Question: Who were fighting in the Peloponnese war?

Peloponnese War

A few other nearby towns also rebelled and sided with Sparta.


Question: Who were fighting in the Peloponnese war?

Peloponnese War

Thukydides, commander of the Athenian fleet who was nearby, was sent to prevent the takeover of Amphipolis, but he was unable to save the city.


Question: Who were fighting in the Peloponnese war?

Peloponnese War

For this he was exiled from Athens, and toured Greece before beginning to write a book on the Peloponnesian War.


Question: Who were fighting in the Peloponnese war?

Peloponnese War

Shortly after the takeover of Amphipolis, war-burdened Athens and Sparta concluded peace for a year.


Question: Who were fighting in the Peloponnese war?

Peloponnese War

Immediately after the conclusion of the peace treaty, the Athenians sent an army under Kleon to recapture Amphipolis.


Question: Who were fighting in the Peloponnese war?

Peloponnese War

However, Brasidas caught the Athenians by surprise and defeated them in the Battle of Amphipolis.


Question: Who were fighting in the Peloponnese war?

Peloponnese War

Kleon and Brasidas both died in the battle.


Question: Who were fighting in the Peloponnese war?

Peloponnese War

The Athenians who supported the continuation of the war lost their leadership figures with Kleon, and it was easy for those who wanted peace to persuade others to accept a peace treaty with Sparta.


Question: Who were fighting in the Peloponnese war?

Peloponnese War

The Spartans had already, after the defeat of Sfakteria, been ready for some kind of peace.


Question: Who were fighting in the Peloponnese war?

Peloponnese War

[15] The Peace of Nicia between Athens and Sparta in 421 BC.


Question: Who were fighting in the Peloponnese war?

Peloponnese War

The peace concluded is called the peace in Nikia, according to Nikia, the then leading figure in Athens and the greatest advocate of the peace treaty.


Question: Who were fighting in the Peloponnese war?

Peloponnese War

According to the peace treaty, Spartan came to hand back Amfipolis to Athens.


Question: Who were fighting in the Peloponnese war?

Peloponnese War

Most important for Sparta was that the Spartan prisoners of war held by Athens were handed back.


Question: Who were fighting in the Peloponnese war?

Peloponnese War

Athens came in turn to hand back Sfakteria and Pylos.


Question: Who were fighting in the Peloponnese war?

Peloponnese War

Plataia was ceded to Thebes by the Athenians.


Question: Who were fighting in the Peloponnese war?

Peloponnese War

However, the Thebans feared that without the threat of Sparta, Athens would soon come to attack them.


Question: Who were fighting in the Peloponnese war?

Peloponnese War

Athens was in turn allowed to keep Megara's port city of Nisaian.


Question: Who were fighting in the Peloponnese war?

Peloponnese War

The peace deal infuriated Sparta's allies, who felt betrayed.


Question: Who were fighting in the Peloponnese war?

Peloponnese War

Boiotia, Megara, Corinth and Elis did not agree to accept the deal at all.


Question: Who were fighting in the Peloponnese war?

Peloponnese War

[16] [17] Since the Spartans were unable to persuade their allies to accept peace in Niciah, they decided to try to conclude an alliance with Athens.


Question: Who were fighting in the Peloponnese war?

Peloponnese War

Shortly after the acceptance of the peace treaty, Athens and Sparta still agreed on a joint defence alliance for five to ten years.


Question: Who were fighting in the Peloponnese war?

Peloponnese War

Athens also came to assist Sparta if the Heloths would revolt.


Question: Who were fighting in the Peloponnese war?

Peloponnese War

[17] [16] The alliance of Argos and Athens for Peace did not become long-lived, as neither side felt that the war had been resolved.


Question: Who were fighting in the Peloponnese war?

Peloponnese War

Sparta's allies, in particular, were unhappy with the peace.


Question: Who were fighting in the Peloponnese war?

Peloponnese War

In Athens, the leader of those who were pro-war now rose to Pericle's nephew Alkibiades, who intended to have Sparta defeated without war.


Question: Who were fighting in the Peloponnese war?

Peloponnese War

[18] Argos, independent of Sparta, one of the largest cities in the Peloponnese, allied with Mantineia and tried to persuade Sparta's allies to rise in rebellion against Sparta.


Question: Who were fighting in the Peloponnese war?

Peloponnese War

Argos was a democracy like Athens, and they were seen as natural Athenian allies.


Question: Who were fighting in the Peloponnese war?

Peloponnese War

The Democratic Elis also went along with the Argos alliance.


Question: Who were fighting in the Peloponnese war?

Peloponnese War

Alkibiadeen induced Athens into an alliance with Argos, thus gaining three allies in Sparta's home field, the Peloponnese.


Question: Who were fighting in the Peloponnese war?

Peloponnese War

At the same time, it was able to break the land link between Sparta and its main allies Corinth and Thebes.


Question: Who were fighting in the Peloponnese war?

Peloponnese War

Sparta tried by all means to prevent the creation of the Union of Argos, but failed.


Question: Who were fighting in the Peloponnese war?

Peloponnese War

Although the Athenians had already violated the peace in Niciah, no one wanted to return to the pre-peace situation.


Question: Who were fighting in the Peloponnese war?

Peloponnese War

[18] In 419 BC.


Question: Who were fighting in the Peloponnese war?

Peloponnese War

Argos threatened to take over the small town of Epidauros.


Question: Who were fighting in the Peloponnese war?

Peloponnese War

The Spartan forces were twice ready to attack Argos, but the omens were poor of them, and they turned back home.


Question: Who were fighting in the Peloponnese war?

Peloponnese War

However, Sparta was able to assist Epidaurous by secretly sending 300 soldiers there.


Question: Who were fighting in the Peloponnese war?

Peloponnese War

The Athenians, in turn, reoccupied Pylos.


Question: Who were fighting in the Peloponnese war?

Peloponnese War

In 418 BC.


Question: Who were fighting in the Peloponnese war?

Peloponnese War

The Spartans, with their allies, attacked Argos under their young king Agis II.


Question: Who were fighting in the Peloponnese war?

Peloponnese War

The Spartans took Argos's troops completely by surprise.


Question: Who were fighting in the Peloponnese war?

Peloponnese War

Agis nevertheless agreed a truce with the Argosans, even though his troops had very good positions tactically.


Question: Who were fighting in the Peloponnese war?

Peloponnese War

Agis' decision not to attack caused a tantrum in Sparta.


Question: Who were fighting in the Peloponnese war?

Peloponnese War

Agista was accused of cowardice, and had little to depose him.


Question: Who were fighting in the Peloponnese war?

Peloponnese War

[19] The Argos were not happy with what happened either.


Question: Who were fighting in the Peloponnese war?

Peloponnese War

With their allies, they took Orkhomenos and soon began attacking the city of Tegea.


Question: Who were fighting in the Peloponnese war?

Peloponnese War

If Argos had captured Tegea, it would have been able to block transport between Sparta and Messenia, which is important to the Spartans.


Question: Who were fighting in the Peloponnese war?

Peloponnese War

Agis again had to march against Argos and its allies.


Question: Who were fighting in the Peloponnese war?

Peloponnese War

It remained up to the Athenians whether to help their new allies or stick to their peace treaty with Sparta.


Question: Who were fighting in the Peloponnese war?

Peloponnese War

The Athenians chose their new democratic allies.


Question: Who were fighting in the Peloponnese war?

Peloponnese War

The troops faced off at the town of Mantineia.


Question: Who were fighting in the Peloponnese war?

Peloponnese War

The Spartans, led by Agis, defeated the Argos and Athenian forces at the Battle of Mantineia, the largest battle of the Peloponnesian War.


Question: Who were fighting in the Peloponnese war?

Peloponnese War

After the Spartans defeated their opponents, they regained control of almost the entire Peloponnese.


Question: Who were fighting in the Peloponnese war?

Peloponnese War

The Spartans allowed the Athenian forces to withdraw after the battle without greater losses.


Question: Who were fighting in the Peloponnese war?

Peloponnese War

With Argos, Sparta concluded a fifty-year peace.


Question: Who were fighting in the Peloponnese war?

Peloponnese War

Sparta-backed oligarchs attempted to capture power in Argos, but by 417 BCE.


Question: Who were fighting in the Peloponnese war?

Peloponnese War

by the time Democrats regained control of the city.


Question: Who were fighting in the Peloponnese war?

Peloponnese War

[20] [21] The takeover of Melos In 416 BCE


Question: Who were fighting in the Peloponnese war?

Peloponnese War

The Athenians began the siege of Melos.


Question: Who were fighting in the Peloponnese war?

Peloponnese War

Melos was the only one of the Aegeian islands who was not an ally of Athens.


Question: Who were fighting in the Peloponnese war?

Peloponnese War

It was initially inhabited by the Doorians, and may have supported Sparta in the early years of the war.


Question: Who were fighting in the Peloponnese war?

Peloponnese War

Melos was overrun and experienced the same treatment when Skione, all male residents were killed.


Question: Who were fighting in the Peloponnese war?

Peloponnese War

Women and children were sold into slavery.


Question: Who were fighting in the Peloponnese war?

Peloponnese War

[22] Sicilian War Expedition The Athenians decide to send a fleet to Sicily In 415 BC.


Question: Who were fighting in the Peloponnese war?

Peloponnese War

The Athenians received a request for assistance from their Sicilian ally Segesta (also from Ege).


Question: Who were fighting in the Peloponnese war?

Peloponnese War

The Segestans wanted aid from Athens against their neighbouring city of Selinus.


Question: Who were fighting in the Peloponnese war?

Peloponnese War

They also sent money with which to equip 60 ships for a month.


Question: Who were fighting in the Peloponnese war?

Peloponnese War

Even earlier in the war, Athens had sent smaller fleets to Sicily to assist its allies there.


Question: Who were fighting in the Peloponnese war?

Peloponnese War

As the main opponent in Sicily, Athens had Syracuse, which was the old colony of Corinth.


Question: Who were fighting in the Peloponnese war?

Peloponnese War

Nikias opposed sending the entire fleet and tried every way possible to prevent the fleet from leaving.


Question: Who were fighting in the Peloponnese war?

Peloponnese War

Nikiah felt that Athens should not get involved in another distant war while the real enemy, Sparta, had not yet been defeated.


Question: Who were fighting in the Peloponnese war?

Peloponnese War

Nikias soon discovered, however, that his words did not bite the Athenians.


Question: Who were fighting in the Peloponnese war?

Peloponnese War

Eventually he decided to change tactics and began arguing that the expedition being sent should be much bigger if it was desired that it would accomplish something.


Question: Who were fighting in the Peloponnese war?

Peloponnese War

Nikias suggested that 100 ships and more than 5000 soldiers would be sent.


Question: Who were fighting in the Peloponnese war?

Peloponnese War

He believed that the Athenians would not dare to send such a large fleet but would cancel the whole plan.


Question: Who were fighting in the Peloponnese war?

Peloponnese War

To Niciah's dismay, the Athenians agreed to his proposal and also decided that Alkibiades, Nikias and a certain Lamakhos should be sent to lead the fleet.


Question: Who were fighting in the Peloponnese war?

Peloponnese War

[23] Shortly before the fleet was ready to leave, an act that shocked the people took place in Athens.


Question: Who were fighting in the Peloponnese war?

Peloponnese War

Someone desecrated the statues of the god Hermes that were in town.


Question: Who were fighting in the Peloponnese war?

Peloponnese War

Hermes was the god of journeymen, and the desecrators apparently wanted to inflict damage on the upcoming Sicilian expedition.


Question: Who were fighting in the Peloponnese war?

Peloponnese War

At the same time, there were also accusations that Alkibiades had taken part in the expenditure parodying the mysteries of Eleus.


Question: Who were fighting in the Peloponnese war?

Peloponnese War

Alkibiadee's political enemies also accused him of desecrating Herme.


Question: Who were fighting in the Peloponnese war?

Peloponnese War

Alkibiades responded to the accusations by saying he was immediately ready for trial.


Question: Who were fighting in the Peloponnese war?

Peloponnese War

However, his opponents did not want to start proceedings until after the fleet had left because they knew Alkibiade was popular with soldiers.


Question: Who were fighting in the Peloponnese war?

Peloponnese War

Eventually the fleet left for Sicily, but in Athens the search for the culprits continued.


Question: Who were fighting in the Peloponnese war?

Peloponnese War

It was soon decided to amend the law so that Athenian citizens could be tortured in order to impair the obtaining of evidence.


Question: Who were fighting in the Peloponnese war?

Peloponnese War

Some of the accused chose exile, some were also executed.


Question: Who were fighting in the Peloponnese war?

Peloponnese War

[24] Fleet arrives in Sicily The fleet initially sailed to Kerkyra, where it was to meet the fleets sent by the Allies.


Question: Who were fighting in the Peloponnese war?

Peloponnese War

In total, there were 134 ships.


Question: Who were fighting in the Peloponnese war?

Peloponnese War

From Kerkyra, the fleet continued its journey to southern Italy.


Question: Who were fighting in the Peloponnese war?

Peloponnese War

In Italy, the Athenians had difficulty gaining allies, perhaps because they were frightened by the sight of Athens's vast fleet.


Question: Who were fighting in the Peloponnese war?

Peloponnese War

Clearly the Athenians' intention was no longer just to help their allies, but to retake all of Sicily.


Question: Who were fighting in the Peloponnese war?

Peloponnese War

At the same time, the Athenians learned that Segesta could not afford to pay the amount he promised after all.


Question: Who were fighting in the Peloponnese war?

Peloponnese War

Nikias suggested that the fleet sail along the coast of Sicily, showing others the might of Athens in order to return home afterwards.


Question: Who were fighting in the Peloponnese war?

Peloponnese War

Alkibiades, on the other hand, wanted the Athenians to try to bring about rebellions among the Sicilians and at the same time attack Syracuse and Selinus.


Question: Who were fighting in the Peloponnese war?

Peloponnese War

The fleet continued its journey to Athenian ally Katane.


Question: Who were fighting in the Peloponnese war?

Peloponnese War

While the fleet was in Katane, a message arrived ordering Alkibiade to return to Athens for trial.


Question: Who were fighting in the Peloponnese war?

Peloponnese War

Alkibiades, however, made it on his way to Athens to escape and took shelter in Sparta, where he tried to persuade the Spartans to send their own expedition to Sicily.


Question: Who were fighting in the Peloponnese war?

Peloponnese War

In Athens, Alkibiades was sentenced in absentia to death.


Question: Who were fighting in the Peloponnese war?

Peloponnese War

[25] Before the arrival of the Athenian fleet in Syracuse, it was feared that the fleet was directed against them.


Question: Who were fighting in the Peloponnese war?

Peloponnese War

The Syracusan warlord Hermocrates suggested that Syracuse seek help from other Sicilian cities against Athens.


Question: Who were fighting in the Peloponnese war?

Peloponnese War

He also suggested seeking help from Carthage, Syracuse's old enemy.


Question: Who were fighting in the Peloponnese war?

Peloponnese War

[25] Athenian troops landed ashore near Syracuse.


Question: Who were fighting in the Peloponnese war?

Peloponnese War

The army of Syracusans sent against them was equal to that of the Athenians, but the Syracusans had much more cavalry.


Question: Who were fighting in the Peloponnese war?

Peloponnese War

Despite this, the Athenians and their allies defeated their opponents.


Question: Who were fighting in the Peloponnese war?

Peloponnese War

However, the Syracusan cavalry was protected by the retreat of their own army to the shelter of the city walls.


Question: Who were fighting in the Peloponnese war?

Peloponnese War

The Athenians then returned to Katane over the winter.


Question: Who were fighting in the Peloponnese war?

Peloponnese War

[25] Siege of Syracuse under Hermocrates, Syracuse reformed its army, at the head of which three warlords now came: Hermocrates himself, Heracleides, and Sikanos.


Question: Who were fighting in the Peloponnese war?

Peloponnese War

Syracuse also sent a request for help to Corinth and Sparta.


Question: Who were fighting in the Peloponnese war?

Peloponnese War

In Sparta, Alkibiades advised the Spartans to send their own expedition to Sicily and also to fortify Dekeleia, a town near Athens.


Question: Who were fighting in the Peloponnese war?

Peloponnese War

The Spartans decided to send Gylippus to Sicily, though with only four ships.


Question: Who were fighting in the Peloponnese war?

Peloponnese War

[26] Year 414 BC


Question: Who were fighting in the Peloponnese war?

Peloponnese War

in the spring, the Athenians got along again: they began to build a wall around Syracuse.


Question: Who were fighting in the Peloponnese war?

Peloponnese War

Their fleet, on the other hand, blocked access to the city from the sea.


Question: Who were fighting in the Peloponnese war?

Peloponnese War

The Syracusans, in turn, built their own “counter-walls”, the purpose of which was to thwart the Athenians' intentions.


Question: Who were fighting in the Peloponnese war?

Peloponnese War

Lamakhos, who was one of the Athenians' chiefs, was killed in a skirmish in which the Syracusans attempted to seize an Athenian battering snippet.


Question: Who were fighting in the Peloponnese war?

Peloponnese War

Only Nikias remained in charge of the Athenians, who had not believed in the success of the expedition.


Question: Who were fighting in the Peloponnese war?

Peloponnese War

[27] [28] Shortly after this, Gylippos came ashore at Himera and gathered together an army composed primarily of Sicilians opposed to Athens.


Question: Who were fighting in the Peloponnese war?

Peloponnese War

Gylippos marched to Syracuse, where he struck the Athenians and built his own counter-wall, which cut the Athenians' cordon.


Question: Who were fighting in the Peloponnese war?

Peloponnese War

[27] [28] Nikias thought that after what happened, taking Syracuse would be impossible.


Question: Who were fighting in the Peloponnese war?

Peloponnese War

He sent a message to Athens requesting that the Athenians either call back the entire expedition or send reinforcements.


Question: Who were fighting in the Peloponnese war?

Peloponnese War

The Athenians decided to send reinforcements under Pylos's hero Demosthenes and Eurymedon.


Question: Who were fighting in the Peloponnese war?

Peloponnese War

The new fleet consisted of 5000 soldiers and 73 ships.


Question: Who were fighting in the Peloponnese war?

Peloponnese War

Immediately upon reaching his destination, Demosthenes decided to attack the enemy and recapture the walls he had built.


Question: Who were fighting in the Peloponnese war?

Peloponnese War

A nocturnal attack led by Demosthenee failed, and the Athenians suffered heavy losses.


Question: Who were fighting in the Peloponnese war?

Peloponnese War

Demosthenes and Eurymedon decided that the situation for the Athenians was now hopeless and they would be forced to retreat.


Question: Who were fighting in the Peloponnese war?

Peloponnese War

They were persuaded to Niciah to give the order that the expedition should return to Athens.


Question: Who were fighting in the Peloponnese war?

Peloponnese War

However, the night before departure, a lunar eclipse occurred, which frightened the Athenians so badly that Nikias reversed his decision.


Question: Who were fighting in the Peloponnese war?

Peloponnese War

The Syracusans now saw their chance and attacked the Athenians fleet.


Question: Who were fighting in the Peloponnese war?

Peloponnese War

Eurymedon, who led the fleet, was killed in the battle at the Great Harbour of Syracuse.


Question: Who were fighting in the Peloponnese war?

Peloponnese War

[27] [28] After the battle, the Syracusans began to besiege the Athenians from the sea by tying together ships.


Question: Who were fighting in the Peloponnese war?

Peloponnese War

On 9 September, the Athenians decided to attack the enemy's siege ring, but this attack too failed.


Question: Who were fighting in the Peloponnese war?

Peloponnese War

Subsequently, the morale of the Athenians collapsed completely.


Question: Who were fighting in the Peloponnese war?

Peloponnese War

A retreat overland to some Athenian-friendly city was seen as the only possibility.


Question: Who were fighting in the Peloponnese war?

Peloponnese War

The Athenians' army marched for eight days with Syracusan cavalry all the while following on their hocks.


Question: Who were fighting in the Peloponnese war?

Peloponnese War

At the slightest opportunity, the Syracusans attacked the Athenians.


Question: Who were fighting in the Peloponnese war?

Peloponnese War

Eventually, the forces led by Demosthenee and Nikia found themselves separated.


Question: Who were fighting in the Peloponnese war?

Peloponnese War

When Demosthenee's troops were surrounded, he decided to surrender.


Question: Who were fighting in the Peloponnese war?

Peloponnese War

The troops led by Nikia were soon trapped on the banks of a river as they thirsty rushed there for a drink.


Question: Who were fighting in the Peloponnese war?

Peloponnese War

Demosthenee and Nikia were executed by the Syracusans, although Gylippos would have preferred to take them as prisoners to Sparta.


Question: Who were fighting in the Peloponnese war?

Peloponnese War

The Athenians who remained prisoners and their allies, of whom there were about 7000, were swamped in an abandoned stone quarry, where most also perished.


Question: Who were fighting in the Peloponnese war?

Peloponnese War

[27] [28] Ionian War The war continues in 413 BC.


Question: Who were fighting in the Peloponnese war?

Peloponnese War

Sparta announced that they would restart the war.


Question: Who were fighting in the Peloponnese war?

Peloponnese War

Following the advice of the Athenian renegade Alikibiade, the Spartans fortified the town of Dekeleia near Athens, which, thanks to its location, prevented the Athenians from transporting food by land.


Question: Who were fighting in the Peloponnese war?

Peloponnese War

Athens had to be serviced entirely by sea thereafter.


Question: Who were fighting in the Peloponnese war?

Peloponnese War

Previous Spartan invasions of Attica had lasted only a short time, but now the Spartans may have prevented Athenian farmers from returning to their farms throughout the year.


Question: Who were fighting in the Peloponnese war?

Peloponnese War

In addition, Athens was suffering from money shortages and it had lost most of its best sailors in Sicily.


Question: Who were fighting in the Peloponnese war?

Peloponnese War

Sparta was also able to block grain shipments vital to Athens from Sicily and Egypt.


Question: Who were fighting in the Peloponnese war?

Peloponnese War

Grain now entered Athens only through Hellespontos from Crimea.


Question: Who were fighting in the Peloponnese war?

Peloponnese War

At the same time, Sparta received requests for help from Athenian subjects in Ionia.


Question: Who were fighting in the Peloponnese war?

Peloponnese War

On Euboia, Khios and Lesbos, groups dissatisfied with Athenian rule also began to rebel.


Question: Who were fighting in the Peloponnese war?

Peloponnese War

[29] Persian threat Also from the Persian landlords, namely the satraps Tissafernes and Farnabazos, arrived with emissaries to the Spartans.


Question: Who were fighting in the Peloponnese war?

Peloponnese War

Tissafernes ruled the Arch under Persian rule, as well as Lydia.


Question: Who were fighting in the Peloponnese war?

Peloponnese War

Farnabazos, in turn, ruled the Phyygia of Hellespontos.


Question: Who were fighting in the Peloponnese war?

Peloponnese War

The satraps hoped that Athens would fall and that the Greek cities of Ionia would once again fall under Persian rule.


Question: Who were fighting in the Peloponnese war?

Peloponnese War

[30] The Spartans decided to help the Chhiosans because they still had their own fleet.


Question: Who were fighting in the Peloponnese war?

Peloponnese War

At the same time, they decided to accept help from Tassaferne.


Question: Who were fighting in the Peloponnese war?

Peloponnese War

The Spartans sent their own fleet consisting of Laconians and Allied ships.


Question: Who were fighting in the Peloponnese war?

Peloponnese War

While on its way to the Aegeian Sea, the Spartan fleet came under attack from the Athenian fleet.


Question: Who were fighting in the Peloponnese war?

Peloponnese War

The Spartans took shelter in one of the abandoned harbours where they were surrounded by the Athenians.


Question: Who were fighting in the Peloponnese war?

Peloponnese War

The surprising adversity caused the Spartans to almost abandon their intentions to assist the Ionians.


Question: Who were fighting in the Peloponnese war?

Peloponnese War

However, Alkibiades persuaded the Spartans to send him and five ships to incite the Ionians to revolt before word of the Spartans' defeat hurried into their ears.


Question: Who were fighting in the Peloponnese war?

Peloponnese War

Upon reaching Ionia, Alkibiades incited the Chhiosans into open revolt against Athens.


Question: Who were fighting in the Peloponnese war?

Peloponnese War

Soon Miletos, Mytilene, Ephesus, Lesbos and several other cities also rose in revolt.


Question: Who were fighting in the Peloponnese war?

Peloponnese War

[30] In Athens, the rebellions were considered so important that it was decided to put into service the hundred ships which at the beginning of the war had been earmarked for just such a situation.


Question: Who were fighting in the Peloponnese war?

Peloponnese War

A small fleet (46 ships) comprising was sent from Athens to quash the rebellions.


Question: Who were fighting in the Peloponnese war?

Peloponnese War

The Athenians regained Mytilene by a surprise attack.


Question: Who were fighting in the Peloponnese war?

Peloponnese War

Lesbian rebels were also soon defeated.


Question: Who were fighting in the Peloponnese war?

Peloponnese War

Subsequently, the Athenians encircled Khios and defeated their army on land.


Question: Who were fighting in the Peloponnese war?

Peloponnese War

The Chhioslais fled to the shelter of their cities.


Question: Who were fighting in the Peloponnese war?

Peloponnese War

The Athenians sent yet another fleet, which enabled them to secure Samos, which became Athens' main base on the Aigeian Sea.


Question: Who were fighting in the Peloponnese war?

Peloponnese War

When a Spartan fleet arrived, which also included Sicilian ships, the Athenians' chief did not dare to engage in battle.


Question: Who were fighting in the Peloponnese war?

Peloponnese War

The year 411 BC.


Question: Who were fighting in the Peloponnese war?

Peloponnese War

Until the spring, the Athenian and Spartan fleets avoided battle.


Question: Who were fighting in the Peloponnese war?

Peloponnese War

[30] Coup d'état in Athens In 411 BC.


Question: Who were fighting in the Peloponnese war?

Peloponnese War

Alkibiades left the Spartans and applied to the Persian satrap Tissaferne.


Question: Who were fighting in the Peloponnese war?

Peloponnese War

The Spartan king Agis had reportedly learned that Alkibiades had been conceived by his wife.


Question: Who were fighting in the Peloponnese war?

Peloponnese War

Alkibiades easily fell out of favour at Tissaferne, and soon the Athenians received the suggestion that the Persians should start supporting them instead of the Spartans.


Question: Who were fighting in the Peloponnese war?

Peloponnese War

The aim of Alkibiade was to return to Athens in such a powerful position that his enemies would not be able to shy away at him.


Question: Who were fighting in the Peloponnese war?

Peloponnese War

The Persians proposal also included a demand that Athens had to abandon democracy and move to an oligarchic form of government.


Question: Who were fighting in the Peloponnese war?

Peloponnese War

In Athens, supporters of the oligarchy decided to capture power and established a group of four hundred oligarchs who intended to rule Athens.


Question: Who were fighting in the Peloponnese war?

Peloponnese War

They covered up the coup by the fact that real power soon was going to be transferred to the so-called “five thousand”.


Question: Who were fighting in the Peloponnese war?

Peloponnese War

These were citizens rich enough to equip themselves as hoplite.


Question: Who were fighting in the Peloponnese war?

Peloponnese War

Consequently, the majority of Athenian citizens who served primarily as rowers in the navy would no longer be allowed to take part in legislation and government offices.


Question: Who were fighting in the Peloponnese war?

Peloponnese War

[31] However, supporters of democracy soon rose up against the oligarchs.


Question: Who were fighting in the Peloponnese war?

Peloponnese War

The oligarchs had already appealed to the Spartans for their aid, but were defeated before the Spartans could record getting involved in the situation.


Question: Who were fighting in the Peloponnese war?

Peloponnese War

Power in Athens was initially transferred to five thousand, but after a while returned back to democracy.


Question: Who were fighting in the Peloponnese war?

Peloponnese War

At the same time, Alkibiades arrived at the Athenian fleet on Samos, where the soldiers voted him one of their chiefs.


Question: Who were fighting in the Peloponnese war?

Peloponnese War

[32] War on Hellespontos The Spartans decided to take advantage of the turmoil situation in Athens by sending a small army to Hellespontos from Miletos.


Question: Who were fighting in the Peloponnese war?

Peloponnese War

Abydos and Lampsakos, who were located on the shore of Hellespontos, immediately revolted against the Athenians.


Question: Who were fighting in the Peloponnese war?

Peloponnese War

An Athenian fleet sent to aid from Samos regained Lampsacus, but soon Byzantion, Kyzikos and Kcracdon also joined the rebellion.


Question: Who were fighting in the Peloponnese war?

Peloponnese War

At the Battle of Kynossema at Hellespontos, the Spartan fleet was short of beating the Athenians, but the action of the Athenian Thrasybulos saved the situation.


Question: Who were fighting in the Peloponnese war?

Peloponnese War

After their victory in Näpäri, the Athenians recaptured Kyzikos.


Question: Who were fighting in the Peloponnese war?

Peloponnese War

[33] The bigger blow to the Athenians was when the Spartan fleet invaded Euboia.


Question: Who were fighting in the Peloponnese war?

Peloponnese War

The Spartans attacked the Athenian fleet sent to aid after it was beached, and they captured 22 ships.


Question: Who were fighting in the Peloponnese war?

Peloponnese War

[34] Year 410 BC


Question: Who were fighting in the Peloponnese war?

Peloponnese War

in the spring, the Spartans had a fleet larger than the Athenians on Hellespontos.


Question: Who were fighting in the Peloponnese war?

Peloponnese War

Due to cash shortages, the Athenians were forced to reduce their fleet, and ships were also needed elsewhere to keep mutineers in check.


Question: Who were fighting in the Peloponnese war?

Peloponnese War

The chief of the Spartan fleet, Mindaros, in cooperation with Farnabazos, decided to attack Kyzikos.


Question: Who were fighting in the Peloponnese war?

Peloponnese War

The Athenians sent a fleet under Alkibiades, Theramenes and Thrasybulos to attack Kyziko.


Question: Who were fighting in the Peloponnese war?

Peloponnese War

At the Battle of Kyzikos, the Athenians had their Spartan fleet thoroughly destroyed.


Question: Who were fighting in the Peloponnese war?

Peloponnese War

Subsequently, the Athenians invaded Byzantium and forced Kcracdon to pay tax.


Question: Who were fighting in the Peloponnese war?

Peloponnese War

In 409 BC.


Question: Who were fighting in the Peloponnese war?

Peloponnese War

only Abydos was no longer in the hands of the Spartans.


Question: Who were fighting in the Peloponnese war?

Peloponnese War

In the same year, Carthage made an invasion of Sicily, which caused the Sicilian ships who had warred as allies of the Spartans to return home.


Question: Who were fighting in the Peloponnese war?

Peloponnese War

[34] After Kyzikos, the Spartans were ready to make peace.


Question: Who were fighting in the Peloponnese war?

Peloponnese War

For the Athenians, however, peace terms were not to their liking, and they rebuffed the Spartan proposal.


Question: Who were fighting in the Peloponnese war?

Peloponnese War

The Athenians also sent envoys to the Persian king, but they soon learned that the king had already decided to continue supporting the Spartans.


Question: Who were fighting in the Peloponnese war?

Peloponnese War

[34] Return to Alkibiade Year 407 BCE


Question: Who were fighting in the Peloponnese war?

Peloponnese War

in the summer Alkibiades was again able to return to Athens.


Question: Who were fighting in the Peloponnese war?

Peloponnese War

He was received as a hero and was chosen to lead the fleet whose task became to defeat the Spartan forces still present in Asia Minor.


Question: Who were fighting in the Peloponnese war?

Peloponnese War

The navark Lysandros, who had strong links to the Spartan royalty, had been sent to lead the Spartan fleet.


Question: Who were fighting in the Peloponnese war?

Peloponnese War

Lysandros also found a collaborator in a new satrap sent to replace Tissaferne, Cyrus, who was the younger son of Dareios II, king of Persia.


Question: Who were fighting in the Peloponnese war?

Peloponnese War

Cyrus promised to pay the salaries of the Spartan rowers and, at the wish of Lysandros, even increased the wages even further.


Question: Who were fighting in the Peloponnese war?

Peloponnese War

This made it easy for the Spartans to find experienced rowers for their ships.


Question: Who were fighting in the Peloponnese war?

Peloponnese War

Rowers even deserted from the Athenian fleet to join the Spartans, and soon the Athenians even had a shortage of rowers.


Question: Who were fighting in the Peloponnese war?

Peloponnese War

[35] When Alkibiade reached Ionia, he made a fatal mistake.


Question: Who were fighting in the Peloponnese war?

Peloponnese War

Alkibiades left the fleet in the custody of the inexperienced Antiochus, while he himself set out to deliver a mission.


Question: Who were fighting in the Peloponnese war?

Peloponnese War

Having reached the lead of the Grand Fleet alone, Antiokhos decided to attack the Spartan fleet.


Question: Who were fighting in the Peloponnese war?

Peloponnese War

The Spartans, led by Lysandros, defeated the Athenians at the Battle of Notion.


Question: Who were fighting in the Peloponnese war?

Peloponnese War

Alkibiadeen then had to escape again from the Athenians, this time for good.


Question: Who were fighting in the Peloponnese war?

Peloponnese War

To succeed Alkibiade, the Athenians sent eight new chiefs.


Question: Who were fighting in the Peloponnese war?

Peloponnese War

[36] In 406 BC.


Question: Who were fighting in the Peloponnese war?

Peloponnese War

A new navark Kallikratidas was sent to succeed Lysandros.


Question: Who were fighting in the Peloponnese war?

Peloponnese War

Under Spartan laws, a navark was only allowed to hold office for one year at a time.


Question: Who were fighting in the Peloponnese war?

Peloponnese War

Kallikratidas immediately wanted to show himself equal to Lysandros, but he was defeated by the Athenians at the Battle of Arginusai, where the Spartans lost 70 ships.


Question: Who were fighting in the Peloponnese war?

Peloponnese War

After the victory, the eight chiefs who led the Athenians left the dead and shipwrecked Athenians at the mercy of the sea.


Question: Who were fighting in the Peloponnese war?

Peloponnese War

When word was learned of what had happened in Athens, charges were immediately brought against all eight.


Question: Who were fighting in the Peloponnese war?

Peloponnese War

The chiefs defended themselves by the fact that a storm had begun after the battle that had prevented them from rescuing all those who had fallen to the mercy of the sea.


Question: Who were fighting in the Peloponnese war?

Peloponnese War

Six chiefs were executed, including Pericle's son.


Question: Who were fighting in the Peloponnese war?

Peloponnese War

Two were able to escape but were sentenced to exile in absentia.


Question: Who were fighting in the Peloponnese war?

Peloponnese War

The Athenians soon regretted the executions, but done was done.


Question: Who were fighting in the Peloponnese war?

Peloponnese War

Athens had, in one fell swoop, lost most of its most experienced fleet commanders.


Question: Who were fighting in the Peloponnese war?

Peloponnese War

[37] End of war Siege of Athens In 405 BC.


Question: Who were fighting in the Peloponnese war?

Peloponnese War

Lysandros was appointed deputy head of the Spartan fleet, in reality, however, he was the real chief of the fleet.


Question: Who were fighting in the Peloponnese war?

Peloponnese War

With the assistance of Cyrus, she re-equipped the Spartan fleet and headed with it to Hellespontos.


Question: Who were fighting in the Peloponnese war?

Peloponnese War

At the Battle of Aigospotamoi, Lysandros destroyed the Athenians fleet.


Question: Who were fighting in the Peloponnese war?

Peloponnese War

[38] After the victory at Aigospotamoi, the Spartans began to besiege Athens.


Question: Who were fighting in the Peloponnese war?

Peloponnese War

Another of the Spartan kings, Pausanias, arrived from the Peloponnese with an army, while Agis attacked from Dekeleia.


Question: Who were fighting in the Peloponnese war?

Peloponnese War

Lysandros in turn blockaded the Athenian port city of Piraeus.


Question: Who were fighting in the Peloponnese war?

Peloponnese War

The year 404 BC.


Question: Who were fighting in the Peloponnese war?

Peloponnese War

in the spring Athens surrendered.


Question: Who were fighting in the Peloponnese war?

Peloponnese War

[39] [40] The consequences of the war with the surrender of Athens, the maritime alliance of Delos was officially dissolved.


Question: Who were fighting in the Peloponnese war?

Peloponnese War

Athens was forced into the Peloponnesian League, and thirty oligarchs rose to the leadership of Athens.


Question: Who were fighting in the Peloponnese war?

Peloponnese War

The Spartans also broke down the so-called Long Walls between Athens and Piraeus.


Question: Who were fighting in the Peloponnese war?

Peloponnese War

Sparta's ally Thebes would have wanted Athens destroyed, but the Spartans did not agree to.


Question: Who were fighting in the Peloponnese war?

Peloponnese War

[41] However, the return of Athenian democracy The Athenian Democrats found a new leader in Thrasybulos.


Question: Who were fighting in the Peloponnese war?

Peloponnese War

He assembled a small army with which he recaptured the fortress of Fyle on the border of Attica and Boiotia.


Question: Who were fighting in the Peloponnese war?

Peloponnese War

The thirty rulers of Athens tried to send an army of their own against Thrasybulo, which, however, did not get anything done.


Question: Who were fighting in the Peloponnese war?

Peloponnese War

The oligarchs' only option was to call on the Spartan army for assistance.


Question: Who were fighting in the Peloponnese war?

Peloponnese War

The year 404 BC.


Question: Who were fighting in the Peloponnese war?

Peloponnese War

in the end the democrats took over Piraeus and were able to easily hold it because the long walls had been broken down.


Question: Who were fighting in the Peloponnese war?

Peloponnese War

The civil war between Democrats and oligarchs continued into 403 BCE.


Question: Who were fighting in the Peloponnese war?

Peloponnese War

until Sept.


Question: Who were fighting in the Peloponnese war?

Peloponnese War

At that time, the Spartan king Pausanias intervened and restored democracy to Athens.


Question: Who were fighting in the Peloponnese war?

Peloponnese War

The oligarchs were given permission to settle in Eleus and were allowed for some time to return to Athens.


Question: Who were fighting in the Peloponnese war?

Peloponnese War

[42] Sparta and Persia following the surrender of Athens, Sparta became embroiled in internal Persian disputes.


Question: Who were fighting in the Peloponnese war?

Peloponnese War

Cyrus the Younger who helped the Spartans rebelled against his brother Artaxerxes II, and a Spartan Klearkhos led Greek mercenaries during the so-called Cyrus War Expedition.


Question: Who were fighting in the Peloponnese war?

Peloponnese War

After Cyrus was defeated, Agesilaos, the new king of Sparta, occupied territories belonging to Persia in Asia Minor.


Question: Who were fighting in the Peloponnese war?

Peloponnese War

Subsequently, the Persians began to support Athens, which rebuilt its long walls, and in 395 BCE.


Question: Who were fighting in the Peloponnese war?

Peloponnese War

other Greek city-states started the so-called Corinthian War against Sparta.


Question: Who were fighting in the Peloponnese war?

Peloponnese War

This war ended in Antalkida with peace, the terms of peace for which the Persian king had dictated.


Question: Who were fighting in the Peloponnese war?

Peloponnese War

Intra-Greek wars had only strengthened Persia, which regained the Ionian cities.


Question: Who were fighting in the Peloponnese war?

Peloponnese War

[42] Historical Sources The Peloponnesian War of the Athenian historian Thukydides is our main source on the Peloponnesian War.


Question: Who were fighting in the Peloponnese war?

Peloponnese War

Thukydides deals with events all the way to 411 BCE.


Question: Who were fighting in the Peloponnese war?

Peloponnese War

until.


Question: Who were fighting in the Peloponnese war?

Peloponnese War

About the end of the war wrote Xenofon in his Hellenica.


Question: Who were fighting in the Peloponnese war?

Peloponnese War

Comedy writer Aristofanes wrote most of his works during the war, and he refers to war in several of them.


Question: Who were fighting in the Peloponnese war?

Peloponnese War

The Athenian statesmanship purported to have been written by Aristotle also gives further details about the war.


Question: Who were fighting in the Peloponnese war?

Peloponnese War

The works of Diodoros Sicilian and Plutarchus, who lived in the Roman period, also provide further details about the Peloponnesian War, as they used sources that have later been lost.


Question: Who were fighting in the Peloponnese war?

Peloponnese War

Parts 12 and 13 of Diodoros' World History deal with war.


Question: Who were fighting in the Peloponnese war?

Peloponnese War

Among the writings of Plutarchus, biographies of Pericle, Alkibiade, Lysandros and Nikia relate to the Peloponnesian War.


Question: Who were fighting in the Peloponnese war?

Peloponnese War

[43] Many other writers of antiquity also wrote about the Peloponnesian War.


Question: Who were fighting in the Peloponnese war?

Peloponnese War

Among other things, Ephoros dealt with war in his world history.


Question: Who were fighting in the Peloponnese war?

Peloponnese War

This work is lost, but Diodoros used it as his source.


Question: Who were fighting in the Peloponnese war?

Peloponnese War

Also Theopompos wrote his own Hellenica, beginning from 411 BCE.


Question: Who were fighting in the Peloponnese war?

Peloponnese War

This work, too, has been lost, and we only know about its contents thanks to Diodoros.


Question: Who were fighting in the Peloponnese war?

Peloponnese War

[44] Aristofanes wrote several comedies during the war.


Question: Who were fighting in the Peloponnese war?

Peloponnese War

Several of them take a stand against the war and joke at the expense of Athenian politicians.


Question: Who were fighting in the Peloponnese war?

Peloponnese War

In an Akharnese comedy aired in 425 BC, the war-weary farmer Dikaiopolis concludes his own peace treaty with the Spartans.


Question: Who were fighting in the Peloponnese war?

Peloponnese War

In 411 BC.


Question: Who were fighting in the Peloponnese war?

Peloponnese War

in the written Lysistrate, Athenian women again go on a sex strike to persuade their husbands to end the war.


Question: Who were fighting in the Peloponnese war?

Peloponnese War

In 424 BC.


Question: Who were fighting in the Peloponnese war?

Peloponnese War

shown in the Knights is Aristophane's attack on Kleon.


Question: Who were fighting in the Peloponnese war?

Peloponnese War

A character named Demos (“the people”) appears in the knights, who owns two slaves: “Nikiaan” and “Demostheneen”.


Question: Who were fighting in the Peloponnese war?

Peloponnese War

The slaves complain about Demos' guardian “Paphlogonian” (Kleo) behaviour towards Demo.


Question: Who were fighting in the Peloponnese war?

Peloponnese War

[44] Sources Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Donald Kagan| title= The Peloponnesian War — Athens and Sparta in Savage Conflict 431—404 BC| publisher = Harper Perennial| year = 2003| id = ISBN 0-00-711506-7| language = Transclusion error: {{En}} is only for use in File namespace.


Question: Who were fighting in the Peloponnese war?

Peloponnese War

Use {{lang-en}} or {{en icon}} instead.}


Question: Who were fighting in the Peloponnese war?

Peloponnese War

Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Philip de Souza| title= The Peloponnesian War 431-404 BC| publisher = Osprey Publishing| year = 2002| id=ISBN 1-84176-357-8| language = Transclusion error: {{En}} is only for use in File namespace.


Question: Who were fighting in the Peloponnese war?

Peloponnese War


Question: Who were fighting in the Peloponnese war?

Peloponnese War

Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Thukydides| title = Peloponnesian War| others = Translated by J.A.


Question: Who were fighting in the Peloponnese war?

Peloponnese War

Hollo| publisher = WSOY Quality Books| year = 1995| id=ISBN 951-0-19871-4}} Transclusion error: {{en}} is only for use in File namespace.


Question: Who were fighting in the Peloponnese war?

Peloponnese War

Use {{lang-en}} or {{en icon}} instead.


Question: Who were fighting in the Peloponnese war?

Peloponnese War

In Project Gutenberg Transclusion error: {{En}} is only for use in File namespace.


Question: Who were fighting in the Peloponnese war?

Peloponnese War

Use {{lang-en}} or {{en icon}} instead.


Question: Who were fighting in the Peloponnese war?

Peloponnese War

References on the topic elsewhere


Question: When did Charles Ponzi get caught for his pyramid scam?

Ponzi scheme

A Ponzi scheme, or Ponzi scheme, is a form of pyramid scheme in which someone raises capital for an imagined or existing investment object, promising a quick and high return on investments: higher than it is possible to obtain from any other investment activity.


Question: When did Charles Ponzi get caught for his pyramid scam?

Ponzi scheme

The investment target may be a gold reserve, a mine, an oil deposit, a timeshare, or any lucrative-sounding item.


Question: When did Charles Ponzi get caught for his pyramid scam?

Ponzi scheme

In reality, no legitimate business is conducted or is minor.


Question: When did Charles Ponzi get caught for his pyramid scam?

Ponzi scheme

The Ponzi scheme takes its name from Charles Ponzi.


Question: When did Charles Ponzi get caught for his pyramid scam?

Ponzi scheme

At the outset, investors are paid the promised interest or return on investments from the funds that subsequent investors bring into the system.


Question: When did Charles Ponzi get caught for his pyramid scam?

Ponzi scheme

Fast and generous returns lead many participants to reinvest the money into the system and attract new investors.


Question: When did Charles Ponzi get caught for his pyramid scam?

Ponzi scheme

The idea is marketed and disseminated on the principle of personal testimonial from one familiar to another, as well as network marketing and chain letters.


Question: When did Charles Ponzi get caught for his pyramid scam?

Ponzi scheme

History of Ponzi Scams Ponzi schemes have been perpetrated since at least the 19th century.


Question: When did Charles Ponzi get caught for his pyramid scam?

Ponzi scheme

A typical investment destination were invented South American mines, oil sources, and small private railway companies.


Question: When did Charles Ponzi get caught for his pyramid scam?

Ponzi scheme

Various contraction businessmen selling snake oils and other miracle stocks also engaged in stock trading in what can be considered ponzi schemes.


Question: When did Charles Ponzi get caught for his pyramid scam?

Ponzi scheme

After all, the miracle drugs sold through personal testimony had no curative effects and the alleged company or large manufacturing facilities did not exist, making the shares sold worthless to the individuals who invested in them.


Question: When did Charles Ponzi get caught for his pyramid scam?

Ponzi scheme

By the time the truth was revealed, the salesmen had already collected their bouquet and travelled beyond the reach of the law's grapple to new areas to sell their idea.


Question: When did Charles Ponzi get caught for his pyramid scam?

Ponzi scheme

The falsification of the financial statements and annual report releases of listed companies has triggered a scramble for investors in the buyout market.


Question: When did Charles Ponzi get caught for his pyramid scam?

Ponzi scheme

Shares in companies have been bought in huge amounts above their true value in the hope of high growth expectations and dividends.


Question: When did Charles Ponzi get caught for his pyramid scam?

Ponzi scheme

This was the case in the 1990s especially for IT companies and in the 2000s with US energy giant Enron.


Question: When did Charles Ponzi get caught for his pyramid scam?

Ponzi scheme

After the IT bubble burst, thousands of investors lost their money after companies were exposed as nearly worthless.


Question: When did Charles Ponzi get caught for his pyramid scam?

Ponzi scheme

Enron, for its part, made perhaps the most famous and largest bankruptcy in history at the end of 2001.


Question: When did Charles Ponzi get caught for his pyramid scam?

Ponzi scheme

These appeals may, with certain reservations, be considered a form of Ponzi schemes, though the companies generally conducted legitimate business in contrast to what is done in many traditional ponzis.


Question: When did Charles Ponzi get caught for his pyramid scam?

Ponzi scheme

The sale of shares in listed companies is not done on the principle of personal testimonial as in a typical ponzi, so there are differences here, too, to the typical ponzi scheme.


Question: When did Charles Ponzi get caught for his pyramid scam?

Ponzi scheme

Finland's best-known and perhaps the most widespread Ponzi scheme suspicion in the Nordic countries is the investment club WinCapita, which formerly operated under the names WinClub and GiicClub.


Question: When did Charles Ponzi get caught for his pyramid scam?

Ponzi scheme

[1] It is alleged that up to €70—100 million was defrauded from 2003 until 7 March 2008, when the club's website was shut down and the main perpetrators disappeared without trace with investors' money.


Question: When did Charles Ponzi get caught for his pyramid scam?

Ponzi scheme

Police are investigating the scheme in the spring of 2008 on suspicion of fraud, money-raising offences, marketing offences and money laundering.


Question: When did Charles Ponzi get caught for his pyramid scam?

Ponzi scheme

A ponzi scheme is a new way to make criminally obtained money look like legitimate income.


Question: When did Charles Ponzi get caught for his pyramid scam?

Ponzi scheme

Charles Ponzi Ponzi schemes have been named after Charles Ponzi (the man also known by the names Carlo and Carl Ponzi, Charles Ponei and Charles P. Bianchi).


Question: When did Charles Ponzi get caught for his pyramid scam?

Ponzi scheme

He was born in Italy in 1882, but emigrated to the United States, in his own words, in 1903.


Question: When did Charles Ponzi get caught for his pyramid scam?

Ponzi scheme

After being in Canada at times and serving penalties for fraud, he came up with an idea in 1920 that made him world-famous and for which his name has been given to similar other scams.


Question: When did Charles Ponzi get caught for his pyramid scam?

Ponzi scheme

Ponzi discovered that international postal reply coupons (IRC, or International Postal Reply Coupon) made it possible to make a profit thanks to different postage rates in different countries and, in part, rapid inflation.


Question: When did Charles Ponzi get caught for his pyramid scam?

Ponzi scheme

If someone sent money to Italy and an IRC was cheaply purchased there, which was then sent to the United States, then a larger amount of stamps was exchanged for the same coupon than had been paid for in the country of origin.


Question: When did Charles Ponzi get caught for his pyramid scam?

Ponzi scheme

Thanks to this scheme, Ponzi claimed it was possible to make a perfectly legal case for the weakness of the system, even using a profit of more than 400 per cent after expenses when there were only enough agents to manage the investments of others.


Question: When did Charles Ponzi get caught for his pyramid scam?

Ponzi scheme

Ponzi got a few acquaintances to invest in postal coupons and promised them a 50 percent return on a 45-day investment.


Question: When did Charles Ponzi get caught for his pyramid scam?

Ponzi scheme

He paid first the returns he had promised on the last investments' funds, thereby gaining new investors as previous investors recommended the scheme to them.


Question: When did Charles Ponzi get caught for his pyramid scam?

Ponzi scheme

Investors with big profits mostly reinvested the profits they received and the initial capital into the system in the hope of further gains, so Ponzi did not have to pay net profits to very many.


Question: When did Charles Ponzi get caught for his pyramid scam?

Ponzi scheme

This allowed rapid growth in the number of investments and the ability to pay for those who invested in the past if someone wanted their investment out of the system.


Question: When did Charles Ponzi get caught for his pyramid scam?

Ponzi scheme

Ponzi was able to raise many million dollars in six months from investors before being caught for his crimes in August 1920.


Question: When did Charles Ponzi get caught for his pyramid scam?

Ponzi scheme

Some investors still believed after Ponzi was caught and prosecuted that he was an honest businessman and that the investments were in good safety on his notice.


Question: When did Charles Ponzi get caught for his pyramid scam?

Ponzi scheme

Ponzi was eventually sentenced to five years federal and nine years in state prison.


Question: When did Charles Ponzi get caught for his pyramid scam?

Ponzi scheme

He later died in poor conditions in Brazil in 1949, although millions of dollars had circulated through him during the success time of the scam.


Question: When did Charles Ponzi get caught for his pyramid scam?

Ponzi scheme

Ponzi Scams and Legislation Ponzi schemes are illegal in Finland and most countries.


Question: When did Charles Ponzi get caught for his pyramid scam?

Ponzi scheme

In Finland, the law on collecting money is violated and fraud is committed.


Question: When did Charles Ponzi get caught for his pyramid scam?

Ponzi scheme

It also becomes a marketing offence because the idea is marketed through untruthful and misleading marketing claims.


Question: When did Charles Ponzi get caught for his pyramid scam?

Ponzi scheme

The position of those investing their money in a scam is a tough one, because they themselves commit money-raising and marketing offences, even if they do not know it.


Question: When did Charles Ponzi get caught for his pyramid scam?

Ponzi scheme

However, in practice, investors who lose money and time into the system are, as a rule, victims of crime and not criminals.


Question: When did Charles Ponzi get caught for his pyramid scam?

Ponzi scheme

Still, their legal standing is weak, as the money invested cannot usually be recouped.


Question: When did Charles Ponzi get caught for his pyramid scam?

Ponzi scheme

They will be judged forfeiture to the state if the main culprits are convicted and assets seized.


Question: When did Charles Ponzi get caught for his pyramid scam?

Ponzi scheme

Otherwise, they will end up in the pockets of the main perpetrators and remain a personal loss for investors.


Question: When did Charles Ponzi get caught for his pyramid scam?

Ponzi scheme

Ponzi Scams and Network Marketing Network marketing is a sales system in which products and services are peddled from person to person according to the referral principle.


Question: When did Charles Ponzi get caught for his pyramid scam?

Ponzi scheme

The Referrer receives commissions based on the turnover generated by a group of vendors recruited to the bottom line in addition to personal purchases.


Question: When did Charles Ponzi get caught for his pyramid scam?

Ponzi scheme

The reward system is multi-level, meaning commissions are received from more than one level of the organisation below the sellers.


Question: When did Charles Ponzi get caught for his pyramid scam?

Ponzi scheme

For this reason, the system is also referred to as multilevel marketing.


Question: When did Charles Ponzi get caught for his pyramid scam?

Ponzi scheme

Because of the marketing method based on personal testimonial, the system is also referred to as testimonial marketing, in addition to many other names.


Question: When did Charles Ponzi get caught for his pyramid scam?

Ponzi scheme

The line between Ponzi schemes and network marketing is not clear.


Question: When did Charles Ponzi get caught for his pyramid scam?

Ponzi scheme

For example, companies that robbed Albania in 1997 can be classified as network marketing, as well as a pyramid game called TaxPeople, or Renaissance [2] from the United States, called a Ponzi scheme.


Question: When did Charles Ponzi get caught for his pyramid scam?

Ponzi scheme

A Ponzi scheme may differ from network marketing by not necessarily peddling an actual product or service.


Question: When did Charles Ponzi get caught for his pyramid scam?

Ponzi scheme

The reward system may also differ from the reward systems in network marketing.


Question: When did Charles Ponzi get caught for his pyramid scam?

Ponzi scheme

However, network marketing turns into a Ponzi scheme when it spreads to new geographies or when the company opens new production lines, where a premium is paid to those who have gone on board later.


Question: When did Charles Ponzi get caught for his pyramid scam?

Ponzi scheme

In this case, the price of the products includes a so-called gratuitous share, i.e. the products are sold at a fair overprice, making it difficult and even impossible to show the pyramid game.


Question: When did Charles Ponzi get caught for his pyramid scam?

Ponzi scheme

For this reason, there is not much the authorities can do to prevent a pyramid game conducted like network marketing, even though it contains the same self-defeating mechanism for participants that causes an inexorable financial loss to the vast majority of participants.


Question: When did Charles Ponzi get caught for his pyramid scam?

Ponzi scheme

Ponzi schemes and network marketing cause the vast majority of participants a financial loss because money doesn't come inside the network very much from outside it.


Question: When did Charles Ponzi get caught for his pyramid scam?

Ponzi scheme

Most or all of the money comes into the system from within it, from the participants.


Question: When did Charles Ponzi get caught for his pyramid scam?

Ponzi scheme

In this way, those who have gone later pay the fees received by those who left earlier, although officially the payments go through the main company and are paid on the basis of product sales.


Question: When did Charles Ponzi get caught for his pyramid scam?

Ponzi scheme

When products contain a fair overprice and members also overpay for training and marketing material, the schemes can be suspected of pyramid play, even if the products and services are also sold somewhat to end users, i.e. customers outside the network.


Question: When did Charles Ponzi get caught for his pyramid scam?

Ponzi scheme

According to the definition of a pyramid game, it is sufficient that only part of the rewards paid are caused by gratuitous sales and thus constitutes illegal fundraising, where the payers are subsequently involved and not the actual customers.


Question: When did Charles Ponzi get caught for his pyramid scam?

Ponzi scheme

Most of all fees returned to the network come from participants' product purchases to their own household and direct or indirect entry fees, giving network marketing companies the impression of a pyramid game with all its hallmarks: the majority of participants lose money and the money of these losers is used to pay the rewards of the few winners who have taken part in the past, as well as or part of the profits of the owners of the main company.


Question: When did Charles Ponzi get caught for his pyramid scam?

Ponzi scheme

Personal trust in the marketer of an idea and belief in getting money The marketer of an investment object is a skilled psychological manipulator and credible in his appearances.


Question: When did Charles Ponzi get caught for his pyramid scam?

Ponzi scheme

He inspires confidence and admiration in his listeners, making them a paragon of entrepreneurship and courage.


Question: When did Charles Ponzi get caught for his pyramid scam?

Ponzi scheme

Candidates will buy into his promises of big revenues if these only dare to invest in this “new activity.”


Question: When did Charles Ponzi get caught for his pyramid scam?

Ponzi scheme

An investment target is usually always something new and transformative, unseen in its scale, magnitude, power, earnings expectations, growth rate and splendor.


Question: When did Charles Ponzi get caught for his pyramid scam?

Ponzi scheme

It is something that people want to believe in order to be complicit in an incredible stroke of luck when it is they who have been chosen to gain wealth through discovery.


Question: When did Charles Ponzi get caught for his pyramid scam?

Ponzi scheme

The initiator of a Ponzi scheme pays interest on the investments they receive at the outset or return of investments to some of the participants.


Question: When did Charles Ponzi get caught for his pyramid scam?

Ponzi scheme

These get so excited about this quick repatriation of profits that they recommend the idea to mothers or their acquaintances who want money.


Question: When did Charles Ponzi get caught for his pyramid scam?

Ponzi scheme

Participants who have withdrawn profits often put their profits back into the system, so that the person who initiates the scam does not have to pay all the investments back to very many — hardly any.


Question: When did Charles Ponzi get caught for his pyramid scam?

Ponzi scheme

The idea behind the game is to pay someone who has joined the network a reward for becoming a recruit.


Question: When did Charles Ponzi get caught for his pyramid scam?

Ponzi scheme

The person who has been recruited and enlisted does not know the fact that the new participant pays the reward himself to his or her own “topline”.


Question: When did Charles Ponzi get caught for his pyramid scam?

Ponzi scheme

They think the rewards are coming from a productive investment target rather than from new participants.


Question: When did Charles Ponzi get caught for his pyramid scam?

Ponzi scheme

As with scams in general, a ponzi scheme also needs unsuspecting victims whose money and effort make the main perpetrators rich.


Question: When did Charles Ponzi get caught for his pyramid scam?

Ponzi scheme

Without faith, no pyramid scheme could work.


Question: When did Charles Ponzi get caught for his pyramid scam?

Ponzi scheme

Faith is a key factor in all pyramid schemes: network marketing, ponzi schemes and chain letters.


Question: When did Charles Ponzi get caught for his pyramid scam?

Ponzi scheme

Participants' belief in the productivity of the system and the integrity of the main factors often persists even after the company's operations have come under media criticism and under police investigation.


Question: When did Charles Ponzi get caught for his pyramid scam?

Ponzi scheme

Some believe in the system and its leaders even after the convictions.


Question: When did Charles Ponzi get caught for his pyramid scam?

Ponzi scheme

However, the majority confess to being a victim of fraud when they realise they have lost their money, but some attribute their loss to the fault of non-system and main factors.


Question: When did Charles Ponzi get caught for his pyramid scam?

Ponzi scheme

Leaving faith would affect a change in the world view as a whole, which is why it is not prepared, especially in scams carried out like network marketing.


Question: When did Charles Ponzi get caught for his pyramid scam?

Ponzi scheme

The impact of Ponzi schemes on relationships and society Ponzi schemes have a devastating impact on relationships and society.


Question: When did Charles Ponzi get caught for his pyramid scam?

Ponzi scheme

The idea is spread through acquaintances, friends and relatives, where getting involved is based on personal trust and persuasion skills.


Question: When did Charles Ponzi get caught for his pyramid scam?

Ponzi scheme

When the system is exposed as fraud and crime, then referrals, or sponsors, find themselves in an awkward position in front of their loved ones.


Question: When did Charles Ponzi get caught for his pyramid scam?

Ponzi scheme

Friendships can break and anger might lead to violent outbursts.


Question: When did Charles Ponzi get caught for his pyramid scam?

Ponzi scheme

In addition, those who go along experience guilt and shame, which together with fear can cause serious psychological and social problems.


Question: When did Charles Ponzi get caught for his pyramid scam?

Ponzi scheme

The impact of Ponzi schemes on society is also devastating on psychosocial grounds, and not just because of the financial losses and lower tax revenues it entails.


Question: When did Charles Ponzi get caught for his pyramid scam?

Ponzi scheme

Those who lose their money use losses as deductions on tax returns, reducing tax revenue if deductions are approved.


Question: When did Charles Ponzi get caught for his pyramid scam?

Ponzi scheme

In addition, those making profits from operations generally do not pay taxes on their profits.


Question: When did Charles Ponzi get caught for his pyramid scam?

Ponzi scheme

Some of them invest undeclared funds and gamble, knowing the nature of the activities.


Question: When did Charles Ponzi get caught for his pyramid scam?

Ponzi scheme

Most remain in action for the loss, but those who go first can win pretty amounts.


Question: When did Charles Ponzi get caught for his pyramid scam?

Ponzi scheme

Ponzi schemes have also been used in Finland for money laundering, so that criminally obtained money has been made to look like legitimate investment profits through the scheme.


Question: When did Charles Ponzi get caught for his pyramid scam?

Ponzi scheme

(WinCapita or WinCapita, or WinCaB, and earlier GiClub 2003—March 7, 2008 [1]) Large Ponzi schemes and network marketing attempts have wreaked tremendous havoc on an entire nation and state.


Question: When did Charles Ponzi get caught for his pyramid scam?

Ponzi scheme

Albania fell victim to scams in 1997, when a large part of the population lost their savings to scams and the national economy collapsed as funds ended up in the hands of foreign criminals.


Question: When did Charles Ponzi get caught for his pyramid scam?

Ponzi scheme

Russia's largest Ponzi scheme, MMM, took an estimated US$1.5 billion from almost two million investors in the 1990s.


Question: When did Charles Ponzi get caught for his pyramid scam?

Ponzi scheme

Other major scams have also remained in the wounds of authorities in several different countries, leaving behind people who lost their money and misery.


Question: When did Charles Ponzi get caught for his pyramid scam?

Ponzi scheme

The reason for the success of the schemes cannot be attributed only to the gullibility of people, as the most brilliant financial criminal minds and the most skilled psychological influencers in the field of scams have contributed to the background.


Question: When did Charles Ponzi get caught for his pyramid scam?

Ponzi scheme

Continuity of Ponzi Scams Contrary to popular belief, a Ponzi scheme can go on indefinitely.


Question: When did Charles Ponzi get caught for his pyramid scam?

Ponzi scheme

The action stops only if the authorities stop it or the main perpetrators get cold feet and slip the cashier with them.


Question: When did Charles Ponzi get caught for his pyramid scam?

Ponzi scheme

The pyramid can also fall over too much size and publicity.


Question: When did Charles Ponzi get caught for his pyramid scam?

Ponzi scheme

That's when the system's bad reputation will make sure there won't be more new investors quickly enough and the idea loses its flair in investors' eyes.


Question: When did Charles Ponzi get caught for his pyramid scam?

Ponzi scheme

The higher the number of participants in the system, the more people lose their investment without getting anything back and thus the system crashes into its own impossibility.


Question: When did Charles Ponzi get caught for his pyramid scam?

Ponzi scheme

However, if investment flows in a steady stream into the system and the network spreads to new geographical areas, then in principle it is possible to continue the operation indefinitely.


Question: When did Charles Ponzi get caught for his pyramid scam?

Ponzi scheme

Ponzi schemes can be prolonged to persuade participants to make long-term investments, which cannot be withdrawn out of the system until after the deadline.


Question: When did Charles Ponzi get caught for his pyramid scam?

Ponzi scheme

Participants' or more correctly players' winnings are then displayed along the way as virtual returns.


Question: When did Charles Ponzi get caught for his pyramid scam?

Ponzi scheme

When then finally the time for payment comes, then not nearly all participants will get their investments and returns out of the system.


Question: When did Charles Ponzi get caught for his pyramid scam?

Ponzi scheme

The money has disappeared or the system starts to make unexpectedly large losses just before withdrawal, leaving nothing left to withdraw.


Question: When did Charles Ponzi get caught for his pyramid scam?

Ponzi scheme

That should raise suspicion, of course, but still some systems can go on for years before they are exposed as a hoax by the communications or police.


Question: When did Charles Ponzi get caught for his pyramid scam?

Ponzi scheme

Many investors will not take their capital out of the system when the time comes to repatriate the returns.


Question: When did Charles Ponzi get caught for his pyramid scam?

Ponzi scheme

They might raise the profit share alone and reinvest capital into the system.


Question: When did Charles Ponzi get caught for his pyramid scam?

Ponzi scheme

Some invest profits and original capital back into the system in the hope of higher profits.


Question: When did Charles Ponzi get caught for his pyramid scam?

Ponzi scheme

This slows down the exposure of the scheme as a scam because it will be a long time before large numbers of investors discover they have lost their money by not recovering their investments and profits.


Question: When did Charles Ponzi get caught for his pyramid scam?

Ponzi scheme

The most cautious players and those who joined early may get their ranking largely or even mostly back once you start to doubt the system and try to dislodge themselves from it with minimal votes.


Question: When did Charles Ponzi get caught for his pyramid scam?

Ponzi scheme

The main authors pay profits and investments appropriately to maintain interest and increase the credibility of the system.


Question: When did Charles Ponzi get caught for his pyramid scam?

Ponzi scheme

However, if there are too many detachments from the game, the main drivers themselves can stop maintaining the system, accumulate capital and disappear without a trace.


Question: When did Charles Ponzi get caught for his pyramid scam?

Ponzi scheme

This is what happens when the system gets too big and the country starts burning underfoot as investors demand their investments and profits ever more out of the system.


Question: When did Charles Ponzi get caught for his pyramid scam?

Ponzi scheme

Potential future investigations by authorities and police will also dissuade criminals from the scheme, although otherwise they might be able to keep running it indefinitely.


Question: When did Charles Ponzi get caught for his pyramid scam?

Ponzi scheme

Known Ponzi Scams United States 1968—2008: Bernard Madoff's Giant Investment Scam Russia 1994: [3] The MMM scam in which at least two million Russians lost their money and $1.5 billion USD was defrauded, another source speaks of up to 10 million scams.


Question: When did Charles Ponzi get caught for his pyramid scam?

Ponzi scheme

Albania 1997: [4] Albania fell into turmoil when Ponzi schemes were deprived of the people's money and the state leadership was involved in the scam.


Question: When did Charles Ponzi get caught for his pyramid scam?

Ponzi scheme

There was a change of power, but the people couldn't get their money back.


Question: When did Charles Ponzi get caught for his pyramid scam?

Ponzi scheme

Finland 2005—2008: WinCapita World 2014—: Onecoin, a cryptocurrency reputation-ridden company based in Bulgaria.


Question: When did Charles Ponzi get caught for his pyramid scam?

Ponzi scheme

Activities around the world, a lot also in Finland.


Question: When did Charles Ponzi get caught for his pyramid scam?

Ponzi scheme

See also Network Marketing Multilevel Marketing Chain Letter Wincapita Absurd Enthusiasm Sources Literature Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Nars, Kari| title= How Millions Are Cheated: The Colorful History of Big Scammers | location = Helsinki | publisher = January| year = 2009| id = ISBN 978-951-31-5049-5}} Category:Scams Category:Financial Crime Category:Key articles of screening


Question: What is nuclear fusion used for?

Fusion reactor

A fusion reactor is a nuclear reactor to perform nuclear fusion.


Question: What is nuclear fusion used for?

Fusion reactor

In the development of fusion reactors, the goal is to manufacture a fusion power plant suitable for power generation.


Question: What is nuclear fusion used for?

Fusion reactor

In the most common type of fusion reactor, hydrogen is combined into helium to release energy.


Question: What is nuclear fusion used for?

Fusion reactor

Nuclear fusion produces large amounts of energy per kilogram of matter being fused, and the fusing substance hydrogen is the most common element in the universe.


Question: What is nuclear fusion used for?

Fusion reactor

In 2015, development aims to achieve plusnet energetic and long-lasting reaction.


Question: What is nuclear fusion used for?

Fusion reactor

For example, in fusion experiments, a JET reactor has more power out of the reactor for a very small moment than is supplied to it.


Question: What is nuclear fusion used for?

Fusion reactor

Now researchers are trying to build a device where fusion would continue longer.


Question: What is nuclear fusion used for?

Fusion reactor

The largest project of these is ITER under construction (2015).


Question: What is nuclear fusion used for?

Fusion reactor

As a continuum for Iter, the first electricity-generating fusion reactor, DEMO is thought to be completed in the 2050s if studies proceed at the planned pace.


Question: What is nuclear fusion used for?

Fusion reactor

In addition to the most studied tokamak type reactor, numerous other ways of implementing a fusion reactor are also the subject of active research.


Question: What is nuclear fusion used for?

Fusion reactor

The fusion reactor is safer in basic terms than fission-based nuclear reactors in use.


Question: What is nuclear fusion used for?

Fusion reactor

This because a fusion reaction requires very specific conditions compared to a fission reaction.


Question: What is nuclear fusion used for?

Fusion reactor

If the fusion reactor fails the fusion ceases immediately unlike in the fission reactor.


Question: What is nuclear fusion used for?

Fusion reactor

Furthermore, helium, the most typical reaction product of fusion, is quite pollution-free compared to fission nuclear waste, although the protons and neutrons emitted by the reactor contaminate the reactor structures to some extent.


Question: What is nuclear fusion used for?

Fusion reactor

Fusion Reaction In a fusion reaction, light elements converge into heavier elements.


Question: What is nuclear fusion used for?

Fusion reactor

The most common fusion reaction is the fusion of hydrogen atoms into helium.


Question: What is nuclear fusion used for?

Fusion reactor

The fusion reaction occurs in nature, among other things, in stellar cores.


Question: What is nuclear fusion used for?

Fusion reactor

In a hydrogen bomb, an uncontrolled fusion ignited with an atomic bomb occurs, which occurs in fractions of a second.


Question: What is nuclear fusion used for?

Fusion reactor

However, the fusion reactor will have to operate significantly longer and in a controlled manner.


Question: What is nuclear fusion used for?

Fusion reactor

Fusion scientists have been called “domesticators of the hydrogen bomb.”


Question: What is nuclear fusion used for?

Fusion reactor

In the most successful experiments, the fusing substance has been compressed into a heap by very strong magnetic fields and heated by very high electrical currents into plasma.


Question: What is nuclear fusion used for?

Fusion reactor

In general, research fusion reactors are monk-ring, torus-shaped tokamak devices.


Question: What is nuclear fusion used for?

Fusion reactor

Tokamak rarely works for a long time, because in them hot plasma “spills over” from the magnetic field.


Question: What is nuclear fusion used for?

Fusion reactor

The progress of fusion equipment has been dizzying, 21st-century fusion equipment produces a thousand to a million times more energy than the equipment of the 1970s, and today we are already quite close to a continuous, high-energy reactor.


Question: What is nuclear fusion used for?

Fusion reactor

The next fusion device is an efficient experimental reactor ITER, which does not produce electricity, but where the technology of a commercial fusion reactor is studied.


Question: What is nuclear fusion used for?

Fusion reactor

The Deuterium-Tritium Reaction Nowadays the nuclear force in commercial use, fission, operates on a different principle than fusion.


Question: What is nuclear fusion used for?

Fusion reactor

In fission, a heavy core, normally uranium or plutonium, breaks down into two lighter ones, having first been bombarded with neutrons.


Question: What is nuclear fusion used for?

Fusion reactor

Heavy isotopes easily fused of hydrogen, include deuterium D and tritium T. In practice, the first fusion reactor is implemented (if fusion is usually made to work in a reactor) using deuterium-tritium fusion, or DT fusion, as it is the easiest to implement and also the most lucrative.


Question: What is nuclear fusion used for?

Fusion reactor

This reaction requires 90 million degrees to work.


Question: What is nuclear fusion used for?

Fusion reactor

The Deuterium-Deuterium reaction already requires 600 million degrees.


Question: What is nuclear fusion used for?

Fusion reactor

The D-T reaction produces helium and energy from deuterium and tritium.


Question: What is nuclear fusion used for?

Fusion reactor

1 3 T + 1 2 D → 2 4 They + n {\ displaystyle {} _ {1} ^ {3} {\ hbox {T}} + {} _ {1} ^ {2} {\ hbox {D}}\ to {} _ {2} ^ {4} {\ hbox {They}} + {\ hbox {n }}} One D-T reaction releases 17.6 MeV of energy meaning a gram of fusing matter becomes 95000 kWh of electricity.


Question: What is nuclear fusion used for?

Fusion reactor

One strain of a deuterium-tritium reactor is that it requires lithium, from which the neutrons produced by the reactor cleave tritium.


Question: What is nuclear fusion used for?

Fusion reactor

Ready-made tritium is required as an initial bet.


Question: What is nuclear fusion used for?

Fusion reactor

This tritium can be produced in a fission research reactor or similar.


Question: What is nuclear fusion used for?

Fusion reactor

The amount of lithium is limited on the earth's surface.


Question: What is nuclear fusion used for?

Fusion reactor

The very high-energy neutrons produced by this reaction are more dangerous than those produced by the D-D reaction.


Question: What is nuclear fusion used for?

Fusion reactor

A reactor is probably not as profitable per kilogram of matter as a D-D reactor.


Question: What is nuclear fusion used for?

Fusion reactor

Deuterium-Deuterium Reaction The main advantage of a deuterium-deuterium reactor is that it does not require lithium or tritium as fuel.


Question: What is nuclear fusion used for?

Fusion reactor

1 2 D + 1 2 D → 1 3 T + p {\ displaystyle {} _ {1} ^ {2} {\ hbox {D}} + {} _ {1} ^ {2} {\ hbox {D}}\ to {} _ {1} ^ {3} {\ hbox {T}} + {\ hbox {p}} } and also 1 2 D + 1 2 D → 2 3 They + n {\ displaystyle {} _ {1} ^ {2} {\ hbox {D}} + {} _ {1} ^ {2} {\ hbox {D}}\ to {} _ {2} ^ {3} {\ hbox {He}} + {\ hbox {n}} The advantages of a D-D reactor is independence from tritium or lithium, as well as probably slightly softer neutron radiation.


Question: What is nuclear fusion used for?

Fusion reactor

Requirements for a fusion reaction Fusion is difficult to accomplish because all atomic nuclei are positively charged and thus repel each other.


Question: What is nuclear fusion used for?

Fusion reactor

The cores are surrounded by an electric protective barrier, so between them is affected by the exhaust force.


Question: What is nuclear fusion used for?

Fusion reactor

However, if the nuclei are compressed or collided hard enough against each other, the atomic nuclei combine.


Question: What is nuclear fusion used for?

Fusion reactor

It is known from physics that heat is the motion of the smallest parts of matter.


Question: What is nuclear fusion used for?

Fusion reactor

As temperatures increase, atoms and their nuclei move faster and faster.


Question: What is nuclear fusion used for?

Fusion reactor

At sufficiently high temperatures, the nuclei of an atom move fast enough to collide with each other despite electrical ejection forces.


Question: What is nuclear fusion used for?

Fusion reactor

In a collision, the nuclei combine and a large amount of energy is released.


Question: What is nuclear fusion used for?

Fusion reactor

Under Earth conditions at temperatures between 100 and 150 million degrees Celsius, the motion of hydrogen atoms is already so fast that the positive charges of hydrogen nuclei are no longer sufficient to reject atomic nuclei.


Question: What is nuclear fusion used for?

Fusion reactor

In the sun, fusion already occurs at a lower temperature of ten million degrees, since the density of matter is significantly higher there.


Question: What is nuclear fusion used for?

Fusion reactor

Fusion therefore contributes to high temperature in addition to high density.


Question: What is nuclear fusion used for?

Fusion reactor

A fusion reactor therefore requires sufficient temperature, density, and plasma composition holding time.


Question: What is nuclear fusion used for?

Fusion reactor

Lawson's criterion In order for a fusion reaction to begin, fusing hydrogen must be heated to a high enough temperature, compressed sufficiently dense, and held together long enough.


Question: What is nuclear fusion used for?

Fusion reactor

Thus, a necessary (but not sufficient) condition for the energy output of a fusion device is whether it satisfies the input of particle density n {\ displaystyle n} and the aggregate holding time τ {\ displaystyle\ tau} (tau) required at a given temperature.


Question: What is nuclear fusion used for?

Fusion reactor

For a given temperature and fusion fuel, N ⋅ τ {\ displaystyle N\ cdot\ tau} is Lawson's criterion.


Question: What is nuclear fusion used for?

Fusion reactor

It was performed by J. D. Lawson in 1957.


Question: What is nuclear fusion used for?

Fusion reactor

[1] [2] For a D-T reaction at 100 million kelvins, giving the average kinetic energy of the particles of the order of 10keV, Lawson's criterion N ⋅ τ {\ displaystyle N\ cdot\ tau} is 1020s/m3.


Question: What is nuclear fusion used for?

Fusion reactor

For the D-D reaction, Lawson's criterion is 1022s/m3, i.e., a 100-fold increase in the density or resilience time of hydrogen ions or any combination of the hydrogen ions is required to produce energy.


Question: What is nuclear fusion used for?

Fusion reactor

[3] [4] Effect of fusion reaction on reactor Fusion reactions release extra neutrons or protons, which are dangerous ionizing radiation and may turn reactor materials radioactive.


Question: What is nuclear fusion used for?

Fusion reactor

Because of this, a single fusion reactor can be used for a few decades at most — eventually the materials in the reactor begin to radiate dangerously and the reactor must be broken down and placed into proper storage, e.g. inside concrete.


Question: What is nuclear fusion used for?

Fusion reactor

Parts of the reactor may remain dangerously radioactive for a few hundred years.


Question: What is nuclear fusion used for?

Fusion reactor

The problem of holding hydrogen plasma together The hydrogen to be fused must be heated to a high-temperature plasma that can be held together by magnetic fields in a “magnetic bottle”.


Question: What is nuclear fusion used for?

Fusion reactor

In plasma are positively charged atomic nuclei and electrons disconnected from each other.


Question: What is nuclear fusion used for?

Fusion reactor

Hydrogen is plasma at temperatures above 100000 kelvin.


Question: What is nuclear fusion used for?

Fusion reactor

The strong magnetic fields required by the bottle have been provided by large superconducting windings in which a huge current passes.


Question: What is nuclear fusion used for?

Fusion reactor

Longer time holding together plasma has proved problematic, as hot, magnetic plasma exhibits many instability phenomena.


Question: What is nuclear fusion used for?

Fusion reactor

In magnetic fusion devices, the heated hydrogen must be kept off the walls of the reactor because no wall can withstand the 100 million degrees temperature of the plasma.


Question: What is nuclear fusion used for?

Fusion reactor

Plasma vibrates and is unstable.


Question: What is nuclear fusion used for?

Fusion reactor

Frequent attempts to stabilize plasma have produced new instabilities.


Question: What is nuclear fusion used for?

Fusion reactor

Different fusion devices have different shortcomings, but one problem typical of all devices is the flux instability.


Question: What is nuclear fusion used for?

Fusion reactor

In general, the instabilities are caused by curving of force lines in the magnetic field.


Question: What is nuclear fusion used for?

Fusion reactor

Types of reactors The most common types of reactors are a monk ring shaped Tokamak type reactor and a stellarator.


Question: What is nuclear fusion used for?

Fusion reactor

Tokamak Tokamak is the most common method of implementing a fusion device in fusion reactor related studies.


Question: What is nuclear fusion used for?

Fusion reactor

It is relatively simple in structure and easy to implement.


Question: What is nuclear fusion used for?

Fusion reactor

Tokamaks have been built in many countries because of this.


Question: What is nuclear fusion used for?

Fusion reactor

The device is a vacuum chamber shaped like a monk ring, or torus, surrounded by powerful magnets.


Question: What is nuclear fusion used for?

Fusion reactor

At the center of the chamber is a thin hot hydrogen plasma, which is heated and held in place by electric currents of millions of amperes.


Question: What is nuclear fusion used for?

Fusion reactor

Magnetic fields are several teslos in magnitude, and Tokamak requires an energy input of tens of megawatts to function.


Question: What is nuclear fusion used for?

Fusion reactor

[5] In Tokamak, the fusing deuterium is heated by a changing magnetic field into a hot plasma held in the center of a ring-shaped chamber.


Question: What is nuclear fusion used for?

Fusion reactor

Initially, the plasma is heated by a current induced by changing magnetic fields up to about 30 million degrees.


Question: What is nuclear fusion used for?

Fusion reactor

The heating is then continued in other ways, for example by particle jets or a radio-frequency electric field.


Question: What is nuclear fusion used for?

Fusion reactor

In the middle of the plasma, the temperature is 100 million degrees, at the edge 2000 degrees.


Question: What is nuclear fusion used for?

Fusion reactor

The plasma is held together by external magnetic fields and fields caused by currents occurring in the plasma.


Question: What is nuclear fusion used for?

Fusion reactor

The name tokamak comes from the Russian words toroidal chamber with magnetic coils ().


Question: What is nuclear fusion used for?

Fusion reactor

Tokamak's idea was introduced by Russian physicists Igor Tamm and Andrei Sakharov in 1951.


Question: What is nuclear fusion used for?

Fusion reactor

Serious development of the tokamak began in the Soviet Union in the 1960s.


Question: What is nuclear fusion used for?

Fusion reactor

The future trial fusion reactor ITER will be Tokamak in construction.


Question: What is nuclear fusion used for?

Fusion reactor

Because the magnetic field in the plasma is pretzel-like, stabilize it naturally.


Question: What is nuclear fusion used for?

Fusion reactor

However, the plasma tends to wander along the magnetic field, and in a “blocked” magnetic field compressed straight from its ends, the plasma escapes easily.


Question: What is nuclear fusion used for?

Fusion reactor

[6] The magnetic field is shaped like a screw thread in the ring.


Question: What is nuclear fusion used for?

Fusion reactor

The cross section of the ring chamber is usually outward pointing D. The shape of the torus is appropriate because the plasma tends to flow in a certain direction along magnetic field force lines.


Question: What is nuclear fusion used for?

Fusion reactor

This is how plasma circulates in the torus.


Question: What is nuclear fusion used for?

Fusion reactor

In tokamak, despite the fine theory, there are many instability phenomena, and even that has failed to keep the fusion reaction going for very long.


Question: What is nuclear fusion used for?

Fusion reactor

Stellarator Another solution, the stellarator, resembles a tokamak, but plasma flows do not play a role in keeping plasma size.


Question: What is nuclear fusion used for?

Fusion reactor

Such devices have been studied less than tokamak.


Question: What is nuclear fusion used for?

Fusion reactor

In the stellarator, attempts are made to circumvent some of the instabilities typical of plasma that are present in the tokamak.


Question: What is nuclear fusion used for?

Fusion reactor

The stellarator is more complex than the tokamak, both in theory and in practice.


Question: What is nuclear fusion used for?

Fusion reactor

Many parts of a stellarator are more difficult to manufacture than parts of a tokamak.


Question: What is nuclear fusion used for?

Fusion reactor

Some plasma researchers consider the stellarator tokamak, developed in the US in the 1950s, to be a more advanced, better solution.


Question: What is nuclear fusion used for?

Fusion reactor

The devices have been studied in the United States, Germany and Japan.


Question: What is nuclear fusion used for?

Fusion reactor

The plasma state of the stellarator is a winding torus.


Question: What is nuclear fusion used for?

Fusion reactor

Laser fusion In a laser fusion device, laser beams squeeze a small pill (pellet) containing the fusing substance into a pile.


Question: What is nuclear fusion used for?

Fusion reactor

Compression is based on the expansion of the surface layer of the pellet caused by heating.


Question: What is nuclear fusion used for?

Fusion reactor

So far, no merger has been achieved by such methods.


Question: What is nuclear fusion used for?

Fusion reactor

Extrusion of pellet with ions has also been studied without success.


Question: What is nuclear fusion used for?

Fusion reactor

A sufficiently powerful and short-wave laser device has not yet been developed.


Question: What is nuclear fusion used for?

Fusion reactor

Until 1999, the ignition of fusion with a NOVA laser was studied, and in the present day with NIF (National Ignition Facility).


Question: What is nuclear fusion used for?

Fusion reactor

Benefits and disadvantages of fusion The biggest advantages are the prevalence of fuel used and the abundant energy output per kilogram of matter.


Question: What is nuclear fusion used for?

Fusion reactor

Burning hydrogen both chemically and in a nuclear reaction is high-energy generating.


Question: What is nuclear fusion used for?

Fusion reactor

1 kg of hydrogen is produced chemically by combustion of about 119 megajoules.


Question: What is nuclear fusion used for?

Fusion reactor

1 kg of hydrogen in a fusion reaction produces more than five million times more: 600 terajoules.


Question: What is nuclear fusion used for?

Fusion reactor

Chemical combustion releases chemical bond energy, nuclear reaction intraatomic nucleus bonding energy of strong nuclear interaction.


Question: What is nuclear fusion used for?

Fusion reactor

The use of fusion in nuclear power generation would bring many advantages relative to the fission reaction used in current power plants.


Question: What is nuclear fusion used for?

Fusion reactor

The fuel for fusion is practically unlimited in nature: hydrogen is the most common element.


Question: What is nuclear fusion used for?

Fusion reactor

Deuterium is obtained in vast quantities from seawater alone, since approximately one in every 5000 hydrogen atoms is a deuterium atom.


Question: What is nuclear fusion used for?

Fusion reactor

Tritium is obtained from lithium by bombarding matter with neutrons.


Question: What is nuclear fusion used for?

Fusion reactor

Furthermore, helium generated as a reaction product of fusion is neither radioactive nor dangerous anyway, so no spent fuel placement problem arises.


Question: What is nuclear fusion used for?

Fusion reactor

The fusion reactor is safe because the fusion does not continue for a minute longer than the reactor when turned off.


Question: What is nuclear fusion used for?

Fusion reactor

The fusion reaction is more difficult to control than fission because it requires extreme, well-defined magnetic field, temperature and pressure conditions.


Question: What is nuclear fusion used for?

Fusion reactor

Although the lithium intended to be a fusion reactor cooler and a feedstock for tritium is highly flammable, there is only about a kilogram of it in the reactor at a time.


Question: What is nuclear fusion used for?

Fusion reactor

The reactor may be damaged when the magnet “explodes” but it is not an event more serious than the average industrial accident, no radiation is released into the environment.


Question: What is nuclear fusion used for?

Fusion reactor

Little is currently known about the economic side of the fusion power plant — operating and construction costs are unknown.


Question: What is nuclear fusion used for?

Fusion reactor

Some assume fusion is slightly cheaper than other forms of energy, others a few orders of magnitude more expensive.


Question: What is nuclear fusion used for?

Fusion reactor

Completely pollution-free is not fusion power either: the reactor is predicted to become dangerously radioactive over time because the fusion reactor emits about 100 times more neutrons than a fission reactor.


Question: What is nuclear fusion used for?

Fusion reactor

Neutrons, on the other hand, may cause reactions in substances that turn them radioactive.


Question: What is nuclear fusion used for?

Fusion reactor

However, the isotopes that may be generated in this way have been speculated to be fairly short-lived — estimates suggest that the reactor would be dangerously active for a few hundred years, a considerable improvement over the tens of thousands of years of nuclear waste produced by a traditional fission reaction.


Question: What is nuclear fusion used for?

Fusion reactor

Fusion Study The temperature and density required for fusion have been achieved, as well as keeping the plasma together is moderately successful.