Question: How many years did Gustav Vasa rule over the Swedish Empire?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Halfway through the decade, however, peasant rustles began: Karelians invaded Oulujärvi and Iijoki, southern Finland went beyond the Gulf of Finland.


Question: How many years did Gustav Vasa rule over the Swedish Empire?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

In the fold of the decade, organised warfare was triggered again with the invasion of Narva (1579) and the conquest of Käkisalmi in 1580.


Question: How many years did Gustav Vasa rule over the Swedish Empire?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Narva was overrun the following year, with subsequent negotiations leading to an intermediate peace lasting until 1590.


Question: How many years did Gustav Vasa rule over the Swedish Empire?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Despite the intermediate peace, guerrilla warfare continued on both sides of the eastern border, leading to the widespread desolation of Kainuu and northern Ostrobothnia in the 1580s.


Question: How many years did Gustav Vasa rule over the Swedish Empire?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Led by Pekka Vesainen, the Ostrobothians made retaliatory expeditions to Viena Karelia.


Question: How many years did Gustav Vasa rule over the Swedish Empire?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The war ended with the Peace Treaty of Full Self in 1595.


Question: How many years did Gustav Vasa rule over the Swedish Empire?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

A new dispute over the throne upon the death of John III in 1592 left the throne without a holder.


Question: How many years did Gustav Vasa rule over the Swedish Empire?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

There were two successor candidates: Sigismund and Duke Charles.


Question: How many years did Gustav Vasa rule over the Swedish Empire?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The kingship issue was also intertwined with church politics: in Counter-Reformation Europe, Sigismund was Catholic, making his position even more problematic in Lutheran Sweden.


Question: How many years did Gustav Vasa rule over the Swedish Empire?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

In 1593 Sigismund arrived in the country to be crowned.


Question: How many years did Gustav Vasa rule over the Swedish Empire?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The ruler's assurance he issued in the autumn of the following year.


Question: How many years did Gustav Vasa rule over the Swedish Empire?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

In this case, he also adopted the Lutheran line of the enactment and ecclesiastical assembly of Uppsala (1593).


Question: How many years did Gustav Vasa rule over the Swedish Empire?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

With the crowning of Sigismund, a personal union was created between Sweden and Poland that lasted some years; as King of Poland, Sigismund always remained until 1632.


Question: How many years did Gustav Vasa rule over the Swedish Empire?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

After the king's return to Poland, rose to the nobility among disagreements over Charles Duke's position as registrar.


Question: How many years did Gustav Vasa rule over the Swedish Empire?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

In this dispute, Klaus Fleming, the commandholder of Finland, sided with the king.


Question: How many years did Gustav Vasa rule over the Swedish Empire?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

In the Riksdag of Arboga of 1597, however, Charles was named regent.


Question: How many years did Gustav Vasa rule over the Swedish Empire?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

In this case, he also declared his opponents, above all Klaus Fleming, rebels.


Question: How many years did Gustav Vasa rule over the Swedish Empire?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Harshing justice Generally in Europe At the beginning of the New Age, in the 16th and 17th centuries, secular rights began to use the so-called “Law of Moses”, that is, some passages from the Bible.


Question: How many years did Gustav Vasa rule over the Swedish Empire?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Under the law of Moses, witchcraft and magic were prohibited and, among other things, blasphemy, swearing, infringement against one's parents, perjury, manslaughter, interest railing, false testimony and several sexual offences could be sentenced to death.


Question: How many years did Gustav Vasa rule over the Swedish Empire?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The Law of Moses became a general legal instruction in the Swedish Empire in 1608 and remained in force until the new Reich Law of 1734.


Question: How many years did Gustav Vasa rule over the Swedish Empire?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

However, the law was generally not applied in its full harshness and death sentences were commuted in about half of the cases.


Question: How many years did Gustav Vasa rule over the Swedish Empire?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

[36] [37] 16th century peasant unrest and mace war Peasant unrest increased during the reign of Gustav Vasa, inter alia, due to increased tax burdens and, on the other hand, the struggle for power of his sons.


Question: How many years did Gustav Vasa rule over the Swedish Empire?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The culmination of the peasant unrest was the bludgeon war in 1596—1597.


Question: How many years did Gustav Vasa rule over the Swedish Empire?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

It ended bloody with the army defeating the Ostrobothians and Savonian peasants armed with mace, spears and bows.


Question: How many years did Gustav Vasa rule over the Swedish Empire?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The revolt was directed against the nobility who exercised power in Finland and Klaus Fleming in particular.


Question: How many years did Gustav Vasa rule over the Swedish Empire?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The mutineers sought help from Charles Duke, who was pursuing the Swedish crown.


Question: How many years did Gustav Vasa rule over the Swedish Empire?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

As causes of the rebellion, contemporary research attributes the war burden of the rap war, economic decline, and the suffering caused by the castle camp system.


Question: How many years did Gustav Vasa rule over the Swedish Empire?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Scholars have been divided as to the great influence the incitement against Klaus Fleming exercised by the Duke of Charles had on the genesis of the bludgeon war [38] [39].


Question: How many years did Gustav Vasa rule over the Swedish Empire?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Great Power Period (1617—1721) Peace of Stolbova In 1604—1611 Duke Charles of Södermanland was King Charles IX of Sweden.


Question: How many years did Gustav Vasa rule over the Swedish Empire?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

During his reign, the kingdom was almost constantly waging war against Russia and Poland, especially over the ownership of the Baltic provinces Estonia and Livonia.


Question: How many years did Gustav Vasa rule over the Swedish Empire?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

In addition, in 1611—1613 there was a defeatist war against Denmark.


Question: How many years did Gustav Vasa rule over the Swedish Empire?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

On the death of Charles IX, his son Gustav II Adolf ascended to the throne.


Question: How many years did Gustav Vasa rule over the Swedish Empire?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The state of the kingdom was poor and Sweden had to conclude in 1613 peace with Denmark.


Question: How many years did Gustav Vasa rule over the Swedish Empire?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The Peace of Stolbova was concluded with Russia in 1617, as a result of which Käkisalmi County, Nutälinna and part of Inker were annexed by Sweden.


Question: How many years did Gustav Vasa rule over the Swedish Empire?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Modernisation and reforms under the leadership of the King and Reich Chancellor Axel Oxenstierna, Sweden and Finland began to implement substantial reforms after the foreign policy situation calmed down.


Question: How many years did Gustav Vasa rule over the Swedish Empire?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The army and the war establishment were reorganised, in particular in accordance with the paragon given by the Dutch Morits Oranian.


Question: How many years did Gustav Vasa rule over the Swedish Empire?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The navy and the administration of the Crown were also reformed.


Question: How many years did Gustav Vasa rule over the Swedish Empire?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

A new form of government was brought into effect in the country and the kingdom was divided into counties.


Question: How many years did Gustav Vasa rule over the Swedish Empire?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

In the 17th century, in addition, a Governor-General was appointed in Finland from time to time to develop the conditions


Question: How many years did Gustav Vasa rule over the Swedish Empire?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The office of Governor General of Finland was Nils Tuurenpoika Bielke and Count Peter Brahe, whose official residence was Turku Castle.


Question: How many years did Gustav Vasa rule over the Swedish Empire?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

During the Great Reign, new cities and the Royal Court of Appeal of Turku were also established in Finland, and in 1640 the Turku Academy, Finland's first university.


Question: How many years did Gustav Vasa rule over the Swedish Empire?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

During the Thirty Years' War in the Baltics, Sweden was still waging war against Poland-Lithuania and in 1629 the provisional Peace of Altmark was concluded.


Question: How many years did Gustav Vasa rule over the Swedish Empire?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

In the Thirty Years' War between the Catholic Emperor and Protestant princes that broke out in Germany, Gustav II Adolf joined in 1630 after coming ashore in northern Germany.


Question: How many years did Gustav Vasa rule over the Swedish Empire?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Sweden's goal in the war was to support German Protestants and strengthen its own position.


Question: How many years did Gustav Vasa rule over the Swedish Empire?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Gustav II Adolf, however, died at the Battle of Lützen in 1632 and his daughter Kristiina ascended the throne as a minor.


Question: How many years did Gustav Vasa rule over the Swedish Empire?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

In practice, the kingdom was ruled at this point by a caretaker government led by Axel Oxenstierna.


Question: How many years did Gustav Vasa rule over the Swedish Empire?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

In the Peace of Westphalia, 1648, which ended the Thirty Years' War, Sweden established itself as a great power.


Question: How many years did Gustav Vasa rule over the Swedish Empire?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

However, the Thirty Years' War and other conflicts of the Great Power period severely consumed the resources of Sweden and Finland.


Question: How many years did Gustav Vasa rule over the Swedish Empire?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

A significant number of peasants had to serve in the army and navy, where mortality rates were high.


Question: How many years did Gustav Vasa rule over the Swedish Empire?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

From wars to peace period, during Queen Kristiina's reign 1632—1654 Sweden and Finland gave vast territories as fiefdoms to the nobility.


Question: How many years did Gustav Vasa rule over the Swedish Empire?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The nobility had the right to collect tax on their fiefdoms, which complicated the financial position of the Crown.


Question: How many years did Gustav Vasa rule over the Swedish Empire?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

After Kristiina's abdication of the crown rose to power under Charles X Gustaf, who ruled the Swedish Empire from 1654 to 1660.


Question: How many years did Gustav Vasa rule over the Swedish Empire?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

During his reign, Sweden waged wars against both Poland, Russia, and Denmark.


Question: How many years did Gustav Vasa rule over the Swedish Empire?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Charles X died in 1660 and Charles XI ascended to the throne as his successor, in whose reign 1660—1697, a major reduction—the large-scale withdrawal of fiefdoms to the Crown took place in Sweden and Finland.


Question: How many years did Gustav Vasa rule over the Swedish Empire?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Charles XI diminished the power of the nobility and ruled the kingdom autocratically.


Question: How many years did Gustav Vasa rule over the Swedish Empire?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

For Finland, the reign of Charles XI meant a lengthy peace.


Question: How many years did Gustav Vasa rule over the Swedish Empire?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The Protestant clergy were responsible for teaching literacy to the people and ecclesiastical life was dominated by pure-apprenticity.


Question: How many years did Gustav Vasa rule over the Swedish Empire?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

1695—1697 Finland was hit by disastrous years of disastrous roofing, which resulted in a significant portion of the population dying from starvation and disease.


Question: How many years did Gustav Vasa rule over the Swedish Empire?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The Great Northern War under Charles XI's successor King Charles XII, in 1700 the Great Northern War broke out, resulting in Sweden losing its great power status.


Question: How many years did Gustav Vasa rule over the Swedish Empire?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The cause of the war was an anti-Swedish alliance established by Sweden's enemies Denmark, Russia, Polish-Lithuania and Saxony.


Question: How many years did Gustav Vasa rule over the Swedish Empire?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

In the Peace of Stolbova of 1617, Russia had lost contact with the Baltic Sea.


Question: How many years did Gustav Vasa rule over the Swedish Empire?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The reformist Tsar Peter I sought to reopen Russia a link with the Baltic Sea to facilitate its contacts and commerce with Western Europe.


Question: How many years did Gustav Vasa rule over the Swedish Empire?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Although Charles XII succeeded one by one in defeating Denmark, the Russian invasion army (at the Battle of Narva) and Poland, the Swedes ultimately suffered a decisive defeat to the Russians at the Battle of Poltava in 1709.


Question: How many years did Gustav Vasa rule over the Swedish Empire?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The king then fled to Turkey and the kingdom was open to enemy attack.


Question: How many years did Gustav Vasa rule over the Swedish Empire?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Vyborg was taken in 1710 and the Russians occupied the rest of Finland after the Battle of Kostianvirta on Pälkäne, the Battle of Napue in Ostrobothnia and the Battle of Riilahti off Hanko by 1714.


Question: How many years did Gustav Vasa rule over the Swedish Empire?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

From the Russian occupation period of 1714—1721, big-hatred is referred to as big-hatred.


Question: How many years did Gustav Vasa rule over the Swedish Empire?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The occupation period was disastrous for Finland.


Question: How many years did Gustav Vasa rule over the Swedish Empire?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Thousands of people were killed and even more were taken to Russia, in addition, a large number of the country's officials and clergy fled to Sweden.


Question: How many years did Gustav Vasa rule over the Swedish Empire?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The Great Northern War and at the same time big-hatred ended with the Peace of Uusikaupunki between Sweden and Russia of 1721.


Question: How many years did Gustav Vasa rule over the Swedish Empire?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The peace treaty annexed Inkerinmaa, Estonia, Livonia and Käkisalmi County, as well as Vyborg.


Question: How many years did Gustav Vasa rule over the Swedish Empire?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Karelia annexed to Russia is often referred to as Old Finland.


Question: How many years did Gustav Vasa rule over the Swedish Empire?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The Age of Freedom and the Gustavian Period (1721—1809) Power away from the king in the Swedish Empire After Charles XII, the Acts took power from the king in the reigns of 1719 and 1720 and the period of autocracy became the period of decree (the “time of freedom”).


Question: How many years did Gustav Vasa rule over the Swedish Empire?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Economics and science developed during this period, but on the other hand, party power politics caused problems.


Question: How many years did Gustav Vasa rule over the Swedish Empire?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

France and Russia gained influence in Sweden by funding rival parties called jackets and hats.


Question: How many years did Gustav Vasa rule over the Swedish Empire?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

[40] In the 1720s, reconstruction began in Finland following the Great Northern War.


Question: How many years did Gustav Vasa rule over the Swedish Empire?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

After the peace of New Town, the Russian occupying forces began to leave the country more neatly than agreed.


Question: How many years did Gustav Vasa rule over the Swedish Empire?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

During 1721, new land lords were appointed in Finland and were responsible for rebuilding.


Question: How many years did Gustav Vasa rule over the Swedish Empire?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Repair work proceeded quickly, as as early as the mid-1730s the rebuilding can be considered to have finished.


Question: How many years did Gustav Vasa rule over the Swedish Empire?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

[41] Finnish-born Arvid Horn was Permanent President of Sweden from 1720 to 1738.


Question: How many years did Gustav Vasa rule over the Swedish Empire?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

[42] His policy does not particularly find features that emphasize Finnishness.


Question: How many years did Gustav Vasa rule over the Swedish Empire?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The most significant acclamation of Finland of his time was the Law of 1734.


Question: How many years did Gustav Vasa rule over the Swedish Empire?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

It remained in force during the period of autonomy and is the basis for the legislation of an independent Finland.


Question: How many years did Gustav Vasa rule over the Swedish Empire?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

At the same time, attention began to be paid to Finnish as a language of administration as well.


Question: How many years did Gustav Vasa rule over the Swedish Empire?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

A post of translator was established at the Permanent College in 1734, translating documents into Finnish and assisting peasant Reichstag in Stockholm.


Question: How many years did Gustav Vasa rule over the Swedish Empire?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The 1734 law was translated into Finnish by the county secretary Samuel Forseen.


Question: How many years did Gustav Vasa rule over the Swedish Empire?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

[43] The War of the Hats came to power in the Reichstag of 1738.


Question: How many years did Gustav Vasa rule over the Swedish Empire?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The programme of the Hat Party included a war of reparation against the Russians, in which it was intended to conquer all the territories lost in 1721 and furthermore Russian Karelia.


Question: How many years did Gustav Vasa rule over the Swedish Empire?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

When Russia had throne disputes, Hats assumed the country was weakened.


Question: How many years did Gustav Vasa rule over the Swedish Empire?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Sweden declared war in June 1741.


Question: How many years did Gustav Vasa rule over the Swedish Empire?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Three Swedish infantry regiments were sent to Finland, but the warfleet was virtually crippled by pestilence.


Question: How many years did Gustav Vasa rule over the Swedish Empire?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Irish Field Marshal Peter de Lacy, who led the Russian forces, took his troops to the Battle of Lappeenranta, where a badly underpowered Swedish force led by Carl Henrik Wrangel suffered a wicked defeat in August 1741.


Question: How many years did Gustav Vasa rule over the Swedish Empire?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Charles Emil Lewenhaupt, who served as Commander-in-Chief in Finland, agreed at the end of 1741 to a truce proposed by Emperor Elizabeth.


Question: How many years did Gustav Vasa rule over the Swedish Empire?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

[44] After the end of the armistice, the Russians marched to southern Finland in February 1742.


Question: How many years did Gustav Vasa rule over the Swedish Empire?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

After the Swedish army surrendered, the Russians occupy western Finland.


Question: How many years did Gustav Vasa rule over the Swedish Empire?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Elizabeth circulated a manifesto in March 1742 in which she promised to support the Finns if they wanted to secede from Sweden and establish an independent state.


Question: How many years did Gustav Vasa rule over the Swedish Empire?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

[44] However, after the Finnish occupation, talk of independence ceased.


Question: How many years did Gustav Vasa rule over the Swedish Empire?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

[45] The Russian occupation period has been called petty hatred, but the designation is misleading to some extent, as Russian troops behaved well.


Question: How many years did Gustav Vasa rule over the Swedish Empire?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

[44] On 7 August 1743 Sweden and Russia concluded the Peace of Turku, in which the border was moved to Kymijoki, Mäntyharju and Savonlinna.


Question: How many years did Gustav Vasa rule over the Swedish Empire?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Savonlinna city and Olavinlinna remained on the Russian side.


Question: How many years did Gustav Vasa rule over the Swedish Empire?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

[44] New Era Thoughts After the war, mercantilist principles of trade led to economic gains from tar and shipbuilding remaining in Stockholm.


Question: How many years did Gustav Vasa rule over the Swedish Empire?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

In the 1760s, Anders Chydenius, a vicar in Kokkola, started calling for freedom of business and expression.


Question: How many years did Gustav Vasa rule over the Swedish Empire?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

[40] In the last decades of the 18th century, the Turku Academy was particularly awakened by the influence of Henrik Gabriel Porthan, the “Father of Finnish History”, an interest in Finnish history and Finnish folk poetry.


Question: How many years did Gustav Vasa rule over the Swedish Empire?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

[46] Of the scholars, Eino Jutikkala says “In the second half of the 18th century, the inhabitants of the different provinces of Finland and members of different adjustments became more consciously Finns as opposed to the Swedes living behind the sea.” [47] The troubled reign of Gustav III In 1772 Gustav III After the coup, a new form of government was enacted by which power reverted back to the king.


Question: How many years did Gustav Vasa rule over the Swedish Empire?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The era sought to get rid of mercantilism.


Question: How many years did Gustav Vasa rule over the Swedish Empire?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Freedom of speech and religion expanded.


Question: How many years did Gustav Vasa rule over the Swedish Empire?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The confidence of Finnish officers in the king was weakened because the nobility lost their authority to the king, who was supported by the people.


Question: How many years did Gustav Vasa rule over the Swedish Empire?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Some high-ranking soldiers transferred to Russian service.


Question: How many years did Gustav Vasa rule over the Swedish Empire?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

[40] In 1788—1790, the so-called Gustav III War started by Gustav III took place between Sweden and Russia.


Question: How many years did Gustav Vasa rule over the Swedish Empire?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Sweden was also matched by Denmark.


Question: How many years did Gustav Vasa rule over the Swedish Empire?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The war was opposed by officers who formed the Anjala Union, among others.


Question: How many years did Gustav Vasa rule over the Swedish Empire?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Despite its maritime victory in the Swedish Strait, Sweden did not gain additional territories in the peace of Värälä.


Question: How many years did Gustav Vasa rule over the Swedish Empire?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The 1789 Book of Association and Collateral increased the king's power even further.


Question: How many years did Gustav Vasa rule over the Swedish Empire?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

With the war, the bitterness of the nobility towards the king increased, and this eventually led to the assassination of the king in 1792.


Question: How many years did Gustav Vasa rule over the Swedish Empire?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

[40] Sweden loses Finland The Finnish War was fought in 1808—1809 between Russia and Sweden.


Question: How many years did Gustav Vasa rule over the Swedish Empire?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The war was prompted by the peace established by Russia and France on 7 July 1807 in Tilsit.


Question: How many years did Gustav Vasa rule over the Swedish Empire?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

In it, France and Russia allied and Russia pledged to pressure, if necessary by force of arms, including Sweden to join the continental exclusion against Britain, an embargo by which France would have strengthened its position as a sea power against Britain.


Question: How many years did Gustav Vasa rule over the Swedish Empire?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The last Grand Duke of Finland during Swedish rule was Gustav IV Adolf's second son Charles Gustaf, who died 1802—1805.


Question: How many years did Gustav Vasa rule over the Swedish Empire?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

[48] As a result of the Finnish War, Finland passed to Russian rule and the administration was organized on the basis of autonomy.


Question: How many years did Gustav Vasa rule over the Swedish Empire?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

The Russian Emperor became Grand Duke of the Autonomous Grand Duchy of Finland.


Question: How many years did Gustav Vasa rule over the Swedish Empire?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Sources Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Linna, Martti (ed.


Question: How many years did Gustav Vasa rule over the Swedish Empire?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

) | title = Sources of the Early Middle Ages | publisher = History Aitta| year = 1989| isbn = 9789519600611}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Tarkiainen, Kari| title = Swedish Oriental| publisher = Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland| year = 2010| isbn = 9798-5551-853-212-2}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Vahtola, Jouse| title = History of Finland — from the Stone Age to the 21st century| location = Helsinki| publisher = Otava| year = 2017| isbn = 978-951-1-31574-2}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Virrankoski, Pentti| title = History of Finland — country and people| location = Helsinki| publisher = Society of Finnish Literature | year = 2012| isbn = 978-952-222-377-7}} References Literature Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Vahtola, Jouse| title = History of Finland: From the Ice Age to the European Union| location = in Helsinki | publisher = Otava| year = 2003 (4. edition 2005) | id = ISBN 951-1-17397-9}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Zetterberg, Seppo (ed.


Question: How many years did Gustav Vasa rule over the Swedish Empire?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

) | title = Little Giant of Finnish History | location = Helsinki| publisher = WSOY| year = 1987| id = ISBN 951-0-14253-0}} Handbook of Finnish History.


Question: How many years did Gustav Vasa rule over the Swedish Empire?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Previous section, ed.


Question: How many years did Gustav Vasa rule over the Swedish Empire?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Arvi Korhonen.


Question: How many years did Gustav Vasa rule over the Swedish Empire?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

WSOY 1949, Porvoo — Helsinki.


Question: How many years did Gustav Vasa rule over the Swedish Empire?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Karonen, Petri| title = Northern Great Power: Sweden and Finland 1521-1809| location = Helsinki| publisher = WSOY| year = 1999| id = ISBN 951-0-23739-6}} Helge Pohjolan-Pirhonen, History of Finland 1523—1617.


Question: How many years did Gustav Vasa rule over the Swedish Empire?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

WSOY 1960, Porvoo — Helsinki.


Question: How many years did Gustav Vasa rule over the Swedish Empire?

Period of Swedish rule in Finland

On topic elsewhere in Category:History of Finland Category:History


Question: What is the third largest city in Russia?

List of largest cities in Russia

This is a list of the largest cities of the Russian Federation.


Question: What is the third largest city in Russia?

List of largest cities in Russia

In the early stages, the article includes those Russian cities whose population, according to the official census of 2002 or 2010 [1], was more than 50000 people.


Question: What is the third largest city in Russia?

List of largest cities in Russia

The list can be arranged by city name, population number, or federal subjects.


Question: What is the third largest city in Russia?

List of largest cities in Russia

The rank indicates the order of magnitude in the 2002 population statistics.


Question: What is the third largest city in Russia?

List of largest cities in Russia

The population figure for 2010 is the number of urban inhabitants of the city; the rural population within the urban district is not included.


Question: What is the third largest city in Russia?

List of largest cities in Russia

Administrative centers for lithostate subjects are shown in bold.


Question: What is the third largest city in Russia?

List of largest cities in Russia

On 17 December 2012, the state news agency Ria Novosti reported that Russia had a total of 15 millioncities at the time.


Question: What is the third largest city in Russia?

List of largest cities in Russia

Along with twelve cities with more than one million inhabitants listed by the 2010 census, cities of million had since also become Perm, Krasnoyarsk and Voronezh.


Question: What is the third largest city in Russia?

List of largest cities in Russia

[2] List See also List of million cities in Europe Sources Category:Russian cities Russian cities Largest cities


Question: Who directed the first Friday the 13th film?

Friday the 13th (film)

Friday the 13th


Question: Who directed the first Friday the 13th film?

Friday the 13th (film)

(televised also Friday the 13th,) is a 1980 horror film directed by Sean S. Cunningham.


Question: Who directed the first Friday the 13th film?

Friday the 13th (film)

The film was shot in 28 days on a budget of $550,000 and was released in theaters on May 9.


Question: Who directed the first Friday the 13th film?

Friday the 13th (film)

The film is read as part of so-called slasher films, which are a subgenre of the horror film genre.


Question: Who directed the first Friday the 13th film?

Friday the 13th (film)

The film has been followed by a long series of sequels.


Question: Who directed the first Friday the 13th film?

Friday the 13th (film)

Plot The film begins when, on Friday the 13th in 1958, two camp counselors are murdered at a campground called Crystal Lake and the camp is closed.


Question: Who directed the first Friday the 13th film?

Friday the 13th (film)

Years later, the place reopens and a group of young people apply to work at the lake.


Question: Who directed the first Friday the 13th film?

Friday the 13th (film)

After a while, however, young people begin to mysteriously die through the hand of a merciless murderer.


Question: Who directed the first Friday the 13th film?

Friday the 13th (film)

To the last surviving youth, it is revealed from the lake's past the drowning of a young boy, Jason Voorhees, while he was at summer camp.


Question: Who directed the first Friday the 13th film?

Friday the 13th (film)

The murderer turns out to be Jason's mother.


Question: Who directed the first Friday the 13th film?

Friday the 13th (film)

Roles Reception in the United States the film received a lot of viewers, but from critics it did not receive positive feedback.


Question: Who directed the first Friday the 13th film?

Friday the 13th (film)

The director and screenwriter were criticized for the film's brutality and bloody violence.


Question: Who directed the first Friday the 13th film?

Friday the 13th (film)

In its opening weekend, it was performed in up to 1100 theatres in the United States and grossed a total of around $5.8 million in its opening weekend in Finland The film fell into the teeth of censorship in Finland.


Question: Who directed the first Friday the 13th film?

Friday the 13th (film)

In August 1980, the State Film Inspectorate set the age limit KK (Completely Prohibited) and it was therefore not legal to present or distribute the film in Finland.


Question: Who directed the first Friday the 13th film?

Friday the 13th (film)

The full ban was repealed only in the year 1 January 2001 in connection with the amendment to the law on the inspection of image programmes.


Question: Who directed the first Friday the 13th film?

Friday the 13th (film)

[1] [2] The film has been allowed to be distributed and shown since then with an age restriction of 18.


Question: Who directed the first Friday the 13th film?

Friday the 13th (film)

Sources On the topic elsewhere Category:Friday the 13th.


Question: Who directed the first Friday the 13th film?

Friday the 13th (film)

films Category:Films of 1980 Category:Youth films Category:Key articles of screening Category:Movies by Paramount Pictures Category:Slasher films Category:Horror films Category:Completely banned films in Finland


Question: What year did the Berlin Wall fall?

Berlin Wall

The Berlin Wall () was a wall that separated East Berlin and the surrounding East German state from West Berlin from 1961 to 1989.


Question: What year did the Berlin Wall fall?

Berlin Wall

Its purpose, in the West's view, was to prevent East Berliners and East Germans from entering the West [1] while the East felt the quintessential purpose was to protect the citizens of the GDR from fascism in the West.


Question: What year did the Berlin Wall fall?

Berlin Wall

[2] Birth of the Wall After World War II, the Allies divided Germany into four occupation zones.


Question: What year did the Berlin Wall fall?

Berlin Wall

Also, the capital Berlin was similarly divided into Soviet, US, British and French zones, although it was located in the middle of the Soviet zone.


Question: What year did the Berlin Wall fall?

Berlin Wall

The Soviet Union controlled the eastern part of the city, with the three western powers controlling its western part.


Question: What year did the Berlin Wall fall?

Berlin Wall

When the Soviet Union, due to political dispute, blockaded Berlin's western zones in June 1948, all food had to be transported to the city by air along an air bridge until May 1949.


Question: What year did the Berlin Wall fall?

Berlin Wall

Subsequently, the German Zones of the United States, Britain and France formed the Federal Republic of Germany (West Germany) and the Soviet zone the German Democratic Republic (East Germany, or GDR).


Question: What year did the Berlin Wall fall?

Berlin Wall

West Berlin then effectively became part of western Germany within East German territory.


Question: What year did the Berlin Wall fall?

Berlin Wall

When the inner German border was closed in 1952, Berlin was left as the only place where the border was still open.


Question: What year did the Berlin Wall fall?

Berlin Wall

Millions of East Berliners and Germans fled to the West through it, among them many highly educated and working-age citizens.


Question: What year did the Berlin Wall fall?

Berlin Wall

The Berlin Wall was built to prevent this mass exodus.


Question: What year did the Berlin Wall fall?

Berlin Wall

[1] Until shortly before the construction of the wall in the summer of 1961, Walter Ulbricht, the leader of the East German Communist Party, swore in Neues Deutschland that no one has any intention of erecting a wall (“Niemand hat die Absicht, eine Mauer zu errichten”).


Question: What year did the Berlin Wall fall?

Berlin Wall

[3] On 13 August 1961 40000 soldiers, police and workers of the East German National People's Army closed the roads and streets leading to West Berlin.


Question: What year did the Berlin Wall fall?

Berlin Wall

First, the division of the city was made with barbed wire, but a couple of days later began to build a wall from concrete blocks.


Question: What year did the Berlin Wall fall?

Berlin Wall

According to the East German authorities, the wall was an “anti-fascist protective barrier” (antifaschistischer Schutzwall).


Question: What year did the Berlin Wall fall?

Berlin Wall

[1] The structure and steps of the wall The Berlin Wall was more than 155 kilometers long.


Question: What year did the Berlin Wall fall?

Berlin Wall

[4] It was built in four different phases: barbed wire fence (1961) improved barbed wire fence and masonry wall (1962—1965) concrete wall (1965—1975) boundary wall 75 (Precast concrete wall 75) (1975) In June 1962 construction work began on the second phase, leaving adjacent to the wall the houses that were located were broken up and a new wall was built about a hundred yards away.


Question: What year did the Berlin Wall fall?

Berlin Wall

What was left in between was an empty strip, which came to be called the “corridor of death.”


Question: What year did the Berlin Wall fall?

Berlin Wall

It was filled with fine-grained gravel so that the footprints of those trying to escape could easily be seen.


Question: What year did the Berlin Wall fall?

Berlin Wall

The area was completely unprotected and booby-trapped, among other things, by banging stakes connected to meandering wire.


Question: What year did the Berlin Wall fall?

Berlin Wall

The slightest nudge triggered banging charges that wounded the escaper and alerted border guards to the scene.


Question: What year did the Berlin Wall fall?

Berlin Wall

The main feature of the area was the free line of fire opening to guards in watchtowers.


Question: What year did the Berlin Wall fall?

Berlin Wall

Like the inner German border, the area had not been mined.


Question: What year did the Berlin Wall fall?

Berlin Wall

The last phase of construction began in 1975.


Question: What year did the Berlin Wall fall?

Berlin Wall

The height of the final wall was 3.6 meters and the width was 1.5 meters.


Question: What year did the Berlin Wall fall?

Berlin Wall

The construction cost 16155000 GDR marks.


Question: What year did the Berlin Wall fall?

Berlin Wall

There was a concrete pipe at the top of the wall that made it difficult to climb over it.


Question: What year did the Berlin Wall fall?

Berlin Wall

Before, concrete pipe was experimented with broken glass on top of the wall, but makers saw it better to switch to a concrete pipe.


Question: What year did the Berlin Wall fall?

Berlin Wall

The structure also included 302 watch towers and 30 bunkers.


Question: What year did the Berlin Wall fall?

Berlin Wall

After the construction of the wall, escape to West Berlin was extremely difficult.


Question: What year did the Berlin Wall fall?

Berlin Wall

In the barbed wire phase, when the border still ran along city streets, escape could be attempted simply by leaping from the window of a house to the other side of the street where, among other things, firefighters from West Berlin helped the escapers.


Question: What year did the Berlin Wall fall?

Berlin Wall

In particular, a street called Bernauer Strasse provided such an escape route because there the facades of houses were close together on both sides of the wall.


Question: What year did the Berlin Wall fall?

Berlin Wall

To prevent escapes, windows were bricked up and barbed wire barriers were put on the roofs.


Question: What year did the Berlin Wall fall?

Berlin Wall

Of those attempting to escape, 5000 succeeded, but at least 230 were killed and 200 seriously wounded.


Question: What year did the Berlin Wall fall?

Berlin Wall

Most escape attempts were stopped and those attempting to escape were sentenced to long prison terms.


Question: What year did the Berlin Wall fall?

Berlin Wall

[4] With the completion of the concrete wall and exclusion zone, escape through the buildings became impossible.


Question: What year did the Berlin Wall fall?

Berlin Wall

Later escape was attempted by, among other things, digging tunnels under the wall or flying over the wall.


Question: What year did the Berlin Wall fall?

Berlin Wall

In the early days, heavy vehicles or bulldozers could manage to drive through a wall if you could avoid the bullets of guards.


Question: What year did the Berlin Wall fall?

Berlin Wall

[4] Around the time of the fall of the Wall, there were plans to intensify the control of the wall, for example, with electronic searchlights and night vision goggles.


Question: What year did the Berlin Wall fall?

Berlin Wall

However, there was no time to install them in place before the wall came down.


Question: What year did the Berlin Wall fall?

Berlin Wall

There were only a few border crossings between East and West Berlin, of which the only ones open to foreign tourists were Checkpoint Charlie and Friedrichstraße metro station.


Question: What year did the Berlin Wall fall?

Berlin Wall

Other border crossings were open only to certain special groups such as diplomats and state guests.


Question: What year did the Berlin Wall fall?

Berlin Wall

In addition, there were border crossings on West Berlin's western border for through traffic between West Berlin and western Germany, through East German territory.


Question: What year did the Berlin Wall fall?

Berlin Wall

East German citizens did not have the right to cross the border without special permission, which, especially in the early years, were hardly granted.


Question: What year did the Berlin Wall fall?

Berlin Wall

Escapes through border crossings took place using fake West Berlin passports and smuggling passengers in cars.


Question: What year did the Berlin Wall fall?

Berlin Wall

In the last years of East Germany, the border crossing permit was easily obtained by pensioners, but at the same time the control of the border was tightened so that unauthorised border crossing became even more impossible.


Question: What year did the Berlin Wall fall?

Berlin Wall

Fall of the Wall The fall of the wall was actually the result of a misunderstanding.


Question: What year did the Berlin Wall fall?

Berlin Wall

In the autumn of 1989, large East German anti-government protests began.


Question: What year did the Berlin Wall fall?

Berlin Wall

The country's leader, Erich Honecker, resigned on 18 October.


Question: What year did the Berlin Wall fall?

Berlin Wall

The new government decided in November to loosen some draconian travel restrictions to placate people.


Question: What year did the Berlin Wall fall?

Berlin Wall

The reader of the bulletin, Günter Schabowski, was not involved in the decision-making and did not know the details, nor that the decision was not due to take effect until the next day.


Question: What year did the Berlin Wall fall?

Berlin Wall

Schabowski went berserk in his papers during the live broadcast, announcing that trips to the other side of the wall would henceforth be made without preconditions.


Question: What year did the Berlin Wall fall?

Berlin Wall

Responding to a question from an Italian journalist, he said: “To my knowledge, valid right away, without delay.” This was also reported on West German television channels and soon tens of thousands of curious people rushed to the wall.


Question: What year did the Berlin Wall fall?

Berlin Wall

The stunned border guards didn't know what to do with the masses of people who demanded access to the other side of the wall.


Question: What year did the Berlin Wall fall?

Berlin Wall

Since the alternative would have been to shoot their own citizens, the border guards gave in and let the popular forces through.


Question: What year did the Berlin Wall fall?

Berlin Wall

On the other side of the wall, they were greeted by jubilant West Berliners.


Question: What year did the Berlin Wall fall?

Berlin Wall

This ninth day of November in 1989 is considered the day of the fall of the wall.


Question: What year did the Berlin Wall fall?

Berlin Wall

[5] The crossing of the border was permitted in principle only at official crossings, but in practice people were allowed to climb over the wall.


Question: What year did the Berlin Wall fall?

Berlin Wall

Over the next few weeks, however, a series of new border crossings were opened, where the wall was demolished.


Question: What year did the Berlin Wall fall?

Berlin Wall

Amongst the first, a transport link was opened through Potsdam Square and on 22 December 1989 the Brandenburg Gate was also opened.


Question: What year did the Berlin Wall fall?

Berlin Wall

[5] Over the next few years, after German reunification the wall was demolished almost in its entirety and only a few short sections of it are still standing.


Question: What year did the Berlin Wall fall?

Berlin Wall

See also Marshall Aid Dismantle this wall!


Question: What year did the Berlin Wall fall?

Berlin Wall

East Side Gallery Conrad Schumann Egon Schultz Peter Fechter at the Berlin Wall on November 16, 1989.


Question: What year did the Berlin Wall fall?

Berlin Wall

Checkpoint Charlie was, for foreigners, along with the Friedrichstraße metro station, the only route between East and West Berlin.


Question: What year did the Berlin Wall fall?

Berlin Wall

Today it is an attraction.


Question: What year did the Berlin Wall fall?

Berlin Wall

A view of the so-called strip of death.


Question: What year did the Berlin Wall fall?

Berlin Wall

Sources Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Taylor, Frederick| title= Berlin Wall: 13 August 1961 — 9 November 1989| others = Translated by Matti Kinnunen| location = Helsinki| publisher = WSOY| year = 2008| id = ISBN 978-951-0-33128-6}} References On topic elsewhere * Category:Key articles of screening


Question: Can Kajaani Castle be visited in 2019?

Suomenlinna

Suomenlinna () is a sea fortress located off Helsinki.


Question: Can Kajaani Castle be visited in 2019?

Suomenlinna

As a historical monument and attraction, its cultural value is significant and is a strong part of Helsinki's identity.


Question: Can Kajaani Castle be visited in 2019?

Suomenlinna

Construction work on Suomenlinna started in 1748 and until 1918 it was known as Viapori in Finnish based on its Swedish name Sveaborg.


Question: Can Kajaani Castle be visited in 2019?

Suomenlinna

Suomenlinna was annexed to the UNESCO World Heritage List in 1991.


Question: Can Kajaani Castle be visited in 2019?

Suomenlinna

Suomenlinna is one of the most popular tourist destinations in Finland.


Question: Can Kajaani Castle be visited in 2019?

Suomenlinna

The fort has hundreds of thousands of visitors each year; the visitor record set in 2013 was 828,000 visitors.


Question: Can Kajaani Castle be visited in 2019?

Suomenlinna

[1] A number of concerts and cultural events are held in Suomenlinna.


Question: Can Kajaani Castle be visited in 2019?

Suomenlinna

A wide variety of cafes and restaurants are located on the islands.


Question: Can Kajaani Castle be visited in 2019?

Suomenlinna

Suomenlinna is renovated and maintained by the Suomenlinna Nursing Municipality, an agency under the Ministry of Education and Culture.


Question: Can Kajaani Castle be visited in 2019?

Suomenlinna

Today, the only military facility on the islands is the Naval War School on Little Black.


Question: Can Kajaani Castle be visited in 2019?

Suomenlinna

The Suomenlinna Prison, established in 1971, is also located in Suomenlinna, on the southern tip of the Great Mustasaari Institute.


Question: Can Kajaani Castle be visited in 2019?

Suomenlinna

A key part of the repair work on walls, ramparts and buildings is carried out in convict work.


Question: Can Kajaani Castle be visited in 2019?

Suomenlinna

Suomenlinna has places for about 100 prisoners.


Question: Can Kajaani Castle be visited in 2019?

Suomenlinna

[2] Geography The fortress is located on five of the eight islands in the Suomenlinna district.


Question: Can Kajaani Castle be visited in 2019?

Suomenlinna

They are Kustaansword, Wolf Island, Big Mustasaari, Little Mustasaari and Western Black, which are connected by either a bridge or a land isthmus.


Question: Can Kajaani Castle be visited in 2019?

Suomenlinna

The strait that once existed between Wolf Island and Gustaansword has been filled in.


Question: Can Kajaani Castle be visited in 2019?

Suomenlinna

The Kustaanmiekka Strait runs along the eastern side of the group of these islands and Särkänsalmi on the western side, which are the main shipping lanes leading from the open sea to Helsinki's Kruunuvuorenselä and the Southern Harbour.


Question: Can Kajaani Castle be visited in 2019?

Suomenlinna

[3] Suomenlinna has a land area of 2.21 square kilometres.


Question: Can Kajaani Castle be visited in 2019?

Suomenlinna

[4] Attractions Especially in summer, Suomenlinna is a particularly popular attraction for tourists visiting Helsinki, as well as residents of Helsinki.


Question: Can Kajaani Castle be visited in 2019?

Suomenlinna

For summer days and sunbathing, the fortress islands have a bathing beach, several lawns and numerous sites of cultural historical importance.


Question: Can Kajaani Castle be visited in 2019?

Suomenlinna

The Kuninkaanportti is a gateway to Suomenlinna on the southern tip of Suomenlinna, on the banks of the Kustaanmiekka Strait.


Question: Can Kajaani Castle be visited in 2019?

Suomenlinna

It was initially the primary entrance to the Suomenlinna fort and is generally regarded as the emblem of Suomenlinna.


Question: Can Kajaani Castle be visited in 2019?

Suomenlinna

Its image was also on the thousand-mark banknote between 1986 and 2002.


Question: Can Kajaani Castle be visited in 2019?

Suomenlinna

[5] [6] The large bailiary in Susisaari with its surrounding buildings is the old administrative centre of the fortress.


Question: Can Kajaani Castle be visited in 2019?

Suomenlinna

The section between Bastions Ekeblad and Höpke was converted in the early 1750s into Finland's first monumental square applying Late Baroque composition principles.


Question: Can Kajaani Castle be visited in 2019?

Suomenlinna

[7] In the middle of the square is the tomb monument of Augustin Ehrensvärd, whose main stone of the tomb was masked by Gustav III himself on 5 July 1783.


Question: Can Kajaani Castle be visited in 2019?

Suomenlinna

The granite cauldron was sculpted by Nils Stenstam.


Question: Can Kajaani Castle be visited in 2019?

Suomenlinna

[7] Some of the buildings surrounding the square were destroyed by artillery shelling during the Crimean War, but what remained was the Commandant's House, which now houses the Ehrensvärd Museum.


Question: Can Kajaani Castle be visited in 2019?

Suomenlinna

The Linnanyard is also flanked by the House of Local Majuri, completed in 1756, which is the oldest apartment building in Suomenlinna and all Helsinki since its inception.


Question: Can Kajaani Castle be visited in 2019?

Suomenlinna

[8] [9] Suomenlinna Church is located in Big Mustasaari.


Question: Can Kajaani Castle be visited in 2019?

Suomenlinna

It was built 1850—1854 in Orthodox style with onion towers, but was converted in the 1920s to its present Lutheran outfit.


Question: Can Kajaani Castle be visited in 2019?

Suomenlinna

[10] There is a lighthouse in the church tower that flashes four short flickers, which is Morse alphabet H like Helsinki.


Question: Can Kajaani Castle be visited in 2019?

Suomenlinna

[11] The museum submarine Vesikko is positioned at the southeastern tip of Susisaari.


Question: Can Kajaani Castle be visited in 2019?

Suomenlinna

Vesikko graduated in 1933 and served in the Finnish Navy during the Winter and Continuation War.


Question: Can Kajaani Castle be visited in 2019?

Suomenlinna

Beach Barracks The waterfront barracks plastered in pink are the main gate built in the Russian period of the fortress.


Question: Can Kajaani Castle be visited in 2019?

Suomenlinna

The facilities at the eastern end of the waterfront barracks include a recording studio and study rooms.


Question: Can Kajaani Castle be visited in 2019?

Suomenlinna

At the west end are the brewery's premises, a restaurant and a gallery of the Helsinki Artists' Association.


Question: Can Kajaani Castle be visited in 2019?

Suomenlinna

[12] Crown Castle Ehrensvärd Kronululinna Ehrensvärd is a type of equipment consisting of two wing buildings and a defensive front between them.


Question: Can Kajaani Castle be visited in 2019?

Suomenlinna

The foundation stone of the crown castle was laid by King Gustav III of Sweden in 1775.


Question: Can Kajaani Castle be visited in 2019?

Suomenlinna

The crown castle protected the dock area and the depot and had shipyard production and offices housed on both wings.


Question: Can Kajaani Castle be visited in 2019?

Suomenlinna

Today, Kruunulinna Ehrensvärd is located, among other things, the office of the Suomenlinna Nursing Municipality, a kindergarten, apartments and the Pirunchurch Banquet Hall and Pajasali, which are rented to the public for banqueting and meeting purposes.


Question: Can Kajaani Castle be visited in 2019?

Suomenlinna

[13] Bastioni Zander Bastioni Zander has the flag of the fortress emblazoned throughout the history of the fortress.


Question: Can Kajaani Castle be visited in 2019?

Suomenlinna

Bastioni Zander was built in 1748-50 as part of a chain of fortifications of four bastions.


Question: Can Kajaani Castle be visited in 2019?

Suomenlinna

[14] Tunnels, especially on Gustaansword and Wolf Island, are popular.


Question: Can Kajaani Castle be visited in 2019?

Suomenlinna

Some of them have been closed due to the risk of caving in.


Question: Can Kajaani Castle be visited in 2019?

Suomenlinna

Movement in other tunnels is allowed.


Question: Can Kajaani Castle be visited in 2019?

Suomenlinna

The tunnels are not illuminated.


Question: Can Kajaani Castle be visited in 2019?

Suomenlinna

[15] King's Gate Great Bailiard Suomenlinna Church


Question: Can Kajaani Castle be visited in 2019?

Suomenlinna

Vesikko Rantakasarmi Kruunulinna Ehrensvärd, east wing Flag bastioni Zaneri Suomenlinna Shipyard in Suomenlinna, in the northern part of Susisaari is a shipyard where warships were originally built.


Question: Can Kajaani Castle be visited in 2019?

Suomenlinna

After World War II, the shipyard was owned by Valmet and ships handed over to the Soviet Union as war reparations were built there.


Question: Can Kajaani Castle be visited in 2019?

Suomenlinna

The former Suomenlinna and Korkeasaari ferries were also built there.


Question: Can Kajaani Castle be visited in 2019?

Suomenlinna

Suomenlinna Shipyard is the oldest dry dock in Finland.


Question: Can Kajaani Castle be visited in 2019?

Suomenlinna

[16] Today the Suomenlinna shipyard operates Alfons Håkans Oy.


Question: Can Kajaani Castle be visited in 2019?

Suomenlinna

The length of the larger inner basin of the dry dock is 140 metres and the width is 50 m. The smaller outdoor basin measures 120 metres and 20 metres wide.


Question: Can Kajaani Castle be visited in 2019?

Suomenlinna

A 5-metre deep waterway leads to the dock pools.


Question: Can Kajaani Castle be visited in 2019?

Suomenlinna

[17] It is Finland's only dry dock east of Hanko.


Question: Can Kajaani Castle be visited in 2019?

Suomenlinna

It mainly repairs naval and border guard vessels, but local ships, tugs and ships operating on Saimaa are also under repair and winter storage at the shipyard.


Question: Can Kajaani Castle be visited in 2019?

Suomenlinna

[18] Transport links to Suomenlinna are served by the Suomenlinna ferry of Helsinki Region Transport (HSL) from the Market Square, as well as private water buses in summer.


Question: Can Kajaani Castle be visited in 2019?

Suomenlinna

HSL's ferry operates year-round.


Question: Can Kajaani Castle be visited in 2019?

Suomenlinna

The ferry has varied over time, but especially the original M/S Suomenlinna-Sveaborg, built in the 1950s, gained a legendary reputation.


Question: Can Kajaani Castle be visited in 2019?

Suomenlinna

M/S Suomenlinna II, which replaced the ship, gained quite a questionable reputation in the early stages due to numerous small havers.


Question: Can Kajaani Castle be visited in 2019?

Suomenlinna

In addition, the Katajanokka tip can be reached on weekdays to Suomenlinna by car ferry Ehrensvärd.


Question: Can Kajaani Castle be visited in 2019?

Suomenlinna

[18] Suomenlinna also runs through an undersea service tunnel, approximately 1300 metres long (about 4 metres in width and height) completed in 1980 with district heating, plumbing and sewer pipes, as well as electricity and telephone cables.


Question: Can Kajaani Castle be visited in 2019?

Suomenlinna

Only alarm vehicles use the service tunnel.


Question: Can Kajaani Castle be visited in 2019?

Suomenlinna

[18] The mouth of the tunnel is on the mainland side at the Ounisaari pier in Kaivopuisto, and the head of Suomenlinna is on West Mustatasaari.


Question: Can Kajaani Castle be visited in 2019?

Suomenlinna

According to urban legend, there is also a tunnel from Suomenlinna to the neighbouring Vallisaari, but this is not true [19].


Question: Can Kajaani Castle be visited in 2019?

Suomenlinna

History Construction Background Sweden had suffered a defeat in the War of the Hats 1741—1743 against Russia, and was forced to cede even more territories in addition to the defeats in the 1721 Peace of Uusikaupunki.


Question: Can Kajaani Castle be visited in 2019?

Suomenlinna

In the peace of Turku, it lost Kymenlaakso down to the western branch of the Kymi river and with it as the border fortress of Hamina.


Question: Can Kajaani Castle be visited in 2019?

Suomenlinna

The border town became the town of Loviisa, founded on the lands of Degerby's Mounted Farm in 1745.


Question: Can Kajaani Castle be visited in 2019?

Suomenlinna

After the War of the Hats, efforts were made to strengthen the Finnish defences in order to leave time to send reinforcements from Sweden.


Question: Can Kajaani Castle be visited in 2019?

Suomenlinna

In 1747, a special fortifications commission proposed the construction of fortifications in Loviisa and Helsinki.


Question: Can Kajaani Castle be visited in 2019?

Suomenlinna

The intention was to both fortify the towns and build sea fortresses in front of them.


Question: Can Kajaani Castle be visited in 2019?

Suomenlinna

Once completed, the sea fortifications posed a threat to the security of Petersburg, since the bases held in addition to the defensive coastal fleet could also have provided the Swedish High Seas Fleet with ports and fortifications from which to hand attack towards Petersburg.


Question: Can Kajaani Castle be visited in 2019?

Suomenlinna

Sweden and Russia had fought many wars in the Gulf of Finland and Finland in the 18th century.


Question: Can Kajaani Castle be visited in 2019?

Suomenlinna

With these wars, the countries' military political focus shifted during the 18th century to the Gulf of Finland, and both kingdoms also fortified their land borders.


Question: Can Kajaani Castle be visited in 2019?

Suomenlinna

The key idea for Sweden was to have its own coastal fleet and base for the eastern part of the kingdom, since there would have been no time to send ships from Karlskrona or Stockholm to protect the eastern border, especially at the time of the departure of the ice in the spring.


Question: Can Kajaani Castle be visited in 2019?

Suomenlinna

Some of the fleet had been wintering in Kruunuvuori's back at the time of the Great Wrath.


Question: Can Kajaani Castle be visited in 2019?

Suomenlinna

France was alarmed by the growth of Russian influence and committed to supporting Swedish fortress operations in Finland with 450,000 bucks per year for four years.


Question: Can Kajaani Castle be visited in 2019?

Suomenlinna

Both Suomenlinna and the Svartholma Sea Fortress, which had been elevated off Loviisa, began to be built in 1748.


Question: Can Kajaani Castle be visited in 2019?

Suomenlinna

The construction work at Suomenlinna was led by fortress officer Augustin Ehrensvärd.


Question: Can Kajaani Castle be visited in 2019?

Suomenlinna

Instead, the fortification of the cities themselves fell badly short of cash and eventually ceased altogether.


Question: Can Kajaani Castle be visited in 2019?

Suomenlinna

Building material for the regions was obtained at least from the rural municipality of Helsinki (now.


Question: Can Kajaani Castle be visited in 2019?

Suomenlinna

Vantaa), Santahamina and Souka of Espoo.


Question: Can Kajaani Castle be visited in 2019?

Suomenlinna

In large part, however, the stones needed to build the walls were quarried from the rocks of the islands themselves.


Question: Can Kajaani Castle be visited in 2019?

Suomenlinna

The construction works at Suomenlinna were never completed to the extent referred to by Ehrensvärd.


Question: Can Kajaani Castle be visited in 2019?

Suomenlinna

In 1756, an archipelago fleet subordinate to the land forces, the Army Navy, was established at Viapori.


Question: Can Kajaani Castle be visited in 2019?

Suomenlinna

During the Gustav War, Viapori served as a repair yard for the archipelago fleet and contributed to enabling the victory of the 1790 Naval Battle of Ruotsinsalmi.


Question: Can Kajaani Castle be visited in 2019?

Suomenlinna

The period of Russian rule during the early stages of the Finnish War in 1808, the Russians entered Finland by land and quickly occupied a large part of southern Finland.


Question: Can Kajaani Castle be visited in 2019?

Suomenlinna

They also besieged Viapori, where they reached from the mantere by ice, and after a siege lasting two months, the fortress led by Carl Olof Cronstedt surrendered on 3 May 1808.


Question: Can Kajaani Castle be visited in 2019?

Suomenlinna

[20] After Finland became part of Russia, the Russians continued to build the fortress according to their own plans.


Question: Can Kajaani Castle be visited in 2019?

Suomenlinna

During Swedish rule, the focus of construction work had been on Susisaari and Kustaansword, which are considered the most interesting part of the fortress's construction historically.


Question: Can Kajaani Castle be visited in 2019?

Suomenlinna

On other islands, fortification work had remained unfinished.


Question: Can Kajaani Castle be visited in 2019?

Suomenlinna

In contrast, during Russian rule, Great Mustasaari became the most central part of the fortress, where large barracks buildings and a church were built, among other things.


Question: Can Kajaani Castle be visited in 2019?

Suomenlinna

[21] During the Crimean War in 1855, Viapori was shelled with cannons by hand from French and English warships for two hours.


Question: Can Kajaani Castle be visited in 2019?

Suomenlinna

In this case, some of the original buildings of the fort were destroyed.


Question: Can Kajaani Castle be visited in 2019?

Suomenlinna

[22] In 1906, the Viapori Rebellion broke out in the fortress.


Question: Can Kajaani Castle be visited in 2019?

Suomenlinna

[23] Viapori served as the central stronghold of Krepost Sveaborg during World War I.


Question: Can Kajaani Castle be visited in 2019?

Suomenlinna

The fortress included not only the land front that circled Helsinki, but also sea front fortresses such as Miessaari, Rysäkari and Kuivasaari [24].


Question: Can Kajaani Castle be visited in 2019?

Suomenlinna

The period of Finnish independence when Finland declared independence in 1917, Viapori was still held by Russian warfolk, but during the civil war they handed over part of it to the Finnish Reds in March 1918.


Question: Can Kajaani Castle be visited in 2019?

Suomenlinna

The Whites conquered it with the support of the Germans in early April.


Question: Can Kajaani Castle be visited in 2019?

Suomenlinna

Suomenlinna received its current name on 12 May 1918, when the red-yellow lion flag, which was temporarily used as the flag of Finland at the time, was solemnly raised to the flag of Kustaanmieka.


Question: Can Kajaani Castle be visited in 2019?

Suomenlinna

[14] [25] Between 1918 and 1919, a large post-Civil War prison camp operated on the islands.


Question: Can Kajaani Castle be visited in 2019?

Suomenlinna

Of the 10,000 red prisoners in the Suomenlinna prison camp, more than 1000 died of starvation and disease.


Question: Can Kajaani Castle be visited in 2019?

Suomenlinna

The number of executed was 80.


Question: Can Kajaani Castle be visited in 2019?

Suomenlinna

[26] Later the fortress served as a Finnish garrison.


Question: Can Kajaani Castle be visited in 2019?

Suomenlinna

After the Finnish Civil War, the Suomenlinna Fortress Artillery was established in Suomenlinna on 7 May 1918, under which the force unit's operations ended on 15 September 1918.


Question: Can Kajaani Castle be visited in 2019?

Suomenlinna

Due to organizational reform, its operations were continued by the Suomenlinna Coastal Tykisto Battalion from 16 September 1918 to 13 May 1919.


Question: Can Kajaani Castle be visited in 2019?

Suomenlinna

Coastal Artillery Regiment 1 was formed on 14 May 1919, which operated until 15 September]] 1939.


Question: Can Kajaani Castle be visited in 2019?

Suomenlinna

Finland's neutrality guard at the beginning of World War II required before the joint exercise to strengthen defences.


Question: Can Kajaani Castle be visited in 2019?

Suomenlinna

On September 16, 1939, the Helsinki Lohko was formed, what was in force at the time of the intermediate peace, until 4 September 1940.


Question: Can Kajaani Castle be visited in 2019?

Suomenlinna

From September 5, 1940 to March 27, 1941 was Suomenlinna unit again Coastal Artillery Regiment 1, after which it became Suomenlinna Coastal Artillery Regiment from 28 March 1941 to 16 June 1941.


Question: Can Kajaani Castle be visited in 2019?

Suomenlinna

In preparation for further war, the unit was also expanded to include coastal forces moderately 1.


Question: Can Kajaani Castle be visited in 2019?

Suomenlinna

The Coastal Brigade based on the Winter War experiences of the Coastal Artillery Regiments from 17 June 1941 to 31 December 1941, then renamed from 1 January 1942 to 30 November 1944 as the Uusimaa Coast Brigade.


Question: Can Kajaani Castle be visited in 2019?

Suomenlinna

The unit then formed the Suomenlinna Ränkolfortress from 1 December 1944 to 30 November 1952.


Question: Can Kajaani Castle be visited in 2019?

Suomenlinna

This was then renamed for the third time Coastal Artillery Regiment] 1 from 1 December 1952 to 31 December 1956.


Question: Can Kajaani Castle be visited in 2019?

Suomenlinna

Subsequently, from 1 January 1957, the corps unit became the Suomenlinna Coastal Artillery Regiment.


Question: Can Kajaani Castle be visited in 2019?

Suomenlinna

[27] In the 1920s, a Merisotaschool was placed in Suomenlinna.


Question: Can Kajaani Castle be visited in 2019?

Suomenlinna

In 1921—1936, the Air Force Aircraft Plant was stationed in Suomenlinna.


Question: Can Kajaani Castle be visited in 2019?

Suomenlinna

The plant initially assembled Hansa-Brandenburg W.33 seaplanes under licence, which were known in Finland as I.V.L.


Question: Can Kajaani Castle be visited in 2019?

Suomenlinna

A.22 Hansa.


Question: Can Kajaani Castle be visited in 2019?

Suomenlinna

In 1925, an Air Defence Command was stationed in Suomenlinna, later transformed into a fixed anti-aircraft battery.


Question: Can Kajaani Castle be visited in 2019?

Suomenlinna

In 1939, the fixed anti-aircraft battery was converted to Anti-Aircraft Regiment I.


Question: Can Kajaani Castle be visited in 2019?

Suomenlinna

During World War II it was also home to the main base for Finnish submarines.


Question: Can Kajaani Castle be visited in 2019?

Suomenlinna

[28] Until 1948, Suomenlinna could only be reached by written authorisation.


Question: Can Kajaani Castle be visited in 2019?

Suomenlinna

At that time, the islands were opened to the public for an entrance fee charged by the Finnish Tourist Association, although they were still under the control of the Defence Forces as a garrison.


Question: Can Kajaani Castle be visited in 2019?

Suomenlinna

In 1972, the fortress passed definitively to civilian administration.


Question: Can Kajaani Castle be visited in 2019?

Suomenlinna

As the only military facility, the Naval War School remained there.


Question: Can Kajaani Castle be visited in 2019?

Suomenlinna

The following year, the Suomenlinna Nursing Board under the Ministry of Education was established to manage the islands.


Question: Can Kajaani Castle be visited in 2019?

Suomenlinna

[29] [30] In 1991, UNESCO took Suomenlinna on its World Heritage List.


Question: Can Kajaani Castle be visited in 2019?

Suomenlinna

Suomenlinna was awarded the Europa Nostra Prize for expert and high quality restoration work in 1999.


Question: Can Kajaani Castle be visited in 2019?

Suomenlinna

In the same year, Suomenlinna was chosen by the provincial government of the Uusimaa Federation as the Neo-Country Village


Question: Can Kajaani Castle be visited in 2019?

Suomenlinna

[31] [32] [33] In the northwestern part of Iso Mustasaari, there is an archive and museum cavern at the disposal of the Nursing Municipality.


Question: Can Kajaani Castle be visited in 2019?

Suomenlinna

[34] See also Krepost Sveaborg Bastion System Archipelago Fleet Sources Literature Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Väinö Wallin| title = Oriental War in Finland| location = Porvoo| publisher = WSOY| year = 1905}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Gardberg, C.J.| title = Stone and wood.


Question: Can Kajaani Castle be visited in 2019?

Suomenlinna

Castles, Manors and Churches| location = Helsinki| publisher = Publishing Company Otava| year = 2002| id = ISBN 951-1-17423-1}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Sipilä, Petri, et al.| title = Suomenlinna Shipyard before and now| publisher = Museum Agency| year = 2007| id = ISBN 978-951-616-174-0}} On topic elsewhere — Site operated by Suomenlinna Nursing Board Clickable map.


Question: Can Kajaani Castle be visited in 2019?

Suomenlinna

(Archives Institute) Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Veijola-Reipas, Ritva| title = Suomenlinna Archaeological Survey| publisher = Museum Agency| year = 2008| version = Reports from the Museum Office of Building History 19| id = ISBN 978-951-616-186-3| format = [online version] (pdf )}} * Category:UNESCO World Heritage Sites in Finland Category:Nationwide Valuable Landscape Areas in Finland Category:Key articles of screening


Question: What are the bills made of?

The banknote

The banknote is traditionally meant to be cash made out of paper.


Question: What are the bills made of?

The banknote

Later, the word has been used for other means of payment, such as lunch vouchers, exercise vouchers and service vouchers.


Question: What are the bills made of?

The banknote

Stores can distribute discount vouchers with the ads, which can be used to buy specific products in the store at a reduced price or directly reduce the total amount of the commercial invoice.


Question: What are the bills made of?

The banknote

History Reportedly the first banknote coins were introduced in China in the 650s.


Question: What are the bills made of?

The banknote

The first banknote in Europe was issued by Stockholms Banco 1660, a Stockholm bank.


Question: What are the bills made of?

The banknote

The Stockholm banknote went out of use in 1664 when the bank was no longer able to redeem the notes.


Question: What are the bills made of?

The banknote

1694 Banknotes were permanently issued by the Bank of England.


Question: What are the bills made of?

The banknote

In history, the value of banknotes has often been tied to some permanent value, for example the gold standard, but in current currency systems this has been abandoned.


Question: What are the bills made of?

The banknote

The operation of modern money, or so-called fiat money, is described by a theory of economics called chartalism.


Question: What are the bills made of?

The banknote

Structure of banknotes Today, banknote coins are made of either paper or plastic.


Question: What are the bills made of?

The banknote

To make it more difficult to counterfeit banknotes, banknote papers differ from conventional paper in several ways.


Question: What are the bills made of?

The banknote

Paper may be made from some other fibre, such as cotton or flax, instead of wood fibres [1].


Question: What are the bills made of?

The banknote

Banknote paper pulp can be mixed with other fibers that appear colored in plain or ultraviolet light.


Question: What are the bills made of?

The banknote

There may be watermarks on the paper, or plastic or metallic yarn inside the paper.


Question: What are the bills made of?

The banknote

Bank note paper usually does not shimmer under ultraviolet light, unlike regular paper.


Question: What are the bills made of?

The banknote

Banknote plastics have other kinds of special features.


Question: What are the bills made of?

The banknote

Various specialized techniques are used for printing, such as engraving printing that produces raised patterns, and special inks.


Question: What are the bills made of?

The banknote

In addition to the watermarks and security threads mentioned, serial numbers, fine-grained patterns, hologram patterns, etc.


Question: What are the bills made of?

The banknote

In the 19th century, bank managers, among others, hand-signed banknotes to mark their authenticity.


Question: What are the bills made of?

The banknote

The signature tradition has survived until this time, although from the end of the 19th century the signature has been attached to the banknote already at its printing stage.


Question: What are the bills made of?

The banknote

[2] Banknotes are processed in bundles in Finnish banks.


Question: What are the bills made of?

The banknote

The paper used in Finnish denominated banknotes was manufactured throughout their existence by the Tervakoski paper mill in Tervakoski, Janakkala.


Question: What are the bills made of?

The banknote

A considerable part of this amount of paper is produced using the Tervakoski paper machine PK3.


Question: What are the bills made of?

The banknote

Paper for euro banknotes is not produced in Tervakoski.


Question: What are the bills made of?

The banknote

Banknote art and science The design of banknotes is called banknote art.


Question: What are the bills made of?

The banknote

Notable artists have often been designed by banknotes, for example architect Eliel Saarinen, designer and sculptor Tapio Wirkkala and poster artist Erik Bruun.


Question: What are the bills made of?

The banknote

The study of banknotes and also the hobby of collecting them are part of monetary science, or numismatics.


Question: What are the bills made of?

The banknote

The movements of banknotes are tracked in a hobby sense.


Question: What are the bills made of?

The banknote

For example, euro banknotes are tracked on Eurobilltracker and dollars on the Where is George website.


Question: What are the bills made of?

The banknote

Banknotes and politics in Iran, opponents of the government began in 2009 writing slogans, such as “Death to the Dictator,” on banknotes.


Question: What are the bills made of?

The banknote

Opposition expressions of opposition sentiment began to appear on the banknotes after the disputed presidential election in the summer of 2009, in which President Mahmud Ahmadinejad was declared the winner of the election.


Question: What are the bills made of?

The banknote

The country's central bank warned people not to write on banknotes and sought to scoop away the bungled notes.


Question: What are the bills made of?

The banknote

[3] See also Security Weight Banknote funding Banknote exchange Sources on the topic elsewhere Category:Payment instruments Category:Key articles on screening


Question: Where was Stanley Clarke born?

Stanley Clarke

Stanley Clarke (born June 30, 1951, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania) is an American musician known as an accomplice of both electric bass and double bass as well as film composer.


Question: Where was Stanley Clarke born?

Stanley Clarke

Biography Adolescence Stanley Clarke was born in Philadelphia.


Question: Where was Stanley Clarke born?

Stanley Clarke

Her mother was a professional opera singer, and Clarke often heard her sing at home.


Question: Where was Stanley Clarke born?

Stanley Clarke

Clarke has told me his mother was his first artistic influence.


Question: Where was Stanley Clarke born?

Stanley Clarke

[1] Clarke began studying violin playing around the age of twelve, but his height and long fingers caused difficulties [1].


Question: Where was Stanley Clarke born?

Stanley Clarke

He found an instrument more suitable for himself in the double bass.


Question: Where was Stanley Clarke born?

Stanley Clarke

Clarke started playing bass guitar at just under 16 years of age.


Question: Where was Stanley Clarke born?

Stanley Clarke

While continuing to study classical music, he also played all forms of pop music with local ensembles at various pubs and party events.


Question: Where was Stanley Clarke born?

Stanley Clarke

After grammar school, he went to the Philadelphia Academy of Music to study symphonic double bass playing.


Question: Where was Stanley Clarke born?

Stanley Clarke

[1] Career Clarke graduated from the Philadelphia Academy of Music and moved to New York City in 1971.


Question: Where was Stanley Clarke born?

Stanley Clarke

He collaborated there with many famous musicians, including Horace Silver and Art Blakey.


Question: Where was Stanley Clarke born?

Stanley Clarke

He came to prominence in the fusion band Return to Forever founded by Chick Corea in 1971.


Question: Where was Stanley Clarke born?

Stanley Clarke

Clarke also began making solo albums around this time.


Question: Where was Stanley Clarke born?

Stanley Clarke

Clarke is considered one of the greatest virtuosos on bass, and he mastered both acoustic bass and electric bass.


Question: Where was Stanley Clarke born?

Stanley Clarke

Playing bass guitar, Clarke was, along with Jaco Pastorius, the biggest influencer figure in the 1970s.


Question: Where was Stanley Clarke born?

Stanley Clarke

He developed his recognizable sound and applied the thumbs-up technique used in funk to his jazz -rock music.


Question: Where was Stanley Clarke born?

Stanley Clarke

Clarke has also excelled as a composer.


Question: Where was Stanley Clarke born?

Stanley Clarke

In addition to composing the material for his solo albums and many songs for Return to Forever, he has also composed music for several films.


Question: Where was Stanley Clarke born?

Stanley Clarke

Unlike other well-known 1970s fusion bands, Return to Forever's repertoire included long bass solos in which Clarke got to show his expertise.


Question: Where was Stanley Clarke born?

Stanley Clarke

Of Clarke's own records, the most notable is School Days, released in 1976, which is one of the key bass records and at the same time the key classic releases of the fusion.


Question: Where was Stanley Clarke born?

Stanley Clarke

However, despite being a remarkably skilled double bass player, Clarke has not recorded more traditional jazz at all.


Question: Where was Stanley Clarke born?

Stanley Clarke

In the late 1970s, like many other artists of that time, he began to incorporate increasingly pop influences into their records, thus distancing himself from fusion as well.


Question: Where was Stanley Clarke born?

Stanley Clarke

The best known of Clarke's solo albums is School Days (1976), and others to be mentioned include Stanley Clarke (1974) and Journey to Love (1975).


Question: Where was Stanley Clarke born?

Stanley Clarke

Clarke's playing and compositions are well represented on all Return to Forever's records as well.


Question: Where was Stanley Clarke born?

Stanley Clarke

Discography of Children of Forever (One Way) (1972) Stanley Clarke (Epic) (1974) Journey to Love (Epic) (1975) School Days (Epic) (1976) I Wanna Play for You (Epic) (1977) Modern Man (Nemperor) (1978) Fuse One (IMS) (1980) Rocks, Pebbles and Sand (Epic) (1980) The Clarke/Duke The Project, Vol.


Question: Where was Stanley Clarke born?

Stanley Clarke

1 (Epic) (1981) Let Me Know You (Columbia) (1982) The Clarke/Duke Project, Vol.


Question: Where was Stanley Clarke born?

Stanley Clarke

2 (Columbia) (1983) Time Exposure (Epic) (1984) Find Out!


Question: Where was Stanley Clarke born?

Stanley Clarke

(Epic) (1985) Hideaway (Epic) (1986) Project (CBS) (1988) If This Bass Could Only Talk (Portrait) (1988) 3 (Epic) (1989) Passenger 57 (Epic) (1992) East River Drive (Epic) (1993) Live at the Greek (Epic) (1993) Live in Montreux (Jazz Door) (1994) Rite of Strings (Gai Saber) ) (1995) At the Movies (Epic Soundtrax) (1995) The Bass-ic Collection (1997) 1, 2, to the Bass (2003) The Toys of Men (2007) Jazz in the Garden (2009) The Stanley Clarke Band (2010) Sources Category:American jazz musicians Category:American bassists Category:American double bassists Category:Jazz double bassists Category:Fusion jazz Class:American function musicians Category:American film composers Category:Born in 1951 Class:Living persons


Question: In which city did Kalle Sahlstedt start playing hockey?

Kalevan Ball

KalPa () is an ice hockey club from Kuopio that plays in the Liiga.


Question: In which city did Kalle Sahlstedt start playing hockey?

Kalevan Ball

KALPA's home arena is Niiralan Monttu.


Question: In which city did Kalle Sahlstedt start playing hockey?

Kalevan Ball

The club's representative and A-junior team operate under KalPa Hockey Ltd., a limited liability company whose largest owners are club bred Sami Kapanen and Kimmo Timonen, and NHL player Scott Hartnell.


Question: In which city did Kalle Sahlstedt start playing hockey?

Kalevan Ball

Other junior activities are responsible for the Juniori-Kalpa ry, [1] which was chosen as the best sports club in the country at the Finnish Sports Gala in January 2009.


Question: In which city did Kalle Sahlstedt start playing hockey?

Kalevan Ball

[2] History Founding and beginning of the Society In 1929, the baller members of the General Society Sortavalan Tuning founded Sortavalan Palloseura (SPS), this is considered to be the date of the foundation of KALPA.


Question: In which city did Kalle Sahlstedt start playing hockey?

Kalevan Ball

In 1930, Sortavalan Palloilijat (SP) was founded alongside SPS.


Question: In which city did Kalle Sahlstedt start playing hockey?

Kalevan Ball

The sport selection of clubs included baseball, ice ball, football and ice hockey, among others.


Question: In which city did Kalle Sahlstedt start playing hockey?

Kalevan Ball

After the Continuation War, Sortavala was handed over to the Soviet Union and the sports clubs ended up in Evako Kuopio.


Question: In which city did Kalle Sahlstedt start playing hockey?

Kalevan Ball

In 1945, Sortavalan Palloseura and Sortavalan Palloseura merged to become Sortavalan Palloseura and the following year the current name Kalevan Pallo (KalPa) was introduced.


Question: In which city did Kalle Sahlstedt start playing hockey?

Kalevan Ball

[3] Other name suggestions included at least the Red-Blacks, Wolf Losses and Wanderers.


Question: In which city did Kalle Sahlstedt start playing hockey?

Kalevan Ball

[4] Ice hockey became established as the official sport of the club.


Question: In which city did Kalle Sahlstedt start playing hockey?

Kalevan Ball

Football ceased in KalPA in 1974, when the club also split from the Ball Association.


Question: In which city did Kalle Sahlstedt start playing hockey?

Kalevan Ball

In 1956 Kuopiolainen club KuPS abandoned ice hockey for financial reasons, and in the early 1950s KalPa, which became its sister club, inherited a league place in the Finnish series, equipment, players (among them Juhani Wahlsten, Mauno Repo, Ossi Hyppönen and, after his playing career as a referee goalkeeper Raimo Sepponen) as well as a small starting capital.


Question: In which city did Kalle Sahlstedt start playing hockey?

Kalevan Ball

Kuopio Työkäen Kiekkoilijat (CCI), playing for Kalpa and their third season, are the only ice hockey clubs in Kuopio [3].


Question: In which city did Kalle Sahlstedt start playing hockey?

Kalevan Ball

In 1957, KalPa first rose to the championship series, where it played three seasons within five years: 1957—1958, 1958—1959 and 1961—1962.


Question: In which city did Kalle Sahlstedt start playing hockey?

Kalevan Ball

In their first season, the team finished third in their own block.


Question: In which city did Kalle Sahlstedt start playing hockey?

Kalevan Ball

Its number one chain, Ossi Hyppönen — Lauri Helen — Juhani Wahlsten named “Whirlwind Chain”, was one of the most powerful chains in the 1957—1958 and 1958—1959 seasons.


Question: In which city did Kalle Sahlstedt start playing hockey?

Kalevan Ball

Hyppönen won the championship championship championship in both seasons.


Question: In which city did Kalle Sahlstedt start playing hockey?

Kalevan Ball

At the conclusion of the 1958—1959 season, KalPa was relegated from the championship series, as it had a worse goal difference in qualifying than HJK and HPK who had entered the series.


Question: In which city did Kalle Sahlstedt start playing hockey?

Kalevan Ball

After two years, the team returned to the main series, but the team scored only one point in 18 games and was relegated from the series.


Question: In which city did Kalle Sahlstedt start playing hockey?

Kalevan Ball

KalPa played through the 1960s and 1970s in the Provincial and Finnish series.


Question: In which city did Kalle Sahlstedt start playing hockey?

Kalevan Ball

In 1975, the club rose to Division II after completing their feats at their home ground Niirala the previous autumn.


Question: In which city did Kalle Sahlstedt start playing hockey?

Kalevan Ball

The ice rink was completed in 1979.


Question: In which city did Kalle Sahlstedt start playing hockey?

Kalevan Ball

Under the coaching of Reino Ruotsalainen, KalPa rose to Division I in the spring of 1982.


Question: In which city did Kalle Sahlstedt start playing hockey?

Kalevan Ball

In the finals of the first season, KalPa, coached by Matti Keinonen and confirmed as a player by Veli-Pekka Ketola, lost to Joensuu's Jokipoji.


Question: In which city did Kalle Sahlstedt start playing hockey?

Kalevan Ball

The following season was Esko Nokelainen as head coach, and players were acquired in the following seasons including goalkeeper Jari Paavola, Jouni Rinne, who played for the national team, and Canadian centre-back Wayne Thompson.


Question: In which city did Kalle Sahlstedt start playing hockey?

Kalevan Ball

In the 1985—1986 season, KalPa scored 276 goals in 44 games in Division I, won 37 of its games, and broke the regular season points record after collecting 75 points.


Question: In which city did Kalle Sahlstedt start playing hockey?

Kalevan Ball

Wayne Thompson fell one point short of Henry Saleva's Division I points record after scoring 103 (58+45) points.


Question: In which city did Kalle Sahlstedt start playing hockey?

Kalevan Ball

Jouni Rinne was the deuce on the points exchange.


Question: In which city did Kalle Sahlstedt start playing hockey?

Kalevan Ball

The team ascended to the SM-liiga.


Question: In which city did Kalle Sahlstedt start playing hockey?

Kalevan Ball

1986—99:13 SM-liiga seasons and SM-silver In their first SM-liiga season, 1986—1987, KalPa finished ninth in the ten-team league.


Question: In which city did Kalle Sahlstedt start playing hockey?

Kalevan Ball

Its crew included three foreign players: Wayne Thompson, Brent Sapergia and Roberto Lavoie.


Question: In which city did Kalle Sahlstedt start playing hockey?

Kalevan Ball

Sapergia scored 25+13 in 33 games, he broke the single-season ice minute record held in the name of Lalli Partie and gained the reputation of a cult player.


Question: In which city did Kalle Sahlstedt start playing hockey?

Kalevan Ball

The club ran into trouble due to his wild private life.


Question: In which city did Kalle Sahlstedt start playing hockey?

Kalevan Ball

Perhaps the most famous incident was that of Sapergia and Jari Rättyä, who went headlined in the kingdom's press, with a man who attacked them.


Question: In which city did Kalle Sahlstedt start playing hockey?

Kalevan Ball

Sapergia's aggressive style of play was informed by the fact that KalPA came in a lot of submissions from other clubs and at worst they were instructed to give him expulsion.


Question: In which city did Kalle Sahlstedt start playing hockey?

Kalevan Ball

Thompson was one of the best players in the SM-liiga, scoring 52 (22+30) points.


Question: In which city did Kalle Sahlstedt start playing hockey?

Kalevan Ball

Lavoie scored 26 goals but due to an eye injury played only 33 matches.


Question: In which city did Kalle Sahlstedt start playing hockey?

Kalevan Ball

Jouni Rinne was KalPA's third best point man with a power of 19+27.


Question: In which city did Kalle Sahlstedt start playing hockey?

Kalevan Ball

In the SM-liiga qualifiers, KalPa retained their league place.


Question: In which city did Kalle Sahlstedt start playing hockey?

Kalevan Ball

The average number of spectators for home matches for the season was 4903 people per match.


Question: In which city did Kalle Sahlstedt start playing hockey?

Kalevan Ball

The following season, 1987—1988, played with the previous season's foreign reinforcements holding four new Canadian acquisitions, with Wayne Groulx and Pierre Rioux being a major assist to the team.


Question: In which city did Kalle Sahlstedt start playing hockey?

Kalevan Ball

Jouni Rinne scored 52 (26+26) points during the season, and of the young players, Jari Pulliainen punched himself through as a scorer.


Question: In which city did Kalle Sahlstedt start playing hockey?

Kalevan Ball

The team's player acquisitions included Jari Härkälä, who became Aces, and Petteri Lehto, who became the team captain.


Question: In which city did Kalle Sahlstedt start playing hockey?

Kalevan Ball

Head coach Esko Nokelainen left the club mid-season and was replaced towards the end of the season by Juha Junno.


Question: In which city did Kalle Sahlstedt start playing hockey?

Kalevan Ball

KalPa finished eighth and avoided league qualification.


Question: In which city did Kalle Sahlstedt start playing hockey?

Kalevan Ball

For the 1988—1989 season, KalPa acquired players including Wayne Thompson, who returned from the AHL, Dave Donnelly, who played 137 games in the NHL, and Erik Hämäläinen and Juha Tuohima, who turned out to be an effective defensive pair.


Question: In which city did Kalle Sahlstedt start playing hockey?

Kalevan Ball

At a cost of 270000 marks, Hämäläinen was the most expensive player acquisition of the year in the SM-liiga.


Question: In which city did Kalle Sahlstedt start playing hockey?

Kalevan Ball

Hannu Kapanen became assistant coach to Juha Junno.


Question: In which city did Kalle Sahlstedt start playing hockey?

Kalevan Ball

KalPa finished fifth in the regular season and qualified for the SM-liiga playoffs for the first time.


Question: In which city did Kalle Sahlstedt start playing hockey?

Kalevan Ball

In the quarterfinals, Tappara was better with match-winning 2—0.


Question: In which city did Kalle Sahlstedt start playing hockey?

Kalevan Ball

KALPA's top point man Jouni Rinne set a club assists record with 42, and Wayne Thompson was the team's top scorer with 26 goals.


Question: In which city did Kalle Sahlstedt start playing hockey?

Kalevan Ball

For the 1989—1990 season, KalPa acquired defender Peter Slanina and centre-back Dárius Rusnák from Czechoslovakia.


Question: In which city did Kalle Sahlstedt start playing hockey?

Kalevan Ball

They were the first Czechoslovakian players in SM-liiga history.


Question: In which city did Kalle Sahlstedt start playing hockey?

Kalevan Ball

Rusnák set a KALPA club record with 29 goals scored and finished third in the league goalscoring statistic.


Question: In which city did Kalle Sahlstedt start playing hockey?

Kalevan Ball

Other newcomers included wide receiver Juha Jokiharju and Hannu Oksanen who previously played for the club in Division II.


Question: In which city did Kalle Sahlstedt start playing hockey?

Kalevan Ball

KalPa scored 205 goals in 44 games in the regular season, the second most in the entire series, and finished in sixth place.


Question: In which city did Kalle Sahlstedt start playing hockey?

Kalevan Ball

In the playoffs, KalPa defeated Helsinki IFK, who finished third in the regular season, and qualified for the semi-finals against TPS.


Question: In which city did Kalle Sahlstedt start playing hockey?

Kalevan Ball

TPS won the semi-finals with match-winning 3—0, and in the bronze match KalPa lost to Tappara by goals 5—3.


Question: In which city did Kalle Sahlstedt start playing hockey?

Kalevan Ball

Juha Tuohimaa, who won with 45 points (17 goals + 28 assists), was selected for the league's second constellation field.


Question: In which city did Kalle Sahlstedt start playing hockey?

Kalevan Ball

In the 1990—91 season, KalPa finished second in the regular season.


Question: In which city did Kalle Sahlstedt start playing hockey?

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Injuries to players received playing time including their own A juniors Sami Kapanen and Marko Tuomainen.


Question: In which city did Kalle Sahlstedt start playing hockey?

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Dárius Rusnák set a club single-season points-record with 60 points (22 goals + 38 assists) and finished fifth in the points exchange.


Question: In which city did Kalle Sahlstedt start playing hockey?

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In the semi-finals, KalPa defeated JyP HT with match-winning 3—0, securing the first SM-medal in their club history.


Question: In which city did Kalle Sahlstedt start playing hockey?

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In the final matches, KALPA's opponent was the regular season winning TPS, winning the first match with goals 5—1.


Question: In which city did Kalle Sahlstedt start playing hockey?

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The next two matches TPS won by goals 4—3.


Question: In which city did Kalle Sahlstedt start playing hockey?

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KalPa won the fourth match played in Kuopio with goals 6—2, but TPS took the title after winning the fifth match in Turku with goals 7—2.


Question: In which city did Kalle Sahlstedt start playing hockey?

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Jari Pulliainen was the third most effective player in the playoffs (6+4) and won the playoff goal kingship together with Jari Hirsimäki of TPS.


Question: In which city did Kalle Sahlstedt start playing hockey?

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Juha Jokiharju assembled the power bindings 4+5.


Question: In which city did Kalle Sahlstedt start playing hockey?

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Defender Peter Slanina was selected for the second constellation field of the series, KalPA's team won the SM-liiga Fair play award and head coach Juha Junno won the Lynces Academic Award for Best Coach.


Question: In which city did Kalle Sahlstedt start playing hockey?

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In the following season, 1991—92, KALPA was strengthened by Pekka Tirkkonen from TPS and Jarmo Kekäläinen, who remained in the NHL, who was touted as KalPA's most expensive Finnish player acquisition of all time.


Question: In which city did Kalle Sahlstedt start playing hockey?

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The team finished seventh in the regular season and two points clear of the last team to make it to the playoffs.


Question: In which city did Kalle Sahlstedt start playing hockey?

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Juha Jokiharju played his last season at KalPA, scoring 48 (18 goals + 30 assists) points in 44 games.


Question: In which city did Kalle Sahlstedt start playing hockey?

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He was awarded with the SM-liiga's SISU player award.


Question: In which city did Kalle Sahlstedt start playing hockey?

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Erik Hämäläinen, who played his last season in Kalpa, also served as captain.


Question: In which city did Kalle Sahlstedt start playing hockey?

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Juha Tuohimaa was the most effective defender in the series once in his career with 35 (16+19) points.


Question: In which city did Kalle Sahlstedt start playing hockey?

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Kimmo Timonen debuted at the main league level and Sami Kapanen scored 25 (15+10) points.


Question: In which city did Kalle Sahlstedt start playing hockey?

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Pasi Kuivalainen, the second goalkeeper from the previous season, emerged as the number one goalkeeper.


Question: In which city did Kalle Sahlstedt start playing hockey?

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Kuopion Kiekkokilpi, an ice hockey team operating since 1959 and playing under KALPA, ceased operations.


Question: In which city did Kalle Sahlstedt start playing hockey?

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In the 1992—93 season, KalPA's top point man was new acquisition Marko Jantunen (21 goals + 27 assists).