Question: What is the area of Honduras?

Honduras

The mountainous area covers much of the land and is naturally covered by oak- and pine-dominated forests as vegetation.


Question: What is the area of Honduras?

Honduras

[7] [1] Honduran national parks are being developed as tourist attractions.


Question: What is the area of Honduras?

Honduras

700 species of birds live in the country and many rare mammals such as New World spiral tailed monkeys, tapires and large cat beasts cougars and jaguars [8] [1] History Early history and Spanish rule Before the advent of Europeans, the territory of Honduras has been inhabited by people from many different cultures and language groups.


Question: What is the area of Honduras?

Honduras

The most developed culture was in the Maya, which spread across the western part of present-day Honduras in the 4th century.


Question: What is the area of Honduras?

Honduras

From there they proceeded up the Rio Motagua Valley.


Question: What is the area of Honduras?

Honduras

Copán was formed as the central ceremonial site, which was developed over three centuries.


Question: What is the area of Honduras?

Honduras

It was abandoned for an unknown reason around the year 800.


Question: What is the area of Honduras?

Honduras

[9] At the same time as the Mayans lived the Lencas, who, despite intermittent clashes, had effective trade relations both with the Maya and with third countries up to Panama and Mexico.


Question: What is the area of Honduras?

Honduras

[10] Christopher Columbus arrived in Honduras in 1502 and named the country after the deep waters of its coast (, 'depth').


Question: What is the area of Honduras?

Honduras

[11] Already Columbus declared the land a property of Spain, but in practice the conquistadors gradually occupied the land over the course of 1523—1537.


Question: What is the area of Honduras?

Honduras

They competed with each other and encountered fierce Native American resistance.


Question: What is the area of Honduras?

Honduras

[10] Honduras was under Spanish rule for about three hundred years.


Question: What is the area of Honduras?

Honduras

Honduras and other Central American states declared independence in 1821.


Question: What is the area of Honduras?

Honduras

The country was for a short time part of the Mexican Empire, and it declared itself part of the Federal Republic of Central America in 1823.


Question: What is the area of Honduras?

Honduras

[12] The confederation broke up in 1838.


Question: What is the area of Honduras?

Honduras

Honduran national hero General Francisco Morazán Quesada led attempts to preserve the confederation.


Question: What is the area of Honduras?

Honduras

[10] The Río Plátano Biosphere Reserve contains an abundance of two hundred Mayan ruins, and the site is included in the UNESCO World Heritage List.


Question: What is the area of Honduras?

Honduras

With independence and the economic power of the United States, Honduras became completely independent in 1840.


Question: What is the area of Honduras?

Honduras

[13] The capital was moved in 1880 from Comayagua to Tegucigalpa.


Question: What is the area of Honduras?

Honduras

[14] At the end of the 19th century, the Honduran economy became fully absorbed by US companies setting up banana plantations on the north coast.


Question: What is the area of Honduras?

Honduras

In 1913, for example, two-thirds of the country's foreign exports of bananas were controlled by the United Fruit Company of the United States.


Question: What is the area of Honduras?

Honduras

Foreign capital, plantations, conservative politics, and incessant coups dominated Honduras until the middle of the 20th century.


Question: What is the area of Honduras?

Honduras

[15] There was a brief civil war in 1924.


Question: What is the area of Honduras?

Honduras

[16] From 1932 to 1949, Honduras was under the dictatorship of the right-wing Nationalist Party (PNH) and General Tiburcio Carías Andino.


Question: What is the area of Honduras?

Honduras

[17] In 1955, after a strike by two authoritarian dictators and banana workers, young reformers seized power and held Constituent Assembly elections in 1957.


Question: What is the area of Honduras?

Honduras

The assembly appointed Ramón Villeda Morales as president and converted himself into parliament for a six-year term.


Question: What is the area of Honduras?

Honduras

The Liberal Party governed 1957—1963.


Question: What is the area of Honduras?

Honduras

In 1963, conservative officers blocked elections and bloodily seized power.


Question: What is the area of Honduras?

Honduras

The armed forces ruled until 1970 under Colonel Oswaldo López Arellano.


Question: What is the area of Honduras?

Honduras

[10] In 1969, Honduras fought a six-day-long war against El Salvador.


Question: What is the area of Honduras?

Honduras

[13] This war, known as the Football War, was a football World Cup qualification match, but the situation between the two countries was already highly inflamed even before the match due to illegal migration and border disputes.


Question: What is the area of Honduras?

Honduras

Shortly after the war in 1970, civilian president Ramón Cruz Uclés of the National Party was appointed.


Question: What is the area of Honduras?

Honduras

He was unable to assemble a functioning government and General López seized power again in 1972.


Question: What is the area of Honduras?

Honduras

López now made something of a series of reforms, including land reform, but military power fell to corruption scandals in the middle of the decade.


Question: What is the area of Honduras?

Honduras

On April 22, 1975, the military replaced Colonel Juan Alberto Melgar Castro as president.


Question: What is the area of Honduras?

Honduras

Castro (1975—1978) and General Paz García (1978—1983) built the country's current infrastructure, such as roads and communications systems.


Question: What is the area of Honduras?

Honduras

The country also enjoyed its fastest economic growth, with demand for its products and foreign financing.


Question: What is the area of Honduras?

Honduras

[10] In 1974, Hurricane Fifi struck Honduras, killing thousands and destroying the entire fishing fleet as well as 95% of the banana crop.


Question: What is the area of Honduras?

Honduras

[18] Civilian rule and war against Nicaragua due to the 1979 revolution that consumed Nicaraguan dictator Anastasio Somoza and instability in El Salvador, the military government relinquished power, and Hondurans elected a Constituent Assembly in 1980 and Parliament in 1981.


Question: What is the area of Honduras?

Honduras

A new constitution came into force in 1982, and Roberto Suazo Córdova of the Liberals rose to the presidency.


Question: What is the area of Honduras?

Honduras

Suazo allied itself with the United States and economic aid flowed into the country and camps were set up there for training Elsalvadoran troops during the country's civil war.


Question: What is the area of Honduras?

Honduras

In addition to the president, General Gustavo Alvárez, commander of the armed forces, exercised considerable influence in the country's affairs.


Question: What is the area of Honduras?

Honduras

[13] In 1982, US-backed contras launched their offensive against the Sandinist government of Nicaragua from Honduran soil.


Question: What is the area of Honduras?

Honduras

General Alvárez responded to the growing unrest in the country by arresting union actives and leftist backers.


Question: What is the area of Honduras?

Honduras

Alvárez was eaten from power in 1984 after mounting anti-American protests.


Question: What is the area of Honduras?

Honduras

Training camps set up by the United States were closed, but the government continued to support contrie in exchange for generous financial assistance.


Question: What is the area of Honduras?

Honduras

[13] As the 1985 election approached, the Liberal Party interpreted the electoral law by putting several candidates up for election, and when their joint number of votes exceeded that of the National Party, the party declared its candidate with the most votes, José Azcona del Hoyo, the winner.


Question: What is the area of Honduras?

Honduras

With the support of the military, Azcona rose to presidential office in 1986.


Question: What is the area of Honduras?

Honduras

This was the first peaceful change of power between civilian presidents in more than 30 years.


Question: What is the area of Honduras?

Honduras

A general amnesty was issued for human rights crimes in 1987, but as recently as 1988 an Amnesty International report blamed the armed forces and right-wing death squads for the escalating violence.


Question: What is the area of Honduras?

Honduras

General Alvárez was assassinated by left-wing guerrillas in January 1989 in Tegucigalpa.


Question: What is the area of Honduras?

Honduras

In the same year, an agreement was reached to disarm Nicaraguan contrasts guerrillas in Honduras.


Question: What is the area of Honduras?

Honduras

[13] Demilitarization of society begins after Rafael Callejas of the Nationalist Party was elected president and he began his term in January 1990.


Question: What is the area of Honduras?

Honduras

Callejas began applying neoliberal economic policies.


Question: What is the area of Honduras?

Honduras

In 1992, the International Court of Justice in The Hague confirmed a new border between Honduras and El Salvador, thus ending a border dispute that has been going on since 1861.


Question: What is the area of Honduras?

Honduras

[19] The country's budget deficit exploded and the rising cost of living and accusations of widespread government corruption led voters to elect Carlos Roberto Reina of the Liberal Party by a large majority in 1993.


Question: What is the area of Honduras?

Honduras

He sought to reduce corruption and the power of the military, and ended general military service.


Question: What is the area of Honduras?

Honduras

During Reina's term, investigations began into the human rights abuses and corruption of the 1980s.


Question: What is the area of Honduras?

Honduras

[20] Liberals' power continued when Carlos Roberto Flores ascended to President in 1998.


Question: What is the area of Honduras?

Honduras

He initiated economic reforms in an effort to improve the country's competitiveness and sought to secure the status of the poorest citizens in the country.


Question: What is the area of Honduras?

Honduras

[10] Flores established a civilian-controlled Ministry of Defence and transferred the police from the subordination of the armed forces to civilians.


Question: What is the area of Honduras?

Honduras

[21] In October 1998, Hurricane Mitch devastated Honduras, killing over 5000 and leaving 1.5 million homeless.


Question: What is the area of Honduras?

Honduras

[10] The Nationalist Party's Ricardo Maduro won the 2001 presidential election.


Question: What is the area of Honduras?

Honduras

He again expanded the joint operation of police and armed forces, and immediately upon taking office sent joint police and armed forces units to patrol the streets.


Question: What is the area of Honduras?

Honduras

Maduro also strongly supported the U.S. war on terror, sending 370 troops to the Iraqi coalition in 2003.


Question: What is the area of Honduras?

Honduras

Honduras also ratified the US-Central American Free Trade Agreement (CAFTA) with the United States, for which the country's debts were forgiven in return.


Question: What is the area of Honduras?

Honduras

Honduras was also the first Latin American country to enter into a Millennium Challenge Account agreement with the U.S.


Question: What is the area of Honduras?

Honduras

[10] Zelaya's term as president and ouster of the Liberals Manuel Zelaya narrowly won the November 27, 2005 presidential election.


Question: What is the area of Honduras?

Honduras

[10] Towards the end of his term, he wanted to convene a People's Assembly to reform the Constitution.


Question: What is the area of Honduras?

Honduras

The Honduran Supreme Court, parliament and military accused the president of pursuing extension terms and under this pretext ousted him on June 28, 2009.


Question: What is the area of Honduras?

Honduras

The president sought asylum in Costa Rica.


Question: What is the area of Honduras?

Honduras

[22] [23] The surrounding world condemned the hijacking.


Question: What is the area of Honduras?

Honduras

Zelaya returned to Honduras in September 2009 and was granted asylum at the Brazilian embassy.


Question: What is the area of Honduras?

Honduras

Negotiations between Zelaya and Micheletti did not bring a result.


Question: What is the area of Honduras?

Honduras

After the end of his official term in office, Zelaya went into exile to the Dominican Republic.


Question: What is the area of Honduras?

Honduras

[24] [25] After the coup, Honduras lost subsidies from the World Bank, the Inter-American Development Bank, and development aid from Venezuela and the European Union.


Question: What is the area of Honduras?

Honduras

External support had comprised a fifth of the country's budget.


Question: What is the area of Honduras?

Honduras

Foreign tourism also dropped by 70 per cent after the hijacking.


Question: What is the area of Honduras?

Honduras

[26] On 29 November 2009, the country held presidential elections in which turnout reached almost 60%.


Question: What is the area of Honduras?

Honduras

The election was won by Conservative Party's Pepe Lobo.


Question: What is the area of Honduras?

Honduras

[27] In February 2010, the World Bank announced that it would start granting loans to the country again.


Question: What is the area of Honduras?

Honduras

[28] In 2010, Honduras re-established diplomatic relations with 29 countries.


Question: What is the area of Honduras?

Honduras

The United States continued its aid program.


Question: What is the area of Honduras?

Honduras

The Truth Commission began investigating the 2009 coup.


Question: What is the area of Honduras?

Honduras

[13] In January 2014, Juan Orlando Hernández was elected president, who received 36.9% of the votes cast.


Question: What is the area of Honduras?

Honduras

[4] Politics Honduras is a presidential republic with no office of prime minister.


Question: What is the area of Honduras?

Honduras

The country's current constitution dates from 1982.


Question: What is the area of Honduras?

Honduras

The president of Honduras is elected to four-year terms.


Question: What is the area of Honduras?

Honduras

[10] The president can only sit out one term.


Question: What is the area of Honduras?

Honduras

[29] Juan Orlando Hernández was sworn in on 27 January 2014.


Question: What is the area of Honduras?

Honduras

[30] The Parliament is a unicameral National Congress () with 128 members.


Question: What is the area of Honduras?

Honduras

Members of Parliament are elected by proportional representation for four-year terms.


Question: What is the area of Honduras?

Honduras

The constituencies are the departments.


Question: What is the area of Honduras?

Honduras

[10] Prior to 1997, representatives were elected by direct personal election.


Question: What is the area of Honduras?

Honduras

[4] The party field of Honduras was long dominated by the National Party and the Liberal Party.


Question: What is the area of Honduras?

Honduras

The country practically had a two-party system in power.


Question: What is the area of Honduras?

Honduras

[31] However, in the 2013 general election, the situation changed markedly.


Question: What is the area of Honduras?

Honduras

The National Party gained 48 seats, compared with 71 seats it had in the previous parliament.


Question: What is the area of Honduras?

Honduras

[32] In total, the National Party and the Liberal Party hold 57% of the seats in Congress, compared with around 90% in the previous legislature.


Question: What is the area of Honduras?

Honduras

New strong points include the socialist Libre and the Partido Anticorrupción (PAC), popular with young city dwellers.


Question: What is the area of Honduras?

Honduras

[33] Libre emerged in 2013 as the second largest party after gaining 37 seats in Congress.


Question: What is the area of Honduras?

Honduras

The PAC gained 13 seats.


Question: What is the area of Honduras?

Honduras

[34] An administrative division in Honduras is 18 departments.


Question: What is the area of Honduras?

Honduras

The largest by area is Olancho.


Question: What is the area of Honduras?

Honduras

The largest in terms of population is Francisco Morazán.


Question: What is the area of Honduras?

Honduras

In terms of both population and area, Islas de la Bahía is the smallest department in Honduras.


Question: What is the area of Honduras?

Honduras

[35] [36] Atlántida (founded 1902) Choluteca (1825) Colón (1881) Comayagua (1825) Copán (1869) Cortés (1893) El Paraíso (1869) FranciscoMorazán (1825) Gracias a Dios (1957) Intibucá (1883) Islas de la Bahía (1872) La Paz (1869) Lempira (1825) Ocotepeque (1906) Olancho (1825) Santa Bárbara (1893) Valle (1893) Yoro (1825) Economy and Infrastructure Economy Honduras is a lower-middle-class country with over 66% of its population living in poverty.


Question: What is the area of Honduras?

Honduras

In rural areas, as many as a fifth of people live in extreme poverty.


Question: What is the area of Honduras?

Honduras

After the global economic crisis of 2008-09, the Honduran economy has begun to grow again.


Question: What is the area of Honduras?

Honduras

In 201, gross domestic product grew by 3.7 percent.


Question: What is the area of Honduras?

Honduras

While the economy is showing positive signs, it has some big problems.


Question: What is the area of Honduras?

Honduras

The country has the highest economic inequality in Latin America, and the country has some of the highest murder rates in the world, although violent crime rates have been on the decline in the 2010s.


Question: What is the area of Honduras?

Honduras

[37] A large part of the labour force still derives its income from farming, even though it accounts for only a tenth of GDP.


Question: What is the area of Honduras?

Honduras

Agriculture makes up 35.8% of the workforce.


Question: What is the area of Honduras?

Honduras

In manufacturing, 18.8% of the country's workforce makes a living of the working people and 45.4% of the service sectors.


Question: What is the area of Honduras?

Honduras

[38] The economy is largely dependent on US trade and on subsidies sent by Hondurans living abroad on the other.


Question: What is the area of Honduras?

Honduras

[39] In 2014, as much as 17% of GDP came from funds that Hondurans sent to their homeland worth about $3.3 billion.


Question: What is the area of Honduras?

Honduras

[40] Honduras is divided into two regions in terms of economic priorities.


Question: What is the area of Honduras?

Honduras

There is self-sustaining farming, livestock farming and mining industries in the uplands.


Question: What is the area of Honduras?

Honduras

The economy of the Netherlands is largely based on plantation farming.


Question: What is the area of Honduras?

Honduras

[29] Historically, coffee and bananas have been produced mostly in the country, but since the end of the 20th century there have been efforts to diversify the country's economy.


Question: What is the area of Honduras?

Honduras

In farming, melons, pineapples, tobacco, cotton, palm trees and sugarcane are also important.


Question: What is the area of Honduras?

Honduras

[41] Shrimp and lobsters are especially exported to the United States.


Question: What is the area of Honduras?

Honduras

[29] The industry is dominated by small-scale manufacturing plants.


Question: What is the area of Honduras?

Honduras

Since the late 1990s, dozens of maquiladora factories owned by foreigners have opened in the country.


Question: What is the area of Honduras?

Honduras

[29] They import their materials duty-free and duty-free from the United States and export the products back there.


Question: What is the area of Honduras?

Honduras

[10] Larger industry exists mainly in the urban areas of San Pedro Sula and Tegucigalpa.


Question: What is the area of Honduras?

Honduras

[29] Energy Honduras generates more than half of its energy from fossil fuels.


Question: What is the area of Honduras?

Honduras

The use of hydroelectric power is complicated by variation in water resources caused by the El Niño phenomenon.


Question: What is the area of Honduras?

Honduras

[42] Transport Road transport is at the centre of transport within Honduras.


Question: What is the area of Honduras?

Honduras

The main road is from San Lorenzo in the Pacific via Tegucigalpa and San Pedro Sula in the Caribbean Sea to Puerto Cortez.


Question: What is the area of Honduras?

Honduras

The Inter-American Highway, part of the Pan-American Highway, runs through the country.


Question: What is the area of Honduras?

Honduras

Railroads mostly transport sawn timber and agricultural products.


Question: What is the area of Honduras?

Honduras

[29] Ramón Villeda Morales International Airport in San Pedro Sula is the country's main airport.


Question: What is the area of Honduras?

Honduras

Tegucigalpa's Toncontín International Airport is considerably smaller and not very suitable for big modern jets.


Question: What is the area of Honduras?

Honduras

[29] Population According to the Honduras Central Bureau of Statistics in 2016, there were 8714641 people living in the country.


Question: What is the area of Honduras?

Honduras

[43] Approximately 90% of the inhabitants are Mestites descendants of Spaniards and Indians.


Question: What is the area of Honduras?

Honduras

[29] The largest group of indigenous people is the lencas, who accounted for about 5.5% of the population according to the 2013 census.


Question: What is the area of Honduras?

Honduras

Other groups account for less than one percent.


Question: What is the area of Honduras?

Honduras

[44] Lencoja live mainly in the southeastern part of the country near the border with Guatemala.


Question: What is the area of Honduras?

Honduras

In northeastern Honduras, on the other hand, small numbers of tolupans, miskitas and pechs live.


Question: What is the area of Honduras?

Honduras

On the Caribbean coast, on the other hand, there are West Indian dark-skinned and garifuni.


Question: What is the area of Honduras?

Honduras

[29] Spanish is the official language of Honduras.


Question: What is the area of Honduras?

Honduras

[29] English is spoken on the coasts and islands of the Caribbean Sea.


Question: What is the area of Honduras?

Honduras

Some Native American languages, such as Garifuna, a mixture of some Native American languages, are also spoken especially in villages along the north coast.


Question: What is the area of Honduras?

Honduras

[45] In a 2017 Latino Barometer poll, 39% of the population of Honduras are Protestants, 37% are Catholics, 2% represent other religions, and 21% of the population is non-religious.


Question: What is the area of Honduras?

Honduras

[46] The proportion of Catholics has fallen throughout Latin America throughout the 20th and early 21st centuries, but in Honduras the drop has been the largest in percentage points, as as recently as 1970 Catholics comprised 94% of the population.


Question: What is the area of Honduras?

Honduras

[47] Many of the Catholics have moved to Protestant parishes.


Question: What is the area of Honduras?

Honduras

[29] There is compulsory education in Honduras, and primary education is free.


Question: What is the area of Honduras?

Honduras

[29] However, many families live in poverty, which is why many children drop out of school to help their family with their livelihood.


Question: What is the area of Honduras?

Honduras

[48] In 2010, it was estimated that Honduras will not meet all of the UN Millennium Development Goals by 2015.


Question: What is the area of Honduras?

Honduras

About 60% of the population still lives below the poverty line, with 36% in extreme poverty.


Question: What is the area of Honduras?

Honduras

However, the proportion of malnourished people has decreased promisingly.


Question: What is the area of Honduras?

Honduras

Even more children are starting school, but many drop out of primary school.


Question: What is the area of Honduras?

Honduras

Among middle school children and older, girls already account for more than half.


Question: What is the area of Honduras?

Honduras

The death rate for under-five-year-olds has been reduced from 48 to 30, but the target (16 deaths per 1,000 live births) is missed.


Question: What is the area of Honduras?

Honduras

Vaccination programmes are progressing well.


Question: What is the area of Honduras?

Honduras

The monitoring of maternal mortality has not been provided with all the necessary data.


Question: What is the area of Honduras?

Honduras

The good news is that the presence of a midwife or other professional in childbirth is much more common now than it was in the early 1990s.


Question: What is the area of Honduras?

Honduras

In controlling malaria, the goal has been achieved, the distribution of mosquito nets has contributed a lot to it.


Question: What is the area of Honduras?

Honduras

There are no statistics on forest destruction, but the creation of nature reserves has progressed apace.


Question: What is the area of Honduras?

Honduras

The goal of clean drinking water and a valid toilet has been met.


Question: What is the area of Honduras?

Honduras

The number of slum dwellers has increased between 1990 and 2009.


Question: What is the area of Honduras?

Honduras

A fixed phone line is in about one in ten homes, with even fewer in rural areas, but there has been a drastic increase in cellphones.


Question: What is the area of Honduras?

Honduras

Less than one per cent have their own internet access, but already 9 per cent can access the internet, and the number of internet cafes has increased fivefold in the 21st century.


Question: What is the area of Honduras?

Honduras

[49] In 2007, it was estimated that approximately 0.7% of the adult population were carriers of HIV, a total of about 28000 people.


Question: What is the area of Honduras?

Honduras

The ARVT medication would have needed about 12000 people, but it was received by less than half of them, about 5600 people.


Question: What is the area of Honduras?

Honduras

[50] Culture Hondurans' sense of nationality is often associated with emphasizing that the country is different from the United States and similar to other Latin American countries.


Question: What is the area of Honduras?

Honduras

[51] Following the Spanish conquest and slavery, the ancestors of many Hondurans include European, African and indigenous representatives.


Question: What is the area of Honduras?

Honduras

What is special is that Spanish-speakers with local ancestry proudly call themselves Indians (), while indigenous representatives are referred to as indígenas.


Question: What is the area of Honduras?

Honduras

Music, literature and television series connect Honduras with the Spanish-speaking community.


Question: What is the area of Honduras?

Honduras

[51] Beans and corn tortillas are the basis of the diet.


Question: What is the area of Honduras?

Honduras

[51] Sports Honduras national football team has survived three times to the final tournament of World Cup competitions, 1982, 2010 and 2014.


Question: What is the area of Honduras?

Honduras

In the FIFA rankings, the team was ranked 68th [52] in May 2017.


Question: What is the area of Honduras?

Honduras

There are 227 football clubs in the country and 61300 registered players.


Question: What is the area of Honduras?

Honduras

[53] At the Olympics, Honduras has not received any medals.


Question: What is the area of Honduras?

Honduras

Since 1968, it has participated in 1—5 sports at the Summer Olympics: football, athletics, swimming, judo, taekwondo, boxing, weightlifting, fencing, table tennis and rowing.


Question: What is the area of Honduras?

Honduras

At the 1992 Winter Games in Albertville, it had a representative in women's cross-country skiing.


Question: What is the area of Honduras?

Honduras

[54] Sources (U.S.


Question: What is the area of Honduras?

Honduras

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Question: What is the area of Honduras?

Honduras

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Question: What is the area of Honduras?

Honduras

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Question: What is the area of Honduras?

Honduras

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Honduras

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Question: What is the area of Honduras?

Honduras

References on the topic Elsewhere Coordinates: Category:44 North America * Category:Key articles on screening


Question: Why are dioxins chlorinated?

Dioxins

Dioxins is an imprecise generic name for a group of chlorinated substances that are highly resistant and persistent organic compounds, [1] and belong to so-called POPs.


Question: Why are dioxins chlorinated?

Dioxins

They accumulate in the food chain and a few of them are highly toxic.


Question: Why are dioxins chlorinated?

Dioxins

Dioxins usually include polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs) polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs) some so-called dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls (DL-PCBs).


Question: Why are dioxins chlorinated?

Dioxins

The chemically correct dioxin is 1,4-dioxin, or p-dioxin.


Question: Why are dioxins chlorinated?

Dioxins

It is a simple organic highly flammable liquid that has neither the properties nor toxicity of polychlorinated dibenzodioxins.


Question: Why are dioxins chlorinated?

Dioxins

It forms the middle ring of PCDDs.


Question: Why are dioxins chlorinated?

Dioxins

Structure of dioxins Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins are three-ring planar compounds in which two benzene rings are joined by two oxygen bridges to each other.


Question: Why are dioxins chlorinated?

Dioxins

They have 1 to 8 chlorine atoms and there are 75 congeners (leads) that differ in respect of chlorine atoms.


Question: Why are dioxins chlorinated?

Dioxins

In polychlorinated dibenzofurans, there is only one oxygen bridges, the other bond between the rings is directly from carbon to carbon.


Question: Why are dioxins chlorinated?

Dioxins

There are 135 congeners.


Question: Why are dioxins chlorinated?

Dioxins

There are thus a total of 210 congeners of PCDD/PCDFs, 17 of which are toxic.


Question: Why are dioxins chlorinated?

Dioxins

[1] Toxicity requires chlorination to positions 2,3,7 and 8; there may be more chlorines, but the intensity, as a rule, decreases with each additional chlorine.


Question: Why are dioxins chlorinated?

Dioxins

Chlorines at positions 2,3,7 and 8 also prevent enzymes from digesting PCDD/F substances; if any of these are absent, the substance is metabolized relatively quickly.


Question: Why are dioxins chlorinated?

Dioxins

The type substance TCDD, or 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin, is one of the most potent synthetic poisons.


Question: Why are dioxins chlorinated?

Dioxins

[1] [2] There are 209 PCBs in total, but there are only 12 dioxin-like compounds, four non-ortho compounds with no chlorine in the ortho position relative to the carbon-carbon bond connecting two benzene rings (2, 2', 6 or 6' in the formula), and eight so-called mono-ortho compounds.


Question: Why are dioxins chlorinated?

Dioxins

Dioxin-like effects are prerequisite for planar structure, and ortho-chlorines prevent the PCB molecule from settling into a planar form, or conformation.


Question: Why are dioxins chlorinated?

Dioxins

[1] Dioxins of different-structure act qualitatively in the same way, but with 30,000-fold differences in intensity between them.


Question: Why are dioxins chlorinated?

Dioxins

In order to compare them, the so-called. Toxic Equivalency Factor (TEF), which allows to calculate the interaction of substances in the mixture.


Question: Why are dioxins chlorinated?

Dioxins

[3] In it, different substances are converted into computational TCDD and can be added together in a little bit the same way as beer, wine and rafters can be added together as absolute alcohol.


Question: Why are dioxins chlorinated?

Dioxins

Dioxins Formation PCDD and PCDFs are not produced intentionally, but arise as byproducts of incomplete combustion and chlorination processes.


Question: Why are dioxins chlorinated?

Dioxins

The most significant sources of dioxins are landfill fires, metal industry and small wood burning in Finland [1] [4].


Question: Why are dioxins chlorinated?

Dioxins

Dioxins are also formed, for example, in pulp and paper production, waste oil disposal and incineration.


Question: Why are dioxins chlorinated?

Dioxins

[1] [5] The European Union's waste incineration directive is so stringent that, when complied with, dioxins are less in flue gases than in fuel.


Question: Why are dioxins chlorinated?

Dioxins

In polluted countries, old sawmill areas in Finland are rich in dioxins.


Question: Why are dioxins chlorinated?

Dioxins

They are derived from the fungicides chlorophenols used to inhibit bluing, where they were present as an impurity.


Question: Why are dioxins chlorinated?

Dioxins

PCBs have been used as durable oils for many different purposes.


Question: Why are dioxins chlorinated?

Dioxins

They are mixtures and also contain trace amounts of dioxin-like PCBs and mm.


Question: Why are dioxins chlorinated?

Dioxins

dibenzofurans.


Question: Why are dioxins chlorinated?

Dioxins

Although they are no longer in use, they still exist in significant quantities in products (e.g. plastics) and the environment.


Question: Why are dioxins chlorinated?

Dioxins

[1] [6] Stages of dioxins in the environment and in the body Dioxins are sustainable in the environment and in the body — their half-life in the human body varies from one year to over ten years.


Question: Why are dioxins chlorinated?

Dioxins

[7] They are fat-soluble, so they get rich in the food chain.


Question: Why are dioxins chlorinated?

Dioxins

For this reason, dioxins interfere with the reproduction of animals at the top of the food chain, such as seals and eagles.


Question: Why are dioxins chlorinated?

Dioxins

On the other hand, dioxins are so poorly soluble in water and cling to soil that they hardly move from contaminated lands and do not fall into groundwater.


Question: Why are dioxins chlorinated?

Dioxins

The main sources for humans are meat and milk in Central Europe, since dioxins have spread to pastures from flue gases.


Question: Why are dioxins chlorinated?

Dioxins

In Finland, the largest source is Baltic fish with comparatively high concentrations, while meat and dairy products are very clean.


Question: Why are dioxins chlorinated?

Dioxins

Slow elimination from the human body and long half-life mean that constant intake of food increases slowly but continuously throughout life.


Question: Why are dioxins chlorinated?

Dioxins

Therefore, people in their 60s have 5-10 times more dioxins in their body than 20-year-olds.


Question: Why are dioxins chlorinated?

Dioxins

[8] On the other hand, it means that only a long exposure is crucial, and relatively large short-term exposure, e.g. during feed contamination episodes, does little to change the amount of dioxin in the body.


Question: Why are dioxins chlorinated?

Dioxins

[1] Therefore, it has not been considered appropriate, for example, to limit the consumption of fish separately during pregnancy, but the same guidelines apply as until then.


Question: Why are dioxins chlorinated?

Dioxins

[9] Baltic salmon contains a quantity of dioxin exceeding EU limits.


Question: Why are dioxins chlorinated?

Dioxins

Finland and Sweden have a waiver to sell fish exceeding the values of dioxin.


Question: Why are dioxins chlorinated?

Dioxins

Baltic salmon and trout or large herring over 17cm are recommended to be eaten no more than one to two times a month.


Question: Why are dioxins chlorinated?

Dioxins

[9] Effects of dioxins The effects of dioxins are based on the so-called to the AH receptor, or “dioxin receptor”.


Question: Why are dioxins chlorinated?

Dioxins

This is a transcriptional factor in cells that regulates the expression of many genes.


Question: Why are dioxins chlorinated?

Dioxins

[10] The AH receptor is also stimulated by many other contaminants and one of its key functions is to accelerate the metabolism of contaminants to remove toxic substances.


Question: Why are dioxins chlorinated?

Dioxins

This is done by inducing the expression of several CYP enzymes, e.g. CYP1A1.


Question: Why are dioxins chlorinated?

Dioxins

Thus, moderate AH receptor stimulation is probably a beneficial rather than harmful phenomenon and aims to protect the body from toxic effects.


Question: Why are dioxins chlorinated?

Dioxins

Strong long-term stimulation results in harm and toxic effects.


Question: Why are dioxins chlorinated?

Dioxins

Dioxins have not significantly affected humans due to dietary exposure because the human diet is more diverse than that of seals and sea eagles.


Question: Why are dioxins chlorinated?

Dioxins

Due to the good fatty acids contained in fish, eating fish is considered healthy, despite its possible high concentrations of dioxins.


Question: Why are dioxins chlorinated?

Dioxins

However, in order to reduce dioxin exposure, it is recommended to eat as diverse as possible fish growing in different regions and of different species.


Question: Why are dioxins chlorinated?

Dioxins

[2] [9] TEF and TEQ Dioxins, furans, and dioxin-like PCBs all act through the AH receptor, but have very different potency.


Question: Why are dioxins chlorinated?

Dioxins

When they are assigned a TeF value consistent with strength, the amount of each congener can be expressed as if it were TCDD.


Question: Why are dioxins chlorinated?

Dioxins

[1] The amount of matter (often in picograms or nanograms) is multiplied by its TEF value, yielding a computational amount of the congener's TCDD equivalent.


Question: Why are dioxins chlorinated?

Dioxins

When the equivalent quantities of all congeners in a mixture are added up, a TEQ value is obtained, indicating the amount of the mixture as a computed TCDD quantity (TCDD Equivalence).


Question: Why are dioxins chlorinated?

Dioxins

The TEFs in use have been drawn up by the World Health Organization Expert Group in 2005.


Question: Why are dioxins chlorinated?

Dioxins

[3] CongenereriTEF -Value dibenzo-p-dioxin2,3,7,8-tcdd11,2,3,7,8-penta-cdd11,2,3,4,7,8-hexa-cdd0,11,2,3,6,7,8-hexa-cdd0,11,2,3,7,8,9-hexa-cdd0,11,2,3,4,6,7,8-hepta-cdd0,01octa-cdd0,0003dibenzofuran2,3,7,8-tetra-cdf0,11,2,3,7,8-penta-cdf0,032,3,4,7,8-penta-cdf0,31,2,3,4,7,8-hexa-cdf0,11,2,3,6,7,8-hexa- cdf0,11,2,3,7,8,9-hepta-cdf0,12,3,4,6,7,8-hexa-cdf0,11,2,3,4,6,7,8-hepta-cdf0,011,2,3,4,8,9-hepta-cdf0,01octa-cdf0,0003non-ortho-pcb3,3',4,4'-tetra-cb (77) 0,00013,4,4',5-tetra-cb (77) 0,00013,4,4',5-tetra-cb (77) 0,00013,4,4',5-tetra-cb (77) 0,00013,4,4',5-tetra-cb -cb (81) 0.00033,3',4,4',5-penta-cb (126) 0,13,3',4,4',5,5'-hexa-cb (169) 0.03mono-ortho-pcb2,3,3',4,4'-penta-cb (105) 0.000032,3,4,4',5-penta-cb (114) 0.000032,3',4,4',5-penta-cb (118) 0.000032',3,4,4',5-penta-cb (123) 0.000032,3,3,3',4',5-hexa-cb (156) 0.000032,3,3',4,4',5-hexa-CB (157) 0.000032,3',4,4',5,5'-hexa-CB (167) 0.000032,3,3',4,4',5,5'-hepta-cb (189) 0.00003 Adverse reactions of dioxins observed Side effects in humans include chloracne in cases of poisoning and disruption of tooth development.


Question: Why are dioxins chlorinated?

Dioxins

Symptoms of severe long-term PCB poisoning caused by rice oil contamination (Yusho and Yucheng) also have mainly dioxin-like effects.


Question: Why are dioxins chlorinated?

Dioxins

These poisonings saw a very wide range of developmental disorders, most different skin symptoms in the birth children.


Question: Why are dioxins chlorinated?

Dioxins

[1] In laboratory animals, weight loss of up to 50% and decreases in body temperature have been observed.


Question: Why are dioxins chlorinated?

Dioxins

Death from poisoning is typically delayed, 1—3 weeks after high dose administration.


Question: Why are dioxins chlorinated?

Dioxins

The sensitivity of different animal species and even strains to the acute poison effects of dioxins is typically very different.


Question: Why are dioxins chlorinated?

Dioxins

The guinea pig is thousands of times more sensitive than a hamster, and there can also be thousand-fold differences between different rat strains (LD50, that is, the average lethal dose for said species and strains is about 1 microgram to more than 10,000 micrograms per kilogram).


Question: Why are dioxins chlorinated?

Dioxins

This has made risk assessment more difficult.


Question: Why are dioxins chlorinated?

Dioxins

[1] High doses cause a very wide range of toxic effects in laboratory animals, the most susceptible appearing to be various developmental disorders.


Question: Why are dioxins chlorinated?

Dioxins

[11] It also appears that dioxins greatly interfere with the sexual development of male fetuses and, for example, subsequent sperm production.


Question: Why are dioxins chlorinated?

Dioxins

[1] Already a very low dose of dioxin (e.g. TCDD of some tens of ng/kg) increases the activity of cytochrome P450 subtype 1A1; subtypes 1A2 (in the liver) and 1B1 are also activated at a slightly higher dose.


Question: Why are dioxins chlorinated?

Dioxins

In high doses, dioxins cause thymus atrophy and increase the susceptibility of animals to develop various types of infectious diseases by weakening immunity.


Question: Why are dioxins chlorinated?

Dioxins

Fetuses are significantly more sensitive than adult animals to certain effects of dioxins.


Question: Why are dioxins chlorinated?

Dioxins

Dioxins cause malformations in fetuses (e.g., cleft palate and water egg).


Question: Why are dioxins chlorinated?

Dioxins

In rats, the future effect at very low doses is the development of the third molar tooth or even the absence of a tooth at a dose of 1 microgram per kilogram given to the mother during pregnancy.


Question: Why are dioxins chlorinated?

Dioxins

[1] TCDD is an animal carcinogen that causes several different cancers, and cancer risk has been considered a key risk in the past.


Question: Why are dioxins chlorinated?

Dioxins

It is classified as a carcinogen (Class A) by the International Cancer Research Institute IARC.


Question: Why are dioxins chlorinated?

Dioxins

[12] However, the substance is not mutagenic.


Question: Why are dioxins chlorinated?

Dioxins

In animal studies, carcinogenicity is associated with general toxicity, and many groups of researchers consider carcinogenicity secondary and caused by high-dose toxicity, e.g., due to the formation of oxygen radicals.


Question: Why are dioxins chlorinated?

Dioxins

[13] [14] In labor toxicology studies, it has proven to be a relatively weak carcinogen.


Question: Why are dioxins chlorinated?

Dioxins

[15] Therefore, in 1998, a group of experts from the World Health Organization considered that the main risk of dioxins is not the risk of cancer, but the risk of developmental disorders during pregnancy and lactation.


Question: Why are dioxins chlorinated?

Dioxins

[11] [16] Dioxins other than TCDD have not been adequately studied to assess their risk of cancer to humans.


Question: Why are dioxins chlorinated?

Dioxins

[15] Historical cases As a result of poor security arrangements, a chlorophenol tank was exploded in 1976 in the chemical plant of the small town of Seveso near Milan in northern Italy, releasing several kilograms of toxic dioxin TCDD into the air.


Question: Why are dioxins chlorinated?

Dioxins

People reportedly did not die from the effects of TCDD, many animals were instead found dead.


Question: Why are dioxins chlorinated?

Dioxins

However, chloracne was observed in humans and tooth damage in infants, [1] and exposed boys later had significantly more daughters than sons.


Question: Why are dioxins chlorinated?

Dioxins

[17] In 1998 in Vienna, two women were poisoned at their workplace with high doses of TCDD.


Question: Why are dioxins chlorinated?

Dioxins

Another of them measured 144,000 pg/g of dioxin in serum fat samples, the highest value ever measured from a human and requires a dose of dioxin at least a couple of milligrams.


Question: Why are dioxins chlorinated?

Dioxins

He survived, but suffered from extremely severe chloracne for years.


Question: Why are dioxins chlorinated?

Dioxins

Surprisingly, she had no initial stomach problems and subsequent menstrual disorders, except for other symptoms, and almost nothing abnormal in laboratory studies.


Question: Why are dioxins chlorinated?

Dioxins

[18] Even in an isolated case, this indicates that man is not as sensitive as the most susceptible species of animals.


Question: Why are dioxins chlorinated?

Dioxins

In January 1999, around 50kg of PCB oil was drained in Belgium and about 1 g of dioxins as its impurity into a tank where e.g.


Question: Why are dioxins chlorinated?

Dioxins

oils collected from restaurants for reuse for animal feed.


Question: Why are dioxins chlorinated?

Dioxins

What followed was a prolonged PCB and dioxin crisis, which shocked the Belgian national economy and changed the European Union's food controls.


Question: Why are dioxins chlorinated?

Dioxins

Effects were noted for chickens becoming ill with symptoms typical of dioxin, and analysis found first dioxins and then PCB.


Question: Why are dioxins chlorinated?

Dioxins

The highest dioxin concentrations in chicken meat were 2613 pg per gram of fat, averaging 170 pg.


Question: Why are dioxins chlorinated?

Dioxins

[19] More than 55,000 PCB analyses and 500 dioxin analyses were performed in Belgium.


Question: Why are dioxins chlorinated?

Dioxins

Despite very high concentrations of dioxin in chicken meat, no health risks are expected to arise because exposure remained short-term.


Question: Why are dioxins chlorinated?

Dioxins

At the population level, concentrations were not significantly elevated in humans.


Question: Why are dioxins chlorinated?

Dioxins

[20] In 2004, there was an attempt to poison Viktor Yushchenko, the then presidential candidate of Ukraine, with a high dose of dioxin.


Question: Why are dioxins chlorinated?

Dioxins

It was later found to have a dioxin concentration of 106,000 pg/g, nearly as high as in the Vienna poisoning case.


Question: Why are dioxins chlorinated?

Dioxins

After initial nausea, the most significant symptom was chloracne.


Question: Why are dioxins chlorinated?

Dioxins

[1] [21] in Germany in late 2010 dioxin was found in chicken eggs.


Question: Why are dioxins chlorinated?

Dioxins

Concentrations (measured per fat) exceeded the European Union maximum limit of 3 pg/g in extreme cases by four times, most of which were within the limit.


Question: Why are dioxins chlorinated?

Dioxins

In meat, dioxin was about 5 pg/g, compared with a limit of 2 pg/g.


Question: Why are dioxins chlorinated?

Dioxins

[22] Dioxin ended up in chickens through animal feed on which industrial fat has been used between mid-November and mid-December 2010.


Question: Why are dioxins chlorinated?

Dioxins

[22] Dioxin 63 pg/g was found in some fat batches used for feed.


Question: Why are dioxins chlorinated?

Dioxins

The final feed of one feed mill had 1.56 pg/g of dioxin (maximum concentration 0.75 pg/g), feed from other mills did not exceed the maximum.


Question: Why are dioxins chlorinated?

Dioxins

One pork sample out of 149 analyzed also exceeded the maximum (1.5 pg/g) and three others mildly but within the margin of error (1.07-1.08 pg/g, maximum for pork 1 pg/g).


Question: Why are dioxins chlorinated?

Dioxins

[23] Nearly 5000 holdings were placed under the precautionary principle, but could gradually be released once analyses were completed.


Question: Why are dioxins chlorinated?

Dioxins

The episode was therefore considerably less severe than the 1998 feed disaster in Belgium.


Question: Why are dioxins chlorinated?

Dioxins

[1] See also polychlorinated biphenyl polychlorinated dibenzodioxins polychlorinated dibenzofurans POPs Sources Tuomisto J, Vartiainen T, Tuomisto JT.


Question: Why are dioxins chlorinated?

Dioxins

Dioxins and PCBs: Synopsis.


Question: Why are dioxins chlorinated?

Dioxins

Department of Health and Welfare THL 2011. Tuomisto J, Vartiainen T. Dioxins and Health — from molecular biology to contraceptive measures.


Question: Why are dioxins chlorinated?

Dioxins

Duodecim 2004:120:1664-1672.


Question: Why are dioxins chlorinated?

Dioxins

Tuomisto J. 100 questions on the environment and health: from arsenic to oil, ss.


Question: Why are dioxins chlorinated?

Dioxins


Question: Why are dioxins chlorinated?

Dioxins

Kustannus oy Duodecim, Helsinki.


Question: Why are dioxins chlorinated?

Dioxins

ISBN 951-656-221-3 References on the topic elsewhere Category:POPs Category:Toxic Chemicals Category:Carcinogens Category:Key articles in screening


Question: In what year is the far-right Lapuan movement founded?

Lapuan Movement

The Lapua Movement (sometimes Lapuan movement) was a Finnish right-wing radical [1] anti-communist popular movement influenced between 1929 and 1932.


Question: In what year is the far-right Lapuan movement founded?

Lapuan Movement

In its initial phase, the movement was pan-bourgeois in nature, but after achieving its primary objective, the prohibition of communist activities, the movement became radicalized and lost the support of the Agrarian and moderate right.


Question: In what year is the far-right Lapuan movement founded?

Lapuan Movement

The Lapuan movement ceased after the failed Mäntsälä Rebellion (27 February — 6 March 1932), after it had failed to overthrow the legitimate government.


Question: In what year is the far-right Lapuan movement founded?

Lapuan Movement

The political programme of the movement was continued by the Patriotic People's Movement (IKL) from 1932 to 1944.


Question: In what year is the far-right Lapuan movement founded?

Lapuan Movement

Main features of the movement's background and development The movement said that the cornered party politicking had poisoned the state atmosphere and caused parties to forget about the interests of the Motherland and Finns.


Question: In what year is the far-right Lapuan movement founded?

Lapuan Movement

In place of the “rampant” parliamentarianism, firm governmental powers had to be replaced by the Lapua Lapua Liika Ry, among other things, a majority election.


Question: In what year is the far-right Lapuan movement founded?

Lapuan Movement

In the opinion of Docent Jussi Niinistö, the Lapua Movement was the most powerful popular movement in Finnish political history, if not the most powerful in the history of Finland, since it got through all its original demands between 1929 and 1930.


Question: In what year is the far-right Lapuan movement founded?

Lapuan Movement

[2] Initially, the People's Movement was a “posture movement” in support of the government, but soon morphed into a protest movement.


Question: In what year is the far-right Lapuan movement founded?

Lapuan Movement

The Lapuan movement had several different means of influence.


Question: In what year is the far-right Lapuan movement founded?

Lapuan Movement

Civic assemblies, civic embassies, delegations, demonstrations of mass power and various pleadings were peaceful modes of action of the popular movement.


Question: In what year is the far-right Lapuan movement founded?

Lapuan Movement

Also influential were mounting clamping on Labour houses and “purges” of local councils, in which local councillors known as communists were pressured and intimidated into resigning from their positions of trust.


Question: In what year is the far-right Lapuan movement founded?

Lapuan Movement

Lapua's movement did not curl force, which also led to the breaking of the laws.


Question: In what year is the far-right Lapuan movement founded?

Lapuan Movement

The most famous form of activity was the “pluses” (rides) of communists and other leftists, which were more or less violent.


Question: In what year is the far-right Lapuan movement founded?

Lapuan Movement

Some of those ridden ended up across the eastern border into the Soviet Union.


Question: In what year is the far-right Lapuan movement founded?

Lapuan Movement

Under the “Lapuan Law”, in addition to illegal rides, the Lapuans committed numerous assaults and even a few murders.


Question: In what year is the far-right Lapuan movement founded?

Lapuan Movement

[3] From the end of 1929 until the end of 1930, the Lapua Movement functioned as a spontaneous popular movement with Ostrobothnia as a solid area of support and Vihtori Kosola, a charismatic farmer, activist and peasant as its ideological leader.


Question: In what year is the far-right Lapuan movement founded?

Lapuan Movement

Initially, the core organisation of the popular movement was Suomen Lukko, with Artturi Leinonen as its leader.


Question: In what year is the far-right Lapuan movement founded?

Lapuan Movement

In general, the spelling lapuanmovement refers to precisely this stage of popular movement.


Question: In what year is the far-right Lapuan movement founded?

Lapuan Movement

In its own time, however, the popular movement was commonly referred to as just the Lapuan movement.


Question: In what year is the far-right Lapuan movement founded?

Lapuan Movement

In November 1930, the movement reorganized into an organization under the name Lapuan Liika Ry, which, however, still retained the proportions of a popular movement thanks to its 30000 active members.


Question: In what year is the far-right Lapuan movement founded?

Lapuan Movement

This organization was dissolved after the failed Mäntsälä Rebellion (27 February — 6 March 1932) on 24 March 1932.


Question: In what year is the far-right Lapuan movement founded?

Lapuan Movement

The main difference between the Lapua Movement and the Lapua Movement was the latter's insistence on the prohibition of social democratic, that is, all remaining Marxist activities.


Question: In what year is the far-right Lapuan movement founded?

Lapuan Movement

[2] The original popular movement relied on so-called white labour, i.e. non-socialist laborers, especially the Cörty peasants, as well as the rest of the rural population, clergy, civil servants and other educated and civilized middle classes.


Question: In what year is the far-right Lapuan movement founded?

Lapuan Movement

Lapuan Liha Ry, on the other hand, emerged with the gradual radicalization of the popular movement.


Question: In what year is the far-right Lapuan movement founded?

Lapuan Movement

Its active adherence included the so-called upper middle class, namely senior civil servants, wealthier civilisation, more authoritative clergy, powerful military leaders, as well as industrialists and other representatives of the corporate world.


Question: In what year is the far-right Lapuan movement founded?

Lapuan Movement

[4] The Lapua movement took influences from various far-right parties in Europe, especially the Fascists in Italy.


Question: In what year is the far-right Lapuan movement founded?

Lapuan Movement

Mussolini's rise to power and activities in Italy were openly admired among the Lapuans.


Question: In what year is the far-right Lapuan movement founded?

Lapuan Movement

[5] Although the Lapuan movement was combined with the pan-European anti-communist, right-wing radical and bourgeois movement of its time, it does not always count as a right-wing radical.


Question: In what year is the far-right Lapuan movement founded?

Lapuan Movement

Right-wing radicalism subsequently emerged from the tradition of post-activism and was represented by subsequent smaller organisations influenced from the mid-1930s onwards, which had generally emerged from the inner circle of the highly educated and many times Lapuan movement in its time.


Question: In what year is the far-right Lapuan movement founded?

Lapuan Movement

[4] At the party-political decision-level, a form of Finnish right-wing radicalism was mainly represented by the Patriotic People's Movement (IKL), which was established as an extension of the disbanded Lapua Liika Ry on 5 June 1932 in Hämeenlinna.


Question: In what year is the far-right Lapuan movement founded?

Lapuan Movement

The ideological basis and historical background of the whole popular movement was the Finnish Civil War and other events of 1917—1918.


Question: In what year is the far-right Lapuan movement founded?

Lapuan Movement

After the war, it seemed that the extreme left had been wiped off the political map of Finland, and Finland's bourgeois democracy was not threatened.


Question: In what year is the far-right Lapuan movement founded?

Lapuan Movement

However, the Communist Party of Finland (SKP), founded in the Soviet Union, began to operate in Finland in the 1920s through the Finnish Socialist Workers' Party (SSTP) (1920-1923) and its successor Socialist Workers' and Small Farmers' Electoral Organisation (STPV) (1924—1930).


Question: In what year is the far-right Lapuan movement founded?

Lapuan Movement

The Communists won 27 seats in the parliamentary elections in 1922, 18 seats in 1924, 20 seats in 1927 and 23 in 1929.


Question: In what year is the far-right Lapuan movement founded?

Lapuan Movement

As early as 1923, the Kallion I government had implemented the so-called “Kallio cut” and ceased operations of the SSTP, as well as arresting communist actives.


Question: In what year is the far-right Lapuan movement founded?

Lapuan Movement

The activation of the far-left was evident in the fact that so-called white workmen, who had been icemen, tribal warriors or who had served in the war in the white forces, were forced to apologise in the labour papers for these “crimes”.


Question: In what year is the far-right Lapuan movement founded?

Lapuan Movement

The apology took place in public, usually in a communist-controlled workers' magazine.


Question: In what year is the far-right Lapuan movement founded?

Lapuan Movement

Unless repented, had to pay fines or pressured to resign from the job.


Question: In what year is the far-right Lapuan movement founded?

Lapuan Movement

According to Docent Jussi Niinistö, work site terror also included violence described as an accident at work.


Question: In what year is the far-right Lapuan movement founded?

Lapuan Movement

He describes it this way: Similarly, Professor Juha Siltala has stated in his doctoral thesis in 1985 that the Communists, with their terror at the site, provided an effective propaganda weapon to bourgeois circles.


Question: In what year is the far-right Lapuan movement founded?

Lapuan Movement

For those who support white Finland in particular, humbling in the face of the “Moscow minions” was a bitter blow.


Question: In what year is the far-right Lapuan movement founded?

Lapuan Movement

During his graduate work in 1967, researcher Pekka Vanhala examined 482 apology cases, 40% of which were political.


Question: In what year is the far-right Lapuan movement founded?

Lapuan Movement

In 93% of political cases, the apology was due to the worker's belonging to a patronage council.


Question: In what year is the far-right Lapuan movement founded?

Lapuan Movement

As many as 73% of all public apologies in Southern Ostrobothnia were from former patrons and Civil War veterans.


Question: In what year is the far-right Lapuan movement founded?

Lapuan Movement

The Lapua movement later took as one of its objectives the eradication of this phenomenon known as site terror.


Question: In what year is the far-right Lapuan movement founded?

Lapuan Movement

[2] In addition, the communists organized strikes at factories and shipyards where commodities were produced for the needs of the state.


Question: In what year is the far-right Lapuan movement founded?

Lapuan Movement

The defence industry, for example, was subject to strike action.


Question: In what year is the far-right Lapuan movement founded?

Lapuan Movement

In particular, the ten-month-long strike of submarine manufacturer Crichton-Vulcan in Turku in 1927 heated emotions.


Question: In what year is the far-right Lapuan movement founded?

Lapuan Movement

The Communists received strike instructions from the Soviet Union along with monetary strike grants.


Question: In what year is the far-right Lapuan movement founded?

Lapuan Movement

[2] For the emergence of the anti-communist popular movement, disputes between bourgeois parties also played a major role.


Question: In what year is the far-right Lapuan movement founded?

Lapuan Movement

In the eyes of the Lapuan movement, the civil war and subsequent state, or White Finland, had been the ideal state of pan-bourgeois and national existence.


Question: In what year is the far-right Lapuan movement founded?

Lapuan Movement

The burghers had collectively been on the verge of defeating the red danger from the east, which had been left halfway to tackling.


Question: In what year is the far-right Lapuan movement founded?

Lapuan Movement

White Finland, which mobilized Lapua, was an ideal state of aspiration, whereas for the centrist parties it was only a temporary transition.


Question: In what year is the far-right Lapuan movement founded?

Lapuan Movement

In the Civil War victory parade, Gustaf Mannerheim had called for firm rule and the preservation of national existence, namely White Finland, but in the view of supporters of a future popular movement, neither of these had materialised.


Question: In what year is the far-right Lapuan movement founded?

Lapuan Movement

After the government-style struggle, the ousting of Mannerheim from political life, the red-prisoner amnesties, minority governments of the centrist parties and various crises such as the patronage conflict, the Coalition, effectively excluded from governments entirely, was at odds with the centrist parties ( Agrarian League, National Progress Party) with.


Question: In what year is the far-right Lapuan movement founded?

Lapuan Movement

The previously staunchly bourgeois Swedish People's Party again cooperated with the SDP and the SDP again supported centrist minority governments.


Question: In what year is the far-right Lapuan movement founded?

Lapuan Movement

[6] This bourgeois dispersal, conflicts arising from front, class and group requests combined with the sense of danger created by the activation of communist activities and the spirit of war of liberation gave rise to the Lapuan movement, although in fact, at the birth of the popular movement in 1929, the communist danger was at their very least, and the Social Democrats were already practically adapted and committed to bourgeois democracy.


Question: In what year is the far-right Lapuan movement founded?

Lapuan Movement

[7] One of the foundations of the Lapua movement were the strike breaker organisations.


Question: In what year is the far-right Lapuan movement founded?

Lapuan Movement

The most famous of these was the Group Vientiraumaa led by Martti Pihkala.


Question: In what year is the far-right Lapuan movement founded?

Lapuan Movement

After the strike broke out, the workers of the Vientipeace quarter were brought in to do the work and the labor struggle was broken.


Question: In what year is the far-right Lapuan movement founded?

Lapuan Movement

The Ostrobothans played an active role in strike breaking activities, for example, during the hardest times of the Vient Peace during the nationwide port strike of 1928—1929, most of the strike breakers were Ostrobothians.


Question: In what year is the far-right Lapuan movement founded?

Lapuan Movement

In Southern Ostrobothnia, Vihtori Kosola, a farmer who recruited the Civil War whites already served as a recruiter for picketers, tribal warriors and white people from the Civil War.


Question: In what year is the far-right Lapuan movement founded?

Lapuan Movement

[2] In addition to the Peace of Export, a well-known organization was the Finnish Patronage Association, founded by Gustaf Mannerheim and P. E. Svinhufvud, which distributed anti-communist bulletins to the press.


Question: In what year is the far-right Lapuan movement founded?

Lapuan Movement

In addition, anti-communist Enlightenment work was carried out by the Academic Karelia Society and the League of Independence, which broke away from it.


Question: In what year is the far-right Lapuan movement founded?

Lapuan Movement

Perhaps the most significant organisation that contributed to the emergence of the Lapuan movement was the League of Front Men of the War of Independence, whose aim was to eradicate communism and eliminate site terror.


Question: In what year is the far-right Lapuan movement founded?

Lapuan Movement

[2] Birth of the anti-communist popular movement Lapua Challenge party In November 1929, the Finnish Trade Union Organisation (SAJ) unsuccessfully declared a general strike in the country, with the result that the attitude atmosphere in the country quickly turned anti-communist.


Question: In what year is the far-right Lapuan movement founded?

Lapuan Movement

[8] Members of the Communist Youth Union of Finland had begun to bully the burghers by rolling along villages in red sickle and hammer shirts, mocking independent Finland and Christian values.


Question: In what year is the far-right Lapuan movement founded?

Lapuan Movement

[8] [9] The Youth Movement was the most active and pure-learning part of the SKP, extending the spectacular activities recommended by the VI Congress of the Comintern to the core area of “white Finland”, Southern Ostrobothnia during 1929.


Question: In what year is the far-right Lapuan movement founded?

Lapuan Movement

[9] For example, at a celebration in Kurika, Jesus was called a “hooker's penis" [8] and a large sign depicting the Soviet flag was erected at the Lapuan Workers' House, which read: “Let us strive under this flag”.


Question: In what year is the far-right Lapuan movement founded?

Lapuan Movement

[8] In Lapua, the communist Lapua Young Workers' Study Association organized SKP on the mandate of the Vaasa headquarters from 23—24.


Question: In what year is the far-right Lapuan movement founded?

Lapuan Movement

November 1929, a challenge party in Lapua, whose repertoire mocked Mannerheim and independent Finland.


Question: In what year is the far-right Lapuan movement founded?

Lapuan Movement

[8] [9] As early as 23 November, local schoolboys had thrown odour bombs at the occasion and scrambled to grate red shirts off the performers.


Question: In what year is the far-right Lapuan movement founded?

Lapuan Movement

Police interrupted the celebration before the situation was turning into an aerial brawl.


Question: In what year is the far-right Lapuan movement founded?

Lapuan Movement

Communists who arrived on the evening train on 23 November were not allowed to land from the train and gunfire could be heard from the Workers' House.


Question: In what year is the far-right Lapuan movement founded?

Lapuan Movement

[9] Finally, the next day on November 24, about 1,000 people surrounded the Labor House.


Question: In what year is the far-right Lapuan movement founded?

Lapuan Movement

The Lapuans marched inside the house under the leadership of Vihtori Kosola and said: “There have been enough mockery of God, treasonous activities and degraded the Motherland, now the play stops here once and for all!”


Question: In what year is the far-right Lapuan movement founded?

Lapuan Movement

Following the announcement, the Lapuans violently took off their communists' red shirts and, after a harsh confession by Emil Tabell, an MP who arrived, threw out Emil Tabell, who arrived.


Question: In what year is the far-right Lapuan movement founded?

Lapuan Movement

[8] [9] Eventually the incident turned into a mass brawl, calmed down by the newly arrived police officers.


Question: In what year is the far-right Lapuan movement founded?

Lapuan Movement

In skirmish e.g.


Question: In what year is the far-right Lapuan movement founded?

Lapuan Movement

were torn from the walls of the Labour House with signs “God help the burghers” and “God has empowered capitalists to be robbers”.


Question: In what year is the far-right Lapuan movement founded?

Lapuan Movement

[8] Eventually the Communists were driven out of Lapua by schoolboy pranks and taunts.


Question: In what year is the far-right Lapuan movement founded?

Lapuan Movement

[2] The Communist-held Lapua Workers' House was nailed shut.


Question: In what year is the far-right Lapuan movement founded?

Lapuan Movement

When it had to be opened again, following a change in circumstances in September 1931, a new domestic political crisis arose.


Question: In what year is the far-right Lapuan movement founded?

Lapuan Movement

Citizens' meetings Gustav Tiitu, an agrarian farmer, contacted Artturi Leinonen, editor of newspaper Ilka, to call a citizens' assembly.


Question: In what year is the far-right Lapuan movement founded?

Lapuan Movement

A notice was published in Ilka and Vaasa magazine: “The Citizens' Assembly of Southern Ostrobothnia in Lapua Seuratalo next Sunday, 1 December, starting at 1 p.m.


Question: In what year is the far-right Lapuan movement founded?

Lapuan Movement

The meeting will be presented with the growing sedition activities of the Communists.


Question: In what year is the far-right Lapuan movement founded?

Lapuan Movement

A bunch of Lapuans”.


Question: In what year is the far-right Lapuan movement founded?

Lapuan Movement

In the end, more than 2000 people came to the Citizens' Assembly and from other provinces, and the committee that organised it included the Coalition Rector Hilja Riipinen and the Vicar K. R. Kares of Lapua, in addition to Tiitti, Leinonen and Kosola.


Question: In what year is the far-right Lapuan movement founded?

Lapuan Movement

The meeting in Lapua lasted more than three hours and more than 80 speeches were made.


Question: In what year is the far-right Lapuan movement founded?

Lapuan Movement

In his speech, Leinonen expressed that the common will of the people was to crush communism and asked if it could be accomplished by legitimate means.


Question: In what year is the far-right Lapuan movement founded?

Lapuan Movement

Referring to the 1925 Supreme Court decision to abolish the communists' front organization, Kosola criticized that the Communists do not “respect the religion and common fatherland held sacred by the Finnish people, the laws of Finland, and nothing else that is held sacred by us from generation to generation”.


Question: In what year is the far-right Lapuan movement founded?

Lapuan Movement

However, not all of the speeches corresponded to the legality of Leinose and Kosola, for example, Helsinki-based activist Ahto Sippola called on the participants of the meeting to take arms with them and march to Helsinki.


Question: In what year is the far-right Lapuan movement founded?

Lapuan Movement

One of the prominent speakers of the Citizens' Assembly was the High Awakening leader Vihtori Duke, who said: “Selfish requests are prevalent and they are not understood by the men of 1918.


Question: In what year is the far-right Lapuan movement founded?

Lapuan Movement

It wasn't parliament that saved us in 1918, there were only intrigues and babbles.


Question: In what year is the far-right Lapuan movement founded?

Lapuan Movement

Whoever God wills to drown, that he beats with blindness”.


Question: In what year is the far-right Lapuan movement founded?

Lapuan Movement

The meeting expressed disappointment with the volatile domestic political situation and the fact that parties, particularly the bourgeois parties, when competing with each other, did not care in which direction Finland was heading.


Question: In what year is the far-right Lapuan movement founded?

Lapuan Movement

Eventually, the assembly unanimously decided that all forms of activity of the SKP had to be abolished or else civil war would break out.


Question: In what year is the far-right Lapuan movement founded?

Lapuan Movement

In its closing statement, it did not understand “why freedom of expression can be used to slander and discredit everything that is the basis and foundation of the chaste and legal knowledge of the Finnish people.”


Question: In what year is the far-right Lapuan movement founded?

Lapuan Movement

Furthermore, it wondered how a treasonous party was allowed so freely to act to dismantle all its system, which allowed the whole of this treasonous party to exist.


Question: In what year is the far-right Lapuan movement founded?

Lapuan Movement

However, the meeting gave all its support to the state power to eradicate communism.


Question: In what year is the far-right Lapuan movement founded?

Lapuan Movement

[2] Although the Lapua meeting of 1 December 1929 was the most impressive, it was by no means the only one, nor the first.


Question: In what year is the far-right Lapuan movement founded?

Lapuan Movement

Apparently pursuing a pan-bourgeois front, the Karelian Civil Union organised its first citizens' assembly on 29 November 1929 at Sortavala Seuraroom.


Question: In what year is the far-right Lapuan movement founded?

Lapuan Movement

The Karelian Civil Union, founded in 1917 in the Vyborg region, had already planned anti-communist civic activities in autumn 1929 and had been tasked with organising civic assemblies.


Question: In what year is the far-right Lapuan movement founded?

Lapuan Movement

The meeting linked the incipient movement to the 1918 battle and expressed all support for the Ostrobothians: “Hopeless would be the future of our people, if the Finnish blood would not fizzle when he saw the cataluses of the profane fatherland.


Question: In what year is the far-right Lapuan movement founded?

Lapuan Movement

In January 1918, the hearts of the men of Ostrobothnia and Karelia beat with strong feelings.


Question: In what year is the far-right Lapuan movement founded?

Lapuan Movement

It still does.


Question: In what year is the far-right Lapuan movement founded?

Lapuan Movement

The law of honor is the law of a man”.


Question: In what year is the far-right Lapuan movement founded?

Lapuan Movement

On 1 December 1929, civic assemblies of hundreds of participants were held besides Lapua, led by activist, Master Antti Sarven and Councilman Eero Hämäläinen in Kuopio, under deputy judge K. A. Raevaara and Asessori Onni Heinonkoski in Mikkeli, farmer, MP Evert Nukar and Head of the Southern Häme Patron District under Ernesti Suolahti in Hämeenlinna, Director K. Brofeldt in Kotka and District Physician W. Vartiovaara in Savonlinna.


Question: In what year is the far-right Lapuan movement founded?

Lapuan Movement

All the meetings stated their support for any decision, whatever they would take in Lapua.


Question: In what year is the far-right Lapuan movement founded?

Lapuan Movement

Apparently, civic assemblies had already been planned much earlier, judging by their coincidence.


Question: In what year is the far-right Lapuan movement founded?

Lapuan Movement

In addition, the order of business at the meetings was the same in all localities.


Question: In what year is the far-right Lapuan movement founded?

Lapuan Movement

[10] Citizens Delegations The Lapuan assembly decided to send a 20-person delegation headed by Artturi Leinonen to Helsinki to ask the government to act to stop the sedition work of the communists.


Question: In what year is the far-right Lapuan movement founded?

Lapuan Movement

In the morning, on Independence Day, 6 December 1929, 1,000 people were facing the legation at the Helsinki railway station and the Academic Karjala-Seura (AKS) led by Vice-President Vilho Helanen.


Question: In what year is the far-right Lapuan movement founded?

Lapuan Movement

On December 7, the delegation gave the decisions of the Lapua assembly to the attention of the minority government in Kallio.


Question: In what year is the far-right Lapuan movement founded?

Lapuan Movement

The embassy was received by all parliamentary groups except the Communists.


Question: In what year is the far-right Lapuan movement founded?

Lapuan Movement

In addition, the embassy visited the President of the Republic Lauri Kristian Relander.


Question: In what year is the far-right Lapuan movement founded?

Lapuan Movement

The president was moved to tears when Hilja Riipinen, who served as President, announced that the people were demanding more acts than speeches from the state power.


Question: In what year is the far-right Lapuan movement founded?

Lapuan Movement

Relander gave all his support to the popular movement, writing that the People's Movement “has been a blessing to this country and the people, of that I am sure”.


Question: In what year is the far-right Lapuan movement founded?

Lapuan Movement

On the evening of the same day, the embassy was invited to the Fourth of July celebrations organised by AKS.


Question: In what year is the far-right Lapuan movement founded?

Lapuan Movement

AKS gave full support to the movement and Urho Kekkonen announced his support in the organisation's voice supporter Suomen Heimo.


Question: In what year is the far-right Lapuan movement founded?

Lapuan Movement

Kekkonen indicated that improving workers' conditions was supported, but no sympathy for the Soviet Union.


Question: In what year is the far-right Lapuan movement founded?

Lapuan Movement

Part of the embassy was still visited by an independence fighter, State Counsellor J. R. Danielson-Kalmar, who likewise expressed support for the movement's goals.


Question: In what year is the far-right Lapuan movement founded?

Lapuan Movement

[2] After the Lapuan mission, delegations from different provinces began arriving in Helsinki and new meetings were organized.


Question: In what year is the far-right Lapuan movement founded?

Lapuan Movement

The situation developed really quickly in early December 1929.


Question: In what year is the far-right Lapuan movement founded?

Lapuan Movement

This first phase of the popular movement was very happy to be welcomed by the state and considered it to be a healthy and uniting state life while at the same time suspecting its power.


Question: In what year is the far-right Lapuan movement founded?

Lapuan Movement

The social democrats, who were fairly socialist at the time, accepted the anti-communist movement, not seeing it as a disadvantage, but rather a benefit.


Question: In what year is the far-right Lapuan movement founded?

Lapuan Movement

[2] The demands of the embassies produced the first victory of the popular movement.


Question: In what year is the far-right Lapuan movement founded?

Lapuan Movement

Just before Christmas 1929, a new Association Act was passed, forbidding the creation of a new association to replace the disbanded one.


Question: In what year is the far-right Lapuan movement founded?

Lapuan Movement

On this basis, the communist study associations could be abolished.


Question: In what year is the far-right Lapuan movement founded?

Lapuan Movement

[2] The second meeting of Lapua and the second major citizens' meeting at Lukko Lapua Seuratalo of Finland took place on 15 March 1930.


Question: In what year is the far-right Lapuan movement founded?

Lapuan Movement

The meeting was officially nationwide and more formal anyway, as the meeting was only allowed for delegates from other organizations and civic assemblies.


Question: In what year is the far-right Lapuan movement founded?

Lapuan Movement

For an admission fee, the public was able to enter the


Question: In what year is the far-right Lapuan movement founded?

Lapuan Movement

In addition to Artturi Leinonen, the co-chairperson is H. A. Koristo from Turku, bank manager Isak Kaitera from Oulu and agricultural advisor Aatos Schildt from Jyväskylä.


Question: In what year is the far-right Lapuan movement founded?

Lapuan Movement

The secretaries were Deputy Judge Lauri Halme and Kauhajokelic Consulate M.


Question: In what year is the far-right Lapuan movement founded?

Lapuan Movement

E. Brush.


Question: In what year is the far-right Lapuan movement founded?

Lapuan Movement

The atmosphere at the meeting was considerably more tense and radicalized by the end of November.


Question: In what year is the far-right Lapuan movement founded?

Lapuan Movement

Although Artturi Leinonen and Vihtori Kosola, who became leaders of the movement, emphasised moderation in line, the field people at the meeting were fed up with politicians and other powers, gradually leaning more and more towards direct action in the foreign parliament.


Question: In what year is the far-right Lapuan movement founded?

Lapuan Movement

The leading figures of the radical line were Rafael Haarla, vicar of Lapua, and Gunnar von Hertzen, vicar of Lapua, and Gunnar von Hertzen, Iceman Major.


Question: In what year is the far-right Lapuan movement founded?

Lapuan Movement

The enlightenment director of Northern Uusimaa's patron municipal district, Freeman Lauri Yrjö-Koskinen, insisted on acts rather than enlightenment, but mainly meant enacting stricter anti-communist laws.


Question: In what year is the far-right Lapuan movement founded?

Lapuan Movement

[2] The atmosphere of the movement was radicalized because the activities of the communists, despite the promises of politicians, were not abolished.


Question: In what year is the far-right Lapuan movement founded?

Lapuan Movement

Those in favour of the Direct Action line justified their opinion by the fact that “patriotic rebellion” was preferable to “patriotic legality”.


Question: In what year is the far-right Lapuan movement founded?

Lapuan Movement

They also justified by historical considerations; at first, the icemen had acted against the then law, but still their importance had been of great importance to Finland.


Question: In what year is the far-right Lapuan movement founded?

Lapuan Movement

MPs known as Communists were on various committees, where they also had access to sensitive and secret national defence information.


Question: In what year is the far-right Lapuan movement founded?

Lapuan Movement

The meeting dealt mainly with the communist press, which was not suppressed because in parliament the Social Democrats, RKP and Communists opposed restrictions on the Freedom of Print Act.


Question: In what year is the far-right Lapuan movement founded?

Lapuan Movement

Lapualla was particularly irritated by the communist Voice of Work (1924—1930) appearing in Vaasa, which proclaimed atheism and the world revolution.


Question: In what year is the far-right Lapuan movement founded?

Lapuan Movement

[2] Although it appeared on the basis of the meeting that the popular movement was already splintering in two, the meeting reached a unanimous conclusion: It was decided to establish an anti-communist and site terror NGO, which was to assemble all anti-communist entities as an umbrella organisation.


Question: In what year is the far-right Lapuan movement founded?

Lapuan Movement

An association was born called Suomen Lukko, whose 32-member delegation was chosen as the convener of Vihtori Kosola.


Question: In what year is the far-right Lapuan movement founded?

Lapuan Movement

Later, at Kosola's suggestion, Artturi Leinonen became chairman of Luko of Finland.


Question: In what year is the far-right Lapuan movement founded?

Lapuan Movement

Martti Pihkala, acting as assistant student Mikko Jaskari, was responsible for financial affairs.


Question: In what year is the far-right Lapuan movement founded?

Lapuan Movement

The seat of the organization was named Lapua, but the office was placed in Helsinki.


Question: In what year is the far-right Lapuan movement founded?

Lapuan Movement

[2] The members of the Finnish Luko were mainly agrarian and coalist in party affiliation, and there were only a few supporters of direct active action.


Question: In what year is the far-right Lapuan movement founded?

Lapuan Movement

In the anti-communist struggle, Lukko of Finland advocated the Enlightenment and legal methods of action.


Question: In what year is the far-right Lapuan movement founded?

Lapuan Movement

In the Agrarian League it was hoped and believed that the popular movement would only be channeled in support of the government, but supporters of direct action were not enthusiastic about the slow association activity of the Finnish Luko.


Question: In what year is the far-right Lapuan movement founded?

Lapuan Movement

[2] Action The Voice of Work fell silent The motion for amendment to the Freedom of Print Law Lapua was irritated by the opposition of the Left and the Swedish People's Party (RKP) to an amendment to the Law on Freedom of Printing, which was not adopted as desired by the Parliament in the early spring of 1930.


Question: In what year is the far-right Lapuan movement founded?

Lapuan Movement

The movement's attempt was to transfer control of the Freedom of Printing Act to the Attorney General appointed by the President of the Republic from the Minister of Justice, allowing the latter to decide in the Council of State the matter without discussing the closure of printing presses deemed to have violated it in accordance with the Freedom of Printing Act.


Question: In what year is the far-right Lapuan movement founded?

Lapuan Movement

[11] Example case of Vaasa County The apparent unity of a popular movement lasted only 13 days from the founding meeting of the Finnish Lukko.


Question: In what year is the far-right Lapuan movement founded?

Lapuan Movement

At the head of the movement, it was decided to disrupt the activities of the communists, and a newspaper printed in Vaasa, near Lapua, Vaasa, was chosen as the target.


Question: In what year is the far-right Lapuan movement founded?

Lapuan Movement

Gustav Tiitu had advocated minor daytime interference in printing, but he opposed the destruction of the printing presses.


Question: In what year is the far-right Lapuan movement founded?

Lapuan Movement

Although it seemed to rest, Yrjö Nikula, the former titular of Lapua and head of the Bank of Southern Ostrobothnia, continued to plan the attack.


Question: In what year is the far-right Lapuan movement founded?

Lapuan Movement

If the participants were caught in their act, Trade Advisor Rafael Haarla had promised to pay them potentially reprehensible damages.


Question: In what year is the far-right Lapuan movement founded?

Lapuan Movement

[11] Strike to the printing press On the night of March 28, 1930, direct action began.


Question: In what year is the far-right Lapuan movement founded?

Lapuan Movement

In the port area of Vaasa, farmer Pentti Alasaari fired a couple of shots into the air with his Mauser M1916 pistol to distract the police and give them an alibi.


Question: In what year is the far-right Lapuan movement founded?

Lapuan Movement

At the same time, Vaasa's internal telephone connections were disrupted, and 13 Lapuan men led by Yrjö Nikula, the head of the Bank of Southern Ostrobothnia and former titular man of Lapua, and Gustav Vannas, a motorist from Yurasa, broke in and broke up the print of the Voice of Work.


Question: In what year is the far-right Lapuan movement founded?

Lapuan Movement

The act was apparently carefully planned under Nikula's leadership.


Question: In what year is the far-right Lapuan movement founded?

Lapuan Movement

The perpetrators soon came to light, as police found a scoop lamp knife on the floor of the printing press bearing the name of Kullervo Leskinen, an employee of the Lapua cartridge factory.


Question: In what year is the far-right Lapuan movement founded?

Lapuan Movement

[2] On 3 April, the third citizens' meeting was held in Lapua in connection with the dissolution of the printing of the Voice of Work.


Question: In what year is the far-right Lapuan movement founded?

Lapuan Movement

Under Kosola's leadership, the meeting prepared a telegram that was sent to Prime Minister Kyösti Kallio.


Question: In what year is the far-right Lapuan movement founded?

Lapuan Movement

Telegram confirmed that the Lapua Popular Movement and Kosola were bent on illegal activities, but according to the text the movement had not settled against the government: the division of the Lapua Movement Suomen Lukko separates Parliament was surprised by the act and the Youth Republicans Kyösti Kallio and under the leadership of Helsingin Sanomat called for severe punishment of perpetrators.


Question: In what year is the far-right Lapuan movement founded?

Lapuan Movement

The delegates realised that the attack was a vote of no confidence by the Lapuans in the actions of Parliament.


Question: In what year is the far-right Lapuan movement founded?

Lapuan Movement

The act also sparked controversy among the Lapuan movement.


Question: In what year is the far-right Lapuan movement founded?

Lapuan Movement

Some of those involved could not accept the illegalities.


Question: In what year is the far-right Lapuan movement founded?

Lapuan Movement

When Lukko of Finland, led by Artturi Leinonen and Gustav Tiitu, disassociated himself from the act and condemned it as a crime, the popular movement broke in two.


Question: In what year is the far-right Lapuan movement founded?

Lapuan Movement

Vihtori Kosola, the leader of Vihtori Kosola, had not endorsed the plan at the stage of its drafting, but stood down to support the act, declaring that the one responsible for the act was in fact the parliament, which had not begun the process of eradicating communism.


Question: In what year is the far-right Lapuan movement founded?

Lapuan Movement

Artturi Leinonen, who had denied carrying out the attack, and Gustav Tiitu and Lukko of Finland lost their central place in the popular movement and the movement that started direct action took Vihtori Kosola as its leader, who himself had not sought a prominent position.


Question: In what year is the far-right Lapuan movement founded?

Lapuan Movement

His household, Kosola, became the central headquarters of the Lapua movement.


Question: In what year is the far-right Lapuan movement founded?

Lapuan Movement

[2] The Lapuans publicly declared themselves in large numbers as perpetrators of the attack and supporters of the act.


Question: In what year is the far-right Lapuan movement founded?

Lapuan Movement

Under Kosola, Yrjö Nikula, Vihtori Herkena and Ilmajokelainen bank manager Iivari Koivisto, 72 men signed up as authors and supporters of the work.


Question: In what year is the far-right Lapuan movement founded?

Lapuan Movement

Eventually, Lapuan farmer Jussi Muilu, trainee Yrjö Hissa, and peasants Simo Lahdensuo and Jussi Perämäki became the actual violators.


Question: In what year is the far-right Lapuan movement founded?

Lapuan Movement

Rafael Haarla, the trade adviser, agreed to pay all the fines of those convicted.


Question: In what year is the far-right Lapuan movement founded?

Lapuan Movement

In the first issue of Activist n, the main voice supporter of the Lapua movement</i>, 650 people registered as supporters of the act.


Question: In what year is the far-right Lapuan movement founded?

Lapuan Movement

The magazine became popular and was sold as many as 10,000 copies.


Question: In what year is the far-right Lapuan movement founded?

Lapuan Movement

The journalistic line reported by the newspaper was strongly anti-communist.


Question: In what year is the far-right Lapuan movement founded?

Lapuan Movement

The Vaasa riot and the Asser Salon ride on 4 June 1930 at Vaasa Raastuvancourt began to be dealt with the issue of breaking the print print of the Voice of Work.


Question: In what year is the far-right Lapuan movement founded?

Lapuan Movement

The predominance knew that the day would cause Lapuan movement, but the Popular Movement refused to cancel the demonstration.


Question: In what year is the far-right Lapuan movement founded?

Lapuan Movement

Early in the morning 1800 Lapuans arrived in Vaasa in 200 cars decorated with Finnish flags.


Question: In what year is the far-right Lapuan movement founded?

Lapuan Movement

Demonstratively, the procession of cars stopped first at the dispersed printer and in front of the landlord's official residence.


Question: In what year is the far-right Lapuan movement founded?

Lapuan Movement

The men then made an honorary visit to the hero tombs of Vaasa, during which hymns and patriotic songs were sung, as well as speeches were given.


Question: In what year is the far-right Lapuan movement founded?

Lapuan Movement

[2] Vaasa District Riot While the trial was in progress, the Lapuans assaulted Eino Nieminen, who was acting as a witness, who was alleged by Detective Central Police (EK) to be a red officer and an organiser of SKP.


Question: In what year is the far-right Lapuan movement founded?

Lapuan Movement

In the courthouse's second-floor vestibule, Eino Nieminen had to kiss with the peasants who surrounded him.


Question: In what year is the far-right Lapuan movement founded?

Lapuan Movement

After Sanaharka, supporters of the Lapua movement carried Nieminen down the stairs outside the courthouse, tore off his clothes and assaulted Nieminen.


Question: In what year is the far-right Lapuan movement founded?

Lapuan Movement

The mob followed the act from the sidelines and police did not intervene.


Question: In what year is the far-right Lapuan movement founded?

Lapuan Movement

Press photographer Paavo Poutiainen instigated the perpetrators, and one of the most famous images in Finnish press history was taken.


Question: In what year is the far-right Lapuan movement founded?

Lapuan Movement

Some ten other leftists were also assaulted by the Lapuans, among them Allan Asplund, editor of the Vaasan social democratic magazine Nya Folkbladet.


Question: In what year is the far-right Lapuan movement founded?

Lapuan Movement

In addition, the Lapuans also fell victim to bourgeois minded citizens who tried to prevent beatings, citing the rule of law.


Question: In what year is the far-right Lapuan movement founded?

Lapuan Movement

[2] However, police master Gunnar Tallroth eventually rescued the battered Nieminen and took him to the police station.


Question: In what year is the far-right Lapuan movement founded?

Lapuan Movement

Nieminen was able to leave the police station just before supporters of the Lapuan movement penetrated the building and inspected it up to the cells without the force of the police officers or wanting to prevent this.


Question: In what year is the far-right Lapuan movement founded?

Lapuan Movement

When the cause of the Voice of Work, Communist MP Asser Salo stepped out of the courthouse, the riot worsened.


Question: In what year is the far-right Lapuan movement founded?

Lapuan Movement

Despite the fact that Governor Bruno Sarlin tried to appeal for peace in the district, the supporters of the Lapuan movement took hold of Salo and paraphrased this.


Question: In what year is the far-right Lapuan movement founded?

Lapuan Movement

Lapua's movement had already been planning to kidnap Salo when he had arrived to hear the injunction.


Question: In what year is the far-right Lapuan movement founded?

Lapuan Movement

Detective Central Police (EK) followed the incident by without intervening.


Question: In what year is the far-right Lapuan movement founded?

Lapuan Movement

Kosti-Paavo Eerolainen, a B.C. detective who was present, later joined the radical wing of the Lapuan movement.


Question: In what year is the far-right Lapuan movement founded?

Lapuan Movement

However, the Lapuans could not decide what to do with Salo.


Question: In what year is the far-right Lapuan movement founded?

Lapuan Movement

Salo was threatened with shooting during the Revelation, but was eventually taken to Lapua's youth club house, where he was forced to swear that he would never enter Lapua again.


Question: In what year is the far-right Lapuan movement founded?

Lapuan Movement

After this, Salo was taken to Viitasaari, where he was let go.


Question: In what year is the far-right Lapuan movement founded?

Lapuan Movement

[2] The men of the Lapuanmovement left after informing the editorial staff of the Voice of Work that the magazine would not be published even after the end of the two-month discontinuation period.


Question: In what year is the far-right Lapuan movement founded?

Lapuan Movement

After the Lapuans disembarked, Vaasa remained in the possession of military patrols.


Question: In what year is the far-right Lapuan movement founded?

Lapuan Movement

Lapua Law Originally, Lapua law meant Lapua's 1843 Government Rule and Village Ordinance and its implementation.


Question: In what year is the far-right Lapuan movement founded?

Lapuan Movement

Also among the Lapuan movement, the right of the Lapuans own hand began to be called Lapuan law.


Question: In what year is the far-right Lapuan movement founded?

Lapuan Movement

According to the idea, the justification of the acts was determined by how much they promoted anti-communist activity.


Question: In what year is the far-right Lapuan movement founded?

Lapuan Movement

The legality of the act did not matter, as according to the movement's thought world, the “will of the people” interpreted by the Lapuan movement was above the law.


Question: In what year is the far-right Lapuan movement founded?

Lapuan Movement

On June 5, 1930, the Lapuan Movement declared the Lapuan Law into force in Southern Ostrobothnia.


Question: In what year is the far-right Lapuan movement founded?

Lapuan Movement

[12] In the early morning hours of 8 June 1930, Yrjö Hissa and Jussi Perämäki, who took part in the disbanding of the print of the Voice of Work, committed double suicide.