Question: Is the Inca cosmology divided into three parts?

Slavic mythology

It is written in letters resembling the Cyrillic alphabet, but the Slavs cannot be shown to have had any sort of written system prior to their conversion to Christianity, let alone have used the Cyrillic one.


Question: Is the Inca cosmology divided into three parts?

Slavic mythology

Slavic neo-pagans regard the Book of Veles as their sacred book and claim it to be authentic.


Question: Is the Inca cosmology divided into three parts?

Slavic mythology

The original work, written on wood, is likely lost, and its authenticity cannot therefore be verified.


Question: Is the Inca cosmology divided into three parts?

Slavic mythology

Calendar and holidays Slavic myths were cyclical and repeated according to the seasons and the cycle of nature every year in the form of various celebrations.


Question: Is the Inca cosmology divided into three parts?

Slavic mythology

Therefore, in order to understand Slavic mythology, it is also important to know about the time calculation used by the Slavs.


Question: Is the Inca cosmology divided into three parts?

Slavic mythology

Based on archaeological and vernacular evidence, it has been possible to ascertain some features of the Slavic calendar, mainly large celebrations.


Question: Is the Inca cosmology divided into three parts?

Slavic mythology

The Slavs apparently used a lunar calendar.


Question: Is the Inca cosmology divided into three parts?

Slavic mythology

The year began on the first day of March similarly to that of other Indo-European cultures, whose calendar system is better known.


Question: Is the Inca cosmology divided into three parts?

Slavic mythology

From the last night of the old year and the first day of the new year, the names brother noc and velik dan (great night, great day) were apparently used.


Question: Is the Inca cosmology divided into three parts?

Slavic mythology

After the adoption of Christianity, these names were moved to describe Easter.


Question: Is the Inca cosmology divided into three parts?

Slavic mythology

In Slavic countries belonging to the Orthodox Church, the denomination of Easter is still a big day (for example, in Ukrainian Великдень) when Catholic Slavs call it a big night (for example, in Czech velikonoce).


Question: Is the Inca cosmology divided into three parts?

Slavic mythology

During the pagan period, the celebration included shamans wearing masks and sheep's wool coats who passed around the village.


Question: Is the Inca cosmology divided into three parts?

Slavic mythology

Namely, it was believed that the spirits of the ancestors who died during the Great Night came to the houses to celebrate the New Year with their living relatives.


Question: Is the Inca cosmology divided into three parts?

Slavic mythology

The god of the last day of the year was the god of the underworld Veles.


Question: Is the Inca cosmology divided into three parts?

Slavic mythology

The Slavs also had a large feast dedicated to Jarilo, the god of vegetation and fertility, celebrated in the spring.


Question: Is the Inca cosmology divided into three parts?

Slavic mythology

A procession of young girls and boys toured the villages carrying green branches and flowers as signs of new life.


Question: Is the Inca cosmology divided into three parts?

Slavic mythology

They went from house to house singing songs and blessing the housefolk.


Question: Is the Inca cosmology divided into three parts?

Slavic mythology

The leader of the procession normally rode a horse and impersonated Jarilo.


Question: Is the Inca cosmology divided into three parts?

Slavic mythology

The custom was apparently also to prepare decorative eggs (pisanki): this tradition later also passed on to the celebration of Easter.


Question: Is the Inca cosmology divided into three parts?

Slavic mythology

The celebration of the summer solstice (Ivanje, Kupala) was celebrated pretty much in the same way as big weddings.


Question: Is the Inca cosmology divided into three parts?

Slavic mythology

There are also confluences during midsummer.


Question: Is the Inca cosmology divided into three parts?

Slavic mythology

During the Pagan period, the feast likely included a general orgy.


Question: Is the Inca cosmology divided into three parts?

Slavic mythology

The night before were eaten and drunk and large campfires were lit, young people danced and jumped over the fires.


Question: Is the Inca cosmology divided into three parts?

Slavic mythology

Young girls tried through various rituals to find out their future marriage: they tied flower garlands, whisked them into the river and made predictions about how and where the wreaths floated.


Question: Is the Inca cosmology divided into three parts?

Slavic mythology

Ritual bathing was also important this night, which was well suited to the significance given later by the church to this celebration, the day of remembrance of John the Baptist (Ivan Kupala).


Question: Is the Inca cosmology divided into three parts?

Slavic mythology

In mid-summer, a feast dedicated to Perun, the thunder god, was celebrated.


Question: Is the Inca cosmology divided into three parts?

Slavic mythology

In the Christian period, the feast turned into one dedicated to the prophet Elijah.


Question: Is the Inca cosmology divided into three parts?

Slavic mythology

This was considered the holiest time of the year, and some historical sources point to the use of human sacrifice.


Question: Is the Inca cosmology divided into three parts?

Slavic mythology

Harvesting probably began after this feast.


Question: Is the Inca cosmology divided into three parts?

Slavic mythology

The date of the harvest's closing celebration is unclear.


Question: Is the Inca cosmology divided into three parts?

Slavic mythology

Historical sources cite a related interesting tradition practiced today on the island of Rügen, which belongs to Germany, in the temple of Svantovit, the god of war and fertility.


Question: Is the Inca cosmology divided into three parts?

Slavic mythology

People gathered in front of the temple, where priests placed a huge, almost human-sized wheat cake.


Question: Is the Inca cosmology divided into three parts?

Slavic mythology

The top priest stood behind the cake and asked people if they saw him.


Question: Is the Inca cosmology divided into three parts?

Slavic mythology

Regardless of the answer, the priest then asked that the following year people would not see him from behind the cake.


Question: Is the Inca cosmology divided into three parts?

Slavic mythology

The request hoped that the following year would be even more hundredful.


Question: Is the Inca cosmology divided into three parts?

Slavic mythology

The time of the winter solstice was also likely to be celebrated.


Question: Is the Inca cosmology divided into three parts?

Slavic mythology

Later, this celebration was associated with the celebration of Christmas.


Question: Is the Inca cosmology divided into three parts?

Slavic mythology

In many Slavic countries, Christmas is referred to as božić, meaning little god.


Question: Is the Inca cosmology divided into three parts?

Slavic mythology

Although the name also fits well with the Christian idea of Christmas, it is likely of pagan origin: apparently it referred to the birth of a new sun god when the old one died on the longest night of the year.


Question: Is the Inca cosmology divided into three parts?

Slavic mythology

The old sun god was called Svarog and his son was called Dažbog.


Question: Is the Inca cosmology divided into three parts?

Slavic mythology

An alternative and perhaps original name for this celebration was kračún.


Question: Is the Inca cosmology divided into three parts?

Slavic mythology

Cosmology The Slavs used a rather typical Indo-European cosmological concept, the World Tree, in their explanation of the world.


Question: Is the Inca cosmology divided into three parts?

Slavic mythology

It was either oak or some kind of pine.


Question: Is the Inca cosmology divided into three parts?

Slavic mythology

The mythical symbol of the world tree survived in Slavic folklore for many centuries even after the period of paganism.


Question: Is the Inca cosmology divided into three parts?

Slavic mythology

In the tree were located the three levels of the universe.


Question: Is the Inca cosmology divided into three parts?

Slavic mythology

Its crown depicted heaven and the kingdom of the heavenly gods, while the body was the realm of mortals.


Question: Is the Inca cosmology divided into three parts?

Slavic mythology

The roots of the tree depicted the underworld and the abode of the dead.


Question: Is the Inca cosmology divided into three parts?

Slavic mythology

Contrary to the perceptions of other cultures, it seems that the underworld was a rather comfortable place in Slavic mythology, a verdant world with eternal spring.


Question: Is the Inca cosmology divided into three parts?

Slavic mythology

The three kingdoms were located on top of each other, vertically on the world column as opposed to the horizontality of the ordinary world.


Question: Is the Inca cosmology divided into three parts?

Slavic mythology

The territory of gods and mortals was located in the center of a world considered flat, surrounded by the sea.


Question: Is the Inca cosmology divided into three parts?

Slavic mythology

Across the sea was the land of the dead, where the birds flew for the winter to return in the spring.


Question: Is the Inca cosmology divided into three parts?

Slavic mythology

In many folk tales, going behind the sea or coming back from behind the sea meant dying and coming back to life.


Question: Is the Inca cosmology divided into three parts?

Slavic mythology

This is reminiscent of the age-old mythical notion that an afterlife is achieved by passing some sort of body of water.


Question: Is the Inca cosmology divided into three parts?

Slavic mythology

Horizontally, the world was divided by four points, which described the direction of the four winds (northern, southern, eastern and western).


Question: Is the Inca cosmology divided into three parts?

Slavic mythology

The world thus had two dimensions, and was divided by a vertical axis into three and a horizontal one into four parts.


Question: Is the Inca cosmology divided into three parts?

Slavic mythology

The division played an important part in mythology and appears in many statues depicting Slavic gods, most notably in images of the three-headed Triglav and four-headed Svantovit.


Question: Is the Inca cosmology divided into three parts?

Slavic mythology

The Sun was regarded as a female deity and the Moon as male in contrast to that in Indo-European mythologies in general.


Question: Is the Inca cosmology divided into three parts?

Slavic mythology

Baltic mythology, which is closest to Slavic, is also similar to it in this respect.


Question: Is the Inca cosmology divided into three parts?

Slavic mythology

Gods Slavs worshipped a very large number of gods over a wide geographical area from the Baltic Sea to the Black Sea over a span of more than 600 years.


Question: Is the Inca cosmology divided into three parts?

Slavic mythology

The gods and beliefs were also very local even so that each tribe worshipped their own gods in their own ways.


Question: Is the Inca cosmology divided into three parts?

Slavic mythology

However, Slavic mythology has common features, which by studying, one can create an image of the original Slavic antiquity in the same way that Slavic languages are inherited from a common initial language.


Question: Is the Inca cosmology divided into three parts?

Slavic mythology

Overgod Some new theories consider Rod or Svarog to be the overgod of the Slavs, and some of the tribes also worshipped Svantovit or Triglav as their high god.


Question: Is the Inca cosmology divided into three parts?

Slavic mythology

The best candidate for chief god, however, is Peruvian, whose name appears most frequently in all historical sources.


Question: Is the Inca cosmology divided into three parts?

Slavic mythology

Peruvian is actually the first Slavic god mentioned in historiography (Prokopios mentions that the god of thunder and lightning is the sole god and over-god of the Slavs).


Question: Is the Inca cosmology divided into three parts?

Slavic mythology

Nestor's chronicle announces him as the chief god of Kievan Russia (Kievan Rus).


Question: Is the Inca cosmology divided into three parts?

Slavic mythology

A brief note in Helmold's Chronica Slavorum asserts that the West Slavs believed in a single celestial god who would rule over all other gods.


Question: Is the Inca cosmology divided into three parts?

Slavic mythology

The name of the High God is not mentioned, though.


Question: Is the Inca cosmology divided into three parts?

Slavic mythology

Perun's high deity is also advocated by the fact that he was known to all Slavs across Europe, as evidenced by the wide range of present-day place names derived from Perun's name in Slavic countries.


Question: Is the Inca cosmology divided into three parts?

Slavic mythology

Analyzing folklore, it has also been found that Peruvian was the only Slavic god to be equated with the God of Christianity.


Question: Is the Inca cosmology divided into three parts?

Slavic mythology

This evidence strongly indicates that Peruvian was the overgod of the original Slavic antiquity.


Question: Is the Inca cosmology divided into three parts?

Slavic mythology

However, Perun also had a rival.


Question: Is the Inca cosmology divided into three parts?

Slavic mythology

Roman Jakobson has shown that whenever Peruvian is mentioned in historical texts, another god, Veles, is also mentioned in the same context.


Question: Is the Inca cosmology divided into three parts?

Slavic mythology

This relationship is also reflected in place names: if the name of a mountain or hill can be linked to Perun, there is usually a place near the river in the lowland whose name resembles Vele.


Question: Is the Inca cosmology divided into three parts?

Slavic mythology

Similar to Peru's equation with God, was the equivalent of Satan Veles in Christianity.


Question: Is the Inca cosmology divided into three parts?

Slavic mythology

Peruvian and Veles Ivanov and Toporov reconstructed the old myth about the two most important gods of the Slavs, Perun and Veles, who were opposites of each other in almost every respect.


Question: Is the Inca cosmology divided into three parts?

Slavic mythology

Perun is the heavenly god of thunder and lightning who rules the living world from above.


Question: Is the Inca cosmology divided into three parts?

Slavic mythology

His fortress is located on the top branch of the World Tree.


Question: Is the Inca cosmology divided into three parts?

Slavic mythology

Veles, in turn, are combined with waters and land.


Question: Is the Inca cosmology divided into three parts?

Slavic mythology

He is the god of the underworld who rules the realm of the dead from below, from the roots of the World Tree.


Question: Is the Inca cosmology divided into three parts?

Slavic mythology

Peruvian gives farmers rain and is the god of arms as well as war.


Question: Is the Inca cosmology divided into three parts?

Slavic mythology

Veles, on the other hand, protects the shepherds and is the god of cattle, and is associated with magic and commerce.


Question: Is the Inca cosmology divided into three parts?

Slavic mythology

Peru creates order, Veles chaos.


Question: Is the Inca cosmology divided into three parts?

Slavic mythology

The cosmic battle between the two is depicted by the myth of a battle between the god of the storm and the dragon found in several Indo-European cultures.


Question: Is the Inca cosmology divided into three parts?

Slavic mythology

Attacking from heaven with lightning bolts, Peruvian stalks its serpent-like enemy Veles.


Question: Is the Inca cosmology divided into three parts?

Slavic mythology

Veles taunts Perun and escapes, transforming himself into various animals.


Question: Is the Inca cosmology divided into three parts?

Slavic mythology

Finally, the Peruvian slays Veles or she flees into the water, the underworld.


Question: Is the Inca cosmology divided into three parts?

Slavic mythology

In practice, it is the same thing, for by killing Veles, Peru does not destroy him, but returns him to his rightful place in the realm of the dead.


Question: Is the Inca cosmology divided into three parts?

Slavic mythology

Thus, Peru will once again restore the world order disturbed by Veles.


Question: Is the Inca cosmology divided into three parts?

Slavic mythology

The idea of storm and thunder as a divine battle between the High God and this archenemy was very important to the Slavs, and it lived long after Peru and Veles had been replaced by God and Satan.


Question: Is the Inca cosmology divided into three parts?

Slavic mythology

The enmity between Perun and Veles was explained by the fact that Veles would have stolen Perun cattle, or vice versa (since Veles is a god of cattle, ownership is not self-evident).


Question: Is the Inca cosmology divided into three parts?

Slavic mythology

The subject of divine cattle stealing is also common in Indo-European mythology and can be conceived as a metaphor for rain.


Question: Is the Inca cosmology divided into three parts?

Slavic mythology

Since Veles is combined with waters and Peruvian skies, as well as clouds, it is again unclear which of whom the rain should fall.


Question: Is the Inca cosmology divided into three parts?

Slavic mythology

Another reason for hostile relationships may be stealing a wife.


Question: Is the Inca cosmology divided into three parts?

Slavic mythology

To justify folklore, it seems clear that the sun was considered Perun's wife.


Question: Is the Inca cosmology divided into three parts?

Slavic mythology

The “dying” of the sun every night as it pressed behind the horizon was handled in such a way that Veles stole Perun's wife, who was again robbed by Peru in the morning back to himself.


Question: Is the Inca cosmology divided into three parts?

Slavic mythology

Jarilo and Morana Radoslav Katičić and Vitomir Belaj continued the road signposted by Ivanov and Toporov and reconstructed a myth telling of Jarilo, the god of fertility and vegetation, and his sister and wife Morana, a female goddess of nature and death.


Question: Is the Inca cosmology divided into three parts?

Slavic mythology

Jarilo is linked to the moon, while Morana is considered the daughter of the sun.


Question: Is the Inca cosmology divided into three parts?

Slavic mythology

Both are children of Perun and born on the night of the new year.


Question: Is the Inca cosmology divided into three parts?

Slavic mythology

On the same night, however, Jarilo is abducted from his cradle and taken to the underworld, where Veles raises him as his own son.


Question: Is the Inca cosmology divided into three parts?

Slavic mythology

At the celebration of spring, Jarilo returns from the world of the dead, bringing spring to the living.


Question: Is the Inca cosmology divided into three parts?

Slavic mythology

He meets his sister Morana, and later in the summer their jubilant wedding is celebrated.


Question: Is the Inca cosmology divided into three parts?

Slavic mythology

The covenant of the children of the High God brings fertility and wealth to the land, guaranteeing a rich harvest.


Question: Is the Inca cosmology divided into three parts?

Slavic mythology

Since Jarilo is also Veles's foster son, the marriage brings peace between the two great gods; in other words, it ensures that storms do not damage crops.


Question: Is the Inca cosmology divided into three parts?

Slavic mythology

After the harvest, however, Jarilo is unfaithful to his wife, who slays her (returning her to the underworld), renewing the hostility between Perun and Veles.


Question: Is the Inca cosmology divided into three parts?

Slavic mythology

Without her husband, the nature goddess Morana wilts and frostbitten in the incipient winter: she transforms into a terrible, old and dangerous goddess of darkness and frost, dying as the year ends.


Question: Is the Inca cosmology divided into three parts?

Slavic mythology

The myth repeats itself every year, and with the re-telling of its parts, the great annual festivities passed at the same rate.


Question: Is the Inca cosmology divided into three parts?

Slavic mythology

Svantovit and Triglav It is somewhat ironic that so far the status of these two gods in the pre-Slavic family of gods has not been able to be accurately ascertained, although there is the greatest amount of written evidence for them.


Question: Is the Inca cosmology divided into three parts?

Slavic mythology

Undoubtedly, the Svantovs (Svetovid, Svantevid, Svantovid) and Triglav were important to all Slavs, as evidenced by the considerable number of place names associated with them and many-headed statues that have been found in several Slavic countries.


Question: Is the Inca cosmology divided into three parts?

Slavic mythology

Both gods were considered high gods in some localities.


Question: Is the Inca cosmology divided into three parts?

Slavic mythology

Both were also depicted on horseback, but Svantovit's horse was white and Triglav's black.


Question: Is the Inca cosmology divided into three parts?

Slavic mythology

In the statues, Svantovit was depicted as a quadriplegic while Triglav (whose name implies a three-headed one) had three heads.


Question: Is the Inca cosmology divided into three parts?

Slavic mythology

The Svantovs were also combined with harvesting, trading and victory in the war.


Question: Is the Inca cosmology divided into three parts?

Slavic mythology

Several hypotheses have been put forward about Svantovit and Triglav, for example that they were actually one and the same god, or that they were combinations of three and four gods.


Question: Is the Inca cosmology divided into three parts?

Slavic mythology

Slavic neo-pagans think of Triglav as a trinity.


Question: Is the Inca cosmology divided into three parts?

Slavic mythology

Svantovit has also been claimed to have been a late West Slavic version of Perun or Jarilo.


Question: Is the Inca cosmology divided into three parts?

Slavic mythology

None of these hypotheses are particularly satisfying, and mostly they are just wild speculation.


Question: Is the Inca cosmology divided into three parts?

Slavic mythology

Svarog, Svarogič, and Dažbog Svarog's name appears only in East Slavic manuscripts, where it is usually equated with the Greek god of forge art Hephaestus.


Question: Is the Inca cosmology divided into three parts?

Slavic mythology

However, the name is very old, which may imply that Svarog also belonged to a pre-Slavic family of deities.


Question: Is the Inca cosmology divided into three parts?

Slavic mythology

The root of the word svar denotes bright and the suffix -og indicates the place.


Question: Is the Inca cosmology divided into three parts?

Slavic mythology

Comparison with Vedic Svarga suggests that Svarog simply signified heaven.


Question: Is the Inca cosmology divided into three parts?

Slavic mythology

It is possible that he was the original sky god, perhaps a Slavic version of the Indo-European origin god Dyēus.


Question: Is the Inca cosmology divided into three parts?

Slavic mythology

The name can also be associated with ahjo, which, along with the Hephaistos parallels, would suggest that Svarog was the god of fire and blacksmiths.


Question: Is the Inca cosmology divided into three parts?

Slavic mythology

According to Ivanov and Toporov's interpretation, Svarog had two sons: Svarogič or Svarozič, who described terrestrial fire, and Dažbog, who depicted fire in heaven and thus united with the sun.


Question: Is the Inca cosmology divided into three parts?

Slavic mythology

Svarog was believed to have forged the sun and given it to his son Dažbog so that he would carry it across the sky.


Question: Is the Inca cosmology divided into three parts?

Slavic mythology

It can be shown that Dažbogin knew all three main branches of the Slavs.


Question: Is the Inca cosmology divided into three parts?

Slavic mythology

He would thus be an important pre-Slavic god.


Question: Is the Inca cosmology divided into three parts?

Slavic mythology

In Russian manuscripts he is associated with the sun, and folklore remembers him as a benevolent god of light and sun.


Question: Is the Inca cosmology divided into three parts?

Slavic mythology

However, Serbian lineage paints a much darker picture of him: he is remembered as Dabog, a fearsome and crippled god who guarded the gates of the underworld and who was linked to mining and precious metals.


Question: Is the Inca cosmology divided into three parts?

Slavic mythology

Veselin Čajanković pointed out that the two positions of view fit together quite well in Slavic symbolism.


Question: Is the Inca cosmology divided into three parts?

Slavic mythology

Thus, the benevolent Dažbog carries the sun across the sky, while the vicious and ugly Dabog carries the sun through the underworld at night.


Question: Is the Inca cosmology divided into three parts?

Slavic mythology

This can also be combined with the annual cycle of the sun: a benevolent persona is combined with a young summer sun, a malevolent old winter sun.


Question: Is the Inca cosmology divided into three parts?

Slavic mythology

Russian peasants worshipped Svarogič as a spirit of fire long after the adoption of Christianity.


Question: Is the Inca cosmology divided into three parts?

Slavic mythology

He was also known to the Western Slavs, but they worshipped him as the high god of the holy city of Rasegast.


Question: Is the Inca cosmology divided into three parts?

Slavic mythology

Svarogič is simply a diminutive form of Svarogi's name.


Question: Is the Inca cosmology divided into three parts?

Slavic mythology

According to one view, Svarog would be the ancestor of all other Slavic gods, allowing Svarogič to refer to any of the other gods.


Question: Is the Inca cosmology divided into three parts?

Slavic mythology

Dažbog, Peruvian and Veles could therefore all be Svarogičeja.


Question: Is the Inca cosmology divided into three parts?

Slavic mythology

Development of mythology Ivanov and Toporov also sketched the development course of Slavic mythology, trying to explain how it evolved from the original pre-Slavic family of gods.


Question: Is the Inca cosmology divided into three parts?

Slavic mythology

The first step in development was the division of the Slavs into East, West and South Slavs, whereby the deities of different branches also differentiated.


Question: Is the Inca cosmology divided into three parts?

Slavic mythology

These gods include, for example, Rod and Mokoš.


Question: Is the Inca cosmology divided into three parts?

Slavic mythology

Such gods as Hors and Simargl are sometimes interpreted as borrowings by the East Slavs from their Scythian neighbours.


Question: Is the Inca cosmology divided into three parts?

Slavic mythology

At the level of abstract personification of divine action, there are such concepts as pravda and krivda (right and wrong) or dobra kob and zla kob (good and evil fate or happiness).


Question: Is the Inca cosmology divided into three parts?

Slavic mythology

These concepts, appearing in several Slavic fairy tales, are thought to be inherited from a time when old myths were already turning into legends and tales.


Question: Is the Inca cosmology divided into three parts?

Slavic mythology

Loius Leger pointed out that several words describing success, fate or happiness are all connected to the Old Slavic word bog signifying God.


Question: Is the Inca cosmology divided into three parts?

Slavic mythology

Although it was used to refer to the God of Christianity, the word is of pagan origin and quite old.


Question: Is the Inca cosmology divided into three parts?

Slavic mythology

The next step was the mythologization of historical traditions.


Question: Is the Inca cosmology divided into three parts?

Slavic mythology

Development began as early as pagan times and continued for a long time even after the arrival of Christianity.


Question: Is the Inca cosmology divided into three parts?

Slavic mythology

This season is characterized by songs and narratives of legendary heroes ranging from fabled leaders of tribes (for example, the stories of the three brothers Lech, Čech and Rus, who were progenitors of the Slavic peoples) to real historical figures like the 15th century to Croatian-Hungarian king Matias Corvinus or South Slavic Prince Marko, who were made immortal by folk poetry and tales.


Question: Is the Inca cosmology divided into three parts?

Slavic mythology

Russian bylinas about bogatyrs, Polish legends about Krak the Dragonslayer, Czech tales of Libuše and Prague's founding are all included in this series.


Question: Is the Inca cosmology divided into three parts?

Slavic mythology

These stories still reveal ingredients from old myths (for example, the hero slaying a dragon recalls a battle between Perun and Veles).


Question: Is the Inca cosmology divided into three parts?

Slavic mythology

Certain established characters also appeared in fairy tales.


Question: Is the Inca cosmology divided into three parts?

Slavic mythology

These include the witch-hag Baba Yaga, Koshchey the Immortal, the bandit Solovei-Razboinik, Vodjanoi, the three-headed dragon Zmei Gorynych and so on.


Question: Is the Inca cosmology divided into three parts?

Slavic mythology

At this point, one can hardly talk about mythology anymore.


Question: Is the Inca cosmology divided into three parts?

Slavic mythology

Rather, it is stories with snippets of old myths, but whose structure and purpose are not clear.


Question: Is the Inca cosmology divided into three parts?

Slavic mythology

The lowest level of development includes a lot of domestic or natural spirits and magical beings, which vary greatly between Slavic peoples.


Question: Is the Inca cosmology divided into three parts?

Slavic mythology

The mythical structure is already practically imperceptible, but some of the beliefs may be very old.


Question: Is the Inca cosmology divided into three parts?

Slavic mythology

As early as the 4th century, Prokopios mentions that Slavs worshipped the spirits of the river and nature.


Question: Is the Inca cosmology divided into three parts?

Slavic mythology

Remnants of these beliefs can still be found in Slavic tales of vila fairies, vampires, witches, and werewolves.


Question: Is the Inca cosmology divided into three parts?

Slavic mythology

Sources Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Charles Phillips and Michael Kerrigan| title = Forests of the Vampire: Slavic Myth| publisher = Time-Life Books BV, Amsterdam| year = 1999| id = ISBN 0-7054-3613-6}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Harvilahti, Lauri| title = Bylinat: Russian narrative poetry | location = Helsinki| publisher = Society of Finnish literature| year = 1985| version=Data Lipas 98| id = ISBN 951-717-406-3}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| title = Nestor's chronicle| location = Porvoo Helsinki Juva| publisher = WSOY| year = 1994| version = (Povest' vremennyh let.)


Question: Is the Inca cosmology divided into three parts?

Slavic mythology

The Russian interpretation by Dmitry Sergeyevich Lihachev translated by Marja-Leena Jaakkola.


Question: Is the Inca cosmology divided into three parts?

Slavic mythology

Illustrated by Mjud Metshev| id = ISBN 951-0-19828-5}} Literature Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Warner, Elizabeth| title = Wondersmiths and czars| location = Porvoo Helsinki Juva| publisher = WSOY| year = 1986| version = (Heroes, monsters and other worlds from Russians Sian mythology, 1985.)


Question: Is the Inca cosmology divided into three parts?

Slavic mythology

Illustrated by Alexander Koškin.


Question: Is the Inca cosmology divided into three parts?

Slavic mythology

Translated by Paula Pesonen.


Question: Is the Inca cosmology divided into three parts?

Slavic mythology

The world's fabled treasures.


Question: Is the Inca cosmology divided into three parts?

Slavic mythology

Russia| id = ISBN 951-0-12852-X}} On the subject elsewhere Transclusion error: {{En}} is only for use in File namespace.


Question: Is the Inca cosmology divided into three parts?

Slavic mythology

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Slavic mythology

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Question: Is the Inca cosmology divided into three parts?

Slavic mythology

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Question: Is the Inca cosmology divided into three parts?

Slavic mythology


Question: Is the Inca cosmology divided into three parts?

Slavic mythology

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Question: Is the Inca cosmology divided into three parts?

Slavic mythology


Question: Is the Inca cosmology divided into three parts?

Slavic mythology

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Question: Is the Inca cosmology divided into three parts?

Slavic mythology


Question: Is the Inca cosmology divided into three parts?

Slavic mythology

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Question: Is the Inca cosmology divided into three parts?

Slavic mythology


Question: Is the Inca cosmology divided into three parts?

Slavic mythology

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Slavic mythology

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Question: Is the Inca cosmology divided into three parts?

Slavic mythology

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Question: Is the Inca cosmology divided into three parts?

Slavic mythology


Question: How many years did Gustav Vasa rule over the Swedish Empire?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The period of Swedish rule in Finland is a period in Finnish history when Finland was part of the Kingdom of Sweden.


Question: How many years did Gustav Vasa rule over the Swedish Empire?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The period of Swedish rule was not a continuous era and its inception was a long-term process involving ambiguity.


Question: How many years did Gustav Vasa rule over the Swedish Empire?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The period of Swedish rule ended as a result of the Finnish War on 17 September 1809.


Question: How many years did Gustav Vasa rule over the Swedish Empire?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The period of Swedish rule began with the crusades to Finland.


Question: How many years did Gustav Vasa rule over the Swedish Empire?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

With the new powers, the Finnish Grand Peasants of Moisioi were forced to give up their positions and their estates fell into the ownership of the Swedish Crown and the Catholic Church.


Question: How many years did Gustav Vasa rule over the Swedish Empire?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

[1] In connection with the crusades, as a result of the colonization of the Finnish coast by the Swedes, its Finnish inhabitants essentially lost their fishing rights in the area.


Question: How many years did Gustav Vasa rule over the Swedish Empire?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Conflicts between newcomers and Finns also arose over farming rights.


Question: How many years did Gustav Vasa rule over the Swedish Empire?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

[2] The Swedish language became the language of the nobility and the upper bourgeoisie, and priests and scholars were forced to use it as their official language.


Question: How many years did Gustav Vasa rule over the Swedish Empire?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

During Swedish rule, the Finnish language was in danger of being lost, because it could not be used with the authorities, and newspapers were not written or produced enough non-fiction.


Question: How many years did Gustav Vasa rule over the Swedish Empire?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Throughout the countries' connection, Finns were considered a separate people and, due to the language issue, did not have the same rights as the Swedes.


Question: How many years did Gustav Vasa rule over the Swedish Empire?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Swedish kings visited Finland rarely and Finns were considered more primitive than Swedes or Germans and their language inferior.


Question: How many years did Gustav Vasa rule over the Swedish Empire?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

[3] During Swedish rule, Finland became part of Western Christendom and the cultural, social and economic order of Western Europe, on the basis of which, among other things, a market economy, constitutional statesmanship and legalistic principles tied to legalistic principles of law emerged. administration.


Question: How many years did Gustav Vasa rule over the Swedish Empire?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The Finnish language and some features of Finnish antiquity and culture remained despite conscious Swedishisation during Swedish rule, although they changed when adapting to new circumstances.


Question: How many years did Gustav Vasa rule over the Swedish Empire?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

[3] [4] Finland's location as the frontier country of the kingdom brought numerous wars and raiding expeditions to the region.


Question: How many years did Gustav Vasa rule over the Swedish Empire?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Swedish Crown Prince Adolf Fredrik stated in 1746 that Finland was Sweden's warehouse and protective wall.


Question: How many years did Gustav Vasa rule over the Swedish Empire?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

[3] During this period the Swedish Empire has also been referred to as Swedish-Finland.


Question: How many years did Gustav Vasa rule over the Swedish Empire?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The term was coined retrospectively to describe the kingdom which included the main parts of present-day Sweden and Finland.


Question: How many years did Gustav Vasa rule over the Swedish Empire?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Historian Peter Englund has stated that Finland during Swedish rule was not part or province of confederation but “... the eastern half of that kingdom which was practically destroyed in 1809, after which both parts went their separate ways.” In particular, Englund considers the Swedish Great Power period to be the common “property” of present-day Sweden and Finland, since the rise to superpower would have been impossible for a parched state without the resources of the eastern part of the empire.


Question: How many years did Gustav Vasa rule over the Swedish Empire?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

[5] Early stages of Swedish rule The beginning of the period of Swedish rule was a long-standing process involving different regions of Finland at varying degrees at different times.


Question: How many years did Gustav Vasa rule over the Swedish Empire?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Finland, or Sweden, cannot be spoken of at this stage as a unified administrative entity.


Question: How many years did Gustav Vasa rule over the Swedish Empire?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The Kingdom of Sweden spread to Finland in the midst of its own process of birth and consolidation.


Question: How many years did Gustav Vasa rule over the Swedish Empire?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

As recently as the beginning of the 13th century, the law of West Götaland constantly referred to the East Götans and the Uplantians as foreigners.


Question: How many years did Gustav Vasa rule over the Swedish Empire?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

[6] Sweden's first written output, the Eerikinkronika, written in the 1320s, also speaks not of the Swedes but, for example, the Sveans, the Gothenites and the Uplantians.


Question: How many years did Gustav Vasa rule over the Swedish Empire?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

[7] The Kingdom of Sweden can be said to have arisen around the year 1350.


Question: How many years did Gustav Vasa rule over the Swedish Empire?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

[6] The early stages of the period of Swedish rule are fundamentally related to the missionary work of the Catholic Church in Finland.


Question: How many years did Gustav Vasa rule over the Swedish Empire?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The northern Baltic region was a pagan area from the point of view of the Catholic Church and its goal was the conversion of the region to Catholicism.


Question: How many years did Gustav Vasa rule over the Swedish Empire?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

In practice, the aim of the church was driven by the kings who professed the Catholic faith in the region, as well as by the crusaders, who were allowed in the name of Christianity to conquer new territories under their control.


Question: How many years did Gustav Vasa rule over the Swedish Empire?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Crusades to Finland were made at least by Swedes and Danes, possibly including Germans and Norwegians.


Question: How many years did Gustav Vasa rule over the Swedish Empire?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

[8] [9] [10] Orthodox Novgorod also fought a typical war against the Finnish tribes.


Question: How many years did Gustav Vasa rule over the Swedish Empire?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Since at least 1042, the Hämäläs, or more commonly the Western Finns, had been waging almost constant war against Novgorod and the Baltic-Finnish peoples of the Karelian region, such as the Vatyans and Ingerians.


Question: How many years did Gustav Vasa rule over the Swedish Empire?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

These conflicts contributed to the Swedes” chances of conquering territories from Finland.


Question: How many years did Gustav Vasa rule over the Swedish Empire?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

A contemporaneous description of the Baltic conversion, Henry's Livonian Chronicle, gives a bloody picture of the conversion work of late 12th-century and early 13th century German Knights and Danes.


Question: How many years did Gustav Vasa rule over the Swedish Empire?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Christianity was well established in Sweden by the 12th century and its nascent kingdom sought to compete with Germany and Denmark for influence in the Baltics and around the Gulf of Finland by fighting the pagans and conquering lands from these.


Question: How many years did Gustav Vasa rule over the Swedish Empire?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

However, the Baltic war expedition ended for the Swedes in 1220 with the destruction of the Swedish forces, including the earl and bishop, by the Islanders, and the fortress they had established at Lihula.


Question: How many years did Gustav Vasa rule over the Swedish Empire?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

[11] [12] The first historical reference to the rule of Swedes in Finland is the earliest legend of St. Eerik, dating from the 1270s, according to which King Eerik the Saint and the English bishop Henry made the so-called First Crusade to Finland in the 1150s.


Question: How many years did Gustav Vasa rule over the Swedish Empire?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Legend tells that the king returned after an expedition to Sweden with the bishop remaining to arrange the ecclesiastical conditions in Finland.


Question: How many years did Gustav Vasa rule over the Swedish Empire?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

However, the war expedition is not regarded as a real event nowadays.


Question: How many years did Gustav Vasa rule over the Swedish Empire?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

[13] The following reference in historical sources to Swedish influence in Finland is the statement in the Lübeck chronicle of 1266: “Duke Birger forced Finland to belong to Sweden”.


Question: How many years did Gustav Vasa rule over the Swedish Empire?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

[14] Possibly the same event is dealt with by the Eerikinchronicle, written in the 1320s, which describes the Uplantians' expedition against the Hazy people.


Question: How many years did Gustav Vasa rule over the Swedish Empire?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The war expedition in question has been considered to have possibly been the Second Crusade to Finland made between 1249 and 1250.


Question: How many years did Gustav Vasa rule over the Swedish Empire?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

According to the Eerikinchronika, as a result of the crusade, construction of a castle was started in Häme.


Question: How many years did Gustav Vasa rule over the Swedish Empire?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The Swedes also began colonization of the Finnish coast in stages around the time of the Crusades, starting in Åland and Southwest Finland.


Question: How many years did Gustav Vasa rule over the Swedish Empire?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The colonization of the Finnish coast by Christian people was a key means of spreading the faith.


Question: How many years did Gustav Vasa rule over the Swedish Empire?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Of these emigrants, Finnish-Swedes emerged over time.


Question: How many years did Gustav Vasa rule over the Swedish Empire?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

[15] The Bishop of Turku is first mentioned in connection with the bishops of Sweden on 11 February 1253 in connection with the exchange of land between the Earl of Birger and Gudheim Abbey.


Question: How many years did Gustav Vasa rule over the Swedish Empire?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

[16] The Swedish Church spread to Finland practically only in the 14th century.


Question: How many years did Gustav Vasa rule over the Swedish Empire?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

[17] Since about the 12th century, the Catholic Church had operated independently in Southwest Finland.


Question: How many years did Gustav Vasa rule over the Swedish Empire?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The influence of Western and Eastern Christianity had spread to Finland even earlier in the prehistoric period, with indications such as tomb finds made in archaeological excavations.


Question: How many years did Gustav Vasa rule over the Swedish Empire?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The Eerikinchronicle recounts the destruction of Sigtuna by the Karelians in 1187, the largest and most important city in Sweden at that time.


Question: How many years did Gustav Vasa rule over the Swedish Empire?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The Karelians made a war expedition to Sweden also in 1257.


Question: How many years did Gustav Vasa rule over the Swedish Empire?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

[18] In 1259 Pope Alexander IV approved the marriage of King Valdemar of Sweden and Sophia, granddaughter of King Christopher of Denmark, so that Sweden would be better and more effectively able to counter the constant attacks on the kingdom's villages and churches by pagans living nearby.


Question: How many years did Gustav Vasa rule over the Swedish Empire?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

[19] In spite of this, even in 1275 the Christians of the Swedish Empire were tormented by the pagans of Karelia and Lapland.


Question: How many years did Gustav Vasa rule over the Swedish Empire?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

[20] The first chronicle of Novgorod states that Dmitry Alexandrovich conquered Karelia in 1278.


Question: How many years did Gustav Vasa rule over the Swedish Empire?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The pagan Karelians had been, up to that point, trading partners for Gotland, among others.


Question: How many years did Gustav Vasa rule over the Swedish Empire?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

[21] Regardless of trade links, according to Eerikinkronika, the Uplantians made the so-called Third Crusade into Finland in 1293, conquering Karelia with 14 engagements.


Question: How many years did Gustav Vasa rule over the Swedish Empire?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

[22] Birger Maununpoika's letter of authorisation of 4 March 1295 to Lübeck and other Baltic trading cities mentions as the motive for the conversion of Karelians the long long practice of banditry and looting by the Karelians and the taking captive of Swedes and other visitors to the Baltic Sea and torturing.


Question: How many years did Gustav Vasa rule over the Swedish Empire?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

[23] The first historical reference of the Catholic Church to Swedish rule outside Finland dates back to about 1284.


Question: How many years did Gustav Vasa rule over the Swedish Empire?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

In this act of Maunu Ladonluko on the general peace of land, Pentti Birgerinpoika is referred to as the Duke of Finland, that is, present-day Southwest Finland.


Question: How many years did Gustav Vasa rule over the Swedish Empire?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

[24] However, he may have never visited Finland.


Question: How many years did Gustav Vasa rule over the Swedish Empire?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Despite the expansion of Swedish power, the conflict between Hämäläs and Novgorod lasted for hundreds of years.


Question: How many years did Gustav Vasa rule over the Swedish Empire?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The First Chronicle of Novgorod states that Novgorod made a war expedition against the Hazorites still in 1292.


Question: How many years did Gustav Vasa rule over the Swedish Empire?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Conflicts between Finns and Swedes after the Crusades, the Swedish colonization in their wake also led to conflicts between Finns and Swedes.


Question: How many years did Gustav Vasa rule over the Swedish Empire?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The Ostrobothian stories tell of the need to help the colonists, while other stories describe Sweden as mainly criminals and evildoers who came to the country to wage war against the Finns.


Question: How many years did Gustav Vasa rule over the Swedish Empire?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

[25] In the 16th century, Mikael Agricola wrote that pagan Finns had harassed Swedish colonists, for which reason they had received help from their relatives in Sweden.


Question: How many years did Gustav Vasa rule over the Swedish Empire?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

[25] The original Finnish settlement of Kimitoon Island completely disappeared from the site after the Swedes entered the area, which may contribute to the conflict between the groups.


Question: How many years did Gustav Vasa rule over the Swedish Empire?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

[26] Conflicts between Finns and colonists also arose regarding the rights to use the territories.


Question: How many years did Gustav Vasa rule over the Swedish Empire?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

In principle, the King of Sweden always gave fishing rights to the colonists in which case the Finns lost their rights to them.


Question: How many years did Gustav Vasa rule over the Swedish Empire?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

[27] Several letters concerning these disputes are known.


Question: How many years did Gustav Vasa rule over the Swedish Empire?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

For example, on 1 June 1303, Swedish colonists from Satakunta had quarreled with the Finns in the area as their holdings were located in the old casque lands of the Finns.


Question: How many years did Gustav Vasa rule over the Swedish Empire?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

In 1347, in turn, an order was issued for the transfer of fishing rights in the Helsinki region from the Finns to the coastal Swedes.


Question: How many years did Gustav Vasa rule over the Swedish Empire?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

[28] From 1348, a letter of protection from Bishop Hemming and the Head of the Castle of Turku is known, designed to protect the colonists of the Gulf of Bothnia coast against the Finns.


Question: How many years did Gustav Vasa rule over the Swedish Empire?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

[26] Traces of conflict also remained until later times.


Question: How many years did Gustav Vasa rule over the Swedish Empire?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The mayor of Helsinki, Anders Larsson Ehredt, wrote to Peter Brahe in 1639 that Helsinki's name was not allowed to be changed at the time of the transfer of the city because the name was “a reminder of the victorious arms of our ancestors.”


Question: How many years did Gustav Vasa rule over the Swedish Empire?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

[29] After the Crusader period Around 1300, parts of the Swedish Empire and the Archdiocese of Uppsala, which were governed from the castles of Turku, Häme and Vyborg, had begun to enter the territory of present-day Western and Southern Finland.


Question: How many years did Gustav Vasa rule over the Swedish Empire?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Castles built to consolidate the rule of the King of Sweden were centres of Crown administration in the Middle Ages and important tools for retaining power.


Question: How many years did Gustav Vasa rule over the Swedish Empire?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The administrative unit that surrounded the castle was referred to as the Castle Sounds.


Question: How many years did Gustav Vasa rule over the Swedish Empire?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

At the same time, the Christian population was being phased from Sweden to the Finnish coast.


Question: How many years did Gustav Vasa rule over the Swedish Empire?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The Käkisalmi region and Ladoga Karelia, meanwhile, maintained ties with Orthodox northwestern Russia and Novgorod.


Question: How many years did Gustav Vasa rule over the Swedish Empire?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The clash between Catholic and Orthodox cultural circles therefore took place off Finland.


Question: How many years did Gustav Vasa rule over the Swedish Empire?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The Peace of Nut Island, concluded in 1323, was the first peace treaty between Sweden and Novgorod.


Question: How many years did Gustav Vasa rule over the Swedish Empire?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

It also defined the eastern border between the Swedish Empire and Finland, at least for Karelia.


Question: How many years did Gustav Vasa rule over the Swedish Empire?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Ownership of Northern Finland remained vague.


Question: How many years did Gustav Vasa rule over the Swedish Empire?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

However, within the 14th century, Sweden annexed a Finnish settlement on the northern Ostrobothnia coast.


Question: How many years did Gustav Vasa rule over the Swedish Empire?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The Swedes still in the 14th century did not commonly refer to Finland or Finland as Finland, although these designations had been in use for a long time.


Question: How many years did Gustav Vasa rule over the Swedish Empire?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

For example, the first chronicle of Novgor speaks of Finns (sum) and runestones speak of Vikings who died in Finland.


Question: How many years did Gustav Vasa rule over the Swedish Empire?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The name Finland had meant, and for a long time, meant the present province of Southwest Finland.


Question: How many years did Gustav Vasa rule over the Swedish Empire?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

For this reason, the Swedes used the wider area of southern Finland from about 1350 to 1470 to the name Österland, or “Italia”.


Question: How many years did Gustav Vasa rule over the Swedish Empire?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

[6] Prior to this, the regions were spoken in plural eastern countries.


Question: How many years did Gustav Vasa rule over the Swedish Empire?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

[6] Finland, as part of the Kingdom of Sweden in the Middle Ages, Finland was part of the historical provinces of Finland, Southwest Finland and Satakunta belonged to the central region of the Swedish Empire and they retained their connections with Scandinavia that had already arisen in prehistoric times.


Question: How many years did Gustav Vasa rule over the Swedish Empire?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

In southwestern Finland, Häme, the Karelian Isthmus and Southern Savo there were permanent settlements based on farming, which gradually became denser and spread over a wider area.


Question: How many years did Gustav Vasa rule over the Swedish Empire?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The spread and consolidation of settlements in central and northern Ostrobothnia was one of the most significant settlement-historical phenomena in medieval Finland.


Question: How many years did Gustav Vasa rule over the Swedish Empire?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

In addition, there were fresh Swedish-speaking settlements in Åland, the Turunmaa archipelago and the coastal regions of Ostrobothnia and Uusimaa.


Question: How many years did Gustav Vasa rule over the Swedish Empire?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

In the Middle Ages, rural peasants were by far the largest population group in Finland.


Question: How many years did Gustav Vasa rule over the Swedish Empire?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Much of the area of present-day Finland was still wilderness in the Middle Ages, where Satakunese, Hälite and Karelian wildernesses were camping, inhabited by a population called the Lappans, at least part of the Sámi speaking population.


Question: How many years did Gustav Vasa rule over the Swedish Empire?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Wilderness areas were not among the territories of any realm other than in theory at most.


Question: How many years did Gustav Vasa rule over the Swedish Empire?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

In the early stages of Swedish rule, administrative documents were often written in Latin, emphasizing the role of clergy in secular governance as well.


Question: How many years did Gustav Vasa rule over the Swedish Empire?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The use of Swedish increased as a written administrative language as the 14th century wore on.


Question: How many years did Gustav Vasa rule over the Swedish Empire?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

In urban local government, especially with regard to international relations, German was also widely used.


Question: How many years did Gustav Vasa rule over the Swedish Empire?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

However, it is impossible to provide precise estimates of the language ratios of the population of medieval cities.


Question: How many years did Gustav Vasa rule over the Swedish Empire?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Sweden was an electoral kingdom in the Middle Ages and the royal election was conducted with Mora stones.


Question: How many years did Gustav Vasa rule over the Swedish Empire?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The territory of Finland also gained the right to send its representatives to the royal election of 1362, reflecting the status of Southwest Finland as part of the Swedish Empire.


Question: How many years did Gustav Vasa rule over the Swedish Empire?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The land law enacted during the 1319—1364 reign of King Maunu Eerikinpoja was of great importance to the development of administration and legal order.


Question: How many years did Gustav Vasa rule over the Swedish Empire?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

As a difference to Central Europe, peasants were free, and no central European-like feudalism developed in the Swedish Empire.


Question: How many years did Gustav Vasa rule over the Swedish Empire?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Local government was based on keepers and parishes in rural areas.


Question: How many years did Gustav Vasa rule over the Swedish Empire?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

In the Middle Ages, an urban institution also emerged in Finland.


Question: How many years did Gustav Vasa rule over the Swedish Empire?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

However, the bourgeoisie, or merchants and craftsmen, who lived in the cities, accounted for a small


Question: How many years did Gustav Vasa rule over the Swedish Empire?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The most important medieval cities in Finland were Turku and Vyborg.


Question: How many years did Gustav Vasa rule over the Swedish Empire?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Other towns included Naantali, Rauma, Ulvila and Porvoo.


Question: How many years did Gustav Vasa rule over the Swedish Empire?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

During the Middle Ages, Nordic and Finnish long-distance trade was largely held by German Hanseatic merchants, and because of this, a significant part of the bourgeoisie in Turku and Vyborg in particular was German.


Question: How many years did Gustav Vasa rule over the Swedish Empire?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

In the towns, local government was the responsibility of a mayor-led panel.


Question: How many years did Gustav Vasa rule over the Swedish Empire?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

By the 1280 Alsnö rule of King Maunu Birgerinpoika, adopted in the reign of King Maunu Birgerinpoika, a small secular rails, or nobility, emerged in Sweden and Finland.


Question: How many years did Gustav Vasa rule over the Swedish Empire?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Spiritual rails, on the other hand, referred to the spiritual enactment exempt from taxes paid to the secular power (e.g. priests, nuns and beggar brothers).


Question: How many years did Gustav Vasa rule over the Swedish Empire?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The parishes that operated within the Catholic Church on the territory of Finland belonged to the Diocese of Turku.


Question: How many years did Gustav Vasa rule over the Swedish Empire?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

In addition to ecclesiastical authority, the Bishop of Turku, who was at the head of the diocese, also had plenty of secular power and was, for example, a member of the King's Council of Power.


Question: How many years did Gustav Vasa rule over the Swedish Empire?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

One of the most prominent medieval bishops of Turku was Maunu Tavast, who held office between 1412 and 1450.


Question: How many years did Gustav Vasa rule over the Swedish Empire?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Spiritual rails formed a literacy and literacy civilisation in medieval Finland.


Question: How many years did Gustav Vasa rule over the Swedish Empire?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Its members had often attended Turku Cathedral School and some had also studied at foreign universities.


Question: How many years did Gustav Vasa rule over the Swedish Empire?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Kalmar Union Time (1397—1523) Birth of the Union The Nordic Kalmar Union was founded under Queen Margaret of Denmark in 1397.


Question: How many years did Gustav Vasa rule over the Swedish Empire?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

In practice, there were conflicts in the Union, as the Swedish surplus was interested in the east, in the direction of Russia, in the direction of Russia, while the Danish interests were more towards the south — per German territories.


Question: How many years did Gustav Vasa rule over the Swedish Empire?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Nor, within the different countries, was the superiority unanimous among themselves.


Question: How many years did Gustav Vasa rule over the Swedish Empire?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The struggle for power was by no means caused solely by modern concepts of “foreign policy” disagreements.


Question: How many years did Gustav Vasa rule over the Swedish Empire?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

However, at the beginning of the Union period, the country's status as part of the kingdom changed


Question: How many years did Gustav Vasa rule over the Swedish Empire?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Over the course of four decades, the monarch's grip on Finland was firmer than in the past.


Question: How many years did Gustav Vasa rule over the Swedish Empire?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Queen Margaret was a background influence on the regime right up until her death in 1412.


Question: How many years did Gustav Vasa rule over the Swedish Empire?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Throughout, he delegated further responsibilities to his successor King Eerik XIII of Pomerania (as king 1396—1439), who had responsibility especially for Norwegian and Finnish affairs.


Question: How many years did Gustav Vasa rule over the Swedish Empire?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

He visited Finland two times, in 1403 and 1407.


Question: How many years did Gustav Vasa rule over the Swedish Empire?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

All the king's decisions concerning Finland were issued in his name.


Question: How many years did Gustav Vasa rule over the Swedish Empire?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

[30] With the Union, the leading administrators of the country changed, as the king placed his own creditmen in charge of the castles.


Question: How many years did Gustav Vasa rule over the Swedish Empire?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Abraham Broderinpoika rose to be head of the castle in Turku, and the Danish Klaus Fleming was also appointed as Lamann.


Question: How many years did Gustav Vasa rule over the Swedish Empire?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Later, Klaus Lydekenpoika Djäkn and Krister Nilsson Vaasa rose to prominent positions.


Question: How many years did Gustav Vasa rule over the Swedish Empire?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Bishop Maunu Tavast was a supporter of unionism.


Question: How many years did Gustav Vasa rule over the Swedish Empire?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Even during the Union period, Finland did not form a single administrative entity; the region was divided into two different administrative districts.


Question: How many years did Gustav Vasa rule over the Swedish Empire?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Vyborg served as a major, at times quasi-autonomous centre as Turku was more closely incorporated into the central authority's administrative region.


Question: How many years did Gustav Vasa rule over the Swedish Empire?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The independent status of Vyborg can be seen, among other things, in the fact that although Finland was divided in 1435 into two Lamalandic municipalities South and Bottom-Finland, Vyborg was born as early as the 1440s, an independent Karelian Llamann, which was probably laid down by a castle chief in Vyborg.


Question: How many years did Gustav Vasa rule over the Swedish Empire?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Although the Karelian Laman had no jurisdiction in the Turku Land Court.


Question: How many years did Gustav Vasa rule over the Swedish Empire?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

[31] In Finland and Sweden, discontent in the early days of the Union was provoked by an increase in the tax burden.


Question: How many years did Gustav Vasa rule over the Swedish Empire?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Eerik sought to make taxation more efficient in Finland, with the cancellation of the farms to the Crown and efforts to make the castle sound liable.


Question: How many years did Gustav Vasa rule over the Swedish Empire?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

[30] During the Union period, the administration of the country was organised in a new way to improve the economic condition.


Question: How many years did Gustav Vasa rule over the Swedish Empire?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

In 1405, tax exemptions for apparently hundreds of farms were withdrawn.


Question: How many years did Gustav Vasa rule over the Swedish Empire?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

At that time, the groundwork for systematic land taxation was laid.


Question: How many years did Gustav Vasa rule over the Swedish Empire?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The Crown also sought to increase tax revenues through settler activity: arable farming produced tax revenues, while the wilderness economy did not produce them.


Question: How many years did Gustav Vasa rule over the Swedish Empire?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Tax revenues were therefore raised by the allocation of wilderness for permanent settlement.


Question: How many years did Gustav Vasa rule over the Swedish Empire?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

In 1409, Turku also began to mint its own money, which differed in value from the money spent in Sweden.


Question: How many years did Gustav Vasa rule over the Swedish Empire?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

They were silver and six-pence coins.


Question: How many years did Gustav Vasa rule over the Swedish Empire?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

In 1407, Finland received its own supreme court, the Turku Land Court, and it was also given administrative power.


Question: How many years did Gustav Vasa rule over the Swedish Empire?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Finland's leaders were now able to decide the country's affairs at their own meetings.


Question: How many years did Gustav Vasa rule over the Swedish Empire?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The railing crew and clergy formed a politically leading group during the Union period.


Question: How many years did Gustav Vasa rule over the Swedish Empire?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Finland's own raulsmen only rarely ruled the largest castle voices, usually headed by Swedish or Danish, sometimes German-born men, who, though often had lived in the country for decades.


Question: How many years did Gustav Vasa rule over the Swedish Empire?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Domestic rails were generally responsible for lower administration, military functions and especially the courts.


Question: How many years did Gustav Vasa rule over the Swedish Empire?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The most prominent positions in the Church also ended up in the Union period for the sons of the indigenous families.


Question: How many years did Gustav Vasa rule over the Swedish Empire?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

On the other hand, the peasantry could also participate in the activities of various boards and district assemblies, as well as influence political solutions such as the election of the king.


Question: How many years did Gustav Vasa rule over the Swedish Empire?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

With the exception of Turku and Vyborg, cities were small during the Union period and there were very few of them.


Question: How many years did Gustav Vasa rule over the Swedish Empire?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Therefore, foreign trade was modest, too.


Question: How many years did Gustav Vasa rule over the Swedish Empire?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Even Vyborg was unable to compete with Tallinn as a hub for trade in Russia.


Question: How many years did Gustav Vasa rule over the Swedish Empire?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Domestic trade was economically certainly more significant than foreign trade.


Question: How many years did Gustav Vasa rule over the Swedish Empire?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Externally, the beginning of the Union was a time of peace for Finland.


Question: How many years did Gustav Vasa rule over the Swedish Empire?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

However, King Eerik the Pomeranian, who was active in foreign politics, was mired in conflict with the Hanseatic League, making commerce more difficult.


Question: How many years did Gustav Vasa rule over the Swedish Empire?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

In the 1430s, the rebellion movements of the overlords and peasants that rose on the Swedish side had little effect in Finland.


Question: How many years did Gustav Vasa rule over the Swedish Empire?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The overabnormality of modest insurgency movements in Finland can be explained by the expansion of the Crown and Rulse holdings [32].


Question: How many years did Gustav Vasa rule over the Swedish Empire?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The most famous of these rebellion movements was the so-called. David's revolt in Häme in 1439.


Question: How many years did Gustav Vasa rule over the Swedish Empire?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

It targeted Viikki Manor [33] [34].


Question: How many years did Gustav Vasa rule over the Swedish Empire?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Finland did not participate in the 1435 meeting held in Arboga.


Question: How many years did Gustav Vasa rule over the Swedish Empire?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

In the autumn of the same year, Bishop Maunu Tavast and Krister Nilsson arrived in Sweden, where, in arranged negotiations, they influenced the ousting of the leaders of the movement known as the Engelbrekt Engelbrektinpoika Rebellion and reaching a compromise.


Question: How many years did Gustav Vasa rule over the Swedish Empire?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Drots became Krister Nilsson and Charlemagne Knuutinpoika Bonde became the marcher.


Question: How many years did Gustav Vasa rule over the Swedish Empire?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

After the former returned to Finland in the autumn of the same year, the revolt movement began again in Sweden.


Question: How many years did Gustav Vasa rule over the Swedish Empire?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

To counter the rebellion projects, the Finnish peasants were promised a tax reduction in a letter dated 24 June 1436, the signatories of which were the archbishop, drotsi and marski in the name of the Council of Power.


Question: How many years did Gustav Vasa rule over the Swedish Empire?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The reason was put forward that the Finns had proved loyal to the kingdom and had sworn not to assume a head of their own, i.e., promised not to rise in rebellion, and would accept the head imposed by the Council of Power.


Question: How many years did Gustav Vasa rule over the Swedish Empire?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Seppo Suvanto interpreted this as saying that in Sweden it was feared that the Finns, or the administrators of Finland, would break away from the Council of Power and Finland would elect its own head.


Question: How many years did Gustav Vasa rule over the Swedish Empire?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

[35] Finland and Swedish power struggles Eventually the king was dismissed in 1439, after which Sweden was ruled by a power council of aristocrats.


Question: How many years did Gustav Vasa rule over the Swedish Empire?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

It consisted of bishops and leading supremacists.


Question: How many years did Gustav Vasa rule over the Swedish Empire?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The most powerful of this force emerged Charlemagne the son of Knuutinson, who was elected in 1438 as regent.


Question: How many years did Gustav Vasa rule over the Swedish Empire?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

His worst rival, the drotsi Krister then withdrew to Vyborg.


Question: How many years did Gustav Vasa rule over the Swedish Empire?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

After the fall of the monopolistic system of government, Finland's links with Denmark were severed.


Question: How many years did Gustav Vasa rule over the Swedish Empire?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

However, links with Sweden were not much consolidated but the holders of local castle votes largely ruled the country.


Question: How many years did Gustav Vasa rule over the Swedish Empire?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

In 1440, the Danes invited Christopher the Bavarian to the land and he was proclaimed king.


Question: How many years did Gustav Vasa rule over the Swedish Empire?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Negotiations were held in Sweden on the terms of recognition.


Question: How many years did Gustav Vasa rule over the Swedish Empire?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Kaarle Knuutinpoika moved to Finland in the same year and took over the castles of Turku and Kastelholm, promising to give up the position of state administrator if he could get all of Finland as his county.


Question: How many years did Gustav Vasa rule over the Swedish Empire?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

With the exception of Åland, this wish came true.


Question: How many years did Gustav Vasa rule over the Swedish Empire?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

However, the situation soon changed, and soon Charlemagne had to settle solely for the Vyborg Castle.


Question: How many years did Gustav Vasa rule over the Swedish Empire?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Turku returned to the rule of a voud under the king.


Question: How many years did Gustav Vasa rule over the Swedish Empire?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The king's purpose was to prevent the emergence of a unified Finland.


Question: How many years did Gustav Vasa rule over the Swedish Empire?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

After Christopher died in 1448, Charlemagne Knuutinpoika sailed from Vyborg with 800 gunmen to Stockholm, where he was elected king (1448—1457), apparently because of his armed superiority.


Question: How many years did Gustav Vasa rule over the Swedish Empire?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The reign was marked by war against Kristian Oldenburgian, which increased the tax burden in Finland as well.


Question: How many years did Gustav Vasa rule over the Swedish Empire?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

During this period, Finland was the most significant area of support for the king.


Question: How many years did Gustav Vasa rule over the Swedish Empire?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

In 1457, the Swedish Grand Excellence rose in revolt against the king, and he fled to Danzig.


Question: How many years did Gustav Vasa rule over the Swedish Empire?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Kristian Oldenburgian was elected King of Sweden.


Question: How many years did Gustav Vasa rule over the Swedish Empire?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

He ruled from 1457 to 1464.


Question: How many years did Gustav Vasa rule over the Swedish Empire?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

However, support for the new king was not shared by everyone - especially in Vyborg.


Question: How many years did Gustav Vasa rule over the Swedish Empire?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Controversy over the eastern border The following period was marked by problems in the eastern parts of the kingdom.


Question: How many years did Gustav Vasa rule over the Swedish Empire?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

As the settlement spread to the wilderness areas, border disputes and skirmishes with Novgorod and Karelians began.


Question: How many years did Gustav Vasa rule over the Swedish Empire?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

While Savonian settlement progressed, North Karelia was also colonized.


Question: How many years did Gustav Vasa rule over the Swedish Empire?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

In 1478, Novgorod was annexed by Moscow, and a new force factor rose behind the eastern border.


Question: How many years did Gustav Vasa rule over the Swedish Empire?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

In order to secure the border, construction began to be built on Olavinlinna to safeguard the settler settlement.


Question: How many years did Gustav Vasa rule over the Swedish Empire?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

From the Russian point of view, this was a breach of the border treaty and open martial law prevailed for several years right up to the intermediate peace of 1482.


Question: How many years did Gustav Vasa rule over the Swedish Empire?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

However, there was no consensus on the course of the border.


Question: How many years did Gustav Vasa rule over the Swedish Empire?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

From the Axis sons to the Sten Sture period In the battle, the Swedish king's crown became the castles of Suomenk to take over and bend the Union king behind them.


Question: How many years did Gustav Vasa rule over the Swedish Empire?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The Danish knight Eerik the Axis boy Tott came with his brothers to take over the castles in the 1480s, and eventually all the castles were held by the Axis sons.


Question: How many years did Gustav Vasa rule over the Swedish Empire?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

After Eerik died, he left the counties of Vyborg, Hämeenlinna and Savonlinna to his brothers Ivar and Laur, who already ruled Raseborg.


Question: How many years did Gustav Vasa rule over the Swedish Empire?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

However, the emergence of a unitary circle of power did not fit with regent minister Sten Sture's plans.


Question: How many years did Gustav Vasa rule over the Swedish Empire?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

In 1481, Sten Sture arrived in Finland, all the way to Vyborg.


Question: How many years did Gustav Vasa rule over the Swedish Empire?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

A reconciliation between the registrar and the local grandees could not arise: the regent promised the population tax breaks; the holders of the fiefdoms again did not accept these.


Question: How many years did Gustav Vasa rule over the Swedish Empire?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

At the end of the Union period no longer saw the emergence of a jointly accepted monarch in the Nordic countries.


Question: How many years did Gustav Vasa rule over the Swedish Empire?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

King Hansel of Denmark (1481—1513) did not achieve approval in the Union countries; instead, the power councils took control.


Question: How many years did Gustav Vasa rule over the Swedish Empire?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

In 1483, Sten Sture gained control of three counties in Finland: Vyborg, Savonlinna and Hämeenlinna.


Question: How many years did Gustav Vasa rule over the Swedish Empire?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The earlier Axis boys' dominance became a supporter of the regent and Finland became more firmly subordinated to the central authority; especially when Raaseporik came into the possession of Sten Sture's supporter, Knut Posse.


Question: How many years did Gustav Vasa rule over the Swedish Empire?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Sture did not distribute castles as fiefs to the overlord, but controlled them through self-dependent vouts, collecting significantly tax revenue for himself.


Question: How many years did Gustav Vasa rule over the Swedish Empire?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The tranquillities of the end of the Middle Ages at the end of the 15th century earlier skirmishes with Moscow condensed into war.


Question: How many years did Gustav Vasa rule over the Swedish Empire?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

In 1495, Vyborg Castle began to be besieged.


Question: How many years did Gustav Vasa rule over the Swedish Empire?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Lifting people were also gathered from Western Finland for the war effort at the time.


Question: How many years did Gustav Vasa rule over the Swedish Empire?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

In endangered areas, all 15-year-olds were taken up in arms, and German mercenaries and people from the Swedish side also arrived in the country.


Question: How many years did Gustav Vasa rule over the Swedish Empire?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Along with Karelia, Russian attacks also extended to Ostrobothnia, Savo and Häme.


Question: How many years did Gustav Vasa rule over the Swedish Empire?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Peace was concluded in 1497.


Question: How many years did Gustav Vasa rule over the Swedish Empire?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

In the same year, Sten Sture was dismissed from the position of state administrator by the Council of Power.


Question: How many years did Gustav Vasa rule over the Swedish Empire?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

However, the Finnish castle lands remained in his possession.


Question: How many years did Gustav Vasa rule over the Swedish Empire?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

King Hansel I of Denmark invaded Sweden in 1497, beating Sten Sture's forces on 28 September at the Battle of Rotebro.


Question: How many years did Gustav Vasa rule over the Swedish Empire?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Thus Hansel I rose to become King of Sweden and thus of Finland (1497—1501).


Question: How many years did Gustav Vasa rule over the Swedish Empire?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

In 1499, Sture had to give up his territories in Finland.


Question: How many years did Gustav Vasa rule over the Swedish Empire?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

In 1503, Svante Niilonpoika Sture (1504—1512) was elected as regent, to whom the leading men of Finland also gave their assurances of allegiance.


Question: How many years did Gustav Vasa rule over the Swedish Empire?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

At the meeting in Turku, his election was supported.


Question: How many years did Gustav Vasa rule over the Swedish Empire?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

However, the unanimity was ostensible, as some of Finland's lords, along with Sten Sture's kin, pursued their own political line.


Question: How many years did Gustav Vasa rule over the Swedish Empire?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

To some extent, the goals have remained unclear.


Question: How many years did Gustav Vasa rule over the Swedish Empire?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

National historiography, however, has highlighted the centrality of East politics in divisive terms.


Question: How many years did Gustav Vasa rule over the Swedish Empire?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Vaasa period (1523—1617) The reign of Gustav Vasa during the end of the Union was peaceful in Finland other than Vyborg, in the early 16th century the Danes went on raiding the coasts of Finland, and the privateer captain Otto Rudi plundered Turku and its treasures of the cathedral.


Question: How many years did Gustav Vasa rule over the Swedish Empire?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

On the rise of Christian II, the Danish Union king, at his coronation, he beheaded dozens of Swedish supremacists.


Question: How many years did Gustav Vasa rule over the Swedish Empire?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

It's called the Stockholm massacre.


Question: How many years did Gustav Vasa rule over the Swedish Empire?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The Swedish supreme Gustav Vasa rose up to oppose the Union king and won the peasants over.


Question: How many years did Gustav Vasa rule over the Swedish Empire?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

German Hanseatic merchants also supported Gustavus Vasa and supplied him with weapons and money.


Question: How many years did Gustav Vasa rule over the Swedish Empire?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The Finnish-born Fleming brothers Eerik and Iivar conquered the Finnish castles for Gustav Vasa and drove the Danes out of Finland in 1523.


Question: How many years did Gustav Vasa rule over the Swedish Empire?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The Nordic Union period ended, and Gustav Vasa became King of Sweden and Finland.


Question: How many years did Gustav Vasa rule over the Swedish Empire?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The early modern state emerges in the Gustav Vasa period beginning a unified Swedish kingdom to form.


Question: How many years did Gustav Vasa rule over the Swedish Empire?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

He succeeded in defeating the provincial communities that pushed for his own policies.


Question: How many years did Gustav Vasa rule over the Swedish Empire?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The Reformation, in turn, snubbed the Church.


Question: How many years did Gustav Vasa rule over the Swedish Empire?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Already weakened by the massacre, the high nobility was now attached to supporting royal policy.


Question: How many years did Gustav Vasa rule over the Swedish Empire?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

However, the management of the government continued the medieval tradition: the king had numerous nobles as well as scribes who were not, however, strictly officials.


Question: How many years did Gustav Vasa rule over the Swedish Empire?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Nor was there yet a clear division of labour within the administration, but the functions of office in the king's service varied according to the situation.


Question: How many years did Gustav Vasa rule over the Swedish Empire?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

In the 1530s, Gustavus Vasa began to produce German administrative personnel in the country, with whom new views of monarch rule also arrived in Sweden.


Question: How many years did Gustav Vasa rule over the Swedish Empire?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

In 1544, in the Riksdag of Västerås, the kingship was changed to hereditary and Gustav Vasa's eldest son Eerik was named heir to the throne.


Question: How many years did Gustav Vasa rule over the Swedish Empire?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

After the withdrawal of fiefdoms, local government of the Crown was concentrated in the hands of the vouties.


Question: How many years did Gustav Vasa rule over the Swedish Empire?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The tasks of these were diverse, but the collection of taxes was the most important of them.


Question: How many years did Gustav Vasa rule over the Swedish Empire?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

During Gustavus Vasa's time, there was also a shift to written administration; first, systematic land books (on land ownership) are being drawn up to aid taxation, soon followed by other lists and written accounts.


Question: How many years did Gustav Vasa rule over the Swedish Empire?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The Vouds were also responsible for repopulating deserted houses, a ride-hailing system and roadwork.


Question: How many years did Gustav Vasa rule over the Swedish Empire?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Voud also had to prevent illegal trading in the countryside, as well as handicrafts.


Question: How many years did Gustav Vasa rule over the Swedish Empire?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Maintaining public order and caring for the litigants were also part of the duties of the voud - thus ensuring the Crown's share of tax revenue and penalty payments.


Question: How many years did Gustav Vasa rule over the Swedish Empire?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The stepped-up administration boosted the Crown's tax revenues by tens of percent.


Question: How many years did Gustav Vasa rule over the Swedish Empire?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The war against Russia for Finland was still significant in foreign policy terms, continued conflicts with Russia; during the early stages of the period of Gustav Vasa, another attempt was made to gain clarity on the course of the border line through negotiations.


Question: How many years did Gustav Vasa rule over the Swedish Empire?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The Swedes sought to delay the revision of the border as far as possible, and despite temporary agreements, skirmishes and mutual raiding continued.


Question: How many years did Gustav Vasa rule over the Swedish Empire?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

In 1555, a meeting of nobles held in Vyborg recommended to the king to go to war.


Question: How many years did Gustav Vasa rule over the Swedish Empire?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The attack prompted a counter-attack by Ivan the Terrible in the direction of Vyborg and Savo.


Question: How many years did Gustav Vasa rule over the Swedish Empire?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Negotiations between 1556 and 1557 ended with the conclusion of a 40-year-long intermediate peace.


Question: How many years did Gustav Vasa rule over the Swedish Empire?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The intention was to hold 1559 new negotiations for the passage of the border, which, however, never materialised.


Question: How many years did Gustav Vasa rule over the Swedish Empire?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Abuses of nobility During the war, the king had stayed in Finland for a long time.


Question: How many years did Gustav Vasa rule over the Swedish Empire?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

At that time, he also ordered the submission of an extensive inquiry into abuses committed by the nobility.


Question: How many years did Gustav Vasa rule over the Swedish Empire?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

As a result of this investigation, the so-called A catalogue of complaints by Jaakko Teit, a major source of 16th-century social history.


Question: How many years did Gustav Vasa rule over the Swedish Empire?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

In the summer of 1556, the king still formed a duchy of his own from Finland, with the king's son Juhana named at its head.


Question: How many years did Gustav Vasa rule over the Swedish Empire?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Gustav Vasa died in September 1560.


Question: How many years did Gustav Vasa rule over the Swedish Empire?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

On the throne he was succeeded by Eerik XIV.


Question: How many years did Gustav Vasa rule over the Swedish Empire?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

From throne disputes to the beginning of great power politics, Eerik XIV's reign Eerik XIV was crowned king in 1561.


Question: How many years did Gustav Vasa rule over the Swedish Empire?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

He sought to further intensify the kingship in relation to the overlord, and thus also to his brothers.


Question: How many years did Gustav Vasa rule over the Swedish Empire?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

To weaken the position of these, Eerik established new counts and free lordships to share the power of the dukes.


Question: How many years did Gustav Vasa rule over the Swedish Empire?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

In Finland, the king's policy was also reflected in the appointment of new llamanns to the country.


Question: How many years did Gustav Vasa rule over the Swedish Empire?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

In 1561, the King approved in the Reichstag the so-called. Arboga's articles by which the dukes were subjected to the control of the king and deprived them of the possibility of an independent foreign policy.


Question: How many years did Gustav Vasa rule over the Swedish Empire?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Central to the king was specifically the eroding of the position of Duke Juhana of Finland.


Question: How many years did Gustav Vasa rule over the Swedish Empire?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

As the Duchy of Juhana, Finland was formed into a “feudal miniature state” (Keränen) subjugated to the kingdom, with its own office, chamber of taxes and calculations, and a council corresponding to the power council.


Question: How many years did Gustav Vasa rule over the Swedish Empire?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Juhana's interests in Livonia were also at odds with the king: with the planned marriage to Catherine Jagellonica, Juhana would gain possession of several pledge castles in Livonia.


Question: How many years did Gustav Vasa rule over the Swedish Empire?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Simultaneously, Eerik XIV was drifting into war with Poland due to its expansionist policy towards Livonia.


Question: How many years did Gustav Vasa rule over the Swedish Empire?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

In 1561 the Tallinn jury had already ceded the city to the patronage of the king, during the same spring the nobility of Viru and Harju separated from the Teutonic Order.


Question: How many years did Gustav Vasa rule over the Swedish Empire?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

As the conflict intensified, the king convened in 1563 the Reichstag to condemn John to death.


Question: How many years did Gustav Vasa rule over the Swedish Empire?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The development led to the siege of Turku Castle in the summer of 1563.


Question: How many years did Gustav Vasa rule over the Swedish Empire?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

After skirmishes and bombardments, the castle surrendered on 12 August 1563, after which the splendour of the castle was destroyed, the pair of dukes were captured and taken to Sweden for imprisonment.


Question: How many years did Gustav Vasa rule over the Swedish Empire?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

In the 1560s, Swedish foreign policy was marked by warfare in the Baltics against Poland.


Question: How many years did Gustav Vasa rule over the Swedish Empire?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

In addition, Eerik XIV was mired in war against Denmark-Norway and Lübeck.


Question: How many years did Gustav Vasa rule over the Swedish Empire?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

This necessitated good relations with the east: concentrating military forces elsewhere required good relations with Moscow's direction.


Question: How many years did Gustav Vasa rule over the Swedish Empire?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Eerik XIV's term ended in 1568 with the rise of the nobility against the king.


Question: How many years did Gustav Vasa rule over the Swedish Empire?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

This time, Finland's top brass were also on the side of the rebels, as much the old supporters of Juhana as the creditmen of Eerik.


Question: How many years did Gustav Vasa rule over the Swedish Empire?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Turku Castle came into the possession of the rebels.


Question: How many years did Gustav Vasa rule over the Swedish Empire?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Eerik spent the next few years in captivity until he was sentenced to death and poisoned in 1577.


Question: How many years did Gustav Vasa rule over the Swedish Empire?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Long hatred during Juhana III's kingship, border skirmishes on the border of Käkisalmi County led to yet another war (1570—1595) known as the Nordic Five Third Year War.


Question: How many years did Gustav Vasa rule over the Swedish Empire?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

For the most part, it was a brutal, mutual guerrilla war.


Question: How many years did Gustav Vasa rule over the Swedish Empire?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

In the early stages, however, warfare was organized and in 1573—1577 a time of armistice lived on the Finnish front.