Question: Where in the body of a water-nosed animal does the poison arise?

Aquatic poophyte

[65] After seeing the aquatic seagull, Charles Darwin wrote in his 1836 diary that an unbeliever could suspect Earth organisms to be the creations of two different Creators.


Question: Where in the body of a water-nosed animal does the poison arise?

Aquatic poophyte

[22] Due to its uniqueness, the aquatic pigtail is popular as an emblem of many Australian companies, organisations and events.


Question: Where in the body of a water-nosed animal does the poison arise?

Aquatic poophyte

It is the national animal of the Australian state of New South Wales.


Question: Where in the body of a water-nosed animal does the poison arise?

Aquatic poophyte

[66] The aquatic pigtail ″Syd” was one of the three mascots of the Sydney Summer Olympics 2000.


Question: Where in the body of a water-nosed animal does the poison arise?

Aquatic poophyte

[67] The mascot of Apple's Darwin BSD operating system is Hexley, the aquatic pigtail.


Question: Where in the body of a water-nosed animal does the poison arise?

Aquatic poophyte

[68] Fictional aquatic pigtails also appear in television cartoon series such as Vää Vili Vilper and Perry Phinias and Ferb.


Question: Where in the body of a water-nosed animal does the poison arise?

Aquatic poophyte

Sources On topic elsewhere CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link) CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link), Ensembl Transclusion error: {{En}} is only for use in File namespace.


Question: Where in the body of a water-nosed animal does the poison arise?

Aquatic poophyte

Use {{lang-en}} or {{en icon}} instead.


Question: Where in the body of a water-nosed animal does the poison arise?

Aquatic poophyte

Category:Beaked animals Category:Key articles of screening


Question: When was the first Splinter Cell game released?

Splinter Cell (series)

Tom Clancy's Splinter Cell is a third-person stealth game series developed and published by Ubisoft, the first volume of which Tom Clancy's Splinter Cell was released in 2002.


Question: When was the first Splinter Cell game released?

Splinter Cell (series)

The game has five sequels: Pandora Tomorrow, Chaos Theory, Double Agent, Conviction, and Splinter Cell: Blacklist.


Question: When was the first Splinter Cell game released?

Splinter Cell (series)

The series follows an NSA field agent, Samuel “Sam” Fisher, who works for the Operational Third Echelon Unit.


Question: When was the first Splinter Cell game released?

Splinter Cell (series)

The games deal with a lot of global crises, such as the threat of World War III, for which military intervention does not work out.


Question: When was the first Splinter Cell game released?

Splinter Cell (series)

The solution must therefore be sought through a quieter approach.


Question: When was the first Splinter Cell game released?

Splinter Cell (series)

Fisher's job is to infiltrate places that seem impossible and gather vital information for the NSA.


Question: When was the first Splinter Cell game released?

Splinter Cell (series)

As the situation demands, he is also forced to resort to stealing, kidnapping or even murder in the name of national security.


Question: When was the first Splinter Cell game released?

Splinter Cell (series)

Video Games There are also later releases for new platforms.


Question: When was the first Splinter Cell game released?

Splinter Cell (series)

Persons Samuel Leo Fisher Protagonist of the franchise and the first field agent of Third Echelon, the fictional operational unit of the NSA.


Question: When was the first Splinter Cell game released?

Splinter Cell (series)

Little is known about Fisher's past.


Question: When was the first Splinter Cell game released?

Splinter Cell (series)

He served in the 1980s at a U.S. military base in Germany.


Question: When was the first Splinter Cell game released?

Splinter Cell (series)

He participated in the 1991 Gulf War as a Navy SEAL commando, presumably as a sniper for his group.


Question: When was the first Splinter Cell game released?

Splinter Cell (series)

He also served at one point as a CIA agent, but he disliked his job.


Question: When was the first Splinter Cell game released?

Splinter Cell (series)

Fisher married Regan Burns in 1984.


Question: When was the first Splinter Cell game released?

Splinter Cell (series)

As a result of their marriage, they were born one daughter, Sarah Fisher.


Question: When was the first Splinter Cell game released?

Splinter Cell (series)

However, his wife died of cancer in 1989.


Question: When was the first Splinter Cell game released?

Splinter Cell (series)

Fisher has acted for Third Echelonin during major recent crises, and has accumulated a great deal of experience in secret data collection.


Question: When was the first Splinter Cell game released?

Splinter Cell (series)

He has not only survived dangerous situations, but succeeded in his duties brilliantly.


Question: When was the first Splinter Cell game released?

Splinter Cell (series)

Fisher is a quiet, investigative personality; like someone who looks at situations from the outside.


Question: When was the first Splinter Cell game released?

Splinter Cell (series)

His life has always been marred by battle, espionage and constant training.


Question: When was the first Splinter Cell game released?

Splinter Cell (series)

While performing tasks assigned by the Third Echelon, Fisher has travelled around the world.


Question: When was the first Splinter Cell game released?

Splinter Cell (series)

He has conducted espionage missions in Georgia, South Korea, North Korea, Indonesia, Israel, Japan, Myanmar, Peru, France and Russia, among others.


Question: When was the first Splinter Cell game released?

Splinter Cell (series)

By nature, Fisher is modest and cynical, and often tends to comment with sarcastic statements and utterances on the nature of his top-secret and usually dubious work.


Question: When was the first Splinter Cell game released?

Splinter Cell (series)

He has no interest in fame and honor, but he is very patriotic and cannot tolerate US civilians being killed by terrorists.


Question: When was the first Splinter Cell game released?

Splinter Cell (series)

Sam Fisher's boss is U.S. Army Colonel Irving Lambert, who serves as the head of the Third Echelon and advises Fisher by telling him the objectives of the mission.


Question: When was the first Splinter Cell game released?

Splinter Cell (series)

Along with Lambert, Fisher is assisted by a group of other NSA employees, including Anna Grimsdóttír, who is familiar with information technology.


Question: When was the first Splinter Cell game released?

Splinter Cell (series)

Fisher's outfitting was provided by Vernon Wilkes Jr., but upon his death he was replaced by Frances Coen and later William Redding.


Question: When was the first Splinter Cell game released?

Splinter Cell (series)

Sam Fisher is voiced by Michael Ironside and Eric Johnson.


Question: When was the first Splinter Cell game released?

Splinter Cell (series)

Standard characters David Bowers The fictional President of the United States.


Question: When was the first Splinter Cell game released?

Splinter Cell (series)

He only appears in the cutscenes of the games.


Question: When was the first Splinter Cell game released?

Splinter Cell (series)

In Splinter Cell, Bowers is seen speaking on behalf of the U.S. in the fight against Nikoladze; at Pandora Tomorrow, he defends the U.S. war expedition to Indonesia; and in Chaos Theory, he talks with Lambert and Secretary of Defense Mason about the U.S. attitude toward North Korea .


Question: When was the first Splinter Cell game released?

Splinter Cell (series)

Enter Grimsdóttír a computer technician working for the Third Echelon.


Question: When was the first Splinter Cell game released?

Splinter Cell (series)

He is versed in the latest high-tech and information technology, especially computers.


Question: When was the first Splinter Cell game released?

Splinter Cell (series)

Grimsdóttír leads a small group of programmers whose purpose is to provide Fisher with information about the course of the task.


Question: When was the first Splinter Cell game released?

Splinter Cell (series)

In Chaos Theory, Grimsdóttír often jokes at the expense of Fisher's ageism, which Fisher perceives as annoying.


Question: When was the first Splinter Cell game released?

Splinter Cell (series)

Irving Lambert Director of Third Echelon.


Question: When was the first Splinter Cell game released?

Splinter Cell (series)

His job responsibilities include reporting mission objectives and reporting critical information to Fisher.


Question: When was the first Splinter Cell game released?

Splinter Cell (series)

Lambert takes his job seriously, and doesn't always understand Fisher's cultivated, black-humoured jokes about the events of the mission.


Question: When was the first Splinter Cell game released?

Splinter Cell (series)

Douglas General Manager of Shetland Displace International.


Question: When was the first Splinter Cell game released?

Splinter Cell (series)

Shetland was originally a US Marine until a group of high-ranking officers framed him for the death of a soldier who perished in a military exercise.


Question: When was the first Splinter Cell game released?

Splinter Cell (series)

Shetland resigned from the United States Armed Forces and sued the officers to justice.


Question: When was the first Splinter Cell game released?

Splinter Cell (series)

He won the suit and, with his money earned from the trial, founded Displace International; a private army that supplied trained mercenaries to protect high-ranking individuals.


Question: When was the first Splinter Cell game released?

Splinter Cell (series)

At Pandora Tomorrow, Shetland was taken hostage by Sadono at Dili, but he later assisted Fisher in penetrating Darah Dan Doa's camp.


Question: When was the first Splinter Cell game released?

Splinter Cell (series)

In Chaos Theory, however, Shetland acts as a villain.


Question: When was the first Splinter Cell game released?

Splinter Cell (series)

He is responsible for a number of criminal activities, including the kidnapping of Bruce Morgenholt, the slaying of Abrahim Zherkezhi, and even the war between the United States and North Korea.


Question: When was the first Splinter Cell game released?

Splinter Cell (series)

He eventually holds a meeting between Displace and I-SDF, but the meeting ends up in a fight between the two sides.


Question: When was the first Splinter Cell game released?

Splinter Cell (series)

Shetland tries to escape, but Fisher catches up with him.


Question: When was the first Splinter Cell game released?

Splinter Cell (series)

Shetland tells Fisher that he considers the United States too corrupt and that an arranged war between the U.S. and North Korea was a legitimate act.


Question: When was the first Splinter Cell game released?

Splinter Cell (series)

Shetland asks Fisher to join him, but Fisher in cold blood kills his former friend.


Question: When was the first Splinter Cell game released?

Splinter Cell (series)

Plots The plots of the games are similar; American citizens are threatened by some danger, and the NSA must prevent it.


Question: When was the first Splinter Cell game released?

Splinter Cell (series)

The plots of the games were not written by Tom Clancy, as the name suggests; Clancy has merely influenced the development of the plot.


Question: When was the first Splinter Cell game released?

Splinter Cell (series)

Gaming Games are depicted mostly from a third-person perspective.


Question: When was the first Splinter Cell game released?

Splinter Cell (series)

The camera is able to rotate freely around the game character, allowing for close examination of the environment.


Question: When was the first Splinter Cell game released?

Splinter Cell (series)

When Fisher takes out the gun, the angle of view switches over the shoulder to the view.


Question: When was the first Splinter Cell game released?

Splinter Cell (series)

In this mode, the camera remains on Fisher's shoulder all the time and follows the gun.


Question: When was the first Splinter Cell game released?

Splinter Cell (series)

With the exception of Tom Clancy's Splinter Cell: Essentials, all Splinter Cell games use the Unreal Engine 2 game engine developed by Epic Games.


Question: When was the first Splinter Cell game released?

Splinter Cell (series)

Artificial Intelligence The AI of the enemies of the original Splinter Cell game and Pandora Tomorrow was rudimentary levels.


Question: When was the first Splinter Cell game released?

Splinter Cell (series)

For example, when a player left an area, the game inspected the entire area and immediately issued an alert for every body that was not hidden.


Question: When was the first Splinter Cell game released?

Splinter Cell (series)

Chaos Theory greatly improved the artificial intelligence of enemies and brought in new gameplay elements.


Question: When was the first Splinter Cell game released?

Splinter Cell (series)

Now the enemies had to find the bodies before they were alerted.


Question: When was the first Splinter Cell game released?

Splinter Cell (series)

Upon improvement, enemies are able to notice the player, for example, a body found on the floor, a light left on, or a broken lock.


Question: When was the first Splinter Cell game released?

Splinter Cell (series)

The level of vigilance of enemies also changes.


Question: When was the first Splinter Cell game released?

Splinter Cell (series)

For example, a broken lock only haunts enemies, the sound of the player running causes enemies to attack readiness, and seeing the player, for example, causes enemies to open fire.


Question: When was the first Splinter Cell game released?

Splinter Cell (series)

Enemies also commemorate previous events.


Question: When was the first Splinter Cell game released?

Splinter Cell (series)

As alarm sets in, enemies become more alert, and may wear bulletproof vests and helmets.


Question: When was the first Splinter Cell game released?

Splinter Cell (series)

In Double Agent, with alarm levels, various security measures, such as motion sensors, are also activated.


Question: When was the first Splinter Cell game released?

Splinter Cell (series)

Stealth The player must complete prescribed tasks completely quietly and unnoticed.


Question: When was the first Splinter Cell game released?

Splinter Cell (series)

The action is based on sneaking in the shadows and surprising the enemy with ease.


Question: When was the first Splinter Cell game released?

Splinter Cell (series)

The idea that carries the games is Third Echelon's term Fifth Freedom, which means justify doing anything in the name of national security.


Question: When was the first Splinter Cell game released?

Splinter Cell (series)

However, it does not apply in all situations, and in some missions the use of deadly force is even prohibited.


Question: When was the first Splinter Cell game released?

Splinter Cell (series)

The player uses a combined night vision and thermal camera goggles as their main tool in silent actions.


Question: When was the first Splinter Cell game released?

Splinter Cell (series)

At Chaos Theory and Double Agent, glasses that detect electromagnetic fields have also been brought in.


Question: When was the first Splinter Cell game released?

Splinter Cell (series)

The glasses allow the player to see which electronic devices he or she can affect.


Question: When was the first Splinter Cell game released?

Splinter Cell (series)

Chaos Theory brought a sound meter into the game from which the player can see the sound they produce compared to the sounds generated by the environment.


Question: When was the first Splinter Cell game released?

Splinter Cell (series)

The sound meter is also included in Double Agent.


Question: When was the first Splinter Cell game released?

Splinter Cell (series)

The player uses various headlocks and punches to quietly stun the enemy.


Question: When was the first Splinter Cell game released?

Splinter Cell (series)

Enemies can also be interrogated, giving them useful tips.


Question: When was the first Splinter Cell game released?

Splinter Cell (series)

In the first two games, only a few enemies could be interrogated, but in Chaos Theory and Double Agent, Fisher is able to interrogate almost every character.


Question: When was the first Splinter Cell game released?

Splinter Cell (series)

In Double Agent, Fisher gains access to the SC-303 launcher.


Question: When was the first Splinter Cell game released?

Splinter Cell (series)

The trigger is the size of a regular pistol.


Question: When was the first Splinter Cell game released?

Splinter Cell (series)

Fisher uses it in missions where you're not allowed to kill.


Question: When was the first Splinter Cell game released?

Splinter Cell (series)

The trigger is capable of firing rubber bullets, stun arrows, sticker cameras (), EMP projectiles, and gas grenades.


Question: When was the first Splinter Cell game released?

Splinter Cell (series)

The trigger also has OCP.


Question: When was the first Splinter Cell game released?

Splinter Cell (series)

Fighting Each time, however, the missions do not go perfectly and deadly force must be used.


Question: When was the first Splinter Cell game released?

Splinter Cell (series)

However, the game invests heavily on stealth: Fisher is armed, but he can only carry a small amount of ammunition, and in most fields there is no additional ammunition.


Question: When was the first Splinter Cell game released?

Splinter Cell (series)

When aiming, Fisher's movement slows down significantly, and movement greatly complicates aiming.


Question: When was the first Splinter Cell game released?

Splinter Cell (series)

Furthermore, the enemies are at least as well armed as Fisher himself.


Question: When was the first Splinter Cell game released?

Splinter Cell (series)

Compared to most heroes in action games, Fisher is quite weak, as already a few hits are enough to kill him.


Question: When was the first Splinter Cell game released?

Splinter Cell (series)

The explosion of a hand grenade or landmine kills him instantly.


Question: When was the first Splinter Cell game released?

Splinter Cell (series)

The player has access to an SC pistol and an SC-20K multirole rifle.


Question: When was the first Splinter Cell game released?

Splinter Cell (series)

Both weapons are effectively silenced, but they still attract attention.


Question: When was the first Splinter Cell game released?

Splinter Cell (series)

Despite the firepower of the weapons, enemies are so durable that the only way to kill an opponent with a single hit is to aim for the head.


Question: When was the first Splinter Cell game released?

Splinter Cell (series)

A variety of hand grenades, from a smoke grenade to a deadly shrapnel grenade, are also at Fisher's disposal.


Question: When was the first Splinter Cell game released?

Splinter Cell (series)

The SC pistol is the less powerful and less accurate of Fisher's two guns, but has a better silencer.


Question: When was the first Splinter Cell game released?

Splinter Cell (series)

Pandora Tomorrow adds a laser scope for easy aiming at the pistol.


Question: When was the first Splinter Cell game released?

Splinter Cell (series)

In Chaos Theory, however, the laser scope has been removed, but replaced by an OCP microwave transmitter, enabling Fisher to turn off electronic devices such as lamps and security cameras.


Question: When was the first Splinter Cell game released?

Splinter Cell (series)

OCP is also involved with Double Agent.


Question: When was the first Splinter Cell game released?

Splinter Cell (series)

The SC-20K assault rifle is more firepowered and accurate than the pistol, but also much louder.


Question: When was the first Splinter Cell game released?

Splinter Cell (series)

It has a binocular sight that facilitates aiming and can trigger spying and decoction devices similar to sticker cameras and smoke grenades.


Question: When was the first Splinter Cell game released?

Splinter Cell (series)

In Chaos Theory and Double Agent, you can bolt to the rifle along with a trigger for espionage equipment, an extended barrel that fires more accurate fire, a shotgun destructive in hand-to-hand combat, or an enhanced sniper rifle that fires armour-penetrating ammunition.


Question: When was the first Splinter Cell game released?

Splinter Cell (series)

In Chaos Theory and Double Agent, Fisher's arsenal of weapons also includes an effective battle knife for silent killing (the knife is actually the Ka-Bar knife favored by the U.S. Marine Corps).


Question: When was the first Splinter Cell game released?

Splinter Cell (series)

Since Fisher always strikes the heart or windpipe of an opponent, he is capable of killing even enemies wearing flak vests with a single blow.


Question: When was the first Splinter Cell game released?

Splinter Cell (series)

The knife can also be used to break locks, defuse bombs, cut thin materials such as fabrics, break electrical equipment, break ice, and install spy equipment.


Question: When was the first Splinter Cell game released?

Splinter Cell (series)

Confidence Double Agent brings in a new gameplay element, confidence.


Question: When was the first Splinter Cell game released?

Splinter Cell (series)

The Third Echelon and JBA both assign duties to Fisher, and often they are opposite to each other.


Question: When was the first Splinter Cell game released?

Splinter Cell (series)

For example, the JBA orders Fisher to blow up a cruise ship to test his new explosive, while Third Echelon instructs Fisher to prevent detonation and rescue the 2,000 passengers on board.


Question: When was the first Splinter Cell game released?

Splinter Cell (series)

If the player is only executing the other party's orders, the other party becomes suspicious.


Question: When was the first Splinter Cell game released?

Splinter Cell (series)

The choices the player makes affect the flow of the game in different ways.


Question: When was the first Splinter Cell game released?

Splinter Cell (series)

Multiplayer Pandora Tomorrow</i>, Chaos Theory and Double Agent all feature similar multiplayer “Spies versus Mercenaries” where spies perform missions while trying to remain invisible from the eyes of mercenaries.


Question: When was the first Splinter Cell game released?

Splinter Cell (series)

Spies are forced to do either hacking, hard drive theft or bombing missions and remain hidden from mercenaries.


Question: When was the first Splinter Cell game released?

Splinter Cell (series)

Their purpose should never be to kill mercenaries (except in Deathmatch) and for this to be successful, they only have one non-lethal weapon, the Shocker Gun.


Question: When was the first Splinter Cell game released?

Splinter Cell (series)

The hit incapacitates the mercenary for about five seconds and shuts down the defence system, for example a camera or laser beam, for about a minute.


Question: When was the first Splinter Cell game released?

Splinter Cell (series)

The access of spies is extremely restricted, as they may not enter through certain doors, but must follow a mercenary or hack the door.


Question: When was the first Splinter Cell game released?

Splinter Cell (series)

Sometimes certain tasks might open doors ahead.


Question: When was the first Splinter Cell game released?

Splinter Cell (series)

Although access is restricted spies can enter areas where mercenaries cannot reach, as a mercenary can only climb a ladder.


Question: When was the first Splinter Cell game released?

Splinter Cell (series)

Mercenaries are better armed and more deadly than spies, but their skills are poor.


Question: When was the first Splinter Cell game released?

Splinter Cell (series)

Their job is to either kill spies or protect targets until time runs out.


Question: When was the first Splinter Cell game released?

Splinter Cell (series)

In Story, spies need to do the tasks assigned to them (objectives) which are hacking, hard drive theft and detonating a specific point.


Question: When was the first Splinter Cell game released?

Splinter Cell (series)

In the case of hacking, you have to hack the computer and this becomes a message to every player that the hack is in progress and where.


Question: When was the first Splinter Cell game released?

Splinter Cell (series)

If you have to stop hacking, the computer can come again and pick up where you left off.


Question: When was the first Splinter Cell game released?

Splinter Cell (series)

In the case of a hard drive theft, you have to find the computer and steal the hard drive in it.


Question: When was the first Splinter Cell game released?

Splinter Cell (series)

This becomes a message to every player that it has been stolen and if the stealing spy moves too fast he will appear on the mercenary radar.


Question: When was the first Splinter Cell game released?

Splinter Cell (series)

The hard drive always emits light when moving.


Question: When was the first Splinter Cell game released?

Splinter Cell (series)

The hard drive must be given a green light to a flashing portfolio that is open at that moment.


Question: When was the first Splinter Cell game released?

Splinter Cell (series)

Mercenaries can take the hard drive back into place by killing the spy and walking over the hard drive.


Question: When was the first Splinter Cell game released?

Splinter Cell (series)

In detonation, the spy places the bomb at a certain point, allowing players to receive a message about it.


Question: When was the first Splinter Cell game released?

Splinter Cell (series)

If a bomb is fired or disconnected, the bomb must be re-inserted.


Question: When was the first Splinter Cell game released?

Splinter Cell (series)

In Diskhunt, spies need to get a certain number of discs spread out on the map.


Question: When was the first Splinter Cell game released?

Splinter Cell (series)

If the spy dies the discs fall to the ground and move to a random place.


Question: When was the first Splinter Cell game released?

Splinter Cell (series)

Book Series Due to the influence of the first game in the series, a Splinter Cell book series has also been made.


Question: When was the first Splinter Cell game released?

Splinter Cell (series)

A movie based on the series of games is also in the making.


Question: When was the first Splinter Cell game released?

Splinter Cell (series)

[1] Sources Elsewhere Transclusion error: {{En}} is only for use in File namespace.


Question: When was the first Splinter Cell game released?

Splinter Cell (series)

Use {{lang-en}} or {{en icon}} instead.


Question: When was the first Splinter Cell game released?

Splinter Cell (series)

Transclusion error: {{En}} is only for use in File namespace.


Question: When was the first Splinter Cell game released?

Splinter Cell (series)

Use {{lang-en}} or {{en icon}} instead.


Question: When was the first Splinter Cell game released?

Splinter Cell (series)

Category:Video Game Series Category:Stealth Games Category:Splinter Cell


Question: What was the outcome of the Winter War?

Winter War

The Winter War was a war fought from 30 November 1939 — 13 March 1940 between Finland and the Soviet Union.


Question: What was the outcome of the Winter War?

Winter War

The Soviets began the Winter War by attacking without a declaration of war, and the war ended 105 days later with the Moscow Peace Treaty.


Question: What was the outcome of the Winter War?

Winter War

The League of Nations condemned the attack and separated the Soviet Union from its membership on 14 December 1939.


Question: What was the outcome of the Winter War?

Winter War

World War II had begun three months earlier after Germany and the Soviet Union occupied Poland.


Question: What was the outcome of the Winter War?

Winter War

Because a low-event fake war was underway on the Western Front, the Winter War was closely monitored by the Western press.


Question: What was the outcome of the Winter War?

Winter War

The terms sisu and Molotov cocktail became internationally known.


Question: What was the outcome of the Winter War?

Winter War

The designation Winter War only came into use during the Continuation War, including in the Mannerheim Day Order No 1 in June 1941, but did not stabilise immediately.


Question: What was the outcome of the Winter War?

Winter War

Earlier and partly parallel designations included the Finnish War 1939—40 and the Finnish—Russian War 1939—40.


Question: What was the outcome of the Winter War?

Winter War

[1] The war is known for particularly difficult winter conditions (the winter of 1939—1940 was the coldest of the century), the immense male losses of the Red Army, the motto tactics of the Finns, and the “spirit of the Winter War”.


Question: What was the outcome of the Winter War?

Winter War

As a result of the war, Finland lost 11% of its land holdings to the Soviet Union and its second largest city, Vyborg.


Question: What was the outcome of the Winter War?

Winter War

The revancy spirit created by the Winter War was instrumental in bringing Finland into the Continuation War.


Question: What was the outcome of the Winter War?

Winter War

Background Great Powers Germany and the Soviet Union World War I meant a loss of great power status for Germany and Soviet Russia.


Question: What was the outcome of the Winter War?

Winter War

Both countries recovered in the 1930s by coming back as dictatorships to the great powers, and began to seek back territories they had lost.


Question: What was the outcome of the Winter War?

Winter War

Europe's democratic superpowers France and Britain were politically weak.


Question: What was the outcome of the Winter War?

Winter War

[2] With the independence of Finland and Estonia, Russia had lost all of the coastal fortifications in the Gulf of Finland, with the exception of Kronstadt, thus weakening Leningrad's defensive position.


Question: What was the outcome of the Winter War?

Winter War

Similarly, the border between Finland and the Soviet Union ran on the Rajajoki from the city at a distance of only about 32 km.


Question: What was the outcome of the Winter War?

Winter War

Taking Finland would offer the Soviet Union several advantages: it could threaten Germany to import vital iron ore from northern Sweden, control the Baltic Sea, and gain industry and ore reserves from Finland.


Question: What was the outcome of the Winter War?

Winter War

[3] Immediately after his rise to power, German leader Adolf Hitler began systematic efforts to dismantle the world order created by the Versailles Peace Treaty.


Question: What was the outcome of the Winter War?

Winter War

In March 1935, Germany broke away from the provisions of the treaty restricting its armed forces and declared general conscription and in March 1936 occupied the Rhineland.


Question: What was the outcome of the Winter War?

Winter War

This led, in part, to the Politburo member of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union and secretary of the Leningrad District of the NKP, Colonel General Andrei Ždanov, in a menacingly tinged speech in November 1936 likening Leningrad to a window opening westward, from behind which could be heard increasingly loud' pedo-howling and teeth bite of fascism”.


Question: What was the outcome of the Winter War?

Winter War

Ždanov's speech was a warning to the Soviet Union's western neighbours that an eastern superpower preparing for war would not allow Finland and the Baltic states such luxury as neutrality.


Question: What was the outcome of the Winter War?

Winter War

[4] Finland-Soviet relations Finland had been part of the Russian Empire between 1809 and 1917.


Question: What was the outcome of the Winter War?

Winter War

Relations between the Grand Duchy of Finland and Russia had been stable and peaceful until the Russification periods and the First World War.


Question: What was the outcome of the Winter War?

Winter War

The Great War broke up the Russian Empire in 1917, and in the event of upheaval Finland gained independence, but was followed by a civil war in which Soviet-Russia supported the Red Guards and Germany a division of Brandenstein and the German Baltic Division supported the Whites.


Question: What was the outcome of the Winter War?

Winter War

After the Civil War, Finnish volunteer troops penetrated Russian territory in connection with the so-called tribal wars.


Question: What was the outcome of the Winter War?

Winter War

After the war, relations between Finland and the Soviet Union were marked by suspicion and resentment, exacerbated by right-wing radicalism in Finland in the 1920s—1930s and Soviet meddling in Finland's internal affairs by supporting communist activities.


Question: What was the outcome of the Winter War?

Winter War

As the Soviet Union grew stronger, it began to take an interest in restoring its former periphery areas.


Question: What was the outcome of the Winter War?

Winter War

Formally, relations between the two countries improved, among other things, with the Non-Aggression Treaty of 1932, but in practice intervals were quite cool before World War II.


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[5] In the September situation of 1939, Finns mainly sought to rely on the international community, the League of Nations and Nordic cooperation.


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[6] In the Soviet Union, communist persecution, German-friendly and Greater Suomi dreaming were closely monitored by the Lapuan Movement, Patriotic People's Movement and the Academic Kareliala Society.


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Dreams of a Greater Finland took on a serious tone when, according to the Russians, Germany was envisaged as the background force for their implementation.


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In the spring of 1938, Vladimir Derevyanski, the Soviet ambassador to Helsinki, drew attention in a report sent to Moscow to the fact that at the 20th anniversary of the liberation of Helsinki on 16 May 1938, General Rüdiger von der Goltz, who had served as commander of German auxiliary forces in 1918, had taken with Marshal Gustaf Mannerheim to receive a celebratory parade with the ringing of the Guard playing the German “Alte Kameraden” (Old Comrades) march.


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[7] Rudolf Holsti, who became Foreign Minister in the Kallio government, sought to improve relations between Finland and the Soviet Union by visiting Moscow, which came to fruition in February 1937.


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Holst's trip was supported domestically by the political left and centre, against it were the right and military circles.


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It was the first visit by a Finnish foreign minister to the Soviet Union in 20 years.


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During the visit, the Soviet Minister of Defense, Marshal Kliment Vorošilov asked Holst what Finland would do if any third state used Finnish territory to attack the Soviet Union.


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Holsti replied as a personal position that Finland would fight against every invader.


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Holst's position was formally confirmed by President Kyösti Kallio in his inaugural address to parliament in early March 1937.


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The election of Kallio as president and the appointment of Cajander's cabinet put individuals in the Finnish leadership who were not so pro-German in Moscow's eyes as their predecessors.


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However, the period of enlargement fell short as the Soviet Union wanted tangible security policy outcomes in addition to diplomatic rapprochement.


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[8] Soviet propaganda sought to make the most of the supposed plans of the Finns to invade East Karelia, ignoring the fact that this kind of thing was dreamed of only by a small far-right minority.


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The Soviet Union's own action in the autumn of 1939 showed that it could not expect the Finns to be able to attack when it did not believe the Finns could even defend their own country.


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Instead, the Soviets feared a flank attack by the Germans through Finland against Leningrad just as Imperial Russia had during World War I feared a German invasion of Saint Petersburg via southern Finland, leaving Finland presumed defenseless to be helpless to take independent position on issues.


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[9] Finnish-German relations Germany was, along with Sweden, the main source of influences in Finland during the 1930s.


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However, support for the National Socialists was marginal in Finland.


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[10] For the Cajander Red Mud Government, appointed in March 1937, it was not at all incompatible with the regime in Germany and how the powers there conducted themselves.


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The German envoy to Helsinki, Wipert von Blücher, reported to Berlin on the Finnish attitude towards Germany and, in particular, the propaganda hostile to Germany by social-democratic magazines among the working people.


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In March 1938, the Finnish Social Democrat, the main SDP supporter, condemned the Anschluss, namely the annexation of Austria to Germany, even though this had taken place under an apparent “referendum”.


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[11] The conquest of Czechoslovakia in the spring of 1939 was seen in Finland as an even worse demonstration of the great power's ruthlessness towards smaller states.


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It shocked even Finnish right-wing circles because this measure could not be justified by a nationality idea.


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Subsequently, in a report sent to Berlin, von Blücher stated that the renowned draw towards the Third Reich had hit its lowest in Finland.


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Max Jakobson has stated that “if the reports of the German envoy to Helsinki von Blücher from 1937—1939 had accidentally strayed into Moscow, there would hardly have been any more nightmare dreams about the Finnish-German conspiracy”.


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[12] German propaganda took a nice view of Finnish assistance from Western powers, even against it.


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Most obviously, the secret Additional Protocol to the Non-Aggression Treaty has contributed to the issue.


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When President P. E. Svinhufvud planned in October 1939 to travel to Germany to obtain support for Finland, Envoy Wipert von Blücher received a call from his superiors in Berlin to block it: “Please point out to him that Germany is not interested in the problems between Finland and the Soviet Union.” On the contrary, Germany urged Finland to make sensible concessions, as too much stubbornness would lead to war, as a result of which Finland would soon be left with “nothing but a poignant heroine”.


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[13] Italy, belonging to the Axis powers, did not see Germany's actions favourably, but tried to help Finland with greater aid without success.


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Nordic orientation and Åland fortress plans In 1921, Finland concluded a treaty in Warsaw that annexed Finland to the Eastern European group of states led by Poland.


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This group of states formed a buffer zone between France and the Soviet Union.


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However, Finland did not ratify the treaty, which it felt contained hazards rather than safety, and as the 1930s entered this so-called Baltic trend faded in Finland.


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On the other hand, no formal agreements were needed as a basis for Nordic cooperation.


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Finland joined in 1933 as the so-called. Oslo States, which included not only the Nordic countries but also the Benelux countries.


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The following year Finland participated for the first time in a meeting of Nordic foreign ministers.


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Nordic cooperation developed into the so-called Nordic trend, which emphasized neutrality.


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In December 1935, the Nordic trend was chosen as Finland's official foreign policy line.


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[14] Finland's acceptance into the Nordic countries was not self-evident, as doubts arose especially during the Kivimäki government (1932—1936) about the authenticity of Finnish democracy, relations with Germany and the status of the Swedish language.


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Especially during the Cajander government (1937—1939), these doubts were successfully dispelled and cooperation with the Nordic countries deepened.


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[15] The development of Nordic cooperation was reflected, for example, by an increase in meetings with foreign ministers, the removal of barriers to commercial cooperation, a common plan to safeguard the maintenance of times of crisis, a harmonised appearance in the League of Nations and a common attitude for example, into the Spanish Civil War.


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In 1938, common rules of neutrality were adopted through which the world hoped to recognise the Nordic countries as “a pacified region where it would not be worth hunting”.


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[16] However, Nordic cooperation did not lead to a defence alliance, as there were no political conditions for it.


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Finland feared the Soviet Union, Sweden feared the Soviet Union and Germany, Denmark was afraid of Germany, and Norway imagined that no one had to fear for its location.


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[17] However, Norway, in Germany's view, was associated with controlling the North Sea in an essential way and to the Danish straits, so it did not adopt Norway's policy of neutrality that understood England.


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Links with Sweden and the purchase of iron ore from there were essential to Germany's equipping.


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Although the defence alliance did not arise in the absence of a common enemy, the Nordic countries were united by an effort to avoid going to war.


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Therefore, in 1938, talk of “defensive readiness extended up to military measures” began.


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[18] In the end, all that remained of the Nordic Defence League was Sweden's and Finland's quest for military cooperation in the Åland archipelago.


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[19] JARTSEV negotiations in Finland on 14 April 1938, Boris Jartsev, Second Secretary of the Soviet Legation in Helsinki, arrived to meet Foreign Minister Rudolf Holst.


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[20] According to Jartsev, the Soviet government was confident that Germany was planning an attack on the Soviet Union and that plans included a flank strike through Finland.


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Thus, Finland's attitude towards the invasion of the Germans was important to the Soviet Union.


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The Red Army would not wait for the Rajajoki if Finland allowed the invasion.


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On the other hand, if Finland were to oppose the invasion of the Germans, the Soviet Union would provide military and economic assistance, since Finland's ability to repel the German invasion by its own forces was not trusted.


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[21] The start of the JARTSEV negotiations was led by the Anschluss, namely Austria's annexation of Hitler's Germany in March 1938, which from Moscow's perspective marked the first rift in the Soviet Union's western buffer zone.


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[22] Over the next five months, Jartsev held talks several times with, among others, Prime Minister A.


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With K. Cajander and Finance Minister Väinö Tanner.


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Finland's assurance that Finland would not allow its integrity to be violated or attacked by the Soviet Union was not sufficient for the Soviet Union.


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[23] The Soviet Union demanded a secret treaty that would allow it to participate in the defence of Finland — and above all its maritime borders — in the German offensive and in the fortification of Åland; moreover, it would also have wanted to have a fortified air and sea defence base in Suursaari.


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Finland rebuffed Jartsev's proposal in late August 1938.


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In March 1939, the Soviet Union announced that it wanted to lease Suursaari, Lavansaari, Daughter Islands and Seiskar for 30 years.


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Later, land from East Karelia was offered in exchange for the islands.


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[24] Mannerheim was prepared to cede islands that would effectively not have been able to defend, as well as border revisions on the Isthmus.


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[25] The break off of these negotiations on 6 April 1939 led to the Moscow negotiations in the fall of 1939.


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Moscow's negotiations on Finnish territory after the Molotovin—Ribbentropin Pact, signed on 23 August, initially felt relief in Finland that the German-Soviet conflict, and with it, Finland's entry into the Great War, seemed to have been averted.


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Quite soon, however, doubts began to be expressed as to the price Hitler had paid for safeguarding his back.


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The price was hidden in a secret additional protocol to the treaty, which proved fatal for Finland and the Baltic states: together with the eastern part of Poland, they were read as belonging to the Soviet sphere of interest.


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Stalin, on the other hand, bought additional time to equip himself with the treaty, as he — as well as Hitler — knew the treaty would only postpone the German-Soviet confrontation more imported.


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In early September 1939, Germany invaded Poland and World War II began after France and the United Kingdom, in accordance with their promise to Poland, declared war on Germany.


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The declaration of war was joined by India, Australia and New Zealand, who were members of the British Commonwealth.


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[26] The Soviet Union invited Finnish representatives to negotiate in Moscow on “concrete political issues” on October 5, 1939.


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Negotiations took place in three sections, 12—14.


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October, 3—4 a.m.


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from November to 9 November 1939.


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Finland's negotiators for the first time were the envoy, State Counsellor J. K. Paasikivi, Finland's envoy to Moscow, Aarno Yrjö-Koskinen, Head of Division at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs Johan Nykopp, and Colonel Aladár Paasonen as military expert.


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On the second and third trips, the Finnish delegation had as the second chief negotiator alongside Paasikivi, Finance Minister Väinö Tanner.


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Rafael Hakkarainen, the State Counsellor, was on the third trip.


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[27] The Soviet Union proposed that Finland should cede parts of the Karelian Isthmus and the outer islands of the Gulf of Finland to the Soviet Union, as well as the port of Hanko and Lappoh.


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Similarly, the Soviet Union offered a territorial exchange in which Finland would have received wider territories from Repola and Porajärvi in East Karelia.


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Repola and Porajärvi were territories that had sought independence from 1918—1920 Russia, but which, by the Peace Treaty of Tartu, remained in Soviet Russia.


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The Finnish Council of State did not agree to the barter to the extent shown, as both public opinion and parliament opposed it, but offered only the areas closest to Leningrad, Kuokkala Bend and Terijoki to the Soviet Union.


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Negotiations broke off 9.


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on Nov.


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[28] Finnish negotiators returned to Helsinki with the ominous words uttered by Vyacheslav Molotov, the Soviet Foreign Minister, during the last round of negotiations: “Now the civil authorities have dealt with the matter, and when no agreement has been reached, the matter must be given to the soldiers.” [ 29] According to current Russian historiography, a negotiated outcome would have been possible until the end of October, when the plan for the war against Finland was finally approved.


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[30] The Soviet Union had previously made similar demands to the Baltic States, which agreed to hand over to the Red Army bases in their territories.


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The Finns chose otherwise: from 10 October 1939, Finland invited the soldiers of its reserve for an additional refresher exercise, which effectively amounted to mobilization.


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[31] Negotiations ended fruitless on Nov.


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Eventually, on 26 November 1939, the Soviets staged the Mainila shots, with which the Soviets justified the war as a defensive measure.


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[32] On 28 November, the Soviet Union exited the non-aggression pact and severed diplomatic relations between the two countries on 29 November.


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Preparations for the invasion of the Soviet Union Already after the end of the negotiations in the spring of 1939 were inconclusive, the possibilities of military conflict were considered under the leadership of the Soviet Union.


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In June 1939, Stalin drew the attention of General Kirill Meretskov, commander of the Leningrad Military District, to the danger posed by Finland's “Soviet hostility”.


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When Stalin stressed that he expected serious action on the part of Germany still that summer, he tasked Meretskov with drawing up a plan for border protection and counterattack against the Finnish defences in the event of a military provocation.


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[33] At the start of the Second World War in early September 1939, the Soviet Union declared mobilisation, in connection with which troops on the borders with Finland were also reinforced.


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Apparently, the actual concentrations aimed at war began only after the Soviet leadership had become clear of Finland's inclination.


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This is supported by the fact that the Soviet concrete war effort against Finland began two weeks after negotiations between the Finns and the Soviets had broken off.


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As the Polish expedition proved to be shorter than expected and when the Baltic bases were quickly occupied, troops originally intended for these directions could be moved to the eastern border of Finland.


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[34] A public secret circulated in Moscow's diplomatic circles in mid-November that 18 Red Army divisions had already been concentrated on the Finnish border.


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[35] During the Winter War, Soviet prisoners of war reported that the Red Army corps detachments concentrated at the Finnish borders were certain since mid-November that war would break out.


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[36] According to the preconception of the Soviet leadership, the war against Finland was not to be difficult or long-term.


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Germany would certainly remain loyal to the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact and would not intervene, and Sweden would not help Finland either.


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[37] Soviet Foreign Minister Vyacheslav Molotov ordered the Soviet envoy to Stockholm, Aleksandra Kollontai, specifically to ensure that Sweden, Norway and Denmark would not get involved in the conflict between Finland and the Soviet Union.


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[38] No miracle was expected of Finland's own defenses other than the Finns themselves.


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In particular, Leningrad's party secretary, Colonel General Andrei Ždanov, convinced Stalin that Finland could be managed “neatly” by the forces of the Leningrad Military District.


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The working population of Finland was supposed to rise in revolt against the bourgeois government and take on the Red Army as a “liberator”, which would have freed the Soviet Union from the embarrassing ballast of appearing as an aggressor.


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A couple of months earlier, the Red Army had unopposed occupied eastern Poland, whose population was predominantly Ukrainians and Belarusians.


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There it had appeared as a liberator of the tribal brethren after they were exposed to “all kinds of dangers” as a result of the dissolution of the Polish state, so it might as well march to Finland to free the “proletarians”.


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[39] Propaganda attack on the eve of the war, following the breakdown of negotiations between the Finns and the Soviet leadership, the Soviet newspaper press began a vigorous campaign of criticism and vilification against Finland in mid-November 1939.


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The journals published deliberately and deliberately coloured news that seemed incomprehensible from Finland's point of view.


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The campaign was largely aimed at shaping the mood of the Soviet population to support an invasion of Finland.


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The inscriptions included the desertions of Finnish soldiers from their garrisons and mutinies against their officers, skirmishes between reservists and patrons who had claimed casualties, and an extreme example of 1500 atheists supposedly carried out in Tampere liquidation.


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Finnish public opinion was said to be opposed to the attitude of the Finnish delegation at the Moscow talks and the British government's inciting the Finnish government to engage in warlike adventures.


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In an inscription published in Pravda, the main voice supporter of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, on 26 November 1939, Prime Minister A.


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K. Cajander was insulted as a “stumping cock”, a “writhing snake”, a “greedy little beast”, a “puppet of imperialists” and a “circus clown standing on top”.


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The Finnish envoy to Moscow, Aarno Yrjö-Koskinen, who had been summoned to Foreign Minister Vyacheslav Molotov on the evening of the same day, intended to express his objections to Pravda's writing, but before Yrjö-Koskinen could speak, Molotov read to him the Soviet government of Finland a sharp note to the government in response to the shots in Mainila.


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[40] When Molotov on 28 November informed Yrjö-Koskinen, who was once again invited to the Kremlin, that the Soviet Union was unilaterally terminating its non-aggression pact with Finland “due to Finland's hostile attitude”, Yrjö-Koskinen pointed out that it was not possible to terminate the agreement before for the year 1945.


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To this, Molotov did not respond anything.


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[41] The Finns, who felt violated, did not keep up with this chain of events, but considered legal considerations that had nothing more to do with reality.


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However, Hitler's Germany had done exactly the same way three months earlier before the invasion of Poland, and the Red Army had delayed its march to eastern Poland until it could be noted that the Polish government had fallen short of the user and the Ukrainians and Belarusians were “longing” protection”.


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Against this background, it was insignificant whether or not there had been a shooting in Mainila.


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[42] The military and political invasion of the Red Army invasion of Finland began on 30 November 1939.


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The Red Artillery opened fire on the Karelian Isthmus at 6:50 a.m.


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[43] However, on the shores of the Arctic Ocean and in Salla, the attack can be considered to have begun a few days earlier.


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[44] At 9 o'clock, the first air alert was issued in Vyborg.


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During the first day, the Soviet Air Force bombed 16 localities in Finland, including Helsinki twice.


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Soviet Foreign Minister Vyacheslav Molotov gave a late evening radio speech and reported that the Soviet government had instructed the Red Army to ensure the external security of the Soviet state.


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In Finland, President Kyösti Kallio read the parliament's decision on the state of war on the radio at 1:30 p.m.


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The League of Nations condemned the attack and separated the Soviet Union from the organization [45] on 14 December 1939.


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On 1 December, the Soviet leadership formed the government of the Finnish People's Republic of Terijoki, led by Otto Wille Kuusinen, out of the Reds who fled to Soviet Russia after the 1918 civil war.


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The Soviet Union announced its recognition of the Government of the People's Republic of Finland as the only official government in Finland, that it was waging war against the White-Finnish rebellious forces, and refused to negotiate with the new government formed by Risto Ryti on 1 December.


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[46] The imposition of the Terijoki government revealed that the Soviet objective was to take over all of Finland.


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Terijoki's government was also supposed to act as a political offensive wedge that would open the way to Helsinki for the Red Army.


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It was otherwise and the outside threat united the Finns, regardless of class boundaries, to defend themselves against the Soviet Union.


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[47] On 7 December 1939, the staff of the Finnish Embassy received permission, with the Winter War already raging, to travel from Moscow by train via Latvia to Germany.


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There, military attachés belonging to the Finnish embassy staff heard alarming news.


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Dining with military agents was a German acquaintance of Major Kaarlo Somerro, a lieutenant colonel working in the foreign section of the German General Staff.


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He told me that at the General Staff meeting Adolf Hitler would have wanted to declare war on Finland alongside the Soviet Union.


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However, the declaration of war tapered to the absolutely negative opposition of Marshal Herman Göring.


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The Finns speculated this was the German idea of occupying demilitarized Åland and thus securing ore shipments from northern Sweden.


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[48] Troops Finnish Army Army of the Isthmus II Army Corps (II AK, 3 divisions and Cavalry Brigade) III Army Corps (III AK, 2 divisions) In addition, one division IV army corps (IV AK, 2 divisions) Northern Finland Group Lapland Group during the war a further I Army Corps was formed, which belonged to the Army of the Isthmian.


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Red Army 7th Army 8th Army 9th Army 14th Army to Finnish Front was sent during the war still 13th Army and 15th Army.


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The two phases Winter War can be divided into two different phases: the failure of the Red Army attacks and the successful interceptor battle of the Finnish Defence Forces in December 1939 on all fronts.


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the gradual breaching of Finnish defences in the western part of the Karelian Isthmus and the Gulf of Vyborg in February—March 1940 caused by the pressure of a major offensive by the Soviet Army.


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Due to limited crew and material resources, the combat capability of the Finnish Defence Forces peaked at the end of December and, in the absence of adequate replenishment, it was reduced towards the end of the war.


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The opposite was true for the Red Army; a serious underestimation of enemy combat capability observed early in the war and overestimation of its own capabilities could be corrected by significant resource increases in January—February 1940.


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Objectives Finland had concentrated the first defence protection forces on the eastern border already during the Moscow negotiations and, under the guise of YH, a significant part of the field army was in defensive positions at the start of the war.


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The Soviet strategy was to invade Finland from six points along the eastern border: Karjalan Kannas, Ladoga Karelia, Kuhmo (and Lieksa), Suomussalmi, Salla and Petsamo.


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The main objective was the Karelian Isthmus, from which it was to advance to Vyborg and on to Helsinki.


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Another important direction was Ladoga Karelia, from which Karelian stock and southern Finland could be threatened.


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The third key objective was to cut off Finland's “waist” at its narrowest point and advance to Oulu.


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In Lapland, the goal was to take Salla via Rovaniemi and reach the Swedish border.


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Petsamo was pursued mostly because of ore resources in the area and the port.


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The Red Army was capable of deploying stronger troop divisions than the Finnish warfare command had expected: entire, partly motorised divisions, in the area between the northern side of Ladoga and Petsamo.


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In terms of the Finnish army's fighting capability, the first week of war was marked by unaccustomed to war and, among other things, tank horrors, that is, panic situations caused by enemy tank forces, which led to a faster than planned withdrawal from the Reich frontier.


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The Finns' good improvisational ability (dismembering tactics of motti and troop divisions) and rapid development of interceptor equipment (including firebottles) [49], as well as the almost complete commitment of Red Army troops to road work, made the situation more advantageous for the Finns and raised the confidence of the Finnish soldiers.


Question: What was the outcome of the Winter War?

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The pressure of the war also caused personnel changes in the Red Army.


Question: What was the outcome of the Winter War?

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Finland's combat victories in December and January on the Karelian Isthmus, the Red Army offensive stopped on 5 December at the end of the fighting on the Mannerheim Line, where the advanced tactics of Finnish artillery and its cooperation with the infantry came to light — as long as there was sufficient artillery ammunition.


Question: What was the outcome of the Winter War?

Winter War

The Karelian stock was defended by the Army of the Isthmian divided into II Army Corps in the Western Column and III Army Corps in the Eastern Isthmus.


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The former included the 4th, 5th, and 11th Divisions, and to the latter the 8th and 10th Divisions.


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The Army of the Isthmian and Headquarters reserve were the 1st and 6th Divisions.


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Groups of the Soviet 7th Army began the first breakthrough attempt at the Taipaleen River on the Eastern Isthmus on 6 December, but the offensive ended in failure on 8 December 1939.


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The 7th Army comprised nine infantry divisions, a Panzer Army Corps and three armoured brigades.


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The new attempt was scored 15—17.


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December ending with the defeat of the Finns.


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Fighting in the Red Army's center of gravity in the village of Summa in the western column began on 17 December and lasted until 22 December.


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The struggle ended with heavy losses for the Red Army.


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It was typical of the fighting for Soviet panzers to easily penetrate the positions of the Finns, under the cover of artillery concentrations, but the Finns were capable, with artillery fire and effective infantry fire, to keep the Red Army infantry and tank forces separate from each other.


Question: What was the outcome of the Winter War?

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After the infantry had been destroyed to barbed wire barriers, the tanks were destroyed by anti-tank tanks and pile charges.


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[50] After the Red Army offensive had been halted on the Karelian Isthmus in December, Marshal Mannerheim authorised the launch of a counterattack towards Soviet positions.


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The II Army Corps of the Isthmian Army, reinforced with two reserve divisions, conducted a counterattack on 23 December 1939.


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However, it failed and II Army Corps suffered heavy losses.


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The event was named “fool's cans”.


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[51] The 8th Army, six divisions and one armoured brigade, attacked towards Finland in Ladoga Karelia.


Question: What was the outcome of the Winter War?

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They advanced up to the northern shore of Lake Ladoga and a slightly more northerly route, through the strategically important area of Suojärvi towards Sortavala.


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The Finns resisted the attack with the 12th and 13th Divisions of the IV Army Corps.


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Suojärvi was quickly recaptured, and after unsuccessful counterattacks, the Finnish defences stabilized on the Kollaanjoki from 7 December.


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On the shores of Ladoga, the Finnish army initially withdrew via Salmin—Pitkäranta, but the Red Army was stopped in the Kitilän—Koirinoja area on 11—15.


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on Dec.


Question: What was the outcome of the Winter War?

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In December, the Finns began counterattacks, which eventually led to the emergence of the Kitilän—Koirinojan—Lemet mots in early January 1940.


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In them, fighting continued until the end of the Winter War.


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[52] In addition to the fighting victories in the Karelian Isthmus and Ladoga Karelia, the Finnish army achieved the first offensive and strategically significant victory.


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December at Lake Tolvajärvi in Raja-Karelia.


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In the fighting, Group Talvela, led by Colonel Paavo Talvela, with Lieutenant Colonel Aaro Pajari as the front commander, struck the 139th Infantry Division of the Red Army, thus preventing the Red Army's attack on the back of the Finnish troops fighting in Ladoga Karelia.


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Northern Finland Major victories based on the war of aggression and attracted significant international attention by the Finns in the Battle of Suomussalmi on 27—29.


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December 1939 and the ensuing Battle of Raatteentie 1—7.


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on January 1940.


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On the Finnish side, the 9th Division under Colonel Hjalmar Siilasvuo was responsible for the combat action.


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In the battle, the Soviet 163rd and 44th Infantry Divisions were destroyed with relatively few Finnish troops, as well as a considerable war booty.


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The battles in the area between Ladoga Karelia and Suomussalmi are good examples of effective exploitation of terrain and conditions in war and motto tactics.


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As a result of heavy losses, the Soviet Union abandoned its goal of cutting Finland off the level of Oulu.


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[53] In the Kuhmon—Lieksa area, Finnish brigade Vuokko prevented the penetration of the Red Army's 54th Infantry Division in the directions of Kajaani and Pielisjärvi from 8 to 28.


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in the raven battles of December 1939.


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After the fighting in Suomussalmi, the 9th Division was transferred in January 1940 to the Kuhmon—Lieksa area where it tried to destroy the aforementioned Soviet division.


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However, the attempt failed, so a motto war that lasted until the end of the war ended in the area.


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[54] During December 1939, Sections Roininen and Suoranta stopped Soviet 122 in Salla.


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(and 88.)


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Infantry Division attacks on the Kemijärvi area.


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Similarly, at Petsamo, the Finnish detachment Pennanen halted the advance of the Soviets 52nd Infantry Division and the 104th Mountain Division into the Nautsin-Featherjärvi area.


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[55] The Red Army Grand Offensive in February Soviet preparations The Red Army's failure to take Finland in December 1939 led to a thorough re-evaluation of the situation at the turn of 1939—1940.


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Combat activity subsided considerably for almost a month and a significant force group against Finland also began to be assembled in relation to Soviet resources.


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On 7 January 1940, the High Command of the Red Army, Stavka established the Northwest Front Staff to lead the war against the Finns and 1st Class Army Commander Semjon Timošenko was appointed at its head.


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The Karelian Isthmus Front was divided into two parts and 7.


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The army was assigned front responsibility for the western part of the area, where the focus of the major offensive was placed, and a new 13 was brought to the eastern part.


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Army.


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The total number of Soviet divisions on the Karelian Isthmus increased from ten to 21—26 and in addition, Timoshenko gained access to five new armoured brigades and 11 artillery regiments, as well as additional air force support.


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The Red Army had 4000 cannons and 1000—1200 tanks at its disposal on the Karelian Isthmus.


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A further additional high command reserve 28 was formed in the Leningrad region.


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Army Corps.


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A 6 kilometer wide center of gravity was created in the area of the sum, where 50 attacked


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The army corps, three divisions supported by 500—1000 guns and 200 tanks, on the flanks attacked the 10th and 19th.


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Army Corps.


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Artillery density peaked at around 50—100 guns per front kilometre.


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On the Finnish side, the main attack was taken up by one, the 3rd Division formed in Satakunta and Häme, with the 4th and 2nd divisions on their sites (in early January 1940, the numbering of some Finnish divisions was changed: 6 D.


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→ 3.


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D., 10 D.


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→ 7 D., 11 D.


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→ 2 D.).


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[56] Major Offensive to break through the Isthmus of the Mannerheim Line, on 1 February 1940, the Red Army began a vigorous and sustained artillery action that initialised the offenders, particularly on the Summa block.


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It was also accompanied by round-the-clock attacks by infantry and armoured forces.


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The end result was damage to Finnish positions and fatigue of troops with minimal reserves even before the main attack began.


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Due to constant combat contact, troops could not be replaced.


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The actual general attack began at 8:40am on the morning of 11 February with artillery fire accelerating into intense drum fire.


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By the afternoon, the Soviets achieved a decisive breakthrough in Summa with the Source block.


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In the Red Army, cooperation between artillery, tank units and infantry had improved significantly, and the Finns in turn suffered from a severe shortage of artillery ammunition and anti-tank guns.


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Firebottles and pile charges were no longer sufficient, as Soviet infantry effectively shielded tanks with their fire.


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On 15 February, the Finnish counterattacks failed and finally Commander-in-Chief Mannerheim issued the Isthmus 2.


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The Army Corps gave orders to withdraw to an intermediate position to Samolanlahti—Väkäkkijärvi—Muolaanjärvi, Muolaanjärvi—Äyräkäjärvi—Väyräpää.


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The army corps remained in place in the Mannerheim Line until the end of the war.


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[57] However, the effective belting that the Red Army had underway broke the intermediate position and the corps was ordered to withdraw to the rear position to the line Vyborg—Tali—Coskuanback—Copper Island—Vyborg on 27 February 1940.


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On 26 February, Timošenko, commander of the Northwestern Front Staff, gave orders to his troops to recapture the city of Vyborg.


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The mission became 7.


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Performed by the Army as a two-sided encirclement maneuver and a direct front attack.


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10th and 28.


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The army corps had to advance to the west of Vyborg over the frozen Gulf of Vyborg and 19.


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The army corps was to advance to the east of the city.


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34th and 50.


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The army corps attacked directly towards Vyborg.


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In addition, 13.


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The army was tasked with crossing Veuksi from Äyräpää to Vuosalmi and blockade Finland 3, which fought on the Mannerheim Line on the eastern isthmus.


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Army Corps.


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[58] Battles of Vyborg and Vyborg Gulf In terms of the defence of the rear position, the westward extension of the front line to the Gulf of Vyborg was a serious blow to the Finnish army of the Isthmus.


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The surroundings of Vyborg were a more advantageous area for the defender than the southern and central Isthmus, but part of the advantage was lost due to the Gulf of Vyborg, which was in thick ice.


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The strength of the Finnish defence force has steadily dwindled resources in terms of both crew and material, and the physical fatigue of the troops brought the Finns' fighting ability to the limit for the final two weeks of the Winter War.


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A new 23rd Division and 21st Division for the Eastern Isthmus had been received in support of the Vyborg area, but were supplement forces weaker than other divisions in combat value.


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A successful strategic breakthrough by the Soviets in the Gulf of Vyborg would have threatened the entire defences of southern Finland with Finnish troops still deep east of the area.


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In the Gulf of Vyborg, Finnish 4th Division troops were unable to prevent the Soviets' invasion of Härännäniemi and Vilaniemi on the western bank of the bay, where the Red Army cut the Vyborg—Helsinki highway on 9 March.


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The Finnish defenders held up and prevented the breakthrough from expanding.


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However, when peace came on 13 March, the situation was critical: 7.


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The Army relocated 3.


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The Cavalry Corps on 11 March already at Koivisto, aiming to establish a decisive superiority on the west bank of the Vyborg Gulf, but peace interrupted the action.


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In Vyborg, the 3rd and 5th Divisions lost their suburban areas and the front line moved to Patterinmäki on 12 March.


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The threat of encirclement to the east of the town formed severe after the Red Army penetrated the Oak Swamp and breached the support line of the defences of the Isthmus of Tali on 7—9.


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March 1940, but the attack was still successful in stopping Portinslender.


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In Tal, severe drum fire and tank fire from Soviet artillery caused even the threat of escape among the overburdened Finns.


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[59] Since the beginning of March, the 13th Army of the Red Army attacked with at least six divisions in Äyräpää, defended by the under-numbered 2nd and 21st Divisions.


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The central part of Äyräheadharju and Kirkonmäki west of Vuoksi were lost on 4 March and Vasikkasaari of Vuoksen on 5 March.


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Soviet forces eventually managed to cross Vuos on 8—11.


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March and to create a bridgehead about 500 meters deep on the east bank of the river, but the coming of peace resolved the critical situation.


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At Taipaleenjoki, the Finnish 7th Division withstood fierce attacks by the Red Army from 11—20.


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February and largely retained their original positions until the end of the war.


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[59] Peace in Moscow The unexpected turn in the war by Finnish army soldiers during December 1939, the defeat of the Red Army, brought a partial solution to the conflict.


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The Soviet Union was forced to reassess the objectives of the war and the overall effects of a conflict that stretched longer than planned.


Question: What was the outcome of the Winter War?

Winter War

It began planning a better-prepared new major offensive for January—February 1940.


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Winter War

[60] The positive international attention caused by the successful struggle of the Finns seriously disturbed Stalin since early December.


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Winter War

Information on British and French plans to support Finland in the Winter War, both in military and material, put the NL in front of a whole new situation.


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Winter War

The interference of Western superpowers in the war threatened to extend the conflict in a direction disadvantageous to the Soviet Union.


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Winter War

[61] Stalin had calculated that World War I would expand over the course of 1940 to include between Germany and the Western Allies, which would have provided new avenues for action for the Soviet Union.


Question: What was the outcome of the Winter War?

Winter War

[62] The stretching of the war over the turn of the year and the information about the Western Powers' mission project to Finland, the Arctic Ocean and the Caucasus led the Soviet leadership to abandon the goal of occupying Finland and installing a Soviet-minded Terijoki government in Finland.


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Winter War

It opened up the possibility of a compromise peace, and the Soviet leadership, via Sweden, informed Finland on 29 January 1940, contrary to its previous line, that Stalin was ready for armistice negotiations with the government of Risto Ryti.


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The announcement was preceded by secret confessions between writer Hella Wuolijoki and Soviet envoy to Stockholm Alexandra Kollontai on 10—21.


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on January 1940.


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[63] However, the Soviet Union required — because “blood had flowed” — that Finland be prepared for greater concessions than what the NL had demanded in the autumn of 1939.


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[64] The Finnish government responded to the Soviet offer on 30 January, declaring that Finland would be willing in principle for peace, but only for some minor border revisions on the Karelian Isthmus and possibly also the demilitarization of the Gulf of Finland.


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Winter War

The good situation on the fronts reduced Finns' appetite for further concessions.


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Winter War

[65] With the weakening of the Finnish position and bending to peace terms, Finland's position changed as the Red Army began fire preparations for a major offensive on 1 February and the actual general offensive on 11 February 1940 and the Finns' defences began to falter.


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Winter War

The Soviet leadership's offer of peace and a major offensive was apparently part of an overall plan that, on the one hand, still attempted at least a limited military solution on the fronts, but on the other hand aimed at preventing further escalation of the conflict.


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Winter War

In early February 1940, the Finns ended up in a balancing act that had continued until peace, in which consideration was made between making peace and continuing the war.


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Winter War

The pressure of the Red Army's offensive, as well as the physical fatigue and losses of its own army and the lack of reserves, advocated a peace treaty.


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On the other hand, the offer of aid from Britain and France was tempted to continue the war.


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According to the official French announcement, Western powers would have been prepared to send 50,000 men, which would have arrived in Finland at the end of March.


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[66] Aid was considered to have been militarily inadequate and coming too late for the Soviet invasion to be repelled.


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Winter War

[67] Furthermore, the problem was that it could not be sure whether Sweden would allow the passage of these soldiers through its territory.


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[68] Heikki Ylikangas, for his part, has argued that Finland rejected military aid from Western powers and agreed to peace because key government ministers believed Germany would win the ongoing major war.


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The government's solution was also influenced by Marshal Hermann Göring's verbal call to T. M. Kivimäki, Finland's envoy to Germany on 22 February, to agree to peace on any conditions (see.


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Hermann Goering: Winter War Advice).


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According to Ylikanka, Finland was acting on this advice because the political leadership believed that they would recover the territories lost in peace negotiations with interest after Germany would invade the Soviet Union.


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[69] On 23 February, as Red Army tanks and artillery drum fire straddled Finnish defensive positions in Karelia, the Soviet leadership issued minimum conditions for Finland to start peace negotiations.


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They called for Finland to cede to the Soviet Union at least Karelian Isthmus and Vyborg and the northeastern half of Ladoga, including Sortavala.


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With the constant deterioration of the front situation and, among other things, Sweden's continued refusal of Finnish requests for assistance, the government decided to open negotiations for peace on 29 February [70] and agreed to Soviet terms 5.


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on March.


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[71] Sweden's motivations for neutrality must have been the preservation of the country outside the Great War, the export of iron ore, and German relations which would have been threatened by the intervention of Western powers in Scandinavia.


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Britain and France had decided on military intervention in the Winter War on 5 February and they expected Finland's official request for assistance by 5 March 1940.


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However, the Finnish military command judged that the West's assistance would have been insufficient and would not have reached it in time.


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It was also feared that accepting aid would have shifted the entire focus of World War II to Northern Europe, which would have been extremely heavy on civilians (cf.


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the Polish situation where fought throughout the war).


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[72] The Soviet Union pressed Finland hard for peace, despite the fact that the fighting was already turning decisively in its favour in the early days of March.


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The reason was that Stalin considered it too great a risk to continue the fight, which was leading the Soviet Union against the Western powers in the overall fixture of the Great War.


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He calculated that the immediate occupation of Finland was not worth the risk, and the territory of Finland could be taken over sometime later at the opportunity.


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Peace would be a prestige defeat for the Soviet Union, but even that would be a lesser annoyance than going to war with France and Britain.


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[73] The Germans' main motive for calming the situation must have been the aid plans of the Western Allies, which threatened the supply of iron ore from northern Sweden.


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Hitler's main goal was to defeat Bolshevism and acquire living space in the east.


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[74] Thus, the Winter War shook the great war still lifes.


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Winter War

However, by the beginning of March 1940, the Finnish army had come to a point where its fighting capability threatened to collapse and therefore a delegation led by Prime Minister Risto Ryti was subjected to dictating money in Moscow from 8 to 10.


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on March 1940.


Question: What was the outcome of the Winter War?

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[75] Peace The Finnish government and the Committee on Foreign Affairs approved the Soviet-drafted peace treaty on 11 March and the Moscow Peace Treaty was signed on the evening of 12 March 1940.


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Combat action on the fronts ended progressively the next day, beginning at 11am.


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Winter War

At 10:45 a.m., artillery and mortars of Soviet troops unexpectedly opened fire on the Finns positions.


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The concentrations did not have any direct military goal and were pure retaliation.


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Hundreds of Finns were killed or wounded by the shelling.


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[76] At the Salla front, the artillery concentration was severe and at 12 o'clock Soviet aircraft bombarded the Finnish positions.


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Of the unit of Swedish volunteers responsible for the front, ten were downed and 30 men wounded.


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[77] According to the peace treaty, Finland ceded to the Soviet Union part of Salla and Kuusamo, the Fisheryasaarenno Petsamo, the outer islands of the Gulf of Finland and a large part of Karelia including Vyborg, the second largest city in the country, practically following the border line of the 1721 Uusikaupunki Peace.


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Finland was also forced to lease Hanko to the Soviet Union as a base for 30 years and build a railway between Kantalahti and Salla.


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[78] Furthermore, the situation created a significant demographic problem when a total of 430000 Finns left the territories ceded to the Soviet Union.


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[65] Weaknesses and strengths of the parties The Finnish army had knowledge of the terrain as well as the skill to move, accommodate and fight in rough frost and snowy terrain.


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Particularly notable the aforementioned skills were north of Ladoga, a wilderness area about 1,000 kilometres long with sparse roads and little settlement.


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Skis, crate, tent, stove and Suomi submachine gun are assisted.


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This equipment and the tactics associated with their use had been developed in the 1920s and 1930s.


Question: What was the outcome of the Winter War?

Winter War

The Finnish Army developed a strategy based on encirclement e.g.