Question: When did Andrei Romanovich Cchikatilo's career as a teacher end?

Andrei Cchikatilo

On August 28, Czekatilo murdered an 11-year-old boy Aleksandr Chepel in Rostov along the Don River near the scene of Alekseyeva's murder.


Question: When did Andrei Romanovich Cchikatilo's career as a teacher end?

Andrei Cchikatilo

On September 6, Chikatilo murdered 24-year-old librarian Irina Luchinskaya in the Pilots' Park, Rostov.


Question: When did Andrei Romanovich Cchikatilo's career as a teacher end?

Andrei Cchikatilo

[15] The first arrest and jail sentence in the vicinity of the Rostov bus station was met wandering suspiciously by a male person who tried to enter speeches with young women and children.


Question: When did Andrei Romanovich Cchikatilo's career as a teacher end?

Andrei Cchikatilo

The man was Andrei Cchikatilo, who was arrested.


Question: When did Andrei Romanovich Cchikatilo's career as a teacher end?

Andrei Cchikatilo

The police had reason to suspect Czechatila of being a murderer, but the official reason for his arrest was the subject of a crime report: while acting as a product presenter, he had stolen goods from his workplace.


Question: When did Andrei Romanovich Cchikatilo's career as a teacher end?

Andrei Cchikatilo

Czechatila was suspected in the killings, but there was no binding evidence.


Question: When did Andrei Romanovich Cchikatilo's career as a teacher end?

Andrei Cchikatilo

He was sentenced for theft to a year in prison, but was released as early as December 1984 after serving three months of his sentence.


Question: When did Andrei Romanovich Cchikatilo's career as a teacher end?

Andrei Cchikatilo

[2] Chikatilo was still on the suspect list, but based on semen stains found on the victims, the blood type of the presumed murderer had been determined to be of a different type than that of Chikatilo.


Question: When did Andrei Romanovich Cchikatilo's career as a teacher end?

Andrei Cchikatilo

[1] Later, it has been assumed that Chikatilo belonged to a rare type of human whose blood type differs from that determined by body secretions.


Question: When did Andrei Romanovich Cchikatilo's career as a teacher end?

Andrei Cchikatilo

However, this was never demonstrated during Cchikatilo's lifetime, and it has also been suspected Soviet police had mixed up the samples.


Question: When did Andrei Romanovich Cchikatilo's career as a teacher end?

Andrei Cchikatilo

[1] No solution to this has yet been found.


Question: When did Andrei Romanovich Cchikatilo's career as a teacher end?

Andrei Cchikatilo

Starting the search, Chikatilo found a new job in Novocherkassk and remained aloof.


Question: When did Andrei Romanovich Cchikatilo's career as a teacher end?

Andrei Cchikatilo

He next murdered a young woman, Natalia Pohlistova, near Domodedovo airport in Moscow, in August 1985, while on a business trip.


Question: When did Andrei Romanovich Cchikatilo's career as a teacher end?

Andrei Cchikatilo

He struck again in August, murdering 18-year-old Irina Guljajeva in a forest near Shahty bus station.


Question: When did Andrei Romanovich Cchikatilo's career as a teacher end?

Andrei Cchikatilo

In May 1987, Chikatilo murdered 13-year-old Oleg Makarenkov during a business trip in Revda.


Question: When did Andrei Romanovich Cchikatilo's career as a teacher end?

Andrei Cchikatilo

Cchikatilo murdered two more victims during his commute that same year: 12-year-old Ivan Bilovetsky in Zaporizhja in July and 16-year-old Yuri Terešonok in Leningrad in September.


Question: When did Andrei Romanovich Cchikatilo's career as a teacher end?

Andrei Cchikatilo

[16] The investigation began to make progress in the middle stages of 1985 when chief interrogator Issa Kostoyev took the lead in the investigations.


Question: When did Andrei Romanovich Cchikatilo's career as a teacher end?

Andrei Cchikatilo

Murders in the area around Rostov were re-taken under closer investigation and known sex offenders began to be questioned.


Question: When did Andrei Romanovich Cchikatilo's career as a teacher end?

Andrei Cchikatilo

In December 1985, plainclothes police officers began guarding Rostov railway stations and intensifying searches.


Question: When did Andrei Romanovich Cchikatilo's career as a teacher end?

Andrei Cchikatilo

[1] Chikatilo followed the course of investigations into the mass media and kept to himself for two years.


Question: When did Andrei Romanovich Cchikatilo's career as a teacher end?

Andrei Cchikatilo

Police officers resorted to tracking down a serial killer now including the consultant help of a psychiatrist, for the first time in Soviet history.


Question: When did Andrei Romanovich Cchikatilo's career as a teacher end?

Andrei Cchikatilo

[1] In 1988, Cchikatilo continued to murder — as far away as possible from the Rostov region.


Question: When did Andrei Romanovich Cchikatilo's career as a teacher end?

Andrei Cchikatilo

He killed a woman in Krasny Sulin in April.


Question: When did Andrei Romanovich Cchikatilo's career as a teacher end?

Andrei Cchikatilo

In May, Chikatilo murdered 9-year-old Alexei Voronko in a forest near the town of Ilovaisk, Ukraine.


Question: When did Andrei Romanovich Cchikatilo's career as a teacher end?

Andrei Cchikatilo

[17] In July, Chikatilo murdered 15-year-old Yevgeny Muratov in a forest near Shahty.


Question: When did Andrei Romanovich Cchikatilo's career as a teacher end?

Andrei Cchikatilo

[18] In March 1989, he lured a young woman to accompany him to his daughter's apartment in Shahty.


Question: When did Andrei Romanovich Cchikatilo's career as a teacher end?

Andrei Cchikatilo

Cchikatilo murdered a woman, mutilated her and hid the pieces in a drain.


Question: When did Andrei Romanovich Cchikatilo's career as a teacher end?

Andrei Cchikatilo

Between May and August, Chikatilo murdered four other victims in Rostov and Shahty.


Question: When did Andrei Romanovich Cchikatilo's career as a teacher end?

Andrei Cchikatilo

[19] In January 1990, he lured 11-year-old Andrei Kravchenko to accompany him from the movies and murdered him in Shakhty.


Question: When did Andrei Romanovich Cchikatilo's career as a teacher end?

Andrei Cchikatilo

On March 7, Chikatilo lured 10-year-old Yaroslav Makarov with him from the Rostov railway station and murdered him in the Rostov Botanical Garden.


Question: When did Andrei Romanovich Cchikatilo's career as a teacher end?

Andrei Cchikatilo

The boy's mutilated body was found the next day.


Question: When did Andrei Romanovich Cchikatilo's career as a teacher end?

Andrei Cchikatilo

[20] In April, Cchikatilo murdered a 31-year-old woman in a forest near Lešoz station.


Question: When did Andrei Romanovich Cchikatilo's career as a teacher end?

Andrei Cchikatilo

[21] On 28 July, Chikatilo lured 13-year-old Viktor Petrov with him from the Rostov railway station and murdered him in the Rostov Botanical Garden near the scene of Makarov's murder.


Question: When did Andrei Romanovich Cchikatilo's career as a teacher end?

Andrei Cchikatilo

[22] On August 14, he murdered 11-year-old Ivan Fomin on a beach in the city of Novocherkassk.


Question: When did Andrei Romanovich Cchikatilo's career as a teacher end?

Andrei Cchikatilo

[23] On 17 October, Chikatilo lured a 16-year-old mentally disabled boy Vadim Gromov off a train and murdered him in a forest near Shahty.


Question: When did Andrei Romanovich Cchikatilo's career as a teacher end?

Andrei Cchikatilo

[24] On 30 October, Chikatilo lured 16-year-old Viktor Tyshchenko with him from the Shakhty train station and murdered him in a nearby forest.


Question: When did Andrei Romanovich Cchikatilo's career as a teacher end?

Andrei Cchikatilo

[25] The discovery of the bodies led to large-scale police operations, and a major occupation was imposed on all major bus and railway stations in the Rostov region.


Question: When did Andrei Romanovich Cchikatilo's career as a teacher end?

Andrei Cchikatilo

Mobile police were ordered to question every single person who is remotely suspicious.


Question: When did Andrei Romanovich Cchikatilo's career as a teacher end?

Andrei Cchikatilo

A deliberate effort was made to steer the murderer away from large stations to smaller ones manned by plainclothes police officers.


Question: When did Andrei Romanovich Cchikatilo's career as a teacher end?

Andrei Cchikatilo

[1] Small stations, especially those in the vicinity of which bodies had been found, had many female police officers and agents as decoys.


Question: When did Andrei Romanovich Cchikatilo's career as a teacher end?

Andrei Cchikatilo

[2] Breakthrough miniature|The house where Cchikatilo lived his last years before his arrest.6.


Question: When did Andrei Romanovich Cchikatilo's career as a teacher end?

Andrei Cchikatilo

On November 1990, Chikatilo brutally murdered and mutilated a young woman, Svetlana Korostik.


Question: When did Andrei Romanovich Cchikatilo's career as a teacher end?

Andrei Cchikatilo

When Cchikatilo left the scene of the murder, he was under surveillance.


Question: When did Andrei Romanovich Cchikatilo's career as a teacher end?

Andrei Cchikatilo

A plainclothes police officer who was on patrol at Lešoz train station saw a suspicious man walking into the station from a nearby forest.


Question: When did Andrei Romanovich Cchikatilo's career as a teacher end?

Andrei Cchikatilo

The patrol police said the man was suspicious already because he moved around in the woods at all — all the murders had occurred in the forests and the bodies had also been found in them.


Question: When did Andrei Romanovich Cchikatilo's career as a teacher end?

Andrei Cchikatilo

The man walked to a nearby well and cleaned his shoes and jacket of blood.


Question: When did Andrei Romanovich Cchikatilo's career as a teacher end?

Andrei Cchikatilo

[1] The man did not look like a wanderer who would sail in the forest only for his own amusement, for he was dressed rather in everyday clothes.


Question: When did Andrei Romanovich Cchikatilo's career as a teacher end?

Andrei Cchikatilo

The man carried with him a sports bag that didn't match up with anything that the man would have been, for example, collecting mushrooms.


Question: When did Andrei Romanovich Cchikatilo's career as a teacher end?

Andrei Cchikatilo

As the man came closer, the patrol police noticed his clothes were very dirty and his face bloodied.


Question: When did Andrei Romanovich Cchikatilo's career as a teacher end?

Andrei Cchikatilo

The patrol police stopped him and asked him to show ID.


Question: When did Andrei Romanovich Cchikatilo's career as a teacher end?

Andrei Cchikatilo

The man was Andrei Cchikatilo.


Question: When did Andrei Romanovich Cchikatilo's career as a teacher end?

Andrei Cchikatilo

[1] The police had no reason to arrest Czechatila or suspect this of anything, but he recorded this information down nonetheless.


Question: When did Andrei Romanovich Cchikatilo's career as a teacher end?

Andrei Cchikatilo

[1] It later emerged that at the time of the meeting, Mr Chikatilo was carrying in his bag the cut off breasts of Svetlana Korostik, who had just murdered.


Question: When did Andrei Romanovich Cchikatilo's career as a teacher end?

Andrei Cchikatilo

[2] Later, police found two bodies in the same forest at a distance of one hundred meters from each other.


Question: When did Andrei Romanovich Cchikatilo's career as a teacher end?

Andrei Cchikatilo

It turned out that one of the two victims had been murdered around the same time as a patrol police officer saw Cchikatilo walking away from the woods.


Question: When did Andrei Romanovich Cchikatilo's career as a teacher end?

Andrei Cchikatilo

[1] Czechatila was once again suspected of infanticide.


Question: When did Andrei Romanovich Cchikatilo's career as a teacher end?

Andrei Cchikatilo

The last time he had been suspected of a similar crime was back in 1978, after the first murder.


Question: When did Andrei Romanovich Cchikatilo's career as a teacher end?

Andrei Cchikatilo

Eyewitness descriptions of the strange man, who had been seen in the company of a girl later found murdered, matched Cchikatilo.


Question: When did Andrei Romanovich Cchikatilo's career as a teacher end?

Andrei Cchikatilo

[2] New arrest and confession Despite the events, the police still did not have sufficient evidence to warrant the arrest of Cchikatilo.


Question: When did Andrei Romanovich Cchikatilo's career as a teacher end?

Andrei Cchikatilo

However, he began to be monitored around the clock, and police officers scrambled him.


Question: When did Andrei Romanovich Cchikatilo's career as a teacher end?

Andrei Cchikatilo

[2] On November 20, 1990, Chikatilo was seen leaving his home carrying four litres of beer.


Question: When did Andrei Romanovich Cchikatilo's career as a teacher end?

Andrei Cchikatilo

He wandered around town offering beer to oncoming youngsters and tried to lure these with him.


Question: When did Andrei Romanovich Cchikatilo's career as a teacher end?

Andrei Cchikatilo

Finally, Chikatilo deviated to a small cafe and bought a smaller beer bottle that would have an easier time attracting children.


Question: When did Andrei Romanovich Cchikatilo's career as a teacher end?

Andrei Cchikatilo

The cops had been following him, and the mere hours of wandering around with a big bottle of beer (at that time in Russia, buying beer for your own bottle was easier than buying more smaller bottles of beer) was suspicious enough.


Question: When did Andrei Romanovich Cchikatilo's career as a teacher end?

Andrei Cchikatilo

As Cchikatilo stepped out of the cafe, he was arrested.


Question: When did Andrei Romanovich Cchikatilo's career as a teacher end?

Andrei Cchikatilo

[2] With Cchikatilo in custody, police officers received more evidence against him.


Question: When did Andrei Romanovich Cchikatilo's career as a teacher end?

Andrei Cchikatilo

One of his last victims had been 16-year-old son Viktor Tyshchenko, who was physically very powerful.


Question: When did Andrei Romanovich Cchikatilo's career as a teacher end?

Andrei Cchikatilo

There were traces of a struggle at the scene of the murder, and there was a foul looking wound on Cchikatilo's finger.


Question: When did Andrei Romanovich Cchikatilo's career as a teacher end?

Andrei Cchikatilo

A medical examination revealed that the finger had been broken and the wound came from a bite of a person, specifically a child.


Question: When did Andrei Romanovich Cchikatilo's career as a teacher end?

Andrei Cchikatilo

Cchikatilo had not sought medical attention.


Question: When did Andrei Romanovich Cchikatilo's career as a teacher end?

Andrei Cchikatilo

This was seen as a very strong indication of Cchikatilo's guilt.


Question: When did Andrei Romanovich Cchikatilo's career as a teacher end?

Andrei Cchikatilo

[2] Czechatila was questioned by the police and tried to squeeze the confession by saying that he was a very sick man and telling him that he could avoid conviction by confessing and pleading insanity.


Question: When did Andrei Romanovich Cchikatilo's career as a teacher end?

Andrei Cchikatilo

Eventually the traditional method of interrogation was abandoned, and criminal psychiatrist Aleksandr Buhanovsky from Moscow was invited to attend.


Question: When did Andrei Romanovich Cchikatilo's career as a teacher end?

Andrei Cchikatilo

[1] Buhanovsky was sympathetic to Czechatilo and spent all day in his company from early morning to late night.


Question: When did Andrei Romanovich Cchikatilo's career as a teacher end?

Andrei Cchikatilo

After a few hours of conversation, Cchikatilo began to confess his actions to Buhanovsky.


Question: When did Andrei Romanovich Cchikatilo's career as a teacher end?

Andrei Cchikatilo

[1] However, mere confession was not sufficient grounds for incarceration; much stronger and more binding evidence was needed.


Question: When did Andrei Romanovich Cchikatilo's career as a teacher end?

Andrei Cchikatilo

Cchikatilo agreed to cooperate and told me everything.


Question: When did Andrei Romanovich Cchikatilo's career as a teacher end?

Andrei Cchikatilo

He confessed to a total of 56 murders, which shocked police.


Question: When did Andrei Romanovich Cchikatilo's career as a teacher end?

Andrei Cchikatilo

Only 36 murders were listed as being committed by the same murderer — the others had been linked to other cases because they were either far from the usual victim-hunting grounds of Chikatilo or the bodies had been buried aside and had not been found.


Question: When did Andrei Romanovich Cchikatilo's career as a teacher end?

Andrei Cchikatilo

A solid display was only obtained after Chikatilo led the police to the graves.


Question: When did Andrei Romanovich Cchikatilo's career as a teacher end?

Andrei Cchikatilo

When Cchikatilo was asked his reasons for the murder, he replied that he enjoyed the wailing, blood and pain of his victims.


Question: When did Andrei Romanovich Cchikatilo's career as a teacher end?

Andrei Cchikatilo

[1] Capture Chikatilo's capture required special precautionary measures.


Question: When did Andrei Romanovich Cchikatilo's career as a teacher end?

Andrei Cchikatilo

In the Russian underworld, brutal murderers, and sexual murderers in particular, were the lowest caste and were often assaulted or killed by fellow prisoners.


Question: When did Andrei Romanovich Cchikatilo's career as a teacher end?

Andrei Cchikatilo

Particularly difficult to arrange precautions was because relatives of several of Cchikatilo's victims worked in the prison to which he had been assigned.


Question: When did Andrei Romanovich Cchikatilo's career as a teacher end?

Andrei Cchikatilo

Cchikatilo was in danger of death even before the trial.


Question: When did Andrei Romanovich Cchikatilo's career as a teacher end?

Andrei Cchikatilo

[2] In his cell, Cchikatilo was under 24-hour camera surveillance.


Question: When did Andrei Romanovich Cchikatilo's career as a teacher end?

Andrei Cchikatilo

Although he often behaved strangely towards his interrogators, in the cell his behaviour (he was unaware of camera surveillance) became completely normal.


Question: When did Andrei Romanovich Cchikatilo's career as a teacher end?

Andrei Cchikatilo

She slept and ate well and even gymnastic every morning.


Question: When did Andrei Romanovich Cchikatilo's career as a teacher end?

Andrei Cchikatilo

He also avidly read books and magazines and spent much time writing letters: He sent complaints to his family, government officials and the media.


Question: When did Andrei Romanovich Cchikatilo's career as a teacher end?

Andrei Cchikatilo

[2] Writing was Chikatilo's passion until the end of his life.


Question: When did Andrei Romanovich Cchikatilo's career as a teacher end?

Andrei Cchikatilo

As a teacher, he wrote many articles for local newspapers.


Question: When did Andrei Romanovich Cchikatilo's career as a teacher end?

Andrei Cchikatilo

His writings often dealt with ethnology and morality.


Question: When did Andrei Romanovich Cchikatilo's career as a teacher end?

Andrei Cchikatilo

[2] Trial and execution The trial of Chikatilo began on April 14, 1992.


Question: When did Andrei Romanovich Cchikatilo's career as a teacher end?

Andrei Cchikatilo

Despite strange and disturbing behavior in the courtroom, he was found to be able to answer for his actions in court.


Question: When did Andrei Romanovich Cchikatilo's career as a teacher end?

Andrei Cchikatilo

A large, white-painted steel cage was erected in the courtroom to ensure his safety.


Question: When did Andrei Romanovich Cchikatilo's career as a teacher end?

Andrei Cchikatilo

The whole trial was chaotic: relatives of the victims shouted and raged, cursed Czechatila and tried to gain access to him.


Question: When did Andrei Romanovich Cchikatilo's career as a teacher end?

Andrei Cchikatilo

They demanded to get Cchikatilo into their own hands and tear him apart, just as he had done to their relatives.


Question: When did Andrei Romanovich Cchikatilo's career as a teacher end?

Andrei Cchikatilo

[1] As the judge listed victims' names, relatives fainted.


Question: When did Andrei Romanovich Cchikatilo's career as a teacher end?

Andrei Cchikatilo

The situation threatened many times to get out of control.


Question: When did Andrei Romanovich Cchikatilo's career as a teacher end?

Andrei Cchikatilo

[2] The trial ended in July, and the declaration of the verdict was postponed until October 15.


Question: When did Andrei Romanovich Cchikatilo's career as a teacher end?

Andrei Cchikatilo

Cchikatilo was found guilty of 53 murders to 52.


Question: When did Andrei Romanovich Cchikatilo's career as a teacher end?

Andrei Cchikatilo

When he was allowed to make his statement, he gave a mixed speech, blaming the state, Josif Stalin, political leaders, for his difficult childhood, his impotence, even his own blood type.


Question: When did Andrei Romanovich Cchikatilo's career as a teacher end?

Andrei Cchikatilo

[1] He slandered justice, threw his bench around the cage and spat at the guards.


Question: When did Andrei Romanovich Cchikatilo's career as a teacher end?

Andrei Cchikatilo

He even put his pants down and revealed his genitals while screaming that he was a man whose manliness has been stolen.


Question: When did Andrei Romanovich Cchikatilo's career as a teacher end?

Andrei Cchikatilo

He also blamed the famine of the 1930s.


Question: When did Andrei Romanovich Cchikatilo's career as a teacher end?

Andrei Cchikatilo

It was noteworthy, however, that Chikatilo had been born in 1936, three years after the end of the hunger years 1932—1933.


Question: When did Andrei Romanovich Cchikatilo's career as a teacher end?

Andrei Cchikatilo

He also declared that he had done society a favour in cleaning away unfit individuals: those who sold sex, people with alcohol addiction, runaway teenagers and sheer “problem cases.”


Question: When did Andrei Romanovich Cchikatilo's career as a teacher end?

Andrei Cchikatilo

[2] Judge Leonid Akubžanov ended the trial by reading the final verdict handed down by the jury: Given the monstrous crimes he committed, this jury has no choice but to give him the only verdict he deserves.


Question: When did Andrei Romanovich Cchikatilo's career as a teacher end?

Andrei Cchikatilo

Consequently, I sentence him to death.


Question: When did Andrei Romanovich Cchikatilo's career as a teacher end?

Andrei Chikatilo

After the verdict was declared, relatives and the crowd of Cchikatilo's victims erupted into rapturous cheers and applause.


Question: When did Andrei Romanovich Cchikatilo's career as a teacher end?

Andrei Chikatilo

[1] Chikatilo was executed in Novocherkassk prison on 14 February 1994 by shooting him behind the right ear in a special soundproof cell.


Question: When did Andrei Romanovich Cchikatilo's career as a teacher end?

Andrei Chikatilo

[1] Prior to the execution of the sentence, Chikatilo requested clemency from President Boris Yeltsin, but the petition was rejected.


Question: When did Andrei Romanovich Cchikatilo's career as a teacher end?

Andrei Chikatilo

He begged his executioner for mercy.


Question: When did Andrei Romanovich Cchikatilo's career as a teacher end?

Andrei Chikatilo

[2] Chikatilo is known to have said after the trial, “Now my brain should be examined piece by piece, so that other people like me would not be born.” [1] Viktor Burakov, the detective and militia colonel who led to the capture of Chikatilo, has said of Czechatilo: “He was a very sick man, who acted against his own will.” [1] Chikatilo ate porridge and a small piece of meat on his last meal.


Question: When did Andrei Romanovich Cchikatilo's career as a teacher end?

Andrei Chikatilo

[26] [27] His last words are reported to have been: “Don't shoot me in the brain!


Question: When did Andrei Romanovich Cchikatilo's career as a teacher end?

Andrei Chikatilo

The Japanese want to buy them!” [3] [28] Chikatilo is known to have said: “What I did was not do it for sexual gratification.


Question: When did Andrei Romanovich Cchikatilo's career as a teacher end?

Andrei Chikatilo

More like I did it because it brought me peace of mind.” [3] He often started talking to his victims at railway and bus stations, offering them alcohol, drugs or money, or, when the child victims were concerned, toys or sweets, and thus lured them with him.


Question: When did Andrei Romanovich Cchikatilo's career as a teacher end?

Andrei Chikatilo

He often lured his victims into nearby forests, tied them up with rope and stabbed them for sexual gratification.


Question: When did Andrei Romanovich Cchikatilo's career as a teacher end?

Andrei Chikatilo

Because of this, he has been inferred to have suffered from a paraphilia called piquerism.


Question: When did Andrei Romanovich Cchikatilo's career as a teacher end?

Andrei Chikatilo

[3] He often mutilated his victims, disemboweled them, bit their noses off, and cut off their tongues and genitals.


Question: When did Andrei Romanovich Cchikatilo's career as a teacher end?

Andrei Chikatilo

While torturing his male victims, he often fantasized that the victims would be his captives, and these acts would make him a hero.


Question: When did Andrei Romanovich Cchikatilo's career as a teacher end?

Andrei Chikatilo

[3] On one occasion he bit the nipple off his young female victim, swallowed it, and ejaculated it.


Question: When did Andrei Romanovich Chikatilo's career as a teacher end?

Andrei Chikatilo

He also occasionally blocked the mouths of his victims with dirt, for example, to silence them.


Question: When did Andrei Romanovich Chikatilo's career as a teacher end?

Andrei Chikatilo

[3] Sources Lourie, Richard: The Devil's Hunt (Gummerus, 1993) A&E Biography: The Butcher Of Rostov—Andrei Chikatilo Transclusion error: {{En}} is only for use in File namespace.


Question: When did Andrei Romanovich Chikatilo's career as a teacher end?

Andrei Chikatilo

Use {{lang-en}} or {{en icon}} instead., (in French), References Elsewhere Transclusion error: {{en}} is only for use in File namespace.


Question: When did Andrei Romanovich Chikatilo's career as a teacher end?

Andrei Chikatilo

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Question: When did Andrei Romanovich Chikatilo's career as a teacher end?

Andrei Chikatilo

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Question: When did Andrei Romanovich Chikatilo's career as a teacher end?

Andrei Chikatilo

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Question: When did Andrei Romanovich Chikatilo's career as a teacher end?

Andrei Chikatilo

Pictures of Andrei Chikatilo Category:Ukrainian serial killers Category:Ukrainians executed Class:Russian serial killers Category:Russians executed Class:People born in 1936 Class:Those who died in 1994 Class:Cannibals Class:Necrophilies Category:Executed for Murder Category:Key articles of screening Category:Persons convicted of sexual offences


Question: Is there acid in milk?

Milk

Milk is a liquid secreted by mammals from their mammary glands and is meant to feed infants.


Question: Is there acid in milk?

Milk

Beaked animals, marsupials and genuine mammals, to which humans also belong, have the ability to secrete milk.


Question: Is there acid in milk?

Milk

Human milk is called breast milk.


Question: Is there acid in milk?

Milk

Colloquially, milk refers to cow's milk most commonly used as food milk.


Question: Is there acid in milk?

Milk

In addition to cow's milk, the milk of goats, [1] sheep [2] and water buffalo [3] is also economically important.


Question: Is there acid in milk?

Milk

Milk from horse, [4] camel [5] and donkey [6] has also been used for human consumption.


Question: Is there acid in milk?

Milk

History Milk has been preserved since historical times by leavening by fermentation by lactic acid bacteria or yeasts into sour milk, cool, yogurts, etc.


Question: Is there acid in milk?

Milk

Milk was used and preserved even before 6500 BCE.


Question: Is there acid in milk?

Milk

Organic remains contained in the pots showed that milking was particularly popular in areas where cows were more common than sheep and goats [7].


Question: Is there acid in milk?

Milk

In Mongolia, alcoholic kumassi is made from oak milk by fermentation.


Question: Is there acid in milk?

Milk

Cheesemaking occurs by precipitating the casein of milk with the help of the chymosin enzyme.


Question: Is there acid in milk?

Milk

Today, the enzyme is produced in yeast, previously it was obtained from a calf bottle pulp.


Question: Is there acid in milk?

Milk

The cured casein is cut into lumps, and the unprecipitated part, whey, is squeezed out.


Question: Is there acid in milk?

Milk

Casein pulp is a so-called cottage cheese that can be seasoned or further processed into ripened cheeses.


Question: Is there acid in milk?

Milk

Whey is used somewhat as a raw material for various whey drinks, but some goes into animal feed.


Question: Is there acid in milk?

Milk

Before the invention of acidified silage (AIV feed), winter indoor feeding and summer pasture feeding had a great impact on milking volumes and milk quality.


Question: Is there acid in milk?

Milk

Nutritional content of milk One litre of normal cow raw milk (unprocessed) contains on average about 32 to 40 g of proteins, of which caseins (cheese proteins) amount to about 30 g, alpha-lactalbumin 1.4 g, beta-lactoglobulin 3.3 g, immunoglobulins 0.7 g, glycomacropeptide about 1 g and Lactoferrin 0.1 g. In the few days after calving, the protein content of milked milk is abnormally high.


Question: Is there acid in milk?

Milk

Such milk is called colostrum.


Question: Is there acid in milk?

Milk

Milk proteins also include antimicrobial enzymes such as lactoperoxidase and lysozymes, as well as growth factors.


Question: Is there acid in milk?

Milk

The fat content of cow's raw milk, or so-called farm milk, varies depending on the breed of cow, season, and the nutrition the cow eats.


Question: Is there acid in milk?

Milk

On average, it is about 44 g/litre [8], milk sugar, or lactose, 48 g/litre.


Question: Is there acid in milk?

Milk

Minerals in milk contain about 7 grams per liter [9].


Question: Is there acid in milk?

Milk

The Osteoporosis Association considers milk to be one of the best sources of calcium in the Finnish diet and recommends it for bone strength and maintenance of skeletal condition [10].


Question: Is there acid in milk?

Milk

The fat composition of mother and cow's milk varies more than their protein composition.


Question: Is there acid in milk?

Milk

Changes in maternal dietary fats affect the fatty acid profile of milk.


Question: Is there acid in milk?

Milk

Cholesterol levels in cow's milk are higher than in human milk.


Question: Is there acid in milk?

Milk

Bovine milk fat contains approximately 53% saturated fatty acids (lauric, myristic, palmitic and stearic acid) [11].


Question: Is there acid in milk?

Milk

Production of milk from Veal food to industrial raw material Cow's milk begins to be introduced into dairy only after four days after cow calving.


Question: Is there acid in milk?

Milk

Gestation and childbirth are a prerequisite for the continuity of milk production.


Question: Is there acid in milk?

Milk

Cows milk in Finland on average three production seasons (~years), but the target would be a longer production life [12].


Question: Is there acid in milk?

Milk

Dairy bred cows have been processed to produce milk many times what the calf needs, and in order to fulfil the milk production targets, the calf is taken from their mother either immediately after birth after the mother licked and possibly first-breasted calf, or after a short period of adrift care after.


Question: Is there acid in milk?

Milk

Immediate separation reduces stress on both the mother and calf but is more laborious for the caregiver; residential care reduces the caregiver's work somewhat and may be good for the early development of the calf, but as an arrangement that enables strong stigma, causes high and comparatively high levels of separation. prolonged stress and suffering for the mother and calf.


Question: Is there acid in milk?

Milk

A calf sucking from the udder is also a risk to the hygienic nature of milk in terms of human use.


Question: Is there acid in milk?

Milk

After separation from its mother, the calf is watered with milk or milk equivalents until about two months of age, by which time its digestive system has developed ready for rumination.


Question: Is there acid in milk?

Milk

Under natural conditions, the calf moves to live on plant food at the corresponding age, and its mother's milk production gradually decreases and eventually ends.


Question: Is there acid in milk?

Milk

For this reason, in meat-breeding cattle, calves are not removed from their mothers.


Question: Is there acid in milk?

Milk

Dairy breed cows behave the same, but their milk production is usually too high for one calf to use, which causes problems unless the surplus milk is absorbed by another, for example an orphan or a calf abandoned by their mother.


Question: Is there acid in milk?

Milk

Processing Milk Industrial processing of milk takes place in dairies.


Question: Is there acid in milk?

Milk

Milk from different dairy farms is mixed with each other, heat treated to reduce bacteria (pasteurization) or sterilized (UHT treatment).


Question: Is there acid in milk?

Milk

Fat is separated by a separator.


Question: Is there acid in milk?

Milk

Some of the fat is churned into butter, some is used in the preparation of cheeses, and some is returned to liquid dairy products.


Question: Is there acid in milk?

Milk

In Finland, the fat ball membranes of the cream are broken down into smaller fat balls in homogenization, where the fat mixes evenly with milk.


Question: Is there acid in milk?

Milk

In all countries, homogenization is not carried out, allowing the cream to float on the surface of the milk.


Question: Is there acid in milk?

Milk

Part of the cream is returned to milk.


Question: Is there acid in milk?

Milk

Today, vitamin D is added to milk to improve its intake.


Question: Is there acid in milk?

Milk

Whole milk sold in the store contains fat in almost as high a concentration as original cow's milk.


Question: Is there acid in milk?

Milk

In light milk, some of the fat, and in skimmed milk, almost all fat is removed.


Question: Is there acid in milk?

Milk

Production and processing of milk in Finland Finland produces a good two billion litres of cow's milk annually.


Question: Is there acid in milk?

Milk

About one-third of the raw milk is processed into a variety of milks and about a tenth into other fresh products such as sour milk, cream, whisk, yogurt and puddings.


Question: Is there acid in milk?

Milk

From the end, butter, cheeses and powdered milk are prepared, among other things.


Question: Is there acid in milk?

Milk

[13] The quality of production milk in Finland is monitored by several different metrics of cow's milk and goat's milk [14].


Question: Is there acid in milk?

Milk

Today, milk quality grades are E, 1 and 2, of which E is the best.


Question: Is there acid in milk?

Milk

The quality class affects the price that producers receive, and unworthy milk is not even accepted from farms by producer cooperatives.


Question: Is there acid in milk?

Milk

[15] In general, more than 95% of milk produced is E grade, or “primary" [16] [17].


Question: Is there acid in milk?

Milk

The most important values to be measured regularly that affect the price that producers receive are somatic cell concentration, bacterial content, and number of butyric acid bacterial spores.


Question: Is there acid in milk?

Milk

In addition, as the fat and protein content of milk increases, the producer price increases.


Question: Is there acid in milk?

Milk

[15] Greenhouse gas emissions from milk production A litre of fat-containing whole milk generates approximately one kilogram of greenhouse gases (CO2 eq).


Question: Is there acid in milk?

Milk

One glass of whole milk (1.8 dl) corresponds to approximately 2.5% of the greenhouse gas emissions caused by the production of food consumed daily by the average Finnish consumer.


Question: Is there acid in milk?

Milk

(Skimmed milk emission data are not available.


Question: Is there acid in milk?

Milk

) [18] Dairy Products Various dairy products are produced from raw milk.


Question: Is there acid in milk?

Milk

[13] [19] Milks may be divided by, inter alia, fat quantity (whole milk 3,5%, skimmed milk 1,5%, 1 milk 1,0%, skimmed milk 0,0%).


Question: Is there acid in milk?

Milk

Milk can be processed to be low lactose (less than 1% lactose) or lactose-free (milk drink with less than 0.01% lactose).


Question: Is there acid in milk?

Milk

Milk can also be shock heated into well-preserved UHT milk.


Question: Is there acid in milk?

Milk

There are several specific types of milk, including organic milk, colostrum, night milk, calcium milk, unhomogenised milk, and infant formula.


Question: Is there acid in milk?

Milk

Cream is a milk liquid made from milk with a fat content of at least 10 percent.


Question: Is there acid in milk?

Milk

With the help of lactic acid fermentation, sour milk, whisk, French cream, curd, sour cream and yogurt are prepared from milk.


Question: Is there acid in milk?

Milk

In addition, cheeses and ice cream are made from milk.


Question: Is there acid in milk?

Milk

Raw milk is unprocessed milk.


Question: Is there acid in milk?

Milk

Milk powder is made from milk by drying.


Question: Is there acid in milk?

Milk

Packaging milk in Finland until the 1960s milk was primarily sold by pouring it out of a container into a container the customer brought with them, a milk jug.


Question: Is there acid in milk?

Milk

Today, milk is sold mostly packaged in liquid carton packages.


Question: Is there acid in milk?

Milk

From time to time, it has also been sold in bottles and closed plastic bags.


Question: Is there acid in milk?

Milk

Milk-type products from plants Some drinks made from plants and other liquid protein preparations are called plant milk.


Question: Is there acid in milk?

Milk

In EU countries, however, it is forbidden to use the word milk in the brand names of vegetable milk.


Question: Is there acid in milk?

Milk

[20] Milk consumption in Finland Finnish milk consumption has declined steadily in recent decades.


Question: Is there acid in milk?

Milk

Finns drank an average of 130 litres of milk per person in 2012.


Question: Is there acid in milk?

Milk

[21] The consumption of milk in Finland peaked in the 1950s, when Finns drank 350 litres of milk per year.


Question: Is there acid in milk?

Milk

[22] Consumption of other dairy products, particularly yogurts and cheeses, has increased and in 2012 the total milk consumption per capita was 411,8 kg per year [21].


Question: Is there acid in milk?

Milk

Allergy and intolerance Milk allergy Symptoms of milk allergy are most commonly caused by beta-lactoglobulin and immunoglobulins in cow's milk.


Question: Is there acid in milk?

Milk

For a portion of cow's milk allergies, goat, reindeer or mare milk is suitable, in which the structure of the above proteins differs from cow's milk.


Question: Is there acid in milk?

Milk

However, the problem in Finland is poor availability.


Question: Is there acid in milk?

Milk

Among other things, quite expensive specialty products are available for young children, where proteins have been enzymatically cleaved into peptides.


Question: Is there acid in milk?

Milk

Lactose intolerance Lactose, or milk sugar, is cleaved in the intestine of an infant child by the lactase enzyme that breaks down lactose into smaller sugars, glucose and galactose, which are well absorbed from the gut.


Question: Is there acid in milk?

Milk

In a portion of the adult population, lactase production is inherently impaired or ceased altogether, leaving undigested lactose in the gut causing stomach problems.


Question: Is there acid in milk?

Milk

The syndrome is called lactose intolerance.


Question: Is there acid in milk?

Milk

In Finland, both low-lactose and lactose-free dairy products are available in shops.


Question: Is there acid in milk?

Milk

Capsules containing lactose digesting enzyme are also sold in pharmacies.


Question: Is there acid in milk?

Milk

As sugar passes into the large intestine, enzymes that process vitamin K migrate to produce sugary methane, which can cause flatulence.


Question: Is there acid in milk?

Milk

The ailments are caused by not producing enough lactase in the small intestine.


Question: Is there acid in milk?

Milk

Undegraded, lactose continues its journey into the large intestine, drawing a lot of fluid with it.


Question: Is there acid in milk?

Milk

Bacteria in the large intestine like lactose, resulting in flatulence.


Question: Is there acid in milk?

Milk

Studies on the health effects of milk In population studies, no difference in mortality has been found between abundant and low milk consumption.


Question: Is there acid in milk?

Milk

[23] [24] A large Swedish study published in 2014 has found that heavy drinking of milk does not protect against broken bones, but may be linked to an elevated risk of death.


Question: Is there acid in milk?

Milk

[25] According to a study by Harvard University's Department of Health Sciences, transpalmitolenic acid derived from milk fat is associated with a decrease in diabetes risk.


Question: Is there acid in milk?

Milk

[26] According to a Swedish study, Swedish farmers who used the most milk fat suffered 75% fewer heart attacks compared to those who consumed milk fat.


Question: Is there acid in milk?

Milk

[27] An Australian study found that those who used fatty dairy products had a reduced risk of cardiovascular death compared to those who used low-fat dairy products, although overall dairy consumption was not correlated with mortality.


Question: Is there acid in milk?

Milk

[28] According to a 2013 US study, full-fat milk prevents obesity in children compared to skim milk.


Question: Is there acid in milk?

Milk

Children drinking skim milk were 57 per cent more likely to be overweight by age four than those drinking full-fat milk.


Question: Is there acid in milk?

Milk

The reason, according to the researchers, is that full-fat milk better keeps hunger than skim milk.


Question: Is there acid in milk?

Milk

[29] According to a 12-year Swedish follow-up study published in 2013, high consumption of milk fat prevents medial obesity in middle-aged men [30].


Question: Is there acid in milk?

Milk

A Harvard University study showed that for women, consumption of milk or cheese in their teens had no effect on their risk of hip fracture.


Question: Is there acid in milk?

Milk

For men, heavy consumption of milk or cheese, on the other hand, increased risk in a statistically significant way.


Question: Is there acid in milk?

Milk

[31] [32] Animal studies with natural conjugated linoleic acids (CLA) contained in cow milk fat have shown positive health effects, including a reduced risk of cancer.


Question: Is there acid in milk?

Milk

High dose CLAs have also shown opposite results in mice trials and increased the risk of developing type 2 diabetes in laboratory animals [33].


Question: Is there acid in milk?

Milk

The amount of CLA from dairy products is quite small and there is no evidence of its effects on humans [34].


Question: Is there acid in milk?

Milk

Infant milk substitute may predispose to diabetes There have been results that there is reason to suspect that breast milk contraindications are predisposed to diabetes.


Question: Is there acid in milk?

Milk

Finnish studies have found that 11% of babies who have received a common substitute made from cow's milk have pancreatic lesions, which can lead to diabetes mellitus.


Question: Is there acid in milk?

Milk

173 babies were included in the study.


Question: Is there acid in milk?

Milk

[35] Milk fats increase mice risk of developing gastroenteritis A US study has found milk fats increase the risk of inflammatory bowel disease in mice whose immune systems had been modified.


Question: Is there acid in milk?

Milk

[36] Impact of milk processing Some Finnish professors and doctors have put forward the idea that many health problems caused by milk can be caused by milk processing.


Question: Is there acid in milk?

Milk

According to Olli Sovijärvi, licentiate in medicine, pasteurization and homogenisation reduce the nutritional content of milk and cause health problems.


Question: Is there acid in milk?

Milk

According to him, many who tolerate unprocessed raw milk products well get ailments from pasteurized dairy products.


Question: Is there acid in milk?

Milk

Raw milk itself contains the enzyme lactase, which cleaves lactose and aids in the absorption of sugars.


Question: Is there acid in milk?

Milk

[37] According to Tapani Alatossava, professor of milk technology at the University of Helsinki, homogenization may be behind milk hypersensitivity.


Question: Is there acid in milk?

Milk

However, the contribution of milk to Finns' health problems cannot be studied, he said, as the dairy industry has refused to cooperate with research.


Question: Is there acid in milk?

Milk

[38] A 2014 study of 16 people by Stanford University found that drinking pasteurized milk in the United States does not cause people diagnosed as lactose intolerant to have more stomach symptoms compared to raw milk.


Question: Is there acid in milk?

Milk

[39] A1 and A2 milks The cow's cattle breed affects the composition of the milk.


Question: Is there acid in milk?

Milk

There are differences in milk proteins of cow breeds, and there is talk of A1 and A2 milk.


Question: Is there acid in milk?

Milk

Cows of indigenous cattle breeds producing A2 milk cause significantly fewer health problems.


Question: Is there acid in milk?

Milk

Instead, the proteins in A1 milk have been linked to heart disease and intestinal infections, among other things.


Question: Is there acid in milk?

Milk

[40] [41] [42] The majority of milk sold in Finland is A1 milk.


Question: Is there acid in milk?

Milk

Organic milk Organic milk is called milk produced according to organic production requirements.


Question: Is there acid in milk?

Milk

Organically produced milk, depending on the final product, may be further processed, for example by pasteurization, homogenization, fat reduction or lactose removal.


Question: Is there acid in milk?

Milk

Organic grade dairy products contain more CLA and omega-3 fatty acids than conventional dairy products.


Question: Is there acid in milk?

Milk

[43] Raw milk Completely unprocessed farm milk, or raw milk, can be purchased from some farms, but most farms do not have direct sales due to hygiene measures required by law and the additional work that arises.


Question: Is there acid in milk?

Milk

[44] Raw milk and processed products and colostrum may also be available in various producer markets, in addition to other agricultural products sold directly.


Question: Is there acid in milk?

Milk

Sales by country The legality of selling raw milk varies from country to country.


Question: Is there acid in milk?

Milk

In the European Union, raw milk is allowed to be sold, but in some places it is forbidden, as in Scotland.


Question: Is there acid in milk?

Milk

[45] In Canada and Australia, raw milk may not be sold to consumers, [45] but New Zealand may.


Question: Is there acid in milk?

Milk

[46] In the United States, the sale of raw milk is permitted in 28 states from farm and in six states from trade.


Question: Is there acid in milk?

Milk

[47] In Finland, sales from a holding are allowed, but when the sales volume exceeds 2500 litres per year, the place of sale must meet the requirements of the food house.


Question: Is there acid in milk?

Milk

The food apartment must also always be notified to the authority.


Question: Is there acid in milk?

Milk

[44] Some raw milk is also sold in regular markets.


Question: Is there acid in milk?

Milk

[48] Raw milk accounts for approximately 1% of milk consumption, or 20 million litres per year.


Question: Is there acid in milk?

Milk

Popularity was in decline into the early 2000s, but has since risen.


Question: Is there acid in milk?

Milk

[49] According to Evira, 15% of users are under five years of age and 10% are over 65 years of age.


Question: Is there acid in milk?

Milk

[50] Raw Milk Risks Unpasteurized milk may contain a number of pathogens found in cow habitat, such as campylobacter, E. coli, listeria, salmonella, yersinia, and brucella.


Question: Is there acid in milk?

Milk

[51] Milk serves as a breeding ground for microbes, [52] and bacteria and other pathogens grow rapidly in it.


Question: Is there acid in milk?

Milk

[53] Raw milk can be contaminated by factors such as cow manure, cow skin bacteria, mastitis or dirty utensils.


Question: Is there acid in milk?

Milk

[54] HTST pasteurization destroys 99.999% of milk microorganisms.


Question: Is there acid in milk?

Milk

[55] This is considered to destroy almost all yeasts, mold and common pollution bacteria, as well as pathogenic heat-resistant organisms (mm.


Question: Is there acid in milk?

Milk

tuberculosis-causing Mycobacterium tuberculosis).


Question: Is there acid in milk?

Milk

[55] Thanks to pasteurization, milk is among the safest foods.


Question: Is there acid in milk?

Milk

[56] Campaigning against unpasteurized milk began in the 19th century when it was noticed that milk pasteurization greatly reduced infant mortality.


Question: Is there acid in milk?

Milk

[57] According to Adjunct Professor Jussi Tammisola, you are 150 times more likely to get food poisoning from raw milk than regular milk and are almost 2000 times more likely to be hospitalised.


Question: Is there acid in milk?

Milk

With pasteurization in the 19th century, mortality from intestinal infections fell by 99% in England.


Question: Is there acid in milk?

Milk

Children and young people are most at risk.


Question: Is there acid in milk?

Milk

The EHEC bacterium can live in the intestines of a cow without the cow suffering.


Question: Is there acid in milk?

Milk

[58] According to the New Zealand Health Agency (CDC), raw milk causes nearly three times as many hospital cases than any other food product; raw milk is therefore among the most dangerous foods in the world.


Question: Is there acid in milk?

Milk

[59] According to the CDC, unpasteurized, or raw milk, caused 86 cases of food poisoning between 1998 and 2008, causing 1676 illnesses, 191 hospital cases and 2 deaths.


Question: Is there acid in milk?

Milk

[54] Hundreds of people get sick each year in the United States from drinking unpasteurized milk.


Question: Is there acid in milk?

Milk

Special risk groups include children, the elderly and pregnant women.


Question: Is there acid in milk?

Milk

[51] Raw milk is illegal in many states.


Question: Is there acid in milk?

Milk

In spring 2012, for example, a health shop was raided and people who were transmitting raw milk were arrested.


Question: Is there acid in milk?

Milk

Their bail rates rose to millions of dollars, far higher than for homicides.


Question: Is there acid in milk?

Milk

[57] Even campylobacter in milk has permanently disabled healthy people.


Question: Is there acid in milk?

Milk

[60] Claeysin et al.


Question: Is there acid in milk?

Milk

According to the review, the benefits of raw milk are non-existent or low and is unnecessarily hazardous to health, so pasteurization or other heating before use is recommended.


Question: Is there acid in milk?

Milk

Especially recommended it is for children, pregnant women, as well as chronically ill people.


Question: Is there acid in milk?

Milk

[61] Finland Even in Finland, children have died from ehec, which is often obtained from raw milk, and many have suffered damage, underwent dialysis or kidney transplantation.


Question: Is there acid in milk?

Milk

Intensive care is expensive and damage arises already on the way to treatment.


Question: Is there acid in milk?

Milk

[62] In June 2012, six children were infected with EHEC from raw milk in Varsinais-Finland, and two of them went into intensive care.


Question: Is there acid in milk?

Milk

[63] [64] Between January and August 2013, more than 40 people were infected with ehec or listeria bacterium.


Question: Is there acid in milk?

Milk

[62] Of these cases, two had the cause of raw milk.


Question: Is there acid in milk?

Milk

[62] Around the same time there were two epidemics of campylobacter caused by raw milk in Ostrobothnia.


Question: Is there acid in milk?

Milk

[50] In the spring of 2014, raw milk and the Yersinia pseudotuberculosis bacteria contained therein were confirmed to be the cause of an epidemic of gastroenteritis in Eastern Uusimaa and the metropolitan region.


Question: Is there acid in milk?

Milk

There were 39 infections confirmed between February and April and this was the largest raw milk epidemic in Finland.


Question: Is there acid in milk?

Milk

[65] According to the environmental health manager of the Pirkkala region, “milk is good to heat to 60-70 degrees and should not be offered to at-risk groups, but for a healthy adult the risk is not very high”.


Question: Is there acid in milk?

Milk

[66] The University of Helsinki investigated unpasteurized milk sold directly from farms.


Question: Is there acid in milk?

Milk

Listeria bacteria contained 5.5% and ehec bacteria in 3% of samples.


Question: Is there acid in milk?

Milk

Listeria slays old people and ehec children.


Question: Is there acid in milk?

Milk

In just over a year, three raw milk epidemics have taken many people to hospital treatment.


Question: Is there acid in milk?

Milk

Children and the elderly in Finland are not recommended to drink raw milk at all.


Question: Is there acid in milk?

Milk

[50] Fecal and skin-derived bacteria are common in raw milk.


Question: Is there acid in milk?

Milk

Manure may have contaminated feed eaten by cows, but manure in cows also causes pollution.


Question: Is there acid in milk?

Milk

Listeria is present three times the EU average in raw milk.


Question: Is there acid in milk?

Milk

[50] Nutritional values of raw milk Pasteurization reduces soluble calcium and phosphorus by 5%, thiamine and vitamin B12 by 10% and vitamin C by 20%.


Question: Is there acid in milk?

Milk

[67] [68] Pasteurized milk must therefore be drunk about 3 dl to meet the day's need for vitamin B12, 2.8 dl of raw milk.


Question: Is there acid in milk?

Milk

[61] [23] The effect of pasteurization on vitamins is therefore minimal and electrolytes and minerals are also preserved in pasteurization.


Question: Is there acid in milk?

Milk

[23] Other effects Pasteurization has been claimed to contribute to milk allergy, lactose intolerance, diabetes, osteoporosis or arthritis, but scientific evidence does not support this claim.


Question: Is there acid in milk?

Milk

[61] For example, no study shows that alkaline phosphatase is important for absorption of minerals and calcium.


Question: Is there acid in milk?

Milk

[61] Milk's enzymes hardly affect its digestion.


Question: Is there acid in milk?

Milk

[61] Both raw milk and pasteurized milk contain the same amount of lactose and do not contain lactase.


Question: Is there acid in milk?

Milk

[61] Raw milk is also refrigerated, limiting lactase formation.


Question: Is there acid in milk?

Milk

[61] Nutritionist, Master of Health Care Reijo Latikainen [69] writes Clayesin et al.


Question: Is there acid in milk?

Milk

summarizing the fact that probiotic bacteria beneficial for health contain sour-milk products (yogurt, viburnum, sour milk, cheese), not raw milk.


Question: Is there acid in milk?

Milk

[23] Raw milk should have thousands of times more probiotics to be likely to promote health.


Question: Is there acid in milk?

Milk

[23] [61] Enzymes are not believed to have a significant effect on health.


Question: Is there acid in milk?

Milk

[23] There is not a single clinical randomised human trial of raw milk enzymes.


Question: Is there acid in milk?

Milk

[23] Paajanen et al.


Question: Is there acid in milk?

Milk

(2005) randomized raw milk or consumed milk for symptomatic patients.


Question: Is there acid in milk?

Milk

In two of the three trial groups, raw milk caused more symptoms, but the differences were not statistically significant.


Question: Is there acid in milk?

Milk

[23] Better milk tolerance abroad may be due to less intake of FODMAPs (for example rye bread) (Paajanen et al.


Question: Is there acid in milk?

Milk


Question: Is there acid in milk?

Milk

[23] Change International Milk Day International Milk Day has been celebrated since 1954 until early summers around the world.


Question: Is there acid in milk?

Milk

World Milk Day is 1.


Question: Is there acid in milk?

Milk

on June.


Question: Is there acid in milk?

Milk

[70] [71] The celebration of the theme in Finland has been associated with the selection of the Milk Girl since 1973.


Question: Is there acid in milk?

Milk

Its paragon is in the British Dairy Queen competition.


Question: Is there acid in milk?

Milk

In recent years, International School Milk Day has also been celebrated on the recommendation of the UN Food and Agriculture Organization FAO.


Question: Is there acid in milk?

Milk

The time spent on milk days and the exact time varies in different countries.


Question: Is there acid in milk?

Milk

In other countries, a whole month may be devoted to milk.


Question: Is there acid in milk?

Milk

Expiration Date Chicago mobster Al Capone donated $1 million to the city to get milk for the children, but he insisted on packaging a label of the expiration date because his brother had died of expired milk.


Question: Is there acid in milk?

Milk

[72] [73] See also Milk and Health Association Sources on the topic elsewhere Fineli: * Category:Animal glandular products Category:Key articles on screening


Question: Are there any subspecies in dressage?

Horse

The horse or domesticated horse (Equus caballus) is a large-sized mammal belonging to the order of bedbugs and the equine family.


Question: Are there any subspecies in dressage?

Horse

The horse was domesticated by man about 5000 years ago as a domestic animal.


Question: Are there any subspecies in dressage?

Horse

[1] The horse has been used as a steed, a traction and stump feast, and as a drag animal in agricultural and forestry work.


Question: Are there any subspecies in dressage?

Horse

In the 20th century, tractors and automobiles have largely replaced the horse from its previous uses, and the horse has, at least in industrialised countries, become essentially a hobby animal.


Question: Are there any subspecies in dressage?

Horse

A lot of people still work for their profession in the horse business.


Question: Are there any subspecies in dressage?

Horse

In Finland, approximately 4500 people are estimated to be employed full-time in the equine sector and about 9000 people part-time, [2] most of whom work with trotting or teaching horses.


Question: Are there any subspecies in dressage?

Horse

The occurrence of the Przewalski horse has long been believed to be the only wild horse living today that has never been domesticated by man.


Question: Are there any subspecies in dressage?

Horse

This belief has been disproven.


Question: Are there any subspecies in dressage?

Horse

[3] There are no more strains left of the Przewalski horse which are not descended from specimens that lived at least at some point in captivity, mainly in zoos.


Question: Are there any subspecies in dressage?

Horse

[4] On the other hand, there are several strains of horses gone wild from domesticated horses, the most famous of which are probably North American mustangs and Australian brumbys.


Question: Are there any subspecies in dressage?

Horse

In the British Isles, many old pony stocks and in France the camargue horse are bred semi-wild in free-roaming but man-managed herds.


Question: Are there any subspecies in dressage?

Horse

The ideal environment for the horse is wide open grassland where food is plentiful, beasts can be detected from afar and escape from them is easy.


Question: Are there any subspecies in dressage?

Horse

[5] Domestic horses exist all over the world: for example, in the United States alone, the most common horse breed in the country, there are more than two million registered specimens.


Question: Are there any subspecies in dressage?

Horse

With industrialization, the number of horses plummeted in several different countries as cars and tractors supplanted horses from agricultural and transportation work.


Question: Are there any subspecies in dressage?

Horse

The number of horses in Finland doubled between 1992 and 2007.


Question: Are there any subspecies in dressage?

Horse

There were plenty of 70,000 horses in Finland in 2007.


Question: Are there any subspecies in dressage?

Horse

[6] The upturn in the number of horses at the end of the 20th century has been due, among other things, to the increase in the popularity of riding, especially among adults.


Question: Are there any subspecies in dressage?

Horse

Of the population of approximately 66100 individuals registered in Finland in 2007, about 24300 (37%) were warm-blooded trotting horses, about 19500 (30%) were Finnish horses, about 14200 (21%) were warm-blooded horsehorses and about 8100 (12%) were ponies.


Question: Are there any subspecies in dressage?

Horse

[6] Features Modern horses vary greatly in size due to breeding.


Question: Are there any subspecies in dressage?

Horse

Representatives of the world's smallest breeds of miniature horses are only less than half a metre tall, or the size of a medium-sized dog, while representatives of the world's largest horse breed, the shire horse, may grow to more than two feet tall.


Question: Are there any subspecies in dressage?

Horse

Most commonly, however, the height at the withers is somewhere between 120 and 170cm.


Question: Are there any subspecies in dressage?

Horse

Horses less than 148cm tall might be called ponies, but designation as ponies may, depending on context, be based on either height at the withers or race.


Question: Are there any subspecies in dressage?

Horse

Certain small breeds (for example, the Icelandic horse), despite their size, are also not considered pony but horse breeds.


Question: Are there any subspecies in dressage?

Horse

Depending on breed and individual differences, the horse becomes fully grown at 4—6 years of age.


Question: Are there any subspecies in dressage?

Horse

A domesticated horse may live up to 50 years old, but usually up to around 30 years old.


Question: Are there any subspecies in dressage?

Horse

Lifespan varies widely by breed, with generally hardened cold-blood and pony breeds living about ten years older than warmbreds and thoroughbreds.


Question: Are there any subspecies in dressage?

Horse

Wild horses die at a much younger age, and many domesticated horses have to be euthanized mainly due to gastrointestinal or respiratory diseases or leg problems at the age of 10 to 20 years.


Question: Are there any subspecies in dressage?

Horse

But in addition, the weight of the horse can be calculated accurately enough, for example, to make a feeding plan.


Question: Are there any subspecies in dressage?

Horse

Weight and Obesity Fitness Classification But in addition, the weight of the horse can be calculated using the formula to be sufficiently precise, for example, to make a feeding plan.


Question: Are there any subspecies in dressage?

Horse

Other ways to estimate a horse's weight are by measuring and placing the result in a table or the circumference of the horse's chest.


Question: Are there any subspecies in dressage?

Horse

A rough estimate of a horse's weight is obtained by estimating the typical weight of the breed.


Question: Are there any subspecies in dressage?

Horse

[7] Obesity determination of fitness refers to estimating the amount of fat in a horse, this allows to obtain an idea of the nutritional status of the horse.


Question: Are there any subspecies in dressage?

Horse

In Finland, a 7-point fitness rating is typically used, [8] where 1=very skinny, 4=good and 7=very fat [9].


Question: Are there any subspecies in dressage?

Horse

The most internationally known scale is the Henneke Obesity Fitness Classification Scale, which was developed by Dr. Don Henneke at Texas A & M University [10].


Question: Are there any subspecies in dressage?

Horse

In Henneke's obesity fitness rating: 1 =very skinny, 5=good/normal, and 9=Very obese.


Question: Are there any subspecies in dressage?

Horse

[11] Feeding and digestion Horse specialises as a grass-eater, and its most natural food is poorly digestible and high-fibre grasses.


Question: Are there any subspecies in dressage?

Horse

It gets along well with nutrition-poor plant food, as long as it is available in abundance.


Question: Are there any subspecies in dressage?

Horse

However, nutrition should not be moldy, for example, and in addition, the horse needs quite a lot of water to drink.


Question: Are there any subspecies in dressage?

Horse

The horse is monogastric, although it uses the same feed table values as ruminants except for protein values.


Question: Are there any subspecies in dressage?

Horse

[12] The digestive system of the horse has adapted to constant grazing: the stomach is small in size.


Question: Are there any subspecies in dressage?

Horse

When free, the horse eats up to 16—17 hours daily, most of the day.


Question: Are there any subspecies in dressage?

Horse

Circumstances permit, the horse will, for the most part, eat nothing but new short grass and move slowly as it grazes.


Question: Are there any subspecies in dressage?

Horse

In human use, the horse usually receives dry hay and, due to increased energy needs, grain or concentrated feed, to which the horse's digestion has not adapted.


Question: Are there any subspecies in dressage?

Horse

A domesticated horse also often spends most of its time almost motionless in the stable, receiving feed in large portions a few times a day.


Question: Are there any subspecies in dressage?

Horse

Heavy exercise, for example exercising a racehorse, also worsens the horse's digestion.


Question: Are there any subspecies in dressage?

Horse

The horse is sensitive to feeding distractions, which easily leads to colic, for example.


Question: Are there any subspecies in dressage?

Horse

[13] Being able to “nibble” constantly on corsage feed is also important for the horse as a mental stimulus.


Question: Are there any subspecies in dressage?

Horse

If a horse is given too much high-energy feed relative to the amount of corsage feed, the horse may, in the absence of grazing, milling the wooden structures of the stall or corral or eat wort or even faeces.


Question: Are there any subspecies in dressage?

Horse

Behavior A horse is a social fleeing herd animal.


Question: Are there any subspecies in dressage?

Horse

In natural conditions, it lives in herds which, in addition to the dominant stallion, include about 3—8 mares with foals.


Question: Are there any subspecies in dressage?

Horse

An old and experienced mare acts as the “moral” leader of the herd, and the leader stallion acts more like keeper and defender of the pack.


Question: Are there any subspecies in dressage?

Horse

Foals leave the herd at the age of 2—4 years and before long join another herd.


Question: Are there any subspecies in dressage?

Horse

Colts might live long in “bachelor groups” before gathering themselves a herd of their own.


Question: Are there any subspecies in dressage?

Horse

Escape and Defending As a prey animal, the horse is very sensitive and skittish to all kinds of changes in its environment and surprising situations.


Question: Are there any subspecies in dressage?

Horse

Its first and immediate reaction to anything surprising is an escape in case it's a predator.


Question: Are there any subspecies in dressage?

Horse

The horse is quite a fast and durable runner, and the fastest individuals can reach speeds of up to 60 to 80 kilometres per hour over short distances.


Question: Are there any subspecies in dressage?

Horse

The horse is also capable of jumping quite high and far, although it in the wild usually prefers to get around obstacles.


Question: Are there any subspecies in dressage?

Horse

If escape is not possible, the horse will defend itself by kicking and, if necessary, biting.


Question: Are there any subspecies in dressage?

Horse

A horse's kick is powerful and can kill a human being, for example, when hit in the head.


Question: Are there any subspecies in dressage?

Horse

Horses themselves, as large and robust animals in natural conditions, do not usually receive injuries worse than contusions from each other's kicks, but metal shoes often found on the hooves of domesticated horses increase the power of kicks considerably.


Question: Are there any subspecies in dressage?

Horse

Particularly serious injuries can be incurred from hock shoes worn with slippery coils with sharp metal spikes on the bottom to prevent slips.


Question: Are there any subspecies in dressage?

Horse

The inherent escape response of the domesticated horse is moderated by breeding background, training and accustoming to stimuli common in the human organ circle as well as resorting in frightening situations to man as a leader.


Question: Are there any subspecies in dressage?

Horse

For example, if a rider perceived as reliable by a horse remains calm in a surprising or threatening situation, the horse will follow his lead and stay put even if he may flinch.


Question: Are there any subspecies in dressage?

Horse

Similarly, freaking out a rider can make a horse freak out too.


Question: Are there any subspecies in dressage?

Horse

Of horse breeds especially used for heavy work, cold-blood breeds have been processed to be as peaceful as possible.


Question: Are there any subspecies in dressage?

Horse

Herd Hierarchy Horses always have a precedence between themselves to facilitate and clarify the life of the herd: each horse knows which horses will duck out of its way, and which individuals it must itself dodge.


Question: Are there any subspecies in dressage?

Horse

This order of precedence is more about the nature and confidence of horses than, for example, their size, and in a multi variegated herd of domesticated horses it may happen that a little pony commands his much bigger pack mates.


Question: Are there any subspecies in dressage?

Horse

There is also always one individual in the pack whose example is followed by others in strange situations and under threat of danger.


Question: Are there any subspecies in dressage?

Horse

This individual is not a young, vigorous and aggressive animal highest in the pecking order of the herd but, most likely, an old and experienced mare.


Question: Are there any subspecies in dressage?

Horse

When a new horse joins the herd, and especially when two stallions are encountered, may initially ensue, where the newcomer's position in the pack becomes clear.


Question: Are there any subspecies in dressage?

Horse

Actual fighting, however, is a dangerous waste of resources for the prey animal and is not characteristic of horses: usually either individual will soon give in, accepting a lower position.


Question: Are there any subspecies in dressage?

Horse

Senses and Intelligence The horse's field of view is very wide, about 340degrees.


Question: Are there any subspecies in dressage?

Horse

The horse does not see right in front of his head, nor with the head pointing directly to the front either behind or under it.


Question: Are there any subspecies in dressage?

Horse

Most of the field of view is monocular vision; there is only about 65degrees of binocular vision, just over half the human equivalent.


Question: Are there any subspecies in dressage?

Horse

[14] The size of the horse's eyes and the relative abundance of the rod cells in them suggests that the horse can see a person better at dusk.


Question: Are there any subspecies in dressage?

Horse

The color vision of the horse is not exactly known.


Question: Are there any subspecies in dressage?

Horse

Carrolin et.


Question: Are there any subspecies in dressage?

Horse

al.


Question: Are there any subspecies in dressage?

Horse

a 2001 study suggests that a horse would only be able to see shades of yellow and blue as colours.


Question: Are there any subspecies in dressage?

Horse

[15] Due to the wide, but mostly monocular field of view, it is difficult for a horse to estimate the speed of approaching targets or see close.


Question: Are there any subspecies in dressage?

Horse

However, the movements the horse sees accurately, and communication between horses consists largely of small movements.


Question: Are there any subspecies in dressage?

Horse

[15] The horse's ears turn 180°, and by turning its ears, the horse accurately recognizes the direction of input of the sound.


Question: Are there any subspecies in dressage?

Horse

The horse can sense frequencies at least equivalent to the human auditory range, possibly a wider range.


Question: Are there any subspecies in dressage?

Horse

[15] The sense of smell is important for the horse, among other things, in identifying other horses, and they also sense pheromones related to the endocrine system, for example.


Question: Are there any subspecies in dressage?

Horse

Based on the extent of the sensing mucous membrane of the nose, a horse's sense of smell is thought to be one hundred to a thousand times stronger than that of a human.


Question: Are there any subspecies in dressage?

Horse

The horse can make the flehmen gesture by rolling its upper lip, which closes the nostrils and directs the chemicals from the smell to more sensitive sensory cells in the nose.


Question: Are there any subspecies in dressage?

Horse

[16] The sense of taste allows the horse to select its nutrition, which is especially important because the horse cannot vomit.


Question: Are there any subspecies in dressage?

Horse

Horses can distinguish at least sweet, acidic, salty and tart from basic flavours, but the accuracy of the horse's taste sensation is unknown.


Question: Are there any subspecies in dressage?

Horse

[16] A horse's tactile sense is so sensitive that it feels, for example, an insect on its side.


Question: Are there any subspecies in dressage?

Horse

On the other hand, the horse's nervous system easily becomes numb similar to a repetitive “pointless” stimulus such as the rider's improper help.


Question: Are there any subspecies in dressage?

Horse

The horse's most sensitive tactile organ is its upper lip, for which the corresponding brain area is relatively large.


Question: Are there any subspecies in dressage?

Horse

In the area of the horse's refuge, tactile hairs also grow.


Question: Are there any subspecies in dressage?

Horse

[16] A horse is not considered a particularly intelligent animal in the traditional sense.


Question: Are there any subspecies in dressage?

Horse

However, it is a motorically capable mover and very sensitive to sensing the state of mind and even small movements and gestures of other horses and humans.


Question: Are there any subspecies in dressage?

Horse

As a very social animal, the horse also tends to please especially those other horses and people that it considers its leader.


Question: Are there any subspecies in dressage?

Horse

When taught consistently, it learns to combine demanding and complex performance with certain subtle but clear signs.


Question: Are there any subspecies in dressage?

Horse

This allows the very versatile use of horses in riding, driving, work and, say, circus shows.


Question: Are there any subspecies in dressage?

Horse

Natural horsemanship utilizes precisely the social intelligence of the horse in its training methods.


Question: Are there any subspecies in dressage?

Horse

A well-known example of equine social “literacy” is the Wise Hans, who seemed adept at counting and reported the results of the counting tasks by knocking the ground with his hoof.


Question: Are there any subspecies in dressage?

Horse

Instead of true numeracy, however, the trick was based on the horse sensing the audience's mind movements and knowing how to stop knocking at exactly the right answer.


Question: Are there any subspecies in dressage?

Horse

Social relations The companionship of fellow species is one of the most important basic needs of the horse.


Question: Are there any subspecies in dressage?

Horse

Ideally, domesticated horses can live for most of the day relatively the same in the company of a permanent small herd in a large enough paddock where they can both easily dodge each other from far enough, but also churn and romp together.


Question: Are there any subspecies in dressage?

Horse

Without company, the horse becomes low-lying and may even lose its appetite.


Question: Are there any subspecies in dressage?

Horse

On the other hand, some individuals seem to thrive quite well on their own as well.


Question: Are there any subspecies in dressage?

Horse

Horses are also known to form closer companionship relationships among certain individuals in herd conditions.


Question: Are there any subspecies in dressage?

Horse

Such comrades tend to tolerate each other closer than usual to themselves on the inside of their “own space” and, for example, often graze closely together.


Question: Are there any subspecies in dressage?

Horse

On the other hand, certain individuals, despite getting used to, may never tolerate each other's close company.


Question: Are there any subspecies in dressage?

Horse

Some individuals are extremely companionsore but on the other hand timid when accompanied by foreign horses.


Question: Are there any subspecies in dressage?

Horse

Racehorses, for example, might have a little pony familiar as a “full-time companion,” who is also included on race trips.


Question: Are there any subspecies in dressage?

Horse

Young horses are easily accustomed to the company of new herds, but some individuals, and especially old horses accustomed to certain arrangements, may become outsiders and unenthusiastic to participate in the herd.


Question: Are there any subspecies in dressage?

Horse

For companions who have been together for a long time, the death or relocation of another can be a tough experience and lead to changes in behavior recognizable as depression.


Question: Are there any subspecies in dressage?

Horse

It is important for a horse to interact regularly with other horses, and even mere sight and hearing contact with another horse is better than nothing.


Question: Are there any subspecies in dressage?

Horse

If the company of another horse cannot be arranged, the next best option for the horse is, for example, the company of a donkey or a mule.


Question: Are there any subspecies in dressage?

Horse

Other social animals living in herds, such as cattle and sheep, are suitable for horse companionship — it is known that horses are even attached to dogs, stable cats and rabbits.


Question: Are there any subspecies in dressage?

Horse

Also, abundant social interaction with a person can satisfy the horse's need for sociability.


Question: Are there any subspecies in dressage?

Horse

However, the best option is always another horse.


Question: Are there any subspecies in dressage?

Horse

Character and temperament Horses often have clearly distinctive personalities.


Question: Are there any subspecies in dressage?

Horse

The character and temperament of an equine individual varies not only by individual but also by breed and horse type.


Question: Are there any subspecies in dressage?

Horse

Ponies descended from semi-wild stumps, for example, are often witty and quick to learn, and English thoroughbreds bred into fast gallop horses are, in turn, feisty and sensitive.


Question: Are there any subspecies in dressage?

Horse

Hugely powerful cold-blood horses must already be calm and generous in nature to obey.


Question: Are there any subspecies in dressage?

Horse

Mares are often considered somewhat capricious, which is largely influenced by the endocrine system associated with the estrus cycle.


Question: Are there any subspecies in dressage?

Horse

The effect of the horny cycle on the behaviour, usefulness and well-being of the mare is sometimes so strong that it is considered best to sterilize the mare as a “rune mare”; compared to castration of a stallion, the procedure is large and rare, but sterilization makes life easier for the mare in extreme cases and processing considerably.


Question: Are there any subspecies in dressage?

Horse

Stallions, on the other hand, tend to be brave and tenacious but require an experienced handler and careful training.


Question: Are there any subspecies in dressage?

Horse

Runes are usually flat natured, especially if they are runed already as a foal or at most a few years of age.


Question: Are there any subspecies in dressage?

Horse

However, individuals who are runed at a later age may continue out of habit of stallion-like behaviour and, for example, fight with other horses and seek to enter mares in estrus.


Question: Are there any subspecies in dressage?

Horse

An aggressive horse is usually sore or mistreated, and the horse is rarely completely hostile.


Question: Are there any subspecies in dressage?

Horse

In human breeding activities at all, developing the nature of the horse easier to handle has been an important goal and hostile and vicarious specimens have been removed from breeding.


Question: Are there any subspecies in dressage?

Horse

On the other hand, exceptions have been made to this rule for particularly successful sport horses: a famous example of a ferocious but successful horse at racetracks and breeding is the crayman Nevele Pride, who left hundreds of offspring.


Question: Are there any subspecies in dressage?

Horse

Communication Although horses have numerous clear-meaning vocalizations, their communication is largely voiceless.


Question: Are there any subspecies in dressage?

Horse

The horse has a complex gesture system by which it communicates instinctively using, among other things, its tail, body position and position with respect to other horses, and head and ear positions.


Question: Are there any subspecies in dressage?

Horse

The basics of equine gesture language are the same on all horses, and foals use gestures as soon as they are born, though foals of mares who are high in the herd apparently learn from their maternal model to use the confident and dominant communication of a high-ranking equine individual.


Question: Are there any subspecies in dressage?

Horse

However, there are differences between individuals, and through learning, the gestural language of an individual horse may change greatly.


Question: Are there any subspecies in dressage?

Horse

For example, a horse that has been punished for lifting its legs (a cautionary gesture) might kick straight without warning when ricocheted.


Question: Are there any subspecies in dressage?

Horse

Various horse gestures and postures may express things such as indifference, interest, frightening, aggression, playfulness, submission, agitation, contentment, and harmlessness (the taste gesture of foals).


Question: Are there any subspecies in dressage?

Horse

Combinations of different gestures and postures allow highly complex combinations of mental states to be expressed and interpreted.


Question: Are there any subspecies in dressage?

Horse

To a certain extent, the horse is capable of communicating with a person as well.


Question: Are there any subspecies in dressage?

Horse

So-called natural equestrian skills are utilized, for example, in training horses.


Question: Are there any subspecies in dressage?

Horse

Vocalisations The most famous of the horse's vocalizations are probably hirnums and slurs.


Question: Are there any subspecies in dressage?

Horse

A scrum is usually an invitation or greeting to another horse and a buzz friendly greeting.


Question: Are there any subspecies in dressage?

Horse

Other common sounds include a sharp whiff or dugout (something interesting or surprising happens), a long heavy gust or sigh (satisfaction and relaxation), and whining (irritation, agitation).


Question: Are there any subspecies in dressage?

Horse

Loud squealing is often an aggressive, threatening objection, but stallions and mares squeal at each other even during pre-stepping courting.


Question: Are there any subspecies in dressage?

Horse

Whining or screaming can also be part of play.


Question: Are there any subspecies in dressage?

Horse

The quality and tone of vocalizations, and especially the deer nuns, varies from individual to individual and situation.


Question: Are there any subspecies in dressage?

Horse

On one horse, you can sound high and bright, rough and almost roar on the other.


Question: Are there any subspecies in dressage?

Horse

A genuine roaring scream can be heard as horses, usually stallions, fight in earnest.


Question: Are there any subspecies in dressage?

Horse

Reproduction Stallions enter puberty at an average age of 14 (10-24) months, although full sexual maturity acquires about 4 years of age [17].


Question: Are there any subspecies in dressage?

Horse

Mares become sexually mature at around 2.5 to 3.5 years of age.


Question: Are there any subspecies in dressage?

Horse

[18] Mare fertility declines clearly after 12 years of age, In order to prevent damage, stallion foals are usually separated from mare foals and mares at all by about one and a half years of age or at the latest when they begin to behave orderly and show sexual interest signs for mares.


Question: Are there any subspecies in dressage?

Horse

It is also common for colts to rune at 1—2 years of age, so that they can continue outdoors with mares without problems.


Question: Are there any subspecies in dressage?

Horse

They may still have stallion-like features after the rune.


Question: Are there any subspecies in dressage?

Horse

As a rule, both stallions and mares are deliberately used for breeding no earlier than 3 years of age.


Question: Are there any subspecies in dressage?

Horse

Horse is seasonal adjustments [19] The season typically begins at the turn of a hurling moon.


Question: Are there any subspecies in dressage?

Horse

An average season lasts 101 days for foal mares and 95 days for other mares.


Question: Are there any subspecies in dressage?

Horse

The length of the estrus cycle averages 18-23, with individual variation considerable.


Question: Are there any subspecies in dressage?

Horse

[17] [18] Normal gestation lasts from 320 to 365 days and on average it is approximately 335 days.


Question: Are there any subspecies in dressage?

Horse

[20] Warning is a quick event.


Question: Are there any subspecies in dressage?

Horse

The mare can be conceived either naturally by stepping or by artificial insemination.


Question: Are there any subspecies in dressage?

Horse

Stepping can occur either when horses are free in pasture or under controlled and regulated conditions, for example in a horse breeder's breeding farm.


Question: Are there any subspecies in dressage?

Horse

Stepping always comes with risks because horses can injure each other by kicking, for example.


Question: Are there any subspecies in dressage?

Horse

Valuable breeding stallions can be protected from the kicks of a non-favoured mare, for example by attaching the mare to a special stepping stall or rack, or by using artificial insemination.


Question: Are there any subspecies in dressage?

Horse

There are also sexually transmitted diseases in horses, the spread of which is difficult to control in natural steppings.


Question: Are there any subspecies in dressage?

Horse

For these reasons, the use of artificial insemination has become widespread.


Question: Are there any subspecies in dressage?

Horse

Artificial insemination also has the advantage that a stallion from a single sperm dose is usually sufficient for the semen of several mares.


Question: Are there any subspecies in dressage?

Horse

Sperm is collected by jumping the oritta on top of a santa built for this purpose.


Question: Are there any subspecies in dressage?

Horse

However, some stallions do not agree to step on the Santa, so they have to use what is known as a buck oak, which usually has their ovaries removed and is induced into a rut with a hormone preparation.


Question: Are there any subspecies in dressage?

Horse

Use Horses have long played a very significant part in human culture: for example, horses appear in Lascaux cave paintings that are tens of thousands of years old.


Question: Are there any subspecies in dressage?

Horse

First, horses, most likely bred for food, became useful animals necessary for humans.


Question: Are there any subspecies in dressage?

Horse

Horses have been breeding by man for at least thousands of years:.


Question: Are there any subspecies in dressage?

Horse

The horse, according to contemporary knowledge, was domesticated by man in the period 4500−2500 BCE.


Question: Are there any subspecies in dressage?

Horse

Eurasian steppes.


Question: Are there any subspecies in dressage?

Horse

Around the year 1000 BC.


Question: Are there any subspecies in dressage?

Horse

by the domesticated horse had spread to the regions of Asia, Europe and North Africa.


Question: Are there any subspecies in dressage?

Horse

[21] Equidae belonging to the native fauna from the continents of North and South America became extinct around 8000 BCE.


Question: Are there any subspecies in dressage?

Horse

By, and the horse arrived on these continents again only as a domesticated horse accompanied by European conquerors in the 16th century.


Question: Are there any subspecies in dressage?

Horse

There are hundreds of horse breeds and types today with breeding, and there are many different uses.


Question: Are there any subspecies in dressage?

Horse

Probably the oldest breed of horses preserved with similar similarity is the Arabian horse, which is known to have been bred for at least five thousand years.


Question: Are there any subspecies in dressage?

Horse

Warm-blood crayfish are used for trotting, warm-blooded mounted breeds, namely Thoroughbred and Half-Bred horses, mainly in the various species of riding and harness driving, and heavy-made cold-blood breeds as workhorses.


Question: Are there any subspecies in dressage?

Horse

The Finnish horse, considered to be a common breed, is extremely versatile: one horse and the same horse can compete in both trotters and in the different sport of riding, and also do field or forest work.


Question: Are there any subspecies in dressage?

Horse

Some horse breeds are now bred mainly for human eye pleasure as show animals as well as pets.


Question: Are there any subspecies in dressage?

Horse

As human nutrition, Horse's original use under human control may have been meat production.


Question: Are there any subspecies in dressage?

Horse

Horses have also been milked since prehistoric times.


Question: Are there any subspecies in dressage?

Horse

Today, the status of eating horse meat varies a lot from culture to culture.


Question: Are there any subspecies in dressage?

Horse

In some countries such as Britain, the horse has an established status as a human pet and working partner, and eating its meat is almost taboo.


Question: Are there any subspecies in dressage?

Horse

Elsewhere, for example, horses unfit for breeding or injured are willingly slaughtered for sustenance, and horses and other equines may also be bred directly for slaughter.


Question: Are there any subspecies in dressage?

Horse

One million kilograms of horse meat are imported from abroad to Finland per year.


Question: Are there any subspecies in dressage?

Horse

[22] In Finland, meat from horses killed due to poor competitive success or injury is processed for food, and horsemeat is hardly eaten as such, but is further processed, for example, into meetvurst.


Question: Are there any subspecies in dressage?

Horse

Horse milk is today used as human nutrition in some Central Asian countries.


Question: Are there any subspecies in dressage?

Horse

Rubber is made from it.


Question: Are there any subspecies in dressage?

Horse

As a steed and traction party, Horse has been of great importance in times past as a traction and load party and a steed.


Question: Are there any subspecies in dressage?

Horse

Neckstrap and burgers are considered to be the oldest horse vehicles.


Question: Are there any subspecies in dressage?

Horse

After the invention of the wheel and saddle, major advances in horse gear included westerns and chest strap harnesses, as well as stirrups.


Question: Are there any subspecies in dressage?

Horse

Before railways in the 19th century and later automobiles became common, horse vehicles, along with oxen, were practically the only land vehicles in much of the world, although locally, for example, donkey, mule and camel have also been used as traction and carrying feasts.


Question: Are there any subspecies in dressage?

Horse

Along with wagons and carts, horse-drawn sleighs were also used in the northern areas during the winter.


Question: Are there any subspecies in dressage?

Horse

In addition, the horse also played a major role in agriculture as a labour party, but even from this work the tractor has largely supplanted it in industrially developed countries today.


Question: Are there any subspecies in dressage?

Horse

However, in many mainly Asian and African countries, the horse is still an important working animal and vehicle, especially in remote areas.


Question: Are there any subspecies in dressage?

Horse

Horse in War Horse at various times has also been of great military importance.


Question: Are there any subspecies in dressage?

Horse

Its domestication has been speculated to have made it possible for peoples speaking Indo-European languages at one time to spread from Ukraine to almost all parts of Europe.


Question: Are there any subspecies in dressage?

Horse

[23] Likewise, it made it possible for the Hyksos to conquer Egypt at the beginning of the first intermediate period around 1700 BCE, for the Egyptians had no horses before that time.


Question: Are there any subspecies in dressage?

Horse

[23] Partly for the same reason, much later the Spanish conquistadors were able to easily defeat the Aztec and Inca kingdoms.


Question: Are there any subspecies in dressage?

Horse

Cavalry was of key military importance until the 20th century, and it was not until World War I that lorries and tanks supplanted it as the main offensive weapon.


Question: Are there any subspecies in dressage?

Horse

[23] The last small-scale cavalry attacks in modern warfare were seen in World War II.


Question: Are there any subspecies in dressage?

Horse

Best remembered of these is the uneven encounter of Polish cavalry units with the German motorised war force of 1939.


Question: Are there any subspecies in dressage?

Horse

The last cavalry division of the Finnish Defence Forces, Nurmo's eskadroona participated in the Winter War.


Question: Are there any subspecies in dressage?

Horse

[24] However, the horse was still important in the army in transport duties.


Question: Are there any subspecies in dressage?

Horse

In the Finnish Winter War, for example, troop mobility and maintenance was mostly dependent on horses.


Question: Are there any subspecies in dressage?

Horse

Due to the small transporting ability of horses, they were needed in very large numbers.


Question: Are there any subspecies in dressage?

Horse

A horse could pull a load weighing 300 to 400 kilograms for 30 to 35 kilometres per day.


Question: Are there any subspecies in dressage?

Horse

[25] In the Winter War there were about 72,000 horses employed by the army; in the Continuation War there were about 62,000 horses.


Question: Are there any subspecies in dressage?

Horse

More than 20,000 horses perished or were lost in the wars.


Question: Are there any subspecies in dressage?

Horse

Warhorses were like friends to soldiers, and their loss was heavy.


Question: Are there any subspecies in dressage?

Horse

The monument to Finnish war horses is located in Seinäjoki and the monument to fallen war horses is located in Myllykoski.


Question: Are there any subspecies in dressage?

Horse

[26] Horse Racing There are numerous equestrian sports, the most important of them worldwide being gallop races with light and fast thoroughbred horses, locally also other breeds.


Question: Are there any subspecies in dressage?

Horse

The other main sports are trotting and pickling races on ridden horses, school, hurdle and field riding, and harness driving.


Question: Are there any subspecies in dressage?

Horse

In the Americas, various breed-specific competitions for specialty stepping and other types of steed pleasantries are popular.


Question: Are there any subspecies in dressage?

Horse

The various species of Western riding are very popular in the United States, but they are also practiced elsewhere.


Question: Are there any subspecies in dressage?

Horse

In addition to these species, international competitions take place at least in travel riding and strolling, there are also horse polo and various species measuring the strength and skills of workhorses.


Question: Are there any subspecies in dressage?

Horse

Other species such as gymkhana in Great Britain and Central Europe, power and speed rides of ban'non-bred horses in Japan, and goat carcass control competition as teams in the kokpar game in Central Asia are also found as local specialties.


Question: Are there any subspecies in dressage?

Horse

Horse as a hobby Riding and caring for horses is currently a popular pastime especially for girls, which in recent years has become heavily prevalent as a hobby for young and older women.


Question: Are there any subspecies in dressage?

Horse

Boys and men who do horseback riding tend to be less interested in horse care and focus on developing as a rider, as well as competing, particularly in show jumping.


Question: Are there any subspecies in dressage?

Horse

There are about 150000 horseback riding enthusiasts in Finland.