Question: How much did T-Ford weigh in 1908?

Ford Model T

[16] Sources Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Glenning, Christer & Bengt Ason Holm| title = Cars of the Year | location = Porvoo, Uusimaa| publisher = WSOY| year = 1998| version = Translation Antti Räsänen} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Chaline, Eric| title = 50 Machines that Changed the Course of History (50 Machines that Changed the Course of History) | publisher = Quid Publishing, (English version Moreni 2013) | year = 2012| id = ISBN 978-952-254-160-4| language = English | accessdate = 18.1.2014}} References about the model, as well as songs about the T-model from the 1920s (e.g.


Question: How much did T-Ford weigh in 1908?

Ford Model T

Model T Encyclopedia) Model T Category:Key articles of screening category:20th century cars Category:1910s cars Category:1920s cars


Question: Are all Augustus emperors related to each other?

History of Italy

Italy (united 1861) has deeply influenced the culture of the Mediterranean region and Europe as a whole.


Question: Are all Augustus emperors related to each other?

History of Italy

After the Greek rule of Magna Graecia, the Etruscans and then the Roman Empire ruled Italy for centuries.


Question: Are all Augustus emperors related to each other?

History of Italy

Italy was an important centre of philosophy, science and art during the Middle Ages and the Renaissance.


Question: Are all Augustus emperors related to each other?

History of Italy

Origin of the name Italy is an ancient name for the country and population of southern Italy.


Question: Are all Augustus emperors related to each other?

History of Italy

Its origin is unknown, but it might come from the Latin word vitulus (one-year-old calf): “land of calves”.


Question: Are all Augustus emperors related to each other?

History of Italy

[1] Coins bearing the name Italy were printed by southern tribes that competed with Rome in the last century BCE.


Question: Are all Augustus emperors related to each other?

History of Italy

After the dissolution of the Roman Empire, Italy became the joint denomination of the states of the Apennine Peninsula and their overseas holdings.


Question: Are all Augustus emperors related to each other?

History of Italy

[2] Ancient peoples In old times Italy was inhabited by several different peoples.


Question: Are all Augustus emperors related to each other?

History of Italy

Many of them, like Latin, Oscs and Volskis, spoke Italic languages that were closely related to each other.


Question: Are all Augustus emperors related to each other?

History of Italy

In addition, there were many Greeks living in southern Italy, Etruscans in the area of present-day Tuscany, and Celtic peoples in northern Italy.


Question: Are all Augustus emperors related to each other?

History of Italy

The Etruscans controlled much of Italy before the Roman Empire.


Question: Are all Augustus emperors related to each other?

History of Italy

[3] The Etruscans did not speak an Indo-European language and their origins are shrouded in obscurity.


Question: Are all Augustus emperors related to each other?

History of Italy

They were definitively assimilated with the Romans in the republic period.


Question: Are all Augustus emperors related to each other?

History of Italy

The culture, which is distinctly Etruscan, emerged in the year 800 BCE.


Question: Are all Augustus emperors related to each other?

History of Italy

after.


Question: Are all Augustus emperors related to each other?

History of Italy

The high point of Etruscan civilization was in the times of the founding of Rome and the Kingdom period.


Question: Are all Augustus emperors related to each other?

History of Italy

The Etruscans did not form a unified kingdom but Greek-type city-states.


Question: Are all Augustus emperors related to each other?

History of Italy

The last kings of the Roman Empire were Etruscans and Roman culture was strongly influenced by the Etruscans.


Question: Are all Augustus emperors related to each other?

History of Italy

As it expanded, Rome incorporated the Etruscan cities into itself.


Question: Are all Augustus emperors related to each other?

History of Italy

Roman Empire Rising According to the myth, Rome was founded in 753 BCE.


Question: Are all Augustus emperors related to each other?

History of Italy

Romulus and Remus and was ruled by seven kings.


Question: Are all Augustus emperors related to each other?

History of Italy

[4] According to tradition, the last king of Rome, Tarquinius Superbus, was exiled in 509 BCE.


Question: Are all Augustus emperors related to each other?

History of Italy

and the Roman Republic was founded.


Question: Are all Augustus emperors related to each other?

History of Italy

The republic was governed by two elected consuls, and a senate assembled primarily from patricians formed, together with the citizens' assembly, a kind of parliament.


Question: Are all Augustus emperors related to each other?

History of Italy

In the following centuries, Rome expanded its territory, defeating its neighbours one after the other.


Question: Are all Augustus emperors related to each other?

History of Italy

After the wars, the Romans generally did not seek total subordination of the defeated, but forced them into a subordinate ally relationship.


Question: Are all Augustus emperors related to each other?

History of Italy

This policy was one of the reasons for Rome's success.


Question: Are all Augustus emperors related to each other?

History of Italy

Many weak Etruscan and Greek cities asked Rome for protection rather than confronted it in war.


Question: Are all Augustus emperors related to each other?

History of Italy

After the Punic Wars and the loss of Carthage, Rome controlled most of the western Mediterranean and its influence grew rapidly in the east as well.


Question: Are all Augustus emperors related to each other?

History of Italy

10th century BCE


Question: Are all Augustus emperors related to each other?

History of Italy

by the end Rome had defeated the Hellenistic states of Macedonia and Syria and controlled the entire Mediterranean with the exception of Egypt.


Question: Are all Augustus emperors related to each other?

History of Italy

Empire The institutions of the Roman Republic had been developed in a city-state and were not suited to the control of a large empire.


Question: Are all Augustus emperors related to each other?

History of Italy

In addition, there were schisms both within Rome and between Rome and its Italian allies.


Question: Are all Augustus emperors related to each other?

History of Italy

The trend favored military commanders, who began pursuing exclusivity.


Question: Are all Augustus emperors related to each other?

History of Italy

The first such was Sulla (d. 78 BCE.)


Question: Are all Augustus emperors related to each other?

History of Italy

After him came Julius Caesar, who after conquering Gaul (present-day France) defeated Pompey in a civil war and effectively became a monospace, but was assassinated by republican senators in 44 BCE.


Question: Are all Augustus emperors related to each other?

History of Italy

His successor Octavianus defeated the Senatorial Party, received the title Augustus and was elected Imperator.


Question: Are all Augustus emperors related to each other?

History of Italy

Although he formally tolerated the laws of the republic, he ruled practically as a monopoly and the Roman Empire had emerged.


Question: Are all Augustus emperors related to each other?

History of Italy

[5] This became clear during the time of his successor Tiberius.


Question: Are all Augustus emperors related to each other?

History of Italy

The establishment of the Empire brought clear advantages to the provinces, which may have appealed to the emperor against local authorities instead of corrupt senators.


Question: Are all Augustus emperors related to each other?

History of Italy

Furthermore, Roman citizenship was slowly extended to provinces and jurisdiction became less arbitrary.


Question: Are all Augustus emperors related to each other?

History of Italy

The Roman Empire was further expanded somewhat in the Imperial period; for example Claudius annexed Britain 47 partitions..


Question: Are all Augustus emperors related to each other?

History of Italy

In the first and second centuries, there were some civil wars (for example by the Four Emperors in 69) and rebellions (such as the Judean Uprising, which ended with the takeover of Jerusalem in 70 and started the Jewish diaspora).


Question: Are all Augustus emperors related to each other?

History of Italy

Decay and loss The internal state of the kingdom slowly deteriorated, which was reflected in crises in the third century, when economic difficulties, barbarian invasions, and civil wars almost led to the dissolution of the Empire.


Question: Are all Augustus emperors related to each other?

History of Italy

It was saved by Diocletian (284—305) and Constantine (306—337), who moved the capital to Byzantium, changing its name to Constantinople, thus initiating the division of the kingdom into the western and eastern part.


Question: Are all Augustus emperors related to each other?

History of Italy

Constantine also stopped opposing Christianity.


Question: Are all Augustus emperors related to each other?

History of Italy

Christianity became the state religion under Theodosius I in 380.


Question: Are all Augustus emperors related to each other?

History of Italy

The Great Internationals broke the defences of Western Rome, and the Vandals and Goths eradicated the kingdom for good in the 4th century.


Question: Are all Augustus emperors related to each other?

History of Italy

Medieval Goths, Byzantium and Langobards the Visigoths conquered Italy in the 4th century and Alarik plundered Rome in 410.


Question: Are all Augustus emperors related to each other?

History of Italy

By the end of the century, the peninsula was for the most part controlled by the Ostrogoths, and Odovakar sacked in 476 the last emperor of Western Rome, Romulus Augustus.


Question: Are all Augustus emperors related to each other?

History of Italy

In 493, Teoderik the Great overthrew Odovakar and became king of the Ostrogoths.


Question: Are all Augustus emperors related to each other?

History of Italy

The capital of his kingdom was Ravenna.


Question: Are all Augustus emperors related to each other?

History of Italy

Byzantium, or Eastern Rome, invaded Italy in the early 5th century and Emperor Justinian I's generals Belisarius and Narses conquered the Kingdom of the Ostrogoths after years of war in 552.


Question: Are all Augustus emperors related to each other?

History of Italy

These Gothic Wars destroyed most of the surviving urban culture.


Question: Are all Augustus emperors related to each other?

History of Italy

The departure of the Byzantine armies allowed another Germanic tribe, the Langobards, to conquer much of the peninsula.


Question: Are all Augustus emperors related to each other?

History of Italy

The exarchate of Ravenna, which remained in Byzantine possession, was concentrated around Ravenna.


Question: Are all Augustus emperors related to each other?

History of Italy

[6] Rise of the Catholic Church The Church and especially the Bishop of Rome, the Pope, has played an important political role since Constantine, who sought to annex the institution to imperial rule.


Question: Are all Augustus emperors related to each other?

History of Italy

In the precarious situation following the breakup of Western Rome, the Church was often the only stable institution and the only source of doctrine.


Question: Are all Augustus emperors related to each other?

History of Italy

Even the barbarians depended on the church to govern their lands of conquest.


Question: Are all Augustus emperors related to each other?

History of Italy

In addition, Catholic monastic organizations such as the Benedictines played a large role both in the economic life of the time and as preservers of classical culture.


Question: Are all Augustus emperors related to each other?

History of Italy

After the entry of the Langobards, the popes were nominally subordinate to the Eastern Emperor, but received little support from Constantinople and began to build an independent state to protect Rome from langobard attacks.


Question: Are all Augustus emperors related to each other?

History of Italy

In the late 7th century, the popes pursued independence and found a way to do so by allying themselves with the Frankish Carolingid dynasty: the Carolings needed legitimacy to seize power from the Merovings, while the Popes needed military support against the Langobards.


Question: Are all Augustus emperors related to each other?

History of Italy

In 751, the Langobards took over Ravenna, and the Byzantine presence in central Italy came to an end (some coastal towns and territories in southern Italy remained in Byzantium until the 10th century).


Question: Are all Augustus emperors related to each other?

History of Italy

The Popes turned to the Franks, who in 756 defeated the Langobards and ceded to the Pope power over central Italy, thus establishing the Church State.


Question: Are all Augustus emperors related to each other?

History of Italy

However, the rest of Italy was held by the Langobards or Byzantium.


Question: Are all Augustus emperors related to each other?

History of Italy

Holy Roman Empire In 774, after a papal invitation, the Franks defeated the Langobards and took the crown of their kingdom.


Question: Are all Augustus emperors related to each other?

History of Italy

Their leader Charles the Great was crowned by the pope on 25 December 800 in Rome as emperor.


Question: Are all Augustus emperors related to each other?

History of Italy

This caused a dispute between the Frankish Empire and Byzantium over the right to the name of Rome.


Question: Are all Augustus emperors related to each other?

History of Italy

In 812, Byzantium agreed to recognize the Roman Empire in exchange for guaranteeing its Italian holdings.


Question: Are all Augustus emperors related to each other?

History of Italy

However, the emperor's power did not properly reach the southern parts of the peninsula, whose two langobard dukes of Spoleto and Benevento accepted Charlemagne's rule in name only.


Question: Are all Augustus emperors related to each other?

History of Italy

Conquering Benevento would have meant full encirclement of Papal territories in the emperor's territories, and Charles the Great probably thought it was not good for relations.


Question: Are all Augustus emperors related to each other?

History of Italy

Greco-Latin coastal cities such as Naples on the Tyrrhenian Sea and Venice on the Adriatic became increasingly independent of Byzantium.


Question: Are all Augustus emperors related to each other?

History of Italy

Charles the Great had the papal efforts to expand power stymied, and his time meant balancing in Italy, although marked by non-Italian interests.


Question: Are all Augustus emperors related to each other?

History of Italy

The gap between Eastern and Western Christendom continued to grow.


Question: Are all Augustus emperors related to each other?

History of Italy

Saint Leo III was the first pope to date his bulla in accordance with the reign of Charles the Great rather than the Byzantine emperors.


Question: Are all Augustus emperors related to each other?

History of Italy

By the beginning of the 8th century, the process that began three centuries earlier, in which Italy seceded from Byzantium and connected to Western Europe, had become broadly completed.


Question: Are all Augustus emperors related to each other?

History of Italy

Sicily, Calabria, Apulia and some maritime cities were the main exceptions.


Question: Are all Augustus emperors related to each other?

History of Italy

After the death of Charlemagne (814), under weak successors, the Empire quickly fell apart.


Question: Are all Augustus emperors related to each other?

History of Italy

The equilibrium created by the emperor's charisma was shattered.


Question: Are all Augustus emperors related to each other?

History of Italy

The crisis was exacerbated by external factors such as Saracen invasions and the intensification of maritime republics.


Question: Are all Augustus emperors related to each other?

History of Italy

Charles the Great's son Louis the Pious died in 840.


Question: Are all Augustus emperors related to each other?

History of Italy

The Treaty of Verdun divided the Empire in 843.


Question: Are all Augustus emperors related to each other?

History of Italy

Louis's eldest surviving son Lothar I became emperor and ruler of the central part of the kingdom.


Question: Are all Augustus emperors related to each other?

History of Italy

His three sons accordingly divided this kingdom between themselves, and northern Italy became the Kingdom of Italy under Louis II in 839.


Question: Are all Augustus emperors related to each other?

History of Italy

Muslim Arabs conquered Sicily in 827, ruled until 1053.


Question: Are all Augustus emperors related to each other?

History of Italy

In 846, the Arabs invaded Rome and plundered St. Peter's Basilica, taking all the gold and silver from there.


Question: Are all Augustus emperors related to each other?

History of Italy

As a result, Leo IV began the construction of the Vatican Wall, which was completed in 853.


Question: Are all Augustus emperors related to each other?

History of Italy

In 951, the Italian and German crowns were merged.


Question: Are all Augustus emperors related to each other?

History of Italy

The ruler of the new kingdom, Otto I the Great, submitted that the Union would restore the kingdom of Charles the Great and received the title of emperor in 962.


Question: Are all Augustus emperors related to each other?

History of Italy

In these times of turmoil, the prestige of the papacy institution had also diminished (see pornocracy, for example).


Question: Are all Augustus emperors related to each other?

History of Italy

End of the Middle Ages Barbarian invasions and Gothic Wars eradicated much of Italy's urban culture.


Question: Are all Augustus emperors related to each other?

History of Italy

It did not completely disappear, but was much more modest than in the Roman period.


Question: Are all Augustus emperors related to each other?

History of Italy

Wars, disappearances and disease had also plummeted Italy's population.


Question: Are all Augustus emperors related to each other?

History of Italy

In the 7th—8th centuries, some cities such as Amalfi and Venice began to flourish through trade (silk, salt), but urban life remained scarce.


Question: Are all Augustus emperors related to each other?

History of Italy

The 10th century marked the end of the darkest period of the Middle Ages.


Question: Are all Augustus emperors related to each other?

History of Italy

Trade slowly began to recover, especially through the sea, and the four port cities, Amalfi, Pisa, Genoa and Venice became powermakers.


Question: Are all Augustus emperors related to each other?

History of Italy

[7] Many landlocked cities, such as Florence and Milan, also grew and effectively became independent city-states from the central power, expanding their territory at the expense of feudal lords to the countryside.


Question: Are all Augustus emperors related to each other?

History of Italy

In the 12th century, Italian cities that were part of the Empire rebelled successfully against the centralisation effort of the regime of Frederick I Barbarossa.


Question: Are all Augustus emperors related to each other?

History of Italy

The pope regained his authority and began a long struggle against the Empire on both ecclesiastical and secular issues, the first act of which was an investment-strife.


Question: Are all Augustus emperors related to each other?

History of Italy

At the same time, the southern parts of Italy and Sicily were conquered by the Normans.


Question: Are all Augustus emperors related to each other?

History of Italy

The Normans eventually conquered Byzantine and Arab-controlled territories.


Question: Are all Augustus emperors related to each other?

History of Italy

Byzantium, however, had not been defeated yet, instead invading in 1155 Italy under Emperor Manuel I Komnenos.


Question: Are all Augustus emperors related to each other?

History of Italy

By 1158, the Byzantine army had been forced to withdraw from Italy.


Question: Are all Augustus emperors related to each other?

History of Italy

The Renaissance Italian Renaissance, or rinascimento, ushered in the Renaissance, especially in Europe of a new era in culture and arts, which continued from the end of the 14th century until about 1600.


Question: Are all Augustus emperors related to each other?

History of Italy

The Renaissance began in Tuscany, the cities of Florence and Siena, and its high point was towards the end of the 15th century.


Question: Are all Augustus emperors related to each other?

History of Italy

It spread south, affecting Rome in particular, which was largely rebuilt by Renaissance popes.


Question: Are all Augustus emperors related to each other?

History of Italy

The Italian Renaissance began to decline at the end of the 15th century with the invasion of foreign powers, after which the focus of the Renaissance shifted to Central Europe.


Question: Are all Augustus emperors related to each other?

History of Italy

Roots In the Heart Middle Ages, the city-states of the northern part of Italy were among the most prosperous in Europe, considerably more prosperous than the southern part of Italy, including Rome.


Question: Are all Augustus emperors related to each other?

History of Italy

The Crusades had established permanent trade ties with the Levant, and Byzantium, a trading rival of the Italian cities, had been badly damaged by the Fourth Crusade.


Question: Are all Augustus emperors related to each other?

History of Italy

Luxury goods such as spices, dyes and silk were brought to the ports of Genoa, Pisa and Venice in Italy and exported from there to other parts of Europe.


Question: Are all Augustus emperors related to each other?

History of Italy

Inland towns, on the other hand, benefited from good farmland, such as the Po River Valley.


Question: Are all Augustus emperors related to each other?

History of Italy

In turn, wool, wheat and precious metals were imported via land and river routes from France, Germany and the Netherlands.


Question: Are all Augustus emperors related to each other?

History of Italy

Trade stretching from Egypt to the Baltics created surpluses that could be invested in mining, farming and early industry.


Question: Are all Augustus emperors related to each other?

History of Italy

Northern Italy was not richer than the rest of Europe in terms of resources, but the high rate of processing built on the bottom of commerce enabled it to succeed.


Question: Are all Augustus emperors related to each other?

History of Italy

Florence, for example, initially emerged as one of the most prosperous cities in northern Italy largely through the production of fabrics.


Question: Are all Augustus emperors related to each other?

History of Italy

Wool was imported from Northern Europe and Spain, and with dyes imported from the East, it was made into quality clothes.


Question: Are all Augustus emperors related to each other?

History of Italy

In the 13th century, Italian city-states grew strongly and became virtually independent from the Empire.


Question: Are all Augustus emperors related to each other?

History of Italy

During this period, banking and monetary methods also developed, the center of which Florence became its center, and its currency, the florin, the currency of international trade.


Question: Are all Augustus emperors related to each other?

History of Italy

A new aristocrat class emerged, which had gained ground through their business skills and challenged the feudal upper class that ruled Europe in the Middle Ages.


Question: Are all Augustus emperors related to each other?

History of Italy

In most of northern Italy, urban grand burghers were more formidable than rural feudal lords.


Question: Are all Augustus emperors related to each other?

History of Italy

The economic crash of the 14th century and the beginning of the Renaissance in the 14th century saw a series of disasters that collapsed the European economy.


Question: Are all Augustus emperors related to each other?

History of Italy

These included the beginning of the Little Ice Age, which depressed agricultural production as well as the Hundred Years' War between France and England, which stirred the economy: for example, two of Florence's largest banks, Bardi and Peruzzi, fell after Edward III of England left his debts of 1.5 million florins unserviced in in 1345.


Question: Are all Augustus emperors related to each other?

History of Italy

[8] In the east, the formation of the Ottoman Empire cut off trade routes.


Question: Are all Augustus emperors related to each other?

History of Italy

The most devastating was the Black Death, which killed tens of percent of Europe's population.


Question: Are all Augustus emperors related to each other?

History of Italy

The population of Florence, for example, collapsed from 90000,0000 to 50000 and caused turmoil including, for example, the Textile Workers' Revolt of 1378.


Question: Are all Augustus emperors related to each other?

History of Italy

Some accidents of the 14th century contributed to the Renaissance.


Question: Are all Augustus emperors related to each other?

History of Italy

Ottoman expansion at the expense of Byzantium caused an influx of refugees from the east, and they brought with them classical Greek civilisation.


Question: Are all Augustus emperors related to each other?

History of Italy

The Black Death wiped out a third of Europe's population, leaving the new smaller population soon more prosperous than previously thought.


Question: Are all Augustus emperors related to each other?

History of Italy

The population had more property for luxury goods, but fewer of their producers, improving the position of the lower classes.


Question: Are all Augustus emperors related to each other?

History of Italy

The horrors of the Black Death and the Church's inability to prevent them also undermined the Church's influence, which was one of the prerequisites for the Renaissance.


Question: Are all Augustus emperors related to each other?

History of Italy

During this period, the first Renaissance figures such as Dante and Francesco Petrarca lived, and the first signs of the Renaissance were visible in the early 14th century.


Question: Are all Augustus emperors related to each other?

History of Italy

The fall of the Bard and Peruzzi banks opened the way for the rise of the Medici family in Florence.


Question: Are all Augustus emperors related to each other?

History of Italy

Robert Sabatino Lopez has even suggested that financial collapse was a necessary cause of the renaissance, as in economically favorable times businessmen invest their money quickly, while in bad times fewer investment items can be found, causing them to spend their funds on culture and to art.


Question: Are all Augustus emperors related to each other?

History of Italy

[9] Wars Especially the early part of the Renaissance was an almost continuous war between city-states, fought by mercenaries brought from all over Europe.


Question: Are all Augustus emperors related to each other?

History of Italy

Cities warred against each other, and on the other hand, the pope struggled for power with the emperor.


Question: Are all Augustus emperors related to each other?

History of Italy

More powerful city-states often subjugated their weaker ones and annexed them to themselves, such as Florence of Pisa 1406 and Venice of Padua and Verona.


Question: Are all Augustus emperors related to each other?

History of Italy

The cities depended entirely on mercenaries who, in the worst case scenario, might turn on their master and take power in the city.


Question: Are all Augustus emperors related to each other?

History of Italy

Fleets were equipped for wars at sea.


Question: Are all Augustus emperors related to each other?

History of Italy

Venice became the superior sea master after it dispossessed the Genoese fleet in 1380.


Question: Are all Augustus emperors related to each other?

History of Italy

On land, the main wars were fought between Florence and Milan; these wars have been seen as important in the emergence of the Renaissance.


Question: Are all Augustus emperors related to each other?

History of Italy

[10] The Medici family, which owned the largest bank in Europe, became Lord of Florence in the 1430s, with Cosimo de' Medici as its first leader.


Question: Are all Augustus emperors related to each other?

History of Italy

Florence was formally preserved as a republic, but the instruments of power were firmly in the hands of the Medici and their allies.


Question: Are all Augustus emperors related to each other?

History of Italy

Cosimo de' Medici was very popular among the townspeople due to the peace and heyday of the era.


Question: Are all Augustus emperors related to each other?

History of Italy

His most notable achievements included making peace with the Sforza family of Milan, bringing an end to decades of war.


Question: Are all Augustus emperors related to each other?

History of Italy

Cosimo was also a supporter of the arts, though some have regarded his reputation in this regard as exaggerated.


Question: Are all Augustus emperors related to each other?

History of Italy

In 1469, Cosimo's grandson Lorenzo de' Medici, who was the first member of the family to receive humanistic education in his early years and the most important of the family's supporters of the arts, came to power.


Question: Are all Augustus emperors related to each other?

History of Italy

Under Lorenzo, Medici power was consolidated with the creation of the Council of Seventy, which Lorenzo presided over.


Question: Are all Augustus emperors related to each other?

History of Italy

The republican institutions survived, but lost their influence.


Question: Are all Augustus emperors related to each other?

History of Italy

In business, Lorenzo was not as successful as his predecessors, and the Medici financial empire slowly began to decline.


Question: Are all Augustus emperors related to each other?

History of Italy

Lorenzo's relations with the pope deteriorated, leading to the attempted assassination of Lorenzo orchestrated by the Pope with the Pazzi House.


Question: Are all Augustus emperors related to each other?

History of Italy

It failed, but led to a war with the Pope by which centralized power of the Medici was later justified.


Question: Are all Augustus emperors related to each other?

History of Italy

[11] The spread of the Renaissance Renaissance ideals spread from Florence first to the Tuscan neighboring cities of Siena and Lucca.


Question: Are all Augustus emperors related to each other?

History of Italy

Tuscan culture soon became an object of imitation for all of northern Italy, with the Tuscan dialect of Italian dominant especially in the literature of the region.


Question: Are all Augustus emperors related to each other?

History of Italy

In 1447, Francesco Sforza rose to power in Milan and quickly transformed the medieval city into an arts and civilisation centre.


Question: Are all Augustus emperors related to each other?

History of Italy

Venice, one of the most prosperous cities, also became a cultural center, especially in architecture.


Question: Are all Augustus emperors related to each other?

History of Italy

In 1378, the pope returned to Rome, but the former mighty city remained mostly poor and ruined through the early years of the Renaissance.


Question: Are all Augustus emperors related to each other?

History of Italy

Nicholas V, who became pope in 1447, initiated a major rebuilding.


Question: Are all Augustus emperors related to each other?

History of Italy

With the papacy falling into the hands of northern power families such as the Medici and the Borgias, the renaissance world and art became dominant in the Vatican.


Question: Are all Augustus emperors related to each other?

History of Italy

Pope Sixtus IV continued the work of Nicholas, most famously his project the construction of the Sistine Chapel.


Question: Are all Augustus emperors related to each other?

History of Italy

Popes increasingly became secular administrators, and under the “warrior popes”, the power of the Church State was centralised.


Question: Are all Augustus emperors related to each other?

History of Italy

The character of the Renaissance changed in the late 15th century.


Question: Are all Augustus emperors related to each other?

History of Italy

Renaissance ideals were then fully embraced in the ruling class and aristocracy.


Question: Are all Augustus emperors related to each other?

History of Italy

Early Renaissance artists were considered craftsmen with few reputations and recognitions.


Question: Are all Augustus emperors related to each other?

History of Italy

Later Renaissance artists were influential and billed large commissions.


Question: Are all Augustus emperors related to each other?

History of Italy

The end of the Italian Renaissance Many view the Renaissance as the symbolic endpoint of Girolamo Savonarola's rise to power in Florence in 1497.


Question: Are all Augustus emperors related to each other?

History of Italy

In the short reign of the unjeweled monk, many works of art were destroyed “on the pyres of vanities”.


Question: Are all Augustus emperors related to each other?

History of Italy

Savonarola's power ran short and the Medici lineage returned to power, but similar moral resistance movements continued within the church, and in the middle of the 16th century Renaissance works were banned in connection with the Counter-Reformation.


Question: Are all Augustus emperors related to each other?

History of Italy

At least as important a factor in the waning of the Italian Renaissance as the Church resistance movement, was a series of attacks on Italy by foreign powers, the Italian Wars that dragged on for decades.


Question: Are all Augustus emperors related to each other?

History of Italy

They began with the 1494 French invasion, which caused widespread destruction in northern Italy and ended the independence of many city-states.


Question: Are all Augustus emperors related to each other?

History of Italy

The most devastating blow was on 6 May 1527, when Spanish and German troops ravaged Rome, thus ending the pope's role as the greatest supporter of the Renaissance.


Question: Are all Augustus emperors related to each other?

History of Italy

Due to chaos and contacts with foreign rulers, many of Italy's greatest artists decided to leave the country, the most famous example of Leonardo da Vinci who emigrated to France in 1516.


Question: Are all Augustus emperors related to each other?

History of Italy

The shift of focus to the north represented a broader trend.


Question: Are all Augustus emperors related to each other?

History of Italy

The Mediterranean was no longer the main trade route; Vasco da Gama had reached India in 1498, and the main trade routes from the Orient went to Atlantic ports in Iberia, France and England.


Question: Are all Augustus emperors related to each other?

History of Italy

These territories soon overtook Italy in prosperity and power.


Question: Are all Augustus emperors related to each other?

History of Italy

As the Italian Renaissance waned, however, many of its influences moved north and contributed to the Northern Renaissance.


Question: Are all Augustus emperors related to each other?

History of Italy

The Renaissance did not mean sweeping social and economic changes, but mostly touched only a small percentage of people.


Question: Are all Augustus emperors related to each other?

History of Italy

Admittedly, in northern Italian cities, the class of skilled craftsmen was in a much better position than in Europe in general, but the status of unskilled laborers was no longer much affected by the Renaissance.


Question: Are all Augustus emperors related to each other?

History of Italy

Foreign power and unification in the Italian Wars involved all the major Western European countries from 1494 to 1559: France, Spain, the Holy German-Roman Empire, England, Scotland, the Republic of Venice, the Church State, and most Italian city-states.


Question: Are all Augustus emperors related to each other?

History of Italy

Originally beginning with disputes over the succession in Naples, the wars soon formed into complex power struggles, with varied allied relations, involving the Reformation.


Question: Are all Augustus emperors related to each other?

History of Italy

The Pope's influence diminished due to military defeats and the Reformation, and he allied himself with Charles V for the Counter-Reformation.


Question: Are all Augustus emperors related to each other?

History of Italy

By the end of the wars, the Habsburgs” Spain had become the ruler of Italy and a European powerhouse state at the expense of France.


Question: Are all Augustus emperors related to each other?

History of Italy

The Italian states, which had been powerful in the Middle Ages and Renaissance periods, became second-class factors or were completely destroyed.


Question: Are all Augustus emperors related to each other?

History of Italy

[12] Reunification Main article: Risorgimento at the end of the 18th century the political situation in Italy was pretty much the same as in the 16th century, distinguished by the fact that Austria had become the dominant external power instead of Spain and the fact that the Dukes of Savoy also ruled the Northwest Piedmont, had become Sardinian rulers.


Question: Are all Augustus emperors related to each other?

History of Italy

This situation was shaken by the 1796 invasion of Italy by Napoleon.


Question: Are all Augustus emperors related to each other?

History of Italy

States created by Napoleon, such as the Cisalpine Republic, were merely satellites of France, but fueled the nationalist movement.


Question: Are all Augustus emperors related to each other?

History of Italy

The Cisalpine Republic was transformed into the Italian Republic in 1802, with Napoleon as its president.


Question: Are all Augustus emperors related to each other?

History of Italy

The Congress of Vienna (1814) restored matters close to the situation of 1795.


Question: Are all Augustus emperors related to each other?

History of Italy

The northeastern parts of Italy, including the Venice region and also Lombardy, fell to Austria, and the rest of Italy was divided into six states, namely the Kingdom of Sardinia, the Kingdom of Sicily, the Church State, Tuscany, Parma and Modena.


Question: Are all Augustus emperors related to each other?

History of Italy

The Kingdom of both Sicilies encompassed the whole of southern Italy, and the Kingdom of Sardinia included not only the island of Sardinia but also territories on the mainland of northern Italy.


Question: Are all Augustus emperors related to each other?

History of Italy

The states wanted to maintain the status quo and opposed the nationalist, liberal and republican movements.


Question: Are all Augustus emperors related to each other?

History of Italy

In the 1820s some rebellions arose, but were suppressed by the interventions of the Austrian army.


Question: Are all Augustus emperors related to each other?

History of Italy

In the 1830s, there was a revolt which spread to the Church State and raised a popular force against the reactionary pope Gregory XVI.


Question: Are all Augustus emperors related to each other?

History of Italy

Austria put down the rebellion, but came under pressure from France to reduce its presence in Italy and withdraw its troops from the Church State.


Question: Are all Augustus emperors related to each other?

History of Italy

In the 1840s, the unification act, the risorgimento, began to take on more importance through, among others, Giuseppe Mazzini's Young Italy movement.


Question: Are all Augustus emperors related to each other?

History of Italy

Sardinian monarchs, such as Carlo Alberto and especially Viktor Emanuel II, also began to warm to the idea of unification.


Question: Are all Augustus emperors related to each other?

History of Italy

The increased movement led to extensive rebellions practically throughout Italy in the European madness of 1848.


Question: Are all Augustus emperors related to each other?

History of Italy

In connection with the revolts, Carlo Alberto of Sardinia declared a war against Austria, which has been referred to as the First War of Independence.


Question: Are all Augustus emperors related to each other?

History of Italy

Austria defeated the Sardinians and Carlo Alberto renounced the crown in favour of Viktor Emanuel II.


Question: Are all Augustus emperors related to each other?

History of Italy

Rebellions were also defeated in Tuscany, Milan and Naples.


Question: Are all Augustus emperors related to each other?

History of Italy

In Rome, the situation escalated in 1849 so that Pope Pius IX was forced to flee the city, and a republic was proclaimed there.


Question: Are all Augustus emperors related to each other?

History of Italy

Roman defences were organized by Giuseppe Garibaldi.


Question: Are all Augustus emperors related to each other?

History of Italy

Eventually France and Austria occupied Rome, where the rebellions ended.


Question: Are all Augustus emperors related to each other?

History of Italy

The events of 1848—1849 strained the situation in Italy: Pius IX cancelled his liberal reforms, and Austria took control firmly in Lombardy, Venice, and virtually Tuscany.


Question: Are all Augustus emperors related to each other?

History of Italy

The Kingdom of Sardinia, which ruled Piedmont, remained somewhat independent and presided over the unification of Italy.


Question: Are all Augustus emperors related to each other?

History of Italy

The Crimean War weakened Austria's international standing.


Question: Are all Augustus emperors related to each other?

History of Italy

Sardinian Prime Minister Camillo Cavour and French Emperor Napoleon III met in the summer of 1858 and agreed to war against Austria — the treaty was preceded by an attempted assassination of Napoleon III by an Italian nationalist fanatic.


Question: Are all Augustus emperors related to each other?

History of Italy

Sardinia did not achieve its objectives in the short Second War of Independence, but through skilful diplomacy, in 1860, Cavour was able to agree the accession of Tuscany and Emilia to Sardinia, after which Sardinia controlled much of northern and central Italy.


Question: Are all Augustus emperors related to each other?

History of Italy

Italy now had four states: Piedmont Sardinia, the Kingdom of Both Sicily, the Church State, and Austrian-ruled Venice.


Question: Are all Augustus emperors related to each other?

History of Italy

Giuseppe Garibaldi In May 1860, freedom fighter Giuseppe Garibaldi, who had resigned from the Sardinian army, invaded Sicily with a small force of volunteers and conquered Palermo after beating, with British support, the many times larger armies of the Kingdom of Both Sicily.


Question: Are all Augustus emperors related to each other?

History of Italy

The episode showed the weakness of the Kingdom of Sicily and made Garibaldi a national hero.


Question: Are all Augustus emperors related to each other?

History of Italy

In six weeks, Garibaldi took Messina and thereafter moved on to Italy, whose takeover of the southern parts went as fast as Sicily.


Question: Are all Augustus emperors related to each other?

History of Italy

After winning Calabria and Naples, Garibaldi advanced towards Rome, but his advance was slowed by the ripples of the forces of the Kingdom of Sicily at both.


Question: Are all Augustus emperors related to each other?

History of Italy

Sardinia decided to keep the situation under its control and conquered the Church State with the exception of its core part, mainly the city of Rome.


Question: Are all Augustus emperors related to each other?

History of Italy

Garibaldi ceded southern Italy to King Viktor Emanuel II of Sardinia.


Question: Are all Augustus emperors related to each other?

History of Italy

Cavour confirmed the annexations by referendum, and the elected First National Parliament met on 18 February 1861 and proclaimed Viktor Emanuel King of Italy.


Question: Are all Augustus emperors related to each other?

History of Italy

The Italian capital at first became Turin, but it was changed to Florence in 1865.


Question: Are all Augustus emperors related to each other?

History of Italy

Venice and Rome, which Garibaldi unsuccessfully still tried to take in 1862 and 1867, had remained outside the Kingdom of Italy.


Question: Are all Augustus emperors related to each other?

History of Italy

Venice joined Italy in 1866 in connection with the so-called Third War of Independence, but Pope Pius IX wanted nothing to do with the new state.


Question: Are all Augustus emperors related to each other?

History of Italy

However, the Papal position was dependent on the French garrison, and when withdrawn in the context of the Franco-Prussian War, it marched the Italian army to Rome on 20 September 1870.


Question: Are all Augustus emperors related to each other?

History of Italy

Rome was annexed by referendum to Italy, and became the capital.


Question: Are all Augustus emperors related to each other?

History of Italy

The pope barricaded himself in the Vatican and declared himself a “prisoner of the Vatican.”


Question: Are all Augustus emperors related to each other?

History of Italy

Kingdom Until 1922, Italy was a constitutional monarchy with a parliament.


Question: Are all Augustus emperors related to each other?

History of Italy

The constitution was largely inherited from the Constitution of the Kingdom of Sardinia of 1848 established by Carlo Alberto.


Question: Are all Augustus emperors related to each other?

History of Italy

The king had, in principle, extensive powers, which, however, he did not often exercise.


Question: Are all Augustus emperors related to each other?

History of Italy

The most notable change was universal male suffrage in 1912.


Question: Are all Augustus emperors related to each other?

History of Italy

King Umberto I was assassinated on 29 July 1900.


Question: Are all Augustus emperors related to each other?

History of Italy

He was succeeded by Viktor Emanuel III.


Question: Are all Augustus emperors related to each other?

History of Italy

[13] In the Italian—Turkish War of 1911—1912, Italy conquered Libya.


Question: Are all Augustus emperors related to each other?

History of Italy

[14] World War I Italy declared itself neutral at the start of World War I, claiming that the trialliance with Germany and Austria was only defensive and did not apply to the Austro-Hungarian war.


Question: Are all Augustus emperors related to each other?

History of Italy

Both coalitions tried to win Italy over, and in April 1915 the country joined the Circum-Powers, declaring war on Austria-Hungary.


Question: Are all Augustus emperors related to each other?

History of Italy

The aim was to have territorial extensions such as Trento, Trieste, Istria and Dalmatia at Austria's expense.


Question: Are all Augustus emperors related to each other?

History of Italy

The fighting bogged down in the Austrian-Italian border region into a war of positions that claimed great losses.


Question: Are all Augustus emperors related to each other?

History of Italy

In October 1917, the Austrians, with the help of German troops, broke through the Italians' lines, but with the support of the Circum-Powers, the Italian managed to halt the attack near Venice.


Question: Are all Augustus emperors related to each other?

History of Italy

Fascist regime After the end of World War I, Italy gained most of the territories it wanted except Dalmatia, which was given to the Kingdom of Yugoslavia.


Question: Are all Augustus emperors related to each other?

History of Italy

However, the war had claimed the lives of nearly 700,000 Italian soldiers, and the internal state of the country was chaotic.


Question: Are all Augustus emperors related to each other?

History of Italy

Workers staged strikes demanding rights and better working conditions.


Question: Are all Augustus emperors related to each other?

History of Italy

Some took over factories and production facilities following the model of the Russian Revolution.


Question: Are all Augustus emperors related to each other?

History of Italy

The Fascist Party, led by Benito Mussolini, emerged from the Black Shirts organisation that broke the strikes.


Question: Are all Augustus emperors related to each other?

History of Italy

In October 1922, the Fascists marched on Rome.


Question: Are all Augustus emperors related to each other?

History of Italy

The king forbade the army from meddling, allied himself with Mussolini and allowing him to form a fascist-led government.


Question: Are all Augustus emperors related to each other?

History of Italy

In the following years, Mussolini, who was known as “Il Ducena”, or leader, banned other political parties and curtailed civil liberties.


Question: Are all Augustus emperors related to each other?

History of Italy

In 1929, Mussolini signed the so-called lateran treaties with the Catholic Church, which led to the formation of a teeny Vatican City State under the papacy, ending the schism with the Pope that had been going on since 1870.


Question: Are all Augustus emperors related to each other?

History of Italy

Mussolini was initially on quite good terms with Britain and France, but with Italy's conquest of Ethiopia in 1935—1936, relations with Western countries cooled.


Question: Are all Augustus emperors related to each other?

History of Italy

Because of this, as well as ideological similarities, Italy was oriented towards Adolf Hitler's Nazi Germany, and formed a Berlin—Rome axis with Germany.


Question: Are all Augustus emperors related to each other?

History of Italy

After Germany annexed Czechoslovakia without notifying Italy of the plan, Italy considered itself a lesser member of the Axis, and Mussolini decided to annex Albania to Italy.


Question: Are all Augustus emperors related to each other?

History of Italy

Albania was occupied on 7 April 1939, its king became King Viktor Emanuel III of Italy and a Fascist government was formed there.


Question: Are all Augustus emperors related to each other?

History of Italy

The Italian-German alliance was strengthened by the Steel Treaty on 22 May 1939.


Question: Are all Augustus emperors related to each other?

History of Italy

World War II Mussolini dreamed of a Greater Italy encompassing the Mediterranean, but Italy remained neutral when World War II broke out.


Question: Are all Augustus emperors related to each other?

History of Italy

Italy declared war on France and Great Britain on 10 June 1940 with France's defeat looking certain.


Question: Are all Augustus emperors related to each other?

History of Italy

After the German occupation of Poland, Denmark, Norway, Holland, Belgium, Luxembourg and France, Mussolini decided to occupy Greece by using Albania as a support area.


Question: Are all Augustus emperors related to each other?

History of Italy

This failed badly, for not only did the Greeks repel the attack, they pushed the front deep into Albania.


Question: Are all Augustus emperors related to each other?

History of Italy

Fearing that the Balkans would become the Achilles heel of its European rule, Germany occupied Greece and Yugoslavia.


Question: Are all Augustus emperors related to each other?

History of Italy

With the failure of the Soviet conquest (1941—1942) and the entry of the United States into the war (December 1941), the situation for the Axis powers deteriorated.


Question: Are all Augustus emperors related to each other?

History of Italy

In March 1943, British and US forces were definitively defeated by the Italians and Germans in North Africa and came ashore in Sicily.


Question: Are all Augustus emperors related to each other?

History of Italy

King Viktor Emanuel III sacked and arrested Mussolini and appointed Marshal Pietro Badoglio as prime minister.


Question: Are all Augustus emperors related to each other?

History of Italy

The new government officially resumed the war, but initiated secret peace talks.


Question: Are all Augustus emperors related to each other?

History of Italy

Hitler did not trust Badoglio but sent troops to Italy.


Question: Are all Augustus emperors related to each other?

History of Italy

On 8 September 1943, Badoglio's government concluded an armistice with the Allies, but did not declare war on Germany.


Question: Are all Augustus emperors related to each other?

History of Italy

Badoglio and the king family relocated to Allied controlled territory.


Question: Are all Augustus emperors related to each other?

History of Italy

In the confusion that followed, most of the Italian army disintegrated and Germany took control of central and northern Italy.


Question: Are all Augustus emperors related to each other?

History of Italy

The Germans freed Mussolini with a commando strike and installed him as puppet ruler of the Italian Social Republic established in the north.


Question: Are all Augustus emperors related to each other?

History of Italy

As the Allies slowly forced the Germans towards the north, the official government finally declared war on Germany.


Question: Are all Augustus emperors related to each other?

History of Italy

At the same time, the anti-fascist popular movement grew stronger and caused problems for the Germans.


Question: Are all Augustus emperors related to each other?

History of Italy

Eventually, in April 1945, the Allies had pushed the Germans out of Italy.


Question: Are all Augustus emperors related to each other?

History of Italy

Italy's war success in World War II was something, with individual exceptions, weak.


Question: Are all Augustus emperors related to each other?

History of Italy

The Fascists had thus utterly failed in the task they considered most important, turning Italy into a military power.


Question: Are all Augustus emperors related to each other?

History of Italy

Republic After World War II, Italy was forced to abandon its African territories as well as Fiume and Istria, but freed itself from war reparations and received Marshall aid.


Question: Are all Augustus emperors related to each other?

History of Italy

Elections were held in 1946 to elect a new Constituent Parliament.


Question: Are all Augustus emperors related to each other?

History of Italy

Women had the right to vote in this election for the first time.


Question: Are all Augustus emperors related to each other?

History of Italy

In conjunction with the election, a vote was taken to preserve the monarchy and the republican option won.


Question: Are all Augustus emperors related to each other?

History of Italy

King Umberto II resigned after only a month in power.


Question: Are all Augustus emperors related to each other?

History of Italy

The parliamentary election was won by Italy's Christian Democratic Party (DC), which ruled Italy for nearly the next four decades.


Question: Are all Augustus emperors related to each other?

History of Italy

The position of the Communist Party (PCI) was also quite strong in the post-war years.


Question: Are all Augustus emperors related to each other?

History of Italy

The new constitution had to be prepared for almost two years and eventually, apart from the king, it became quite similar to the one that preceded the Fascist rule.


Question: Are all Augustus emperors related to each other?

History of Italy

Italy became a republic with its president essentially having nominal power.


Question: Are all Augustus emperors related to each other?

History of Italy

Italy is a founding member of both NATO and the European Community.


Question: Are all Augustus emperors related to each other?

History of Italy

[15] Post-war Italy was faced with poverty and agrarian domination, but in the 1950s and 1960s the northern part was heavily industrialised, which has even been spoken of as an economic miracle for Italy, but the development of the south of the country was slower.


Question: Are all Augustus emperors related to each other?

History of Italy

[16] Under the Lateran Contracts renewed in 1948, Italian marital law was regulated by the Catholic Church.


Question: Are all Augustus emperors related to each other?

History of Italy

In the 1970s, the church's power in this regard was breached and divorce, as well as abortion, were legalized.


Question: Are all Augustus emperors related to each other?

History of Italy

The 1970s were marked by student riots and terrorism from both the far right and -left.


Question: Are all Augustus emperors related to each other?

History of Italy

Of the many far-left organisations, the best known was the Red Brigades, whose most famous act is the 1978 capture and assassination of former Prime Minister Aldo Moro.


Question: Are all Augustus emperors related to each other?

History of Italy

The single most serious act of terrorism was the 1980 bombing of Bologna railway station by a far-right organisation in which 84 people were killed.


Question: Are all Augustus emperors related to each other?

History of Italy

The extensive Tangentopol kickback scandal of the early 1990s dissolved the DC Party and revolutionised the political map to such an extent that the period since has been talked of as a “second republic.”


Question: Are all Augustus emperors related to each other?

History of Italy

With a broad campaign, the Italian government sought to quash corruption (the “clean hands” campaign), as well as the Mafia, whose members were arrested with the help of whistleblowers over 200 and assets were seized worth about $1 billion in 1992.


Question: Are all Augustus emperors related to each other?

History of Italy

[17] In the March 1994 general election, the overwhelming winner was the Alliance for Freedom (Polo della Libertá), formed as an electoral alliance, formed by Forward Italy (Forza Italia, FI), founded by media mogul Silvio Berlusconi, the National Conservative National League (Alleanza Nazionale, AN) and Northern Alliance (Lega Nord, LN) called for autonomy for Northern Italy.


Question: Are all Augustus emperors related to each other?

History of Italy

Berlusconi formed a right-wing coalition government in which the aforementioned parties participated.


Question: Are all Augustus emperors related to each other?

History of Italy

The government was already toppled in December 1994 over bribery suspicions against Berlusconi.


Question: Are all Augustus emperors related to each other?

History of Italy

In 1996, with Romano Prodi's centre-left coalition coming to power, Prodi's government lasted until the rest of 1998.


Question: Are all Augustus emperors related to each other?

History of Italy

In the 2001 elections, the “House of Freedoms” (Casa delle Libertà) coalition led by Berlusconi survived the winner, and Berlusconi was allowed to form his second government.


Question: Are all Augustus emperors related to each other?

History of Italy

Forza Italia gained from the country's upper house of parliament, the Senate (Senato della Repubblica), 82 seats out of 315 and the lower house, the Chamber of Deputies (Camera dei Deputati), 189 seats out of 630.


Question: Are all Augustus emperors related to each other?

History of Italy

The main opposition force in the early 2000s was the centre-left “Olive Tree” (Uniti Nell'ulivo) coalition, whose largest party is the Social Democratic “Democrats of the Left” (Democratici di Sinistra).


Question: Are all Augustus emperors related to each other?

History of Italy

The bribery trial against Berlusconi was halted in June 2003 when parliament voted on a new law guaranteeing legal immunity to politicians and judges.


Question: Are all Augustus emperors related to each other?

History of Italy

Berlusconi's reign continued into the April 2006 elections, narrowly won by Romano Prodi's coalition.


Question: Are all Augustus emperors related to each other?

History of Italy

Prodi's first government, made up of a dozen parties, lasted nine months before falling to a vote to keep the country's troops in Afghanistan.


Question: Are all Augustus emperors related to each other?

History of Italy

However, Prodi was allowed to form a new government.


Question: Are all Augustus emperors related to each other?

History of Italy

The centre-left's new party grouping has been the Democratic Party since, [18] and its ranks emerged in early 2014 as Prime Minister Matteo Renzi.


Question: Are all Augustus emperors related to each other?

History of Italy

Sources On Topic Elsewhere * Category:Key Articles of Screening


Question: In any year Ford's so-called. Production of the Model T was discontinued?

Saab (car brand)

Saab was a Swedish automobile brand whose manufacture was started in 1947 by Svenska Aeroplan AB.


Question: In any year Ford's so-called. Production of the Model T was discontinued?

Saab (car brand)

The current name National Electric Vehicle Sweden (NEVS) manufactures one Saab model Saab 9-3.


Question: In any year Ford's so-called. Production of the Model T was discontinued?

Saab (car brand)

[1] In 2000, Saab was acquired by General Motors, a major US car manufacturer, but went bankrupt in 2009.


Question: In any year Ford's so-called. Production of the Model T was discontinued?

Saab (car brand)

Subsequently, the car brand was briefly owned by Dutch car manufacturer Spyker, until in 2012 the Saab brand was acquired by Chinese-Swedish company NEVS.


Question: In any year Ford's so-called. Production of the Model T was discontinued?

Saab (car brand)

[2] Saab has become known for its safety solutions and turbocharged engines.


Question: In any year Ford's so-called. Production of the Model T was discontinued?

Saab (car brand)

History From aircraft to first passenger car Saab was founded in Sweden in 1937 under the name Svenska Aeroplan Aktiebolaget (SAAB) to manufacture military aircraft.


Question: In any year Ford's so-called. Production of the Model T was discontinued?

Saab (car brand)

Production started in Trollhättan in the same premises where Bristol aeroplane engines were produced.


Question: In any year Ford's so-called. Production of the Model T was discontinued?

Saab (car brand)

During 1940, the Saab factories assembled Brewster and Fiat fighters for the Finnish Air Force.


Question: In any year Ford's so-called. Production of the Model T was discontinued?

Saab (car brand)

[3] After World War II, the company's production focused on military machinery was forced to expand.


Question: In any year Ford's so-called. Production of the Model T was discontinued?

Saab (car brand)

Rolf Mellde, Sixten Andersson (Sixten Sason) and Gunnar Ljungström were tasked with designing the production of a small passenger car.


Question: In any year Ford's so-called. Production of the Model T was discontinued?

Saab (car brand)

Mellde was responsible for engine development and Saso's styling.


Question: In any year Ford's so-called. Production of the Model T was discontinued?

Saab (car brand)

Around this time, the second domestic Volvo had only large cars in its collection, so the trio responsible for the design decided to use the small passenger car of the DKW (Dampf-Kraft Wagen) popular in Sweden as one of their previews.


Question: In any year Ford's so-called. Production of the Model T was discontinued?

Saab (car brand)

In marketing, when talking about the production model, the word small car was used instead of a folk car, with which Saab sought to emphasize the image of quality.


Question: In any year Ford's so-called. Production of the Model T was discontinued?

Saab (car brand)

[4] The pre-production models were produced for different levels of testing and Sixten Andersson was the designer of the future production model.


Question: In any year Ford's so-called. Production of the Model T was discontinued?

Saab (car brand)

A prototype (Saab 92001) which took shape from the wing of the aircraft was presented to the press as early as summer 1947.


Question: In any year Ford's so-called. Production of the Model T was discontinued?

Saab (car brand)

There were a number of problems with the launch of production.


Question: In any year Ford's so-called. Production of the Model T was discontinued?

Saab (car brand)

Wealthy, standing on the sidelines from World War I battles, Rutitin suffered a shortage of raw materials.


Question: In any year Ford's so-called. Production of the Model T was discontinued?

Saab (car brand)

This also affected the production of a future model, the Saab 92.


Question: In any year Ford's so-called. Production of the Model T was discontinued?

Saab (car brand)

The assembly of the car plant was rudimentary.


Question: In any year Ford's so-called. Production of the Model T was discontinued?

Saab (car brand)

Not all the necessary machinery, roof conveyors and presses could be obtained.


Question: In any year Ford's so-called. Production of the Model T was discontinued?

Saab (car brand)

The car's bodies were moved on handcarts until they got the tires under.


Question: In any year Ford's so-called. Production of the Model T was discontinued?

Saab (car brand)

Later, as part of the installation of production lines, it was necessary to raise the roof of the old hall for conveyor lines.


Question: In any year Ford's so-called. Production of the Model T was discontinued?

Saab (car brand)

[4] After the wars, DKW's patents became vacant and Saab sought to utilize a simple two-stroke engine in its model, which nevertheless produced its own problems.


Question: In any year Ford's so-called. Production of the Model T was discontinued?

Saab (car brand)

DKW affiliations extended to another Swedish automaker, Philipsons Automobil AB, which was also designing its own passenger car based on DKW's car model.


Question: In any year Ford's so-called. Production of the Model T was discontinued?

Saab (car brand)

Fortunately for Saab, Philipsons' plans, as well as production, lagged behind.


Question: In any year Ford's so-called. Production of the Model T was discontinued?

Saab (car brand)

In 1947, the manufacturers entered into a cooperative agreement in which Saab agreed to sell between 8000 and 10000 Saab 92s to Philipsons, with Philipsons as the sole acquisition of the merchandising rights until 1951.


Question: In any year Ford's so-called. Production of the Model T was discontinued?

Saab (car brand)

A quarter of the production in the first years was exported abroad, mainly because the state craved foreign currency.


Question: In any year Ford's so-called. Production of the Model T was discontinued?

Saab (car brand)

Finally, in January 1950, production was launched for the first production model.


Question: In any year Ford's so-called. Production of the Model T was discontinued?

Saab (car brand)

[4] Saab 92 was well received by press and customers alike.


Question: In any year Ford's so-called. Production of the Model T was discontinued?

Saab (car brand)

Thanks in part to this, and with further persistent production difficulties, the car could not be manufactured in line with demand.


Question: In any year Ford's so-called. Production of the Model T was discontinued?

Saab (car brand)

Eventually only 500 cars in 1950.


Question: In any year Ford's so-called. Production of the Model T was discontinued?

Saab (car brand)

After three decades with the forms of the Saab 92, the fresh Saab 92 model was updated in accordance with customers' wishes and with the generous changes in 1953, the model was renamed the Saab 92B.


Question: In any year Ford's so-called. Production of the Model T was discontinued?

Saab (car brand)

All Saab 92 models were better equipped (Deluxe), although the basic model was still offered in marketing.


Question: In any year Ford's so-called. Production of the Model T was discontinued?

Saab (car brand)

The colour of the cars was green, which is reported to have had surpluses from the wartime ending.


Question: In any year Ford's so-called. Production of the Model T was discontinued?

Saab (car brand)

The model also enjoyed success in the rally (the Monte Carlo rally, among others), although the engine was quite low-powered.


Question: In any year Ford's so-called. Production of the Model T was discontinued?

Saab (car brand)

Rolf Mellde, who was responsible for engine design, drove the first races at Rikspokalen in 1950.


Question: In any year Ford's so-called. Production of the Model T was discontinued?

Saab (car brand)

A larger overhaul occurred in December 1955 when the Saab 93, largely based on the Saab 92, was brought along with the current design.


Question: In any year Ford's so-called. Production of the Model T was discontinued?

Saab (car brand)

With the rally success, Saab sought hard to also build the sports car Saab Sonnet, the production of which nonetheless tapered off.


Question: In any year Ford's so-called. Production of the Model T was discontinued?

Saab (car brand)

The 93 model was produced in the late days as the Saab 93B with the two-piece windscreen changing to one and the privateer doors becoming standard doors as the Saab 93F.


Question: In any year Ford's so-called. Production of the Model T was discontinued?

Saab (car brand)

With a 1957 Saab 93, Erik Carlson won the Rally Sweden and Rally Finland.


Question: In any year Ford's so-called. Production of the Model T was discontinued?

Saab (car brand)

After the turn of the decade, manufacturing of the Saab 96 began, which became the company's first real product of success.


Question: In any year Ford's so-called. Production of the Model T was discontinued?

Saab (car brand)

Security played a significant part in the character's image from early days.


Question: In any year Ford's so-called. Production of the Model T was discontinued?

Saab (car brand)

Perhaps the most significant step was taken in 1962 with the launch of the sports car Saab Sport as standard equipment with seat belts and rubber safety bumpers in the 1970s.


Question: In any year Ford's so-called. Production of the Model T was discontinued?

Saab (car brand)

At the turn of the decade, the 500000th Saab was completed.


Question: In any year Ford's so-called. Production of the Model T was discontinued?

Saab (car brand)

A smaller Saab similar to the 96 model had been manufactured in principle from the early days of the brand.


Question: In any year Ford's so-called. Production of the Model T was discontinued?

Saab (car brand)

Classic shapes were perceived as old-fashioned and had to be replaced by a new, fresh small car.


Question: In any year Ford's so-called. Production of the Model T was discontinued?

Saab (car brand)

[5] 1974 saw the completion of the Saab 98 (working title X14) based on the platform of Saab 95 designed by Björn Envall.


Question: In any year Ford's so-called. Production of the Model T was discontinued?

Saab (car brand)

The model saw combi coupé shapes for the first time, later realised in the Saab 99 and Saab 900.


Question: In any year Ford's so-called. Production of the Model T was discontinued?

Saab (car brand)

However, the Saab 98 remained a harharhare trip in the history of the brand and the 98 was not produced more than a few pre-models.


Question: In any year Ford's so-called. Production of the Model T was discontinued?

Saab (car brand)

In January 1980, the last Saab 96s were completed from the Uusikaupunki car plant.


Question: In any year Ford's so-called. Production of the Model T was discontinued?

Saab (car brand)

Overall, Saab 96 was completed in Sweden and Finland with a total of 547,221 cars.


Question: In any year Ford's so-called. Production of the Model T was discontinued?

Saab (car brand)

Saab steps into the middle class: The new Saab 99 Even in the 1950s, the competitive market for small cars was crowded.


Question: In any year Ford's so-called. Production of the Model T was discontinued?

Saab (car brand)

At the same time, prosperous Swedish customers began to demand more size, equipment and power from their cars.


Question: In any year Ford's so-called. Production of the Model T was discontinued?

Saab (car brand)

Production plans for the larger Saab began soon after passenger car production began as early as 1955.


Question: In any year Ford's so-called. Production of the Model T was discontinued?

Saab (car brand)

Designer Sixten Sason, then still Sixten Anderson, borrowed shapes from French company Citroën for a car model named Saab 99.


Question: In any year Ford's so-called. Production of the Model T was discontinued?

Saab (car brand)

Personal forms soon received the additional name Le Canard (duck) as well.


Question: In any year Ford's so-called. Production of the Model T was discontinued?

Saab (car brand)

On 2 April 1964 permission was obtained from the Swedish government to proceed based on Sason's plans and the secret working title became name-day hero Gudmund.


Question: In any year Ford's so-called. Production of the Model T was discontinued?

Saab (car brand)

The government also interfered with the design of the future car and generic 2- and 4-door models qualified as production models instead of the combi coupé.


Question: In any year Ford's so-called. Production of the Model T was discontinued?

Saab (car brand)

The station wagon model was also one option along the lines of the Saab 95, but it never got into production.


Question: In any year Ford's so-called. Production of the Model T was discontinued?

Saab (car brand)

[6] Testing of test models took place cautiously and some of the cars were disguised as Saab 96 or Daihatsu brand.


Question: In any year Ford's so-called. Production of the Model T was discontinued?

Saab (car brand)

A bigger model could be expected all the way to 1967, when the Saab 99 was finally released.


Question: In any year Ford's so-called. Production of the Model T was discontinued?

Saab (car brand)

Sixten Sason, the car's chief designer, passed away the same year before the model's release at the age of just 55.


Question: In any year Ford's so-called. Production of the Model T was discontinued?

Saab (car brand)

The new model was marketed as a “broad-shouldered Swede” due to the broad gauge.


Question: In any year Ford's so-called. Production of the Model T was discontinued?

Saab (car brand)

The model was developed along its production.


Question: In any year Ford's so-called. Production of the Model T was discontinued?

Saab (car brand)

In 1971, the Saab 99 received headlight washers.


Question: In any year Ford's so-called. Production of the Model T was discontinued?

Saab (car brand)

Engine power was increased and in the early 1970s the Saab 99 EMS, Saab's sporty family car, went on sale.


Question: In any year Ford's so-called. Production of the Model T was discontinued?

Saab (car brand)

Development of its own engine began around this time.


Question: In any year Ford's so-called. Production of the Model T was discontinued?

Saab (car brand)

The B engine had a cylinder volume of 2.0 litres.


Question: In any year Ford's so-called. Production of the Model T was discontinued?

Saab (car brand)

Production of the Saab 99 continued for a long time right up to 1984.


Question: In any year Ford's so-called. Production of the Model T was discontinued?

Saab (car brand)

Saab and Scania merge in 1968 Turbo-Saabit In one way, a new era began after the 1977 Frankfurt Car Fair, when the brand had introduced the Saab 99 Turbo.


Question: In any year Ford's so-called. Production of the Model T was discontinued?

Saab (car brand)

The Saab 99 Turbo was not the first car model equipped with a turbocharger, as BMW and Porsche, among others, had produced turbo-driven sports cars.


Question: In any year Ford's so-called. Production of the Model T was discontinued?

Saab (car brand)

However, Saab engineers managed to take advantage precisely in civilian transport.


Question: In any year Ford's so-called. Production of the Model T was discontinued?

Saab (car brand)

Almost immediately after the stern, a new car model was obtained from a small automaker.


Question: In any year Ford's so-called. Production of the Model T was discontinued?

Saab (car brand)

The Saab 900 proved to be a success and manufacturing continued all the way to 1998.


Question: In any year Ford's so-called. Production of the Model T was discontinued?

Saab (car brand)

In the mid-1980s, the first open-plan Saab, the Saab 900 Cabriolet, was completed.


Question: In any year Ford's so-called. Production of the Model T was discontinued?

Saab (car brand)

The designers of the Uusikaupunki car factory were heavily involved in the design of the open model.


Question: In any year Ford's so-called. Production of the Model T was discontinued?

Saab (car brand)

Around the same time, Saab participated in the Tipo-4 project, in which, in collaboration with three car brands (Saab, Fiat, Lancia), a base plate was produced on top of which manufacturers were allowed to build their car models.


Question: In any year Ford's so-called. Production of the Model T was discontinued?

Saab (car brand)

Following the withdrawal of Saab and the entry of a third Italian car brand, Alfa Romeo, Saab developed the representative class model Saab 9000 in 1985.


Question: In any year Ford's so-called. Production of the Model T was discontinued?

Saab (car brand)

With General Motors as the new owner, Saab ran into financial trouble in the 1980s and the Wallenbergs industrial family was forced to sell a 50% stake in the company to US company General Motors in 1990.


Question: In any year Ford's so-called. Production of the Model T was discontinued?

Saab (car brand)

[7] At the same time, passenger car production was unbundled into Saab Automobile AB.


Question: In any year Ford's so-called. Production of the Model T was discontinued?

Saab (car brand)

[8] Overproduction of cars and the company's other difficulties led to the closure of the Arlöv plant in Sweden and a couple of years later the same thing happened to the Malmö plant.


Question: In any year Ford's so-called. Production of the Model T was discontinued?

Saab (car brand)

Manufacturing of the Saab 9000 ceased in 1998 and the Saab 9-5 went on sale in the same year.


Question: In any year Ford's so-called. Production of the Model T was discontinued?

Saab (car brand)

The Wallenbergs' investment company Investor sold the remainder of its ownership in 2000 to General Motors.


Question: In any year Ford's so-called. Production of the Model T was discontinued?

Saab (car brand)

[9] Saab's collection remained exceptionally small to continue (medium 9-3 and representative class 9-5).


Question: In any year Ford's so-called. Production of the Model T was discontinued?

Saab (car brand)

On the 2000s side, efforts were made to expand the range with the advent of relations with General Motors by bringing an almost fully based Saab 9-2X to the Subaru Impreza.


Question: In any year Ford's so-called. Production of the Model T was discontinued?

Saab (car brand)

A car belonging to the smaller middle class was sold only in the United States.


Question: In any year Ford's so-called. Production of the Model T was discontinued?

Saab (car brand)

With poor success, it exited the range as early as two model years in 2006.


Question: In any year Ford's so-called. Production of the Model T was discontinued?

Saab (car brand)

Poor sales have also been hit by the Saab 9-7X city SUV based on the bottom of the Chevrolet Trailblazer, sold only in the US market.


Question: In any year Ford's so-called. Production of the Model T was discontinued?

Saab (car brand)

The 9-7X was planned to be replaced with Subaru collaboration with Subaru Tribeca by a 9-6X SUV built on the same platform.


Question: In any year Ford's so-called. Production of the Model T was discontinued?

Saab (car brand)

In the second half of the first decade of the 21st century, Saab introduced a concept car from the 9-4X city SUV.


Question: In any year Ford's so-called. Production of the Model T was discontinued?

Saab (car brand)

The tightening world economy and the financial troubles of parent General Motors definitively cut the way for such plans after General Motors filed for bankruptcy in 2009.


Question: In any year Ford's so-called. Production of the Model T was discontinued?

Saab (car brand)

In 2007, Saab actually introduced the all-wheel-drive Saab for the first time, the Saab 9-3 XWD; the earlier four-wheel drive models 9-2X and 9-7X were direct derivatives (so called. “badge engineering”) from other car models.


Question: In any year Ford's so-called. Production of the Model T was discontinued?

Saab (car brand)

In 2009, an elevated 9-3X using the same all-wheel drive technology came into the range to compete alongside Volvo's XC70 and Audi Allroad.


Question: In any year Ford's so-called. Production of the Model T was discontinued?

Saab (car brand)

Saab manufacturing in Finland also ended in the 2000s.


Question: In any year Ford's so-called. Production of the Model T was discontinued?

Saab (car brand)

The Uusikaupunki car factory in Uusikaupunki manufactured Saabes from 1969 until 2003 when the manufacturing of the Saab 9-3 Cabriolet moved to Graz, Austria.


Question: In any year Ford's so-called. Production of the Model T was discontinued?

Saab (car brand)

During the years, all Saab 90s were produced in Uusikaupunki as well as extended special models for Saab 99s and Saab 900s.


Question: In any year Ford's so-called. Production of the Model T was discontinued?

Saab (car brand)

During those 34 years, more than 700,000 Saab passenger cars were manufactured in Finland.


Question: In any year Ford's so-called. Production of the Model T was discontinued?

Saab (car brand)

In addition, Saab was produced for a short time in 2007 and 2008 in Germany, at the Rüsselsheim plant.


Question: In any year Ford's so-called. Production of the Model T was discontinued?

Saab (car brand)

With the 2009 crisis, the 2010 Spyker merger and new owner NEVS Saab's parent General Motors drifted to the brink of bankruptcy in late 2008, it had considered as one of the emergency measures to completely abolish its heavy loss-making Saab car brand.


Question: In any year Ford's so-called. Production of the Model T was discontinued?

Saab (car brand)

[10] On February 18, 2009, General Motors presented its new business plan to the administration of new U.S. President Barack Obama with the intention of justifying its viability to the federal government of the United States and the plan includes an exit from Saab.


Question: In any year Ford's so-called. Production of the Model T was discontinued?

Saab (car brand)

Proving viability is a prerequisite for receiving emergency funding from the federal government, as General Motors, due to the financial crisis and the ensuing decline in new car sales, is in great trouble and without emergency US federal assistance would be driven into bankruptcy.


Question: In any year Ford's so-called. Production of the Model T was discontinued?

Saab (car brand)

On February 19, 2009, Saab was reported to stop paying its bills and seeking corporate restructuring.


Question: In any year Ford's so-called. Production of the Model T was discontinued?

Saab (car brand)

[11] In June 2009, the US State became the principal owner of the new General Motors (60%) with Canada owning 12% and the Automotive Workers' Retirement Fund owning 18%.


Question: In any year Ford's so-called. Production of the Model T was discontinued?

Saab (car brand)

[12] Following the end of the corporate restructuring period, an investment group led by Swedish sports car manufacturer Koenigsegg entered into a letter of intent to acquire Saab Automobile from General Motors in June.


Question: In any year Ford's so-called. Production of the Model T was discontinued?

Saab (car brand)

General Motors, as well as Chinese investors, were becoming small part-owners.


Question: In any year Ford's so-called. Production of the Model T was discontinued?

Saab (car brand)

[13] Koenigsegg had put forward long-time plans to change the Saab label from the current to a more expensive luxury brand.


Question: In any year Ford's so-called. Production of the Model T was discontinued?

Saab (car brand)

Saab introduced the new Saab 9-5 at the Fall 2009 Frankfurt Motor Show.


Question: In any year Ford's so-called. Production of the Model T was discontinued?

Saab (car brand)

[14] On November 24, 2009, news channel CNBC reported that General Motors had cancelled plans to sell Saab to Koenigsegg.


Question: In any year Ford's so-called. Production of the Model T was discontinued?

Saab (car brand)

[15] Following the cancellation of the Swedish sports car manufacturer, the deal as candidates to buy Saab changed from Renco Group to Dutch sports car manufacturer Spyker Cars.


Question: In any year Ford's so-called. Production of the Model T was discontinued?

Saab (car brand)

[16] Around the same time, General Motors struck a deal to sell production lines of Saab's old sedan models (9-5 and 9-3) to Chinese company BAINC.


Question: In any year Ford's so-called. Production of the Model T was discontinued?

Saab (car brand)

[16] In January, Spyker made a new takeover offer for General Motors for Saab.


Question: In any year Ford's so-called. Production of the Model T was discontinued?

Saab (car brand)

Similarly, US investment company Merbanco left Spyker after a fresh bid for Saab.


Question: In any year Ford's so-called. Production of the Model T was discontinued?

Saab (car brand)

[17] Formula One mogul Bernie Ecclestone announced his interest in Saab in January 2010.


Question: In any year Ford's so-called. Production of the Model T was discontinued?

Saab (car brand)

Around the same time, the company's management was replaced and the consultants responsible for the shutdown plan to terminate Saab's sales and distribution division, dealership and subcontracting agreements.


Question: In any year Ford's so-called. Production of the Model T was discontinued?

Saab (car brand)

[18] In the same year, Volvo, another traditional Swedish passenger car manufacturer, was in a similar situation in many respects, with Ford of the United States selling to, among other things, Chinese investors.


Question: In any year Ford's so-called. Production of the Model T was discontinued?

Saab (car brand)

[19] On January 26, 2010, Spyker Cars was reported to have reached an agreement to acquire Saab from General Motors.


Question: In any year Ford's so-called. Production of the Model T was discontinued?

Saab (car brand)

[20] The deal was signed on February 23, 2010.


Question: In any year Ford's so-called. Production of the Model T was discontinued?

Saab (car brand)

[21] Spyker paid $74 million, or EUR 54 million, for Saab shares.


Question: In any year Ford's so-called. Production of the Model T was discontinued?

Saab (car brand)

Still, General Motors still retained for itself Saab shares worth $326 million.


Question: In any year Ford's so-called. Production of the Model T was discontinued?

Saab (car brand)

[22] The agreement involves the new car manufacturer being renamed Saab Spyker Automobiles.


Question: In any year Ford's so-called. Production of the Model T was discontinued?

Saab (car brand)

[23] [24] In September 2010, Saab entered into a cooperation agreement with BMW, mostly related to engine technology.


Question: In any year Ford's so-called. Production of the Model T was discontinued?

Saab (car brand)

Since 2010, Saab has entered into a cooperation agreement with German company BMW in relation to engine technology.


Question: In any year Ford's so-called. Production of the Model T was discontinued?

Saab (car brand)

In March 2011, production of new cars was interrupted in Trollhättan due to payment difficulties to the company's subcontractors.


Question: In any year Ford's so-called. Production of the Model T was discontinued?

Saab (car brand)

[25] Saab's letter of intent with Chinese companies Youngma and Pangda threatened to be cancelled in October 2011 when the Chinese would have preferred the entire stock of the company, which Saab subsequently agreed to.


Question: In any year Ford's so-called. Production of the Model T was discontinued?

Saab (car brand)

[26] [27] On December 19, 2011, Saab filed for bankruptcy after the money supply was exhausted.


Question: In any year Ford's so-called. Production of the Model T was discontinued?

Saab (car brand)

[28] Car production restarted with the old 9-3 model in December 2013 when new owner National Electric Vehicle Sweden (NEVS) launched operations at the Trollhättan plant.


Question: In any year Ford's so-called. Production of the Model T was discontinued?

Saab (car brand)

[1] NEVS' owners include NME Holdings, registered in the Virgin Islands, with a majority stake, and the City of Qindao (Qingdao Qingbo Investment Co Ltd).


Question: In any year Ford's so-called. Production of the Model T was discontinued?

Saab (car brand)

[29] However, Saab production stopped in May 2014, and in August of the same year NEVS went into liquidation, from which it was cleared in April 2015 by order of the Vänersborg court.


Question: In any year Ford's so-called. Production of the Model T was discontinued?

Saab (car brand)

[30] [31] In May 2015, NEVS announced that it had received two strategic partners from China.


Question: In any year Ford's so-called. Production of the Model T was discontinued?

Saab (car brand)

They are Tianjin Binhai Hi-tech Industrial Development Area (THT) and Beijing State Research Information Technology Co.


Question: In any year Ford's so-called. Production of the Model T was discontinued?

Saab (car brand)

Ltd.


Question: In any year Ford's so-called. Production of the Model T was discontinued?

Saab (car brand)

(SRIT).


Question: In any year Ford's so-called. Production of the Model T was discontinued?

Saab (car brand)

At the same time, NEVS announced its intentions to open a new factory in the city of Tianjin, China.


Question: In any year Ford's so-called. Production of the Model T was discontinued?

Saab (car brand)

[32] Saab in Finland Saab's first representative in Finland was Importer Oy from Helsinki, which imported around 900 Saab passenger cars from 1950 to 1963.


Question: In any year Ford's so-called. Production of the Model T was discontinued?

Saab (car brand)

In 1963 Saab representation passed to Oy Scan-Auto AB, which had been importing Scania-Vabis brand trucks and bus chassis since 1949.


Question: In any year Ford's so-called. Production of the Model T was discontinued?

Saab (car brand)

[33] In 1959, only about 500 Saab passenger cars were registered in Finland.


Question: In any year Ford's so-called. Production of the Model T was discontinued?

Saab (car brand)

Import rationing of passenger cars ended in 1962, but Saab remained a fairly rare brand of cars due to its relatively expensive price.


Question: In any year Ford's so-called. Production of the Model T was discontinued?

Saab (car brand)

[34] In 1965, for example, the Ford Taunus and Cortina cost the same as the Saab 96 (8900 marks), although they were part of the larger size range.


Question: In any year Ford's so-called. Production of the Model T was discontinued?

Saab (car brand)

[35] At the same time, however, Saab gained fame as a rally car, especially thanks to Carl-Otto Bremer and Simo Lampinen.


Question: In any year Ford's so-called. Production of the Model T was discontinued?

Saab (car brand)

[34] A few pieces of Saab Sonett sports car were imported on special order.


Question: In any year Ford's so-called. Production of the Model T was discontinued?

Saab (car brand)

[36] In 1968, Saab-Valmet Oy, a Finnish-Swedish joint venture, was established in which the Finnish state was part owner through Valmet.


Question: In any year Ford's so-called. Production of the Model T was discontinued?

Saab (car brand)

Automobile assembly at the Uusikaupunki automobile factory began in November 1969.


Question: In any year Ford's so-called. Production of the Model T was discontinued?

Saab (car brand)

The choice of Uusikaupunki as the location for the plant was partly due to the fact that the Uusikaupunki region, Vakka-Suomi, enjoyed tax concessions granted to the so-called development regions at that time.


Question: In any year Ford's so-called. Production of the Model T was discontinued?

Saab (car brand)

During the 1970s, Saab's share of Finland's passenger car fleet rose appreciably from one per cent to around eight per cent.


Question: In any year Ford's so-called. Production of the Model T was discontinued?

Saab (car brand)

With just under 6300 Saabs on the register at the end of 1969, the corresponding figure ten years later was around 95,000, more than 13 times higher.


Question: In any year Ford's so-called. Production of the Model T was discontinued?

Saab (car brand)

[37] Saab 95 models were registered as vans as so-called hidden farmers between 1967 and 1971 for a total of 2638 copies.


Question: In any year Ford's so-called. Production of the Model T was discontinued?

Saab (car brand)

[38] As a rally car, the Saab 96 offered tough resistance to newer car models even in the 1970s, and Scan-Auto was driven by others such as Simo Lampinen, Tapio Rainio and Jari Vilkas.


Question: In any year Ford's so-called. Production of the Model T was discontinued?

Saab (car brand)

[37] Saab models designed at the Uusikaupunki car factory and only manufactured there were the extended Saab 99 Finlandia presented in 1977 and 99 Petro, which went on sale in 1979.


Question: In any year Ford's so-called. Production of the Model T was discontinued?

Saab (car brand)

In Saab 99 Finlandia, the standard model had been extended from the middle with an extra 20 centimeters, and most of them went to government institutions and companies.


Question: In any year Ford's so-called. Production of the Model T was discontinued?

Saab (car brand)

The Saab 99 Petro used kerosene or turpentine as fuel, along with petrol, the former when started and at peak load, and the latter when driving at partial power.


Question: In any year Ford's so-called. Production of the Model T was discontinued?

Saab (car brand)

The state played its part by enacting a law that made vehicles using wood-derived fuel free from vehicle tax; though, the law applied only to domestically manufactured vehicles.


Question: In any year Ford's so-called. Production of the Model T was discontinued?

Saab (car brand)

However, Saab Petro remained short-lived as a model, as oil companies were not eager to invest in kerosene distribution channels due to lower demand, fuel price trends became disadvantageous for kerosene and, moreover, technical dilemmas arose in cars.


Question: In any year Ford's so-called. Production of the Model T was discontinued?

Saab (car brand)

[37] Car models Picture modelmanufacturing informationAAB 921949—1956The first production model was a small two-stroke car.


Question: In any year Ford's so-called. Production of the Model T was discontinued?

Saab (car brand)

Model shapes originated in the company's aircraft history and survived until the end of manufacturing of the Saab 96 in 1980 in the smallest Saab models.The Saab 931955—1960Saab 93 was Saab's second mass-produced passenger car model.


Question: In any year Ford's so-called. Production of the Model T was discontinued?

Saab (car brand)

Was largely based on the 92 model.


Question: In any year Ford's so-called. Production of the Model T was discontinued?

Saab (car brand)

The Saab Sonett1956, 1967—1974Saab light-built sports car model.The Saab 951959—1978Saab 95 was a station wagon version of the Saab 93 introduced in 1959.


Question: In any year Ford's so-called. Production of the Model T was discontinued?

Saab (car brand)

When the Saab 96 entered the market a year later, the 95 model changed and began using the same basic parts and technology as the 96.


Question: In any year Ford's so-called. Production of the Model T was discontinued?

Saab (car brand)

[39] 150pxSaab 961960—1980Saab 96 is one of Saab's most distinctive models.


Question: In any year Ford's so-called. Production of the Model T was discontinued?

Saab (car brand)

It is a 2-door coupé that was based on the Saab 93 and 95.


Question: In any year Ford's so-called. Production of the Model T was discontinued?

Saab (car brand)

The first models were two-stroke, but in 1967 the four-stroke V4 was changed to the engine.


Question: In any year Ford's so-called. Production of the Model T was discontinued?

Saab (car brand)

The same change was made to Saab 95.


Question: In any year Ford's so-called. Production of the Model T was discontinued?

Saab (car brand)

[39] The Saab 991968—1984The bigger middle class Saab 99 saw the launch of seat belts and a turbocharger.


Question: In any year Ford's so-called. Model T production stopped?

Saab (car brand)

The new body model Combi coupé expanded the model range in the early 1970s. The Saab 9001979—1998900 is a bigger model and sort of a sister model of the 90.


Question: In any year Ford's so-called. Model T production stopped?

Saab (car brand)

The earlier model was received as a sedan and a hatchback Combi coupé.


Question: In any year Ford's so-called. Model T production stopped?

Saab (car brand)

The next model was only hatchback 3- as well as 5-door.


Question: In any year Ford's so-called. Model T production stopped?

Saab (car brand)

The successor of the second generation is the Saab 9-3.Saab 901984—198799 model extender manufactured in Uusimacity with the bow of its predecessor and the stern of the 900 model.The Saab 90001984—1998Saab 9000 was the output of the Tipo4 project with Saab.


Question: In any year Ford's so-called. Model T production stopped?

Saab (car brand)

Saab had financial difficulties and so was born a large Saab into a much-needed class.