Question: Who was the German-Romanian emperor the last emperor of the municipality?

Russian Empire

In an attempt to save Russia from modernism, Alexander III enacted religious censorship, persecuted minority religions and peoples, initiated persecutions of Jews, and reduced the authority of universities.


Question: Who was the German-Romanian emperor the last emperor of the municipality?

Russian Empire

Poles, Finns, Latvians, Lithuanians and Ukrainians reacted to unification efforts with accelerating nationalism and many Jews joined radical movements.


Question: Who was the German-Romanian emperor the last emperor of the municipality?

Russian Empire

Secret societies and political movements continued to grow despite the state's attempt to suppress them.


Question: Who was the German-Romanian emperor the last emperor of the municipality?

Russian Empire

[14] The early stages of industrialization throughout the second half of the 19th century Russia developed more economically slower than other states.


Question: Who was the German-Romanian emperor the last emperor of the municipality?

Russian Empire

Otto von Bismarck unified Germany in the 1860s.


Question: Who was the German-Romanian emperor the last emperor of the municipality?

Russian Empire

The post-Civil War United States rapidly strengthened with the British investing the proceeds of their empire there and Southern and Eastern Europe sending their excess populations there.


Question: Who was the German-Romanian emperor the last emperor of the municipality?

Russian Empire

Modern Japan emerged after the Meiji Restoration of 1868 as a national backlash to the American Admiral Perry opening with naval power the Japanese market.


Question: Who was the German-Romanian emperor the last emperor of the municipality?

Russian Empire

As giant as Russia was, it could neither create nor memorize enough capital for industrialisation.


Question: Who was the German-Romanian emperor the last emperor of the municipality?

Russian Empire

[15] France sought to invest significantly in Russia.


Question: Who was the German-Romanian emperor the last emperor of the municipality?

Russian Empire

The Swedish Nobel family is well known for its investments in the oil fields of Baku.


Question: Who was the German-Romanian emperor the last emperor of the municipality?

Russian Empire

In terms of population, the land was considerably larger than its western counterparts, but the majority of the population lived in rural areas, engaging in small-scale farming.


Question: Who was the German-Romanian emperor the last emperor of the municipality?

Russian Empire

Four-fifths of the rural population were former serfs and state peasants.


Question: Who was the German-Romanian emperor the last emperor of the municipality?

Russian Empire

20% of the agricultural land was large farms over 50 km², but they were rarely cultivated as a single unit.


Question: Who was the German-Romanian emperor the last emperor of the municipality?

Russian Empire

[16] Between 1850 and 1900 Russia's population doubled, but the land remained agricultural-dominated well into the 20th century.


Question: Who was the German-Romanian emperor the last emperor of the municipality?

Russian Empire

Between 1850 and 1910, population growth was fastest among the major powers, with the exception of the United States.


Question: Who was the German-Romanian emperor the last emperor of the municipality?

Russian Empire

[16] Industrial growth was significant but volatile and not very extensive.


Question: Who was the German-Romanian emperor the last emperor of the municipality?

Russian Empire

The most industrialized regions were Moscow, the central regions on the European side, St. Petersburg, the Baltic cities, Russian Poland and some areas along the Don and Dnieper rivers and the southern regions of the Ural Mountains.


Question: Who was the German-Romanian emperor the last emperor of the municipality?

Russian Empire

By 1890, Russia had 32000 kilometers of railway and 1.4 million factory workers, most in the textile industry.


Question: Who was the German-Romanian emperor the last emperor of the municipality?

Russian Empire

Between 1860 and 1890 coal production had increased by 1200% to 6.6 million tonnes per year and steel and iron were produced by 2 million tons per year.


Question: Who was the German-Romanian emperor the last emperor of the municipality?

Russian Empire

The state budget doubled, though debt expenses quadrupled, taking 28% of government spending in 1891.


Question: Who was the German-Romanian emperor the last emperor of the municipality?

Russian Empire

[16] Revolutionary movements The reforms of Alexander II, especially the relenting of censorship, led to a freer expression of political opinions.


Question: Who was the German-Romanian emperor the last emperor of the municipality?

Russian Empire

While the government sought to win support for its policies in era and newspaper publications, movements critical of the government and exclusivity also got out loud.


Question: Who was the German-Romanian emperor the last emperor of the municipality?

Russian Empire

[17] In the 1860s—1880s, the radicals were known by the generic name narodniks, and mostly focused on peasant affairs, which they referred to as narod (people).


Question: Who was the German-Romanian emperor the last emperor of the municipality?

Russian Empire

In the 1860s, Nikolai Chernychevsky suggested that Russia could move directly to socialism, bypassing capitalist society.


Question: Who was the German-Romanian emperor the last emperor of the municipality?

Russian Empire

Other radicals included anarchist Mikhail Bakunin and his associate Sergei Netshayev, who called for direct action.


Question: Who was the German-Romanian emperor the last emperor of the municipality?

Russian Empire

Pyotr Tkatchev spoke out against Marxism, arguing that revolutionaries had to act before capitalism developed.


Question: Who was the German-Romanian emperor the last emperor of the municipality?

Russian Empire

At the incitement of moralist and individualist Pyotr Lavrov, hundreds of idealists left their educational institutions in 1873 and 1874 for the countryside to create a popular movement, but the populists' campaign failed after the peasants rejected the ideas of urban idealists.


Question: Who was the German-Romanian emperor the last emperor of the municipality?

Russian Empire

[17] As a result of the failure in 1876, the propaganda organization Zemlja i volja (Earth and Freedom) was created, which relied on terrorism.


Question: Who was the German-Romanian emperor the last emperor of the municipality?

Russian Empire

The group was renamed the Narodnaya volja (People's Will) three years later, under which name it operated in connection with the 1881 assassination of Alexander II.


Question: Who was the German-Romanian emperor the last emperor of the municipality?

Russian Empire

In 1879, Georgi Plekhanov formed a propaganda group for Earth and Freedom under the name Chornyi peredel, whose goal was to redistribute all land to peasants.


Question: Who was the German-Romanian emperor the last emperor of the municipality?

Russian Empire

The group studied Marx's doctrines but remained mostly underground until 1887 group member Aleksandr Ulyanov attempted the assassination of Emperor Alexander III.


Question: Who was the German-Romanian emperor the last emperor of the municipality?

Russian Empire

Authorities caught up with him and he was executed.


Question: Who was the German-Romanian emperor the last emperor of the municipality?

Russian Empire

The execution shocked Aleksandr's younger brother Vladimir Ulyanov, who joined the People's Will Organization and later adopted the pseudonym Lenin.


Question: Who was the German-Romanian emperor the last emperor of the municipality?

Russian Empire

[17] Alexander III Alexander III (reigned 1881—1894) was not to become monarch, as he was the second eldest son of Alexander II.


Question: Who was the German-Romanian emperor the last emperor of the municipality?

Russian Empire

However, after the illness and death of his brother in 1865, and due to the murder of his father, he ascended the throne on 13 March (J: 1 March) 1881.


Question: Who was the German-Romanian emperor the last emperor of the municipality?

Russian Empire

Already in his Coronation Manifesto, he stated plainly that no changes were coming to the autocratic form of government, nor did he change his mind later.


Question: Who was the German-Romanian emperor the last emperor of the municipality?

Russian Empire

In his view, Russia would be saved from agitation by anarchists and revolutionaries the same values espoused by the older generation of Slavophiles — nationality, orthodoxy and autocracy.


Question: Who was the German-Romanian emperor the last emperor of the municipality?

Russian Empire

For him, an idealistic state would consist of a single nationality, language, religion and government.


Question: Who was the German-Romanian emperor the last emperor of the municipality?

Russian Empire

This would be achieved by setting Russian as the school language for German, Polish and Finnish subjects, and by destroying the remaining remnants of German, Polish and Swedish institutions from the outer provinces.


Question: Who was the German-Romanian emperor the last emperor of the municipality?

Russian Empire

[18] At the end of the 19th century, Russian backwardness reached critical relations: the 1891 decay claimed half a million lives.


Question: Who was the German-Romanian emperor the last emperor of the municipality?

Russian Empire

In return, extensive, but costly, renewal projects were needed.


Question: Who was the German-Romanian emperor the last emperor of the municipality?

Russian Empire

To implement these was appointed Minister of Finance in 1892 Sergei Witte.


Question: Who was the German-Romanian emperor the last emperor of the municipality?

Russian Empire

He organized foreign borrowing, organized an unstable currency for the gold standard, and accelerated the development of heavy industry, including the building of the Siberian Railway.


Question: Who was the German-Romanian emperor the last emperor of the municipality?

Russian Empire

These actions were intended to modernize the country and secure the Russian far east against the threat of Japan and China.


Question: Who was the German-Romanian emperor the last emperor of the municipality?

Russian Empire

Despite the late-century slump, coal, iron and oil output tripled, and Russia rose in number of rail miles to second place behind the United States.


Question: Who was the German-Romanian emperor the last emperor of the municipality?

Russian Empire

Yet grain production and exports did little to grow, and doubling government spending ate up some of the economic growth.


Question: Who was the German-Romanian emperor the last emperor of the municipality?

Russian Empire

[19] Industrialization increased the number of factory workers in cities.


Question: Who was the German-Romanian emperor the last emperor of the municipality?

Russian Empire

Much of the industry was held by state and foreign owners, leaving the laborers with considerable influence in the absence of a rich bourgeoisie.


Question: Who was the German-Romanian emperor the last emperor of the municipality?

Russian Empire

In the 1890s—20th centuries, unhappy working and living conditions, high taxes, and the poor status of peasants led to many strikes and disorganization.


Question: Who was the German-Romanian emperor the last emperor of the municipality?

Russian Empire

These also encouraged political organizing.


Question: Who was the German-Romanian emperor the last emperor of the municipality?

Russian Empire

[20] Poles in Russia, hardest hit by periods of repression, founded the Polish Socialist Party in Paris in 1892.


Question: Who was the German-Romanian emperor the last emperor of the municipality?

Russian Empire

The party's founders hoped to unify a Poland divided between Austria-Hungary, Germany and Russia.


Question: Who was the German-Romanian emperor the last emperor of the municipality?

Russian Empire

Jewish laborers founded the 1897 Party (Bund), which gained support in western Ukraine, Belarus, Lithuania and Poland.


Question: Who was the German-Romanian emperor the last emperor of the municipality?

Russian Empire

The Russian Social Democratic Workers' Party was founded 1898.


Question: Who was the German-Romanian emperor the last emperor of the municipality?

Russian Empire

The Finns remained separate, but the Georgians and Latvian Social Democrats joined the Russian Party.


Question: Who was the German-Romanian emperor the last emperor of the municipality?

Russian Empire

In the south, politically active Muslim peoples were attracted by Islamic unity and pan-Turkism.


Question: Who was the German-Romanian emperor the last emperor of the municipality?

Russian Empire

However, the United Social Revolutionary Party, born on the basis of the Narodnik movement, was formed as the largest party, with a mainly agrar-socialist programme.


Question: Who was the German-Romanian emperor the last emperor of the municipality?

Russian Empire

[20] The young Vladimir Ulyanov was exiled 1895—1899 in Siberia, where he took the name Lenin from the Lenjoki River.


Question: Who was the German-Romanian emperor the last emperor of the municipality?

Russian Empire

In December 1900, he founded the Iskra magazine (Spark), believing that a magazine produced abroad could create an organized revolutionary party to oust autocracy.


Question: Who was the German-Romanian emperor the last emperor of the municipality?

Russian Empire

He also acted to create the Social Democracy Party of Russia tightly organized and united.


Question: Who was the German-Romanian emperor the last emperor of the municipality?

Russian Empire

At the second party congress of 1903, he forced the Federation of Jews to walk out, and was expelled from the party by the Menshevik fact, believing in spontaneous activity of workers rather than centralist guidance.


Question: Who was the German-Romanian emperor the last emperor of the municipality?

Russian Empire

[20] Early 20th century With the death of Nicholas II Alexander III on 1 November (J: 20 October) 1894, power was inherited by his eldest son Nicholas II (reigned 1894—1917).


Question: Who was the German-Romanian emperor the last emperor of the municipality?

Russian Empire

On crowning day 1896 in Moscow, thousands of people trampled to death in pursuit of the emperor's gifts.


Question: Who was the German-Romanian emperor the last emperor of the municipality?

Russian Empire

[21] Nikolai heard of what had happened the next day, but at the urging of advisers did not cancel the banquet dinners, which was considered a bad sign.


Question: Who was the German-Romanian emperor the last emperor of the municipality?

Russian Empire

Nicholas was ill-prepared for his rise to power due to the early death of his father and relied on his wife for governmental matters.


Question: Who was the German-Romanian emperor the last emperor of the municipality?

Russian Empire

[22] The wife of Aleksandra Fyodorovna (born Alix von Hessen-Darmstadt) and the court were inclined to mysticism.


Question: Who was the German-Romanian emperor the last emperor of the municipality?

Russian Empire

This was highlighted by the haemorrhagic disease suffered by heir to the throne Aleksei (d. 1904), at which point the Tsarist family sought help from the mystic Grigory Rasputini, who claimed to be able, by the power of prayer, to stop the bleeding.


Question: Who was the German-Romanian emperor the last emperor of the municipality?

Russian Empire

[23] Nicholas II travelled somewhat and, among other things, made a trip to the far east, causing him to be slightly injured.


Question: Who was the German-Romanian emperor the last emperor of the municipality?

Russian Empire

[22] At the turn of the century, Russia gained space to expand in Asia thanks to accelerating competition from Britain and Germany.


Question: Who was the German-Romanian emperor the last emperor of the municipality?

Russian Empire

1895 Germany competed with France for the popularity of Russia, and the British government hoped to negotiate a treaty for a division of interests in Asia.


Question: Who was the German-Romanian emperor the last emperor of the municipality?

Russian Empire

Thus Russia came in between at the conclusion of the Japan-China War of 1895.


Question: Who was the German-Romanian emperor the last emperor of the municipality?

Russian Empire

In the negotiations, Japan was forced to retreat and cede the Liaotung Peninsula and Port Arthur in southern Manchuria.


Question: Who was the German-Romanian emperor the last emperor of the municipality?

Russian Empire

In 1900, the Chinese responded to the encroachment of foreign powers with the Boksar Revolt, which was defeated by European, U.S. and Japanese forces.


Question: Who was the German-Romanian emperor the last emperor of the municipality?

Russian Empire

180,000 Russian troops fought in Manchuria to keep possession of its newly completed railroad.


Question: Who was the German-Romanian emperor the last emperor of the municipality?

Russian Empire

Japan demanded that Russia, backed by the United States and Britain, withdraw from Manchuria, and Minister Witte and a few diplomats were prepared to swap the territory for Korea, but courtiers, navy and army representatives, and the emperor rejected Japan's threats, despite its alliance with Britain.


Question: Who was the German-Romanian emperor the last emperor of the municipality?

Russian Empire

[24] Japan declared war in 1904.


Question: Who was the German-Romanian emperor the last emperor of the municipality?

Russian Empire

In January 1905, Japan conquered Port Arthur after an eight-month blockade, and in March Russian forces were pushed north of Mukden.


Question: Who was the German-Romanian emperor the last emperor of the municipality?

Russian Empire

The fleet sent to aid in May suffered a crushing defeat at the Battle of Tsushima.


Question: Who was the German-Romanian emperor the last emperor of the municipality?

Russian Empire

[24] Revolution of 1905 A broad strike that began in December 1904 had left St. Petersburg without electricity and newspapers.


Question: Who was the German-Romanian emperor the last emperor of the municipality?

Russian Empire

On January 22 (J: January 9) 1905, Orthodox priest Georgi Gapon led a peaceful march in Saint Petersburg to take a petition to the Emperor to the Winter Palace.


Question: Who was the German-Romanian emperor the last emperor of the municipality?

Russian Empire

The crowd carried icons and sang anthems, but nervous security forces opened fire.


Question: Who was the German-Romanian emperor the last emperor of the municipality?

Russian Empire

Known as Blood Sunday, the event claimed up to thousands of casualties and led to a general strike and rioting.


Question: Who was the German-Romanian emperor the last emperor of the municipality?

Russian Empire

[25] Seventy protesters were shot in Riga and more than a hundred in Warsaw.


Question: Who was the German-Romanian emperor the last emperor of the municipality?

Russian Empire

[26] In February, the army lost about 89,000 men in the battle against Japan.


Question: Who was the German-Romanian emperor the last emperor of the municipality?

Russian Empire

[27] Strikes spread to the Caucasus and in April to the rear of the Urals.


Question: Who was the German-Romanian emperor the last emperor of the municipality?

Russian Empire

[28] In May, almost the entire fleet was lost at Tsushima.


Question: Who was the German-Romanian emperor the last emperor of the municipality?

Russian Empire

[27] Navy detachments mutinied in Sevastopol, Vladivostok and Kronstadt.


Question: Who was the German-Romanian emperor the last emperor of the municipality?

Russian Empire

[29] In June, the crew of the tank ship Potjomkin mutinied sailing their ship to Romania.


Question: Who was the German-Romanian emperor the last emperor of the municipality?

Russian Empire

[30] In the October Manifesto written by Witte and Aleksandr Obolensky, the emperor finally conceded to the recognition of basic civil rights, to allow political parties and the right to vote.


Question: Who was the German-Romanian emperor the last emperor of the municipality?

Russian Empire

Nicholas II himself regretted the manifesto that led to the end of autocracy.


Question: Who was the German-Romanian emperor the last emperor of the municipality?

Russian Empire

The strikes ended shortly after the manifesto, however the last fighting was still fought in December between the Bolsheviks and the government in Moscow.


Question: Who was the German-Romanian emperor the last emperor of the municipality?

Russian Empire

[25] The unrest and diplomatic pressure that led to the 1905 Revolution forced Russia into peace with Japan.


Question: Who was the German-Romanian emperor the last emperor of the municipality?

Russian Empire

In an agreement brokered by U.S. President Theodore Roosevelt, Russia ceded the southern part of Sakhalin Island to Japan, recognizing its domination over Korea and Matchuria.


Question: Who was the German-Romanian emperor the last emperor of the municipality?

Russian Empire

[31] The first National Duma was elected in March 1906.


Question: Who was the German-Romanian emperor the last emperor of the municipality?

Russian Empire

The Socialists boycotted the elections, so the Constitutional-Democratic Party, or so-called Cadet Party, rose to the lead.


Question: Who was the German-Romanian emperor the last emperor of the municipality?

Russian Empire

The new constitution came into force on 6 May 1906 and the Duma met for the first time on 10 May [32].


Question: Who was the German-Romanian emperor the last emperor of the municipality?

Russian Empire

Nicholas II sacked Witte and elected Pyotr Stolypin a more sympathetic Pyotr Stolypin as his prime minister.


Question: Who was the German-Romanian emperor the last emperor of the municipality?

Russian Empire

Relations between the Duma and the government remained tense.


Question: Who was the German-Romanian emperor the last emperor of the municipality?

Russian Empire

[25] The First Duma was dissolved by the Emperor in July 1906 due to new requirements and because the Duma served as a “hotbed of agitation”.


Question: Who was the German-Romanian emperor the last emperor of the municipality?

Russian Empire

Left parties won plenty of seats in the Second Duma, but the deadlock continued, and the Second Duma was dissolved in June 1907.


Question: Who was the German-Romanian emperor the last emperor of the municipality?

Russian Empire

The new electoral law reduced the influence of the poor and minority nationalities, and the Third Duma was made more conservative, dominated by the Octobrists, or Octobrists.


Question: Who was the German-Romanian emperor the last emperor of the municipality?

Russian Empire

[25] [33] One of Stolypin's reforms was the new land law, which came into force in 1906, which allowed private ownership and sought to break up traditional village communities, or mirit.


Question: Who was the German-Romanian emperor the last emperor of the municipality?

Russian Empire

In doing so, he hoped to create a new class of landowners loyal to the Tsar.


Question: Who was the German-Romanian emperor the last emperor of the municipality?

Russian Empire

However, most peasants were unwilling to give up community security or allow outsiders to buy land.


Question: Who was the German-Romanian emperor the last emperor of the municipality?

Russian Empire

By 1914, only a tenth of the mires had been demolished.


Question: Who was the German-Romanian emperor the last emperor of the municipality?

Russian Empire

The economy grew significantly between 1907 and 1914, with steel production exceeding those of France and Austro-Hungary.


Question: Who was the German-Romanian emperor the last emperor of the municipality?

Russian Empire

[33] In 1911, Stolypin was assassinated by a double agent in Ohrana and the Minister of Finance Vladimir Kokovtsov took his place.


Question: Who was the German-Romanian emperor the last emperor of the municipality?

Russian Empire

[33] By manipulating voting rights, the government organized the Duma to its liking, but less representative of the people, and if necessary it was bypassed entirely by imperial edicts.


Question: Who was the German-Romanian emperor the last emperor of the municipality?

Russian Empire

The implementation of civil rights was postponed, and neither the laborers nor the Orthodox Church were allowed to organize themselves as they wished.


Question: Who was the German-Romanian emperor the last emperor of the municipality?

Russian Empire

Repressive measures against Poles, Finns, Jews, Ukrainians and Old Believers were resumed.


Question: Who was the German-Romanian emperor the last emperor of the municipality?

Russian Empire

[33] The Balkan Japanese victory of 1905 forced Russia into treaties with it and Britain.


Question: Who was the German-Romanian emperor the last emperor of the municipality?

Russian Empire

In the division of interest concluded in 1907, Russia gained northern Matcheuria and northern Persia, Japan southern Manchuria and Korea, and Britain southern Persia, Afghanistan and Tibet.


Question: Who was the German-Romanian emperor the last emperor of the municipality?

Russian Empire

To ensure the split, Russia and Japan agreed to keep the United States out of China.


Question: Who was the German-Romanian emperor the last emperor of the municipality?

Russian Empire

After the Chinese Revolution of 1911, Russia and Japan agreed on the partition of Outer Mongolia.


Question: Who was the German-Romanian emperor the last emperor of the municipality?

Russian Empire

To protect its strategic and economic interests, Russia went into a trialliance with Britain and France against Germany.


Question: Who was the German-Romanian emperor the last emperor of the municipality?

Russian Empire

[34] In the Balkans, Russia competed with Austria-Hungary.


Question: Who was the German-Romanian emperor the last emperor of the municipality?

Russian Empire

In 1908, Foreign Minister Aleksandr Izvolski agreed to support the annexation of Bosnia and Herzegovina, occupied by Austria since 1878, into Austria in exchange for an agreement on Bosphorus and Dardanelles neutrality.


Question: Who was the German-Romanian emperor the last emperor of the municipality?

Russian Empire

However, Britain was categorically opposed to this, allowing Austria to gain Bosnia without any counter-concessions.


Question: Who was the German-Romanian emperor the last emperor of the municipality?

Russian Empire

[34] In 1912, Bulgaria, Serbia, Greece and Montenegro defeated the Ottoman in the First Balkan War, but in 1913 the alliance was broken and the Serbs, Greeks and Romanians were defeated in the Second Bulgarian War.


Question: Who was the German-Romanian emperor the last emperor of the municipality?

Russian Empire

Austria-Hungary now became the patron of Bulgaria and Germany of the Ottoman Empire.


Question: Who was the German-Romanian emperor the last emperor of the municipality?

Russian Empire

Russia, in turn, allied itself with Serbia.


Question: Who was the German-Romanian emperor the last emperor of the municipality?

Russian Empire

The complex network of alliance relations was extremely unstable with Bulgaria and Serbia being rivals of each other and the Serb resentment against Austria-Hungary over the annexation of the Serb territories of Bosnia and Herzegovina.


Question: Who was the German-Romanian emperor the last emperor of the municipality?

Russian Empire

[34] In June 1914, Gavrilo Princip assassinated Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria in Sarajevo.


Question: Who was the German-Romanian emperor the last emperor of the municipality?

Russian Empire

Austria-Hungary issued an ultimatum to Serbia, which it considered culpable.


Question: Who was the German-Romanian emperor the last emperor of the municipality?

Russian Empire

Although Serbia was ready to concede for the most part, for Austria the answer was invalid and it withdrew its envoy from Serbia.


Question: Who was the German-Romanian emperor the last emperor of the municipality?

Russian Empire

After the Austrian declaration of war on 28 July, the network of alliance relations went into action following Russia's declaration of 1909 support for Serbian independence, German support for Austria-Hungary and French Russia.


Question: Who was the German-Romanian emperor the last emperor of the municipality?

Russian Empire

After Germany invaded France through Belgium, the war escalated into a world war.


Question: Who was the German-Romanian emperor the last emperor of the municipality?

Russian Empire

[34] World War I Russia's large population allowed it to equip more troops than Germany and Austria-Hungary combined.


Question: Who was the German-Romanian emperor the last emperor of the municipality?

Russian Empire

However, the troops were as poorly armed as Austria's, and for Germany the Russian army did not fare as in number of troops.


Question: Who was the German-Romanian emperor the last emperor of the municipality?

Russian Empire

In the early stages, the invasion of East Prussia tied up the German forces enough to stop the German attack on the perimeter powers of the west.


Question: Who was the German-Romanian emperor the last emperor of the municipality?

Russian Empire

However, the Russian II Army was almost completely destroyed at the Battle of Tannenberg, which forced a withdrawal from East Prussia and after which Russia was, throughout the rest of the war, on the defensive against Germany.


Question: Who was the German-Romanian emperor the last emperor of the municipality?

Russian Empire

[35] The Austro-Hungarian offensive was repulsed and the counterattack advanced into eastern Galitsia.


Question: Who was the German-Romanian emperor the last emperor of the municipality?

Russian Empire

However, the 1915 German—Austrian Spring and Summer Offensive drove the Russians from Galitsia and Poland and resulted in extensive losses.


Question: Who was the German-Romanian emperor the last emperor of the municipality?

Russian Empire

[35] The Circum-Powers had already agreed upon the territorial changes caused by the victory, Russia had to receive Eastern Galitsia from Austria-Hungary, East Prussia from Germany and Armenia from the Ottoman Empire, which had joined the war; in addition, control of Constantinople, Bosporus and the Darnells.


Question: Who was the German-Romanian emperor the last emperor of the municipality?

Russian Empire

[35] February Revolution However, the national feeling at the beginning of the war changed to unrest caused by deprivation and discontent as the war continued.


Question: Who was the German-Romanian emperor the last emperor of the municipality?

Russian Empire

In the summer of 1914, the Duma and the zemstvot were alone with votes in support of the government's war effort and the German-derived name of the capital, Peter, was changed in the national mood to Slavic Petrograd.


Question: Who was the German-Romanian emperor the last emperor of the municipality?

Russian Empire

Mobilization proved to be record-breaking rapid based on the experience of the Russo-Japanese War and surprised the Germans.


Question: Who was the German-Romanian emperor the last emperor of the municipality?

Russian Empire

However, German control of the Baltic Sea and Ottoman rule at the mouth of the Black Sea soon led to goods shortages and severe inflation.


Question: Who was the German-Romanian emperor the last emperor of the municipality?

Russian Empire

A Military Industrial Committee was set up to ensure the return of military equipment.


Question: Who was the German-Romanian emperor the last emperor of the municipality?

Russian Empire

However, the military leadership did not trust the civilian administration and took control of the administration of the front areas, refusing to cooperate with the committee.


Question: Who was the German-Romanian emperor the last emperor of the municipality?

Russian Empire

The central government did not rely on independent outreach activities organized by zemstvos and cities.


Question: Who was the German-Romanian emperor the last emperor of the municipality?

Russian Empire

The Duma was mired in conflict with the war bureaucracy and government, and centre-left representatives founded the 1915 so-called progressive bloc, which demanded a government installed by the Duma.


Question: Who was the German-Romanian emperor the last emperor of the municipality?

Russian Empire

[36] After the defeats of 1915, Nicholas II left for the front and assumed the position of nominal commander-in-chief from his uncle Nikolai Nikolaevich.


Question: Who was the German-Romanian emperor the last emperor of the municipality?

Russian Empire

He was now linked to every adversity in the military.


Question: Who was the German-Romanian emperor the last emperor of the municipality?

Russian Empire

Left in the capital were his German-born wife, Aleksandra, and the debauched Rasputin, who now wielded significant power in politics and the appointment of ministers.


Question: Who was the German-Romanian emperor the last emperor of the municipality?

Russian Empire

[36] In 1916, food prices and fuel shortages caused strikes in some towns.


Question: Who was the German-Romanian emperor the last emperor of the municipality?

Russian Empire

Workers who had gained seats on the Military Industries Committee took advantage of it to create a political opposition opposed to the government.


Question: Who was the German-Romanian emperor the last emperor of the municipality?

Russian Empire

The countryside, too, began to become restless.


Question: Who was the German-Romanian emperor the last emperor of the municipality?

Russian Empire

Soldiers, especially the rural population who were at high risk of being cannon fodder because of the unworthiness of war-leadership, became unruly and unwilling.


Question: Who was the German-Romanian emperor the last emperor of the municipality?

Russian Empire

Of the 15 million soldiers sent to the front, 4.6 million had been killed or wounded.


Question: Who was the German-Romanian emperor the last emperor of the municipality?

Russian Empire

[37] Due to material shortages some had to be sent to the front unarmed, they were instructed to take the guns from their fallen comrades.


Question: Who was the German-Romanian emperor the last emperor of the municipality?

Russian Empire

The price of grain was rationed, leaving the revenue from it no longer sufficient for the purchase of consumer goods.


Question: Who was the German-Romanian emperor the last emperor of the municipality?

Russian Empire

[36] In December 1916, a group of nobles decided to get rid of Rasputini and he was murdered.


Question: Who was the German-Romanian emperor the last emperor of the municipality?

Russian Empire

The increasing confrontation between the Duma and the emperor's government branded both incapable of their actions.


Question: Who was the German-Romanian emperor the last emperor of the municipality?

Russian Empire

In early 1917, rail transportation capacity collapsed leading to fuel and food shortages.


Question: Who was the German-Romanian emperor the last emperor of the municipality?

Russian Empire

[36] There was rioting and picketing in Petrograd, the strike expanded to a general strike from 10 March (J: 25 February).


Question: Who was the German-Romanian emperor the last emperor of the municipality?

Russian Empire

General Sergei Habalov, who commanded Petrograd's 160,000 man force, was ordered to pacify the city.


Question: Who was the German-Romanian emperor the last emperor of the municipality?

Russian Empire

The next day several hundred were shot, but the strike continued on the 12th (J: 27th).


Question: Who was the German-Romanian emperor the last emperor of the municipality?

Russian Empire

The troops were again ordered to the streets, but they turned to the protesters, setting up the Petrograd Workers' and Soldiers' Representatives Council.


Question: Who was the German-Romanian emperor the last emperor of the municipality?

Russian Empire

[38] [39] To suppress the rebellion, units had to be withdrawn from the front.


Question: Who was the German-Romanian emperor the last emperor of the municipality?

Russian Empire

Nicholas II left towards Petrograd, but his train was stopped at Visher station, from where he had to return to Pskov.


Question: Who was the German-Romanian emperor the last emperor of the municipality?

Russian Empire

After the commander of the troops sent to the capital received information from Habalov of the extent of the rebellion, these troops also returned.


Question: Who was the German-Romanian emperor the last emperor of the municipality?

Russian Empire

[39] On 15 March (J: 2 March), the Duma established an executive committee, organized with the support of the Petrograd Council into a provisional government.


Question: Who was the German-Romanian emperor the last emperor of the municipality?

Russian Empire

Prince Georgi Lvov became the prime minister of the government.


Question: Who was the German-Romanian emperor the last emperor of the municipality?

Russian Empire

The Duma also decided on the creation of a Constituent Assembly, but its elections were postponed until autumn.


Question: Who was the German-Romanian emperor the last emperor of the municipality?

Russian Empire

Government representatives met Nicholas II in the evening of the same day in Pskov, where he manifesto renounced the crown and handed it over to his brother Michael.


Question: Who was the German-Romanian emperor the last emperor of the municipality?

Russian Empire

Michael announced the next day that he would agree to become emperor only if the Constituent Assembly decided to do so.


Question: Who was the German-Romanian emperor the last emperor of the municipality?

Russian Empire

[38] [39] [40] First the United States, then Britain, France and Italy quickly recognized the ad hoc committee set by the Duma as the legitimate government of Russia.


Question: Who was the German-Romanian emperor the last emperor of the municipality?

Russian Empire

[40] The February Revolution made Russia a de facto republic.


Question: Who was the German-Romanian emperor the last emperor of the municipality?

Russian Empire

[41] Emperors of the Russian Empire the title of Emperor of Russia was taken by Peter I the Great after expanding and westernizing Russia in the early 18th century.


Question: Who was the German-Romanian emperor the last emperor of the municipality?

Russian Empire

[3] The last emperor was Nicholas II.


Question: Who was the German-Romanian emperor the last emperor of the municipality?

Russian Empire

Titles Russian emperors also held a large number of other titles, some of which referred to territories and localities not included in Russia.


Question: Who was the German-Romanian emperor the last emperor of the municipality?

Russian Empire

At the end of the 19th century, the Emperor held the following list of titles: Emperor and autocrat of All Russia, Moscow, Kiev, Vladimir and Novgorod, Tsar of Kersonessos of Kasan, Astrakan, Poland, Siberia and Tauria, Lord of Pskov and Grand Duke of Smolensk, Lithuania, Volhynia, Podolia and Finland , Prince of Estonia, Livonia, Curonia and Semgallen, Samogitia, Białystok, Karelia, Tver, Yugoria, Perm, Vyatka, Bulgaria and others, Nizhny Novgorod, Chernigov, Ryazan, Polotsk, Rostov, Yaroslav, Beloe Uzero, Orian, Obdorian, Vitebsk and Mstislav and the whole Lord and Grand Duke of the Northern Territory, Lord and Ruler of Iberia, Cartalinia, Georgia and Kabarinian and Armenia, Cherkesh and Mountain Princes, et al. Inheritance Prince and Sovereign, Heir of Norway, Duke of Schleswig-Holstein, Dithmarschen and Oldenburg etc etc. [42].


Question: Who was the German-Romanian emperor the last emperor of the municipality?

Russian Empire

However, many documents used a shorter list of titles referring only to Russia, Poland and Finland.


Question: Who was the German-Romanian emperor the last emperor of the municipality?

Russian Empire

[42] See also rulers of Russia List of administrative regions of the Russian Empire Sources Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Curtis, Glenn E.| title = Russia| location = Washington| publisher = GPO for the Library of Congress| year = 1996| language = Transclusion error: {{En}} is only for use in File namespace.


Question: Who was the German-Romanian emperor the last emperor of the municipality?

Russian Empire

Use {{lang-en}} or {{en icon}} instead.| format = [Country Studies]}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Arthur Mee, J. A. Hammerton, Arthur D. Innes| title = Harmsworth history of the world: Volume 7| location = London| publisher = Carmelite House| year = 1907| language = Transclusion error: {{En}} is only for use in File namespace.


Question: Who was the German-Romanian emperor the last emperor of the municipality?

Russian Empire

Use {{lang-en}} or {{en icon}} instead.| format = [online version]}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| title = Facta 2001.


Question: Who was the German-Romanian emperor the last emperor of the municipality?

Russian Empire

18 — Ved—Ö| publisher = WSOY| year = 1986| version = Keyword “Russo-Japanese War 1904-05” | id = ISBN 951-0-10239-3}} References on the topic elsewhere * Category:Key articles of screening


Question: Which languages are read into Indo-European languages?

Yucagiric languages

Yucagiric languages is a language whose languages are spoken by Yucagirs in eastern Siberia in the Sakha Republic and Magadan region.


Question: Which languages are read into Indo-European languages?

Yucagiric languages

Jukagiric languages include only two languages: North Yucagir (tundra jukagiri) Southern Yucagir (kolyma- meaning forest jukagir) Jukagiric languages have very few speakers.


Question: Which languages are read into Indo-European languages?

Yucagiric languages

North Yucagir is spoken by 150 people and Southern Jukagir by only 50 people.


Question: Which languages are read into Indo-European languages?

Yucagiric languages

Due to certain similarities, the kinship of these languages with the Uralic languages has been much studied, but the results in this regard have so far not been considered convincing [1].


Question: Which languages are read into Indo-European languages?

Yucagiric languages

Occasionally, North and South Yucagir are considered two, albeit widely divergent, dialects of the same language.


Question: Which languages are read into Indo-European languages?

Yucagiric languages

In this case, Yucagir would be an isolate language.


Question: Which languages are read into Indo-European languages?

Yucagiric languages

From the end of the 19th century, there are mentions of two peoples and languages related to Yucagir: the Chuvans and the Omoks.


Question: Which languages are read into Indo-European languages?

Yucagiric languages

Both have disappeared though they still appear even in the Russian nationality classification.


Question: Which languages are read into Indo-European languages?

Yucagiric languages

[1] Together with other small languages found in Siberia, the Yucagiric languages are counted into the Paleosiberian languages.


Question: Which languages are read into Indo-European languages?

Yucagiric languages

This language group designation does not refer to the idea of a possible common origin of the languages, but is regional and refers to those small languages and isolate languages found throughout Siberia that are not part of the larger languages more widely distributed in northern Eurasia.


Question: Which languages are read into Indo-European languages?

Yucagiric languages

[2] Connections with Uralic languages In recent linguistic debate, the relationship between Uralic languages and Yucagiric languages has been examined by Juha Janhunen and Jaakko Häkkinen [3] [4], Károly Rédei [5], Peter S. Piispanen [6] and Ante Aikio [7].


Question: Which languages are read into Indo-European languages?

Yucagiric languages

Although, according to Juha Janhuse, the Yucagiric languages were, for many reasons, the most promising candidate in the search for languages that share a common origin with the Uralic languages, and the possibility of a common origin cannot be completely excluded, such a relationship based on common origin According to Janhuse, it has not been possible to demonstrate between the Uralic Jugakiric languages by historical-comparative linguistics, and even in areal comparisons, the Yucagiric languages would seem more closely related to the Chukche-Kamchatian languages of their immediate neighbours in East Siberia.


Question: Which languages are read into Indo-European languages?

Yucagiric languages

If there was a relationship between languages based on common origin, it would be so distant in time that it could no longer be demonstrated.


Question: Which languages are read into Indo-European languages?

Yucagiric languages

[8] Connections between Uralic languages and Yucagir are referred to by Uralic loanwords from Yucagir.


Question: Which languages are read into Indo-European languages?

Yucagiric languages

[9] Some of these have a counterpart only in Samoyedic languages, whose range of Uralic languages is geographically located closest to Yucagir.


Question: Which languages are read into Indo-European languages?

Yucagiric languages

However, the part has a wider distribution in Uralic languages.


Question: Which languages are read into Indo-European languages?

Yucagiric languages

These can be further subdivided, on phonological grounds, into temporal strata according to the time of borrowing.


Question: Which languages are read into Indo-European languages?

Yucagiric languages

[10] When the area spoken by the Uralic parent language is localized to the west of the Ural Mountains [11] and some of the Uralic borrowings of Yucagir appear to revert to it, and on the other hand, Yucagir has loanwords of the same age also from Tunguusic languages whose speaking area is in eastern Siberia, awaken the question of where the borrowing of the words in the cantaurali could occur.


Question: Which languages are read into Indo-European languages?

Yucagiric languages

Alternatives would then be to inherit words from either a hypothetical Uralic-Yucagiric parent language, pre-cantaural from a pre-cantaural language, or a parallel language form of origin that had been common with Cantaurali.


Question: Which languages are read into Indo-European languages?

Yucagiric languages

[12] Against the existence of a common Uralic-Yucagiric parent language, Jaakko Häkkinen argues as an argument that parallels have been shown to morphological features of Yucagir languages only from Samoyedic languages.


Question: Which languages are read into Indo-European languages?

Yucagiric languages

[13] When Häkkinen has previously questioned the traditional division of Uralic languages into Finno-Ugric languages and Samoyedic languages and suggests that Samoyedic languages had separated Pikemink from the common East Uralic parent language together with the Ugric languages [14], these common features are not could no longer be returned to cantaurali, but would rather be the result of contacts between Samoyedic languages and Yucagir.


Question: Which languages are read into Indo-European languages?

Yucagiric languages

There is also no evidence for any Uralic language form parallel to Cantaural.


Question: Which languages are read into Indo-European languages?

Yucagiric languages

If, on the other hand, the pre-cantaural preceding the cantaural had been spoken in Siberia, it would explain the loanwords reverting to cantaural in yukagiri.


Question: Which languages are read into Indo-European languages?

Yucagiric languages

[15] Recently, Asko Parpola, through a combination of linguistic and archaeological material, has suggested that the pre-chantereuraly would have been spoken rather on the overlying Volga, from which it would then have spread eastward.


Question: Which languages are read into Indo-European languages?

Yucagiric languages

[16] This would also be supported by the conservatism of the Western Uralic languages, according to Parpola, explained by their spread to the spoken areas of languages resembling them.


Question: Which languages are read into Indo-European languages?

Yucagiric languages

[17] As a counter-argument to this, Jaakko Häkkinen presents features that exist in the vocabulary of the Finno-Permian languages, foreign to the Cantaural phonotactics, which increase in numbers as they move westward from the Volga - Kama region, which does not suggest that Uralic languages have been spoken in the region.


Question: Which languages are read into Indo-European languages?

Yucagiric languages

When these features are also unrelated to the Indo-European languages, to which most archaeological cultures in the region are considered to be related, these must be a rudder rather from the lost PaleoEuropean language, and the Volosovo archaeological culture did not appear in the area According to Häkkinen, one could therefore represent a pre-chantereurals.


Question: Which languages are read into Indo-European languages?

Yucagiric languages

The same is advocated, according to Häkkinen, by Petri Kallio's lack of early cantaindo-European loanwords from the cantaural.


Question: Which languages are read into Indo-European languages?

Yucagiric languages

[18] When most scholars place an Indo-European parent language in the Black Sea-Caspian steppes, this absence of loanwords would be difficult to explain, according to Häkkinen, if the pre-cantral had been spoken on the overlying Volga, for example.


Question: Which languages are read into Indo-European languages?

Yucagiric languages

[19] According to Juha Janhuse, the Uralic-Altaic languages typologically form such a distinct regional unit compared to surrounding languages representing other typologies that these languages must have a common centre of dispersal.


Question: Which languages are read into Indo-European languages?

Yucagiric languages

Of these, the parent languages of Turkic languages, Mongol languages, and Tunguusic languages have been spoken in the region of Manchuria, and according to Janhuse, there is no great chance that a structural typology similar to those of the pre-Canterral could have arisen without close contact with them.


Question: Which languages are read into Indo-European languages?

Yucagiric languages

[20] Another argument in favour of pre-Cantaural easternality is the Uralic loanwords reverting to the level of the Yucagir cantaural, which cannot originate from the cantaurali because of the western position of its speaking area, and which are also the younger of the Yucagir, the Eastern Uralic The loanword stratum cannot be explained because the changes leading to the Eastern Urals have also occurred west of the Urals, according to Häkkinen.


Question: Which languages are read into Indo-European languages?

Yucagiric languages

[21] Ante Aikio has not considered the arguments of Häkkinen's hypothesis to be valides, but considers that only loans from heel samojedi and pre-stock samojedi to cantajukagiri are addressed.


Question: Which languages are read into Indo-European languages?

Yucagiric languages

[7] Views on kinship relations between Uralic and Yucagiric languages have also been expressed by Peter S. Piispanen.


Question: Which languages are read into Indo-European languages?

Yucagiric languages

Ante Aikio has considered both Piispasen's materials and methods to be incomplete and has not accepted the views of Piispasen.


Question: Which languages are read into Indo-European languages?

Yucagiric languages

[7] Sources Check date values in: |accessdate= (help) Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Anhava, Jaakko| title = World Languages and Languages | location = Helsinki| publisher = Gaudeamus| year = 1998| id = ISBN 951-662-734-X}} Häkkinen, Jaakko: Early contacts between Uralic and Yukaghir.


Question: Which languages are read into Indo-European languages?

Yucagiric languages

In the book: Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Tiina Hyytiäinen, Lotta Jalava, Janne Saarikivi & Erika Sandman (eds.


Question: Which languages are read into Indo-European languages?

Yucagiric languages

) | title = Per Urales ad Orientem.


Question: Which languages are read into Indo-European languages?

Yucagiric languages

Iter polyphonicum multilingue.


Question: Which languages are read into Indo-European languages?

Yucagiric languages

Festskrift tillägnad Juha Janhunen på hans sextioårsdag den 12 februari 2012| location = Helsinki| publisher = Finno-Ugric Society| year = 2012| version = Finno-Ugric Society Editorials 264| id = ISBN 978-952-5667-33-2 (printed) ISBN 9798-958-33-2 (printed) ISBN 97958-958-33-2 2-5667-34-9 (web version) | language = Transclusion error: {{En}} is only for use in File namespace.


Question: Which languages are read into Indo-European languages?

Yucagiric languages

Use {{lang-en}} or {{en icon}} instead.| format = [Web version of article] (pdf) | accessdate = 12.3.2013| page = 91-101}} Janhunen, Juha 2001: Indo-Uralic and Ural-Altaic: On the diachronic implications of areal typology.


Question: Which languages are read into Indo-European languages?

Yucagiric languages

Early Contacts between Uralic and Indo-European: Linguistic and Archaeological Considerations, p. 207—220.


Question: Which languages are read into Indo-European languages?

Yucagiric languages

(ed.


Question: Which languages are read into Indo-European languages?

Yucagiric languages

Carpelan et al.)


Question: Which languages are read into Indo-European languages?

Yucagiric languages

Mémoires de la Société Finno-Ougrienne 242.


Question: Which languages are read into Indo-European languages?

Yucagiric languages

Helsinki: Finno-Ugrian Society.


Question: Which languages are read into Indo-European languages?

Yucagiric languages

Transclusion error: {{En}} is only for use in File namespace.


Question: Which languages are read into Indo-European languages?

Yucagiric languages

Use {{lang-en}} or {{en icon}} instead.


Question: Which languages are read into Indo-European languages?

Yucagiric languages

Janhunen, Juha 2007: Typological expansion in the Ural-Altaic belt.


Question: Which languages are read into Indo-European languages?

Yucagiric languages

Incontri Linguistici, vol.


Question: Which languages are read into Indo-European languages?

Yucagiric languages

30, p. 71—83.


Question: Which languages are read into Indo-European languages?

Yucagiric languages

Pisa & Roma: Fabrizio Serra Editore.


Question: Which languages are read into Indo-European languages?

Yucagiric languages


Question: Which languages are read into Indo-European languages?

Yucagiric languages

Use {{lang-en}} or {{en icon}} instead.


Question: Which languages are read into Indo-European languages?

Yucagiric languages

Janhunen, Juha 2009: Proto-Uralic—what, where, and when?


Question: Which languages are read into Indo-European languages?

Yucagiric languages

Editorials of the Finno-Ugric Society 258. p. 57—78. Transclusion error: {{En}} is only for use in File namespace.


Question: Which languages are read into Indo-European languages?

Yucagiric languages

Use {{lang-en}} or {{en icon}} instead.


Question: Which languages are read into Indo-European languages?

Yucagiric languages

Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Rédei, Károly| title = Zu den uralisch-jukagirischen Sprachkontakten| location = Helsinki| publisher = Finno-Ugrian Society| year = 1999| version=Finnisch-Ugrische Forschungen 55| language = Template:De| format = [Online version of article publication archive in Doria (limited access)] | accessdate = 14.3.2013| page=1—58}} References *


Question: When has man taken over the first horse?

Horse

The horse or domesticated horse (Equus caballus) is a large-sized mammal belonging to the order of bedbugs and the equine family.


Question: When has man taken over the first horse?

Horse

The horse was domesticated by man about 5000 years ago as a domestic animal.


Question: When has man taken over the first horse?

Horse

[1] The horse has been used as a steed, a traction and stump feast, and as a drag animal in agricultural and forestry work.


Question: When has man taken over the first horse?

Horse

In the 20th century, tractors and automobiles have largely replaced the horse from its previous uses, and the horse has, at least in industrialised countries, become essentially a hobby animal.


Question: When has man taken over the first horse?

Horse

A lot of people still work for their profession in the horse business.


Question: When has man taken over the first horse?

Horse

In Finland, approximately 4500 people are estimated to be employed full-time in the equine sector and about 9000 people part-time, [2] most of whom work with trotting or teaching horses.


Question: When has man taken over the first horse?

Horse

The occurrence of the Przewalski horse has long been believed to be the only wild horse living today that has never been domesticated by man.


Question: When has man taken over the first horse?

Horse

This belief has been disproven.


Question: When has man taken over the first horse?

Horse

[3] There are no more strains left of the Przewalski horse which are not descended from specimens that have lived at least at some point in captivity, mainly in zoos.


Question: When has man taken over the first horse?

Horse

[4] On the other hand, there are several strains of horses gone wild from domesticated horses, the most famous of which are probably North American mustangs and Australian brumbys.


Question: When has man taken over the first horse?

Horse

In the British Isles, many old pony stocks and in France the camargue horse are bred semi-wild in free-roaming but man-managed herds.


Question: When has man taken over the first horse?

Horse

The ideal environment for the horse is wide open grassland where food is plentiful, beasts can be detected from afar and escape from them is easy.


Question: When has man taken over the first horse?

Horse

[5] Domestic horses exist all over the world: for example, in the United States alone, the most common horse breed in the country, there are more than two million registered specimens.


Question: When has man taken over the first horse?

Horse

With industrialization, the number of horses plummeted in several different countries as cars and tractors supplanted horses from agricultural and transportation work.


Question: When has man taken over the first horse?

Horse

The number of horses in Finland doubled between 1992 and 2007.


Question: When has man taken over the first horse?

Horse

There were plenty of 70,000 horses in Finland in 2007.


Question: When has man taken over the first horse?

Horse

[6] The upturn in the number of horses at the end of the 20th century has been due, among other things, to the increase in the popularity of riding, especially among adults.


Question: When has man taken over the first horse?

Horse

Of the population of approximately 66100 individuals registered in Finland in 2007, about 24300 (37%) were warm-blooded trotting horses, about 19500 (30%) were Finnish horses, about 14200 (21%) were warm-blooded horsehorses and about 8100 (12%) were ponies.


Question: When has man taken over the first horse?

Horse

[6] Features Modern horses vary greatly in size due to breeding.


Question: When has man taken over the first horse?

Horse

Representatives of the world's smallest breeds of miniature horses are only less than half a metre tall, or the size of a medium-sized dog, while representatives of the world's largest horse breed, the shire horse, may grow to more than two feet tall.


Question: When has man taken over the first horse?

Horse

Most commonly, however, the height at the withers is somewhere between 120 and 170cm.


Question: When has man taken over the first horse?

Horse

Horses less than 148cm tall might be called ponies, but designation as ponies may, depending on context, be based on either height at the withers or race.


Question: When has man taken over the first horse?

Horse

Certain small breeds (for example, the Icelandic horse), despite their size, are also not considered pony but horse breeds.


Question: When has man taken over the first horse?

Horse

Depending on breed and individual differences, the horse becomes fully grown at 4—6 years of age.


Question: When has man taken over the first horse?

Horse

A domesticated horse may live up to 50 years old, but usually up to around 30 years old.


Question: When has man taken over the first horse?

Horse

Lifespan varies widely by breed, with generally hardened cold-blood and pony breeds living about ten years older than warmbreds and thoroughbreds.


Question: When has man taken over the first horse?

Horse

Wild horses die at a much younger age, and many domesticated horses have to be euthanized mainly due to gastrointestinal or respiratory diseases or leg problems at the age of 10 to 20 years.


Question: When has man taken over the first horse?

Horse

But in addition, the weight of the horse can be calculated accurately enough, for example, to make a feeding plan.


Question: When has man taken over the first horse?

Horse

Weight and Obesity Fitness Classification But in addition, the weight of the horse can be calculated using the formula to be sufficiently precise, for example, to make a feeding plan.


Question: When has man taken over the first horse?

Horse

Other ways to estimate a horse's weight are by measuring and placing the result in a table or the circumference of the horse's chest.


Question: When has man taken over the first horse?

Horse

A rough estimate of a horse's weight is obtained by estimating the typical weight of the breed.


Question: When has man taken over the first horse?

Horse

[7] Obesity determination of fitness refers to estimating the amount of fat in a horse, this allows to obtain an idea of the nutritional status of the horse.


Question: When has man taken over the first horse?

Horse

In Finland, a 7-point fitness rating is typically used, [8] where 1=very skinny, 4=good and 7=very fat [9].


Question: When has man taken over the first horse?

Horse

The most internationally known scale is the Henneke Obesity Fitness Classification Scale, which was developed by Dr. Don Henneke at Texas A & M University [10].


Question: When has man taken over the first horse?

Horse

In Henneke's obesity fitness rating: 1 =very skinny, 5=good/normal, and 9=Very obese.


Question: When has man taken over the first horse?

Horse

[11] Feeding and digestion The horse specialises in being a grass-eater, and its most natural food is poorly digestible and high-fibre grasses.


Question: When has man taken over the first horse?

Horse

It gets along well with nutrition-poor plant food, as long as it is available in abundance.


Question: When has man taken over the first horse?

Horse

However, nutrition should not be moldy, for example, and in addition, the horse needs quite a lot of water to drink.


Question: When has man taken over the first horse?

Horse

The horse is monogastric, although it uses the same feed table values as ruminants except for protein values.


Question: When has man taken over the first horse?

Horse

[12] The digestive system of the horse has adapted to constant grazing: the stomach is small in size.


Question: When has man taken over the first horse?

Horse

When free, the horse eats up to 16—17 hours daily, most of the day.


Question: When has man taken over the first horse?

Horse

Circumstances permit, the horse will, for the most part, eat nothing but new short grass and move slowly as it grazes.


Question: When has man taken over the first horse?

Horse

In human use, the horse usually receives dry hay and, due to increased energy needs, grain or concentrated feed, to which the horse's digestion has not adapted.


Question: When has man taken over the first horse?

Horse

A domesticated horse also often spends most of its time almost motionless in the stable, receiving feed in large portions a few times a day.


Question: When has man taken over the first horse?

Horse

Heavy exercise, for example exercising a racehorse, also worsens the horse's digestion.


Question: When has man taken over the first horse?

Horse

The horse is sensitive to feeding distractions, which easily leads to colic, for example.


Question: When has man taken over the first horse?

Horse

[13] Being able to “nibble” constantly on corsage feed is also important for the horse as a mental stimulus.


Question: When has man taken over the first horse?

Horse

If a horse is given too much high-energy feed relative to the amount of corsage feed, the horse may, in the absence of grazing, milling the wooden structures of the stall or corral or eat wort or even faeces.


Question: When has man taken over the first horse?

Horse

Behavior A horse is a social fleeing herd animal.


Question: When has man taken over the first horse?

Horse

In natural conditions, it lives in herds which, in addition to the dominant stallion, include about 3—8 mares with foals.


Question: When has man taken over the first horse?

Horse

An old and experienced mare acts as the “moral” leader of the herd, and the leader stallion acts more like keeper and defender of the pack.


Question: When has man taken over the first horse?

Horse

Foals leave the herd at the age of 2—4 years and before long join another herd.


Question: When has man taken over the first horse?

Horse

Colts might live long in “bachelor groups” before gathering themselves a herd of their own.


Question: When has man taken over the first horse?

Horse

Escape and Defending As a prey animal, the horse is very sensitive and skittish to all kinds of changes in its environment and surprising situations.


Question: When has man taken over the first horse?

Horse

Its first and immediate reaction to anything surprising is an escape in case it's a predator.


Question: When has man taken over the first horse?

Horse

The horse is quite a fast and durable runner, and the fastest individuals can reach speeds of up to 60 to 80 kilometres per hour over short distances.


Question: When has man taken over the first horse?

Horse

The horse is also capable of jumping quite high and far, although it in the wild usually prefers to get around obstacles.


Question: When has man taken over the first horse?

Horse

If escape is not possible, the horse will defend itself by kicking and, if necessary, biting.


Question: When has man taken over the first horse?

Horse

A horse's kick is powerful and can kill a human being, for example, when hit in the head.


Question: When has man taken over the first horse?

Horse

Horses themselves, as large and robust animals in natural conditions, do not usually receive injuries worse than contusions from each other's kicks, but metal shoes often found on the hooves of domesticated horses increase the power of kicks considerably.


Question: When has man taken over the first horse?

Horse

Particularly serious injuries can be incurred from hock shoes worn with slippery coils with sharp metal spikes on the bottom to prevent slips.


Question: When has man taken over the first horse?

Horse

The inherent escape response of the domesticated horse is moderated by breeding background, training and accustoming to stimuli common in the human organ circle as well as resorting in frightening situations to man as a leader.


Question: When has man taken over the first horse?

Horse

For example, if a rider perceived as reliable by a horse remains calm in a surprising or threatening situation, the horse will follow his lead and stay put even if he may flinch.


Question: When has man taken over the first horse?

Horse

Similarly, freaking out a rider can make a horse freak out too.


Question: When has man taken over the first horse?

Horse

Of horse breeds especially used for heavy work, cold-blood breeds have been processed to be as peaceful as possible.


Question: When has man taken over the first horse?

Horse

Herd Hierarchy Horses always have a precedence between themselves to facilitate and clarify the life of the herd: each horse knows which horses will duck out of its way and which individuals it must dodge itself.


Question: When has man taken over the first horse?

Horse

This order of precedence is more about the nature and confidence of horses than, for example, their size, and in a multi variegated herd of domesticated horses it may happen that a little pony commands his much bigger pack mates.


Question: When has man taken over the first horse?

Horse

There is also always one individual in the pack whose example is followed by others in strange situations and under threat of danger.


Question: When has man taken over the first horse?

Horse

This individual is not a young, vigorous and aggressive animal highest in the pecking order of the herd but, most likely, an old and experienced mare.


Question: When has man taken over the first horse?

Horse

When a new horse joins the herd, and especially when two stallions are encountered, may initially ensue, where the newcomer's position in the pack becomes clear.


Question: When has man taken over the first horse?

Horse

However, actual fighting is a dangerous waste of resources for the prey animal and is not characteristic of horses: usually either individual will soon give in, accepting a lower position.


Question: When has man taken over the first horse?

Horse

Senses and Intelligence The horse's field of view is very wide, about 340degrees.


Question: When has man taken over the first horse?

Horse

The horse does not see right in front of his head, nor with the head pointing directly to the front either behind or under it.


Question: When has man taken over the first horse?

Horse

Most of the field of view is monocular vision; there is only about 65degrees of binocular vision, just over half the human equivalent.


Question: When has man taken over the first horse?

Horse

[14] The size of the horse's eyes and the relative abundance of the rod cells in them suggests that the horse can see a person better at dusk.


Question: When has man taken over the first horse?

Horse

The color vision of the horse is not exactly known.


Question: When has man taken over the first horse?

Horse

Carrolin et.


Question: When has man taken over the first horse?

Horse

al.


Question: When has man taken over the first horse?

Horse

a 2001 study suggests that a horse would only be able to see shades of yellow and blue as colours.


Question: When has man taken over the first horse?

Horse

[15] Due to the wide, but mostly monocular field of view, it is difficult for a horse to estimate the speed of approaching targets or to see close.


Question: When has man taken over the first horse?

Horse

However, the movements the horse sees accurately, and communication between horses consists largely of small movements.


Question: When has man taken over the first horse?

Horse

[15] The horse's ears turn 180°, and by turning its ears, the horse accurately recognizes the direction of input of the sound.


Question: When has man taken over the first horse?

Horse

The horse can sense frequencies at least equivalent to the human auditory range, possibly a wider range.


Question: When has man taken over the first horse?

Horse

[15] The sense of smell is important for the horse, among other things, in identifying other horses, and they also sense pheromones related to the endocrine system, for example.


Question: When has man taken over the first horse?

Horse

Based on the extent of the sensing mucous membrane of the nose, a horse's sense of smell is thought to be one hundred to a thousand times stronger than that of a human.


Question: When has man taken over the first horse?

Horse

The horse can make the flehmen gesture by rolling its upper lip, which closes the nostrils and directs the chemicals from the smell to more sensitive sensory cells in the nose.


Question: When has man taken over the first horse?

Horse

[16] The sense of taste allows the horse to select its nutrition, which is especially important because the horse cannot vomit.


Question: When has man taken over the first horse?

Horse

Horses can distinguish at least sweet, acidic, salty, and tart from basic flavours, but the accuracy of the horse's taste sensation is unknown.


Question: When has man taken over the first horse?

Horse

[16] A horse's tactile sense is so sensitive that it feels, for example, an insect on its side.


Question: When has man taken over the first horse?

Horse

On the other hand, the horse's nervous system easily becomes numb similar to a repetitive “pointless” stimulus such as the rider's improper help.


Question: When has man taken over the first horse?

Horse

The horse's most sensitive tactile organ is its upper lip, for which the corresponding brain area is relatively large.


Question: When has man taken over the first horse?

Horse

In the area of the horse's refuge, tactile hairs also grow.


Question: When has man taken over the first horse?

Horse

[16] A horse is not considered a particularly intelligent animal in the traditional sense.


Question: When has man taken over the first horse?

Horse

However, it is a motorically capable mover and very sensitive to sensing the state of mind and even small movements and gestures of other horses and humans.


Question: When has man taken over the first horse?

Horse

As a very social animal, the horse also tends to please especially those other horses and people that it considers its leader.


Question: When has man taken over the first horse?

Horse

When taught consistently, it learns to combine demanding and complex performance with certain subtle but clear signs.


Question: When has man taken over the first horse?

Horse

This allows for the very varied use of horses in riding, driving, work and, say, circus shows.


Question: When has man taken over the first horse?

Horse

Natural horsemanship utilizes precisely the social intelligence of the horse in its training methods.


Question: When has man taken over the first horse?

Horse

A well-known example of equine social “literacy” is the Wise Hans, who seemed adept at counting and reported the results of the counting tasks by knocking the ground with his hoof.


Question: When has man taken over the first horse?

Horse

Instead of true numeracy, however, the trick was based on the horse sensing the audience's mind movements and knowing how to stop knocking at exactly the right answer.


Question: When has man taken over the first horse?

Horse

Social relations The companionship of fellow species is one of the main basic needs of the horse.


Question: When has man taken over the first horse?

Horse

Ideally, domesticated horses can live for most of the day relatively the same in the company of a permanent small herd in a large enough paddock where they can both easily dodge each other from far enough, but also churn and romp together.


Question: When has man taken over the first horse?

Horse

Without company, the horse becomes low-lying and may even lose its appetite.


Question: When has man taken over the first horse?

Horse

On the other hand, some individuals seem to thrive quite well on their own as well.


Question: When has man taken over the first horse?

Horse

Horses are also known to form closer companionship relationships among certain individuals in herd conditions.


Question: When has man taken over the first horse?

Horse

Such comrades tend to tolerate each other closer than usual to themselves on the inside of their “own space” and, for example, often graze closely together.


Question: When has man taken over the first horse?

Horse

On the other hand, certain individuals, despite getting used to, may never tolerate each other's close company.


Question: When has man taken over the first horse?

Horse

Some specimens are extremely companionsore but on the other hand timid when accompanied by foreign horses.


Question: When has man taken over the first horse?

Horse

Racehorses, for example, might have a little pony familiar as a “full-time companion,” who is also included on race trips.


Question: When has man taken over the first horse?

Horse

Young horses are easily accustomed to the company of new herds, but some individuals, and especially old horses accustomed to certain arrangements, may become outsiders and unenthusiastic to participate in the herd.


Question: When has man taken over the first horse?

Horse

For companions who have been together for a long time, the death or relocation of another can be a tough experience and lead to changes in behavior recognizable as depression.


Question: When has man taken over the first horse?

Horse

It is important for a horse to interact regularly with other horses, and even mere sight and hearing contact with another horse is better than nothing.


Question: When has man taken over the first horse?

Horse

If the company of another horse cannot be arranged, the next best option for the horse is, for example, the company of a donkey or a mule.


Question: When has man taken over the first horse?

Horse

Other social animals living in herds, such as cattle and sheep, are suitable for horse companionship — it is known that horses are even attached to dogs, stable cats and rabbits.


Question: When has man taken over the first horse?

Horse

Also, abundant social interaction with a person can satisfy the horse's need for sociability.


Question: When has man taken over the first horse?

Horse

However, the best option is always another horse.


Question: When has man taken over the first horse?

Horse

Character and temperament Horses often have clearly distinctive personalities.


Question: When has man taken over the first horse?

Horse

The character and temperament of an equine individual varies not only by individual but also by breed and horse type.


Question: When has man taken over the first horse?

Horse

Ponies descended from semi-wild stumps, for example, are often witty and quick to learn, and English thoroughbreds bred into fast gallop horses are, in turn, feisty and sensitive.


Question: When has man taken over the first horse?

Horse

Hugely powerful cold-blood horses must already be calm and generous in nature to obey.


Question: When has man taken over the first horse?

Horse

Mares are often considered somewhat capricious, which is largely influenced by the endocrine system associated with the estrus cycle.


Question: When has man taken over the first horse?

Horse

The effect of the horny cycle on the behaviour, usefulness and well-being of the mare is sometimes so strong that it is considered best to sterilize the mare as a “rune mare”; compared to castration of a stallion, the procedure is large and rare, but sterilization makes life easier for the mare in extreme cases and processing considerably.


Question: When has man taken over the first horse?

Horse

Stallions, on the other hand, tend to be brave and tenacious but require an experienced handler and careful training.


Question: When has man taken over the first horse?

Horse

Runes are usually flat natured, especially if they are runed already as a foal or at most a few years of age.


Question: When has man taken over the first horse?

Horse

However, individuals runed at a later age may continue to habit stallion-like behaviour and, for example, fight with other horses and seek to enter mares in estrus.


Question: When has man taken over the first horse?

Horse

An aggressive horse is usually sore or mistreated, and the horse is rarely completely hostile.


Question: When has man taken over the first horse?

Horse

In human breeding activities at all, developing the nature of the horse easier to handle has been an important goal and hostile and vicarious specimens have been removed from breeding.


Question: When has man taken over the first horse?

Horse

On the other hand, exceptions have been made to this rule for particularly successful sport horses: a famous example of a ferocious but successful horse at racetracks and breeding is the crayfish stallion Nevele Pride, who left hundreds of offspring.


Question: When has man taken over the first horse?

Horse

Communication Although horses have numerous clear-meaning vocalizations, their communication is largely voiceless.


Question: When has man taken over the first horse?

Horse

The horse has a complex gesture system by which it communicates instinctively using, among other things, its tail, body position and position with respect to other horses, and head and ear positions.


Question: When has man taken over the first horse?

Horse

The basics of equine gesture language are the same on all horses, and foals use gestures as soon as they are born, though foals of mares who are high in the herd apparently learn from their maternal model to use the confident and dominant communication of a high-ranking equine individual.


Question: When has man taken over the first horse?

Horse

However, there are differences between individuals, and through learning, the gestural language of an individual horse may change greatly.


Question: When has man taken over the first horse?

Horse

For example, a horse that has been punished for lifting its legs (a cautionary gesture) might kick straight without warning when ricocheted.


Question: When has man taken over the first horse?

Horse

Various horse gestures and postures may express things such as indifference, interest, frightening, aggression, playfulness, submission, agitation, contentment, and harmlessness (the taste gesture of foals).


Question: When has man taken over the first horse?

Horse

Combinations of different gestures and postures allow highly complex combinations of mental states to be expressed and interpreted.


Question: When has man taken over the first horse?

Horse

To a certain extent, the horse is capable of communicating with a person as well.


Question: When has man taken over the first horse?

Horse

So-called natural equestrian skills are utilized, for example, in training horses.


Question: When has man taken over the first horse?

Horse

Vocalisations The most famous of the horse's vocalizations are probably hirnums and slurs.


Question: When has man taken over the first horse?

Horse

A scrum is usually an invitation or greeting to another horse and a buzzing friendly greeting.


Question: When has man taken over the first horse?

Horse

Other common sounds include a sharp whiff or dugout (something interesting or surprising happens), a long heavy gust or sigh (satisfaction and relaxation), and whining (irritation, agitation).


Question: When has man taken over the first horse?

Horse

Loud squealing is often an aggressive, threatening objection, but stallions and mares squeal at each other even during pre-stepping courting.


Question: When has man taken over the first horse?

Horse

Whining or screaming can also be part of play.


Question: When has man taken over the first horse?

Horse

The quality and tone of vocalizations, and especially the deer nuns, varies from individual to individual and situation.


Question: When has man taken over the first horse?

Horse

On one horse, you can sound high and bright, rough and almost roar on the other.


Question: When has man taken over the first horse?

Horse

A genuine roaring scream can be heard as horses, usually stallions, fight in earnest.


Question: When has man taken over the first horse?

Horse

Reproduction Stallions enter puberty at an average age of 14 (10-24) months, although full sexual maturity acquires about 4 years of age [17].


Question: When has man taken over the first horse?

Horse

Mares become sexually mature at around 2.5 to 3.5 years of age.


Question: When has man taken over the first horse?

Horse

[18] Mare fertility declines clearly after 12 years of age, In order to prevent damage, stallion foals are usually separated from mare foals and mares at all by about one and a half years of age or at the latest when they begin to behave orderly and show sexual interest signs for mares.


Question: When has man taken over the first horse?

Horse

It is also common for colts to rune at 1—2 years of age, so that they can continue outdoors with mares without problems.


Question: When has man taken over the first horse?

Horse

They may still have stallion-like features after the rune.


Question: When has man taken over the first horse?

Horse

As a rule, both stallions and mares are deliberately used for breeding no earlier than 3 years of age.


Question: When has man taken over the first horse?

Horse

Horse is seasonal adjustments [19] The season typically begins at the turn of a hurling moon.


Question: When has man taken over the first horse?

Horse

An average season lasts 101 days for foal mares and 95 days for other mares.


Question: When has man taken over the first horse?

Horse

The length of the estrus cycle averages 18-23, with individual variation considerable.


Question: When has man taken over the first horse?

Horse

[17] [18] Normal gestation lasts from 320 to 365 days and on average it is approximately 335 days.


Question: When has man taken over the first horse?

Horse

[20] Warning is a quick event.


Question: When has man taken over the first horse?

Horse

The mare can be conceived either naturally by stepping or by artificial insemination.


Question: When has man taken over the first horse?

Horse

Stepping can occur either when horses are free in pasture or under controlled and regulated conditions, for example in a horse breeder's breeding farm.


Question: When has man taken over the first horse?

Horse

Stepping always comes with risks because horses can injure each other by kicking, for example.


Question: When has man taken over the first horse?

Horse

Valuable breeding stallions can be protected from the kicks of a non-favoured mare, for example by attaching the mare to a special stepping stall or rack, or by using artificial insemination.


Question: When has man taken over the first horse?

Horse

There are also sexually transmitted diseases in horses, the spread of which is difficult to control in natural steppings.


Question: When has man taken over the first horse?

Horse

For these reasons, the use of artificial insemination has become widespread.


Question: When has man taken over the first horse?

Horse

Artificial insemination also has the advantage that a stallion from a single sperm dose is usually sufficient for the semen of several mares.


Question: When has man taken over the first horse?

Horse

Sperm is collected by jumping the oritta on top of a Santa built for this purpose.


Question: When has man taken over the first horse?

Horse

However, some stallions do not agree to step on the Santa, so they have to use what is known as a buck mare, which usually has their ovaries removed and is given a rut with a hormone preparation.


Question: When has man taken over the first horse?

Horse

Use Horses have long played a very significant part in human culture: for example, horses appear in Lascaux cave paintings that are tens of thousands of years old.


Question: When has man taken over the first horse?

Horse

First, horses, most likely bred for food, became useful animals necessary for humans.


Question: When has man taken over the first horse?

Horse

Horses have been breeding by man for at least thousands of years:.


Question: When has man taken over the first horse?

Horse

The horse, according to contemporary knowledge, was domesticated by man in the period 4500−2500 BCE.


Question: When has man taken over the first horse?

Horse

Eurasian steppes.


Question: When has man taken over the first horse?

Horse

Around the year 1000 BC.


Question: When has man taken over the first horse?

Horse

by the domesticated horse had spread to the regions of Asia, Europe and North Africa.


Question: When has man taken over the first horse?

Horse

[21] Equidae belonging to the native fauna from the continents of North and South America became extinct around 8000 BCE.


Question: When has man taken over the first horse?

Horse

By, and the horse arrived on these continents again only as a domesticated horse accompanied by European conquerors in the 16th century.


Question: When has man taken over the first horse?

Horse

There are hundreds of horse breeds and types today with breeding, and there are many different uses.


Question: When has man taken over the first horse?

Horse

Probably the oldest breed of horses preserved with similar similarity is the Arabian horse, which is known to have been bred for at least five thousand years.


Question: When has man taken over the first horse?

Horse

Warm-blood crayfish are used for trotting, warm-blooded mounted breeds, namely Thoroughbred and Half-Bred horses, mainly in the various species of riding and harness driving, and heavy-made cold-blood breeds as workhorses.


Question: When has man taken over the first horse?

Horse

The Finnish horse, considered to be a common breed, is extremely versatile: one horse and the same horse can compete in both trotters and in the different sport of riding, and also do field or forest work.


Question: When has man taken over the first horse?

Horse

Some horse breeds are nowadays bred mainly for human eye pleasure as show animals as well as pets.


Question: When has man taken over the first horse?

Horse

As human nutrition, Horse's original use under human control may have been meat production.


Question: When has man taken over the first horse?

Horse

Horses have also been milked since prehistoric times.


Question: When has man taken over the first horse?

Horse

Today, the status of eating horse meat varies a lot from culture to culture.


Question: When has man taken over the first horse?

Horse

In some countries such as Britain, the horse has an established status as a human pet and working partner, and eating its meat is almost taboo.


Question: When has man taken over the first horse?

Horse

Elsewhere, for example, horses unfit for breeding or injured are willingly slaughtered for sustenance, and horses and other equines may also be bred directly for slaughter.


Question: When has man taken over the first horse?

Horse

One million kilograms of horse meat are imported from abroad to Finland per year.


Question: When has man taken over the first horse?

Horse

[22] In Finland, meat from horses killed due to poor competitive success or injury is processed for food, and horsemeat is hardly eaten as such, but is further processed, for example, into meetvurst.


Question: When has man taken over the first horse?

Horse

Horse milk is today used as human nutrition in some Central Asian countries.


Question: When has man taken over the first horse?

Horse

Rubber is made from it.


Question: When has man taken over the first horse?

Horse

As a steed and traction party, Horse has been of great importance in times past as a traction and load party and a steed.


Question: When has man taken over the first horse?

Horse

Neck strap and burgers are considered to be the oldest horse vehicles.


Question: When has man taken over the first horse?

Horse

After the invention of the wheel and saddle, major advances in horse gear included westerns and chest strap harnesses, as well as stirrups.


Question: When has man taken over the first horse?

Horse

Before railways in the 19th century and later automobiles became common, horse vehicles, along with oxen, were practically the only land vehicles in much of the world, although locally, for example, donkey, mule and camel have also been used as traction and carrying feasts.


Question: When has man taken over the first horse?

Horse

Along with wagons and carts, horse-drawn sleighs were also used in the northern areas during the winter.


Question: When has man taken over the first horse?

Horse

In addition, the horse also played a major role in agriculture as a labour party, but even from this work the tractor has largely supplanted it in industrially developed countries today.


Question: When has man taken over the first horse?

Horse

However, in many mainly Asian and African countries, the horse is still an important working animal and vehicle, especially in remote areas.


Question: When has man taken over the first horse?

Horse

Horse in War Horse at various times has also been of great military importance.


Question: When has man taken over the first horse?

Horse

Its domestication has been speculated to have made it possible for peoples speaking Indo-European languages at one time to spread from Ukraine to almost all parts of Europe.


Question: When has man taken over the first horse?

Horse

[23] Likewise, it made it possible for the Hyksos to conquer Egypt at the beginning of the first intermediate period around 1700 BCE, for the Egyptians had no horses before that time.


Question: When has man taken over the first horse?

Horse

[23] Partly for the same reason, much later the Spanish conquistadors were also able to easily defeat the Aztec and Inca kingdoms.


Question: When has man taken over the first horse?

Horse

Cavalry was of key military importance until the 20th century, and it was not until World War I that lorries and tanks supplanted it as the main offensive weapon.


Question: When has man taken over the first horse?

Horse

[23] The last small-scale cavalry attacks in modern warfare were seen in World War II.


Question: When has man taken over the first horse?

Horse

Best remembered of these is the uneven encounter of Polish cavalry units with the German motorised war force of 1939.


Question: When has man taken over the first horse?

Horse

The last cavalry division of the Finnish Defence Forces, Nurmo's eskadroona participated in the Winter War.


Question: When has man taken over the first horse?

Horse

[24] However, the horse was still important in the army in transport duties.


Question: When has man taken over the first horse?

Horse

In the Finnish Winter War, for example, troop mobility and maintenance was mostly dependent on horses.


Question: When has man taken over the first horse?

Horse

Due to the small transporting ability of horses, they were needed in very large numbers.


Question: When has man taken over the first horse?

Horse

A horse could pull a load weighing 300 to 400 kilograms for 30 to 35 kilometres per day.


Question: When has man taken over the first horse?

Horse

[25] In the Winter War there were about 72,000 horses employed by the army; in the Continuation War there were about 62,000 horses.


Question: When has man taken over the first horse?

Horse

More than 20,000 horses perished or disappeared in the wars.


Question: When has man taken over the first horse?

Horse

Warhorses were like friends to soldiers, and their loss was heavy.


Question: When has man taken over the first horse?

Horse

The monument to Finnish war horses is located in Seinäjoki and the monument to fallen war horses is located in Myllykoski.


Question: When has man taken over the first horse?

Horse

[26] Horse Racing There are numerous equestrian sports, the most important of them worldwide being gallop races with light and fast thoroughbred horses, locally also other breeds.


Question: When has man taken over the first horse?

Horse

The other main sports are trotting and pickling races on ridden horses, school, hurdle and field riding, and harness driving.


Question: When has man taken over the first horse?

Horse

In the Americas, various breed-specific competitions for specialty stepping and other types of steed pleasantries are popular.


Question: When has man taken over the first horse?

Horse

The various species of Western riding are very popular in the United States, but they are also practiced elsewhere.


Question: When has man taken over the first horse?

Horse

In addition to these species, international competitions take place at least in travel riding and strolling, there are also horse polo and various species measuring the strength and skills of workhorses.


Question: When has man taken over the first horse?

Horse

Other species such as gymkhana in Great Britain and Central Europe, power and speed rides of ban'non-bred horses in Japan, and goat carcass control competition as teams in the kokpar game in Central Asia are also found as local specialties.


Question: When has man taken over the first horse?

Horse

Horse as a hobby Riding and caring for horses is currently a popular pastime especially for girls, which in recent years has become heavily prevalent as a hobby for young and older women.


Question: When has man taken over the first horse?

Horse

Boys and men who do horseback riding tend to be less interested in horse care and focus on developing as a rider, as well as competing, particularly in show jumping.


Question: When has man taken over the first horse?

Horse

There are about 150000 horseback riding enthusiasts in Finland.


Question: When has man taken over the first horse?

Horse

[27] Activities take place in riding schools as a rule, and along with riding, horses and ponies are cared for in the stables.


Question: When has man taken over the first horse?

Horse

Teaching horses may each have their own volunteer carer or several carers who take care of cleaning their grooming horses and preparing for teaching classes, for example on certain days of the week.


Question: When has man taken over the first horse?

Horse

Holding your own horse is not uncommon among riding enthusiasts.


Question: When has man taken over the first horse?

Horse

However, caring for a horse is responsible and takes plenty of time every day, and it becomes quite expensive to maintain a horse especially if you do not live in the countryside and are unable to keep your horse in your stable.


Question: When has man taken over the first horse?

Horse

Horse hobby might also focus on racetracing.


Question: When has man taken over the first horse?

Horse

The trotting world is more manly than riding, but even young girls might work as horse attendants and coaching assistants and also end up working on racehorses as caregivers, instructors or trainers.


Question: When has man taken over the first horse?

Horse

Watching trotting competitions and accompanying betting is also a popular pastime.