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A train ride away, Berlin was up against Wetterhoff and his aides.


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The last leg of the journey took first to Hamburg and on to Lockstedter Lager (now Hohenlockstedt).


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Once there, the course was divided into two companies and participants were given covert scout outfits and the designation Feldmeister referring to the German patrol leader.


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The impression was complemented by the fact that the head of the course, Major Maximilian Bayer, was also the leader of the German Boy Scout Movement (Jugendwehr).


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Education of Pfadfinders The agreement on the education of pfadfinderite emphasized, among other things, familiarization with German culture and “military spirit”.


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Although the course time was only a few weeks, it was therefore envisaged, among other things, field trips.


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Contemporaries” memoirs emphasise that the Finns longed for an authentic feel for German education, but “they soon found that their teaching did not follow the methods of German military education, but rather Boy Scout education”.


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The covert role therefore seemed to extend, along with external frameworks, to the content of education as well.


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At first, the hosts' extracts seemed to be trained even too gentlemanly, while the views of the course director and the actual trainers on training were still looking for their forms: “The Finns were treated with caution and gentle hands.


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Against the will gestured as 'lords'.” The background was Major Bayer's view that resourceful Free Force leaders from the Finns could be obtained by scouting rather than military doctrines.


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Bayer's values were also associated with the fact that at first it was forbidden to consume beer for Finns.


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It was soon discovered, however, that Major Bayer, with his emphasis, fell short of a minority over the actual trainer officers, Captains Bade, Heldt, Just and Knaths.


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The number of students gradually increased, reaching a strength of about 180 in three weeks.


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However, some of the coursemen began to be out of strength with various deployments.


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[15] Despite the Boy Scouting outfit, Finnish volunteers had possession since 28 February the main soldier's hallmark — a weapon: the Russian three-line rifle M/91, which the Germans had received in abundance as spoils of war.


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It was easy to justify this choice because the Finns would, in any case, in their eventual struggle for independence, come to rely on weapons taken from the Russians.


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Pistols and hand grenades were among the equipment.


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The course instead received the first heavier weapons—two Maxim machine guns—on hold until mid-April.


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[16] After the first few days of adulation, the training sought attitudes towards Prussian military training, although the content was deviant, educated, voluntary “civilists” were trained.


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According to Lauerma's characterisation, pfadfinders received “somewhat simultaneously instruction belonging to a recruit, a cadet, a student officer at the War College, and a Particle Scout leader.”


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Efforts were made to create the capacity to lead the team, platoon and “evasively company”.


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Theory instruction sided subjects all the way up to regimental level.


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[17] The content and scope of training changed as the length of the course was increased to a minimum.


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In the original plan, the exclusion order, as well as tobacco services, became part of the programme.


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In March, the first promotions to the rank of zug and gruppenführers (team and group leaders) had been obtained, foreshadowing the possibility that the course would be extended.


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[18] In all, four different promises were made in April 1915 to extend courses; for example, on Day 2 it was reported that the course would last until 16 April and on 14 April an extension to May was announced.


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Uncertainty racked minds: it was not known what the future of each would be itself after the course.


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Initially, the four-week absence from the homeland had already stretched into months.


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In July, proper military uniforms were obtained to replace the scout uniforms that were worn in tatters and had gone unsavoury: field greys for the German infantry.


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The PfadFinder period had ended, and the coursemen were now musketeers.


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The independence movement entered its next phase.


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From the initial form of the Ostrobotnian meeting, the organization of the movement also expanded and diversified.


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The forces behind the independence of Finland and the Ice Participation movement can be considered A.K. (“Aktionskommittén”, “Action Committee” or “Active Committee”).


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In it were represented the various parties, old and young activism, as well as officers of the old people who later organized themselves as M.K:si (“Militärkommittén”, “Military Committee”).


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Ahti (1999) has characterized MK as a “comrade circle of former Hamina cadets”.


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[19] The active committee was supported by C.K.


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(“Centralkommittén”, “Central Committee”), which was a group formed by politicians of the older knee.


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It included, among others, state councils (Edvard Hjelt, Alexis Gripenberg), senators (Hugo Rautapää) and professors (Rafael Erich, Edward Westermarck).


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The representation of the Swedish language group prevailed.


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The fact that Old Finns (Iron Head and Samuli Sario) also joined showed a change in their attitudes.


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As of June 1917, the key practical player of the Active Committee was the Works Division.


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Its activities, in turn, were disguised as a forestry enterprise.


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The company, called Uusi Forest Office, was located in Helsinki at Yrjönkatu 25.


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Ostensibly, the “office” bought and sold lumber and other forest supplies, as well as conveying workers to forestry sites.


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This could cloak the real tasks, the most significant of which was the launch of patronage activities across the country.


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The most central figure in the new Forest Office was Master Elmo E. Kaila.


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From 1916 onwards, the influential Finnish Independence Movement Foreign Mission was active in Stockholm.


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Through it, connections with Sweden and Germany existed.


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In the autumn of the following year the delegation was subjected to A.K


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to which it received a liaison body facing the Germans.


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In Germany, the affairs of the movement had been handled by Büro Wetterhoff, led by Fritz Wetterhoff.


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After Wetterhoff fell out of favour with the Germans, a new, more independent liaison body Das Finnländische Büro was established in November 1916, led by Samuli Sario.


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According to him and with the name model of the predecessor, the office was also called Büro Sario.


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The price of independence was modesty: the archives and contacts in Wetterhoff's office were unavailable and money was lacking, too.


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Socialist representation was lacking in these bodies.


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Although cooperation with the burghers was refused, the idea of independence had to be supported.


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K. H. Wiik, Oskari Tokoi and Yrjö Mäkelin, among others, supported the ice cap movement.


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The latter's son Leo Mäkelin joined the ranks of the Jäägers on 14 February 1916.


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The complex organisation of the Finnish “liberation movement” is summarized by Ahti (1999) as follows: “CoR, New Forest Office and MK operated in Finland.


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Stockholm had a Foreign Mission and a Staff under Nikolai Mexmontan Military Committee, in Berlin the office of Samuli Sario, and finally in Liepāja the Jääkäri Battalion and its representatives.


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“[20] For Finland's independence, the Russian Revolution was a lucky event, but so was Germany's defeat in World War I.


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According to Professor Matti Lackman, Germany did not care about Finland's freedom, but supported the icemen for the same reason as the Bolsheviks: the goal was to weaken Germany's enemy Russia.


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Germany also did not allow icebrees into Finland until it deemed necessary.


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The Jaegers didn't have much chance to make a difference in this matter.


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In addition, Germany planned to make Finland its own vassal state.


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[21] Large enlistment — from scout course to Lockstedt training force When the expansion of the pfadfinder force into a battalion was approved by an order signed by Emperor William II on 28 August 1915, recruitment was increased over the original force multiple.


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“Great enlistment” came to last from September 1915 to May 1916.


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The strength of the battalion — four rifle companies, a machine gun company and a pioneer company — required 1439 men by standard strengths.


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Excluding from this pfadfinders, as well as German officers and underpavers, the net need was about 1200 men.


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However, Major Bayer, commander of the battalion — at this point Ausbildungstruppe Lockstedt — put forward enough up to 2000 men possibly thinking that the Finns would not be turned back, but the unit would be expanded or new ones would be created depending on the situation.


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Central to the organisation of recruitment activities was the student community activities and, to a lesser extent, other communities of male students.


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The link between the active committee and the student union was Master Kai Donner.


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Student Actives recruited their fellow students and made trips to the provinces to acquire recrytes and to support and initiate local recruitment.


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In order to gain a wide and diverse pool of participants and supporters, recruiters were sought to acquire recruiters from different social groups.


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In Lauerman's words, “Among the recruits were laborers, foremen and craftsmen, farmers, teachers, chaplains and lockers, even some police officer.


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“[22] Local recruits were easiest to find in Ostrobothnia and Karelia.


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Student recruits from Helsinki had to be sent elsewhere and ice runners from Germany had to be sent.


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Well-known recruiter icers include Aarne Sihvo and Sulo-Weikko Pekkola.


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An example of recruitment Iivari Kauranen has told of his own recruitment as follows: Several descriptive elements appear in the description: recruitment has started a few months earlier and you expand beyond academic circles the recruiter and recruit feel in some way each other, so the trust can be judged by the recruiter is in a mobile profession, which involves a lot of social interaction with the motives of the company and the requirements for recruitals are brought to light The fact that the color color knew the ice movement well can perhaps be considered exceptional; background information could often be weak and descriptions of the purpose of the trip vague.


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The open-mindedness in the report, on the other hand, indicates that perhaps we are unwary, those present are known and later to be in the region of the ice cap movement in southern Ostrobothnia.


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Here, “recruitment evenings” or “departure dances” might even be held openly.


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Typical recrytes at that point were no longer linguistic, experienced travellers who would drop by abroad in their studies: Kauranen says in the section after the quote that the trip from Jyväskylä to the Volt in Ala-Härmä was his first train journey.


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Kem's pitch has been revealed (20 January 1916) or just about to be revealed and undergoing detours.


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After various stages and expectations, the border crossing takes place from Tornio skiing under the guidance of a local guide.


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From Haparanda, the journey continues under the direction of an ice tiller operating in “Halkonttorissa”.


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We travel through Sweden with a staple of paper clearing the onward connection.


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The remainder of the route is conventional: Malmö—Trelleborg—Sassnitz.


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Oats and four other recrytes are on duty at Lockstedter Lager on 28 January 1916 to become part of the Lockstedt Training Force named after the training site.


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[23] Ausbildungstruppe Lockstedt Main article: Lockstedt's training force Lockstedt training corps was officially established on 2 September 1915.


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Initially only the original pfadfinders were available, now numbering 143.


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Of them, 6 team leaders (Zugführer), 30 team leaders (Gruppenführer) and also 30 group vice-leaders (Hilfsgruppenführer) were promoted.


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Around mid-September, Ausbildungstruppe Lockstedt received his first new recruits, initially mainly from the Finns interned in prison camps while recruitment in Finland just started.


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The entry of men into the corps division accelerated as the autumn and early winter wore on so that a third company could be formed in November and, in late December, a 4th Company could be formed.


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By early 1916 the strength was 881 men and the 1,000th recryte entered service with 13.


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on Jan.


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[24] Etapit Just under 200 of the first German pfadfinder providers were taken to Stockholm and forward, for example, under the guise of field trips.


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A different type of organization had to be designed for the recruitment and transport of the Lockstedt Training Force crew.


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Legal crossing of the border became difficult as early as autumn 1915 wore on and in February 1916 it closed completely to “jaeger-aged” men aged 19—35 when passports were no longer issued.


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On the Finnish and Swedish side, a total of 52 points are shown in the map of the road road drawn up afterwards, some of them depicting an individual house, part of an entire locality.


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On the walls of the preserved staple houses are plaques telling of this.


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One of the most famous houses was the Halla house in Hyrynsalmi Hallavaara, home to Juho Alfred Heikkinen, Halla's old man and his wife Lic.


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Halle's advance was led by Friedel Jacobson.


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The Haparanan—Tornio area constituted a major international hub in the context of World War I.


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The Icefer Pin brought its own addition to a place that was pre-existing important for the practice of “espionage, secret politics, Russian revolutionary activities, refugees, smuggling [and] prostitution”.


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[25] In this concoction, an icer pin operated under the alias of “Halo Contor” boiled as one coincidence.


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The Tornio etapi had been established by Eero Heickell (Kuussaari) as early as 1915 to support the crossing of the pfadfinder coursemen.


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The Haaparanda Etapi Centre was created as a further deployment of the information and reconnaissance mission headed there by pfadfinders Heikki Kekon and W. E. Tuompo, when the Lockstedt training force had been assured and the etapi would thus be used.


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The Kemi Etapi was established on 3 September 1915, when Heickell negotiated the matter with Konstu Pietilä and Arvi Hällfors, among others.


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In Kemi, the Etapi was located in Osula, owned by Juho Heiskanen.


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On 6 January 1916, Etappi was subjected to a whistleblowing and was cut off by sending the telegram “Patient does not arrive” to Helsinki.


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Despite this, Osula's host, Juho Heiskanen, was arrested.


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He became the first Shpalernite, or activist cooped up in St. Petersburg's Špalernaya prison.


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Later, they would be called bar icers.


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[26] In urban conditions, the headway could be set up in connection with a suitable business undertaking.


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For example, in Oulu there was an operating point in Högsten's gentlemen's clothing shop operated by the branch manager Amatus Johansson.


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In the same city, Iikka Castrén serviced and accommodated the Valio premises moving in the name of the ice warehouse.


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[27] Yrjö Mäkelin and Hannes Uksila, a local workers' newspaper, gathered the recruits to the magazine's editorial staff, from which they were directed to Jaakko Kemppainen's clothing shop and from there either across the ice or through Tornio to Sweden.


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Etapways led across the border from the north, starting at Muonio, Kangasjärvi, Pello, Tengeliö, Palovaara, Karung, Tornio and Haparanna.


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The sea cucumber was carried by etapes beginning at Jepua and Volt, with a meeting point on the island of Holmö.


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Measured by the number of passes, the main crossing points were the routes to Kemin-Haaparta and Tornio.


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After the Kemi Etapi was revealed and Kvarku was in uniform ice, the importance of the route from Southern Ostrobothnia to Umeå became great.


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[28] Initially, efforts were made to isolate advancing activities from recruitment, but later these activities inevitably became mixed, although this increased security risk.


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Lackman cites as an example how, along the road route in Seittenkar in northern Sweden, at least 20 men were recruited to Germany from Finnish forestry workers who worked there.


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[29] Jääger Battalion as 27th to the Front Main article: Jääger Battalion 27 Towards the end of 1915, Major Bayer estimated that training of Ausbildungstruppe Lockstedt men would be appropriately supplemented by front experience.


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He brought it up with the Finnish leaders of the movement — Adolf von Bonsdorff, Rafael Erich and Samuli Sario — when they were visiting Lockstedter Lager.


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Consent to the matter was obtained in March 1916 and the mobilization order was issued on 3 May 1916.


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Estimated to be front-worthy, the part of the training force was designated as Royal Icefer Battalion 27 (Königlich Preussisches Jägerbataillon Nr.


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[9] The supplement still remaining in training received the old name of the training set Ausbildungstruppe Lockstedt.


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Bahrenfeld's Penalty Division Discontent and biting manifested among the icebirds, both because of the outright circumstances and the lack of awareness.


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Many of those who arrived from Finland at the time of the “great enlistment” did not have a clear idea of the situation to be expected (when recruits did not have it either).


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Although the Jääkäribattalion on the one hand was a Finnish company and a community, on the other hand it was only one unit under German military discipline.


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So the indiscipline was eradicated with great grips.


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The first perpetrators of more serious retreats were sent to court-martial and from there to prison camps.


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A special penal division was established at Zerksten Manor ten kilometres from the front line in the autumn of 1916.


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The division was commanded by Sergeant Major Höfelmeyer.


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In addition to forced training, leaving food, planting in a dark brig and keeping in freezing temperatures were used as disciplinary methods.


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However, the “jermut” taken to Zerksten were not discouraged and the department did not achieve its purpose: those commanded to the penal division did not “return to order”.


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[30] A special penal company, the Altona-Bahrenfeld Working Command, was formed for the battalion in November 1916, operating in an artillery depot near Hamburg.


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A total of 216 men ended up in this department, the “bahrenfeltters”, according to Lackman (224 men in Lauerman 1966 calculations).


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The service was heavy and it was greatly hampered by the fact that the superiors of the penal divisions spoke German alone.


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Nutrition, on the other hand, was scarce and one-sided.


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About the unfortunate conditions of the “Bahrenfelttars” carried information to the battalion, which contributed to increased discontent in the main forces.


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However, the situation of the Penal Company was not corrected until Zugführer Aarne Sihvo, later Commander of the Defence Forces, who had been released from Špalernaya prison by the revolution, visited Bahrenfeld.


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Sihvo stated that the penal company would cause a distortion in the external image of the icebrees when their return to Finland would become timely.


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Compared to his firsthand, fresh prison experiences, he may have understood the plight of the Bahrenfeltters.


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Only five Bahrenfelttars returned from the Penal Company to the Battalion, of the remainder those employed were stationed in predominantly civilian industrial facilities.


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The Bahrenfelttars could not return to Finland until after the end of the 1918 war, the main part in the autumn of 1918.


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Those left behind lived in miserable conditions in Germany; some had left the country on their own help and everyone's fate never became clear.


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[31] Disclosure of the ice cap movement to the authorities When large-scale recruitment had begun in September 1915, the matter of the ice cap movement was no longer known only to small circles and its disclosure in some form would only be a matter of time.


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A report dated 28 September to Governor-General Seyn shows the Russians already know the core of the operation of the ice cap movement: in Finland “there is a strong sedition to bring Finnish youth, notably matriculates, to German officer schools where they would be prepared as leaders of the rebellion to Finland”.


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[32] The revelation of the ice cap movement lacks neither tragicomic nor profoundly tragic features: the vice-consul in Haparanda, Russia, received a questionnaire about travel money to Germany.


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The information about the money was correct, but the address was wrong: in Haaparanda, the correct place would have been “Halkontori” instead of the consular office.


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[32] On 23 December 1915 pfadfinder Edvard Bruhn was captured in Tornio.


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Bruhn had managed one of the recruiting bodies of the Ice Borough Movement, the so-called. Liisankatu office in Helsinki.


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After being caught, Bruhn, aged just 21, revealed his knowledge during questioning.


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Even before he was caught, Bruhn had attracted attention with his “frivolous” lifestyle, resulting in suspected notes relating to recruitment and etapes, among other things, to have fallen into the wrong hands.


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He was due to be delivered out of the country for security reasons, but the travelling party was subjected to shadowing and a fatal inspection at Tornio station.


Question: Is the Finnish ice wares business still in operation?

Ice warp movement

After his release in connection with the revolution, Bruhn fought in both the Finnish and Estonian Revolutionary Wars, and fell in 1919 in Estonia.


Question: Is the Finnish ice wares business still in operation?

Ice warp movement

[33] In 1916—1917, the authority investigation into the ice cap movement was led by a Russian investigating judge, Nikolai Mashkevich.


Question: Is the Finnish ice wares business still in operation?

Ice warp movement

Trials of imprisoned ice colours began in December 1916 and the main evidence was the information and confessions gathered by Mashkevich.


Question: Is the Finnish ice wares business still in operation?

Ice warp movement

The process was interrupted as a result of the February Revolution of 1917, when a mob released those imprisoned and destroyed most of the documents.


Question: Is the Finnish ice wares business still in operation?

Ice warp movement

[34] According to Red Jääkärit Lackman, at the time of the negotiations for the replenishment of the peace of Brest-Litovsk in August 1918 in Berlin, a group of Icekeers who remained there submitted a letter to be forwarded to the founding meeting of the SKP stating their willingness to cooperate.


Question: Is the Finnish ice wares business still in operation?

Ice warp movement

However, the letter did not arouse any interest, as in SKP the ice keepers were considered bays, even though some of them were proletariat, such as laborers and sailors.


Question: Is the Finnish ice wares business still in operation?

Ice warp movement

A group of Berlin Red Icicers were repatriated later in the autumn, and some of them teamed up to co-organize an organisation with the Reds.


Question: Is the Finnish ice wares business still in operation?

Ice warp movement

The project was clotted when a few were arrested by the secret police, or General Staff Section III.


Question: Is the Finnish ice wares business still in operation?

Ice warp movement

[35] A brief history of the ice pot movement on 17 November 1914 in the press of the Grand Principality of Finland publishes the so-called Great Russification Programme.


Question: Is the Finnish ice wares business still in operation?

Ice warp movement

On November 20, 1914, the Jäkäri movement gets its start when a group of student activists gather at the Ostrobotnia House in Helsinki.


Question: Is the Finnish ice wares business still in operation?

Ice warp movement

The Russification program is seen as a major threat that would virtually end the self-rule of the Grand Principality of Finland and Finland would have become just one of the provinces of the Russian Empire among others.


Question: Is the Finnish ice wares business still in operation?

Ice warp movement

It is decided to acquire both weapons and training abroad in order to separate Finland from Russia.


Question: Is the Finnish ice wares business still in operation?

Ice warp movement

On February 25, 1915 The first group of volunteer ice keepers arrives in Germany at Lockstedt camp to be trained.


Question: Is the Finnish ice wares business still in operation?

Ice warp movement

On 26 August 1915, Finnish ice keepers are established in Germany with their own troop division.


Question: Is the Finnish ice wares business still in operation?

Ice warp movement

The number of recruits will increase considerably.


Question: Is the Finnish ice wares business still in operation?

Ice warp movement

On 9 May 1915, the Finnish Jääkär Battalion in Germany becomes Royal Prussian Jääkär Battalion 27.


Question: Is the Finnish ice wares business still in operation?

Ice warp movement

On 31 May 1916, the Finns leave for Latvia for the Eastern Front.


Question: Is the Finnish ice wares business still in operation?

Ice warp movement

27 October 1917 The first forward command force and guns leaves Germany for Finland.


Question: Is the Finnish ice wares business still in operation?

Ice warp movement

5 February 1918 A decision is made that the ice keepers return to Finland.


Question: Is the Finnish ice wares business still in operation?

Ice warp movement

On 13 February 1918, the Jääkär Battalion is disbanded.


Question: Is the Finnish ice wares business still in operation?

Ice warp movement

Military Oath and Flag Inauguration Ceremony in Libau (Liepāja), Latvia.


Question: Is the Finnish ice wares business still in operation?

Ice warp movement

On 25 February 1918, the main force of Jääkärie arrives in a convoy led by icebreaker Sampo in Vaasa, Vaskiluoto harbour.


Question: Is the Finnish ice wares business still in operation?

Ice warp movement

[36] On 30 July 1914, Russia initiates a mobilisation to support Serbia, on which Austria-Hungary declared war, was briefly linked to the Icebar movement.


Question: Is the Finnish ice wares business still in operation?

Ice warp movement

On August 1, 1914, Germany declares war on Russia.


Question: Is the Finnish ice wares business still in operation?

Ice warp movement

War also breaks out between Germany and France.


Question: Is the Finnish ice wares business still in operation?

Ice warp movement

On March 15, 1917, Tsar Nicholas II relinquishes power.


Question: Is the Finnish ice wares business still in operation?

Ice warp movement

November 7, 1917 October Revolution in Russia.


Question: Is the Finnish ice wares business still in operation?

Ice warp movement

On December 6, 1917, the Finnish Parliament approves the Declaration of Independence.


Question: Is the Finnish ice wares business still in operation?

Ice warp movement

First Independence Day.


Question: Is the Finnish ice cap movement still operational?

Ice warp movement

On December 15, 1917, Germany and the new state Soviet Union agreed to an armistice.


Question: Is the Finnish ice cap movement still operational?

Ice warp movement

On January 27, 1918, Finland is mired in civil war.


Question: Is the Finnish ice cap movement still operational?

Ice warp movement

On February 18, 1918, the German-Russian armistice is broken because there is no agreement on the peace treaty.


Question: Is the Finnish ice cap movement still operational?

Ice warp movement

On March 3, 1918, Soviet Russia and Germany with their allied states agreed on the Peace of Brest-Litovsk.


Question: Is the Finnish ice cap movement still operational?

Ice warp movement

World War I on the Eastern Front comes to an end.


Question: Is the Finnish ice cap movement still operational?

Ice warp movement

On May 15, 1918, the Finnish Civil War ends.


Question: Is the Finnish ice cap movement still operational?

Ice warp movement

[36] See also List of ice keepers Jääkäri Jääkärietappi Finnish Jääkärimuseo Sources Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Ahti, Martti| title = Ryssänvihassa: Elmo Kaila 1888—1935: Activist, Armed Forces Grey Eminence and Academic Karelia Society biography| location = Porvoo Helsinki Juva| publisher = WSOY| year = 1999| id = ISBN 951-0-22043-4}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Enckell, Olof| title = Jäkärien story| location = Helsinki| publisher = Otava| year = 2005| version = (Jägarnas history, 1943.)


Question: Is the Finnish ice cap movement still operational?

Ice warp movement

Translated by Emerik Olsoni.


Question: Is the Finnish ice cap movement still operational?

Ice warp movement

1st edition 1956| id = ISBN 951-1-20826-8}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Lackman, Matti| title = For Finland or Germany?


Question: Is the Finnish ice cap movement still operational?

Ice warp movement

Unknown history of Jääkäri: The genesis, nature, mood swings and internal crises and their reflections on the next years of independent Finland | location = Helsinki| publisher = Otava| year = 2000| id = ISBN 951-1-16158-X}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Lauerma, Matti (ed.


Question: Is the Finnish ice cap movement still operational?

Ice warp movement

Markku Onttonen and Hilkka Vitikka) | title = Jääkärien tie| location = Helsinki| publisher = WSOY| year = 1984| id = ISBN 951-0-12588-1}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Lauerma, Matti| title = Royal Prussian Jaeger Battalion 27: Stages and effect| location = Helsinki | publisher = WSOY| year = 1966}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Olin, K.-G.| title = Gunship John Grafton| location = Canvas| publisher = ASE-magazine Oy| year= 1994| id = ISBN 952-90-5260-X}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Onttonen, Markku (ed.


Question: Is the Finnish ice cap movement still operational?

Ice warp movement

) | title = Jääkärikirja| location = Helsinki| publisher = Thought Books| year = 2002| id = ISBN 951-20-6232-1}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Suomen, Jaakko — Sundvall, Johannes — Olsoni, Emerik — Jaatinen, Arno (ed.


Question: Is the Finnish ice cap movement still operational?

Ice warp movement

) | title = Finnish Jäkärit: Activities in words and pictures I to I| publisher = Kuopio: Joint Stock Company War images| year = 1933| version = 2nd edition}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Wegelius, K. A.| title = Frost and iron I: Tornion front| location = Porvoo| publisher = Wererner Söderströrit M Limited Liability Company| year = 1926}} References Literature Into Auer: Kalteriicekärit III, WSOY 1935.


Question: Is the Finnish ice cap movement still operational?

Ice warp movement

Erik Heinrichs: From the extreme of the Baltic Sea: Photos and observations from the Jäkär excursions, (Finnish. Krohn, Helmi) Otava 1918.


Question: Is the Finnish ice cap movement still operational?

Ice warp movement

Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Jarkko Kemppi| title = For the Motherland: History of the Ice Markets and Ice Sheets | location = Helsinki| publisher = Minerva| year = 2011| id = ISBN 978-952-492-524-2}} Sulo-Weikko Pekkola: Gummerus Veikko Pekkola: Bullied by the people, WSOY 1928.


Question: Is the Finnish ice cap movement still operational?

Ice warp movement

Sulo-Weikko Pekkola: Kalteriicekärit I—II, WSOY 1931.


Question: Is the Finnish ice cap movement still operational?

Ice warp movement

Sulo-Weikko Pekkola: Petsamoa in the lineage, WSOY 1930.


Question: Is the Finnish ice cap movement still operational?

Ice warp movement

Aarne Sihvo: My Memoirs I—II, Otava 1954, 1956.


Question: Is the Finnish ice cap movement still operational?

Ice warp movement

A. Aijal Uppala: K. A. Wegelius: Personal photo — life's work 1964—1939, Otava 1968.


Question: Is the Finnish ice cap movement still operational?

Ice warp movement

Anni Wallenius: Born in the Sun: Memoirs of Youth, WSOY 1978.


Question: Is the Finnish ice cap movement still operational?

Ice warp movement

Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Pentti Airio| title= Walter Horn — First Jaeger and Cold War Northern Activist | publisher = Docendo| year = 2013| id = ISBN 978-952-5912-98-2}} On the topic elsewhere Yle Live Archives.


Question: Is the Finnish ice cap movement still operational?

Ice warp movement

* Category:Finnish Defence Forces Category:Key articles of screening


Question: Are there trams in Moscow?

Vyborg Tramway

The Vyborg Tramway service was operational in 1912—1944 as well as 1946—1957.


Question: Are there trams in Moscow?

Vyborg Tramway

Its operation was initially operated by a company owned by the German company AEG, from 1937 onwards by the city of Vyborg electric utility, and after World War II by the Soviet state.


Question: Are there trams in Moscow?

Vyborg Tramway

Along with Vyborg, Finland has had tram traffic in Helsinki and Turku.


Question: Are there trams in Moscow?

Vyborg Tramway

A tramway has also been decided to build a tramway in Tampere.


Question: Are there trams in Moscow?

Vyborg Tramway

History The decision to start the Vyborg tram service came about in November 1910, when the city government concluded an agreement with the German A.E.G.


Question: Are there trams in Moscow?

Vyborg Tramway

with regard to the construction of an electric plant and tramways.


Question: Are there trams in Moscow?

Vyborg Tramway

The company was granted the exclusive right to build tramways and to generate electricity in the city of Vyborg and the areas possibly later connected to it for the next fifty years, however, so that the city had the right to redeem the operation for itself no earlier than 24 years.


Question: Are there trams in Moscow?

Vyborg Tramway

The tramway project was driven by the positive experiences of Helsinki and Turku from their own tramways.


Question: Are there trams in Moscow?

Vyborg Tramway

Vyborg was the fourth largest city in the Grand Duchy of Finland at the time, with about 27,500 inhabitants.


Question: Are there trams in Moscow?

Vyborg Tramway

In addition, the surrounding Vyborg rural municipality had nearly 40,000 inhabitants, so together they formed the second largest population concentration in the country.


Question: Are there trams in Moscow?

Vyborg Tramway

[1] Tramway traffic began in Vyborg in September 1912.


Question: Are there trams in Moscow?

Vyborg Tramway

Traffic was carried out by A.E.G.


Question: Are there trams in Moscow?

Vyborg Tramway

a subsidiary of the company called Elektricitätswerk und Strassenbahn Wiborg AG (Vyborg Electrical Plant and Tramways).


Question: Are there trams in Moscow?

Vyborg Tramway

Test traffic was started on 22 September and actual traffic on 28 September 1912.


Question: Are there trams in Moscow?

Vyborg Tramway

[2] [3] There were three lines and they ran from downtown to suburban areas.


Question: Are there trams in Moscow?

Vyborg Tramway

At the outbreak of World War I in 1914, German possessions had to be seized by order of the Governor-General.


Question: Are there trams in Moscow?

Vyborg Tramway

[2] The tramway company was also seized.


Question: Are there trams in Moscow?

Vyborg Tramway

In the summer of 1917, problems were caused to the company by Russian warfolk filling the trams and refusing to pay for their journeys.


Question: Are there trams in Moscow?

Vyborg Tramway

Due to the events of 1918, there were disruptions in traffic early in the year.


Question: Are there trams in Moscow?

Vyborg Tramway

After the Whites had taken Vyborg in April 1918, almost all staff of the tramways were replaced.


Question: Are there trams in Moscow?

Vyborg Tramway

The seizure of the company ended in June 1918.


Question: Are there trams in Moscow?

Vyborg Tramway

Traffic returned to its full extent in July 1918.


Question: Are there trams in Moscow?

Vyborg Tramway

[3] Tram traffic was transferred at some point in the 1910s, no later than February 1920 [3] to the Vyborg-based company of Gas and Electricity (since 1919 Vyborg Kasi ja Sähkö Oy).


Question: Are there trams in Moscow?

Vyborg Tramway

A.E.G.


Question: Are there trams in Moscow?

Vyborg Tramway

owned a majority of this company as well.


Question: Are there trams in Moscow?

Vyborg Tramway

Unlike Helsinki and Turku, tramway traffic continued under private company ownership even after World War I.


Question: Are there trams in Moscow?

Vyborg Tramway

However, there was ongoing disagreement between the company and the city over the management of the electric utility and tramways, e.g.


Question: Are there trams in Moscow?

Vyborg Tramway

on travel ticket prices.


Question: Are there trams in Moscow?

Vyborg Tramway

In 1936, the company lost its concession by order of the arbitration court and was forced to sell the electric plant and tramways to the city of Vyborg.


Question: Are there trams in Moscow?

Vyborg Tramway

The purchase price was 22 million marks.


Question: Are there trams in Moscow?

Vyborg Tramway

[2] The city of Vyborg started as operator from the beginning of 1937.


Question: Are there trams in Moscow?

Vyborg Tramway

After the Winter War ignited, the tram service ceased on December 23, 1939, when the city's electricity supply was cut off.


Question: Are there trams in Moscow?

Vyborg Tramway

With the Moscow Peace which ended the war in 1940, Vyborg became part of the Soviet Union, where transport was also part of state duties.


Question: Are there trams in Moscow?

Vyborg Tramway

At the beginning of the Continuation War, Finland took the city in August 1941, but tram services could not be launched until May 1943.


Question: Are there trams in Moscow?

Vyborg Tramway

It had to be discontinued due to the imminent Battle of Vyborg on 15 June 1944, in which the Soviets took back control of the city.


Question: Are there trams in Moscow?

Vyborg Tramway

Tram services resumed in 1946, but were discontinued in 1957 and the wagons were transferred to Kaliningrad and Pyatigorsk.


Question: Are there trams in Moscow?

Vyborg Tramway

In September 1920, Finland's most serious tram accident ever occurred in Vyborg when two carriages derailed at the corner of Katariinankatu and Torikadu.


Question: Are there trams in Moscow?

Vyborg Tramway

The accident claimed five fatalities and another dozen injured.


Question: Are there trams in Moscow?

Vyborg Tramway

Trip tickets The cost of a single ticket was initially 15 pence for an adult in 1912 and 10 pence for children aged 4—12.


Question: Are there trams in Moscow?

Vyborg Tramway

Children under 4 years of age traveled with an adult for free.


Question: Are there trams in Moscow?

Vyborg Tramway

The price for adults increased to 20 pence in the summer of 1917, already 25 pence in 1918, and to 35 pence in September 1920.


Question: Are there trams in Moscow?

Vyborg Tramway

[3] The trip was paid to the tram crew.


Question: Are there trams in Moscow?

Vyborg Tramway

Much of the trips were paid for by tokens.


Question: Are there trams in Moscow?

Vyborg Tramway

Buying more tokens at once received a discount on the price of the trip.


Question: Are there trams in Moscow?

Vyborg Tramway

There are several types of tokens known with the markings 15, 10, P/H and TRAVEL SIGN.


Question: Are there trams in Moscow?

Vyborg Tramway

The tokens were in use from 1912 to 1936.


Question: Are there trams in Moscow?

Vyborg Tramway

[3] The first motor cars acquired in 1912 were manufactured by the Swedish company ASEA and later in the 1920s were acquired by German MAN.


Question: Are there trams in Moscow?

Vyborg Tramway

The last motorcars were production by the German company Hannoversche Waggonfabrik AG and were introduced in 1930.


Question: Are there trams in Moscow?

Vyborg Tramway

Carriages pulled by motor cars used stock produced by the company's own machine shop and, among other things, wagons from several different German manufacturers.


Question: Are there trams in Moscow?

Vyborg Tramway

The Soviets still had time in 1955—1956 to introduce trams manufactured in the East German city of Gotha.


Question: Are there trams in Moscow?

Vyborg Tramway

Operators Elektricitätswerk und Strassenbahn Wiborg AG (Vyborg Electric Plant and Tramways): 1912— [3] Gas and Electricity Limited Company, from 1919 called Vyborg Gas and Electricity Oy: —1936 [2] Vyborg City Electricity Plant: 1937—1939 and 1943—1944 Vyborg Tram Administration (Выборгскскксккскксккскскскскскскић The трамвайное управление): 1940—1941 and 1946—1957 Tramway lines in various years 1912 Lines opened on 25 September 1912.


Question: Are there trams in Moscow?

Vyborg Tramway

Line 1: Papula — Kauppatori — Town Hall Square — Railway Station (2.5 km) Line 2: Railway Station — Kolikkoinmäki (2.2 km) Line 3: Turku Bridge — St. Anna's Market — Palotori (1.5 km) 1922 New connections were opened to Line 1 and Line 2 in November 1922.


Question: Are there trams in Moscow?

Vyborg Tramway

Line 1: Old Town Hall Square — Kauppatori — Railway Station — Ristimäki (4.1 km) Line 2: Papula — Railway Station — Kolikkoinmäki (3.1 km) Line 3: Turku Bridge — St. Anna's Market — Palotori (1,5 km) 1930 Line 2 was extended from Vyborg rural municipality to the city in 1928 Sled fish.


Question: Are there trams in Moscow?

Vyborg Tramway

Line 1: Old Town Hall Square — Kauppatori — Railway Station — Ristimäki (4.1 km) Line 2: Papula — Railway Station — Kolikkoinmäki — Kelkkala (4.8 km) Line 3: Turku Bridge — St. Anna's Market — Palotori (1,5 km) 1937 Lines 1 and 2 were merged into one ring line and line 3 number changed.


Question: Are there trams in Moscow?

Vyborg Tramway

The name of St. Anna's Square had been changed to Sikaniemi Market.


Question: Are there trams in Moscow?

Vyborg Tramway

Line 1: Papula — Kolikkoinmäki — Kelkkala — Ristimäki — Railway Station — Turku Bridge (9,5 km) Line 2: Turku bridge — Siikaniemi tori — Palotori (1,5 km) 1943 After the recapture of Vyborg in August 1941, traffic was only resumed on the lines in May 1943 Railway station — Linnans Bridge (ex.


Question: Are there trams in Moscow?

Vyborg Tramway

Turku Bridge) and on the ring line that circumnavigated through Kelkkala.


Question: Are there trams in Moscow?

Vyborg Tramway

The name of the Town Hall Square had been changed to Torkkeli Knuutinpoika Market and Turunsi to Linnansilla.


Question: Are there trams in Moscow?

Vyborg Tramway

Line 1: Railway Station — Kauppatori — Torkkeli Knuutinpoja Market — Linnans (3,1 km) Line 2: Railway Station — Kolikkoinmäki — Kelkkala — Ristimäki — Railway Station (7,1 km) Sources References Literature Rickheden, Per: Vyborg Tramways.


Question: Are there trams in Moscow?

Vyborg Tramway

Publisher Laaksonen, Helsinki 2013.


Question: Are there trams in Moscow?

Vyborg Tramway

ISBN 978-952-5805-52-9 On topic elsewhere Category:Finnish tram transport Category:History of Vyborg Category:Vyborg transport


Question: Who created the Pokemon series?

Pokémon

Pokémon () is a Japanese product series.


Question: Who created the Pokemon series?

Pokémon

It originated as a video role game developed by Satoshi Tajiri, released in 1996 for Nintendo's Game Boy.


Question: Who created the Pokemon series?

Pokémon

The word “Pokémon” is an acronym for “pocket monsters”, “pocket monsters”.


Question: Who created the Pokemon series?

Pokémon

The games feature hundreds of different Pokémon characters and the goal is to collect each of them and train a good team of characters.


Question: Who created the Pokemon series?

Pokémon

In addition to video games, the product series includes a collectible card game, anime, manga and numerous other products.


Question: Who created the Pokemon series?

Pokémon

The most famous Pokémon character is the series' mascot, the yellow electric mouse creature Pikachu.


Question: Who created the Pokemon series?

Pokémon

[1] The brand is controlled and licensed by The Pokemon Company, of which Nintendo owns 32%.


Question: Who created the Pokemon series?

Pokémon

[2] Name “Pokémon” and character names etc.


Question: Who created the Pokemon series?

Pokémon

are trademarks of Nintendo.


Question: Who created the Pokemon series?

Pokémon

[3] Pokémon is the second most successful video game based product series.


Question: Who created the Pokemon series?

Pokémon

More popular is only the Mario series, which is also Nintendo products.


Question: Who created the Pokemon series?

Pokémon

The Pokémon anime was Japanese animation's first series to achieve worldwide mainstream popularity, opening the doors to the popularity of anime and manga outside Japan.


Question: Who created the Pokemon series?

Pokémon

In 1999, Pokémon games were sold in seventy countries, television series was shown in sixty-one countries, films had been shown in forty-four countries, and the card game had been translated into eight languages.


Question: Who created the Pokemon series?

Pokémon

In 2003, the product series was valued at US$15 billion.


Question: Who created the Pokemon series?

Pokémon

Pokémon served as the initiation impetus for the Cool Japan movement.


Question: Who created the Pokemon series?

Pokémon

[1] The video games series included in the product series is Game Freakin and Creatures, Inc.


Question: Who created the Pokemon series?

Pokémon

a role-playing game series developed by and published by Nintendo.


Question: Who created the Pokemon series?

Pokémon

In July 2016, Pokémon Go with augmented reality and spatial information was released for smartphones, which quickly became popular around the world.


Question: Who created the Pokemon series?

Pokémon

The game captures virtual Pokémons in the real world using a mobile phone camera.


Question: Who created the Pokemon series?

Pokémon

[4] Television series and films The Pokémon anime television series tells the story of young Pokémon trainer Ash Ketchum, his first Pokémon Pikachu, and their and their friends' adventures around the Pokémon world.


Question: Who created the Pokemon series?

Pokémon

Ash tries to become the Pokémon Master and stops the evil Rocket Squad.


Question: Who created the Pokemon series?

Pokémon

Since 1999, a film based on the series has appeared annually.


Question: Who created the Pokemon series?

Pokémon

The first film (Pokémon — Mewtwo counter-strike) grossed $10.1 million in the United States on its first day and a total of $85 million.


Question: Who created the Pokemon series?

Pokémon

[1] A total of 20 production seasons, 20 films and more than 30 special episodes of the series have appeared.


Question: Who created the Pokemon series?

Pokémon

Collectible Card Game Pokémon Trading Card Game or Pokémon TCG is a Pokémon themed collectible card game.


Question: Who created the Pokemon series?

Pokémon

The idea behind TCG is to “fight” with the Pokémon characters on the cards.


Question: Who created the Pokemon series?

Pokémon

The card set was published by Wizards of the Coast in 1996.


Question: Who created the Pokemon series?

Pokémon

It is currently published by Pokémon USA.


Question: Who created the Pokemon series?

Pokémon

Almost every Pokémon has its own card.


Question: Who created the Pokemon series?

Pokémon

Manga Various Pokémon-themed manga series are numerous.


Question: Who created the Pokemon series?

Pokémon

Much of it is based on games in the franchise, but there are also some series based on the anime series, related films and collectible card games.


Question: Who created the Pokemon series?

Pokémon

Among those based on the anime, an example is The Electric Tale of Pikachu (), which follows Ash Ketchum's journey in the regions of Kanto and the Orange Islands.


Question: Who created the Pokemon series?

Pokémon

Completely original series have also been released, such as Miho Asada's Kaitou!


Question: Who created the Pokemon series?

Pokémon

Pokémon 7 (), which follows the life of a young boy living a double life, Hiori.


Question: Who created the Pokemon series?

Pokémon

The first Pokémon-themed manga series is the slapstick humor series Pocket Monsters (), scripted and drawn by Kosaku Anakubo, and bears its name from 1996 to 2003, which follows the journey of a trainer named Red around the Pokémon world, followed by Pikachu and Rude Clefairy.


Question: Who created the Pokemon series?

Pokémon

The original series follows the adventures of the trio in the Kanto and Lead regions and has been followed so far by five sequels: Pocket Monsters RS () set in the Hoenn region, Pocket Monsters DP () set in the Sinnoh region, Pocket Monsters HGSS () set in the Lead area, set in the Unova region Pocket Monsters BW () and Pocket Monsters XY () located in the Kalos region.


Question: Who created the Pokemon series?

Pokémon

The best-known manga series in the Western world, and the longest running continuously in Japan, is Pokémon Adventures, which was heavily based on games and started in 1997.


Question: Who created the Pokemon series?

Pokémon

The series in question is the first Pokémon-themed manga series to have been published in Finnish.


Question: Who created the Pokemon series?

Pokémon

[5] Sangatsu Manga has licensed three manga adaptations based on Pokémon films: Makoto Mizobuchi's Pokémon Ranger and Temple of the Sea (released in January 2016), Makoto Hijioka's Giratina and sky warrior (March 2016), and Momota Inouen Zoroark — Master of Illusions (May 2016).


Question: Who created the Pokemon series?

Pokémon

[6] [7] [8] Evolution Several Pokémons have evolutionary series.


Question: Who created the Pokemon series?

Pokémon

There can be one or two evolutions, as though Poochyena has only one evolution, and Mudkip has two.


Question: Who created the Pokemon series?

Pokémon

The Pokémon called Eevee has up to eight different advanced forms.


Question: Who created the Pokemon series?

Pokémon

[9] In general, the name of the developed form is similar.


Question: Who created the Pokemon series?

Pokémon

For example, the advanced forms of Bulbasaur are Ivysaur [10] and Venusaur [11] and Igglybuffin [12] is Jigglypuff and Wigglytuff [13], but there are also a lot of such evolutions, where the name is different, but instead the appearance may look the same, as with Grimer and Muk.


Question: Who created the Pokemon series?

Pokémon

Since the sixth generation, there have also been mega-evolutions that allow certain Pokémon powers to be strengthened.


Question: Who created the Pokemon series?

Pokémon

An example of a mega-evolutionary-capable Pokémon is Charizard.


Question: Who created the Pokemon series?

Pokémon

Characters Pokémons There are more than 800 Pokémon species in seven generations.


Question: Who created the Pokemon series?

Pokémon

Species are also classified into several types.


Question: Who created the Pokemon series?

Pokémon

Cultural influence The characters in the game have become icons of popular culture, exemplified by painting on a Pokémon Jet airplane.


Question: Who created the Pokemon series?

Pokémon

After the Pokémon Go game's release, 231 million people took part in 1.1 billion interactions on Facebook and Instagram during April where the game was mentioned.


Question: Who created the Pokemon series?

Pokémon

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Question: Who created the Pokemon series?

Pokémon

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Question: Who created the Pokemon series?

Pokémon

References Elsewhere Transclusion error: {{En}} is only for use in File namespace.


Question: Who created the Pokemon series?

Pokémon

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Question: Who created the Pokemon series?

Pokémon

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Question: Who created the Pokemon series?

Pokémon

Use {{lang-en}} or {{en icon}} instead.


Question: Who created the Pokemon series?

Pokémon

* Category:Key articles of screening


Question: Why do DJs use vinyl records when playing music?

Vinyl record

A vinyl record is a wafer made of polyvinyl chloride, on which sound in analog form is recorded.


Question: Why do DJs use vinyl records when playing music?

Vinyl record

Audio can be recorded on both sides of the vinyl record.


Question: Why do DJs use vinyl records when playing music?

Vinyl record

Mechanical sound information is on the surface of the disc in a spiral-shaped narrow groove and can be played on a turntable whose needle follows the shape of the groove.


Question: Why do DJs use vinyl records when playing music?

Vinyl record

The grooves make the needle vibrate, which makes a faint sound heard in the human ear.


Question: Why do DJs use vinyl records when playing music?

Vinyl record

Newer vinyl records tend to be stereophonic, but in the early days records were monophonic.


Question: Why do DJs use vinyl records when playing music?

Vinyl record

In stereo discs, the left and right channels are engraved on different sides of the groove, and the audio box has separate sensors for differential movements of the needle.


Question: Why do DJs use vinyl records when playing music?

Vinyl record

Designations LP disc (engl.


Question: Why do DJs use vinyl records when playing music?

Vinyl record

long playing [1], long playing album) and EP disc denote certain types of vinyl records.


Question: Why do DJs use vinyl records when playing music?

Vinyl record

The LP disc was developed by Peter Goldmark for the Columbia company in 1948 [2].


Question: Why do DJs use vinyl records when playing music?

Vinyl record

Prior to that, 78 rpm rotating shellac plates, or clay wafers, were used.


Question: Why do DJs use vinyl records when playing music?

Vinyl record

The LP disc rotates 33 ⅓ revolutions per minute and one side can hold about 20 minutes of high-quality sound.


Question: Why do DJs use vinyl records when playing music?

Vinyl record

During the 1970s and 1980s, most recordings were released side-by-side as LP discs and C cassettes.


Question: Why do DJs use vinyl records when playing music?

Vinyl record

HiFi Turntables In magnetic audio boxes available in HiFi turntables, the needle is attached to a magnet with windings around it.


Question: Why do DJs use vinyl records when playing music?

Vinyl record

A moving magnet induces a weak electric current into the windings, which is then amplified in the amplifier and fed to the speakers.


Question: Why do DJs use vinyl records when playing music?

Vinyl record

The magnetic audio box requires an RIAA corrector (Recording Industry Association of America) to act as an equalizer.


Question: Why do DJs use vinyl records when playing music?

Vinyl record

The phono input tells you that the amplifier has a built-in RIAA converter.


Question: Why do DJs use vinyl records when playing music?

Vinyl record

RIAA converters are also available as stand-alone, allowing the use of a standard Line/Aux In input.


Question: Why do DJs use vinyl records when playing music?

Vinyl record

Colored and picture plates Vinyl records are usually black, but colored and transparent discs have also been produced.


Question: Why do DJs use vinyl records when playing music?

Vinyl record

In the late 1970s, picture discs in which a photograph or other image was squeezed inside transparent vinyl became common.


Question: Why do DJs use vinyl records when playing music?

Vinyl record

Image LPs are usually sold in transparent and pliable plastic covers as a distinction from conventional decks, which may even open.


Question: Why do DJs use vinyl records when playing music?

Vinyl record

Sometimes rarely picture LPs are sold in regular covers, but usually this is reflected in the price of the disc.


Question: Why do DJs use vinyl records when playing music?

Vinyl record

Flex plates As attachments to magazines have received thin 7" plates pressed from flexible plastic.


Question: Why do DJs use vinyl records when playing music?

Vinyl record

Popularity of vinyl record Vinyl records were the most common form of selling music for decades until in the late 1980s digital CDs began to become more common.


Question: Why do DJs use vinyl records when playing music?

Vinyl record

However, vinyl records have throughout enjoyed popularity in some circles, for example in underground rock and hip-hop and machine music especially in DJ use.


Question: Why do DJs use vinyl records when playing music?

Vinyl record

In recent years, vinyl has seen some growth in popularity following a trail of collapse and, for example, some department stores have taken vinyl records into their ranges again.


Question: Why do DJs use vinyl records when playing music?

Vinyl record

From smaller specialty record stores, vinyls have always been getting.


Question: Why do DJs use vinyl records when playing music?

Vinyl record

Likewise, vinyl records can be found in the music department of libraries and can also usually be borrowed.


Question: Why do DJs use vinyl records when playing music?

Vinyl record

Some of the new records by international artists are still released on vinyl.


Question: Why do DJs use vinyl records when playing music?

Vinyl record

Many Finnish artists' records have been released in vinyl format in the 2000s, although the volumes have been very small, usually only 500 to 1000 copies.


Question: Why do DJs use vinyl records when playing music?

Vinyl record

At the same time, prices for used vinyl have risen markedly in stores buying and selling records since the late 1990s.


Question: Why do DJs use vinyl records when playing music?

Vinyl record

Many collectors prefer vinyls because of the better cover art and nostalgic sound quality [3].


Question: Why do DJs use vinyl records when playing music?

Vinyl record

Durability The vinyl record wears when playing and is more prone than a CD to scratches affecting sound quality.


Question: Why do DJs use vinyl records when playing music?

Vinyl record

The player adjustments affect the wear of the disc.


Question: Why do DJs use vinyl records when playing music?

Vinyl record

Also, static electricity in the disc causes audible interference in the sound.


Question: Why do DJs use vinyl records when playing music?

Vinyl record

The vinyl sheet is additionally sensitive to deflection in heat or under weight, so it should be stored at room temperature in an upright position.


Question: Why do DJs use vinyl records when playing music?

Vinyl record

In the stack, it is not worth storing them, since the plate is thicker in the center than at the edges.


Question: Why do DJs use vinyl records when playing music?

Vinyl record

Fitness Rating When selling vinyl records, the condition of the record is usually assessed according to the established fitness rating.


Question: Why do DJs use vinyl records when playing music?

Vinyl record

It assesses how worn, broken or entangled the plate and its cover are.


Question: Why do DJs use vinyl records when playing music?

Vinyl record

The rating is common in the evaluation of vinyl records, as even small scratches can affect the sound of the album, but on the other hand, the record can be playable even with even more spectacular marks.


Question: Why do DJs use vinyl records when playing music?

Vinyl record

Vinyl records, compared to CDs, are sensitive to scratch.


Question: Why do DJs use vinyl records when playing music?

Vinyl record

However, fitness classification is also sometimes used for CDs, as well as books or magazines, for example.


Question: Why do DJs use vinyl records when playing music?

Vinyl record

The plate and cover are usually evaluated separately, e.g. EX-/VG+.


Question: Why do DJs use vinyl records when playing music?

Vinyl record

M or MINT: the disc is new or unplayed EX or EXCELLENT: the disc is used but in good condition and has no rumbling or clicks VG or VERY GOOD: the disc is much played or has a few scratches or a bit of rumbling G i.e. GOOD: the disc has big scratches or strong rumbling, but it still rings through POOR: the disc is unplayable In addition, the evaluation is used to help - and + characters, for example, M- is a new but once listened record.


Question: Why do DJs use vinyl records when playing music?

Vinyl record

[4] Disc Types Long Play (Long Play, LP, Album) Disc Size 12 Inches Rotation Speed 33 1/3 RPM Typically 20—30 minutes of sound on each side, for a longer time the sound quality suffers from 10—15 minute long disc halves LP is sometimes called mini- LPs Single (single) Disc size usually 7 inches, but there are also rare 5-inch singles Rotating speed 45 rpm Practically one song (“single”) on each side Jukebox-enabled singles usually require a player around the center pin adapter (supplied with most musical instruments) Extended Play (EP) Disc size usually 7, 10 or 12 inches Rotation speed 33 1/3 or 45 revolutions per minute More than one song on each side, usually two Maxi Single (max single) Disc size usually 12 inches With a rotation rate of 33 1/3 or 45 revolutions per minute with 1-3 tracks on each side, DJ-enabled often only one Shaped (a “seven-street” cut to a specific shape) Usually a 7-inch disc, playing space up to 5 inches.


Question: Why do DJs use vinyl records when playing music?

Vinyl record

10 and 12-inch shaped discs also exist.


Question: Why do DJs use vinyl records when playing music?

Vinyl record

Disks of other sizes also exist, but they are very rare.


Question: Why do DJs use vinyl records when playing music?

Vinyl record

Sources On topic elsewhere Chris Kornelis:.


Question: Why do DJs use vinyl records when playing music?

Vinyl record

LA Weekly January 27, 2015.


Question: Why do DJs use vinyl records when playing music?

Vinyl record

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Question: Why do DJs use vinyl records when playing music?

Vinyl record

Use {{lang-en}} or {{en icon}} instead.


Question: Why do DJs use vinyl records when playing music?

Vinyl record

Category:Recording media Category:Audio technology Category:Key articles in screening


Question: What year was Lucille Désirée Ball born?

Lucille Ball

Lucille Désirée Ball (August 6, 1911, Jamestown, New York — April 26, 1989, Beverly Hills, California) was an American actress, comedienne, model and producer.


Question: What year was Lucille Désirée Ball born?

Lucille Ball

She started out as a model, leading to Broadway appearances and small film roles.


Question: What year was Lucille Désirée Ball born?

Lucille Ball

In the 1950s and 1960s, Ball rose to immense popularity with his own television series I Love Lucy and later The Lucy Show.


Question: What year was Lucille Désirée Ball born?

Lucille Ball

In 1951, Ball, together with her husband Desi Arnaz, created the situation comedy series I Love Lucy, which became one of the most beloved shows in television history.


Question: What year was Lucille Désirée Ball born?

Lucille Ball

The programmes were among the first situation comedies to be filmed using the three-camera technology currently in use.


Question: What year was Lucille Désirée Ball born?

Lucille Ball

Ball was also the first woman to own and run her own television studio, Desilu Productions.


Question: What year was Lucille Désirée Ball born?

Lucille Ball

His studio produced popular television series such as Dangerous Mission and Star Trek.


Question: What year was Lucille Désirée Ball born?

Lucille Ball

Ball was one of Hollywood's early feminists who advocated female directors and producers.


Question: What year was Lucille Désirée Ball born?

Lucille Ball

Ball was thirteen times Emmy nominated during his career, of which he won four.


Question: What year was Lucille Désirée Ball born?

Lucille Ball

He was also nominated for the Cecil B. DeMille Award in 1979.


Question: What year was Lucille Désirée Ball born?

Lucille Ball

Ball didn't completely give up acting even at a later age, instead staring in his last sitcom of his own while still in the 1980s.


Question: What year was Lucille Désirée Ball born?

Lucille Ball

Lucille Ball was married two times, first to Desi Arnaz and later to Gary Morton.


Question: What year was Lucille Désirée Ball born?

Lucille Ball

He has two children, daughter Lucie and son Desi Arnaz Jr.


Question: What year was Lucille Désirée Ball born?

Lucille Ball

He died of complications following heart surgery at the age of 77.


Question: What year was Lucille Désirée Ball born?

Lucille Ball

Ball has received two stars on the Hollywood Walk of Fame, one for his work in films and one for his television career.


Question: What year was Lucille Désirée Ball born?

Lucille Ball

Both stars are located on Hollywood Boulevard.


Question: What year was Lucille Désirée Ball born?

Lucille Ball

Early life Lucille Ball was born in Jamestown, New York to a Baptist family of English ancestry.


Question: What year was Lucille Désirée Ball born?

Lucille Ball

His parents were Henry Durrell Ball (1887—1915) and Désirée Evelyn Hunt (1892—1977).


Question: What year was Lucille Désirée Ball born?

Lucille Ball

When Lucille was three years old, her father died at the age of just 27 from typhoid fever.


Question: What year was Lucille Désirée Ball born?

Lucille Ball

Mother DeDe was pregnant with their second child when her husband died.


Question: What year was Lucille Désirée Ball born?

Lucille Ball

After the father died, the family moved to the nearby village of Celoron to be with the mother's parents.


Question: What year was Lucille Désirée Ball born?

Lucille Ball

Lucille's younger brother Frederick Ball (1915—2007) was born in July of the same year.


Question: What year was Lucille Désirée Ball born?

Lucille Ball

The family had previously lived for a short time in Anaconda, Montana as well.


Question: What year was Lucille Désirée Ball born?

Lucille Ball

Lucille grew up with her mother and brother at her grandparents' house in Celoron, New York, which at that time was a popular resort village by Lake Chautauqua.


Question: What year was Lucille Désirée Ball born?

Lucille Ball

Lucille enjoyed her time as a child especially at the local park, which was a proper entertainment centre with club houses and theatre stages.


Question: What year was Lucille Désirée Ball born?

Lucille Ball

Music and vaudeville performances were held at the venue, among others.


Question: What year was Lucille Désirée Ball born?

Lucille Ball

Four years after her husband's death, DeDe Ball remarried to Edward Peterson of Swedish ancestry.


Question: What year was Lucille Désirée Ball born?

Lucille Ball

This one didn't much care for the kids, but encouraged her stepdaughter to audition for one of the dance shows.


Question: What year was Lucille Désirée Ball born?

Lucille Ball

After being on stage for the first time at the age of 12, Ball, in his own words, began to feel a calling to perform and dream of being famous.


Question: What year was Lucille Désirée Ball born?

Lucille Ball

DeDe moved with her new husband to Detroit, leaving Lucille and Fred for a while to live with her stepfather's parents.


Question: What year was Lucille Désirée Ball born?

Lucille Ball

Peterson's parents were a puritanical Swedish couple who believed in discipline and “petty sins.”


Question: What year was Lucille Désirée Ball born?

Lucille Ball

Lucille was punished if, for example, he admired himself in the bathroom mirror.


Question: What year was Lucille Désirée Ball born?

Lucille Ball

In 1925, aged just 14, Ball began dating 23-year-old local bandit Johnny DeVita.


Question: What year was Lucille Désirée Ball born?

Lucille Ball

Mother DeDe wasn't happy about the relationship, but couldn't have any influence in ending it.


Question: What year was Lucille Désirée Ball born?

Lucille Ball

A year later, the courtship ended when her mother sent Lucille to study drama at a performing arts school in New York.


Question: What year was Lucille Désirée Ball born?

Lucille Ball

The same school was also attended by actress Bette Davis.


Question: What year was Lucille Désirée Ball born?

Lucille Ball

Ball did not excel in his drama studies, later recounting, “The only thing I learned in drama school was how to play a frightened one.” In 1927, the family experienced a financial setback: The fatal shooting incident of a neighbor's boy in their home yard, with Ball's grandfather as an eyewitness, led to a lawsuit.


Question: What year was Lucille Désirée Ball born?

Lucille Ball

The boy was paralysed after accidentally shooting himself with a gun that Ball's grandfather had reportedly given him as a birthday present.


Question: What year was Lucille Désirée Ball born?

Lucille Ball

The grandfather was also briefly jailed, but was released when the court ruled the incident an accident.


Question: What year was Lucille Désirée Ball born?

Lucille Ball

Ball's grandparents' house and movable property went to legal expenses, and the family was forced to move back to Jamestown for a smaller apartment.


Question: What year was Lucille Désirée Ball born?

Lucille Ball

Career Beginning Lucille, whose teachers had not believed in her abilities at drama school, decided to prove otherwise and returned back to New York in 1928 to begin her career as a performing artist.


Question: What year was Lucille Désirée Ball born?

Lucille Ball

She briefly worked as an ice cream salesman before becoming a salon model for fashion entrepreneur Hattie Carnegie.


Question: What year was Lucille Désirée Ball born?

Lucille Ball

This prompted Ball to dye her brown hair blonde.


Question: What year was Lucille Désirée Ball born?

Lucille Ball

While employed by Carnegie, Ball learned, among other things, how to pose in a sequin dress and sable leather jacket.


Question: What year was Lucille Désirée Ball born?

Lucille Ball

With her modeling career on the rise, Ball contracted rheumatoid arthritis, which left her unable to visit work for two years.


Question: What year was Lucille Désirée Ball born?

Lucille Ball

However, he recovered from illness enough to be able to resume his quest to become an actor again.


Question: What year was Lucille Désirée Ball born?

Lucille Ball

In 1932, Ball returned from a long sick leave to New York City.


Question: What year was Lucille Désirée Ball born?

Lucille Ball

She made a living by working, among other things, as a model for Max Factor make-up maker, and as a tobacco girl for the Chesterfield cigarette brand.


Question: What year was Lucille Désirée Ball born?

Lucille Ball

In addition, she continued her modelling work at Carnegie.


Question: What year was Lucille Désirée Ball born?

Lucille Ball

Ball also got to appear in a few Broadway productions as a dancer under the name Diane Belmont, but the work didn't take a breeze under her.


Question: What year was Lucille Désirée Ball born?

Lucille Ball

First roles in Hollywood Starting in 1933, Ball began appearing in films.


Question: What year was Lucille Désirée Ball born?

Lucille Ball

She played an uncredited role in the film Scandal in Rome, which was one of her first roles on the big screen.


Question: What year was Lucille Désirée Ball born?

Lucille Ball

After several klaff assignments, Ball moved permanently to Hollywood, where major film studios were located.


Question: What year was Lucille Désirée Ball born?

Lucille Ball

She received a contract from RKO Pictures and appeared as a statist in the musicals Roberta and Top Hat by Fred Astaire and Ginger Rogers, and as Kitty in the film Fleet Dances.


Question: What year was Lucille Désirée Ball born?

Lucille Ball

A major star of Hollywood musicals, Rogers was distantly related to Ball through this mother.


Question: What year was Lucille Désirée Ball born?

Lucille Ball

Also thanks to Rogers, more roles were arranged for Ball, and they next appeared together in the film The Great Moment (Stage Door, 1937), which also features Katharine Hepburn.


Question: What year was Lucille Désirée Ball born?

Lucille Ball

In 1936, Ball landed a role in the comedy play Hey Diddle Diddle, which enabled him to hope to become a Broadway actor.


Question: What year was Lucille Désirée Ball born?

Lucille Ball

The play debuted in New Jersey in January 1937 and received good reviews, but other performances were quickly cancelled due to lead actor Conway Tearle's poor health.


Question: What year was Lucille Désirée Ball born?

Lucille Ball

The new script was not brought forward, so the production was put on ice.


Question: What year was Lucille Désirée Ball born?

Lucille Ball

Ball transferred in the early 1940s to Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer, but the career did not take a start at this company either.


Question: What year was Lucille Désirée Ball born?

Lucille Ball

Ball was appearing in B-movies at the time, which were at most mediocre success and did not bring him any mentionable fame.


Question: What year was Lucille Désirée Ball born?

Lucille Ball

However, he was noticed by the general public in the starring roles of the musical My Majesty (1943) and the film noir drama Imprint Fades to Nothing (1946).


Question: What year was Lucille Désirée Ball born?

Lucille Ball

These films were Ball's few successes, although they did not yet bring him a definitive breakthrough.


Question: What year was Lucille Désirée Ball born?

Lucille Ball

Along with film work, Ball also began appearing on radio for additional income.


Question: What year was Lucille Désirée Ball born?

Lucille Ball

He guest-starred on several radio shows during his career, including the popular Lux Radio Theatre.


Question: What year was Lucille Désirée Ball born?

Lucille Ball

Rise to sitcom star and own studio In 1948, Ball starred as wacky housewife Liz Cugat on CBS Radio's show My Favorite Husband.


Question: What year was Lucille Désirée Ball born?

Lucille Ball

It became a success, and Ball was asked to join the TV version of the show as well.


Question: What year was Lucille Désirée Ball born?

Lucille Ball

However, this wanted to act on the show as a couple with her real-life husband Desi Arnaz.


Question: What year was Lucille Désirée Ball born?

Lucille Ball

The producers didn't get carried away with this, but with a vaudeville show organised by Ball and Arnaz, the studio changed its mind and agreed to create its own television show around the pair.


Question: What year was Lucille Désirée Ball born?

Lucille Ball

A pilot episode of the programme bearing the I Love Lucy name was commissioned and was being produced by My Favorite Husband creators Jess Oppenheimer, Madelyn Pugh and Bob Carroll.


Question: What year was Lucille Désirée Ball born?

Lucille Ball

Advertising agencies had little interest in marketing the program until tobacco maker Philip Morris agreed to act as the program's sponsor.


Question: What year was Lucille Désirée Ball born?

Lucille Ball

However, he insisted the series be aired weekly, and that it be set in California rather than New York City.


Question: What year was Lucille Désirée Ball born?

Lucille Ball

The series began to be produced during 1951, when Ball and Arnaz were expecting their first child.


Question: What year was Lucille Désirée Ball born?

Lucille Ball

Back then already 40, Ball starred in a 30-minute situation comedy starring the naive and ambitious Lucy Ricardo and Arnaz as her husband Ricky Ricardo.


Question: What year was Lucille Désirée Ball born?

Lucille Ball

In its time, the programme was at the top of television ratings and made Ball the popular comedienne of the whole nation.


Question: What year was Lucille Désirée Ball born?

Lucille Ball

The episode, in which Lucy and Ricky practice tango, received the longest tape-played backstage laugh in the show's history.


Question: What year was Lucille Désirée Ball born?

Lucille Ball

It was so long that its soundtrack had to be cut into two parts.


Question: What year was Lucille Désirée Ball born?

Lucille Ball

Ball's trademarks became his red hair, which he had begun to dye a sparkly reddish tint as early as the 1940s, as well as his bright blue eyes.


Question: What year was Lucille Désirée Ball born?

Lucille Ball

Filmed in black and white, I Love Lucy was made into a total of 180 episodes incorporated into six production seasons between 1951 and 1957.


Question: What year was Lucille Désirée Ball born?

Lucille Ball

It also included one episode depicted as a colour image.


Question: What year was Lucille Désirée Ball born?

Lucille Ball

The series not only elevated Ball to stardom, but also saved her and Arnaz's already long-slit marriage.


Question: What year was Lucille Désirée Ball born?

Lucille Ball

While I Love Lucy was running successfully on television, around the same time Ball and her husband began creating his own dynasty around television.


Question: What year was Lucille Désirée Ball born?

Lucille Ball

They founded Desilu Productions studio, which produced popular television series of the time, Perilous Mission, Incorruptible and Star Trek, among others.


Question: What year was Lucille Désirée Ball born?

Lucille Ball

After the couple divorced in 1960, Ball purchased Arnaz's share of the studio.


Question: What year was Lucille Désirée Ball born?

Lucille Ball

In 1967, Desilu was sold for $17 million to Paramount Pictures.


Question: What year was Lucille Désirée Ball born?

Lucille Ball

Later career in the 1960s Ball actively starred in films and after the end of his marriage successfully continued his work in television comedy all the way into the 1970s.


Question: What year was Lucille Désirée Ball born?

Lucille Ball

In 1962, television began rolling The Lucy Show, which was a follow-up to the considerably more famous I Love Lucy.


Question: What year was Lucille Désirée Ball born?

Lucille Ball

In the series, Ball starred a widowed mother of two and was shown like her predecessor as a black-and-white image before switching to a colour picture.


Question: What year was Lucille Désirée Ball born?

Lucille Ball

The series was produced by CBS studio Desilu due to financial problems.


Question: What year was Lucille Désirée Ball born?

Lucille Ball

The Lucy Show was successful for a total of six seasons until 1968 and featured a number of famous actors, including John Wayne and Joan Crawford.


Question: What year was Lucille Désirée Ball born?

Lucille Ball

With the latter, there was a rustle for Ball during the filming of the episode, as Crawford suffered from alcoholism and arrived on set often drunk.


Question: What year was Lucille Désirée Ball born?

Lucille Ball

Ball soon tired of Crawford and demanded his switch to actress Gloria Swanson.


Question: What year was Lucille Désirée Ball born?

Lucille Ball

Their mutual bickering received much publicity in its time.


Question: What year was Lucille Désirée Ball born?

Lucille Ball

During its final production season, the program reached the peak of its popularity, but Ball decided at that time to stop making the series.


Question: What year was Lucille Désirée Ball born?

Lucille Ball

Frank Sinatra considered Ball for the female lead in the 1962 film The Mantshurian Bachelor, but director-producer John Frankenheimer favoured Angela Lansbury, who was eventually given the role.


Question: What year was Lucille Désirée Ball born?

Lucille Ball

The next project was, along a familiar sitcom line, continued Here's Lucy, which now also featured longtime partner Gale Gordon as well as Ball's own children, Lucie Arnaz and Desi Arnaz Jr.


Question: What year was Lucille Désirée Ball born?

Lucille Ball

In a departure from previous programmes, Here's Lucy was filmed in front of a studio audience, which, even at that time, was unusual.


Question: What year was Lucille Désirée Ball born?

Lucille Ball

Ball himself wished for the show to have a live format, as, in his own opinion, gave a better performance to a live audience than the closed-door set.


Question: What year was Lucille Désirée Ball born?

Lucille Ball

Joan Rivers, Ginger Rogers, Helen Hayes, Carol Burnett, Richard Burton and Elizabeth Taylor visited the series.


Question: What year was Lucille Désirée Ball born?

Lucille Ball

Here's Lucy, like her predecessors, ran six seasons of production until 1974, but during the final season, the series' ratings dropped.


Question: What year was Lucille Désirée Ball born?

Lucille Ball

Part of the reason for the series' discontinuation was much more dire audience success compared to the previous two success shows.


Question: What year was Lucille Désirée Ball born?

Lucille Ball

Ball did not star in his own television show for a decade thereafter.


Question: What year was Lucille Désirée Ball born?

Lucille Ball

Instead, she played a starring role in the television film Mame in 1974, as well as guesting shows driven by other well-known television faces.


Question: What year was Lucille Désirée Ball born?

Lucille Ball

In the 1980s, Ball sought to revive his television career and made a brief return to situation comedy in the programme Life With Lucy, in which his counteractor was again Gale Gordon.


Question: What year was Lucille Désirée Ball born?

Lucille Ball

Production on the series was begun in 1986 until the American Broadcasting Company wrapped up the program after only thirteen episodes.


Question: What year was Lucille Désirée Ball born?

Lucille Ball

By this time, Ball's forty-year-long career in the entertainment industry was also virtually ended.


Question: What year was Lucille Désirée Ball born?

Lucille Ball

However, he continued to make public appearances right up until his death.


Question: What year was Lucille Désirée Ball born?

Lucille Ball

The last time he made public appearances was at the 1989 Oscars Gala.


Question: What year was Lucille Désirée Ball born?

Lucille Ball

Private life Ball met her first husband, Cuban-born musician Desi Arnaz, in 1940 while filming the film Too Many Girls.


Question: What year was Lucille Désirée Ball born?

Lucille Ball

They married the same year in Connecticut.


Question: What year was Lucille Désirée Ball born?

Lucille Ball

For almost all of their marriage, they concealed their age difference; Ball was six years older than Arnaz, who was born in 1917, but both recounted in public the year of their birth in 1914.


Question: What year was Lucille Désirée Ball born?

Lucille Ball

This may have been due to the fact that it was not considered good at that time if a woman was older than her husband.


Question: What year was Lucille Désirée Ball born?

Lucille Ball

There were problems with the union on several occasions, and Ball sought resignation from Arnaz for the first time in 1944.


Question: What year was Lucille Désirée Ball born?

Lucille Ball

However, they were able to agree between them, causing Ball to withdraw his resignation intentions.


Question: What year was Lucille Désirée Ball born?

Lucille Ball

In 1946, the couple renewed their wedding vows in the church.


Question: What year was Lucille Désirée Ball born?

Lucille Ball

During the union Ball experienced a total of three miscarriages before in 1951, just a month before her 40th birthday she gave birth to the couple's first-born daughter, Lucie Désirée.


Question: What year was Lucille Désirée Ball born?

Lucille Ball

In January 1953, the couple's second child, Desi Arnaz Jr., was born.


Question: What year was Lucille Désirée Ball born?

Lucille Ball

Ball's second pregnancy was written to include her show I Love Lucy.


Question: What year was Lucille Désirée Ball born?

Lucille Ball

Both Lucie and Desi Jr.


Question: What year was Lucille Désirée Ball born?

Lucille Ball

are, like their parents, actors.


Question: What year was Lucille Désirée Ball born?

Lucille Ball

In 1960, Ball filed for a final divorce from Arnaz, stating the reason the union with the man was “nightmarish”.


Question: What year was Lucille Désirée Ball born?

Lucille Ball

The breakup took effect after two months, but Ball and Arnaz remained good friends until Arnaz died in 1986.


Question: What year was Lucille Désirée Ball born?

Lucille Ball

Ball had been in contact with her ex-husband by phone for two more days before he died.


Question: What year was Lucille Désirée Ball born?

Lucille Ball

In 1961, Ball starred in the Broadway musical Wildcat and at the same time became acquainted through a friend with her second husband, comedian Gary Morton, who was thirteen years younger than her.


Question: What year was Lucille Désirée Ball born?

Lucille Ball

Their marriage lasted right up until Ball's death.


Question: What year was Lucille Désirée Ball born?

Lucille Ball

Ball was good friends with his longtime counteractor Vivian Vance, as well as two other television comedians, Mary Wickes and Mary Jane Croft.


Question: What year was Lucille Désirée Ball born?

Lucille Ball

His other close friends included film stars Judy Garland, Ann Sothern and Ginger Rogers.


Question: What year was Lucille Désirée Ball born?

Lucille Ball

Ball mentored singer-actress Carole Cook and became friends with Barbara Eden while she visited I Love Lucy.


Question: What year was Lucille Désirée Ball born?

Lucille Ball

Since he was a child, Ball suffered from ornithophobia, a fear of birds.


Question: What year was Lucille Désirée Ball born?

Lucille Ball

With health problems and death Ball was hospitalized in 1988 after suffering a mild heart attack, from which he nevertheless recovered.


Question: What year was Lucille Désirée Ball born?

Lucille Ball

He complained of chest pains on April 18, 1989, when he was rushed to Cedars-Sinai Medical Center.


Question: What year was Lucille Désirée Ball born?

Lucille Ball

Ball was diagnosed with aortic dilation and underwent transplant surgery lasting nearly eight hours.