Question: How is Watchtower Society defined?

Jehovah's Witnesses

In December 2005, more than 1,000 Jehovah's Witnesses were imprisoned for conscientious objector in South Korea, as the country's law knows no possibility of civilian service at all.


Question: How is Watchtower Society defined?

Jehovah's Witnesses

[81] [82] Total prohibition in Finland under the law that came into force in Finland in 1987, Jehovah's Witnesses have had the opportunity to obtain an exemption from performing conscription during peacetime.


Question: How is Watchtower Society defined?

Jehovah's Witnesses

[83] A Jehovah's Witness of conscription age shall receive a deferment of three years at a time until he reaches the age of 28, when he is released from peacetime service as a member of the congregation.


Question: How is Watchtower Society defined?

Jehovah's Witnesses

Before the Emancipation Act came into force, Jehovah's Witnesses were sentenced as total denialists to custodial sentences.


Question: How is Watchtower Society defined?

Jehovah's Witnesses

During World War II, the sentence for refusal was, for example, three and a half years of discipline room.


Question: How is Watchtower Society defined?

Jehovah's Witnesses

[84] From 1947 to 1961, refusing Jehovah's Witnesses were held in a camp organised and guarded by Hanko's Coastal Patteristo in the outer archipelago of Raasepori on Hästö-Busö fortress island for 240 days, with a sentence of 3 to 6 months imprisonment.


Question: How is Watchtower Society defined?

Jehovah's Witnesses

[85] In 1959, sentences for refusal were extended.


Question: How is Watchtower Society defined?

Jehovah's Witnesses

Beginning in 1961, Jehovah's Witnesses were assigned to serve at the Karvia Special Works Institution, established in place of the Karvia Reserve Prison, which was abolished in 1960.


Question: How is Watchtower Society defined?

Jehovah's Witnesses

[86] [87] In the Karvia Special Work Institution, the mandatory period of service for Jehovah's Witnesses was approximately two years [88] and had to be performed closed, without the possibility of moving around the territory of the institution or beyond.


Question: How is Watchtower Society defined?

Jehovah's Witnesses

[89] The conditions of the facility began to be characterised in public as concentration camp-like.


Question: How is Watchtower Society defined?

Jehovah's Witnesses

[90] [89] President Urho Kekkonen visited the facility in August 1968 and the facility closed in 1969.


Question: How is Watchtower Society defined?

Jehovah's Witnesses

[91] Jehovah's Witnesses began to be sentenced, like other refusers, to nine-month prison sentences until the release procedure took effect in 1987.


Question: How is Watchtower Society defined?

Jehovah's Witnesses

On December 4, 2006, the Department of Defense announced intentions to set up a task force to determine the necessity of discharge from performing conscription for Jehovah's Witnesses.


Question: How is Watchtower Society defined?

Jehovah's Witnesses

[92] The Commission for Examining the National Defence Duty of Jehovah's Witnesses, which was set to task on 14 March 2007, was commissioned to determine the necessity of the law concerning the exemption of Jehovah's Witnesses from performing conscription in some cases and the Constitution provisions and to submit a proposal for regulatory reform.


Question: How is Watchtower Society defined?

Jehovah's Witnesses

The Commission was unable to make a legislative proposal to resolve the matter, but ended up proposing a broad round of opinions on the matter.


Question: How is Watchtower Society defined?

Jehovah's Witnesses

[93] Opinions received from a major round of opinions held in 2008 were to such an extent that no resolution was reached through the Opinion Round.


Question: How is Watchtower Society defined?

Jehovah's Witnesses

[94] In 2009, the Defence Forces asked for statements from abroad on how the matter has been handled in other countries.


Question: How is Watchtower Society defined?

Jehovah's Witnesses

The purpose of the Ministry of Defence was to once again establish a task force to consider the exemption of Jehovah's Witnesses from conscription.


Question: How is Watchtower Society defined?

Jehovah's Witnesses

According to a spokesman for the Ministry of Defence, it is possible that nothing will eventually be done about it.


Question: How is Watchtower Society defined?

Jehovah's Witnesses

[95] According to the spokesperson of Jehovah's Witnesses in Finland, Jehovah's Witnesses refuse to “carry out conscription in all its forms” and therefore continue to receive “civil service derived from national defence duty”.


Question: How is Watchtower Society defined?

Jehovah's Witnesses

[96] [97] Each year approximately 150 Jehovah's Witnesses apply for deferments on the basis of the Jehovah's Witnesses Emancipation Act.


Question: How is Watchtower Society defined?

Jehovah's Witnesses

[98] [99] Morality Organization members' concepts of morality are based on the bible interpretation of the movement.


Question: How is Watchtower Society defined?

Jehovah's Witnesses

They believe that according to the Bible, human life begins at conception, so abortion is considered murder.


Question: How is Watchtower Society defined?

Jehovah's Witnesses

The practice of homosexuality, premarital and extramarital sex is considered a grave sin, that is, grounds for separation from the congregation.


Question: How is Watchtower Society defined?

Jehovah's Witnesses

In worship, dress is considered neat: in Western countries such as Finland, men wear costume at meetings and other spiritual gatherings, and women wear dress or skirt.


Question: How is Watchtower Society defined?

Jehovah's Witnesses

Entertainment that includes the idolization of money or property, violence, sex or spiritism is condemned.


Question: How is Watchtower Society defined?

Jehovah's Witnesses

Earrings or long hair can, in men, prevent the obtaining of a responsible position or other duties in church activities.


Question: How is Watchtower Society defined?

Jehovah's Witnesses

Nor is a beard considered preferable, depending in part on the local culture.


Question: How is Watchtower Society defined?

Jehovah's Witnesses

Important is considered good behavior and the love of the neighbor, both in and outside the congregation.


Question: How is Watchtower Society defined?

Jehovah's Witnesses

Family Life Courtship and Marriage According to Jehovah's Witnesses teaching courtship should always seriously aim towards marriage.


Question: How is Watchtower Society defined?

Jehovah's Witnesses

Dating is recommended only with another baptized Jehovah's Witness.


Question: How is Watchtower Society defined?

Jehovah's Witnesses

[100] According to the movement's guidelines, a socializing couple should avoid staying alone in premises where they might engage in sexual intercourse or displays of affection deemed inappropriate by the organisation.


Question: How is Watchtower Society defined?

Jehovah's Witnesses

[101] This is why the organisation's guidelines recommend that a couple who are dating always carry an “apron” - that is, a companion - when they spend time in a place that is not a public space.


Question: How is Watchtower Society defined?

Jehovah's Witnesses

[102] Jehovah's Witnesses are instructed to marry only another Witness.


Question: How is Watchtower Society defined?

Jehovah's Witnesses

[100] Its basis is considered to be the advice given in the Bible 1.Corinthians () to marry “only in the Lord”.


Question: How is Watchtower Society defined?

Jehovah's Witnesses

Marrying an outsider does not result in separation from the congregation, but there are some consequences: for example, the loss of all duties to be performed in the parish.


Question: How is Watchtower Society defined?

Jehovah's Witnesses

[103] If the parents of someone married to an outsider approve or give it “tacit approval”, the loss of service benefits such as serving in the elder may result.


Question: How is Watchtower Society defined?

Jehovah's Witnesses

In family life, an interpretation of the model given by the Bible is followed.


Question: How is Watchtower Society defined?

Jehovah's Witnesses

The man is the head of the family and makes the final decisions.


Question: How is Watchtower Society defined?

Jehovah's Witnesses

The wife's job is to support and advise the husband, as well as respect the decisions made.


Question: How is Watchtower Society defined?

Jehovah's Witnesses

The man is urged to love as well as respect his wife and care for his family like Christ congregations.


Question: How is Watchtower Society defined?

Jehovah's Witnesses

In the family, the husband should bear responsibility for decisions and their consequences before God.


Question: How is Watchtower Society defined?

Jehovah's Witnesses

He should take into account the wishes of his wife and the interests of the family.


Question: How is Watchtower Society defined?

Jehovah's Witnesses

Parents have a responsibility to teach their children.


Question: How is Watchtower Society defined?

Jehovah's Witnesses

This is done in part through the family exploration method, which examines material published by the Watchtower Society.


Question: How is Watchtower Society defined?

Jehovah's Witnesses

Children are not baptized at birth; baptism occurs at the child's own decision.


Question: How is Watchtower Society defined?

Jehovah's Witnesses

Divorce Marriage is considered sacred and should not be dissolved at any time other than because of infidelity.


Question: How is Watchtower Society defined?

Jehovah's Witnesses

If the marriage is dissolved without justification, the parties will not be able to remarry until infidelity has been demonstrated.


Question: How is Watchtower Society defined?

Jehovah's Witnesses

The reason is that Jehovah's Witnesses consider an unjustifiably dissolved marriage to be still valid before God and the congregation until adultery has occurred.


Question: How is Watchtower Society defined?

Jehovah's Witnesses

However, if remarried, the “trespassing” person is usually expelled from the congregation.


Question: How is Watchtower Society defined?

Jehovah's Witnesses

[104] Sex according to Jehovah's Witnesses sex belongs only to marriage.


Question: How is Watchtower Society defined?

Jehovah's Witnesses

Any sexual behavior with a non-ordained spouse is considered a sin.


Question: How is Watchtower Society defined?

Jehovah's Witnesses

[105] Masturbation is also forbidden, although it is not considered a serious sin, but as an impure habit, the practice of which one must seek to get rid of, among other things, by praying for forgiveness from God.


Question: How is Watchtower Society defined?

Jehovah's Witnesses

[106] Contraception is not banned, but congregation members are given the freedom of choice to decide the direction of their lives: whether to have a family or not.


Question: How is Watchtower Society defined?

Jehovah's Witnesses

There are biblical grounds to be found for both options according to jehovah's witnesses.


Question: How is Watchtower Society defined?

Jehovah's Witnesses

Abortion is not approved.


Question: How is Watchtower Society defined?

Jehovah's Witnesses

[107] Jehovah's Witnesses believe that married couples should also exercise reasonable self-control in their mutual sexual intercourse.


Question: How is Watchtower Society defined?

Jehovah's Witnesses

Alcohol and other intoxicants Members are allowed to consume alcohol, but binge drinking is a sin, and alcoholism can be grounds for separation.


Question: How is Watchtower Society defined?

Jehovah's Witnesses

Smoking is forbidden to members of the movement because it contaminates the body 2.


Question: How is Watchtower Society defined?

Jehovah's Witnesses

In accordance with Corinthians 7:1.


Question: How is Watchtower Society defined?

Jehovah's Witnesses

It was banned in the 1970s, when a member of the congregation who smoked had six months to quit or would be expelled from the congregation.


Question: How is Watchtower Society defined?

Jehovah's Witnesses

Drug use is also considered a sin.


Question: How is Watchtower Society defined?

Jehovah's Witnesses

Drugs prescribed by a doctor, on the other hand, should be used according to the instructions.


Question: How is Watchtower Society defined?

Jehovah's Witnesses

Attitudes towards outsiders, criticism and media Jehovah's Witnesses take a negative view of their members' close befriending with outsiders.


Question: How is Watchtower Society defined?

Jehovah's Witnesses

[108] Members are not encouraged to participate actively, for example, in school clubs, sports clubs or NGOs.


Question: How is Watchtower Society defined?

Jehovah's Witnesses

[109] However, there are calls to be open and considerate to everyone, regardless of religion, race, gender or age.


Question: How is Watchtower Society defined?

Jehovah's Witnesses

According to Jehovah's Witnesses, in particular former Jehovah's Witnesses sometimes disseminate false or misrepresented information about it on television and newspapers.


Question: How is Watchtower Society defined?

Jehovah's Witnesses

There have been media reports of cases where a Jehovah's Witness has refused a blood transfusion or denied giving one to his child, and accusations of covering up abuse cases in congregations.


Question: How is Watchtower Society defined?

Jehovah's Witnesses

The leadership of Jehovah's Witnesses denies all accusations against them and considers them to be slander orchestrated by opponents.


Question: How is Watchtower Society defined?

Jehovah's Witnesses

[110] The organisation accuses its former active members, namely renegades, of spreading misrepresentations, lies and half-truths.


Question: How is Watchtower Society defined?

Jehovah's Witnesses

Jehovah's Witnesses are extremely negative about former members criticizing Jehovah's Witnesses' policies and teachings in the public eye and on the internet.


Question: How is Watchtower Society defined?

Jehovah's Witnesses

[111] The organisation recommends that parishioners avoid using search engines to search for information about Jehovah's Witnesses, as they may be accessed to sites run by former members.


Question: How is Watchtower Society defined?

Jehovah's Witnesses

[112] Witnesses have increasingly outspoken prohibited their members from reading material on the internet criticizing Jehovah's Witnesses' beliefs or practices, although otherwise Witnesses are happy to seek spiritual discussions with those who think differently.


Question: How is Watchtower Society defined?

Jehovah's Witnesses

Reading such critical texts is feared to undermine the faith of Jehovah's Witnesses because former Jehovah's Witnesses differ from other interlocutors by having sometimes believed in Jehovah themselves, and, having lost their faith, criticize the actions of their former brethren.


Question: How is Watchtower Society defined?

Jehovah's Witnesses

[111] Jehovah's Witnesses believe that criticism directed at them from non-former members constitutes persecution directed at them without reason, and that it proves that Jehovah's Witnesses are the group of so-called true believers who are persecuted for the fulfillment of biblical prophecies.


Question: How is Watchtower Society defined?

Jehovah's Witnesses

[113] The Watchtower Society has recently been more active in defending its rights against material published on the Internet.


Question: How is Watchtower Society defined?

Jehovah's Witnesses

In January 2006, The Guardian reported in its online version that quotes from literature published by the Watchtower Society, the popular Canadian website Quotes.WatchTower.ca were shut down.


Question: How is Watchtower Society defined?

Jehovah's Witnesses

[114] The Legitimate Association of Jehovah's Witnesses had issued a subpoena for 100,000 Canadian Dollars to shut down the site citing copyright infringement and accusing the author of the fact that the main purpose of this is to bully the interested party by selectively quoting what was published by Jehovah's Witnesses literature.


Question: How is Watchtower Society defined?

Jehovah's Witnesses

Blood and Organ Transplants Jehovah's Witnesses refuse to consume foods containing blood and transfusions.


Question: How is Watchtower Society defined?

Jehovah's Witnesses

This teaching is based on their understanding of the Biblical commandment to “shun blood”.


Question: How is Watchtower Society defined?

Jehovah's Witnesses

According to them, blood should not be stored for later use, and therefore they also consider donating blood inappropriate.


Question: How is Watchtower Society defined?

Jehovah's Witnesses

Refusal from blood applies not only to whole blood, but also red blood cells, white blood cells, blood plasma and platelets separated from the blood.


Question: How is Watchtower Society defined?

Jehovah's Witnesses

Receiving blood components separated from the previous ones, such as hemoglobin and albumin, is currently left to the individual consideration of each member of the movement.


Question: How is Watchtower Society defined?

Jehovah's Witnesses

This is justified, among other things, by the fact that during pregnancy the fetus receives some smaller parts of blood from its mother.


Question: How is Watchtower Society defined?

Jehovah's Witnesses

The number of avoidable deaths caused by Jehovah's Witnesses blood doctrine is unknown, but considering the number of Jehovah's Witnesses worldwide, the number of deaths moves in at least thousands.


Question: How is Watchtower Society defined?

Jehovah's Witnesses

In births alone, mothers' risk of death is known to increase more than a thousandfold, to 0.1 percent from less than 0.0001 percent when the mother refuses blood transfusions.


Question: How is Watchtower Society defined?

Jehovah's Witnesses

[115] Given the number of Jehovah's Witnesses, this amounts to at least 1450 avoidable maternal birthing deaths between 1995 and 2006.


Question: How is Watchtower Society defined?

Jehovah's Witnesses

[116] In modern medicine, whole blood transfusions are less common, and increasingly, surgery and medications use some component of blood.


Question: How is Watchtower Society defined?

Jehovah's Witnesses

Members of the organization can approve their own blood recycling in a closed system if it does not cut off normal blood flow and stored blood is directly counted back without longer storage.


Question: How is Watchtower Society defined?

Jehovah's Witnesses

A question of conscience is also whether to accept mixing the drug with one's own blood outside the body.


Question: How is Watchtower Society defined?

Jehovah's Witnesses

The learning change that permits smaller parts of the blood has come in the 21st century.


Question: How is Watchtower Society defined?

Jehovah's Witnesses

[117] Representatives of Jehovah's Witnesses have mentioned that increasing the amount of blood plasma is a common way to treat a patient in an emergency.


Question: How is Watchtower Society defined?

Jehovah's Witnesses

[118] Jehovah's Witnesses also report that, in light of modern science, alternative, bloodless treatment options are safer for the patient and cost less.


Question: How is Watchtower Society defined?

Jehovah's Witnesses

[119] Taking an organ transplant is currently a matter to be decided in accordance with the conscience of each member of the movement [120] even though it involves a large number of external white blood cells entering the body.


Question: How is Watchtower Society defined?

Jehovah's Witnesses

Jehovah's Witnesses refused transplants between 1967 and 1980, when they were considered “nourishing the body with human flesh”, or cannibalism, in the literature of the movement.


Question: How is Watchtower Society defined?

Jehovah's Witnesses

[121] Although Jehovah's Witnesses also seek to prevent blood transfusions to underage children, law courts in Western countries, including Finland, [122] have intervened and, through custody, provided the child with the blood-related care they consider necessary.


Question: How is Watchtower Society defined?

Jehovah's Witnesses

Criticism of the movement has been met with regard to, among other things, Jehovah's Witnesses' perceptions of blood transfusions, neutrality, military service, and their way of treating former members of the movement.


Question: How is Watchtower Society defined?

Jehovah's Witnesses

Criticism often appears on internet message boards and media, where comments by Jehovah's Witnesses representatives, or literature published by them, often represent a minority alongside interviews with former movement members and material they publish.


Question: How is Watchtower Society defined?

Jehovah's Witnesses

Smaller religious groups that have split from the organisation have also emerged as a result of the criticism.


Question: How is Watchtower Society defined?

Jehovah's Witnesses

Jehovah's Witnesses are criticized for changing doctrines from time to time and the non-biblicality of the method.


Question: How is Watchtower Society defined?

Jehovah's Witnesses

[4] The Christian press has criticized the passing of several apocalyptic dates predicted by Jehovah's Witnesses without anything specific having happened, as a gnawing factor in the entire credibility of the movement's doctrines.


Question: How is Watchtower Society defined?

Jehovah's Witnesses

[123] Jehovah's Witnesses have been criticized for considering the current order of affairs to be corrupted and doomed by the soon-to-impending Armageddon, and for believing all other religions and denominations and political systems to be controlled by Satan the Slander.


Question: How is Watchtower Society defined?

Jehovah's Witnesses

Especially with other religions there is no desire to be in any co-operation, participating in politics is considered useless and siding with Satan against the kingdom of God.


Question: How is Watchtower Society defined?

Jehovah's Witnesses

Jehovah's Witnesses believe the Kingdom of God will solve all problems on Earth in the future.


Question: How is Watchtower Society defined?

Jehovah's Witnesses

This view of society meets critical disposition.


Question: How is Watchtower Society defined?

Jehovah's Witnesses

[124] In Germany, the authorities for a long time prevented the adoption of Jehovah's Witnesses as a public law community because of their negative stance on voting.


Question: How is Watchtower Society defined?

Jehovah's Witnesses

However, Jehovah's Witnesses in various countries have actively sought to register as a denomination as expected from state denominations.


Question: How is Watchtower Society defined?

Jehovah's Witnesses

The attitude of Jehovah's Witnesses to blood has been criticized.


Question: How is Watchtower Society defined?

Jehovah's Witnesses

The current blood doctrine of Jehovah's Witnesses divides blood into several parts, some of which are forbidden to members of the movement, some not.


Question: How is Watchtower Society defined?

Jehovah's Witnesses

The split has been accused of being arbitrary and claimed not to be based in any way on the Bible.


Question: How is Watchtower Society defined?

Jehovah's Witnesses

Jehovah's Witnesses also do not approve of blood donation.


Question: How is Watchtower Society defined?

Jehovah's Witnesses

Jehovah's Witnesses have received criticism for requiring their members to shun dealing with former congregation members.


Question: How is Watchtower Society defined?

Jehovah's Witnesses

These separated or divorced are not to be greeted and efforts are made to shun them.


Question: How is Watchtower Society defined?

Jehovah's Witnesses

Former Jehovah's Witnesses have occasionally given interviews critical of the organisation's modus operandi on television, radio [125] [126] and the press.


Question: How is Watchtower Society defined?

Jehovah's Witnesses

[127] The treatment of former members and those contemplating submission has been presented as “spiritual violence”.


Question: How is Watchtower Society defined?

Jehovah's Witnesses

[128] Jehovah's Witnesses have also been accused of covering up child sexual abuse in their community.


Question: How is Watchtower Society defined?

Jehovah's Witnesses

Attitudes towards Jehovah's Witnesses in Finland in Finland, former Jehovah's Witnesses have been organizing protests with the Victims of Religions Association during the largest annual gathering of Jehovah's Witnesses since 1999.


Question: How is Watchtower Society defined?

Jehovah's Witnesses

[129] In 2006, the demonstration took place not only in Helsinki but also at the district convention in Tampere.


Question: How is Watchtower Society defined?

Jehovah's Witnesses

According to Religious Victims Support Ry, Jehovah's Witnesses is the religion that employs it most.


Question: How is Watchtower Society defined?

Jehovah's Witnesses

[130] In a 1999 survey of Church Monitor 99, Jehovah's Witnesses were the largest non-Christian community.


Question: How is Watchtower Society defined?

Jehovah's Witnesses

Among other things, the survey asked questions about people's attitudes towards spiritual matters and different religions.


Question: How is Watchtower Society defined?

Jehovah's Witnesses

Seventy-one per cent of those taking part in the survey had a negative view of the organisation, while 4 per cent had a positive view of them.


Question: How is Watchtower Society defined?

Jehovah's Witnesses

[131] Jehovah's Witnesses themselves do not find such an attitude towards them surprising.


Question: How is Watchtower Society defined?

Jehovah's Witnesses

See also List of known Jehovah's Witnesses Jehovah's Witnesses in Finland Sources Publications are published by the Watchtower Bible and Tract Society unless otherwise noted.


Question: How is Watchtower Society defined?

Jehovah's Witnesses

References Literature by A. H. Macmillan: Faith on the March: My Life as a Jehovah's Witness () Transclusion error: {{En}} is only for use in File namespace.


Question: How is Watchtower Society defined?

Jehovah's Witnesses

Use {{lang-en}} or {{en icon}} instead.


Question: How is Watchtower Society defined?

Jehovah's Witnesses

Raymond Franz: Crisis of Conscience (Paperback ISBN 0-914675-23-0, Hardcover ISBN 0-914675-24-9) Raymond Franz: In Search of Christian Freedom ISBN 0-914675-16-8 With Other M. J. Penton: Apocalypse Delayed, University of Toronto Press.


Question: How is Watchtower Society defined?

Jehovah's Witnesses

1997 Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Matti Liljeqvist| title = Tower and Temple: Jehovah's Witnesses and Mormons| location = Beautiful| publisher = Basic Message| year = 2004| isbn = 951-888-371-8}} M. J. Penton: Jehovah's Witnesses and the Third Reich Reich Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Seija Ronimus| title= On guard against the world: A study of the experiences of divorcees from the Jehovah's Witness| location = Turku| publisher = University of Turku | year= 2011| version = Dissertation.


Question: How is Watchtower Society defined?

Jehovah's Witnesses

Publications of the University of Turku.


Question: How is Watchtower Society defined?

Jehovah's Witnesses

Series C, Scripta lingua Fennica edita, part 318| isbn=978-951-29-4722-5| format = [online version] (pdf)}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Aila Grasho| title = Shadow of the Watchtower.


Question: How is Watchtower Society defined?

Jehovah's Witnesses

Another truth about Jehovah's Witness| location = Jyväskylä | publisher = Atena| year = 2015| isbn = 978-952-300-164-0}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Ron Rhodes| title = The Challenge of the Cults and New Religions| location = United States| publisher = Zondervan| title = The Challenge of the Cults and New Religions| location = United States| publisher = Zondervan| year = 2001| isbn = 978-0-310-23217-9}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Harri Heino| title = What does Finland believe in today| location = Porvoo| publisher = WSOY| year = 1997| id = ISBN 951-021-197-4}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Pasi Turunen| title = Watchtower kingdom in new light| location = Saarijärvi| publisher = Photo and Word| year = 2005| id = ISBN 951-585-135-1}} Films on the topic elsewhere Movement official information website Critical review of the Victims of Religions Support UUT ry and its JT support, former and current Jehovah's Witnesses Brethren Society of Jehovah's Witnesses New World Translation Bible Translation, peer support for former Jehovah's Witnesses, Yle, 2017 Yle, 2018 Other pages Programmes about Jehovah's Witnesses Yleisradio Check date values in: |accessdate=, |date= (help) Category:Christianity Category:Key articles of screening


Question: What is the ontological definition of atheism?

Definition of atheism

There is no consensus on the definition of atheism.


Question: What is the ontological definition of atheism?

Definition of atheism

In general, common features of the various definitions are either the view that gods do not exist or the absence of god-faith.


Question: What is the ontological definition of atheism?

Definition of atheism

[1] Atheism has appeared throughout history with different manifestations and on different grounds.


Question: What is the ontological definition of atheism?

Definition of atheism

[2] This has contributed to the difficulty of defining atheism.


Question: What is the ontological definition of atheism?

Definition of atheism

[3] A-theism, or non-theism, is literally the opposite of theism, that is, negation (equally as believing in gods is the opposite of atheism, i.e. negation).


Question: What is the ontological definition of atheism?

Definition of atheism

This can mean either the absence of faith in gods (Greek atheos, godless) or the antonym of god-faith (theism).


Question: What is the ontological definition of atheism?

Definition of atheism

Either definition is possible because atheism can be understood in two ways: either as a statement of argument or as an informed understanding of the individual [4] Philosopher Michael Martin's book Atheism: A Philosophical Justification (1990) [5] uses the word atheism in a broad sense.


Question: What is the ontological definition of atheism?

Definition of atheism

Martin distinguishes between positive atheism and negative atheism (lack of belief in the existence of a god), whereby negative atheism overlaps with some definitions of agnosticism.


Question: What is the ontological definition of atheism?

Definition of atheism

For example, Finnish philosopher Ilkka Niiniluoto considers this definition too broad.


Question: What is the ontological definition of atheism?

Definition of atheism

Niiniluoto has called scientific atheism the notion that it can be shown on the basis of scientific knowledge that gods do not exist [6].


Question: What is the ontological definition of atheism?

Definition of atheism

On the one hand, the notion that there is insufficient grounds to consider gods to exist has also come to the idea that the more disproving the existence of gods to support the evidence presented, the less convincing this position becomes.


Question: What is the ontological definition of atheism?

Definition of atheism

Following this lack of evidence following the notion that gods do not exist, Niiniluoto has termed philosophical atheism.


Question: What is the ontological definition of atheism?

Definition of atheism

[7] Ontological Definition of Atheism As a statement of argument, god-belief, or theism, is the assertion that there is a god or gods: God exists.


Question: What is the ontological definition of atheism?

Definition of atheism

In this case, the rebuttal of god faith is God does not exist.


Question: What is the ontological definition of atheism?

Definition of atheism

Person X who is of the opinion that god exists is a god-believing ie theist.


Question: What is the ontological definition of atheism?

Definition of atheism

Person X who is of the opinion that god does not exist is a “godless” ie atheist.


Question: What is the ontological definition of atheism?

Definition of atheism

[8] For example, according to George H. Smith, atheism is a statement phrase: “there is no god or gods”.


Question: What is the ontological definition of atheism?

Definition of atheism

[9] This definition presents an ontological concept of existence.


Question: What is the ontological definition of atheism?

Definition of atheism

[10] As positions on existence, these are mutually exclusive, that is, no rational person can be at once a theist and an atheist, because the claims would constitute a contradictory set of perceptions.


Question: What is the ontological definition of atheism?

Definition of atheism

[11] Instead, some think that one must refrain from taking a stand for or against the existence of a god.


Question: What is the ontological definition of atheism?

Definition of atheism

In that case, person X is neither in favor of theism nor atheism.


Question: What is the ontological definition of atheism?

Definition of atheism

This position on the existence of a god can be characterized as doubt.


Question: What is the ontological definition of atheism?

Definition of atheism

Even this perception is still a statement based on consideration and weighing the grounds.


Question: What is the ontological definition of atheism?

Definition of atheism

Thomas Henry Huxley suggested that this position should be called agnosticism.


Question: What is the ontological definition of atheism?

Definition of atheism

[8] Knowledge Theoretical Definition of Atheist When atheism refers to a knowledgeable attitude (someone X believes that there are no gods), one can justify this according to Niiniluoto's characterisation in two ways: “From the outside”, whereby a-theism, i.e. non-theism, is (person X's regarding) lack of belief in the existence of a god, and “from within”, in which case atheism is the notion that gods do not exist.


Question: What is the ontological definition of atheism?

Definition of atheism

Niiniluoto considers the latter interpretation to be logically stronger in the sense that, assuming the non-contradiction of Person X's conceptions, the latter assertion follows from the former, but not vice versa.


Question: What is the ontological definition of atheism?

Definition of atheism

[12] Philosopher Michael Scriven has formulated the definition of atheist, agnostic, and theist as a theoretical concept of knowledge, whereby perception in terms of atheism, agnosticism, and theism can have varying degrees.


Question: What is the ontological definition of atheism?

Definition of atheism

[13] Conception of the existence of a god or gods in the Nomination1.


Question: What is the ontological definition of atheism?

Definition of atheism

Strong evidence against existence, no evidence in favor of Positive atheist2.


Question: What is the ontological definition of atheism?

Definition of atheism

Not any general or specific grounds or evidence on behalf of the negative atheist3.


Question: What is the ontological definition of atheism?

Definition of atheism

Some general or specific arguments in favor, still improbableA skeptic, agnostic in the broad sense, even considering the existence of a god or gods unlikely, considers it possible4.


Question: What is the ontological definition of atheism?

Definition of atheism

No evidence for or against Agnostic atheist5.


Question: What is the ontological definition of atheism?

Definition of atheism

Evidence for and against as much, probability 50% Agnostic in the narrow sense, takes no position on behalf of either6.


Question: What is the ontological definition of atheism?

Definition of atheism

Strong evidence in favor, yet contradictions and evidencePractical theist, agnostic in a broad sense7.


Question: What is the ontological definition of atheism?

Definition of atheism

Strong evidence for and no evidence against.


Question: What is the ontological definition of atheism?

Definition of atheism

Proving in the conventional mindModern theist8.


Question: What is the ontological definition of atheism?

Definition of atheism

Directly Proving With Unforeseen FactsThe old theist To this formulation has been added the breakdown of Michael Martin into positive atheists and negative atheists.


Question: What is the ontological definition of atheism?

Definition of atheism

[14] Positive atheists hold that the existence of gods can be considered demonstrably untrue.


Question: What is the ontological definition of atheism?

Definition of atheism

Negative atheists who feel that no evidence has been presented for the existence of a god or gods.


Question: What is the ontological definition of atheism?

Definition of atheism

[15] Like Michael Martin, philosopher Paul Edwards has also consciously deviated from the definition that theorem J regarding the existence of a god or gods is regarded by an atheist as untrue.


Question: What is the ontological definition of atheism?

Definition of atheism

He defines atheist as someone who rejects belief in gods.


Question: What is the ontological definition of atheism?

Definition of atheism

In that case, the rejection may have grounds other than holding J untrue.


Question: What is the ontological definition of atheism?

Definition of atheism

Michael Martin states that the concept of negative atheism is broader than Edwards's concept of atheism, as the concept of negative atheism also reads as atheists persons who simply lack belief in a god, and this lack of belief need not be the result of a rejection of faith.


Question: What is the ontological definition of atheism?

Definition of atheism

According to Ilkka Niiniluoto, Kari Saari's definition of atheism as the next lack of evidence as the next lack of faith is closer to Edwards than to Martin.


Question: What is the ontological definition of atheism?

Definition of atheism

The definition of atheist as a God-denier has been opposed in Finland, for example, by Kari Saari [16] When he reviewed the textbook on outlook information written by Ilkka Niiniluoto and Anssi Kuusela [18] Kari Saari considered this definition to be a “very bad mistake” and its instead, atheist should be defined as “a person who does not believe in the existence of a god”, in which case atheism is “the absence of faith that follows from lack of evidence”. [6].


Question: What is the ontological definition of atheism?

Definition of atheism

However, the thoughtful problem with Kari Saari's definition of atheist as “a person who does not believe in the existence of a god” is that it defines atheist through and on the basis of the believed existence of gods, but how could that be possible when gods do not exist.


Question: What is the ontological definition of atheism?

Definition of atheism

Philosopher Julian Baggini has illustrated the concept of atheism as follows.


Question: What is the ontological definition of atheism?

Definition of atheism

Normally, no secretory designation is used for persons who do not believe in the existence of some imaginary creature.


Question: What is the ontological definition of atheism?

Definition of atheism

It is assumed that the number of people who believe in a particular fable creature begins to increase.


Question: What is the ontological definition of atheism?

Definition of atheism

Soon they start to be called by a special name, like theists, that is, believers in a god.


Question: What is the ontological definition of atheism?

Definition of atheism

When there start to be a lot of theists, theists start to be considered normal, even though there is absolutely no evidence that a god exists.


Question: What is the ontological definition of atheism?

Definition of atheism

Those who aren't theists are going to start being called non-theists, that is, atheists.


Question: What is the ontological definition of atheism?

Definition of atheism

The common person has different perceptions of reality.


Question: What is the ontological definition of atheism?

Definition of atheism

Theists say that in addition to this, reality includes a god.


Question: What is the ontological definition of atheism?

Definition of atheism

If there were no theists, that is, believers in a god, there would be atheists anyway, but no one would call them atheists.


Question: What is the ontological definition of atheism?

Definition of atheism

The concept of atheists would be just the same even if theists had never existed.


Question: What is the ontological definition of atheism?

Definition of atheism

[19] [20] Erkki Hartikainen, president of the Finnish Atheist Association, believes that “godless”, or atheist, is a better word than “religious” because, according to him, the word “faith” has so many emotional meanings that rational people should stop using this word altogether.


Question: What is the ontological definition of atheism?

Definition of atheism

“Spotless, blameless, innocent, non-smoker, non-alcoholic etc are positive qualities.


Question: What is the ontological definition of atheism?

Definition of atheism

The word 'godless' is a good word in the exact same sense as 'spotless'.” Richard Dawkins has formed the word gene, or inheritance factor, using the new word 'meme', or mind virus, by which he means an easily spread and popular misconception.


Question: What is the ontological definition of atheism?

Definition of atheism

A “meme-free” would therefore be a human being who is, for example, godless, ufoton, or horoscope-free.


Question: What is the ontological definition of atheism?

Definition of atheism

[21] [22] Sources on the subject elsewhere (, Editorial, The New Zealand Rationalist & Humanist, Autumn 2000.


Question: What is the ontological definition of atheism?

Definition of atheism

Translated by Erkki Hartikainen.


Question: What is the ontological definition of atheism?

Definition of atheism

Category:Atheism


Question: How does a supernova arise?

Supernova

A supernova is a star explosion that can arise in two different ways.


Question: How does a supernova arise?

Supernova

A massive star may implode at the end of fusion due to its own gravity into a neutron star or black hole, or in double stars a white dwarf may increase its mass beyond the Chandrasekhar limit.


Question: How does a supernova arise?

Supernova

[1] Supernovae occur on average every 50 years in a galaxy the size of the Milky Way.


Question: How does a supernova arise?

Supernova

[1] [2] When a total of hundreds of supernovae were observed each year in different galaxies, 1454 supernovae were discovered in 2013, and the number has increased from that too.


Question: How does a supernova arise?

Supernova

[3] The luminosity of a supernova follows the characteristic light curve depending on its type, where it quickly brightens up to a maximum brightness in a few days until it begins to fade silently dimmer.


Question: How does a supernova arise?

Supernova

[1] Many supernovae observed with the naked eye have been visible for up to years.


Question: How does a supernova arise?

Supernova

What remains of the exploding supernovae is a supernova remnant that glows for a long time at many different wavelengths and can be seen for thousands of years.


Question: How does a supernova arise?

Supernova

[4] [5] Supernovae form elements heavier than iron, such as uranium, tin and gold.


Question: How does a supernova arise?

Supernova

[1] The remnants of supernovae assume the genesis of new stars and solar systems, and that stars and planets are created from the nuclear debris of ancient supernovae.


Question: How does a supernova arise?

Supernova

[6] Supernova candidates from the stars of our Milky Way have been nominated for e.g.


Question: How does a supernova arise?

Supernova

giant stars Rho Cassiopeiae, [7] Eta Carinae [8] [9] and Orion Betelgeuze, [10] [11] which no longer have very much lifespan left.


Question: How does a supernova arise?

Supernova

In practice, however, before these, the next supernova in our own galaxy might be one of the billions of stars in our galaxy.


Question: How does a supernova arise?

Supernova

Types of supernovae According to the spectrum, supernovae are divided into types I and II.


Question: How does a supernova arise?

Supernova

The criteria are as follows: Type I No hydrogen Balmer lines [1] Type Ia Silicon Si-II line 615.0 nm [12] Type Ib Helium He I line 587,6 nm Type Ic Weak or missing HE lines Type II Hydrogen Balmer lines [1] Type II-P Flat lightcurve [1] Type II-P Flat lightcurve [1] Type II-L Linearly descending lightcurve [1] Type I supernovae Type I supernovae are typically old stars.


Question: How does a supernova arise?

Supernova

In Type Ia, the explosive star is a white dwarf belonging to a double star system, whereas in types Ib and Ic it is a massive Wolfin—Rayet star at the far end of its life cycle.


Question: How does a supernova arise?

Supernova

Type Ia supernova A white dwarf star entering the end of its life cycle can explode as a supernova if it has a companion star that drains hydrogen gas onto the surface of the white dwarf.


Question: How does a supernova arise?

Supernova

As the mass of the star approaches the Chandrasekhar limit (about 1.4 mass of the Sun), oxygen and carbon atoms in the star's innards begin to fuse into heavier elements.


Question: How does a supernova arise?

Supernova

In ordinary main-series stars, nuclear reactions occurring at the center of the star occur in a controlled manner, as the radiation pressure of the energy released in the reactions prevents a chain reaction from occurring by pushing the gas apart.


Question: How does a supernova arise?

Supernova

However, a white dwarf is much denser than a main-series star, and instead of radiation pressure, it is supported by the Fermi pressure of electrons.


Question: How does a supernova arise?

Supernova

Radiation pressure is not enough to regulate the number of nuclear reactions.


Question: How does a supernova arise?

Supernova

Once ignited by a fusion flame, it spreads rapidly due to turbulence phenomena and, in particular, Rayleigh-Taylor instability.


Question: How does a supernova arise?

Supernova

[1] After a long simmering period, as temperatures rise beyond the critical limit, nuclear reactions accelerate so that a significant portion of the star's carbon and oxygen resources fuse into heavier elements within a few seconds.


Question: How does a supernova arise?

Supernova

[13] In this case, the amount of energy released is enormous, about 10 44 J {\ displaystyle 10^ {44} J}, which is easily enough to break the gravitational bonds of the star.


Question: How does a supernova arise?

Supernova

The star explodes abruptly, creating a shock wave that pushes matter at a fraction of the speed of light outward.


Question: How does a supernova arise?

Supernova

The energy released also causes a large change in the luminosity of the star.


Question: How does a supernova arise?

Supernova

Typically, a Type Ia supernova is about 5 billion times brighter than the Sun.


Question: How does a supernova arise?

Supernova

Type Ib and Ic supernova A type Ib supernova exploding star is a Wolfin—Rayet star that has mostly lost almost 90% of its original mass due to the solar wind.


Question: How does a supernova arise?

Supernova

As a result of such an explosion, a neutron star or possibly a black hole is created, depending on the mass of the star.


Question: How does a supernova arise?

Supernova

Type Ib produces about 0.3 Sun mass of iron to the parent galaxy.


Question: How does a supernova arise?

Supernova

Type Ic is very rare, and differs from Type Ib only in terms of helium lines.


Question: How does a supernova arise?

Supernova

A Type II supernova In a Type II supernova, the exploding star is a huge star with a mass of more than 10 Suns that has burned out its hydrogen fuel, and where the helium fusion phase is nearing its end.


Question: How does a supernova arise?

Supernova

Heavier stars normally evolve through a red giant stage to a state where the central iron core is in a nuclear energetic energy well, when the fusion of elements heavier than iron no longer brings energy, but consumes it.


Question: How does a supernova arise?

Supernova

Fusion reactions in the center stop.


Question: How does a supernova arise?

Supernova

At lightning speed, a situation develops in which the iron core is no longer able to resist the pressure created by gravitational forces in the upper layers, but an implosion occurs as the center mass crosses the Chandrasekhar boundary.


Question: How does a supernova arise?

Supernova

As the center implodes, it heats up, producing high-energy gamma radiation, which allows iron to decay into helium nuclei and free neutrons.


Question: How does a supernova arise?

Supernova

The center of the star implodes, producing a huge shockwave.


Question: How does a supernova arise?

Supernova

At the same time, the outer layers (about 90 percent of the star's mass) explode outward.


Question: How does a supernova arise?

Supernova

A neutron star emerges at the center.


Question: How does a supernova arise?

Supernova

Hydrogen lines appear in the spectral lines of light.


Question: How does a supernova arise?

Supernova

Type II supernovae are most commonly found in galaxy branches and younger star populations.


Question: How does a supernova arise?

Supernova

In Type II supernovae, the implosion of the nucleus eventually stops at the implosion pressure of the neutron state, where the density of matter is the same as that of the atomic nucleus.


Question: How does a supernova arise?

Supernova

If the mass of the star is sufficient, it may happen that the shock wave generated when the centre collapses also rips apart the centre itself, and nothing remains of the supernova, but the whole star literally spreads across space.


Question: How does a supernova arise?

Supernova

However, if the mass of the star is sufficiently large (around 25—50 mass of the Sun), and if the shock wave cannot erupt and tear the centre apart, the centre will collapse into a black hole after the neutron star space.


Question: How does a supernova arise?

Supernova

But necessarily even that mass is not enough to create a black hole, but a magnetar can result.


Question: How does a supernova arise?

Supernova

Hypernova Theory holds that a supermassive star (more than 40 Sun masses) might end its days as a hypernova.


Question: How does a supernova arise?

Supernova

The core of the star collapses directly into a black hole, the rest of the star is ejected into space and at the same time two very powerful energetic plasma jets erupt from the rotating poles at almost the speed of light.


Question: How does a supernova arise?

Supernova

These jets emit intense gamma radiation in the direction of the poles.


Question: How does a supernova arise?

Supernova

Hypernovia has been proposed as an explanation for gamma-ray bursts (GRBs).


Question: How does a supernova arise?

Supernova

Over the course of a minute in such an eruption, the radiation energy of a million galaxies can (seemingly) be released.


Question: How does a supernova arise?

Supernova

It has also been suggested that a hypernova may arise in the collision of two neutron stars, with a black hole as a result.


Question: How does a supernova arise?

Supernova

It has been suggested that the amount of energy triggered by the hypernova could be sufficient to eradicate life from Earth.


Question: How does a supernova arise?

Supernova

According to a 2005 study published by NASA and the University of Kansas, the mass extinction of the so-called Ordovician Period 450 million years ago may have been caused by a hypernova gamma ray burst that hit Earth.


Question: How does a supernova arise?

Supernova

Only a ten-second burst has been enough to eradicate Earth's protective ozone layer.


Question: How does a supernova arise?

Supernova

With the destruction of the ozone layer, the Sun's ultraviolet radiation could kill off much of the soil surface and ocean surface layer biota, entangling food chains so that mass extinction has resulted in mass extinction.


Question: How does a supernova arise?

Supernova

[14] A hypernova eruption may be damaging to life another 6500 light years away if the Earth is in the direction of the star's axis of rotation [15].


Question: How does a supernova arise?

Supernova

Hypernovia is estimated to occur in our galaxy only about once every 230 million years.


Question: How does a supernova arise?

Supernova

If hypernovae can only occur in supermassive stars with more than 40 Sun-mass, then life on Earth is pretty safe.


Question: How does a supernova arise?

Supernova

The nearest hypernova candidate, Eta Carinae, is more than 7500 light-years from Earth.


Question: How does a supernova arise?

Supernova

It would not affect terrestrial life directly with the atmosphere shielding from gamma rays and other cosmic rays in the magnetosphere.


Question: How does a supernova arise?

Supernova

The damage would likely target the upper atmosphere and the ozone layer, spacecraft including satellites and astronauts in space.


Question: How does a supernova arise?

Supernova

Valesupernova Valesupernova is an event in which a supermassive star explodes only partially giving rise to a shock wave typical of a supernova, however brightening only marginally compared to a supernova.


Question: How does a supernova arise?

Supernova

In fake supernova, the star is also not completely destroyed.


Question: How does a supernova arise?

Supernova

Researchers at the University of Berkeley speculate that the explosion of Eta Carinae, which occurred in 1843, would have been a fake supernova instead of a surface eruption.


Question: How does a supernova arise?

Supernova

The team of researchers also speculate that the closing moments of more than 30 sun-massed supermassive stars may include more smaller explosions before the star implodes into a black hole.


Question: How does a supernova arise?

Supernova

[16] Naming supernovae Supernovae are named after a given formula.


Question: How does a supernova arise?

Supernova

At the beginning of the name are the letters SN (SuperNova) followed by the year number and finally the letter or pair of letters identifying it, the number of supernovae observed in that year.


Question: How does a supernova arise?

Supernova

From January 1, capital letters A to Z are used first, followed by the lower case pairs aa, ab, ac,..., az, ba,... until the end of the year.


Question: How does a supernova arise?

Supernova

[17] The designation of supernovae is responsible for the International Astronomical Union's Central Bureau for Astronomical Telegrams (CBAT), located in conjunction with the Harvard Observatory.


Question: How does a supernova arise?

Supernova

The IAU changed the naming convention since 1 January 2016 so that potential supernovae are first named with a provisional name starting with the letters AT, for example AT 2018bki and after discovery is verified spectroscopically to supernova the prefix is changed to SN.


Question: How does a supernova arise?

Supernova

[17] [18] Known supernovae The most detailed notes of historical supernovae in our Milky Way are that of the Chinese, who have recorded a total of seven definite explosions since the beginning of time.


Question: How does a supernova arise?

Supernova

The remains of all these explosions are still detectable.


Question: How does a supernova arise?

Supernova

[19] [20] Crab nebula (M1) Crab nebula, known as the Crustacean nebula, is a supernova relic in the constellation of Taurus, where an exploding star was observed on 4 July 1054. At that time, the Chinese recorded that they had seen it even in the middle of the day for 23 days, after which it began to fade, however, visible in the night sky for another couple of years.


Question: How does a supernova arise?

Supernova

[4] Now a fog resembling a crustacean is seen at the site, emitting light, radio waves, almost all species of electromagnetic radiation.


Question: How does a supernova arise?

Supernova

[21] In the middle of the fog is a fast-spinning pulsar, a neutron star whose rotation time around its axis is still a staggering 0.03 seconds.


Question: How does a supernova arise?

Supernova

[22] The fog expands approx.


Question: How does a supernova arise?

Supernova

at a speed of 1000 km/s.


Question: How does a supernova arise?

Supernova

[23] [24] Compared to the first photographs of the 20th century, the fog is observed to have clearly enlarged.


Question: How does a supernova arise?

Supernova

[25] SN 1572 and SN 1604 A supernova named SN 1572 was observed by Danish Tyko Brahe in 1572.


Question: How does a supernova arise?

Supernova

[26] The most recent supernova explosion seen in our own galaxy was observed by Kepler and Chinese, Japanese and Korean astronomers in 1604.


Question: How does a supernova arise?

Supernova

[27] [28] SN 1604 observed in the constellation of Snakebearer was somewhat brighter than Sirius at its brightest, and could be seen in the night sky with the naked eye for about a year.


Question: How does a supernova arise?

Supernova

[5] SN 1987A SN 1987A is the most famous and one of the most studied supernovae of recent times.


Question: How does a supernova arise?

Supernova

[29] On 23 February 1987, it was a supernova exploding in the Great Magellan Cloud (LMC) less than 170,000 light-years away, [30] which was visible to the naked eye in the Southern Hemisphere.


Question: How does a supernova arise?

Supernova

[31] Initially built to observe the Sun, neutrino detectors across the Earth detected already about 3 hours before the visual supernova observation a crawl of about two dozen neutrinos struck in a short period of time, which was the first time that from far outside the Solar System and Neutrinos were detected in the supernova.


Question: How does a supernova arise?

Supernova

The incident was the first in which a known star exploded.


Question: How does a supernova arise?

Supernova

SN 2006gy SN 2006gy was a supernova first observed at McDonald Observatory on September 18, 2006.


Question: How does a supernova arise?

Supernova

The explosion occurred in the galaxy NGC 1260, belonging to the constellation Perseus, located 72 megaparsecs from Earth.


Question: How does a supernova arise?

Supernova

SN 2006gy has an absolute magnitude of −22, making it the brightest supernova ever observed.


Question: How does a supernova arise?

Supernova

The exploded star has a mass of more than 100 solar masses, possibly as high as 130—150 solar masses.


Question: How does a supernova arise?

Supernova

On 19 February 2007, SN 2007ae Markku Nissinen and Veli-Pekka Hentunen discovered a new supernova known under the catalogue symbol SN2007ae at Härkämäki Observatory.


Question: How does a supernova arise?

Supernova

SN2007ae was located in a galaxy known by the catalogue symbol UGC 10704 with more precise coordinates of R.A = 17h01m51s.95 and declination = +79°01'54.6.


Question: How does a supernova arise?

Supernova

[32] [33] The supernova was type 1a and had a brightness of about 17.4 magnitudes at the time of description.


Question: How does a supernova arise?

Supernova

[32] This supernova is the first to be discovered and described in Finland.


Question: How does a supernova arise?

Supernova

[34] Astronomer Seppo Mattila has previously discovered supernovae, but his discoveries have been made in the Canary Islands and Chile.


Question: How does a supernova arise?

Supernova

[35] Sources Literature Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Maalampi, Jukka (ed.


Question: How does a supernova arise?

Supernova

) | title = Where do you go, universe?


Question: How does a supernova arise?

Supernova

Posts about cosmos| location = Helsinki| publisher = Physics cost| year = 2000| id = ISBN 951-97790-0-0}} On topic elsewhere Check date values in: |accessdate=, |date= (help) Check date values in: |accessdate=, |date= (help) Check date values in: |accessdate=, |date= ( help) Check date values in: |accessdate=, |date= (help) Check date values in: |accessdate= (help) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) * Category:Astronomical events Category:Key articles of screening


Question: In what categories was Babel nominated for an Oscar?

Descendants

The Descendants is an American drama film directed by Alexander Payne.


Question: In what categories was Babel nominated for an Oscar?

Descendants

It stars George Clooney, Shailene Woodley, Judy Greer, Beau Bridges, Matthew Lillard and Robert Forster.


Question: In what categories was Babel nominated for an Oscar?

Descendants

The film is based on the novel The Descendants by Kaui Hart Hemmings.


Question: In what categories was Babel nominated for an Oscar?

Descendants

The film premiered in the United States on November 18, 2011.


Question: In what categories was Babel nominated for an Oscar?

Descendants

In Finland, the film premiered on February 2, 2012.


Question: In what categories was Babel nominated for an Oscar?

Descendants

The Descendants won the Oscar for Best Adapted Screenplay after also being nominated in the categories of Best Film, Directing, Lead and Cut.


Question: In what categories was Babel nominated for an Oscar?

Descendants

The film also won the Golden Globe Award for Best Drama Film and Actress.


Question: In what categories was Babel nominated for an Oscar?

Descendants

On the subject elsewhere Transclusion error: {{En}} is only for use in File namespace.


Question: In what categories was Babel nominated for an Oscar?

Descendants

Use {{lang-en}} or {{en icon}} instead.


Question: In what categories was Babel nominated for an Oscar?

Descendants

Please use a more specific IMDb template.


Question: In what categories was Babel nominated for an Oscar?

Descendants

See the documentation for available templates.


Question: In what categories was Babel nominated for an Oscar?

Descendants

Transclusion error: {{En}} is only for use in File namespace.


Question: In what categories was Babel nominated for an Oscar?

Descendants

Use {{lang-en}} or {{en icon}} instead.


Question: In what categories was Babel nominated for an Oscar?

Descendants


Question: In what categories was Babel nominated for an Oscar?

Descendants

Use {{lang-en}} or {{en icon}} instead.


Question: In what categories was Babel nominated for an Oscar?

Descendants


Question: In what categories was Babel nominated for an Oscar?

Descendants

Use {{lang-en}} or {{en icon}} instead.


Question: In what categories was Babel nominated for an Oscar?

Descendants

Category:American films of 2011 Category:Drama films Category:Comedy films Category:Films directed by Alexander Payne Category:Films based on novels Category:Films by Fox Searchlight Pictures Category:Best Adapted Screenplay Academy Award Films Category:Golden Globe Award-winning films


Question: What was Väinö Raikkilä's first published book?

Väinö Raikkilä

Väinö Ilmari Raikkilä (10 June 1906, Loviisa — 6 September 1969 in Rauma) was a Finnish youth writer.


Question: What was Väinö Raikkilä's first published book?

Väinö Raikkilä

Childhood and adolescence Riikkilä had no other education in writing besides national school.


Question: What was Väinö Raikkilä's first published book?

Väinö Raikkilä

He was 12 years old when he lost his father, who was active on the Reds side in the Civil War, in the remainder of 1918.


Question: What was Väinö Raikkilä's first published book?

Väinö Raikkilä

Due to the poverty of the family, as a child, he was forced to do hard work in a farmhouse for food and housing.


Question: What was Väinö Raikkilä's first published book?

Väinö Raikkilä

Of this phase reminiscent of slavery, he wrote only in his memoirs in 1968.


Question: What was Väinö Raikkilä's first published book?

Väinö Raikkilä

This stage perhaps lies against the backdrop of nagging mothers and toned fathers in his boyhood books, for at the age of the heroes of the books, he had no parents nearby, there was only work and escape through folk school doctrine to the stories of the books.


Question: What was Väinö Raikkilä's first published book?

Väinö Raikkilä

After the farmhouse threw him away because of a misdemeanor committed by another boy, he found work in a swim and sawmill.


Question: What was Väinö Raikkilä's first published book?

Väinö Raikkilä

Life was made easier when his mother remarried and moved to Eagle, allowing her to take the boy in.


Question: What was Väinö Raikkilä's first published book?

Väinö Raikkilä

In adulthood Riikkilä worked and wrote in Karhula, whose Suulisniemi is the landscape of his boybooks.


Question: What was Väinö Raikkilä's first published book?

Väinö Raikkilä

His writings were published in journals beginning in 1929.


Question: What was Väinö Raikkilä's first published book?

Väinö Raikkilä

After moving to Helsinki, she received support from Z. Castren, director of the writing district at the Helsinki Workers' College, and Ilmari Jäämaa of the Young Voima Union.


Question: What was Väinö Raikkilä's first published book?

Väinö Raikkilä

Beginning in 1948, he, apart from few author-grant periods, earned his living in Rauma as a warehouse manager at a machine shop in Rauma-Repola.


Question: What was Väinö Raikkilä's first published book?

Väinö Raikkilä

Among the themes of his books is an accurate depiction of the work.


Question: What was Väinö Raikkilä's first published book?

Väinö Raikkilä

He had also worked as a farmworker, ship warmer, construction worker, night watchman, and dance musician, for example.


Question: What was Väinö Raikkilä's first published book?

Väinö Raikkilä

[1] Raikkilä's spouse was Meeri Blomqvist since 1933.


Question: What was Väinö Raikkilä's first published book?

Väinö Raikkilä

Two sons were born into the family.


Question: What was Väinö Raikkilä's first published book?

Väinö Raikkilä

Literary production Ritikkilä's production consists of fifteen books, twelve of which are juvenile novels.


Question: What was Väinö Raikkilä's first published book?

Väinö Raikkilä

[2] In this genre of literature, he achieved a very popular position.


Question: What was Väinö Raikkilä's first published book?

Väinö Raikkilä

The Pertsa and Kulu stories are classics in their own genre.


Question: What was Väinö Raikkilä's first published book?

Väinö Raikkilä

They have a detective plot carrying the story.


Question: What was Väinö Raikkilä's first published book?

Väinö Raikkilä

The parents of children also play a significant role in the narratives and the way they are brought up becomes depicted in the novels.


Question: What was Väinö Raikkilä's first published book?

Väinö Raikkilä

The first book by Pertsa and Kulu was completed in 1948, but it did not appear until 1951.


Question: What was Väinö Raikkilä's first published book?

Väinö Raikkilä

The growth story of the six Pertsa and Kilu books is the boys' transition from home to even more spacious waters, and the dream of becoming a sailor was replaced by getting a boat and taking responsibility at all.


Question: What was Väinö Raikkilä's first published book?

Väinö Raikkilä

In the 1970s, the Pertsa and Kivu books were made into a television series directed by Vili Auvinen.


Question: What was Väinö Raikkilä's first published book?

Väinö Raikkilä

In 2000, Taavi Vartia made a new television series about Pertsa and Kilu, but it was not based on Riikkilä's texts.


Question: What was Väinö Raikkilä's first published book?

Väinö Raikkilä

Riikkilä wrote only two novels for adults.


Question: What was Väinö Raikkilä's first published book?

Väinö Raikkilä

In addition, he wrote an autobiography and two plays.


Question: What was Väinö Raikkilä's first published book?

Väinö Raikkilä

In magazines, his stories have been published in abundance.


Question: What was Väinö Raikkilä's first published book?

Väinö Raikkilä

Riikkilä was awarded the Medal of Arts of Western Finland by the newspaper in 1959.


Question: What was Väinö Raikkilä's first published book?

Väinö Raikkilä

In addition, he received the Enlightenment Prize and the Youth Book Award.


Question: What was Väinö Raikkilä's first published book?

Väinö Raikkilä

The title club Väinö Riikkilä was founded in Rauma in 1986.


Question: What was Väinö Raikkilä's first published book?

Väinö Raikkilä

The first Pertsa and Kulu Award was presented in 1996.


Question: What was Väinö Raikkilä's first published book?

Väinö Raikkilä

Works The Last Khans, WSOY, 1951 Pertsa ja Kivu, WSOY, 1952 Smoke rose from the island, WSOY, 1952 By ferry over Enonselä, WSOY, 1953 Pertsa and Kiluu at sea, WSOY, 1953 Pertsa and Kivu as skippers, WSOY, 1955 Adventure's last cargo, WSOY, 1957 Man and factory, Y, 1957 Life begins at 4pm, WSOY, 1958 Iikka ja Vili, WSOY, 1959 Redhead Iikka, WSOY, 1960 Repa and Bugs, WSOY, 1964 Time men and bean wolf, WSOY, 1965 Repa pushes with guts, WSOY, 1966 Boy's Memoirs, WSOY, 1968 Ship Girl: A Play, 1961.


Question: What was Väinö Raikkilä's first published book?

Väinö Raikkilä

The second name of the play was Spirit Hole, and it tells of the fact that the sea was a spirit hole for Riikkilä: a boat and a ship took man from work to another world.


Question: What was Väinö Raikkilä's first published book?

Väinö Raikkilä

Anchor watch: Retarded papers, Väinö Riikkilä Seura, 1992 Sources Literature Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Grünn, Karl| title = Finnish Youth Classics 1| number = Väinö Riikkilä| location = Helsinki| publisher = BTJ Library Service| year = 2000| version = Edited by Ismo Loivamaa| isbn = 951-692-482-4}} References Literature Raikkilä, Väinö: Anchor watch: Retarded papers.


Question: What was Väinö Raikkilä's first published book?

Väinö Raikkilä

Edited by Jouko Grönholm.


Question: What was Väinö Raikkilä's first published book?

Väinö Raikkilä

Väinö Riikkilä Seura, Uotila, 1992.


Question: What was Väinö Raikkilä's first published book?

Väinö Raikkilä

ISBN 951-96462-0-5 On the topic elsewhere Parkkinen, Jukka: Category:Finnish writers for children and young people Category:People born in 1906 Class:Persons who died in 1969


Question: Where are Power Rangers mechos born from?

Zordon

Zordon is a fictional character in the Power Rangers universe.


Question: Where are Power Rangers mechos born from?

Zordon

He was a powerful wizard who served as the Rangers mentor on the television series Mighty Morphin Power Rangers and several subsequent Power Rangers series.


Question: Where are Power Rangers mechos born from?

Zordon

In the first season of production for the Mighty Morphin Power Rangers, he was starred and voiced by David Fielding.


Question: Where are Power Rangers mechos born from?

Zordon

From the second production season onwards, the voice actor was Robert L. Manahan.


Question: Where are Power Rangers mechos born from?

Zordon

Although Power Ranger groups have been said to have existed even before Zordonia is considered him nonetheless as the founder of the first modern Power Rangers.


Question: Where are Power Rangers mechos born from?

Zordon

He is also considered the developer of several terms still used in the Power Rangers universe.


Question: Where are Power Rangers mechos born from?

Zordon

One of the most noteworthy terms is the word zord, which refers to mechanical or biomechanical robotic machines of several buildings the size used in the sets.


Question: Where are Power Rangers mechos born from?

Zordon

Another word worth mentioning is Megazord, which means the large and often human-like mechos that arise when the Zords are united.


Question: Where are Power Rangers mechos born from?

Zordon

More than 10,000 years ago, Zordon fought the evil space witch Rita Repulsa.


Question: Where are Power Rangers mechos born from?

Zordon

He and his loyal robotic assistant Alpha 5 had also discovered at the time a box containing the five original power coins later used by the Rangers and a map to the temple where the coins' creator Ninjor lived.


Question: Where are Power Rangers mechos born from?

Zordon

The character's story Before the Mighty Morphin Power Rangers, during a battle between Zordon and the evil space witch Rita Repulsa, Rita had trapped Zordon in an interdimensional time distortion.


Question: Where are Power Rangers mechos born from?

Zordon

Although five brave warriors were able to lock Rita and her henchmen in a space tank, Zordon was still captured in the interdimensional time distortion.


Question: Where are Power Rangers mechos born from?

Zordon

Because of that, Zordon was practically just a floating head in an energy tube, aided by the loyal robotic helper Alpha 5.


Question: Where are Power Rangers mechos born from?

Zordon

By the end of the fighting, Zordon had chosen Earth as his new base and built his command center in the California desert.


Question: Where are Power Rangers mechos born from?

Zordon

Zordon had made a good choice, as Rita's space tank eventually landed on the Moon, from where he later began his attack on the world.


Question: Where are Power Rangers mechos born from?

Zordon

On one occasion, Kimberly Hart, from the mid-1990s, accidentally fell back in time to 1880.


Question: Where are Power Rangers mechos born from?

Zordon

He did not go there alone, however, as Goldar and a monster resembling a cactus followed him, intending to destroy Earth in the past.


Question: Where are Power Rangers mechos born from?

Zordon

Kimberly radioed to the command center to ask Zordon for help.


Question: Where are Power Rangers mechos born from?

Zordon

Zordon gave him four more power coins on loan to defeat the monster.


Question: Where are Power Rangers mechos born from?

Zordon

[1] Zordon's proper state of being was seen in the first season of production for the Mighty Morphin Power Rangers.


Question: Where are Power Rangers mechos born from?

Zordon

After Baboo had turned Kimberly Hart and Billy Cranston into tough faces using his potion, Zordon told rangers how he'd fought clay warriors millennia ago to get a rare plant for himself.


Question: Where are Power Rangers mechos born from?

Zordon

The same plant was the only method to return Billy and Kimberly to normal.


Question: Where are Power Rangers mechos born from?

Zordon

Later, Alpha found a plant, but he too had to fight the clay warriors.


Question: Where are Power Rangers mechos born from?

Zordon

It was seen that before his time distortion, Zordon was dressed in white clothes and had been wearing a sky blue turban on his head.


Question: Where are Power Rangers mechos born from?

Zordon

[2] Mighty Morphin Power Rangers When Zordon one day discovered Rita Repulsa had run away, together with Alpha, he sought out five teenagers with the right attitude to defend the world.


Question: Where are Power Rangers mechos born from?

Zordon

He recruited Jason Lee Scott, Zack Taylor, Billy Cranston, Trini Kwan, and Kimberly Hart as Power Rangers.


Question: Where are Power Rangers mechos born from?

Zordon

Zordon himself served as their mentor and advisor.


Question: Where are Power Rangers mechos born from?

Zordon

He also gave them access to zords, fittings and always shared useful information if necessary.


Question: Where are Power Rangers mechos born from?

Zordon

[3] After the appearance of the Evil Green Ranger, it was noticed how important Zordon was to the group.


Question: Where are Power Rangers mechos born from?

Zordon

Rita decided to use the dragon power coin she had in her possession, so she brainwashed Tommy Oliver into her evil green ranger.


Question: Where are Power Rangers mechos born from?

Zordon

Tommy's first task was to cut the Rangers' connection with Zordon.


Question: Where are Power Rangers mechos born from?

Zordon

In Zordon's absence, the Rangers and Alpha were clearly in trouble.


Question: Where are Power Rangers mechos born from?

Zordon

When Alpha finally regained contact, the situation began to turn in the Rangers' favour and eventually Tommy also broke free from Rita's enchantment.


Question: Where are Power Rangers mechos born from?

Zordon

[4] Zordon often seemed to know the true nature of things, even if he was trapped in time distortion.


Question: Where are Power Rangers mechos born from?

Zordon

He, among other things, knew right from the start that Tommy was a green ranger.


Question: Where are Power Rangers mechos born from?

Zordon

Later, he was able to keep Tommy's Green Ranger powers longer enabled by periodically loading Tommy's dragon coin with his own powers.


Question: Where are Power Rangers mechos born from?

Zordon

[5] Tommy was also chosen by Zordon to be the new White Ranger after Tommy had lost his Green Ranger powers for good.


Question: Where are Power Rangers mechos born from?

Zordon

[6] Zordon almost always knew everything about everything.


Question: Where are Power Rangers mechos born from?

Zordon

He also cared for each ranger as an individual, advising and encouraging them in battles as well as in their daily lives.


Question: Where are Power Rangers mechos born from?

Zordon

During the Mighty Morphin Power Rangers series, Zordon experienced a lot with the Rangers.


Question: Where are Power Rangers mechos born from?

Zordon

He helped them transition from the Dinozords to the more powerful Thunderzords when new enemy Lord Zedd arrived on the Moon [7]; he also saw the transfer of rangers' powers to new rangers Rocky DeSantos, Adam Park, Aisha Campbell and Katherine Hillard, and ninja powers and zords Acquisition.


Question: Where are Power Rangers mechos born from?

Zordon

[8] [9] [10] However, he and the Rangers were unable to prevent the evil Master Vile from using Orb of Doom to move the Earth back in time.


Question: Where are Power Rangers mechos born from?

Zordon

[11] Mighty Morphin Alien Rangers After Earth moved back in time, the Power Rangers had become children again, so they could no longer use their powers.


Question: Where are Power Rangers mechos born from?

Zordon

However, Earth still needed protection, so Zordon sought help from the Power Rangers of the planet Aquitar.


Question: Where are Power Rangers mechos born from?

Zordon

These rangers were aliens living on their planet in an underwater environment.


Question: Where are Power Rangers mechos born from?

Zordon

Therefore, Earth's environment was not well suited to them, but they decided to come to their aid nonetheless.


Question: Where are Power Rangers mechos born from?

Zordon

[12] Billy built a machine that took power from ninja coins, with which he hoped to turn the Rangers back into the right age.


Question: Where are Power Rangers mechos born from?

Zordon

However, only Billy had time to use the device before Goldar and Rito Revolto stole it.


Question: Where are Power Rangers mechos born from?

Zordon

After that, the six ninja coins that were inside the device were destroyed by Rita and Lord Zedd, so the powers used by the Power Rangers were gone for good.


Question: Where are Power Rangers mechos born from?

Zordon

[13] Zordon thought about a way to restore the Earth at the right time.


Question: Where are Power Rangers mechos born from?

Zordon

He came up with Zeocrystal as a solution, which had, however, previously been broken up by the rangers into five smaller crystals and sent the resulting pieces to different eras across the world.


Question: Where are Power Rangers mechos born from?

Zordon

[14] Zordon sent his young rangers through the portal in search of these fragments.


Question: Where are Power Rangers mechos born from?

Zordon

[15] The Rangers succeeded in their mission and the Earth was restored at the right time with the help of ZeoCrystal.


Question: Where are Power Rangers mechos born from?

Zordon

Afterwards, the Rangers of Aquitari returned to their own planet.


Question: Where are Power Rangers mechos born from?

Zordon

In the meantime, however, Goldar and Rito Revolto stole Zeocrystal from the rangers' command center and moments later the bomb they rigged blew the command center to pieces.


Question: Where are Power Rangers mechos born from?

Zordon

As the command center was destroyed, Zordon told Alpha to move the rangers to safety and for a moment it appeared that Zordon and Alpha were destroyed in the explosion.


Question: Where are Power Rangers mechos born from?

Zordon

[16] Power Rangers Zeo At the beginning of the television series Power Rangers Zeo, the rangers and Tanya Sloan, who joined as a new member, found a Zeocrystal dropped by Goldar and Rito in the ruins of the command center.


Question: Where are Power Rangers mechos born from?

Zordon

[17] The Rangers also found their new base, where Zordon and Alpha 5 were already waiting for them.


Question: Where are Power Rangers mechos born from?

Zordon

Zordon told the rangers that a new enemy faction composed of robots, the Machine Empire, had entered the solar system and was planning to conquer Earth.


Question: Where are Power Rangers mechos born from?

Zordon

He also presented the rangers with their new zeo powers, who took their powers from Zeocristal.


Question: Where are Power Rangers mechos born from?

Zordon

[18] Zordon continued as a mentor to the rangers and as time went on, he revealed, along with Alpha and Billy, the rangers to introduce new zords and weapons with which they defended Earth.


Question: Where are Power Rangers mechos born from?

Zordon

Power Rangers with Turbo Gear In the film Power Rangers with Turbo Gear, Zordon realised the rangers needed to have powers more powerful than zepowers when a vicious space pirate Divatox had arrived after a powerful wizard named Lerigot on Earth.


Question: Where are Power Rangers mechos born from?

Zordon

Thus, Zordon made new turbo forces available to the rangers and also helped them in the creation of powerful Turbozords.


Question: Where are Power Rangers mechos born from?

Zordon

On top of that, Zordon chose Justin Stewart to replace Rocky as the Blue Ranger, as Rocky had injured his back while training for a mixed martial arts tournament.


Question: Where are Power Rangers mechos born from?

Zordon

Justin had discovered through chance the identities of the Power Rangers after Zordon had asked them to move into the power chamber.


Question: Where are Power Rangers mechos born from?

Zordon

[19] Sources Category:Power Rangers Characters Category:Mighty Morphin Power Rangers Class:Power Rangers Zeo Class:Television Characters


Question: When did they start using electric trains in Finland?

History of the Finnish rail network

The history of the Finnish network can be considered to extend at least to March 20.


Question: When did they start using electric trains in Finland?

History of the Finnish rail network

1849, when Colonel Alfred Stjernvall, the head of the Department of Road and Civil Engineering, proposed the construction of a horse-drawn railway from Helsinki to Turkhau.


Question: When did they start using electric trains in Finland?

History of the Finnish rail network

The track would have crossed Salpausselät and connected the country's capital with navigable Järvi-Finland.


Question: When did they start using electric trains in Finland?

History of the Finnish rail network

The Governor-General ordered the matter to be investigated, and in 1851 a plan was completed to build a locomotive railway from Helsinki to Hämeenlinna.


Question: When did they start using electric trains in Finland?

History of the Finnish rail network

[1] In 1862, the first section of the Finnish network was opened in 1862, which is now part of the Finnish main line.


Question: When did they start using electric trains in Finland?

History of the Finnish rail network

[2] At the end of the 19th century, trains in Finland were designed to travel only 25 kilometres per hour, so the journey was slow but still faster than horse rides.


Question: When did they start using electric trains in Finland?

History of the Finnish rail network

The main part of the line was built between 1850 and 1900.


Question: When did they start using electric trains in Finland?

History of the Finnish rail network

Finland was poor and the wages paid to the workers small.


Question: When did they start using electric trains in Finland?

History of the Finnish rail network

An efficient mode of transport was needed to transport both finished products and raw materials.


Question: When did they start using electric trains in Finland?

History of the Finnish rail network

After all, the United States and England had seen their watershed impact on the economy.


Question: When did they start using electric trains in Finland?

History of the Finnish rail network

Finland was going through rapid industrialisation.


Question: When did they start using electric trains in Finland?

History of the Finnish rail network

The tracks were built around that time by the Grand Duchy of Finland, and the building funds for the Helsinki—Hämeenlinna line were raised, among other things, through a liquor burning tax, when the Crown received little money elsewhere.


Question: When did they start using electric trains in Finland?

History of the Finnish rail network

Accumulation of this tax was slowed, among other things, by the great years of disappearance at the end of the 1850s.


Question: When did they start using electric trains in Finland?

History of the Finnish rail network

There have been quite a few new sections of track in the latter part of the 20th century.


Question: When did they start using electric trains in Finland?

History of the Finnish rail network

Some of the biggest projects have been the Äänekoski—Haapajärvi line in 1960 [3] and the Martinlaakso commuter rail line in 1975 [3].


Question: When did they start using electric trains in Finland?

History of the Finnish rail network

Since 1970, mainly short tracks have been built.


Question: When did they start using electric trains in Finland?

History of the Finnish rail network

These include the track from Tampere via Parkano to Seinäjoki, completed in 1971 [2] [3], and the Kerava—Lahti Oikorata, completed in 1978 [2] [3], and the Kerava—Lahti Oikorata completed in 2006 [3] [4].


Question: When did they start using electric trains in Finland?

History of the Finnish rail network

Shorttracks were made to short the bends that slowed the running of trains and to increase capacity.


Question: When did they start using electric trains in Finland?

History of the Finnish rail network

Railroads were in some degree of depression from the 1960s onwards because it was believed automobiles would be the mode of transportation of the future.


Question: When did they start using electric trains in Finland?

History of the Finnish rail network

The perception has had to be revised in the late 20th and early 21st centuries, as traffic congestion and growing environmental awareness advocate a new rise in railways.


Question: When did they start using electric trains in Finland?

History of the Finnish rail network

Development The construction of railways began relatively late in Finland.


Question: When did they start using electric trains in Finland?

History of the Finnish rail network

The first section of the line was opened on 17 March 1862 between Helsinki and Hämeenlinna [5]; this later became the main line in Finland.


Question: When did they start using electric trains in Finland?

History of the Finnish rail network

In 1870 [2] [3] a connection to Saint Petersburg was completed, which at that time was an important link with the capital of the Tsarist Empire.


Question: When did they start using electric trains in Finland?

History of the Finnish rail network

Since Finland was part of the Russian Empire, Russian gauge (1,524mm/5', now 1520mm in Russia) began to be used here.


Question: When did they start using electric trains in Finland?

History of the Finnish rail network

The extension of the Helsingin-Hämeenlinna line through Toijala to Tampere and the branch line from Toijala to Turku were opened to traffic on 22 June 1876.


Question: When did they start using electric trains in Finland?

History of the Finnish rail network

[5] [6] This is how the three largest cities in the country were combined.


Question: When did they start using electric trains in Finland?

History of the Finnish rail network

In 1883 there followed a connection from Tampere via Haapamäki to Seinäjoki and Vaasa [2] [3] and in 1886 Oulu was also connected to Seinäjoki. [2] [3].


Question: When did they start using electric trains in Finland?

History of the Finnish rail network

In 1909, the railways finally also took to Rovaniemi, the capital of Lapland.


Question: When did they start using electric trains in Finland?

History of the Finnish rail network

[3] [7] Thereafter, construction of new lines was reduced for an extended period of time, and the wars did not improve the situation.


Question: When did they start using electric trains in Finland?

History of the Finnish rail network

Since the main line that ran to Joensuu, starting from Vyborg in the Peace Treaty of 1944, was built to replace the connection from Parikkala to Onkamo in 1966.


Question: When did they start using electric trains in Finland?

History of the Finnish rail network

[2] [3] In the next decade, more track was finally built, for example the Tampere—Lielahti—Parkano—Seinäjoki line, which significantly shortened the travel time between Southern Finland and Northern Finland.


Question: When did they start using electric trains in Finland?

History of the Finnish rail network

1965 began an extensive electrification project.


Question: When did they start using electric trains in Finland?

History of the Finnish rail network

The advantage of the late start was that the latest technology could be used, namely 25 kV and 50Hz, which even today is the best technology.


Question: When did they start using electric trains in Finland?

History of the Finnish rail network

Electrification has the advantage of lower energy consumption and pollution free.


Question: When did they start using electric trains in Finland?

History of the Finnish rail network

Electrification started on the section of line from Helsinki to Kirkkonummi.


Question: When did they start using electric trains in Finland?

History of the Finnish rail network

Timetable electric train services to Kirkkonummi began on 26 January 1969.


Question: When did they start using electric trains in Finland?

History of the Finnish rail network

[8] Many routes were electrified only in the 1990s, such as Tampere—Jyväskylä in 1994 and Helsinki to Turku in 1995.


Question: When did they start using electric trains in Finland?

History of the Finnish rail network

Electrification to the Oulu—Rovaniemi section was completed after a few years of construction in December 2004 [9] and the Oulu—Iisalmi/Vartius sections in 2006.


Question: When did they start using electric trains in Finland?

History of the Finnish rail network

Southern Finland Finland's first railway for public transport, the current main line, from Helsinki to Hämeenlinna was completed in 1862.


Question: When did they start using electric trains in Finland?

History of the Finnish rail network

[2] The rail link from Helsinki via Riihimäki and Vyborg to Saint Petersburg was opened in 1870.


Question: When did they start using electric trains in Finland?

History of the Finnish rail network

[2] [10] Finland was then an autonomous Grand Duchy under Russian rule.


Question: When did they start using electric trains in Finland?

History of the Finnish rail network

The track from Riihimäki to Saint Petersburg was built deep inland for military reasons so that enemies could not easily use it for their own needs.


Question: When did they start using electric trains in Finland?

History of the Finnish rail network

The Helsinki Metropolitan Railway has been a major factor in the development of Vantaa.


Question: When did they start using electric trains in Finland?

History of the Finnish rail network

The railway has the advantage of being a much more efficient route than road in terms of transport capacity for transferring passengers and goods.


Question: When did they start using electric trains in Finland?

History of the Finnish rail network

The railway has had a very significant impact on Vantaa's population and economic structure.


Question: When did they start using electric trains in Finland?

History of the Finnish rail network

With that, people moved to new areas as the track made it possible to work in Helsinki.


Question: When did they start using electric trains in Finland?

History of the Finnish rail network

The first section of line was opened from Helsinki to Hämeenlinna on 17 March 1862, construction work began in 1857.


Question: When did they start using electric trains in Finland?

History of the Finnish rail network

[11] The second track was built between Pasila and Tikkurila in 1899, the following year it was extended as far as Kerava.


Question: When did they start using electric trains in Finland?

History of the Finnish rail network

The third track was made from Helsinki to Tikkurila in 1972 and north of Tikkurila in 1981.


Question: When did they start using electric trains in Finland?

History of the Finnish rail network

The Vantaankoski track, which separates from the beach track in Huopalahdi, was completed in 1975.


Question: When did they start using electric trains in Finland?

History of the Finnish rail network

[3] When electrified, traffic began running regularly from Helsinki to Kirkkonummi in January 1969 and to Sääharju in September 1970.


Question: When did they start using electric trains in Finland?

History of the Finnish rail network

[12] Eastern Finland Riihimäki—Saint Petersburg line was completed in 1870, [3] and in 1890 the Kouvola—Kotka line was built.


Question: When did they start using electric trains in Finland?

History of the Finnish rail network

[3] From the 1860s, railway issues arose in Savossak.


Question: When did they start using electric trains in Finland?

History of the Finnish rail network

Several alternative plans existed for the railway network; one plan already presented in the early 1860s required the construction of the lines Helsinki—Hämeenlinna—Tampere—Vaasa and Viipuri—Lappeenranta, Kuopio—Oulu, as well as transverse connection lines for these, including Hämeenlinna—Mikkeli.


Question: When did they start using electric trains in Finland?

History of the Finnish rail network

However, the first to reach Finland was the Helsinki—Hämeenlinna line and the Riihimäki—Saint Petersburg line.


Question: When did they start using electric trains in Finland?

History of the Finnish rail network

The Savo line from Kouvola to Kuopio was complete in 1889, [3] and opened to traffic on 1 October 1889.


Question: When did they start using electric trains in Finland?

History of the Finnish rail network

[5] The original Karelian line from Vyborg via Sortavala to Joensu and the branch line from Antrea to Imatra were built between 1890 and 1894.


Question: When did they start using electric trains in Finland?

History of the Finnish rail network

[2] [3] It was later extended from Joensuu to Lieksa in 1910 [3], to Nurmes in 1911 [3] and from there further through Kontiomäki to Oulu.


Question: When did they start using electric trains in Finland?

History of the Finnish rail network

The section of the line between Nurmes and Oulu was completed in stages between 1926 and 1930.


Question: When did they start using electric trains in Finland?

History of the Finnish rail network

[3] The cross track from Elisenvaara along the Karelian line via Savonlinna, Pieksämäki and Jyväskylä to Haapamäe, along the Ostrobothnia line, was built in stages between 1897 and 1918.


Question: When did they start using electric trains in Finland?

History of the Finnish rail network

The first section between Haapamäki and Jyväskylä was completed in 1897, the last between Jyväskylä and Pieksämäki in 1918.


Question: When did they start using electric trains in Finland?

History of the Finnish rail network

[2] [3] This rail link from St. Petersburg through the interior of Finland to the coast of the Gulf of Bothnia to Nikolainkaupunki (now.


Question: When did they start using electric trains in Finland?

History of the Finnish rail network

For strategic reasons, the Russian government considered it very important because the old Riihimäen-Saint Petersburg line was located so close to the coast of the Gulf of Finland that it might have fallen into enemy control during the war. [13].


Question: When did they start using electric trains in Finland?

History of the Finnish rail network

As recently completed, the track really gained considerable strategic significance, but not for the Russians, but for the Whites of the Finnish Civil War, since the Riihimäen—Vyborg line was the Red, this new line instead entirely in the White-dominated area and connected the old north— southbound track sections.


Question: When did they start using electric trains in Finland?

History of the Finnish rail network

[13] Since the southern part of the Karelian line remained in the area ceded after World War II, it was built to replace the track from Parikkala to Onkamo in the 1960s.


Question: When did they start using electric trains in Finland?

History of the Finnish rail network

Prior to that, the line from Varkaus to Joensuu had served shortly before the war, the line from Varkaus to Joensuu, completed in 1939 [2].


Question: When did they start using electric trains in Finland?

History of the Finnish rail network

The Ostrobothnia Tampere—Vaasa railway was built between 1879 and 1883.


Question: When did they start using electric trains in Finland?

History of the Finnish rail network

The track site was divided into three districts.


Question: When did they start using electric trains in Finland?

History of the Finnish rail network

Of these, the first extended from Tampere to Pollar, the second from Pollar to Alavude and the third from Alavude to Vaasa.


Question: When did they start using electric trains in Finland?

History of the Finnish rail network

At the busiest time, up to 4000 track builders were at work.


Question: When did they start using electric trains in Finland?

History of the Finnish rail network

The track circled around the eastern side of Lake Näsijärvi and was tens of kilometres longer than the later-built short track through Parkano.