Question: Has Stockholm been bombed at the time of the wars?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Vyborg served as a major, at times quasi-autonomous centre as Turku was more closely incorporated into the central authority's administrative region.


Question: Has Stockholm been bombed at the time of the wars?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The independent status of Vyborg can be seen, among other things, in the fact that although Finland was divided in 1435 into two Lamalandic municipalities South and Bottom-Finland, Vyborg was born as early as the 1440s, an independent Karelian Llamann, which was probably laid down by a castle chief in Vyborg.


Question: Has Stockholm been bombed at the time of the wars?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Although the Karelian Laman had no jurisdiction in the Turku Land Court.


Question: Has Stockholm been bombed at the time of the wars?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

[31] In Finland and Sweden, discontent in the early days of the Union was provoked by an increase in the tax burden.


Question: Has Stockholm been bombed at the time of the wars?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Eerik sought to make taxation more efficient in Finland, with the cancellation of the farms to the Crown and efforts to make the castle sound liable.


Question: Has Stockholm been bombed at the time of the wars?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

[30] During the Union period, the administration of the country was organised in a new way to improve the economic condition.


Question: Has Stockholm been bombed at the time of the wars?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

In 1405, tax exemptions for apparently hundreds of farms were withdrawn.


Question: Has Stockholm been bombed at the time of the wars?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

At that time, the groundwork for systematic land taxation was laid.


Question: Has Stockholm been bombed at the time of the wars?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The Crown also sought to increase tax revenues through settler activity: arable farming produced tax revenues, while the wilderness economy did not produce them.


Question: Has Stockholm been bombed at the time of the wars?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Tax revenues were therefore raised by the allocation of wilderness for permanent settlement.


Question: Has Stockholm been bombed at the time of the wars?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

In 1409, Turku also began to mint its own money, which differed in value from the money spent in Sweden.


Question: Has Stockholm been bombed at the time of the wars?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

They were silver and six-pence coins.


Question: Has Stockholm been bombed at the time of the wars?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

In 1407, Finland received its own supreme court, the Turku Land Court, and it was also given administrative power.


Question: Has Stockholm been bombed at the time of the wars?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Finland's leaders were now able to decide the country's affairs at their own meetings.


Question: Has Stockholm been bombed at the time of the wars?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The railing crew and clergy formed a politically leading group during the Union period.


Question: Has Stockholm been bombed at the time of the wars?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Finland's own raulsmen only rarely ruled the largest castle voices, usually headed by Swedish or Danish, sometimes German-born men, who, though often had lived in the country for decades.


Question: Has Stockholm been bombed at the time of the wars?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Domestic rails were generally responsible for lower administration, military functions and especially the courts.


Question: Has Stockholm been bombed at the time of the wars?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The most prominent positions in the Church also ended up in the Union period for the sons of the indigenous families.


Question: Has Stockholm been bombed at the time of the wars?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

On the other hand, the peasantry could also participate in the activities of various boards and district assemblies, as well as influence political solutions such as the election of the king.


Question: Has Stockholm been bombed at the time of the wars?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

With the exception of Turku and Vyborg, cities were small during the Union period and there were very few of them.


Question: Has Stockholm been bombed at the time of the wars?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Therefore, foreign trade was modest, too.


Question: Has Stockholm been bombed at the time of the wars?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Even Vyborg was unable to compete with Tallinn as a hub for trade in Russia.


Question: Has Stockholm been bombed at the time of the wars?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Domestic trade was economically certainly more significant than foreign trade.


Question: Has Stockholm been bombed at the time of the wars?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Externally, the beginning of the Union was a time of peace for Finland.


Question: Has Stockholm been bombed at the time of the wars?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

However, King Eerik the Pomeranian, who was active in foreign politics, was mired in conflict with the Hanseatic League, making commerce more difficult.


Question: Has Stockholm been bombed at the time of the wars?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

In the 1430s, the rebellion movements of the overlords and peasants that rose on the Swedish side had little effect in Finland.


Question: Has Stockholm been bombed at the time of the wars?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The overabundance of modest insurgency movements in Finland can be explained by the expansion of the Crown and Rulse holdings [32].


Question: Has Stockholm been bombed at the time of the wars?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The most famous of these rebellion movements was the so-called. David's revolt in Häme in 1439.


Question: Has Stockholm been bombed at the time of the wars?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

It targeted Viikki Manor [33] [34].


Question: Has Stockholm been bombed at the time of the wars?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Finland did not participate in the 1435 meeting held in Arboga.


Question: Has Stockholm been bombed at the time of the wars?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

In the autumn of the same year, Bishop Maunu Tavast and Krister Nilsson arrived in Sweden, where, in arranged negotiations, they influenced the ousting of the leaders of the movement known as the Engelbrekt Engelbrektinpoika Rebellion and reaching a compromise.


Question: Has Stockholm been bombed at the time of the wars?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Drots became Krister Nilsson and Charlemagne Knuutinpoika Bonde became the marcher.


Question: Has Stockholm been bombed at the time of the wars?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

After the former returned to Finland in the autumn of the same year, the revolt movement began again in Sweden.


Question: Has Stockholm been bombed at the time of the wars?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

To counter the rebellion projects, the Finnish peasants were promised a tax reduction in a letter dated 24 June 1436, the signatories of which were the archbishop, drotsi and marski in the name of the Council of Power.


Question: Has Stockholm been bombed at the time of the wars?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The reason was put forward that the Finns had proved loyal to the kingdom and had sworn not to assume a head of their own, i.e., promised not to rise in rebellion, and would accept the head imposed by the Council of Power.


Question: Has Stockholm been bombed at the time of the wars?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Seppo Suvanto interpreted this as saying that in Sweden it was feared that the Finns, or the administrators of Finland, would break away from the Council of Power and Finland would elect its own head.


Question: Has Stockholm been bombed at the time of the wars?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

[35] Finland and Swedish power struggles Eventually the king was dismissed in 1439, after which Sweden was ruled by a power council of aristocrats.


Question: Has Stockholm been bombed at the time of the wars?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

It consisted of bishops and leading supremacists.


Question: Has Stockholm been bombed at the time of the wars?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The most powerful of this force emerged Charlemagne the son of Knuutinson, who was elected in 1438 as regent.


Question: Has Stockholm been bombed at the time of the wars?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

His worst rival, the drotsi Krister then withdrew to Vyborg.


Question: Has Stockholm been bombed at the time of the wars?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

After the fall of the monopolistic system of government, Finland's links with Denmark were severed.


Question: Has Stockholm been bombed at the time of the wars?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

However, links with Sweden were not much consolidated but the holders of local castle votes largely ruled the country.


Question: Has Stockholm been bombed at the time of the wars?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

In 1440 the Danes invited Christopher the Bavarian to the land and he was proclaimed king.


Question: Has Stockholm been bombed at the time of the wars?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Negotiations were held in Sweden on the terms of recognition.


Question: Has Stockholm been bombed at the time of the wars?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Kaarle Knuutinpoika moved to Finland in the same year and took over the castles of Turku and Kastelholm, promising to give up the position of state administrator if he could get all of Finland as his county.


Question: Has Stockholm been bombed at the time of the wars?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

With the exception of Åland, this wish came true.


Question: Has Stockholm been bombed at the time of the wars?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

However, the situation soon changed, and soon Charlemagne had to settle solely for the Vyborg Castle.


Question: Has Stockholm been bombed at the time of the wars?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Turku returned to the rule of a voud under the king.


Question: Has Stockholm been bombed at the time of the wars?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The king's purpose was to prevent the emergence of a unified Finland.


Question: Has Stockholm been bombed at the time of the wars?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

After Christopher died in 1448, Charlemagne Knuutinpoika sailed from Vyborg with 800 gunmen to Stockholm, where he was elected king (1448—1457), apparently because of his armed superiority.


Question: Has Stockholm been bombed at the time of the wars?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The reign was marked by war against Kristian Oldenburgian, which increased the tax burden in Finland as well.


Question: Has Stockholm been bombed at the time of the wars?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

During this period, Finland was the most significant area of support for the king.


Question: Has Stockholm been bombed at the time of the wars?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

In 1457, the Swedish Grand Excellence rose in revolt against the king, and he fled to Danzig.


Question: Has Stockholm been bombed at the time of the wars?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Kristian Oldenburgian was elected King of Sweden.


Question: Has Stockholm been bombed at the time of the wars?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

He ruled from 1457 to 1464.


Question: Has Stockholm been bombed at the time of the wars?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

However, support for the new king was not shared by everyone - especially in Vyborg.


Question: Has Stockholm been bombed at the time of the wars?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Controversy over the eastern border The following period was marked by problems in the eastern parts of the kingdom.


Question: Has Stockholm been bombed at the time of the wars?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

As the settlement spread to the wilderness areas, border disputes and skirmishes with Novgorod and Karelians began.


Question: Has Stockholm been bombed at the time of the wars?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

While Savonian settlement progressed, North Karelia was also colonized.


Question: Has Stockholm been bombed at the time of the wars?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

In 1478, Novgorod was annexed by Moscow, and a new force factor rose behind the eastern border.


Question: Has Stockholm been bombed at the time of the wars?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

In order to secure the border, construction began to be built on Olavinlinna to protect the settler settlement.


Question: Has Stockholm been bombed at the time of the wars?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

From the Russian point of view, this was a breach of the border treaty and open martial law prevailed for several years right up to the intermediate peace of 1482.


Question: Has Stockholm been bombed at the time of the wars?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

However, there was no consensus on the course of the border.


Question: Has Stockholm been bombed at the time of the wars?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

From the Axis sons to the Sten Sture period In the battle, the Swedish king's crown became the castles of Suomenk to take over and bend the Union king behind them.


Question: Has Stockholm been bombed at the time of the wars?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The Danish knight Eerik the Axis boy Tott came with his brothers to take over the castles in the 1480s, and eventually all the castles were held by the Axis sons.


Question: Has Stockholm been bombed at the time of the wars?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

After Eerik died, he left the counties of Vyborg, Hämeenlinna and Savonlinna to his brothers Ivar and Laur, who already ruled Raseborg.


Question: Has Stockholm been bombed at the time of the wars?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

However, the emergence of a unitary circle of power did not fit with regent minister Sten Sture's plans.


Question: Has Stockholm been bombed at the time of the wars?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

In 1481, Sten Sture arrived in Finland, all the way to Vyborg.


Question: Has Stockholm been bombed at the time of the wars?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

A reconciliation between the registrar and the local grandees could not arise: the regent promised the population tax breaks; the holders of the fiefdoms again did not accept these.


Question: Has Stockholm been bombed at the time of the wars?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

At the end of the Union period no longer saw the emergence of a mutually accepted monarch in the Nordic countries.


Question: Has Stockholm been bombed at the time of the wars?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

King Hansel of Denmark (1481—1513) did not achieve approval in the Union countries; instead, the power councils took control.


Question: Has Stockholm been bombed at the time of the wars?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

In 1483, Sten Sture gained control of three counties in Finland: Vyborg, Savonlinna and Hämeenlinna.


Question: Has Stockholm been bombed at the time of the wars?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The earlier Axis boys' dominance became a supporter of the regent and Finland became more firmly subordinated to the central authority; especially when Raaseporik came into the possession of Sten Sture's supporter, Knut Posse.


Question: Has Stockholm been bombed at the time of the wars?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Sture did not distribute castles as fiefs to the overlord, but controlled them through self-dependent vouts, collecting significantly tax revenue for himself.


Question: Has Stockholm been bombed at the time of the wars?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The tranquillities of the end of the Middle Ages at the end of the 15th century earlier skirmishes with Moscow condensed into war.


Question: Has Stockholm been bombed at the time of the wars?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

In 1495, Vyborg Castle began to be besieged.


Question: Has Stockholm been bombed at the time of the wars?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Lifting people were also gathered from Western Finland for the war effort at the time.


Question: Has Stockholm been bombed at the time of the wars?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

In endangered areas, all 15-year-olds were taken up in arms, and German mercenaries and people from the Swedish side also arrived in the country.


Question: Has Stockholm been bombed at the time of the wars?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Along with Karelia, Russian attacks also extended to Ostrobothnia, Savo and Häme.


Question: Has Stockholm been bombed at the time of the wars?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Peace was concluded in 1497.


Question: Has Stockholm been bombed at the time of the wars?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

In the same year, Sten Sture was dismissed from the position of state administrator by the Council of Power.


Question: Has Stockholm been bombed at the time of the wars?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

However, the Finnish castle lands remained in his possession.


Question: Has Stockholm been bombed at the time of the wars?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

King Hansel I of Denmark invaded Sweden in 1497, beating Sten Sture's forces on 28 September at the Battle of Rotebro.


Question: Has Stockholm been bombed at the time of the wars?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Thus Hansel I rose to become King of Sweden and thus of Finland (1497—1501).


Question: Has Stockholm been bombed at the time of the wars?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

In 1499, Sture had to give up his territories in Finland.


Question: Has Stockholm been bombed at the time of the wars?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

In 1503, Svante Niilonpoika Sture (1504—1512) was elected as regent, to whom the leading men of Finland also gave their assurances of allegiance.


Question: Has Stockholm been bombed at the time of the wars?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

At the meeting in Turku, his election was supported.


Question: Has Stockholm been bombed at the time of the wars?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

However, the unanimity was ostensible, as some of Finland's lords, along with Sten Sture's kin, pursued their own political line.


Question: Has Stockholm been bombed at the time of the wars?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

To some extent, the goals have remained unclear.


Question: Has Stockholm been bombed at the time of the wars?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

National historiography, however, has highlighted the centrality of Eastern politics in divisive terms.


Question: Has Stockholm been bombed at the time of the wars?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Vaasa period (1523—1617) The reign of Gustav Vasa during the end of the Union was peaceful in Finland other than Vyborg, in the early 16th century the Danes went on raiding the coasts of Finland, and the privateer captain Otto Rudi plundered Turku and its treasures of the cathedral.


Question: Has Stockholm been bombed at the time of the wars?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

On the rise of Christian II, the Danish Union king, at his coronation, he beheaded dozens of Swedish supremacists.


Question: Has Stockholm been bombed at the time of the wars?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

It's called the Stockholm massacre.


Question: Has Stockholm been bombed at the time of the wars?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The Swedish supreme Gustav Vasa rose to oppose the Union king and won the peasants over.


Question: Has Stockholm been bombed at the time of the wars?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

German Hanseatic merchants also supported Gustavus Vasa and supplied him with weapons and money.


Question: Has Stockholm been bombed at the time of the wars?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The Finnish-born Fleming brothers Eerik and Iivar conquered the Finnish castles for Gustav Vasa and drove the Danes out of Finland in 1523.


Question: Has Stockholm been bombed at the time of the wars?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The Nordic Union period ended, and Gustav Vasa became King of Sweden and Finland.


Question: Has Stockholm been bombed at the time of the wars?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The early modern state emerges in the Gustav Vasa period beginning a unified Swedish kingdom to form.


Question: Has Stockholm been bombed at the time of the wars?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

He succeeded in defeating the provincial communities that pushed for his own policies.


Question: Has Stockholm been bombed at the time of the wars?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The Reformation, in turn, snubbed the Church.


Question: Has Stockholm been bombed at the time of the wars?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Already weakened by the massacre, the high nobility was now attached to supporting royal policy.


Question: Has Stockholm been bombed at the time of the wars?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

However, the management of the government continued the medieval tradition: the king had numerous nobles as well as scribes who were not, however, strictly officials.


Question: Has Stockholm been bombed at the time of the wars?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Nor was there yet a clear division of labour within the administration, but the functions of office in the king's service varied according to the situation.


Question: Has Stockholm been bombed at the time of the wars?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

In the 1530s, Gustavus Vasa began to produce German administrative personnel in the country, with whom new views of monarch rule also arrived in Sweden.


Question: Has Stockholm been bombed at the time of the wars?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

In 1544, in the Riksdag of Västerås, the kingship was changed to hereditary and Gustav Vasa's eldest son Eerik was named heir to the throne.


Question: Has Stockholm been bombed at the time of the wars?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

After the withdrawal of fiefdoms, local government of the Crown was concentrated in the hands of the vouties.


Question: Has Stockholm been bombed at the time of the wars?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The tasks of these were diverse, but the collection of taxes was the most important of them.


Question: Has Stockholm been bombed at the time of the wars?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

During Gustavus Vasa's time, there was also a shift to written administration; first, systematic land books (on land ownership) are being drawn up to aid taxation, soon followed by other lists and written accounts.


Question: Has Stockholm been bombed at the time of the wars?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The Vouds were also responsible for repopulating deserted houses, a ride-hailing system and roadwork.


Question: Has Stockholm been bombed at the time of the wars?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Voud also had to prevent illegal trading in the countryside, as well as handicrafts.


Question: Has Stockholm been bombed at the time of the wars?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Maintaining public order and caring for the litigants were also part of the duties of the voud - thus ensuring the Crown's share of tax revenue and penalty payments.


Question: Has Stockholm been bombed at the time of the wars?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The stepped-up administration boosted the Crown's tax revenues by tens of percent.


Question: Has Stockholm been bombed at the time of the wars?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The war against Russia for Finland was still significant in foreign policy terms, continued conflicts with Russia; during the early stages of the period of Gustav Vasa, another attempt was made to gain clarity on the course of the border line through negotiations.


Question: Has Stockholm been bombed at the time of the wars?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The Swedes sought to delay the revision of the border as far as possible, and despite temporary agreements, skirmishes and mutual raiding continued.


Question: Has Stockholm been bombed at the time of the wars?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

In 1555, a meeting of nobles held in Vyborg recommended to the king to go to war.


Question: Has Stockholm been bombed at the time of the wars?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The attack prompted a counter-attack by Ivan the Terrible in the direction of Vyborg and Savo.


Question: Has Stockholm been bombed at the time of the wars?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Negotiations between 1556 and 1557 ended with the conclusion of a 40-year-long intermediate peace.


Question: Has Stockholm been bombed at the time of the wars?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The intention was to hold 1559 new negotiations for the passage of the border, which, however, never materialised.


Question: Has Stockholm been bombed at the time of the wars?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Abuses of nobility During the war, the king had stayed in Finland for a long time.


Question: Has Stockholm been bombed at the time of the wars?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

At that time he also ordered the submission of an extensive inquiry into abuses committed by the nobility.


Question: Has Stockholm been bombed at the time of the wars?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

As a result of this investigation, the so-called. A catalogue of complaints by Jaakko Teit, a major source of 16th-century social history.


Question: Has Stockholm been bombed at the time of the wars?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

In the summer of 1556, the king still formed a duchy of his own from Finland, with the king's son Juhana named at its head.


Question: Has Stockholm been bombed at the time of the wars?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Gustav Vasa died in September 1560.


Question: Has Stockholm been bombed at the time of the wars?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

On the throne he was succeeded by Eerik XIV.


Question: Has Stockholm been bombed at the time of the wars?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

From throne disputes to the beginning of great power politics, Eerik XIV's reign Eerik XIV was crowned king in 1561.


Question: Has Stockholm been bombed at the time of the wars?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

He sought to further intensify the kingship in relation to the overlord, and thus also to his brothers.


Question: Has Stockholm been bombed at the time of the wars?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

To weaken the position of these, Eerik established new counts and free lordships to share the power of the dukes.


Question: Has Stockholm been bombed at the time of the wars?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

In Finland, the king's policy was also reflected in the appointment of new llamanns to the country.


Question: Has Stockholm been bombed at the time of the wars?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

In 1561, the King approved in the Reichstag the so-called. Arboga's articles by which the dukes were subjected to the control of the king and deprived them of the possibility of an independent foreign policy.


Question: Has Stockholm been bombed at the time of the wars?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Central to the king was specifically the eroding of the position of Duke Juhana of Finland.


Question: Has Stockholm been bombed at the time of the wars?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

As the Duchy of Juhana, Finland was formed into a “feudal miniature state” (Keränen) subjugated to the kingdom, with its own office, chamber of taxes and calculations, and a council corresponding to the power council.


Question: Has Stockholm been bombed at the time of the wars?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Juhana's interests in Livonia were also at odds with the king: with the planned marriage to Catherine Jagellonica, Juhana would gain possession of several pledge castles in Livonia.


Question: Has Stockholm been bombed at the time of the wars?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Simultaneously, Eerik XIV was drifting into war with Poland due to its expansionist policy towards Livonia.


Question: Has Stockholm been bombed at the time of the wars?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

In 1561 the Tallinn jury had already ceded the city to the patronage of the king, during the same spring the nobility of Viru and Harju separated from the Teutonic Order.


Question: Has Stockholm been bombed at the time of the wars?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

As the conflict intensified, the king convened in 1563 the Reichstag to condemn John to death.


Question: Has Stockholm been bombed at the time of the wars?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The development led to the siege of Turku Castle in the summer of 1563.


Question: Has Stockholm been bombed at the time of the wars?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

After skirmishes and bombardments, the castle surrendered on 12 August 1563, after which the splendour of the castle was destroyed, the pair of dukes were captured and taken to Sweden for imprisonment.


Question: Has Stockholm been bombed at the time of the wars?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

In the 1560s, Swedish foreign policy was marked by warfare in the Baltics against Poland.


Question: Has Stockholm been bombed at the time of the wars?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

In addition, Eerik XIV was mired in war against Denmark-Norway and Lübeck.


Question: Has Stockholm been bombed at the time of the wars?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

This required good relations with the east: concentrating military forces elsewhere required good relations with the direction of Moscow.


Question: Has Stockholm been bombed at the time of the wars?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Eerik XIV's term ended in 1568 with the rise of the nobility against the king.


Question: Has Stockholm been bombed at the time of the wars?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

This time, Finland's top brass were also on the side of the rebels, as much the old supporters of Juhana as the creditmen of Eerik.


Question: Has Stockholm been bombed at the time of the wars?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Turku Castle came into the possession of the rebels.


Question: Has Stockholm been bombed at the time of the wars?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Eerik spent the next few years in captivity until he was sentenced to death and poisoned in 1577.


Question: Has Stockholm been bombed at the time of the wars?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Long hatred during Juhana III's kingship, border skirmishes on the border of Käkisalmi County led to yet another war (1570—1595) known as the Nordic Five Third Year War.


Question: Has Stockholm been bombed at the time of the wars?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

For the most part, it was a brutal, mutual guerrilla war.


Question: Has Stockholm been bombed at the time of the wars?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

In the early stages, however, warfare was organized and in 1573—1577 a time of armistice lived on the Finnish front.


Question: Has Stockholm been bombed at the time of the wars?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Halfway through the decade, however, peasant rustles began: Karelians invaded Oulujärvi and Iijoki, southern Finland went beyond the Gulf of Finland.


Question: Has Stockholm been bombed at the time of the wars?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

In the fold of the decade, organised warfare was triggered again with the invasion of Narva (1579) and the conquest of Käkisalmi in 1580.


Question: Has Stockholm been bombed at the time of the wars?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Narva was overrun the following year, with subsequent negotiations leading to an intermediate peace lasting until 1590.


Question: Has Stockholm been bombed at the time of the wars?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Despite the intermediate peace, guerrilla warfare continued on both sides of the eastern border, leading to the widespread desolation of Kainuu and northern Ostrobothnia in the 1580s.


Question: Has Stockholm been bombed at the time of the wars?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Led by Pekka Vesainen, the Ostrobothians made retaliatory expeditions to Viena Karelia.


Question: Has Stockholm been bombed at the time of the wars?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The war ended with the Peace Treaty of Full Self in 1595.


Question: Has Stockholm been bombed at the time of the wars?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

A new dispute over the throne upon the death of John III in 1592 left the throne without a holder.


Question: Has Stockholm been bombed at the time of the wars?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

There were two successor candidates: Sigismund and Duke Charles.


Question: Has Stockholm been bombed at the time of the wars?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The kingship issue was also intertwined with church politics: in Counter-Reformation Europe, Sigismund was Catholic, making his position even more problematic in Lutheran Sweden.


Question: Has Stockholm been bombed at the time of the wars?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

In 1593 Sigismund arrived in the country to be crowned.


Question: Has Stockholm been bombed at the time of the wars?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The ruler's assurance he issued in the autumn of the following year.


Question: Has Stockholm been bombed at the time of the wars?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

In this case, he also adopted the Lutheran line of the enactment and ecclesiastical assembly of Uppsala (1593).


Question: Has Stockholm been bombed at the time of the wars?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

With the crowning of Sigismund, a personal union was created between Sweden and Poland that lasted some years; as King of Poland, Sigismund always remained until 1632.


Question: Has Stockholm been bombed at the time of the wars?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

After the king's return to Poland, rose to the nobility among disagreements over Charles Duke's position as registrar.


Question: Has Stockholm been bombed at the time of the wars?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

In this dispute, Klaus Fleming, the commandholder of Finland, sided with the king.


Question: Has Stockholm been bombed at the time of the wars?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

In the Riksdag of Arboga of 1597, however, Charles was named regent.


Question: Has Stockholm been bombed at the time of the wars?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

In this case, he also declared his opponents, above all Klaus Fleming, rebels.


Question: Has Stockholm been bombed at the time of the wars?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Harshing justice Generally in Europe At the beginning of the New Age, in the 16th and 17th centuries, secular rights began to use the so-called “Law of Moses”, that is, some passages from the Bible.


Question: Has Stockholm been bombed at the time of the wars?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Under the law of Moses, witchcraft and magic were prohibited and, among other things, blasphemy, swearing, infringement against one's parents, perjury, manslaughter, interest railing, false testimony, and several sexual offences could be sentenced to death.


Question: Has Stockholm been bombed at the time of the wars?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The Law of Moses became a general legal instruction in the Swedish Empire in 1608 and remained in force right up to the new Reich Law of 1734.


Question: Has Stockholm been bombed at the time of the wars?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

However, the law was generally not applied in its full harshness and death sentences were commuted in about half of the cases.


Question: Has Stockholm been bombed at the time of the wars?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

[36] [37] 16th century peasant unrest and mace war Peasant unrest increased during the reign of Gustav Vasa, inter alia, due to increased tax burdens and, on the other hand, the struggle for power of his sons.


Question: Has Stockholm been bombed at the time of the wars?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The culmination of the peasant unrest was the bludgeon war in 1596—1597.


Question: Has Stockholm been bombed at the time of the wars?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

It ended bloody with the army defeating the Ostrobothians and Savonian peasants armed with mace, spears and bows.


Question: Has Stockholm been bombed at the time of the wars?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The revolt was directed against the nobility who exercised power in Finland and Klaus Fleming in particular.


Question: Has Stockholm been bombed at the time of the wars?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The mutineers sought help from Charles Duke, who was pursuing the Swedish crown.


Question: Has Stockholm been bombed at the time of the wars?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

As causes of the rebellion, contemporary research attributes the war burden of the rap war, economic decline, and the suffering caused by the castle camp system.


Question: Has Stockholm been bombed at the time of the wars?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Scholars have been divided as to the great influence the incitement against Klaus Fleming exercised by the Duke of Charles had on the genesis of the bludgeon war [38] [39].


Question: Has Stockholm been bombed at the time of the wars?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Great Power Period (1617—1721) Peace of Stolbova In 1604—1611 Duke Charles of Södermanland was King Charles IX of Sweden.


Question: Has Stockholm been bombed at the time of the wars?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

During his reign, the kingdom was almost constantly waging war against Russia and Poland, especially over the ownership of the Baltic provinces Estonia and Livonia.


Question: Has Stockholm been bombed at the time of the wars?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

In addition, in 1611—1613 there was a defeatist war against Denmark.


Question: Has Stockholm been bombed at the time of the wars?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

On the death of Charles IX, his son Gustav II Adolf ascended to the throne.


Question: Has Stockholm been bombed at the time of the wars?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The state of the kingdom was poor and Sweden had to conclude in 1613 peace with Denmark.


Question: Has Stockholm been bombed at the time of the wars?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The Peace of Stolbova was concluded with Russia in 1617, as a result of which Käkisalmi County, Nutälinna and part of Inker were annexed by Sweden.


Question: Has Stockholm been bombed at the time of the wars?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Modernisation and reforms under the leadership of the King and Reich Chancellor Axel Oxenstierna, Sweden and Finland began to implement substantial reforms after the foreign policy situation calmed down.


Question: Has Stockholm been bombed at the time of the wars?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The army and the war establishment were reorganised, in particular in accordance with the paragon given by the Dutch Morits Oranian.


Question: Has Stockholm been bombed at the time of the wars?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The navy and the administration of the Crown were also reformed.


Question: Has Stockholm been bombed at the time of the wars?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

A new form of government was brought into effect in the country and the kingdom was divided into counties.


Question: Has Stockholm been bombed at the time of the wars?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

In the 17th century, in addition, a Governor-General was appointed in Finland from time to time to develop the conditions


Question: Has Stockholm been bombed at the time of the wars?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The office of Governor General of Finland was Nils Tuurenpoika Bielke and Count Peter Brahe, whose official residence was Turku Castle.


Question: Has Stockholm been bombed at the time of the wars?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

During the Great Reign, new cities and the Royal Court of Appeal of Turku were also established in Finland, and in 1640 the Turku Academy, Finland's first university.


Question: Has Stockholm been bombed at the time of the wars?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

During the Thirty Years' War in the Baltics, Sweden was still waging war against Poland-Lithuania and in 1629 the provisional Peace of Altmark was concluded.


Question: Has Stockholm been bombed at the time of the wars?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

In the Thirty Years' War between the Catholic Emperor and Protestant princes that broke out in Germany, Gustav II Adolf joined in 1630 after coming ashore in northern Germany.


Question: Has Stockholm been bombed at the time of the wars?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Sweden's goal in the war was to support the German Protestants and strengthen its own position.


Question: Has Stockholm been bombed at the time of the wars?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Gustav II Adolf, however, died at the Battle of Lützen in 1632 and his daughter Kristiina ascended the throne as a minor.


Question: Has Stockholm been bombed at the time of the wars?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

In practice, the kingdom was ruled at this point by a caretaker government led by Axel Oxenstierna.


Question: Has Stockholm been bombed at the time of the wars?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

In the Peace of Westphalia, 1648, which ended the Thirty Years' War, Sweden established itself as a great power.


Question: Has Stockholm been bombed at the time of the wars?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

However, the Thirty Years' War and other conflicts of the Great Power period severely consumed the resources of Sweden and Finland.


Question: Has Stockholm been bombed at the time of the wars?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

A significant number of peasants were forced to serve in the army and navy, where mortality rates were high.


Question: Has Stockholm been bombed at the time of the wars?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

From wars to peace period, during Queen Kristiina's reign 1632—1654 Sweden and Finland gave vast territories as fiefdoms to the nobility.


Question: Has Stockholm been bombed at the time of the wars?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The nobility had the right to collect tax on their fiefdoms, which complicated the financial position of the Crown.


Question: Has Stockholm been bombed at the time of the wars?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

After Kristiina's abdication of the crown rose to power under Charles X Gustaf, who ruled the Swedish Empire from 1654 to 1660.


Question: Has Stockholm been bombed at the time of the wars?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

During his reign, Sweden waged wars against both Poland, Russia, and Denmark.


Question: Has Stockholm been bombed at the time of the wars?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Charles X died in 1660 and Charles XI ascended to the throne as his successor, in whose reign 1660—1697, a major reduction—the large-scale withdrawal of fiefdoms to the Crown took place in Sweden and Finland.


Question: Has Stockholm been bombed at the time of the wars?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Charles XI diminished the power of the nobility and ruled the kingdom autocratically.


Question: Has Stockholm been bombed at the time of the wars?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

For Finland, the reign of Charles XI meant a lengthy peace.


Question: Has Stockholm been bombed at the time of the wars?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The Protestant clergy were responsible for teaching literacy to the people and ecclesiastical life was dominated by pure-doctrine.


Question: Has Stockholm been bombed at the time of the wars?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

1695—1697 Finland was hit by disastrous years of disastrous roofing, which resulted in a significant portion of the population dying from starvation and disease.


Question: Has Stockholm been bombed at the time of the wars?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The Great Northern War under Charles XI's successor King Charles XII, in 1700 the Great Northern War broke out, resulting in Sweden losing its great power status.


Question: Has Stockholm been bombed at the time of the wars?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The cause of the war was an anti-Swedish alliance established by Sweden's enemies Denmark, Russia, Polish-Lithuania and Saxony.


Question: Has Stockholm been bombed at the time of the wars?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

In the Peace of Stolbova of 1617, Russia had lost contact with the Baltic Sea.


Question: Has Stockholm been bombed at the time of the wars?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The reformist Tsar Peter I sought to reopen Russia a link with the Baltic Sea to facilitate its contacts and commerce with Western Europe.


Question: Has Stockholm been bombed at the time of the wars?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Although Charles XII succeeded one by one in defeating Denmark, the Russian invasion army (at the Battle of Narva) and Poland, the Swedes ultimately suffered a decisive defeat to the Russians at the Battle of Poltava in 1709.


Question: Has Stockholm been bombed at the time of the wars?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The king then fled to Turkey and the kingdom was open to enemy attack.


Question: Has Stockholm been bombed at the time of the wars?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Vyborg was taken in 1710 and the Russians occupied the rest of Finland after the Battle of Kostianvirta on Pälkäne, the Battle of Napue in Ostrobothnia and the Battle of Riilahti off Hanko by 1714.


Question: Has Stockholm been bombed at the time of the wars?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The Russian occupation period 1714—1721 is referred to as big-hatred.


Question: Has Stockholm been bombed at the time of the wars?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The occupation period was devastating for Finland.


Question: Has Stockholm been bombed at the time of the wars?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Thousands of people were killed and even more were taken to Russia, in addition, a large number of the country's officials and clergy fled to Sweden.


Question: Has Stockholm been bombed at the time of the wars?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The Great Northern War and at the same time big-hatred ended with the Peace of Uusikaupunki between Sweden and Russia of 1721.


Question: Has Stockholm been bombed at the time of the wars?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The peace treaty annexed Inkerinmaa, Estonia, Livonia and Käkisalmi County, as well as Vyborg.


Question: Has Stockholm been bombed at the time of the wars?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Karelia annexed to Russia is often referred to as Old Finland.


Question: Has Stockholm been bombed at the time of the wars?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The Age of Freedom and the Gustavian Period (1721—1809) Power away from the king in the Swedish Empire After Charles XII, the Acts took power from the king in the reigns of 1719 and 1720 and the period of autocracy became the period of decree (the “time of freedom”).


Question: Has Stockholm been bombed at the time of the wars?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Economics and science developed during this period, but on the other hand, party power politics caused problems.


Question: Has Stockholm been bombed at the time of the wars?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

France and Russia gained influence in Sweden by funding rival parties called jackets and hats.


Question: Has Stockholm been bombed at the time of the wars?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

[40] In the 1720s, reconstruction began in Finland following the Great Northern War.


Question: Has Stockholm been bombed at the time of the wars?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

After the peace of New Town, the Russian occupying forces began to leave the country more soberly than agreed.


Question: Has Stockholm been bombed at the time of the wars?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

During 1721, new land lords were appointed in Finland, responsible for reconstruction.


Question: Has Stockholm been bombed at the time of the wars?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Repair work proceeded quickly, as as early as the mid-1730s the rebuilding can be considered to have finished.


Question: Has Stockholm been bombed at the time of the wars?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

[41] Finnish-born Arvid Horn was Permanent President of Sweden from 1720 to 1738.


Question: Has Stockholm been bombed at the time of the wars?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

[42] His policy does not particularly find features that emphasise Finnishness.


Question: Has Stockholm been bombed at the time of the wars?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The most significant acclamation of Finland of his time was the Law of 1734.


Question: Has Stockholm been bombed at the time of the wars?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

It remained in force during the period of autonomy and is the basis for the legislation of an independent Finland.


Question: Has Stockholm been bombed at the time of the wars?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

At the same time, attention began to be paid to Finnish as a language of administration as well.


Question: Has Stockholm been bombed at the time of the wars?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

A post of translator was established at the Permanent College in 1734, translating documents into Finnish and assisting peasant Reichstag in Stockholm.


Question: Has Stockholm been bombed at the time of the wars?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The 1734 law was translated into Finnish by the county secretary Samuel Forseen.


Question: Has Stockholm been bombed at the time of the wars?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

[43] The War of the Hats came to power in the Reichstag of 1738.


Question: Has Stockholm been bombed at the time of the wars?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The programme of the Hat Party included a war of reparation against the Russians, in which it was intended to conquer all the territories lost in 1721 and furthermore Russian Karelia.


Question: Has Stockholm been bombed at the time of the wars?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

When Russia had throne disputes, Hats assumed the country was weakened.


Question: Has Stockholm been bombed at the time of the wars?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Sweden declared war in June 1741.


Question: Has Stockholm been bombed at the time of the wars?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Three Swedish infantry regiments were sent to Finland, but the warfleet was virtually crippled by pestilence.


Question: Has Stockholm been bombed at the time of the wars?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Irish Field Marshal Peter de Lacy, who led the Russian forces, took his troops to the Battle of Lappeenranta, where a badly underpowered Swedish force led by Carl Henrik Wrangel suffered a wicked defeat in August 1741.


Question: Has Stockholm been bombed at the time of the wars?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Charles Emil Lewenhaupt, who served as Commander-in-Chief in Finland, agreed at the end of 1741 to a truce proposed by Emperor Elizabeth.


Question: Has Stockholm been bombed at the time of the wars?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

[44] After the end of the armistice, the Russians marched to southern Finland in February 1742.


Question: Has Stockholm been bombed at the time of the wars?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

After the Swedish army surrendered, the Russians occupy western Finland.


Question: Has Stockholm been bombed at the time of the wars?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Elizabeth circulated a manifesto in March 1742 in which she promised to support the Finns if they wanted to secede from Sweden and establish an independent state.


Question: Has Stockholm been bombed at the time of the wars?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

[44] However, after the Finnish occupation, talk of independence ceased.


Question: Has Stockholm been bombed at the time of the wars?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

[45] The Russian occupation period has been called petty hatred, but the designation is misleading to some extent, as Russian troops behaved well.


Question: Has Stockholm been bombed at the time of the wars?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

[44] On 7 August 1743 Sweden and Russia concluded the Peace of Turku, in which the border was moved to Kymijoki, Mäntyharju and Savonlinna.


Question: Has Stockholm been bombed at the time of the wars?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Savonlinna city and Olavinlinna remained on the Russian side.


Question: Has Stockholm been bombed at the time of the wars?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

[44] New Era Thoughts After the war, mercantilist principles of trade led to economic gains from tar and shipbuilding remaining in Stockholm.


Question: Has Stockholm been bombed at the time of the wars?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

In the 1760s, Anders Chydenius, a vicar in Kokkola, started calling for freedom of business and expression.


Question: Has Stockholm been bombed at the time of the wars?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

[40] In the last decades of the 18th century, the Turku Academy was particularly awakened by the influence of Henrik Gabriel Porthan, the “Father of Finnish History”, an interest in Finnish history and Finnish folk poetry.


Question: Has Stockholm been bombed at the time of the wars?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

[46] Of the scholars, Eino Jutikkala says “In the second half of the 18th century, the inhabitants of the different provinces of Finland and members of different adjustments became more consciously Finns as opposed to the Swedes living behind the sea.” [47] The troubled reign of Gustav III In 1772 Gustav III After the coup, a new form of government was enacted by which power reverted back to the king.


Question: Has Stockholm been bombed at the time of the wars?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The era sought to get rid of mercantilism.


Question: Has Stockholm been bombed at the time of the wars?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Freedom of speech and religion expanded.


Question: Has Stockholm been bombed at the time of the wars?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The confidence of Finnish officers in the king was weakened because the nobility lost their authority to the king, who was supported by the people.


Question: Has Stockholm been bombed at the time of the wars?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Some high-ranking soldiers transferred to Russian service.


Question: Has Stockholm been bombed at the time of the wars?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

[40] In 1788—1790, the so-called Gustav III War started by Gustav III took place between Sweden and Russia.


Question: Has Stockholm been bombed at the time of the wars?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Sweden was also matched by Denmark.


Question: Has Stockholm been bombed at the time of the wars?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The war was opposed by officers who formed the Anjala Union, among others.


Question: Has Stockholm been bombed at the time of the wars?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Despite its maritime victory in the Swedish Strait, Sweden did not gain additional territories in the peace of Värälä.


Question: Has Stockholm been bombed at the time of the wars?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The 1789 Book of Association and Collateral increased the king's power even further.


Question: Has Stockholm been bombed at the time of the wars?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

With the war, the bitterness of the nobility towards the king increased, and this eventually led to the assassination of the king in 1792.


Question: Has Stockholm been bombed at the time of the wars?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

[40] Sweden loses Finland The Finnish War was fought in 1808—1809 between Russia and Sweden.


Question: Has Stockholm been bombed at the time of the wars?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The war was prompted by the peace established by Russia and France on 7 July 1807 in Tilsit.


Question: Has Stockholm been bombed at the time of the wars?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

In it, France and Russia allied and Russia pledged to pressure, if necessary by force of arms, including Sweden to join the continental exclusion against Britain, an embargo by which France would have strengthened its position as a sea power against Britain.


Question: Has Stockholm been bombed at the time of the wars?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The last Grand Duke of Finland during Swedish rule was Gustav IV Adolf's second son Charles Gustaf, who died 1802—1805.


Question: Has Stockholm been bombed at the time of the wars?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

[48] As a result of the Finnish War, Finland passed to Russian rule and the administration was organized on the basis of autonomy.


Question: Has Stockholm been bombed at the time of the wars?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The Russian Emperor became Grand Duke of the Autonomous Grand Duchy of Finland.


Question: Has Stockholm been bombed at the time of the wars?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Sources Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Linna, Martti (ed.


Question: Has Stockholm been bombed at the time of the wars?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

) | title = Sources of the Early Middle Ages | publisher = History Aitta| year = 1989| isbn = 9789519600611}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Tarkiainen, Kari| title = Swedish Oriental| publisher = Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland| year = 2010| isbn = 9798-5551-853-212-2}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Vahtola, Jouse| title = History of Finland — from the Stone Age to the 21st century| location = Helsinki| publisher = Otava| year = 2017| isbn = 978-951-1-31574-2}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Virrankoski, Pentti| title = History of Finland — country and people| location = Helsinki| publisher = Society of Finnish Literature | year = 2012| isbn = 978-952-222-377-7}} References Literature Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Vahtola, Jouse| title = History of Finland: From the Ice Age to the European Union| location = in Helsinki | publisher = Otava| year = 2003 (4. edition 2005) | id = ISBN 951-1-17397-9}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Zetterberg, Seppo (ed.


Question: Has Stockholm been bombed at the time of the wars?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

) | title = Little Giant of Finnish History | location = Helsinki| publisher = WSOY| year = 1987| id = ISBN 951-0-14253-0}} Handbook of Finnish History.


Question: Has Stockholm been bombed at the time of the wars?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Previous section, ed.


Question: Has Stockholm been bombed at the time of the wars?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Arvi Korhonen.


Question: Has Stockholm been bombed at the time of the wars?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

WSOY 1949, Porvoo — Helsinki.


Question: Has Stockholm been bombed at the time of the wars?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Karonen, Petri| title = Northern Great Power: Sweden and Finland 1521-1809| location = Helsinki| publisher = WSOY| year = 1999| id = ISBN 951-0-23739-6}} Helge Pohjolan-Pirhonen, History of Finland 1523—1617.


Question: Has Stockholm been bombed at the time of the wars?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

WSOY 1960, Porvoo — Helsinki.


Question: Has Stockholm been bombed at the time of the wars?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

On topic elsewhere in Category:History of Finland Category:History


Question: When was the Fact job movie released?

Fact Gotjob (film)

Fakta homma is a 1987 Finnish comedy film.


Question: When was the Fact job movie released?

Fact Gotjob (film)

It is based on the television series of the same name produced by Yle TV2.


Question: When was the Fact job movie released?

Fact Gotjob (film)

[1] Strongly carrified couples, Aulis and Hansu and Heka and Pirre, travel to the campsite to spend midsummer.


Question: When was the Fact job movie released?

Fact Gotjob (film)

During the trip, the foursome encounters a lot of saki, including artists, a popular television face, a couple from Nieminen and a former national school teacher from Aulis.


Question: When was the Fact job movie released?

Fact Gotjob (film)

The film received a wistful reception from audiences and critics alike.


Question: When was the Fact job movie released?

Fact Gotjob (film)

Plot Pirjo “Pirre” Kaasinen and Hannele “Hansu” Kaakko are coming from grocery shopping, they discuss a man of foreign background living in their neighborhood.


Question: When was the Fact job movie released?

Fact Gotjob (film)

Let's move to Kaakkä and Kaasinen's home yard, where Aulis Kaakko and Heikki “Heka” Kaasinen are preparing Lada and the Solifer caravan for a small midsummer trip.


Question: When was the Fact job movie released?

Fact Gotjob (film)

On a trip to the campsite, the foursome encounters Bruno Kopsus, a salesman of fake boards familiar from the Fact homma television series, who forcibly stammers himself into Aulis' Lada.


Question: When was the Fact job movie released?

Fact Gotjob (film)

Bruno is on his way to Savonlinna and leaves the foursome after getting a better ride.


Question: When was the Fact job movie released?

Fact Gotjob (film)

At the petrol station, you meet a 1980s celebrity, television presenter Kari Salmelainen, who is asked for automobiles.


Question: When was the Fact job movie released?

Fact Gotjob (film)

At the campsite, Kaakot and Kaasinen accidentally camp in a place reserved for Niemi.


Question: When was the Fact job movie released?

Fact Gotjob (film)

The cause of the confusion lies with the campsite employee, but the matter works out when Nieminen agrees to take another place.


Question: When was the Fact job movie released?

Fact Gotjob (film)

On the shore of the lake, Hansu and Pirre notice a handsome lifeguard and try to attract his attention with his rampage.


Question: When was the Fact job movie released?

Fact Gotjob (film)

Ladies are intrigued to behave downright teenage girls.


Question: When was the Fact job movie released?

Fact Gotjob (film)

The man doesn't pay attention to the ladies.


Question: When was the Fact job movie released?

Fact Gotjob (film)

While enjoying a beer on the pier after the sauna, Hansu and Pirre talk about one of the gymnastics courses that were pleasing to Hansu but equally suffering for Pirre.


Question: When was the Fact job movie released?

Fact Gotjob (film)

In addition to Midsummer, the foursome are celebrating the ninth wedding anniversary of the Southeast, the men arrange a catering in front of the caravan.


Question: When was the Fact job movie released?

Fact Gotjob (film)

Hansu receives a songbook, an Aulis wheel guard as a gift.


Question: When was the Fact job movie released?

Fact Gotjob (film)

Pirre recites a poem he wrote in honour of the pair.


Question: When was the Fact job movie released?

Fact Gotjob (film)

Later in the evening, Aulis's national school teacher, Holvikari, comes to the scene.


Question: When was the Fact job movie released?

Fact Gotjob (film)

The women pry from Vailukar about Aulis's school-time stunts.


Question: When was the Fact job movie released?

Fact Gotjob (film)

Nieminen and his wife also join us to celebrate midsummer.


Question: When was the Fact job movie released?

Fact Gotjob (film)

Hansu meets artist Näreiö in the meadow, who later joins Midsummer's revelers and causes a headache for Kaakos and Kaasis with his bluntness.


Question: When was the Fact job movie released?

Fact Gotjob (film)

Närekö takes an interest in Heka and wants to paint a picture of her.


Question: When was the Fact job movie released?

Fact Gotjob (film)

Eventually, Heka guides Näreko elsewhere.


Question: When was the Fact job movie released?

Fact Gotjob (film)

A reporter from local radio also hits the scene: he's doing a live broadcast of the Perisuoman celebration of Midsummer.


Question: When was the Fact job movie released?

Fact Gotjob (film)

Punters send greetings to their acquaintances and relatives.


Question: When was the Fact job movie released?

Fact Gotjob (film)

Heka returns from Näreikö and utters into the microphone, “Wallet drown.”


Question: When was the Fact job movie released?

Fact Gotjob (film)

Earlier in the day, Heka has discovered she misplaced a wallet but hasn't gotten her point said.


Question: When was the Fact job movie released?

Fact Gotjob (film)

Heka, who tasted mushrooms with Nähole, crashes to the ground.


Question: When was the Fact job movie released?

Fact Gotjob (film)

Pirre thinks Heka drank too much alcohol.


Question: When was the Fact job movie released?

Fact Gotjob (film)

In the morning it's time to go on the way back.


Question: When was the Fact job movie released?

Fact Gotjob (film)

Heka finds a wallet in Lada's glove compartment.


Question: When was the Fact job movie released?

Fact Gotjob (film)

Pirre forgot it there in the gas station yard, which he is embarrassed about.


Question: When was the Fact job movie released?

Fact Gotjob (film)

“When Mrs. Kaasinen is a little unspoken for once,” Aulis acknowledges to Pirre.


Question: When was the Fact job movie released?

Fact Gotjob (film)

Aulis' Lada heads towards home, on the way back there is due to have a decent bun coffee.


Question: When was the Fact job movie released?

Fact Gotjob (film)

Reception Contemporaries critics gave Fact Homma rather poor reviews.


Question: When was the Fact job movie released?

Fact Gotjob (film)

Helena Ylänen of Helsingin Sanomat felt that the best qualities of the series had been watered down in the film version, which would have required clear plot arcs instead of the witty “talking postcards” of the original series.


Question: When was the Fact job movie released?

Fact Gotjob (film)

Kalevan Sauli Pesonen felt that the funny characters of the television series as such became mainly boring in the film version.


Question: When was the Fact job movie released?

Fact Gotjob (film)

The poor quality of the fact was reproached: the film had been transferred from tape to film.


Question: When was the Fact job movie released?

Fact Gotjob (film)

[2] Actors Mikko Kivinen is in his third Fact homma role as Nieminen.


Question: When was the Fact job movie released?

Fact Gotjob (film)

Ville Virtanen's radio journalist is his fifth role in Fakta homma productions.


Question: When was the Fact job movie released?

Fact Gotjob (film)

In the television series, he plays four different roles.


Question: When was the Fact job movie released?

Fact Gotjob (film)

Saija Hakola flashes in an uncredited side part as a woman at the campsite, with Jaakko Salo as a hanurist.


Question: When was the Fact job movie released?

Fact Gotjob (film)

Authors Directed by: Jukka Virtanen Producer: Spede Pasanen Production management: Reija Virolainen Screenplay: Riitta Havukainen, Taneli Mäkelä & Eija Vilpas Description: Juha Jalasti, Timo Jalasti (assistant) & Kari Petäjäniemi (assistant) Surgery: Eva Jaakontalo Recording: Pekka Lampela & Tero Malmberg Music: Jaakko Salo & Nono Söderberg Music arrangement: Jaakko Salo Organiser: Tauno Lahtinen Make-up artist: Saija Hakola Photography secretary and still images: Reija Virolainen Poster: Pertti Pasanen Fact-work theme: Nono Söderberg Musicians: Nono Söderberg ( Accordion in Fakta-work theme) & Jaakko Salo (accordion) Production company: Film production Spede Pasanen Oy, 1987 Television presentations considersFakta's work was initially a project of Riitta Havukainen and Eija Vilppaa, which they designed for the teaching stage of the Theatre Academy.


Question: When was the Fact job movie released?

Fact Gotjob (film)

Lasse Karkjärvi and Taneli Mäkelä became husbands on their own initiative.


Question: When was the Fact job movie released?

Fact Gotjob (film)

Spede Pasanen took an interest in Fakta homma and produced a film based on it as his second production in 1987.


Question: When was the Fact job movie released?

Fact Gotjob (film)

The number one production was Uuno Turhapuro — double agent.


Question: When was the Fact job movie released?

Fact Gotjob (film)

The fact job remained Jukka Virtanen's last film directing, in the 1960s he had directed several Spede productions.


Question: When was the Fact job movie released?

Fact Gotjob (film)

[3] Fact homma film was not able to repeat the popularity of the television series: it received only 29000 viewers.


Question: When was the Fact job movie released?

Fact Gotjob (film)

Sixteen new episodes were filmed for the television series in 1996 and 1997, largely Hansu and Pirre's show, as Aulis was written for mana huts after Taneli Mäkelä opted out of the sequel.


Question: When was the Fact job movie released?

Fact Gotjob (film)

[3] PublicationsFact has been released for home use as both analog VHS and digital DVD.


Question: When was the Fact job movie released?

Fact Dad (film)

The film has mono sound and an aspect ratio of 4:3 .SourcesTemplate:ReferencesTemplate:Spede Pasanen's films and television programsCategory:1987 films Category:Finnish comedy films Category:Films based on television series Category:Films directed by Jukka Virtanen Category:Spede Pasanen films


Question: When did the first train run in Finland?

History of the Finnish rail network

The history of the Finnish network can be considered to extend at least to March 20.


Question: When did the first train run in Finland?

History of the Finnish rail network

1849, when Colonel Alfred Stjernvall, the head of the Department of Road and Civil Engineering, proposed the construction of a horse-drawn railway from Helsinki to Turkhau.


Question: When did the first train run in Finland?

History of the Finnish rail network

The track would have crossed Salpausselät and connected the country's capital with navigable Järvi-Finland.


Question: When did the first train run in Finland?

History of the Finnish rail network

The Governor-General ordered the matter to be investigated, and in 1851 a plan was completed to build a locomotive railway from Helsinki to Hämeenlinna.


Question: When did the first train run in Finland?

History of the Finnish rail network

[1] In 1862, the first section of the Finnish network was opened in 1862, which is now part of the Finnish main line.


Question: When did the first train run in Finland?

History of the Finnish rail network

[2] At the end of the 19th century, trains in Finland were designed to travel only 25 kilometres per hour, so the journey was slow but still faster than horse rides.


Question: When did the first train run in Finland?

History of the Finnish rail network

The main part of the line was built between 1850 and 1900.


Question: When did the first train run in Finland?

History of the Finnish rail network

Finland was poor and the wages paid to the workers small.


Question: When did the first train run in Finland?

History of the Finnish rail network

An efficient mode of transport was needed to transport both finished products and raw materials.


Question: When did the first train run in Finland?

History of the Finnish rail network

After all, the United States and England had seen their watershed impact on the economy.


Question: When did the first train run in Finland?

History of the Finnish rail network

Finland was going through rapid industrialisation.


Question: When did the first train run in Finland?

History of the Finnish rail network

The tracks were built around that time by the Grand Duchy of Finland, and the building funds for the Helsinki—Hämeenlinna line were raised, among other things, through a liquor burning tax, when the Crown received little money elsewhere.


Question: When did the first train run in Finland?

History of the Finnish rail network

Accumulation of this tax was slowed, among other things, by the great years of disappearance at the end of the 1850s.


Question: When did the first train run in Finland?

History of the Finnish rail network

There have been quite a few new sections of track in the latter part of the 20th century.


Question: When did the first train run in Finland?

History of the Finnish rail network

Some of the biggest projects have been the Äänekoski—Haapajärvi line in 1960 [3] and the Martinlaakso commuter rail line in 1975 [3].


Question: When did the first train run in Finland?

History of the Finnish rail network

Since 1970, mainly short tracks have been built.


Question: When did the first train run in Finland?

History of the Finnish rail network

These include the track from Tampere via Parkano to Seinäjoki, completed in 1971 [2] [3], and the Kerava—Lahti Oikorata, completed in 1978 [2] [3], and the Kerava—Lahti Oikorata completed in 2006 [3] [4].


Question: When did the first train run in Finland?

History of the Finnish rail network

The short tracks were made to short the bends that slowed the running of trains and to increase capacity.


Question: When did the first train run in Finland?

History of the Finnish rail network

Railroads were in some degree of depression from the 1960s onwards because it was believed automobiles would be the mode of transportation of the future.


Question: When did the first train run in Finland?

History of the Finnish rail network

The perception has had to be revised in the late 20th and early 21st centuries, as traffic congestion and growing environmental awareness advocate a new rise in railways.


Question: When did the first train run in Finland?

History of the Finnish rail network

Development The construction of railways began relatively late in Finland.


Question: When did the first train run in Finland?

History of the Finnish rail network

The first section of the line was opened on 17 March 1862 between Helsinki and Hämeenlinna [5]; this later became the main line in Finland.


Question: When did the first train run in Finland?

History of the Finnish rail network

In 1870 [2] [3] a connection to Saint Petersburg was completed, which at that time was an important link with the capital of the Tsarist Empire.


Question: When did the first train run in Finland?

History of the Finnish rail network

Since Finland was part of the Russian Empire, Russian gauge (1,524mm/5', now 1520mm in Russia) began to be used here.


Question: When did the first train run in Finland?

History of the Finnish rail network

The extension of the Helsingin-Hämeenlinna line through Toijala to Tampere and the branch line from Toijala to Turku were opened to traffic on 22 June 1876.


Question: When did the first train run in Finland?

History of the Finnish rail network

[5] [6] Thus the three largest cities in the country were combined.


Question: When did the first train run in Finland?

History of the Finnish rail network

In 1883 there followed a connection from Tampere via Haapamäki to Seinäjoki and Vaasa [2] [3] and in 1886 Oulu was also connected to Seinäjoki. [2] [3].


Question: When did the first train run in Finland?

History of the Finnish rail network

In 1909, the railways finally also took to Rovaniemi, the capital of Lapland.


Question: When did the first train run in Finland?

History of the Finnish rail network

[3] [7] Thereafter, construction of new lines was reduced for an extended period of time, and the wars did not improve the situation.


Question: When did the first train run in Finland?

History of the Finnish rail network

Since the main line that ran to Joensuu, starting from Vyborg in the Peace Treaty of 1944, was built to replace the connection from Parikkala to Onkamo in 1966.


Question: When did the first train run in Finland?

History of the Finnish rail network

[2] [3] In the next decade, more track was finally built, for example the Tampere—Lielahti—Parkano—Seinäjoki line, which significantly shortened the travel time between Southern Finland and Northern Finland.


Question: When did the first train run in Finland?

History of the Finnish rail network

1965 began an extensive electrification project.


Question: When did the first train run in Finland?

History of the Finnish rail network

The advantage of the late start was that the latest technology could be used, namely 25 kV and 50Hz, which even today is the best technology.


Question: When did the first train run in Finland?

History of the Finnish rail network

Electrification has the advantage of lower energy consumption and pollution free.


Question: When did the first train run in Finland?

History of the Finnish rail network

Electrification started on the section of line from Helsinki to Kirkkonummi.


Question: When did the first train run in Finland?

History of the Finnish rail network

Timetable electric train services to Kirkkonummi began on 26 January 1969.


Question: When did the first train run in Finland?

History of the Finnish rail network

[8] Many routes were electrified only in the 1990s, such as Tampere—Jyväskylä in 1994 and Helsinki to Turku in 1995.


Question: When did the first train run in Finland?

History of the Finnish rail network

Electrification to the Oulu—Rovaniemi section was completed after a few years of construction in December 2004 [9] and the Oulu—Iisalmi/Vartius sections in 2006.


Question: When did the first train run in Finland?

History of the Finnish rail network

Southern Finland Finland's first railway for public transport, the current main line, from Helsinki to Hämeenlinna was completed in 1862.


Question: When did the first train run in Finland?

History of the Finnish rail network

[2] The rail link from Helsinki via Riihimäki and Vyborg to Saint Petersburg was opened in 1870.


Question: When did the first train run in Finland?

History of the Finnish rail network

[2] [10] Finland was then an autonomous Grand Duchy under Russian rule.


Question: When did the first train run in Finland?

History of the Finnish rail network

The track from Riihimäki to Saint Petersburg was built deep inland for military reasons so that enemies could not easily use it for their own needs.


Question: When did the first train run in Finland?

History of the Finnish rail network

The Helsinki Metropolitan Railway has been a major factor in the development of Vantaa.


Question: When did the first train run in Finland?

History of the Finnish rail network

The railway has the advantage of being a much more efficient route than road in terms of transport capacity for transferring passengers and goods.


Question: When did the first train run in Finland?

History of the Finnish rail network

The railway has had a very significant impact on Vantaa's population and economic structure.


Question: When did the first train run in Finland?

History of the Finnish rail network

With that, people moved to new areas as the track made it possible to work in Helsinki.


Question: When did the first train run in Finland?

History of the Finnish rail network

The first section of line was opened from Helsinki to Hämeenlinna on 17 March 1862, construction work began in 1857.


Question: When did the first train run in Finland?

History of the Finnish rail network

[11] The second track was built between Pasila and Tikkurila in 1899, the following year it was extended as far as Kerava.


Question: When did the first train run in Finland?

History of the Finnish rail network

The third track was made from Helsinki to Tikkurila in 1972 and north of Tikkurila in 1981.


Question: When did the first train run in Finland?

History of the Finnish rail network

The Vantaankoski track, which separates from the beach track in Huopalahdi, was completed in 1975.


Question: When did the first train run in Finland?

History of the Finnish rail network

[3] When electrified, traffic began running regularly from Helsinki to Kirkkonummi in January 1969 and to Sääharju in September 1970.


Question: When did the first train run in Finland?

History of the Finnish rail network

[12] Eastern Finland Riihimäki—Saint Petersburg line was completed in 1870, [3] and in 1890 the Kouvola—Kotka line was built.


Question: When did the first train run in Finland?

History of the Finnish rail network

[3] From the 1860s, railway issues arose in Savossak.


Question: When did the first train run in Finland?

History of the Finnish rail network

Several alternative plans existed for the railway network; one plan already presented in the early 1860s required the construction of the lines Helsinki—Hämeenlinna—Tampere—Vaasa and Viipuri—Lappeenranta, Kuopio—Oulu, as well as transverse connection lines for these, including Hämeenlinna—Mikkeli.


Question: When did the first train run in Finland?

History of the Finnish rail network

However, the first to reach Finland was the Helsinki—Hämeenlinna line and the Riihimäki—Saint Petersburg line.


Question: When did the first train run in Finland?

History of the Finnish rail network

The Savo line from Kouvola to Kuopio was complete in 1889, [3] and opened to traffic on 1 October 1889.


Question: When did the first train run in Finland?

History of the Finnish rail network

[5] The original Karelian line from Vyborg via Sortavala to Joensu and the branch line from Antrea to Imatra were built between 1890 and 1894.


Question: When did the first train run in Finland?

History of the Finnish rail network

[2] [3] It was later extended from Joensuu to Lieksa in 1910 [3], to Nurmes in 1911 [3] and from there further through Kontiomäki to Oulu.


Question: When did the first train run in Finland?

History of the Finnish rail network

The section of the line between Nurmes and Oulu was completed in stages between 1926 and 1930.


Question: When did the first train run in Finland?

History of the Finnish rail network

[3] The cross track from Elisenvaara along the Karelian line via Savonlinna, Pieksämäki and Jyväskylä to Haapamäe, along the Ostrobothnia line, was built in stages between 1897 and 1918.


Question: When did the first train run in Finland?

History of the Finnish rail network

The first section between Haapamäki and Jyväskylä was completed in 1897, the last between Jyväskylä and Pieksämäki in 1918.


Question: When did the first train run in Finland?

History of the Finnish rail network

[2] [3] This rail link from St. Petersburg through the interior of Finland to the coast of the Gulf of Bothnia to Nikolainkaupunki (now.


Question: When did the first train run in Finland?

History of the Finnish rail network

For strategic reasons, the Russian government considered it very important because the old Riihimäen-Saint Petersburg line was located so close to the coast of the Gulf of Finland that it might have fallen into enemy control during the war [13].


Question: When did the first train run in Finland?

History of the Finnish rail network

As recently completed, the track really gained considerable strategic significance, but not for the Russians, but for the Whites of the Finnish Civil War, since the Riihimäen—Vyborg line was the Red, this new line instead entirely in the White-dominated area and connected the old north— southbound track sections.


Question: When did the first train run in Finland?

History of the Finnish rail network

[13] Since the southern part of the Karelian line remained in the area ceded after World War II, it was built to replace the track from Parikkala to Onkamo in the 1960s.


Question: When did the first train run in Finland?

History of the Finnish rail network

Prior to that, the line from Varkaus to Joensuu had served shortly before the war, the line from Varkaus to Joensuu, completed in 1939 [2].


Question: When did the first train run in Finland?

History of the Finnish rail network

The Ostrobothnia Tampere—Vaasa railway was built between 1879 and 1883.


Question: When did the first train run in Finland?

History of the Finnish rail network

The track site was divided into three districts.


Question: When did the first train run in Finland?

History of the Finnish rail network

Of these, the first extended from Tampere to Pollar, the second from Pollar to Alavude and the third from Alavude to Vaasa.


Question: When did the first train run in Finland?

History of the Finnish rail network

At the busiest time, up to 4000 track builders were at work.


Question: When did the first train run in Finland?

History of the Finnish rail network

The track circled around the eastern side of Lake Näsijärvi and was tens of kilometres longer than the later-built short track through Parkano.


Question: When did the first train run in Finland?

History of the Finnish rail network

The planning of the lines from Hämeenlinna in Southwest Finland to Turku and Tampere began even before the Helsinki—Hämeenlinna line was completed.


Question: When did the first train run in Finland?

History of the Finnish rail network

The first plans were made by the Corps of Engineers under Colonel Knut Stjernvall as early as 1860.


Question: When did the first train run in Finland?

History of the Finnish rail network

Governor-General Berg presented the plans to the Senate, which in 1861 installed a committee to study the extension of the railway from Hämeenlinna to Tampere.


Question: When did the first train run in Finland?

History of the Finnish rail network

[14] In the spring of 1861, a group of Tampereans led by Adolf Törngren, the master of the Linen factory, left the government with calculations on the benefits of the Hämeenlinna-Tampere railway, and the Senate submitted to the Emperor that, after the completion of the Helsinki—Hämeenlinna line, it would be planned to build a line from Hämeenlinna to Hämeenlinna To Tampere, but the Russian Emperor moved the project to a later date due to the construction of the main east-facing tracks.


Question: When did the first train run in Finland?

History of the Finnish rail network

[15] [16] [17] [18] Since the Riihimäki—Saint Petersburg line became an emergency relief site during the shortage and, on the other hand, because the then Grand Prince of Russia wanted, the Hämeenlinnan-Tampere line moved to the Hämeenlinnan-Tampere line as well as the railway line that branched from it all the way to the 1870s.


Question: When did the first train run in Finland?

History of the Finnish rail network

In the first half of the 1870s, the state had agreed to build the line with a subcontractor from Turku.


Question: When did the first train run in Finland?

History of the Finnish rail network

The contract included a condition that the contract would be cancelled if the subcontractor did not start work by a certain date.


Question: When did the first train run in Finland?

History of the Finnish rail network

The area pohatas agree with the subcontractor on the direction of the track.


Question: When did the first train run in Finland?

History of the Finnish rail network

For example, Axel Wilhelm Wahren, founder of the Forssa Companies, had agreed with a subcontractor to build a line through Forssa.


Question: When did the first train run in Finland?

History of the Finnish rail network

To Wahreen's disappointment, the subcontractor did not begin construction by the agreed date when the contract was cancelled, and Wahren failed to get the track to Forssa, despite trying everything still afterwards.


Question: When did the first train run in Finland?

History of the Finnish rail network

However, a narrow-gauge railway connection was obtained to Forssa from Humppila in 1898 when the Jokioinen Railway was built.


Question: When did the first train run in Finland?

History of the Finnish rail network

Having learned from the mistake, the Grand Duchy of Finland decided not to acquire a subcontractor and built the track itself.


Question: When did the first train run in Finland?

History of the Finnish rail network

The track was being built with Russian labour, as it was cheaper at the time.


Question: When did the first train run in Finland?

History of the Finnish rail network

The Russian crew, on the other hand, were also more brawl-prone and lazier.


Question: When did the first train run in Finland?

History of the Finnish rail network

Russian track builders also left their own handprint in some places, namely trees along the track.


Question: When did the first train run in Finland?

History of the Finnish rail network

While building the Siberian Track, these workmen had learned to sow trees along the tracks; in Siberia, trees protected the railroad from the wind.


Question: When did the first train run in Finland?

History of the Finnish rail network

The Hämeenlinnan—Tampere and Toijal—Turku lines were completed on 13 January 1876 [2] [3] [6] [16] [19], although it was not until 22 June 1876.


Question: When did the first train run in Finland?

History of the Finnish rail network

[5] According to statistics, at first there were occasional people on the track, but as summer passed, the daily need for travel grew drastically.


Question: When did the first train run in Finland?

History of the Finnish rail network

[19] On the Turku—Toijala line, a diesel-powered VR locomotive regularly ran between Kyrö—Turku in the 1920s.


Question: When did the first train run in Finland?

History of the Finnish rail network

In 1903, another line to Turku was completed, from Pasila in Helsinki to Karja and the waterfront track through Salo.


Question: When did the first train run in Finland?

History of the Finnish rail network

[3] It was largely built as single track.


Question: When did the first train run in Finland?

History of the Finnish rail network

After World War II, the track ran across the Porkkala rental area and remained out of use for a few years in this regard.


Question: When did the first train run in Finland?

History of the Finnish rail network

An agreement was later reached on the right of way, but there were still difficulties with the issue, which led President J. K. Paasikivi to propose the construction of a new track to circumvent the leased area from its north side.


Question: When did the first train run in Finland?

History of the Finnish rail network

Already on the same occasion there were plans to electrify the line.


Question: When did the first train run in Finland?

History of the Finnish rail network

The president considered the idea quite extensively in his diaries, but eventually the idea lapsed when Porkkala was restored much earlier than planned, in 1956.


Question: When did the first train run in Finland?

History of the Finnish rail network

The initial section of the line from Helsinki to Kirkkonummi was electrified as Finland's first track in 1969.


Question: When did the first train run in Finland?

History of the Finnish rail network

In other respects, it was not until the 1980s that the track began basic improvement.


Question: When did the first train run in Finland?

History of the Finnish rail network

It was not fully electrified until 1995 when the Pendolinos entered service.


Question: When did the first train run in Finland?

History of the Finnish rail network

Northern Finland Before the wars there were plans to build railways in Northeast Country to Kuusamo and from Rovaniemi to Petsamo.


Question: When did the first train run in Finland?

History of the Finnish rail network

Other rail plans to be mentioned have also included so-called. Rahja harbour track in Kalajoki, as well as a line straight so called. Kairanmaa track from Vuolijoki to Otanmäti.


Question: When did the first train run in Finland?

History of the Finnish rail network

The influence of railways on municipal structure The railways played a major role in the creation of the Finnish settlement structure.


Question: When did the first train run in Finland?

History of the Finnish rail network

Many new cities such as Hyvinkää, Riihimäki, Karjaa, Kouvola, Seinäjoki, Pieksämäki and Ylivieska have emerged around railway junction stations.


Question: When did the first train run in Finland?

History of the Finnish rail network

As recently as the 1960s, railways had a station on average every 3.4 km (3.1km for metropolitan commuter rail), and a significant proportion of the population lived in detached houses in station villages forming long strip towns along the tracks.


Question: When did the first train run in Finland?

History of the Finnish rail network

Things were being run by train in bigger towns and neighbouring villages in the absence of cars.


Question: When did the first train run in Finland?

History of the Finnish rail network

In this case, today's ideal of single-family housing was realised at the end of good and environmentally friendly transport links.


Question: When did the first train run in Finland?

History of the Finnish rail network

Even today, Finland's population is concentrated along the railways and the tracks pass through almost every little larger municipality, even if the actual passenger traffic has ceased.


Question: When did the first train run in Finland?

History of the Finnish rail network

As station villages have become quiet and passenger depletion caused by motoring, stops have been reduced.


Question: When did the first train run in Finland?

History of the Finnish rail network

The role of trains today is to provide high-speed connections between major cities and commuter rail in a densely populated metropolitan area.


Question: When did the first train run in Finland?

History of the Finnish rail network

Literature Schivelbusch, Wolfgang: History of Train Journey, Vastapaino, 1996, ISBN 951-768-010-4 Lindeqvist, K. O.: History of Finland, WSOY, Porvoo, 1906 Sinisalo, Uuno: Tampere Book: description of the stages of Tampere and the current city, Tampere, 1947 Voionmaa, Väinö: History of Tampere III: History of Tampere in the last decades (1856—1905), Tampere, 1907—1910 Editorial board: Suolahti, Gunnar et al.: Cultural History of Finland.


Question: When did the first train run in Finland?

History of the Finnish rail network


Question: When did the first train run in Finland?

History of the Finnish rail network

Time of industrialism and national ascent, Gummerus, Jyväskylä, 1936 See also History of gauge lines - Includes history of Finnish gauge Riihimäki-Saint Petersburg line - Includes early history of the Finnish railway network Sources On the topic elsewhere, Finnish Rail Administration (FRA) Opeko.fi/Tiina S., 2006 Tampere Book Printing Oy, 1920, Tampere Fennada-Filmi Junior — * Category:History of Technology


Question: What was the population of Czechoslovakia around the time of the bifurcation?

History of Italy

Italy (united 1861) has deeply influenced the culture of the Mediterranean region and Europe as a whole.


Question: What was the population of Czechoslovakia around the time of the bifurcation?

History of Italy

After the Greek rule of Magna Graecia, the Etruscans and then the Roman Empire ruled Italy for centuries.


Question: What was the population of Czechoslovakia around the time of the bifurcation?

History of Italy

Italy was an important centre of philosophy, science and art during the Middle Ages and the Renaissance.


Question: What was the population of Czechoslovakia around the time of the bifurcation?

History of Italy

Origin of the name Italy is an ancient name for the country and population of southern Italy.


Question: What was the population of Czechoslovakia around the time of the bifurcation?

History of Italy

Its origin is unknown, but it might come from the Latin word vitulus (one-year-old calf): “land of calves”.


Question: What was the population of Czechoslovakia around the time of the bifurcation?

History of Italy

[1] Coins bearing the name Italy were printed by southern tribes that competed with Rome in the last century BCE.


Question: What was the population of Czechoslovakia around the time of the bifurcation?

History of Italy

After the dissolution of the Roman Empire, Italy became the joint denomination of the states of the Apennine Peninsula and their overseas holdings.


Question: What was the population of Czechoslovakia around the time of the bifurcation?

History of Italy

[2] Ancient peoples In old times Italy was inhabited by several different peoples.


Question: What was the population of Czechoslovakia around the time of the bifurcation?

History of Italy

Many of them, like Latin, Oscs and Volskis, spoke Italic languages that were closely related to each other.


Question: What was the population of Czechoslovakia around the time of the bifurcation?

History of Italy

In addition, there were many Greeks living in southern Italy, Etruscans in the area of present-day Tuscany, and Celtic peoples in northern Italy.


Question: What was the population of Czechoslovakia around the time of the bifurcation?

History of Italy

The Etruscans controlled much of Italy before the Roman Empire.


Question: What was the population of Czechoslovakia around the time of the bifurcation?

History of Italy

[3] The Etruscans did not speak an Indo-European language and their origins are shrouded in obscurity.


Question: What was the population of Czechoslovakia around the time of the bifurcation?

History of Italy

They were definitively assimilated with the Romans in the republic period.


Question: What was the population of Czechoslovakia around the time of the bifurcation?

History of Italy

The culture, which is distinctly Etruscan, emerged in the year 800 BCE.


Question: What was the population of Czechoslovakia around the time of the bifurcation?

History of Italy

after.


Question: What was the population of Czechoslovakia around the time of the bifurcation?

History of Italy

The high point of Etruscan civilization was in the times of the founding of Rome and the Kingdom period.


Question: What was the population of Czechoslovakia around the time of the bifurcation?

History of Italy

The Etruscans did not form a unified kingdom but Greek-type city-states.


Question: What was the population of Czechoslovakia around the time of the bifurcation?

History of Italy

The last kings of the Roman Empire were Etruscans and Roman culture was strongly influenced by the Etruscans.


Question: What was the population of Czechoslovakia around the time of the bifurcation?

History of Italy

As it expanded, Rome incorporated the Etruscan cities into itself.


Question: What was the population of Czechoslovakia around the time of the bifurcation?

History of Italy

Roman Empire Rising According to the myth, Rome was founded in 753 BCE.


Question: What was the population of Czechoslovakia around the time of the bifurcation?

History of Italy

Romulus and Remus and was ruled by seven kings.


Question: What was the population of Czechoslovakia around the time of the bifurcation?

History of Italy

[4] According to tradition, the last king of Rome, Tarquinius Superbus, was exiled in 509 BCE.


Question: What was the population of Czechoslovakia around the time of the bifurcation?

History of Italy

and the Roman Republic was founded.