Question: What are the reasons for child labor?

Child labor

[4] Other commitments The OECD issued policy guidelines to multinationals stating that companies should “participate in effectively eradicating the use of child labour and immediately take effective action to ensure the prohibition of the worst forms of child labour; elimination urgently.” The guidance is a recommendation, but the 42 states that created it are committed to promoting it.


Question: What are the reasons for child labor?

Child labor

[5] Forms of child labour Most child labour is used in agriculture, factory production and quarry and mining.


Question: What are the reasons for child labor?

Child labor

Child labour is most commonly used to produce bricks, clothing, carpets and shoes.


Question: What are the reasons for child labor?

Child labor

The most common agricultural products produced by child labour are cotton, sugarcane, tobacco, coffee, rice and cocoa.


Question: What are the reasons for child labor?

Child labor

[6] The porn industry is abusing children in Russia, Ukraine, the Philippines and Thailand.


Question: What are the reasons for child labor?

Child labor

[6] Sweatshops Many branded products are produced in so-called sweatshops where workers may include children.


Question: What are the reasons for child labor?

Child labor

According to Report, an Italian investigative journalism television programme, exploitation of illegal and unorganized labour is widespread in the consumer goods sector.


Question: What are the reasons for child labor?

Child labor

To maximise profits, the manufacture of the product has been shifted to a chain of subcontractors whose last link is cheap, illegal child labour.


Question: What are the reasons for child labor?

Child labor

[7] Waste treatment Western countries export their electronic waste, such as computers, monitors and analog television receivers, to developing countries where they are sorted by children.


Question: What are the reasons for child labor?

Child labor

Environmental organisation Greenpeace is calling for electronics manufacturers to remove toxic material from their products, as young children sorting waste in recipient countries can get poisonings.


Question: What are the reasons for child labor?

Child labor

[8] Reasons for the use of child labour The reasons for the use of child labour are many and are closely related.


Question: What are the reasons for child labor?

Child labor

The use of children as a labour force is influenced by poverty, population growth, women's status, schooling opportunities and economic development.


Question: What are the reasons for child labor?

Child labor

Many families in developing countries have no options other than to put the child to work, allowing the child to bring money home.


Question: What are the reasons for child labor?

Child labor

From an employer's point of view, child labor is attractive.


Question: What are the reasons for child labor?

Child labor

Even though children are prohibited by law in most countries, they are still desirable workers.


Question: What are the reasons for child labor?

Child labor

Kids are cheap and adaptable.


Question: What are the reasons for child labor?

Child labor

There is usually no employment contract whatsoever with children, so they can be fired at any time.


Question: What are the reasons for child labor?

Child labor

In addition, when enforcement of labor protection laws is incomplete in several countries and penalties for violations non-existent, it is no wonder that child labour is used.


Question: What are the reasons for child labor?

Child labor

Children's physical or other special characteristics, such as small size or dexterity of fingers, also contribute to them being hired for certain tasks.


Question: What are the reasons for child labor?

Child labor

Problems with child labor Working causes physical and mental harm to children.


Question: What are the reasons for child labor?

Child labor

An immature body can not withstand as much strain as that of adults, so the child is more easily exposed to serious damage.


Question: What are the reasons for child labor?

Child labor

Intellectual disabilities are also common.


Question: What are the reasons for child labor?

Child labor

Work that looks light can be very heavy.


Question: What are the reasons for child labor?

Child labor

In agriculture, children sometimes work from morning to dusk in the burning sun or pouring rain.


Question: What are the reasons for child labor?

Child labor

In addition, workers suffer health harms brought by pesticides, among other things.


Question: What are the reasons for child labor?

Child labor

Work that prevents a child from going to school is a detriment to his entire future.


Question: What are the reasons for child labor?

Child labor

Not only will he lose his own childhood, it is likely that, without education, he will not get a decent job as an adult either.


Question: What are the reasons for child labor?

Child labor

The use of child labour is also harmful to individual countries in the long run.


Question: What are the reasons for child labor?

Child labor

Many child workers become unfit and unskilled adult workers, which is not conducive to the country's economic competitiveness.


Question: What are the reasons for child labor?

Child labor

Education is the main means of reducing and preventing children's work.


Question: What are the reasons for child labor?

Child labor

In addition, school and school supplies should be free.


Question: What are the reasons for child labor?

Child labor

Problems of child labour restrictions Starvation and street occupations If employment opportunities in sweatshops are limited, starvation may result.


Question: What are the reasons for child labor?

Child labor

When the Child Labour Deterrence Act was introduced in the United States, an estimated 50,000 children were fired from their jobs in the clothing industry, and many of them had to resort to jobs such as “stone crushing, street occupations and prostitution”.


Question: What are the reasons for child labor?

Child labor

A UNICEF study by the State of the World's Children in 1997 found these alternative jobs “more dangerous and depriving than those of the clothing industry”.


Question: What are the reasons for child labor?

Child labor

[9] The rise of child prostitution in the 1990s has documented cases of inadvertently increasing child prostitution by activists opposed to sweatshops in poor countries: [10] Many German company sweatshops were closed in Bangladesh, resulting in thousands of Bangladeshi children lost their jobs and drifted into prostitutes, crime or hunger deaths.


Question: What are the reasons for child labor?

Child labor

In Pakistan, sweatshops at Nike, Reebok and other companies were shut down, and these Pakistani children drifted into prostitution.


Question: What are the reasons for child labor?

Child labor

In Nepal, a carpet factory closed many sweatshops, leaving thousands of Nepalese girls drifted into prostitution.


Question: What are the reasons for child labor?

Child labor

Child labor is the smallest evil?


Question: What are the reasons for child labor?

Child labor

Before the Industrial Revolution, almost all children worked in agriculture.


Question: What are the reasons for child labor?

Child labor

Then a lot of people went from these jobs to factory jobs.


Question: What are the reasons for child labor?

Child labor

Thanks to the gradually resulting increase in pay rates, parents could later afford to send their children to school instead of work.


Question: What are the reasons for child labor?

Child labor

This reduced child labor both before and after the enactment of anti-child labor laws.


Question: What are the reasons for child labor?

Child labor

[11] According to economist Murray Rothbard, both before and after the Industrial Revolution, British and American children, for whom there were no factory jobs available, were in much worse conditions than those for whom there were.


Question: What are the reasons for child labor?

Child labor

[12] According to Lawrence Reed, the worst working conditions at the beginning of the Industrial Revolution were those “apprentices” who were forced into work and even sold like slaves by state-owned poorhouses, making their status different from that of those in wage employment in the developing world today children's.


Question: What are the reasons for child labor?

Child labor

Although the status of children in paid employment at the time was far from ideal, descriptions of the worst conditions such as the influential “Sadler's Report” are considerably exaggerated, something even the socialist Friedrich Engels acknowledged in his book.


Question: What are the reasons for child labor?

Child labor

[13] Opposition to child labour Indian Kailash Satyarthi was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 2014 after active work to eradicate the use of child labour all the way back to the 1990s.


Question: What are the reasons for child labor?

Child labor

The Bachpan Bachao Andolan organization he founded has freed more than 80,000 children from various, often even comparable conditions to slavery.


Question: What are the reasons for child labor?

Child labor

The BBA organization also helps child laborers get back to school and normal life.


Question: What are the reasons for child labor?

Child labor

Satyarthi says the Nobel Prize means that the organisation's work has finally been noticed.


Question: What are the reasons for child labor?

Child labor

According to him, millions of children are still suffering, even though we live in a modern age.


Question: What are the reasons for child labor?

Child labor

[14] [15] See also Street children Child trafficking Young worker Slavery On the use of child labor in the early stages of the Industrial Revolution Child labor in Russia and the Soviet Union in the 18th—20th century Sources * Category:Key articles on screening


Question: What is metaphysics?

Metaphysics

Metaphysics (, meta- + physika, “after physics”) is a branch of philosophy that studies the essence and root causes of the olevae.


Question: What is metaphysics?

Metaphysics

[1] [2] [3] According to one view, the form of metaphysics present in modern times is an ontology, that is, the doctrine of existence.


Question: What is metaphysics?

Metaphysics

Ontology examines such questions as what existence is and what exists.


Question: What is metaphysics?

Metaphysics

[4] However, metaphysics has traditionally been a broader concept than ontology, and ontological claims then form the core of metaphysics, the so-called general metaphysics.


Question: What is metaphysics?

Metaphysics

In addition, there is a distinction between specific metaphysics, which examines specific issues of traditional metaphysics and metaphysical issues emerging from various fields of philosophy, such as the nature of time; the nature of mind and the dualism of mind and matter; freedom of will or the existence of God.


Question: What is metaphysics?

Metaphysics

[3] [5] Several questions of traditional special metaphysics are currently being studied in their own disciplines — cosmology, i.e. the study of the evolution and structure of the universe, which has become part of physics.


Question: What is metaphysics?

Metaphysics

[6] General The word 'metaphysics' arose from a way of naming Aristotle's post-Physics works:, “ta meta ta fysika” (Greek meta = 'after', i.e., “(books) that come after physics (books)”).


Question: What is metaphysics?

Metaphysics

These works considered the foundations of physics and the structure of the universe.


Question: What is metaphysics?

Metaphysics

Aristotle himself called them “the first philosophy”.


Question: What is metaphysics?

Metaphysics

From early on Aristotelian scholars began to refer to these books as, Metaphysics, based on the location of the books in the collection of Aristotle's works compiled by Andronikos Rhodoslainen.


Question: What is metaphysics?

Metaphysics

[2] [7] Metaphysics is the most abstract and general aspect of philosophy, and its true nature and field have been disputed since Aristotle.


Question: What is metaphysics?

Metaphysics

[2] Traditionally, it has been thought that metaphysics seeks to get behind the mere facts, observations and biases that appear to humans and to tell the ultimate truth about things.


Question: What is metaphysics?

Metaphysics

[8] For metaphysics to be at all possible, the ultimate nature of this reality should, at least in principle, be comprehensible to man, that is, reality should be constructed in such a way that it could be perceived by human logical thinking capacity.


Question: What is metaphysics?

Metaphysics

This is the first unproven fundamental assumption of metaphysics.


Question: What is metaphysics?

Metaphysics

[9] According to philosopher Peter van Inwagen, each aspect of philosophy raises metaphysical issues, and so metaphysics cannot be viewed as entirely separate from other aspects of philosophy.


Question: What is metaphysics?

Metaphysics

For example, ethical reflection on right and wrong quickly leads, he says, to various metaphysical questions.


Question: What is metaphysics?

Metaphysics

[10] Metaphysical questions include the following: What is existence?


Question: What is metaphysics?

Metaphysics

What types of things are there?


Question: What is metaphysics?

Metaphysics

[5] What does reality consist of?


Question: What is metaphysics?

Metaphysics

What are the most basic entities?


Question: What is metaphysics?

Metaphysics

Is reality at its root mental or mental, or material or physical?


Question: What is metaphysics?

Metaphysics

[11] If reality consists of particles, their characteristics and the relationships between them, what is among these?


Question: What is metaphysics?

Metaphysics

[11] How can there be abstract entities in a world filled with particles?


Question: What is metaphysics?

Metaphysics

[11] How are mind and mental phenomena possible in reality consisting of matter in motion?


Question: What is metaphysics?

Metaphysics

[11] What is the relationship of the human mind to the material reality that can be described in natural science?


Question: What is metaphysics?

Metaphysics

[12] Is free will or action possible in a world governed by natural laws?


Question: What is metaphysics?

Metaphysics

[11] What is the origin of the universe?


Question: What is metaphysics?

Metaphysics

[13] [14] Why does the universe exist?


Question: What is metaphysics?

Metaphysics

[15] Does God exist?


Question: What is metaphysics?

Metaphysics

[3] [12] Many of these questions relate to the general problem of reality, which consists of three sides: illusions; reality as it manifests itself to the perceptor justifiably; and reality as it is.


Question: What is metaphysics?

Metaphysics

Similarly, metaphysical positions are in some cases the result of information theoretic positions, that is, views in terms of what can be known or conceived.


Question: What is metaphysics?

Metaphysics

[11] The concepts studied by metaphysicists include things and properties; subjects, categories, and universals; time and space; causality, or causality; sability, transformation, and persistence; and possibility and necessity.


Question: What is metaphysics?

Metaphysics

[12] [16] [11] History Although the term metaphysics derives from the organization of Aristotle's works, the field of philosophy known as ontology or metaphysics arose even before Aristotle in the thinking of pre-democratics.


Question: What is metaphysics?

Metaphysics

[2] Among other things, Parmenides held that the multiplicity, transformation, and movement of existing things were merely a manifestation of one existing eternal reality (the “Being”), and denied that any change would occur in the universe.


Question: What is metaphysics?

Metaphysics

[17] Heraclitus, on the other hand, held the exact opposite view by considering constant change as the ultimate feature of reality.


Question: What is metaphysics?

Metaphysics

[18] Plato can be considered to have linked the thinking of Heracleitus and Parmenide by dividing reality into two planes, one representing mutability and the other representing immutability.


Question: What is metaphysics?

Metaphysics

At the heart of his metaphysics is the doctrine of ideas.


Question: What is metaphysics?

Metaphysics

[19] To Aristotle, metaphysics was the science of 'being being', before adding details of any particular field of science.


Question: What is metaphysics?

Metaphysics

Aristotle also used the designations “first philosophy”, “doctrine of the eternal and immobile”, and “theology” from metaphysics.


Question: What is metaphysics?

Metaphysics

[3] At the same time, the division into general and specific metaphysics was already manifested by him; the former referred to ontology when the latter included the doctrine of “distinct supreme substances”, or god.


Question: What is metaphysics?

Metaphysics

[20] In the Middle Ages, metaphysics was conceived as being interpreted by Aristotle as “a science dealing with the issues underlying physics”.


Question: What is metaphysics?

Metaphysics

[21] One of the key points of debate was the question of universals, which divided thinkers into realists, nominalists and conceptualists.


Question: What is metaphysics?

Metaphysics

In theology, metaphysics was particularly applied in the testimonies of the existence of God.


Question: What is metaphysics?

Metaphysics

[2] At the beginning of the New Age, the Frenchman René Descartes meant by metaphysics the fundamental truths that guaranteed the possibility of human knowledge.


Question: What is metaphysics?

Metaphysics

[22] Christian Wolff, continuing the ontological tradition of medieval metaphysicist Duns Scotus, understood metaphysics as a doctrine that “includes all the principles of human understanding”.


Question: What is metaphysics?

Metaphysics

[23] David Hume and Immanuel Kant accepted only a very limited part for metaphysics in philosophy, and said that knowledge should not seek to advance beyond observations—except in Kant's case to knowledge of the existence of what is behind visible reality.


Question: What is metaphysics?

Metaphysics

Kant meant by metaphysics the kinds of questions that science cannot answer.


Question: What is metaphysics?

Metaphysics

[24] According to Kant, metaphysics is only possible as a “transcendental” science that studies general forms of human understanding, that is, the conceptual preconditions of knowledge that are the basis of understanding.


Question: What is metaphysics?

Metaphysics

[25] Auguste Comte's positivism considered the scientific method and probability to replace traditional metaphysical thought altogether.


Question: What is metaphysics?

Metaphysics

Later, the tradition of positivism has been continued above all by logical empiricism.


Question: What is metaphysics?

Metaphysics

It held that claims that cannot be substantiated analytically or experientially are mind-boggling, and therefore metaphysics also came to be removed from philosophy altogether.


Question: What is metaphysics?

Metaphysics

[26] [27] In the 1950s, the perception of the function of metaphysics emerged, according to which it explores the perceptions that humans have of reality.


Question: What is metaphysics?

Metaphysics

This is called descriptive metaphysics.


Question: What is metaphysics?

Metaphysics

[28] P. F. Strawson, among others, has pitted such metaphysics seeking objectivity against the programmatic and subjective so-called revisionist or normative metaphysics practiced by some earlier philosophers, such as Descartes, Gottfried Leibniz, and George Berkeley.


Question: What is metaphysics?

Metaphysics

[29] [25] Towards the end of the century metaphysics gained renewed popularity after a period of decline.


Question: What is metaphysics?

Metaphysics

[30] Controversies with language philosophical and logic foundations in contemporary philosophy have been addressed from the point of view of metaphysics.


Question: What is metaphysics?

Metaphysics

[12] On the analytical philosophy side, philosophy of mind is also a popular object of study.


Question: What is metaphysics?

Metaphysics

Newer metaphysics is quite technical in nature and applies a lot, among other things, modal logic.


Question: What is metaphysics?

Metaphysics

[30] On the continental philosophy side, metaphysics has continued to set Martin Heidegger from starting points.


Question: What is metaphysics?

Metaphysics

He denied the traditional premise of metaphysics, in which it breaks away from being tangible, and focused his attention on what is known as fundamentaliontology in temporal-spatial reality.


Question: What is metaphysics?

Metaphysics

However, you can also see it as the end of traditional metaphysics.


Question: What is metaphysics?

Metaphysics

[31] Among other things, postmodernists and deconstructionists have proclaimed the death of all philosophy, and especially metaphysics.


Question: What is metaphysics?

Metaphysics

[30] Subdivisions and Questions General Metaphysics General Metaphysics (lat.


Question: What is metaphysics?

Metaphysics

metaphysica generalis), or ontology, studies the essence of being, that is, the ultimate essence of the being.


Question: What is metaphysics?

Metaphysics

[1] It explores the type of things in the universe and what kinds of relationships exist between them.


Question: What is metaphysics?

Metaphysics

Such metaphysics has been said to be the study of being itself, not being as it actually manifests itself.


Question: What is metaphysics?

Metaphysics

[3] Objects and their properties According to traditional metaphysics, the one consists of entities that can be divided into categories or categories.


Question: What is metaphysics?

Metaphysics

Such categories include, but are not limited to, entities, their characteristics, relationships between them, facts, events, sets, species, propositions, figures, and laws.


Question: What is metaphysics?

Metaphysics

These categories can be further divided differently into, among others, universal (general concepts) and particulars (individual entities), concrete and abstract, material and non-material, and epistemic and non-epistemic subcategories.


Question: What is metaphysics?

Metaphysics

[32] The problem of substance is called the question of whether physical bodies are merely the totality of their properties, or whether they have a distinct substance, existence, or essence that “owns” those properties.


Question: What is metaphysics?

Metaphysics

[33] General Properties The problem of universals is called the question, do properties and relations (universals) exist independently, independently of the individual entities (particles) whose properties they are?


Question: What is metaphysics?

Metaphysics

Or do general features exist at all?


Question: What is metaphysics?

Metaphysics

The position that affirms the existence of general properties is called (concept) realism and the position denying them nominalism.


Question: What is metaphysics?

Metaphysics

[34] Also close to the area are traditional questions of philosophy of mathematics.


Question: What is metaphysics?

Metaphysics

[35] Identity and change Identity identity, change, and preservation of identity in time constitute a metaphysical problem.


Question: What is metaphysics?

Metaphysics

[11] In metaphysics, one can ask what constitutes the identity of some piece, and when it can be said that physical bodies become existing, or when they cease to exist.


Question: What is metaphysics?

Metaphysics

One traditional problem of identity and change is called the ship of Theseus.


Question: What is metaphysics?

Metaphysics

[36] Modalities The one in metaphysics is divided into different categories, but also into different modalities, that is, ways of being.


Question: What is metaphysics?

Metaphysics

Different modalities include possible, imperative, and contingent (possible, but not necessary).


Question: What is metaphysics?

Metaphysics

In Aristotelian metaphysics, in addition to these, there was talk of actuality and potentiality.


Question: What is metaphysics?

Metaphysics

[37] In relation to modalities, metaphysics also involves the study of what kind of universe could or could have been.


Question: What is metaphysics?

Metaphysics

In this case, let's talk about exploring possible worlds.


Question: What is metaphysics?

Metaphysics

From modalities, the possible can be defined as a fact that is true in at least one possible world, even if it is not our current world, and necessary as a fact that is true in all possible worlds.


Question: What is metaphysics?

Metaphysics

Modal logic can be utilized in the study of modalities.


Question: What is metaphysics?

Metaphysics

[38] Specific metaphysics Specific metaphysics () studies specific ones and the manner of their existence.


Question: What is metaphysics?

Metaphysics

Examples of objects of particular metaphysics include matter and mind (or “soul”); time and space; determinism and free will; cosmology and cosmogony; and God.


Question: What is metaphysics?

Metaphysics

[3] [5] This particular aspect of metaphysics can be read, inter alia, the following: Natural philosophy studies the nature of nature and the nature of the universe.


Question: What is metaphysics?

Metaphysics

[39] Philosophy of mind studies the mind and consciousness and the nature of phenomena of the mind and their connection to action and the brain.


Question: What is metaphysics?

Metaphysics

[40] Traditionally, problems in philosophy of mind have been read under metaphysics, but philosophy of mind can also be seen as an independent aspect of philosophy.


Question: What is metaphysics?

Metaphysics

[41] Philosophy of religion deals with religion and religious claims of truth.


Question: What is metaphysics?

Metaphysics

[1] [42] Matter and Mind For early natural philosophy, the nature of matter (hyle), or matter, was a problem in itself.


Question: What is metaphysics?

Metaphysics

Early discussion on the topic focused on the discovery of one printive that underlies everything, namely the principle (arkhe).


Question: What is metaphysics?

Metaphysics

For example, Thales put forward water, Anaksimenes air, and Anaksimandros apeirony (unlimited mass) as such a principle.


Question: What is metaphysics?

Metaphysics

Democritos advocated atomic theory for over 2000 years before modern science adopted the idea.


Question: What is metaphysics?

Metaphysics

[43] Aristotle, for his part, held that substance itself is not substance.


Question: What is metaphysics?

Metaphysics

In the new age, with the work of René Descartes and Isaac Newton, matter was seen as passive, contrasted with the minds and forces seen as active.


Question: What is metaphysics?

Metaphysics

With the development of quantum mechanics, current science's understanding of the nature of matter has been argued to have few counterparts in the previous debate on the nature of matter.


Question: What is metaphysics?

Metaphysics

[44] The nature of the mind, its relation to the material body, and in general its place in the essence of the universe understood to be physical, is one of the central problems of the philosophy of mind.


Question: What is metaphysics?

Metaphysics

[45] In the 17th century, René Descartes proposed substance to be dualistic, meaning mind (or soul) and body to be substantially different.


Question: What is metaphysics?

Metaphysics

This resulted in the problem of how the two interact with each other.


Question: What is metaphysics?

Metaphysics

This is called the mind-body problem.


Question: What is metaphysics?

Metaphysics

[46] In addition to Cartesian dualism, the subject has been approached by two basic materials, namely substance, assuming, among other things, occasionalism, that God acts as intermediary.


Question: What is metaphysics?

Metaphysics

[47] In modern times, substantial dualism has for the most part lost its support, although it has not completely disappeared.


Question: What is metaphysics?

Metaphysics

[46] Another approach to the mind-body problem is ontological idealism.


Question: What is metaphysics?

Metaphysics

It is a monistic concept, that is to say there is one basic general substance, i.e. substance.


Question: What is metaphysics?

Metaphysics

Idealism holds that this fundamental substance is the mind, and material reality exists only as its phenomenon.


Question: What is metaphysics?

Metaphysics

Some idealists, such as George Berkeley, have held that material entities exist only after being discovered.


Question: What is metaphysics?

Metaphysics

German idealists such as Johan Gottlieb Fichte and G. W. F. Hegel took Immanuel Kant's thinking as their starting point.


Question: What is metaphysics?

Metaphysics

[48] Idealism is also a common topic in Oriental philosophy, such as Indian thought.


Question: What is metaphysics?

Metaphysics

[49] Idealism is closely related to panpsychism and its more moderate form pan-exisperientalism, which hold that everything has a mind (or: experiences), rather than being<i data-parsoid='{"dsr":[23310,23317,2,2]}'>in the mind.


Question: What is metaphysics?

Metaphysics

Alfred North Whitehead, among others, has advocated pan-experientalism.


Question: What is metaphysics?

Metaphysics

[50] [51] For the past hundred years ontology has been dominated by materialistic monism or physicalism, which holds that reality is substantially material.


Question: What is metaphysics?

Metaphysics

In philosophy of mind, this means that states of the mind are states of an organism that has evolved through natural evolution, such as brain states.


Question: What is metaphysics?

Metaphysics

[46] Type identity theory, instance identity theory (token identity theory), functionalism, anomal monism, feature dualism, epiphenomenalism, and emergent materialism are merely some of the philosophical models of explanation of mind.


Question: What is metaphysics?

Metaphysics

Not all of these positions are mutually exclusive.


Question: What is metaphysics?

Metaphysics

The strains can be broken down into reductive, that is, restorative and non-reductive physicalism.


Question: What is metaphysics?

Metaphysics

Furthermore, eliminative materialism, rather than restoring, seeks to remove everyday psychological concepts entirely from scientific discourse.


Question: What is metaphysics?

Metaphysics

[45] [46] Neutral monism, attached in various forms to Baruch Spinoza and Bertrand Russell among others, is positioned between idealism and materialism.


Question: What is metaphysics?

Metaphysics

According to it, existence consists of a single substance, which is neither mental nor material, but has both mental and material facets or properties — it can therefore be seen as conforming to the so-called double aspect theory.


Question: What is metaphysics?

Metaphysics

[52] Time and space Time and space can also be seen as a metaphysical problem.


Question: What is metaphysics?

Metaphysics

[11] The traditional realist view in ontology is that time and space exist outside the human mind.


Question: What is metaphysics?

Metaphysics

Idealists, on the other hand, have held that time and space are merely constructs of mind by which the mind organizes observations (such as Immanuel Kant's transcendental idealism), [53] or that they are otherwise unreal (such as George Berkeley's subjective idealism).


Question: What is metaphysics?

Metaphysics

[54] René Descartes and Gottfried Leibniz held that space is merely a framework that allows the relative position of material bodies to be understood; without material pieces, it would not exist.


Question: What is metaphysics?

Metaphysics

For example, Isaac Newton, on the other hand, considered space to be itself an existing, absolute “reservoir”.


Question: What is metaphysics?

Metaphysics

[55] [56] [57] The perception of the relativity of space became prevalent again with the work of Albert Einstein and Ernst Mach.


Question: What is metaphysics?

Metaphysics

[58] [59] Absolute/relative and realistic/idealistic settings are also suitable for time, but the 'flow' of time constitutes its own particular problem.


Question: What is metaphysics?

Metaphysics

[60] In antiquity, the flow of time was denied by Parmenides, [61] and in more recent times it has been banned by J. M.


Question: What is metaphysics?

Metaphysics

E. McTaggart in his article “The Unreality of Time”.


Question: What is metaphysics?

Metaphysics

[62] The flow of time involves the problem of preserving the identity of creatures over time.


Question: What is metaphysics?

Metaphysics

Two related theories are called endurantism and perdurantism.


Question: What is metaphysics?

Metaphysics

According to endurantists, the whole thing exists every moment through its history, and it is the same thing at every moment.


Question: What is metaphysics?

Metaphysics

According to Perdurantists, creatures are four-dimensional entities composed of sequences of temporal parts, just as a film consists of individual images.


Question: What is metaphysics?

Metaphysics

[63] Another philosophical problem related to time is the problem of the direction of time.


Question: What is metaphysics?

Metaphysics

[64] Determinism and free will Determinism refers to the position that all events, including the events and actions of human consciousness, are causally determined by preceding events through an unbroken chain of causal relations.


Question: What is metaphysics?

Metaphysics

Accordingly, no miracle-like events happen.


Question: What is metaphysics?

Metaphysics

One consequence of determinism is that it poses a serious challenge to the existence of free will.


Question: What is metaphysics?

Metaphysics

The problem of free will is the problem of whether rational actors can impose their own actions and decisions they make.


Question: What is metaphysics?

Metaphysics

[11] [65] The problem of free will is the problem of whether rational actors can impose their own actions and decisions they make.


Question: What is metaphysics?

Metaphysics

[65] The problem relates to the study of the relationship between freedom and causality and the question of whether natural laws are causally deterministic.


Question: What is metaphysics?

Metaphysics

Some philosophers, such as advocates of incompatibilism, view determinism and free will as mutually exclusive.


Question: What is metaphysics?

Metaphysics

A believer in determinism would thus have to regard free will as a mere illusion (so-called “hard determinism”).


Question: What is metaphysics?

Metaphysics

Other philosophers, called Compatibilists (or so-called “soft determinism”), hold that determinism and free will can be reconciled.


Question: What is metaphysics?

Metaphysics

Incompatibilists who accept free will but reject determinism are called libertarianists (which, as a term, should not be confused with political libertarianism, that is, libertarianism).


Question: What is metaphysics?

Metaphysics

[11] [66] [67] [68] Cosmology and Cosmogony Modern cosmology explores everything through natural scientific methods, while traditional metaphysical cosmology seeks to explore the nature of time and space and arise philosophically.


Question: What is metaphysics?

Metaphysics

[12] [15] Sources Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Inwagen, Paul van| title = Metaphysics| location = Boulder, Colorado| publisher = Westview Press| year = 2002| version= Second Edition| id = ISBN 0-8133-9055-9| language = Transclusion error: {{En}} is only use for in File namespace.


Question: What is metaphysics?

Metaphysics

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Question: What is metaphysics?

Metaphysics

Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Juti, Riku| title = Introduction to Metaphysic| location = Helsinki| publisher = Gaudeamus| year = 2001| id = ISBN 951-662-821-4}} References Literature Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Kim, Jaegwon & Sosa, Ernest & Sosa Rosenkrantz, Gary S.| title=A companion to metaphysics| publisher = Wiley-Blackwell| year = 2009| version=Blackwell companions to philosophy.


Question: What is metaphysics?

Metaphysics

2nd edition| id=ISBN 1405152982| language = Transclusion error: {{En}} is only for use in File namespace.


Question: What is metaphysics?

Metaphysics


Question: What is metaphysics?

Metaphysics

Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Le Poidevin, Robin| title = The Routledge companion to metaphysics| publisher = Routledge| year = 2009| version=Routledge philosophy companions| id = ISBN 041539631X| language = Transclusion error: {{En}} is only for use in File espace.


Question: What is metaphysics?

Metaphysics


Question: What is metaphysics?

Metaphysics

Other entry in the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy entry in the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy Sajama, Seppo & Aalto-Heinilä, Maija:.


Question: What is metaphysics?

Metaphysics

University of Joensuu 2009.


Question: What is metaphysics?

Metaphysics

(PDF) Category:11 Philosophy Category:Key Articles in Screening


Question: How many species of horses are there?

Horse

The horse or domesticated horse (Equus caballus) is a large-sized mammal belonging to the order of bedbugs and the equine family.


Question: How many species of horses are there?

Horse

The horse was domesticated by man about 5000 years ago as a domestic animal.


Question: How many species of horses are there?

Horse

[1] The horse has been used as a steed, a traction and stump feast, and as a drag animal in agricultural and forestry work.


Question: How many species of horses are there?

Horse

In the 20th century, tractors and automobiles have largely replaced the horse from its previous uses, and the horse has, at least in industrialised countries, become essentially a hobby animal.


Question: How many species of horses are there?

Horse

A lot of people still work for their profession in the horse business.


Question: How many species of horses are there?

Horse

In Finland, approximately 4500 people are estimated to be employed full-time in the equine sector and about 9000 people part-time, [2] most of whom work with trotting or teaching horses.


Question: How many species of horses are there?

Horse

The occurrence of the Przewalski horse has long been believed to be the only wild horse living today that has never been domesticated by man.


Question: How many species of horses are there?

Horse

This belief has been disproven.


Question: How many species of horses are there?

Horse

[3] There are no more strains left of the Przewalski horse which are not descended from specimens that lived at least at some point in captivity, mainly in zoos.


Question: How many species of horses are there?

Horse

[4] On the other hand, there are several strains of horses gone wild from domesticated horses, the most famous of which are probably North American mustangs and Australian brumbys.


Question: How many species of horses are there?

Horse

In the British Isles, many old pony stocks and in France the camargue horse are bred semi-wild in free-roaming but man-managed herds.


Question: How many species of horses are there?

Horse

The ideal environment for the horse is wide open grassland where food is plentiful, beasts can be detected from afar and escape from them is easy.


Question: How many species of horses are there?

Horse

[5] Domestic horses exist all over the world: for example, in the United States alone, the most common horse breed in the country, there are more than two million registered specimens.


Question: How many species of horses are there?

Horse

With industrialization, horse numbers plummeted in several different countries as cars and tractors supplanted horses from agricultural and transportation work.


Question: How many species of horses are there?

Horse

The number of horses in Finland doubled between 1992 and 2007.


Question: How many species of horses are there?

Horse

There were plenty of 70,000 horses in Finland in 2007.


Question: How many species of horses are there?

Horse

[6] The upturn in the number of horses at the end of the 20th century has been due, among other things, to the increase in the popularity of riding, especially among adults.


Question: How many species of horses are there?

Horse

Of the population of approximately 66100 individuals registered in Finland in 2007, about 24300 (37%) were warm-blooded trotting horses, about 19500 (30%) were Finnish horses, about 14200 (21%) were warm-blooded horsehorses and about 8100 (12%) were ponies.


Question: How many species of horses are there?

Horse

[6] Features Modern horses vary greatly in size due to breeding.


Question: How many species of horses are there?

Horse

Representatives of the world's smallest breeds of miniature horses are only less than half a metre tall, or the size of a medium-sized dog, while representatives of the world's largest horse breed, the shire horse, may grow to more than two feet tall.


Question: How many species of horses are there?

Horse

Most commonly, however, the height at the withers is somewhere between 120 and 170cm.


Question: How many species of horses are there?

Horse

Horses less than 148cm tall might be called ponies, but designation as ponies may, depending on context, be based on either height at the withers or race.


Question: How many species of horses are there?

Horse

Certain small breeds (for example, the Icelandic horse), despite their size, are also not considered pony but horse breeds.


Question: How many species of horses are there?

Horse

Depending on breed and individual differences, the horse becomes fully grown at 4—6 years of age.


Question: How many species of horses are there?

Horse

A domesticated horse may live up to 50 years old, but usually up to around 30 years old.


Question: How many species of horses are there?

Horse

Lifespan varies widely by breed, with generally hardened cold-blood and pony breeds living about ten years older than warmbreds and thoroughbreds.


Question: How many species of horses are there?

Horse

Wild horses die at a much younger age, and many domesticated horses have to be euthanized mainly due to gastrointestinal or respiratory diseases or leg problems at the age of 10 to 20 years.


Question: How many species of horses are there?

Horse

But in addition, the weight of the horse can be calculated accurately enough, for example, to make a feeding plan.


Question: How many species of horses are there?

Horse

Weight and Obesity Fitness Classification But in addition, the weight of the horse can be calculated using the formula to be sufficiently precise, for example, to make a feeding plan.


Question: How many species of horses are there?

Horse

Other ways to estimate a horse's weight are by measuring and placing the result in a table or the circumference of the horse's chest.


Question: How many species of horses are there?

Horse

A rough estimate of a horse's weight is obtained by estimating the typical weight of the breed.


Question: How many species of horses are there?

Horse

[7] Obesity determination of fitness refers to estimating the amount of fat in a horse, this allows to obtain an idea of the nutritional status of the horse.


Question: How many species of horses are there?

Horse

In Finland, a 7-point fitness rating is typically used, [8] where 1=very skinny, 4=good and 7=very fat [9].


Question: How many species of horses are there?

Horse

The most internationally known scale is the Henneke Obesity Fitness Classification Scale, which was developed by Dr. Don Henneke at Texas A & M University [10].


Question: How many species of horses are there?

Horse

In Henneke's obesity fitness rating: 1 =very skinny, 5=good/normal, and 9=Very obese.


Question: How many species of horses are there?

Horse

[11] Feeding and digestion The horse specialises in being a grass-eater, and its most natural food is poorly digestible and high-fibre grasses.


Question: How many species of horses are there?

Horse

It gets along well with nutrition-poor plant food, as long as it is available in abundance.


Question: How many species of horses are there?

Horse

However, nutrition should not be moldy, for example, and in addition, the horse needs quite a lot of water to drink.


Question: How many species of horses are there?

Horse

The horse is monogastric, although it uses the same feed table values as ruminants except for protein values.


Question: How many species of horses are there?

Horse

[12] The digestive system of the horse has adapted to constant grazing: the stomach is small in size.


Question: How many species of horses are there?

Horse

When free, the horse eats up to 16—17 hours daily, most of the day.


Question: How many species of horses are there?

Horse

Circumstances permit, the horse will, for the most part, eat nothing but new short grass and move slowly as it grazes.


Question: How many species of horses are there?

Horse

In human use, the horse usually receives dry hay and, due to increased energy needs, grain or concentrated feed, to which the horse's digestion has not adapted.


Question: How many species of horses are there?

Horse

A domesticated horse also often spends most of its time almost motionless in the stable, receiving feed in large portions a few times a day.


Question: How many species of horses are there?

Horse

Heavy exercise, for example exercising a racehorse, also worsens the horse's digestion.


Question: How many species of horses are there?

Horse

The horse is sensitive to feeding distractions, which easily leads to colic, for example.


Question: How many species of horses are there?

Horse

[13] Being able to “nibble” constantly on corsage feed is also important for the horse as a mental stimulus.


Question: How many species of horses are there?

Horse

If a horse is given too much high-energy feed relative to the amount of corsage feed, the horse may, in the absence of grazing, milling the wooden structures of the stall or corral or eat wort or even faeces.


Question: How many species of horses are there?

Horse

Behavior A horse is a social fleeing herd animal.


Question: How many species of horses are there?

Horse

In natural conditions, it lives in herds which, in addition to the dominant stallion, include about 3—8 mares with foals.


Question: How many species of horses are there?

Horse

An old and experienced mare acts as the “moral” leader of the herd, and the leader stallion acts more like keeper and defender of the pack.


Question: How many species of horses are there?

Horse

Foals leave the herd at the age of 2—4 years and before long join another herd.


Question: How many species of horses are there?

Horse

Colts might live long in “bachelor groups” before gathering themselves a herd of their own.


Question: How many species of horses are there?

Horse

Escape and Defending As a prey animal, the horse is very sensitive and skittish to all kinds of changes in its environment and surprising situations.


Question: How many species of horses are there?

Horse

Its first and immediate reaction to anything surprising is an escape in case it's a predator.


Question: How many species of horses are there?

Horse

The horse is quite a fast and durable runner, and the fastest individuals can reach speeds of up to 60 to 80 kilometres per hour over short distances.


Question: How many species of horses are there?

Horse

The horse is also capable of jumping quite high and far, although it in the wild usually prefers to get around obstacles.


Question: How many species of horses are there?

Horse

If escape is not possible, the horse will defend itself by kicking and, if necessary, biting.


Question: How many species of horses are there?

Horse

A horse's kick is powerful and can kill a human being, for example, when hit in the head.


Question: How many species of horses are there?

Horse

Horses themselves, as large and robust animals in natural conditions, do not usually receive injuries worse than contusions from each other's kicks, but metal shoes often found on the hooves of domesticated horses increase the power of kicks considerably.


Question: How many species of horses are there?

Horse

Particularly serious injuries can be incurred from hock shoes worn with slippery coils with sharp metal spikes on the bottom to prevent slips.


Question: How many species of horses are there?

Horse

The inherent escape response of the domesticated horse is moderated by breeding background, training and accustoming to stimuli common in the human organ circle as well as resorting in frightening situations to man as a leader.


Question: How many species of horses are there?

Horse

For example, if a rider perceived as reliable by a horse remains calm in a surprising or threatening situation, the horse will follow his lead and stay put even if he may flinch.


Question: How many species of horses are there?

Horse

Similarly, freaking out a rider can make a horse freak out too.


Question: How many species of horses are there?

Horse

Of horse breeds especially used for heavy work, cold-blood breeds have been processed to be as peaceful as possible.


Question: How many species of horses are there?

Horse

Herd Hierarchy Horses always have a precedence between themselves to facilitate and clarify the life of the herd: each horse knows which horses will duck out of its way, and which individuals it must itself dodge.


Question: How many species of horses are there?

Horse

This order of precedence is more about the nature and confidence of horses than, for example, their size, and in a multi variegated herd of domesticated horses it may happen that a little pony commands his much bigger pack mates.


Question: How many species of horses are there?

Horse

There is also always one individual in the pack whose example is followed by others in strange situations and under threat of danger.


Question: How many species of horses are there?

Horse

This individual is not a young, vigorous and aggressive animal highest in the pecking order of the herd but, most likely, an old and experienced mare.


Question: How many species of horses are there?

Horse

When a new horse joins the herd, and especially when two stallions are encountered, may initially ensue, where the newcomer's position in the pack becomes clear.


Question: How many species of horses are there?

Horse

However, actual fighting is a dangerous waste of resources for the prey animal and is not characteristic of horses: usually either individual will soon give in, accepting a lower position.


Question: How many species of horses are there?

Horse

Senses and Intelligence The horse's field of view is very wide, about 340degrees.


Question: How many species of horses are there?

Horse

The horse does not see right in front of his head, nor with the head pointing directly to the front either behind or under it.


Question: How many species of horses are there?

Horse

Most of the field of view is monocular vision; there is only about 65degrees of binocular vision, just over half the human equivalent.


Question: How many species of horses are there?

Horse

[14] The size of the horse's eyes and the relative abundance of rod cells in them suggests that the horse can see a person better at dusk.


Question: How many species of horses are there?

Horse

The color vision of the horse is not exactly known.


Question: How many species of horses are there?

Horse

Carrolin et.


Question: How many species of horses are there?

Horse

al.


Question: How many species of horses are there?

Horse

a 2001 study suggests that a horse would only be able to see shades of yellow and blue as colours.


Question: How many species of horses are there?

Horse

[15] Due to the wide, but mostly monocular field of view, it is difficult for a horse to estimate the speed of approaching targets or see close.


Question: How many species of horses are there?

Horse

However, the movements the horse sees accurately, and communication between horses consists largely of small movements.


Question: How many species of horses are there?

Horse

[15] The horse's ears turn 180°, and by turning its ears, the horse accurately recognizes the direction of input of the sound.


Question: How many species of horses are there?

Horse

The horse can sense frequencies at least equivalent to the human auditory range, possibly a wider range.


Question: How many species of horses are there?

Horse

[15] The sense of smell is important for the horse, among other things, in identifying other horses, and they also sense pheromones related to the endocrine system, for example.


Question: How many species of horses are there?

Horse

Based on the extent of the sensing mucous membrane of the nose, a horse's sense of smell is thought to be one hundred to a thousand times stronger than that of a human.


Question: How many species of horses are there?

Horse

The horse can make the flehmen gesture by rolling its upper lip, which closes the nostrils and directs the chemicals from the smell to more sensitive sensory cells in the nose.


Question: How many species of horses are there?

Horse

[16] The sense of taste allows the horse to select its nutrition, which is especially important because the horse cannot vomit.


Question: How many species of horses are there?

Horse

Horses can distinguish at least sweet, sour, salty and bitter from basic flavours, but the accuracy of the horse's taste sensation is unknown.


Question: How many species of horses are there?

Horse

[16] A horse's tactile sense is so sensitive that it feels, for example, an insect on its side.


Question: How many species of horses are there?

Horse

On the other hand, the horse's nervous system easily becomes numb similar to a repetitive “vain” stimulus such as the rider's improper help.


Question: How many species of horses are there?

Horse

The horse's most sensitive tactile organ is its upper lip, for which the corresponding brain area is relatively large.


Question: How many species of horses are there?

Horse

In the area of the horse's refuge, tactile hairs also grow.


Question: How many species of horses are there?

Horse

[16] A horse is not considered a particularly intelligent animal in the traditional sense.


Question: How many species of horses are there?

Horse

However, it is a motorically capable mover and very sensitive to sensing the state of mind and even small movements and gestures of other horses and humans.


Question: How many species of horses are there?

Horse

As a very social animal, the horse also tends to please especially those other horses and people that it considers its leader.


Question: How many species of horses are there?

Horse

When taught consistently, it learns to combine demanding and complex performance with certain subtle but clear signs.


Question: How many species of horses are there?

Horse

This allows for the very varied use of horses in riding, driving, work and, say, circus shows.


Question: How many species of horses are there?

Horse

Natural horsemanship utilizes precisely the social intelligence of the horse in its training methods.


Question: How many species of horses are there?

Horse

A well-known example of equine social “literacy” is the Wise Hans, who seemed adept at counting and reported the results of the counting tasks by knocking the ground with his hoof.


Question: How many species of horses are there?

Horse

Instead of true numeracy, however, the trick was based on the horse sensing the audience's mind movements and knowing how to stop knocking at exactly the right answer.


Question: How many species of horses are there?

Horse

Social relations The companionship of fellow species is one of the most important basic needs of the horse.


Question: How many species of horses are there?

Horse

Ideally, domesticated horses can live for most of the day relatively the same in the company of a permanent small herd in a large enough paddock where they can both easily dodge each other from far enough, but also churn and romp together.


Question: How many species of horses are there?

Horse

Without company, the horse becomes low-lying and may even lose its appetite.


Question: How many species of horses are there?

Horse

On the other hand, some individuals seem to thrive quite well on their own as well.


Question: How many species of horses are there?

Horse

Horses are also known to form closer companionship relationships among certain individuals in herd conditions.


Question: How many species of horses are there?

Horse

Such comrades tend to tolerate each other closer than usual to themselves on the inside of their “own space” and, for example, often graze closely together.


Question: How many species of horses are there?

Horse

On the other hand, certain individuals, despite getting used to, may never tolerate each other's close company.


Question: How many species of horses are there?

Horse

Some specimens are extremely companionsore but on the other hand timid when accompanied by foreign horses.


Question: How many species of horses are there?

Horse

Racehorses, for example, might have a little pony familiar as a “full-time companion,” who is also included on race trips.


Question: How many species of horses are there?

Horse

Young horses are easily accustomed to the company of new herds, but some individuals, and especially old horses accustomed to certain arrangements, may become outsiders and unenthusiastic to participate in the herd.


Question: How many species of horses are there?

Horse

For companions who have been together for a long time, the death or relocation of another can be a tough experience and lead to changes in behavior recognizable as depression.


Question: How many species of horses are there?

Horse

It is important for a horse to interact regularly with other horses, and even mere sight and hearing contact with another horse is better than nothing.


Question: How many species of horses are there?

Horse

If the company of another horse cannot be arranged, the next best option for the horse is, for example, the company of a donkey or a mule.


Question: How many species of horses are there?

Horse

Other social animals living in herds, such as cattle and sheep, are suitable for horse companionship — it is known that horses are even attached to dogs, stable cats and rabbits.


Question: How many species of horses are there?

Horse

Also, abundant social interaction with a person can satisfy the horse's need for sociability.


Question: How many species of horses are there?

Horse

However, the best option is always another horse.


Question: How many species of horses are there?

Horse

Character and temperament Horses often have clearly distinctive personalities.


Question: How many species of horses are there?

Horse

The character and temperament of an equine individual varies not only by individual but also by breed and horse type.


Question: How many species of horses are there?

Horse

Ponies descended from semi-wild stumps, for example, are often witty and quick to learn, and English thoroughbreds bred into fast gallop horses are, in turn, feisty and sensitive.


Question: How many species of horses are there?

Horse

Hugely powerful cold-blood horses must already be calm and generous in nature to obey.


Question: How many species of horses are there?

Horse

Mares are often considered somewhat capricious, which is largely influenced by the endocrine system associated with the estrus cycle.


Question: How many species of horses are there?

Horse

The effect of the horny cycle on the behaviour, usefulness and well-being of the mare is sometimes so strong that it is considered best to sterilize the mare as a “rune mare”; compared to castration of a stallion, the procedure is large and rare, but sterilization makes life easier for the mare in extreme cases and processing considerably.


Question: How many species of horses are there?

Horse

Stallions, on the other hand, tend to be brave and tenacious but require an experienced handler and careful training.


Question: How many species of horses are there?

Horse

Runes are usually flat natured, especially if they are runed already as a foal or at most a few years of age.


Question: How many species of horses are there?

Horse

However, individuals runed at a later age may continue to habit stallion-like behaviour and, for example, fight with other horses and seek to enter mares in estrus.


Question: How many species of horses are there?

Horse

An aggressive horse is usually sore or mistreated, and the horse is rarely completely hostile.


Question: How many species of horses are there?

Horse

In human breeding activities at all, developing the nature of the horse easier to handle has been an important goal and hostile and vicarious specimens have been removed from breeding.


Question: How many species of horses are there?

Horse

On the other hand, exceptions have been made to this rule for particularly successful sport horses: a famous example of a ferocious but successful horse at racetracks and breeding is the crayfish stallion Nevele Pride, who left hundreds of offspring.


Question: How many species of horses are there?

Horse

Communication Although horses have numerous clear-meaning vocalizations, their communication is largely voiceless.


Question: How many species of horses are there?

Horse

The horse has a complex gesture system by which it communicates instinctively using, among other things, its tail, body position and position with respect to other horses, and head and ear positions.


Question: How many species of horses are there?

Horse

The basics of equine gesture language are the same on all horses, and foals use gestures as soon as they are born, though foals of mares who are high in the herd apparently learn from their maternal model to use the confident and dominant communication of a high-ranking equine individual.


Question: How many species of horses are there?

Horse

However, there are differences between individuals, and through learning, the gestural language of an individual horse may change greatly.


Question: How many species of horses are there?

Horse

For example, a horse that has been punished for lifting its legs (a cautionary gesture) might kick straight without warning when ricocheted.


Question: How many species of horses are there?

Horse

Various horse gestures and postures may express things such as indifference, interest, frightening, aggression, playfulness, submission, agitation, contentment, and harmlessness (the taste gesture of foals).


Question: How many species of horses are there?

Horse

Combinations of different gestures and postures allow highly complex combinations of mental states to be expressed and interpreted.


Question: How many species of horses are there?

Horse

To a certain extent, the horse is capable of communicating with a person as well.


Question: How many species of horses are there?

Horse

So-called natural equestrian skills are utilized, for example, in training horses.


Question: How many species of horses are there?

Horse

Vocalisations The most famous of the horse's vocalizations are probably hirnums and slurs.


Question: How many species of horses are there?

Horse

A scrum is usually an invitation or greeting to another horse and a buzzing friendly greeting.


Question: How many species of horses are there?

Horse

Other common sounds include, but are not limited to, a sharp whimper or dugout (something interesting or surprising is happening), a long heavy gust or sigh (satisfaction and relaxation), and whining (irritation, agitation).


Question: How many species of horses are there?

Horse

Loud squealing is often an aggressive, threatening objection, but stallions and mares squeal at each other even during pre-stepping courting.


Question: How many species of horses are there?

Horse

Wanting or screaming can also be part of play.


Question: How many species of horses are there?

Horse

The quality and tone of vocalizations, and especially the deer nuns, varies from individual to individual and situation.


Question: How many species of horses are there?

Horse

On one horse, you can sound high and bright, rough and almost roar on the other.


Question: How many species of horses are there?

Horse

A genuine roaring scream can be heard as horses, usually stallions, fight in earnest.


Question: How many species of horses are there?

Horse

Reproduction Stallions enter puberty at an average age of 14 (10-24) months, although full sexual maturity acquires about 4 years of age [17].


Question: How many species of horses are there?

Horse

Mares become sexually mature at around 2.5 to 3.5 years of age.


Question: How many species of horses are there?

Horse

[18] Mare fertility declines clearly after 12 years of age, In order to prevent damage, stallion foals are usually separated from mare foals and mares at all by about one and a half years of age or at the latest when they begin to behave orderly and show sexual interest signs for mares.


Question: How many species of horses are there?

Horse

It is also common for colts to rune at 1—2 years of age, so that they can continue outdoors with mares without problems.


Question: How many species of horses are there?

Horse

They may still have stallion-like features after the rune.


Question: How many species of horses are there?

Horse

As a rule, both stallions and mares are deliberately used for breeding no earlier than 3 years of age.


Question: How many species of horses are there?

Horse

Horse is seasonal adjustments [19] The season typically begins at the turn of a hurling moon.


Question: How many species of horses are there?

Horse

The rustling season lasts an average of 101 days for foal mares and 95 days for other mares.


Question: How many species of horses are there?

Horse

The length of the estrus cycle averages 18-23, with individual variation considerable.


Question: How many species of horses are there?

Horse

[17] [18] Normal gestation lasts from 320 to 365 days and on average it is approximately 335 days.


Question: How many species of horses are there?

Horse

[20] Warning is a quick event.


Question: How many species of horses are there?

Horse

The mare can be conceived either naturally by stepping or by artificial insemination.


Question: How many species of horses are there?

Horse

Stepping can occur either when horses are free in pasture or under controlled and regulated conditions, for example in a horse breeder's breeding farm.


Question: How many species of horses are there?

Horse

Stepping always comes with risks because horses can injure each other by kicking, for example.


Question: How many species of horses are there?

Horse

Valuable breeding stallions can be protected from kicks by a non-favoured mare, for example by attaching the mare to a special stepping stall or rack, or by using artificial insemination.


Question: How many species of horses are there?

Horse

There are also sexually transmitted diseases in horses, the spread of which is difficult to control in natural steppings.


Question: How many species of horses are there?

Horse

For these reasons, the use of artificial insemination has become widespread.


Question: How many species of horses are there?

Horse

Artificial insemination also has the advantage that a stallion from a single sperm dose is usually sufficient for the semen of several mares.


Question: How many species of horses are there?

Horse

Sperm is collected by jumping the oritta on top of a clade built for this purpose.


Question: How many species of horses are there?

Horse

However, some stallions do not agree to step on the Santa, so they have to use what is known as a buck oak, which usually has their ovaries removed and is induced into a rut with a hormone preparation.


Question: How many species of horses are there?

Horse

Use Horses have long played a very significant part in human culture: for example, horses appear in Lascaux cave paintings that are tens of thousands of years old.


Question: How many species of horses are there?

Horse

First, horses, most likely bred for food, became useful animals necessary for humans.


Question: How many species of horses are there?

Horse

Horses have been breeding by man for at least thousands of years:.


Question: How many species of horses are there?

Horse

The horse, according to contemporary knowledge, was domesticated by man in the period 4500−2500 BCE.


Question: How many species of horses are there?

Horse

Eurasian steppes.


Question: How many species of horses are there?

Horse

Around the year 1000 BC.


Question: How many species of horses are there?

Horse

by the domesticated horse had spread to the regions of Asia, Europe and North Africa.


Question: How many species of horses are there?

Horse

[21] Equidae belonging to the native fauna from the continents of North and South America became extinct around 8000 BCE.


Question: How many species of horses are there?

Horse

By, and the horse arrived on these continents again only as a domesticated horse accompanied by European conquerors in the 16th century.


Question: How many species of horses are there?

Horse

There are hundreds of horse breeds and types today with breeding, and there are many different uses.


Question: How many species of horses are there?

Horse

Probably the oldest breed of horses preserved with similar similarity is the Arabian horse, which is known to have been bred for at least five thousand years.


Question: How many species of horses are there?

Horse

Warm-blood crayfish are used for trotting, warm-blooded mounted breeds, namely Thoroughbred and Half-Bred horses, mainly in the various species of riding and harness driving, and heavy-made cold-blood breeds as workhorses.


Question: How many species of horses are there?

Horse

The Finnish horse, considered to be a common breed, is extremely versatile: one horse and the same horse can compete in both trotters and in the different sport of riding, and also do field or forest work.


Question: How many species of horses are there?

Horse

Some horse breeds are now bred mainly for human eye pleasure as show animals as well as pets.


Question: How many species of horses are there?

Horse

As human nutrition, Horse's original use under human control may have been meat production.


Question: How many species of horses are there?

Horse

Horses have also been milked since prehistoric times.


Question: How many species of horses are there?

Horse

Today, the status of eating horse meat varies a lot from culture to culture.


Question: How many species of horses are there?

Horse

In some countries such as Britain, the horse has an established status as a human pet and working partner, and eating its meat is almost taboo.


Question: How many species of horses are there?

Horse

Elderly, for example, horses unfit for breeding or injured are willingly slaughtered for sustenance, and horses and other equines may also be bred directly for slaughter.


Question: How many species of horses are there?

Horse

One million kilograms of horse meat are imported from abroad to Finland per year.


Question: How many species of horses are there?

Horse

[22] In Finland, meat from horses killed due to poor competitive success or injury is processed for food, and horsemeat is hardly eaten as such, but is further processed, for example, into meetvurst.


Question: How many species of horses are there?

Horse

Horse milk is today used as human nutrition in some Central Asian countries.


Question: How many species of horses are there?

Horse

Rubber is made from it.


Question: How many species of horses are there?

Horse

As a steed and traction party, Horse has been of great importance in times past as a traction and load party and a steed.


Question: How many species of horses are there?

Horse

Neckstrap and burgers are considered to be the oldest horse vehicles.


Question: How many species of horses are there?

Horse

After the invention of the wheel and saddle, major advances in horse gear included westerns and chest strap harnesses, as well as stirrups.


Question: How many species of horses are there?

Horse

Before railways in the 19th century and later automobiles became common, horse vehicles, along with oxen, were practically the only land vehicles in much of the world, although locally, for example, donkey, mule and camel have also been used as traction and carrying feasts.


Question: How many species of horses are there?

Horse

Along with wagons and carts, horse-drawn sleighs were also used in the northern areas during the winter.


Question: How many species of horses are there?

Horse

In addition, the horse also played a major role in agriculture as a labour party, but even from this work the tractor has largely supplanted it in industrially developed countries today.


Question: How many species of horses are there?

Horse

However, in many mainly Asian and African countries, the horse is still an important working animal and vehicle, especially in remote areas.


Question: How many species of horses are there?

Horse

Horse in War Horse at various times has also been of great military importance.


Question: How many species of horses are there?

Horse

Its domestication has been speculated to have made it possible for peoples speaking Indo-European languages at one time to spread from Ukraine to almost all parts of Europe.


Question: How many species of horses are there?

Horse

[23] Likewise, it made it possible for the Hyksos to conquer Egypt at the beginning of the first intermediate period around 1700 BCE, for the Egyptians had no horses before that time.


Question: How many species of horses are there?

Horse

[23] Partly for the same reason, much later the Spanish conquistadors were also able to easily defeat the Aztec and Inca kingdoms.


Question: How many species of horses are there?

Horse

Cavalry was of key military importance until the 20th century, and it was not until World War I that lorries and tanks supplanted it as the main offensive weapon.


Question: How many species of horses are there?

Horse

[23] The last small-scale cavalry attacks in modern warfare were seen in World War II.


Question: How many species of horses are there?

Horse

Best remembered of these is the uneven encounter of Polish cavalry units with the German motorised war force of 1939.


Question: How many species of horses are there?

Horse

The last cavalry division of the Finnish Defence Forces, Nurmo's eskadroona participated in the Winter War.


Question: How many species of horses are there?

Horse

[24] However, the horse was still important in the army in transport duties.


Question: How many species of horses are there?

Horse

In the Finnish Winter War, for example, troop mobility and maintenance was mostly dependent on horses.


Question: How many species of horses are there?

Horse

Due to the small transporting ability of horses, they were needed in very large numbers.


Question: How many species of horses are there?

Horse

A horse could pull a load weighing 300 to 400 kilograms for 30 to 35 kilometres per day.


Question: How many species of horses are there?

Horse

[25] In the Winter War there were about 72,000 horses employed by the army; in the Continuation War there were about 62,000 horses.


Question: How many species of horses are there?

Horse

More than 20,000 horses perished or were lost in the wars.


Question: How many species of horses are there?

Horse

Warhorses were like friends to soldiers, and their loss was heavy.


Question: How many species of horses are there?

Horse

The monument to Finnish war horses is located in Seinäjoki and the monument to fallen war horses is located in Myllykoski.


Question: How many species of horses are there?

Horse

[26] Horse racing There are numerous equestrian sports, the most important of them worldwide being gallop races with light and fast thoroughbred horses, locally also other breeds.


Question: How many species of horses are there?

Horse

The other main sports are trotting and pickling races on ridden horses, school, hurdle and field riding, and harness driving.


Question: How many species of horses are there?

Horse

In the Americas, various breed-specific competitions for specialty stepping and other types of steed pleasantries are popular.


Question: How many species of horses are there?

Horse

The various species of Western riding are very popular in the United States, but they are also practiced elsewhere.


Question: How many species of horses are there?

Horse

In addition to these species, international competitions take place at least in travel riding and strolling, there are also horse polo and various species measuring the strength and skills of workhorses.


Question: How many species of horses are there?

Horse

Other species such as gymkhana in Great Britain and Central Europe, power and speed rides of ban'non-bred horses in Japan, and goat carcass control competition as teams in the kokpar game in Central Asia are also found as local specialties.


Question: How many species of horses are there?

Horse

Horse as a hobby Riding and caring for horses is currently a popular pastime especially for girls, which in recent years has become heavily prevalent as a hobby for young and older women.


Question: How many species of horses are there?

Horse

Boys and men who do horseback riding tend to be less interested in horse care and focus on developing as a rider, as well as competing, particularly in show jumping.


Question: How many species of horses are there?

Horse

There are about 150000 horseback riding enthusiasts in Finland.


Question: How many species of horses are there?

Horse

[27] Activities take place in riding schools as a rule, and along with riding, horses and ponies are cared for in the stables.


Question: How many species of horses are there?

Horse

Teaching horses may each have their own volunteer carer or several carers who take care of cleaning their grooming horses and preparing for teaching classes, for example on certain days of the week.


Question: How many species of horses are there?

Horse

Holding your own horse is not uncommon among riding enthusiasts.


Question: How many species of horses are there?

Horse

However, caring for a horse is responsible and takes plenty of time every day, and it becomes quite expensive to maintain a horse especially if you do not live in the countryside and can keep your horse in your stable.


Question: How many species of horses are there?

Horse

Horse hobby might also focus on racetracing.


Question: How many species of horses are there?

Horse

The trotting world is more manly than riding, but even young girls might work as horse attendants and coaching assistants and also end up working on racehorses as caregivers, instructors or trainers.


Question: How many species of horses are there?

Horse

Watching trotting competitions and accompanying betting is also a popular pastime.


Question: How many species of horses are there?

Horse

[28] Young horse enthusiasts often create horse-themed websites, participate in discussions on equine forums, and may also engage in virtual horse grooming.


Question: How many species of horses are there?

Horse

It is also quite common to photograph horses, as well as collecting horsetail tickets, for example.


Question: How many species of horses are there?

Horse

Before Internet use became widespread, for example, family records of horses were collected.


Question: How many species of horses are there?

Horse

Horse Quitting When an aging or sick horse is euthanized, it is taken to the vet to be euthanized or skilled.


Question: How many species of horses are there?

Horse

[29] [30] [31] Appointments and colours of horses Appointments by gender The mare is a female horse.


Question: How many species of horses are there?

Horse

The stallion is an unneutered male horse.


Question: How many species of horses are there?

Horse

A gelding (also a whale) is a castrated or runed male horse.


Question: How many species of horses are there?

Horse

The rune mare is a sterilized mare.


Question: How many species of horses are there?

Horse

Pietturi is a cryptorchidal stallion.


Question: How many species of horses are there?

Horse

The nature of the piettur can be difficult and castrating it is a larger measure than usual.


Question: How many species of horses are there?

Horse

The foal is a mare colt or a colt by gender.


Question: How many species of horses are there?

Horse

By age, Milk Foal lived as an unweaned foal, that is, a foal that sucks milk from his mother.


Question: How many species of horses are there?

Horse

The colt is a horse under four years old.


Question: How many species of horses are there?

Horse

Folk names for foals of weaning age include, for example, mullet colt (as in cattle “mulli”), as well as shaggy colt and buckthorn referring to colt's shaggy winter hair.


Question: How many species of horses are there?

Horse

Sälkö is a par—three year old foal that is already being taught; the sleigh pull is a foal approaching juvenile age that has been taught to pull a sleigh (but not yet a cart).


Question: How many species of horses are there?

Horse

The young horse is a horse of 4—6 years old.


Question: How many species of horses are there?

Horse

Renovation is a horse being trained as a steed.


Question: How many species of horses are there?

Horse

It is usually young (around 3—5 years old) but may be an older horse that is being retrained, for example, from a rotter to a steed.


Question: How many species of horses are there?

Horse

Mainly due to equestrian regulations, the age year of the horse officially changes on 1 January (1 August in the Southern Hemisphere).


Question: How many species of horses are there?

Horse

By type, Ponies are small in stature (height at the withers less than 148 cm) and “big horses” proportionally more short-legged and stocky horses.


Question: How many species of horses are there?

Horse

Cold-blooded are heavy and strong horse breeds used as workhorses.


Question: How many species of horses are there?

Horse

Warm-blooded are light, lively and fast horse breeds used in gallop and trotting competitions, as steeds and driving horses.


Question: How many species of horses are there?

Horse

Half-breeds are warm-blooded horse breeds born from cold- and thoroughbreds.


Question: How many species of horses are there?

Horse

Thoroughbreds are particularly long-breeded, light-bodied warm-blood breeds.


Question: How many species of horses are there?

Horse

Miniature horses are very compact horses of the pony or horse type (height at the withers less than 90 cm, even less than 50 cm).


Question: How many species of horses are there?

Horse

Hunter is a type of horse developed for driving hunting, mainly for fox hunting, which may also be used as a barrier steed.


Question: How many species of horses are there?

Horse

[32] Cob is a fairly compact robust type of horse intended mainly as good-natured general and hunting steeds.


Question: How many species of horses are there?

Horse

[32] A hack is a type of horse intended to be an elegant and pleasant general steed.


Question: How many species of horses are there?

Horse

[32] Polo pony is an agile and fairly compact type of horse developed specifically for the needs of horse polo.


Question: How many species of horses are there?

Horse

[32] Mounted pony is a lightweight pony type specially developed as a racing horse for children.


Question: How many species of horses are there?

Horse

[32] According to usage, the Mounted Horse (Mounted Horse) is used for riding.


Question: How many species of horses are there?

Horse

Esteratlla is competed in show jumping.


Question: How many species of horses are there?

Horse

Field Mounted participates in field competitions.


Question: How many species of horses are there?

Horse

School steed is competed in dressage.


Question: How many species of horses are there?

Horse

West Riding is trained in Western Riding.


Question: How many species of horses are there?

Horse

Travel Ratsu participates in travel riding competitions.


Question: How many species of horses are there?

Horse

The hour horse (teaching horse) is used for instruction given at the riding school.


Question: How many species of horses are there?

Horse

A driving horse (carriage horse) is used for harness driving to pull some type of horse vehicle.


Question: How many species of horses are there?

Horse

The workhorse (drag horse) is used to pull heavy loads, for example, in agricultural and forestry work.


Question: How many species of horses are there?

Horse

Ravur (racehorse) is raced at trots.


Question: How many species of horses are there?

Horse

A galloping horse is ridden racing in gallop races.


Question: How many species of horses are there?

Horse

The Monté horse is ridden racing in special montéravik races.


Question: How many species of horses are there?

Horse

A polo pony is a steed (horse or pony) used in horse polo.


Question: How many species of horses are there?

Horse

A bun horse or pony may be referred to mainly as a pet horse in light hobby use or merely as a “pasture ornament”.


Question: How many species of horses are there?

Horse

Colours The original coloring of the horse must have been hallacko: for example, horses appearing in paintings from Lascaux Cave tens of thousands of years old are recognisable as hallacos.


Question: How many species of horses are there?

Horse

Even today, the last truly wild horse species of przewalski horse is always gelding, and the tarpan extinct at the end of the 19th century was the mouse, or black-bottomed hallacko.


Question: How many species of horses are there?

Horse

Developed by crossing different breeds, the “new tarpan” is almost always a mouse.


Question: How many species of horses are there?

Horse

Domesticated horses appear in several dozen different colors.


Question: How many species of horses are there?

Horse

The most common of them are the so-called basic colors, namely rautias, rune or black.


Question: How many species of horses are there?

Horse

Each horse individual is genetically any of these three.


Question: How many species of horses are there?

Horse

The base colour may be altered by one or more of the numerous alleles of the genes affecting the colour, for example, partially or completely fading (dilution dyes), remaining unformed in individual hairs (headaches, headscarps and mixed hairs), remains unformed by certain uniform areas (variegated, tiger-mottled) or become gray with the age of the horse, and eventually white throughout (kimos).


Question: How many species of horses are there?

Horse

The white horse is most often a kimo, which with age has had time to become completely white.


Question: How many species of horses are there?

Horse

Already at birth, a white horse is white butter or very white-won mottled or tiger-mottled.


Question: How many species of horses are there?

Horse

Albinos are not present in equidae at all; the gene that causes albino has not been found in equidae.


Question: How many species of horses are there?

Horse

Albinistic but partially pigmented colourings include creamy-blond and blue-eyed white butter and champagne colourings.


Question: How many species of horses are there?

Horse

In full white, homozygotes frame overo variegated foals are also born, but these individuals die due to a deformed body within a couple of days of birth.


Question: How many species of horses are there?

Horse

Not all horse colours have established Finnish denominations so far.


Question: How many species of horses are there?

Horse

This is especially true for colours that are rare in Finland (champagne colours, different forms of tiger literature), but also for different types of relatively ordinary (cow) literature, English terminology is used for the time being.


Question: How many species of horses are there?

Horse

Signs Characters are called specific distinguishing marks of a horse individual, which are mainly white areas on the horse's head and legs.


Question: How many species of horses are there?

Horse

Such signs include a star, muzzle spot, drawing and flap, as well as socks on the feet.


Question: How many species of horses are there?

Horse

However, there are also dark and other types of signs.


Question: How many species of horses are there?

Horse

From the area of white marks, the skin of the horse is always pink.


Question: How many species of horses are there?

Horse

Smaller white marks are common and are not usually perceived as literature, although they may be caused by some literature gene.


Question: How many species of horses are there?

Horse

If whitish is present on the trunk, the horse is called variegated.


Question: How many species of horses are there?

Horse

Species Crossings A horse can interbreed with other equines.


Question: How many species of horses are there?

Horse

Such species crosses inherit characteristics of both species and are almost always sterile.


Question: How many species of horses are there?

Horse

The mule is a descendant of an Asiatic stallion and a horse mare.


Question: How many species of horses are there?

Horse

As good use animals, mules have long been very popular and sought-after and are still grown in abundance around the world The mule donkey is a descendant of the donkey trap and horse stallion.


Question: How many species of horses are there?

Horse

A sebroid is a cross between a horse and a zebra (sometimes also more accurately referred to as a zorse).


Question: How many species of horses are there?

Horse

See also Horse evolution List of horse breeds Wild horse Sources Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Kidd, Jane| title = Horses of the World: breeds and breeding| publisher = WSOY| year = 1988| id = ISBN 951-0-15117-3}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Nieminen, Virpi (ed.


Question: How many species of horses are there?

Horse

) | title = Horse Handling and Behavior| publisher = Art House| year = 2003| id = ISBN 951-884-374-0}} References Literature Manninen, Kirsti (ed.


Question: How many species of horses are there?

Horse

): Horsepower.


Question: How many species of horses are there?

Horse

Maahenki Ltd., 2011.


Question: How many species of horses are there?

Horse

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Question: How many species of horses are there?

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Question: How many species of horses are there?

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Question: How many species of horses are there?

Horse

* Category:Milk Farming Animals Category:Meat Farming Animals Category:Key articles of screening


Question: When did the Soviet Union invade Afghanistan?

War in Afghanistan

The war in Afghanistan was fought between the Soviet Union, the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan it supported, and conservative Muslims and tribes opposed to this.


Question: When did the Soviet Union invade Afghanistan?

War in Afghanistan

By the summer of 1978, the insurgency, which began in eastern Afghanistan, had spread nationwide.


Question: When did the Soviet Union invade Afghanistan?

War in Afghanistan

Towards the end of the year, Afghanistan and the Soviet Union entered into a YYA treaty.


Question: When did the Soviet Union invade Afghanistan?

War in Afghanistan

[1] On December 24, 1979, Soviet paratroops occupied Kabul, killed Hafizullah Amin and replaced Babrak Karmal, who was exiled as prime minister.


Question: When did the Soviet Union invade Afghanistan?

War in Afghanistan

Eventually the Soviets warred in the country in 120000.


Question: When did the Soviet Union invade Afghanistan?

War in Afghanistan

[1] Muslim guerrillas who fought against the communist regime were referred to as mujahideen.


Question: When did the Soviet Union invade Afghanistan?

War in Afghanistan

They received support from countries including Pakistan, Arab countries and the United States.


Question: When did the Soviet Union invade Afghanistan?

War in Afghanistan

Due to the occupation, significant economic sanctions were directed against the Soviet Union and there was a widespread boycott of the 1980 Moscow Olympics.


Question: When did the Soviet Union invade Afghanistan?

War in Afghanistan

In the early 1980s, the Cold War reached its new legal point.


Question: When did the Soviet Union invade Afghanistan?

War in Afghanistan

The Soviet Union withdrew from the badly ruined country in 1989.


Question: When did the Soviet Union invade Afghanistan?

War in Afghanistan

1.3 million people had died and about six million were living as refugees.


Question: When did the Soviet Union invade Afghanistan?

War in Afghanistan

[2] The war caused, proportionately speaking, the world's widest migration since World War II.


Question: When did the Soviet Union invade Afghanistan?

War in Afghanistan

[3] With the withdrawal of Soviet forces, the fighting continued as a civil war.


Question: When did the Soviet Union invade Afghanistan?

War in Afghanistan

In April 1992, mujahidin forces overran Kabul.


Question: When did the Soviet Union invade Afghanistan?

War in Afghanistan

Background: The Cold War and Afghan turmoil into the Afghan war led to long-term developments involving the dissipation of the spirit of the OSCE-annexed Helsinki, a cycle of equipment and the need for the Soviet Union to show its strength.


Question: When did the Soviet Union invade Afghanistan?

War in Afghanistan

In general, towards the end of the 1970s, the United States that suffered defeat in the Vietnam War appeared militarily weak and the Soviet Union correspondingly a stronger superpower.


Question: When did the Soviet Union invade Afghanistan?

War in Afghanistan

[4] Afghanistan was considered an unattached country facing the Soviet Union.


Question: When did the Soviet Union invade Afghanistan?

War in Afghanistan

In the Western world, however, it was assumed to be outside the actual hegemony ambitions of the great powers.


Question: When did the Soviet Union invade Afghanistan?

War in Afghanistan

The country was generally considered quite difficult to control due to poverty, social fragmentation and mountainousness.


Question: When did the Soviet Union invade Afghanistan?

War in Afghanistan

Still, it was heavily credited by the Soviet Union and economic relations with its northern superpower neighbour had been vital to the country throughout the post-World War II period.


Question: When did the Soviet Union invade Afghanistan?

War in Afghanistan

[5] [6] Republic of Dauod Khan Events in Afghanistan began to slide forward in 1973 when the former Prime Minister, King Mohammad Zahir Shah's cousin Prince Mohammed Daoud Khan, seized power in the country and declared it a republic.


Question: When did the Soviet Union invade Afghanistan?

War in Afghanistan

Dauoud Khan, who hijacked power, concentrated power for himself.


Question: When did the Soviet Union invade Afghanistan?

War in Afghanistan

He served as President, Chief, Defence and Secretary of State.


Question: When did the Soviet Union invade Afghanistan?

War in Afghanistan

Democracy was not maintained even as a front [7].


Question: When did the Soviet Union invade Afghanistan?

War in Afghanistan

Daoud Khan was backed in the hijacking by the Parcham wing of the country's Communist Party (PDPA, or HDKA) and the top six Parcham supporters were as ministers in the new government.


Question: When did the Soviet Union invade Afghanistan?

War in Afghanistan

[8] In addition, communists were appointed as senior officials.


Question: When did the Soviet Union invade Afghanistan?

War in Afghanistan

However, Parcham's leading figure Babrak Karmal kept his distance from the new regime.


Question: When did the Soviet Union invade Afghanistan?

War in Afghanistan

[7] The new regime was supported by the army and the population of large cities.


Question: When did the Soviet Union invade Afghanistan?

War in Afghanistan

Dauod Khan had in mind an ambitious programme to modernize Afghanistan.


Question: When did the Soviet Union invade Afghanistan?

War in Afghanistan

First, a move was made to implement land reform.


Question: When did the Soviet Union invade Afghanistan?

War in Afghanistan

An upper limit was placed on the size of land assets and to set an example, Dauod Khan gave up his inherited lands.


Question: When did the Soviet Union invade Afghanistan?

War in Afghanistan

However, as a real politician, he did not want to antagonize the big landowners, so the losses of these were compensated by government funds. [9].


Question: When did the Soviet Union invade Afghanistan?

War in Afghanistan

In 1974, the president hit out at Islamists.


Question: When did the Soviet Union invade Afghanistan?

War in Afghanistan

In a summer power blow, most of Kabul's Islamist leaders went to jail.


Question: When did the Soviet Union invade Afghanistan?

War in Afghanistan

In July 1975, the “Muslim Brothers” declared that they would overthrow the republic and establish an Islamic state.


Question: When did the Soviet Union invade Afghanistan?

War in Afghanistan

[10] However, the Islamist forces did not pose any kind of serious threat to the government army, partly because their leaders had serious disagreements among themselves about what kind of Islamic interpretation should be followed.


Question: When did the Soviet Union invade Afghanistan?

War in Afghanistan

When Soviet troops came five years later, they were met by a resistance group that already had gained combat experience in Pakistan as its base.


Question: When did the Soviet Union invade Afghanistan?

War in Afghanistan

[11] In 1975, the Communists were dismissed from the government and in the same year Mohammed Daoud Khan, who visited the Soviet Union, clashed with Leonid Brezhnev.


Question: When did the Soviet Union invade Afghanistan?

War in Afghanistan

The president was of the opinion that the Soviet Union's grip on the country was already too tight and this would jeopardize the country's traditional policy of neutrality.