Question: How many personal Olympic medals did Marjo Matikainen win?

Sport in Finland

[164] In connection with the 1918 Finnish Civil War, the SVUL sacked all those clubs that had too close links to the Red Guards.


Question: How many personal Olympic medals did Marjo Matikainen win?

Sport in Finland

The separated clubs founded the Finnish Workers' Sports Association.


Question: How many personal Olympic medals did Marjo Matikainen win?

Sport in Finland

[165] The Confederation of Labour Sports Clubs (TUK) was founded in 1959 by clubs that separated from or separated from the Labour Sports Association.


Question: How many personal Olympic medals did Marjo Matikainen win?

Sport in Finland

TUK merged back into TUL in 1979, its member clubs joining either SVULS or TUL.


Question: How many personal Olympic medals did Marjo Matikainen win?

Sport in Finland

[166] [167] In the early 1990s, the SVUL was dissolved and the Finnish Exercise and Sports Association was established.


Question: How many personal Olympic medals did Marjo Matikainen win?

Sport in Finland

TUL's confederation status ceased and TUL's competitive sports joined sport federations.


Question: How many personal Olympic medals did Marjo Matikainen win?

Sport in Finland

The 2012 Nationwide Exercise and Sports Organisation Valo was established to continue the activities of SLU.


Question: How many personal Olympic medals did Marjo Matikainen win?

Sport in Finland

The TUL continued to operate outside of it, with the major ball-playing and team sport federations opting out of the Light.


Question: How many personal Olympic medals did Marjo Matikainen win?

Sport in Finland

The Light merged with the Olympic Committee in 2017.


Question: How many personal Olympic medals did Marjo Matikainen win?

Sport in Finland

[168] [169] [170] [171] [172] See also Finnish Sports Hall of Fame Finnish Olympic Committee Finnish Sports Association Finnish Sports Association Finnish Ski Federation List of Finnish endurance racing medalists List of Finnish endurance racing medalists List of people caught doping Finnish athletes Finland at the Summer Olympics Finland at the Winter Olympics Finland national football team History of football Finnish basketball History of Finnish basketball Sources Literature Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Pihlaja, Juhani| title = Sports manual| publisher = Data port| year = 1994}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Rowan, Juhani| title = SM Ball competition| location = Vammala| publisher = Data port| year = 2005| id = ISBN 951-97170-1-3}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Arponen, Antti O. etc.| title = Winter Sports Stars| publisher = WSOY| year = 1986| id = ISBN 951-0-13095-8}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Eljanko, Harri & Variainen, Jussi| title = History of Finnish skiing | publisher = WSOY| year = 1969}} Citation, error replace with {{cite book| author = Vahtola, Jouse| title = History of Finnish ski jump| publisher = Society of Finnish literature| year = 2012| id = ISBN 978-952-222-313-5}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Lounasheimo, Announce| title = Heroes| publisher = WSOY| year = 1987| id = ISBN 1-0-13981-5} } Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Siukonen, Markku, etc.| title = Great hockey work 1| year =}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Siukonen, Markku, etc.| title = Great ice hockey work 2| year =}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Lahti Ti, Janne & Paavola, Juha| title = Finnish Ice Hockey Leions| year =}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Kostiainen, Pasi| title = Finns in the NHL| year =}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Rannisto, Kimmo (Mon.


Question: How many personal Olympic medals did Marjo Matikainen win?

Sport in Finland

main ed.


Question: How many personal Olympic medals did Marjo Matikainen win?

Sport in Finland

) | title = Ice Hockey Book 2016| publisher = Ice Hockey SM-liiga Oy| year = 2015| id = ISSN 0784-3321}} References Literature Teronen, Arto & Vuolle, Jouko: Beaten in stone.


Question: How many personal Olympic medals did Marjo Matikainen win?

Sport in Finland

On the trail of sporting heroism.


Question: How many personal Olympic medals did Marjo Matikainen win?

Sport in Finland

Helsinki: Book Workshop, 2009.


Question: How many personal Olympic medals did Marjo Matikainen win?

Sport in Finland

ISBN 978-951-607-980-9.


Question: How many personal Olympic medals did Marjo Matikainen win?

Sport in Finland

On topic elsewhere. . - National teams news.


Question: How many personal Olympic medals did Marjo Matikainen win?

Sport in Finland

* Category:Key articles of screening


Question: What country was J. Budziszewski born in?

Jean-Francois Lyotard

Jean-François Lyotard (10 August 1924, Versailles, France — 21 April 1998, Paris, France) was a French philosopher and literary theorist.


Question: What country was J. Budziszewski born in?

Jean-Francois Lyotard

He is known above all for the views on postmodernism he expressed in the 1970s.


Question: What country was J. Budziszewski born in?

Jean-Francois Lyotard

Political life Lyotard belonged to a French political organization called Socialisme ou Barbarie (SoB), formed in 1948 to replace the failed Trotsky analysis in explaining new forms of government in the Soviet Union.


Question: What country was J. Budziszewski born in?

Jean-Francois Lyotard

“Socialisme ou Barbarie” evolved into anti-Marxist over time, and Lyotard was much featured in a group called “Pouvoir Ouvrier”, which rejected this setup and split from the SOB in 1963.


Question: What country was J. Budziszewski born in?

Jean-Francois Lyotard

The death of “great narratives” The production of Lyotards is characterized by opposition to universals, meta narratives and generalities.


Question: What country was J. Budziszewski born in?

Jean-Francois Lyotard

He is sharply critical of the “universalist” views of the Enlightenment period, and the purpose of several of his works is to dig the ground beneath the fundamental principles that create such generalizing views.


Question: What country was J. Budziszewski born in?

Jean-Francois Lyotard

The most famous example, in La Condition postmoderne: Rapport sur le savoir Knowledge in Postmodern Society) (1979), is Lyotardi's assertion of contemporary (postmodern society's) “mistrust of metanarratives”.


Question: What country was J. Budziszewski born in?

Jean-Francois Lyotard

Metanarratives—or “grand narratives"—are broad theories or philosophies that aspire to be generalized and explaining the world, such as historical development narrative, Christianity, belief in the ability of science to attain absolute knowledge, or the possibility of absolute freedom.


Question: What country was J. Budziszewski born in?

Jean-Francois Lyotard

Lyotards argues that in postmodern society, it is no longer believed that such narratives, that is, narratives can represent all or contain all the essentials.


Question: What country was J. Budziszewski born in?

Jean-Francois Lyotard

Today we are sensitive about differences, diversity, and incompatibility of beliefs and desires.


Question: What country was J. Budziszewski born in?

Jean-Francois Lyotard

Because of this, the postmodern period is characterised by the abundance of small narratives (micronarratives).


Question: What country was J. Budziszewski born in?

Jean-Francois Lyotard

The concept of micronarratives Lyotards creates by applying and reinterpreting Wittgenstein's concept of language games.


Question: What country was J. Budziszewski born in?

Jean-Francois Lyotard

In Lyotardi's works, “language games” refer to the multiplicity of connections of meaning, the endless, co-dimensionless, and distinct systems in which meanings are produced and in which the rules governing their cycle are created.


Question: What country was J. Budziszewski born in?

Jean-Francois Lyotard

Language games are also strongly present in Au juste: Conversations (1979) and Le Différend (1983), in which Lyotard elaborates a postmodern theory of fairness.


Question: What country was J. Budziszewski born in?

Jean-Francois Lyotard

According to some, the distancing and separation of people caused by micronarratives and language games collapses the whole ethics.


Question: What country was J. Budziszewski born in?

Jean-Francois Lyotard

It is often thought that generality is a condition of a true moral argument: “do not steal” is a phrase of ethics in that where “do not steal from Ant” is not.


Question: What country was J. Budziszewski born in?

Jean-Francois Lyotard

The latter sentence is too particular to be a theorem of ethics (what's so special about Ant?


Question: What country was J. Budziszewski born in?

Jean-Francois Lyotard

); it can only be an ethical sentence if it is based on a common phrase (“do not steal from anyone”).


Question: What country was J. Budziszewski born in?

Jean-Francois Lyotard

Generalities cannot be reached in a world that has lost faith in meta-narratives, and ethics thus seem to be impossible: fairness and injustice can only mean something within language games, and the generality of ethics has been pushed out the window.


Question: What country was J. Budziszewski born in?

Jean-Francois Lyotard

Lyotard argues that the concepts of fairness and injustice do not disappear in postmodernism.


Question: What country was J. Budziszewski born in?

Jean-Francois Lyotard

Under Lyotardi's new definition, what is unfair is to use and apply the rules of one language game to another.


Question: What country was J. Budziszewski born in?

Jean-Francois Lyotard

Ethical conduct involves considering this threat of injustice, as well as respecting things in their particularity, rather than enclosing them in some sort of abstract universal concept framework.


Question: What country was J. Budziszewski born in?

Jean-Francois Lyotard

So we have to take into account the difference, le différend.


Question: What country was J. Budziszewski born in?

Jean-Francois Lyotard

The sublime Lyotards wrote a lot about aesthetics as well.


Question: What country was J. Budziszewski born in?

Jean-Francois Lyotard

Despite his reputation as a postmodernist, he was a great admirer of modernist art.


Question: What country was J. Budziszewski born in?

Jean-Francois Lyotard

Lyotards saw “postmodernism” as being in thinking throughout history a latent tendency, rather than a narrowly delineated historical period.


Question: What country was J. Budziszewski born in?

Jean-Francois Lyotard

He liked the works of modernist high art and avant-garde, which he interpreted as demonstrations of the limitations of our conceptual systems.


Question: What country was J. Budziszewski born in?

Jean-Francois Lyotard

According to Lyotardi, modernist art can teach a lot to those too full of Enlightenment self-confidence.


Question: What country was J. Budziszewski born in?

Jean-Francois Lyotard

He developed these themes especially in relation to the sublime concept.


Question: What country was J. Budziszewski born in?

Jean-Francois Lyotard

“Sublime” is a term of aesthetics whose positive meaning came to life with postmodernism after more than a century of rejection.


Question: What country was J. Budziszewski born in?

Jean-Francois Lyotard

It refers to the pleasant experience of unease or fear one can experience when faced with wild and menacing visions, such as, for example, a huge steep mountain or a black figure against the sky.


Question: What country was J. Budziszewski born in?

Jean-Francois Lyotard

Lyotardi was particularly interested in the explanation of the sublime presented by Immanuel Kant in his Criticism of Discernment.


Question: What country was J. Budziszewski born in?

Jean-Francois Lyotard

In his work, Kant explains this mixture of restlessness and pleasure by dividing sublime experience into “mathematical” and “dynamic”.


Question: What country was J. Budziszewski born in?

Jean-Francois Lyotard

In mathematical sublime, the object of observation strikes the mind in such a way that we cannot comprehend it as a whole.


Question: What country was J. Budziszewski born in?

Jean-Francois Lyotard

It is simply immeasurably large.


Question: What country was J. Budziszewski born in?

Jean-Francois Lyotard

It transcends and negates our usual way of seeing it.


Question: What country was J. Budziszewski born in?

Jean-Francois Lyotard

In dynamic sublimity, the mind beguils an object that is infinitely stronger than us.


Question: What country was J. Budziszewski born in?

Jean-Francois Lyotard

Its weight, power, proportions could crush us without the slightest hope of the possibility of resisting.


Question: What country was J. Budziszewski born in?

Jean-Francois Lyotard

Kant stresses that the feeling of unease or fear experienced in an “actual” incident is very different from that of the sublime.


Question: What country was J. Budziszewski born in?

Jean-Francois Lyotard

Sublime is an aesthetic experience, no sense of practical personal danger.


Question: What country was J. Budziszewski born in?

Jean-Francois Lyotard

This explains the sense of unease.


Question: What country was J. Budziszewski born in?

Jean-Francois Lyotard

The sense of pleasure comes from human reason convincing itself.


Question: What country was J. Budziszewski born in?

Jean-Francois Lyotard

The mathematical sublime is disturbing because the abilities of the mind that bring visual observations to mind do not fit into the concept corresponding to it.


Question: What country was J. Budziszewski born in?

Jean-Francois Lyotard

In other words, what we see cannot fully match what we know is outside of us.


Question: What country was J. Budziszewski born in?

Jean-Francois Lyotard

We know that someone is, for example, is a mountain, but as a whole it does not fit into our observation.


Question: What country was J. Budziszewski born in?

Jean-Francois Lyotard

Ironically, this only stokes our awareness of the power of human reason.


Question: What country was J. Budziszewski born in?

Jean-Francois Lyotard

Our sensitivity is incapable of dealing with such phenomena, but our reason is capable of comprehending things up to infinity.


Question: What country was J. Budziszewski born in?

Jean-Francois Lyotard

In the dynamic sublime, a sense of physical danger should, in turn, evoke an awareness that we are not only physical, material beings, but moral, and, in Kant's terms, noumenal.


Question: What country was J. Budziszewski born in?

Jean-Francois Lyotard

The body might get crushed, but our sanity doesn't have to come.


Question: What country was J. Budziszewski born in?

Jean-Francois Lyotard

This all explains why the experience of the sublime is accompanied by both pleasure and pain.


Question: What country was J. Budziszewski born in?

Jean-Francois Lyotard

What fascinates Lyotard is that it is Kant, one of the greatest philosophical architects of the Enlightenment, who admits that the mind cannot always organise the world rationally.


Question: What country was J. Budziszewski born in?

Jean-Francois Lyotard

Some items are simply such that they cannot be neatly brought under concepts.


Question: What country was J. Budziszewski born in?

Jean-Francois Lyotard

For Lyotards, this is a good thing because generalizations like “concepts” ignore the details of things.


Question: What country was J. Budziszewski born in?

Jean-Francois Lyotard

The experience of the sublime is a crisis in which we realize that imagination and reason do not match.


Question: What country was J. Budziszewski born in?

Jean-Francois Lyotard

In the sublime, we, according to Lyotardi, experience the difference itself (le différend), the tense of the mind at the limits of itself and its conceptualism.


Question: What country was J. Budziszewski born in?

Jean-Francois Lyotard

Criticism Lyotardi's interpretations have often been criticized.


Question: What country was J. Budziszewski born in?

Jean-Francois Lyotard

For example, in his analysis of the “sublime” he interprets Kant very loosely and completely ignores another important aspect of the sublime experience, the pleasurable recognition of the generality of reason, which of course he cannot accept.


Question: What country was J. Budziszewski born in?

Jean-Francois Lyotard

According to some, Lyotardi's theories are internally contradictory because Knowledge in postmodern society seems to provide its own grand narrative in the narrative of the destruction of metanarratives themselves.


Question: What country was J. Budziszewski born in?

Jean-Francois Lyotard

Against this, it can be argued that Lyopard's own narrative only proclaims the death of some failed “narratives of legalization”, rather than the death of the narrative of knowledge itself.


Question: What country was J. Budziszewski born in?

Jean-Francois Lyotard

It is not logically contradictory to say that the argument about narratives is a narrative itself, just as when Lyotardi said that “every statement in a language game should be interpreted as a 'movement' in the game”, his argument is itself already a 'movement' in the language game.


Question: What country was J. Budziszewski born in?

Jean-Francois Lyotard

Later life and death Lyotards continually returned to the concept of the postmodern, as in his essays “The Postmodern as Explained to Children”, “Towards the Postmodern”, and “Postmodern Fairy Tales”.


Question: What country was J. Budziszewski born in?

Jean-Francois Lyotard

He was preparing a conference on postmodernism and media theory when he died suddenly of leukemia in 1998.


Question: What country was J. Budziszewski born in?

Jean-Francois Lyotard

He was buried in the Pére Lachaise Cemetery in Paris.


Question: What country was J. Budziszewski born in?

Jean-Francois Lyotard

Works of Knowledge in postmodern society (La Condition postmoderne: Rapport sur le savoir, 1979) Au juste: Conversations (1979) Le Différend (1983) Literature in Finnish Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Lyotard, Jean-François| title = Knowledge postmodern in society| publisher = Tampere: Equipoino| year = 1985| version = Finnish translation Leevi Lehto| id = ISBN 951-9066-13-6}} On the subject elsewhere Transclusion error: {{En}} is only for use in File namespace.


Question: What country was J. Budziszewski born in?

Jean-Francois Lyotard

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Question: What country was J. Budziszewski born in?

Jean-Francois Lyotard

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Question: What country was J. Budziszewski born in?

Jean-Francois Lyotard

Use {{lang-en}} or {{en icon}} instead.


Question: What country was J. Budziszewski born in?

Jean-Francois Lyotard


Question: What country was J. Budziszewski born in?

Jean-Francois Lyotard

Use {{lang-en}} or {{en icon}} instead.


Question: What country was J. Budziszewski born in?

Jean-Francois Lyotard

Lyotards, Jean-Francois Class:Postmodernists Lyotards, Jean-Francois Lyotar, Jean-Francois


Question: When did Caligula die?

Caligula

Gaius Julius Caesar Augustus Germanicus (commonly Caligula) (31 August 12 — 24 January 41) was a Roman emperor who reigned from 18 March [1] 37 to 24 January 41.


Question: When did Caligula die?

Caligula

Along with Nero, Caligula is the most notorious of the Roman emperors and is remembered as a mad despot.


Question: When did Caligula die?

Caligula

Almost all ancient sources dealing with Caligula are hostile to him and focus on trivia and anecdotes about the Emperor's life.


Question: When did Caligula die?

Caligula

Although Caligula's reign lasted only four years, it nevertheless had an impact on Roman history.


Question: When did Caligula die?

Caligula

Among other things, Caligula planned the conquest of Britain, which was put into practice by his successor Claudius.


Question: When did Caligula die?

Caligula

Caligula was also the first emperor to be granted all emperor privileges by the Senate immediately upon his ascension to emperor.


Question: When did Caligula die?

Caligula

This practice was also continued during Caligula's successors.


Question: When did Caligula die?

Caligula

[2] Life Early stages Caligula was born in Antium (present-day Anzio) on August 31 in the year 12.


Question: When did Caligula die?

Caligula

His father was the popular warlord Germanicus, who was the nephew and adopted son of the future emperor Tiberius.


Question: When did Caligula die?

Caligula

Caligula's mother was Vipsania Agrippina, whose father was of low descent, but with his talents and merits the advanced Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa, a good friend and closest assistant of Emperor Augustus.


Question: When did Caligula die?

Caligula

The Caligula family followed Germanicus after his work.


Question: When did Caligula die?

Caligula

In military camps, Caligula was a kind of mascot for soldiers, dressed in military attire down to small military shoes.


Question: When did Caligula die?

Caligula

He got his calledname from these military shoes (caligae): caligula means “little military boot”.


Question: When did Caligula die?

Caligula

By the time Caligula was born, Augustus, the first Roman emperor, had ruled the kingdom for over 40 years.


Question: When did Caligula die?

Caligula

Caligula was directly descended from Augustus; his grandmother was Augustus' daughter Julia.


Question: When did Caligula die?

Caligula

[3] Caligula's father died in murky circumstances in Syria in 19 when Caligula was seven years old.


Question: When did Caligula die?

Caligula

Widowed, Agrippina moved with her children to Rome.


Question: When did Caligula die?

Caligula

He fell into the disfavour of Emperor Tiberius, and was exiled to the island of Pandatarian, where he died of starvation.


Question: When did Caligula die?

Caligula

Caligula's brothers Nero and Drusus also fell into the emperor's disfavour and died.


Question: When did Caligula die?

Caligula

Caligula is cared for by her grandmother, Antonia, as well as Livia.


Question: When did Caligula die?

Caligula

Tiberius' successor In 27, Caligula was invited to live with Emperor Tiberius on the island of Capri.


Question: When did Caligula die?

Caligula

Caligula had reached the age of 19 at the time and was given the toga virilis used by adults.


Question: When did Caligula die?

Caligula

Tiberius asked the Senate that no early tributes be given to Caligula.


Question: When did Caligula die?

Caligula

Tiberius appointed Caligula as Auguri and, upon appointment, praised his good character and sense of responsibility.


Question: When did Caligula die?

Caligula

This was taken as a sign that Tiberius wanted Caligula to succeed him.


Question: When did Caligula die?

Caligula

This knowledge was received with glee in Rome, where the memory of Germanicus lived still strong.


Question: When did Caligula die?

Caligula

Thanks to Tiberius, Caligula also received an excellent education.


Question: When did Caligula die?

Caligula

In 31, Tiberius deposed the pretorian prefect Sejanus and appointed Naevius Sutorius Macron in his place, who became one of the most important Caligula supporters.


Question: When did Caligula die?

Caligula

[4] In 33, Tiberius nominated Caligula as a candidate for the post of Quaestor.


Question: When did Caligula die?

Caligula

He also promised to propose Caligula in future to post five years earlier when he might have been seeking his age.


Question: When did Caligula die?

Caligula

Caligula's mother Agrippina and her brother Drusus died the same year; Agrippina of hunger suicide and Drusus on Tiberius' orders.


Question: When did Caligula die?

Caligula

In the same year, Caligula married for the first time.


Question: When did Caligula die?

Caligula

The father of Caligula's wife Junia Claudilla was consul of year 15 and Tiberius' favourite Marcus Junius Silanus.


Question: When did Caligula die?

Caligula

Two of Caligula's sisters also became engaged in the same year; Julia Livilla with Marcus Vinicius and Julia Drusilla with Lucius Cassius Longinus.


Question: When did Caligula die?

Caligula

The third sister Agrippina had even earlier married Gnaeus Domitius Ahenobarbus.


Question: When did Caligula die?

Caligula

[5] Caligula and Junia travelled with Tiberius to Capri.


Question: When did Caligula die?

Caligula

Junia soon became pregnant, but died in childbirth.


Question: When did Caligula die?

Caligula

According to Tacitus, Macro persuaded his wife Ennia Thrasylla to start an affair with Caligula.


Question: When did Caligula die?

Caligula

According to Suetonius, Caligula even promised to marry Ennia if he became emperor.


Question: When did Caligula die?

Caligula

At Capri, Caligula became acquainted with Julius Agrippa, better known as Herod Agrippa, who became one of Caligula's best and most trusted friends.


Question: When did Caligula die?

Caligula

Agrippa was the grandson of Herod, King of Judea.


Question: When did Caligula die?

Caligula

[6] Tiberius basically had two options as his successor: Caligula or Gemellus, son of his son Drusus.


Question: When did Caligula die?

Caligula

According to Suetonius, Tiberius would have wanted Gemellus as his successor.


Question: When did Caligula die?

Caligula

Tacitus, on the other hand, tells us that in Tiberius's opinion, Caligula had all the bad qualities of the cruel dictator Sulla, but none of his good qualities.


Question: When did Caligula die?

Caligula

On the other hand, Tiberius did not clearly state which one he wanted as his successor.


Question: When did Caligula die?

Caligula

Even if Tiberius had wanted Gemellus to succeed him, it was not a realistic option due to his youth.


Question: When did Caligula die?

Caligula

In addition, Caligula was very popular among the people and the military.


Question: When did Caligula die?

Caligula

Probably Tiberius feared the fate of his grandson after his own death.


Question: When did Caligula die?

Caligula

[7] At the beginning of March in 37 Tiberius fell ill while in Campania.


Question: When did Caligula die?

Caligula

As Tiberius's condition worsened day by day, his doctor told Macro the emperor would die soon.


Question: When did Caligula die?

Caligula

Macro immediately began preparations for Caligula's rise to power.


Question: When did Caligula die?

Caligula

Tiberius died on 16 March.


Question: When did Caligula die?

Caligula

Tiberius had believed that he would live another ten years, because this is what an astrologer had predicted to him.


Question: When did Caligula die?

Caligula

[8] Suetonius tells us that many stories circulated about Tiberius' death that Caligula either poisoned him, starved him or strangled him to death.


Question: When did Caligula die?

Caligula

According to Dion, Caligula killed Tiberius with Macro's assistance.


Question: When did Caligula die?

Caligula

According to Tacitus, Tiberius appeared to have already died, but began to show signs of life before Macro killed him.


Question: When did Caligula die?

Caligula

According to Seneca, Tiberius' death was entirely natural.


Question: When did Caligula die?

Caligula

[9] Rise to power Two days after Tiberius' death, the Senate convened and declared Caligula emperor.


Question: When did Caligula die?

Caligula

Caligula hurried to Rome, where he attended the Senate session on 28 March.


Question: When did Caligula die?

Caligula

The Senate session was attended not only by senators, but also representatives of the knighthood and the people.


Question: When did Caligula die?

Caligula

Tiberius' will was opened and read to the Senate.


Question: When did Caligula die?

Caligula

In his will, Tiberius appointed Caligula and Gemellus as his heirs.


Question: When did Caligula die?

Caligula

This was standard practice in wills, but the economy of the emperor, or domus Caesaris, was not customary and splitting it into two parts would have caused major problems.


Question: When did Caligula die?

Caligula

On the other hand, Gemellus was still a child and he could not hold public offices.


Question: When did Caligula die?

Caligula

Eventually, the Senate decided to nullify Tiberius' will and declared Caligula as Tiberius' sole heir.


Question: When did Caligula die?

Caligula

[8] The Senate gave Caligula privileges, which certainly included at least the tribunicia potestas and the proconsul's imperium, or authority of command.


Question: When did Caligula die?

Caligula

The same privileges that Augustus had received one by one over several years were given to Caligula, now 25 years old, on a one-time basis.


Question: When did Caligula die?

Caligula

Caligula also received the title Augustus.


Question: When did Caligula die?

Caligula

Caligula was also appointed pontifex maximus.


Question: When did Caligula die?

Caligula

The Senate would also have given him the title pater patriae, but Caligula refused this, at least initially.


Question: When did Caligula die?

Caligula

[10] An important role behind Caligula's rise to power was played by the pretorian prefect Naevius Sutorius Macrolla, who negotiated with the Senate even before Tiberius' death.


Question: When did Caligula die?

Caligula

Caligula is reported to have asked the Senate to give Tiberius the same honours as had been given to Augustus earlier.


Question: When did Caligula die?

Caligula

These included, among other things, proclamation to be a god, but this was unacceptable to the Senate.


Question: When did Caligula die?

Caligula

[11] The officials of the kingdom soon swore their loyalty to Caligula and his domus.


Question: When did Caligula die?

Caligula

In his funeral oration for Tiberius, Caligula stressed that he was the son of Germanicus and proclaimed the return of the style of Augustus's administration.


Question: When did Caligula die?

Caligula

Caligula promised to adopt Gemellus and made this into princeps iuventutis.


Question: When did Caligula die?

Caligula

These actions weighed on the fact that Gemellus was too young to be a threat to Caligula.


Question: When did Caligula die?

Caligula

The first task for the new emperor was to gain the endorsement of all Roman social classes.


Question: When did Caligula die?

Caligula

Tiberius' will had promised the soldiers of the Praetorian Guard 500 sestertius, but Caligula increased this to 1,000.


Question: When did Caligula die?

Caligula

In a sense, the money paid for the loyalty of the Guard, instead of being the former emperor's salary for the loyal service of soldiers.


Question: When did Caligula die?

Caligula

Caligula also distributed 75 sestertius to all citizens who lived in the city of Rome.


Question: When did Caligula die?

Caligula

Unlike Tiberius, Caligula spared no money in arranging circus shuttles for the people.


Question: When did Caligula die?

Caligula

He also embarked on a major building program.


Question: When did Caligula die?

Caligula

[12] A good start Caligula's reign has sometimes been attempted to divide into a “good” early period, followed by a reign of terror.


Question: When did Caligula die?

Caligula

Attempts have been made to date the date of these periods to Antonia's death, Caligula's illness in fall 37, or the death of her sister Drusilla in the summer of 38.


Question: When did Caligula die?

Caligula

According to ancient sources, Drusilla was so dear to Caligula that they were accused of incest.


Question: When did Caligula die?

Caligula

Drusilla is presumed to have had a moderating influence on her brother.


Question: When did Caligula die?

Caligula

Drusilla was married to a certain Lucius Cassius Longinus, but Caligula gave her as wife to Marcus Aemilius Lepidus, whom Caligula trusted perfectly.


Question: When did Caligula die?

Caligula

During his illness Caligula gave Lepidus his signet ring as a sign that if he were to die, Lepidus' husband of Drusilla should take care of Caligula's inheritance.


Question: When did Caligula die?

Caligula

After Drusilla's death, Caligula allowed to declare him a god.


Question: When did Caligula die?

Caligula

Caligula also probably wanted him to be worshipped as a god in the style of Hellenistic kings.


Question: When did Caligula die?

Caligula

[13] The illness Caligula became seriously ill in the fall of the year 37.


Question: When did Caligula die?

Caligula

The exact time of the illness is not known.


Question: When did Caligula die?

Caligula

Caligula's illness was mourned throughout the kingdom.


Question: When did Caligula die?

Caligula

A member of the knighthood, Atanius Secundus, promised to fight as a gladiator if Caligula was healed.


Question: When did Caligula die?

Caligula

A certain Publius Afranius Potitus, on the other hand, promised to give his own life, as long as only Caligula could survive.


Question: When did Caligula die?

Caligula

It is unclear whether the men really had to carry out their promises once Caligula was cured.


Question: When did Caligula die?

Caligula

There is also no information about the exact cause of the disease.


Question: When did Caligula die?

Caligula

According to contemporary researchers' estimates, Caligula may have contracted encephalitis, hyperthyroidism or some virus.


Question: When did Caligula die?

Caligula

It is also difficult to assess whether the illness had an impact on Caligula's mental health.


Question: When did Caligula die?

Caligula

[14] Caligulan improved at the end of year 37.


Question: When did Caligula die?

Caligula

Shortly after this, Gemellus and Caligula's father-in-law Silanus were forced to commit suicide.


Question: When did Caligula die?

Caligula

Gemellus was accused of having intended to exploit Caligula's illness and seize power for himself.


Question: When did Caligula die?

Caligula

The exact reason why Silanus was forced to commit suicide is not known.


Question: When did Caligula die?

Caligula

Silanus had been already in the time of Tiberius one of the most powerful men in the kingdom and perhaps Caligula feared he would seize power for himself or be involved in a conspiracy to elevate Gemellus to the throne.


Question: When did Caligula die?

Caligula

[15] Caligula remarried in 37.


Question: When did Caligula die?

Caligula

The wife's name was either Livia Orestilla (according to Suetonius) or Cornelia Oresti (according to Dion).


Question: When did Caligula die?

Caligula

She was already engaged to a certain Gaius Calpurnius Piso, who belonged to a prominent and formidable lineage.


Question: When did Caligula die?

Caligula

Caligula joked that he had taken his new wife in the same way as Augustus and Romulus, who had adopted a woman who was already married.


Question: When did Caligula die?

Caligula

Caligula soon grew tired of his new wife and in a couple of years he expelled Orestilla when she returned to Piso.


Question: When did Caligula die?

Caligula

[16] At the beginning of 38, Macro and his wife Ennia were also forced to commit suicide.


Question: When did Caligula die?

Caligula

Macro had been one of Caligula's main supporters and it is unclear why Caligula wanted to get rid of it.


Question: When did Caligula die?

Caligula

Maybe Macro had participated in Silanus and Gemellus's secret plot, or Caligula was just tired of an older man trying to control him.


Question: When did Caligula die?

Caligula

[17] It is likely that Caligula appointed two different persons as prefects of the Praetorian Guard.


Question: When did Caligula die?

Caligula

At least there were two prefects at the end of Caligula's reign.


Question: When did Caligula die?

Caligula

In 38, Herod Agrippa travelled from Rome to Judea.


Question: When did Caligula die?

Caligula

[18] In his rise to power, Caligula had neither administrative nor military experience.


Question: When did Caligula die?

Caligula

Gradually, he became drunk from power — even so badly that he set about demanding treatment for himself the same as the gods.


Question: When did Caligula die?

Caligula

He turned flabbergasted, belittled others and stressed his right to do anything to anyone.


Question: When did Caligula die?

Caligula

Caligula set up a temple in Rome where he was to be sacrificed, and the Temple in Jerusalem he wanted to completely transform into his own place of worship.


Question: When did Caligula die?

Caligula

He beat the heads off all the famous god pictures he could get his hands on, and replaced them with his own facial features.


Question: When did Caligula die?

Caligula

He conversed naturally with other gods.


Question: When did Caligula die?

Caligula

At the Capitolium, for example, he often held one-on-one and mysterious negotiations with Juppiter, and finally threatened that Juppiter's domination would soon be at an end.


Question: When did Caligula die?

Caligula

Caligula had the need to ensure his admission as a god even before his death, but he could only be declared a god by the Senate.


Question: When did Caligula die?

Caligula

It was not amenable, however, primarily because Caligula was still alive.


Question: When did Caligula die?

Caligula

In Rome, only the dead were declared to be gods.


Question: When did Caligula die?

Caligula

Caligula therefore began to emphasize his divinity by wearing bracelets, silky women's costumes, military shoes and cloaks decorated with precious stones.


Question: When did Caligula die?

Caligula

Sometimes he also wore the chest armour of Alexander the Great, which had been raised from his tomb.


Question: When did Caligula die?

Caligula

As the Senate was still unwilling to grant Caligula divinity, he reduced the power of the Senate and humiliated the senators by forcing them to run long distances beside the emperor's chariots or ordering them to waiter duties.


Question: When did Caligula die?

Caligula

Although the Senate disliked Caligula, he still enjoyed great popular popularity.


Question: When did Caligula die?

Caligula

Caligula organized many amusements for the nation: gladiatorial fights and theatrical performances.


Question: When did Caligula die?

Caligula

He also built new public buildings.


Question: When did Caligula die?

Caligula

He set up amusements for himself as well.


Question: When did Caligula die?

Caligula

Caligula's perhaps most famous whim was to build a pontoon bridge over the Bay of Baiae nearly five and a half miles long from merchant ships.


Question: When did Caligula die?

Caligula

[19] In the time of Tiberius, the Emperor's court astrologer had prophesied that Caligula could as little become emperor as ride across the Gulf of Naples.


Question: When did Caligula die?

Caligula

After the bridge was completed, Caligula rode proudly wearing the chest armour of Alexander the Great across the bridge.


Question: When did Caligula die?

Caligula

Coming back, he stopped in the middle of the bridge and set about extolling his feats.


Question: When did Caligula die?

Caligula

After this, he held a huge party in honor of himself.


Question: When did Caligula die?

Caligula

When people started getting drunk enough, Caligula told me to throw them all into the sea.


Question: When did Caligula die?

Caligula

Caligula was famous for his ability to come up with new ways to waste money — he ate gilded bread, bathed in oil, built 70-foot-long ships covered in jewels and had entire fruit gardens on their deck.


Question: When did Caligula die?

Caligula

He thus wasted the three billion sesterius collected by Tiberius long before there had been a year as emperor.


Question: When did Caligula die?

Caligula

Strapped for cash, he began to raise money through various auctions, legacies and litigation.


Question: When did Caligula die?

Caligula

He also raised taxes and put a tax on prostitution, food imported to Rome, and transportation commissions.


Question: When did Caligula die?

Caligula

As a warlord, Caligula fared very poorly, despite the fact that he had grown up in a military camp.


Question: When did Caligula die?

Caligula

Ignoring this, he wanted to go to war and thereafter spend the finest triumph of his time.


Question: When did Caligula die?

Caligula

Caligula assembled a troop of soldiers and set out.


Question: When did Caligula die?

Caligula

However, he himself did not ride, but was carried in a carrying chair.


Question: When did Caligula die?

Caligula

The people of Gaul had to sweep the road and water it with water lest dust fly from it.


Question: When did Caligula die?

Caligula

When Caligula and his army reached the Germanian border, they encountered no one they would have fought with.


Question: When did Caligula die?

Caligula

In this case, he dressed the Germans in his bodyguard as enemies and took them prisoners.


Question: When did Caligula die?

Caligula

He also commanded his army to the battlefront to the English Channel coast and ordered his troops to run into the water to collect seashells.


Question: When did Caligula die?

Caligula

After that, he built a lighthouse to commemorate this “victory”.


Question: When did Caligula die?

Caligula

After this farce, we set off back to Rome to plan the triumph.


Question: When did Caligula die?

Caligula

It was, admittedly, never allowed to keep, for on 24 January in 41 Caligula died at the age of 28 from dagger blows by the conspirators.


Question: When did Caligula die?

Caligula

While Caligula was alone in a corridor, he was attacked by Cassius Chaerea, who had previously been in Germanicus' army and had personal reasons for hating Caligula.


Question: When did Caligula die?

Caligula

In the process, Caligula's wife Caesonia and their daughter Julia Drusilla, whose head was smashed into a wall, were also killed.


Question: When did Caligula die?

Caligula

The murderers included three soldiers of the Praetorian Guard, but the commissioners were probably a few members of the Senate.


Question: When did Caligula die?

Caligula

Caligula had time to be in power for three years and ten months.


Question: When did Caligula die?

Caligula

Aftermath Caligula is said to have been an insane and brutal despot.


Question: When did Caligula die?

Caligula

Numerous stories are told about him, including that he named his horse Incitatus Senator, he was rumoured to have had an incestuous relationship with his sister Drusilla and two other sisters, and that he organised orgies in his palace.


Question: When did Caligula die?

Caligula

The veracity of the stories is hard to ascertain.


Question: When did Caligula die?

Caligula

Much thought has been given to the reasons for Caligula's behaviour.


Question: When did Caligula die?

Caligula

The two most common explanations are that he was either insane or has been misrepresented by historians.


Question: When did Caligula die?

Caligula

For example, appointing a horse as a senator may have been a way of showing contempt for the Senate, and pro-Senate historiography traditionally did not look well upon those who ridiculed the Senate position.


Question: When did Caligula die?

Caligula

The family Caligula was married four times.


Question: When did Caligula die?

Caligula

He, along with his fourth wife, Milonia Caesonia, had a daughter, Julia Drusilla.


Question: When did Caligula die?

Caligula

[20] Junia Claudilla Livia Orestilla (Cornelia Orestilla) Lollia Paulina Milonia Caesonia Ancient sources The main sources on Caligula's life are the biography of Caligula written by Suetonius and the Book of Roman History by Dion Kassios 59, which deals with the reign of Caligula .


Question: When did Caligula die?

Caligula

Suetonius's biography is problematic because he does not recount events in chronological order and because Suetonius is not very interested in political events to the extent that they are not related to Caligula's person.


Question: When did Caligula die?

Caligula

In his biographies, Suetonius uncritically repeats even the worst gossip and most colourful anecdotes.


Question: When did Caligula die?

Caligula

Dion, who lived in the 200th century, dealt with Roman history from the time of kingship until Severus Alexander.


Question: When did Caligula die?

Caligula

Dion's work catalogues events but does not contain any kind of deeper analysis and, like Suetonius's work, it also contains implausible events.


Question: When did Caligula die?

Caligula

The end of the 59th book of Dion's work and the beginning of the 60th book are lost.


Question: When did Caligula die?

Caligula

In these books, Dion dealt with the events of the year 40 and of these only abbreviations of John Xifilinos (10th century) and Johannes Zonaras (11th century) have survived to the present day.


Question: When did Caligula die?

Caligula

[21] An important contemporaneous source on Caligula's life is Seneca, who was an eyewitness and who knew Caligula personally.


Question: When did Caligula die?

Caligula

Seneca was more of a philosopher than a historian, but he often uses current events as examples in his works.


Question: When did Caligula die?

Caligula

Seneca, however, was a well-known flatterer, praising the surviving emperors but berating their dead predecessors.


Question: When did Caligula die?

Caligula

Seneca had reason to hate Caligula for personal and political reasons alike, as Caligula drove him into exile, berating his writing style, among other things.


Question: When did Caligula die?

Caligula

[22] Another source of contemporaries was Philo's Alexandrian, who led a Jewish delegation to Rome in 39/40.


Question: When did Caligula die?

Caligula

Filon wrote two works preserved to the present day, dealing with the Caligula era.


Question: When did Caligula die?

Caligula

In Flaccum and commonly referred to as Legation, the work deals primarily with events important to Jews, but they also sometimes deal with events in Rome.


Question: When did Caligula die?

Caligula

Filon always tries to present the Jews in the best possible light and he does not hide the hatred he feels against Caligula.


Question: When did Caligula die?

Caligula

[23] Caligula's reign is also addressed by Josephus Book of the Jewish Ancients 19.1—211.


Question: When did Caligula die?

Caligula

The part of Tacitus's work on Caligula has been lost, but he refers to Caligula several times in his works.


Question: When did Caligula die?

Caligula

All sources that survive to the present day are hostile to Caligula.


Question: When did Caligula die?

Caligula

In addition to literary sources, there are also numismatic and epigraphic sources from Caligula's reign.


Question: When did Caligula die?

Caligula

[24] Literature Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Henrikson, Alf| title = Ancient stories| others = Translated by Maija Westerlund| location = Porvoo Helsinki Juva| publisher = WSOY| year = 2004| version = (Antikens historier, 1959) | id = ISBN 951-0-18515-9}} error, replace with {{cite book| author = Kivimäki, Arto & Tuomisto, Pekka| title = Roman Emperors| location = Hämeenlinna| publisher = Karisto| year = 2005| id = ISBN 951-23-4546-3}} Sources Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Alan K. Bowman et al.| The title = Cambridge Ancient History Volume X, The Augustan Empire, 43 BC—AD 69| publisher = Cambridge University Press| year = 2005| id = ISBN 0-521-30199-8}} Transclusion error: {{en}} is only for use in File namespace.


Question: When did Caligula die?

Caligula

Use {{lang-en}} or {{en icon}} instead.


Question: When did Caligula die?

Caligula

Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Anthony A. Barrett| title= Caligula: The Corruption of Power| publisher = Routledge| year = 2002| id=ISBN 9780203137765| language = Transclusion error: {{En}} is only for use in File namespace.


Question: When did Caligula die?

Caligula

Use {{lang-en}} or {{en icon}} instead.}


Question: When did Caligula die?

Caligula

Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Anthony A. Barrett| title= Caligula: The Corruption of Power| publisher = Yale University Press| year = 1990| id=ISBN 978030007429-1| language = Transclusion error: {{En}} is only for use in File namespace.


Question: When did Caligula die?

Caligula


Question: When did Caligula die?

Caligula

Check date values in: |accessdate=, |date= (help) CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link) Check date values in: |accessdate= (help) References Caligula Caligula Category:Roman emperors Category:Key articles of screening


Question: When did dinosaurs become extinct?

Cretaceous mass extinction

The Cretaceous mass extinction occurred on Earth 65.5 million years ago.


Question: When did dinosaurs become extinct?

Cretaceous mass extinction

That's when dinosaurs and many terrestrial and marine animals became extinct and the chalk-shelled animals disappeared.


Question: When did dinosaurs become extinct?

Cretaceous mass extinction

Large species were most affected by the devastation [1], the small ones survived better.


Question: When did dinosaurs become extinct?

Cretaceous mass extinction

Domestic ammonites disappeared from the seas completely.


Question: When did dinosaurs become extinct?

Cretaceous mass extinction

Small reptiles, mammals and birds survived.


Question: When did dinosaurs become extinct?

Cretaceous mass extinction

The mass extinction was almost entirely due to the collision of a rare large asteroid on the Yucatan Peninsula [2] [3].


Question: When did dinosaurs become extinct?

Cretaceous mass extinction

This has been inferred from the fact that the Cretaceous-ending KT boundary [4] contains significantly more than normal Earth-rare iridium [5] [6] [7].


Question: When did dinosaurs become extinct?

Cretaceous mass extinction

Glass balls created in the collision have also been preserved.


Question: When did dinosaurs become extinct?

Cretaceous mass extinction

In 1991, it was discovered that an exceptionally strong asteroid collision spawned around the end of the Cretaceous Period to Mesoamerica the Yucatan Peninsula now already underground Chicxulub crater.


Question: When did dinosaurs become extinct?

Cretaceous mass extinction

A huge impact explosion spread hot gas around him with the force of gale-force winds.


Question: When did dinosaurs become extinct?

Cretaceous mass extinction

A shock wave toppling trees, tidal waves and rain from hot rock were deadly near the impact point.


Question: When did dinosaurs become extinct?

Cretaceous mass extinction

A powerful earthquake milled the ground and caused large landslides.


Question: When did dinosaurs become extinct?

Cretaceous mass extinction

Hot rock throws and hot impact gas raised large fires.


Question: When did dinosaurs become extinct?

Cretaceous mass extinction

Dust and chemicals lifted by the collision darkened the sun.


Question: When did dinosaurs become extinct?

Cretaceous mass extinction

In the oceans, coherent plankton died for a while, killing many plankton-eating molluscs and mollusk-eating sea lizards.


Question: When did dinosaurs become extinct?

Cretaceous mass extinction

Many deep-sea organisms, amphibians and omnivores, as well as dispersers, survived.


Question: When did dinosaurs become extinct?

Cretaceous mass extinction

Land plants died out over large areas, killing herbivorous animals that survived other collision devastations.


Question: When did dinosaurs become extinct?

Cretaceous mass extinction

This is why herbivore-eating predator dinosaurs died.


Question: When did dinosaurs become extinct?

Cretaceous mass extinction

One of the successful survivors was mammals.


Question: When did dinosaurs become extinct?

Cretaceous mass extinction

The thinning of the dinosaur species during the late Cretaceous period was undergoing the Maastricht phase, when, among other things, the famous predator lizard Tyrannosaurus rex.


Question: When did dinosaurs become extinct?

Cretaceous mass extinction

Towards the end of the Cretaceous, the dinosaur species thinned [8] [9] and sea levels slowly decreased at the end of the period, which may have eradicated shallow marine life species.


Question: When did dinosaurs become extinct?

Cretaceous mass extinction

The thinning was visible about 70 million years ago, according to fossils in some areas, but it is not certain if the decline was global.


Question: When did dinosaurs become extinct?

Cretaceous mass extinction

[10] Similarly, the average temperature of the Earth decreased, and the seasonal variation of temperatures increased, especially near the poles [11].


Question: When did dinosaurs become extinct?

Cretaceous mass extinction

The climate of the US region got wet and perhaps bellicose.


Question: When did dinosaurs become extinct?

Cretaceous mass extinction

This may have reduced the number of some grazing dinosaurs and carnivores that depend on them [8].


Question: When did dinosaurs become extinct?

Cretaceous mass extinction

Around the time of the collision, sea levels were lowered.


Question: When did dinosaurs become extinct?

Cretaceous mass extinction

The number of beak lizards declined in North America towards the end of the Cretaceous, leaving only one area, Edmontosaurus [9].


Question: When did dinosaurs become extinct?

Cretaceous mass extinction

In the neighborhoods of Hell Creek, the very end of the Cretaceous was a community of about 10 large dinosaur species.


Question: When did dinosaurs become extinct?

Cretaceous mass extinction

The three-horned Triceratops was the most common, there were also Anatosaurus and the monstrous predator lizard Tyrannosaurus, with about 20 smaller non-dinosaur lizards, 2 snakes and 19 species of mammals.


Question: When did dinosaurs become extinct?

Cretaceous mass extinction

Most mammals were multituberculate, marsupial and other primitive types, and few placental mammals of the current type [9] End of the Cretaceous Period About 65.5 million years ago The most visible signs of the end of the Cretaceous period in rock deposits were that of dinosaurs loss of skeletons and chalk-producing microorganisms.


Question: When did dinosaurs become extinct?

Cretaceous mass extinction

Only some few dinosaur bones exist over the KT boundary that ends the Cretaceous period.


Question: When did dinosaurs become extinct?

Cretaceous mass extinction

In 2009, American James Fasset discovered bones of ankylosaurs, hadrosaurs and tyrannosaurs above the KT boundary in sandstone of the Paleocene period [12].


Question: When did dinosaurs become extinct?

Cretaceous mass extinction

In any case, dinosaurs were rare in the Paleocene period and probably disappeared by the end of the period at the latest.


Question: When did dinosaurs become extinct?

Cretaceous mass extinction

They migrated there probably due to the rearrangement of deposits caused by erosion, landslides, and similar causes.


Question: When did dinosaurs become extinct?

Cretaceous mass extinction

There has been controversy over how rapid the Cretaceous mass extinction was.


Question: When did dinosaurs become extinct?

Cretaceous mass extinction

Some claim it happened in less than 1,000 years, others claim extinction took millions of years, third advocate a period of less than a day.


Question: When did dinosaurs become extinct?

Cretaceous mass extinction

Today, the prevailing asteroid theory assumes the destruction occurred suddenly.


Question: When did dinosaurs become extinct?

Cretaceous mass extinction

Changes in food chains?


Question: When did dinosaurs become extinct?

Cretaceous mass extinction

The animals' destruction is believed to have been accompanied by the temporary loss of new plant nutrition and co-operative plankton, which wiped out herbivores and carnivores further up the food chain.


Question: When did dinosaurs become extinct?

Cretaceous mass extinction

Waste and scavenger eaters and non-communicating plankton survived better.


Question: When did dinosaurs become extinct?

Cretaceous mass extinction

According to some, herbivores died out with the decline of plants, after which herbivore-eating predator dinosaurs died out.


Question: When did dinosaurs become extinct?

Cretaceous mass extinction

[13] [14] Marine animals such as mosasaur eating ammonites and other marine molluscs disappeared.


Question: When did dinosaurs become extinct?

Cretaceous mass extinction

[15] More shallow water species died out than seabed species.


Question: When did dinosaurs become extinct?

Cretaceous mass extinction

Lost species The late Cretaceous mass extinction took all dinosaurs from land, sea and air.


Question: When did dinosaurs become extinct?

Cretaceous mass extinction

Sea swan lizards [16], fish lizards, mosasaurs and pterodactyls [16].


Question: When did dinosaurs become extinct?

Cretaceous mass extinction

Large land animals died [17].


Question: When did dinosaurs become extinct?

Cretaceous mass extinction

Few land animals longer than one meter and weighing more than 30 kg survived the destruction [8].


Question: When did dinosaurs become extinct?

Cretaceous mass extinction

Ammonites [16] and belemnites [18], which had long been in the seas, also disappeared.


Question: When did dinosaurs become extinct?

Cretaceous mass extinction

The most common group of birds in the Cretaceous was lost [19].


Question: When did dinosaurs become extinct?

Cretaceous mass extinction

Ammonites appear to have first become rare and become small, then disappeared completely [20].


Question: When did dinosaurs become extinct?

Cretaceous mass extinction

Almost all genera of foraminifera of plankton on the surface of the oceans were lost [21].


Question: When did dinosaurs become extinct?

Cretaceous mass extinction

90% of plankton lost [8].


Question: When did dinosaurs become extinct?

Cretaceous mass extinction

99% of the earth's biomass was destroyed [22].


Question: When did dinosaurs become extinct?

Cretaceous mass extinction

50— 75% of all species died [22].


Question: When did dinosaurs become extinct?

Cretaceous mass extinction

In the sea, 50% of all animal genera were lost [23], 85% of species and 15% of tribes.


Question: When did dinosaurs become extinct?

Cretaceous mass extinction

70% of marine species died [23], among them many shellfish and gastropods [18].


Question: When did dinosaurs become extinct?

Cretaceous mass extinction

Ninety-three per cent of marine reptiles, 100 per cent of ammonites, 65 per cent of corals and 83 per cent of plankton.


Question: When did dinosaurs become extinct?

Cretaceous mass extinction

On land, 25% of animal tribes and 56% of genera lost.


Question: When did dinosaurs become extinct?

Cretaceous mass extinction

Fifty-six percent of non-dinosaur reptiles died too.


Question: When did dinosaurs become extinct?

Cretaceous mass extinction

Largely lost organisms Many mammal and bird species died out although many survived, for example a large proportion of North American marsupials.


Question: When did dinosaurs become extinct?

Cretaceous mass extinction

Many species of bark crustacean disappeared [24].


Question: When did dinosaurs become extinct?

Cretaceous mass extinction

The plants were preserved quite well, of them lost only 10%.


Question: When did dinosaurs become extinct?

Cretaceous mass extinction

Microscopically small species such as dinoflagellates also disappeared, but not to a large extent.


Question: When did dinosaurs become extinct?

Cretaceous mass extinction

Which species survived the mass extinction was survived by small terrestrial animals such as mammals.


Question: When did dinosaurs become extinct?

Cretaceous mass extinction

Birds covered in feathers survived.


Question: When did dinosaurs become extinct?

Cretaceous mass extinction

The reptiles survived turtles, crocodiles, lizards and snakes [25].


Question: When did dinosaurs become extinct?

Cretaceous mass extinction

Fish and frogs also survived.


Question: When did dinosaurs become extinct?

Cretaceous mass extinction

Bone fish survived very well, although even in them large species were touched by destruction.


Question: When did dinosaurs become extinct?

Cretaceous mass extinction

The insects survived [16].


Question: When did dinosaurs become extinct?

Cretaceous mass extinction

Bone fish survived best.


Question: When did dinosaurs become extinct?

Cretaceous mass extinction

These were freshwater organisms, as were frogs, crocodiles and aquatic turtles.


Question: When did dinosaurs become extinct?

Cretaceous mass extinction

These organisms suffer most from acid rain today, so acid rain may not have been a major contributor to the destruction of organisms.


Question: When did dinosaurs become extinct?

Cretaceous mass extinction

[16] Many omnivorous insectivores and scavengers survived.


Question: When did dinosaurs become extinct?

Cretaceous mass extinction

Insects, snails and other animals that ate dead animal and plant matter were consumed by insects and mammals.


Question: When did dinosaurs become extinct?

Cretaceous mass extinction

Crocodiles survived probably because they were able to eat waste.


Question: When did dinosaurs become extinct?

Cretaceous mass extinction

However, changes in plants from North American plant species lost about 57 percent.


Question: When did dinosaurs become extinct?

Cretaceous mass extinction

But even before the end of the Cretaceous period, significant changes in North American plant species are believed to have occurred.


Question: When did dinosaurs become extinct?

Cretaceous mass extinction

In New Zealand and Antarctica, the plant species remained largely intact, but their overall numbers were significantly reduced.


Question: When did dinosaurs become extinct?

Cretaceous mass extinction

Ferns became significantly more common at the beginning of the following Paleocene period [13].


Question: When did dinosaurs become extinct?

Cretaceous mass extinction

In the eruption of the Saint Helens volcano, among other things, ferns were the first to occupy the area of dead plants, benefiting from reproduction by spores.


Question: When did dinosaurs become extinct?

Cretaceous mass extinction

Dispersers such as mushrooms seem to have been common for some time.


Question: When did dinosaurs become extinct?

Cretaceous mass extinction

[26] Most amphibians survived.


Question: When did dinosaurs become extinct?

Cretaceous mass extinction

Mammals Rise The number of mammals 2.2-fold.


Question: When did dinosaurs become extinct?

Cretaceous mass extinction

Most preserved mammals were small, less than 1 pound, and, for their small size, were able to seek shelter in different environments.


Question: When did dinosaurs become extinct?

Cretaceous mass extinction

Northern Hemisphere sac mammals disappeared but survived in Australia and South Africa.


Question: When did dinosaurs become extinct?

Cretaceous mass extinction

The only marsupial that survived in North America was the possum resembling the Late Cretaceous Alphadon, which is roughly the same as the Peradectes of the Paleocene.


Question: When did dinosaurs become extinct?

Cretaceous mass extinction

In North America lived after the destruction, among other things, Purgatorius, who resembled a woodhead.


Question: When did dinosaurs become extinct?

Cretaceous mass extinction

Half a million years after the destruction, the rather small carnivore Protungulatum was located at the top of one of the region's food chain [9].


Question: When did dinosaurs become extinct?

Cretaceous mass extinction

Asteroid theory The mass extinction of the end of the Cretaceous period began to be increasingly explained by the collision of a large asteroid quite certainly to Yucatan.


Question: When did dinosaurs become extinct?

Cretaceous mass extinction

[27] [28] When the asteroid collided with earth at high speed, huge collision friction gassed much of it.


Question: When did dinosaurs become extinct?

Cretaceous mass extinction

Gas your bazooka to the side and up.


Question: When did dinosaurs become extinct?

Cretaceous mass extinction

[29] The impact blasted rock into the air from an area 100 km in diameter.


Question: When did dinosaurs become extinct?

Cretaceous mass extinction

The rock rained partly down as hot rain.


Question: When did dinosaurs become extinct?

Cretaceous mass extinction

The rock rain heated the air and the ground level up to boiling point for a few minutes, but Earth's water bodies didn't have time to begin boiling.


Question: When did dinosaurs become extinct?

Cretaceous mass extinction

[30] Yet there was a global fire.


Question: When did dinosaurs become extinct?

Cretaceous mass extinction

[31] Already this alone killed life in the local area.


Question: When did dinosaurs become extinct?

Cretaceous mass extinction

The rock near the impact point rippled like the sea.


Question: When did dinosaurs become extinct?

Cretaceous mass extinction

The hot gas generated by the impact explosion [29] wiped a wide area lifeless.


Question: When did dinosaurs become extinct?

Cretaceous mass extinction

The shock wave swept the ground and caused a cyclone thousands of miles away.


Question: When did dinosaurs become extinct?

Cretaceous mass extinction

[29] Transcontinental areas of forest burned.


Question: When did dinosaurs become extinct?

Cretaceous mass extinction

The impact was equivalent to more than magnitude 10 quakes across the globe.


Question: When did dinosaurs become extinct?

Cretaceous mass extinction

[29] The surface of the earth was milling because of it.


Question: When did dinosaurs become extinct?

Cretaceous mass extinction

Quake waves ricocheted inside the ground, subdued slowly.


Question: When did dinosaurs become extinct?

Cretaceous mass extinction

The quakes spawned large landslides.


Question: When did dinosaurs become extinct?

Cretaceous mass extinction

Since the collision took place partly into the sea, a tidal wave was created with an altitude of 1000 km away perhaps about half a kilometre, and a kilometre when it came to land.


Question: When did dinosaurs become extinct?

Cretaceous mass extinction

[32] Immediate destructive effects such as heat wave extended deadly well beyond the point of impact of the asteroid.


Question: When did dinosaurs become extinct?

Cretaceous mass extinction

Some animals survived at some sheltered points, but after immediate impact they encountered a disturbed ecosystem where many edible plants and animals had died.


Question: When did dinosaurs become extinct?

Cretaceous mass extinction

Strong showers of rain or snow emerged from the water raised by the collision.


Question: When did dinosaurs become extinct?

Cretaceous mass extinction

The hot collision released sulfur compounds from the region's anhydrite rock, [33] [34] which reacted with water turning into sulfuric acid.


Question: When did dinosaurs become extinct?

Cretaceous mass extinction

Thus a cloud of sulfuric acid that covered Earth was created in the upper atmosphere, obscuring sunlight for a long period of time and thus cutting off food supply for many animals.


Question: When did dinosaurs become extinct?

Cretaceous mass extinction

[35] Contact ceased [36] and ecosystems imploded.


Question: When did dinosaurs become extinct?

Cretaceous mass extinction

Many times it is claimed as a darkening factor dust for no reason.


Question: When did dinosaurs become extinct?

Cretaceous mass extinction

[37] Water vapor was created in the impact and sulphur compounds were released from the rock below, [38] of which droplets of sulfuric acid dimming sunlight.


Question: When did dinosaurs become extinct?

Cretaceous mass extinction

The impact would have been much stronger than in the sulfuric acid emission generated by any volcanic eruption.


Question: When did dinosaurs become extinct?

Cretaceous mass extinction

[39] In addition, there was dust, smoke [13] and ash in the cloud.


Question: When did dinosaurs become extinct?

Cretaceous mass extinction

The cloud-induced winter lasted more than 3 years.


Question: When did dinosaurs become extinct?

Cretaceous mass extinction

[40] Nitrogen compounds probably destroyed the ozone layer for 20 years [41] and also perhaps acidified the ocean so that lime-shelled organisms disappeared.


Question: When did dinosaurs become extinct?

Cretaceous mass extinction

[42] Climate impacts An asteroid collision would have first warmed the earth with hot collision gases and a shock wave within a few minutes.


Question: When did dinosaurs become extinct?

Cretaceous mass extinction

Water vapor rising in the collision also heated the Earth with a greenhouse effect.


Question: When did dinosaurs become extinct?

Cretaceous mass extinction

Then, a few days later, dust, soot and sulfuric acid drops and other particles created by the impact cooled Earth from a few years to a few dozen years into a “nuclear winter.”


Question: When did dinosaurs become extinct?

Cretaceous mass extinction

In one month Africa had an average temperature of —10°C, and frost intensified for at least three years [43].


Question: When did dinosaurs become extinct?

Cretaceous mass extinction

The sun's light came to the surface of the Earth as much as it does today over Saturn's clouds, or about one-hundredth of what it is today [44].


Question: When did dinosaurs become extinct?

Cretaceous mass extinction

The average temperature of the country dropped 26 degrees and remained below zero for at least three years [45].


Question: When did dinosaurs become extinct?

Cretaceous mass extinction

The global average temperature may have been −30°C at its coldest.


Question: When did dinosaurs become extinct?

Cretaceous mass extinction

The seas remained melted throughout the period, but cooled at least 3 km deep.


Question: When did dinosaurs become extinct?

Cretaceous mass extinction

Surface waters cooled from 21°C to 6°C.


Question: When did dinosaurs become extinct?

Cretaceous mass extinction

The average temperature of the tropics dropped from 27 to 5 degrees [46].


Question: When did dinosaurs become extinct?

Cretaceous mass extinction

Africa may even have experienced more than 20 degrees of frost [47].


Question: When did dinosaurs become extinct?

Cretaceous mass extinction

Heat started returning to the tropics about 5 years after the collision, and in 8 years there were already heats.


Question: When did dinosaurs become extinct?

Cretaceous mass extinction

But it wasn't until 30 years that the Earth was restored.


Question: When did dinosaurs become extinct?

Cretaceous mass extinction

Finally, in a few ten or a few hundred years, greenhouse gases would have warmed Earth.


Question: When did dinosaurs become extinct?

Cretaceous mass extinction

They arose in forest fires and oxidation of excessively organic matter [48].


Question: When did dinosaurs become extinct?

Cretaceous mass extinction

It is also possible that this was a twin asteroid.


Question: When did dinosaurs become extinct?

Cretaceous mass extinction

[49] Evidence for asteroid theory Physicist Luiz Alvarez, his son chemist Walter Alvarez and chemists Frank Azaro and Helen Michels found higher than normal iridium concentrations in 1979 on the boundary between the Cretaceous and Paleocene epoch [50] [51] [52] [53] by neutron activation analysis at NAA [54].


Question: When did dinosaurs become extinct?

Cretaceous mass extinction

In 1970, Alverez had been involved in the discovery of a stratum from which it could be concluded that the KT boundary that ended the Cretaceous period had arisen in less than 1000 years.


Question: When did dinosaurs become extinct?

Cretaceous mass extinction

In the 1970s were Sarna-Wojcicki and others thought that iridium could be used in age determination because iridium rains into the ground from meteorites at a fairly steady rate.


Question: When did dinosaurs become extinct?

Cretaceous mass extinction

Gravity measurements and other observations revealed an annular formation of Chicxulub crater buried within the Yucatan [13] in 1991 [39], which emerged around the end of the Cretaceous period.


Question: When did dinosaurs become extinct?

Cretaceous mass extinction

On the boundary of the Cretaceous and the following Paleocene epoch, there is a stratum with signs of asteroid collision, glassy spheres, tektites and crushed quartz and signs of the highest normal amounts of chondrite meteorite material up to this time.


Question: When did dinosaurs become extinct?

Cretaceous mass extinction

In 2010, a panel of 41 scientists approved the collision of a large asteroid as the cause of mass extinction at the end of the Cretaceous period, rejecting a volcanic eruption in an article in the journal Science as insufficient [55].


Question: When did dinosaurs become extinct?

Cretaceous mass extinction

It was also revealed that the entanglement of soil deposits in the collision explains the fact that in some places the Chicxulub collision appears to have occurred 0.3 million years before [56] actual mass extinction [55].


Question: When did dinosaurs become extinct?

Cretaceous mass extinction

Shiva crater?


Question: When did dinosaurs become extinct?

Cretaceous mass extinction

According to some scientists, after a relatively short period of time, Earth was struck by a few large asteroids.


Question: When did dinosaurs become extinct?

Cretaceous mass extinction

One spawned perhaps in Indian regions the Shiva crater may have been triggered or extended by Deccan lava eruptions.


Question: When did dinosaurs become extinct?

Cretaceous mass extinction

The impact force estimate of Iridium concentrations has been calculated as approximately 12—15 kilometres in diameter [57] of the asteroid that caused the mass extinction.


Question: When did dinosaurs become extinct?

Cretaceous mass extinction

Collisions of this nature occur roughly once every 100 million years [58] or twice as densely [59].


Question: When did dinosaurs become extinct?

Cretaceous mass extinction

The asteroid hit the Earth's surface probably at a fairly oblique angle of 20—30 degrees and at a pace of 20 kilometers per second.


Question: When did dinosaurs become extinct?

Cretaceous mass extinction

According to the iridium content, the estimated meteorite crater diameter is about 150—200 kilometers.


Question: When did dinosaurs become extinct?

Cretaceous mass extinction

The crater that emerged at the time of impact was 100 km wide and 30 km deep, but quickly leveled out into a ring ring ring formation about 170—180 km in diameter.


Question: When did dinosaurs become extinct?

Cretaceous mass extinction

Leveling occurred upon impact as melted and crushed rock rippled so that the central peak rose up to 3 times higher than Mount Everest at times [60].


Question: When did dinosaurs become extinct?

Cretaceous mass extinction

The impact released 500zettajoules, or (5 × 1023 joules) of energy, judging by the size of the crater [61].


Question: When did dinosaurs become extinct?

Cretaceous mass extinction

This equates to an explosive force of 100 trillion TNT tonnes, which is the same as 100000 gigatons [62] and 100 million megatons, or 10 billion Hiroshima bombs [63] or 2 million of the largest thermonuclear bomb ever detonated, the Tsar-Bomba.


Question: When did dinosaurs become extinct?

Cretaceous mass extinction

By comparison, the birth explosion of the caldera of La Garita, the largest volcanic crater, yielded only 10 zettajoules.


Question: When did dinosaurs become extinct?

Cretaceous mass extinction

Milder estimates suggest that the explosion would have been only one-tenth of the above, i.e. 10 million megatons [57].


Question: When did dinosaurs become extinct?

Cretaceous mass extinction

Accurately estimating the force of a collision is difficult because it depends on many precisely unknown large, which are the density, diameter and velocity of matter in the asteroid.


Question: When did dinosaurs become extinct?

Cretaceous mass extinction

Theories competing with/competing with asteroid theory The asteroid theory has been rivaled by Volcano Theory [64].


Question: When did dinosaurs become extinct?

Cretaceous mass extinction

The volcanoes are alleged to have poisoned the atmosphere, eaten oxygen and caused acid rain, and raised dust reflecting sunlight into the air [65].


Question: When did dinosaurs become extinct?

Cretaceous mass extinction

According to some previous claims, large volcanic eruptions [66] [67] also eradicated much of the species.


Question: When did dinosaurs become extinct?

Cretaceous mass extinction

Today, volcanic theory is considered inadequate because eruptions continued for a long time and the destruction of dinosaurs came suddenly [55].


Question: When did dinosaurs become extinct?

Cretaceous mass extinction

Climate and/or vegetation change has been claimed to have destroyed dinosaurs [65].


Question: When did dinosaurs become extinct?

Cretaceous mass extinction

A mammal that would have eaten their eggs [65] has also been claimed to be the cause of the destruction of dinosaurs.


Question: When did dinosaurs become extinct?

Cretaceous mass extinction

Some have claimed dinosaurs bored and degenerated their brains and disappeared because of it [68].


Question: When did dinosaurs become extinct?

Cretaceous mass extinction

There has also been talk of a nearby supernova explosion [25], diseases [25] and climate change caused by continental exercise.


Question: When did dinosaurs become extinct?

Cretaceous mass extinction

It may be that there are multiple causes of destruction, or that one main factor triggered a chain of events that had a long-term effect.


Question: When did dinosaurs become extinct?

Cretaceous mass extinction

Not many of the previously presented dinosaur loss theories explain why some species survived and others were destroyed [25].


Question: When did dinosaurs become extinct?

Cretaceous mass extinction

The theory explaining the destruction of dinosaurs should also explain the destruction of many marine animals such as ammonites and why so many predominantly small species survived.


Question: When did dinosaurs become extinct?

Cretaceous mass extinction

Dinosaurs were, according to most views, level-tempered, warm-adapted animals.


Question: When did dinosaurs become extinct?

Cretaceous mass extinction

Even short-term climate change would have been unfavourable to them.


Question: When did dinosaurs become extinct?

Cretaceous mass extinction

Mammals, on the other hand, survive in a wide range of conditions.


Question: When did dinosaurs become extinct?

Cretaceous mass extinction

See also Tertiary period Paleocene period Mass extinction Shiva crater Lakiobasalt eruption Supervolcano Nuclear Winter Sources Matti Eronen: Traces of ice ages ISBN 951-9269-59-2, ISSN 0357-7937, Ursa publications 43, Ursa Helsinki 1991, Juha Pekka Lunkka, Earth Climate History, Gaudeamus 2008.


Question: When did dinosaurs become extinct?

Cretaceous mass extinction

Heikki Oja: Earth and Space, Collision Disasters, URSA Helsinki 1984, Ursa Publications 25, ISBN 951-9269-27-4, ISSN 0357-7937, p. 119, Kalle Taipale, Restless Earth, Book Group 1996, ISBN 951-26-4160-7 Dinosaurs, Series Wonderful Nature, Christopher K. Brochu, Long, Colin Mchenry, Editor Micheal K. Brett-Surman 1997, Gummerus Helsinki 2004, 1st edition, ISBN 951-20-6547-9 nid.


Question: When did dinosaurs become extinct?

Cretaceous mass extinction

and 978-951-20-6547-9 sid., Initial work Dinosaurs from 1997, Finland. Jenni Kovanen, Finland expert Mikko Haaramo p. 52 References on topic elsewhere YLE science news 4.3.2010.


Question: When did dinosaurs become extinct?

Cretaceous mass extinction

Category:Mass extinctions Category:Dinosaurs Category:Cosmic collisions Category:Mesozoic World Age Category:Key articles in screening


Question: How many countries will Amnesty International operate in 2018?

Unicef

The United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF) is an international organization that works for the rights of children and to meet the basic needs of children.


Question: How many countries will Amnesty International operate in 2018?

Unicef

The organization has its headquarters in New York City and the European Administrative Centre in Geneva.


Question: How many countries will Amnesty International operate in 2018?

Unicef

Unicef was founded on 11 December in 1946.


Question: How many countries will Amnesty International operate in 2018?

Unicef

The establishment was driven by the need to provide emergency aid to a Europe ravaged by World War II.


Question: How many countries will Amnesty International operate in 2018?

Unicef

In 1954, UNICEF became an integral part of the UN, when the previous name United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund was switched to the current form United Nations Children's Fund.


Question: How many countries will Amnesty International operate in 2018?

Unicef

The basis of UNICEF's activities is the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child.


Question: How many countries will Amnesty International operate in 2018?

Unicef

Its main objective is to guarantee fundamental rights, namely health, education, equality and security for all the children of the world.


Question: How many countries will Amnesty International operate in 2018?

Unicef

UNICEF designs and implements development programmes and supports governments of different countries in implementing the Convention on the Rights of the Child.


Question: How many countries will Amnesty International operate in 2018?

Unicef

Cooperation with local authorities, policymakers and NGOs is essential to the organisation's work.


Question: How many countries will Amnesty International operate in 2018?

Unicef

Unicef focuses on improving children's conditions in the long run, also participating in emergency response.


Question: How many countries will Amnesty International operate in 2018?

Unicef

Unicef operates in more than 190 countries.


Question: How many countries will Amnesty International operate in 2018?

Unicef

The organisation employs more than 10,000 people, 80 per cent of whom do work in the field.


Question: How many countries will Amnesty International operate in 2018?

Unicef

[1] Unicef was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1965.


Question: How many countries will Amnesty International operate in 2018?

Unicef

[2] Activities Fundraising and campaigns In industrialized countries, UNICEF is represented by national committees operating in 36 countries, each forming its own independent wing of state aid.


Question: How many countries will Amnesty International operate in 2018?

Unicef

From the private sector side, the national committees acquire a third of UNICEF's assets.


Question: How many countries will Amnesty International operate in 2018?

Unicef

Founded in 1947, The U.S. Fund is the oldest national organization in the United Nations.


Question: How many countries will Amnesty International operate in 2018?

Unicef

Founded in 1967, UNICEF of Finland is one of these committees.


Question: How many countries will Amnesty International operate in 2018?

Unicef

[1] The primary responsible role of these organizations is to raise money through product sales and fundraising campaigns.


Question: How many countries will Amnesty International operate in 2018?

Unicef

The committees are also charged with creating private and public partnerships.


Question: How many countries will Amnesty International operate in 2018?

Unicef

In 2002, Unicef had six million private donors around the world.


Question: How many countries will Amnesty International operate in 2018?

Unicef

[3] In the United States, Canada, and a few other countries, Unicef is known for its “trick-or-prank” campaign of children strolling around on Halloween raising money for Unicef.


Question: How many countries will Amnesty International operate in 2018?

Unicef

[4] Action in crises Unicef operates in approximately 250 crises around the world each year and is the second largest supplier of emergency relief supplies after the UN World Food Programme.


Question: How many countries will Amnesty International operate in 2018?

Unicef

[5] In crisis situations, Unicef works closely with countries' governments and other organizations.


Question: How many countries will Amnesty International operate in 2018?

Unicef

Unicef is responsible for the water supply of disaster areas, health care (e.g., vaccines, medicines), the organization of child nutrition, and the protection and education of children.


Question: How many countries will Amnesty International operate in 2018?

Unicef

[5] Unicef has a special emergency relief fund for crises.


Question: How many countries will Amnesty International operate in 2018?

Unicef

Unicef is also helping with the reconstruction of crisis zones.


Question: How many countries will Amnesty International operate in 2018?

Unicef

[5] Cooperation Unicef works with top athletes, teams and companies to develop the organisation's activities and increase the organisation's funding.


Question: How many countries will Amnesty International operate in 2018?

Unicef

In September 2006, Unicef entered into a five-year cooperation agreement with Spanish football team FC Barcelona.


Question: How many countries will Amnesty International operate in 2018?

Unicef

With the deal, FC Barcelona paid €1.5 million per year to UNICEF.


Question: How many countries will Amnesty International operate in 2018?

Unicef

The UNICEF logo is on the backs of the team's jerseys.


Question: How many countries will Amnesty International operate in 2018?

Unicef

This was the first time a sports club paid an organization in wearing the name on a jersey, rather than the other way around.


Question: How many countries will Amnesty International operate in 2018?

Unicef

[6] In 2016, the contract between Barcelona and UNICEF was extended until 2020.


Question: How many countries will Amnesty International operate in 2018?

Unicef

[7] Unicef Goodwill Ambassadors Unicef Goodwill Ambassadors are public figures who seek to spread the word about UNICEF's objectives.


Question: How many countries will Amnesty International operate in 2018?

Unicef

Numerous public figures such as Danny Kaye, Peter Ustinov, Audrey Hepburn and Harry Belafonte have served as goodwill ambassadors.


Question: How many countries will Amnesty International operate in 2018?

Unicef

In Finland, UNICEF goodwill ambassadors include Iina Kuustonen, Katri-Helena and Jaakko Saariluoma.


Question: How many countries will Amnesty International operate in 2018?

Unicef

Whereabouts Warehouses Unicef, in constant crisis preparedness, has four strategically located warehouses located in Copenhagen, Dubai, Shanghai and Colon.


Question: How many countries will Amnesty International operate in 2018?

Unicef

Vaccines, emergency food, medicines, blankets, tents and other supplies are delivered to relief sites from the nearest storage facility at any given time.


Question: How many countries will Amnesty International operate in 2018?

Unicef

The Research Centre Innocenti Innocenti is a UNICEF research centre founded in 1988 in Florence, Italy.


Question: How many countries will Amnesty International operate in 2018?

Unicef

Its creation was driven by the need to increase the amount of UNICEF's research capacity.


Question: How many countries will Amnesty International operate in 2018?

Unicef

The main purpose of the research center is to raise international understanding of children's rights issues.


Question: How many countries will Amnesty International operate in 2018?

Unicef

Accurate data and statistics make it easier for countries' governments to instruct on compliance with the Convention on the Rights of the Child.


Question: How many countries will Amnesty International operate in 2018?

Unicef

The aid received by Finland was on the UNICEF beneficiaries list until the 1950s fold.


Question: How many countries will Amnesty International operate in 2018?

Unicef

As recently as the late 1940s, there were about 20,000 children in Finland who could not attend school because they were not wearing shoes.


Question: How many countries will Amnesty International operate in 2018?

Unicef

Unicef distributed supplements such as milk powder, fat and canned food to Finland, which were offered in Finnish hospitals, children's homes, summer camps and schools.


Question: How many countries will Amnesty International operate in 2018?

Unicef

In the academic year 1948—1949, up to 100,000 children benefited from the UNICEF food allowance.


Question: How many countries will Amnesty International operate in 2018?

Unicef

Shoes and clothing and flannel fabric were also distributed to Finland for 60,000 children to make underwear.


Question: How many countries will Amnesty International operate in 2018?

Unicef

[8] Criticism The Catholic Church and UNICEF have had disagreements and on a few occasions the Vatican has withdrawn its donations.


Question: How many countries will Amnesty International operate in 2018?

Unicef

The backdrop has been criticism from an American organization, the American Life League, that Unicef has used donations from the Vatican to fund sterilisations and abortions.


Question: How many countries will Amnesty International operate in 2018?

Unicef

[9] Sources on the topic elsewhere Category:Child welfare Category:Nobel Peace Prize Laureates Category:International Law Category:Humanitarian Aid Organizations Category:United Nations Specialized Agencies Category:Key articles on screening


Question: Is it free to start an association?

Finnish Red Cross

Finnish Red Cross — Finland Röda Kors (abbreviation SPR [1]/FRK, engl.


Question: Is it free to start an association?

Finnish Red Cross

Finnish Red Cross [2]) is a national association based in Finland of the Red Cross and the Red Crescent International Movement.


Question: Is it free to start an association?

Finnish Red Cross

The Finnish Red Cross comprises more than 80000 members and 30000 volunteers [3] who operate in 12 districts and 493 departments across the country.


Question: Is it free to start an association?

Finnish Red Cross

[4] During the General Assembly period 2017—2020, Pertti Torstila, the Chairman of the Board of the Red Cross has held the position since 2014 and Pirkko-Liisa Ollila as the Chairman of the Board of Governors.


Question: Is it free to start an association?

Finnish Red Cross

The Secretary-General of the SPR is Kristiina Kumpula.


Question: Is it free to start an association?

Finnish Red Cross

The supreme deciding body of the organisation is the General Assembly, which meets every three years, made up of departmental representatives.


Question: Is it free to start an association?

Finnish Red Cross

In summer 2017, the General Assembly was held in Helsinki.


Question: Is it free to start an association?

Finnish Red Cross

Prior to that, general assemblies were held in 2014 in Turku, 2011 in Lahti, in 2008 in Oulu, in 2005 in Pori, in 2002 in Jyväskylä and in 1999 in Hamina.


Question: Is it free to start an association?

Finnish Red Cross

The 2020 General Assembly will be held in Vaasa.


Question: Is it free to start an association?

Finnish Red Cross

The members of the SPR's council and board are elected in the Assembly.


Question: Is it free to start an association?

Finnish Red Cross

Between the General Assemblies, the highest decision-making power is exercised by a council consisting of the President, Vice-President and 23 members.


Question: Is it free to start an association?

Finnish Red Cross

In 2017, the total number of staff of the Red Cross Central Administration was 841 employees, of which 527 were employed in the Blood Service, 284 in the Central Office, 87 in Kontti and 48 in Youth Safe Houses.


Question: Is it free to start an association?

Finnish Red Cross

[3] Legal status The current legal status of the Finnish Red Cross is based on the Law on the Finnish Red Cross (238/2000) adopted on 25 February 2000 and entered into force on 1 March 2000, [6] based on a government proposal (HE 156/ 1999) on 26 November 1999.


Question: Is it free to start an association?

Finnish Red Cross

[7] The presentation included an overview of the evolution of the organization's legal status.


Question: Is it free to start an association?

Finnish Red Cross

The Finnish Red Cross is a public law association, and paragraphs 6, 8, 9, 10 to 15, 26 and 32 to 39 of the Law of Associations [8] apply to its activities.


Question: Is it free to start an association?

Finnish Red Cross

[9] Red Cross rules are adopted by the General Assembly of the Organization and issued by decree of the President of the Republic.


Question: Is it free to start an association?

Finnish Red Cross

[10] Sauli Niinistö, President of the Republic is the patron of the organisation.


Question: Is it free to start an association?

Finnish Red Cross

[11] The law also protects and recognises the right of the organisation to the expressive use of the Red Cross name and emblem [12] in accordance with the Geneva Accords.


Question: Is it free to start an association?

Finnish Red Cross

[5] In addition, the Finnish Red Cross holds a licence under the Blood Services Act [13] to operate blood services in Finland.


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Finnish Red Cross

[14] History Red Cross emerges Swiss businessman Henry Dunant (1828—1910) is considered the founder of the International Red Cross [15], as he proposed in his book The Remembrance of Solferino (French initial work Un souvenir de Solferino, 1862) [16] to volunteer the establishment of associations based in every country to assist wartime medical care.


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Finnish Red Cross

[17] Dunant had been watching the Battle of Solferino between Franco-Sardinian and Austrian troops in the Third Italian War of Independence, and was appalled by the brutality of the battle and the mistreatment and treatment of the wounded, and began to arrange assistance for these.


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Finnish Red Cross

[18] Dunant's ideas gained support in various European states; as early as the following year (1863) a commission was established, which developed into the International Committee of the Red Cross, [18] and 16 states signed the first Geneva Accords, which defined the role of relief organizations.


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Finnish Red Cross

[17] National Red Cross associations began to be established in different countries.


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Finnish Red Cross

[19] The Finnish Red Cross is founded The idea of establishing a Red Cross also spread to Finland through the Imperial Court of Saint Petersburg.


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Finnish Red Cross

[20] In 1874 Countess Aline Armfelt, wife of Minister-Secretary Alexander Armfelt, [20] took the initiative to establish a national association in Finland.


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Finnish Red Cross

[21] The project came to fruition on 7 May 1877 when the Finnish Association was established for the treatment of wounded and sick soldiers.


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Finnish Red Cross

[17] The name was changed to the Finnish Red Cross only after independence (1919).


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Finnish Red Cross

[22] The Russian Red Cross also tried to establish its subdivision in Finland, but it failed to achieve support: Finland's own national association ensured that sufficient assistance could be provided in domestic disasters.


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Finnish Red Cross

[21] In the early days of the association's existence, activities were already international in addition to domestic relief activities.


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Finnish Red Cross

Helping victims of peacetime accidents and pestilence, as well as establishing stray disease hospitals and training nurses.


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Finnish Red Cross

[17] The great hunger years were in fresh memory.


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Finnish Red Cross

[23] In the same year, the first “war lasaret” was already sent to assist the victims of the Russo-Turkish war.


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Finnish Red Cross

Officially part of the Red Cross movement, the Finnish Red Cross became in 1922, when Finland ratified the Geneva Treaties.


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Finnish Red Cross

In 1948, the SPR took charge of blood service activities in Finland started by the Boy Scouts in 1935.


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Finnish Red Cross

Organisation Finnish Red Cross activities are largely based on voluntary activities.


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Finnish Red Cross

The organization of the organization in Finland can be seen as three-tiered: local level, district level and national level.


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Finnish Red Cross

[24] Local level departments that operate in almost every municipality in Finland.


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Finnish Red Cross

The Finnish Red Cross has approx.


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Finnish Red Cross

500 wards.


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Finnish Red Cross

Several departments may operate within one municipality: there are currently more than ten departments operating in Helsinki.


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Finnish Red Cross

[25] Each department belongs to one district, of which there are 12 in total.


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Finnish Red Cross

[26] Areas of districts often follow a provincial or former county division.


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Finnish Red Cross

At each level, volunteers are important decision-makers and at local level, i.e. in departments, activities are based precisely on their input.


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Finnish Red Cross

The Finnish Red Cross districts The Finnish Red Cross operates in 12 districts, which are: Helsinki and Uusimaa district, Häme district, Southeast Finland district, Lapland district, Western Finland district, Oulu district, Satakunta district, Savo-Karelia district, Southwest Finland district, Åbolands distrikt (Turunmaa district district), Ålands distrikt (Åland district) and Österbottens svenska distrikt (Ostrobothnia Swedish-speaking district).


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Finnish Red Cross

The organisation's own member magazine is a 4 times a year Apu World.