Question: How many women belonged to the Valkeakoski Women's Guard?

Finnish Civil War Women's Guards

[7] Like the Finnish Red Guards, the first Female Guards also emerged at the bottom of the Ordinary Guards and Committees formed since the spring of 1917, which also included a large number of women.


Question: How many women belonged to the Valkeakoski Women's Guard?

Finnish Civil War Women's Guards

[8] Women's companies were established in just under two dozen localities across southern Finland held by the Reds.


Question: How many women belonged to the Valkeakoski Women's Guard?

Finnish Civil War Women's Guards

[9] The first were formed in early February just a few days after the start of the civil war in Helsinki, Vyborg and the Valkeakoski industrial conurbation which was then the keeper of Sääksmäki.


Question: How many women belonged to the Valkeakoski Women's Guard?

Finnish Civil War Women's Guards

[7] Later in February they were also established in several other towns and industrial agglomerations, but among the farmworking population alone no Guards emerged.


Question: How many women belonged to the Valkeakoski Women's Guard?

Finnish Civil War Women's Guards

[6] The People's Delegation initially tried to curb the emergence of the Women's Guards [7] and also the anti-militarist Social Democratic League of Women was against women's armed activities.


Question: How many women belonged to the Valkeakoski Women's Guard?

Finnish Civil War Women's Guards

On March 8, it issued a statement in which the Federal Commission staunchly opposed the creation of the Women's Guards.


Question: How many women belonged to the Valkeakoski Women's Guard?

Finnish Civil War Women's Guards

[8] On 13 March, the People's Delegation finally issued a statement obliging the National Council of Labour, which served as the Red Finnish People's Representative Council, to approve the creation of the Guards.


Question: How many women belonged to the Valkeakoski Women's Guard?

Finnish Civil War Women's Guards

Subsequently, Female Guards were formed in various localities right up until the end of April.


Question: How many women belonged to the Valkeakoski Women's Guard?

Finnish Civil War Women's Guards

They received the first official order on 10 April, when Kullervo Manner, commander-in-chief of the Red Guards, ordered the guard service to women.


Question: How many women belonged to the Valkeakoski Women's Guard?

Finnish Civil War Women's Guards

[10] The last Female Guards were not established until the retreat of the Reds after mid-April, by which time their defeat had already been assured, and they had no time to operate for more than a couple of weeks.


Question: How many women belonged to the Valkeakoski Women's Guard?

Finnish Civil War Women's Guards

[7] The Women's Guards arose on their own initiative by women who joined them, without the provisions of the war leadership or the Red Civil Administration, when women who were actively involved in the labour movement also wanted to act for the revolution themselves.


Question: How many women belonged to the Valkeakoski Women's Guard?

Finnish Civil War Women's Guards

[7] Early on, the Female Guardsmen received basic military training, which compared to the overall level of training of the Red Guards was good.


Question: How many women belonged to the Valkeakoski Women's Guard?

Finnish Civil War Women's Guards

[2] Men served as trainers, but the masters of female companies were women as a rule.


Question: How many women belonged to the Valkeakoski Women's Guard?

Finnish Civil War Women's Guards

[7] However, the majority of women served outside combat divisions in guard service, as well as in medical, victualling, and maintenance roles.


Question: How many women belonged to the Valkeakoski Women's Guard?

Finnish Civil War Women's Guards

[10] Women who joined the sanitary department underwent a week-long bonding course, after which they were sent to the front.


Question: How many women belonged to the Valkeakoski Women's Guard?

Finnish Civil War Women's Guards

[3] In addition to the actual Female Guards, women also participated in the fighting along with regular Red Guard detachments.


Question: How many women belonged to the Valkeakoski Women's Guard?

Finnish Civil War Women's Guards

[6] Reasons for joining the Guard Although women's companies arose solely for reasons of ideality, [6] they were also joined due to squalid housing conditions, hunger due to food shortages, or unemployment.


Question: How many women belonged to the Valkeakoski Women's Guard?

Finnish Civil War Women's Guards

Money was one important factor, as the Red Guard paid up to three times the salary of women's normal day jobs.


Question: How many women belonged to the Valkeakoski Women's Guard?

Finnish Civil War Women's Guards

However, accession was not drifting in nature or in any way compulsory; the decision usually came about after steady deliberation.


Question: How many women belonged to the Valkeakoski Women's Guard?

Finnish Civil War Women's Guards

In addition, a general improvement in the status of women, often emphasised by the Guards by abandoning the appearance requirements that were part of the traditional female model, was also an influence.


Question: How many women belonged to the Valkeakoski Women's Guard?

Finnish Civil War Women's Guards

Women who joined the Red Guards were generally all literate and most of them were involved in the activities of women's sections of labour associations or other labour movement organizations.


Question: How many women belonged to the Valkeakoski Women's Guard?

Finnish Civil War Women's Guards

[11] However, some of the women are alleged to have also joined in error when they confused the Red Guards Medical Corps with the Red Cross.


Question: How many women belonged to the Valkeakoski Women's Guard?

Finnish Civil War Women's Guards

[3] Radical Trouser Guards were an attention-grabbing phenomenon internationally as well.


Question: How many women belonged to the Valkeakoski Women's Guard?

Finnish Civil War Women's Guards

Because the European society of the era had a negative view of women's military activities, they were seen with a gun in hand only in revolutions that violated societal norms.


Question: How many women belonged to the Valkeakoski Women's Guard?

Finnish Civil War Women's Guards

[7] Members of the Female Guards were radical in their time and have also been characterised as 'early feminists'.


Question: How many women belonged to the Valkeakoski Women's Guard?

Finnish Civil War Women's Guards

[12] Female Guardsmen often dressed uniformly, they cut their hair short and wore trousers, which at the beginning of the 20th century were only an accessory worn by men.


Question: How many women belonged to the Valkeakoski Women's Guard?

Finnish Civil War Women's Guards

In addition, women often wore old Russian gun suits.


Question: How many women belonged to the Valkeakoski Women's Guard?

Finnish Civil War Women's Guards

In addition to practicality, wearing trousers wanted to break away from the prevailing norms, and their use continues to emerge in the stories of female guardsmen.


Question: How many women belonged to the Valkeakoski Women's Guard?

Finnish Civil War Women's Guards

This is why they were often referred to as “trouser guardsmen”.


Question: How many women belonged to the Valkeakoski Women's Guard?

Finnish Civil War Women's Guards

[13] Number Researcher Jussi T. Lappalainen calculated that the Red payroll had a total of about 1,440 female Guards.


Question: How many women belonged to the Valkeakoski Women's Guard?

Finnish Civil War Women's Guards

Ohto Manninen, on the other hand, puts the total figure at around 2,000 women, because the Red Guards' lists are inaccurate and those who joined at the end of the war do not appear on the payroll either.


Question: How many women belonged to the Valkeakoski Women's Guard?

Finnish Civil War Women's Guards

Women accounted for about 2 to 3 percent of the overall strength of the Red Armed Forces.


Question: How many women belonged to the Valkeakoski Women's Guard?

Finnish Civil War Women's Guards

[10] The largest number of female Guards were in Helsinki and Tampere, but even the majority of them were active in non-armed roles.


Question: How many women belonged to the Valkeakoski Women's Guard?

Finnish Civil War Women's Guards

[7] Thousands of other women were also involved in the Ordinary Red Guards and the Civil Service of the Red Guards, as a total of 5,533 were prosecuted in the Criminal Court.


Question: How many women belonged to the Valkeakoski Women's Guard?

Finnish Civil War Women's Guards

However, not nearly all were prosecuted, so the actual number may be considerably higher still.


Question: How many women belonged to the Valkeakoski Women's Guard?

Finnish Civil War Women's Guards

[10] Combat action Despite the military training they received, the participation of the Female Guards in combat activities remained low.


Question: How many women belonged to the Valkeakoski Women's Guard?

Finnish Civil War Women's Guards

They were used only as the last reserves involved mostly in the defensive battles of Helsinki, Tampere and Vyborg.


Question: How many women belonged to the Valkeakoski Women's Guard?

Finnish Civil War Women's Guards

In addition, the Women Guards participated in some of the fighting in Kymenlaakso and the Karelian Isthmus, as well as clashes during the retreat phase, when columns of Red refugees from the west attempted in Southern Häme to break through the opposing cordon towards the east.


Question: How many women belonged to the Valkeakoski Women's Guard?

Finnish Civil War Women's Guards

[10] First contact was received by the Tampere Region Guards since 26 March.


Question: How many women belonged to the Valkeakoski Women's Guard?

Finnish Civil War Women's Guards

Before the surrender of Tampere on 6 April, more than ten female Guardsmen were killed either in combat or in executions.


Question: How many women belonged to the Valkeakoski Women's Guard?

Finnish Civil War Women's Guards

The Helsinki Women Guards, meanwhile, were caught up in battle when the Germans who had landed in Hanko advanced to Helsinki on 10 April.


Question: How many women belonged to the Valkeakoski Women's Guard?

Finnish Civil War Women's Guards

The most significant contribution to the outcome by the Women Guards played in the Battle of Alvettula on 27 April.


Question: How many women belonged to the Valkeakoski Women's Guard?

Finnish Civil War Women's Guards

[7] According to researcher Tuomas Hoppu, refusals were seen at least in Tampere.


Question: How many women belonged to the Valkeakoski Women's Guard?

Finnish Civil War Women's Guards

There, some of the women did not want to go into battle, but were prepared to hand away their weapons and return home.


Question: How many women belonged to the Valkeakoski Women's Guard?

Finnish Civil War Women's Guards

A little later, however, the Female Guards tenaciously defended the last Reds positions at Tampere Town Hall and demanded the men who were already handing over to continue the fight.


Question: How many women belonged to the Valkeakoski Women's Guard?

Finnish Civil War Women's Guards

However, the proportion of women was generally exaggerated in war propaganda by both Reds and Whites.


Question: How many women belonged to the Valkeakoski Women's Guard?

Finnish Civil War Women's Guards

[14] Prisoners and executions General about executions There is no exact information on the number of female Guardsmen executed, but the figures vary in different sources.


Question: How many women belonged to the Valkeakoski Women's Guard?

Finnish Civil War Women's Guards

Commonly executed women are thought to number at least 420 to 460 who were shot either immediately after the fighting or later in prison camps before the war ended in mid-May.


Question: How many women belonged to the Valkeakoski Women's Guard?

Finnish Civil War Women's Guards

Executions were commonly carried out in all other localities except Tamperetta, where female Guardsmen remained prisoners.


Question: How many women belonged to the Valkeakoski Women's Guard?

Finnish Civil War Women's Guards

Only three women are known to have been shot in Tampere immediately after the battle, but no subsequent executions were carried out in the city due to the ban on officers.


Question: How many women belonged to the Valkeakoski Women's Guard?

Finnish Civil War Women's Guards

By far the highest number of women were executed in Lahti and Hollola, where at least a couple of hundred female Guardsmen were shot in the space of a couple of weeks.


Question: How many women belonged to the Valkeakoski Women's Guard?

Finnish Civil War Women's Guards

A known mass execution also took place on 1 May in Hauho, where at least 20 members of the Valkeakoski Women's Guard who had been captured a few days earlier were shot.


Question: How many women belonged to the Valkeakoski Women's Guard?

Finnish Civil War Women's Guards

According to some accounts, the women were raped the night before their execution.


Question: How many women belonged to the Valkeakoski Women's Guard?

Finnish Civil War Women's Guards

[7] In addition, there were extensive mass executions at least in Vyborg.


Question: How many women belonged to the Valkeakoski Women's Guard?

Finnish Civil War Women's Guards

The average age of the women executed was about 20 years and the youngest were just 14 years old.


Question: How many women belonged to the Valkeakoski Women's Guard?

Finnish Civil War Women's Guards

Working women from urban and industrial built-up areas, particularly regarded as the dregs of society, were shot, but not much of the rural maids and servants who joined the Female Guards.


Question: How many women belonged to the Valkeakoski Women's Guard?

Finnish Civil War Women's Guards

[15] According to some claims, women would have been executed by the Germans, but all eye-catching reports confirm the Finns as executioners.


Question: How many women belonged to the Valkeakoski Women's Guard?

Finnish Civil War Women's Guards

The Germans, on the other hand, had even prevented executions of Red prisoners on several occasions, which worsened the intervals between Whites and Germans.


Question: How many women belonged to the Valkeakoski Women's Guard?

Finnish Civil War Women's Guards

Women also tended to be raped before execution.


Question: How many women belonged to the Valkeakoski Women's Guard?

Finnish Civil War Women's Guards

[16] There have been reports of executions circulating for decades that women dressed in trousers considered men's clothing were systematically shot.


Question: How many women belonged to the Valkeakoski Women's Guard?

Finnish Civil War Women's Guards

Because of this, women, after being taken prisoner, tended to get rid of their trousers and wore a sheer petticoat, for example.


Question: How many women belonged to the Valkeakoski Women's Guard?

Finnish Civil War Women's Guards

Later research has sometimes seen the claim as a myth, but according to Marjo Liukonen, who studied executions in the 2010s, for example, this was indeed the case.


Question: How many women belonged to the Valkeakoski Women's Guard?

Finnish Civil War Women's Guards

[17] [18] Lahti executions The most extensive executions were seen in Lahti and Hollola, where at least 180—220 female Guardsmen were shot during April—May.


Question: How many women belonged to the Valkeakoski Women's Guard?

Finnish Civil War Women's Guards

[19] According to licentiate work approved at the University of Lapland in 2016, a total of 218 women were executed in the Hennala prison camp, but likely there were still many more.


Question: How many women belonged to the Valkeakoski Women's Guard?

Finnish Civil War Women's Guards

The Finnish War Killings database contains only the records of 103 executed in Hennala, but according to the terror statistics of the Labour Archives, the number of executions was up to 600.


Question: How many women belonged to the Valkeakoski Women's Guard?

Finnish Civil War Women's Guards

In total, the camp housed more than 2,200 women, according to contemporary data, although older figures only mentioned 341 female prisoners.


Question: How many women belonged to the Valkeakoski Women's Guard?

Finnish Civil War Women's Guards

[16] There were also nearly 300 children at the camp with their mothers, although earlier research has claimed that women and children were left home as early as the Fellmann field assembly camp.


Question: How many women belonged to the Valkeakoski Women's Guard?

Finnish Civil War Women's Guards

[15] In addition to the Female Guards, members of the Red Soldiers' family who escaped from southern and southwestern Finland were prisoners, which included their mothers in addition to their wives and children.


Question: How many women belonged to the Valkeakoski Women's Guard?

Finnish Civil War Women's Guards

[20] All the women executed in Lahti were from Turku and Pori, Uusimaa or Häme counties.


Question: How many women belonged to the Valkeakoski Women's Guard?

Finnish Civil War Women's Guards

[21] In Hennala, at least female Guards of Hyvinkää, Lahti, Maaria and Mäntsälä, as well as female members of Alastaro, Forssa, Hämeenlinna, Loimaa, Pori and Turku Red Guards or women accompanying them were shot.


Question: How many women belonged to the Valkeakoski Women's Guard?

Finnish Civil War Women's Guards

[18] Among those executed were also pregnant women and mothers of young children.


Question: How many women belonged to the Valkeakoski Women's Guard?

Finnish Civil War Women's Guards

[22] At least some of the women were raped before execution [19] [23] and were extorted for sexual services for food.


Question: How many women belonged to the Valkeakoski Women's Guard?

Finnish Civil War Women's Guards

The bodies of slain female soldiers were desecrated by stripping them naked and leaving them in sexually abusive positions.


Question: How many women belonged to the Valkeakoski Women's Guard?

Finnish Civil War Women's Guards

General conditions in Hennala were also very bad, prisoners dying of starvation and disease.


Question: How many women belonged to the Valkeakoski Women's Guard?

Finnish Civil War Women's Guards

In addition, plenty of children died at the camp.


Question: How many women belonged to the Valkeakoski Women's Guard?

Finnish Civil War Women's Guards

[15] According to researcher Tuulikki Pekalainen, the largest executions in Lahti were seen on 9 May, when at least 100 women were shot.


Question: How many women belonged to the Valkeakoski Women's Guard?

Finnish Civil War Women's Guards

[5] According to a war diary found in 2008 by German officer Hans Tröbst, they were shot with a machine gun with their eyes covered in a cloth in the forest adjacent to the Black Rock Cemetery.


Question: How many women belonged to the Valkeakoski Women's Guard?

Finnish Civil War Women's Guards

The medical sergeant who told Tröbst about the executions mentioned how the trees were filled with brain splashes.


Question: How many women belonged to the Valkeakoski Women's Guard?

Finnish Civil War Women's Guards

[24] Executions as a purification measure The executions of Red women have also been considered a racial hygienic measure because they were considered to pose a threat to the purity of the Finnish race.


Question: How many women belonged to the Valkeakoski Women's Guard?

Finnish Civil War Women's Guards

[4] According to scholar Marjo Liukonen, the purpose of the whites who won the war was to build a bourgeois Finland from which all red women considered depraved were to be depraved.


Question: How many women belonged to the Valkeakoski Women's Guard?

Finnish Civil War Women's Guards

This, according to him, is the systematic execution of mainly Red Guards regarded as leaders, but also ordinary rank-members of the women.


Question: How many women belonged to the Valkeakoski Women's Guard?

Finnish Civil War Women's Guards

[16] The women of the Red Guards did not fit the image of women, which was distributed by brothers Lauri and Martti Pihkala, for example.


Question: How many women belonged to the Valkeakoski Women's Guard?

Finnish Civil War Women's Guards

In Martti Pihkala's book, which appeared just before the end of the civil war, What kind of Finland do we need to create?


Question: How many women belonged to the Valkeakoski Women's Guard?

Finnish Civil War Women's Guards

she warns against short-haired, male-imitating women who do not understand their role as a birther.


Question: How many women belonged to the Valkeakoski Women's Guard?

Finnish Civil War Women's Guards

In his book, Pihkala calls for the destruction of all urban working women and those considered common women.


Question: How many women belonged to the Valkeakoski Women's Guard?

Finnish Civil War Women's Guards

The brothers” ideas had also been inspired by Hans Kalm, the most notorious executioner of the Whites, whose forces carried out most of the executions of female Guardsmen in Lahti.


Question: How many women belonged to the Valkeakoski Women's Guard?

Finnish Civil War Women's Guards

[16] Racial hygiene was also accompanied by ethnic cleansing, in which all those who were revealed to be Russian were executed, among others, in the Hennala prison camp as well as in Vyborg (so called. Vyborg cleansing).


Question: How many women belonged to the Valkeakoski Women's Guard?

Finnish Civil War Women's Guards

The potential reproduction of both groups of people was seen as a problem for the Finnish race and the purity of the bourgeoisie.


Question: How many women belonged to the Valkeakoski Women's Guard?

Finnish Civil War Women's Guards

[15] Female Guardsmen were also seen as a threat to an institution such as motherhood, because instead of ministering, they took up arms considered symbols of power.


Question: How many women belonged to the Valkeakoski Women's Guard?

Finnish Civil War Women's Guards

[18] They did not fit the middle-class female ideal of the era already solely on the basis of their appearance, when the female guardsmen had short hair and trousers on their legs considered an accessory for men.


Question: How many women belonged to the Valkeakoski Women's Guard?

Finnish Civil War Women's Guards

[16] The arrest cards of several executed women had inscriptions referring to their dress, such as “trousers” or “hengsels”.


Question: How many women belonged to the Valkeakoski Women's Guard?

Finnish Civil War Women's Guards

[15] Furthermore, the background was the demonisation of red women in the bourgeois press.


Question: How many women belonged to the Valkeakoski Women's Guard?

Finnish Civil War Women's Guards

[20] The fate of women may also have been affected by the strained relations between Germans and Whites.


Question: How many women belonged to the Valkeakoski Women's Guard?

Finnish Civil War Women's Guards

The Finnish troops had been subordinated to the command of the Germans and thus could not rise up against them.


Question: How many women belonged to the Valkeakoski Women's Guard?

Finnish Civil War Women's Guards

Instead, whites were able to shoot working-women deemed socially worthless, whom the Germans again tried to protect and whom they fancied for themselves.


Question: How many women belonged to the Valkeakoski Women's Guard?

Finnish Civil War Women's Guards

[15] Prisoners Female prisoners who were still alive at the end of the war were gathered in Hämeenlinna and Suomenlinna prison camps during June to await sentences handed out by the Central Criminal Court.


Question: How many women belonged to the Valkeakoski Women's Guard?

Finnish Civil War Women's Guards

[7] The hearing involved one external witness and the court also requested testimony from the patron of the accused's domicile.


Question: How many women belonged to the Valkeakoski Women's Guard?

Finnish Civil War Women's Guards

However, statements often contained mere rumours or vindictive speeches by malevolent people.


Question: How many women belonged to the Valkeakoski Women's Guard?

Finnish Civil War Women's Guards

[3] In addition, there were forms pre-printed with introductory questions.


Question: How many women belonged to the Valkeakoski Women's Guard?

Finnish Civil War Women's Guards

They hinted at, for example, having a “transporting life”, which could be enough simply to change after work.


Question: How many women belonged to the Valkeakoski Women's Guard?

Finnish Civil War Women's Guards

[25] Appearance at interrogations materially affected the statements made by the Boards of Inquiry.


Question: How many women belonged to the Valkeakoski Women's Guard?

Finnish Civil War Women's Guards

Quiet and meekly behaved generally received a positive review and a more lenient sentence than women who performed defiantly.


Question: How many women belonged to the Valkeakoski Women's Guard?

Finnish Civil War Women's Guards

[11] The harshest punishments were received by the Chiefs of the Female Guards.


Question: How many women belonged to the Valkeakoski Women's Guard?

Finnish Civil War Women's Guards

For example, Hilma Andersson and Emma Oksala, the heads of the Guards in Tampere and Pispala, received an eight-year discipline sentence, from which they were released with a general amnesty already in early 1920.


Question: How many women belonged to the Valkeakoski Women's Guard?

Finnish Civil War Women's Guards

[7] Executions carried out by Reds The Reds also executed four female Guardsmen for class traitor.


Question: How many women belonged to the Valkeakoski Women's Guard?

Finnish Civil War Women's Guards

There is no information on the more specific causes of the cases.


Question: How many women belonged to the Valkeakoski Women's Guard?

Finnish Civil War Women's Guards

The only known woman involved in the executions of whites was Liisa Laurén, who belonged to the Valkeakoski Women's Guard.


Question: How many women belonged to the Valkeakoski Women's Guard?

Finnish Civil War Women's Guards

[26] The attitude of white men towards the Female Guards among the White men is sharply hostile and they were severely condemned by the Church, the newspaper press and the war coherent alike.


Question: How many women belonged to the Valkeakoski Women's Guard?

Finnish Civil War Women's Guards

Cultural influencers who supported white people also tended to be against the Female Guardsmen.


Question: How many women belonged to the Valkeakoski Women's Guard?

Finnish Civil War Women's Guards

Red women were demonised and subjected to immense misogyny, in the most strident speeches women were completely deprived of even dignity.


Question: How many women belonged to the Valkeakoski Women's Guard?

Finnish Civil War Women's Guards

[3] According to Archbishop Gustaf Johansson, they were to be left “in the possession of Satan” and the Church should not help the Red Guards in any way.


Question: How many women belonged to the Valkeakoski Women's Guard?

Finnish Civil War Women's Guards

[3] Women's rejection of traditional gender roles, demands for improved social status, and especially their participation in combat activities badly upset whites.


Question: How many women belonged to the Valkeakoski Women's Guard?

Finnish Civil War Women's Guards

[9] According to researcher Tuulikki Pekkanen, misogyny was explained by men's fear of women stepping on their turf.


Question: How many women belonged to the Valkeakoski Women's Guard?

Finnish Civil War Women's Guards

[22] For example, according to Mannerheim's opinion, warring was solely the right and duty of men.


Question: How many women belonged to the Valkeakoski Women's Guard?

Finnish Civil War Women's Guards

Women's organizations also objected to women's participation in the war effort because it was seen as violating habitual customs and roles.


Question: How many women belonged to the Valkeakoski Women's Guard?

Finnish Civil War Women's Guards

White Suomi magazine, on the other hand, considered women battalions to be a morbid phenomenon.


Question: How many women belonged to the Valkeakoski Women's Guard?

Finnish Civil War Women's Guards

[27] Statewide Criminal Court opinions considered women morally degenerate and their lifestyles were described as irregular, promiscuous, and frivolous.


Question: How many women belonged to the Valkeakoski Women's Guard?

Finnish Civil War Women's Guards

Whites also generally viewed working women as unchaste, compared to middle-class women considered ideal.


Question: How many women belonged to the Valkeakoski Women's Guard?

Finnish Civil War Women's Guards

[11] Furthermore, the parlance of female Guardsmen with a worker-background shocked middle and upper-class whites.


Question: How many women belonged to the Valkeakoski Women's Guard?

Finnish Civil War Women's Guards

Later elevated to the rank of naval commander E.


Question: How many women belonged to the Valkeakoski Women's Guard?

Finnish Civil War Women's Guards

I. Järvinen, in his own entries, recounted obscenities spoken by the Female Guardsmen and considered them “sexually abnormal.”


Question: How many women belonged to the Valkeakoski Women's Guard?

Finnish Civil War Women's Guards

[6] According to Colonel Erik Gunnar Melin, who participated in the Battle of Tampere, the death was a “well-deserved wage” for female soldiers.


Question: How many women belonged to the Valkeakoski Women's Guard?

Finnish Civil War Women's Guards

[28] Rüdiger von der Goltz, commander of the German Baltic Division, compared the Women Guards after the takeover of Helsinki to the women communards of the Paris Commune, biblically calling them “adherents of the new gospel of savagery”.


Question: How many women belonged to the Valkeakoski Women's Guard?

Finnish Civil War Women's Guards

[29] In the white press, women were often denounced as anti-nature.


Question: How many women belonged to the Valkeakoski Women's Guard?

Finnish Civil War Women's Guards

On 24 April, Aamulehti, who appeared in Tampere, wrote that the Female Guardsman was “the worst törkyä” who was instructed to be cleaned and according to Hufvudstadsbladet, a Helsinki-based company, they should not be treated as prisoners of war, but “chased along the forests like animals”.


Question: How many women belonged to the Valkeakoski Women's Guard?

Finnish Civil War Women's Guards

[28] The most famous of the writings calling for severe punishments was an article published on 12 April by writer Ilmari Kianno in Central Finland under the title of Sentencing Tactics.


Question: How many women belonged to the Valkeakoski Women's Guard?

Finnish Civil War Women's Guards

Kianto's vengeful and murderous text calls for cruel punishments, particularly for women in the Red Guards, whom he called “wolf females.”


Question: How many women belonged to the Valkeakoski Women's Guard?

Finnish Civil War Women's Guards

According to Kianno, the Female Guardsmen need to be executed to stop giving birth to more “equally evil pennies.”


Question: How many women belonged to the Valkeakoski Women's Guard?

Finnish Civil War Women's Guards

The most bigoted whites agreed with his demands, but in Kianno's readers they provoked a whimper.


Question: How many women belonged to the Valkeakoski Women's Guard?

Finnish Civil War Women's Guards

The letters she received marveled at Kianno's raw vindictiveness.


Question: How many women belonged to the Valkeakoski Women's Guard?

Finnish Civil War Women's Guards

The outburst also provoked haunting because he had been known as a descriptor of working people and destitute people.


Question: How many women belonged to the Valkeakoski Women's Guard?

Finnish Civil War Women's Guards

Kianno's statements thus severed his relationship with the Finnish labour movement.


Question: How many women belonged to the Valkeakoski Women's Guard?

Finnish Civil War Women's Guards

[30] In addition to executions and rapes, contempt for women was also reflected in body-shaming.


Question: How many women belonged to the Valkeakoski Women's Guard?

Finnish Civil War Women's Guards

In Tampere's Tammela district, whites stripped fallen female soldiers of their trousers, so that their genitals were exposed.


Question: How many women belonged to the Valkeakoski Women's Guard?

Finnish Civil War Women's Guards

The intention was apparently to show everyone that there were indeed women involved.


Question: How many women belonged to the Valkeakoski Women's Guard?

Finnish Civil War Women's Guards

[28] In 1963, in an article published in Häme Co-operation, it was written that several eyewitnesses told how the upper body of the dead Female Guardsmen had been stripped bare and their breasts cut cross-shaped open.


Question: How many women belonged to the Valkeakoski Women's Guard?

Finnish Civil War Women's Guards

[6] Post-war period After the Civil War, women in the Red Guards became taboo and were ignored in literature until Emil Saarinen's work published in 1938 by the Finnish Red Guard.


Question: How many women belonged to the Valkeakoski Women's Guard?

Finnish Civil War Women's Guards

Even after this, women were generally not written like since the second half of the 1960s and the first academic studies on women's guards alone were not published until the late 1990s.


Question: How many women belonged to the Valkeakoski Women's Guard?

Finnish Civil War Women's Guards

Likewise, the left-wing literature of the 1970s does not report women's participation in combat roles; for example, Tuure Lehén mentions posthumously in his 1978 work on the Red and White War that they were only in medical and maintenance roles.


Question: How many women belonged to the Valkeakoski Women's Guard?

Finnish Civil War Women's Guards

Eino Jutikkala, on the other hand, also mentions the armed activities of the Female Guards in his 1979 history of Tampere.


Question: How many women belonged to the Valkeakoski Women's Guard?

Finnish Civil War Women's Guards

[6] Wartime Women's Guards Helsinki Established in the early days of February, the women's company of the so-called “Helsinki Death Battalion” was the largest female guard with a total of 466 women.


Question: How many women belonged to the Valkeakoski Women's Guard?

Finnish Civil War Women's Guards

[10] For the first time, the Guards engaged in various supply and guard duties were caught up in combat when the Germans who had landed in Hanko advanced to Helsinki after 10 April.


Question: How many women belonged to the Valkeakoski Women's Guard?

Finnish Civil War Women's Guards

According to the stories, they fought a fierce defensive battle in Vesilinnanmäki, but since the losses of the Female Guards were small during the whole Battle of Helsinki, the narratives are likely to be exaggerated.


Question: How many women belonged to the Valkeakoski Women's Guard?

Finnish Civil War Women's Guards

[7] The Women's Guard, established at Tampere Tampere, consisted of two companies formed on 7 and 30 March.


Question: How many women belonged to the Valkeakoski Women's Guard?

Finnish Civil War Women's Guards

A total of 270 women were involved in the Guard, of whom eleven were knocked down or executed during the Battle of Tampere.


Question: How many women belonged to the Valkeakoski Women's Guard?

Finnish Civil War Women's Guards

The Tampere Women's Guard participated in the battle for the first time on 26 March and later became known in the closing moments of the Battle of Tampere, when they valiantly defended the town hall of the city.


Question: How many women belonged to the Valkeakoski Women's Guard?

Finnish Civil War Women's Guards

Unlike other localities, the only executions of female Guardsmen took place immediately upon surrender, but those who remained prisoners were no longer shot.


Question: How many women belonged to the Valkeakoski Women's Guard?

Finnish Civil War Women's Guards

[9] [7] The reason was that white officers did not approve executions of women in Tampere.


Question: How many women belonged to the Valkeakoski Women's Guard?

Finnish Civil War Women's Guards

[31] The Pispala Pispala Women's Guard was apparently formed in mid-March and comprised a total of about 50 members.


Question: How many women belonged to the Valkeakoski Women's Guard?

Finnish Civil War Women's Guards

The suburb of Pispala was at that time still belonging to the keeper of Pirkkala.


Question: How many women belonged to the Valkeakoski Women's Guard?

Finnish Civil War Women's Guards

The Chief of Staff of the Guard was Hilda Virtanen; Hilma Koivunen, spouse of Pispala Red Guards chief Ajo Koivunen; and Emma Oksala, the head of the armed department, and Emma Oksala, 18, who arrived from Juupajoki.


Question: How many women belonged to the Valkeakoski Women's Guard?

Finnish Civil War Women's Guards

[32] His uniform can now be seen in the collections of the Workers' Museum Wersta.


Question: How many women belonged to the Valkeakoski Women's Guard?

Finnish Civil War Women's Guards

[33] The story has long lived in literature that on 27 March the Pispala Female Guard would have evicted the whites from Onkiniemi in Tampere after a fierce battle, [6] but according to supporter Tuomas Hoppu, no fighting actually took place at the site.


Question: How many women belonged to the Valkeakoski Women's Guard?

Finnish Civil War Women's Guards

[14] Instead, Pispala's Female Guard took part a little later in the fighting at Ratinanniemi.


Question: How many women belonged to the Valkeakoski Women's Guard?

Finnish Civil War Women's Guards

[34] The Vyborg Guards, known as the Vyborg Vyborg Signalling Company, were among the first established Women Guards, along with the Helsinki and Valkeakoski Guards, formed on 8 February.


Question: How many women belonged to the Valkeakoski Women's Guard?

Finnish Civil War Women's Guards

The company had about 150 members and Toini Mäkelä, who fled to Soviet Russia and later became a red officer there, served as its chief during the final stages of the war.


Question: How many women belonged to the Valkeakoski Women's Guard?

Finnish Civil War Women's Guards

The unit was originally intended for patrol and reconnaissance missions, from which it also took its name.


Question: How many women belonged to the Valkeakoski Women's Guard?

Finnish Civil War Women's Guards

Later, however, women participated in the battles of Raudu and Vyborg, among others.


Question: How many women belonged to the Valkeakoski Women's Guard?

Finnish Civil War Women's Guards

A few members of the company fell in the fighting or were executed and some surrendered on May 1.


Question: How many women belonged to the Valkeakoski Women's Guard?

Finnish Civil War Women's Guards

However, most of the members of the Guard, like Mäkelä, managed to escape to Soviet Russia.


Question: How many women belonged to the Valkeakoski Women's Guard?

Finnish Civil War Women's Guards

[35] Maaria The Maaria Women's Guard, also called the Turku Women's Company, was established on 9 March in Raunistula, the Keeper of Maaria in Turku, whose 7,000 inhabitants were mostly poor crofters or factory workers.


Question: How many women belonged to the Valkeakoski Women's Guard?

Finnish Civil War Women's Guards

The Guard consisted of about 151 women who participated in the battles of the Satakunta Front in Karku, Mouhijärvi and Suodenniemi, and were active in maintenance and guard duties in Tampere.


Question: How many women belonged to the Valkeakoski Women's Guard?

Finnish Civil War Women's Guards

Of the members of the Female Guard, four fell in battle and one was killed by whites in Karku.


Question: How many women belonged to the Valkeakoski Women's Guard?

Finnish Civil War Women's Guards

In addition, after the war, at least six Guards officers were executed in the Lahti prison camp.


Question: How many women belonged to the Valkeakoski Women's Guard?

Finnish Civil War Women's Guards

[36] The Valkeakoski Valkeakoski Women's Guard was established on 2 February and consisted of 115 women, which made up about 16% of the entire Valkeakoski Red Guard membership.


Question: How many women belonged to the Valkeakoski Women's Guard?

Finnish Civil War Women's Guards

However, there were only 50 women in the armed section of the Guard.


Question: How many women belonged to the Valkeakoski Women's Guard?

Finnish Civil War Women's Guards

Its members were for the most part the workerwomen of the Tervasaari paper mill, but there were also several rural maids and handmaids among them.


Question: How many women belonged to the Valkeakoski Women's Guard?

Finnish Civil War Women's Guards

Twenty-eight members of the Female Guard served as nurses and were involved at least in the battles of Vehkajärvi, Kuhmoinen and Ruovesi.


Question: How many women belonged to the Valkeakoski Women's Guard?

Finnish Civil War Women's Guards

On 25 April, the Red Guards in Valkeakoski began their escape journey towards the east.


Question: How many women belonged to the Valkeakoski Women's Guard?

Finnish Civil War Women's Guards

During the escape, the Female Guardsmen participated in the battles of Alvettula, Hauho and Syrjänta, after which, however, they remained prisoners of the Germans in the surroundings of Lahti.


Question: How many women belonged to the Valkeakoski Women's Guard?

Finnish Civil War Women's Guards

On 1 May, 36 female Guardsmen were executed at Hauho.


Question: How many women belonged to the Valkeakoski Women's Guard?

Finnish Civil War Women's Guards

A total of 47 members of Valkeakoski's women's company died in the war and in prison camps.


Question: How many women belonged to the Valkeakoski Women's Guard?

Finnish Civil War Women's Guards

[10] The Hyvinkää Hyvinkää Women's Guard consisted of about 150 women who were mainly workers of the United Wool Works, which operated in the locality.


Question: How many women belonged to the Valkeakoski Women's Guard?

Finnish Civil War Women's Guards

For combat duty they were subjected to in mid-April, about a week before, the Germans recaptured the keeper on 20 April.


Question: How many women belonged to the Valkeakoski Women's Guard?

Finnish Civil War Women's Guards

Afterwards, the women of Hyvinkää participated in breakthrough attempts by the Reds in Southern Häme.


Question: How many women belonged to the Valkeakoski Women's Guard?

Finnish Civil War Women's Guards

Twenty-seven Guardsmen were killed in the war or during its afterlife.


Question: How many women belonged to the Valkeakoski Women's Guard?

Finnish Civil War Women's Guards

[37] The Mäntsälä Mäntsälä Women's Guard was not established until 15 April, in a situation when the defeat of the Reds had already been confirmed and a large number of Red Guards from western Finland had begun their escape towards the east.


Question: How many women belonged to the Valkeakoski Women's Guard?

Finnish Civil War Women's Guards

The Guard consisted of 45—50 women who took part in the Battle of Luhtikylä in Orimattila on 28—29.


Question: How many women belonged to the Valkeakoski Women's Guard?

Finnish Civil War Women's Guards

april.


Question: How many women belonged to the Valkeakoski Women's Guard?

Finnish Civil War Women's Guards

Four of the Mäntsälä Female Guards fell and 24 who surrendered to the Germans were executed after the battle in Hennala, Lahti.


Question: How many women belonged to the Valkeakoski Women's Guard?

Finnish Civil War Women's Guards

Compared to most of the other female Guards, the distinctive feature of the Mäntsälä Guard was the higher average age of the members.


Question: How many women belonged to the Valkeakoski Women's Guard?

Finnish Civil War Women's Guards

The oldest were 28 years old.


Question: How many women belonged to the Valkeakoski Women's Guard?

Finnish Civil War Women's Guards

[38] [39] The Women's Company of the Red Guards was formed from the workers of the Stockfors charcoal mill that operated in St.


Question: How many women belonged to the Valkeakoski Women's Guard?

Finnish Civil War Women's Guards

The average age of its members was young even compared to other Female Guards.


Question: How many women belonged to the Valkeakoski Women's Guard?

Finnish Civil War Women's Guards

On at least 8 April, the Saint's Women's Guard took part in the Battle of Kyminlinna against the German Detachment Brandenstein.


Question: How many women belonged to the Valkeakoski Women's Guard?

Finnish Civil War Women's Guards

[40] Loviisa Loviisa passed into the possession of the Reds for a period of two months on 7 February, when a Women's Guard was also established in the city.


Question: How many women belonged to the Valkeakoski Women's Guard?

Finnish Civil War Women's Guards

Its members participated in guard duties, among other things.


Question: How many women belonged to the Valkeakoski Women's Guard?

Finnish Civil War Women's Guards

[41] The head of the Women's Guard set up on Juupajoki was 20-year-old Martta Autio, whose father was a great rancher who was a white sympathizer.


Question: How many women belonged to the Valkeakoski Women's Guard?

Finnish Civil War Women's Guards

On the occasion of the Battle of Missionmaja, Autio became acquainted with Verner Lehtimäki, a warleader of the Reds, with whom she later dated for a couple of years.


Question: How many women belonged to the Valkeakoski Women's Guard?

Finnish Civil War Women's Guards

[42] The Uuraas Uuraa Women's Guard was assembled from workers at the outer port of Uuraa on the shores of the Vyborg Bay.


Question: How many women belonged to the Valkeakoski Women's Guard?

Finnish Civil War Women's Guards

It practiced and accommodated Uura in the grounds of the fortress.


Question: How many women belonged to the Valkeakoski Women's Guard?

Finnish Civil War Women's Guards

[43] The head of the Riihimäki Riihimäki Women's Guard was exceptionally a man, at the time only 17 years old, Hannes Mäkinen, who nevertheless had war experience in previous civil war battles.


Question: How many women belonged to the Valkeakoski Women's Guard?

Finnish Civil War Women's Guards

[44] The head of the Kouvola Kouvola Women's Guard was Elli Kokko, who was executed at the Kouvola prison camp at the end of May.


Question: How many women belonged to the Valkeakoski Women's Guard?

Finnish Civil War Women's Guards

[45] Other localities The Women's Guards also operated at least in Lahti [14] and Lappeenranta.


Question: How many women belonged to the Valkeakoski Women's Guard?

Finnish Civil War Women's Guards

[6] Female Guards in culture Female Guards have been particularly depicted in various works of fiction in the 1990s—2000s.


Question: How many women belonged to the Valkeakoski Women's Guard?

Finnish Civil War Women's Guards

[46] They have been covered by, among others, Raija Westergård and Anneli Kanto in her book Verirusut (2008) and Rosa Meriläinen in her 2012 novel Nainen red, both of which are about the Tampere Female Guard.


Question: How many women belonged to the Valkeakoski Women's Guard?

Finnish Civil War Women's Guards

[47] [12] [48] In July 2016, musician Heikki Salo announced his plans to make a musical based on Kanno's work.


Question: How many women belonged to the Valkeakoski Women's Guard?

Finnish Civil War Women's Guards

[49] The musical Girls 1918, written by Salo and composed by Eeva Konnu and directed by Sirkku Peltola, will premiere at Tampere's Työkäen Theatre in January 2018.


Question: How many women belonged to the Valkeakoski Women's Guard?

Finnish Civil War Women's Guards

[50] Poet Timo Malmi published a poetry collection inspired by the Tampere Women's Guard in 2014, Tuulensuu, I Love You, based on which later the play Town Hall Defence and the drama documentary Unknown: The Defenders of Town Hall 1918.


Question: How many women belonged to the Valkeakoski Women's Guard?

Finnish Civil War Women's Guards

[51] In 1997, the documentary film Red Aprons directed by Seppo Rustanius was completed, which interviewed three female guardsmen and one woman who was in a prison camp as a child.


Question: How many women belonged to the Valkeakoski Women's Guard?

Finnish Civil War Women's Guards

The film also contains unique film footage shot by Russians of Tampere Red Guards and Red Guard nurses.


Question: How many women belonged to the Valkeakoski Women's Guard?

Finnish Civil War Women's Guards

[52] Sources References Literature Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Anu Hakala| title = Trouser Guards: Women's Company of the Maarian Red Guards in the Finnish Civil War| location = Helsinki| publisher = Like & Finnish peace defenders | year = 2006| id = ISBN 952-47187-9 -0}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Tauno Tukkinen| title = Executions of female rebels in Lahti 1918| location = Karjalohj| publisher = author| year = 2007| id = ISBN 978-952-99889-2-1}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Tuomas Hoppu| title = Tampere Eeen female guard: myths and reality| location = Helsinki| publisher = Thought| year = 2008| id = ISBN 978-951-20775-9-5}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Tuulikki Pekkalainen| title = Wolf Breasts and Little Immies: Civil War Unknown Women| location = Helsinki| publisher = January| year = 2011| id = ISBN 978-951-31604-1-8}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Lauri Lepola| title = Brave Red Girls in Tampere 1918| location = Nokia| publisher = Rural Landscape and Culture| year = 2013| id = ISBN 978-952-9264-9264-4-0}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Tuomas Hoppu| title = Civil War Women Guards.


Question: How many women belonged to the Valkeakoski Women's Guard?

Finnish Civil War Women's Guards

Finnish women in arms 1918| publisher = Gummerus| year = 2017| isbn = 978-951-24-0559-6}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Tiina Lintunen| title = Red women| publisher = Otava| year = 2017| isbn = 978-951-30034-2}} :Red Guard


Question: Why did the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan support the Soviet Union?

War in Afghanistan

The war in Afghanistan was fought between the Soviet Union, the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan it supported, and conservative Muslims and tribes opposed to this.


Question: Why did the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan support the Soviet Union?

War in Afghanistan

By the summer of 1978, the insurgency, which began in eastern Afghanistan, had spread nationwide.


Question: Why did the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan support the Soviet Union?

War in Afghanistan

Towards the end of the year, Afghanistan and the Soviet Union entered into a YYA treaty.


Question: Why did the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan support the Soviet Union?

War in Afghanistan

[1] On December 24, 1979, Soviet paratroops occupied Kabul, killed Hafizullah Amin and replaced Babrak Karmal, who was exiled as prime minister.


Question: Why did the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan support the Soviet Union?

War in Afghanistan

Eventually the Soviets warred in the country in 120000.


Question: Why did the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan support the Soviet Union?

War in Afghanistan

[1] Muslim guerrillas who fought against the communist regime were referred to as mujahideen.


Question: Why did the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan support the Soviet Union?

War in Afghanistan

They received support from countries including Pakistan, Arab countries and the United States.


Question: Why did the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan support the Soviet Union?

War in Afghanistan

Due to the occupation, significant economic sanctions were directed against the Soviet Union and there was a widespread boycott of the 1980 Moscow Olympics.


Question: Why did the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan support the Soviet Union?

War in Afghanistan

In the early 1980s, the Cold War reached its new legal point.


Question: Why did the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan support the Soviet Union?

War in Afghanistan

The Soviet Union withdrew from the badly ruined country in 1989.


Question: Why did the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan support the Soviet Union?

War in Afghanistan

1.3 million people had died and about six million were living as refugees.


Question: Why did the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan support the Soviet Union?

War in Afghanistan

[2] The war caused, proportionately speaking, the world's widest migration since World War II.


Question: Why did the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan support the Soviet Union?

War in Afghanistan

[3] With the withdrawal of Soviet forces, the fighting continued as a civil war.


Question: Why did the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan support the Soviet Union?

War in Afghanistan

In April 1992, mujahidin forces overran Kabul.


Question: Why did the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan support the Soviet Union?

War in Afghanistan

Background: The Cold War and Afghan turmoil into the Afghan war led to long-term developments involving the dissipation of the spirit of the OSCE-annexed Helsinki, a cycle of equipment and the need for the Soviet Union to show its strength.


Question: Why did the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan support the Soviet Union?

War in Afghanistan

In general, towards the end of the 1970s, the United States that suffered defeat in the Vietnam War appeared militarily weak and the Soviet Union correspondingly a stronger superpower.


Question: Why did the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan support the Soviet Union?

War in Afghanistan

[4] Afghanistan was considered an unattached country facing the Soviet Union.


Question: Why did the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan support the Soviet Union?

War in Afghanistan

In the Western world, however, it was assumed to be outside the actual hegemony ambitions of the great powers.


Question: Why did the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan support the Soviet Union?

War in Afghanistan

The country was generally considered quite difficult to control due to poverty, social fragmentation and mountainousness.


Question: Why did the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan support the Soviet Union?

War in Afghanistan

Still, it was heavily credited by the Soviet Union and economic relations with its northern superpower neighbour had been vital to the country throughout the post-World War II period.


Question: Why did the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan support the Soviet Union?

War in Afghanistan

[5] [6] Republic of Dauod Khan Events in Afghanistan began to slide forward in 1973 when the former Prime Minister, King Mohammad Zahir Shah's cousin Prince Mohammed Daoud Khan, seized power in the country and declared it a republic.


Question: Why did the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan support the Soviet Union?

War in Afghanistan

Dauoud Khan, who hijacked power, concentrated power for himself.


Question: Why did the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan support the Soviet Union?

War in Afghanistan

He served as President, Chief, Defence and Secretary of State.


Question: Why did the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan support the Soviet Union?

War in Afghanistan

Democracy was not maintained even as a front [7].


Question: Why did the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan support the Soviet Union?

War in Afghanistan

Daoud Khan was backed in the hijacking by the Parcham wing of the country's Communist Party (PDPA, or HDKA) and the top six Parcham supporters were as ministers in the new government.


Question: Why did the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan support the Soviet Union?

War in Afghanistan

[8] In addition, communists were appointed as senior officials.


Question: Why did the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan support the Soviet Union?

War in Afghanistan

However, Parcham's leading figure Babrak Karmal kept his distance from the new regime.


Question: Why did the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan support the Soviet Union?

War in Afghanistan

[7] The new regime was supported by the army and the population of large cities.


Question: Why did the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan support the Soviet Union?

War in Afghanistan

Dauod Khan had in mind an ambitious programme to modernize Afghanistan.


Question: Why did the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan support the Soviet Union?

War in Afghanistan

First, a move was made to implement land reform.


Question: Why did the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan support the Soviet Union?

War in Afghanistan

An upper limit was placed on the size of land assets and to set an example, Dauod Khan gave up his inherited lands.


Question: Why did the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan support the Soviet Union?

War in Afghanistan

However, as a real politician, he did not want to antagonize the big landowners, so the losses of these were compensated by government funds. [9].


Question: Why did the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan support the Soviet Union?

War in Afghanistan

In 1974, the president hit out at Islamists.


Question: Why did the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan support the Soviet Union?

War in Afghanistan

In a summer power blow, most of Kabul's Islamist leaders went to jail.


Question: Why did the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan support the Soviet Union?

War in Afghanistan

In July 1975, the “Muslim Brothers” declared that they would overthrow the republic and establish an Islamic state.


Question: Why did the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan support the Soviet Union?

War in Afghanistan

[10] However, the Islamist forces did not pose any kind of serious threat to the government army, partly because their leaders had serious disagreements among themselves about what kind of Islamic interpretation should be followed.


Question: Why did the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan support the Soviet Union?

War in Afghanistan

When Soviet troops came five years later, they were met by a resistance group that already had gained combat experience in Pakistan as its base.


Question: Why did the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan support the Soviet Union?

War in Afghanistan

[11] In 1975, the Communists were dismissed from the government and in the same year Mohammed Daoud Khan, who visited the Soviet Union, clashed with Leonid Brezhnev.


Question: Why did the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan support the Soviet Union?

War in Afghanistan

The president was of the opinion that the Soviet Union's grip on the country was already too tight and this would jeopardize the country's traditional policy of neutrality.


Question: Why did the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan support the Soviet Union?

War in Afghanistan

Brezhnev accused Daoud Khan of sliding under the cover of Arab funding into the western camp, which came close to being a traitor.


Question: Why did the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan support the Soviet Union?

War in Afghanistan

[12] The Afghan government then established trade relations with Iran and India.


Question: Why did the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan support the Soviet Union?

War in Afghanistan

[13] Daoud Khan's idea was to distance himself from the communist bloc, but also not to bind Afghanistan to the Western camp.


Question: Why did the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan support the Soviet Union?

War in Afghanistan

[12] President Daoud Khan sought to dam communism by separating communists from positions of high officials and moving them to posts of minor importance in the provinces.


Question: Why did the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan support the Soviet Union?

War in Afghanistan

The urban Marxist middle class he courted by embracing the rhetoric of these and owning their political agenda.


Question: Why did the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan support the Soviet Union?

War in Afghanistan

In January 1977, a constitution that spoke of “the people” and “deprivers” and sought to nationalise banks and production facilities.


Question: Why did the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan support the Soviet Union?

War in Afghanistan

At this point, Daoud's attack on the Communists was no longer an internal matter for Afghanistan.


Question: Why did the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan support the Soviet Union?

War in Afghanistan

The Soviets pressured the various factions of the Communists to skip their hostility and ally against the Presidential regime.


Question: Why did the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan support the Soviet Union?

War in Afghanistan

[14] In late 1977, the situation in the country became tense as the government had made the country a one-party state and was waging attacks on leftist groups.


Question: Why did the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan support the Soviet Union?

War in Afghanistan

Communists and other leftists were looking forward to supporting the President in his exploits against monarchists and Islamists, and knew what would await them when they lost.


Question: Why did the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan support the Soviet Union?

War in Afghanistan

The PDPA formally merged in July 1977.


Question: Why did the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan support the Soviet Union?

War in Afghanistan

[12] Saur Revolution miniature|Nur Mohammed Taraki On April 27, 1978, the communist PDPA started a coup in Kabul with the support of the army and Daoud was ejected from power and the country was declared a democratic republic.


Question: Why did the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan support the Soviet Union?

War in Afghanistan

[10] Revolution or hijacking derives its name from the Pashtun name of the month of events, or saur month (Finnish bull).


Question: Why did the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan support the Soviet Union?

War in Afghanistan

The revolution was brief and violent.


Question: Why did the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan support the Soviet Union?

War in Afghanistan

The president and his family and his closest aides were killed and buried in a mass grave.


Question: Why did the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan support the Soviet Union?

War in Afghanistan

There were much the same individuals at the head of the revolution as in 1973, when the king was overthrown from power, such as Air Force General Abd-a-Quadir Dagarwal.


Question: Why did the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan support the Soviet Union?

War in Afghanistan

[15] How much the Soviet Union maneuvered the Saur Revolution remains unclear.


Question: Why did the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan support the Soviet Union?

War in Afghanistan

The Kremlin has likely known about the Communists' plans but has not maneuvered them.


Question: Why did the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan support the Soviet Union?

War in Afghanistan

From the communist regime, the Soviet Union eventually got more annoyance than from the self-styled Daoud Khan.


Question: Why did the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan support the Soviet Union?

War in Afghanistan

[16] Officially, power was taken by the Revolutionary Council of the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan, which consisted of the PDPA Central Committee as well as senior officers.


Question: Why did the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan support the Soviet Union?

War in Afghanistan

Nur Mohammed Taraki was declared head of state.


Question: Why did the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan support the Soviet Union?

War in Afghanistan

Traditional values were not wanted to be irritated and the country was promised to govern “in the name of the tenets of Islam.”


Question: Why did the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan support the Soviet Union?

War in Afghanistan

Government communiques were issued “in the name of God”.


Question: Why did the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan support the Soviet Union?

War in Afghanistan

For most of the people, the principles of the new regime seemed alien and they saw what happened as a showdown with the elite.


Question: Why did the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan support the Soviet Union?

War in Afghanistan

[17] However, the communists' power was not assured in the country.


Question: Why did the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan support the Soviet Union?

War in Afghanistan

In late 1978, the cautious and tradition-respecting pronouncements following the rise to power were abandoned.


Question: Why did the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan support the Soviet Union?

War in Afghanistan

All references to Islam were discontinued and communist rhetoric was taken in place.


Question: Why did the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan support the Soviet Union?

War in Afghanistan

The country's traditional tricolor flag was taken out of use and a Soviet-style red flag was taken in place.


Question: Why did the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan support the Soviet Union?

War in Afghanistan

[18] Communists wanted to expand their support from cities to rural areas by embarking on a literacy campaign as well as radical land reform.


Question: Why did the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan support the Soviet Union?

War in Afghanistan

[18] Their radical Marxist Reforms, breaking with many local traditions, met fierce opposition from the outset and the mujahideen guerrillas rose in revolt against the government.


Question: Why did the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan support the Soviet Union?

War in Afghanistan

Army units also joined the rebels.


Question: Why did the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan support the Soviet Union?

War in Afghanistan

Furthermore, the communists were internally divided into two factions, the Khalq () led by Nur Muhammad Tarak and Hafizullah Amin, and Parcham () led by Babrak Karmal.


Question: Why did the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan support the Soviet Union?

War in Afghanistan

[6] [19] The complexity of the situation is illustrated by it, especially Pakistan and Saudi Arabia had already throughout the 1970s increased their own influence in the region by supporting Islamist groups that had opposed the Soviet Union.


Question: Why did the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan support the Soviet Union?

War in Afghanistan

[20] There was a power struggle in the new communist leadership of a country mired in turmoil.


Question: Why did the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan support the Soviet Union?

War in Afghanistan

In the summer of 1978, the Khalq trend of Tarak and Amin supplanted the Parchamians from the leadership of the country.


Question: Why did the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan support the Soviet Union?

War in Afghanistan

Karmal, a leading figure in Parcham, was forced to be ambassador to Prague.


Question: Why did the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan support the Soviet Union?

War in Afghanistan

In the same autumn, Parchamians began to be imprisoned on charges of attempted coup and Babrak Karmal sought refuge in the Soviet Union.


Question: Why did the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan support the Soviet Union?

War in Afghanistan

Amin strengthened his positions in 1979 during a power struggle at Taraki's expense, rising to prime minister.


Question: Why did the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan support the Soviet Union?

War in Afghanistan

In September 1979, Taraki and Karmal met secretly in Moscow, agreeing on Amin's ouster and Karmal's return.


Question: Why did the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan support the Soviet Union?

War in Afghanistan

However, Amin was the first to oust the Soviet-backed Tarak and his supporters.


Question: Why did the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan support the Soviet Union?

War in Afghanistan

[21] Tarak's fate was to lose his life on Amin's commission when Amin's men suffocated him with a pillow.


Question: Why did the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan support the Soviet Union?

War in Afghanistan

An official communiqué issued to the nation said Taraki had died of illness.


Question: Why did the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan support the Soviet Union?

War in Afghanistan

[22] Next, Amin made himself president of the country.


Question: Why did the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan support the Soviet Union?

War in Afghanistan

During 1979, the battle against mujahideen guerrillas under Amin was not particularly successful and attempts were made to intensify military action.


Question: Why did the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan support the Soviet Union?

War in Afghanistan

However, the effectiveness of the army had been greatly eroded from earlier levels.


Question: Why did the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan support the Soviet Union?

War in Afghanistan

Male strength had dwindled from 100,000 men to about 30000 by the end of 1979 due to desertion and purges.


Question: Why did the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan support the Soviet Union?

War in Afghanistan

Furthermore, when filling senior officers' posts, more thought had been given to political orthodoxy than professional qualifications.


Question: Why did the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan support the Soviet Union?

War in Afghanistan

[22] Amin's communist regime became more violence-leaning and Islamists were executed, among other things.


Question: Why did the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan support the Soviet Union?

War in Afghanistan

[23] Attempts were made to appease his own people by blaming all hardships on the deposed Tarak.


Question: Why did the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan support the Soviet Union?

War in Afghanistan

The names of the 12000 people he executed were given to the public and the administration began renovating mosques.


Question: Why did the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan support the Soviet Union?

War in Afghanistan

Amin tried in his public appearances to appear as a just ruler and quit the loathed secret police.


Question: Why did the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan support the Soviet Union?

War in Afghanistan

In his place he admittedly founded the “Workers' Intelligence Institute” to continue the work of the abolished police.


Question: Why did the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan support the Soviet Union?

War in Afghanistan

The people were no longer fooled and no rebel group responded to the government's peace pleas.


Question: Why did the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan support the Soviet Union?

War in Afghanistan

[24] Afghanistan-Soviet relations were severed when Amin refused Soviet advice to calm the situation and stabilize his government.


Question: Why did the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan support the Soviet Union?

War in Afghanistan

[1] The Soviet leadership began to be fed up with the Ami regime and his inability to cooperate with the Communist camp as well as anyone else.


Question: Why did the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan support the Soviet Union?

War in Afghanistan

There were plans to carry out some kind of palace revolution in Kabul, but Amin remained ahead of events throughout.


Question: Why did the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan support the Soviet Union?

War in Afghanistan

The Kremlin took as an insult Amin's order in November 1979 ordering the Soviet ambassador to leave the country.


Question: Why did the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan support the Soviet Union?

War in Afghanistan

In the same month, Red Army Marshal Sergey Sokolov began concentrating troops on the surface of the border in Temez, the Soviet Republic of Uzbekistan.


Question: Why did the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan support the Soviet Union?

War in Afghanistan

[25] In the same year 1979, the revolution that began in neighbouring Iran became Islamist, which was sealed by the theocratic constitution enacted in December, elevating Ayatoc Khomeini to the supreme leader of the country.


Question: Why did the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan support the Soviet Union?

War in Afghanistan

Soviet occupation begins The Soviet leadership was troubled by a weakly gone war against mujahideen guerrillas.


Question: Why did the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan support the Soviet Union?

War in Afghanistan

The Afghan government continually asked the Soviet Union for further monetary and armed support, but did not agree to be routed from Moscow.


Question: Why did the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan support the Soviet Union?

War in Afghanistan

Amin's capture made relations between the two countries particularly tense, with the Soviet Union supporting a group left behind by defeat within the ruling party.


Question: Why did the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan support the Soviet Union?

War in Afghanistan

Amin's communism had nationalist overtones, and his radical reform policies were seen in the Soviet Union as jeopardizing the continuity of pro-Soviet rule, in an effort to reduce dependence on the Soviet Union and develop communism with safeguarding China.


Question: Why did the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan support the Soviet Union?

War in Afghanistan

[26] In the Kremlin, Amin was even suspected of planning an alliance with the United States.


Question: Why did the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan support the Soviet Union?

War in Afghanistan

[27] Furthermore, there were fears that the Islamic Revolution in Iran could gain support in Afghanistan and spread from there to the Islamic republics of the Soviet Union such as Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan.


Question: Why did the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan support the Soviet Union?

War in Afghanistan

Andrei Gromyko made the case at a Politburo meeting in 1979 that Afghanistan could by no means be lost.


Question: Why did the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan support the Soviet Union?

War in Afghanistan

[16] In a confused situation, the Soviet Union decided to ensure the country remained under its own control and it undertook military intervention.


Question: Why did the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan support the Soviet Union?

War in Afghanistan

Soviet combat troops moved by air to Bagram Airport north of Kabul and they took control of the Salang Road Tunnel and Bagram and Kabul airfields.


Question: Why did the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan support the Soviet Union?

War in Afghanistan

On December 24, three divisions captured Bagram, Kabul, Kandahar and Herat airfields.


Question: Why did the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan support the Soviet Union?

War in Afghanistan

Amin greeted the event with satisfaction, as already Taraki had hoped that the Soviet Union would send soldiers to the country to help their government.


Question: Why did the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan support the Soviet Union?

War in Afghanistan

[28] Spetsnaz commandos took over the communications in Kabul.


Question: Why did the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan support the Soviet Union?

War in Afghanistan

On December 27, Soviet advisers held banquet dinners for the state leadership — all were arrested, the same happened to the military leadership.


Question: Why did the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan support the Soviet Union?

War in Afghanistan

700 KGB Alpha soldiers in Afghan uniforms attacked the presidential palace in Kabul, and Hafizullah Amin and his family were assassinated.


Question: Why did the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan support the Soviet Union?

War in Afghanistan

Initially, Amin was only to be drugged and subsequently imprisoned.


Question: Why did the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan support the Soviet Union?

War in Afghanistan

[28] The Soviet news agency Tass stated in a propagandistic tone: “The bloody clique of Hafizullah Amin and his auxiliaries, as well as American imperialism, has been eaten from power”.


Question: Why did the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan support the Soviet Union?

War in Afghanistan

[29] The Kremlin's decision elevated Babrak Karmal, who had been exiled in the Soviet Union, to the leadership of Afghanistan.


Question: Why did the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan support the Soviet Union?

War in Afghanistan

On 28 December 1979, he became President, Prime Minister and General Secretary of the Communist Party.


Question: Why did the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan support the Soviet Union?

War in Afghanistan

[30] The name Babrak Karmal, taken from the puppet ruler of Afghanistan, signified “friend of the workers”.


Question: Why did the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan support the Soviet Union?

War in Afghanistan

[31] On the same day, several motorized divisions of the Soviet Land Forces crossed the Afghan border.


Question: Why did the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan support the Soviet Union?

War in Afghanistan

The justification for a major military operation was obtained through a transparent appeal to the YYA agreement with Afghanistan and a request from the Afghan government.


Question: Why did the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan support the Soviet Union?

War in Afghanistan

Thus Brezhnev's doctrine was applied not only to Eastern Europe, but also in Afghanistan.


Question: Why did the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan support the Soviet Union?

War in Afghanistan

There was also a concrete staging of the call for help in traditional Soviet style, though this time in some clumsily fashion.


Question: Why did the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan support the Soviet Union?

War in Afghanistan

Babrak Karmal's recorded “Request for Assistance from the Afghan Government” was broadcast via the radio station of the Soviet Army Mission Command, which was located in Soviet territory (Uzbekistan).


Question: Why did the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan support the Soviet Union?

War in Afghanistan

[32] The plan of the Soviet Union was to raise the desired government to power in Kabul, quickly stabilise the situation and leave the country.


Question: Why did the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan support the Soviet Union?

War in Afghanistan

Guerrilla warfare was believed to be avoided by presenting the guerrillas with massive military strength.


Question: Why did the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan support the Soviet Union?

War in Afghanistan

The local culture and the religious feelings of the inhabitants were not wanted to be offended and the rank-men were assembled from Soviet Kyrgyz, Uzbek, Turkmen, and Tajik soldiers.


Question: Why did the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan support the Soviet Union?

War in Afghanistan

This was abandoned quite soon, as representatives of those nationalities not only deserted from the Red Army, but also joined the Afghan fighters.


Question: Why did the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan support the Soviet Union?

War in Afghanistan

[33] The reaction to the occupation was expressed by the general aggravation caused by the Soviet war effort.


Question: Why did the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan support the Soviet Union?

War in Afghanistan

The occupation of Afghanistan was addressed in early January 1980 at the initiative of 43 countries by the UN Security Council.


Question: Why did the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan support the Soviet Union?

War in Afghanistan

As expected, the Soviet Union vetoed a motion calling for foreign troops to be withdrawn from the country.


Question: Why did the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan support the Soviet Union?

War in Afghanistan

The General Assembly's proposal for a resolution on the matter, which admittedly did not mention the Soviet Union directly by name, was a significant prestige defeat for Moscow.


Question: Why did the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan support the Soviet Union?

War in Afghanistan

For a long time, the vote in practice had been considered by the UN General Assembly that the West had often fallen behind defeat in the polls with socialist and Third World countries on a common front.


Question: Why did the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan support the Soviet Union?

War in Afghanistan

Now on January 14, 1980, 104 countries supported the resolution, with 18 voting against and 18 abstaining.


Question: Why did the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan support the Soviet Union?

War in Afghanistan

[34] Among the abstaining countries were, among others, Stalinist Romania, which has been part of the Warsaw Pact, and the only Western European country remaining outside the conflicts of the great powers, India, Nicaragua, Cyprus, and a number of third countries countries of the world.


Question: Why did the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan support the Soviet Union?

War in Afghanistan

[35] US President Jimmy Carter was not content with condemning the Soviet Union at the UN but took extensive punitive measures.


Question: Why did the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan support the Soviet Union?

War in Afghanistan

In the field of diplomacy, the measures included summoning Moscow's ambassador home.


Question: Why did the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan support the Soviet Union?

War in Afghanistan

Extensive economic sanctions were also directed against the Soviet Union, covering issues such as grain exports and high technology.


Question: Why did the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan support the Soviet Union?

War in Afghanistan

Action was taken against the Olympic Games in Moscow in the summer of 1980 to acquire a broad boycott front.


Question: Why did the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan support the Soviet Union?

War in Afghanistan

In addition, the SALT II Treaty, which aimed at limiting strategic arms, went unratified by the United States Senate.


Question: Why did the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan support the Soviet Union?

War in Afghanistan

In the longer term, the United States woke up to respond more firmly to the Soviet arms race.


Question: Why did the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan support the Soviet Union?

War in Afghanistan

This cycle of armaments was already sucking up the resources of the otherwise economically stagnant Soviet Union to such an extent that it subjected the country to a subsequent disintegration process.


Question: Why did the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan support the Soviet Union?

War in Afghanistan

[36] US support for Afghan fighters remained fairly modest during Jimmy Carter's presidency.


Question: Why did the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan support the Soviet Union?

War in Afghanistan

After Ronald Reagan became president in 1981, the amount of aid increased.


Question: Why did the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan support the Soviet Union?

War in Afghanistan

[37] Officially, the United States had denied its armed support to Afghan fighters, supplying them only with Soviet-made armament.


Question: Why did the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan support the Soviet Union?

War in Afghanistan

This was obtained from the Soviet Union's former ally country Egypt.


Question: Why did the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan support the Soviet Union?

War in Afghanistan

Eventually it went so far as to start manufacturing copies of Soviet-style weapons in China stamped with copies of Soviet stamps.


Question: Why did the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan support the Soviet Union?

War in Afghanistan

[37] From a European point of view, the serious state of affairs could be noted at the latest: Especially from the right and Conservative parties, it was known that the Cold War had frozen the atmosphere and the enlargement had ended.


Question: Why did the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan support the Soviet Union?

War in Afghanistan

The Conservative Party of Great Britain, led by Margaret Thatcher, was on the front lines of tinkering with sanctions on the Soviet Union.


Question: Why did the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan support the Soviet Union?

War in Afghanistan

[38] Franz-Josef Strauss, the president of the West German Christian Social Union (CSU), gave fresh air to his Finnish speech, fearing Soviet remote control over Europe, stating: “Europe was one day becoming a great Finland.” [39] Saudi Arabia reacted to the Soviet occupation. providing resistance fighters with significant monetary assistance.


Question: Why did the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan support the Soviet Union?

War in Afghanistan

Its motives were of two kinds: on the one hand, to dam the advance of what was considered godless, an aggressive Soviet Union; on the other hand, channelling aid to Sunni Pashtuns wanted to weaken Iranian influence.


Question: Why did the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan support the Soviet Union?

War in Afghanistan

[40] In Saudi Arabia, it was thought that the next target of invasion by the Soviet Union after Afghanistan would be Iran and the Persian Gulf.


Question: Why did the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan support the Soviet Union?

War in Afghanistan

Iran, on the other hand, had become too popular and influential among Shiites since its Islamic revolution.


Question: Why did the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan support the Soviet Union?

War in Afghanistan

[40] Finnish attitude The comments of the Finnish foreign policy leadership on the occupation of Afghanistan in the first days of 1980 did not, in a word, criticise the Soviet Union's activities.


Question: Why did the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan support the Soviet Union?

War in Afghanistan

Led by Foreign Minister Paavo Väyrysen, but likely with guidance from Undersecretary of State Keijo Korhonen, the Foreign Ministry formulated a statement that the Soviet intervention was based on a Soviet-Afghan mutual agreement and a request for assistance from Afghans.


Question: Why did the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan support the Soviet Union?

War in Afghanistan

Finland's attitude immediately attracted international attention, and among others the British Ambassador to Helsinki visited the Foreign Office to express his astonishment.


Question: Why did the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan support the Soviet Union?

War in Afghanistan

In his opinion, of all the countries in the world, it is Finland who would have thought was concerned about the invasion of a small neighbouring country by Soviet troops.


Question: Why did the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan support the Soviet Union?

War in Afghanistan

President Urho Kekkonen, who was visited in Tamminiemi by Ministerial Advisor Viktor Vladimirov, said that the occupation had put Finland in a very difficult situation because Finland could not possibly support the Soviet Union's actions and it would be difficult to be neutral.


Question: Why did the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan support the Soviet Union?

War in Afghanistan

The next day, Ambassador Vladimir Sobolev visited Kekkonen to promise that the Soviet Union would withdraw its troops as soon as the reasons leading to their deployment to Afghanistan would have gone away.


Question: Why did the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan support the Soviet Union?

War in Afghanistan

This is what Kekkonen said he was pleased with.


Question: Why did the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan support the Soviet Union?

War in Afghanistan

[35] Max Jakobson, the then Managing Director of the Business Delegation and a foreign policy contributor, defended the Finnish Government's line in his newspaper writings.


Question: Why did the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan support the Soviet Union?

War in Afghanistan

Later, he has written that Finland's conduct in the UN General Assembly resolution vote did not in fact show neutrality, but instead followed the “geopolitical voting pattern” that had emerged during the days of the Hungarian uprising in 1956 and from which a departure might have raises suspicion in Moscow.


Question: Why did the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan support the Soviet Union?

War in Afghanistan

[41] According to Keijo Korhonen, Undersecretary of State for Foreign Affairs, the condemnation of the occupation of Afghanistan could also have been seen in the circle of the most ardent foreign Finns only as an indication that Finland would vote against the Soviet Union, with the permission of the Soviet Union, and this would not be any ways helped the Afghans.


Question: Why did the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan support the Soviet Union?

War in Afghanistan

[42] Kari Suomalainen, a Helsingin Sanomat cartoonist known as a critic of Finnishness, commented on Finland's proceedings at the UN with a drawing in which the seat of the Finnish envoy in the Assembly chamber was empty and the wall paper next to it showed a slight hump.


Question: Why did the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan support the Soviet Union?

War in Afghanistan

[43] Osmo Apunen, professor of international politics at the University of Tampere, drew attention to the fact that the commitment between the Soviet Union and Afghanistan resembled the YYA agreement between Finland and the Soviet Union in nature.


Question: Why did the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan support the Soviet Union?

War in Afghanistan

Apuse's writing provoked shock and strong outcry, although he did not say that the YYA treaty could give the Soviet Union the same rights over Finland as in Afghanistan.


Question: Why did the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan support the Soviet Union?

War in Afghanistan

[35] The occupation period and the war on terror Over time, it became apparent that Afghanistan became a military problem hotbed for the Soviet Union.


Question: Why did the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan support the Soviet Union?

War in Afghanistan

Although intelligence reports had been available on the abysmal condition of the Afghan army, the leaders of the Red Army believed it could cope with resistance groups and the Red Army should only provide material assistance and occupy strategic targets.


Question: Why did the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan support the Soviet Union?

War in Afghanistan

After noticing the abysmal condition of the Afghan forces, the Soviets realised they would be held accountable for actual combat action.


Question: Why did the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan support the Soviet Union?

War in Afghanistan

There was no plan for this and the situation was not improved by the fact that soldiers were not trained to fight factions of a few men hiding in the mountains, but to fight NATO armoured forces.


Question: Why did the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan support the Soviet Union?

War in Afghanistan

[44] Leonid Brezhnev was succeeded as General Secretary of the Communist Party by Yuri Andropov in 1982.


Question: Why did the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan support the Soviet Union?

War in Afghanistan

He realized that the Soviet Union was stuck in an untenable situation.


Question: Why did the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan support the Soviet Union?

War in Afghanistan

The Red Army was not losing the war, as Afghan Guerrillas did not have the strength to take either bases or towns.


Question: Why did the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan support the Soviet Union?

War in Afghanistan

On the other hand, the Soviet Union could not possibly win the war.


Question: Why did the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan support the Soviet Union?

War in Afghanistan

Although Soviet soldiers regained control of territories, the guerrillas returned as soon as the Soviet troops disembarked.


Question: Why did the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan support the Soviet Union?

War in Afghanistan

[45] Moreover, the war was an increasingly worsening economic and political burden.


Question: Why did the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan support the Soviet Union?

War in Afghanistan

Pulling the military out of Afghanistan was out of the question, as withdrawal without negotiations would have been interpreted as a defeat and would have been seen as a loss of face.


Question: Why did the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan support the Soviet Union?

War in Afghanistan

Andropov began his first cautious peace pledges with guerrilla leaders, but could die before anything had even been negotiated.


Question: Why did the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan support the Soviet Union?

War in Afghanistan

[46] With hostility towards the occupier, various factions receiving support from Islamic countries, China and the West sustained losses on it, exploiting mountainous terrain suitable for guerrilla warfare.


Question: Why did the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan support the Soviet Union?

War in Afghanistan

[23] Soviet troops mainly held the largest cities and roads to them.


Question: Why did the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan support the Soviet Union?

War in Afghanistan

Overland maintenance operations from the Soviet Union were also in difficulty first and foremost in the nighttime and control was not successful without a great effort of force.


Question: Why did the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan support the Soviet Union?

War in Afghanistan

Yuri Andropov was succeeded after his death by Konstantin Chernenko.


Question: Why did the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan support the Soviet Union?

War in Afghanistan

In his short term (1984—1985), he chose a line in which attempts to negotiate were rejected.


Question: Why did the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan support the Soviet Union?

War in Afghanistan

Instead, the decision was made to increase military strength.


Question: Why did the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan support the Soviet Union?

War in Afghanistan

[47] The Soviet Union did not bring success in guerrilla territory even the extremely harsh methods of war on terror it used.


Question: Why did the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan support the Soviet Union?

War in Afghanistan

[48] Its air force used large incendiary bombs filled with phosphorus and magnesium in the bombing of Afghan villages, sparking a local firestorm.


Question: Why did the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan support the Soviet Union?

War in Afghanistan

To avoid anti-aircraft combat, starting in 1983, “carpet bombing” from high altitude began.


Question: Why did the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan support the Soviet Union?

War in Afghanistan

In April 1984, for example, villages in the Panshir Valley were bombed with thirty planes daily.


Question: Why did the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan support the Soviet Union?

War in Afghanistan

The purpose of the terror bombings was to destroy the life chances of the civilian population supporting the resistance.


Question: Why did the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan support the Soviet Union?

War in Afghanistan

[49] This draining of the countryside succeeded, with 2.8 million Afghans fleeing to Pakistan and 1.5 million to Iran.


Question: Why did the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan support the Soviet Union?

War in Afghanistan

The war in Afghanistan also significantly weakened the intervals between the Soviet Union and Pakistan, which supported the mujahideen guerrillas.


Question: Why did the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan support the Soviet Union?

War in Afghanistan

Between 1986 and 1988, Pakistan Air Force F-16 fighter jets shot down at least 8 adversary planes when the planes violated Pakistani airspace in pursuit of guerrillas.


Question: Why did the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan support the Soviet Union?

War in Afghanistan

[50] In addition to financial and military aid from many Arab countries, thousands of volunteers from other Islamic countries flowed into Afghanistan, including Osama bin Laden and other later al-Qaeda members.


Question: Why did the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan support the Soviet Union?

War in Afghanistan

The US support was significant throughout and it donated, among other things, in 1986 some 600 Stinger near-aircraft missiles to the mujahideen guerrillas.


Question: Why did the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan support the Soviet Union?

War in Afghanistan

Guerrilla groups Anti-Soviet forces and guerrillas opposed to the government split into numerous different factions.


Question: Why did the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan support the Soviet Union?

War in Afghanistan

The main ones were the seven parties that held their headquarters in Peshawar, which enjoyed considerable support from Pakistan, Saudi Arabia and the United States (Operation Cyclone).


Question: Why did the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan support the Soviet Union?

War in Afghanistan

In particular, Pakistan's intelligence agency, the ISI, played a key role in channeling support, favoring Islamist groups.


Question: Why did the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan support the Soviet Union?

War in Afghanistan

From the Peshawar sides to the radicals, the Hezb-i-Islami (Islamic Party) led by Gulbuddin Hekmatyar, a group of the same name led by Yunus Khalis who resigned from this, the Ittihad-i-Islami led by Abdul Rasul Sayyaf, and the Jamiat-i-Islami led by Burhanuddin Rabbani.


Question: Why did the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan support the Soviet Union?

War in Afghanistan

The traditionalist wing in turn was represented by Mohammad Nabi Mohammad's Harakat-i-Inqilab-i-Islami (Movement of the Islamic Revolution), Sibghatullah Mojadedin Jabha-i-Najat-i-Milli (National Liberation Front), and Ahmed Gailani's Mahaz-i-Milli-Islami (National Islamic Front).


Question: Why did the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan support the Soviet Union?

War in Afghanistan

Iran, in turn, supported several guerrilla organizations formed by Afghan Shiite Muslims in the war.


Question: Why did the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan support the Soviet Union?

War in Afghanistan

The Wahhabite guerrilla groups, particularly in the Kunar and Nuristan regions, were supported by Saudi Arabia.


Question: Why did the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan support the Soviet Union?

War in Afghanistan

In addition to these groups, especially in the early stages, some leftist (especially Maoist-influenced) and nationalist groups also participated in the guerrilla war.


Question: Why did the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan support the Soviet Union?

War in Afghanistan

End of the Soviet War When Mikhail Gorbachev moved in 1985 to the Soviet leadership, the war began to seek a solution.


Question: Why did the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan support the Soviet Union?

War in Afghanistan

Gorbachev informed the military leadership that will allow them to resolve the situation militarily, but a solution must happen soon.


Question: Why did the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan support the Soviet Union?

War in Afghanistan

Between 1985 and 1986, Soviet forces and the Afghan government army they supported conducted spectacular operations to retake territory from guerrillas.


Question: Why did the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan support the Soviet Union?

War in Afghanistan

It was already starting to be clear, however, that the war cannot be won.


Question: Why did the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan support the Soviet Union?

War in Afghanistan

[51] In 1987, an estimated 35% of Afghanistan was under the control of Soviet forces and the Afghan government, 45% was under the control of guerrilla factions, and 20% was virtually no territory controlled by anyone.


Question: Why did the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan support the Soviet Union?

War in Afghanistan

[52] In 1987, the first temporary truce was concluded in which Karmal, who had lost Soviet support, was ousted from power.