Question: How many production seasons have the Scrambled Lives series been made into?

Considered Lives

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Question: How many production seasons have the Scrambled Lives series been made into?

Considered Lives

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Question: When was Charles I born?

Charles the Great

The blissful Charles the Great (,,) was king of the Franks from 768—814 and king of the langobards since 774.


Question: When was Charles I born?

Charles the Great

From 768—771 he reigned jointly with his brother Kaarloman, and after his death from 771 he was the sole king of the Franks.


Question: When was Charles I born?

Charles the Great

He was crowned Roman Emperor by the Pope in 800.


Question: When was Charles I born?

Charles the Great

Charles the Great was a reformer of Western emperor power.


Question: When was Charles I born?

Charles the Great

Today, both Germany and France regard him as the founder of their states.


Question: When was Charles I born?

Charles the Great

Charles the Great was proclaimed a saint in 1166.


Question: When was Charles I born?

Charles the Great

Charlemagne vigorously reformed the legislation.


Question: When was Charles I born?

Charles the Great

Under stable conditions, economic life also progressed strongly: Charlemagne was the first Western European ruler after the Roman emperors to mint a gold coin in large measure.


Question: When was Charles I born?

Charles the Great

Most of the surviving records concerning Charles are written by scholars and advisers of his court.


Question: When was Charles I born?

Charles the Great

Their accuracy has been much mooted.


Question: When was Charles I born?

Charles the Great

Deficiencies have been found in Master Einhard's writings, and the text is perhaps all too laudatory.


Question: When was Charles I born?

Charles the Great

Administrative documents have survived, as well murals in churches of Charles as well as a bronze statue depicting him mentioned earlier.


Question: When was Charles I born?

Charles the Great

From the time of Charles the Great there are many Frankish uses and ornaments, money, buildings and weapons.


Question: When was Charles I born?

Charles the Great

Among other things, Roland's song contains information about Charles, but they are often quite exaggerated and inaccurate, later written recordings of old oral knowledge.


Question: When was Charles I born?

Charles the Great

Pedigree and early life Charlemagne was descended from an old Frankish lineage and was the eldest son of Pip the Little, the first Caroling king, and grandson of Charlemagne Martel.


Question: When was Charles I born?

Charles the Great

Upon Pipin's death, the Frankish kingdom was divided between Charles and his brother Kaarloman.


Question: When was Charles I born?

Charles the Great

Charleoman died on 4 December 771 and left the whole kingdom to his brother.


Question: When was Charles I born?

Charles the Great

Charlemagne was most probably born in 742 (according to some estimates in 747 or 748), with the traditional birthday having been considered 1st/2nd.


Question: When was Charles I born?

Charles the Great

on april.


Question: When was Charles I born?

Charles the Great

The place of birth is not known.


Question: When was Charles I born?

Charles the Great

Although Charles the Great was not royal by birth, he was raised since he was a child to the duties of monarch.


Question: When was Charles I born?

Charles the Great

His ancestors had held senior positions and stewards of society for five generations before him, including the high post of major domus, or de facto rulers of the Franks.


Question: When was Charles I born?

Charles the Great

One guarantee of Charles's success may have been that no specific succession disputes to the throne emerged during his time.


Question: When was Charles I born?

Charles the Great

A brother had died young, and doubts have been raised that Charlemagne contributed to this.


Question: When was Charles I born?

Charles the Great

Charles's father, the major domus Pipin deposed the last Merovingi king with papal blessing in 751 and crowned himself the new Frankish king, and thus Charles became the second Frankish heir to the throne along with his brother.


Question: When was Charles I born?

Charles the Great

Upon Pipin's death, relations between Charles and his brother Kaarloman deteriorated; each felt that he was a legitimate king, Charles by virtue of being the elder, Charles because Charles was rumored to have been born before his parents' marriage.


Question: When was Charles I born?

Charles the Great

The brothers allegedly plotted against each other.


Question: When was Charles I born?

Charles the Great

Kaarloman's sudden death at the age of only about 20 prevented the situation from escalating into a succession dispute or even war.


Question: When was Charles I born?

Charles the Great

Personal image Although his father was particularly short, came from Charles 184 cm tall [1] [2].


Question: When was Charles I born?

Charles the Great

He has been described as violent, but quite often his physical strength is briskly exaggerated.


Question: When was Charles I born?

Charles the Great

The appearance of Charles is not exactly known.


Question: When was Charles I born?

Charles the Great

Pictures and statues of him have been produced in later times, usually using a bronze equestrian statue which has preserved from the 8th century.


Question: When was Charles I born?

Charles the Great

Charles was regarded as a pleasant and humorous socialite who, however, was very strident in nature.


Question: When was Charles I born?

Charles the Great

As a warlord, by contrast, he was tenacious and unconditional.


Question: When was Charles I born?

Charles the Great

Along with doctrinal pursuits and warring, Charles was interested in hunting and swimming.


Question: When was Charles I born?

Charles the Great

He was also versed in farming, and for food he had a great fondness for (this resulted in a laudable sized tummy), but drunkenness, on the other hand, he could not tolerate.


Question: When was Charles I born?

Charles the Great

She was said to have dressed in a very simple linen outfit on weekdays, but on festive occasions the situation was different.


Question: When was Charles I born?

Charles the Great

Charles had five spouses during his life, contrary to what was dictated by the principles of the Catholic Church.


Question: When was Charles I born?

Charles the Great

However, Charlemagne viewed religion very positively.


Question: When was Charles I born?

Charles the Great

There were also several children for him during life, according to various sources from 14 to 20 children [3].


Question: When was Charles I born?

Charles the Great

Charlemagne as king In 772, Pope Hadrian I asked Charles for help against the langobards.


Question: When was Charles I born?

Charles the Great

Charlemagne besieged and took Pavia and made himself king of the langobards in 774.


Question: When was Charles I born?

Charles the Great

Returning to his capital Aachen, Charlemagne began the expansion of the Frankish Empire by defeating the Saxons.


Question: When was Charles I born?

Charles the Great

The pagan peoples of the territories conquered by Charles were forced to convert to Christianity.


Question: When was Charles I born?

Charles the Great

In 778, Charlemagne made war in Spain against the Moors.


Question: When was Charles I born?

Charles the Great

On the way back, the Basques attacked the Franks.


Question: When was Charles I born?

Charles the Great

The famous Roland song was later written about Count Roland (Hruotland), who died in battle.


Question: When was Charles I born?

Charles the Great

Aquitaine was made to an underage son, Louis, his own sub-kingdom.


Question: When was Charles I born?

Charles the Great

He was crowned and anointed by the Pope in 781 along with his brother Pippin, who had been appointed sub-king of Italy.


Question: When was Charles I born?

Charles the Great

In 788, Bavaria was also definitively annexed to the kingdom.


Question: When was Charles I born?

Charles the Great

Most of the Christians in Western Europe had been consolidated into a single kingdom.


Question: When was Charles I born?

Charles the Great

Crowning as Roman Emperor on Christmas Day in 800, Pope Leo III crowned Charles Roman Emperor.


Question: When was Charles I born?

Charles the Great

[4] The last Western Roman emperor, Romulus Augustulus, had relinquished power in 476.


Question: When was Charles I born?

Charles the Great

The time was well-chosen: Byzantium was then ruled by an empress, Basileios Irene, who was not accepted in the West.


Question: When was Charles I born?

Charles the Great

This was the first time a pope had taken upon himself the right to appoint an emperor.


Question: When was Charles I born?

Charles the Great

From now on, Europe had two emperors, in the West and East.


Question: When was Charles I born?

Charles the Great

Pope Leo III's position was difficult.


Question: When was Charles I born?

Charles the Great

Leo III had initially relied more on Byzantium than on the Franks, but now Byzantium was in power by Irene, whose status as the first female ruler was uncertain, and Byzantium, in many's view, had no emperor at all.


Question: When was Charles I born?

Charles the Great

Leo III had already in 799 been forced to flee his Roman enemies to Charles the Great, who, on Alutin's advice, helped bring him back to power.


Question: When was Charles I born?

Charles the Great

It is evident that Charles's crowning as emperor took place at the initiative of the Pope.


Question: When was Charles I born?

Charles the Great

Thus the pope safeguarded his own and that of the church's state.


Question: When was Charles I born?

Charles the Great

[5] On Christmas Day in 800, while Charles was praying in St. Peter's Basilica, the pope appeared and crowned Charles Roman Emperor (Imperator Romanorum).


Question: When was Charles I born?

Charles the Great

This is an event that historians have many minds.


Question: When was Charles I born?

Charles the Great

Charles is said to have been surprised by the crowning and that he would have failed to appear at the church if he had known about it.


Question: When was Charles I born?

Charles the Great

However, in the opinion of some historians, the pope would not have dared to crown Charles out of the blue.


Question: When was Charles I born?

Charles the Great

[6] Without Byzantine approval, crowning as Roman emperor was an illegal, actually revolutionary act.


Question: When was Charles I born?

Charles the Great

Charles the Great is reported to have sought Byzantine approval by seeking to marry Irene, whereby Frankish territories would have been united with Byzantium and Charlemagne elevated to its emperor.


Question: When was Charles I born?

Charles the Great

If there were such plans, they tapered no later than Irene's impeachment of 802.


Question: When was Charles I born?

Charles the Great

It meant that Charlemagne, as emperor, ruled only the Duchy of Rome and the former exarchate.


Question: When was Charles I born?

Charles the Great

In other territories, he was only king of the Franks and the Langobards.


Question: When was Charles I born?

Charles the Great

The purpose of the crowning was not to divide the empire into western and eastern, but led to it indirectly.


Question: When was Charles I born?

Charles the Great

Although, after a bygone war, Michael I of Byzantium had a weak recognition of Charles's Empire in 812, it was only about the Empire, not the Roman Empire.


Question: When was Charles I born?

Charles the Great

Byzantium still considered himself the sole heir to the Roman Empire.


Question: When was Charles I born?

Charles the Great

[5] In his book Michael Hart considers the title of the 100 greatest Roman emperors of mankind to be inappropriate, on the grounds that Charlemagne was not Roman by origin, culture, or appearance, and the capital of his kingdom was not Rome, but Aachen, and the kingdom was not anyway ancient Roman magnitude.


Question: When was Charles I born?

Charles the Great

Although Charlemagne admired and revived the culture of antiquity, united Europe and was the strongest leader in Europe at the time.


Question: When was Charles I born?

Charles the Great

The family Charlemagne married the langobard Himiltrude apparently around the year 768.


Question: When was Charles I born?

Charles the Great

However, the relationship was short-lived, as around 769—771 her consort was named the daughter of an unknown langobard king.


Question: When was Charles I born?

Charles the Great

He was followed by Hildegard (ca.


Question: When was Charles I born?

Charles the Great

771—783), Fastrada (783—794), as well as Luitgard (ca.


Question: When was Charles I born?

Charles the Great


Question: When was Charles I born?

Charles the Great

Charlemagne crowned his son Louis the Pious as king of the Franks in 811.


Question: When was Charles I born?

Charles the Great

Wives of Himiltrude langobard Desiderata, daughter of King Desiderius.


Question: When was Charles I born?

Charles the Great

Svaabian Hildegard (marrying ca.


Question: When was Charles I born?

Charles the Great

771) (758—783) the East Frankish Fastrada (married 784) (died 794) the Alemanni Luitgard (married 794) (died 800) After Luitgard's death, Charles had three concubines, Gersuinda the Saxon, and Regina and Adelind.


Question: When was Charles I born?

Charles the Great

Children of Pipin (died 811), illegitimate child of Charles the Younger, King of Neustria (772—811) Pipin, King of Italy (773—810) Louis the Pious (778—840) Lothar (died 780) with daughters Rotrud, Bertha and Gisla Hildegard.


Question: When was Charles I born?

Charles the Great

Daughters Theoderata and Hiltrud with Fastrada.


Question: When was Charles I born?

Charles the Great

Daughter Rotheid, with a concubine.


Question: When was Charles I born?

Charles the Great

With concubines, he also had a daughter Adaltrud and sons Drogo, Hugo and Theoderik.


Question: When was Charles I born?

Charles the Great

Old age and death Charlemagne was allowed to spend his days in peace from the wars.


Question: When was Charles I born?

Charles the Great

He had good health, but in the last four years of his life it degenerated.


Question: When was Charles I born?

Charles the Great

At that time, he often experienced fever, and the gait turned into a limp.


Question: When was Charles I born?

Charles the Great

The deaths of the children worsened Charles's state of mind, and he died of severe fever on 28 January 814 in Aachen, the capital of the kingdom [7].


Question: When was Charles I born?

Charles the Great

That 28 January is still considered to be the day of remembrance of Charles the Great.


Question: When was Charles I born?

Charles the Great

His earthly remains are preserved in the Cathedral of Aachen [8].


Question: When was Charles I born?

Charles the Great

Of Charles's decent sons, only the weakest, Louis, was still alive when his father died, and he inherited the kingdom.


Question: When was Charles I born?

Charles the Great

When there was no strong leader, times of turmoil in the kingdom began.


Question: When was Charles I born?

Charles the Great

The papal position was clearly strengthened and at last in the Treaty of Verdun in 843 the kingdom was divided into three parts between Charles's grandsons.


Question: When was Charles I born?

Charles the Great

Background of the Frankish Empire, the Franks belonging to the Germanic peoples migrated across the Rhine River into Gaul at the time of the Great International migrations.


Question: When was Charles I born?

Charles the Great

In 481, the Frankish Klodovig gained the throne, fighting later successfully against many European peoples, among them the Romans.


Question: When was Charles I born?

Charles the Great

Klodovig's consort was a Christian, and she also gradually induced her husband to convert from paganism.


Question: When was Charles I born?

Charles the Great

After Klodovig, the rule of the Frankish kings, or Merovingians, began to decline, and in fact the kingdom was then ruled by top court officials, or major domuses.


Question: When was Charles I born?

Charles the Great

A major domus, called Charlemagne, defeated the Arabs in 732 at the Battle of Poitiers and was given the additional name Martell (“hammer”).


Question: When was Charles I born?

Charles the Great

Charlemagne's son Pipin the Small (or Pipin the Short) finally ascended the throne instead of the titular king, and his eldest son Charles was to become emperor, according to which the period of administration of their lineage would be called the Carolingic period.


Question: When was Charles I born?

Charles the Great

Charles's Wars War on the langobards Charles became, along with his brother Kaarloman, king of the Franks upon the death of their father in 768.


Question: When was Charles I born?

Charles the Great

When Charlemagne also died after some time, Charlemagne was alone at the top of the kingdom and began the expansion of his kingdom [9].


Question: When was Charles I born?

Charles the Great

The northern part of Italy was inhabited by langobards who threatened the Church State ruled by the Pope.


Question: When was Charles I born?

Charles the Great

At first there was peace between Charles and the langobards, and Charlemagne even married the daughter of the langobard king Desiderius.


Question: When was Charles I born?

Charles the Great

This was by no means accepted by Pope Hadrian I, but Charles's determination and firm grip on the Catholic Church and the Pope came to light when he entered into that marriage trade [10].


Question: When was Charles I born?

Charles the Great

It is not known further why Charlemagne abandoned his wife after a year-long union.


Question: When was Charles I born?

Charles the Great

Certainly, he had calculated what was to follow from the breakup.


Question: When was Charles I born?

Charles the Great

The Langobards, angered by the separation, attacked the Pope in retaliation [11].


Question: When was Charles I born?

Charles the Great

In that situation, the pope invited Charles and his troops to help.


Question: When was Charles I born?

Charles the Great

Charlemagne went on a war expedition, soon defeating the whole kingdom of Langobard and saving the Pope.


Question: When was Charles I born?

Charles the Great

The Langobard princess could only serve as a vessel for Charles's plans.


Question: When was Charles I born?

Charles the Great

Now that Charlemagne had received his troops into the surroundings of the Church State and his papal ally, he crowned himself King of Italy in 774.


Question: When was Charles I born?

Charles the Great

Wars against the Saxons As early as Charles the Great's grandfather Charles Martell had fought against the pagan Saxon tribes who lived on the northern and northeastern frontier of his kingdom between the Rhine and Elbe rivers.


Question: When was Charles I born?

Charles the Great

Charles the Great continued his grandfather's work and wanted to unite in his circle of power the Saxons.


Question: When was Charles I born?

Charles the Great

The Saxons were pagans, and that deficiency Charles had to rectify.


Question: When was Charles I born?

Charles the Great

He certainly believed he would make an ally out of them.


Question: When was Charles I born?

Charles the Great

Attempts had been made to convert the Saxons before, but without success.


Question: When was Charles I born?

Charles the Great

The Saxons were made up of separate tribes who in war joined forces against a common enemy.


Question: When was Charles I born?

Charles the Great

After concluding some sort of treaty with the Saxons, Charlemagne returned home and then embarked on the earlier mentioned war expedition to the lands of the Langobards.


Question: When was Charles I born?

Charles the Great

But the insulted Saxons broke the treaty and ravaged Charles's kingdom.


Question: When was Charles I born?

Charles the Great

On his return from Italy, he then went out again against the Saxons and had them most of them defeated.


Question: When was Charles I born?

Charles the Great

Only one Saxon chieftain named Widukind tenaciously held his sides [12].


Question: When was Charles I born?

Charles the Great

He was a man of high esteem and had a flame of rebellion in the Saxons when Charles went on his expedition to Spain.


Question: When was Charles I born?

Charles the Great

The rebels mainly destroyed churches and generally anything associated with Christianity in retaliation for the cutting down of the Irminsul tree.


Question: When was Charles I born?

Charles the Great

From that began a lengthy war between the Franks and the Saxons.


Question: When was Charles I born?

Charles the Great

Alternately, the parties experienced gains and losses.


Question: When was Charles I born?

Charles the Great

At last Charlemagne succumbed to error: he executed 4,000 warriors whom the Saxons, under duress, had handed over to him.


Question: When was Charles I born?

Charles the Great

The Saxon rebellion just overcame this.


Question: When was Charles I born?

Charles the Great

Years of wars had consumed both sides, and at last Widukind, realizing the inconclusiveness of the fighting, converted in 785 to Christianity [13].


Question: When was Charles I born?

Charles the Great

Charles the Great eventually treated the Saxons favourably.


Question: When was Charles I born?

Charles the Great

To Widukind he handed over numerous gifts and gained from this a friend and ally.


Question: When was Charles I born?

Charles the Great

Widukind came to be one of Charles's most important chiefs.


Question: When was Charles I born?

Charles the Great

Thus came the fragmented tribes united.


Question: When was Charles I born?

Charles the Great

The wars had finally paid off, but it was not until 804 [14] that the Saxons were fully pacified.


Question: When was Charles I born?

Charles the Great

In addition to other wars with the Langobards and the Saxons of Charles the Great, Charlemagne conquered small territories from Spain, as well as gaining control of the friezes that lived along the Rhine, a well-known trading nation.


Question: When was Charles I born?

Charles the Great

Also against the Avaars, as well as Slavs and Danes, Charlemagne fought successfully.


Question: When was Charles I born?

Charles the Great

In 809, Charlemagne also subjugated parts of eastern Rome under his control.


Question: When was Charles I born?

Charles the Great

In total, Charlemagne made 54 expeditions during his life, and many wars were very lengthy.


Question: When was Charles I born?

Charles the Great

The defeated nations also revolted from time to time.


Question: When was Charles I born?

Charles the Great

Charles's relationship with religion and the church Charlemagne saw himself as a protector of the weak and needy, and it was important for him to instill in the people the love of his fellow man.


Question: When was Charles I born?

Charles the Great

He severely punished those who did not follow this principle.


Question: When was Charles I born?

Charles the Great

Charlemagne favored the church and the priests.


Question: When was Charles I born?

Charles the Great

These played a great role in spreading the spiritual civilization that unites the people.


Question: When was Charles I born?

Charles the Great

However, for the church he was at the same time both a patron and a stern ruler.


Question: When was Charles I born?

Charles the Great

Churchmen had to be obedient and strictly Christian.


Question: When was Charles I born?

Charles the Great

Unworthy priests who squeaked and spent their time for pleasure were dismissed from their duties by Charlemagne.


Question: When was Charles I born?

Charles the Great

However, it was not easy to keep these “unclean” in check, as they themselves had riches and armed entourages, as well as exalted relatives to support them.


Question: When was Charles I born?

Charles the Great

In his old age days, Charles the Great apparently had noticed the church's grievances, as notes referring to the Reformation have been found.


Question: When was Charles I born?

Charles the Great

These include questions that were apparently intended to be asked at some ecclesiastical assembly.


Question: When was Charles I born?

Charles the Great

In his questions, he refers to indulgence trading among other things.


Question: When was Charles I born?

Charles the Great

There was also a negative attitude towards collecting relics by Charlemagne.


Question: When was Charles I born?

Charles the Great

To redress the church's grievances, the emperor's admonitions were not enough; a new law was needed, by which those who lost their inheritance in the supplicant trade regained it.


Question: When was Charles I born?

Charles the Great

Charlemagne was a devout Christian who, however, did not blindly follow those doctrines of the Catholic Church which he himself considered false.


Question: When was Charles I born?

Charles the Great

He felt entitled, and had a firmer grip on the church than the church had on him.


Question: When was Charles I born?

Charles the Great

This was certainly influenced by the fact that the Franks had already been Christians for centuries.


Question: When was Charles I born?

Charles the Great

Charles's great-grandfather, Arnulf, had served as bishop of the city of Metz.


Question: When was Charles I born?

Charles the Great

Charlemagne was thus a holier man than many of the church's priests and bishops.


Question: When was Charles I born?

Charles the Great

However, in the spirit of the time, he used very brutal judgments of worship, among them the water test.


Question: When was Charles I born?

Charles the Great

Charlemagne also found the usefulness of cooperation between religion and state and knew how to use it too for the benefit of his kingdom, while respecting the principles of religion.


Question: When was Charles I born?

Charles the Great

Charles's style of governance was suited by Christianity's requirement that the individual had to be obedient to the pre-power.


Question: When was Charles I born?

Charles the Great

The phase of adolescence in which Europe switched from paganism to Christianity was a really important factor in Charles's success and the growth of the kingdom.


Question: When was Charles I born?

Charles the Great

He had to use the sword to defeat the heathen peoples and convert them to Christians.


Question: When was Charles I born?

Charles the Great

This was also the papal objective, allowing Charlemagne to gain ample approval for his actions.


Question: When was Charles I born?

Charles the Great

If in Europe the neighbouring Frankish peoples had already been Christians, Charlemagne would have come into conflict with the Church and had to come up with justifications other than converting.


Question: When was Charles I born?

Charles the Great

Organizing the administration of the Frankish Empire Laws and Justice Charles the Great enacted his laws, namely capitulars (statutes divided into pieces), to guarantee justice, peace and order in his kingdom.


Question: When was Charles I born?

Charles the Great

His bill he submitted to the State Assembly for consideration.


Question: When was Charles I born?

Charles the Great

These meetings were held twice a year, in spring and autumn.


Question: When was Charles I born?

Charles the Great

The laws limited the swelling of the power of the superiors and safeguarded the rights of the poorer people, prevented crime and imposed dimensions and weights for commerce.


Question: When was Charles I born?

Charles the Great

There were a couple of thousand laws, and they covered the most diverse walks of life.


Question: When was Charles I born?

Charles the Great

Punishments at that time were tough, especially for violations against the church and faith.


Question: When was Charles I born?

Charles the Great

On the other hand, harsh penalties intensified well.


Question: When was Charles I born?

Charles the Great

For example, those who violently invaded a church, robbed or burned churches were sentenced to death at the stake, failure to comply with fasting ordinances carries a death sentence, and so does a death sentence for killing a bishop or priest, or, say, cremation.


Question: When was Charles I born?

Charles the Great

To enforce the laws, Charlemagne appointed counts who, in addition to controlling the county's holdings, collected taxes.


Question: When was Charles I born?

Charles the Great

The Counts represented the territory they controlled and were chiefs of the warmen of their territories, as well as the heads of the courts.


Question: When was Charles I born?

Charles the Great

Disobedience and illegal acts of the Counts were prevented with the help of Inspectors General.


Question: When was Charles I born?

Charles the Great

The people were allowed to complain to these inspectors if necessary, and efforts were made to rectify matters.


Question: When was Charles I born?

Charles the Great

To the judges, Charlemagne was absolute: they were not allowed to take bribes.


Question: When was Charles I born?

Charles the Great

The taking of bribes was therefore a major and large-scale problem in the kingdom.


Question: When was Charles I born?

Charles the Great

Charlemagne himself was the highest judge, and the people did not doubt his justice.


Question: When was Charles I born?

Charles the Great

Not only judges, but also witnesses in court were often dishonest.


Question: When was Charles I born?

Charles the Great

Even the accused was able to exploit bribed witnesses.


Question: When was Charles I born?

Charles the Great

When the legal problem could not be resolved through witnesses, sentences of worship were usually used.


Question: When was Charles I born?

Charles the Great

The fiefdom Warlike tribes threatened ranchers, and these were often forced to cede their land to a more heavily equipped landowner for this reason to gain access to his protection.


Question: When was Charles I born?

Charles the Great

The grand ranchers thus increasing their fortunes devoted themselves mostly to warring with their cavalry, handing over farms back to ranchers as counties, as long as these merely committed themselves to performing mounted service.


Question: When was Charles I born?

Charles the Great

Farming work was left to peasants in the position of serfs.


Question: When was Charles I born?

Charles the Great

Gradually, the rulers, too, began to distribute fiefdoms to gain cavalry.


Question: When was Charles I born?

Charles the Great

The economy of Charles the Great's empire was mainly based on agriculture, so he used this very fiefdom in his kingdom, and the people were clearly divided into different classes: workers, fighters, as well as prayers.


Question: When was Charles I born?

Charles the Great

He gave rehabilitated men counties as deadlines meaning they became grand vassals.


Question: When was Charles I born?

Charles the Great

Subvassals acting under them, in turn.


Question: When was Charles I born?

Charles the Great

The disadvantage of the fiefdom was that the state became fragmented, with the grand vassals deciding for themselves quite significant matters in their county.


Question: When was Charles I born?

Charles the Great

This may have led to mutual wars among the vassals unless a powerful state leader could keep them in check.


Question: When was Charles I born?

Charles the Great

Charlemagne was strong enough to do so, and upon his death the fiefdom became a hereditary feudal institution again, contributing to the dissolution of the state more than a fixed-term fiefdom.


Question: When was Charles I born?

Charles the Great

Military service The aforementioned Spring Meeting was also inspected by military personnel at the so-called May Fields.


Question: When was Charles I born?

Charles the Great

Previously, all the men of the kingdom had been conscripted, but by the act of Charles, war service became only the duty of landowners.


Question: When was Charles I born?

Charles the Great

The great ranchers could equip even a large number of soldiers, but the smallholders together chose one private from among them and procured him weapons and food.


Question: When was Charles I born?

Charles the Great

However, war service duty seemed onerous to small farmers, and Charles had to allocate more fiefdoms to the grand vassals to keep the powerful and necessary cavalry for the kingdom in order.


Question: When was Charles I born?

Charles the Great

The greatest threat to the kingdom may have come from within it, as chiefly the superiority formed the most powerful forces.


Question: When was Charles I born?

Charles the Great

The great vassals, however, respected their mighty leader, and Charles had a knack for dealing with them and keeping them happy.


Question: When was Charles I born?

Charles the Great

Charles the Cultural Work Although Charles the Great's own doctrinal civilization was weak, he wanted to improve it and the level of civilization of his kingdom as a whole.


Question: When was Charles I born?

Charles the Great

He admired ancient civilization and diligently practiced writing and Latin and Greek languages, and established libraries.


Question: When was Charles I born?

Charles the Great

However, it was not until his old age that he knew how to write.


Question: When was Charles I born?

Charles the Great

That favourable attitude towards the sciences eventually came to be a driving force for modern Western civilization, whose roots go back as far as the cultures of ancient antiquity.


Question: When was Charles I born?

Charles the Great

Charlemagne understood the valuable aspects of the cultures of peoples that fell under his rule and did not want to eradicate information about the past of these peoples.


Question: When was Charles I born?

Charles the Great

He made a note of old Germanic songs about ancient heroes and feats.


Question: When was Charles I born?

Charles the Great

However, these writings were destroyed as a result of his son and successor Louis the Pious's enthusiasm for the eradication of paganism.


Question: When was Charles I born?

Charles the Great

Charlemagne also reformed the school establishment of his kingdom.


Question: When was Charles I born?

Charles the Great

This gave ordinary citizens the right and the opportunity to learn.


Question: When was Charles I born?

Charles the Great

Convent schools operate in connection with the monasteries and cathedral schools in connection with the cathedrals.


Question: When was Charles I born?

Charles the Great

A palace school operated at the court of Charles in Aachen.


Question: When was Charles I born?

Charles the Great

Other than those who intended to become priests studied at the so-called outdoor school.


Question: When was Charles I born?

Charles the Great

The first was taught reading and writing skills, singing, counting, and the rudiments of the Latin language.


Question: When was Charles I born?

Charles the Great

Charlemagne often went to inspect his educational institutions and was quite harsh towards lazy pupils.


Question: When was Charles I born?

Charles the Great

Charles the Great gathered scholars from his circle in the otherwise austere and brutal environment of that time.


Question: When was Charles I born?

Charles the Great

The kingdom did not hold together by mere war skills.


Question: When was Charles I born?

Charles the Great

Spiritual and spiritual culture enabled the development of the system of government.


Question: When was Charles I born?

Charles the Great

Charles is said to have been as happy to succeed in getting a learned man into his court as he was to conquer the city.


Question: When was Charles I born?

Charles the Great

At Charles's court, the scholars formed an academy, in whose discussions he enthusiastically took part.


Question: When was Charles I born?

Charles the Great

All things had to be sorted out to him thoroughly.


Question: When was Charles I born?

Charles the Great

Ancient writings were copied, and his will was to create a “new Athens” from the Frankish kingdom, which was to become even better than the original, Christian cradle of culture.


Question: When was Charles I born?

Charles the Great

There was a Carolingic Renaissance.


Question: When was Charles I born?

Charles the Great

The guarantee of the existence of Charles's kingdom, the civilized and cultural base was already ready and it was the culture of antiquity.


Question: When was Charles I born?

Charles the Great

That culture had begun to decline, but was still in the memory.


Question: When was Charles I born?

Charles the Great

Important for its preservation was the monasteries of the Middle Ages, and monks carried out the dissemination of culture.


Question: When was Charles I born?

Charles the Great

Charlemagne himself admired many customs of antiquity and took an example from them.


Question: When was Charles I born?

Charles the Great

Among other things, he invited friends, relatives and other guests to his spa and discussed important issues with them there.


Question: When was Charles I born?

Charles the Great

Also in building culture, Charlemagne followed Roman customs and initiated the stylistic direction of Carolingic architecture that existed throughout the 8th century [15].


Question: When was Charles I born?

Charles the Great

Charlemagne took advantage of enlightened, learned persons in developing and keeping his kingdom in size.


Question: When was Charles I born?

Charles the Great

Charlemagne was a skilled orator and negotiator, he knew how to express his opinions clearly and was able to react quickly to the actions of the opposing party.


Question: When was Charles I born?

Charles the Great

Although he did not learn an avoidant writing skill until a later age, he was nevertheless linguistically gifted.


Question: When was Charles I born?

Charles the Great

Einhard and Alcuin The most important of the scholars of Charles's court were the Frankish Einhard and the Anglo-Saxon monk Alcuin.


Question: When was Charles I born?

Charles the Great

They contributed to the role of Charles's doctrinal fathers.


Question: When was Charles I born?

Charles the Great

Without them, much of the knowledge of ancient times (especially mathematical doctrines) would have been left in pimento from modern knees.


Question: When was Charles I born?

Charles the Great

Master Einhard was among Charles's most trusted advisors, and was he was remarkably gifted in mathematics and architecture.


Question: When was Charles I born?

Charles the Great

He was responsible for the design of the cathedral of the city of Aachen and the palaces of Aachen and Ingelheim, as well as serving in diplomatic positions.


Question: When was Charles I born?

Charles the Great

His most important work is Vita Caroli Magni (“The Life of Charlemagne”), recounting the life work of Charlemagne.


Question: When was Charles I born?

Charles the Great

It is considered to be the best biographical writing of the entire medieval period.


Question: When was Charles I born?

Charles the Great

Most of the information on Charlemagne is precisely written by Einhard.


Question: When was Charles I born?

Charles the Great

His handwriting also includes the Annales Empirium Carlovingi (“Annals of the Carolingian Empire”).


Question: When was Charles I born?

Charles the Great

Charles's biographer Vita Caroli Magni was written by his scribe Einhard, who consciously imitated the style of the Roman Suetonius in the spirit of the so-called Carolingic Renaissance.


Question: When was Charles I born?

Charles the Great

[16] The monk Alcuin, on the other hand, developed the Roman literal to better suit mathematical purposes.


Question: When was Charles I born?

Charles the Great

He too was a talented architect and diplomat.


Question: When was Charles I born?

Charles the Great

Alcuin was director of Charles's palace school in Aachen and wrote textbooks at a time when doctrinal civilization in Europe was only beginning.


Question: When was Charles I born?

Charles the Great

Roland's song of Charles the Great plays a central part in the French national epic in Roland's song.


Question: When was Charles I born?

Charles the Great

The work tells the story of Charlemagne's great vassal, Roland, Count of Brittany, who fell at the Battle of Roncevaux to an ambush by the Saracens [17].


Question: When was Charles I born?

Charles the Great

One of Charles's Counts, named Ganelo, betrayed him.


Question: When was Charles I born?

Charles the Great

Plot When Charlemagne and his troops were returning from their successful Spanish expedition, the Saracens attacked the Afterward Force and Roland who led it.


Question: When was Charles I born?

Charles the Great

Roland and his men fought valiantly against a superior enemy, agreeing too late to blow his ivory horn called Olifant to summon his king to help him.


Question: When was Charles I born?

Charles the Great

Roland was killed, but Charlemagne avenged the death of his best hero in the poetry heavily and the treacherous Ganelon had his share of revenge.


Question: When was Charles I born?

Charles the Great

The importance of Charles the Great The kingdom of Charles the Great was later formed by the great nation-states France, Germany and Italy.


Question: When was Charles I born?

Charles the Great

Charlemagne's influence on Western civilization was significant.


Question: When was Charles I born?

Charles the Great

Without him, Central Europe would most obviously have attracted powerful and warlike peoples from the east.


Question: When was Charles I born?

Charles the Great

The closest state threat was East Rome.


Question: When was Charles I born?

Charles the Great

Without Charles the Great, the importance of the Catholic Church and the Pope could have remained quite limited.


Question: When was Charles I born?

Charles the Great

Western jurisprudence is based on so-called Roman law, which has been mediated until modern times thanks to the rule of Charlemagne.


Question: When was Charles I born?

Charles the Great

The norms created by that conception of law unite the countries of Europe today.


Question: When was Charles I born?

Charles the Great

The idea of universal monarchy The title of Emperor and the idea of a universal monarchy unifying all Christians in the West lasted long after Charles the Great.


Question: When was Charles I born?

Charles the Great

In particular, there were attempts to implement universal monarchy in the Heart Middle Ages in the Holy German-Roman Empire and in the 16th and 17th centuries, when the Habsburgs, who dominated Spain and Austria, sought to unify Europe.


Question: When was Charles I born?

Charles the Great

The idea of universal monarchy was not definitively buried until World War I.


Question: When was Charles I born?

Charles the Great

See also Frankish Empire Carolingic Renaissance Karlspreis, European prize awarded by the city of Aachen Sources Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Carl Grimberg| title = History of Peoples| publisher = WSOY| year = 1956—59}} References Elsewhere Category:Frankish kings Class:Medieval Persons Class:Those born in 742 Class:Those who died in 814 Class:Key articles of screening Category:Saints


Question: What is the area of Sicily?

Sicily

Sicily (Italian and Sicilian: Sicilia) is the largest island in the Mediterranean Sea in Italy.


Question: What is the area of Sicily?

Sicily

The size of the island is 25,700 square kilometers and is home to a good five million people.


Question: What is the area of Sicily?

Sicily

At its narrowest, the Messinan Strait, just 3.3 kilometres wide, separates Sicily from the Apennine Peninsula.


Question: What is the area of Sicily?

Sicily

[1] The island, with its neighboring islands, forms the administrative region of Sicily, divided into nine county-level regions.


Question: What is the area of Sicily?

Sicily

The geography of Sicily is somewhat of a triangle, the shortest “side” of which is oriented towards the east.


Question: What is the area of Sicily?

Sicily

The northeastern corner is closest to mainland Italy, namely the Apennine Peninsula, from which Sicily is separated by the Strait of Messinans.


Question: What is the area of Sicily?

Sicily

Sicily is volcanic.


Question: What is the area of Sicily?

Sicily

To its north lie the smaller similarly volcanic Lipar Islands.


Question: What is the area of Sicily?

Sicily

The southern and western part of Sicily are relatively wide.


Question: What is the area of Sicily?

Sicily

The northern and eastern parts are mountainous.


Question: What is the area of Sicily?

Sicily

The eastern part of the island is dominated by the volcano Etna (3340 m mpy.


Question: What is the area of Sicily?

Sicily

), located near the city of Catania.


Question: What is the area of Sicily?

Sicily

The circumference of the volcano is about 200 kilometers.


Question: What is the area of Sicily?

Sicily

Sicily is a fertile island.


Question: What is the area of Sicily?

Sicily

Olives and wine are the main agricultural products of the island.


Question: What is the area of Sicily?

Sicily

Oranges, lemons and almonds are also grown on the island.


Question: What is the area of Sicily?

Sicily

Cities major cities in Sicily include the capital Palermo and the provincial and metropolitan capitals of Catania, Messina, Syracuse, Trapani, Enna, Caltanissetta, Agrigento and Ragusa.


Question: What is the area of Sicily?

Sicily

Other well-known Sicilian cities include Cefalù, Taormina, Bronte, Marsala, Corleone, Castellammare del Golfo, and Tripi.


Question: What is the area of Sicily?

Sicily

Earthquakes and volcanic eruptions Etna volcanic eruptions and earthquakes have caused great loss of life and economic damage throughout the time.


Question: What is the area of Sicily?

Sicily

The eruption of Etna in 1669 partially obliterated the town of Catania.


Question: What is the area of Sicily?

Sicily

The 1693 earthquake caused great devastation in the eastern part of the island.


Question: What is the area of Sicily?

Sicily

In 1783, half of the city of Messina was destroyed by an earthquake.


Question: What is the area of Sicily?

Sicily

75,000 people were killed in the 1908 earthquake.


Question: What is the area of Sicily?

Sicily

In 1968, hundreds of people died in an earthquake in the west of the island.


Question: What is the area of Sicily?

Sicily

History Prehistory Sicily has been inhabited as early as the Paleolithic period when the island has been home to a gathering and hunter culture left by cave drawings.


Question: What is the area of Sicily?

Sicily

The Neolithic culture arrived in Sicily around 5000 BCE, and brought with it farming and pottery from the Near East.


Question: What is the area of Sicily?

Sicily

In the 21st century BC.


Question: What is the area of Sicily?

Sicily

Sicily became part of copper-age metals trade routes.


Question: What is the area of Sicily?

Sicily

The Bronze Age began around 1800 BCE.


Question: What is the area of Sicily?

Sicily

Around 1400—1200 BCE.


Question: What is the area of Sicily?

Sicily

the island was within the sphere of influence of the Greek Mycenaean culture, and there were Mycenaean trading posts.


Question: What is the area of Sicily?

Sicily

[2] The oldest known inhabitants of Sicily were the chicans.


Question: What is the area of Sicily?

Sicily

Late Bronze Age circa 1200—900 BCE.


Question: What is the area of Sicily?

Sicily

Chiculs from mainland Italy, as well as elyms, arrived on the island.


Question: What is the area of Sicily?

Sicily

The Phoenicians established trading posts on the coast of the island around 1100—1000 BCE.


Question: What is the area of Sicily?

Sicily

[2] Antique miniature|Volcano Etna as seen from Taormina Theatre.


Question: What is the area of Sicily?

Sicily

The Greeks established settlements in Sicily from the Geometric Period from the 7th century BCE.


Question: What is the area of Sicily?

Sicily

since.


Question: What is the area of Sicily?

Sicily

[2] Thus the coastal areas of the island gradually became Hellenic.


Question: What is the area of Sicily?

Sicily

At the same time, the Greeks colonized the southern part of mainland Italy, or so-called Greater Greece (Magna Graecia).


Question: What is the area of Sicily?

Sicily

In Greek terms, Sicily was known as Sikelia.


Question: What is the area of Sicily?

Sicily

Due to favourable farming conditions and lively trade, Sicily became a prosperous and thriving region, and in this many ways overtook the mother country of Greece.


Question: What is the area of Sicily?

Sicily

The most prominent polis, or city-states, in Sicily were Syracuse, Akgaras, Gela, Selinus, Katane, Naksos, Himera and Zankle, or later Messene.


Question: What is the area of Sicily?

Sicily

As time passed, the original tribes of the island also Hellenized.


Question: What is the area of Sicily?

Sicily

The Greek cities of Sicily often warred not only with each other but also against Carthage.


Question: What is the area of Sicily?

Sicily

Carthaginians began settling on the island from the 6th century BCE.


Question: What is the area of Sicily?

Sicily

Since, [2] and conquered part of the island.


Question: What is the area of Sicily?

Sicily

Carthage, however, lost its territory to the Romans in the First Punic War.


Question: What is the area of Sicily?

Sicily

Once and for all, Rome confirmed the island for itself in the Second Punic War.


Question: What is the area of Sicily?

Sicily

In the Roman period, Sicily became the first province of Rome.


Question: What is the area of Sicily?

Sicily

[2] At the start of the Roman period, the whole of Sicily must have been predominantly Hellenic and Greek-speaking.


Question: What is the area of Sicily?

Sicily

In the early days of Roman rule, Sicily served as the granary of the empire before the annexation of Egypt into the kingdom.


Question: What is the area of Sicily?

Sicily

However, the island suffered considerably from Rome's numerous civil wars, and regressed relative to the Greek period.


Question: What is the area of Sicily?

Sicily

Later history During the Late Antiquity and Early Middle Ages, the location of Sicily protected it somewhat from the worst barbarian waves that devastated Western Rome.


Question: What is the area of Sicily?

Sicily

Alarik failed to recapture the island for the Visigoths in the 3rd century Jaa., but Geiserik gained control of it by the Vandals in the following century.


Question: What is the area of Sicily?

Sicily

In the end, however, it ended up being goths.


Question: What is the area of Sicily?

Sicily

Belisarius recaptured the island for the Byzantine Empire in 535, and it remained part of the empire until the 8th century.


Question: What is the area of Sicily?

Sicily

In the 8th century, Sicily was invaded by Saracens.


Question: What is the area of Sicily?

Sicily

These first settled in Agrigentum (Agrigento) in 827, then took Messena (Messina) in 831 and Panormus (Palermo) in 835.


Question: What is the area of Sicily?

Sicily

Syracuse did not fall last until 878.


Question: What is the area of Sicily?

Sicily

Byzantium regained part of the island in the 10th century with the help of the Normans.


Question: What is the area of Sicily?

Sicily

In 1061, however, Robert Guiscard of the Normans invaded the island in his own name and, after a long struggle, gained control of it.


Question: What is the area of Sicily?

Sicily

In 1130, the Norman Roger II united Naples and Sicily into a single kingdom, the Kingdom of Sicily.


Question: What is the area of Sicily?

Sicily

In 1282, Sicily fell to Aragon, whose king in 1442 also gained possession of the Kingdom of Naples.


Question: What is the area of Sicily?

Sicily

In 1504—1713, Sicily belonged to the Spanish Empire.


Question: What is the area of Sicily?

Sicily

Sicily fell to the Savoy in 1713 and was reannexed in 1720 to Naples.


Question: What is the area of Sicily?

Sicily

In 1815, Sicily and Naples received the name Kingdom of Both Sicily, which was annexed by the Kingdom of Sardinia in 1861 to form a united Italy.


Question: What is the area of Sicily?

Sicily

During World War II, German-Italian troops had a base on the island during African actions.


Question: What is the area of Sicily?

Sicily

The Allies came ashore in Sicily in 1943.


Question: What is the area of Sicily?

Sicily

Culture Language The Sicilian language is a language inherited from Latin that differs somewhat from the Italian language.


Question: What is the area of Sicily?

Sicily

It has a lot of words derived from the Arabic language and also many borrowings from Catalan, French and Spanish.


Question: What is the area of Sicily?

Sicily

Attractions Near the small mountain town of Piazza Armerina in the central part of the island lies the remains of Villa Romana del Casale, the villa of Emperor Maximianus.


Question: What is the area of Sicily?

Sicily

The urban centre of Taormina and the ruins of the theatre where major classical music festivals are held in mid-August.


Question: What is the area of Sicily?

Sicily

Etna Volcano can be reached by cable car to admire the scenery overlooking the entire island.


Question: What is the area of Sicily?

Sicily

Cathedrals of Palermo, Cefalù and Monreale, especially their Norman period mosaics.


Question: What is the area of Sicily?

Sicily

The Mafia (Cosa Nostra), a criminal organisation spread to the United States with migrants, is from Sicily.


Question: What is the area of Sicily?

Sicily

It originated in the 19th century, not the Middle Ages as some myths claim.


Question: What is the area of Sicily?

Sicily

Benito Mussolini received a weakened Mafia position, but after the war the Mafia re-emerged as a factor influencing the whole of Italian politics.


Question: What is the area of Sicily?

Sicily

Beginning in the 1980s, several mafiosos have broken the omertà, or law of silence, during interrogations and several mafia leaders have been arrested.


Question: What is the area of Sicily?

Sicily

Sources On Topic Elsewhere * Category:Key Articles of Screening


Question: Was Lapua's move a danger to leftists?

Finland in the 1960s

In Finland, the 1960s were marked by major changes, the influence of which still stands out in Finnish society.


Question: Was Lapua's move a danger to leftists?

Finland in the 1960s

Finland evolved from an agricultural-dominated society in the postwar period to an industrialized country.


Question: Was Lapua's move a danger to leftists?

Finland in the 1960s

[1] [2] Living standards rose, but at the same time the countryside began to decline as industry was concentrated in the south.


Question: Was Lapua's move a danger to leftists?

Finland in the 1960s

The 1960s experienced a strong wave of migration from rural areas, mostly from Eastern Finland or Lapland to southern Finland or Sweden.


Question: Was Lapua's move a danger to leftists?

Finland in the 1960s

The population of Finland in the 1960s was about four and a half million.


Question: Was Lapua's move a danger to leftists?

Finland in the 1960s

[3] The 1960s also experienced a rebellion of the young large age class against the then prevailing system.


Question: Was Lapua's move a danger to leftists?

Finland in the 1960s

[1] Left radicalism and the student movement were stigmatized in Finland as in Western Europe, but Finland did not see any major violent demonstration as, for example, in France in May 1968.


Question: Was Lapua's move a danger to leftists?

Finland in the 1960s

The most attention-grabbing case of radicalism was the takeover of Old in November 1968.


Question: Was Lapua's move a danger to leftists?

Finland in the 1960s

The solidified era of the 1950s also came to an end, and liberalist thinking and development began.


Question: Was Lapua's move a danger to leftists?

Finland in the 1960s

The rise of the hippie movement also began, signaling the emergence of a freer lifestyle in the commune.


Question: Was Lapua's move a danger to leftists?

Finland in the 1960s

[4] In Finland, the so-called Kekkonen Period existed throughout the decade, as well as the YYA- or “Agreement on Friendship, Cooperation and Mutual Assistance” with the Soviet Union.


Question: Was Lapua's move a danger to leftists?

Finland in the 1960s

The decade still remembers include the notes crisis between Finland and the Soviet Union of 1961, the Helsinki Youth Festival 1962 and the liberation of middle beer in 1969.


Question: Was Lapua's move a danger to leftists?

Finland in the 1960s

New phenomena and violations of taboos were evident in the literature, film and art of the 1960s.


Question: Was Lapua's move a danger to leftists?

Finland in the 1960s

Several works that have caused a stir are remembered, such as Hannu Salama's novel Midsummer Dances, Mikko Niskanen's film Käpy under the back, Arvo Salo's Lapualainen opera play and Harro Koskinen's artwork Sikamessias.


Question: Was Lapua's move a danger to leftists?

Finland in the 1960s

Several protest singers have also attracted attention, including Irwin Goodman and M.


Question: Was Lapua's move a danger to leftists?

Finland in the 1960s

A. Numminen.


Question: Was Lapua's move a danger to leftists?

Finland in the 1960s

The novelty of the previous decade, television, became widespread at a breakneck pace.


Question: Was Lapua's move a danger to leftists?

Finland in the 1960s

Politics Kekkonen time Urho Kekkonen served as President of the Republic of Finland throughout the 1960s.


Question: Was Lapua's move a danger to leftists?

Finland in the 1960s

Presidential elections were held in Finland in 1962 in which Urho Kekkonen was nominated, supported by the Agrarian League, the Swedish People's Party, and the Finnish People's Party.


Question: Was Lapua's move a danger to leftists?

Finland in the 1960s

Kekkonen received 145 electors and won the election.


Question: Was Lapua's move a danger to leftists?

Finland in the 1960s

Paavo Aitio was the candidate of the SDKL, Rafael Paasio of the SDP and Emil Skog Labour and Small Farmers Social Democratic League (TPSL) candidate.


Question: Was Lapua's move a danger to leftists?

Finland in the 1960s

The Coalition sided with the SDP in the so-called Honka alliance, and its presidential candidate was Rafael Paasio.


Question: Was Lapua's move a danger to leftists?

Finland in the 1960s

In the new elections of 1968, there were only two candidates besides Kekkonen: Matti Virkkunen (Coalition Party) and Veikko Vennamo (SMP).


Question: Was Lapua's move a danger to leftists?

Finland in the 1960s

This election also came as a victory for Kekkonen, as he was supported by almost all parties.


Question: Was Lapua's move a danger to leftists?

Finland in the 1960s

The president had much broader powers than in the present day: he was entitled, among other things, to grant dispensation for the application of laws and even the dissolution of parliament.


Question: Was Lapua's move a danger to leftists?

Finland in the 1960s

The age for voting rights was 21 years for state elections (presidential and parliamentary elections) until 1969.


Question: Was Lapua's move a danger to leftists?

Finland in the 1960s

Between 1969 and 1972, the age limit was 20 years.


Question: Was Lapua's move a danger to leftists?

Finland in the 1960s

In municipal elections, the voting age until 1968 was 21 years, and from 1968 to 1972 20 years.


Question: Was Lapua's move a danger to leftists?

Finland in the 1960s

You could vote if you had reached that age before the start of the election year.


Question: Was Lapua's move a danger to leftists?

Finland in the 1960s

Foreign policy Foreign policy Finland was committed to adhering to a policy of neutrality in the spirit of the Paasikivi line, which was continued by President Urho Kekkonen, leaning on the YYA agreement.


Question: Was Lapua's move a danger to leftists?

Finland in the 1960s

Good relations with the Soviet Union guaranteed the Finnish state the basis of the YYA treaty.


Question: Was Lapua's move a danger to leftists?

Finland in the 1960s

Finland did not fall at the feet of any international crisis.


Question: Was Lapua's move a danger to leftists?

Finland in the 1960s

The most famous foreign policy crisis was the note crisis in October 1961.


Question: Was Lapua's move a danger to leftists?

Finland in the 1960s

The note crisis arose on 30 October when the Soviet Union had submitted a note to Finland in which it submitted consultations in accordance with the YYA Treaty: “The measures to safeguard the defence of the borders of both countries were manifested on the part of the Federal Republic of Germany and the states in alliance with it in response to the threat of military attack”.


Question: Was Lapua's move a danger to leftists?

Finland in the 1960s

[5] Finland also participated in UN peacekeeper missions to the Middle East in the 1960s.


Question: Was Lapua's move a danger to leftists?

Finland in the 1960s

As a member of the EFTA Free Trade Organisation, Finland joined in 1961 and the OECD in 1968.


Question: Was Lapua's move a danger to leftists?

Finland in the 1960s

[6] After World War II, the Saimaa Canal had largely remained behind the new border on the Soviet side, which meant that ships could not operate from Greater Saimaa to the Gulf of Finland.


Question: Was Lapua's move a danger to leftists?

Finland in the 1960s

The structures of the canal had experienced damage in the war and the sizing of the canal's sluices was obsolete.


Question: Was Lapua's move a danger to leftists?

Finland in the 1960s

The question of the Saimaa Canal took a new twist in 1955 when the Soviets had restored the Porkkala leased area.


Question: Was Lapua's move a danger to leftists?

Finland in the 1960s

The Saimaa Canal lease was intended to return to Finland the Vyborg Gulf regions and parts of Karelia.


Question: Was Lapua's move a danger to leftists?

Finland in the 1960s

The Soviet Union agreed to negotiations for transit in the canal, and a lease agreement was being concluded in 1962 by President Urho Kekkonen.


Question: Was Lapua's move a danger to leftists?

Finland in the 1960s

The third construction of the canal was able to begin in 1963.


Question: Was Lapua's move a danger to leftists?

Finland in the 1960s

The canal had to be widened due to increasing ship sizes, and the canal currently in use was inaugurated on 5 August 1968.


Question: Was Lapua's move a danger to leftists?

Finland in the 1960s

[7] Parties and Parliament Parliamentary elections were held on two occasions in the 1960s: in 1962 and 1966.


Question: Was Lapua's move a danger to leftists?

Finland in the 1960s

In 1962, the largest parties in the order were the Agrarian League, the People's Democratic League of Finland, the Social Democratic Party of Finland and the National Coalition Party.


Question: Was Lapua's move a danger to leftists?

Finland in the 1960s

[8] In these elections, voter turnout was 85.1%, which was the busiest voter turnout in Finland.


Question: Was Lapua's move a danger to leftists?

Finland in the 1960s

[9] In the 1966 parliamentary elections, Finland entered a left-majority parliament, and discussions began to be made about creating a welfare state.


Question: Was Lapua's move a danger to leftists?

Finland in the 1960s

Trade union influence rose.


Question: Was Lapua's move a danger to leftists?

Finland in the 1960s

The largest parties at the time were the Social Democratic Party of Finland, the Centre Party and the People's Democratic League of Finland.


Question: Was Lapua's move a danger to leftists?

Finland in the 1960s

[10] In the 1960s, Finland had two minority governments as well as three majority governments and one civil service government.


Question: Was Lapua's move a danger to leftists?

Finland in the 1960s

[11] Domestic political reforms The governments of Paasio and Koivisto initiated and implemented significant social policy reforms affecting the whole people.


Question: Was Lapua's move a danger to leftists?

Finland in the 1960s

They were e.g.


Question: Was Lapua's move a danger to leftists?

Finland in the 1960s

elementary school law, reimbursement of medical expenses for health insurance, survivor pensions, pensions for entrepreneurs and agriculturalists, and a new more libertarian alcohol law, which also included the liberalization of middle beer early in 1969.


Question: Was Lapua's move a danger to leftists?

Finland in the 1960s

[12] The Copyright Act was enacted in 1961 and the Party Act 1969.


Question: Was Lapua's move a danger to leftists?

Finland in the 1960s

[13] In 1968, Koivisto's government achieved a major revenue policy solution called Linnamaa I, according to the proposal of the regency conciliator Keijo Liinamat.


Question: Was Lapua's move a danger to leftists?

Finland in the 1960s

[14] Chief negotiators were CEO Päiviö Hetemäki and President of the Confederation of Finnish Trade Unions Niilo Hämäläinen.


Question: Was Lapua's move a danger to leftists?

Finland in the 1960s

[12] In 1967, the Survivors Pensions Act was also enacted to secure a minimum income.


Question: Was Lapua's move a danger to leftists?

Finland in the 1960s

[15] In the 1960s, the Coalition was in only one government, the Estonian government, which sat from 12 September 1964 to 27 May 1966.


Question: Was Lapua's move a danger to leftists?

Finland in the 1960s

Party politics The great party reform was when the Agrarian League changed its name to the Centre Party in 1965.


Question: Was Lapua's move a danger to leftists?

Finland in the 1960s

While support for the centrist was still widespread in rural areas, it had sought to develop into a centrist party nationwide since the 1950s, presenting very liberal alignments at times.


Question: Was Lapua's move a danger to leftists?

Finland in the 1960s

Here its development resembled the transformation of other Nordic agrarian parties into centrist general parties.


Question: Was Lapua's move a danger to leftists?

Finland in the 1960s

However, compared to other Nordic parties of agrarian background, the Centre was by far the strongest.


Question: Was Lapua's move a danger to leftists?

Finland in the 1960s

[16] Founded in 1959, the Finnish Rural Party, under the leadership of its leader Veikko Vennamo, rose to raise the issues of the 'forgotten people', namely small farmers and others left on foot in society.


Question: Was Lapua's move a danger to leftists?

Finland in the 1960s

The party was initially called the Finnish Small Peasants' Party; the name was changed to the Finnish Rural Party in 1966.


Question: Was Lapua's move a danger to leftists?

Finland in the 1960s

In the 1968 presidential election, Vennamo, to everyone's surprise, received 33 electors, foreshadowing an electoral victory of 18 seats in the 1970 parliamentary elections.


Question: Was Lapua's move a danger to leftists?

Finland in the 1960s

The party was supported mostly in Eastern and Northern Finland, where times were economically very bad.


Question: Was Lapua's move a danger to leftists?

Finland in the 1960s

A new political term was born: vennamolism.


Question: Was Lapua's move a danger to leftists?

Finland in the 1960s

[17] SKP split in two in 1968.


Question: Was Lapua's move a danger to leftists?

Finland in the 1960s

The minority communists led by Taisto Sinisalo separated from the Communist Party of Finland.


Question: Was Lapua's move a danger to leftists?

Finland in the 1960s

Majority Communists led by Aarne Saarinen condemned the occupation of Czechoslovakia [18] Saarinen terminated SKP from its cooperation agreement with NKP.


Question: Was Lapua's move a danger to leftists?

Finland in the 1960s

He also knocked out the doctrine of the dictatorship of the proletariat, while Sinisalo advocated it.


Question: Was Lapua's move a danger to leftists?

Finland in the 1960s

The political struggle between Saarinen and Sinisalo continued throughout the 1960s.


Question: Was Lapua's move a danger to leftists?

Finland in the 1960s

Prominent politicians Urho Kekkonen, President of the Republic 1956—1982 V. J. Sukselainen, Prime Minister 1959—1961 Martti Miettunen, Prime Minister 1961—1962, Ahti Karjalainen, Minister of Agriculture 1962—1963, Foreign Minister Reino Ragnar Lehto, Prime Minister 1963—1964 Johannes Virolainen, Prime Minister 1964—1966, Speaker of Parliament 1966—1968, Minister of Agriculture, Minister of Education Rafael Paasio, Prime Minister 1966—1968, Speaker of Parliament 1966, prominent Social Democrat politician, presidential candidate 1962 Mauno Koivisto, Prime Minister 1968—1970, Minister of Finance Paavo Aitio, MP of the SKDL, 1962 Ele Alenius, Minister of Finance, Chairman of the SKDL Georg C. Ehrnrooth, MP of the RKP and POP, Karl-August Fagerholm, critic of Kekkonen's foreign policy line and communism President 1958—1962 and 1965—1966 Tuure Junnila, Coalition MP, Kauno Kleemola, critic of Kekkonen's foreign policy line and communism, Speaker of Parliament 1962—1965 Hertta Kuusinen, MP for SKDL, Juha Rihtniemi, one of the leading communists of his time, President Aarne Saarinen, SKP President Taisto Sinisalo, SKDL MP Emil Skog, TPSL President, 1962 Vieno Johannes Sukselainen, President of Parliament 1968—1970 Väinö Tanner, SDP President Veikko Vennamo, President of the SMP, Presidential candidate 1968 Matti Virkkunen, Coalition politician, longtime President of Kansa-Osa-Bank, presidential candidate 1968 Demografia Natural population changes Finland's population was approximately 4,446,000 at the end of 1959 and about 4,703,000 at the end of 1969.


Question: Was Lapua's move a danger to leftists?

Finland in the 1960s

The population rose by around 5.8 per cent in the 1960s.


Question: Was Lapua's move a danger to leftists?

Finland in the 1960s

Population growth was significantly slower than in the 1950s, but slightly faster than in the 2000s.


Question: Was Lapua's move a danger to leftists?

Finland in the 1960s

[19] By the end of the decade, population growth slowed markedly due to both the decline in the birth rate and the mass migration to Sweden.


Question: Was Lapua's move a danger to leftists?

Finland in the 1960s

The increase in population was over nine per cent in 1961, but by 1969 it had already fallen to one per cent.


Question: Was Lapua's move a danger to leftists?

Finland in the 1960s

[20] Post-World War II large baby boomers moved from childhood to adulthood: they were between 10 and 25 years of age during the decade.


Question: Was Lapua's move a danger to leftists?

Finland in the 1960s

[3] Birth rates declined in the 1960s.


Question: Was Lapua's move a danger to leftists?

Finland in the 1960s

Between 1960 and 1963, more than 18 children were born per 1,000 inhabitants, but by 1969 this figure had fallen to less than 15 already.


Question: Was Lapua's move a danger to leftists?

Finland in the 1960s

An average of about 78,000 children were born each year.


Question: Was Lapua's move a danger to leftists?

Finland in the 1960s

The mortality rate rose slightly from 9.0 at the beginning of the decade to 9.8 at the end of the decade; an average of about 43,000 Finns slept away each year.


Question: Was Lapua's move a danger to leftists?

Finland in the 1960s

The infant mortality rate was still 28.6 per million in 1951 to 1960, almost twice as high in the counties of Oulu and Lapland than in Uusimaa County.


Question: Was Lapua's move a danger to leftists?

Finland in the 1960s

By 1969, infant mortality had dropped to 14.2 prom, and the gap between counties had narrowed markedly.


Question: Was Lapua's move a danger to leftists?

Finland in the 1960s

[3] Internal migration Immediately after the war kept about 425,000 people from Karelia, Salla and Petsamo resettled all over Finland.


Question: Was Lapua's move a danger to leftists?

Finland in the 1960s

The deployments were made mainly in rural areas, which caused extensive migration from eastern and northern Finland to the south a decade later.


Question: Was Lapua's move a danger to leftists?

Finland in the 1960s

It was the largest internal migration in the entire history of independent Finland.


Question: Was Lapua's move a danger to leftists?

Finland in the 1960s

The largest wave of migration began in the 1950s, accelerated in the 1960s and peaked in the early 1970s, after which migration began to clearly slow down.


Question: Was Lapua's move a danger to leftists?

Finland in the 1960s

Finland's internal migration was mainly based in Uusimaa County.


Question: Was Lapua's move a danger to leftists?

Finland in the 1960s

North Karelia, Kainuu, Lapland and Savo suffered from this, as thousands of people, mainly small farmers, slammed boards into the windows of their huts and left for growth centres in the south.


Question: Was Lapua's move a danger to leftists?

Finland in the 1960s

The largest cities and commercial areas in 1969 were Helsinki (533,080 inhabitants), Tampere (155,490 inhabitants), Turku (154,719 inhabitants), Espoo (92,717 inhabitants), Lahti (89,360 inhabitants) and Oulu (86,608 inhabitants).


Question: Was Lapua's move a danger to leftists?

Finland in the 1960s

The population of these increased by about 15 to 50 per cent in the 1960s.


Question: Was Lapua's move a danger to leftists?

Finland in the 1960s

Until late 1959, just under 38% of Finns lived in cities and commercial establishments, but by the end of 1969 the proportion of urban and merchant population had risen to just over 50%.


Question: Was Lapua's move a danger to leftists?

Finland in the 1960s

[3] The cause of migration was first and foremost unemployment.


Question: Was Lapua's move a danger to leftists?

Finland in the 1960s

Although Finland was becoming an industrial country and the standard of living was rising, rural areas mainly in Central Finland had begun to decline.


Question: Was Lapua's move a danger to leftists?

Finland in the 1960s

Most of the migrants were young adults, so the rural population became obsolete.


Question: Was Lapua's move a danger to leftists?

Finland in the 1960s

In rural areas, many services such as schools, shops and hospitals lost customers.


Question: Was Lapua's move a danger to leftists?

Finland in the 1960s

[1] Mass migration to Sweden The structural change in Finnish society was uniquely drastic after World War II.


Question: Was Lapua's move a danger to leftists?

Finland in the 1960s

Small farming, which had been heavily invested even after the war, quickly became unprofitable.


Question: Was Lapua's move a danger to leftists?

Finland in the 1960s

Rising living standards in cities guaranteed better opportunities for rural people.


Question: Was Lapua's move a danger to leftists?

Finland in the 1960s

Migration from northern and eastern Finland was directed not only to the growth centres of Southern Finland, but also to neighbouring Sweden.


Question: Was Lapua's move a danger to leftists?

Finland in the 1960s

Sweden quickly needed additional manpower.


Question: Was Lapua's move a danger to leftists?

Finland in the 1960s

Approximately 80% of the Finnish diaspora settled in Sweden's major growth centres in the Stockholm region, Gothenburg and Malmö.


Question: Was Lapua's move a danger to leftists?

Finland in the 1960s

Mass migration had begun as early as the late 1940s and accelerated as the 1950s and 1960s folded.


Question: Was Lapua's move a danger to leftists?

Finland in the 1960s

Between 1968 and 1969, about 40000 people migrated from Finland annually to Sweden.


Question: Was Lapua's move a danger to leftists?

Finland in the 1960s

About 300,000 working-age Finns operated in Sweden.


Question: Was Lapua's move a danger to leftists?

Finland in the 1960s

At the same time, Finns became one of the largest minority groups in Sweden.


Question: Was Lapua's move a danger to leftists?

Finland in the 1960s

In Sweden, Finns worked mostly in fields that the Swedes shunned.


Question: Was Lapua's move a danger to leftists?

Finland in the 1960s

Thousands of Finns worked at Saab and Volvo factories, for example.


Question: Was Lapua's move a danger to leftists?

Finland in the 1960s

Ericsson, too, was a large employer.


Question: Was Lapua's move a danger to leftists?

Finland in the 1960s

[21] Regional distribution of population The table shows the population of the counties of Finland on the last day of 1960 and 1969 according to Statistics Finland.


Question: Was Lapua's move a danger to leftists?

Finland in the 1960s

The county division, land area and population density date back to 1969.


Question: Was Lapua's move a danger to leftists?

Finland in the 1960s

[3] Population grew fastest in Uusimaa and Häme counties, and decreased fastest in North Karelia County.


Question: Was Lapua's move a danger to leftists?

Finland in the 1960s

19601969Changeland area (km²) 1969inhabitants/country-km² in 1969Uusimaa county 832,9361 014 640+21.8 %9 868102,8Turku and Pori county 660 269683 040+3.4 %22 01431,0Häme lahni580 765639 657+10.1 %17 71536,1kymen ni337 772348 338+3.1 %10 73632,4Mikkeli County 234 629223 358-4.8 %16 42513,6Kuopio county 270 504263 120-2.7 %16 73415.7North Karelia County 207 742190 589-8.3 %17 98010.6Vaasa county 443 505434 691-2.0 %26 11916,6Oulu county 406 992418 932+2.9 %56 7077.4Lapland fief205 11318 192+6.4 %93 9322,3Central Finland245 014246 938+0.1 %15 76415.7Åland20 98121 577 +2.8% 1 48114,6Finland4 446 2224 703 072+5.8 %305 39615.4 Radicalism The Underground movement rose in Finland in the 1960s mainly in cities, many protest singers such as Irwin Goodman and M.A.


Question: Was Lapua's move a danger to leftists?

Finland in the 1960s

Numminen sang about the problems of society.


Question: Was Lapua's move a danger to leftists?

Finland in the 1960s

Student radicalism did not rise nearly as fervent in Finland as it did in France or West Germany.


Question: Was Lapua's move a danger to leftists?

Finland in the 1960s

Protests did occur, but they were not violent but mostly very peaceful.


Question: Was Lapua's move a danger to leftists?

Finland in the 1960s

Students demand the same things as in France or West Germany, for example that the national school-grammar school system should be transformed into a primary school.


Question: Was Lapua's move a danger to leftists?

Finland in the 1960s

[22] The 1960s were a time of youth activation.


Question: Was Lapua's move a danger to leftists?

Finland in the 1960s

There were a record number of young people, with the post-World War II big baby boomers aged between 10 and 25 during the decade.


Question: Was Lapua's move a danger to leftists?

Finland in the 1960s

Young people were more aware of society and their empowerment.


Question: Was Lapua's move a danger to leftists?

Finland in the 1960s

The phenomenon is explained by the enrichment of youth culture from the United States in Finland, the growth of leisure time and the admission of larger numbers to grammar school.


Question: Was Lapua's move a danger to leftists?

Finland in the 1960s

[23] [24] Pacifism also rose to prominence among academic youth, and the Conscription Act was defied.


Question: Was Lapua's move a danger to leftists?

Finland in the 1960s

Conscientious objector Erik Schüller was convicted in an incitement trial in 1969, which attracted much publicity in the media.


Question: Was Lapua's move a danger to leftists?

Finland in the 1960s

[25] The takeover of the Old One of the most attentive cases of radicalism was when, on 25 November 1968, a group of students took over the Old Student House for a couple of days.


Question: Was Lapua's move a danger to leftists?

Finland in the 1960s

The only act of violence was breaking one of the exterior doors.


Question: Was Lapua's move a danger to leftists?

Finland in the 1960s

The year 1968 was the anniversary of the Student Union of the University of Helsinki.


Question: Was Lapua's move a danger to leftists?

Finland in the 1960s

The centenarian student union of the University of Helsinki held the festivities, but the student opposition protested the celebrations.


Question: Was Lapua's move a danger to leftists?

Finland in the 1960s

While the elite celebrated at Old, no representatives of the student organization had been invited to attend.


Question: Was Lapua's move a danger to leftists?

Finland in the 1960s

The student opposition decided to take over the Old.


Question: Was Lapua's move a danger to leftists?

Finland in the 1960s

The Student Opposition, using the name Studenterna - Studenterna, called for student democracy, the establishment of Marxist-Leninist groups in faculties to deepen studies, the abolition of forced membership of the Student Union, and a change in the line of the Student Gazette.


Question: Was Lapua's move a danger to leftists?

Finland in the 1960s

[26] Lapland problems Social problems in Lapland began to come to light.


Question: Was Lapua's move a danger to leftists?

Finland in the 1960s

Lapland was not only a land of rusky colours and fells.


Question: Was Lapua's move a danger to leftists?

Finland in the 1960s

Lapland's natural resources were mainly used for the welfare of the south; for example, power plants built on Lapland's rivers provided electricity for industrial centers in the south.


Question: Was Lapua's move a danger to leftists?

Finland in the 1960s

Many people in Lapland migrated to Norway or Sweden because conditions in Lapland were characterised by poverty, unemployment, doctor shortages, poor educational opportunities and small autonomous power to decide.


Question: Was Lapua's move a danger to leftists?

Finland in the 1960s

[27] At the same time, the problems of the Sami people came to light.


Question: Was Lapua's move a danger to leftists?

Finland in the 1960s

It was not until the 1960s that the status of the Sámi language was discussed.


Question: Was Lapua's move a danger to leftists?

Finland in the 1960s

The Sami felt that they had been considered only one minority in Finland, and their status as an indigenous people had not been taken into account unlike Norway and Sweden, where the Sami were better positioned than in Finland.


Question: Was Lapua's move a danger to leftists?

Finland in the 1960s

Nils-Aslak Valkeapää was the most famous person in Finland who pursued Sami rights.


Question: Was Lapua's move a danger to leftists?

Finland in the 1960s

His message was that Lapland is not just a country of rusks and fells, but it is part of Finland, and so he brought Lapland's problems to the south as well.


Question: Was Lapua's move a danger to leftists?

Finland in the 1960s

We started talking about Finnish colonial rule in Lapland.


Question: Was Lapua's move a danger to leftists?

Finland in the 1960s

[28] Economy Finland's gross domestic product rose in the 1960s, although not as fast as in the 1970s, 1980s and 2000s.


Question: Was Lapua's move a danger to leftists?

Finland in the 1960s

Gross domestic product was just over 14 billion marks in 1960, and around 34.4 billion marks in 1969 (at 1970 prices).


Question: Was Lapua's move a danger to leftists?

Finland in the 1960s

The Finnish state economy was predominantly in deficit, but experienced a slight surplus in mid-decade and a larger surplus in 1969.


Question: Was Lapua's move a danger to leftists?

Finland in the 1960s

[3] [29] Livelihoods and working life At the end of 1960, 2,033,268 occupations were recorded in Finland.


Question: Was Lapua's move a danger to leftists?

Finland in the 1960s

Of them, about 61 percent were men and 39 percent were female.


Question: Was Lapua's move a danger to leftists?

Finland in the 1960s

By industry, they were divided as follows: Agriculture and forestry: 720,817 (35.5%) Industry: 444,516 (21.9%) Construction activity: 176,157 (8.7%) Electricity, gas and water utilities: 18,861 (0.9%) Trade: 236,381 (11.6%) Transport: 128,844 (6.3%) Services: 301 63 (14.8%) Unknown: 6,229 (0.3%).


Question: Was Lapua's move a danger to leftists?

Finland in the 1960s

[3] By the end of 1970, the proportion of people working in agriculture and forestry had fallen to 20%, while those working in processing had risen to 34% and those working in the third sector to up to 44% of the population in the profession.


Question: Was Lapua's move a danger to leftists?

Finland in the 1960s

[30] Monetary reform 1963 After World War II, the value of the Finnish mark had collapsed year by year.


Question: Was Lapua's move a danger to leftists?

Finland in the 1960s

At the beginning of 1963, a new monetary law came into effect and the mark was reformed.


Question: Was Lapua's move a danger to leftists?

Finland in the 1960s

After the reform, the new mark corresponded to one hundred old marks and the return penny equal the old mark.


Question: Was Lapua's move a danger to leftists?

Finland in the 1960s

[31] Although the name of the currency remained the same, even for quite a long time after the transition, the new mark was often referred to as “contemporary markka” and the abbreviation nmk.


Question: Was Lapua's move a danger to leftists?

Finland in the 1960s

The former marka, on the other hand, was referred to as “old markka” and the abbreviation vmk.


Question: Was Lapua's move a danger to leftists?

Finland in the 1960s

However, the inflationary spiral could not be stopped; the depreciation of money and uneven economic growth continued until the fold of the 1970s and 80s, after which a strong boom began.


Question: Was Lapua's move a danger to leftists?

Finland in the 1960s

According to the coefficient of value, one thousand euros in 2017 corresponded to about 30000 1955 marks and 43000 in 1960 marks.


Question: Was Lapua's move a danger to leftists?

Finland in the 1960s

The 1963 figure is about 475 marks and the 1969 figure is about 670 marks.


Question: Was Lapua's move a danger to leftists?

Finland in the 1960s

[32] Foreign trade In 1960, Finland's exports were worth about 316.5 billion old marks and imports were valued at around 340.3 billion.


Question: Was Lapua's move a danger to leftists?

Finland in the 1960s

In 1969, the figures for exports amounted to about 8.3 billion new marks (834.4 billion billion.


Question: Was Lapua's move a danger to leftists?

Finland in the 1960s

old marks) and new marks 8,5 billion for imports (850.5 billion billion.


Question: Was Lapua's move a danger to leftists?

Finland in the 1960s

old marks).


Question: Was Lapua's move a danger to leftists?

Finland in the 1960s

For almost the entire decade, the trade balance was in deficit.


Question: Was Lapua's move a danger to leftists?

Finland in the 1960s

Finland's most important export products were paper industry products, such as paper, cardboard and paperboard.


Question: Was Lapua's move a danger to leftists?

Finland in the 1960s

Towards the end of the decade, exports of machinery, equipment and vehicles increased.


Question: Was Lapua's move a danger to leftists?

Finland in the 1960s

Clearly most of the imported products came from other European countries, and even the majority of exported products were exported to other parts of Europe, especially the Soviet Union.


Question: Was Lapua's move a danger to leftists?

Finland in the 1960s

Exports to the West, especially to West Germany and Britain, also began to grow in the 1960s.


Question: Was Lapua's move a danger to leftists?

Finland in the 1960s

[33] [3] Crime in the 1960s there were several unsolved homicides: the Bodominjärvi murders in June 1960 Uunisurma in December 1960 The murder of Leo Savioja in August 1962, the murder of Pirkko Ryhänen in March 1963.


Question: Was Lapua's move a danger to leftists?

Finland in the 1960s

Overall, about 215,000 crimes came to the attention of the police in 1960 and about 326,000 in 1969.


Question: Was Lapua's move a danger to leftists?

Finland in the 1960s

Property crimes and assaults in particular increased.


Question: Was Lapua's move a danger to leftists?

Finland in the 1960s

In terms of homicides, the 1960s were quite a peaceful time: murders and manslaughter were recorded between 1965 and 1969 at around 90 to 110 pieces, well below those in previous decades.


Question: Was Lapua's move a danger to leftists?

Finland in the 1960s

With a significant alcohol reform in 1969, the homicide rate again turned to a rise.


Question: Was Lapua's move a danger to leftists?

Finland in the 1960s

[3] [34] Traffic in the 1960s registered just over 600,000 passenger cars, well more than in the 1950s but less than today.


Question: Was Lapua's move a danger to leftists?

Finland in the 1960s

Import rationing of passenger cars ceased in 1962, after which their first registrations increased considerably until 1965, after which they began to reverse decline.


Question: Was Lapua's move a danger to leftists?

Finland in the 1960s

On the other hand, registrations of motorcycles decreased compared to the 1950s, but there was still a comparable abundance of motorcycles.


Question: Was Lapua's move a danger to leftists?

Finland in the 1960s

The highest number of British and West German vehicles were registered.


Question: Was Lapua's move a danger to leftists?

Finland in the 1960s

At the very end of the decade, in November 1969, the Uusikaupunki automobile factory produced the first Finnish Saab 96 passenger car.


Question: Was Lapua's move a danger to leftists?

Finland in the 1960s

The first serial production individual was awarded to the ownership of President Urho Kekkonen.


Question: Was Lapua's move a danger to leftists?

Finland in the 1960s

Previously, a test specimen had been produced in Finland to ensure safety.


Question: Was Lapua's move a danger to leftists?

Finland in the 1960s

The amount of paved road network nearly eightfold over the decade.


Question: Was Lapua's move a danger to leftists?

Finland in the 1960s

At the end of 1962, Finland's first motorway (originally Tarvontie) was completed on Highway 1 from Munkkiniemi in Helsinki to Gumböle in Espoo.


Question: Was Lapua's move a danger to leftists?

Finland in the 1960s

During the decade, several short motorway sections were completed in the vicinity of cities: the Turku—Raisio motorway section of Highway 8 was completed in 1963, the Hämeenlinna bypass of Highway 3 in 1964 and the Tampere—Kulju section in 1968, as well as the Vanhacity—Viikki section of Highway 4 in 1967.


Question: Was Lapua's move a danger to leftists?

Finland in the 1960s

Train services were handled mostly by diesel and steam locomotives.


Question: Was Lapua's move a danger to leftists?

Finland in the 1960s

Wooden carriages were still common; the first blue express railcars were introduced in the 1960s.


Question: Was Lapua's move a danger to leftists?

Finland in the 1960s

In the electrification of the railways, Finland was in the aftertrain: the first to electrify the Helsinki-Kirkkonummi section was in 1969.


Question: Was Lapua's move a danger to leftists?

Finland in the 1960s

Total annual bus service performance increased from around 340,000 at the start of the decade to nearly 500,000 at the end of the decade.


Question: Was Lapua's move a danger to leftists?

Finland in the 1960s

On the other hand, the annual number of journeys made by passenger services decreased from nearly 40,000 at the beginning of the decade to around 25,000 at the end of the decade.


Question: Was Lapua's move a danger to leftists?

Finland in the 1960s

[3] In 1960, Aero Ltd introduced its first jet passenger aircraft, the Sud SE-210 Caravelle.


Question: Was Lapua's move a danger to leftists?

Finland in the 1960s

In 1968, Aero changed its name to Finnair, and the following year the company took over its first long-haul jet, the Douglas DC-8.


Question: Was Lapua's move a danger to leftists?

Finland in the 1960s

The new type of aircraft was used mainly on flights to the United States, but also on holiday flights mostly to the Mediterranean and the Canary Islands.


Question: Was Lapua's move a danger to leftists?

Finland in the 1960s

Road safety was poor in the 1960s: traffic fatalities and injuries occurred far more than in the 2000s, although traffic volume was lower.


Question: Was Lapua's move a danger to leftists?

Finland in the 1960s

[35] With the rise in the number of passenger cars, Finland's road safety deteriorated throughout the 1960s and was at its darkest in 1972.


Question: Was Lapua's move a danger to leftists?

Finland in the 1960s

Speed limits had occasionally been tried, but they were believed more to restrict individual freedom than increase safety.


Question: Was Lapua's move a danger to leftists?

Finland in the 1960s

[36] Two crashes of the Aero airliner are also commemorated from the 1960s: the Koivulahti plane crash on 3 January 1961 and the Mariehamn plane crash on 8 November 1963.


Question: Was Lapua's move a danger to leftists?

Finland in the 1960s

Education in the 1960s was still in use as a parallel school system formed by folk and grammar schools.


Question: Was Lapua's move a danger to leftists?

Finland in the 1960s

There was a phased transition to the primary school system in the 1970s.


Question: Was Lapua's move a danger to leftists?

Finland in the 1960s

In the 1960s, schooling was different in many ways than it is today: Saturdays were still school days, writing was often practised in ink, and pupils might even be physically disciplined (although bodily discipline was banned in state schools as early as 1914 [37]).


Question: Was Lapua's move a danger to leftists?

Finland in the 1960s

Girls and boys were at least in different classes, if not different schools.


Question: Was Lapua's move a danger to leftists?

Finland in the 1960s

The largest localities had so-called observation classes for special needs pupils.


Question: Was Lapua's move a danger to leftists?

Finland in the 1960s

It was possible to enter the grammar school after the fourth grade if you passed their entrance exam.


Question: Was Lapua's move a danger to leftists?

Finland in the 1960s

Getting into grammar school was the only path to higher education, so those dreaming of higher education had to invest in schooling even in their first years of school.


Question: Was Lapua's move a danger to leftists?

Finland in the 1960s

[38] In 1960, the Community College moved from Helsinki to Tampere, and six years later that institution changed its name to Tampere University.


Question: Was Lapua's move a danger to leftists?

Finland in the 1960s

In the late 1960s several universities were established: Kuopio University was founded in 1966, University of Vaasa in 1968, University of Joensuu in 1969 and Lappeenranta University of Technology also 1969.


Question: Was Lapua's move a danger to leftists?

Finland in the 1960s

The level of education of Finns rose in the 1960s, but it was still low.


Question: Was Lapua's move a danger to leftists?

Finland in the 1960s

By late 1960, 7.6% of Finns aged 15 and over had completed grammar school and 4.2% had matriculated.


Question: Was Lapua's move a danger to leftists?

Finland in the 1960s

The number of matriculates doubled over the decade.


Question: Was Lapua's move a danger to leftists?

Finland in the 1960s

[39] The percentage of the educated in the urban and merchant population was three times that of the rural population.


Question: Was Lapua's move a danger to leftists?

Finland in the 1960s

[3] As recently as the early 1970s, nearly three out of four people of working age had completed no more than a national or grammar school, 15% a secondary degree and 11% a tertiary degree.


Question: Was Lapua's move a danger to leftists?

Finland in the 1960s

[40] Architecture The period of post-war reconstruction had come to an end, and migration from the countryside to the cities was strong.


Question: Was Lapua's move a danger to leftists?

Finland in the 1960s

Urban suburbs began to grow strongly.


Question: Was Lapua's move a danger to leftists?

Finland in the 1960s

1960s architecture is characterised by bare concrete, prefabricated construction, black and white and streamliness.


Question: Was Lapua's move a danger to leftists?

Finland in the 1960s

A distinctive representative of housing was a flat-roofed lamellar house, the outer walls of which could be cast at the site or assembled from elements.


Question: Was Lapua's move a danger to leftists?

Finland in the 1960s

[41] [42] Architects did not have very much of a say in the design of residential apartment buildings in the 1960s, when the volume of production was the main starting point.


Question: Was Lapua's move a danger to leftists?

Finland in the 1960s

However, the top architecture was represented by numerous public buildings, including Reima Pietilä's Otaniemi Student Union House Dipoli (1966), Timo Penttilä's Helsinki City Theatre (1967), Bertel Saarnio and Juha Leiviskka's Kouvola Town Hall (1969) and a wide variety of Alvar Aalto City Hall buildings designed by them.


Question: Was Lapua's move a danger to leftists?

Finland in the 1960s

Examples of Aalto's creations include Stora Enso's headquarters (1961) and the main building of the University of Technology (1965).


Question: Was Lapua's move a danger to leftists?

Finland in the 1960s

There was a modernist breakthrough in church architecture.


Question: Was Lapua's move a danger to leftists?

Finland in the 1960s

Many church buildings boldly experimented with the possibilities of concrete, and interiors were often left starkly expressive.


Question: Was Lapua's move a danger to leftists?

Finland in the 1960s

Representatives of church architecture in the 1960s include Alvar Aalto's Lakeude Cross (1960), Aarno Ruusuvuori Hyvinkää Church (1961) and Tapiola Church (1965), Reima Pietilä Kaleva Church (1966) and Timo and Tuomo Suomalainen's Temppeliaukio Church (1969).


Question: Was Lapua's move a danger to leftists?

Finland in the 1960s

[43] In 1966, H-House was opened in Kuopio, Finland's first shopping centre designed by Kaj Michael.


Question: Was Lapua's move a danger to leftists?

Finland in the 1960s

Two years later, Heikintori, a shopping centre, designed by Aarne Ervi, was opened in Tapiola, Espoo.