Question: Who was the head of the Finnish army in the Winter War?

Winter War

The German envoy to Helsinki, Wipert von Blücher, reported to Berlin on the Finnish attitude towards Germany and, in particular, the propaganda hostile to Germany by social-democratic magazines among the working people.


Question: Who was the head of the Finnish army in the Winter War?

Winter War

In March 1938, the Finnish Social Democrat, the main SDP supporter, condemned the Anschluss, namely the annexation of Austria to Germany, even though this had taken place under an apparent “referendum”.


Question: Who was the head of the Finnish army in the Winter War?

Winter War

[11] The conquest of Czechoslovakia in the spring of 1939 was seen in Finland as an even worse demonstration of the great power's ruthlessness towards smaller states.


Question: Who was the head of the Finnish army in the Winter War?

Winter War

It shocked even Finnish right-wing circles because this measure could not be justified by a nationality idea.


Question: Who was the head of the Finnish army in the Winter War?

Winter War

Subsequently, in a report sent to Berlin, von Blücher stated that the renowned draw towards the Third Reich had hit its lowest in Finland.


Question: Who was the head of the Finnish army in the Winter War?

Winter War

Max Jakobson has stated that “if the reports of the German envoy to Helsinki von Blücher from 1937—1939 had accidentally strayed into Moscow, there would hardly have been any more nightmare dreams about the Finnish-German conspiracy”.


Question: Who was the head of the Finnish army in the Winter War?

Winter War

[12] German propaganda took a nice view of Finnish assistance from Western powers, even against it.


Question: Who was the head of the Finnish army in the Winter War?

Winter War

Most obviously, the secret Additional Protocol to the Non-Aggression Treaty has been affected.


Question: Who was the head of the Finnish army in the Winter War?

Winter War

When President P. E. Svinhufvud planned in October 1939 to travel to Germany to obtain support for Finland, Envoy Wipert von Blücher received a call from his superiors in Berlin to block it: “Please point out to him that Germany is not interested in the problems between Finland and the Soviet Union.” On the contrary, Germany urged Finland to make sensible concessions, as too much stubbornness would lead to war, as a result of which Finland would soon be left with “nothing but a poignant heroine”.


Question: Who was the head of the Finnish army in the Winter War?

Winter War

[13] Italy, belonging to the Axis powers, did not see Germany's actions favourably, but tried to help Finland with greater aid without success.


Question: Who was the head of the Finnish army in the Winter War?

Winter War

Nordic orientation and Åland fortress plans In 1921, Finland concluded a treaty in Warsaw that annexed Finland to the Eastern European group of states led by Poland.


Question: Who was the head of the Finnish army in the Winter War?

Winter War

This group of states formed a buffer zone between France and the Soviet Union.


Question: Who was the head of the Finnish army in the Winter War?

Winter War

However, Finland did not ratify the treaty, which it felt contained hazards rather than safety, and as the 1930s entered this so-called Baltic trend faded in Finland.


Question: Who was the head of the Finnish army in the Winter War?

Winter War

On the other hand, no formal agreements were needed as a basis for Nordic cooperation.


Question: Who was the head of the Finnish army in the Winter War?

Winter War

Finland joined in 1933 as the so-called. Oslo States, which included not only the Nordic countries but also the Benelux countries.


Question: Who was the head of the Finnish army in the Winter War?

Winter War

The following year Finland participated for the first time in a meeting of Nordic foreign ministers.


Question: Who was the head of the Finnish army in the Winter War?

Winter War

Nordic cooperation developed into a so-called Nordic trend that emphasized neutrality.


Question: Who was the head of the Finnish army in the Winter War?

Winter War

In December 1935, the Nordic trend was chosen as Finland's official foreign policy line.


Question: Who was the head of the Finnish army in the Winter War?

Winter War

[14] Finland's acceptance into the Nordic countries was not self-evident, as doubts arose especially during the Kivimäki government (1932—1936) about the authenticity of Finnish democracy, relations with Germany and the status of the Swedish language.


Question: Who was the head of the Finnish army in the Winter War?

Winter War

Especially during the Cajander government (1937—1939), these doubts were successfully dispelled and cooperation with the Nordic countries deepened.


Question: Who was the head of the Finnish army in the Winter War?

Winter War

[15] The development of Nordic cooperation was reflected, for example, in the increased meetings of foreign ministers, the removal of barriers to commercial cooperation, a common plan to safeguard the maintenance of times of crisis, a harmonised appearance in the League of Nations and a common attitude for example, into the Spanish Civil War.


Question: Who was the head of the Finnish army in the Winter War?

Winter War

In 1938, common rules of neutrality were adopted through which the world hoped to recognise the Nordic countries as “a pacified region where it would not be worth hunting”.


Question: Who was the head of the Finnish army in the Winter War?

Winter War

[16] However, Nordic cooperation did not lead to a defence alliance, as there were no political conditions for it.


Question: Who was the head of the Finnish army in the Winter War?

Winter War

Finland feared the Soviet Union, Sweden feared the Soviet Union and Germany, Denmark was afraid of Germany, and Norway imagined that no one had to fear for its location.


Question: Who was the head of the Finnish army in the Winter War?

Winter War

[17] However, Norway, in Germany's view, was associated with controlling the North Sea in an essential way and to the Danish straits, so it did not adopt Norway's policy of neutrality that understood England.


Question: Who was the head of the Finnish army in the Winter War?

Winter War

Links with Sweden and the purchase of iron ore from there were essential to Germany's equipping.


Question: Who was the head of the Finnish army in the Winter War?

Winter War

Although the defence alliance did not arise in the absence of a common enemy, the Nordic countries were united by an effort to avoid going to war.


Question: Who was the head of the Finnish army in the Winter War?

Winter War

Therefore, in 1938, talk began to be made of “defensive readiness extended up to military measures.”


Question: Who was the head of the Finnish army in the Winter War?

Winter War

[18] In the end, all that remained of the Nordic Defence League was Sweden's and Finland's quest for military cooperation in the Åland archipelago.


Question: Who was the head of the Finnish army in the Winter War?

Winter War

[19] JARTSEV negotiations in Finland on 14 April 1938, Boris Jartsev, Second Secretary of the Soviet Legation in Helsinki, arrived to meet Foreign Minister Rudolf Holst.


Question: Who was the head of the Finnish army in the Winter War?

Winter War

[20] According to Jartsev, the Soviet government was confident that Germany was planning an attack on the Soviet Union and that plans included a flank strike through Finland.


Question: Who was the head of the Finnish army in the Winter War?

Winter War

Thus, Finland's attitude towards the invasion of the Germans was important to the Soviet Union.


Question: Who was the head of the Finnish army in the Winter War?

Winter War

The Red Army would not wait for the Raja River if Finland allowed the invasion.


Question: Who was the head of the Finnish army in the Winter War?

Winter War

On the other hand, if Finland were to oppose the invasion of the Germans, the Soviet Union would provide military and economic assistance, since Finland's ability to repel the German invasion by its own forces was not trusted.


Question: Who was the head of the Finnish army in the Winter War?

Winter War

[21] The start of the JARTSEV negotiations was led by the Anschluss, namely Austria's annexation of Hitler's Germany in March 1938, which from Moscow's perspective marked the first rift in the Soviet Union's western buffer zone.


Question: Who was the head of the Finnish army in the Winter War?

Winter War

[22] Over the next five months, Jartsev held talks several times with, among others, Prime Minister A.


Question: Who was the head of the Finnish army in the Winter War?

Winter War

With K. Cajander and Finance Minister Väinö Tanner.


Question: Who was the head of the Finnish army in the Winter War?

Winter War

Finland's assurance that Finland would not allow its integrity to be violated or attacked by the Soviet Union was not sufficient for the Soviet Union.


Question: Who was the head of the Finnish army in the Winter War?

Winter War

[23] The Soviet Union demanded a secret treaty that would allow it to participate in the defence of Finland — and above all its maritime borders — in the German offensive and in the fortification of Åland; moreover, it would also have wanted to have a fortified air and sea defence base in Suurissaari.


Question: Who was the head of the Finnish army in the Winter War?

Winter War

Finland rebuffed Jartsev's proposal in late August 1938.


Question: Who was the head of the Finnish army in the Winter War?

Winter War

In March 1939, the Soviet Union announced that it wanted to lease Suursaari, Lavansaari, Daughter Islands and Seiskar for 30 years.


Question: Who was the head of the Finnish army in the Winter War?

Winter War

Later, land from East Karelia was offered in exchange for the islands.


Question: Who was the head of the Finnish army in the Winter War?

Winter War

[24] Mannerheim was prepared to cede islands that would effectively not have been able to defend, as well as border revisions on the Isthmus.


Question: Who was the head of the Finnish army in the Winter War?

Winter War

[25] The break off of these negotiations on 6 April 1939 led to the Moscow negotiations in the fall of 1939.


Question: Who was the head of the Finnish army in the Winter War?

Winter War

Moscow's negotiations on Finnish territory after the Molotovin—Ribbentropin Pact, signed on 23 August, initially felt relief in Finland that the German-Soviet conflict, and with it, Finland's entry into the Great War, seemed to have been averted.


Question: Who was the head of the Finnish army in the Winter War?

Winter War

Quite soon, however, doubts began to be expressed as to the price Hitler had paid for safeguarding his back.


Question: Who was the head of the Finnish army in the Winter War?

Winter War

The price was hidden in a secret additional protocol to the treaty, which proved fatal for Finland and the Baltic states: together with the eastern part of Poland, they were read as belonging to the Soviet sphere of interest.


Question: Who was the head of the Finnish army in the Winter War?

Winter War

Stalin, on the other hand, bought additional time to equip himself with the treaty, as he — as well as Hitler — knew the treaty would only postpone the German-Soviet confrontation more imported.


Question: Who was the head of the Finnish army in the Winter War?

Winter War

In early September 1939, Germany invaded Poland and World War II began after France and the United Kingdom, in accordance with their promise to Poland, declared war on Germany.


Question: Who was the head of the Finnish army in the Winter War?

Winter War

The declaration of war was joined by India, Australia and New Zealand, who were members of the British Commonwealth.


Question: Who was the head of the Finnish army in the Winter War?

Winter War

[26] The Soviet Union invited Finnish representatives to negotiate in Moscow on “concrete political issues” on October 5, 1939.


Question: Who was the head of the Finnish army in the Winter War?

Winter War

Negotiations took place in three sections, 12—14.


Question: Who was the head of the Finnish army in the Winter War?

Winter War

October, 3—4 a.m.


Question: Who was the head of the Finnish army in the Winter War?

Winter War

from November to 9 November 1939.


Question: Who was the head of the Finnish army in the Winter War?

Winter War

Finland's negotiators for the first time were the envoy, State Counsellor J. K. Paasikivi, Finland's envoy to Moscow, Aarno Yrjö-Koskinen, Head of Division at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs Johan Nykopp, and Colonel Aladár Paasonen as military expert.


Question: Who was the head of the Finnish army in the Winter War?

Winter War

On the second and third trips, the Finnish delegation had as the second chief negotiator alongside Paasikivi, Finance Minister Väinö Tanner.


Question: Who was the head of the Finnish army in the Winter War?

Winter War

Rafael Hakkarainen, the State Counsellor, was on the third trip.


Question: Who was the head of the Finnish army in the Winter War?

Winter War

[27] The Soviet Union proposed that Finland should cede parts of the Karelian Isthmus and the outer islands of the Gulf of Finland to the Soviet Union, as well as the port of Hanko and Lappohh.


Question: Who was the head of the Finnish army in the Winter War?

Winter War

Similarly, the Soviet Union offered a territorial exchange in which Finland would have received wider territories from Repola and Porajärvi in East Karelia.


Question: Who was the head of the Finnish army in the Winter War?

Winter War

Repola and Porajärvi were territories that had sought independence from 1918—1920 Russia, but which, by the Peace Treaty of Tartu, remained in Soviet Russia.


Question: Who was the head of the Finnish army in the Winter War?

Winter War

The Finnish Council of State did not agree to the barter to the extent shown, as both public opinion and parliament opposed it, but offered only the areas closest to Leningrad, Kuokkala Bend and Terijoki to the Soviet Union.


Question: Who was the head of the Finnish army in the Winter War?

Winter War

Negotiations broke off 9.


Question: Who was the head of the Finnish army in the Winter War?

Winter War

on Nov.


Question: Who was the head of the Finnish army in the Winter War?

Winter War

[28] Finnish negotiators returned to Helsinki with the ominous words uttered by Vyacheslav Molotov, the Soviet Foreign Minister, during the last round of negotiations: “Now the civil authorities have dealt with the matter, and when no agreement has been reached, the matter must be given to the soldiers.” [ 29] According to current Russian historiography, a negotiated outcome would have been possible until the end of October, when the plan for the war against Finland was finally approved.


Question: Who was the head of the Finnish army in the Winter War?

Winter War

[30] The Soviet Union had previously made similar demands to the Baltic States, which agreed to hand over to the Red Army bases in their territories.


Question: Who was the head of the Finnish army in the Winter War?

Winter War

The Finns chose otherwise: from 10 October 1939, Finland invited the soldiers of its reserve for an additional refresher exercise, which effectively amounted to mobilization.


Question: Who was the head of the Finnish army in the Winter War?

Winter War

[31] Negotiations ended fruitless on Nov.


Question: Who was the head of the Finnish army in the Winter War?

Winter War

Eventually, on 26 November 1939, the Soviets staged the Mainila shots, with which the Soviets justified the war as a defensive measure.


Question: Who was the head of the Finnish army in the Winter War?

Winter War

[32] On 28 November, the Soviet Union exited the non-aggression pact and severed diplomatic relations between the two countries on 29 November.


Question: Who was the head of the Finnish army in the Winter War?

Winter War

Preparations for the invasion of the Soviet Union Already after the end of the negotiations in the spring of 1939 were inconclusive, the possibilities of military conflict were considered under the leadership of the Soviet Union.


Question: Who was the head of the Finnish army in the Winter War?

Winter War

In June 1939, Stalin drew the attention of General Kirill Meretskov, commander of the Leningrad Military District, to the danger posed by Finland's “Soviet hostility”.


Question: Who was the head of the Finnish army in the Winter War?

Winter War

When Stalin stressed that he expected serious action on the part of Germany still that summer, he tasked Meretskov with drawing up a plan for border protection and counterattack against the Finnish defences in the event of a military provocation.


Question: Who was the head of the Finnish army in the Winter War?

Winter War

[33] At the start of the Second World War in early September 1939, the Soviet Union declared mobilisation, in connection with which troops on the borders with Finland were also reinforced.


Question: Who was the head of the Finnish army in the Winter War?

Winter War

Apparently, the actual concentrations aimed at war began only after the Soviet leadership had become clear of Finland's inclination.


Question: Who was the head of the Finnish army in the Winter War?

Winter War

This is supported by the fact that the Soviet concrete war effort against Finland began two weeks after negotiations between the Finns and the Soviets had broken off.


Question: Who was the head of the Finnish army in the Winter War?

Winter War

As the Polish expedition proved to be shorter than expected and when the Baltic bases were quickly occupied, troops originally intended for these directions could be moved to the eastern border of Finland.


Question: Who was the head of the Finnish army in the Winter War?

Winter War

[34] A public secret circulated in Moscow's diplomatic circles in mid-November that 18 Red Army divisions had already been concentrated on the Finnish border.


Question: Who was the head of the Finnish army in the Winter War?

Winter War

[35] During the Winter War, Soviet prisoners of war reported that the Red Army corps detachments concentrated at the Finnish borders were certain since mid-November that war would break out.


Question: Who was the head of the Finnish army in the Winter War?

Winter War

[36] According to the preconception of the Soviet leadership, the war against Finland was not to be difficult or long-term.


Question: Who was the head of the Finnish army in the Winter War?

Winter War

Germany would certainly remain loyal to the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact and would not intervene, and Sweden would not help Finland either.


Question: Who was the head of the Finnish army in the Winter War?

Winter War

[37] Soviet Foreign Minister Vyacheslav Molotov ordered the Soviet envoy to Stockholm, Aleksandra Kollontai, specifically to ensure that Sweden, Norway and Denmark would not get involved in the conflict between Finland and the Soviet Union.


Question: Who was the head of the Finnish army in the Winter War?

Winter War

[38] No miracle was expected of Finland's own defenses other than the Finns themselves.


Question: Who was the head of the Finnish army in the Winter War?

Winter War

In particular, Leningrad's party secretary, Colonel General Andrei Ždanov, convinced Stalin that Finland could be managed “neatly” by the forces of the Leningrad Military District.


Question: Who was the head of the Finnish army in the Winter War?

Winter War

The working population of Finland was supposed to rise in revolt against the bourgeois government and take on the Red Army as a “liberator”, which would have freed the Soviet Union from the embarrassing ballast of appearing as an aggressor.


Question: Who was the head of the Finnish army in the Winter War?

Winter War

A couple of months earlier, the Red Army had unopposed occupied eastern Poland, whose population was predominantly Ukrainians and Belarusians.


Question: Who was the head of the Finnish army in the Winter War?

Winter War

There it had appeared as a liberator of the tribal brethren after they were exposed to “all kinds of dangers” as a result of the dissolution of the Polish state, so it might as well march to Finland to free the “proletarians”.


Question: Who was the head of the Finnish army in the Winter War?

Winter War

[39] Propaganda attack on the eve of the war, following the breakdown of negotiations between the Finns and the Soviet leadership, the Soviet newspaper press began a vigorous campaign of criticism and vilification against Finland in mid-November 1939.


Question: Who was the head of the Finnish army in the Winter War?

Winter War

The journals published deliberately and deliberately coloured news that seemed incomprehensible from Finland's point of view.


Question: Who was the head of the Finnish army in the Winter War?

Winter War

The campaign was largely aimed at shaping the mood of the Soviet population to support an invasion of Finland.


Question: Who was the head of the Finnish army in the Winter War?

Winter War

The inscriptions included the desertions of Finnish soldiers from their garrisons and mutinies against their officers, skirmishes between reservists and patrons who had claimed casualties, and an extreme example of 1500 atheists supposedly carried out in Tampere liquidation.


Question: Who was the head of the Finnish army in the Winter War?

Winter War

Finnish public opinion was said to be opposed to the attitude of the Finnish delegation at the Moscow talks and the British government's inciting the Finnish government to engage in warlike adventures.


Question: Who was the head of the Finnish army in the Winter War?

Winter War

In an inscription published in Pravda, the main voice supporter of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, on 26 November 1939, Prime Minister A.


Question: Who was the head of the Finnish army in the Winter War?

Winter War

K. Cajander was insulted as a “stumping cock”, a “writhing snake”, a “greedy little beast”, a “puppet of imperialists” and a “circus clown standing on top”.


Question: Who was the head of the Finnish army in the Winter War?

Winter War

The Finnish envoy to Moscow, Aarno Yrjö-Koskinen, who had been summoned to Foreign Minister Vyacheslav Molotov on the evening of the same day, intended to express his objections to Pravda's writing, but before Yrjö-Koskinen could speak, Molotov read to him the Soviet government of Finland a sharp note to the government in response to the shots in Mainila.


Question: Who was the head of the Finnish army in the Winter War?

Winter War

[40] When Molotov on 28 November informed Yrjö-Koskinen, who was once again invited to the Kremlin, that the Soviet Union was unilaterally terminating its non-aggression pact with Finland “due to Finland's hostile attitude”, Yrjö-Koskinen pointed out that it was not possible to terminate the agreement before for the year 1945.


Question: Who was the head of the Finnish army in the Winter War?

Winter War

To this, Molotov did not respond anything.


Question: Who was the head of the Finnish army in the Winter War?

Winter War

[41] The Finns, who felt violated, did not keep up with this chain of events, but considered legal considerations that had nothing more to do with reality.


Question: Who was the head of the Finnish army in the Winter War?

Winter War

However, Hitler's Germany had done exactly the same way three months earlier before the invasion of Poland, and the Red Army had delayed its march to eastern Poland until it could be noted that the Polish government had fallen short of the user and the Ukrainians and Belarusians were “longing” protection”.


Question: Who was the head of the Finnish army in the Winter War?

Winter War

Against this background, it was insignificant whether or not there had been a shooting in Mainila.


Question: Who was the head of the Finnish army in the Winter War?

Winter War

[42] The military and political invasion of the Red Army invasion of Finland began on 30 November 1939.


Question: Who was the head of the Finnish army in the Winter War?

Winter War

The Red Artillery opened fire on the Karelian Isthmus at 6:50 a.m.


Question: Who was the head of the Finnish army in the Winter War?

Winter War

[43] However, on the shores of the Arctic Ocean and in Salla, the attack can be considered to have begun a few days earlier.


Question: Who was the head of the Finnish army in the Winter War?

Winter War

[44] At 9 o'clock, the first air alert was issued in Vyborg.


Question: Who was the head of the Finnish army in the Winter War?

Winter War

During the first day, the Soviet Air Force bombed 16 localities in Finland, including Helsinki twice.


Question: Who was the head of the Finnish army in the Winter War?

Winter War

Soviet Foreign Minister Vyacheslav Molotov gave a late evening radio speech and reported that the Soviet government had instructed the Red Army to ensure the external security of the Soviet state.


Question: Who was the head of the Finnish army in the Winter War?

Winter War

In Finland, President Kyösti Kallio read the parliament's decision on the state of war on the radio at 1:30 p.m.


Question: Who was the head of the Finnish army in the Winter War?

Winter War

The League of Nations condemned the attack and separated the Soviet Union from the organization [45] on 14 December 1939.


Question: Who was the head of the Finnish army in the Winter War?

Winter War

On 1 December, the Soviet leadership formed the government of the Finnish People's Republic of Terijoki, led by Otto Wille Kuusinen, out of the Reds who fled to Soviet Russia after the 1918 civil war.


Question: Who was the head of the Finnish army in the Winter War?

Winter War

The Soviet Union announced its recognition of the Government of the People's Republic of Finland as the only official government in Finland, that it was waging war against the White-Finnish rebellious forces, and refused to negotiate with the new government formed by Risto Ryti on 1 December.


Question: Who was the head of the Finnish army in the Winter War?

Winter War

[46] The imposition of the Terijoki government revealed that the Soviet objective was to take over all of Finland.


Question: Who was the head of the Finnish army in the Winter War?

Winter War

Terijoki's government was also supposed to act as a political offensive wedge that would open the way to Helsinki for the Red Army.


Question: Who was the head of the Finnish army in the Winter War?

Winter War

It was otherwise and the outside threat united the Finns, regardless of class boundaries, to defend themselves against the Soviet Union.


Question: Who was the head of the Finnish army in the Winter War?

Winter War

[47] On 7 December 1939, the staff of the Finnish Embassy received permission, with the Winter War already raging, to travel from Moscow by train via Latvia to Germany.


Question: Who was the head of the Finnish army in the Winter War?

Winter War

There, military attachés belonging to the Finnish embassy staff heard alarming news.


Question: Who was the head of the Finnish army in the Winter War?

Winter War

Dining with military agents was a German acquaintance of Major Kaarlo Somerro, a lieutenant colonel working in the foreign section of the German General Staff.


Question: Who was the head of the Finnish army in the Winter War?

Winter War

He told me that at the General Staff meeting Adolf Hitler would have wanted to declare war on Finland alongside the Soviet Union.


Question: Who was the head of the Finnish army in the Winter War?

Winter War

However, the declaration of war tapered to the absolutely negative opposition of Marshal Herman Göring.


Question: Who was the head of the Finnish army in the Winter War?

Winter War

The Finns speculated this was the German idea of occupying demilitarized Åland and thus securing ore shipments from northern Sweden.


Question: Who was the head of the Finnish army in the Winter War?

Winter War

[48] Troops Finnish Army Army of the Isthmus II Army Corps (II AK, 3 divisions and Cavalry Brigade) III Army Corps (III AK, 2 divisions) In addition, one division IV army corps (IV AK, 2 divisions) Northern Finland Group Lapland Group during the war a further I Army Corps was formed, which belonged to the Army of the Isthmian.


Question: Who was the head of the Finnish army in the Winter War?

Winter War

Red Army 7th Army 8th Army 9th Army 14th Army to Finnish Front was sent during the war still 13th Army and 15th Army.


Question: Who was the head of the Finnish army in the Winter War?

Winter War

The two phases Winter War can be divided into two different phases: the failure of the Red Army attacks and the successful interceptor battle of the Finnish Defence Forces in December 1939 on all fronts.


Question: Who was the head of the Finnish army in the Winter War?

Winter War

the gradual breaching of Finnish defences in the western part of the Karelian Isthmus and the Gulf of Vyborg in February—March 1940 caused by the pressure of a major offensive by the Soviet Army.


Question: Who was the head of the Finnish army in the Winter War?

Winter War

Due to limited crew and material resources, the combat capability of the Finnish Defence Forces peaked at the end of December and, in the absence of adequate replenishment, it was reduced towards the end of the war.


Question: Who was the head of the Finnish army in the Winter War?

Winter War

The opposite was true for the Red Army; a serious underestimation of enemy combat capability observed early in the war and overestimation of its own capabilities could be corrected by significant resource increases in January—February 1940.


Question: Who was the head of the Finnish army in the Winter War?

Winter War

Objectives Finland had concentrated the first defence protection forces on the eastern border already during the Moscow negotiations and, under the guise of YH, a significant part of the field army was in defensive positions at the start of the war.


Question: Who was the head of the Finnish army in the Winter War?

Winter War

The Soviet strategy was to invade Finland from six points along the eastern border: Karjalan Kannas, Ladoga Karelia, Kuhmo (and Lieksa), Suomussalmi, Salla and Petsamo.


Question: Who was the head of the Finnish army in the Winter War?

Winter War

The main objective was the Karelian Isthmus, which was to advance to Vyborg and on to Helsinki.


Question: Who was the head of the Finnish army in the Winter War?

Winter War

Another important direction was Ladoga Karelia, from which Karelian stock and southern Finland could be threatened.


Question: Who was the head of the Finnish army in the Winter War?

Winter War

The third key objective was to cut Finland's “waist” at its narrowest point and advance to Oulu.


Question: Who was the head of the Finnish army in the Winter War?

Winter War

In Lapland, the goal was to take Salla via Rovaniemi and reach the Swedish border.


Question: Who was the head of the Finnish army in the Winter War?

Winter War

Petsamo was pursued mostly because of ore resources in the area and the port.


Question: Who was the head of the Finnish army in the Winter War?

Winter War

The Red Army was capable of deploying stronger troop divisions than the Finnish warfare command had expected: entire, partly motorised divisions, in the area between the northern side of Ladoga and Petsamo.


Question: Who was the head of the Finnish army in the Winter War?

Winter War

In terms of the Finnish army's fighting capability, the first week of war was marked by unaccustomed to war and, among other things, tank horrors, that is, panic situations caused by enemy tank forces, which led to a faster than planned withdrawal from the Reich frontier.


Question: Who was the head of the Finnish army in the Winter War?

Winter War

The Finns' good improvisational ability (dismembering tactics of motti and troop divisions) and rapid development of interceptor equipment (including firebottles) [49], as well as the almost complete commitment of Red Army troops to road work, made the situation more advantageous for the Finns and raised the confidence of the Finnish soldiers.


Question: Who was the head of the Finnish army in the Winter War?

Winter War

The pressure of the war also caused personnel changes in the Red Army.


Question: Who was the head of the Finnish army in the Winter War?

Winter War

Finland's combat victories in December and January on the Karelian Isthmus, the Red Army offensive stopped on 5 December at the end of the fighting on the Mannerheim Line, where the advanced tactics of Finnish artillery and its cooperation with the infantry came to light — as long as there was sufficient artillery ammunition.


Question: Who was the head of the Finnish army in the Winter War?

Winter War

The Karelian stock was defended by the Army of the Isthmian divided into II Army Corps in the Western Cape and III Army Corps in the Eastern Isthmus.


Question: Who was the head of the Finnish army in the Winter War?

Winter War

The former included the 4th, 5th, and 11th Divisions, and to the latter the 8th and 10th Divisions.


Question: Who was the head of the Finnish army in the Winter War?

Winter War

The Army of the Isthmian and Headquarters reserve were the 1st and 6th Divisions.


Question: Who was the head of the Finnish army in the Winter War?

Winter War

Groups of the Soviet 7th Army began the first breakthrough attempt at the Taipaleen River on the Eastern Isthmus on 6 December, but the offensive ended in failure on 8 December 1939.


Question: Who was the head of the Finnish army in the Winter War?

Winter War

The 7th Army comprised nine infantry divisions, a Panzer Army Corps and three armoured brigades.


Question: Who was the head of the Finnish army in the Winter War?

Winter War

The new attempt was scored 15—17.


Question: Who was the head of the Finnish army in the Winter War?

Winter War

December ending with the defeat of the Finns.


Question: Who was the head of the Finnish army in the Winter War?

Winter War

Fighting in the Red Army's center of gravity in the village of Summa in the western column began on 17 December and lasted until 22 December.


Question: Who was the head of the Finnish army in the Winter War?

Winter War

The struggle ended with heavy losses for the Red Army.


Question: Who was the head of the Finnish army in the Winter War?

Winter War

It was typical of the fighting for Soviet panzers to easily penetrate the positions of the Finns, under the cover of artillery concentrations, but the Finns were capable, with artillery fire and effective infantry fire, to keep the Red Army infantry and tank forces separate from each other.


Question: Who was the head of the Finnish army in the Winter War?

Winter War

After the infantry had been destroyed to barbed wire barriers, the tanks were destroyed by anti-tank tanks and pile charges.


Question: Who was the head of the Finnish army in the Winter War?

Winter War

[50] After the Red Army offensive had been halted on the Karelian Isthmus in December, Marshal Mannerheim authorised the launch of a counterattack towards Soviet positions.


Question: Who was the head of the Finnish army in the Winter War?

Winter War

The II Army Corps of the Isthmian Army reinforced with two reserve divisions conducted a counterattack on 23 December 1939.


Question: Who was the head of the Finnish army in the Winter War?

Winter War

However, it failed and II Army Corps suffered heavy losses.


Question: Who was the head of the Finnish army in the Winter War?

Winter War

The event was named “fool's cans”.


Question: Who was the head of the Finnish army in the Winter War?

Winter War

[51] The 8th Army, six divisions and one armoured brigade, attacked towards Finland in Ladoga Karelia.


Question: Who was the head of the Finnish army in the Winter War?

Winter War

They advanced up to the northern shore of Lake Ladoga and a slightly more northerly route, through the strategically important area of Suojärvi towards Sortavala.


Question: Who was the head of the Finnish army in the Winter War?

Winter War

The Finns resisted the attack with the 12th and 13th Divisions of the IV Army Corps.


Question: Who was the head of the Finnish army in the Winter War?

Winter War

Suojärvi was quickly recaptured, and after unsuccessful counterattacks, the Finnish defences stabilized on the Kollaanjoki from 7 December.


Question: Who was the head of the Finnish army in the Winter War?

Winter War

On the shores of Ladoga, the Finnish army initially withdrew via Salmin—Pitkäranta, but the Red Army was stopped in the Kitilän—Koirinoja area on 11—15.


Question: Who was the head of the Finnish army in the Winter War?

Winter War

on Dec.


Question: Who was the head of the Finnish army in the Winter War?

Winter War

In December, the Finns began counterattacks, which eventually led to the emergence of the Kitilän—Koirinojan—Lemet mots in early January 1940.


Question: Who was the head of the Finnish army in the Winter War?

Winter War

In them, fighting continued until the end of the Winter War.


Question: Who was the head of the Finnish army in the Winter War?

Winter War

[52] In addition to the fighting victories in the Karelian Isthmus and Ladoga Karelia, the Finnish army achieved the first offensive and strategically significant victory.


Question: Who was the head of the Finnish army in the Winter War?

Winter War

December at Lake Tolvajärvi in Raja-Karelia.


Question: Who was the head of the Finnish army in the Winter War?

Winter War

In the fighting, Group Talvela, led by Colonel Paavo Talvela, with Lieutenant Colonel Aaro Pajari as the front commander, struck the 139th Infantry Division of the Red Army, thus preventing the Red Army's attack on the back of the Finnish troops fighting in Ladoga Karelia.


Question: Who was the head of the Finnish army in the Winter War?

Winter War

Northern Finland Major victories based on the war of aggression and attracted significant international attention by the Finns in the Battle of Suomussalmi on 27—29.


Question: Who was the head of the Finnish army in the Winter War?

Winter War

December 1939 and the ensuing Battle of Raatteentie 1—7.


Question: Who was the head of the Finnish army in the Winter War?

Winter War

on January 1940.


Question: Who was the head of the Finnish army in the Winter War?

Winter War

On the Finnish side, the 9th Division under Colonel Hjalmar Siilasvuo was responsible for the combat action.


Question: Who was the head of the Finnish army in the Winter War?

Winter War

In the battle, the Soviet 163rd and 44th Infantry Divisions were destroyed with relatively few Finnish troops, as well as a considerable war booty.


Question: Who was the head of the Finnish army in the Winter War?

Winter War

The battles in the area between Ladoga Karelia and Suomussalmi are good examples of effective exploitation of terrain and conditions in war and motto tactics.


Question: Who was the head of the Finnish army in the Winter War?

Winter War

As a result of heavy losses, the Soviet Union abandoned its goal of cutting Finland off the level of Oulu.


Question: Who was the head of the Finnish army in the Winter War?

Winter War

[53] In the Kuhmon—Lieksa area, Finnish brigade Vuokko prevented the penetration of the Red Army's 54th Infantry Division in the directions of Kajaani and Pielisjärvi from 8 to 28.


Question: Who was the head of the Finnish army in the Winter War?

Winter War

in the raven battles of December 1939.


Question: Who was the head of the Finnish army in the Winter War?

Winter War

After the fighting in Suomussalmi, the 9th Division was transferred in January 1940 to the Kuhmon—Lieksa area where it tried to destroy the aforementioned Soviet division.


Question: Who was the head of the Finnish army in the Winter War?

Winter War

However, the attempt failed, so a motto war that lasted until the end of the war ended in the area.


Question: Who was the head of the Finnish army in the Winter War?

Winter War

[54] During December 1939, Sections Roininen and Suoranta stopped Soviet 122 in Salla.


Question: Who was the head of the Finnish army in the Winter War?

Winter War

(and 88.)


Question: Who was the head of the Finnish army in the Winter War?

Winter War

Infantry Division attacks on the Kemijärvi area.


Question: Who was the head of the Finnish army in the Winter War?

Winter War

Similarly, at Petsamo, the Finnish detachment Pennanen stopped the advance of the Soviets 52nd Infantry Division and the 104th Mountain Division into the Nautsin-Featherjärvi area.


Question: Who was the head of the Finnish army in the Winter War?

Winter War

[55] The Red Army Grand Offensive in February Soviet preparations The Red Army's failure to take Finland in December 1939 led to a thorough re-evaluation of the situation at the turn of 1939—1940.


Question: Who was the head of the Finnish army in the Winter War?

Winter War

Combat activity subsided considerably for almost a month and a significant force group against Finland also began to be assembled in relation to Soviet resources.


Question: Who was the head of the Finnish army in the Winter War?

Winter War

On 7 January 1940, the High Command of the Red Army, Stavka established the Northwest Front Staff to lead the war against the Finns and 1st Class Army Commander Semjon Timošenko was appointed at its head.


Question: Who was the head of the Finnish army in the Winter War?

Winter War

The Karelian Isthmus Front was divided into two parts and 7.


Question: Who was the head of the Finnish army in the Winter War?

Winter War

The army was assigned front responsibility for the western part of the area, where the focus of the major offensive was placed, and a new 13 was brought to the eastern part.


Question: Who was the head of the Finnish army in the Winter War?

Winter War

Army.


Question: Who was the head of the Finnish army in the Winter War?

Winter War

The total number of Soviet divisions on the Karelian Isthmus increased from ten to 21—26 and in addition, Timoshenko gained access to five new armoured brigades and 11 artillery regiments, as well as additional air force support.


Question: Who was the head of the Finnish army in the Winter War?

Winter War

The Red Army had 4000 cannons and 1000—1200 tanks at its disposal on the Karelian Isthmus.


Question: Who was the head of the Finnish army in the Winter War?

Winter War

An additional high command reserve 28 was formed in the Leningrad region.


Question: Who was the head of the Finnish army in the Winter War?

Winter War

Army Corps.


Question: Who was the head of the Finnish army in the Winter War?

Winter War

A 6 kilometer wide center of gravity was created in the area of the sum, where 50 attacked


Question: Who was the head of the Finnish army in the Winter War?

Winter War

The army corps, three divisions supported by 500—1000 guns and 200 tanks, on the flanks attacked the 10th and 19th.


Question: Who was the head of the Finnish army in the Winter War?

Winter War

Army Corps.


Question: Who was the head of the Finnish army in the Winter War?

Winter War

Artillery density peaked at around 50—100 guns per front kilometre.


Question: Who was the head of the Finnish army in the Winter War?

Winter War

On the Finnish side, the main attack was taken up by one, the 3rd Division formed in Satakunta and Häme, with the 4th and 2nd divisions on their sites (in early January 1940, the numbering of some Finnish divisions was changed: 6 D.


Question: Who was the head of the Finnish army in the Winter War?

Winter War

→ 3.


Question: Who was the head of the Finnish army in the Winter War?

Winter War

D., 10 D.


Question: Who was the head of the Finnish army in the Winter War?

Winter War

→ 7 D., 11 D.


Question: Who was the head of the Finnish army in the Winter War?

Winter War

→ 2 D.).


Question: Who was the head of the Finnish army in the Winter War?

Winter War

[56] Major Offensive to break through the Isthmus of the Mannerheim Line, on 1 February 1940, the Red Army began a vigorous and sustained artillery action that initialised the offenders, particularly on the Summa block.


Question: Who was the head of the Finnish army in the Winter War?

Winter War

It was also accompanied by round-the-clock attacks by infantry and armoured forces.


Question: Who was the head of the Finnish army in the Winter War?

Winter War

The end result was damage to Finnish positions and fatigue of troops with minimal reserves even before the main attack began.


Question: Who was the head of the Finnish army in the Winter War?

Winter War

Due to constant combat contact, troops could not be exchanged.


Question: Who was the head of the Finnish army in the Winter War?

Winter War

The actual general attack began at 8:40am on the morning of 11 February with artillery fire accelerating into intense drum fire.


Question: Who was the head of the Finnish army in the Winter War?

Winter War

By the afternoon, the Soviets achieved a decisive breakthrough in Summa with the Source block.


Question: Who was the head of the Finnish army in the Winter War?

Winter War

In the Red Army, cooperation between artillery, tank units and infantry had improved significantly, and the Finns in turn suffered from a severe shortage of artillery ammunition and anti-tank guns.


Question: Who was the head of the Finnish army in the Winter War?

Winter War

Firebottles and pile charges were no longer sufficient, as Soviet infantry effectively shielded tanks with their fire.


Question: Who was the head of the Finnish army in the Winter War?

Winter War

On 15 February, the Finnish counterattacks failed and finally Commander-in-Chief Mannerheim issued the Isthmus 2.


Question: Who was the head of the Finnish army in the Winter War?

Winter War

The Army Corps gave orders to withdraw to an intermediate position to Samolanlahti—Väkäkkijärvi—Muolaanjärvi, Muolaanjärvi—Äyräkäjärvi—Väyräpää.


Question: Who was the head of the Finnish army in the Winter War?

Winter War


Question: Who was the head of the Finnish army in the Winter War?

Winter War

The army corps remained in place in the Mannerheim Line until the end of the war.


Question: Who was the head of the Finnish army in the Winter War?

Winter War

[57] However, the effective belting that the Red Army had underway broke the intermediate position and the corps was ordered to withdraw to the rear position to the line Vyborg—Tali—Coskuanback—Copper Island—Vyborg on 27 February 1940.


Question: Who was the head of the Finnish army in the Winter War?

Winter War

On 26 February, Timošenko, commander of the Northwestern Front Staff, gave orders to his troops to recapture the city of Vyborg.


Question: Who was the head of the Finnish army in the Winter War?

Winter War

The mission became 7.


Question: Who was the head of the Finnish army in the Winter War?

Winter War

Performed by the Army as a two-sided encirclement maneuver and a direct front attack.


Question: Who was the head of the Finnish army in the Winter War?

Winter War

10th and 28.


Question: Who was the head of the Finnish army in the Winter War?

Winter War

The army corps had to advance to the west of Vyborg over the frozen Gulf of Vyborg and 19.


Question: Who was the head of the Finnish army in the Winter War?

Winter War

The army corps was to advance to the east of the city.


Question: Who was the head of the Finnish army in the Winter War?

Winter War

34th and 50.


Question: Who was the head of the Finnish army in the Winter War?

Winter War

The army corps attacked directly towards Vyborg.


Question: Who was the head of the Finnish army in the Winter War?

Winter War

In addition, 13.


Question: Who was the head of the Finnish army in the Winter War?

Winter War

The army was tasked with crossing Veuksi from Äyrähead—Vuosalmi and blockade Finland 3, which fought on the Mannerheim Line on the eastern isthmus.


Question: Who was the head of the Finnish army in the Winter War?

Winter War

Army Corps.


Question: Who was the head of the Finnish army in the Winter War?

Winter War

[58] Battles of Vyborg and Vyborg Gulf In terms of the defence of the rear position, the westward extension of the front line to the Gulf of Vyborg was a serious blow to the Finnish army of the Isthmus.


Question: Who was the head of the Finnish army in the Winter War?

Winter War

The surroundings of Vyborg were a more advantageous area for the defender than the southern and central Isthmus, but part of the advantage was lost due to the Gulf of Vyborg, which was in thick ice.


Question: Who was the head of the Finnish army in the Winter War?

Winter War

The strength of the Finnish defence force has steadily dwindled resources in terms of both crew and material, and the physical fatigue of the troops brought the Finns' fighting ability to the limit for the final two weeks of the Winter War.


Question: Who was the head of the Finnish army in the Winter War?

Winter War

A new 23rd Division and 21st Division for the Eastern Isthmus had been received in support of the Vyborg area, but were supplement forces weaker than other divisions in combat value.


Question: Who was the head of the Finnish army in the Winter War?

Winter War

A successful strategic breakthrough by the Soviets in the Gulf of Vyborg would have threatened the entire defences of southern Finland with Finnish troops still deep east of the area.


Question: Who was the head of the Finnish army in the Winter War?

Winter War

In the Gulf of Vyborg, Finnish 4th Division troops were unable to prevent the Soviets' invasion of Härännäniemi and Vilaniemi on the western bank of the bay, where the Red Army cut the Vyborg—Helsinki highway on 9 March.


Question: Who was the head of the Finnish army in the Winter War?

Winter War

The Finnish defenders held up and prevented the breakthrough from expanding.


Question: Who was the head of the Finnish army in the Winter War?

Winter War

However, when peace came on 13 March, the situation was critical: 7.


Question: Who was the head of the Finnish army in the Winter War?

Winter War

The Army relocated 3.


Question: Who was the head of the Finnish army in the Winter War?

Winter War

The Cavalry Corps on 11 March already at Koivisto, aiming to establish a decisive superiority on the west bank of the Vyborg Gulf, but peace interrupted the action.


Question: Who was the head of the Finnish army in the Winter War?

Winter War

In Vyborg, the 3rd and 5th Divisions lost their suburban areas and the front line moved to Patterinmäki on 12 March.


Question: Who was the head of the Finnish army in the Winter War?

Winter War

The threat of encirclement to the east of the town formed severe after the Red Army penetrated the Oak Swamp and breached the support line of the defences of the Isthmus of Tali on 7—9.


Question: Who was the head of the Finnish army in the Winter War?

Winter War

March 1940, but the attack was still successful in stopping Portinslender.


Question: Who was the head of the Finnish army in the Winter War?

Winter War

In Tal, severe drum fire and tank fire from Soviet artillery caused even the threat of escape among the overburdened Finns.


Question: Who was the head of the Finnish army in the Winter War?

Winter War

[59] Since the beginning of March, the 13th Army of the Red Army attacked with at least six divisions in Äyräpää, defended by the under-numbered 2nd and 21st Divisions.


Question: Who was the head of the Finnish army in the Winter War?

Winter War

The central part of Äyräpää harju and Kirkonmäki west of Vuoksi were lost on 4 March and Vasikkasaari of Vuoksen on 5 March.


Question: Who was the head of the Finnish army in the Winter War?

Winter War

Soviet forces eventually managed to cross Vuos on 8—11.


Question: Who was the head of the Finnish army in the Winter War?

Winter War

March and to create a bridgehead about 500 meters deep on the east bank of the river, but the coming of peace resolved the critical situation.


Question: Who was the head of the Finnish army in the Winter War?

Winter War

At Taipaleenriver, the Finnish 7th Division withstood fierce attacks by the Red Army from 11—20.


Question: Who was the head of the Finnish army in the Winter War?

Winter War

February and largely retained their original positions until the end of the war.


Question: Who was the head of the Finnish army in the Winter War?

Winter War

[59] Peace in Moscow The unexpected turn in the war by Finnish army soldiers during December 1939, the defeat of the Red Army, brought a partial solution to the conflict.


Question: Who was the head of the Finnish army in the Winter War?

Winter War

The Soviet Union was forced to reassess the objectives of the war and the overall effects of a conflict that stretched longer than planned.


Question: Who was the head of the Finnish army in the Winter War?

Winter War

It began planning a better-prepared new major offensive for January—February 1940.


Question: Who was the head of the Finnish army in the Winter War?

Winter War

[60] The positive international attention caused by the successful struggle of the Finns seriously disturbed Stalin since early December.


Question: Who was the head of the Finnish army in the Winter War?

Winter War

Information on British and French plans to support Finland in the Winter War, both in military and material, put the NL in front of a whole new situation.


Question: Who was the head of the Finnish army in the Winter War?

Winter War

The interference of Western superpowers in the war threatened to extend the conflict in a direction disadvantageous to the Soviet Union.


Question: Who was the head of the Finnish army in the Winter War?

Winter War

[61] Stalin had calculated that World War I would expand over the course of 1940 to include between Germany and the Western Allies, which would have provided new avenues for action for the Soviet Union.


Question: Who was the head of the Finnish army in the Winter War?

Winter War

[62] The stretching of the war over the turn of the year and the information about the Western Powers' mission project to Finland, the Arctic Ocean and the Caucasus led the Soviet leadership to abandon the goal of occupying Finland and installing a Soviet-minded Terijoki government in Finland.


Question: Who was the head of the Finnish army in the Winter War?

Winter War

It opened up the possibility of a compromise peace, and the Soviet leadership, via Sweden, informed Finland on 29 January 1940, contrary to its previous line, that Stalin was ready for armistice negotiations with the government of Risto Ryti.


Question: Who was the head of the Finnish army in the Winter War?

Winter War

The announcement was preceded by secret confessions between writer Hella Wuolijoki and Soviet envoy to Stockholm Alexandra Kollontai on 10—21.


Question: Who was the head of the Finnish army in the Winter War?

Winter War

on January 1940.


Question: Who was the head of the Finnish army in the Winter War?

Winter War

[63] However, the Soviet Union required — because “blood had flowed” — that Finland be prepared for greater concessions than what the NL had demanded in the autumn of 1939.


Question: Who was the head of the Finnish army in the Winter War?

Winter War

[64] The Finnish government responded to the Soviet offer on 30 January, declaring that Finland would be willing in principle for peace, but only for some minor border revisions on the Karelian Isthmus and possibly also the demilitarization of the Gulf of Finland.


Question: Who was the head of the Finnish army in the Winter War?

Winter War

The good situation on the fronts reduced Finns' appetite for further concessions.


Question: Who was the head of the Finnish army in the Winter War?

Winter War

[65] With the weakening of the Finnish position and bending to peace terms, Finland's position changed as the Red Army began fire preparations for a major offensive on 1 February and the actual general offensive on 11 February 1940 and the Finns' defences began to falter.


Question: Who was the head of the Finnish army in the Winter War?

Winter War

The Soviet leadership's offer of peace and a major offensive was apparently part of an overall plan that, on the one hand, still attempted at least a limited military solution on the fronts, but on the other hand aimed at preventing further escalation of the conflict.


Question: Who was the head of the Finnish army in the Winter War?

Winter War

In early February 1940, the Finns ended up in a balancing act that had continued until peace, in which consideration was made between making peace and continuing the war.


Question: Who was the head of the Finnish army in the Winter War?

Winter War

The pressure of the Red Army's offensive, as well as the physical fatigue and losses of its own army and the lack of reserves, advocated a peace treaty.


Question: Who was the head of the Finnish army in the Winter War?

Winter War

On the other hand, the offer of aid from Britain and France was tempted to continue the war.


Question: Who was the head of the Finnish army in the Winter War?

Winter War

According to the official French announcement, Western powers would have been prepared to send 50,000 men, which would have arrived in Finland at the end of March.


Question: Who was the head of the Finnish army in the Winter War?

Winter War

[66] Aid was considered to have been militarily inadequate and coming too late for the Soviet invasion to be repelled.


Question: Who was the head of the Finnish army in the Winter War?

Winter War

[67] Furthermore, the problem was that it could not be sure whether Sweden would allow the passage of these soldiers through its territory.


Question: Who was the head of the Finnish army in the Winter War?

Winter War

[68] Heikki Ylikangas, for his part, has argued that Finland rejected military aid from Western powers and agreed to peace because key government ministers believed Germany would win the ongoing major war.


Question: Who was the head of the Finnish army in the Winter War?

Winter War

The government's solution was also influenced by Marshal Hermann Göring's verbal call to T. M. Kivimäki, Finland's envoy to Germany on 22 February, to agree to peace on any conditions (see.


Question: Who was the head of the Finnish army in the Winter War?

Winter War

Hermann Goering: Winter War Advice).


Question: Who was the head of the Finnish army in the Winter War?

Winter War

According to Ylikanka, Finland was acting on this advice because the political leadership believed that they would recover the territories lost in peace negotiations with interest after Germany would invade the Soviet Union.


Question: Who was the head of the Finnish army in the Winter War?

Winter War

[69] On 23 February, as Red Army tanks and artillery drum fire straddled Finnish defensive positions in Karelia, the Soviet leadership issued minimum conditions for Finland to start peace negotiations.


Question: Who was the head of the Finnish army in the Winter War?

Winter War

They called for Finland to cede to the Soviet Union at least Karelian Isthmus and Vyborg and the northeastern half of Ladoga, including Sortavala.


Question: Who was the head of the Finnish army in the Winter War?

Winter War

With the constant deterioration of the front situation and, among other things, Sweden's continued refusal of Finnish requests for assistance, the government decided to open negotiations for peace on 29 February [70] and agreed to Soviet terms 5.


Question: Who was the head of the Finnish army in the Winter War?

Winter War

on March.


Question: Who was the head of the Finnish army in the Winter War?

Winter War

[71] Sweden's motivations for neutrality must have been the preservation of the country outside the Great War, the export of iron ore, and German relations which would have been threatened by the intervention of Western powers in Scandinavia.


Question: Who was the head of the Finnish army in the Winter War?

Winter War

Britain and France had decided on military intervention in the Winter War on 5 February and they expected Finland's official request for assistance by 5 March 1940.


Question: Who was the head of the Finnish army in the Winter War?

Winter War

However, the Finnish military command judged that the West's assistance would have been insufficient and would not have reached it in time.


Question: Who was the head of the Finnish army in the Winter War?

Winter War

It was also feared that accepting aid would have shifted the entire focus of World War II to Northern Europe, which would have been extremely heavy on civilians (cf.


Question: Who was the head of the Finnish army in the Winter War?

Winter War

the Polish situation where fought throughout the war).


Question: Who was the head of the Finnish army in the Winter War?

Winter War

[72] The Soviet Union pressed Finland hard for peace, despite the fact that the fighting was already turning decisively in its favour in the early days of March.


Question: Who was the head of the Finnish army in the Winter War?

Winter War

The reason was that Stalin considered it too great a risk to continue the fight, which was leading the Soviet Union against the Western powers in the overall fixture of the Great War.


Question: Who was the head of the Finnish army in the Winter War?

Winter War

He calculated that the immediate occupation of Finland was not worth the risk, and Finnish territory could be taken over sometime later at the opportunity.


Question: Who was the head of the Finnish army in the Winter War?

Winter War

Peace would be a prestige defeat for the Soviet Union, but even that would be a lesser annoyance than going to war with France and Britain.


Question: Who was the head of the Finnish army in the Winter War?

Winter War

[73] The Germans' main motive for calming the situation must have been the aid plans of the Western Allies, which threatened the supply of iron ore from northern Sweden.


Question: Who was the head of the Finnish army in the Winter War?

Winter War

Hitler's main goal was to defeat Bolshevism and acquire living space in the east.


Question: Who was the head of the Finnish army in the Winter War?

Winter War

[74] Thus, the Winter War shook the great war still lifes.


Question: Who was the head of the Finnish army in the Winter War?

Winter War

However, by the beginning of March 1940, the Finnish army had come to a point where its fighting capability threatened to collapse and therefore a delegation led by Prime Minister Risto Ryti was subjected to dictating money in Moscow from 8 to 10.


Question: Who was the head of the Finnish army in the Winter War?

Winter War

on March 1940.


Question: Who was the head of the Finnish army in the Winter War?

Winter War

[75] Peace The Finnish government and the Committee on Foreign Affairs approved the Soviet-drafted peace treaty on 11 March and the Moscow Peace Treaty was signed on the evening of 12 March 1940.


Question: Who was the head of the Finnish army in the Winter War?

Winter War

Combat action on the fronts ended progressively the next day, beginning at 11am.


Question: Who was the head of the Finnish army in the Winter War?

Winter War

At 10:45 a.m., artillery and mortars of Soviet troops unexpectedly opened fire on the Finns positions.


Question: Who was the head of the Finnish army in the Winter War?

Winter War

The concentrations did not have any direct military goal and were pure retaliation.


Question: Who was the head of the Finnish army in the Winter War?

Winter War

Hundreds of Finns were killed or wounded by the shelling.


Question: Who was the head of the Finnish army in the Winter War?

Winter War

[76] At the Salla front, the artillery concentration was severe and at 12 o'clock Soviet aircraft bombarded the Finnish positions.


Question: Who was the head of the Finnish army in the Winter War?

Winter War

Of the unit of Swedish volunteers responsible for the front, ten were downed and 30 men wounded.


Question: Who was the head of the Finnish army in the Winter War?

Winter War

[77] According to the peace treaty, Finland ceded to the Soviet Union part of Salla and Kuusamo, the Fisheryasaarenno Petsamo, the outer islands of the Gulf of Finland and a large part of Karelia including Vyborg, the second largest city in the country, practically following the border line of the 1721 Uusikaupunki Peace.


Question: Who was the head of the Finnish army in the Winter War?

Winter War

Finland was also forced to lease Hanko to the Soviet Union as a base for 30 years and build a railway between Kantalahti and Salla.


Question: Who was the head of the Finnish army in the Winter War?

Winter War

[78] Furthermore, the situation created a significant demographic problem when a total of 430000 Finns left the territories ceded to the Soviet Union.


Question: Who was the head of the Finnish army in the Winter War?

Winter War

[65] Weaknesses and strengths of the parties The Finnish army had knowledge of the terrain as well as the skill to move, accommodate and fight in rough frost and snowy terrain.


Question: Who was the head of the Finnish army in the Winter War?

Winter War

Particularly notable the aforementioned skills were north of Ladoga, a wilderness area about 1,000 kilometres long with sparse roads and little settlement.


Question: Who was the head of the Finnish army in the Winter War?

Winter War

Skis, crate, tent, stove and Suomi submachine gun are assisted.


Question: Who was the head of the Finnish army in the Winter War?

Winter War

This equipment and the tactics associated with their use had been developed in the 1920s and 1930s.


Question: Who was the head of the Finnish army in the Winter War?

Winter War

The Finnish Army developed a strategy based on encirclement e.g.


Question: Who was the head of the Finnish army in the Winter War?

Winter War

on the basis of foreign fighting as early as 1932, as the underpowered army was not thought to be capable of defeating the large army of the Soviets with direct frontal attacks [79].


Question: Who was the head of the Finnish army in the Winter War?

Winter War

This caused the development of a way of warfare moving in the forest [80] even before the war.


Question: Who was the head of the Finnish army in the Winter War?

Winter War

In the war, the Finns were able to make surprise attacks of guerrilla attacks on the forest e.g.


Question: Who was the head of the Finnish army in the Winter War?

Winter War

on a campfire to the warm-up Soviets.


Question: Who was the head of the Finnish army in the Winter War?

Winter War

The tactic involved burning villages and separate buildings to be left to the enemy so that the enemy could not accommodate them.


Question: Who was the head of the Finnish army in the Winter War?

Winter War

Finnish military tactics were based on acting according to the situation.


Question: Who was the head of the Finnish army in the Winter War?

Winter War

Attacked blockadedly wherever you could, defended in front when we had to.


Question: Who was the head of the Finnish army in the Winter War?

Winter War

A major strength of the Finns was also radio reconnaissance, namely interception, locating enemy radio traffic, and opening cipher messages.


Question: Who was the head of the Finnish army in the Winter War?

Winter War

Using radio reconnaissance, among other things, when launching mots, the Finns were able to concentrate force at the breakout points and leave other areas around the mot almost without occupation.


Question: Who was the head of the Finnish army in the Winter War?

Winter War

The mobility of the Finns also caused patrols to have to travel sometimes long distances on the brink of hunger.


Question: Who was the head of the Finnish army in the Winter War?

Winter War

The main problem for the Finns in the Winter War was the lack of anti-tank equipment [81].


Question: Who was the head of the Finnish army in the Winter War?

Winter War

Telamines were effective, but were insufficiently protected by anti-personnel mines or lacked altogether.


Question: Who was the head of the Finnish army in the Winter War?

Winter War

Anti-tank guns accounted for only a third of the planned number.


Question: Who was the head of the Finnish army in the Winter War?

Winter War

The planned procurement of anti-tank rifles did not materialise before the start of the war as parties deciding on procurement quarreled over its calibre selection.


Question: Who was the head of the Finnish army in the Winter War?

Winter War

Temporary anti-tank equipment such as firebottle, birch splitter and pile charge were not always useful in unprotected terrain.


Question: Who was the head of the Finnish army in the Winter War?

Winter War

Weaknesses in the anti-tank led to a reduction in the infantry's will to fight.


Question: Who was the head of the Finnish army in the Winter War?

Winter War

Occasionally there was outright escapism.


Question: Who was the head of the Finnish army in the Winter War?

Winter War

The Finnish army was not effective against a planned, gigantic attack on the Isthmus at the end of the Winter War.


Question: Who was the head of the Finnish army in the Winter War?

Winter War

As the Finns had few troops, even worn-out, the Finns front was broken as the Soviets increased pressure.


Question: Who was the head of the Finnish army in the Winter War?

Winter War

The Soviets had learned from their mistakes and used tanks in groups to break the trenches.


Question: Who was the head of the Finnish army in the Winter War?

Winter War

Field artillery fire was accurate, but there was far too little ammunition.


Question: Who was the head of the Finnish army in the Winter War?

Winter War

For comparison, one can mention that the ammunition consumption of Finnish artillery throughout the war was equivalent to that of the two days of the Red Army.


Question: Who was the head of the Finnish army in the Winter War?

Winter War

On the Karelian Isthmus, the firepower of the Soviet artillery was seven times stronger than the Finns.


Question: Who was the head of the Finnish army in the Winter War?

Winter War

[82] In general, the maintenance situation in Finland was critical.


Question: Who was the head of the Finnish army in the Winter War?

Winter War

In the early stages of hostilities, Finnish military equipment was assessed as: [83] Cartridges of rifles and light machinery guns for 60 daysThe ammunition of flat field cannons21 for 120mm howitzer ammunition24 During the dayheavy and coastal gunness19 dayfuel of ground troop vehicles60 days of aircraft fuel30 days Red Army strengths and weaknesses Red Army had overwhelming equipment and male superiority on its side.


Question: Who was the head of the Finnish army in the Winter War?

Winter War

Artillery in particular was an effective weapon against the Finns, with tanks and aircraft being added.


Question: Who was the head of the Finnish army in the Winter War?

Winter War

On the other hand, the Red Army's tactics originated in the central regions of the Soviet Union, or steppes, where it used an open attack against the enemy.


Question: Who was the head of the Finnish army in the Winter War?

Winter War

Thus, the mechanized army was forced to rely on openings and roads.


Question: Who was the head of the Finnish army in the Winter War?

Winter War

The Soviets attacked in large numbers over the openings “uraata”, shouting the Finns to fire.


Question: Who was the head of the Finnish army in the Winter War?

Winter War

This junnatic, formulaic human wave tactic was still applied at the end of the war, although it had been corrected to be more effective based on experience.


Question: Who was the head of the Finnish army in the Winter War?

Winter War

There was a general understanding of the specialised conditions of forest warfare, but there was no time to train troops before war broke out.


Question: Who was the head of the Finnish army in the Winter War?

Winter War

The officers were too tied to the bylaws.


Question: Who was the head of the Finnish army in the Winter War?

Winter War

The Red Army's mechanised equipment was partly unsuitable for forest warfare, operated only on openings and roads and often could not withstand severe frosts.


Question: Who was the head of the Finnish army in the Winter War?

Winter War

On the other hand, safety measures in accordance with the guidelines were not taken, for example, on a forest road, it was not possible to clear lanes from the forest without trees.


Question: Who was the head of the Finnish army in the Winter War?

Winter War

The brigade's command center may have been caught off guard.


Question: Who was the head of the Finnish army in the Winter War?

Winter War

Trusted in their own power, the Finns were not thought to be capable of significant retaliation and were not able to inquire, be cautious and vigilant.


Question: Who was the head of the Finnish army in the Winter War?

Winter War

There was also sometimes friction in cooperation between different units and commanders.


Question: Who was the head of the Finnish army in the Winter War?

Winter War

The cooperation between different types of weapons was not seamless and effective.


Question: Who was the head of the Finnish army in the Winter War?

Winter War

In the beginning, for example, the armoured gun and infantry did not support each other.


Question: Who was the head of the Finnish army in the Winter War?

Winter War

The basic idea of the Red Army was an invasion that was thought to be successful in a short period of time.


Question: Who was the head of the Finnish army in the Winter War?

Winter War

The Red Army had no winter equipment when invading Finland, army units had been moved from the Polish Front.


Question: Who was the head of the Finnish army in the Winter War?

Winter War

Maintenance didn't always play out as hoped.


Question: Who was the head of the Finnish army in the Winter War?

Winter War

Skis were usually not known to be used, accommodation equipment often did not exist.


Question: Who was the head of the Finnish army in the Winter War?

Winter War

The Soviets had very few off-road snowsuits.


Question: Who was the head of the Finnish army in the Winter War?

Winter War

The men had to cabin in ground pits and warm up under open skies by a campfire.


Question: Who was the head of the Finnish army in the Winter War?

Winter War

Surprise attacks of the type of guerrilla strikes carried out by the Finns on campfires often had a passivating effect, since the Soviets often did not see snow-clad soldiers firing from the dark with submachine guns.


Question: Who was the head of the Finnish army in the Winter War?

Winter War

A major factor influencing the course of the Winter War was the Stalin purges of 1937—1938, in which an officer corps trained in the Soviet Union's new mechanised warfare was almost entirely killed or imprisoned.


Question: Who was the head of the Finnish army in the Winter War?

Winter War

The Red Army had secretly developed mechanized warfare along with Germany in the 1920s and early 1930s.


Question: Who was the head of the Finnish army in the Winter War?

Winter War

However, no new strategy was employed in the Winter War.


Question: Who was the head of the Finnish army in the Winter War?

Winter War

In the Winter War, as well as in the Continuation War, the anti-landing operations developed in the Soviet Union in the 1930s were also used behind the lines of the defender, although the Soviet Union was an international pioneer in development.


Question: Who was the head of the Finnish army in the Winter War?

Winter War

Mott battles The Finns used their own tactics and enemy mistakes to effective advantage.


Question: Who was the head of the Finnish army in the Winter War?

Winter War

The attacker's columns were motivated to forest roads.


Question: Who was the head of the Finnish army in the Winter War?

Winter War

On the road to Raattee, an entire motorised division was destroyed and a large war booty was made.


Question: Who was the head of the Finnish army in the Winter War?

Winter War

The mots of the Soviets tenaciously defended themselves and bound the Finns, which would have been needed elsewhere.


Question: Who was the head of the Finnish army in the Winter War?

Winter War

The High Command of the Red Army War Action Groups was held accountable for the disaster.


Question: Who was the head of the Finnish army in the Winter War?

Winter War

Generals and politruks were executed.


Question: Who was the head of the Finnish army in the Winter War?

Winter War

[84] Lev Mehlis, the supreme commissioner of the 163rd Division fighting at Suomussalmi, temporarily lost his position, but was allowed to retain his life.


Question: Who was the head of the Finnish army in the Winter War?

Winter War

He was recalled in 1941 as High Commissioner of the Red Army after Germany invaded the Soviet Union.


Question: Who was the head of the Finnish army in the Winter War?

Winter War

After the war, among other things, he served as Director General of the State Inspectorate of the Soviet Union


Question: Who was the head of the Finnish army in the Winter War?

Winter War

He died in 1953.


Question: Who was the head of the Finnish army in the Winter War?

Winter War

At the end of the 1930s, Finland's preparation for wartime conditions in Finland was still very incomplete or unfinished.


Question: Who was the head of the Finnish army in the Winter War?

Winter War

The main shortcomings were in material preparation.


Question: Who was the head of the Finnish army in the Winter War?

Winter War

Certainly, some legislative and administrative measures had been taken, but decisions and practical measures were unhelpfully overdue.


Question: Who was the head of the Finnish army in the Winter War?

Winter War

[85] The readiness of Finnish society for war was therefore poor, for which responsibility was borne by both politicians and soldiers.


Question: Who was the head of the Finnish army in the Winter War?

Winter War

Political conflicts over the use of state resources led, on the one hand, to the neglect of defence expenditure, but most obviously also led to the integration of different social classes into Finnish society, which, on the other hand, enabled the spirit of the so-called Winter War to form.


Question: Who was the head of the Finnish army in the Winter War?

Winter War

The contribution hampering the development of the military's national defence consists, among other things, of mutual wrangling and a desire for secrecy.


Question: Who was the head of the Finnish army in the Winter War?

Winter War

For example, the controversy over the caliber of the pst rifle, which was not agreed upon until the spring of 1939 and by the Winter War, only a prototype of the weapon had time to be developed.


Question: Who was the head of the Finnish army in the Winter War?

Winter War

[86] During the Winter War, plans were drawn up on the basis of which Finnish economic life and industry were mobilised to support the warfare of the kingdom.


Question: Who was the head of the Finnish army in the Winter War?

Winter War

At the same time, significant omissions in defence capability were identified, which were quickly sought to address.


Question: Who was the head of the Finnish army in the Winter War?

Winter War

Stocks of important raw materials were almost negligible, planning and execution of transportation required far more resources than were allocated to them, etc., etc. In order to adapt Finnish society to wartime conditions, various plans began to be drawn up, which were practically implemented during the so-called intermediate peace.


Question: Who was the head of the Finnish army in the Winter War?

Winter War

[86] Parties losses Finnish losses in the Winter War amounted to 26662 killed in the war effort and about 1,000 civilians.


Question: Who was the head of the Finnish army in the Winter War?

Winter War

[87] After the war, the Soviet Union reported a loss of 48745 fallen and 15,8863 wounded, [88] but these numbers are now known to be far too small.


Question: Who was the head of the Finnish army in the Winter War?

Winter War

A research team led by Lieutenant Colonel Grigory Fedotovich Krivosheyev in the 1990s examined all records in Soviet archives on losses suffered by the Soviet Union in wars (the study has been published in English as Soviet Casualties and Combat Losses in the Twentieth Century).


Question: Who was the head of the Finnish army in the Winter War?

Winter War

The group said that exact losses cannot be said with certainty because of discrepancies in the information, but nevertheless gives two different figures for the fallen: The loss reports of units include 95348 fallen, missing and dead of their wounds.


Question: Who was the head of the Finnish army in the Winter War?

Winter War

The Red Army loss record, collected from 1949 to 1951, contains 126875 names.


Question: Who was the head of the Finnish army in the Winter War?

Winter War

[89] According to the group, the latter is likely to be closer to the right.


Question: Who was the head of the Finnish army in the Winter War?

Winter War

As a figure for wounded red soldiers, the group reports 265,000 men.


Question: Who was the head of the Finnish army in the Winter War?

Winter War

Higher numbers, such as 200,000 to 300,000 fallen, have been presented in Russian and Soviet literature, as the top of the million-man losses cited by Nikita Khrushchev.


Question: Who was the head of the Finnish army in the Winter War?

Winter War

However, these figures are not based on archival sources.


Question: Who was the head of the Finnish army in the Winter War?

Winter War

In his memoirs, Mannerheim estimated, among other things, the number of Soviet soldiers who fell on the basis of destroyed divisions at 200,000.


Question: Who was the head of the Finnish army in the Winter War?

Winter War

[90] Several times the number of men of some Finnish keepers fell in the Winter War compared to others, which is explained by the area system in use in the defence forces at the time.


Question: Who was the head of the Finnish army in the Winter War?

Winter War

In the Continuation War, detachments were already formed differently, partly based on the experience of the Winter War.


Question: Who was the head of the Finnish army in the Winter War?

Winter War

[91] At the beginning of the Winter War, due to the rapid attack of the Red Army, all civilians were not able to be evacuated.


Question: Who was the head of the Finnish army in the Winter War?

Winter War

They were destined to remain in territory conquered by the Soviets.


Question: Who was the head of the Finnish army in the Winter War?

Winter War

Starting from Petsamo, they were up to the border to Suojärvi.


Question: Who was the head of the Finnish army in the Winter War?

Winter War

The total number of those transferred as prisoners of war across the border was about 2500.


Question: Who was the head of the Finnish army in the Winter War?

Winter War

They were usually transferred to a labor camp.


Question: Who was the head of the Finnish army in the Winter War?

Winter War

Some of them fell ill and died under difficult circumstances.


Question: Who was the head of the Finnish army in the Winter War?

Winter War

Those who survived were returned at the beginning of the summer of 1940 back to their homeland.


Question: Who was the head of the Finnish army in the Winter War?

Winter War

A very small number remained in Russia, but most of them too later returned to Finland.


Question: Who was the head of the Finnish army in the Winter War?

Winter War

[92] War and sleep deprivation caused thousands of men to have psychological problems.


Question: Who was the head of the Finnish army in the Winter War?

Winter War

According to Ville Kivimäki's Broken Minds book, people with mind disorders were almost not treated at all during the war and were not normally awarded war validity compensation.


Question: Who was the head of the Finnish army in the Winter War?

Winter War

When the wounded in war were treated as heroes, the mentally ill were often perceived as cowards.


Question: Who was the head of the Finnish army in the Winter War?

Winter War

War traumas were thought to be caused by soldiers themselves, not from experiences caused by war.


Question: Who was the head of the Finnish army in the Winter War?

Winter War

This, on the other hand, was understandable, because if the mental fracturing of normal men had been accepted as the same principle of liberation from the front as being wounded, it would have been difficult to continue the war.


Question: Who was the head of the Finnish army in the Winter War?

Winter War

On the other hand, there were almost no resources to diagnose mental illness either.


Question: Who was the head of the Finnish army in the Winter War?

Winter War

The traumas of the Winter War were often evident with delay: the nervous breakdowns during the Continuation War, as well as the alcoholism of veterans in the postwar period or the nightmares they had.


Question: Who was the head of the Finnish army in the Winter War?

Winter War

[93] Territorial pledges and population resettlement As a result of the war, Finland lost the eastern parts of Salla and Kuusamo, a large part of Karelia, the outer islands of the Gulf of Finland and the western part of Kalastajasaarenno.


Question: Who was the head of the Finnish army in the Winter War?

Winter War

Overall, the ceded territories accounted for 12% of Finland's area.


Question: Who was the head of the Finnish army in the Winter War?

Winter War

Finland was also forced to lease Hanko to the Soviet Union as a military base.


Question: Who was the head of the Finnish army in the Winter War?

Winter War

About 430000 Finns lost their homes, or about 12% of the total population.


Question: Who was the head of the Finnish army in the Winter War?

Winter War

Efforts were made to find new places to live elsewhere in Finland for those who lost their homes by enacting the Express Settlement Act.


Question: Who was the head of the Finnish army in the Winter War?

Winter War

The Karelian Federation, founded after the war, sought to defend the interests of Karelian evars.


Question: Who was the head of the Finnish army in the Winter War?

Winter War

[94] [95] The roles and assistance of foreign countries Finland received much sympathy around the world even in October before the Winter War, and the beginning of the war created great anti-Soviet sentiment.


Question: Who was the head of the Finnish army in the Winter War?

Winter War

In particular, the South American states and France condemned the Soviet invasion in hostile words.


Question: Who was the head of the Finnish army in the Winter War?

Winter War

Important help Finland received from the international press, which monitored the war closely and, apart from the communist magazines, sided with Finland.


Question: Who was the head of the Finnish army in the Winter War?

Winter War

The League of Nations was convened in early December at the suggestion of Finland to deal with the Soviet invasion.


Question: Who was the head of the Finnish army in the Winter War?

Winter War

The Soviet Union was expelled from the League of Nations and member countries were urged to help Finland.


Question: Who was the head of the Finnish army in the Winter War?

Winter War

The decision was of considerable importance, especially among Western European countries, which gave them a clear political mandate and a call to help Finland.


Question: Who was the head of the Finnish army in the Winter War?

Winter War

[96] France and the United Kingdom decided on 5 February to send an expedition to help Finland.


Question: Who was the head of the Finnish army in the Winter War?

Winter War

Under the first plans made in December, an Allied naval detachment and possibly even troops would have been sent to Petsamo waters to recapture the Soviet-occupied Petsamo continental region.


Question: Who was the head of the Finnish army in the Winter War?

Winter War

However, the importance of Petsamo was soon understood to be minor to Finland and, moreover, would not have given the Western powers the opportunity to halt the vital German iron ore imports from the Kirunan-Jällivaara region.


Question: Who was the head of the Finnish army in the Winter War?

Winter War

Therefore, the operation decided on 5 February consisted of a landing on the Norwegian coast, advancing into the ore regions of northern Sweden, and, situation permitting, the extension of a smaller contingent to Finland.


Question: Who was the head of the Finnish army in the Winter War?

Winter War

The final stage could have been thwarted by strong German countermeasures in Sweden.


Question: Who was the head of the Finnish army in the Winter War?

Winter War

[97] The basic problem of the operation was that the Swedish and Norwegian attitude towards the use of their territories was negative.


Question: Who was the head of the Finnish army in the Winter War?

Winter War

Britain, in particular, was timid about launching an operation without guarantees from Sweden and Norway for free passage.


Question: Who was the head of the Finnish army in the Winter War?

Winter War

Furthermore, Finland was not unequivocally willing to publicly call on the expedition to help either, as it would not have been a decisive military aid, but might have enveloped Finland into a major war.


Question: Who was the head of the Finnish army in the Winter War?

Winter War

France and Britain also made separate bids and provided conflicting information about the amount and time of aid, making the Finns reserved.


Question: Who was the head of the Finnish army in the Winter War?

Winter War

[98] According to schedule, the Allied detachments, about the strength of three divisions, had mobilized from their ports on 15 March and began the landings in Norway five days later.


Question: Who was the head of the Finnish army in the Winter War?

Winter War

As Finland's peace negotiations lasted, France already had time to order an operation for its forces to be launched on 12 March, and the British were also preparing to launch in those days.


Question: Who was the head of the Finnish army in the Winter War?

Winter War

However, the peace made by Finland interrupted the activities of both 13.


Question: Who was the head of the Finnish army in the Winter War?

Winter War

on March.


Question: Who was the head of the Finnish army in the Winter War?

Winter War

[99] Flygflottilj 19 (F19), an air squadron assembled from Swedish volunteers, was responsible for the defence of the airspace of Northern Finland with just under two dozen planes since January 1940.


Question: Who was the head of the Finnish army in the Winter War?

Winter War

Thanks to a self-sufficient Swedish squadron flying under Finnish insignia, population centres were provided with protection from bombing and the Finnish Air Force's own planes could concentrate on the defence of southern Finland.


Question: Who was the head of the Finnish army in the Winter War?

Winter War

After the war, the aircraft were returned to Sweden.


Question: Who was the head of the Finnish army in the Winter War?

Winter War

The unit brought significant experience in combat operations to the Swedish Air Force.


Question: Who was the head of the Finnish army in the Winter War?

Winter War

[100] Foreign Volunteers of the Winter War At the end of the Winter War, about 11660 foreigners had enrolled in the Finnish army (according to official statistics).


Question: Who was the head of the Finnish army in the Winter War?

Winter War

In total, they were from 28 countries [101].


Question: Who was the head of the Finnish army in the Winter War?

Winter War

Military significance of foreign volunteers was practically only by volunteers who arrived from Sweden.


Question: Who was the head of the Finnish army in the Winter War?

Winter War

In addition to them, only a small number of American Finns participated in the actual combat action.


Question: Who was the head of the Finnish army in the Winter War?

Winter War

[102] [103] As to the consequences and significance of the Winter War, the Winter War was a heavy ordeal for the peoples of both Finland and the Soviet Union: personal and material losses were high in both countries.


Question: Who was the head of the Finnish army in the Winter War?

Winter War

Moreover, relations between the two countries were in their worst state until then, and neither sought betterment, but sought solutions to conflicts the other way.


Question: Who was the head of the Finnish army in the Winter War?

Winter War

Since Germany had occupied Denmark and Norway, Finland's chances of gaining support from the Western Allies disappeared, so Finland was forced to rely on Germany, sparking a continuation war between Finland and the Soviet Union.


Question: Who was the head of the Finnish army in the Winter War?

Winter War

World War II continued, and its development also had a decisive impact on the situation between the Soviet Union and Finland.


Question: Who was the head of the Finnish army in the Winter War?

Winter War

Despite heavy losses, the Soviets did not abandon plans to conquer Finland.


Question: Who was the head of the Finnish army in the Winter War?

Winter War

Marshal Kliment Voroshilov, who served as commander of Soviet forces in the Winter War, later admitted that he himself, the General Staff no more than the head of the Leningrad Military District in autumn 1939 had no idea what kind of war they had gone to.


Question: Who was the head of the Finnish army in the Winter War?

Winter War

Since then serving as President of the Soviet Union, Voroshilov gave credit to the opposing side: “The Finnish army, which was well organised, armed and trained with local conditions in mind, proved to be highly mobile, defensively capable and disciplined.” [104] Finland Foreign Minister Eljas Erkko had reassured his subordinates before the Winter War broke out by assuring him that “the Russians will not attack against the winter.”


Question: Who was the head of the Finnish army in the Winter War?

Winter War

For his part, Stalin wanted to work out his relationship with Finland as quickly as possible in order to secure the benefits reserved for the Soviet Union in the Molotov—Ribbentrop Pact, as rumours had been borne in his ears that Germany was preparing peace with the Western powers and would soon turn its weapons. to the east, against the Soviet Union.


Question: Who was the head of the Finnish army in the Winter War?

Winter War

[105] Stalin was also in a hurry for another reason, since the issue of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina in trade with Germany, which was still waiting for its turn, was strategically more important than the Finnish issue.


Question: Who was the head of the Finnish army in the Winter War?

Winter War

[106] In April 1940, at a criticism meeting under Stalin, the commanders of the Finnish Front praised the Finnish Army, but Stalin silenced them by stating that the Finnish Army could not be considered a “fully modern army” because it was trained for defence rather than invasion.


Question: Who was the head of the Finnish army in the Winter War?

Winter War

[107] During and after the Winter War, a myth arose, the “miracle of the Winter War”.


Question: Who was the head of the Finnish army in the Winter War?

Winter War

According to it, the brave struggle and success of small Finland against great superiority was a superhuman performance in which religious elements also played a part.


Question: Who was the head of the Finnish army in the Winter War?

Winter War

However, in the results of studies of both war and political history, rational reasons for the outcome of the war can be found.


Question: Who was the head of the Finnish army in the Winter War?

Winter War

The Winter War brought to light the importance of the nation's intellectual resources in warfare.


Question: Who was the head of the Finnish army in the Winter War?

Winter War

After the war, the Finnish people were internally more united than at any time in the country's history.


Question: Who was the head of the Finnish army in the Winter War?

Winter War

There was also an effort on the political front to support and promote actions that unify the people.


Question: Who was the head of the Finnish army in the Winter War?

Winter War

Among other things, disputes in the 1930s over funding and maintenance of the Finnish army gave way to a vigorous equipping effort.


Question: Who was the head of the Finnish army in the Winter War?

Winter War

However, the Finnish leadership made every effort to avoid the situation experienced in the Winter War, where the country had gone to war on its own against a superpower.


Question: Who was the head of the Finnish army in the Winter War?

Winter War

For the Finns, the Winter War was essentially a defensive war, but the loss of territory and personnel lifted the offensive mood.


Question: Who was the head of the Finnish army in the Winter War?

Winter War

Distrusts of the Soviet Union already prevalent in Finland escalated into a hatred in which all actions of the NL were interpreted negatively.


Question: Who was the head of the Finnish army in the Winter War?

Winter War

The history of the Winter War provides a good example of great power political policies.


Question: Who was the head of the Finnish army in the Winter War?

Winter War

The ideological motives presented by both Germany and the Soviet Union in the 1930s and their mutual confrontations proved to be propaganda to disguise the real aspirations of power of the great powers.


Question: Who was the head of the Finnish army in the Winter War?

Winter War

The emblems of Bolshevism and National Socialism were pushed aside when the great power's interest so demanded.


Question: Who was the head of the Finnish army in the Winter War?

Winter War

Realizing this fact was a key factor in creating the spirit of the Winter War among the Finns.


Question: Who was the head of the Finnish army in the Winter War?

Winter War

[108] As regards political opinion formation in society, the Winter War and the Finnish Civil War of 1918 are an interesting benchmark.


Question: Who was the head of the Finnish army in the Winter War?

Winter War

During 1917, domestic and superpower political currents drew Finns apart and strengthened the extremes of the political field on both the right and left.