Question: When was Britain's first passenger car produced?

Ford Model T

The car was also easy to repair and maintain and it suited the bad roads of the era.


Question: When was Britain's first passenger car produced?

Ford Model T

Car parts could be sourced from all over the world and could also fit into the car.


Question: When was Britain's first passenger car produced?

Ford Model T

Ford claimed to have invented the words “service” and “mass production.”


Question: When was Britain's first passenger car produced?

Ford Model T

The T model was originally designed to use bioethanol (alcohol made by farmers from grain) or ethanol, but lower oil prices and US Prohibition meant that most cars used gasoline made from petroleum.


Question: When was Britain's first passenger car produced?

Ford Model T

During World War I, the Circumference Powers used the Model T on battlefields.


Question: When was Britain's first passenger car produced?

Ford Model T

About 5745 military ambulance versions of the Model T were manufactured, most of which were sent to Europe.


Question: When was Britain's first passenger car produced?

Ford Model T

Ernest Hemingway and Walt Disney drove a Model T military ambulance.


Question: When was Britain's first passenger car produced?

Ford Model T

[8] Henry Ford believed that the Model T would qualify as a “universal” car (engl.


Question: When was Britain's first passenger car produced?

Ford Model T

“The Universal Car”) all customer needs, so the model was not exactly developed over the years.


Question: When was Britain's first passenger car produced?

Ford Model T

Competitors offered more efficient, sleeker and comfortable cars due to which Ford's market share declined.


Question: When was Britain's first passenger car produced?

Ford Model T

[8] End of Manufacturing The last T-Ford was completed on May 26, 1927.


Question: When was Britain's first passenger car produced?

Ford Model T

Completion of the A model, the successor to the T Model, began in October 1927


Question: When was Britain's first passenger car produced?

Ford Model T

Model T engines were still being produced until 4 August 1941.


Question: When was Britain's first passenger car produced?

Ford Model T

Engines were used in racing cars, among other things.


Question: When was Britain's first passenger car produced?

Ford Model T

[8] [5] T-Ford had realised Henry Ford's dream of an affordable car for the masses and at the same time it initiated a major change in people's lifestyles and social structure.


Question: When was Britain's first passenger car produced?

Ford Model T

[11] In 1911, the brothers Aleksander, Fritiof and Tor Nyberg who were emigrants in the United States received Ford's representation to Finland from Ford's representative in Paris.


Question: When was Britain's first passenger car produced?

Ford Model T

The following year the brothers started their sales operations in Helsinki and their first batch of sales comprised three T-Fords.


Question: When was Britain's first passenger car produced?

Ford Model T

Before the outbreak of World War I, T-Fords had time to be sold through eight Ford dealerships across the country in around one hundred copies.


Question: When was Britain's first passenger car produced?

Ford Model T

[12] The reconstruction of Ford's sales network after the war began in 1919, when a Ford assembly plant was established in Copenhagen for the Scandinavian countries, and Ford Motor Company agents began looking for dealers in Finland.


Question: When was Britain's first passenger car produced?

Ford Model T

In 1921, the Ford Motor Company entered into a representative agreement with Korpivaara & Halla Ltd., but the agreement was discharged as early as 1924 due to disagreements between the parties.


Question: When was Britain's first passenger car produced?

Ford Model T

Ford Motor Company then leased factory and branch facilities in Hernesaari, Helsinki, where an assembly plant was also planned.


Question: When was Britain's first passenger car produced?

Ford Model T

Twenty-one Ford dealerships were already operating in various parts of Finland in 1923.


Question: When was Britain's first passenger car produced?

Ford Model T

In 1921, 19 Ford T passenger cars were sold in Finland, in 1922 the sales volume was 117 cars and in 1923 already more than 1000 cars.


Question: When was Britain's first passenger car produced?

Ford Model T

In 1926, Ford Motor Company of Finland Oy, a subsidiary under the main company, was founded, which was the first automobile factory subsidiary established in Finland.


Question: When was Britain's first passenger car produced?

Ford Model T

[13] By 1927, a total of 7000 T-Fords were imported into Finland.


Question: When was Britain's first passenger car produced?

Ford Model T

[14] T-Ford also played a significant part in the early stages of Finnish motoring.


Question: When was Britain's first passenger car produced?

Ford Model T

During the best selling years of the model in the first half of the 1920s, transport companies — as it is understood today — took their first steps in Finland, and some who became professional motorists also carried out passenger transport.


Question: When was Britain's first passenger car produced?

Ford Model T

In this case, rudimentary bus bodies were built on T-Ford platforms originally intended for the transport of goods, with benches mounted longitudinally in the car as seats.


Question: When was Britain's first passenger car produced?

Ford Model T

Due to its low engine power and some other considerations, the T-Ford was not particularly well suited as a bus.


Question: When was Britain's first passenger car produced?

Ford Model T

[15] The Automobile Ordinance, which came into force in 1926, specifying precise technical requirements for buses, effectively ended the T-Ford's use as a bus.


Question: When was Britain's first passenger car produced?

Ford Model T

A transitional period for the removal of such cars from traffic was given until 1928.


Question: When was Britain's first passenger car produced?

Ford Model T

[16] Sources Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Glenning, Christer & Bengt Ason Holm| title = Cars of the Year | location = Porvoo, Uusimaa| publisher = WSOY| year = 1998| version = Translation Antti Räsänen} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Chaline, Eric| title = 50 Machines that Changed the Course of History (50 Machines that Changed the Course of History) | publisher = Quid Publishing, (English version Moreni 2013) | year = 2012| id = ISBN 978-952-254-160-4| language = English | accessdate = 18.1.2014}} References about the model, as well as songs about the T-model from the 1920s (e.g.


Question: When was Britain's first passenger car produced?

Ford Model T

Model T Encyclopedia) Model T Category:Key articles of screening category:20th century cars Category:1910s cars Category:1920s cars


Question: Who has painted the Voice Petroglyphs?

Petroglyph

Petroglyphs are images or patterns made on rocks or large stones by scratching, toiling, grinding, engraving, or chipping.


Question: Who has painted the Voice Petroglyphs?

Petroglyph

Sometimes they are also dyed with paint or yellow or red soil.


Question: Who has painted the Voice Petroglyphs?

Petroglyph

A petroglyph is different than rock or cave paintings made in its entirety by painting.


Question: Who has painted the Voice Petroglyphs?

Petroglyph

Petroglyphs found today are often presented to tourists, in which case they may be painted with, for example, acrylic paint to improve visibility.


Question: Who has painted the Voice Petroglyphs?

Petroglyph

Timing of petroglyphs The oldest drawings are from the Paleolithic Stone Age and the youngest from the recent past.


Question: Who has painted the Voice Petroglyphs?

Petroglyph

Timing a single petroglyph is often a difficult task.


Question: Who has painted the Voice Petroglyphs?

Petroglyph

Since to make a pattern just peel off the surface of the old rock, no timed material is formed.


Question: Who has painted the Voice Petroglyphs?

Petroglyph

Sometimes the dislodged material, though, falls beneath the image to the ground from which its soil layer could be timed.


Question: Who has painted the Voice Petroglyphs?

Petroglyph

Timing methods utilizing lichen growth rate have also been developed.


Question: Who has painted the Voice Petroglyphs?

Petroglyph

In general, timing methods are indirect.


Question: Who has painted the Voice Petroglyphs?

Petroglyph

In Fennoscandia, the most common is to use a method based on land uplift.


Question: Who has painted the Voice Petroglyphs?

Petroglyph

In it, the time of making a pattern or picture field is given a back limit depending on it, since the rock surface is elevated above the surface of the sea or lake.


Question: Who has painted the Voice Petroglyphs?

Petroglyph

If an ancient dwelling is found in the vicinity, the material of which can be dated, then an uncertain timing for nearby patterns is obtained from this.


Question: Who has painted the Voice Petroglyphs?

Petroglyph

However, the population of the residence doesn't have to have anything to do with the images.


Question: Who has painted the Voice Petroglyphs?

Petroglyph

Also, the style of the patterns and the choice of subjects may limit the moment of action to a specific period of time.


Question: Who has painted the Voice Petroglyphs?

Petroglyph

This has, for example, been able to distinguish between large-sized Paleolithic and small-sized Mesolithic patterns.


Question: Who has painted the Voice Petroglyphs?

Petroglyph

Topics of more recent images may include modern subjects.


Question: Who has painted the Voice Petroglyphs?

Petroglyph

Prehistoric petroglyphs are found in areas around Finland, for example in Scandinavia, Lapland and Karelia.


Question: Who has painted the Voice Petroglyphs?

Petroglyph

Petroglyphs dating back to historical times are known from Finland as well.


Question: Who has painted the Voice Petroglyphs?

Petroglyph

No other than the now destroyed petroglyphs of Marraskoski in Rovaniemi have not been found in Finland.


Question: Who has painted the Voice Petroglyphs?

Petroglyph

[1] Known petroglyph sites East Karelia and the Kola Peninsula on the Kola Peninsula in the middle reaches of the Ponoi River inland was an ancient island where rock images have been found.


Question: Who has painted the Voice Petroglyphs?

Petroglyph

The islands today are large boulders of stone, ten of which 110 different images were drawn.


Question: Who has painted the Voice Petroglyphs?

Petroglyph

Of the images, 75% are deer and 16% are human.


Question: Who has painted the Voice Petroglyphs?

Petroglyph

The first images were hewn into stone 3500-2500 and the rest 2500-1500 years ago.


Question: Who has painted the Voice Petroglyphs?

Petroglyph

The target was found in 1973.


Question: Who has painted the Voice Petroglyphs?

Petroglyph

[2] Along the Umba River is Lake Kanozero, with about 1140 petroglyphs discovered on three islands and in the rock of the east bank in 2008.


Question: Who has painted the Voice Petroglyphs?

Petroglyph

The lake is located halfway through the ancient route through the Kola Peninsula from the White Sea to the Barents Sea.


Question: Who has painted the Voice Petroglyphs?

Petroglyph

Of the images of Kanozero petroglyphs, 25% show animals, 21% ships, 16% humans, 21% human footprints or other traces, and 26% no motive is identified.


Question: Who has painted the Voice Petroglyphs?

Petroglyph

Of the animals, 67 are whales, 11 are fish, 25 are elk and 16 are deer.


Question: Who has painted the Voice Petroglyphs?

Petroglyph

Kanozero has several hunting descriptions, the most exotic of which are 28 different whale hunts from a boat.


Question: Who has painted the Voice Petroglyphs?

Petroglyph

Bear hunting on skis, a fishing event and deer by spear are also depicted in stone drawings.


Question: Who has painted the Voice Petroglyphs?

Petroglyph

The images are timed, comparing them to images of the Uikujoki River, circa 3700 BCE.. [2] [3] The petroglyphs of the Voice are the best-known Karelian petroglyphs of their old age and are located on the beach cliffs and nearby islands of the eastern coast of the Voice.


Question: Who has painted the Voice Petroglyphs?

Petroglyph

There are about 1300 images and are located on a 20km journey in 25 separate image targets.


Question: Who has painted the Voice Petroglyphs?

Petroglyph

At the mouth of the Vodla River you can find the sites of Swan Cape and Kochkovo.


Question: Who has painted the Voice Petroglyphs?

Petroglyph

About 6km of the beach are drawings on the beach cliffs of the island of Golets.


Question: Who has painted the Voice Petroglyphs?

Petroglyph

Numerous picture areas lie about 15km south of Vodla.


Question: Who has painted the Voice Petroglyphs?

Petroglyph

These include Karetski Nos, Peri-Nos (most abundant), Bessov-Nos, Kladovets Nos and Gaži, as well as the Gurj Islands.


Question: Who has painted the Voice Petroglyphs?

Petroglyph

Subjects include prey animals such as waterfowl (44%), elk and deer (8%) and other animals (4%), humans (7%), boats (5%), and images of the sun and moon (13%), in addition to which there are numerous geometric patterns.


Question: Who has painted the Voice Petroglyphs?

Petroglyph

The images are timed to be 6200—4600 years old.


Question: Who has painted the Voice Petroglyphs?

Petroglyph

The first written entries of the images date from 1848.


Question: Who has painted the Voice Petroglyphs?

Petroglyph

The petroglyphs of Uikujoki are located near the power station about 2km away.


Question: Who has painted the Voice Petroglyphs?

Petroglyph

The first written mentions of the images date from 1926.


Question: Who has painted the Voice Petroglyphs?

Petroglyph

The images were beaten to hard-to-access islands in river rapids in ancient times.


Question: Who has painted the Voice Petroglyphs?

Petroglyph

There are nine picture fields known with a total of about 2300 images (2009 situation) and 26% of them show boats, 17% of them showing humans and others deer, elk, whales and waterfowl.


Question: Who has painted the Voice Petroglyphs?

Petroglyph

The timing of the images is based only on ground uplift and those values are indicated below.


Question: Who has painted the Voice Petroglyphs?

Petroglyph

The act of images began according to this in 5300 BCE.


Question: Who has painted the Voice Petroglyphs?

Petroglyph

and ended in 2030 BCE, which is supported by the timings of archaeological excavations.


Question: Who has painted the Voice Petroglyphs?

Petroglyph

[2] [4] [5] In western Siberia east of the Ural Mountains in western Siberia, petroglyphs are also found.


Question: Who has painted the Voice Petroglyphs?

Petroglyph

A few picture fields are known from Tomjoki, an offshoot of the Ob River, with over 600 images in total.


Question: Who has painted the Voice Petroglyphs?

Petroglyph

The largest image field is Tomskaya in Pisanitsa, where 320 images have been found.


Question: Who has painted the Voice Petroglyphs?

Petroglyph

It is known in written sources since as early as 1721.


Question: Who has painted the Voice Petroglyphs?

Petroglyph

Nearby sites such as Novoromanovo have 177 images, 74 in Tutalskaya and 25 in Nikolskaya, as well as more in Ust-Iskitimskaya, Krutaja and Visyashchi Kamen.


Question: Who has painted the Voice Petroglyphs?

Petroglyph

Image subjects include elk (44%), humans (19%), boats (6%) and various animals (2%).


Question: Who has painted the Voice Petroglyphs?

Petroglyph

The rest are geometric patterns (11%).


Question: Who has painted the Voice Petroglyphs?

Petroglyph

Timing of images 4000—3000 BCE.


Question: Who has painted the Voice Petroglyphs?

Petroglyph

probably a rough estimate, as the Iron Age has also been proposed.


Question: Who has painted the Voice Petroglyphs?

Petroglyph

[6] [7] Several Mesolithic petroglyph sites are known in the Ofoten region of Norway.


Question: Who has painted the Voice Petroglyphs?

Petroglyph

They are made by towing and grinding the rock surface.


Question: Who has painted the Voice Petroglyphs?

Petroglyph

Scheduling springs from the assumption that the images were drawn on the shores of an ancient sea.


Question: Who has painted the Voice Petroglyphs?

Petroglyph

As a result of the landlift, the images are today located tens of meters above sea level.


Question: Who has painted the Voice Petroglyphs?

Petroglyph

The patterns are quite large, which also suggests the Mesolithic period.


Question: Who has painted the Voice Petroglyphs?

Petroglyph

Leiknes has three image fields: Leiknes-1 (lower, 7605-7585 BCE.


Question: Who has painted the Voice Petroglyphs?

Petroglyph

), Leiknes-1 (upper, 8300-8230 BCE.)


Question: Who has painted the Voice Petroglyphs?

Petroglyph

and Leiknes-2 (7050−6830 BCE).


Question: Who has painted the Voice Petroglyphs?

Petroglyph

On the promontory of Nes lies the four image fields of the Nes petroglyph site: Jo Sarsaklubben (9250−9185 BCE.


Question: Who has painted the Voice Petroglyphs?

Petroglyph

), Fjellvika (8730−8630 BCE.


Question: Who has painted the Voice Petroglyphs?

Petroglyph

), Nes Fort Öst (8730−8630 BCE.)


Question: Who has painted the Voice Petroglyphs?

Petroglyph

and Nes Fort Vest (9250−9185 BCE.).


Question: Who has painted the Voice Petroglyphs?

Petroglyph

In addition to these is Sagelvan (7310−7080 BCE.)


Question: Who has painted the Voice Petroglyphs?

Petroglyph

as well as Vallen (9150−8840 BCE.).


Question: Who has painted the Voice Petroglyphs?

Petroglyph

[8] There are also four groupings of images from a younger period in Ofoten, as they are located closer to sea level.


Question: Who has painted the Voice Petroglyphs?

Petroglyph

In these, the drawings are made by pounding the rock surface.


Question: Who has painted the Voice Petroglyphs?

Petroglyph

The image fields are Brennholtet (4040−3970 BCE.


Question: Who has painted the Voice Petroglyphs?

Petroglyph

), Forselv (4710−4610 BCE.


Question: Who has painted the Voice Petroglyphs?

Petroglyph

), Sletfjord-1 (5485−5470 BCE.


Question: Who has painted the Voice Petroglyphs?

Petroglyph

), Sletfjord-2 (3640−3530 BCE.


Question: Who has painted the Voice Petroglyphs?

Petroglyph

), Sletfjord-3 (3960−3810 BCE.)


Question: Who has painted the Voice Petroglyphs?

Petroglyph

and Vik (4330−4240 BCE).


Question: Who has painted the Voice Petroglyphs?

Petroglyph

[8] There are several petroglyphs and painting sites around the town of Alta, probably from the Neolithic and younger periods.


Question: Who has painted the Voice Petroglyphs?

Petroglyph

The first written mention of Alta's picture fields dates from 1938.


Question: Who has painted the Voice Petroglyphs?

Petroglyph

The most common motifs are deer, elk, humans, boats, and bears.


Question: Who has painted the Voice Petroglyphs?

Petroglyph

The picture surfaces are very rich and the picture sets tell of major events that are in the middle of analysis.


Question: Who has painted the Voice Petroglyphs?

Petroglyph

The images depict reindeer, elk, bear and whale hunting among others, even the release of all the images has not been completed, so the number of images is not exactly known.


Question: Who has painted the Voice Petroglyphs?

Petroglyph

[9] The timing of drawings and paintings has taken advantage of ground uplift and comparison of drawing styles and by taking account of the results of archaeological excavations.


Question: Who has painted the Voice Petroglyphs?

Petroglyph

Generally, the timings of the images fit into the fork 5300−200 BCE.


Question: Who has painted the Voice Petroglyphs?

Petroglyph

[9] In central Norway, numerous petroglyphs exist in the Bronze Age settlement of Trøndelag.


Question: Who has painted the Voice Petroglyphs?

Petroglyph

The North Trøndelag petroglyphs and the South Trøndelag petroglyphs form a rich concentration.


Question: Who has painted the Voice Petroglyphs?

Petroglyph

Northern Sweden and southern Scandinavia Northern Swedish Norland petroglyphs are mainly petroglyphs made by the catching population.


Question: Who has painted the Voice Petroglyphs?

Petroglyph

They are dated to the Stone and Bronze Age.


Question: Who has painted the Voice Petroglyphs?

Petroglyph

Bronze Age petroglyphs are known from across Europe.


Question: Who has painted the Voice Petroglyphs?

Petroglyph

Especially known are the petroglyph fields of southern Scandinavia.


Question: Who has painted the Voice Petroglyphs?

Petroglyph

They too describe human life and mythologies of their own time and cultural circle.


Question: Who has painted the Voice Petroglyphs?

Petroglyph

The images include ploughing on bulls, sun bikes, armed riders and leather-bottomed boats.


Question: Who has painted the Voice Petroglyphs?

Petroglyph

The island of Bornholm in Denmark belongs to Scandinavian Bronze Age communities that beat images of boat, people, domesticated animals and objects into rocks and rocks.


Question: Who has painted the Voice Petroglyphs?

Petroglyph

[10] [11] In Denmark, the northern parts of the island of Zealand have Bronze Age imagery hewn into rocks.


Question: Who has painted the Voice Petroglyphs?

Petroglyph

[12] The northern parts of Bohuslän in Sweden and the southern parts of Østfold in Norway are known for a rich rock image area associated with a noted farming fisherman community of the Bronze Age.


Question: Who has painted the Voice Petroglyphs?

Petroglyph

These occur in Tanum, Kville, Svarteborg and Svenneby, among others.


Question: Who has painted the Voice Petroglyphs?

Petroglyph

[13] In southern Norway there is bronze age rock catalogue throughout the coast in sheltered fjords from Oslo to Trondheim.


Question: Who has painted the Voice Petroglyphs?

Petroglyph

There are numerous cake catalogues in Grenland, Vest-Agder, Rogaland, Trøndelag and Hordaland, among others.


Question: Who has painted the Voice Petroglyphs?

Petroglyph

In Hordaland county near Bergen, there are several places with rock catalogues in the fjords.


Question: Who has painted the Voice Petroglyphs?

Petroglyph

These include Halgjem, Vinnes, Samnøy, Berge, Vangdal, Rykkje, Bakke, Fonnaland, Geithidlaren, Linga and Flotte.


Question: Who has painted the Voice Petroglyphs?

Petroglyph

[14] Latvian cave drawings In Latvia, in the valleys of the Gauja River (Koivjoki River) and its tributaries, there are 25 caves or rock walls with drawings cut into limestone.


Question: Who has painted the Voice Petroglyphs?

Petroglyph

The vast majority of patterns appear to be parallel and crossed lines, mesh patterns, possibly wood marks, carved pits, and at least one sailing ship.


Question: Who has painted the Voice Petroglyphs?

Petroglyph

The drawings are thought to be around 1000 years old.


Question: Who has painted the Voice Petroglyphs?

Petroglyph

[15] Petroglyphs of Finland It is wondered why the territory of present-day Finland is unknown beyond a few uncertain petroglyphs of prehistoric times, although they have been found in neighboring countries.


Question: Who has painted the Voice Petroglyphs?

Petroglyph

The absence of petroglyphs in Finland has been explained by the fact that fluctuations in water levels here have not kept very many rock faces open.


Question: Who has painted the Voice Petroglyphs?

Petroglyph

Karelian petroglyphs have generally been found on beaches where the water level has remained at pretty much the same height for millennia, such as on the Voice.


Question: Who has painted the Voice Petroglyphs?

Petroglyph

In Finland, the water level has varied, especially decreased considerably, and as the beach moves further away, the cliffs are covered with vegetation.


Question: Who has painted the Voice Petroglyphs?

Petroglyph

However, there is one uncertain information about the petroglyph, as there is reported to have been a petroglyph on the river Ounas, which has since been destroyed.


Question: Who has painted the Voice Petroglyphs?

Petroglyph

Historical petroglyphs Petroglyphs made in Finland in the historical period are known in abundance.


Question: Who has painted the Voice Petroglyphs?

Petroglyph

They've been making them since the Middle Ages.


Question: Who has painted the Voice Petroglyphs?

Petroglyph

Only some of the oldest or otherwise most interesting are mentioned here.


Question: Who has painted the Voice Petroglyphs?

Petroglyph

In 2004, circularists were found in Kitkajoki and Kiiminkijoki.


Question: Who has painted the Voice Petroglyphs?

Petroglyph

These have not been able to be dated and do not appear to be related to any known connection, but are thought to have been made in a historical period.


Question: Who has painted the Voice Petroglyphs?

Petroglyph

The circle cross cannot be gaply linked to Christianity, but it was part of Christian imagery, especially in the Middle Ages, when Celtic crosses were painted and beaten on the walls of churches, among other things.


Question: Who has painted the Voice Petroglyphs?

Petroglyph

Near the site of the medieval Orthodox monastery of Joensuu's Kuhasalo, there is a petroglyph on the shore, thought to be associated with the monastery.


Question: Who has painted the Voice Petroglyphs?

Petroglyph

Hauensuoli is a historic port site in Hanko.


Question: Who has painted the Voice Petroglyphs?

Petroglyph

It is known for its abundant petroglyphs, the oldest surviving of which are from the 16th century.


Question: Who has painted the Voice Petroglyphs?

Petroglyph

In Kainuunsaari, near the Kalajoki harbour, names have been hewn to the surface of the brill rock since at least 1893.


Question: Who has painted the Voice Petroglyphs?

Petroglyph

[16] The low beach rock near the rapids in Lauka Kuusa has a fish-shaped pattern hewn with a metal tool.


Question: Who has painted the Voice Petroglyphs?

Petroglyph

[17] Photographs of petroglyphs in Valley of Fire State Park, USA.


Question: Who has painted the Voice Petroglyphs?

Petroglyph

Mesquite Springs, Death Valley National Park, USA.


Question: Who has painted the Voice Petroglyphs?

Petroglyph

Petroglyph National Monument, New Mexico, United States.


Question: Who has painted the Voice Petroglyphs?

Petroglyph

Red Rock Canyon, Nevada, United States.


Question: Who has painted the Voice Petroglyphs?

Petroglyph

Marble Canyon, Death Valley, Calif.


Question: Who has painted the Voice Petroglyphs?

Petroglyph

Titus Canyon, Death Valley, Calif.


Question: Who has painted the Voice Petroglyphs?

Petroglyph

Slagsta, in Botkyrka Municipality, Sweden.


Question: Who has painted the Voice Petroglyphs?

Petroglyph

Petroglyph in Alta, Norway.


Question: Who has painted the Voice Petroglyphs?

Petroglyph

Two moose drawn on a rock in Alta, Norway.


Question: Who has painted the Voice Petroglyphs?

Petroglyph

Tamgaly, Kazakhstan.


Question: Who has painted the Voice Petroglyphs?

Petroglyph

Tamgaly, Kazakhstan.


Question: Who has painted the Voice Petroglyphs?

Petroglyph

Tamgaly, Kazakhstan.


Question: Who has painted the Voice Petroglyphs?

Petroglyph

Petroglyphs on the Uikuriver, pictured with archaeologist Nadezhda Lobanova.


Question: Who has painted the Voice Petroglyphs?

Petroglyph

Skiers, Uikujoki, Karelia.


Question: Who has painted the Voice Petroglyphs?

Petroglyph

Human figures, Uikujoki, Karelia.


Question: Who has painted the Voice Petroglyphs?

Petroglyph

Teimareh, Khomein, Iran.


Question: Who has painted the Voice Petroglyphs?

Petroglyph

See also Rock painting Prehistoric art Sources Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Miettinen, Timo| title = Sacred images in cliff| location = Helsing| publisher = Otava| year = 2007| id = ISBN 978-951-1-21930-9}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Pentikäinen, Juha & Miettinen, Timo| title = Signs of the Sacred in the Testicle| location = Helsinki| publisher = Etnika| year = 2006| version=2. revised edition| id = ISBN 951-97889-8-0}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Rocky, Pekka| title = Swedish culture rock images with Finnish eye| location = Jyväskylä| publisher = Gummerus Bookprint| year = 2003| id = ISBN 952-5092-97-6| language = (in Finnish)}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Rocky, Pekka| title = Finnish Rock Paintings Brands| location = Jyväsky| publisher = Atena Kustannus OY| year = 2009| isbn = 978-951-796-590-3| accessdate = 20.12.2012}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Zhulnikov, Alexander| title = Voiced petroglyphs| location = Joensuu| publisher = Iliad: North Karelia Museo| year = 2009| version = (Petrogens|Petrogs| Onezhskogo ozera.)


Question: Who has painted the Voice Petroglyphs?

Petroglyph

Photos: Oleg Semenenko.


Question: Who has painted the Voice Petroglyphs?

Petroglyph

Translation: Ljubov Kolomainen and Johannes Hidman| id = ISBN 978-952-5679-45-8}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Gjerde, Jan Magne| title = Rock Art and Landscapes: Studies of Stone Age rock art from Northern Fennoscandia| location = Tromsö, Norway | publisher = University of Tromsöök | year = 2010| language = Transclusion error: {{En}} is only for use in File namespace.


Question: Who has painted the Voice Petroglyphs?

Petroglyph

Use {{lang-en}} or {{en icon}} instead.| format = [Gjerde, J.M.


Question: Who has painted the Voice Petroglyphs?

Petroglyph

: Studies of Stone Age rock art from Northern Fennoscandia] (pdf) | accessdate = 3.1.2012}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Gorodilov, A.Y.


Question: Who has painted the Voice Petroglyphs?

Petroglyph

(editor) | title= CB (editor) | title= 60 years old 60-years old old 60-years old old, 60s | publisher = Russian Academy Of Sciences| = 2007| language = {country data {{1}}} | flaglink/core | variant = | size = | name = | altlink =national rugby union team | altvar =rugby union}} | format = [online version] (pdf) | accessdate=7.1.2012}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Hans Bolin| title= The Re-generation of Mythical Messages.


Question: Who has painted the Voice Petroglyphs?

Petroglyph

Rock Art and Storytelling in Northern Fennoscandia| location = Helsinki| publisher = Archaeological Society of Finland ry.| year = 2010| version= in Fennoscandia archaeologica XXVII| id = ISSN 0781-7126| language = Transclusion error: {{En}} is only for use in File namespace.


Question: Who has painted the Voice Petroglyphs?

Petroglyph

Use {{lang-en}} or {{en icon}} instead.| format = [online version] (pdf) | accessdate = 28.6.2012| pages = 21-34}} References Literature Autio, Eero: Karelian petroglyphs.


Question: Who has painted the Voice Petroglyphs?

Petroglyph


Question: Who has painted the Voice Petroglyphs?

Petroglyph

Hällristningar och hällmålningar i Sverige.


Question: Who has painted the Voice Petroglyphs?

Petroglyph

Huvudredaktörer S. Janson, E.B.


Question: Who has painted the Voice Petroglyphs?

Petroglyph

Lundberg and U. Bertilsson.


Question: Who has painted the Voice Petroglyphs?

Petroglyph

Forum, Helsingborg 1989.


Question: Who has painted the Voice Petroglyphs?

Petroglyph

Helskog, Knut: Helleristningene i Alta.


Question: Who has painted the Voice Petroglyphs?

Petroglyph

Alta in 1988.


Question: Who has painted the Voice Petroglyphs?

Petroglyph

Ristad and Målad — Aspekter på nordisk bergkonst.


Question: Who has painted the Voice Petroglyphs?

Petroglyph

Redaktion T. Edgren and H. Taskinen.


Question: Who has painted the Voice Petroglyphs?

Petroglyph

Museiverket, Nordiska Ministerrådet.


Question: Who has painted the Voice Petroglyphs?

Petroglyph

Vammala in 2000.


Question: Who has painted the Voice Petroglyphs?

Petroglyph

On the subject elsewhere Heritage Karelia: University of Cambridge: Väino Poikalainen: Kanozero photos: Arild Hauges Runer: Archeo News: ,1999 Category:Rock images Category:Finnish relics * * *


Question: When will Zachris Topelius become President of the University of Helsinki?

Zachris Topelius

Zachris (Zacharias, Z., Sakari) Topelius () was a Finnish writer, poet, journalist, historian and rector of the University of Helsinki.


Question: When will Zachris Topelius become President of the University of Helsinki?

Zachris Topelius

[1] Zachris Topelius was officially called Zacharias like his father.


Question: When will Zachris Topelius become President of the University of Helsinki?

Zachris Topelius

He used the abbreviation Z. or name form Zachris as his first name himself, also in official contexts.


Question: When will Zachris Topelius become President of the University of Helsinki?

Zachris Topelius

A Finnised form of Topelius's given name Sakari has also often been used.


Question: When will Zachris Topelius become President of the University of Helsinki?

Zachris Topelius

[1] Biographer Zachris Topelius was born on Kuddnäs farm near Uuttakaarlepy in 1818.


Question: When will Zachris Topelius become President of the University of Helsinki?

Zachris Topelius

His father was Zacharias Topelius the Elder, a physician and collector of folk poetry, and his mother a wealthy merchant daughter Catharina Sofia Calamnius.


Question: When will Zachris Topelius become President of the University of Helsinki?

Zachris Topelius

His grandfather was the church painter Mikael Toppelius.


Question: When will Zachris Topelius become President of the University of Helsinki?

Zachris Topelius

[1] Topelius was a pupil of the Trivial School in Oulu 1829—1832 and matriculated in Helsinki as a private pupil of J. L. Runeberg in 1833.


Question: When will Zachris Topelius become President of the University of Helsinki?

Zachris Topelius

He then began his studies at the University of Helsinki, where he was promoted master's in 1840 and doctorate in 1847.


Question: When will Zachris Topelius become President of the University of Helsinki?

Zachris Topelius

[2] In 1841, Topelius became editor of the “Helsingfors Tidningar” newspaper and the magazine's circulation soon began to rise.


Question: When will Zachris Topelius become President of the University of Helsinki?

Zachris Topelius

Topelius was in the process of editing the paper until 1860.


Question: When will Zachris Topelius become President of the University of Helsinki?

Zachris Topelius

In 1854 he was appointed extraordinary personal professor of Finnish history at the University of Helsinki, in 1863 he became professor of Finnish, Russian and Nordic history, and in 1876 professor of general history, in which post he held until 1878.


Question: When will Zachris Topelius become President of the University of Helsinki?

Zachris Topelius

From 1875—1878, Topelius was also rector of the university.


Question: When will Zachris Topelius become President of the University of Helsinki?

Zachris Topelius

[1] In 1870 he was the founder of Maj Föreningen, Finland's first animal protection association, whose main conservation site was small birds.


Question: When will Zachris Topelius become President of the University of Helsinki?

Zachris Topelius

[3] Zachris Topelius was married from 1846 until the death of his wife to Maria Emilia Lindqvist (1821—1885), whose father was Isak Lindqvist, a neo-arlepyan merchant and town manager.


Question: When will Zachris Topelius become President of the University of Helsinki?

Zachris Topelius

They had six children, Toini, Aina and Eva, Rafael, Michael and Rosa, the latter three of whom died already young.


Question: When will Zachris Topelius become President of the University of Helsinki?

Zachris Topelius

Known of the children were the writer Toini Topelius and the painter Eva Topelius, later Acke.


Question: When will Zachris Topelius become President of the University of Helsinki?

Zachris Topelius

Librarian, author Paul Nyberg was the son of Aina Sofia Topelius (1846—1916), the eldest daughter of Topelius.


Question: When will Zachris Topelius become President of the University of Helsinki?

Zachris Topelius

[4] In 1897, Topelius became a jubilant doctor.


Question: When will Zachris Topelius become President of the University of Helsinki?

Zachris Topelius

[5] He died on 12 March 1898 at Koivuniemi farm in Östersundom.


Question: When will Zachris Topelius become President of the University of Helsinki?

Zachris Topelius

[6] Production Topelius was one of the earliest Finnish novelists.


Question: When will Zachris Topelius become President of the University of Helsinki?

Zachris Topelius

His work Hertiginnan af Finland, published in 1850 (Finnish. Duchess of Finland, 1874) was the first Finnish historical novel.


Question: When will Zachris Topelius become President of the University of Helsinki?

Zachris Topelius

Better known, however, is Topelius' historical novel series Fältskärns berättelser (Finnish. Välskär's narratives), which appeared initially as a follow-up story in Helsingfors Tidningar.


Question: When will Zachris Topelius become President of the University of Helsinki?

Zachris Topelius

The theme of Värskär's narratives was the long-running power struggle between the nobility and the peasants, which promoted the freedom of society.


Question: When will Zachris Topelius become President of the University of Helsinki?

Zachris Topelius

Topelius wrote poetry from a young age.


Question: When will Zachris Topelius become President of the University of Helsinki?

Zachris Topelius

However, most of his juvenile poems were not published in collections, but only in the collection series Samlade skriften, which appeared from 1899 onwards.


Question: When will Zachris Topelius become President of the University of Helsinki?

Zachris Topelius

Topelius published some of his poems in the Necken Album, but his first collection of poems was Heather Flowers (Ljungblommor, 1845).


Question: When will Zachris Topelius become President of the University of Helsinki?

Zachris Topelius

Its second volume appeared in 1850 and a third in 1854.


Question: When will Zachris Topelius become President of the University of Helsinki?

Zachris Topelius

[1] Topelius is known for his works depicting Finnish landscapes, such as the poem “Kesäpäivä in Kangasalla”, which belongs to the Sylvia Songs series.


Question: When will Zachris Topelius become President of the University of Helsinki?

Zachris Topelius

There is also a production of Topelius in “Sparrow Christmas Morning” (Sparven på julmorgonen).


Question: When will Zachris Topelius become President of the University of Helsinki?

Zachris Topelius

Topelius contributed to the work of the Hymnal Committee, and for example the hymns En Seek Power Splendor (Hymn 31) and the Spirit of Truth (hymn 484) are written by him.


Question: When will Zachris Topelius become President of the University of Helsinki?

Zachris Topelius

As a journalist, Topelius also wrote a lot for women and children.


Question: When will Zachris Topelius become President of the University of Helsinki?

Zachris Topelius

He is remembered as a “fairy tale uncle” because he wrote educational and popular children's fairy tales.


Question: When will Zachris Topelius become President of the University of Helsinki?

Zachris Topelius

Topelius presented the children as brisk and initiative.


Question: When will Zachris Topelius become President of the University of Helsinki?

Zachris Topelius

His pedagogy represented neo-humanism, which emphasized the building of positive character.


Question: When will Zachris Topelius become President of the University of Helsinki?

Zachris Topelius

Topelius took issue with fragments of diffuse knowledge, negativity and cynicism.


Question: When will Zachris Topelius become President of the University of Helsinki?

Zachris Topelius

Topelius authored two elementary education textbooks, the Book of Nature (1860) and the Book of Our Country (1875).


Question: When will Zachris Topelius become President of the University of Helsinki?

Zachris Topelius

[1] Thinking Topelius learned Finnish while studying in trivial school and, as a journalist, urged mothers to teach their children Finnish.


Question: When will Zachris Topelius become President of the University of Helsinki?

Zachris Topelius

Topelius believed that Finnish culture became predominantly Finnish-speaking, but he also stressed the historical and cultural importance of Swedish heritage and Swedish language in Finland.


Question: When will Zachris Topelius become President of the University of Helsinki?

Zachris Topelius

[1] Topelius's historical novels emphasize patriotism, religion, and a society that requires social classes to cooperate in harmony.


Question: When will Zachris Topelius become President of the University of Helsinki?

Zachris Topelius

Topelius's conception of history originated from G. W. F. Hegel.


Question: When will Zachris Topelius become President of the University of Helsinki?

Zachris Topelius

He held that Providence guided the course of history, while Hegel again viewed reason as guiding it.


Question: When will Zachris Topelius become President of the University of Helsinki?

Zachris Topelius

Topelius thought history was the history of peoples, in which each nation sought to become aware of their vocation and create a state for themselves.


Question: When will Zachris Topelius become President of the University of Helsinki?

Zachris Topelius

[7] Honours As is often the case for senior professors, Topelius was awarded the Second Class Cross of the Order of St. Anna in 1877.


Question: When will Zachris Topelius become President of the University of Helsinki?

Zachris Topelius

He was granted the rank of Privy Councillor in 1878, which was usual for one-term principals.


Question: When will Zachris Topelius become President of the University of Helsinki?

Zachris Topelius

The Swedish Academy awarded Topelius two prizes and he was also awarded a few honorary memberships, including to the Society of Finnish Literature.


Question: When will Zachris Topelius become President of the University of Helsinki?

Zachris Topelius

However, neither the Finnish Science Society nor the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences elected him as their member.


Question: When will Zachris Topelius become President of the University of Helsinki?

Zachris Topelius

Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland did not accept Topelius as an honorary member until late.


Question: When will Zachris Topelius become President of the University of Helsinki?

Zachris Topelius

Topelius himself felt that he did not receive enough appreciation from his contemporaries.


Question: When will Zachris Topelius become President of the University of Helsinki?

Zachris Topelius

It was not until his 80th birthday celebrations and especially at the grand funeral that followed the celebrations that soon followed.


Question: When will Zachris Topelius become President of the University of Helsinki?

Zachris Topelius

[1] Statues and monuments have been erected in honour of Topelius.


Question: When will Zachris Topelius become President of the University of Helsinki?

Zachris Topelius

A grave statue carved by Walter Runeberg towards Valo was erected on Topelius' grave grave at Hietaniemi Cemetery (V21-12-3) in 1905.


Question: When will Zachris Topelius become President of the University of Helsinki?

Zachris Topelius

Funds for the grave monument had been obtained through a civic collection organised by the Finnish Women's Association.


Question: When will Zachris Topelius become President of the University of Helsinki?

Zachris Topelius

A statue sculpted by sculptor Emil Wikström, showing Topelius surrounded by children, was unveiled in Vaasa in 1915.


Question: When will Zachris Topelius become President of the University of Helsinki?

Zachris Topelius

Funds for the statue of “fairy tale uncle” came mainly as donations from Vaasa schoolchildren.


Question: When will Zachris Topelius become President of the University of Helsinki?

Zachris Topelius

[8] Topelius also wanted to have a statue in the capital, and Svenska litteratursällskapet started raising funds for the project in 1908.


Question: When will Zachris Topelius become President of the University of Helsinki?

Zachris Topelius

This resulted in one of Finland's most famous statue controversies, in which adherents of traditional-looking realism and modern monument art were contrasted.


Question: When will Zachris Topelius become President of the University of Helsinki?

Zachris Topelius

Sculptor Ville Vallgren sculpted a realistic memorial statue in which Topelius is depicted surrounded by children in the manner of the statue of Vaasa, and offered it to both Litteratursällskapet and the City of Helsinki.


Question: When will Zachris Topelius become President of the University of Helsinki?

Zachris Topelius

However, these were unwilling to take on the sculpture.


Question: When will Zachris Topelius become President of the University of Helsinki?

Zachris Topelius

In 1929, Litteratursällskapet held a memorial competition which was won by Gunnar Finne's proposal for Fairy Tale and Truth.


Question: When will Zachris Topelius become President of the University of Helsinki?

Zachris Topelius

Finne's sculpture was more modernist than Vallgren's: it was not a statue of sight of Topelius, but depicted two allegorical nude female figures.


Question: When will Zachris Topelius become President of the University of Helsinki?

Zachris Topelius

Finne's sculpture generated fierce opposition among people who preferred Vallgren's realistic Topelius, and a popular movement quickly emerged around the writer Maila Talvio, who acquired the funds to erect a statue of Vallgren in Helsinki.


Question: When will Zachris Topelius become President of the University of Helsinki?

Zachris Topelius

Because of this, two statues commemorating Zachris Topelius were unveiled in 1932 in Helsinki: Vallgren's Realist Topelius and the Children in Koulupuistikko and Finne's Symbolist Fable and Truth in the Esplanade Park.


Question: When will Zachris Topelius become President of the University of Helsinki?

Zachris Topelius

[8] Topeliuksenkatu is named after Topeliuksenkatu in Töölö, Kokkola and Lohja, Topeliuksentie in Mikkeli and Topeliuksenpuistikko in Uussakaarlepyy.


Question: When will Zachris Topelius become President of the University of Helsinki?

Zachris Topelius

The Topelius study of Zachris Topelius has been published numerous biographies.


Question: When will Zachris Topelius become President of the University of Helsinki?

Zachris Topelius

The most extensive and notable is the six-volume Zacharias Topelius: Hans lif och skaldegärning (1912—1930) written by his pupil, literary scholar Valfrid Vasenius.


Question: When will Zachris Topelius become President of the University of Helsinki?

Zachris Topelius

Topelius' grandson Paul Nyberg, who organised his grandfather's literary estate in the National Library into the Topelius Collection, published his diaries under the name Zacharias Topelius dagböcker (1918—1924) and selections of his correspondence under the name Konstnärsbrev (1956—1960), as well as the biographer Zachris Topelius: En biografisk skildring (1949).


Question: When will Zachris Topelius become President of the University of Helsinki?

Zachris Topelius

There have also been a large number of historical and literary scholarly specialised studies published on Topelius, such as Matti Klinge's Idyll and the Menace: The Ideas and Politics of Topelius (1998).


Question: When will Zachris Topelius become President of the University of Helsinki?

Zachris Topelius

Topelius' compiled works have been published twice, first in Swedish from 1904 to 1907 and then in Finnish from 1929 to 1939.


Question: When will Zachris Topelius become President of the University of Helsinki?

Zachris Topelius

These series of works, however, include only Topelius's works of fiction, not, for example, his newspaper writings, diaries, or correspondence.


Question: When will Zachris Topelius become President of the University of Helsinki?

Zachris Topelius

Svenska Litteratursällskapet i Finland launched the Zacharias Topelius skrifter edition in 2005, which aims to publish “literary works and other literary estate as comprehensively as possible”.


Question: When will Zachris Topelius become President of the University of Helsinki?

Zachris Topelius

The edition is digital and freely available, and some of the material is also published in print.


Question: When will Zachris Topelius become President of the University of Helsinki?

Zachris Topelius

By autumn 2017, eight volumes of the edition have been published.


Question: When will Zachris Topelius become President of the University of Helsinki?

Zachris Topelius

[9] Works The Hunting of Charles the King (Kung Karls jakt) Princess of Kypro (Princess af Cypern) My book of insanity pamphlets (Blad ur min tänkebok) Readings for children (Läsning för barn), including fairy tales: The Pearl of Adalmina Birch and the Star (Björken och stjärnan) Sampo Lappalainen Nature Book (Naturens bok) Our country book (Boken om vårt land) Traveling in Finland (En resa i Finland) Old Baron of Rautakylä (Gamla baron på Rautakylä) Regina von Emmeritz Sylvia's songs: Summer day in Kangasa (En sommardag i Kangasala) Sylvia's Christmas Carol (En sommardag i Kangasala) Sylvias hälsning från Sicilien) Winter Evening Stories (Vinterqvällar — listed below have also appeared as separate books) King's Glove (Kungens handske) Linnainen Manor Green Chamber (Gröna kammaren i Linnais gård) Duchess of Finland (Hertiginnan af Finland) safeties (Planeternas skyddslingar, later Stjärnornas kungabarn) Välskär narratives (Fältskärns berättelser) Simeon Levis resa i Finland framställdt i teckningar Bride and other horror novelties, Faros 2013 Sources Literature Citation error, replace with {{ cite book| author = Klinge, Matti| title= Idyll and Threat: Topelius Ideas and Policy| location = Porvoo Helsinki Juva| publisher = WSOY| year = 1998| id = ISBN 951-0-22952-0}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Mazzarella, Merete| title = No longing, not sadness: The day Zacharias Topelius| publisher = January| year = 2009| id = ISBN 951-31-4758-7}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Tiitta, Allan| title = Land of Grey Stone: Zacharias Topelius and Geography of Finland| location = Helsinki | publisher = Finnish Science Society | year = 1994| version = Bidrag till kännedom av Finland natur och folk, 147| id = ISBN 951-653-273-X}} On the topic elsewhere in Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland.


Question: When will Zachris Topelius become President of the University of Helsinki?

Zachris Topelius

(in Swedish) Freely downloadable e-books by Zacharias Topelius National Library Referenced 9.4.2008.


Question: When will Zachris Topelius become President of the University of Helsinki?

Zachris Topelius

(in Swedish) Booksampo.


Question: When will Zachris Topelius become President of the University of Helsinki?

Zachris Topelius

375 humanists as of June 20, 2015.


Question: When will Zachris Topelius become President of the University of Helsinki?

Zachris Topelius

University of Helsinki.


Question: When will Zachris Topelius become President of the University of Helsinki?

Zachris Topelius

Enni Mustonen: “Shepherd Girl”.


Question: When will Zachris Topelius become President of the University of Helsinki?

Zachris Topelius

A novel about a maid girl who served Zachris Topelius in his old age days mainly in Koivuniemi.


Question: When will Zachris Topelius become President of the University of Helsinki?

Zachris Topelius

* Category:Those born in 1818 Class:Those who died in 1898 Class:Key articles of screening


Question: What was Väinö Raikkilä's first book?

Väinö Raikkilä

Väinö Ilmari Riikkilä (10 June 1906, Loviisa — 6 September 1969 in Rauma) was a Finnish youth writer.


Question: What was Väinö Raikkilä's first book?

Väinö Raikkilä

Childhood and adolescence Raikkilä had no other education in writing besides national school.


Question: What was Väinö Raikkilä's first book?

Väinö Raikkilä

He was 12 years old when he lost his father, who was active on the Reds side in the Civil War, in the remainder of 1918.


Question: What was Väinö Raikkilä's first book?

Väinö Raikkilä

Due to the poverty of the family, as a child, he was forced to do hard work in a farmhouse for food and housing.


Question: What was Väinö Raikkilä's first book?

Väinö Raikkilä

Of this phase reminiscent of slavery, he wrote only in his memoirs in 1968.


Question: What was Väinö Raikkilä's first book?

Väinö Raikkilä

This stage perhaps lies against the backdrop of nagging mothers and toned fathers in his boyhood books, for at the age of the heroes of the books, he had no parents nearby, there was only a job and an escape through folk school doctrine to the stories of the books.


Question: What was Väinö Raikkilä's first book?

Väinö Raikkilä

After the farmhouse threw him away because of a misdemeanor committed by another boy, he found work in a swim and sawmills.


Question: What was Väinö Raikkilä's first book?

Väinö Raikkilä

Life was made easier when his mother remarried and moved to Eagle, allowing her to take the boy in.


Question: What was Väinö Raikkilä's first book?

Väinö Raikkilä

In adulthood Raikkilä worked and wrote in Karhula, whose Suulisniemi is the landscape of his boybooks.


Question: What was Väinö Raikkilä's first book?

Väinö Raikkilä

His writings were published in journals beginning in 1929.


Question: What was Väinö Raikkilä's first book?

Väinö Raikkilä

After moving to Helsinki, she received support from Z. Castren, director of the writing district at the Helsinki Workers' College, and Ilmari Jäämaa of the Young Voima Union.


Question: What was Väinö Raikkilä's first book?

Väinö Raikkilä

Beginning in 1948, he, apart from few author-grant periods, earned his living in Rauma as a warehouse manager at a machine shop in Rauma-Repola.


Question: What was Väinö Raikkilä's first book?

Väinö Raikkilä

Among the themes of his books is an accurate depiction of the work.


Question: What was Väinö Raikkilä's first book?

Väinö Raikkilä

He had also worked as a farmworker, ship warmer, construction worker, night watchman, and dance musician, for example.


Question: What was Väinö Raikkilä's first book?

Väinö Raikkilä

[1] Raikkilä's spouse was Meeri Blomqvist since 1933.


Question: What was Väinö Raikkilä's first book?

Väinö Raikkilä

Two sons were born into the family.


Question: What was Väinö Raikkilä's first book?

Väinö Raikkilä

Literary production Ritikkilä's production consists of fifteen books, twelve of which are youth novels.


Question: What was Väinö Raikkilä's first book?

Väinö Raikkilä

[2] In this genre of literature, he achieved a very popular position.


Question: What was Väinö Raikkilä's first book?

Väinö Raikkilä

The Pertsa and Kulu stories are classics in their own genre.


Question: What was Väinö Raikkilä's first book?

Väinö Raikkilä

They have a detective plot carrying the story.


Question: What was Väinö Raikkilä's first book?

Väinö Raikkilä

The parents of children also play a significant role in the narratives and the way they are brought up becomes depicted in the novels.


Question: What was Väinö Raikkilä's first book?

Väinö Raikkilä

The first book by Pertsa and Kulu was completed in 1948, but it did not appear until 1951.


Question: What was Väinö Raikkilä's first book?

Väinö Raikkilä

The growth story of the six Pertsa and Kilu books is the boys' transition from home to even more spacious waters, and the dream of becoming a sailor was replaced by getting a boat and taking responsibility at all.


Question: What was Väinö Raikkilä's first book?

Väinö Raikkilä

In the 1970s, the Pertsa and Kilu books were made into a television series directed by Vili Auvinen.


Question: What was Väinö Raikkilä's first book?

Väinö Raikkilä

In 2000, Taavi Vartia made a new television series about Pertsa and Kilu, but it was not based on Riikkilä's texts.


Question: What was Väinö Raikkilä's first book?

Väinö Raikkilä

Raikkilä wrote only two novels for adults.


Question: What was Väinö Raikkilä's first book?

Väinö Raikkilä

In addition, he wrote an autobiography and two plays.


Question: What was Väinö Raikkilä's first book?

Väinö Raikkilä

In magazines, his stories have been published in abundance.


Question: What was Väinö Raikkilä's first book?

Väinö Raikkilä

Raikkilä was awarded the Medal of Arts of Western Finland by the newspaper in 1959.


Question: What was Väinö Raikkilä's first book?

Väinö Raikkilä

In addition, he received the Enlightenment Prize and the Youth Book Award.


Question: What was Väinö Raikkilä's first book?

Väinö Raikkilä

The title club Väinö Raikkilä was founded in Rauma in 1986.


Question: What was Väinö Raikkilä's first book?

Väinö Raikkilä

The first Pertsa and Kulu Award was presented in 1996.


Question: What was Väinö Raikkilä's first book?

Väinö Raikkilä

Works The Last Khans, WSOY, 1951 Pertsa and Kilu, WSOY, 1952 Smoke rose from the island, WSOY, 1952 Ferry over Enonselä, WSOY, 1953 Pertsa and Kilu at sea, WSOY, 1953 Pertsa and Kilu as skippers, WSOY, 1955 Adventure's last cargo, WSOY, 1957 Man and factory, Y, 1957 Life begins at 4pm, WSOY, 1958 Iikka ja Vili, WSOY, 1959 Redhead Iikka, WSOY, 1960 Repa and Bugs, WSOY, 1964 Time men and bean wolf, WSOY, 1965 Repa pushes with guts, WSOY, 1966 Boy's Memoirs, WSOY, 1968 Ship Girl: A Play, 1961.


Question: What was Väinö Raikkilä's first book?

Väinö Raikkilä

The second name of the play was Spirit Hole, and it tells of the fact that the sea was a spirit hole for Riikkilä: a boat and a ship took man from work to another world.


Question: What was Väinö Raikkilä's first book?

Väinö Raikkilä

Anchor watch: Retarded papers, Väinö Riikkilä Seura, 1992 Sources Literature Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Grünn, Karl| title = Finnish Youth Classics 1| number = Väinö Riikkilä| location = Helsinki| publisher = BTJ Library Service| year = 2000| version = Edited by Ismo Loivamaa| isbn = 951-692-482-4}} References Literature Riikkilä, Väinö: Anchor watch: Retarded papers.


Question: What was Väinö Raikkilä's first book?

Väinö Raikkilä

Edited by Jouko Grönholm.


Question: What was Väinö Raikkilä's first book?

Väinö Raikkilä

Väinö Raikkilä Seura, Uotila, 1992.


Question: What was Väinö Raikkilä's first book?

Väinö Raikkilä

ISBN 951-96462-0-5 On the topic elsewhere Parkkinen, Jukka: Category:Finnish writers for children and young people Category:People born in 1906 Class:Persons who died in 1969


Question: In what decade did Finland liberate itself from Swedish rule?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The period of Swedish rule in Finland is a period in Finnish history when Finland was part of the Kingdom of Sweden.


Question: In what decade did Finland liberate itself from Swedish rule?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The period of Swedish rule was not a continuous era and its inception was a long-term process involving ambiguity.


Question: In what decade did Finland liberate itself from Swedish rule?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The period of Swedish rule ended as a result of the Finnish War on 17 September 1809.


Question: In what decade did Finland liberate itself from Swedish rule?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The period of Swedish rule began with the crusades to Finland.


Question: In what decade did Finland liberate itself from Swedish rule?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

With the new powers, the Finnish Grand Peasants of Moisioi were forced to give up their positions and their estates fell into the ownership of the Swedish Crown and the Catholic Church.


Question: In what decade did Finland liberate itself from Swedish rule?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

[1] In connection with the crusades, as a result of the colonization of the Finnish coast by the Swedes, its Finnish inhabitants essentially lost their fishing rights in the area.


Question: In what decade did Finland liberate itself from Swedish rule?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Conflicts between newcomers and Finns also arose over farming rights.


Question: In what decade did Finland liberate itself from Swedish rule?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

[2] Swedish became the language of the nobility and the upper bourgeoisie, and priests and scholars were obliged to use it as their language.


Question: In what decade did Finland liberate itself from Swedish rule?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

During Swedish rule, the Finnish language was in danger of being lost, because it could not be used with the authorities, and newspapers were not written or produced enough non-fiction.


Question: In what decade did Finland liberate itself from Swedish rule?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Throughout the countries' connection, Finns were considered a separate people and, due to the language issue, did not have the same rights as the Swedes.


Question: In what decade did Finland liberate itself from Swedish rule?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Swedish kings visited Finland rarely and Finns were considered more primitive than Swedes or Germans and their language inferior.


Question: In what decade did Finland liberate itself from Swedish rule?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

[3] During Swedish rule, Finland became part of Western Christendom and the cultural, social and economic order of Western Europe, on the basis of which, among other things, a market economy, constitutional statesmanship and legalistic principles tied to legalistic principles administration.


Question: In what decade did Finland liberate itself from Swedish rule?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The Finnish language and some features of Finnish antiquity and culture remained despite conscious Swedishisation during Swedish rule, although they changed when adapting to new circumstances.


Question: In what decade did Finland liberate itself from Swedish rule?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

[3] [4] Finland's location as the frontier country of the kingdom brought numerous wars and raiding expeditions to the region.


Question: In what decade did Finland become free from Swedish rule?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Swedish Crown Prince Adolf Fredrik stated in 1746 that Finland was Sweden's warehouse and protective wall.


Question: In what decade did Finland become free from Swedish rule?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

[3] During this period the Swedish Empire has also been referred to as Swedish-Finland.


Question: In what decade did Finland become free from Swedish rule?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The term was coined retrospectively to describe the kingdom which included the main parts of present-day Sweden and Finland.


Question: In what decade did Finland become free from Swedish rule?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Historian Peter Englund has stated that Finland during Swedish rule was not part or province of confederation but “... the eastern half of that kingdom which was practically destroyed in 1809, after which both parts went their separate ways.” In particular, Englund considers the Swedish Great Power period to be the common “property” of present-day Sweden and Finland, since the rise to superpower would have been impossible for a parched state without the resources of the eastern part of the empire.


Question: In what decade did Finland become free from Swedish rule?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

[5] Early stages of Swedish rule The beginning of the period of Swedish rule was a long-standing process involving different regions of Finland at varying degrees at different times.


Question: In what decade did Finland become free from Swedish rule?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Finland, or Sweden, cannot be spoken of at this stage as a unified administrative entity.


Question: In what decade did Finland become free from Swedish rule?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The Kingdom of Sweden spread to Finland in the midst of its own process of birth and consolidation.


Question: In what decade did Finland become free from Swedish rule?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

As recently as the beginning of the 13th century, the law of West Götaland constantly referred to the East Götans and the Uplantians as foreigners.


Question: In what decade did Finland become free from Swedish rule?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

[6] Sweden's first written output, the Eerikinkronika, written in the 1320s, also speaks not of the Swedes but, for example, the Sveans, the Gothenites and the Uplantians.


Question: In what decade did Finland become free from Swedish rule?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

[7] The Kingdom of Sweden can be said to have arisen around the year 1350.


Question: In what decade did Finland become free from Swedish rule?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

[6] The early stages of the period of Swedish rule are fundamentally related to the missionary work of the Catholic Church in Finland.


Question: In what decade did Finland become free from Swedish rule?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The northern Baltic region was a pagan area from the point of view of the Catholic Church and its goal was the conversion of the region to Catholicism.


Question: In what decade did Finland become free from Swedish rule?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

In practice, the aim of the church was driven by the kings who professed the Catholic faith in the region, as well as by the crusaders, who were allowed in the name of Christianity to conquer new territories under their control.


Question: In what decade did Finland become free from Swedish rule?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Crusades to Finland were made at least by Swedes and Danes, possibly including Germans and Norwegians.


Question: In what decade did Finland become free from Swedish rule?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

[8] [9] [10] Orthodox Novgorod also fought a typical war against the Finnish tribes.


Question: In what decade did Finland become free from Swedish rule?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Since at least 1042, the Hämäläs, or more commonly the Western Finns, had been waging almost constant war against Novgorod and the Baltic-Finnish peoples of the Karelian region, such as the Vatyans and Ingerians.


Question: In what decade did Finland become free from Swedish rule?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

These conflicts contributed to the Swedes” chances of conquering territories from Finland.


Question: In what decade did Finland become free from Swedish rule?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

A contemporaneous description of the Baltic conversion, Henry's Livonian Chronicle, gives a bloody picture of the conversion work of late 12th-century and early 13th century German Knights and Danes.


Question: In what decade did Finland become free from Swedish rule?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Christianity was well established in Sweden by the 12th century and its nascent kingdom sought to compete with Germany and Denmark for influence in the Baltics and around the Gulf of Finland by fighting the pagans and conquering lands from these.


Question: In what decade did Finland become free from Swedish rule?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

However, the Baltic war expedition ended for the Swedes in 1220 with the destruction of the Swedish forces, including the earl and bishop, by the Islanders, and the fortress they had established at Lihula.


Question: In what decade did Finland become free from Swedish rule?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

[11] [12] The first historical reference to the rule of Swedes in Finland is the earliest legend of St. Eerik, dating from the 1270s, according to which King Eerik the Saint and the English bishop Henry made the so-called First Crusade to Finland in the 1150s.


Question: In what decade did Finland become free from Swedish rule?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Legend tells that the king returned after an expedition to Sweden with the bishop remaining to arrange the ecclesiastical conditions in Finland.


Question: In what decade did Finland become free from Swedish rule?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

However, the war expedition is not considered a real event today.


Question: In what decade did Finland become free from Swedish rule?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

[13] The following reference in historical sources to Swedish influence in Finland is the statement in the Lübeck chronicle of 1266: “Duke Birger forced Finland to belong to Sweden”.


Question: In what decade did Finland become free from Swedish rule?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

[14] Possibly the same event is dealt with by the Eerikinchronicle, written in the 1320s, which describes the Uplantians' expedition against the Hazy people.


Question: In what decade did Finland become free from Swedish rule?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The war expedition in question has been considered to have possibly been the Second Crusade to Finland made between 1249 and 1250.


Question: In what decade did Finland become free from Swedish rule?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

According to the Eerikinchronika, as a result of the crusade, construction of a castle was started in Häme.


Question: In what decade did Finland become free from Swedish rule?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The Swedes also began colonization of the Finnish coast in stages around the time of the Crusades, starting in Åland and Southwest Finland.


Question: In what decade did Finland become free from Swedish rule?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The colonization of the Finnish coast by Christian people was a key means of spreading the faith.


Question: In what decade did Finland become free from Swedish rule?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Of these emigrants, Finnish-Swedes emerged over time.


Question: In what decade did Finland become free from Swedish rule?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

[15] The Bishop of Turku is first mentioned in connection with the bishops of Sweden on 11 February 1253 in connection with the exchange of land between the Earl of Birger and Gudheim Abbey.


Question: In what decade did Finland become free from Swedish rule?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

[16] The Swedish Church spread to Finland practically only in the 14th century.


Question: In what decade did Finland become free from Swedish rule?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

[17] Since about the 12th century, the Catholic Church had operated independently in Southwest Finland.


Question: In what decade did Finland become free from Swedish rule?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The influence of Western and Eastern Christianity had spread to Finland even earlier in the prehistoric period, with indications such as tomb finds made in archaeological excavations.


Question: In what decade did Finland become free from Swedish rule?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The Eerikinchronicle recounts the destruction of Sigtuna by the Karelians in 1187, the largest and most important city in Sweden at that time.


Question: In what decade did Finland become free from Swedish rule?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The Karelians made a war expedition to Sweden also in 1257.


Question: In what decade did Finland become free from Swedish rule?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

[18] In 1259 Pope Alexander IV approved the marriage of King Valdemar of Sweden and Sophia, granddaughter of King Christopher of Denmark, so that Sweden would be better and more effectively able to counter the constant attacks on the kingdom's villages and churches by pagans living nearby.


Question: In what decade did Finland become free from Swedish rule?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

[19] In spite of this, even in 1275 the Christians of the Swedish Empire were tormented by the pagans of Karelia and Lapland.


Question: In what decade did Finland become free from Swedish rule?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

[20] The first chronicle of Novgorod states that Dmitry Alexandrovich conquered Karelia in 1278.


Question: In what decade did Finland become free from Swedish rule?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The pagan Karelians had been, up to that point, trading partners for Gotland, among others.


Question: In what decade did Finland become free from Swedish rule?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

[21] Regardless of trade links, according to Eerikinkronika, the Uplantians made the so-called Third Crusade into Finland in 1293, conquering Karelia with 14 betrothals.


Question: In what decade did Finland become free from Swedish rule?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

[22] Birger Maununpoy's letter of authorisation of 4 March 1295 to Lübeck and other Baltic trading cities mentions as a motive for the conversion of Karelians the long long practice of banditry and looting by the Karelians, and the taking captive of Swedes and other visitors to the Baltic Sea and torturing.


Question: In what decade did Finland become free from Swedish rule?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

[23] The first historical reference of the Catholic Church to Swedish rule outside Finland dates back to about 1284.


Question: In what decade did Finland become free from Swedish rule?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

In this act of Maunu Ladonluko on the general peace of land, Pentti Birgerinpoika is referred to as the Duke of Finland, that is, present-day Southwest Finland.


Question: In what decade did Finland become free from Swedish rule?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

[24] However, he may have never visited Finland.


Question: In what decade did Finland become free from Swedish rule?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Despite the expansion of Swedish power, the conflict between Hämäläs and Novgorod lasted for hundreds of years.


Question: In what decade did Finland become free from Swedish rule?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The First Chronicle of Novgorod states that Novgorod made a war expedition against the Hazorites still in 1292.


Question: In what decade did Finland become free from Swedish rule?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Conflicts between Finns and Swedes after the Crusades, the colonization of the Swedes in their wake also led to conflicts between Finns and Swedes.


Question: In what decade did Finland become free from Swedish rule?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The Ostrobothian stories tell of the need to help the colonists, while other stories describe Sweden as mainly criminals and evildoers who came to the country to wage war against the Finns.


Question: In what decade did Finland become free from Swedish rule?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

[25] In the 16th century, Mikael Agricola wrote that pagan Finns had harassed Swedish colonists, for which reason they had received help from their relatives in Sweden.


Question: In what decade did Finland become free from Swedish rule?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

[25] The original Finnish settlement of Kimitoon Island completely disappeared from the site after the Swedes entered the area, which may contribute to the conflict between the groups.


Question: In what decade did Finland become free from Swedish rule?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

[26] Conflicts between Finns and colonists also arose regarding the rights to use the territories.


Question: In what decade did Finland become free from Swedish rule?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

In principle, the King of Sweden always gave fishing rights to the colonists in which case the Finns lost their rights to them.


Question: In what decade did Finland become free from Swedish rule?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

[27] Several letters concerning these disputes are known.


Question: In what decade did Finland become free from Swedish rule?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

For example, on 1 June 1303, Swedish colonists from Satakunta had quarreled with the Finns in the area as their holdings were located in the old casque lands of the Finns.


Question: In what decade did Finland become free from Swedish rule?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

In 1347, an order was issued for the transfer of fishing rights in the Helsinki region from the Finns to the coastal Swedes.


Question: In what decade did Finland become free from Swedish rule?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

[28] From 1348, a letter of protection from Bishop Hemming and the Head of the Castle of Turku is known, designed to protect the colonists of the Gulf of Bothnia coast against the Finns.


Question: In what decade did Finland become free from Swedish rule?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

[26] Traces of conflict also remained until later times.


Question: In what decade did Finland become free from Swedish rule?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The mayor of Helsinki, Anders Larsson Ehredt, wrote to Peter Brahe in 1639 that Helsinki's name was not allowed to be changed at the time of the transfer of the city because the name was “a reminder of the victorious arms of our ancestors.”


Question: In what decade did Finland become free from Swedish rule?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

[29] After the Crusader period Around 1300, parts of the Swedish Empire and the Archdiocese of Uppsala, which were governed from the castles of Turku, Häme and Vyborg, had begun to enter the territory of present-day Western and Southern Finland.


Question: In what decade did Finland become free from Swedish rule?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Castles built to consolidate the rule of the King of Sweden were centres of Crown administration in the Middle Ages and important tools for retaining power.


Question: In what decade did Finland become free from Swedish rule?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The administrative unit that surrounded the castle was referred to as the Castle Sounds.


Question: In what decade did Finland become free from Swedish rule?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

At the same time, the Christian population was being phased from Sweden to the Finnish coast.


Question: In what decade did Finland become free from Swedish rule?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The Käkisalmi region and Ladoga Karelia, meanwhile, maintained ties with Orthodox northwestern Russia and Novgorod.


Question: In what decade did Finland become free from Swedish rule?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The clash between Catholic and Orthodox cultural circles therefore took place off Finland.


Question: In what decade did Finland become free from Swedish rule?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The Peace of Nut Island, concluded in 1323, was the first peace treaty between Sweden and Novgorod.


Question: In what decade did Finland become free from Swedish rule?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

It also defined the eastern border between the Swedish Empire and Finland, at least for Karelia.


Question: In what decade did Finland become free from Swedish rule?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Ownership of Northern Finland remained vague.


Question: In what decade did Finland become free from Swedish rule?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

However, within the 14th century, Sweden annexed a Finnish settlement on the northern Ostrobothnia coast.


Question: In what decade did Finland become free from Swedish rule?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The Swedes still in the 14th century did not commonly refer to Finland or Finland as Finland, although these designations had been in use for a long time.


Question: In what decade did Finland become free from Swedish rule?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

For example, the first chronicle of Novgor speaks of Finns (sum) and runestones speak of Vikings who died in Finland.


Question: In what decade did Finland become free from Swedish rule?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The name Finland had meant, and for a long time, meant the present province of Southwest Finland.


Question: In what decade did Finland become free from Swedish rule?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

For this reason, the Swedes used the wider area of southern Finland from about 1350 to 1470 to the name Österland, or “Italia”.


Question: In what decade did Finland become free from Swedish rule?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

[6] Prior to this, the regions were spoken in plural eastern countries.


Question: In what decade did Finland become free from Swedish rule?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

[6] Finland, as part of the Kingdom of Sweden in the Middle Ages, Finland was part of the historical provinces of Finland, Southwest Finland and Satakunta belonged to the central region of the Swedish Empire and they retained their connections with Scandinavia that had already arisen in prehistoric times.


Question: In what decade did Finland become free from Swedish rule?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

In southwestern Finland, Häme, the Karelian Isthmus and Southern Savo there were permanent settlements based on farming, which gradually became denser and spread over a wider area.


Question: In what decade did Finland become free from Swedish rule?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The spread and consolidation of settlements in central and northern Ostrobothnia was one of the most significant settlement-historical phenomena in medieval Finland.


Question: In what decade did Finland become free from Swedish rule?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

In addition, there were fresh Swedish-speaking settlements in Åland, the Turunmaa archipelago and the coastal regions of Ostrobothnia and Uusimaa.


Question: In what decade did Finland become free from Swedish rule?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

In the Middle Ages, rural peasants were by far the largest population group in Finland.


Question: In what decade did Finland become free from Swedish rule?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Much of the area of present-day Finland was still wilderness in the Middle Ages, where Satakunese, Hälite and Karelian wildernesses were camping, inhabited by a population called the Lappans, at least part of the Sámi speaking population.


Question: In what decade did Finland become free from Swedish rule?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Wilderness areas were not among the territories of any realm other than in theory at most.


Question: In what decade did Finland become free from Swedish rule?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

In the early stages of Swedish rule, administrative documents were often written in Latin, emphasizing the role of clergy in secular governance as well.


Question: In what decade did Finland become free from Swedish rule?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The use of Swedish increased as a written administrative language as the 14th century wore on.


Question: In what decade did Finland become free from Swedish rule?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

In urban local government, especially with regard to international relations, German was also widely used.


Question: In what decade did Finland become free from Swedish rule?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

However, it is impossible to provide precise estimates of the language ratios of the population of medieval cities.


Question: In what decade did Finland become free from Swedish rule?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Sweden was an electoral kingdom in the Middle Ages and the royal election was conducted with Mora stones.


Question: In what decade did Finland become free from Swedish rule?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The territory of Finland also gained the right to send its representatives to the royal election of 1362, reflecting the status of Southwest Finland as part of the Swedish Empire.


Question: In what decade did Finland become free from Swedish rule?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The land law enacted during the 1319—1364 reign of King Maunu Eerikinpoja was of great importance to the development of administration and legal order.


Question: In what decade did Finland become free from Swedish rule?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

As a difference to Central Europe, peasants were free, and no central European-like feudalism developed in the Swedish Empire.


Question: In what decade did Finland become free from Swedish rule?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Local government was based on keepers and parishes in rural areas.


Question: In what decade did Finland become free from Swedish rule?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

In the Middle Ages, an urban institution also emerged in Finland.


Question: In what decade did Finland become free from Swedish rule?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

However, the bourgeoisie, or merchants and craftsmen, who lived in the cities, accounted for a small


Question: In what decade did Finland become free from Swedish rule?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The most important medieval cities in Finland were Turku and Vyborg.


Question: In what decade did Finland become free from Swedish rule?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Other towns included Naantali, Rauma, Ulvila and Porvoo.


Question: In what decade did Finland become free from Swedish rule?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

During the Middle Ages, Nordic and Finnish long-distance trade was largely held by German Hanseatic merchants, and because of this, a significant part of the bourgeoisie in Turku and Vyborg in particular was German.


Question: In what decade did Finland become free from Swedish rule?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

In the towns, local government was the responsibility of a mayor-led panel.


Question: In what decade did Finland become free from Swedish rule?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

By the 1280 Alsnö Rule issued during the reign of King Maunu Birgerinboy, Sweden and Finland, a small secular rails, or nobility, were established in Sweden and Finland.


Question: In what decade did Finland become free from Swedish rule?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Spiritual rails, on the other hand, referred to the spiritual enactment exempt from taxes paid to the secular power (e.g. priests, nuns and beggar brothers).


Question: In what decade did Finland become free from Swedish rule?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The parishes that operated within the Catholic Church on the territory of Finland belonged to the Diocese of Turku.


Question: In what decade did Finland become free from Swedish rule?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

In addition to ecclesiastical authority, the Bishop of Turku, who was at the head of the diocese, also had plenty of secular power and was, for example, a member of the King's Council of Power.


Question: In what decade did Finland become free from Swedish rule?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

One of the most prominent medieval bishops of Turku was Maunu Tavast, who held office between 1412 and 1450.


Question: In what decade did Finland become free from Swedish rule?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Spiritual rails formed a literacy and literacy civilisation in medieval Finland.


Question: In what decade did Finland become free from Swedish rule?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Its members had often attended Turku Cathedral School and some had also studied at foreign universities.


Question: In what decade did Finland become free from Swedish rule?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Kalmar Union Time (1397—1523) Birth of the Union The Nordic Kalmar Union was founded under Queen Margaret of Denmark in 1397.


Question: In what decade did Finland become free from Swedish rule?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

In practice, there were conflicts in the Union, as the Swedish surplus was interested in the east, in the direction of Russia, in the direction of Russia, while the Danish interests were more towards the south — per German territories.


Question: In what decade did Finland become free from Swedish rule?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Nor, within the various countries, the overreach was unanimous among themselves.


Question: In what decade did Finland become free from Swedish rule?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The struggle for power was by no means caused solely by modern concepts of “foreign policy” disagreements.


Question: In what decade did Finland become free from Swedish rule?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

However, at the beginning of the Union period, the country's status as part of the kingdom changed


Question: In what decade did Finland become free from Swedish rule?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Over the course of four decades, the monarch's grip on Finland was firmer than before.


Question: In what decade did Finland become free from Swedish rule?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Queen Margaret was a background influence on the regime right up until her death in 1412.


Question: In what decade did Finland become free from Swedish rule?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Throughout, he delegated further responsibilities to his successor King Eerik XIII of Pomerania (as king 1396—1439), who had responsibility especially for Norwegian and Finnish affairs.


Question: In what decade did Finland become free from Swedish rule?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

He visited Finland two times, in 1403 and 1407.


Question: In what decade did Finland become free from Swedish rule?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

All the king's decisions concerning Finland were issued in his name.


Question: In what decade did Finland become free from Swedish rule?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

[30] With the Union, the leading administrators of the country changed, as the king placed his own creditmen in charge of the castles.


Question: In what decade did Finland become free from Swedish rule?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Abraham Broderinpoika rose to be head of the castle in Turku, and the Danish Klaus Fleming was also appointed as Lamann.


Question: In what decade did Finland become free from Swedish rule?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Later, Klaus Lydekenpoika Djäkn and Krister Nilsson Vaasa rose to prominent positions.


Question: In what decade did Finland become free from Swedish rule?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Bishop Maunu Tavast was a supporter of unionism.


Question: In what decade did Finland become free from Swedish rule?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Even during the Union period, Finland did not form a single administrative entity; the region was divided into two different administrative districts.


Question: In what decade did Finland become free from Swedish rule?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Vyborg served as a major, at times quasi-autonomous centre as Turku was more closely incorporated into the central authority's administrative region.


Question: In what decade did Finland become free from Swedish rule?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The independent status of Vyborg can be seen, among other things, in the fact that although Finland was divided in 1435 into two Lamalandic municipalities South and Bottom-Finland, Vyborg was born as early as the 1440s, an independent Karelian Llamann, which was probably laid down by a castle chief in Vyborg.


Question: In what decade did Finland become free from Swedish rule?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Although the Karelian Laman had no jurisdiction in the Turku Land Court.


Question: In what decade did Finland become free from Swedish rule?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

[31] In Finland and Sweden, discontent in the early days of the Union was provoked by an increase in the tax burden.


Question: In what decade did Finland become free from Swedish rule?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Eerik sought to make taxation more efficient in Finland, with the cancellation of the farms to the Crown and efforts to make the castle sound liable.


Question: In what decade did Finland become free from Swedish rule?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

[30] During the Union period, the administration of the country was organised in a new way to improve the economic condition.


Question: In what decade did Finland become free from Swedish rule?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

In 1405, tax exemptions for apparently hundreds of farms were withdrawn.


Question: In what decade did Finland become free from Swedish rule?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

At that time, the groundwork for systematic land taxation was laid.


Question: In what decade did Finland become free from Swedish rule?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The Crown also sought to increase tax revenues through settler activity: arable farming produced tax revenues, while the wilderness economy did not produce them.


Question: In what decade did Finland become free from Swedish rule?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Tax revenues were therefore raised by the allocation of wilderness for permanent settlement.


Question: In what decade did Finland become free from Swedish rule?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

In 1409, Turku also began to mint its own money, which differed in value from the money spent in Sweden.


Question: In what decade did Finland become free from Swedish rule?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

They were silver and six-pence coins.


Question: In what decade did Finland become free from Swedish rule?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

In 1407, Finland received its own supreme court, the Turku Land Court, and it was also given administrative power.


Question: In what decade did Finland become free from Swedish rule?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Finland's leaders were now able to decide the country's affairs at their own meetings.


Question: In what decade did Finland become free from Swedish rule?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The railing crew and clergy formed a politically leading group during the Union period.


Question: In what decade did Finland become free from Swedish rule?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Finland's own raulsmen only rarely ruled the largest castle voices, usually headed by Swedish or Danish, sometimes German-born men, who, though often had lived in the country for decades.


Question: In what decade did Finland become free from Swedish rule?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Domestic rails were generally responsible for lower administration, military functions and especially the courts.


Question: In what decade did Finland become free from Swedish rule?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The most prominent positions in the Church also ended up in the Union period for the sons of the indigenous families.


Question: In what decade did Finland become free from Swedish rule?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

On the other hand, the peasantry could also participate in the activities of various boards and district assemblies, as well as influence political solutions such as the election of the king.


Question: In what decade did Finland become free from Swedish rule?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

With the exception of Turku and Vyborg, cities were small during the Union period and there were very few of them.


Question: In what decade did Finland become free from Swedish rule?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Therefore, foreign trade was modest, too.


Question: In what decade did Finland become free from Swedish rule?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Even Vyborg was unable to compete with Tallinn as a hub for trade in Russia.


Question: In what decade did Finland become free from Swedish rule?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Domestic trade was economically certainly more significant than foreign trade.


Question: In what decade did Finland become free from Swedish rule?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Externally, the beginning of the Union was a time of peace for Finland.


Question: In what decade did Finland become free from Swedish rule?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

However, King Eerik the Pomeranian, who was active in foreign politics, was mired in conflict with the Hanseatic League, making commerce more difficult.


Question: In what decade did Finland become free from Swedish rule?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

In the 1430s, the rebellion movements of the overlords and peasants that rose on the Swedish side had little effect in Finland.


Question: In what decade did Finland become free from Swedish rule?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The overabnormality of modest insurgency movements in Finland can be explained by the expansion of the Crown and Rulse holdings [32].


Question: In what decade did Finland become free from Swedish rule?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The most famous of these rebellion movements was the so-called. David's revolt in Häme in 1439.


Question: In what decade did Finland become free from Swedish rule?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

It targeted Viikki Manor [33] [34].


Question: In what decade did Finland become free from Swedish rule?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Finland did not participate in the 1435 meeting held in Arboga.


Question: In what decade did Finland become free from Swedish rule?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

In the autumn of the same year, Bishop Maunu Tavast and Krister Nilsson arrived in Sweden, where, in arranged negotiations, they influenced the ousting of the leaders of the movement known as the Engelbrekt Engelbrektinpoika Rebellion and reaching a compromise.


Question: In what decade did Finland become free from Swedish rule?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Drots became Krister Nilsson and Charlemagne Knuutinpoika Bonde became the marcher.


Question: In what decade did Finland become free from Swedish rule?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

After the former returned to Finland in the autumn of the same year, the revolt movement began again in Sweden.


Question: In what decade did Finland become free from Swedish rule?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

To counter the rebellion projects, the Finnish peasants were promised a tax reduction in a letter dated 24 June 1436, the signatories of which were the archbishop, drotsi and marski in the name of the Council of Power.


Question: In what decade did Finland become free from Swedish rule?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The reason was put forward that the Finns had proved loyal to the kingdom and had sworn not to assume a head of their own, i.e., promised not to rise in rebellion, and would accept the head imposed by the Council of Power.


Question: In what decade did Finland become free from Swedish rule?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Seppo Suvanto interpreted this as saying that in Sweden it was feared that the Finns, or the administrators of Finland, would break away from the Council of Power and Finland would elect its own head.


Question: In what decade did Finland become free from Swedish rule?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

[35] Finland and Swedish power struggles Eventually the king was dismissed in 1439, after which Sweden was ruled by a power council of aristocrats.