Question: Which Russian cities in 1999 were bombs detonated in apartment buildings?

The car and the modified registration plate on it were also seen by bus driver Kartofelnikov, [15] who called the police, who did not arrive until 10pm.


Question: Which Russian cities in 1999 were bombs detonated in apartment buildings?

Conspiracy theories surrounding Russia's high-rise bombs

A police officer descending into the deep basement saw that one sack was partly open and contained an electrical appliance looking like clockwork and a lighter [11].


Question: Which Russian cities in 1999 were bombs detonated in apartment buildings?

The apartment building was evacuated except for elderly people who were unable to get out of bed.


Question: Which Russian cities in 1999 were bombs detonated in apartment buildings?

The evacuees were forced to stand in a cold night, from where within a few hours a local theatre manager let them in.


Question: Which Russian cities in 1999 were bombs detonated in apartment buildings?

Soon, a member of the area bomb squad arrived in the basement who thought it was a real bomb.


Question: Which Russian cities in 1999 were bombs detonated in apartment buildings?

[16] On the side of the sacks was the name of a non-existent sugar factory referring to southern Russia.


Question: Which Russian cities in 1999 were bombs detonated in apartment buildings?

According to eyewitnesses, the substance in the sacks was not white, but macaroni yellow and granular like hexogen [11].


Question: Which Russian cities in 1999 were bombs detonated in apartment buildings?

But later the substance was reported to be a white, crystalline substance.


Question: Which Russian cities in 1999 were bombs detonated in apartment buildings?

The first tests showed that inside the sacks was a hexogen [11] - a powerful explosive called RDX.


Question: Which Russian cities in 1999 were bombs detonated in apartment buildings?

This result was obtained by an analyzer, but the explosive sample taken from the surface still failed to detonate in a quick test.


Question: Which Russian cities in 1999 were bombs detonated in apartment buildings?

A timer was adjusted to blow up the house at 5:30 a.m.


Question: Which Russian cities in 1999 were bombs detonated in apartment buildings?

All roads leading out of the city were closely monitored, but nothing was found.


Question: Which Russian cities in 1999 were bombs detonated in apartment buildings?

The FSB took away the explosive bags at 1:30 a.m., but left the detonator to the local bomb squad.


Question: Which Russian cities in 1999 were bombs detonated in apartment buildings?

Soon, local police captured three FSB agents thought to be the perpetrators of the blasts because they were driving in that car whose registration number was known.


Question: Which Russian cities in 1999 were bombs detonated in apartment buildings?

[17] The men were subsequently taken into the custody of the security services and nothing was heard of them.


Question: Which Russian cities in 1999 were bombs detonated in apartment buildings?

According to the first information agency news, a terrorist attack was prevented in Ryazan [18].


Question: Which Russian cities in 1999 were bombs detonated in apartment buildings?

On September 23, according to the Vesti program of the RTR channel, the explosive was hexogen [19].


Question: Which Russian cities in 1999 were bombs detonated in apartment buildings?

Putin thanked the population for vigilance [20].


Question: Which Russian cities in 1999 were bombs detonated in apartment buildings?

A call agent heard a long-distance call urging to be vigilant and beware of patrols.


Question: Which Russian cities in 1999 were bombs detonated in apartment buildings?

The number of the caller on the call belonged to the Moscow FSB office.


Question: Which Russian cities in 1999 were bombs detonated in apartment buildings?

On September 23, NTV released information stating that there was no explosive in the sacks.


Question: Which Russian cities in 1999 were bombs detonated in apartment buildings?

On 24 September 1999, the head of the FSB, Nikolai Patrušev, explained that this was its exercise [21].


Question: Which Russian cities in 1999 were bombs detonated in apartment buildings?

The substance in the sacks was sugar, not hexogen, according to the briefing.


Question: Which Russian cities in 1999 were bombs detonated in apartment buildings?

Neither the local FSB nor other security authorities knew anything about the ongoing FSB exercise and the NTV broadcast on this matter was closed [22].


Question: Which Russian cities in 1999 were bombs detonated in apartment buildings?

The FSB said the explosives-testing device gas analyzer MO-2 malfunctioned because of earlier explosives tests, and it said the substance was sugar.


Question: Which Russian cities in 1999 were bombs detonated in apartment buildings?

A military base near Ryazan was discovered to have the same kind of hexogen packed in sugar sacks as found in the basement of an apartment building.


Question: Which Russian cities in 1999 were bombs detonated in apartment buildings?

A hexogen is a typical military explosive that can be made from, say, rocket fuel from the control of the authorities.


Question: Which Russian cities in 1999 were bombs detonated in apartment buildings?

What was also strange was that authorities searched the hands of some detained Chechens first for hexogen and then declared that ammonium nitrate, mixed with trace amounts of hexogen and trotyl, had been used for Moscow bombs.


Question: Which Russian cities in 1999 were bombs detonated in apartment buildings?

Later, authorities said that Ryazan's sacks contained sugar with a small amount of hexogen absorbed, that a realistic picture is obtained [23].


Question: Which Russian cities in 1999 were bombs detonated in apartment buildings?

According to some accounts, the military would have detonated the “sugar” in the training range.


Question: Which Russian cities in 1999 were bombs detonated in apartment buildings?

[24] A bizarre coincidence was that the bombings alleged to have been carried out by Chechens ended after lasting 10 days in the Ryazan affair.


Question: Which Russian cities in 1999 were bombs detonated in apartment buildings?

The Second Chechen War began on 29 September 1999, the day after the sacks were found.


Question: Which Russian cities in 1999 were bombs detonated in apartment buildings?

But later in the fall, the FSB conducted many other bomb exercises [25].


Question: Which Russian cities in 1999 were bombs detonated in apartment buildings?

The Ryazan incident gave impetus to rumours that the FSB itself had detonated the bombs to make a pretext for starting the war in Chechnya.


Question: Which Russian cities in 1999 were bombs detonated in apartment buildings?

Vladimir Putin received the name “Lord Hexogen" in the mouths of the people [26].


Question: Which Russian cities in 1999 were bombs detonated in apartment buildings?

But on the other hand, support figures for Putin, a faceless FSB bureaucrat appointed prime minister in August, soon rose from zero to 70 percent because Putin promised to fight Chechen terrorists.


Question: Which Russian cities in 1999 were bombs detonated in apartment buildings?

The public prosecutor closed investigations into the case in April 2000.


Question: Which Russian cities in 1999 were bombs detonated in apartment buildings?

The Duma, with the pro-Kremlin party in the majority, ordered material related to the Ryazan investigations secret for 75 years [27].


Question: Which Russian cities in 1999 were bombs detonated in apartment buildings?

Duma member Sergei Kovalev also did not move forward with his investigations.


Question: Which Russian cities in 1999 were bombs detonated in apartment buildings?

Key members of the Kovalev Research Commission, Duma members Sergei Yushenkov and Yuri Shchekochihin both died of murders in April 2003 and July 2003 respectively.


Question: Which Russian cities in 1999 were bombs detonated in apartment buildings?

A lawyer for this Commission, Mikhail Trepashkin, was arrested in 2003 and a Commissioner, Otto Latsis, was assaulted in November 2003 and died in a car accident in 2005.


Question: Which Russian cities in 1999 were bombs detonated in apartment buildings?

Further coincidences on September 13, Parlement Speaker Gennady Seleznjov said he had received a report the night before that an apartment block bomb had exploded in Volgodonsk.


Question: Which Russian cities in 1999 were bombs detonated in apartment buildings?

But the explosion didn't happen there until September 16.


Question: Which Russian cities in 1999 were bombs detonated in apartment buildings?

When the explosion then happened, Žirinovski asked Selenzjov about the matter, but this put the microphone shut.


Question: Which Russian cities in 1999 were bombs detonated in apartment buildings?

But in 2002, Selenzjov said he mentioned a small hand grenade explosion that actually happened but didn't kill anyone.


Question: Which Russian cities in 1999 were bombs detonated in apartment buildings?

Litvinenko's book In 2006, Aleksandr Litvinenko, an agent who investigated the murder of Anna Politkovskaya, poisoned with polonium, published a book Blowing up Russia: Terror from Within (translated as Russia) on the brink of the abyss - security services as a threat to democracy).


Question: Which Russian cities in 1999 were bombs detonated in apartment buildings?

The FSB seized five thousand from Latvia to Moscow on their way to beer records.


Question: Which Russian cities in 1999 were bombs detonated in apartment buildings?

Litvinenko claimed the FSB supported some Islamists.


Question: Which Russian cities in 1999 were bombs detonated in apartment buildings?

According to the official version, Muslims were behind the terrorist attacks.


Question: Which Russian cities in 1999 were bombs detonated in apartment buildings?

In the book, the reason for the terrorist attacks is rolled down to Vladimir Putin, Nikolai Patruchev, FSB General German Ugryumov, commanding special forces, FSB official Maksim Lazovsky.


Question: Which Russian cities in 1999 were bombs detonated in apartment buildings?

According to the book, the attacks and their preparations were carried out at various stages by Jusuf Krimšamhalov, Adam Dekkušev, Vladimir Romanovich, Ramazan Dyšenkov and Atšemez Gotijayev and many others mostly un-Islamic.


Question: Which Russian cities in 1999 were bombs detonated in apartment buildings?

When Berezovsky released the 2002 film FSB blows up Russia, (Finnish: 'FSB blows up Russia'), about 40% of the people believed in it, although it was known that Berezovsky had business dealings with Chechens.


Question: Which Russian cities in 1999 were bombs detonated in apartment buildings?

It was also discovered that a man looking like Vladimir Romanovich, an FSB agent, rented one of the basements where a bomb was installed, according to eyewitnesses.


Question: Which Russian cities in 1999 were bombs detonated in apartment buildings?

Romanovich was soon killed in a car crash in Cyprus.


Question: Which Russian cities in 1999 were bombs detonated in apartment buildings?

Sources Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Felštinsky, Yuri & Litvinenko, Aleksander| title = Russia on the brink of the abyss: Security services under threat to democracy| location = Helsinki| publisher = January| year = 2007| version = (FSB vzryvajet Rossiju, 2007.)


Question: Which Russian cities in 1999 were bombs detonated in apartment buildings?

Translated by Helena Tigonen| id = ISBN 978-951-31-3982-7}} Matthew Evangelista, The Chechen War - Is Russia Breaking Up, Like 2004, ISBN 952-471-425-6 References Category:Terror attacks in Russia Category:Conspiracy theories


Question: Can communication be practiced other than verbally?

Memory

Memory is the ability to store and recall past experiences.


Question: Can communication be practiced other than verbally?

Memory

Human memory is divided into sensory memory, short-term working memory, and long-term preserved memory.


Question: Can communication be practiced other than verbally?

Memory

Memory disorders are known by the common name amnesia.


Question: Can communication be practiced other than verbally?

Memory

Memory as a property of the human mind is studied by cognitive psychology, rememology, and cognitive science.


Question: Can communication be practiced other than verbally?

Memory

Memory and Evolution Memory evolved to improve the adaptation of organisms to the environment.


Question: Can communication be practiced other than verbally?

Memory

If, for example, an organism found some activity or place dangerous, it learned to avoid it using memory.


Question: Can communication be practiced other than verbally?

Memory

One feature of vertebrates is memory; even fish learn something.


Question: Can communication be practiced other than verbally?

Memory

Even in more primitive animals, such as ants, some form of neural memory has been found, although the vast majority of the ant's' memory 'is in the outside world, where it marks the routes and important places it travels with various odour marks.


Question: Can communication be practiced other than verbally?

Memory

[1] Memory Event There are four stages of memory activity: saving, preserving, restoring, and identifying.


Question: Can communication be practiced other than verbally?

Memory

Some of the data is only in memory for a few seconds.


Question: Can communication be practiced other than verbally?

Memory

This is called sensory memory.


Question: Can communication be practiced other than verbally?

Memory

Working memory is then called slightly longer-duration memory, which includes an attention system and certain kinds of temporary data stores.


Question: Can communication be practiced other than verbally?

Memory

Things favourable or harmful to survival (e.g., study results, burning, or pain) typically leave more permanent memory traces in the brain.


Question: Can communication be practiced other than verbally?

Memory

Memory traces Along with short-term memory, humans have a more long-term memory, i.e. permanent memory, where memory traces remain in the brain.


Question: Can communication be practiced other than verbally?

Memory

When certain impulses travel repeatedly along certain neural pathways, they cause structural and functional changes in the synapse, enlarging and releasing larger amounts of neurotransmitter through use.


Question: Can communication be practiced other than verbally?

Memory

With this, in the recipient cell, receptor sites of the neurotransmitter are increased or sensitized.


Question: Can communication be practiced other than verbally?

Memory

Thus, one large impulse number is no longer required for the recipient cell to respond (i.e.


Question: Can communication be practiced other than verbally?

Memory

would take on information).


Question: Can communication be practiced other than verbally?

Memory

Thus, a neuronal pathway that facilitates impulse passage is created.


Question: Can communication be practiced other than verbally?

Memory

This is the essence of associative memory function.


Question: Can communication be practiced other than verbally?

Memory

For synapse function to intensify, the recipient cell must be able in some way to signal to the sender cell that the impulses have crossed the synapse.


Question: Can communication be practiced other than verbally?

Memory

When cells don't get this kind of message, they die.


Question: Can communication be practiced other than verbally?

Memory

Especially in the child's brain, new cellular connections are easily created while the idle disappears.


Question: Can communication be practiced other than verbally?

Memory

When the memory track is practiced, cells that might otherwise focus on other tasks are also used to help it.


Question: Can communication be practiced other than verbally?

Memory

Located in the basal part of the large cortex, the hippocampus collects and works all sensory information and sends the machined information to the cerebral cortex.


Question: Can communication be practiced other than verbally?

Memory

[2] The brain transfers what is known as deep sleep during wakefulness and the contents of short-term memory from the hippocampus to the frontal lobe region, creating long-lasting memories [3].


Question: Can communication be practiced other than verbally?

Memory

This occurs during slow brain waves and associated activity spikes associated with deep sleep.


Question: Can communication be practiced other than verbally?

Memory


Question: Can communication be practiced other than verbally?

Memory

Qualitative impairment of deep sleep has been associated with memory impairment.


Question: Can communication be practiced other than verbally?

Memory

[5] Without a hippocampus, man loses the ability to store things in his memory (cf.


Question: Can communication be practiced other than verbally?

Memory

e.g. Milner examined patient H.M.).


Question: Can communication be practiced other than verbally?

Memory

After the removal of the hippocampus, the ability to remember events of the recent past also decreases.


Question: Can communication be practiced other than verbally?

Memory

Obvious is considered the involvement of the hippocampus in storing memory matter.


Question: Can communication be practiced other than verbally?

Memory

On the cortex of the factual memory (see.


Question: Can communication be practiced other than verbally?

Memory

below) from different fragments there is a connection to the hippocampus, which again connects them to each other from different sensory regions and transfers to other parts of memory in the cortex.


Question: Can communication be practiced other than verbally?

Memory

It parses the memory traces loosely along the cortex into a whole whose final deposit site is nevertheless in the cortex.


Question: Can communication be practiced other than verbally?

Memory

Recalling Event Memory A person does many things every day that he does not need to individually think about or focus on.


Question: Can communication be practiced other than verbally?

Memory

Such everyday situations include walking, eating, as well as riding a bicycle or car.


Question: Can communication be practiced other than verbally?

Memory

These functions belonging to conditional reflexes consisting of unconscious details are based on event memory.


Question: Can communication be practiced other than verbally?

Memory

Ordinary speech often says that some thing “is in the spinal cord”, but experiments on rabbits have found the final location of event memory to be in the cerebellum.


Question: Can communication be practiced other than verbally?

Memory

Several such tracks of memory traces of basic functions have been formed already as a young child, and for example, a person who has already learned to ride a bike as a child still knows how to ride a bicycle after a break of tens of years.


Question: Can communication be practiced other than verbally?

Memory

Factual memory Factual memory refers to memory that allows a person, for example, to remember the appearance or smell of things.


Question: Can communication be practiced other than verbally?

Memory

In the brain, the location of the dossier is in the cortex at many different points, which combine with different sensory regions of the brain and other locations of the memory matter, thus forming a complex framework.


Question: Can communication be practiced other than verbally?

Memory

A single memory is located not just at one point, but in a wider area in a network of neurons.


Question: Can communication be practiced other than verbally?

Memory

A simple example of the operation of such a network of memorials and ditches is a situation in which a person sees the face of a familiar person, but does not remember the name of this.


Question: Can communication be practiced other than verbally?

Memory

He tries to look back on things related to the person he met, and eventually, with this reminiscence, the name also comes back to mind as the memories associated with the person have travelled and activated old, brain-interconnected pathways in relation to the matter.


Question: Can communication be practiced other than verbally?

Memory

Particularly well a person remembers the sequence and causalities of things, while different colours and shapes do not want to be properly recalled.


Question: Can communication be practiced other than verbally?

Memory

Two things that have happened in a row come back to mind similarly coupled together.


Question: Can communication be practiced other than verbally?

Memory

This may confuse memory in such a way that one remembers two things that happened in a row as having a causal relationship with each other, when in reality this is not the case.


Question: Can communication be practiced other than verbally?

Memory

Memory unique to man allows for thinking.


Question: Can communication be practiced other than verbally?

Memory

Human memory is free, that is, when thinking, a person is able to combine things with each other without restriction.


Question: Can communication be practiced other than verbally?

Memory

Thoughts are based on things left in memory and models of events in the environment, which it is possible to “spin around in your head” and with them to complement events, which also makes it possible to predict the future in the brain.


Question: Can communication be practiced other than verbally?

Memory

Without the capacity for such proactive action, a person would not thrive in a changing environment.


Question: Can communication be practiced other than verbally?

Memory

The human child learns new things by heart more easily than an adult and is also able to restore them more quickly to his mind.


Question: Can communication be practiced other than verbally?

Memory

In a child, the emergence of new branches is faster, but so is their disappearance.


Question: Can communication be practiced other than verbally?

Memory

As a result, various childhood experiences and stimulations have a significant impact on brain development.


Question: Can communication be practiced other than verbally?

Memory

An adult no longer remembers details as easily, but learning and perceiving complex things is more successful than the child.


Question: Can communication be practiced other than verbally?

Memory

This is based precisely on the aforementioned memory envelope, a large amount of previously acquired previously acquired and identified as entities over time, with which it is easier for an adult to compare the new memory material.


Question: Can communication be practiced other than verbally?

Memory

For this reason, in adulthood it is not necessary to press on detached details, but rather the information relates as meaningful entities in a ready-made frame.


Question: Can communication be practiced other than verbally?

Memory

Structure of memory functions Memory functions can be structured according to, for example, the scope of memory and the preservation of memory matter, or by the processes of processing information.


Question: Can communication be practiced other than verbally?

Memory

Scope and Shelf Life Sensory memory is a function lasting about one second that contains certain kinds of icons and echoes in different sensory areas.


Question: Can communication be practiced other than verbally?

Memory

It is practically difficult to distinguish it from the concept of observation.


Question: Can communication be practiced other than verbally?

Memory

Working memory is a function lasting a few seconds, controlled mostly by the attention system in the range of visual and auditory senses.


Question: Can communication be practiced other than verbally?

Memory

It contains individual knowledge, skills, expressions (episodic unit), as well as knowledge of what moves between working memory and tank memory and how (central processing unit).


Question: Can communication be practiced other than verbally?

Memory

Preserved memory is an actual container of information containing the following structured memory areas: event memory, information memory, skill memory, initialization memory, results of classical conditioning, results of operant conditioning, and habituation - sensitization.


Question: Can communication be practiced other than verbally?

Memory

Declarative memory Preserved memory can also be divided into declarative memory: event and factual information, and procedural memory: skills learned.


Question: Can communication be practiced other than verbally?

Memory

Declarative memory is the part of human preserved memory in which various information and events are stored; things that can be reached with consciousness.


Question: Can communication be practiced other than verbally?

Memory

According to Endel Tulving's model, semantic memory and episodic memory are the declarative components of memory.


Question: Can communication be practiced other than verbally?

Memory

In semantic memory, things whose meaning is understood are stored, in episode memory, in turn, flash-like memories of events.


Question: Can communication be practiced other than verbally?

Memory

Information is stored in declarative memory in various ways, for example as visual or acoustic symbols.


Question: Can communication be practiced other than verbally?

Memory

Visual symbols may include numbers and letters, among others.


Question: Can communication be practiced other than verbally?

Memory

Procedural memory Procedural memory is the component of human preserved memory that takes care of the memorization of physical and motor skills.


Question: Can communication be practiced other than verbally?

Memory

Many of the information in procedural memory is consciousness-independent, such as walking, for example.


Question: Can communication be practiced other than verbally?

Memory

However, procedural memory information is often manifested precisely in performance.


Question: Can communication be practiced other than verbally?

Memory

Procedural memory gained a place alongside declarative memory as an aspect of preserved memory when examining patients with amnesia.


Question: Can communication be practiced other than verbally?

Memory

Declarative memory differs to some extent from procedural, as the patients studied may have been able to learn new games but could not remember anything about playing.


Question: Can communication be practiced other than verbally?

Memory

Processes of information processing Part functions: Memorization, preservation, memorization and identification.


Question: Can communication be practiced other than verbally?

Memory

Temporality: Long distance memory, predictive memory, retroactive memory, current memory, and if-so-memory (when faced with that, you have to remember this).


Question: Can communication be practiced other than verbally?

Memory

Place of material: Source memory (where it or it is or was).


Question: Can communication be practiced other than verbally?

Memory

Environment: Environmental memory (what is included or belonged to the environment).


Question: Can communication be practiced other than verbally?

Memory

Content of the material: Verbal, non-verbal, pictorial, sound, musical or other such memory.


Question: Can communication be practiced other than verbally?

Memory

Perception channel: Visual memory, auditory memory, olfactory memory, taste memory, tactile memory, balance memory, and memory of body sensations.


Question: Can communication be practiced other than verbally?

Memory

Difficult data: For example, emotional memory, autobiographical memory, bodily memory, motion memory, atmospheric memory, spatial memory and even folk memory, allergy, and immunization.


Question: Can communication be practiced other than verbally?

Memory

Memory transfer by teaching Some organisms, like many vertebrates, teach their young things that are then stored in their memory.


Question: Can communication be practiced other than verbally?

Memory

Man, through his language, was able to communicate remarkably efficiently the things he remembered to others, thus creating a culture.


Question: Can communication be practiced other than verbally?

Memory

Using language, teaching things to descendants became considerably easier.


Question: Can communication be practiced other than verbally?

Memory

Teaching as work was invented even before writing skills: there have been practices in early human communities where a more knowledgeable or skilled person, the teacher, transfers their knowledge and skills to pupils who accumulate them orally or by example.


Question: Can communication be practiced other than verbally?

Memory

The amount of human memory is more than the information contained in a 500,000-thick encyclopedia.


Question: Can communication be practiced other than verbally?

Memory

[6] Externalising Memory Mankind's memory was greatly improved and refined by the invention of writing skills, since the narratives preserved as memory were in any case modified over generations, and the interpreting skills of images and symbols preceding the actual writing easily were forgotten.


Question: Can communication be practiced other than verbally?

Memory

However, it is considered possible that in the modern world, the (neural) memory of human individuals may even be impaired by writing skills.


Question: Can communication be practiced other than verbally?

Memory

When writing things “in memory”, a person as if transfers his memory to the outside world like an ant.


Question: Can communication be practiced other than verbally?

Memory

This can reduce the need for neural memory usage.


Question: Can communication be practiced other than verbally?

Memory

Also, easy access to information can reduce the need for memory.


Question: Can communication be practiced other than verbally?

Memory

The ease of access to information is also reflected in the way education has developed in Europe over the past 100 years.


Question: Can communication be practiced other than verbally?

Memory

Previously the focus was largely on the vast, memorized, volume of information, now increasingly on the ability to acquire knowledge when needed.


Question: Can communication be practiced other than verbally?

Memory

[7] Improving memory To improve their memory, people come up with a wide variety of means.


Question: Can communication be practiced other than verbally?

Memory

Even by re-examining the images and signs they made before the art of writing was invented, people could recall messages that were included in them.


Question: Can communication be practiced other than verbally?

Memory

For example, some Native American tribes have used knots or markings on the drum membrane that helped recall narratives of the tribe's past phases.


Question: Can communication be practiced other than verbally?

Memory

Oral narratives were edited into various volumes of poetry, allowing them to be remembered considerably better than outspoken.


Question: Can communication be practiced other than verbally?

Memory

With the help of the runomita, it is possible to memorize in detail the narratives of the book.


Question: Can communication be practiced other than verbally?

Memory

Somalis, for example, have thus commemorated dozens of generations of their own family tree and the entire Quran from cover to cover.


Question: Can communication be practiced other than verbally?

Memory

Utilizing the sense of vision to improve memory, a wide range of methods have been developed that are used in memory sports competitions, among other things.


Question: Can communication be practiced other than verbally?

Memory

Many of the techniques are based on the utilization of the senses, especially the sense of vision.


Question: Can communication be practiced other than verbally?

Memory

An example of a practical way to remember ten things is to associate things, for example, with one's own body or your own house.


Question: Can communication be practiced other than verbally?

Memory

Example: Body Part/House Part 1.


Question: Can communication be practiced other than verbally?

Memory

Foot/Vestibule 2.


Question: Can communication be practiced other than verbally?

Memory

Knee/Kitchen 3.


Question: Can communication be practiced other than verbally?

Memory

Pocket/ Dining Room 4.


Question: Can communication be practiced other than verbally?

Memory

Belly/Living Room 5.


Question: Can communication be practiced other than verbally?

Memory

Chest/Balcony 6.


Question: Can communication be practiced other than verbally?

Memory

Shoulder/Guest Bedroom 7.


Question: Can communication be practiced other than verbally?

Memory

Mouth/ Shower Room 8.


Question: Can communication be practiced other than verbally?

Memory

Nose/Bathroom 9.


Question: Can communication be practiced other than verbally?

Memory

Main Law/Storage Room 10.


Question: Can communication be practiced other than verbally?

Memory

Hand/Master Bedroom.


Question: Can communication be practiced other than verbally?

Memory

Following the example, ten items are associated with a strong image with the places on the list.


Question: Can communication be practiced other than verbally?

Memory

For example, another thing, say an orange, can be associated with a trickery ball bouncing over the knee or a giant orange rolling on the kitchen floor.


Question: Can communication be practiced other than verbally?

Memory

There are several other methods to facilitate memory, including for memorizing names and faces or learning languages.


Question: Can communication be practiced other than verbally?

Memory

[8] Memory and Age A young person remembers best what he has just done.


Question: Can communication be practiced other than verbally?

Memory

Short-term memory does not decay with age, but at worst it can disappear almost completely in some illnesses that usually occur to the old.


Question: Can communication be practiced other than verbally?

Memory

Short-term memory is thought to be in changes in the communication of neurons in the brain, while long-term memory is formed by changes in the structure of neurons based on protein synthesis.


Question: Can communication be practiced other than verbally?

Memory

With age, the stiffness of opinions and decreasing ability to see things from many points of view can even be present in the brain structure, as opinions are also stored in long-term memory.


Question: Can communication be practiced other than verbally?

Memory

The worse short-term memory, the worse the new experience manages to form new structures in long-lasting memory in place of already formed structures.


Question: Can communication be practiced other than verbally?

Memory

Age affects us all individually, so does memory.


Question: Can communication be practiced other than verbally?

Memory

Common features associated with aging and remembering include a certain kind of slowing down memory functions, in addition, distractions have a more sensitive effect on remembering and learning.


Question: Can communication be practiced other than verbally?

Memory

When comparing memory problems related to ageing with memory disorders, the most important difference is that age-related memory problems do not affect our ability to function impairingly, but to make everyday life run smoothly.


Question: Can communication be practiced other than verbally?

Memory

People, as a rule, cannot remember anything from the time under the age of three (early childhood amnesia).


Question: Can communication be practiced other than verbally?

Memory

Memory disorders Sleep deprivation and dementia impair memory.


Question: Can communication be practiced other than verbally?

Memory

It has been established that active activity and physical activity in the elderly slows the advent of dementia.


Question: Can communication be practiced other than verbally?

Memory

Some drugs such as nootropins can be used to improve memory.


Question: Can communication be practiced other than verbally?

Memory

Age is the main risk factor for dementing diseases.


Question: Can communication be practiced other than verbally?

Memory

The most common disease that causes dementia symptoms is Alzheimer's disease, other progressive dementia diseases include:


Question: Can communication be practiced other than verbally?

Memory

cerebrovascular dementia, or vascular dementia, Lewy's body dementia or frontal lobe- or frontal dementia.


Question: Can communication be practiced other than verbally?

Memory

All these diseases have their own characteristics, on the basis of which treatment and rehabilitation are planned.


Question: Can communication be practiced other than verbally?

Memory

See also Fake Memory Sources Kanninen, A., Hämälä, M.& Palomäki H. (1997) Neuropsychology concepts.


Question: Can communication be practiced other than verbally?

Memory

Helsinki: Helsinki Psychotutkimus Ltd.


Question: Can communication be practiced other than verbally?

Memory

Churland, P. (2004) Neurophilosophy.


Question: Can communication be practiced other than verbally?

Memory

Helsinki:Terra Cognita.


Question: Can communication be practiced other than verbally?

Memory

* Bellack, A., Hersen (1985) Dictionary of Behavior Therapy Techniques.


Question: Can communication be practiced other than verbally?

Memory

Oxford: Pergamon Press.


Question: Can communication be practiced other than verbally?

Memory

Schacter, D.


Question: Can communication be practiced other than verbally?

Memory

(2002) I remembered the seven sins.


Question: Can communication be practiced other than verbally?

Memory

Helsinki: Terra cognita.


Question: Can communication be practiced other than verbally?

Memory

Gregg, V.


Question: Can communication be practiced other than verbally?

Memory

(1975) Human Memory.


Question: Can communication be practiced other than verbally?

Memory

Espoo: Weilin&Göös.


Question: Can communication be practiced other than verbally?

Memory

Lehtonen, J. (2011) Embodiment of consciousness, mind brain and sense of existence Porvoo:Duodecim.


Question: Can communication be practiced other than verbally?

Memory

References Literature Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Hakkarainen, Jani & Hartimo, Mirja & Virta, Jaana (ed.


Question: Can communication be practiced other than verbally?

Memory

) | title = Memory| location = Tampere| publisher = Tampere University Press| year = 2014| version = Based on presentations by the Finnish Philosophical Association 7.—8 January 2013 in Tampere| id = ISBN 978-951-44-9371-3}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Churchland , Patricia Smith| title = Neurophilosophy| publisher = Helsinki: Terra Cognita| year = 2004| version = (Initial work: Brain-wise: Studies in neurophilosophy, 2002.)


Question: Can communication be practiced other than verbally?

Memory

Translated by Kimmo Pietiläinen| id = ISBN 952-5202-81-X}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Schacter, Daniel L.| title = The Seven Sins of Memory: How the Brain Remembers and Forget| publisher = Helsinki: Terra Cognita| year = 2002| version = (Initial work: The seven sins of memory: How the mind forgets and remembers, 2001.)


Question: Can communication be practiced other than verbally?

Memory

Translated by Kimmo Pietiläinen| id = ISBN 952-5202-64-X}} On the topic elsewhere, Health Library: Doctor Book Duodecim, Kustannus Oy Duodecim 2009 entry in the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy Sutton, John (ed.


Question: Can communication be practiced other than verbally?

Memory

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Question: Can communication be practiced other than verbally?

Memory

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Question: Can communication be practiced other than verbally?

Memory

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Question: Can communication be practiced other than verbally?

Memory

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Question: Can communication be practiced other than verbally?

Memory

Category:Cognitive Neuroscience Category:Key Articles in Screening


Question: What breeds is the Great Dane breeding from?

Great Dane

The Great Dane is a breed of dog originally developed on the territory of present-day Germany.


Question: What breeds is the Great Dane breeding from?

Great Dane

It is the national breed of Germany [1] and the official state dog of Pennsylvania since 1965.


Question: What breeds is the Great Dane breeding from?

Great Dane

The latter designation stems from the fact that Governor William Penn had a Great Dane.


Question: What breeds is the Great Dane breeding from?

Great Dane

[2] Appearance Great Dane is, along with the Irish wolfhound (males higher, females lower), the highest breed of dog.


Question: What breeds is the Great Dane breeding from?

Great Dane

It is classified into moloss-type dogs, and is strong-built and feisty.


Question: What breeds is the Great Dane breeding from?

Great Dane

The coat of hair is short, dense and shiny.


Question: What breeds is the Great Dane breeding from?

Great Dane

The height at the withers must be at least 72cm for the female and 80cm for the male, but usually these dimensions are clearly exceeded.


Question: What breeds is the Great Dane breeding from?

Great Dane

The female normally weighs 53—75kg and the male 67—93kg.


Question: What breeds is the Great Dane breeding from?

Great Dane

Body length (from sternum to sessile bones) may be up to 5% in males and up to 10% higher in females at the withers.


Question: What breeds is the Great Dane breeding from?

Great Dane

The FCI breed definition allows Great Dane dogs to have three colour groups: yellow (sable and fawn) and streaked, harlequins and blacks, and blue.


Question: What breeds is the Great Dane breeding from?

Great Dane

[3] Yellow (sable) and streaked (brindle) Great Dane's yellow hair should be light to deep golden yellow in tone.


Question: What breeds is the Great Dane breeding from?

Great Dane

With both black mask is desirable and white marks undesirable.


Question: What breeds is the Great Dane breeding from?

Great Dane

On a streaked Great Dane, streaks should be as clear as possible, parallel to the ribs and regular black drinkers that should not look faded.


Question: What breeds is the Great Dane breeding from?

Great Dane

[3] Unlike several other breeds, the Great Dane has a general impression of a dark-striped blond, not vice versa.


Question: What breeds is the Great Dane breeding from?

Great Dane

The Harlequin Great Dane should be black and white mottled with rose-edged spots of pure black on a pure white background.


Question: What breeds is the Great Dane breeding from?

Great Dane

An even distribution of spots on the body is desirable, as is the absence of spots of any color on the white part.


Question: What breeds is the Great Dane breeding from?

Great Dane

Black areas should be black in color without gray or brownish shades.


Question: What breeds is the Great Dane breeding from?

Great Dane

“Grey harlequin” is called merle, in which the descriptedkind black spots on a gray background.


Question: What breeds is the Great Dane breeding from?

Great Dane

Coloring is unwanted but not abandoned either.


Question: What breeds is the Great Dane breeding from?

Great Dane

The intermediate form between the two is, in turn, the “porcelain harlequin”, a grey-harlequin dog with white marks.


Question: What breeds is the Great Dane breeding from?

Great Dane

[3] Black Great Dane should be glossy black with no yellowish, brown or blue tint.


Question: What breeds is the Great Dane breeding from?

Great Dane

White marks on the chest and limbs are allowed.


Question: What breeds is the Great Dane breeding from?

Great Dane

The almond coloured is a black and white dog with which the muzzle, throat, chest, abdomen, limbs and tail-end may be white.


Question: What breeds is the Great Dane breeding from?

Great Dane

[3] The blue Great Dane should be pure steel blue with no yellowish or black-blue tint.


Question: What breeds is the Great Dane breeding from?

Great Dane

White marks on the chest and paws are allowed.


Question: What breeds is the Great Dane breeding from?

Great Dane

[3] Other colourings found in the breed (however not accepted in the breed definition) include non-black-based mantle colours, non-black-based harlequins - particularly porcelain and grey harlequins - blue-strength sable, blue-brindle, and all-white.


Question: What breeds is the Great Dane breeding from?

Great Dane

Yellow Brindle Blue Black Harlequin Porcelain Harlequin Grey Harlequin White Color Breeding In Finland cross-breeding within color groups is permitted in all other cases except between two harlequins.


Question: What breeds is the Great Dane breeding from?

Great Dane

A derogation from the Finnish Great Dane is required to cross between different colour groups, except for blue and black dogs, which are allowed to be combined without a different permit, provided that the black dog pedigree of the combination does not contain any colour other than black or blue specimens in the last three in a generation.


Question: What breeds is the Great Dane breeding from?

Great Dane

[4] The purpose of colour combination restrictions is to avoid the emergence of puppies of unwanted colour or carrying undesirable factors.


Question: What breeds is the Great Dane breeding from?

Great Dane

For example, combining blue and yellow could in future generations lead to the emergence of blue-pigmented yellow dogs.


Question: What breeds is the Great Dane breeding from?

Great Dane

Without prior permission, the following combinations are allowed: yellow x yellow x brindle brindle x brindle blue x blue x black (with three knees pedigree only for black and/or blue dogs) black x black x harlequin Finnish Kennel Club on the basis of a decision made by the government, no two merles shall be crossed between each other in any breed.


Question: What breeds is the Great Dane breeding from?

Great Dane

In Great Dane, this rule also means harlequin, which is a merle genetically modified by an additive factor.


Question: What breeds is the Great Dane breeding from?

Great Dane

[4] In addition, the BAER test for deafness is required for breeding purposes of white or near-white, low harlequin marks, since the deafness is whole-white or otherwise white phenotypic (minor signs mentioned above) a white-skinned, whose eyes are usually blue and low pigmentation [4]) in dogs, regardless of breed, overall.


Question: What breeds is the Great Dane breeding from?

Great Dane

History Dog-like dogs have been around for millennia.


Question: What breeds is the Great Dane breeding from?

Great Dane

Large and strong-bodied dogs are known to have been kept on the territory of present-day Germany as early as the 6th century.


Question: What breeds is the Great Dane breeding from?

Great Dane

They have been used as war dogs and big game hunting, and later as protection and companionship dogs for the High.


Question: What breeds is the Great Dane breeding from?

Great Dane

In the breeding of the Great Dane, both old bullenbeissers and the dogs and driving greyhounds used in wild boar hunting have been used as a backdrop.


Question: What breeds is the Great Dane breeding from?

Great Dane

Initially, the word doggi has been used to mean a large and strong dog that was not necessarily of any breed.


Question: What breeds is the Great Dane breeding from?

Great Dane

Dogges of this type were first attended in the exhibition in 1863 under the breed names 'Dänische Dogge' and 'Ulmer Dogge'.


Question: What breeds is the Great Dane breeding from?

Great Dane

Around this time, the majority of dogges were blue, but there was also some presence of isabella colouring and spotted, or harlequins.


Question: What breeds is the Great Dane breeding from?

Great Dane

In 1878, breeders interested in the breed gathered in Berlin and gave the breed the name 'Deutsche Dogge', meaning German dog.


Question: What breeds is the Great Dane breeding from?

Great Dane

The racial definition of the breed was established in Germany at a meeting of judges in 1880.


Question: What breeds is the Great Dane breeding from?

Great Dane

Eight years later, a breed organization was founded for the breed, the 'Deutscher Doggen Club 1888 e.V.


Question: What breeds is the Great Dane breeding from?

Great Dane

(DDC) '.


Question: What breeds is the Great Dane breeding from?

Great Dane

According to W. Nouc, the name Great Dane (great dane, 'great Dane') dates back to the French naturalist Buffon (1707-1788) and the scientific name canis danicus major, which stemmed from the fact that during his lifetime he was raised in Denmark. especially strong dogs.


Question: What breeds is the Great Dane breeding from?

Great Dane

According to another theory, England gave the breed the delusional name Great Dane (great dane, 'great Dane') at the time of the greatest German hatred.


Question: What breeds is the Great Dane breeding from?

Great Dane

However, this designation is not well established throughout the world, as in the breed's country of origin in Germany, where the breed is still known as the 'Deutsche Dogge'.


Question: What breeds is the Great Dane breeding from?

Great Dane

Also in France, the name dogue allemand is now officially used instead of the former term grand danois.


Question: What breeds is the Great Dane breeding from?

Great Dane

Among the breed's admirers, the most famous and earliest includes Prince Otto von Bismarck (1815-1898).


Question: What breeds is the Great Dane breeding from?

Great Dane

Usage A large number of Great Dane dogs in Finland are bred by Finnish breeders.


Question: What breeds is the Great Dane breeding from?

Great Dane

Great Dane is suitable for many different hobbies, but most breeds are exhibitions and toko.


Question: What breeds is the Great Dane breeding from?

Great Dane

They are also used as guard dogs, hunting dogs and even agility dogs, despite their large size.


Question: What breeds is the Great Dane breeding from?

Great Dane

The breeding committee of the Health Breed Association has collected material from a total of 534 Great Dane dogs from 1990 to 2006, including on the breeders' and owners' websites, and on the basis of information provided by breeders and owners.


Question: What breeds is the Great Dane breeding from?

Great Dane

In addition, a survey of dog owners has been conducted in 2004 and compared with data collected over a longer period of time, namely from 1990 to 2006.


Question: What breeds is the Great Dane breeding from?

Great Dane

The 2004 survey had information on 338 dogs, in these the cause of death was cited 125 times.


Question: What breeds is the Great Dane breeding from?

Great Dane

The three most common causes of death at the time were 1) heart disease 20% 2) various cancers 20% and 3) gastric laceration 7.2%.


Question: What breeds is the Great Dane breeding from?

Great Dane

The average lifespan in this poll constituted 6.7 years.


Question: What breeds is the Great Dane breeding from?

Great Dane

In a longer-term compilation of 534 dogs, the cause of death had been cited 229 times.


Question: What breeds is the Great Dane breeding from?

Great Dane

The three most common causes of death in this compilation were: 1) heart disease 22.7% 2) various cancers and tumors 20.9% (bone cancers as the most common group, 47.9% overall) 3) gastric laceration 20%.


Question: What breeds is the Great Dane breeding from?

Great Dane

The average lifespan in this compilation was 5.7 years.


Question: What breeds is the Great Dane breeding from?

Great Dane

Veteran age (8 years), of these dogs reached 32.4%.


Question: What breeds is the Great Dane breeding from?

Great Dane

The age of termination or death ranged from four months up to 13 years of age.


Question: What breeds is the Great Dane breeding from?

Great Dane

Comparing these aggregations, it is revealed that the “top three” of the causes of death is the same, but the percentages of causes of death in the long-term and larger sample compilation had increased, with a particularly large difference in terms of gastric contour: from 7.2% to 20%.


Question: What breeds is the Great Dane breeding from?

Great Dane

[5] Based on the average lifespan, the Great Dane can be considered a short-lived breed.


Question: What breeds is the Great Dane breeding from?

Great Dane

Sources Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Eerola, Tapio| title = Finnish Dog Breeds| publisher = Tamk| year = 1997}} References elsewhere (pdf) Category:FCI 2 Pinschers, Schnauzers, Moloss-type and Swiss Shepherds Category:Mastiffs Category:Society dogs Category:German dog breeds Category:Key articles on screening


Question: What does monophonic mixtures mean?

Alloy

An alloy, or alloy, is an alloy of at least one metal and one or more other elements having metallic properties.


Question: What does monophonic mixtures mean?

Alloy

[1] Alloys are generally more durable, lighter and less expensive than pure metals.


Question: What does monophonic mixtures mean?

Alloy

They are more usable than pure metals in many applications.


Question: What does monophonic mixtures mean?

Alloy

Typical examples of metal alloys include steel and brass, among others.


Question: What does monophonic mixtures mean?

Alloy

Introduction An alloy is a substance composed of at least two different elements, at least one of which is a metal.


Question: What does monophonic mixtures mean?

Alloy

This metal is called the base metal of the alloy.


Question: What does monophonic mixtures mean?

Alloy

Other substances can be either metals, semi-metals or nonmetals.


Question: What does monophonic mixtures mean?

Alloy

By adding these impurities, the properties of the alloy, such as the strength of the metal, can be modified.


Question: What does monophonic mixtures mean?

Alloy

However, the alloy retains the characteristics typical of metals.


Question: What does monophonic mixtures mean?

Alloy

Unlike pure metals, alloys usually do not have an exact melting point but a melting temperature range where a mixture of molten and solid phases occurs.


Question: What does monophonic mixtures mean?

Alloy

An alloy is typically prepared by dissolving the alloying agents in a molten base metal.


Question: What does monophonic mixtures mean?

Alloy

The properties of a cooled and crystallized alloy may differ very much from those of individual substances.


Question: What does monophonic mixtures mean?

Alloy

For example, an alloy of copper and tin, bronze, is considerably stronger than either of the metals itself.


Question: What does monophonic mixtures mean?

Alloy

By adding carbon to iron, high-strength steel is obtained.


Question: What does monophonic mixtures mean?

Alloy

The properties of steel can be further modified, for example by adding chromium to it, yielding stainless steel.


Question: What does monophonic mixtures mean?

Alloy

The substances in the alloy should dissolve each other in a liquid state, but may not be soluble when solid.


Question: What does monophonic mixtures mean?

Alloy

If the substances are even solids soluble, the alloy is a solid solution that is homogeneous in structure and consists of identical crystals.


Question: What does monophonic mixtures mean?

Alloy

The alloy is then monophasic.


Question: What does monophonic mixtures mean?

Alloy

If the ingredients are not mutually soluble when solid, they can separate to form different crystals.


Question: What does monophonic mixtures mean?

Alloy

In this case, the alloy is heterogeneous and consists of several phases.


Question: What does monophonic mixtures mean?

Alloy

In some alloys, insoluble substances may only separate during the crystallization phase as a result of heat treatment.


Question: What does monophonic mixtures mean?

Alloy

Some alloys occur in nature, for example electrum, which is an alloy of gold and silver [2].


Question: What does monophonic mixtures mean?

Alloy

Alloys of iron and nickel have been found in meteorites, but on Earth they do not occur naturally.


Question: What does monophonic mixtures mean?

Alloy

Manufacturing Alloys are mainly produced in four different ways.


Question: What does monophonic mixtures mean?

Alloy

[3] [4] Alloying metal in molten state.


Question: What does monophonic mixtures mean?

Alloy

A metal with a higher melting point is melted and another metal is dropped into it, causing it to dissolve to form an alloy.


Question: What does monophonic mixtures mean?

Alloy

The mixture is usually covered with carbon to prevent oxidation.


Question: What does monophonic mixtures mean?

Alloy

This is the most common way to alloy metals, as almost all metals are mutually soluble in the melt state.


Question: What does monophonic mixtures mean?

Alloy

The exception is, for example, iron and lead.


Question: What does monophonic mixtures mean?

Alloy

Mixing metals in powder form and working the mixture.


Question: What does monophonic mixtures mean?

Alloy

Alloying two or more metals from an electrolyte solution containing their ions by direct current to form an alloy on the other electrode.


Question: What does monophonic mixtures mean?

Alloy

Simultaneous reduction of oxides of two or more metals, resulting in a mixture of metals.


Question: What does monophonic mixtures mean?

Alloy

Structure of Alloys Single-phase alloys Single-phase alloys are so-called solid solutions or solid solutions.


Question: What does monophonic mixtures mean?

Alloy

There are two types of solid solutions: intermediate and substitution solutions.


Question: What does monophonic mixtures mean?

Alloy

In an intermediate type alloy, alloy atoms settle in the metal lattice at intervals between metal atoms.


Question: What does monophonic mixtures mean?

Alloy

A prerequisite for the emergence of such a mixture is that the intermediate atoms are small enough.


Question: What does monophonic mixtures mean?

Alloy

Suitable atoms include, for example, carbon, oxygen and nitrogen.


Question: What does monophonic mixtures mean?

Alloy

In a substitutor mixture, alloy atoms replace metal atoms.


Question: What does monophonic mixtures mean?

Alloy

The substitution solution can also be used as a gapless solution.


Question: What does monophonic mixtures mean?

Alloy

The name comes from the fact that the substances alloyed in a gaping solution dissolve with each other in all proportions, forming a monophasic system.


Question: What does monophonic mixtures mean?

Alloy

There are four conditions for the formation of a gaping solution: The difference in size of the atoms to be alloyed should not exceed 15%.


Question: What does monophonic mixtures mean?

Alloy

If the size difference is greater than this, distortions occur in the structure, which typically causes phase separation.


Question: What does monophonic mixtures mean?

Alloy

The crystal structure of the substances to be alloyed must be the same.


Question: What does monophonic mixtures mean?

Alloy

The electronegativity difference must be quite small.


Question: What does monophonic mixtures mean?

Alloy

The valence of alloying substances must be the same.


Question: What does monophonic mixtures mean?

Alloy

For example, copper and nickel form a gapless solution.


Question: What does monophonic mixtures mean?

Alloy

Their size difference is small, with the copper atom having a radius of 0.128 nm and 0.125 nm for nickel.


Question: What does monophonic mixtures mean?

Alloy

The crystal structure of both is surface-centric cubic (PKK) and their electronegativity difference is only 0.1.


Question: What does monophonic mixtures mean?

Alloy

Copper occurs with valences +1 and +2 and nickel with valence +2.


Question: What does monophonic mixtures mean?

Alloy

Since all four conditions are met, form a copper and nickel gaping solution.


Question: What does monophonic mixtures mean?

Alloy

Of course, intermediate and substitutor mixtures are not mutually exclusive, they can also occur at the same time.


Question: What does monophonic mixtures mean?

Alloy

[5] Multiphase alloys If the alloying substances are not soluble in all respects, phase separations may arise in the structure of the alloy.


Question: What does monophonic mixtures mean?

Alloy

In this case, for example, on microscope images, clear distinctive areas are observed.


Question: What does monophonic mixtures mean?

Alloy

Multiphase alloys can be alloys of metals, exemplified by alloys of lead and tin.


Question: What does monophonic mixtures mean?

Alloy

They can also be alloys of alloys and compound, such as a mixture of iron (ferrite) and cementite (Fe3C, iron carbide).


Question: What does monophonic mixtures mean?

Alloy

Multiphase mixtures have numerous different structures.


Question: What does monophonic mixtures mean?

Alloy

Microscope image of ductile cast iron.


Question: What does monophonic mixtures mean?

Alloy

Microscope image of an alloy of copper and silver.


Question: What does monophonic mixtures mean?

Alloy

Microscope image, ferrite and cementite.


Question: What does monophonic mixtures mean?

Alloy

History History Until the 18th century With the exception of pure copper and gold, the first metals with technological significance were metal alloys.


Question: What does monophonic mixtures mean?

Alloy

Around 2500 BCE.


Question: What does monophonic mixtures mean?

Alloy

it was found that alloying copper and tin yielded bronze that was stronger than pure copper.


Question: What does monophonic mixtures mean?

Alloy

The importance of bronze was so great that an entire era, the Bronze Age, has been named after it.


Question: What does monophonic mixtures mean?

Alloy

Tin was not ubiquitously available, so copper and zinc began to be alloyed in the Middle East, resulting in brass.


Question: What does monophonic mixtures mean?

Alloy

[3] The history of mercury alloys, amalgams, begins around 200 BCE, and their name derives from the ability of mercury to soften gold and silver.


Question: What does monophonic mixtures mean?

Alloy

Among other things, amalgams were utilized in gilding, as these alloys were used to paint surfaces which, when heated, the mercury was made to evaporate.


Question: What does monophonic mixtures mean?

Alloy

This method was in use up to the 19th century, especially in Russia.


Question: What does monophonic mixtures mean?

Alloy

[3] The number of precious metal alloys increased as American Indians alloyed gold and copper, gold and platinum, and silver and copper.


Question: What does monophonic mixtures mean?

Alloy

Alloys of gold and copper had a relatively low boiling point and was exploited in jurying these alloys.


Question: What does monophonic mixtures mean?

Alloy

In addition, the hardness of the alloys was obtained to the level of bronze by forging them.


Question: What does monophonic mixtures mean?

Alloy

Even if the copper content of the alloy would have been high, the products made from it appeared pure gold.


Question: What does monophonic mixtures mean?

Alloy

Similarly, the alloy of silver and copper looked like pure silver.


Question: What does monophonic mixtures mean?

Alloy

These features were exploited in fraudulent trading.


Question: What does monophonic mixtures mean?

Alloy

Platinum was not fused at that time, so by binding the platinum particles with gold, a mixture of these metals was produced which could be forged homogeneous.


Question: What does monophonic mixtures mean?

Alloy

[3] In Biringuccio's book, published in the 1540s, Pirotechnia is told of the use of tin amalgams in the manufacture of mirrors.


Question: What does monophonic mixtures mean?

Alloy

Also, with the development of book printing, alloys of tin, lead and antimony used in typefaces were mentioned in that work.


Question: What does monophonic mixtures mean?

Alloy

[3] The 18th century The Chinese had been making an alloy of copper, nickel, zinc and iron known as white copper for hundreds of years before it became widespread in Europe in the late 18th century, when metallic nickel was discovered.


Question: What does monophonic mixtures mean?

Alloy

[3] The 1786 observation of the importance of coal between iron and steel by the French chemist Marcellin Berthollet was a major starting point in the development of steels.


Question: What does monophonic mixtures mean?

Alloy

In 1819, Michael Faraday began research into the effect of various alloy metals on the properties of steels.


Question: What does monophonic mixtures mean?

Alloy

However, Faraday's research remained unfinished and the samples were not fully analyzed until 1931.


Question: What does monophonic mixtures mean?

Alloy

Robert Hadfield, who carried out the analysis, pointed out that if Faraday had completed his research, the age of alloy metals would have begun half a century earlier.


Question: What does monophonic mixtures mean?

Alloy

[3] 19th century With the onset of the 1830s, large deposits of nickel in Central Europe were actively exploited in the manufacture of alloys of copper-nickel and zinc known as German silver.


Question: What does monophonic mixtures mean?

Alloy

The alloy was economical to manufacture and cast and additionally had a silver color.


Question: What does monophonic mixtures mean?

Alloy

Other alloys of nickel became more common after the mid-19th century when an alloy of copper and nickel began to be used in coins due to its easy smelting and workability.


Question: What does monophonic mixtures mean?

Alloy

[3] The first developments in steels occurred in 1882, when Robert Hadfield observed an improvement in the impact strength and wear resistance of steels when 13% manganese was alloyed.


Question: What does monophonic mixtures mean?

Alloy

In 1896 Charles Guillaume found a significant decrease in thermal expansion of steels when 40% nickel was alloyed to them.


Question: What does monophonic mixtures mean?

Alloy

This finding became significant in applications requiring precision, such as the machinery of clocks.


Question: What does monophonic mixtures mean?

Alloy

[3] Alloys of cobalt, which later became known as stellites, began to be studied in the late 19th century as part of research into corrosion-resistant alloys.


Question: What does monophonic mixtures mean?

Alloy

These alloys were found to retain their hardness at high temperatures as well as being well tolerant of corrosion.


Question: What does monophonic mixtures mean?

Alloy

[3] Metallographic microscopes and phase rule developed in the 19th century had a great influence in the study and development of metal alloys.


Question: What does monophonic mixtures mean?

Alloy

After the development of polishing techniques, the crystal structure and its effect on mechanical properties were studied.


Question: What does monophonic mixtures mean?

Alloy

Also, X-ray technology and electron microscopes are considered invaluable in the development of metal alloys.


Question: What does monophonic mixtures mean?

Alloy

[3] 20th century Aluminium became commercially important in the early 20th century when its strength was increased by alloying copper and magnesium and thermally treating this alloy.


Question: What does monophonic mixtures mean?

Alloy

A. Wilm, who studied aluminium alloys, heated the mixture up to 500 degrees Celsius and then quickly cooled the mixture in water.


Question: What does monophonic mixtures mean?

Alloy

The result was a mixture that was still soft, but whose strength rose when chilled pieces were stored at room temperature.


Question: What does monophonic mixtures mean?

Alloy

Wilm found the strength leveling off to its peak value in four days.


Question: What does monophonic mixtures mean?

Alloy

[3] Also, many magnetic alloys were developed in the 20th century.


Question: What does monophonic mixtures mean?

Alloy

In 1910, steel was found to retain its magnetism if tungsten and molybdenum were alloyed.


Question: What does monophonic mixtures mean?

Alloy

A more powerful magnetic alloy with tungsten, chromium, cobalt and iron was developed in Japan.


Question: What does monophonic mixtures mean?

Alloy

Later, stronger magnetic alloys with aluminium, nickel, iron, and cobalt were further developed.


Question: What does monophonic mixtures mean?

Alloy

These alloys are used in addition to magnets, among other things, in small motors and in the image tubes of televisions.


Question: What does monophonic mixtures mean?

Alloy

[3] A significant discovery was the effect of nickel and chromium on the corrosion resistance of steels discovered in 1912.


Question: What does monophonic mixtures mean?

Alloy

These stainless steels are still important in industries such as food and pharmaceuticals.


Question: What does monophonic mixtures mean?

Alloy

[3] The first observations of memory metals were made in the 1930s when pseudoplastic properties were observed in alloys of gold and cadmium.


Question: What does monophonic mixtures mean?

Alloy

In the early 1960s, the first working memory metal formed by nickel and titanium was developed, which was found to return after modification to its original form upon heating.


Question: What does monophonic mixtures mean?

Alloy

[6] 21st century The development of alloys continues in the 21st century and many research areas are already related to alloying previously alloyed metals with other metals and improving the properties of alloys.


Question: What does monophonic mixtures mean?

Alloy

However, completely new developments have also been discovered and, for example, metal foam formed by an alloy of magnesium has been developed.


Question: What does monophonic mixtures mean?

Alloy

The foam even has a lower density than water, as well as good mechanical properties that make it a potential material for exploitation in watercraft.


Question: What does monophonic mixtures mean?

Alloy

[7] Known Alloys Steel is one of the most famous and used metal alloys.


Question: What does monophonic mixtures mean?

Alloy

Steel is an alloy of iron and carbon with a carbon content of less than 2.14%.


Question: What does monophonic mixtures mean?

Alloy

At higher carbon concentrations than this, we are talking about cast iron.


Question: What does monophonic mixtures mean?

Alloy

By adding other metals to steel, different grades of steel are obtained, such as stainless steel.


Question: What does monophonic mixtures mean?

Alloy

[5] Brass (copper, zinc) is used in locks and musical instruments, among other things.


Question: What does monophonic mixtures mean?

Alloy

Bronze (copper, tin) is the oldest known alloy and is used in both art and industrial applications.


Question: What does monophonic mixtures mean?

Alloy

Also, for example, gold and silver used in the jewelry industry are often alloys, in which case the proportion of gold or silver in the alloy is indicated in carats.


Question: What does monophonic mixtures mean?

Alloy

White and red gold are very typical jewelry alloys.


Question: What does monophonic mixtures mean?

Alloy

Amalgam (mercury, some other metal), on the other hand, used to be used to patch teeth.


Question: What does monophonic mixtures mean?

Alloy

So-called superalloys are alloys that retain their mechanical properties even at high temperatures.


Question: What does monophonic mixtures mean?

Alloy

In addition, they are highly resistant to corrosion and oxidation.


Question: What does monophonic mixtures mean?

Alloy

These superalloys are abundantly used in industry.


Question: What does monophonic mixtures mean?

Alloy

[8] Some alloys have been given a specific name after their inventors.


Question: What does monophonic mixtures mean?

Alloy

Such alloys include, but are not limited to, Wood's metal (50% bismuth, 12.5% cadmium, 25% lead and 12.5% tin) [9], Rose's metal (50% bismuth, 27.1% lead and 22.9% zinc) [10] and Field's metal (51% indium, 32.5% bismuth and 16.5% zinc) [11].


Question: What does monophonic mixtures mean?

Alloy

Reinforcing mechanisms based on metal alloys The deformation of metals at temperatures below the melting temperature occurs mainly by dislocation motion.


Question: What does monophonic mixtures mean?

Alloy

Metals can be strengthened by inhibiting the movement of dislocations, which is possible through alloying, among other things.


Question: What does monophonic mixtures mean?

Alloy

Solution reinforcement The edge dislocations cause compressive tension above their level of travel.


Question: What does monophonic mixtures mean?

Alloy

By alloying a substance with atomic diameters smaller than that of the base metal of the alloy, local tensile stresses can be induced into the metal lattice.


Question: What does monophonic mixtures mean?

Alloy

Compressive stress fields of dislocations tend to get stuck in these tensile stress fields induced by alloy atoms.


Question: What does monophonic mixtures mean?

Alloy

As contrasting stresses, they as if balance each other out.


Question: What does monophonic mixtures mean?

Alloy

[5] The edge dislocations also cause stress distortion below their level of travel.


Question: What does monophonic mixtures mean?

Alloy

Unlike above the plane of passage, dislocation below it causes tensile tension.


Question: What does monophonic mixtures mean?

Alloy

By alloying to the metal some substance with an atomic diameter larger than that of the base metal of the alloy, local compressive stresses can be induced into the lattice of the metal.


Question: What does monophonic mixtures mean?

Alloy

When compressive stress caused by the alloy atom and tensile stress due to dislocation meet, then they balance each other and dislocation movement becomes more difficult.


Question: What does monophonic mixtures mean?

Alloy

[5] Difference hardening Another typical method of reinforcement based on metal alloying is separation hardening.


Question: What does monophonic mixtures mean?

Alloy

For erection hardening, a supersaturated solution is first prepared.


Question: What does monophonic mixtures mean?

Alloy

This is done in such a way that first a mixture of insoluble metals is heated until the metals are completely dissolved in each other.


Question: What does monophonic mixtures mean?

Alloy

The heated mixture in which the metals are dissolved in each other is then cooled so quickly that the metals do not have time to separate into their own phases.


Question: What does monophonic mixtures mean?

Alloy

Thus, a supersaturated solution is created, that is, the alloy is in a metastable state.


Question: What does monophonic mixtures mean?

Alloy

The supersaturated solution is heated, if necessary, after quenching, when the phases begin to separate in a controlled manner.


Question: What does monophonic mixtures mean?

Alloy

This process is called aging or isolation annealing.


Question: What does monophonic mixtures mean?

Alloy

The separated phases distort the crystal lattice, complicating the movement of dislocations.


Question: What does monophonic mixtures mean?

Alloy

[5] In order to allow separation hardening to be performed on an alloy, the following conditions must be met: The solubility of the alloying substances shall be only a few percent solubility of the alloying substances in each other must increase with increasing temperature.


Question: What does monophonic mixtures mean?

Alloy

The mixture should be quenchable, that is, breakdowns should not form uncontrollably when cooling.


Question: What does monophonic mixtures mean?

Alloy

This is a typical method of reinforcement, for example, for aluminum alloys.


Question: What does monophonic mixtures mean?

Alloy

[5] See also List of alloys Sources Category:Key articles on screening


Question: How many years did Duke Charles serve as King of Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The period of Swedish rule in Finland is a period in Finnish history when Finland was part of the Kingdom of Sweden.


Question: How many years did Duke Charles serve as King of Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The period of Swedish rule was not a continuous era and its inception was a long-term process involving ambiguity.


Question: How many years did Duke Charles serve as King of Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The period of Swedish rule ended as a result of the Finnish War on 17 September 1809.


Question: How many years did Duke Charles serve as King of Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The period of Swedish rule began with the crusades to Finland.


Question: How many years did Duke Charles serve as King of Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

With the new powers, the Finnish Grand Peasants of Moisioi were forced to give up their positions and their estates fell into the ownership of the Swedish Crown and the Catholic Church.


Question: How many years did Duke Charles serve as King of Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

[1] In connection with the crusades, as a result of the colonization of the Finnish coast by the Swedes, its Finnish inhabitants essentially lost their fishing rights in the area.


Question: How many years did Duke Charles serve as King of Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Conflicts between newcomers and Finns also arose over farming rights.


Question: How many years did Duke Charles serve as King of Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

[2] The Swedish language became the language of the nobility and the upper bourgeoisie, and priests and scholars were forced to use it as their official language.


Question: How many years did Duke Charles serve as King of Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

During Swedish rule, the Finnish language was in danger of being lost, because it could not be used with the authorities, and newspapers were not written or produced enough non-fiction.


Question: How many years did Duke Charles serve as King of Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Throughout the countries' connection, Finns were considered a separate people and, due to the language issue, did not have the same rights as the Swedes.


Question: How many years did Duke Charles serve as King of Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Swedish kings visited Finland rarely and Finns were considered more primitive than Swedes or Germans and their language inferior.


Question: How many years did Duke Charles serve as King of Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

[3] During Swedish rule, Finland became part of Western Christendom and the cultural, social and economic order of Western Europe, on the basis of which, among other things, a market economy, constitutional statesmanship and legalistic principles tied to legalistic principles of law emerged. administration.


Question: How many years did Duke Charles serve as King of Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The Finnish language and some features of Finnish antiquity and culture remained despite conscious Swedishisation during Swedish rule, although they changed when adapting to new circumstances.


Question: How many years did Duke Charles serve as King of Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

[3] [4] Finland's location as the frontier country of the kingdom brought numerous wars and raiding expeditions to the region.


Question: How many years did Duke Charles serve as King of Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Swedish Crown Prince Adolf Fredrik stated in 1746 that Finland was Sweden's warehouse and protective wall.


Question: How many years did Duke Charles serve as King of Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

[3] During this period the Swedish Empire has also been referred to as Swedish-Finland.


Question: How many years did Duke Charles serve as King of Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The term was coined retrospectively to describe the kingdom which included the main parts of present-day Sweden and Finland.


Question: How many years did Duke Charles serve as King of Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Historian Peter Englund has stated that Finland during Swedish rule was not part or province of confederation but “... the eastern half of that kingdom which was practically destroyed in 1809, after which both parts went their separate ways.” In particular, Englund considers the Swedish Great Power period to be the common “property” of present-day Sweden and Finland, since the rise to superpower would have been impossible for a parched state without the resources of the eastern part of the empire.


Question: How many years did Duke Charles serve as King of Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

[5] Early stages of Swedish rule The beginning of the period of Swedish rule was a long-standing process involving different regions of Finland at varying degrees at different times.


Question: How many years did Duke Charles serve as King of Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Finland, or Sweden, cannot be spoken of at this stage as a unified administrative entity.


Question: How many years did Duke Charles serve as King of Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The Kingdom of Sweden spread to Finland in the midst of its own process of birth and consolidation.


Question: How many years did Duke Charles serve as King of Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

As recently as the beginning of the 13th century, the law of West Götaland constantly referred to the East Götans and the Uplantians as foreigners.


Question: How many years did Duke Charles serve as King of Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

[6] Sweden's first written output, the Eerikinkronika, written in the 1320s, also speaks not of the Swedes but, for example, the Sveans, the Gothenites and the Uplantians.


Question: How many years did Duke Charles serve as King of Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

[7] The Kingdom of Sweden can be said to have arisen around the year 1350.


Question: How many years did Duke Charles serve as King of Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

[6] The early stages of the period of Swedish rule are fundamentally related to the missionary work of the Catholic Church in Finland.


Question: How many years did Duke Charles serve as King of Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The northern Baltic region was a pagan area from the point of view of the Catholic Church and its goal was the conversion of the region to Catholicism.


Question: How many years did Duke Charles serve as King of Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

In practice, the aim of the church was driven by the kings who professed the Catholic faith in the region, as well as by the crusaders, who were allowed in the name of Christianity to conquer new territories under their control.


Question: How many years did Duke Charles serve as King of Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Crusades to Finland were made at least by Swedes and Danes, possibly including Germans and Norwegians.


Question: How many years did Duke Charles serve as King of Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

[8] [9] [10] Orthodox Novgorod also fought a typical war against the Finnish tribes.


Question: How many years did Duke Charles serve as King of Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Since at least 1042, the Hämäläs, or more commonly the Western Finns, had been waging almost constant war against Novgorod and the Baltic-Finnish peoples of the Karelian region, such as the Vatyans and Ingerians.


Question: How many years did Duke Charles serve as King of Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

These conflicts contributed to the Swedes” chances of conquering territories from Finland.


Question: How many years did Duke Charles serve as King of Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

A contemporaneous description of the Baltic conversion, Henry's Livonian Chronicle, gives a bloody picture of the conversion work of late 12th-century and early 13th century German Knights and Danes.


Question: How many years did Duke Charles serve as King of Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Christianity was well established in Sweden by the 12th century and its nascent kingdom sought to compete with Germany and Denmark for influence in the Baltics and around the Gulf of Finland by fighting the pagans and conquering lands from these.


Question: How many years did Duke Charles serve as King of Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

However, the Baltic war expedition ended for the Swedes in 1220 with the destruction of the Swedish forces, including the earl and bishop, by the Islanders, and the fortress they had established at Lihula.


Question: How many years did Duke Charles serve as King of Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

[11] [12] The first historical reference to the rule of Swedes in Finland is the earliest legend of St. Eerik, dating from the 1270s, according to which King Eerik the Saint and the English bishop Henry made the so-called First Crusade to Finland in the 1150s.


Question: How many years did Duke Charles serve as King of Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Legend tells that the king returned after an expedition to Sweden with the bishop remaining to arrange the ecclesiastical conditions in Finland.


Question: How many years did Duke Charles serve as King of Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

However, the war expedition is not regarded as a real event nowadays.


Question: How many years did Duke Charles serve as King of Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

[13] The following reference in historical sources to Swedish influence in Finland is the statement in the Lübeck chronicle of 1266: “Duke Birger forced Finland to belong to Sweden”.


Question: How many years did Duke Charles serve as King of Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

[14] Possibly the same event is dealt with by the Eerikinchronicle, written in the 1320s, which describes the Uplantians' expedition against the Hazy people.


Question: How many years did Duke Charles serve as King of Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The war expedition in question has been considered to have possibly been the Second Crusade to Finland made between 1249 and 1250.


Question: How many years did Duke Charles serve as King of Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

According to the Eerikinchronika, as a result of the crusade, construction of a castle was started in Häme.


Question: How many years did Duke Charles serve as King of Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The Swedes also began colonization of the Finnish coast in stages around the time of the Crusades, starting in Åland and Southwest Finland.


Question: How many years did Duke Charles serve as King of Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The colonization of the Finnish coast by Christian people was a key means of spreading the faith.


Question: How many years did Duke Charles serve as King of Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Of these emigrants, Finnish-Swedes emerged over time.


Question: How many years did Duke Charles serve as King of Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

[15] The Bishop of Turku is first mentioned in connection with the bishops of Sweden on 11 February 1253 in connection with the exchange of land between the Earl of Birger and Gudheim Abbey.


Question: How many years did Duke Charles serve as King of Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

[16] The Swedish Church spread to Finland practically only in the 14th century.


Question: How many years did Duke Charles serve as King of Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

[17] Since about the 12th century, the Catholic Church had operated independently in Southwest Finland.


Question: How many years did Duke Charles serve as King of Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The influence of Western and Eastern Christianity had spread to Finland even earlier in the prehistoric period, with indications such as tomb finds made in archaeological excavations.


Question: How many years did Duke Charles serve as King of Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The Eerikinchronicle recounts the destruction of Sigtuna by the Karelians in 1187, the largest and most important city in Sweden at that time.


Question: How many years did Duke Charles serve as King of Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The Karelians made a war expedition to Sweden also in 1257.


Question: How many years did Duke Charles serve as King of Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

[18] In 1259 Pope Alexander IV approved the marriage of King Valdemar of Sweden and Sophia, granddaughter of King Christopher of Denmark, so that Sweden would be better and more effectively able to counter the constant attacks on the kingdom's villages and churches by pagans living nearby.


Question: How many years did Duke Charles serve as King of Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

[19] In spite of this, even in 1275 the Christians of the Swedish Empire were tormented by the pagans of Karelia and Lapland.


Question: How many years did Duke Charles serve as King of Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

[20] The first chronicle of Novgorod states that Dmitry Alexandrovich conquered Karelia in 1278.


Question: How many years did Duke Charles serve as King of Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The pagan Karelians had been, up to that point, trading partners for Gotland, among others.


Question: How many years did Duke Charles serve as King of Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

[21] Regardless of trade links, according to Eerikinkronika, the Uplantians made the so-called Third Crusade into Finland in 1293, conquering Karelia with 14 engagements.


Question: How many years did Duke Charles serve as King of Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

[22] Birger Maununpoika's letter of authorisation of 4 March 1295 to Lübeck and other Baltic trading cities mentions as the motive for the conversion of Karelians the long long practice of banditry and looting by the Karelians and the taking captive of Swedes and other visitors to the Baltic Sea and torturing.


Question: How many years did Duke Charles serve as King of Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

[23] The first historical reference of the Catholic Church to Swedish rule outside Finland dates back to about 1284.


Question: How many years did Duke Charles serve as King of Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

In this act of Maunu Ladonluko on the general peace of land, Pentti Birgerinpaa is referred to as the Duke of Finland, that is, present-day Southwest Finland.


Question: How many years did Duke Charles serve as King of Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

[24] However, he may have never visited Finland.


Question: How many years did Duke Charles serve as King of Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Despite the expansion of Swedish power, the conflict between Hämäläs and Novgorod lasted for hundreds of years.


Question: How many years did Duke Charles serve as King of Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The First Chronicle of Novgorod states that Novgorod made a war expedition against the Hazorites still in 1292.


Question: How many years did Duke Charles serve as King of Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Conflicts between Finns and Swedes after the Crusades, the colonization of the Swedes in their wake also led to conflicts between Finns and Swedes.


Question: How many years did Duke Charles serve as King of Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The Ostrobothian stories tell of the need to help the colonists, while other stories describe Sweden as mainly criminals and evildoers who came to the country to wage war against the Finns.


Question: How many years did Duke Charles serve as King of Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

[25] In the 16th century, Mikael Agricola wrote that pagan Finns had harassed Swedish colonists, for which reason they had received help from their relatives in Sweden.


Question: How many years did Duke Charles serve as King of Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

[25] The original Finnish settlement of Kimitoon Island completely disappeared from the site after the Swedes entered the area, which may contribute to the conflict between the groups.


Question: How many years did Duke Charles serve as King of Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

[26] Conflicts between Finns and colonists also arose regarding the rights to use the territories.


Question: How many years did Duke Charles serve as King of Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

In principle, the King of Sweden always gave fishing rights to the colonists in which case the Finns lost their rights to them.


Question: How many years did Duke Charles serve as King of Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

[27] Several letters concerning these disputes are known.


Question: How many years did Duke Charles serve as King of Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

For example, on 1 June 1303, Swedish colonists from Satakunta had quarreled with the Finns in the area as their holdings were located in the old casque lands of the Finns.


Question: How many years did Duke Charles serve as King of Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

In 1347, in turn, an order was issued for the transfer of fishing rights in the Helsinki region from the Finns to the coastal Swedes.


Question: How many years did Duke Charles serve as King of Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

[28] From 1348, a letter of protection from Bishop Hemming and the Head of the Castle of Turku is known, designed to protect the colonists of the Gulf of Bothnia coast against the Finns.


Question: How many years did Duke Charles serve as King of Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

[26] Traces of conflict also remained until later times.


Question: How many years did Duke Charles serve as King of Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The mayor of Helsinki, Anders Larsson Ehredt, wrote to Peter Brahe in 1639 that Helsinki's name was not allowed to be changed at the time of the transfer of the city because the name was “a reminder of the victorious arms of our ancestors.”


Question: How many years did Duke Charles serve as King of Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

[29] After the Crusader period Around 1300, parts of the Swedish Empire and the Archdiocese of Uppsala, which were governed from the castles of Turku, Häme and Vyborg, had begun to enter the territory of present-day Western and Southern Finland.


Question: How many years did Duke Charles serve as King of Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Castles built to consolidate the rule of the King of Sweden were centres of Crown administration in the Middle Ages and important tools for retaining power.


Question: How many years did Duke Charles serve as King of Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The administrative unit that surrounded the castle was referred to as the Castle Sounds.


Question: How many years did Duke Charles serve as King of Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

At the same time, the Christian population was being phased from Sweden to the Finnish coast.


Question: How many years did Duke Charles serve as King of Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The Käkisalmi region and Ladoga Karelia, meanwhile, maintained ties with Orthodox northwestern Russia and Novgorod.


Question: How many years did Duke Charles serve as King of Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The clash between Catholic and Orthodox cultural circles therefore took place off Finland.


Question: How many years did Duke Charles serve as King of Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The Peace of Nut Island, concluded in 1323, was the first peace treaty between Sweden and Novgorod.


Question: How many years did Duke Charles serve as King of Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

It also defined the eastern border between the Swedish Empire and Finland, at least for Karelia.


Question: How many years did Duke Charles serve as King of Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Ownership of Northern Finland remained vague.


Question: How many years did Duke Charles serve as King of Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

However, within the 14th century, Sweden annexed a Finnish settlement on the northern Ostrobothnia coast.


Question: How many years did Duke Charles serve as King of Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The Swedes still in the 14th century did not commonly refer to Finland or Finland as Finland, although these designations had been in use for a long time.


Question: How many years did Duke Charles serve as King of Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

For example, the first chronicle of Novgor speaks of Finns (sum) and runestones speak of Vikings who died in Finland.


Question: How many years did Duke Charles serve as King of Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The name Finland had meant, and for a long time, meant the present province of Southwest Finland.


Question: How many years did Duke Charles serve as King of Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

For this reason, the Swedes used the wider area of southern Finland from about 1350 to 1470 to the name Österland, or “Italia”.


Question: How many years did Duke Charles serve as King of Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

[6] Prior to this, the regions were spoken in plural eastern countries.


Question: How many years did Duke Charles serve as King of Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

[6] Finland, as part of the Kingdom of Sweden in the Middle Ages, Finland was part of the historical provinces of Finland, Southwest Finland and Satakunta belonged to the central region of the Swedish Empire and they retained their connections with Scandinavia that had already arisen in prehistoric times.


Question: How many years did Duke Charles serve as King of Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

In southwestern Finland, Häme, the Karelian Isthmus and Southern Savo there were permanent settlements based on farming, which gradually became denser and spread over a wider area.


Question: How many years did Duke Charles serve as King of Sweden?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The spread and consolidation of settlements in central and northern Ostrobothnia was one of the most significant settlement-historical phenomena in medieval Finland.