with the British ended up in mutual wars.


Question: Are the Mahicans indigenous people still alive?

Narragansetts

King Philip's War of 1675—1678 beat the Narragansettes apart.


Question: Are the Mahicans indigenous people still alive?

Narragansetts

Those who survived were either sold as slaves to Caribbean islands or adopted into a population of Abenaks, Mahicans, Mohegans and Niantics.


Question: Are the Mahicans indigenous people still alive?

Narragansetts

Only the last one continued to live under the name of narragansett.


Question: Are the Mahicans indigenous people still alive?

Narragansetts

[2] History Pestimonies In 1614, smallpox migrated among Native Americans living on the Atlantic coast.


Question: Are the Mahicans indigenous people still alive?

Narragansetts

As the epidemic rolled over the coastal areas of New England, many local Native American peoples were forced to leave their neighborhoods.


Question: Are the Mahicans indigenous people still alive?

Narragansetts

The diseases that raged between 1617 and 1619 killed many pokanokets and massachusets, as the Indians had no immunity against diseases brought by Europeans.


Question: Are the Mahicans indigenous people still alive?

Narragansetts

The Narragansetts avoided disease by fleeing to islands in Narragansett Bay, where in their built villages they isolated themselves for the duration of the epidemic.


Question: Are the Mahicans indigenous people still alive?

Narragansetts

When the pestilence was over in 1620, the Narragansettes who survived unharmed came forward and returned to the coast.


Question: Are the Mahicans indigenous people still alive?

Narragansetts

They picked with them the knickknacks of other nations and increased their population.


Question: Are the Mahicans indigenous people still alive?

Narragansetts

[3] Plymouth Colony In 1620, the Narragansets began to acquire experiences of trading with Europeans.


Question: Are the Mahicans indigenous people still alive?

Narragansetts

Trade was done especially with the Dutch of New York.


Question: Are the Mahicans indigenous people still alive?

Narragansetts

Trade relations also operated with the English colony of Plymouth, which had been established in Massachusetts.


Question: Are the Mahicans indigenous people still alive?

Narragansetts

The Wampanoags living in the midlands between the Narragensets' land and Plymouth welcomed the English and made an alliance with them.


Question: Are the Mahicans indigenous people still alive?

Narragansetts

This offended the Narragansets, as the Wampanoags who were under their authority of ordaining would not have been allowed without their permission to make acquaintances with Plymouth settlers.


Question: Are the Mahicans indigenous people still alive?

Narragansetts

As a result of this act, Canonicus, chief of the narragansets, sent arrows wrapped in snakeskin to the English as a battle challenge.


Question: Are the Mahicans indigenous people still alive?

Narragansetts

The Plymouth Colony sent Canonicus the same snakeskin back filled with gunpowder.


Question: Are the Mahicans indigenous people still alive?

Narragansetts

[3] The Narragansettes, surprised by the newlyweds, decided to let the English be left alone.


Question: Are the Mahicans indigenous people still alive?

Narragansetts

This was the good fortune of the Plymouth Colony, for they would have been an easy resistance to Canonicus' military forces.


Question: Are the Mahicans indigenous people still alive?

Narragansetts

After this incident, the English began to build a fort for their protection, as they realized that they were unprotected in the face of possible war action by the Indians.


Question: Are the Mahicans indigenous people still alive?

Narragansetts

As the British colony reinforced their fort, the attention of the Narragansettes was directed to the Pequots invading their lands.


Question: Are the Mahicans indigenous people still alive?

Narragansetts

During 1622, the invaders managed to deprive some of the Narragansets' land in northwestern Rhode Island.


Question: Are the Mahicans indigenous people still alive?

Narragansetts

A year later, the Mohawks also went to war against the Narragansets.


Question: Are the Mahicans indigenous people still alive?

Narragansetts

At the same time, Plymouth Colony grew with ships still bringing in new colonists.


Question: Are the Mahicans indigenous people still alive?

Narragansetts

As the Indians warred among themselves, European settlements sprang up in the surroundings of Plymouth.


Question: Are the Mahicans indigenous people still alive?

Narragansetts

New epidemics of disease spread among Native Americans.


Question: Are the Mahicans indigenous people still alive?

Narragansetts

The Narragansettes failed to avoid smallpox for the second time; rather, much of their population was massacred by diseases in the early 1630s.


Question: Are the Mahicans indigenous people still alive?

Narragansetts

[4] Despite this, the Narragansettes managed to reclaim the land they had usurped from the Pequots.


Question: Are the Mahicans indigenous people still alive?

Narragansetts

The Narragansettes against the Pequots, the dominance of the Pequots was destabilised by internal conflicts which resulted in the Mohegans, who had been in firm cooperation with them, detached themselves as their own group under the leadership of their chief, Uncas.


Question: Are the Mahicans indigenous people still alive?

Narragansetts

The new commander-in-chief of the pro-Dutch Pequotes, Sassacus, clashed with the English and started a war against these settlements in Connecticut in 1636.


Question: Are the Mahicans indigenous people still alive?

Narragansetts

When Connecticut and Massachusetts colonists began planning counter-strikes on Pequotian villages tried Sassacus to resort to the Mohegans and Narragansets.


Question: Are the Mahicans indigenous people still alive?

Narragansetts

However, these had entered into an alliance with the English.


Question: Are the Mahicans indigenous people still alive?

Narragansetts

The Narragansett chief Miontonomo made over 500 warriors available to the British, who themselves had gathered only 240 colonists and 70 Mohegans.


Question: Are the Mahicans indigenous people still alive?

Narragansetts

[5] In May 1637, the British, Narragansettes and Mohegans carried out a morning-nightly attack on the pile-equipped village of Pequot on the Mystic River in Massachusetts.


Question: Are the Mahicans indigenous people still alive?

Narragansetts

[6] The villagers, largely made up of women, children and the elderly, were unable to offer resistance.


Question: Are the Mahicans indigenous people still alive?

Narragansetts

[7] The warriors were away organising attacks against British settlements.


Question: Are the Mahicans indigenous people still alive?

Narragansetts

They were tracked down and driven to the marshy areas of the Mystic River, where the pursuers set up a trap for them.


Question: Are the Mahicans indigenous people still alive?

Narragansetts

These events, and the fighting that followed, taxed the ranks of the Pequotes for more than 1,000 lives.


Question: Are the Mahicans indigenous people still alive?

Narragansetts

The death of Chief Sassacus was at the same time the end of the reign of the Pequots.


Question: Are the Mahicans indigenous people still alive?

Narragansetts

Uncas took advantage of the situation and adopted more than 1,000 surviving pequots into the Mohegans to bolster his people in the power struggle in the southern parts of New England.


Question: Are the Mahicans indigenous people still alive?

Narragansetts

[3] The receding of the great chiefs Seeing the growing power of the Mohegans, Miontonomo sought to gain allies for the Narragansettes from the small tribes of the region.


Question: Are the Mahicans indigenous people still alive?

Narragansetts

The Mattabesics and the Pocumtuks pledged to lend their support to him.


Question: Are the Mahicans indigenous people still alive?

Narragansetts

In 1642, Miontonomo made long bargaining trips by water to Long Island and the banks of the Hudson River to recruit the tribes of that place as his allies.


Question: Are the Mahicans indigenous people still alive?

Narragansetts

However, the Narragansets' visit to the island coincided with a bad time when New Amsterdam, founded in Manhattan by the Dutch, had begun a war with the tribes surrounding it.


Question: Are the Mahicans indigenous people still alive?

Narragansetts

The state of war fought in 1643—1644 is known in history as the Wappinger War.


Question: Are the Mahicans indigenous people still alive?

Narragansetts

The Dutch lost much of their population to nearly 20 different Delaware tribes.


Question: Are the Mahicans indigenous people still alive?

Narragansetts

on rising them I respond.


Question: Are the Mahicans indigenous people still alive?

Narragansetts

To prevent certain destruction, the Dutch took refuge with the English of Connecticut and a volunteer force led by Captain John Underhill calmed the situation.


Question: Are the Mahicans indigenous people still alive?

Narragansetts

For the duration of the war, Narragansettes, almost isolated in Rhode Island, under Miontonomo, made a surprise attack on Shetucket, the main Mohegan village, but the British had time to warn the Mohegans of the invasion.


Question: Are the Mahicans indigenous people still alive?

Narragansetts

An army of nearly 900 warriors of the Narragansettes interrupted the war when the Mohegans kidnapped their chief.


Question: Are the Mahicans indigenous people still alive?

Narragansetts

[3] Uncas, leading the Mohegans, handed over Miontonomo's Hartford fort to the Britons, who enclosed this dungeon.


Question: Are the Mahicans indigenous people still alive?

Narragansetts

After many negotiations, Miontonomo was released and he received permission to return to his people.


Question: Are the Mahicans indigenous people still alive?

Narragansetts

In the village of Mohegans, Uncas's brother hit Miontonomo from behind with a tomahawk fatally.


Question: Are the Mahicans indigenous people still alive?

Narragansetts

[3] The Narragansettes who lost their chief did not recover from their loss, but came under the supremacy of the Rhode Island colony by the English.


Question: Are the Mahicans indigenous people still alive?

Narragansetts

The old chief Canonicus died in the late 1640s.


Question: Are the Mahicans indigenous people still alive?

Narragansetts

[8] Ninigret, chief of the Eastern Niantics, who remained of the great leaders, decided to recapture more living space outside Rhode Island.


Question: Are the Mahicans indigenous people still alive?

Narragansetts

In 1653 he assembled a group of Niantic and Narragansett warriors for a major war expedition.


Question: Are the Mahicans indigenous people still alive?

Narragansetts

They crossed in canoes the Strait of Long Island with the intention of conquering the land of the Montauk Indians on the eastern tip of Long Island.


Question: Are the Mahicans indigenous people still alive?

Narragansetts

The outnumbered Montauks received unexpected help when the Southampton Colony, founded on the island in 1640, drove out Ninigret's troops.


Question: Are the Mahicans indigenous people still alive?

Narragansetts

[9] The New England Confederacy in the early 1660s numbered narragansets numbered five thousand.


Question: Are the Mahicans indigenous people still alive?

Narragansetts

Rhode Island emigrants numbered fewer, estimated at 3,000 people.


Question: Are the Mahicans indigenous people still alive?

Narragansetts

Their mutual intervals remained good throughout the decade.


Question: Are the Mahicans indigenous people still alive?

Narragansetts

Founded in 1643, the New England Confederacy, encompassing Connecticut, Massachusetts, New Haven and Plymouth, comprised ten times the number of inhabitants compared to the Narragansets.


Question: Are the Mahicans indigenous people still alive?

Narragansetts

This association of colonists had been made against the French, Dutch and Indians alike, and also appeased the Narragansets.


Question: Are the Mahicans indigenous people still alive?

Narragansetts

In addition, Rhode Island's second constitution contained a section prohibiting harassing the area's Native American population without the permission of the colony's governor.


Question: Are the Mahicans indigenous people still alive?

Narragansetts

[10] However, the main reason for the good relations of the Narragansets, especially with the white population of Rhode Island, was the conversion work of the Native Americans, who made the gospel familiar among the Native Americans and also caused the Narragansettes to leave their original intentions to rise to war against settlers.


Question: Are the Mahicans indigenous people still alive?

Narragansetts

The proliferation of prayer cities across New England enhanced peace and created an image of a war-free future.


Question: Are the Mahicans indigenous people still alive?

Narragansetts

[7] Narragansetts during King Philip's War in the early 1670s showed the first signs of an impending war.


Question: Are the Mahicans indigenous people still alive?

Narragansetts

The Narragansettes were not related to the incipient unrest; rather, the problems came from the direction of the Wampanoags, who half a century earlier had helped the Puritans survive over the cold winter.


Question: Are the Mahicans indigenous people still alive?

Narragansetts

After the death of the old chief Massasoit in 1661, his younger son Metacomet, who was known among whites as King Philip, had risen to become the new leader.


Question: Are the Mahicans indigenous people still alive?

Narragansetts

He continued the peace treaties initiated by his father, but was at the same time determined to prevent the English from gaining control of more lands belonging to the Indians.


Question: Are the Mahicans indigenous people still alive?

Narragansetts

It was alleged that King Philip was planning a grand conspiracy against British colonies.


Question: Are the Mahicans indigenous people still alive?

Narragansetts

The colonists demanded a new peace treaty, in which the condition would be that the Indians give up all their firearms.


Question: Are the Mahicans indigenous people still alive?

Narragansetts

Philip was persuaded to sign the treaty, but only some of the Indians complied with the disarmament.


Question: Are the Mahicans indigenous people still alive?

Narragansetts

[11] The most recent peace treaty, written in 1671, led to war.


Question: Are the Mahicans indigenous people still alive?

Narragansetts

The Indians felt completely humiliated by the colonists, and King Philip was no longer able to hold back his warriors, who decided to rise up against British domination.


Question: Are the Mahicans indigenous people still alive?

Narragansetts

The Wampanoags started the war in the summer of 1675.


Question: Are the Mahicans indigenous people still alive?

Narragansetts

King Philip received, among other things, about 4000 narragansets as his allies against the English.


Question: Are the Mahicans indigenous people still alive?

Narragansetts

[10] The Mohegans remained loyal to the Brits as their only allies.


Question: Are the Mahicans indigenous people still alive?

Narragansetts

The warriors of the Narragansets were led by Miontonomo's son Canonchet, when instead the Niantecs of Ninigret wanted to remain neutral in the war that had begun.


Question: Are the Mahicans indigenous people still alive?

Narragansetts

Native American troops moved in small groups across Massaschusetts and Connecticut, and were difficult to track down.


Question: Are the Mahicans indigenous people still alive?

Narragansetts

Out of nearly 100 towns in New England, Philip's forces attacked approximately every second and managed to wipe out a dozen towns altogether.


Question: Are the Mahicans indigenous people still alive?

Narragansetts

[11] The New England Confederacy was able to make its only historic joint appearance by employing 1,000 colonists and 150 Mohegans led by Major Talcott to its aid.


Question: Are the Mahicans indigenous people still alive?

Narragansetts

This troop succeeded in destroying the large village of Narragansets in Kingston, Rhode Island, in December 1675.


Question: Are the Mahicans indigenous people still alive?

Narragansetts

[3] An estimated 600 Narragansettes perished in the fighting as some of them burned with their village.


Question: Are the Mahicans indigenous people still alive?

Narragansetts

[12] Some of the inhabitants, among them Chief Canonchet, were able to flee to the icy marsh area surrounding the village.


Question: Are the Mahicans indigenous people still alive?

Narragansetts

By the summer, many of the refugees had been killed, among them Matantuck (also known by other names such as Quiapen and Magnus) as a female chief.


Question: Are the Mahicans indigenous people still alive?

Narragansetts

[13] In the same year, Canonchet was kidnapped by the Mohegans and, a little later, before a British firing squad.


Question: Are the Mahicans indigenous people still alive?

Narragansetts

After the loss of Canonchet, the front of King Philip's troops began to crack and the luck of war turned in favour of the English.


Question: Are the Mahicans indigenous people still alive?

Narragansetts

Losses were heavy on either side.


Question: Are the Mahicans indigenous people still alive?

Narragansetts

In August 1676, Indians' own feuds began to question the continuation of the war.


Question: Are the Mahicans indigenous people still alive?

Narragansetts

One of the sub-chiefs asked Philip to surrender to the whites.


Question: Are the Mahicans indigenous people still alive?

Narragansetts

Blinded by anger and battle losses, Philip did not heed suggestions but slain the requester.


Question: Are the Mahicans indigenous people still alive?

Narragansetts

[10] As a result of this blood work, an Indian embezzled to the Britons where Philip was.


Question: Are the Mahicans indigenous people still alive?

Narragansetts

On August 12, 1676, the chief of the Wampanoags was shot dead.


Question: Are the Mahicans indigenous people still alive?

Narragansetts

[14] From the end of the 17th century to modern times, the situation in the Narragansets was inconsolable after the war.


Question: Are the Mahicans indigenous people still alive?

Narragansetts

Most of the warriors had been slain, as had many of the chiefs.


Question: Are the Mahicans indigenous people still alive?

Narragansetts

Nearly 3000 women, children and elderly people were without refuge.


Question: Are the Mahicans indigenous people still alive?

Narragansetts

The warriors still alive had scattered all over the forests.


Question: Are the Mahicans indigenous people still alive?

Narragansetts

They were pursued by troops of both colonists and Mohegan forces.


Question: Are the Mahicans indigenous people still alive?

Narragansetts

Many of the women and children were caught up in slave ships that transported them to the West Indies archipelago.


Question: Are the Mahicans indigenous people still alive?

Narragansetts

Less than 500 narragansettes wrote a peace treaty in 1682.


Question: Are the Mahicans indigenous people still alive?

Narragansetts

With the permission of the British, the Eastern Niantics were allowed to take them into their ranks.


Question: Are the Mahicans indigenous people still alive?

Narragansetts

These narragansettes kept their own tribal name and retained their own traditions.


Question: Are the Mahicans indigenous people still alive?

Narragansetts

Those adopted to the Mohegans, Mahicans and Abenaks lost their own identity and became members of the new tribes.


Question: Are the Mahicans indigenous people still alive?

Narragansetts

[2] Some of the Narragansettes entered Christianity during the 18th century.


Question: Are the Mahicans indigenous people still alive?

Narragansetts

At the end of the same century, several of them relocated to New York City to unite with the Brotherton Mohegans.


Question: Are the Mahicans indigenous people still alive?

Narragansetts

[15] Today, the language of the Narragansets has disappeared.


Question: Are the Mahicans indigenous people still alive?

Narragansetts

They are mainly descended from a group associated with the Niantics.


Question: Are the Mahicans indigenous people still alive?

Narragansetts

Most of the tribe still resides in Rhode Island, with some small groups settling in Long Island or Connecticut.


Question: Are the Mahicans indigenous people still alive?

Narragansetts

In 1978, the State of Rhode Island returned two small pieces of land to the tribe from the Charlestown town area.


Question: Are the Mahicans indigenous people still alive?

Narragansetts

The territories had been forcibly deprived a century earlier.


Question: Are the Mahicans indigenous people still alive?

Narragansetts

In 1983, the narragansettin received federal recognition.


Question: Are the Mahicans indigenous people still alive?

Narragansetts

The land of the Narragansets comprises a total of 10 square kilometres and their number is steadily rising, approaching three thousand.


Question: Are the Mahicans indigenous people still alive?

Narragansetts

Today, narragansettes celebrate two annual feasts.


Question: Are the Mahicans indigenous people still alive?

Narragansetts

In August, they celebrate Green Maize Thanksgiving and in October they celebrate life harvesting festivals.


Question: Are the Mahicans indigenous people still alive?

Narragansetts

[2] For livelihoods, forest management is important, but tourism is also a considerable source of income.


Question: Are the Mahicans indigenous people still alive?

Narragansetts

The Narragansettes have their own game-and-amusement center and cable television station.


Question: Are the Mahicans indigenous people still alive?

Narragansetts

Culture Narragansettes were dialectively close to the Pequots, Mohegans and Montauks and divided into two branches, of which the eastern branch was referred to as the Eastern Niantics.


Question: Are the Mahicans indigenous people still alive?

Narragansetts

The actual Narragansettes lived north of them and they formed a large and strong mainstay on which the Niantics took refuge.


Question: Are the Mahicans indigenous people still alive?

Narragansetts

The people were ruled by eight leaders, of whom Miontonomo, Canonicus, and Ninigret of the Nianticien were the most famous chiefs.


Question: Are the Mahicans indigenous people still alive?

Narragansetts

The piled villages were located predominantly on the islands of Narragansett Bay.


Question: Are the Mahicans indigenous people still alive?

Narragansetts

The houses were long in construction and quite bulky.


Question: Are the Mahicans indigenous people still alive?

Narragansetts

Although the Narragansettes moved along a lot of waterways in their canoes, game hunting nevertheless formed an important part of their livelihood along with fishing.


Question: Are the Mahicans indigenous people still alive?

Narragansetts

Large fields of corn and beans also became an integral part of the food sources for the narragansets.


Question: Are the Mahicans indigenous people still alive?

Narragansetts

Various items were made from local soapstone, which were sold to residents and guests of the environment.


Question: Are the Mahicans indigenous people still alive?

Narragansetts

[16] See also Native American Wars Sources Cave, Alfred: The Pequot History, Univ of Massachusetts Press, 1996.


Question: Are the Mahicans indigenous people still alive?

Narragansetts

ISBN 978-1558490307 Ellis, George W, King Philip's War, 2001 ISBN 1582184305 Fought, Leight A History of Mystic Connecticut, 2007, ISBN 9781596292215 Henriksson, Markku The Original Americans, Gaudeamus,1985, ISBN 951-662-385-9 Oberg, Michael Leroy, Unccy As, First of the Mohegans, Cornwell University Press, (2003).


Question: Are the Mahicans indigenous people still alive?

Narragansetts

ISBN 0801438772.


Question: Are the Mahicans indigenous people still alive?

Narragansetts

Transclusion error: {{En}} is only for use in File namespace.


Question: Are the Mahicans indigenous people still alive?

Narragansetts

Use {{lang-en}} or {{en icon}} instead.


Question: Are the Mahicans indigenous people still alive?

Narragansetts

Santoro, Nicholas J: Atlas of the Indian Tribes of North America, iUniverse, 2009.


Question: Are the Mahicans indigenous people still alive?

Narragansetts

ISBN 978-1-4401-0795-5 Virrankoski, Pentti American and Canadian Indians, Gummerus, 1994 ISBN 951-717-788-7 Waldman, Carl Atlas of The North American Indian Fact and File Publications, 1985 ISBN 0-87196-850-9 Waldman, Carl: Encyclopedia of Native American Tribes, Checkmark Books, 2006, ISBN 978-0816062744 Transclusion error: {{En}} is only for use in File namespace.


Question: Are the Mahicans indigenous people still alive?

Narragansetts

Use {{lang-en}} or {{en icon}} instead.


Question: Are the Mahicans indigenous people still alive?

Narragansetts

Virrankoski, Pentti American and Canadian Indians, Gummerus, 1994 ISBN 951-717-788-7 References on the topic elsewhere Category:Indigenous peoples of the United States


Question: When was Sonja Henie born?

Sonja Henie

Sonja Henie (April 8, 1912, Oslo — October 12, 1969) was a Norwegian figure skater and Norwegian-American actress.


Question: When was Sonja Henie born?

Sonja Henie

Considered one of the best female skill skaters of all time, she revolutionized the sport from a hobby to a serious sport of racing.


Question: When was Sonja Henie born?

Sonja Henie

Henie won three Olympic gold medals, ten world titles and six European titles in her career.


Question: When was Sonja Henie born?

Sonja Henie

After his racing career, he appeared in ice shows and made several films.


Question: When was Sonja Henie born?

Sonja Henie

In addition, with her third husband, Niels Onstad, Henie founded the Henie-Onstad Art Centre.


Question: When was Sonja Henie born?

Sonja Henie

Early childhood Sonja Henie was born 1912 in Oslo, and her parents were Hans Wilhelm Henie and Selma Lochman-Nielsen Henie.


Question: When was Sonja Henie born?

Sonja Henie

Father-Wilhelm had been a racing cyclist and won a world championship in track cycling in 1894 [1] in track cycling.


Question: When was Sonja Henie born?

Sonja Henie

He inspired his children to pursue and rejoice in sports.


Question: When was Sonja Henie born?

Sonja Henie

[2] Sonja was six years old when she received her first skates for Christmas.


Question: When was Sonja Henie born?

Sonja Henie

She had already practiced dancing before this, but skating quickly became her greatest passion.


Question: When was Sonja Henie born?

Sonja Henie

Along with skating, Henie also trained in ballet under Anna Pavlova's former teacher.


Question: When was Sonja Henie born?

Sonja Henie

[3] Sports Career Beginning and first medals Henie won the Children's Norwegian Championship at the age of eight, [3] and her parents realized she needed a figure skating coach.


Question: When was Sonja Henie born?

Sonja Henie

Henie's coach became Oscar Holte and additionally trained with the Oslo Skøiteklub club.


Question: When was Sonja Henie born?

Sonja Henie

Mother took Henie in 1922 to London to practice ballet under Tamara Karsavina's guidance.


Question: When was Sonja Henie born?

Sonja Henie

Henie first participated in the adult Norwegian Championships the following year, winning the championship for his country.


Question: When was Sonja Henie born?

Sonja Henie

[4] Henie was only 11 years old when she participated in her first Olympics in 1924.


Question: When was Sonja Henie born?

Sonja Henie

[5] However, she missed the final, eighth place in the women's single skating at the Chamonix Olympic Games.


Question: When was Sonja Henie born?

Sonja Henie

Admittedly, in the free program, he was third, but poor scores in the compulsory program dropped him to last in the aggregate points.


Question: When was Sonja Henie born?

Sonja Henie

[6] Henie won the Norwegian championship again in 1925, went on tour afterwards and performed around the country.


Question: When was Sonja Henie born?

Sonja Henie

Henie won the Norwegian title the following year in both single skating and pair skating paired with Arne Lie.


Question: When was Sonja Henie born?

Sonja Henie

At the World Championships, she finished second behind Herma Szabo.


Question: When was Sonja Henie born?

Sonja Henie

Henie was 1927 again a two-time Norwegian champion.


Question: When was Sonja Henie born?

Sonja Henie

At the World Championships held in Oslo, he won his first world title.


Question: When was Sonja Henie born?

Sonja Henie

The win also sparked debate, as three of the five judges were from Norway.


Question: When was Sonja Henie born?

Sonja Henie

The International Skating Union then decided that for international competitions, each judge had to be from a different country.


Question: When was Sonja Henie born?

Sonja Henie

Henie travelled to London with her mother in the summer of 1927 to see Anna Pavlova's ballet performance.


Question: When was Sonja Henie born?

Sonja Henie

Henie later said that the performance inspired her to combine ballet dancing with figure skating.


Question: When was Sonja Henie born?

Sonja Henie

He again won two Norwegian championships the following year.


Question: When was Sonja Henie born?

Sonja Henie

[7] A three-time Olympic champion, Henie won her first Olympic gold at St. Moritz in 1928 and later that year again the world title.


Question: When was Sonja Henie born?

Sonja Henie

Henie had become a big star, and she had already appeared in her first film, Norwegian-based Syv dager for Elisabeth.


Question: When was Sonja Henie born?

Sonja Henie

Henie made further appearances during 1928, including at the opening ceremonies of the six-day cycling race in Berlin and Gothenburg, and he was also the guest of honour at the Summer Olympics.


Question: When was Sonja Henie born?

Sonja Henie

Henie participated in 1929 for the last time at the Norwegian Championships and won gold in them in single skating.


Question: When was Sonja Henie born?

Sonja Henie

In addition, he again won the world title.


Question: When was Sonja Henie born?

Sonja Henie

According to his brother Leif, Wilhelm Henie had by that time begun collecting compensation for Sonja's appearances, although she was still an amateur.


Question: When was Sonja Henie born?

Sonja Henie

Wilhelm accepted the commissions in cash and recycled them through his company.


Question: When was Sonja Henie born?

Sonja Henie

[8] Henie travelled in December 1929 for the first time to America.


Question: When was Sonja Henie born?

Sonja Henie

He was performing at the time, among others, at Madison Square Garden.


Question: When was Sonja Henie born?

Sonja Henie

In addition, she participated in her fifth World Championships and won her fourth title.


Question: When was Sonja Henie born?

Sonja Henie

Henie spent the latter half of 1930 peacefully and did not participate in national competitions nor the European Championships held for the first time.


Question: When was Sonja Henie born?

Sonja Henie

The following year, along with the world title, he also won his first European title.


Question: When was Sonja Henie born?

Sonja Henie

[8] At the 1932 Winter Olympics in Lake Placid, Henie took her second Olympic gold.


Question: When was Sonja Henie born?

Sonja Henie

In the same year, the World Championships were held in Montreal, where she had to perform not only at the Games but also in skating performances.


Question: When was Sonja Henie born?

Sonja Henie

However, he failed to do so, prompting rumours of overcompensation demanded by Henie's family.


Question: When was Sonja Henie born?

Sonja Henie

Henie also planned to turn professional but nevertheless continued his amateur career.


Question: When was Sonja Henie born?

Sonja Henie

He won World Championship and European Championship gold again that year.


Question: When was Sonja Henie born?

Sonja Henie

Henie also repeated his performance in 1933, 1934 and 1935.


Question: When was Sonja Henie born?

Sonja Henie

Meanwhile, Henie appeared in a number of shows, which began to develop more demanding with fireworks and costumes.


Question: When was Sonja Henie born?

Sonja Henie

[9] Henie started with the 1936 European Championship.


Question: When was Sonja Henie born?

Sonja Henie

[9] After that, he participated in the Garmisch-Partenkirchen Olympics.


Question: When was Sonja Henie born?

Sonja Henie

Henie won Olympic gold but only by a mere difference to Cecilia Colledge.


Question: When was Sonja Henie born?

Sonja Henie

The following week, Henie won her tenth consecutive world title.


Question: When was Sonja Henie born?

Sonja Henie

The same had previously only been able to win 11 World Cup golds by Ulrich Salchow.


Question: When was Sonja Henie born?

Sonja Henie

[10] As a professional skater and actress, Henie signed an appearance contract with promoter Arthur Wirtz in March 1936, and she performed in nine U.S. cities.


Question: When was Sonja Henie born?

Sonja Henie

Later that year, Henie's father rented a skating arena in Los Angeles, at which Henie performed twice.


Question: When was Sonja Henie born?

Sonja Henie

The shows were much advertised, with numerous famous guests coming in.


Question: When was Sonja Henie born?

Sonja Henie

Also among the audience was film influencer Darryl F. Zanuck, who offered Henie a five-year contract with the 20th Century Fox film company.


Question: When was Sonja Henie born?

Sonja Henie

Henie's first film The Ice Princess came out still the same year, and was an audience success.


Question: When was Sonja Henie born?

Sonja Henie

In the same year, a film on Slippery Ice was also made.


Question: When was Sonja Henie born?

Sonja Henie

Henie, in her first year in Hollywood, had earned $250,000.


Question: When was Sonja Henie born?

Sonja Henie

Wilhelm Henie died in May 1937, and Sonja had to look after her own business affairs in the future.


Question: When was Sonja Henie born?

Sonja Henie

[10] Henie appeared in 1938 in two films, Fellturimaa's Daughter and Spring of Youth.


Question: When was Sonja Henie born?

Sonja Henie

Following the filming of Fell Country's Daughter, Henie toured with Hollywood Ice Revue in the United States.


Question: When was Sonja Henie born?

Sonja Henie

The following year, she appeared in the films Girl from Pohjola and Our Racing Suitor.


Question: When was Sonja Henie born?

Sonja Henie

Over the next three years Henie made the films at the beat of Swing, Iceland and The Merry Hotel.


Question: When was Sonja Henie born?

Sonja Henie

[11] During World War II, Henie added patriotic themes to his ice appearances.


Question: When was Sonja Henie born?

Sonja Henie

He filmed the 1945 film Love on Slippery Ice and his last released film, The Countess of Monte Carlo in 1948.


Question: When was Sonja Henie born?

Sonja Henie

He performed in Hollywood for about a decade, earning an estimated $50 million during that time, about half of which came from films and half from ice tours.


Question: When was Sonja Henie born?

Sonja Henie

[12] Henie, encouraged by her husband, left her collaboration with Arthur Wirtz in the early 1950s and financed her ice show herself.


Question: When was Sonja Henie born?

Sonja Henie

Henie invested about $1 million in the program for the 1951—1952 season and spent considerable time organizing programs.


Question: When was Sonja Henie born?

Sonja Henie

One appearance in March 1952 ended in tragedy when a temporary open grandstand collapsed and hundreds of spectators were injured.


Question: When was Sonja Henie born?

Sonja Henie

Henie and his company were sued, and many shows had to be canceled.


Question: When was Sonja Henie born?

Sonja Henie

Henie toured Europe in the summer of 1953 and performed in several countries.


Question: When was Sonja Henie born?

Sonja Henie

He quit the practice in 1956, despite still making a 1958 unreleased film.


Question: When was Sonja Henie born?

Sonja Henie

[12] Private life and death Henie was thrice married.


Question: When was Sonja Henie born?

Sonja Henie

Her first husband was sports influencer, Brooklyn Dodgers part-owner Dan Topping.


Question: When was Sonja Henie born?

Sonja Henie

[11] They married in 1940 [11] and divorced in 1945.


Question: When was Sonja Henie born?

Sonja Henie

[12] Henie's second husband was Winthrop Gardiner Jr.


Question: When was Sonja Henie born?

Sonja Henie

They divorced in April 1956, and Henie married in June to shipowner Niels Onstad.


Question: When was Sonja Henie born?

Sonja Henie

Henie and Onstad collected modern art.


Question: When was Sonja Henie born?

Sonja Henie

They soon ran out of space to showcase them, and in 1961 set up a foundation and donated the funds to establish an arts centre.


Question: When was Sonja Henie born?

Sonja Henie

The Henie-Onstad Art Centre opened in September 1968 in Høvikodden.


Question: When was Sonja Henie born?

Sonja Henie

[12] Henie fell ill in September 1968 and was hospitalized for pneumonia.


Question: When was Sonja Henie born?

Sonja Henie

He recovered slowly from it and was found to have rapidly progressing leukaemia based on blood samples.


Question: When was Sonja Henie born?

Sonja Henie

According to the Leif brother, Henie was not told the true diagnosis but was told she was suffering from anaemia and was ordered to rest.


Question: When was Sonja Henie born?

Sonja Henie

Henie travelled with her husband in September 1969 to Switzerland and in October to Paris and made plans for her upcoming show, despite experiencing fatigue.


Question: When was Sonja Henie born?

Sonja Henie

On 12 October, the Heniet departed for the return flight to Oslo, and Sonja Henie died during the flight.


Question: When was Sonja Henie born?

Sonja Henie

[12] Significance and acknowledgments Henie's influence on figure skating was significant, and according to sportswriter Sandra Stevenson, Henie revolutionized the sport from an upper-class recreational pastime to a serious competitive sport.


Question: When was Sonja Henie born?

Sonja Henie

[12] Figure skating involved a long technical section at the beginning of the 20th century, with competitors performing a variety of moves.


Question: When was Sonja Henie born?

Sonja Henie

The music played in the background during the portion, but the movements were performed individually and did not form a programme suitable for the music.


Question: When was Sonja Henie born?

Sonja Henie

Thanks to her artistic training, Henie was able to design choreography for her own performances, which also took background music into account.


Question: When was Sonja Henie born?

Sonja Henie

In addition, she wore a short skirt in her performances, which allowed more difficult movements to be performed.


Question: When was Sonja Henie born?

Sonja Henie

Around this time, skaters generally wore long skirts and black skates, but Henie made white skates popular.


Question: When was Sonja Henie born?

Sonja Henie

[13] Henie received a number of recognitions and awards for her sporting and performing career.


Question: When was Sonja Henie born?

Sonja Henie

He was elected 1938 to the Norwegian Order of St. Olav for his athletic and artistic merits and for his work for Norway.


Question: When was Sonja Henie born?

Sonja Henie

[10] He was the youngest person to have been honoured by then.


Question: When was Sonja Henie born?

Sonja Henie

[14] Henie was elected to the 1976 World Figure Skating Hall of Fame, [15] and has a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame.


Question: When was Sonja Henie born?

Sonja Henie

[16] In 2000, Henie was selected by Sports Illustrated magazine as the fourth best female athlete of the 20th century.


Question: When was Sonja Henie born?

Sonja Henie

[13] Norwegian Air Shuttle has painted a picture of Henie on the tail of one Boeing 737-800 aircraft [17] and one Boeing 787-8 aircraft.


Question: When was Sonja Henie born?

Sonja Henie

[18] Henie's image has also been on board the Boeing 737-300 plane, which has since left the Norwegian fleet.


Question: When was Sonja Henie born?

Sonja Henie

[19] Sources Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Overman, Steven J. & Sagert, Kelly Boyer| title= Icons of Women's Sport| location = Santa Barbara| publisher = ABC-Clio| year= 2012| isbn = 978-0-313-38549-0| language = Transclusion error: {{I}} is only for use in File namespace.


Question: When was Sonja Henie born?

Sonja Henie

Use {{lang-en}} or {{en icon}} instead.| format= [Google Books] | accessdate = 6.7.2012}} References on topic elsewhere Category:Norwegian figure skaters Category:Norwegian Olympic champions Category:Norwegian actors Category:American actors Category:Hollywood Walk of Fame Class:People born in 1912 Class:Those who died in 1969 Class:79.2 Winter Sports Category:Key articles of screening


Question: Where was boxing invented?

History of boxing

The history of boxing goes all the way back to ancient Greece, but modern boxing emerged in 18th-century England.


Question: Where was boxing invented?

History of boxing

Early history Fist fighting is mentioned as early as Homer's poems, but modern boxing originated in 18th-century England.


Question: Where was boxing invented?

History of boxing

Boxing was included in the program of the ancient Olympic Games for the first time in 688 BC, but the beginnings of fistfights lie in human prehistory.


Question: Where was boxing invented?

History of boxing

The earliest surviving evidence of “boxing” are Sumerian carvings from the 300s before the beginning of our period.


Question: Where was boxing invented?

History of boxing

Egyptian Thebes circa 16th century BCE.


Question: Where was boxing invented?

History of boxing

the resulting relief depicted boxers wearing helmets as well as people watching the match.


Question: Where was boxing invented?

History of boxing

[1] The first surviving rules of boxing are from ancient Greece.


Question: Where was boxing invented?

History of boxing

At the time, there were no installments in matches; instead, the match continued for as long until the opponent gave up or was unable to continue.


Question: Where was boxing invented?

History of boxing

It was forbidden to bind an opponent.


Question: Where was boxing invented?

History of boxing

Matches took place outside in the heat and sunshine.


Question: Where was boxing invented?

History of boxing

Matchmakers came from all social classes.


Question: Where was boxing invented?

History of boxing

In the great sports competitions of antiquity, the vast majority of fighters were from rich and prestigious families.


Question: Where was boxing invented?

History of boxing

Boxing has been widely described in Greek literature, among them in Homer's Iliah.


Question: Where was boxing invented?

History of boxing

[1] In the 3rd century BCE.


Question: Where was boxing invented?

History of boxing

the Greeks switched to using hard leather as protection for their fists, which easily caused the opponent to bleed.


Question: Where was boxing invented?

History of boxing

Padded gloves were used in training at that time, to some extent reminiscent of contemporary boxing mitts.


Question: Where was boxing invented?

History of boxing

The Romans developed a protective glove known as the caestus, which has been carefully described in the visual arts and literature of the time.


Question: Where was boxing invented?

History of boxing

The glove consisted of spikes and metal attached to leather.


Question: Where was boxing invented?

History of boxing

In Rome, boxing was widely pursued, including in gladiatorial fighting arenas.


Question: Where was boxing invented?

History of boxing

Soldiers used it to practice near-combat skills.


Question: Where was boxing invented?

History of boxing

Gladiator boxing matches were often fought until death.


Question: Where was boxing invented?

History of boxing

However, with the advent of Christianity and later the decline of the Roman Empire, boxing fell into oblivion for centuries.


Question: Where was boxing invented?

History of boxing

[1] Bare-Fist Time The first mention of an official boxing match from Britain dates back to 1681, and in 1698 began to organise regular bare-handed matches at the Royal Theatre in London.


Question: Where was boxing invented?

History of boxing

Matches took place without gloves and weight classes, and there were no rules excessively except for grand finals.


Question: Where was boxing invented?

History of boxing

Rounds existed in principle, but usually matches ended only after the other fighter was unable to continue.


Question: Where was boxing invented?

History of boxing

Wrestling grips were also permitted, and until the middle of the 18th century it was also common to hit anyone in the country.


Question: Where was boxing invented?

History of boxing

[2] Even though boxing was illegal, it was very popular.


Question: Where was boxing invented?

History of boxing

In the early 18th century, James Figg, the English champion boxer, became a nation-wide celebrity.


Question: Where was boxing invented?

History of boxing

Jack Broughton, a pupil of Figgs, is regarded as a major pioneer in bringing boxing among accepted forms of sport.


Question: Where was boxing invented?

History of boxing

Broughton was also one of the greatest and most successful fighters of the barefist period, and in 1743 he developed rules for the sport which, with the exception of minor modifications, were in place until 1838, when a more detailed London Prize Ring was published rulebook [3].


Question: Where was boxing invented?

History of boxing

[2] Broughton is said to have set out to develop the rules because one of his opponents had died as a result of injuries he sustained in the match.


Question: Where was boxing invented?

History of boxing

His style of fighting was reminiscent of contemporary boxing, when many fighters of that time had more of a tack fight.


Question: Where was boxing invented?

History of boxing

Under the Broughton Rules, wrestling grips were still permitted, but grabbing from below the waistline was forbidden.


Question: Where was boxing invented?

History of boxing

Under the rules, the round continued as long until the opponent was knocked to the ground, after which he had half a minute to stand up or be judged the loser.


Question: Where was boxing invented?

History of boxing

Broughton also developed a preform of modern boxing gloves to protect the hands and opponent of his own pupils.


Question: Where was boxing invented?

History of boxing

The development of gloves also had its drawbacks, and in certain respects they could be considered to have been more dangerous than bare fists, as there were fewer blows to the head when struck with a bare fist, as fighters tend to hit softer parts of the body to avoid damaging his own fist.


Question: Where was boxing invented?

History of boxing

Brain damage associated with boxing can also be attributed to the development of plastered mitts.


Question: Where was boxing invented?

History of boxing

[2] After Broughton lost his championship to Jack Slack in 1750, pre-arranged fights began to become more frequent, leading to the popularity of boxing.


Question: Where was boxing invented?

History of boxing

There were exceptions, too: history knows late-century great fighters Daniel Mendoza and “gentleman” John Jackson.


Question: Where was boxing invented?

History of boxing

Mendoza was very small in stature, only slightly on top at 70 kilograms, and he leaned on speed rather than power in his style.


Question: Where was boxing invented?

History of boxing

Mendoza suffered a defeat in the championship bout to Jackson, which contributed to continuing the development of boxing into an accepted sport and causing England's top brass to take an interest in the sport.


Question: Where was boxing invented?

History of boxing

In the early 19th century, many well-known boxers such as Jem Belcher, Tom Cribb, Ben Caunt and Jem Mace elevated to the English as symbols of manliness and respectability.


Question: Where was boxing invented?

History of boxing

[2] In 1838, the rules created by Broughton were developed and detailed and a collection of rules known as the London Prize Ring rules emerged.


Question: Where was boxing invented?

History of boxing

The first championship match under the new rules was fought the following year when James Burke suffered a defeat to William Thomson.


Question: Where was boxing invented?

History of boxing

The new rules defined a square perimeter with a side measure of 7.32 metres bordered by two ropes.


Question: Where was boxing invented?

History of boxing

The round ended when the boxer was knocked to the ground and the new round started after half a minute if the fighter had finished by then with the help of his corner.


Question: Where was boxing invented?

History of boxing

If the fighter did not finish himself under cover for eight seconds, he was judged to be the loser.


Question: Where was boxing invented?

History of boxing

Kicking, railing, pouting on, biting and punching under the belt were all defined as against the rules.


Question: Where was boxing invented?

History of boxing

[3] [2] George the Fourth Regent period was the golden age of British boxing.


Question: Where was boxing invented?

History of boxing

Back in those days, the British champion also held the rank of world champion.


Question: Where was boxing invented?

History of boxing

Only the United States was capable of competing with Britain.


Question: Where was boxing invented?

History of boxing

English boxing had spread to America as early as the 18th century, but began to gain greater popularity around the turn of the century with its core areas of Boston, New York and Philadelphia, as well as New Orleans.


Question: Where was boxing invented?

History of boxing

However, most U.S. boxers were immigrants from England or Ireland.


Question: Where was boxing invented?

History of boxing

[2] Queensberry Rules Although boxing had developed and grown greatly as a sport with the London Rules of 1838, boxing nevertheless had a poor reputation among the better English population and the sport needed greater changes.


Question: Where was boxing invented?

History of boxing

In 1876, John Graham Chambers of the Amateur Athetic Club developed new rules for the species, with the support of John Sholto Douglas, 9th Marquess of Queensberry, which gave greater weight to technique and skill.


Question: Where was boxing invented?

History of boxing

The rules known as Queensberry differed significantly from the London rules in four respects: the length of a round was defined as three minutes and the length of the batch break as one minute, wrestling fixtures were banned, the ground-beaten matchmaker was to be able to stand up on his own strength within ten seconds or he was judged to have lost by knockout.


Question: Where was boxing invented?

History of boxing

Around the same time, the first weight classes were additionally developed.


Question: Where was boxing invented?

History of boxing

[4] However, professional fighters guested the new rules and matches resumed under the old rules.


Question: Where was boxing invented?

History of boxing

However, the new rules gained popularity among young new matchmakers.


Question: Where was boxing invented?

History of boxing

A notable fighter of the Queensberry period was James Mace, who won by the old rules the English Championship in 1861.


Question: Where was boxing invented?

History of boxing

However, Mace advocated firmly for the changes and by his admission they began to achieve greater popularity.


Question: Where was boxing invented?

History of boxing

[4] Around the same time, power in the ring began to shift to US boxers who at the beginning of the century began to fight in the British Isles.


Question: Where was boxing invented?

History of boxing

Among the most notable American boxers of that time were Bill Richmond and Tom Molineux, both of whom were former slaves.


Question: Where was boxing invented?

History of boxing

Molineux matched against Englishman Tom Cribb twice, in 1810 and 1811.


Question: Where was boxing invented?

History of boxing

Reciprocally, British champion boxers set about conducting matches in the United States against local boxers.


Question: Where was boxing invented?

History of boxing

[4] Although the rules of boxing were changed for a more civilized taste, boxing began to lose its popularity even more.


Question: Where was boxing invented?

History of boxing

The middle class had other values in their lives and new faith trends emphasized abstinence from sinful leisure temptations.


Question: Where was boxing invented?

History of boxing

Boxing was often combined with other mild phenomena such as drunkenness and gambling.


Question: Where was boxing invented?

History of boxing

In addition to the actual boxing match, fists were often swinging in the stands as well.


Question: Where was boxing invented?

History of boxing

[4] Instead, in the United States, the species went on to grow with extensive waves of migrants.


Question: Where was boxing invented?

History of boxing

It was popular to organise matches among different nationalities, among other things.


Question: Where was boxing invented?

History of boxing

The British's reign came to a definitive end with the arrival of Irish-based American John L. Sullivan, who in 1899 became the first US world champion.


Question: Where was boxing invented?

History of boxing

Since those times, the United States has been the leading country in professional boxing.


Question: Where was boxing invented?

History of boxing

With Sullivan, professional matches were started to be visited by Queensberry Rules too.


Question: Where was boxing invented?

History of boxing

The final bare handed title fight was Sullivan's 1889 title defence against Jake Kilrain.


Question: Where was boxing invented?

History of boxing

Around that time, bare-fisted corridor matches had been declared illegal in almost every US state.


Question: Where was boxing invented?

History of boxing

[4] Amateur boxing Queensberry Amateur Championships continued from 1867 until 1885, and at that time amateurs wore gloves still unlike professionals.


Question: Where was boxing invented?

History of boxing

In 1880, the amateur boxing organisation ABA (Amateur Boxing Association) was formed in Britain when twelve clubs joined together.


Question: Where was boxing invented?

History of boxing

The ABA held its first championship tournament the following year, with four weight classes in use: featherweight (9 stone ≈ 57 kg), lightweight (10 stone ≈ 63.5 kg), middleweight (11 stone, 4 nails ≈ 71.7 kg) and heavyweight (no weight limit).


Question: Where was boxing invented?

History of boxing

One stone is 14 nails, and one nail is 454 grams.


Question: Where was boxing invented?

History of boxing

In 1902, the United States also began participating in the ABA Championships, and by 1924, 105 clubs had already joined the ABA.


Question: Where was boxing invented?

History of boxing

In the first half of the 20th century, amateur boxing gained popularity around the world.


Question: Where was boxing invented?

History of boxing

When the first international boxing federation, Federation Internationale de Boxe Amateur, was founded in 1920 in Paris, however, it had only five member countries.


Question: Where was boxing invented?

History of boxing

In 1946, the International Boxing Federation AIBA (Associaton Internationale de Boxe Amateur) was founded, with a total of 24 countries represented from five continents, and since its founding, AIBA has served as the official world organization for amateur boxing.


Question: Where was boxing invented?

History of boxing

The first World Amateur Championships were held in 1974.


Question: Where was boxing invented?

History of boxing

Today, there are already 189 AIBA member countries.


Question: Where was boxing invented?

History of boxing

For the first time boxing was an Olympic sport at the 1904 Saint Louis Games, and with the exception of the 1912 Stockholm Games, they have been on the official race programme every time ever since.


Question: Where was boxing invented?

History of boxing

In Saint Louis, boxers were allowed to fight in more weight classes, and American Oliver Kirk won gold in both flyweight and featherweight.


Question: Where was boxing invented?

History of boxing

The most successful Olympic boxing nations from 1974 to 2004 have been Cuba and the United States, of which Cuba and the United States have 29 and 21 gold medals respectively.


Question: Where was boxing invented?

History of boxing

Five countries have achieved their only Olympic medals from boxing: Puerto Rico (6 apiece), Tonga, Niger, Bermuda and Guyana.


Question: Where was boxing invented?

History of boxing

Olympic gold medal-winning boxers who have won the world heavyweight professional championship include Floyd Patterson (1952), Cassius Clay (late.


Question: Where was boxing invented?

History of boxing

Muhammad Ali, 1960), Joe Frazier (the first heavyweight gold medal-winning professional world champion in his weight class, 1964), George Foreman (1968), Leon Spinks (1976), Michael Spinks (1976) Lennox Lewis (1988), and 1996 Olympic champion Volodymyr Klychko.


Question: Where was boxing invented?

History of boxing

The most recent Finnish Olympic medal in boxing is Jyri Kjällin's bronze in 1992 from Barcelona.


Question: Where was boxing invented?

History of boxing

Women's boxing was already a show sport at the 1904 Saint Louis Olympics, but during the 20th century it was banned in many countries.


Question: Where was boxing invented?

History of boxing

The pioneer of the revival of female boxing was the Swedes, who in 1988 staged the first women's fights.


Question: Where was boxing invented?

History of boxing

The British Amateur Boxing Organisation organised the first women's boxing competitions in 1997.


Question: Where was boxing invented?

History of boxing

In the 1990s, AIBA established new rules for women's boxing, and in 1999 held the first European Championships and 2001 World Championships.


Question: Where was boxing invented?

History of boxing

The use of the head shield became mandatory at the 1984 Los Angeles Olympics, but in 2013 it was again removed for men.


Question: Where was boxing invented?

History of boxing

Women still use it.


Question: Where was boxing invented?

History of boxing

In the past, the point bill for amateur matches was different.


Question: Where was boxing invented?

History of boxing

Three and later five review judges awarded 20 points to the winner of each set, and proportionally fewer to the loser.


Question: Where was boxing invented?

History of boxing

The point counting system changed after the 1988 Seoul Olympics when both Michael Carbajal and Roy Jones Jr.


Question: Where was boxing invented?

History of boxing

lost their gold medal to the boxers of the host nation, although in line with public opinion they should have won.


Question: Where was boxing invented?

History of boxing

It was later revealed that judges had been bribed.


Question: Where was boxing invented?

History of boxing

After the Seoul Games, a review with a points machine was introduced.


Question: Where was boxing invented?

History of boxing

Referees push the button whenever they see a boxer pull off a successful punch.


Question: Where was boxing invented?

History of boxing

When three of the five judges press a button within 1.2 seconds, the point counts.


Question: Where was boxing invented?

History of boxing

If a boxer leads his opponent by more than 20 points, the bout is suspended.


Question: Where was boxing invented?

History of boxing

Professional boxing In 1891, the private London club National Sporting Club began organising their own, with professional gloves in hand, matches, on their own terms.


Question: Where was boxing invented?

History of boxing

The NSC rules were based on the Queensberry Rules, with the addition of nine additional rules, essentially specifying more accurately the position of the trustees and the point bill that allowed refereeing the outcome of a bout, as previously all matches ended in a knockout or failure to second boxer, incidentally, was unable to continue fighting.


Question: Where was boxing invented?

History of boxing

As a result of NSC rules, boxing became more of a skill sport than an endurance sport.


Question: Where was boxing invented?

History of boxing

In 1919, the BBC (the British Boxing Board of Control) was formed.


Question: Where was boxing invented?

History of boxing

The BBBC maintained close links with the NSC right up until 1929 when the NSC was disbanded.


Question: Where was boxing invented?

History of boxing

In 1909, the Earl of Lonsdale awarded the first championship belt to the winner of the NSC championship title.


Question: Where was boxing invented?

History of boxing

In 1929, the BBC continued to award Lonsdale belts to all British boxers winning three title fights in the same weight class.


Question: Where was boxing invented?

History of boxing

The “title fights” in question, or championship fights, have always been a key element of professional boxing when no actual value competitions take place.


Question: Where was boxing invented?

History of boxing

In the early years of the 20th century, the central position of boxing promoters also began to become established: promoters tended to stage good-yielding and interesting championship fights, and thus the media and general public also became increasingly interested in the sport.


Question: Where was boxing invented?

History of boxing

The famous trio of Jack Dempsey (heavyweight champion 1919—1926), his manager Jack Kearns and promoter Tex Rickard earned a combined US$8.4 million in 1921—1927 with only five fights.


Question: Where was boxing invented?

History of boxing

The first live radio broadcast of a professional boxing championship match was the encounter between Dempsey and Georges Carpentier in 1921.


Question: Where was boxing invented?

History of boxing

During the first half of the 20th century, the focus of professional boxing shifted from Britain to the


Question: Where was boxing invented?

History of boxing

Although there were no official world titles, the names listed in “The National Police Gazette” were generally considered to be world champion.


Question: Where was boxing invented?

History of boxing

In the 1920s, the NBA (National Boxing Association) began organizing world championship fights.


Question: Where was boxing invented?

History of boxing

At the same time, the Ring Magazine was founded, which published lists of champions.


Question: Where was boxing invented?

History of boxing

In 1962, the NBA changed its name to the WBA (World Boxing Association), and the following year it gained its first competition from the WBC (World Boxing Council).


Question: Where was boxing invented?

History of boxing

Neither of them was universally recognized and this resulted, among other things, disagreements over the world championships.


Question: Where was boxing invented?

History of boxing

In 1983, in addition, a new organization IBF (International Boxing Federation) was formed, which also has its own world championships in each weight class.


Question: Where was boxing invented?

History of boxing

In 1988, the fourth major global organization WBO (World Boxing Organization) emerged when a group of Puerto Rican and Dominican businessmen clashed with the WBA.


Question: Where was boxing invented?

History of boxing

In addition to these big four, there are countless other organisations sharing their own world title, which, because of their small size, are not universally recognised as among the four largest federations.


Question: Where was boxing invented?

History of boxing

Matches for professionals lasted for a long period of fifteen rounds, and even in the early part of the 20th century, forty-round matches took place.


Question: Where was boxing invented?

History of boxing

The number of eries only began to be reduced in 1982, when South Korean Kim Duk-Koo died after a World Championship match against Ray Mancini from a brain injury caused by blows.


Question: Where was boxing invented?

History of boxing

Over the course of the 1980s, various professional federations gradually moved to organize their championship games as 12-rounds.


Question: Where was boxing invented?

History of boxing

In addition, the one-minute batch break length was extended to one and a half minutes.


Question: Where was boxing invented?

History of boxing

In addition to this, the judge was given a special right to suspend an uneven bout if one boxer fought clearly worse than the other.


Question: Where was boxing invented?

History of boxing

Previously, this right had only been held by a doctor who inspected boxers after batches.


Question: Where was boxing invented?

History of boxing

See also Finnish Boxing Museum Sources history Category:History of sports


Question: What does acetylcholine do to the human mind?

Antipsychotic drugs

Antipsychotics (i.e., antipsychotics, neuroleptics, or antipsychotics) are drugs used to treat psychoses that act on neurotransmitters in the brain to reduce traffic between neurons.


Question: What does acetylcholine do to the human mind?

Antipsychotic drugs

Antipsychotic drugs are now used not only for psychosis symptoms and mania, but also in elderly people with memory illnesses and to calm those weaned off drugs, as well as to treat sleep disorders.


Question: What does acetylcholine do to the human mind?

Antipsychotic drugs

Antipsychotics have been found to have an anti-recurrence effect in the early stages of the disease [1], but antipsychotics do not reduce the risk of recurrence of psychosis in the long term, according to a Finnish doctoral thesis published in 2016.


Question: What does acetylcholine do to the human mind?

Antipsychotic drugs

[2] Other long-term follow-up studies have found that non-medicated patients are healthier than others [3].


Question: What does acetylcholine do to the human mind?

Antipsychotic drugs

In addition, distinguishing antipsychotic withdrawal symptoms from psychosis is difficult.


Question: What does acetylcholine do to the human mind?

Antipsychotic drugs

[4] A doctoral study published in 2016 also found better functioning and greater grey brain matter in patients with schizophrenia who had not taken antipsychotics [2].


Question: What does acetylcholine do to the human mind?

Antipsychotic drugs

The prescription of antipsychotics is justified by the fact that the restless patient can be calmed with their help more easily and faster than with alternative methods.


Question: What does acetylcholine do to the human mind?

Antipsychotic drugs

Patients themselves often oppose medication because of the harm they cause, which may see involuntary treatment and compulsory medication in Finland.


Question: What does acetylcholine do to the human mind?

Antipsychotic drugs

Symptoms of psychosis are usually temporarily controlled through initiation of antipsychotic medication or increasing the dose, but at the same time most patients experience severe side symptoms predisposing to premature death.


Question: What does acetylcholine do to the human mind?

Antipsychotic drugs

[5] The statistical lifespan of psychosis patients is much shorter than that of the rest of the population.


Question: What does acetylcholine do to the human mind?

Antipsychotic drugs

Medicines aim to reduce the high risk of suicide, especially in severely anxious patients.


Question: What does acetylcholine do to the human mind?

Antipsychotic drugs

Still, the most common causes of death in patients with psychosis are causes due to natural diseases, for which medication side symptoms act as risk factors.


Question: What does acetylcholine do to the human mind?

Antipsychotic drugs

[6] Drug negativity is a common problem in hospitals, so taking medications is strictly controlled.


Question: What does acetylcholine do to the human mind?

Antipsychotic drugs

The best Western treatment results for schizophrenia and psychoses are currently achieved in Finland at Keroputaan Hospital in Tornio, where the use of medicines is low.


Question: What does acetylcholine do to the human mind?

Antipsychotic drugs

The open dialogue treatment model used in the hospital is more well-known worldwide than in Finland.


Question: What does acetylcholine do to the human mind?

Antipsychotic drugs

[7] Debate over the benefits and harms of medicines is often heated.


Question: What does acetylcholine do to the human mind?

Antipsychotic drugs

The principles of treatment that have been formed over the decades and the right of patients to access safe and effective care are contrasted.


Question: What does acetylcholine do to the human mind?

Antipsychotic drugs

History The first antipsychotic was chlorpromazine developed in 1950s France to relieve pain in surgery patients and prevent shock state.


Question: What does acetylcholine do to the human mind?

Antipsychotic drugs

The drug was found to make surgery patients indifferent to surgery and make them tired.


Question: What does acetylcholine do to the human mind?

Antipsychotic drugs

Efficacy for psychosis symptoms was confirmed first through experimentation and later in numerous double-blind studies.


Question: What does acetylcholine do to the human mind?

Antipsychotic drugs

[8] Over the decades, efforts have been made to develop better antipsychotics.


Question: What does acetylcholine do to the human mind?

Antipsychotic drugs

A new generation of antipsychotics are called atypical; the first was clozapine from 1971.


Question: What does acetylcholine do to the human mind?

Antipsychotic drugs

Antipsychotic drugs brought significant fiscal savings, due to which their use increased as an alternative to costly psychiatric inpatient treatment when patients could be referred to outpatient treatment.


Question: What does acetylcholine do to the human mind?

Antipsychotic drugs

Still, new drugs haven't been shown to be much more effective or safer.


Question: What does acetylcholine do to the human mind?

Antipsychotic drugs

[9] Phenthiazine was first synthesized in the 19th century and was used in the 1930s as an anthelmintic agent.


Question: What does acetylcholine do to the human mind?

Antipsychotic drugs

It has almost no central nervous system effects.


Question: What does acetylcholine do to the human mind?

Antipsychotic drugs

[10] A team led by Frenchman Paul Charpentier began manufacturing a variety of synthetic phenthiazines for use as a sedative antihistamine prior to the administration of an anesthetic.


Question: What does acetylcholine do to the human mind?

Antipsychotic drugs

In 1949, French surgeon Henri-Marie Laborit gave surgery patients a phenothiazine derivative called promethazine together with barbiturates to prevent shock.


Question: What does acetylcholine do to the human mind?

Antipsychotic drugs

He found at the same time that the mix caused extremely frightened and escapist-terrified patients to calm down, relax and become indifferent and cooperative.


Question: What does acetylcholine do to the human mind?

Antipsychotic drugs

Laborit described the effect as a chemical lobotomy.


Question: What does acetylcholine do to the human mind?

Antipsychotic drugs

Research continued and in 1950 chlorpromazine was discovered, which was found to act not only as an antihistamine, but also, for example, inhibiting adrenaline, paralyzing the autonomic nervous system, and as an anti-vomiting drug.


Question: What does acetylcholine do to the human mind?

Antipsychotic drugs

[11] When chlorpromazine was tested in rats, it was found to make rats inactive and indifferent to environmental hazards and distractions.


Question: What does acetylcholine do to the human mind?

Antipsychotic drugs

In human trials, chlorpromazine was found to cause sedation.


Question: What does acetylcholine do to the human mind?

Antipsychotic drugs

In 1952, it was discovered that chlorpromazine reduced psychoticism in patients with schitrophrenia.


Question: What does acetylcholine do to the human mind?

Antipsychotic drugs

Subsequently, the use of neuroleptics rapidly expanded to psychotic and manic patients, whereby previously used remedies such as patient isolation could often be dispensed with.


Question: What does acetylcholine do to the human mind?

Antipsychotic drugs

Neuroleptics have since replaced the earlier therapies for schizophrenia with insulin and electroshock therapies, as well as lobotomy.


Question: What does acetylcholine do to the human mind?

Antipsychotic drugs

Use Antipsychotics are used as sedatives to treat agitation or aggressive behavior or anxiety because they are not addictive.


Question: What does acetylcholine do to the human mind?

Antipsychotic drugs

The largest group of users are the elderly, but drugs are also used to eliminate bad behaviour among children and adolescents, as well as inmates.


Question: What does acetylcholine do to the human mind?

Antipsychotic drugs

[12] Antipsychotics are also used to treat psychosis, schizophrenia, mania, bipolar disorder, and distrustful personality.


Question: What does acetylcholine do to the human mind?

Antipsychotic drugs

In low doses, antipsychotics are used to treat insomnia [13], depression, Tourette syndrome and emotional instability.


Question: What does acetylcholine do to the human mind?

Antipsychotic drugs

In people with memory impairment, the drug is used to treat behavioral symptoms.


Question: What does acetylcholine do to the human mind?

Antipsychotic drugs

[14] It refers to a behavior that is interpretable as a symptom of a disease.


Question: What does acetylcholine do to the human mind?

Antipsychotic drugs

[14] Symptoms typical are apathy, agitation, screaming, verbal and physical aggression, and resistance to treatment or assistance.


Question: What does acetylcholine do to the human mind?

Antipsychotic drugs

Some of the behavioral symptoms help, but I know how they don't.


Question: What does acetylcholine do to the human mind?

Antipsychotic drugs

[14] Dosage The use of neuroleptics should be strictly followed by the doctor's instructions, as changes in medication are always associated with the risk of side effects.


Question: What does acetylcholine do to the human mind?

Antipsychotic drugs

Neuroleptics can be used in mixed forms, that is, several drugs of the same group can be administered simultaneously.


Question: What does acetylcholine do to the human mind?

Antipsychotic drugs

Newer types may also be combined with traditional typical ones.


Question: What does acetylcholine do to the human mind?

Antipsychotic drugs

The half-life of antipsychotic drugs affects how densely the drug is used.


Question: What does acetylcholine do to the human mind?

Antipsychotic drugs

Normally, it is appropriate to maintain a steady level of medicine so that the quantities of medicines do not accumulate too high or fall too low.


Question: What does acetylcholine do to the human mind?

Antipsychotic drugs

Prevalence Most antipsychotics are prescribed to the elderly.


Question: What does acetylcholine do to the human mind?

Antipsychotic drugs

Elderly people in Finland take antipsychotics double, up to three times that of other Nordic countries.


Question: What does acetylcholine do to the human mind?

Antipsychotic drugs

[12] In 2015, 18.3 per cent of all elderly services customers ate antipsychotics without any symptoms of psychosis.


Question: What does acetylcholine do to the human mind?

Antipsychotic drugs

Most common it was in enhanced service housing, where antipsychotics without psychosis symptoms were eaten by 26.4 per cent of customers.


Question: What does acetylcholine do to the human mind?

Antipsychotic drugs

In institutions, medicines are administered to 23.7%, but at home treatment only to 12%.


Question: What does acetylcholine do to the human mind?

Antipsychotic drugs

[14] The biggest problem is Imatra, where more than 40% of residents in 24-hour care eat antipsychotics without any psychosis symptoms.


Question: What does acetylcholine do to the human mind?

Antipsychotic drugs

The amount is planned to be reduced.


Question: What does acetylcholine do to the human mind?

Antipsychotic drugs

[15] Physicians often prescribe antipsychotics to prevent aggressive behaviour sometimes associated with mental retardation, although there has been limited research evidence on the efficacy of the medication.


Question: What does acetylcholine do to the human mind?

Antipsychotic drugs

According to a historical double-blind study published in 2008, antipsychotics have lower efficacy than placebo.


Question: What does acetylcholine do to the human mind?

Antipsychotic drugs

[16] Mechanisms of action The effects of neuroleptic medications on the brain are strongly related to dosage amounts.


Question: What does acetylcholine do to the human mind?

Antipsychotic drugs

At lower doses of the drug, a smaller portion of neurotransmitters in the nervous system is affected and at higher doses, the way the drug works can fundamentally change as the drug begins to affect new types of neurotransmitters and receptors as well.


Question: What does acetylcholine do to the human mind?

Antipsychotic drugs

Neuroleptics also affect so-called autoreceptors, whose blockade, especially in the early stages, increases neurotransmitter volumes.


Question: What does acetylcholine do to the human mind?

Antipsychotic drugs

The effect of atypical neuroleptics on central nervous system function is mainly based on the regulation of dopamine and neurotransmitter serotonin.


Question: What does acetylcholine do to the human mind?

Antipsychotic drugs

[17] Neuroleptics additionally have a pronounced anticholinergic effect [18] which leads to a decrease in the effects of acetylcholine released from parasympathetic nerve endings.


Question: What does acetylcholine do to the human mind?

Antipsychotic drugs

[19] In addition, a number of neuroleptics have a pronounced sedative effect that depresses the autonomic nervous system, that is, a sedative and tiring effect.


Question: What does acetylcholine do to the human mind?

Antipsychotic drugs

Neuroleptics may also enhance the tiring effect of other CNS depressants such as alcohol, benzodiazepines and benzodiazepine-like compounds, opioids, anticonvulsants and anxiolytics.


Question: What does acetylcholine do to the human mind?

Antipsychotic drugs

Newer neuroleptics also tend to influence symptoms otherwise as well, for example by altering the function of serotonin in the brain.


Question: What does acetylcholine do to the human mind?

Antipsychotic drugs

However, the specific mechanism of action or action in the brain of a number of diseases treated with neuroleptics or the antipsychotic drugs themselves is unknown.


Question: What does acetylcholine do to the human mind?

Antipsychotic drugs

Side Effects and Risks The side effect profiles of different drugs are different and the individual differences in getting side effects are large.


Question: What does acetylcholine do to the human mind?

Antipsychotic drugs

Neuroleptics depress the autonomic nervous system, which can lead to constipation and dry mouth, among other things.


Question: What does acetylcholine do to the human mind?

Antipsychotic drugs

Neuroleptics often cause fatigue as well.


Question: What does acetylcholine do to the human mind?

Antipsychotic drugs

All antipsychotics, but especially those of the first knee, can cause extrapyramidal symptoms [20], manifested as painful spasms of the muscles of the neck, neck, eyes and body, compulsive motor agitation, rest tremor, clumping gait, motor function as retardation, muscle stiffness or facial expressionlessness.


Question: What does acetylcholine do to the human mind?

Antipsychotic drugs

[21] Neuroleptics may also cause epileptic seizures in non-epileptics.


Question: What does acetylcholine do to the human mind?

Antipsychotic drugs

[22] In addition, neuroleptics often cause disruption of sexual functions.


Question: What does acetylcholine do to the human mind?

Antipsychotic drugs

[23] Malignant Neuroleptic Syndrome Approximately 0.5% of antipsychotic users develop malignant neuroleptic syndrome.


Question: What does acetylcholine do to the human mind?

Antipsychotic drugs

[24] It is more common as a result of first knee medications, but is also less common in the use of second-knee medications.


Question: What does acetylcholine do to the human mind?

Antipsychotic drugs

Of those affected by the syndrome, 12-20% die.


Question: What does acetylcholine do to the human mind?

Antipsychotic drugs

[25] Neuroleptic syndrome usually develops rapidly after a day or a few weeks after a change in medication.


Question: What does acetylcholine do to the human mind?

Antipsychotic drugs

The most common symptoms include severe muscle stiffness, tremor, fever, impaired viability, and disturbances in the functioning of the autonomic nervous system.


Question: What does acetylcholine do to the human mind?

Antipsychotic drugs

[26] Neuroleptic syndrome requires discontinuation of antipsychotic medication and urgent hospitalization.


Question: What does acetylcholine do to the human mind?

Antipsychotic drugs

Cardiovascular disease and mortality Antipsychotics slightly increase the risk of venous blood clots, as they affect platelet formation and blood clotting.


Question: What does acetylcholine do to the human mind?

Antipsychotic drugs

The risk is higher for new users and those taking atypical, second-generation antipsychotics such as quetiapine.


Question: What does acetylcholine do to the human mind?

Antipsychotic drugs

The risk doesn't seem permanent, but disappears if the medication is stopped.


Question: What does acetylcholine do to the human mind?

Antipsychotic drugs

[27] Antipsychotic medication increases threefold the risk of dying from a heart attack or other sudden heart syndrome.