Question: When did Madeira get self-government?

Madeira

[41] Madeira joined Portugal in 1986.


Question: When did Madeira get self-government?

Madeira

Taxation was regionalised in early 2006.


Question: When did Madeira get self-government?

Madeira

[33] Nowadays, Madeira can practically decide all its affairs, except for the security policy, which is shared with mainland Portugal.


Question: When did Madeira get self-government?

Madeira

[33] The Regional Parliament and Government are the administrative bodies of the Autonomous Region of Madeira.


Question: When did Madeira get self-government?

Madeira

The president heads the regional government and is elected to a term lasting four years.


Question: When did Madeira get self-government?

Madeira

The same person can be elected to office in unlimited numbers.


Question: When did Madeira get self-government?

Madeira

Madeira's regional parliament is made up of 47 regional MPs elected for four-year terms.


Question: When did Madeira get self-government?

Madeira

[33] The regional parliament may legislate, but they must fit into the Portuguese Constitution.


Question: When did Madeira get self-government?

Madeira

[42] The President heads the regional government, assisted by the Vice President, as well as seven ministries whose branches were slightly modified in 2007.


Question: When did Madeira get self-government?

Madeira

The Vice President's responsibilities include parliamentary affairs, general administration, EU-related matters, energy production, trade and industry, and the Madeira Development Society.


Question: When did Madeira get self-government?

Madeira

[33] Madeirans hold Portuguese passports and state taxes are paid to Portugal.


Question: When did Madeira get self-government?

Madeira

[39] Madeira also has its own flag, anthem and stamp.


Question: When did Madeira get self-government?

Madeira

[33] The administrative division of Madeira consists of 11 municipalities, ten of which are located on the island of Madeira and one on Porto Santo.


Question: When did Madeira get self-government?

Madeira

The municipalities are further divided into 54 freguesia.


Question: When did Madeira get self-government?

Madeira

Madeira has 53 freguesias and Porto Santo has one.


Question: When did Madeira get self-government?

Madeira

[43] The Desertas Islands are administratively part of the municipality of Santa Cruz and the Selvagen Islands to the municipality of Funchal.


Question: When did Madeira get self-government?

Madeira

[44] Economy The main cornerstones of Madeira's economy are farming, fishing, tourism and economic services for foreign companies.


Question: When did Madeira get self-government?

Madeira

[46] The industry in the region is not very diverse and consists mainly of various traditional handicrafts aimed at external markets, such as embroidery, tapestries and basketry.


Question: When did Madeira get self-government?

Madeira

Major industries are related to activities in the food, beverage, tobacco and construction sectors.


Question: When did Madeira get self-government?

Madeira

[47] As a result of the increased economic prosperity, the country's unemployment rate was around 6% in 2008, low compared to the rest of Portugal.


Question: When did Madeira get self-government?

Madeira

[46] Madeira has also received considerable support from European Union funds, which has had a major impact on its economy.


Question: When did Madeira get self-government?

Madeira

The subsidies received include lengthening the airport runway, as well as improving road networks by building tunnels to speed up passage.


Question: When did Madeira get self-government?

Madeira

[48] The official currency of Madeira is the euro.


Question: When did Madeira get self-government?

Madeira

In September 2002, Moody's gave the Madeira region an Aa3 issuer credit rating due to the region's buoyant economy and improved performance, as well as a manageable debt burden.


Question: When did Madeira get self-government?

Madeira

In September 2011, Moody's downgraded Madeira's long-term credit rating from B1 to B3 over concerns about mismanagement and management in the region, as well as poor budget execution.


Question: When did Madeira get self-government?

Madeira

The combined impact of the costs and debt restructuring agreements not announced by the regional government of Madeira since 2003 amounted to €1.1 billion in 2008-2010 deficits.


Question: When did Madeira get self-government?

Madeira

[46] President Jardim resigned from office in spring 2007 in protest at the law passed by the government of José Sócrates on the use of the territories.


Question: When did Madeira get self-government?

Madeira

Without consulting with Madeira, the government had amended the joint Portuguese and Madeira laws so that 2% of the EU money belonging to Madeira remained in Portugal.


Question: When did Madeira get self-government?

Madeira

However, Jardim stood again and won the election overwhelmingly.


Question: When did Madeira get self-government?

Madeira

[25] Transport for citizens of Member States of the European Union and the Schengen Area are free to travel to Madeira.


Question: When did Madeira get self-government?

Madeira

The island group has two airports: Madeira Airport in Santa Cruz, and Porto Santo Airport on the island of Porto Santo.


Question: When did Madeira get self-government?

Madeira

Air connections to Madeira go from Portugal, as well as from the Azores, but also from other parts of Europe and, for example, South America.


Question: When did Madeira get self-government?

Madeira

From Portugal you can also travel to Madeira by ferry.


Question: When did Madeira get self-government?

Madeira

Traveling between Madeira and Porto Santo is either by plane or by ferry, which also carries cars as well as other vehicles.


Question: When did Madeira get self-government?

Madeira

Madeira Island has a comprehensive road network, and the most affordable method of transport is buses running around the island, however, with timetables designed mainly for the needs of locals.


Question: When did Madeira get self-government?

Madeira

The easiest way to go is a rental car, which can be rented, for example, at the airport.


Question: When did Madeira get self-government?

Madeira

In the capital, Funchal, you can move reliably by taxi.


Question: When did Madeira get self-government?

Madeira

[49] Tourism miniature|Shape-cut shrubs in the Madeira Botanical Garden.


Question: When did Madeira get self-government?

Madeira

Tourism is an important source of income for Madeira's economy as it generates about 20% of the region's GDP.


Question: When did Madeira get self-government?

Madeira

[47] Madeira has been a popular destination for tourists since the 18th century.


Question: When did Madeira get self-government?

Madeira

The region's mild climate attracted tourists, particularly from Britain and other parts of Europe.


Question: When did Madeira get self-government?

Madeira

In addition, sick people also arrived in Madeira who believed they would find a cure for their ailments.


Question: When did Madeira get self-government?

Madeira

[48] An airport was built in Madeira in 1964, before which the island had to be travelled by ship.


Question: When did Madeira get self-government?

Madeira

[48] Today, the number of onboard tourists is on the rise again, as many Atlantic cruises stop in Madeira.


Question: When did Madeira get self-government?

Madeira

During winter time, air tourists seeking warmth and sun arrive in Madeira from Germany, Britain and Scandinavia, while in summer there are more southern European arrivals fleeing the heats of their homeland.


Question: When did Madeira get self-government?

Madeira

[50] Madeira is located on the Atlantic Ocean and tourists host a wide variety of nautical themed activities, including sailing, fishing, whale and dolphin safaris, water skiing, surfing, diving and swimming.


Question: When did Madeira get self-government?

Madeira

[51] The island's most famous tourist attractions include the Botanical Gardens, the isolated Nun Valley Curral das Freiras, where guided tours take place, and the gardens of the Palace of Monte and the lava caves of São Vincente.


Question: When did Madeira get self-government?

Madeira

Hiking trips on levadas and mountain peaks to vantage points are also popular.


Question: When did Madeira get self-government?

Madeira

[52] Cabo Girão is the second tallest sea cliff in the world and a popular attraction, [53] with a glass-bottomed observation deck.


Question: When did Madeira get self-government?

Madeira

[54] The capital Funchal hosts an annual spectacular New Year fireworks display, which has made it into the Guinness Book of Records as the largest in the world.


Question: When did Madeira get self-government?

Madeira

[55] Madeira has a boat connection to Porto Santo Island.


Question: When did Madeira get self-government?

Madeira

[56] The climate of Porto Santo and the nine-kilometer-long sandy beach on the south of the island attract not only tourists but also families from the island of Madeira.


Question: When did Madeira get self-government?

Madeira

[57] [58] Sand is said to have health-promoting effects.


Question: When did Madeira get self-government?

Madeira

[59] Health risks In October 2012, a mosquito-borne dengue fever epidemic broke out in Madeira.


Question: When did Madeira get self-government?

Madeira

[60] [61] Among the sufferers were also Finnish tourists.


Question: When did Madeira get self-government?

Madeira

[62] The number of people affected by the disease turned to a decline in mid-November.


Question: When did Madeira get self-government?

Madeira

[63] The epidemic caused no fatalities and no new cases of illness have been reported since spring 2013.


Question: When did Madeira get self-government?

Madeira

[64] [65] Madeira authorities, however, recommend tourists follow preventative measures, such as using mosquito repellents, keeping hotel room windows closed in the evenings, and preferring skin-covering clothing.


Question: When did Madeira get self-government?

Madeira

[65] Levadat Levadas are canals on the island of Madeira that transport water from the rainy mountain areas of the island down to drier areas in the south and southeast, more suitable for farming and settlement.


Question: When did Madeira get self-government?

Madeira

The first levadas were built in the 15th century from wood and later from earth mixture or by chipping into rock.


Question: When did Madeira get self-government?

Madeira

Today, levadas are made of concrete.


Question: When did Madeira get self-government?

Madeira

In the 17th century, ever-longer and wider water channels were built due to watermills and sugar cane cultivation.


Question: When did Madeira get self-government?

Madeira

The work was usually done by Moorish people who worked in dangerous conditions or by slaves imported from Africa.


Question: When did Madeira get self-government?

Madeira

In 1940, the Water Use Commission began the modernization of the levadas, resulting in three new electric plants being built by 1969 as well as five new levada.


Question: When did Madeira get self-government?

Madeira

[6] Today, a total of 2150 km of levadas pass through Madeira, transporting water to the south of the island while generating hydropower.


Question: When did Madeira get self-government?

Madeira

The trails that run next to the Levadas, which were originally meant to facilitate the construction and repair of canals, are today popular hiking trails for tourists.


Question: When did Madeira get self-government?

Madeira

[5] Walking trails popular with hikers include the Three Levada Trail in the Rabaçal Valley, [66] and Levada dos Tornos, the starting point of which can be reached by bus from Funchal.


Question: When did Madeira get self-government?

Madeira

[67] Population The population of Madeira in 2010 totalled about 247000, of which just over 240000 lived on Madeira Island and the rest in Porto Santo.


Question: When did Madeira get self-government?

Madeira

[45] Madeira was completely uninhabited before the arrival of Portuguese settlers in the early 15th century.


Question: When did Madeira get self-government?

Madeira

After them, the population of the area grew, including the crews and passengers of ships that passed through the island, merchants, and soldiers.


Question: When did Madeira get self-government?

Madeira

Until recent years, Madeirans lived quite isolated from the rest of the world.


Question: When did Madeira get self-government?

Madeira

Much has been migrated from densely populated Madeira to other places, especially South America.


Question: When did Madeira get self-government?

Madeira

Porto Santo is mainly inhabited by pensioners, airline staff and idle tourists.


Question: When did Madeira get self-government?

Madeira

[68] The University of Madeira was established in 1988.


Question: When did Madeira get self-government?

Madeira

[69] Culture Food Madeiran cuisine includes a great variety of meat dishes such as espetada, carne de vinho e alhos and picado.


Question: When did Madeira get self-government?

Madeira

Espetada is a grilled steer of ox meat seasoned with garlic and sea salt, preferably using a stick made from a laurel tree branch.


Question: When did Madeira get self-government?

Madeira

Picado is a beef stew seasoned with garlic, meat broth and olive oil and served with fries.


Question: When did Madeira get self-government?

Madeira

The third traditional meat dish, carne de vinho e alhos, is pork meat marinated in wine, rich garlic and bay leaves.


Question: When did Madeira get self-government?

Madeira

[70] [71] Fish plays an important part in Madeiran cuisine culture due to traditional fishing.


Question: When did Madeira get self-government?

Madeira

Tuna, espada, or black scabbard fish, and cod appear in several dishes, as do mussels and octopuses caught in the area.


Question: When did Madeira get self-government?

Madeira

Espada is usually served with fried banana.


Question: When did Madeira get self-government?

Madeira

Açorda à madeirense is a popular soup dish made with bread, garlic and egg.


Question: When did Madeira get self-government?

Madeira

[70] [71] Madeira's well-known country bread Bolo do Caco is always served with garlic butter.


Question: When did Madeira get self-government?

Madeira

It is almost always offered at various events and parties, as well as in restaurants.


Question: When did Madeira get self-government?

Madeira

Various pastries and desserts are available in Madeira, such as queijadas (cheese pastry) and Bolo de mel (honey cake).


Question: When did Madeira get self-government?

Madeira

[70] [71] The famous Madeira wine is made in Madeira.


Question: When did Madeira get self-government?

Madeira

[72] It is a concentrated wine, usually sweet, which is heated during its preparation so that the wine acquires a distinctive flavour.


Question: When did Madeira get self-government?

Madeira

[73] There are four types of madeira that differ in their sweetness: the driest sercial is suitable for the appetizer, the semi-dry verdelho is often enjoyed with fruitcake, the semi-sweet bual resembles port wine, and the sweetest malmsey is the most pronounced dessert wine.


Question: When did Madeira get self-government?

Madeira

[74] Sports The seas and cliffs of Madeira are suitable for many sports activities such as diving, surfboarding, gliding shading, BASE jumping and bodyboarding.


Question: When did Madeira get self-government?

Madeira

The bright blue shallows of Madeira attract many divers to the area, as well as diving schools.


Question: When did Madeira get self-government?

Madeira

The most popular areas are the Garajau Marine Reserve, the Machico Coastal Area and Porto Santo.


Question: When did Madeira get self-government?

Madeira

[75] Other popular activities include camping in the nature of Madeira, horseback riding and golf.


Question: When did Madeira get self-government?

Madeira

Madeira has three golf courses: two nearby Funchal and one in Porto Santo.


Question: When did Madeira get self-government?

Madeira

The first 9-hole field to have was built in 1937.


Question: When did Madeira get self-government?

Madeira

[76] Local football clubs CS Marítimo, CD Nacional and União da Madeira play in the Portuguese main league.


Question: When did Madeira get self-government?

Madeira

Also famous footballer Cristiano Ronaldo hails from Madeira.


Question: When did Madeira get self-government?

Madeira

In basketball, the island is represented by CAB Madeira, which plays in the Portuguese main league.


Question: When did Madeira get self-government?

Madeira

[77] Sources Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Svensson, Bertil| title = Traveller's Madeira| publisher = Otava| year = 2005| isbn = 951119979X}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author title = Beadeker, Karl| = Beadeker's Madeira| publisher = Automobile Associ| ation| year = 1997| isbn=0749517336| language = Transclusion error: {{En}} is only for use in File namespace.


Question: When did Madeira get self-government?

Madeira

Use {{lang-en}} or {{en icon}} instead.}


Question: When did Madeira get self-government?

Madeira

Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Kemppainen, Arja| title = Madeira| publisher = Finnish Travel Guide| year = 2009| isbn = 978-952-9715-43-5}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Murphy, Paul| title = Madeira| publisher = Berlitz Publish| year = 1998| isbn = 951- 31-2415-0| language = Transclusion error: {{En}} is only for use in File namespace.


Question: When did Madeira get self-government?

Madeira


Question: When did Madeira get self-government?

Madeira

Citation error, replace with {{cite book| title= Insight Guides: Madeira| publisher = Insight Guides| year = 2007| isbn=9812586636| language = Transclusion error: {{En}} is only for use in File namespace.


Question: When did Madeira get self-government?

Madeira


Question: When did Madeira get self-government?

Madeira

References on the topic elsewhere * Category:UNESCO World Heritage Sites in Portugal Category:Key articles on screening Category:41.5 Southern Europe


Question: What is a supernova?

Supernova

A supernova is a star explosion that can arise in two different ways.


Question: What is a supernova?

Supernova

A massive star may implode at the end of fusion due to its own gravity into a neutron star or black hole, or in double stars a white dwarf may increase its mass beyond the Chandrasekhar limit.


Question: What is a supernova?

Supernova

[1] Supernovae occur on average every 50 years in a galaxy the size of the Milky Way.


Question: What is a supernova?

Supernova

[1] [2] When a total of hundreds of supernovae were observed each year in different galaxies, 1454 supernovae were discovered in 2013, and the number has increased from that too.


Question: What is a supernova?

Supernova

[3] The luminosity of a supernova follows the characteristic light curve depending on its type, where it quickly brightens up to a maximum brightness in a few days until it begins to fade silently dimmer.


Question: What is a supernova?

Supernova

[1] Many supernovae observed with the naked eye have been visible for up to years.


Question: What is a supernova?

Supernova

What remains of the exploding supernovae is a supernova relic that glows for a long time at many different wavelengths and can be seen for thousands of years.


Question: What is a supernova?

Supernova

[4] [5] Supernovae form elements heavier than iron, such as uranium, tin and gold.


Question: What is a supernova?

Supernova

[1] The remnants of supernovae assume the genesis of new stars and solar systems, and that stars and planets are created from the nuclear debris of ancient supernovae.


Question: What is a supernova?

Supernova

[6] Supernova candidates from the stars of our Milky Way have been nominated for e.g.


Question: What is a supernova?

Supernova

giant stars Rho Cassiopeiae, [7] Eta Carinae [8] [9] and Orion Betelgeuze, [10] [11] which no longer have very much lifespan left.


Question: What is a supernova?

Supernova

In practice, however, before these, the next supernova in our own galaxy might be one of the billions of stars in our galaxy.


Question: What is a supernova?

Supernova

Types of supernovae According to the spectrum, supernovae are divided into types I and II.


Question: What is a supernova?

Supernova

The criteria are as follows: Type I No hydrogen Balmer lines [1] Type Ia Silicon Si-II line 615.0 nm [12] Type Ib Helium He I line 587,6 nm Type Ic Weak or missing HE lines Type II Hydrogen Balmer lines [1] Type II-P Flat lightcurve [1] Type II-P Flat lightcurve [1] Type II-L Linearly descending lightcurve [1] Type I supernovae Type I supernovae are typically old stars.


Question: What is a supernova?

Supernova

In Type Ia, the explosive star is a white dwarf belonging to a double star system, whereas in types Ib and Ic it is a massive Wolfin—Rayet star at the far end of its life cycle.


Question: What is a supernova?

Supernova

Type Ia supernova A white dwarf star entering the end of its life cycle can explode as a supernova if it has a companion star that drains hydrogen gas onto the surface of the white dwarf.


Question: What is a supernova?

Supernova

As the mass of the star approaches the Chandrasekhar limit (about 1.4 mass of the Sun), oxygen and carbon atoms in the star's innards begin to fuse into heavier elements.


Question: What is a supernova?

Supernova

In ordinary main-series stars, nuclear reactions occurring at the center of the star occur in a controlled manner, as the radiation pressure of the energy released in the reactions prevents a chain reaction from occurring by pushing the gas apart.


Question: What is a supernova?

Supernova

However, a white dwarf is much denser than a main-series star, and instead of radiation pressure, it is supported by the Fermi pressure of electrons.


Question: What is a supernova?

Supernova

Radiation pressure is not enough to regulate the number of nuclear reactions.


Question: What is a supernova?

Supernova

Once ignited by a fusion flame, it spreads rapidly due to turbulence phenomena and, in particular, Rayleigh-Taylor instability.


Question: What is a supernova?

Supernova

[1] After a long simmering period, as temperatures rise beyond the critical limit, nuclear reactions accelerate so that a significant portion of the star's carbon and oxygen resources fuse into heavier elements within a few seconds.


Question: What is a supernova?

Supernova

[13] In this case, the amount of energy released is enormous, about 10 44 J {\ displaystyle 10^ {44} J}, which is easily enough to break the gravitational bonds of the star.


Question: What is a supernova?

Supernova

The star explodes abruptly, creating a shock wave that pushes matter at a fraction of the speed of light outward.


Question: What is a supernova?

Supernova

The energy released also causes a large change in the luminosity of the star.


Question: What is a supernova?

Supernova

Typically, a Type Ia supernova is about 5 billion times brighter than the Sun.


Question: What is a supernova?

Supernova

Type Ib and Ic supernova A type Ib supernova exploding star is a Wolfin—Rayet star that has mostly lost almost 90% of its original mass due to the solar wind.


Question: What is a supernova?

Supernova

As a result of such an explosion, a neutron star or possibly a black hole is created, depending on the mass of the star.


Question: What is a supernova?

Supernova

Type Ib produces about 0.3 of the Sun's mass of iron to the parent palace.


Question: What is a supernova?

Supernova

Type Ic is very rare, and differs from Type Ib only in terms of helium lines.


Question: What is a supernova?

Supernova

A Type II supernova In a Type II supernova, the exploding star is a huge star with a mass of more than 10 Suns that has burned out its hydrogen fuel, and where the helium fusion phase is nearing its end.


Question: What is a supernova?

Supernova

Heavier stars normally evolve through a red giant stage to a state where the central iron core is in a nuclear energetic energy well, when the fusion of elements heavier than iron no longer brings energy, but consumes it.


Question: What is a supernova?

Supernova

Fusion reactions in the center stop.


Question: What is a supernova?

Supernova

At lightning speed, a situation develops in which the iron core is no longer able to resist the pressure created by gravitational forces in the upper layers, but an implosion occurs as the center mass crosses the Chandrasekhar boundary.


Question: What is a supernova?

Supernova

As the center implodes, it heats up, producing high-energy gamma radiation, which allows iron to decay into helium nuclei and free neutrons.


Question: What is a supernova?

Supernova

The center of the star implodes, producing a huge shockwave.


Question: What is a supernova?

Supernova

At the same time, the outer layers (about 90 percent of the star's mass) explode outward.


Question: What is a supernova?

Supernova

A neutron star emerges at the center.


Question: What is a supernova?

Supernova

Hydrogen lines appear in the spectral lines of light.


Question: What is a supernova?

Supernova

Type II supernovae are most commonly found in galaxy branches and younger star populations.


Question: What is a supernova?

Supernova

In Type II supernovae, the implosion of the nucleus eventually stops at the implosion pressure of the neutron state, where the density of matter is the same as that of the atomic nucleus.


Question: What is a supernova?

Supernova

If the mass of the star is sufficient, it may happen that the shock wave generated when the centre collapses also rips apart the centre itself, and nothing remains of the supernova, but the whole star literally spreads across space.


Question: What is a supernova?

Supernova

However, if the mass of the star is sufficiently large (around 25—50 mass of the Sun), and if the shock wave cannot erupt and tear the centre apart, the centre will collapse into a black hole after the neutron star space.


Question: What is a supernova?

Supernova

But necessarily even that mass is not enough to create a black hole, but a magnetar can result.


Question: What is a supernova?

Supernova

Hypernova Theory holds that a supermassive star (more than 40 Sun masses) might end its days as a hypernova.


Question: What is a supernova?

Supernova

The core of the star collapses directly into a black hole, the rest of the star is ejected into space and at the same time two very powerful energetic plasma jets erupt from the rotating poles at almost the speed of light.


Question: What is a supernova?

Supernova

These jets emit intense gamma radiation in the direction of the poles.


Question: What is a supernova?

Supernova

Hypernovia has been proposed as an explanation for gamma-ray bursts (GRBs).


Question: What is a supernova?

Supernova

Over the course of a minute in such an eruption, the radiation energy of a million galaxies can (seemingly) be released.


Question: What is a supernova?

Supernova

It has also been suggested that a hypernova may arise in the collision of two neutron stars, with a black hole as a result.


Question: What is a supernova?

Supernova

It has been suggested that the amount of energy triggered by the hypernova could be sufficient to eradicate life from Earth.


Question: What is a supernova?

Supernova

According to a 2005 study published by NASA and the University of Kansas, the mass extinction of the so-called Ordovician Period 450 million years ago may have been caused by a hypernova gamma ray burst that hit Earth.


Question: What is a supernova?

Supernova

Only a ten-second burst has been enough to eradicate Earth's protective ozone layer.


Question: What is a supernova?

Supernova

With the destruction of the ozone layer, the Sun's ultraviolet radiation could kill off much of the soil surface and ocean surface layer biota, entangling food chains in such a way as to result in mass decay.


Question: What is a supernova?

Supernova

[14] A hypernova eruption may be damaging to life another 6500 light years away if the Earth is in the direction of the star's axis of rotation [15].


Question: What is a supernova?

Supernova

Hypernovia is estimated to occur in our galaxy only about once every 230 million years.


Question: What is a supernova?

Supernova

If hypernovae can only occur in supermassive stars with a mass of more than 40 Suns, then life on Earth is pretty safe.


Question: What is a supernova?

Supernova

The nearest hypernovacandidal, Eta Carinae, is more than 7500 light-years from Earth.


Question: What is a supernova?

Supernova

It would not affect terrestrial life directly with the atmosphere shielding from gamma rays and other cosmic rays in the magnetosphere.


Question: What is a supernova?

Supernova

The damage would likely target the upper atmosphere and the ozone layer, spacecraft including satellites and astronauts in space.


Question: What is a supernova?

Supernova

Valesupernova Valesupernova is an event in which a supermassive star explodes only partially giving rise to a shock wave typical of a supernova, however brightening only marginally compared to a supernova.


Question: What is a supernova?

Supernova

In fake supernova, the star is also not completely destroyed.


Question: What is a supernova?

Supernova

Researchers at the University of Berkeley speculate that the explosion of Eta Carinae, which occurred in 1843, would have been a fake supernova instead of a surface eruption.


Question: What is a supernova?

Supernova

The team of researchers also speculate that the closing moments of more than 30 sun-massed supermassive stars may include more smaller explosions before the star implodes into a black hole.


Question: What is a supernova?

Supernova

[16] Naming supernovae Supernovae are named after a given formula.


Question: What is a supernova?

Supernova

At the beginning of the name are the letters SN (SuperNova) followed by the year number and finally the letter or pair of letters identifying it, the number of supernovae observed in that year.


Question: What is a supernova?

Supernova

From January 1, capital letters A to Z are used first, followed by the lower case pairs aa, ab, ac,..., az, ba,... until the end of the year.


Question: What is a supernova?

Supernova

[17] The designation of supernovae is responsible for the International Astronomical Union's Central Bureau for Astronomical Telegrams (CBAT), located in conjunction with the Harvard Observatory.


Question: What is a supernova?

Supernova

The IAU changed the naming convention since 1 January 2016 so that potential supernovae are first named with a provisional name starting with the letters AT, for example AT 2018bki and after discovery is verified spectroscopically to supernova the prefix is changed to SN.


Question: What is a supernova?

Supernova

[17] [18] Known supernovae The most detailed notes of historical supernovae in our Milky Way are that of the Chinese, who have recorded a total of seven definite explosions since the beginning of time.


Question: What is a supernova?

Supernova

The remains of all these explosions are still detectable.


Question: What is a supernova?

Supernova

[19] [20] Crab nebula (M1) Crab nebula, known as the Crustacean nebula, is a supernova relic in the constellation of Taurus, where an exploding star was observed on 4 July 1054. At that time, the Chinese recorded that they had seen it even in the middle of the day for 23 days, after which it began to fade, however, visible in the night sky for another couple of years.


Question: What is a supernova?

Supernova

[4] Now a fog resembling a crustacean is seen at the site, emitting light, radio waves, almost all species of electromagnetic radiation.


Question: What is a supernova?

Supernova

[21] In the middle of the fog is a fast-spinning pulsar, a neutron star whose rotation time around its axis is still a staggering 0.03 seconds.


Question: What is a supernova?

Supernova

[22] The fog expands approx.


Question: What is a supernova?

Supernova

at a speed of 1000 km/s.


Question: What is a supernova?

Supernova

[23] [24] Compared to the first photographs of the 20th century, the fog is observed to have clearly enlarged.


Question: What is a supernova?

Supernova

[25] SN 1572 and SN 1604 A supernova named SN 1572 was observed by Danish Tyko Brahe in 1572.


Question: What is a supernova?

Supernova

[26] The most recent supernova explosion seen in our own galaxy was observed by Kepler and Chinese, Japanese and Korean astronomers in 1604.


Question: What is a supernova?

Supernova

[27] [28] SN 1604 observed in the constellation of Snakebearer was somewhat brighter than Sirius at its brightest, and could be seen in the night sky with the naked eye for about a year.


Question: What is a supernova?

Supernova

[5] SN 1987A SN 1987A is the most famous and one of the most studied supernovae of recent times.


Question: What is a supernova?

Supernova

[29] On 23 February 1987, it was a supernova exploding in the Great Magellan Cloud (LMC) less than 170,000 light-years away, [30] which was visible to the naked eye in the Southern Hemisphere.


Question: What is a supernova?

Supernova

[31] Initially built to observe the Sun, neutrino detectors across the Earth detected already about 3 hours before the visual supernova observation a crawl of about two dozen neutrinos struck in a short period of time, which was the first time that from far outside the Solar System and Neutrinos were detected in the supernova.


Question: What is a supernova?

Supernova

The incident was the first in which a known star exploded.


Question: What is a supernova?

Supernova

SN 2006gy SN 2006gy was a supernova first observed at McDonald Observatory on September 18, 2006.


Question: What is a supernova?

Supernova

The explosion occurred in the galaxy NGC 1260, belonging to the constellation Perseus, located 72 megaparsecs from Earth.


Question: What is a supernova?

Supernova

SN 2006gy has an absolute magnitude of −22, making it the brightest supernova ever observed.


Question: What is a supernova?

Supernova

The exploded star has a mass of more than 100 solar masses, possibly as high as 130—150 solar masses.


Question: What is a supernova?

Supernova

On 19 February 2007, SN 2007ae Markku Nissinen and Veli-Pekka Hentunen discovered a new supernova known under the catalogue symbol SN2007ae at Härkämäki Observatory.


Question: What is a supernova?

Supernova

SN2007ae was located in a galaxy known by the catalogue symbol UGC 10704 with more precise coordinates of R.A = 17h01m51s.95 and declination = +79°01'54.6.


Question: What is a supernova?

Supernova

[32] [33] The supernova was type 1a and had a brightness of about 17.4 magnitudes at the time of description.


Question: What is a supernova?

Supernova

[32] This supernova is the first to be discovered and described in Finland.


Question: What is a supernova?

Supernova

[34] Astronomer Seppo Mattila has previously discovered supernovae, but his discoveries have been made in the Canary Islands and Chile.


Question: What is a supernova?

Supernova

[35] Sources Literature Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Maalampi, Jukka (ed.


Question: What is a supernova?

Supernova

) | title = Where do you go, universe?


Question: What is a supernova?

Supernova

Posts about cosmos| location = Helsinki| publisher = Physics cost| year = 2000| id = ISBN 951-97790-0-0}} On topic elsewhere Check date values in: |accessdate=, |date= (help) Check date values in: |accessdate=, |date= (help) Check date values in: |accessdate=, |date= ( help) Check date values in: |accessdate=, |date= (help) Check date values in: |accessdate= (help) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) * Category:Astronomical events Category:Key articles of screening


Question: What led to the Peloponnese war?

Ancient Athens

Athens was a major city-state (polis) in antiquity in the province of Attica, Greece.


Question: What led to the Peloponnese war?

Ancient Athens

[1] Athenian democracy was founded by Kleisthenes in 510 BCE.


Question: What led to the Peloponnese war?

Ancient Athens

After the overthrow of the tyranny of the House of Peisistratos.


Question: What led to the Peloponnese war?

Ancient Athens

The heyday of Athens was during the Pericle period from the 440s to the 43rd century BCE.


Question: What led to the Peloponnese war?

Ancient Athens

Athens led the naval alliance of Delos in the Peloponnesian War against Sparta.


Question: What led to the Peloponnese war?

Ancient Athens

With brief interruptions, democracy remained relatively stable for about 170 years until Alexander the Great conquered Athens in 338 BCE.


Question: What led to the Peloponnese war?

Ancient Athens

Athens was a center of arts, erudition and philosophy.


Question: What led to the Peloponnese war?

Ancient Athens

The city was the birthplace of Socrates, Sophocles and many other prominent figures.


Question: What led to the Peloponnese war?

Ancient Athens

Plato's Academy and Aristotle's Lykeion were located there.


Question: What led to the Peloponnese war?

Ancient Athens

It has been considered the cradle of Western culture and the birthplace of democracy, largely because of its 500s and 4th-century BCE.


Question: What led to the Peloponnese war?

Ancient Athens

achievements in culture and politics have had such an impact on the whole of later Europe.


Question: What led to the Peloponnese war?

Ancient Athens

History Archaic period The city of Athens (see: Mycenaean Athens) existed as early as the Mycenaean Bronze Age in the 10th century BCE, when the Acropolis already had a king's palace.


Question: What led to the Peloponnese war?

Ancient Athens

[2] According to tradition, Athens was, in its earliest times, a kingdom whose most famous of many, mostly fabled kings was Theseus.


Question: What led to the Peloponnese war?

Ancient Athens

However, hereditary kingship was abolished in Athens in 683 BCE, after which the state was run by archonts.


Question: What led to the Peloponnese war?

Ancient Athens

[3] Unlike widely elsewhere in Greece, there was no serfdom in Athens, but differences between different groups of society soon grew large.


Question: What led to the Peloponnese war?

Ancient Athens

As the monetary economy began to develop, peasants became greatly indebted to money-lenders, and if they were unable to pay their debts, they might be sold as slaves.


Question: What led to the Peloponnese war?

Ancient Athens

After several times internal fighting broke out in Athens, around the year 620 BCE.


Question: What led to the Peloponnese war?

Ancient Athens

Drakon was tasked with drafting the new laws.


Question: What led to the Peloponnese war?

Ancient Athens

However, these draconian laws, under which even minor offences could become the death penalty, were not able to bring peace and did not become very long-term after all.


Question: What led to the Peloponnese war?

Ancient Athens

[4] In 594 BC.


Question: What led to the Peloponnese war?

Ancient Athens

Solon, who was elected archonist, was given the task of drafting new laws for Athens.


Question: What led to the Peloponnese war?

Ancient Athens

[3] In this case, those who were enslaved due to debts were freed.


Question: What led to the Peloponnese war?

Ancient Athens

Former family privileges were abolished and citizens were instead divided into four classes based on the proceeds of land property, whose rights and responsibilities differed somewhat from each other in terms of war service, among other things.


Question: What led to the Peloponnese war?

Ancient Athens

All male citizens aged 20 and over were allowed to participate in the People's Assemblies where, among others, officials and also archonts were elected.


Question: What led to the Peloponnese war?

Ancient Athens

However, only members of the top three classes could be elected to government posts.


Question: What led to the Peloponnese war?

Ancient Athens

[5] Although actual democracy was not yet realized, Solon was later revered as the father of Athenian democracy.


Question: What led to the Peloponnese war?

Ancient Athens

[3] In 546 BC.


Question: What led to the Peloponnese war?

Ancient Athens

Peisistratos seized power and became the tyrant of Athens.


Question: What led to the Peloponnese war?

Ancient Athens

[3] During his reign Athens developed into Greece's leading economic power.


Question: What led to the Peloponnese war?

Ancient Athens

After Peisistratos died, Athens was ruled by his sons Hippias and Hipparchus.


Question: What led to the Peloponnese war?

Ancient Athens

[3] The Athenian state expanded early on to include the entire Attica peninsula.


Question: What led to the Peloponnese war?

Ancient Athens

[3] Rise to leadership position (510—448 BC)


Question: What led to the Peloponnese war?

Ancient Athens

Hippias became dictator of Athens in 514 BC.


Question: What led to the Peloponnese war?

Ancient Athens

The dictatorship was unpopular, and he was ousted from power with the help of a Spartan army in 510 BCE.


Question: What led to the Peloponnese war?

Ancient Athens

In this case, Kleisthenes came to power, who founded the Athenian democracy.


Question: What led to the Peloponnese war?

Ancient Athens

Kleisthenee's reforms replaced the old four “tribes” (fyle) with ten new ones.


Question: What led to the Peloponnese war?

Ancient Athens

They were named after fabled heroes and had no class basis: they were practically elective colleges.


Question: What led to the Peloponnese war?

Ancient Athens

Each tribe was further divided into three trittys, and each trittys included one or more demos, depending on the size of the demos.


Question: What led to the Peloponnese war?

Ancient Athens

There were 139 demos throughout Athens, and these became the basis of local government.


Question: What led to the Peloponnese war?

Ancient Athens

Each tribe elected by lot fifty members to the council that governed Athens in everyday affairs.


Question: What led to the Peloponnese war?

Ancient Athens

While efforts were made to influence voters' opinions through public speeches, they were equally influenced by political satires written by comedy poets, among others.


Question: What led to the Peloponnese war?

Ancient Athens

[6] The Council was open to all citizens and was both a lawmaking body and a court of law, except for murder trials and religious matters, which belonged to the Areiopag.


Question: What led to the Peloponnese war?

Ancient Athens

Most of the posts were filled by lot, but ten strategos (generals) were elected by voting.


Question: What led to the Peloponnese war?

Ancient Athens

Before the rise of Athens, the Spartan city-state considered itself the leader of the Greeks.


Question: What led to the Peloponnese war?

Ancient Athens

Sparta was a military state.


Question: What led to the Peloponnese war?

Ancient Athens

In 499 BC.


Question: What led to the Peloponnese war?

Ancient Athens

Athens sent troops to aid the Ionians of Asia Minor who were rebelling against Persian rule (Ionian revolt).


Question: What led to the Peloponnese war?

Ancient Athens

This prompted Persia to invade Greece twice.


Question: What led to the Peloponnese war?

Ancient Athens

Both attacks were repelled under the leadership of the Athenian military-statesmen Miltiade and Themistoklee (Persian Wars).


Question: What led to the Peloponnese war?

Ancient Athens

In 490 BC.


Question: What led to the Peloponnese war?

Ancient Athens

The Athenians, led by Miltiade, repelled an attack led by Persia's first king Dareios at the Battle of Marathon.


Question: What led to the Peloponnese war?

Ancient Athens

In 480 BC.


Question: What led to the Peloponnese war?

Ancient Athens

The Persians returned under the leadership of their new king Xerus.


Question: What led to the Peloponnese war?

Ancient Athens

A coalition of Greek city-states led by Sparta and its king Leonida marched into the Battle of Thermopylai with a few thousand men against hundreds of thousands of Persians.


Question: What led to the Peloponnese war?

Ancient Athens

Meanwhile, Sparta led the naval battle of Artemision.


Question: What led to the Peloponnese war?

Ancient Athens

These delaying actions were not enough to repel the Persians: they soon marched to Boiotia, took the city of Thebes as their base, and invaded southern Greece.


Question: What led to the Peloponnese war?

Ancient Athens

This forced the Athenians to evacuate Athens taken by the Persians and seek to secure their fleet.


Question: What led to the Peloponnese war?

Ancient Athens

Eventually, the Athenians and their allies defeated the Persian fleet under Themistokle in the naval battle of Salami.


Question: What led to the Peloponnese war?

Ancient Athens

Sparta's lead gradually passed to Athens.


Question: What led to the Peloponnese war?

Ancient Athens

The victories made it possible for Athens to integrate much of the Aegeian region and part of the rest of Greece with the Delos maritime alliance led by itself.


Question: What led to the Peloponnese war?

Ancient Athens

Pericle Period (448—430 BCE)


Question: What led to the Peloponnese war?

Ancient Athens

Pericles, an Athenian general, politician and orator, stands out among the other Athenian grandees of his time.


Question: What led to the Peloponnese war?

Ancient Athens

He rose to become strategist in 445 BC.


Question: What led to the Peloponnese war?

Ancient Athens

and held office until his death in 429 BC.


Question: What led to the Peloponnese war?

Ancient Athens

until, always re-elected by the Athenian People's Assembly.


Question: What led to the Peloponnese war?

Ancient Athens

Pericles favored the arts and literature and gave Athens a flourish that has not returned in the history of the city at a later date.


Question: What led to the Peloponnese war?

Ancient Athens

He undertook a large number of public works projects and sought to improve the lives of citizens.


Question: What led to the Peloponnese war?

Ancient Athens

Because of this, Pericle's time has been called the Golden Age of Athens.


Question: What led to the Peloponnese war?

Ancient Athens

Taxes paid by members of the maritime union played a large part in creating this wealth.


Question: What led to the Peloponnese war?

Ancient Athens

Peloponnesian War (431—404 BC)


Question: What led to the Peloponnese war?

Ancient Athens

Dissatisfaction among other Greek city-states with the leadership of Athens resulted in 431 BCE.


Question: What led to the Peloponnese war?

Ancient Athens

to the Peloponnesian War that began, which pitted Athens and its increasingly rebellious maritime union against an alliance of mainland city-states led by Sparta.


Question: What led to the Peloponnese war?

Ancient Athens

The war ended with the total defeat of Athens, and as a result Athens lost its maritime supremacy.


Question: What led to the Peloponnese war?

Ancient Athens

Athenian democracy was ousted for a short time in a coup in 411 BC, due to dissatisfaction with the mismanagement of the war, but democracy was soon restored.


Question: What led to the Peloponnese war?

Ancient Athens

However, as democratically elected politicians such as Kleon and Kleofon were blamed for the Athenian defeat, the result was a longer-lasting Spartan-backed reaction against democracy.


Question: What led to the Peloponnese war?

Ancient Athens

It culminated in the rule of the Threesome Tyrant in 404—403 BCE.


Question: What led to the Peloponnese war?

Ancient Athens

Thrasybulos restored democracy in 403 BC, and a general amnesty was declared.


Question: What led to the Peloponnese war?

Ancient Athens

The Corinthian War and the Second Athenian Alliance (395—355 BCE)


Question: What led to the Peloponnese war?

Ancient Athens

Sparta's previous allies soon turned against it as a result of its imperialist policies, and soon Athens' previous allies Thebes and Corinth turned to Athens again.


Question: What led to the Peloponnese war?

Ancient Athens

Athens, Thebes, Corinth and Argos fought against Sparta in the Corinthian War of 395—387 BCE.


Question: What led to the Peloponnese war?

Ancient Athens

Anti-Spartan sentiment allowed Athens to establish the so-called Second Athenian Union.


Question: What led to the Peloponnese war?

Ancient Athens

Eventually Thebes defeated Sparta at the Battle of Leuktra in 371 BCE.


Question: What led to the Peloponnese war?

Ancient Athens

Thereafter, Greek cities, including Athens and Sparta, turned against Thebes, and its domination ended as a result of the Battle of Mantineia in 362 BCE.


Question: What led to the Peloponnese war?

Ancient Athens

Athens under Macedonia (355—338 BCE)


Question: What led to the Peloponnese war?

Ancient Athens

3rd-century BCE


Question: What led to the Peloponnese war?

Ancient Athens

coming in between, the northern Kingdom of Macedonia was to become the ruler of Athens, despite the warnings of Demosthenee, the last great statesman of independent Athens.


Question: What led to the Peloponnese war?

Ancient Athens

In 338 BC.


Question: What led to the Peloponnese war?

Ancient Athens

The armies of Philip II defeated the other Greek states at the Battle of Khaironeia, which also led to the end of Athenian independence.


Question: What led to the Peloponnese war?

Ancient Athens

The conquests made by Philip's son Alexander the Great opened up the horizons of the Greeks and made the traditional Greek city-state model obsolete.


Question: What led to the Peloponnese war?

Ancient Athens

Athens remained a prosperous city with an extensive cultural life, but ceased to be a political power in the region.


Question: What led to the Peloponnese war?

Ancient Athens

In the 10th century, Greece became part of the Roman Empire after being under Macedonia for 200 years.


Question: What led to the Peloponnese war?

Ancient Athens

Geography Overview The centre of Athens was located, and still lies in, the province of Attica about 30 stadia or five kilometres from the sea, on the southwestern slope of Lykabettos Hill.


Question: What led to the Peloponnese war?

Ancient Athens

It was surrounded by three small rivers, the Kefissos on the west side, the Ilissos on the south side, and the Eridanos on the north side.


Question: What led to the Peloponnese war?

Ancient Athens

The latter flowed through the city.


Question: What led to the Peloponnese war?

Ancient Athens

The walled area of the city had a diameter of about 1.5 kilometers.


Question: What led to the Peloponnese war?

Ancient Athens

At its largest, however, the city included suburbs far beyond the walls.


Question: What led to the Peloponnese war?

Ancient Athens

The acropolis was slightly south of the center of the walled area.


Question: What led to the Peloponnese war?

Ancient Athens

The city was burned by Xerxes in 480 BCE, but it was soon rebuilt during Themistoklee's reign, and public buildings were built during the Kimon and especially Pericle.


Question: What led to the Peloponnese war?

Ancient Athens

During the latter period 461—429 BCE.


Question: What led to the Peloponnese war?

Ancient Athens

Athens rose to its greatest heyday.


Question: What led to the Peloponnese war?

Ancient Athens

The beauty of Athens owed first and foremost to its public buildings, as private buildings were rather unremarkable and the streets crappy.


Question: What led to the Peloponnese war?

Ancient Athens

Athens consisted of two distinct parts: the city proper, which was divided into the Acropolis, that is, the Upper Town/Castle Mountain, and the Lower Town.


Question: What led to the Peloponnese war?

Ancient Athens

In the classical period, a city wall had been built around the city, the so-called Themistoklee Walls.


Question: What led to the Peloponnese war?

Ancient Athens

Three port cities: Piraeus, Munikhia and Faleron, around which Themistokles also built walls.


Question: What led to the Peloponnese war?

Ancient Athens

They were connected to the city by long walls.


Question: What led to the Peloponnese war?

Ancient Athens

The walls were built in the Pericle Period.


Question: What led to the Peloponnese war?

Ancient Athens

The Acropolis, or Upper Town Acropolis, also called Kekropia after its fabled founder Kekrops, is a high rock in the middle of the city.


Question: What led to the Peloponnese war?

Ancient Athens

It is about 50 feet high, 350 feet long and 150 feet wide.


Question: What led to the Peloponnese war?

Ancient Athens

Its walls are, in a natural way, steep on all sides except the west.


Question: What led to the Peloponnese war?

Ancient Athens

In the Mycenaean period, it had a cyclopic wall around it, known as the Pelasg Wall because it was thought to have been built by the Pelasgs.


Question: What led to the Peloponnese war?

Ancient Athens

During the Peloponnesian War, only the northern part of this wall remained, and this section was still called the Pelasgimwall.


Question: What led to the Peloponnese war?

Ancient Athens

The southern part, which was rebuilt by Kimoni, was in turn called the Kimon Wall.


Question: What led to the Peloponnese war?

Ancient Athens

In the western part of the acropolis, which was the only possible access way up the cliff, was the mighty Propylaia built by Pericle, and to its right the Temple of Athene Nike.


Question: What led to the Peloponnese war?

Ancient Athens

On the crest of the acropolis were numerous temples, bronze and marble sculptures, and several other works of art.


Question: What led to the Peloponnese war?

Ancient Athens

In an earlier period, the most notable were the Temple of Athene Polia, as well as Hekatompedon.


Question: What led to the Peloponnese war?

Ancient Athens

In the classical period, the largest of the temples was the Parthenon, dedicated to the virgin goddess Athena.


Question: What led to the Peloponnese war?

Ancient Athens

To the north of the Parthenon was the Erekhtheion, whose complex of buildings consisted of three separate shrines: one was dedicated to Athene Polias, the protector of the state; the other was the actual Erekhtheion, the shrine of Erekhtheus; and the third was the sanctuary of Pandroseion, daughter of Kekrops.


Question: What led to the Peloponnese war?

Ancient Athens

Between the Parthenon and Erektheion was the colossal statue of Athene Promakhos, whose helmet and spear were the first to be seen out to sea from the Acropolis.


Question: What led to the Peloponnese war?

Ancient Athens

Lower Town Lower Town had been built low around the Acropolis, but also in its territory there were several hills, especially in the western part.


Question: What led to the Peloponnese war?

Ancient Athens

On the west side, the city walls traversed the slopes of Nymphs Hill and Pnyks, and on the southeast side they passed following the Ilissos River.


Question: What led to the Peloponnese war?

Ancient Athens

The Agora and its surroundings The Athenian Agora is the most famous example of an ancient agora, that is, a gathering and marketplace.


Question: What led to the Peloponnese war?

Ancient Athens

The agora was located northwest of the Acropolis and north of Areiopag Hill.


Question: What led to the Peloponnese war?

Ancient Athens

It was surrounded by many notable public buildings: the Buleuterion, or council building, on the western edge of the Agora.


Question: What led to the Peloponnese war?

Ancient Athens

Tholos, a circular building near Buleuterion.


Question: What led to the Peloponnese war?

Ancient Athens

Kimonin circa the year 470 BC.


Question: What led to the Peloponnese war?

Ancient Athens

the building built served as one of the gathering places for the Prytans, that is, the leading officials of the city.


Question: What led to the Peloponnese war?

Ancient Athens

Stoat lived covered columned halls, which were convenient lounges during the hottest time of the day.


Question: What led to the Peloponnese war?

Ancient Athens

Athens had several columned halls.


Question: What led to the Peloponnese war?

Ancient Athens

The most notable were the Royal stoa (Stoa Basileios), the seat of the king archon, on the western edge of the Agora; the stoa of Zeus, or the columnar hall of Zeus Eleutherios, likewise on the western edge of the Agora; and the Stoa Poikile, or Variegated Column Hall, decorated with paintings, on the northern edge of the Agora.


Question: What led to the Peloponnese war?

Ancient Athens

In the Hellenistic period, the stoa of Attalos was built, among other things, on the eastern edge of the Agora.


Question: What led to the Peloponnese war?

Ancient Athens

Today there is a new building from a stoa on the site.


Question: What led to the Peloponnese war?

Ancient Athens

The temples: the Temple of Hephaestus, the Temple of Zeus Fratrios and Athene Fratria, the Temple of Patroos of Apollo and the Temple of the Mother of the Gods were located on the western edge of the Agora.


Question: What led to the Peloponnese war?

Ancient Athens

In the Roman period, among other things, the temple of Aree was transferred to the Agora.


Question: What led to the Peloponnese war?

Ancient Athens

Other public buildings in Prytaneion.


Question: What led to the Peloponnese war?

Ancient Athens

The actual gathering place of the Prytaneion, or Prytans, of Athens was possibly located east of the Acropolis.


Question: What led to the Peloponnese war?

Ancient Athens

Temples.


Question: What led to the Peloponnese war?

Ancient Athens

Of the temples outside the Acropolis, the most notable was the Temple of Zeus at Olympus, or Olympieion, which was located southeast of the Acropolis near the Ilissos River and the source of the Kallirrhoe.


Question: What led to the Peloponnese war?

Ancient Athens

The temple was for a long time unfinished and was completed during Hadrian's time.


Question: What led to the Peloponnese war?

Ancient Athens

In addition, there were numerous other temples throughout the city.


Question: What led to the Peloponnese war?

Ancient Athens

Theatres.


Question: What led to the Peloponnese war?

Ancient Athens

The Theatre of Dionysus, a large state theatre, was located on the southeastern slope of the Acropolis.


Question: What led to the Peloponnese war?

Ancient Athens

There were several Odeions, or theatres intended for music competitions.


Question: What led to the Peloponnese war?

Ancient Athens

One was the Odeion of Periclee built by Periclee near the theatre of Dionysios; the other was located near the source of the Kallirrhoe.


Question: What led to the Peloponnese war?

Ancient Athens

To modern times, an odeion of Herod Atticus, built during the Roman period, has been preserved.


Question: What led to the Peloponnese war?

Ancient Athens

Stadiums.


Question: What led to the Peloponnese war?

Ancient Athens

The largest stadium was the Panathenian Stadium south of the Ilissos River in the Agrai district.


Question: What led to the Peloponnese war?

Ancient Athens

The sports competitions of the Panathenaia celebration were held there.


Question: What led to the Peloponnese war?

Ancient Athens

Boroughs Inner Kerameikos, “Potters' Quarter”, west of the city, extending north as far as Dipylon Gate.


Question: What led to the Peloponnese war?

Ancient Athens

On the other side of the gate was the outer Kerameikos, which was located outside the city wall.


Question: What led to the Peloponnese war?

Ancient Athens

The Agora was located in the Kerameikos district.


Question: What led to the Peloponnese war?

Ancient Athens

Melite, west of town, south of inner Kerameikos.


Question: What led to the Peloponnese war?

Ancient Athens

Skambonidai, in the north of the city, east of the inner Kerameikos.


Question: What led to the Peloponnese war?

Ancient Athens

Kollytos, in the south of the city, south and southwest of the Acropolis.


Question: What led to the Peloponnese war?

Ancient Athens

Koile, southwest of town.


Question: What led to the Peloponnese war?

Ancient Athens

Limnai, east of Melite and Kollytos, between the Acropolis and the Ilissos River.


Question: What led to the Peloponnese war?

Ancient Athens

Diomeia, in the east of the city, near the gate of the same name and Kynosarge.


Question: What led to the Peloponnese war?

Ancient Athens

Agrai, south of Diomeia.


Question: What led to the Peloponnese war?

Ancient Athens

Hills Areiopagi (Áreios págos, “Aree hill”), west of the Acropolis.


Question: What led to the Peloponnese war?

Ancient Athens

The hill gave its name to the court that held its meetings there.


Question: What led to the Peloponnese war?

Ancient Athens

Hill of the Nymphs (Lofos Nymphon), southwest of Areiopag.


Question: What led to the Peloponnese war?

Ancient Athens

Pnyks, a half-arc-shaped hill southwest of Areiopag.


Question: What led to the Peloponnese war?

Ancient Athens

The ecklesia, or People's Assembly, met in its early stages before meetings began to be held at the theatre of Dionysus.


Question: What led to the Peloponnese war?

Ancient Athens

The hill of the Muses (Museion, present-day Filopáppou Hill), south of Pnyks and Areiopag.


Question: What led to the Peloponnese war?

Ancient Athens

Kolonos, or Kolonos Agoraios, is a hill west of the Agora.


Question: What led to the Peloponnese war?

Ancient Athens

Ardettos, a hill south of the Ilissos River.


Question: What led to the Peloponnese war?

Ancient Athens

The Wall and Gates The Athenian City Wall, or the so-called Themistoklee Wall, surrounds the entire city.


Question: What led to the Peloponnese war?

Ancient Athens

There were 15 gates on the wall.


Question: What led to the Peloponnese war?

Ancient Athens

[7] The most important of these were: On the west side: the Melitides Gate, which was located between Pnyks and the hill of the Nymphs and led to the demos of Melite.


Question: What led to the Peloponnese war?

Ancient Athens

Piraeus Gate, which led to the road to Piraeus which ran parallel to the long walls.


Question: What led to the Peloponnese war?

Ancient Athens

Hiera Pyle, or “Holy Gate”, from which began the Holy Way towards Eleus.


Question: What led to the Peloponnese war?

Ancient Athens

The Dipylon Gate, led from the inner Kerameikos to the outer Kerameikos and the Academy.


Question: What led to the Peloponnese war?

Ancient Athens

On the north side: the Akharnikai Gate, which led to the demos of Akharnai.


Question: What led to the Peloponnese war?

Ancient Athens

On the east side: the Diokhares Gate, which led to Lykeion and Mesogaia.


Question: What led to the Peloponnese war?

Ancient Athens

The Hippades Gate, or “Horsemen's Gate” north of Olympieion, from where the road to Agrylee began.


Question: What led to the Peloponnese war?

Ancient Athens

The Diomeiai gate, which led to the demos of Kynosargee and Diomeia.


Question: What led to the Peloponnese war?

Ancient Athens

On the south side: the Itoniai Gate south of Olympieion, from where the road to Isthmonikos left.


Question: What led to the Peloponnese war?

Ancient Athens

The Halade Gate, or “Gate of the Sea”, from which the road to Faleron departed.


Question: What led to the Peloponnese war?

Ancient Athens

Streets to Athens' most notable streets and roads included: Tripod Street, which ran to the Acropolis on the east side.


Question: What led to the Peloponnese war?

Ancient Athens

The road of the Panathenaia feast, which led from the Dipylon Gate through the Agora to the Acropolis.


Question: What led to the Peloponnese war?

Ancient Athens

The processions of the Panathenaia feast passed along the road.


Question: What led to the Peloponnese war?

Ancient Athens

The Piraeus road that led from the Piraeus Gate to the Agora.


Question: What led to the Peloponnese war?

Ancient Athens

The holy road (Hiera hodos), which led from the Holy Gate towards Eleus.


Question: What led to the Peloponnese war?

Ancient Athens

Along the road passed processions of mysteries to Eleus.


Question: What led to the Peloponnese war?

Ancient Athens

Out-of-town sites outside the City Wall were located: Outer Kerameikos, northwest of the city.


Question: What led to the Peloponnese war?

Ancient Athens

A cemetery was located in the area where Athenians who fell in the war were buried.


Question: What led to the Peloponnese war?

Ancient Athens

The Academy (Akademeia), the grove where Plato taught, was located farther away in the same direction as the outer Kerameikos.


Question: What led to the Peloponnese war?

Ancient Athens

Kynosarges, a gymnasion dedicated to Heraklee on the southeast side of the city, in the direction of the Diomeia Gate and across the Ilissos River.


Question: What led to the Peloponnese war?

Ancient Athens

The place where the cynic Antisthenes taught.


Question: What led to the Peloponnese war?

Ancient Athens

Lykeion, a gymnasion dedicated to Apollo Lykeios on the east side of the city.


Question: What led to the Peloponnese war?

Ancient Athens

The place where Aristotle taught.


Question: What led to the Peloponnese war?

Ancient Athens

Long Walls The Long Walls consisted of two walls leading to Piraeus.


Question: What led to the Peloponnese war?

Ancient Athens

They were 40 stadiums, or 7 kilometres long, and ran parallel to each other so that there was a narrow access road between them.


Question: What led to the Peloponnese war?

Ancient Athens

In addition, the walls included a third wall leading to Faleron, which was 35 stadia, or 6.5 kilometres long.


Question: What led to the Peloponnese war?

Ancient Athens

Thus there were three walls in total, but the designation “Long Walls” is shown to have been used mostly for the walls leading to Piraeus, while the wall that led to Faleron was called the Faleron Wall.


Question: What led to the Peloponnese war?

Ancient Athens

The common length of the city walls was 174.5 stadiums, or about 35 kilometres.


Question: What led to the Peloponnese war?

Ancient Athens

Of this, 43 stadiums, or nine kilometres, belonged to the walls of the city proper, 75 stadiums in the long walls and 56.5 stadiums in the walls of Piraeus, Munikhia and Faleron.


Question: What led to the Peloponnese war?

Ancient Athens

The population At the start of the Peloponnesian War the city numbered over 10000 houses, [8] which would mean a total population of about 120,000 if a family commune of about 12 people lived in one house.


Question: What led to the Peloponnese war?

Ancient Athens

Some sources suggest that there may have been as many as 180,000 inhabitants.


Question: What led to the Peloponnese war?

Ancient Athens

Of these, there were perhaps about 70,000 citizens.


Question: What led to the Peloponnese war?

Ancient Athens

In addition to citizens, there were Metoiks and slaves living in Athens and Attica.


Question: What led to the Peloponnese war?

Ancient Athens

The Metoiks were either free-born non-Greeks or Greeks without civil rights.


Question: What led to the Peloponnese war?

Ancient Athens

Guests were required to register as Metoiks or else they became slaves.


Question: What led to the Peloponnese war?

Ancient Athens

Metoiks were taxed more strictly than citizens.


Question: What led to the Peloponnese war?

Ancient Athens

They were not allowed to own land and they were often engaged in commercial occupations.


Question: What led to the Peloponnese war?

Ancient Athens

[9] Greek slaves were theoretically the property of their lord, but in practice they enjoyed the protection of laws.


Question: What led to the Peloponnese war?

Ancient Athens

They were not different from free citizens and they did partially the same sheet work as the free ones.


Question: What led to the Peloponnese war?

Ancient Athens

There were also state slaves, who existed as clerks, secretaries, prison guards, and police officers.


Question: What led to the Peloponnese war?

Ancient Athens

Worst of all were slaves working in mines where mortality was so high that there was no longer a few months to live.


Question: What led to the Peloponnese war?

Ancient Athens

Child labour was extensively used in the mines.


Question: What led to the Peloponnese war?

Ancient Athens

[9] Infant mortality was also huge among citizens, probably about 70% of children died before their one-year anniversary.


Question: What led to the Peloponnese war?

Ancient Athens

The Kolonos of Athens from Agoraios has recently been found dating back to 350 BCE.


Question: What led to the Peloponnese war?

Ancient Athens

a well containing the bodies of 175 toddlers and 75 dogs, as well as an ivory knife handle.


Question: What led to the Peloponnese war?

Ancient Athens

It has been suspected that the children would have been sacrificed to the goddess Aphrodide Urania, or that they were victims of some epidemic.


Question: What led to the Peloponnese war?

Ancient Athens

[9] Culture The period between the end of the Persian wars and the Macedonian conquest was the heyday of Athens in both literature, philosophy (see: Greek philosophy) and the arts (see: Greek theatre).


Question: What led to the Peloponnese war?

Ancient Athens

Some of the most prominent figures in Western culture lived in Athens during that period: playwrights Aeskhylos, Aristofanes, Euripides and Sophocles, philosophers Socrates, Plato and Aristotle, historians Herodotus, Thukydides and Xenofon, poet Simonides and sculptor Feidias.


Question: What led to the Peloponnese war?

Ancient Athens

The leading statesman of the time was Pericles, who utilized the funds of the Delos Maritime Union in the construction of the Parthenon and many other monuments in the city.


Question: What led to the Peloponnese war?

Ancient Athens

The city became, in Pericle's words, the whole “Hella civilization center”.


Question: What led to the Peloponnese war?

Ancient Athens

[10] See also Attica Delos maritime union List of Athenian archons List of Athenian kings Sources Literature Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Castrén, SpongeBob (ed.


Question: What led to the Peloponnese war?

Ancient Athens

) | title = Post-Herulian Athens| location = Helsinki| publisher = Foundation of the Finnish Athens Institute| year = 1994| version = Papers and Monographs of the Finnish Institute of Athens, vol.


Question: What led to the Peloponnese war?

Ancient Athens

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Question: What led to the Peloponnese war?

Ancient Athens

) | title = Early Hellenistic Athens.


Question: What led to the Peloponnese war?

Ancient Athens

Symptoms of a Change| location = Helsinki| publisher = Foundation of the Finnish Athens Institute | year = 1997| version = Papers and Monographs of the Finnish Institute of Athens, vol.


Question: What led to the Peloponnese war?

Ancient Athens

6| id = ISBN 951-95295-7-8}} *


Question: When did Sweden win the Eurovision Song Contest for the second time?

Johnny Logan

Johnny Logan, real name Seán Patrick Michael Sherrard (born 13 May 1954 in Frankston, Australia) is an Irish singer.


Question: When did Sweden win the Eurovision Song Contest for the second time?

Johnny Logan

He has won the Eurovision Song Contest twice as a singer and once as a song composer.


Question: When did Sweden win the Eurovision Song Contest for the second time?

Johnny Logan

Over the course of his career, Logan has released 40 singles and 19 albums.


Question: When did Sweden win the Eurovision Song Contest for the second time?

Johnny Logan

Logan's father was renowned Irish tenor Patrick O'Hagan, who performed three times at the White House in Washington.


Question: When did Sweden win the Eurovision Song Contest for the second time?

Johnny Logan

The family moved back to Ireland when Johnny was three years old.


Question: When did Sweden win the Eurovision Song Contest for the second time?

Johnny Logan

In his childhood and youth, he played guitar and wrote songs.


Question: When did Sweden win the Eurovision Song Contest for the second time?

Johnny Logan

After school, he worked as an electrician and performed in folk and blues clubs.


Question: When did Sweden win the Eurovision Song Contest for the second time?

Johnny Logan

Logan achieved his first Eurovisa win in 1980 in the Netherlands with Shay Healy's song What's Another Year?.


Question: When did Sweden win the Eurovision Song Contest for the second time?

Johnny Logan

For his second win, he nabbed 1987 in Brussels with his own song “Hold Me Now”.


Question: When did Sweden win the Eurovision Song Contest for the second time?

Johnny Logan

In 1992, Linda Martin won a competition held in Malmö, Sweden with the song “Why Me?”


Question: When did Sweden win the Eurovision Song Contest for the second time?

Johnny Logan


Question: When did Sweden win the Eurovision Song Contest for the second time?

Johnny Logan

Previously performed by Martin, the song written by Logan came close to winning in 1984 when Terminal 3 finished second after the win went to Swedish company Herreys with the song Diggi-loo diggi-ley.


Question: When did Sweden win the Eurovision Song Contest for the second time?

Johnny Logan

In Finnish television, Johnny Logan has appeared on Finnish TV channels in addition to the Eurovision Song Contests several times.


Question: When did Sweden win the Eurovision Song Contest for the second time?

Johnny Logan

Following his last Eurovision Song Contest win on 6 June 1992, Logan appeared as a special guest at Yle TV1's Midnight Sun Song Festival (Midnight Sun Song Festival) [2] and on 11 February 1998 TV1 broadcast a programme produced by Sunny Notes Ltd. Logan [3].


Question: When did Sweden win the Eurovision Song Contest for the second time?

Johnny Logan

The concert parts of the TV show had been recorded from Johnny Logan's Culture Hall concert in Helsinki on 3 February 1998.


Question: When did Sweden win the Eurovision Song Contest for the second time?

Johnny Logan

Sources on the topic elsewhere Category:Eurovisa winners Category:Irish Eurovisa representatives Category:Euro visa representatives of the year 1980 Class:Euro visa representatives Class:Irish singers Category:People born in 1954 Class:Living persons


Question: When is Georgia founded?

History of Georgia

This article discusses the history of Georgia.


Question: When is Georgia founded?

History of Georgia

Prehistory 1.8 million years ago — The oldest finds of early humans stepping outside Africa have been found in Dmanisi, Georgia.


Question: When is Georgia founded?

History of Georgia

The discoveries were the skulls of an upright human (Homo Erectus).


Question: When is Georgia founded?

History of Georgia

Some scholars also speak of the human species Homo georgicus, or Georgian man.


Question: When is Georgia founded?

History of Georgia

[1] 50000—35000 years ago — An ancient human remains from Yashtkhva near today's Suhumi (also Sukhumi or Sokhumi) in the region of Abkhazia.


Question: When is Georgia founded?

History of Georgia

30000—10000 years ago — inhabited from caves called Jruchi, Sagvarjile and Chakhati.


Question: When is Georgia founded?

History of Georgia

From the Late Paleolithic period, abundant remains in Devis Khvrel and Sakazhia, among others.


Question: When is Georgia founded?

History of Georgia

5000-3800 BC.


Question: When is Georgia founded?

History of Georgia

— The flourishing of the Shulaveri-Shomu culture throughout the Caucasian region.


Question: When is Georgia founded?

History of Georgia

4000—2200 BC.


Question: When is Georgia founded?

History of Georgia

— Transcaucasian culture spreads to the South Caucasus and Armenia.


Question: When is Georgia founded?

History of Georgia

2200—1500 BC.


Question: When is Georgia founded?

History of Georgia

— Trialet culture flourishes in the South Caucasus.


Question: When is Georgia founded?

History of Georgia

[2] Evidence of viticulture has been found in Georgia 6000 before the beginning of the period.


Question: When is Georgia founded?

History of Georgia

The findings of an international team of scientists date to the Neolithic period between 6000-5800 BCE.


Question: When is Georgia founded?

History of Georgia

Archaeological studies found e.g.


Question: When is Georgia founded?

History of Georgia

remnants of tartaric acid and organic acids generated in winemaking.


Question: When is Georgia founded?

History of Georgia

Chemical analyses were carried out on findings found in e.g.


Question: When is Georgia founded?

History of Georgia

large ceramic storage containers (300 liters).


Question: When is Georgia founded?

History of Georgia

The history of wine to 8000 years moved the history of grape wine a thousand years earlier than it has been estimated before.


Question: When is Georgia founded?

History of Georgia

The team of researchers believe it is the oldest place where grapes have been grown for wine in the Eurasian region.


Question: When is Georgia founded?

History of Georgia

[3] The Late Neolithic period was also influenced by the Shulaveri-Shomu culture, which regionally settled into the regions of Georgia, Azerbaizan and Armenia.


Question: When is Georgia founded?

History of Georgia

The period of influence of the culture is calculated as 6000- 4000 BCE.


Question: When is Georgia founded?

History of Georgia

The name Shulaveri comes from the Georgian town now known as Shaumiani.


Question: When is Georgia founded?

History of Georgia

Antiquity and Middle Ages from Georgia have been discovered in archaeological excavations in the 1970s several ancient population centers from as early as the fifth millennium BCE.


Question: When is Georgia founded?

History of Georgia

Houses inhabited by Neolithic culture were round or oval — similar features also exist in later Georgian Darbazi type buildings.


Question: When is Georgia founded?

History of Georgia

The ancient Greeks referred to western Georgia as Colchis.


Question: When is Georgia founded?

History of Georgia

Greek lore tells of Iason and his Argonauts, who journeyed to Colchis in search of a golden fleece.


Question: When is Georgia founded?

History of Georgia

Before Georgia became a Roman province in 66 BC, the lowlands of western Georgia were known as Egris and eastern Georgia was ruled by the Iberian Empire.


Question: When is Georgia founded?

History of Georgia

Georgia became one of the first countries to convert to Christianity in 317 when King Mirian III of Iberia adopted it as his state religion.


Question: When is Georgia founded?

History of Georgia

In Egiris, religion was established in 523.


Question: When is Georgia founded?

History of Georgia

[4] Although the country was conquered alternately by Arabs, Mongols, Persians and Turks, Georgia managed to maintain some degree of independence for over 1000 years.


Question: When is Georgia founded?

History of Georgia

In 978, all Georgian principalities were merged into the Kingdom of Georgia (978—1466) under the control of the Bagrationi dynasty.


Question: When is Georgia founded?

History of Georgia

The dynasty was founded by Ašot I the Great in 809.


Question: When is Georgia founded?

History of Georgia

Major representatives of the family include David the Builder (Devid IV Agmachenebeli, reigned 1089—1125) and Queen Tamar (1184—1213) — both have been declared saints by the Georgian Orthodox Church.


Question: When is Georgia founded?

History of Georgia

The Kingdom of Georgia at that time also included Armenia, Azerbaijan and territories north of the Caucasus.


Question: When is Georgia founded?

History of Georgia

With the dissolution of the Kingdom, Georgia fragmented into several smaller parts and regressed under the influence of Persia and the Ottoman Empire.


Question: When is Georgia founded?

History of Georgia

From 1801 to 1810, the Kingdoms of Kartl-Kakheti (East Georgia) and Imereti (West Georgia) were occupied by the Russian Empire at the request of the Georgians, as they wanted protection against Persia pressing from the south.


Question: When is Georgia founded?

History of Georgia

Georgia as part of Russia 1801—1918 In 1801, Tsar Alexander I of Russia abolished the Georgian Kingdom of Kartl-Kakheti and forced its king family into exile.


Question: When is Georgia founded?

History of Georgia

The state was definitively annexed to Russia in 1804, following a major Russification programme that attempted to replace Georgian culture and social stillness with Russian.


Question: When is Georgia founded?

History of Georgia

The Georgian Orthodox Church also disbanded.


Question: When is Georgia founded?

History of Georgia

[5] Georgians' dissatisfaction with the authoritarianism of the Tsarist led to a national liberation movement in the country at the looping cave of the 19th century.


Question: When is Georgia founded?

History of Georgia

The Great Peasant Revolt, which led to social reforms, was fought in 1905.


Question: When is Georgia founded?

History of Georgia

At the same time, the Marxist Social Democratic Party became the main political force in Georgia, holding, among other things, all the seats reserved for Georgia in the Duma established in 1905.


Question: When is Georgia founded?

History of Georgia

Josif Vissarionovich Djugašvili (Josif Stalin), a Georgian Bolshevik, became the leader of the Georgian revolutionary movement.


Question: When is Georgia founded?

History of Georgia

[6] The Georgian Democratic Republic of 1918—1921 The Russian Revolution of October 1917 drew Russia into a bloody civil war, during which several Russian regions declared independence.


Question: When is Georgia founded?

History of Georgia

Georgia was one of them, and the independent Democratic Republic of Georgia was proclaimed on 26 May 1918.


Question: When is Georgia founded?

History of Georgia

The new country was governed by the Menshevik branch of the Social Democratic Party, which established a parliamentary multi-party system in the country—contrary to the dictatorship of the Bolshevik proletariat in Russia.


Question: When is Georgia founded?

History of Georgia

Important European states recognized Georgia in 1918 and Soviet Russia in May 1920.


Question: When is Georgia founded?

History of Georgia

In February 1921, Georgia was conquered by the Red Army after a brief war.


Question: When is Georgia founded?

History of Georgia

The Georgian government was forced to flee.


Question: When is Georgia founded?

History of Georgia

Fragmented resistance 1921—1924 was followed by a widespread patriotic uprising in August 1924.


Question: When is Georgia founded?

History of Georgia

Georgia in the Soviet Union 1921—1990 Georgia was forced to join the Transcaucasian Soviet Republic, which included Armenia, Georgia and Azerbaijan.


Question: When is Georgia founded?

History of Georgia

The Soviet regime separated from the country several historical regions for Turkey (Tao-Klarjoeti), Armenia (Lore region), Azerbaijan (Hereti/Saingilo) and Russia (part of the Black Sea coast).


Question: When is Georgia founded?

History of Georgia

Soviet rule was brutal: some 50,000 people were executed 1921—1924 and more than 150,000 were killed in the 1935—1938, 1942 and 1945—1951 purges of the Georgian chief of Stalin and his secret police, Lavrenti Berija.


Question: When is Georgia founded?

History of Georgia

In 1936, the Caucasian Soviet Republic was dissolved and Georgia formed the Grosian Soviet Socialist Republic.


Question: When is Georgia founded?

History of Georgia

During World War II, one of Adolf Hitler's main goals in his conquest of the Soviet Union in August 1941 was the attainment of the Caucasus oil fields.


Question: When is Georgia founded?

History of Georgia

However, the Axis powers did not reach as far as Georgia.


Question: When is Georgia founded?

History of Georgia

The country became home to the Red Army with nearly 700,000 soldiers (350,000 of whom died), and Georgia was also an important source of textiles and military supplies.


Question: When is Georgia founded?

History of Georgia

Stalin's successful appeal to Soviet unity undermined Georgian nationalism during and after the war.


Question: When is Georgia founded?

History of Georgia

The regime's decentralization program in the mid-1950s soon allowed the Communist Party of Georgia to build its own concentration of power.


Question: When is Georgia founded?

History of Georgia

A thriving grey capitalist economy emerged alongside the communist state economy, and Georgia became one of the most successful Soviet republics.


Question: When is Georgia founded?

History of Georgia

On the other hand, corruption also increased sharply.


Question: When is Georgia founded?

History of Georgia

Although it was also common elsewhere in the Soviet Union, corruption became so prevalent in Georgia that it became a problem for the Moscow authorities.


Question: When is Georgia founded?

History of Georgia

Eduard Ševardnadze, who served as the country's interior minister 1964—1972, gained fame as an opponent of corruption and masinated the resignation of Vasil Mžavanadze, secretary of the Communist Party of Georgia.


Question: When is Georgia founded?

History of Georgia

Ševardnadze rose to his place with Moscow's blessing.


Question: When is Georgia founded?

History of Georgia

He was a capable leader of Georgia from 1972 to 1985, improving, among other things, the country's economy.


Question: When is Georgia founded?

History of Georgia

Georgians' nationalism intensified, particularly due to the fact that Georgian-born Josif Stalin fell out of favour in the Soviet Union after his death.


Question: When is Georgia founded?

History of Georgia

Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev gave a speech critical of Stalin in February 1956, with an accusatory finger pointed at Georgia and Georgians.


Question: When is Georgia founded?

History of Georgia

In this case, demonstrations arose in Tbilisi, which were bloody suppressed by the Soviet army on 9 March 1956 and dozens of Georgian students were shot.


Question: When is Georgia founded?

History of Georgia

The Soviet Union and Georgian nationalism clashed again in 1978 when Moscow ordered the official status of the Georgian language in the country to be reconsidered.


Question: When is Georgia founded?

History of Georgia

Giant street demonstrations on 14 April 1978 forced the central government not to interfere with the status of the language, and 14 April was made Georgian Language Day.


Question: When is Georgia founded?

History of Georgia

When Ševardnadze was appointed Soviet Foreign Minister in 1985, he was replaced in Georgia by Džumber Patiašvili, who was a conservative and fared poorly with the challenges posed by perestroika.


Question: When is Georgia founded?

History of Georgia

In the late 1980s, there were increasingly clashes between communist authorities, a Georgian nationalist movement and separatists in areas inhabited by minorities (especially South Ossetia).


Question: When is Georgia founded?

History of Georgia

On April 9, 1989, Soviet forces suppressed a peaceful protest in Tbilisi — 20 Georgians were killed and hundreds wounded or poisoned.


Question: When is Georgia founded?

History of Georgia

The event radicalized Georgian politics, which even made many communists see independence as a viable option.


Question: When is Georgia founded?

History of Georgia

Independent Republic of Georgia 1991—2003 Gamsakhurdia season 1991—92 Protests and strikes organized by the opposition finally led to open multi-party elections on 28 October 1990.


Question: When is Georgia founded?

History of Georgia

The election was won by the “Round Table” coalition led by Zviad Gamsakhurdia, and he became chairman of the country's Supreme Soviet.


Question: When is Georgia founded?

History of Georgia

On March 31, 1991, Gamsakhurdia wasted no time in organizing a referendum on independence, which was approved by 98.9% of those who voted.


Question: When is Georgia founded?

History of Georgia

Formal independence from the Soviet Union was declared on April 9, 1991, although it took some time before foreign powers such as the United States recognized the state.


Question: When is Georgia founded?

History of Georgia

The Gamsakhurdia government strongly opposed any vestiges of Russian power, such as remaining Soviet bases or joining the CIS.


Question: When is Georgia founded?

History of Georgia

Gamsakhurdia was elected president on 26 May 1991 — he received 86% of the vote.


Question: When is Georgia founded?

History of Georgia

His administration was accused of authoritarianism and ungovernance, and nationalists and reformists reluctantly joined a coalition opposed to Gamsakhurdia.


Question: When is Georgia founded?

History of Georgia

The large number of Soviet army weapons left in the country available to the quarreling parties and the increase in power of the militias complicated the pre-tense situation.


Question: When is Georgia founded?

History of Georgia

On December 22, 1991, armed opposition groups began a violent coup in which Gamsakhurdia and his supporters were smoked out of government buildings in Tbilisi.


Question: When is Georgia founded?

History of Georgia

Gamsakhurdia managed to escape from Georgia to Chechnya in January 1992.


Question: When is Georgia founded?

History of Georgia

Ševardnadze's 1991—92 Post-Gamsakhurdia Period The new government invited Eduard Ševardnadze to head the State Council — effectively president — in March 1992, in an attempt to improve the credibility of the post-Gamsakhurdia regime that had become distasteful to many.


Question: When is Georgia founded?

History of Georgia

War in Abkhazia and South Ossetia 1992 In August 1992, disputes with Abkhazian separatists intensified when militias and government troops were deployed to the region to suppress separatist movements.


Question: When is Georgia founded?

History of Georgia

The Abkhazians entered the fight with the assistance of militias from Russia's North Caucasus region and allegedly also Russian troops stationed at the Gudauta base in Abkhazia.


Question: When is Georgia founded?

History of Georgia

In September 1993, government forces suffered a catastrophic defeat, expelling the entire Georgian population of the region to Abkhazia.


Question: When is Georgia founded?

History of Georgia

About 14,000 died and 300,000 were forced to flee.


Question: When is Georgia founded?

History of Georgia

Ethnic violence also flared in South Ossetia but gradually calmed down, requiring the deaths of hundreds and the flight of 100,000 Ossets to Russian-administered North Ossetia.


Question: When is Georgia founded?

History of Georgia

In southwestern Georgia in the Autonomous Republic of Adžaria, Aslan Abašidze, who managed to rule his republic almost independent from Tbilisi until 2004, came to power.


Question: When is Georgia founded?

History of Georgia

The Gamsakhurdia rebellion on 24 September 1993, with the Abkhazian disaster accelerating, Zviad Gamsakhurdia returned from exile to organize an uprising against the government.


Question: When is Georgia founded?

History of Georgia

His backers managed to use the confused state of government forces to their advantage and soon controlled much of western Georgia.


Question: When is Georgia founded?

History of Georgia

As Russia, Armenia and Azerbaijan became nervous, units of the Russian army were sent to assist the Georgian government.


Question: When is Georgia founded?

History of Georgia

The rebellion soon collapsed and Gamsakhurdia died on 31 December 1993.


Question: When is Georgia founded?

History of Georgia

From Georgia to the CIS State In an agreement that sparked controversy, Ševardnadze's government agreed to join the CIS in exchange for military and financial support.


Question: When is Georgia founded?

History of Georgia

Ševardnadze's attempted murder, Ševardnadze narrowly survived a bombing in August 1995.


Question: When is Georgia founded?

History of Georgia

He took the opportunity to imprison paramilitary leader Džaba Ioselian and ban his Mkhedrioni militias from operating.


Question: When is Georgia founded?

History of Georgia

However, his government and family were increasingly associated with the corruption that had slowed Georgia's economic growth.


Question: When is Georgia founded?

History of Georgia

He won presidential elections in November 1995 and April 2004 with large majorities — fueled by allegations of electoral fraud.


Question: When is Georgia founded?

History of Georgia

The war in Chechnya caused major disagreements with Russia, with Georgia allegedly assisting Chechen rebels.


Question: When is Georgia founded?

History of Georgia

In addition, Ševardnadze's close ties with the United States hampered Russia relations.


Question: When is Georgia founded?

History of Georgia

After Georgia became an important recipient country of U.S. economic and military aid, Georgia entered into a partnership agreement with NATO and declared its goal of joining not only NATO but also the European Union.


Question: When is Georgia founded?

History of Georgia

In 2002, the United States sent hundreds of soldiers to help Georgian forces fight separatists.


Question: When is Georgia founded?

History of Georgia

The country also secured the construction of an oil pipeline from Azerbaijan through Georgia to Turkey.


Question: When is Georgia founded?

History of Georgia

Rose Revolution A reformist coalition led by Mikheil Saakashvili, Nino Burdžanadze and Zurab Žvania united to oppose Ševardnadze's government in the November parliamentary elections 2003.


Question: When is Georgia founded?

History of Georgia

The election result was widely regarded as completely rigged, and the opposition staged massive protests in central Tbilisi.


Question: When is Georgia founded?

History of Georgia

After two weeks, Ševardnadze resigned on 23 November 2003, and Nino Burdžanadze rose to succeed him as president on an interim basis.


Question: When is Georgia founded?

History of Georgia

In January 2004, Mikheil Saakashvili won the new presidential election with a huge 96% vote majority.


Question: When is Georgia founded?

History of Georgia

Constitutional amendments were rushed through parliament that increased the president's power to dissolve parliament and created the office of prime minister.


Question: When is Georgia founded?

History of Georgia

Zurab Žvania became Prime Minister and Nino Burdžanadze became Speaker of Parliament.


Question: When is Georgia founded?

History of Georgia

After the Roses Revolution, relations between the Georgian central government and Abašidze, the leader of Adžaria, quickly deteriorated and both sides prepared for a military confrontation.


Question: When is Georgia founded?

History of Georgia

Saakashvili's ultimatums and large protests forced Abašidze to resign and flee the country.


Question: When is Georgia founded?

History of Georgia

In February 2005, Prime Minister Žvania died and Zurab Nogaideli was appointed to the post.


Question: When is Georgia founded?

History of Georgia

Georgia has participated in the Iraq War and in May 2005 US President George W. Bush visited the country [7].


Question: When is Georgia founded?

History of Georgia

Former Defense Minister Irakli Okruašvili issued statements in September 2007 accusing Saakashvili of wrongdoing.


Question: When is Georgia founded?

History of Georgia

Okruashvili's speedy arrest prompted opposition parties to demonstrate for his release.


Question: When is Georgia founded?

History of Georgia

Finally, on November 7, 2007, riot police broke up an anti-Saakashvili demonstration using rubber bullets, tear gas and water cannons.


Question: When is Georgia founded?

History of Georgia

These were the largest demonstrations by the opposition since the 2003 revolution.


Question: When is Georgia founded?

History of Georgia

Mikheil Saakashvili blamed Russia for fomenting the unrest.


Question: When is Georgia founded?

History of Georgia

On November 7, martial law covering the whole country was declared for 15 days.


Question: When is Georgia founded?

History of Georgia

Martial law was declared to have ended on 16 November and President Saakashvili sacked Prime Minister Nogaidel and appointed banker Lado Gurgenidze as the new prime minister.


Question: When is Georgia founded?

History of Georgia

[8] Under pressure, Saakashvili announced a prematurely presidential election in early November and left the presidential post on 25 November 2007.


Question: When is Georgia founded?

History of Georgia

In the election, Saakashvili's most prominent counter-candidates were Levan Gatchechiladze, a candidate nominated by ten opposition parties, and Badri Patarkatsišvili, a businessman.


Question: When is Georgia founded?

History of Georgia

The election was held on 5 January 2008 and was won by Mikheil Saakashvili.


Question: When is Georgia founded?

History of Georgia

When former defense minister Irakli Okruashvili was arrested in September 2007, opposition parties formed a united front and called for parliamentary elections to be moved to spring 2008.


Question: When is Georgia founded?

History of Georgia

The opposition staged a series of mass demonstrations in the autumn, the largest of which was attended by at least 80,000 people, and demanded the president's resignation.


Question: When is Georgia founded?

History of Georgia

In November, riot police attacked protesters and the government declared a state of emergency under the guise of which it shut down two television channels that backed the opposition.


Question: When is Georgia founded?

History of Georgia

However, Saakashvili conceded to early elections.


Question: When is Georgia founded?

History of Georgia

He was elected in them to a new five-year term with a vote share of 53.45%; the next highest number of votes was received by opposition candidate Levan Gatchechiladze, 25.68%.


Question: When is Georgia founded?

History of Georgia

Polls on the country's possible NATO membership and moving parliamentary elections to spring 2008 were also held as part of the election.


Question: When is Georgia founded?

History of Georgia

Both proposals were accepted.


Question: When is Georgia founded?

History of Georgia

[9] According to OSCE election observers, the elections were broadly honest and compliant with international requirements, but with considerable problems.