Question: What does pneumonia do to the lungs?

Pneumonia

Mortality is increased by the patient's other chronic conditions, especially heart failure, diabetes, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, alcoholism and renal or hepatic failure.


Question: What does pneumonia do to the lungs?

Pneumonia

The prognosis of outpatient pneumonia can be assessed through risk factors for a sick person, which include age over 65, confusion, high respiratory frequency (more than 30 breaths per minute) and low blood pressure (less than 60/90).


Question: What does pneumonia do to the lungs?

Pneumonia

If there are zero risk factors, the mortality rate is 1 percent, but if there are more than three, the mortality rate is as high as 30 percent.


Question: What does pneumonia do to the lungs?

Pneumonia

[3] Prevention The most common cause of pneumonia is pneumococcus, which is also the most significant cause of other serious bacterial infections such as meningitis and sepsis.


Question: What does pneumonia do to the lungs?

Pneumonia

A vaccine containing seven pneumococcal erotypes (PCV7) was introduced in the United States in 2000, which was attached to the infant vaccination schedule.


Question: What does pneumonia do to the lungs?

Pneumonia

The pneumococcal vaccine has since been linked in Europe to general vaccination programmes in England, Norway, Holland and Germany.


Question: What does pneumonia do to the lungs?

Pneumonia

In many other countries, such as Finland, the pneumococcal vaccine is recommended only for people with an increased susceptibility to getting a severe pneumococcal infection.


Question: What does pneumonia do to the lungs?

Pneumonia

Such sensitivity to infection follows, among other things, splenectomy, HIV infection or other immunodeficiency condition.


Question: What does pneumonia do to the lungs?

Pneumonia

[23] Vaccination of infants against pneumococcus has been effective.


Question: What does pneumonia do to the lungs?

Pneumonia

Severe pneumococcal infections among children in the United States have become much rarer since vaccination began: the incidence of meningitis and bacteremia in children under five years of age had decreased by 77% by the end of 2004 compared to the time before vaccination.


Question: What does pneumonia do to the lungs?

Pneumonia

Pneumococcal diseases and resistance of pneumococcal strains to antibiotics have also decreased among unvaccinated adults and children.


Question: What does pneumonia do to the lungs?

Pneumonia

Such an indirect effect is called herd immunity.


Question: What does pneumonia do to the lungs?

Pneumonia

[23] In Finland, the number of serious pneumococcal infections has increased; for example, in children under five years the incidence of pneumococcal meningitis and sepsis has increased by 50% in the last ten years.


Question: What does pneumonia do to the lungs?

Pneumonia

[23] The resistance of pneumococcal bacterium to antibiotics has also been significantly increased; 9.6% of pneumococcal strains in Finland were resistant or reduced sensitivity to penicillin and 20.5% were resistant to macrolides.


Question: What does pneumonia do to the lungs?

Pneumonia

[24] However, a Finnish economic assessment from 2001 to 2002 found the universal pneumococcal vaccine programme requiring four doses of vaccine to be too expensive.


Question: What does pneumonia do to the lungs?

Pneumonia

[23] The risk of developing pneumonia can also be reduced by treating basic medical conditions in a person, such as AIDS and chronic lung diseases.


Question: What does pneumonia do to the lungs?

Pneumonia

Quitting smoking reduces damage to the lungs and raises resistance to lung infections.


Question: What does pneumonia do to the lungs?

Pneumonia

Epidemiology Finland The prevalence of outpatient pneumonia in Finland is about 12 cases per 1,000 inhabitants per year, which translates to around 60,000 sick persons annually.


Question: What does pneumonia do to the lungs?

Pneumonia

The majority of pneumonia deaths occur in people over 50 years of age.


Question: What does pneumonia do to the lungs?

Pneumonia

In Finland, the most common cause of pneumonia is pneumococcus in all age groups.


Question: What does pneumonia do to the lungs?

Pneumonia

The risk of developing pneumonia is increased in adults by smoking, dusty work, heart disease and chronic pulmonary diseases such as asthma and COPD.


Question: What does pneumonia do to the lungs?

Pneumonia

Factors predisposing to pneumonia in children are recurrent respiratory infections and parental smoking.


Question: What does pneumonia do to the lungs?

Pneumonia

Pneumonia is most often found in children and the elderly: the risk groups include people under five years old and those over 65 years old.


Question: What does pneumonia do to the lungs?

Pneumonia

[25] Rest of the world Pneumonia is primarily a disease of young children in developing countries.


Question: What does pneumonia do to the lungs?

Pneumonia

Up to 5 to 10 percent of all children living under five in developing countries develop pneumonia each year.


Question: What does pneumonia do to the lungs?

Pneumonia

The most common pathogen bacteria are Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae.


Question: What does pneumonia do to the lungs?

Pneumonia

Infections caused by staphylococcus and Gram-negative bacteria are also observed in newborns and malnourished children.


Question: What does pneumonia do to the lungs?

Pneumonia

Infections caused by viruses such as RS virus, influenza virus, parainfluenza virus and adenovirus are common but rarely deadly.


Question: What does pneumonia do to the lungs?

Pneumonia

[26] Respiratory infections claim the lives of around two million children under the age of five in developing countries every year.


Question: What does pneumonia do to the lungs?

Pneumonia

Of those deaths, half occur in Africa.


Question: What does pneumonia do to the lungs?

Pneumonia

Pneumonia causes about 20% of infant mortality in developing countries and is the largest contributor to mortality in that age group.


Question: What does pneumonia do to the lungs?

Pneumonia

[27] Three-quarters of pneumonia deaths occur in babies under the age of one.


Question: What does pneumonia do to the lungs?

Pneumonia

[26] Mortality rates for children affected from pneumonia in developing countries in Africa have varied between 15 and 28 per cent, according to various studies, representing 7 to 270-fold mortality rates compared to Western countries.


Question: What does pneumonia do to the lungs?

Pneumonia

Differences in mortality between different ethnic groups are also large.


Question: What does pneumonia do to the lungs?

Pneumonia

[27] The risk of illness and death is raised by factors such as malnutrition, prematurity, malaria, measles and immunodeficiencies.


Question: What does pneumonia do to the lungs?

Pneumonia

The spread of HIV infection and the increasing prevalence of bacterial antibiotic resistance in Africa and Asia have increased the incidence of pneumonia in children.


Question: What does pneumonia do to the lungs?

Pneumonia

[26] Pneumonia is the largest contributor to hospitalizations and mortality in African HIV-positive children; up to 90 percent of children develop at least one respiratory infection during the course of the disease.


Question: What does pneumonia do to the lungs?

Pneumonia

[27] History The Finnish word pneumonia is part of the Finnish medical vocabulary developed by physician Elias Lönnrot (1802—1884).


Question: What does pneumonia do to the lungs?

Pneumonia

[28] The designation for pneumonia in many other languages is pneumonia (), derived from the Ancient Greek word πνεύμων or πλεύμων (pneumōn, pleumōn).


Question: What does pneumonia do to the lungs?

Pneumonia

The ancient Greek physician Hippocrates (circa 460—380 BCE)


Question: What does pneumonia do to the lungs?

Pneumonia

In his book on the treatment of acute diseases, the symptoms of pneumonia are described very accurately.


Question: What does pneumonia do to the lungs?

Pneumonia

[29] He also explained the results of surgical cleansing of empyema.


Question: What does pneumonia do to the lungs?

Pneumonia

The medieval Jewish physician Maimonides (1135—1204) wrote: “The basic symptoms of pneumonia, never missing from the disease, are as follows: acute fever, stabbing pain in the side, short and rapid breaths, sawing pulse, and cough.”


Question: What does pneumonia do to the lungs?

Pneumonia

German pathologist Edwin Klebs first noted bacteria in the airways of persons who died of pneumonia in 1875.


Question: What does pneumonia do to the lungs?

Pneumonia

[30] Germans Carl Friedländer and Albert Fränkel discovered two common causative agents of pneumonia microbes, Streptococcus pneumoniae- and Klebsiella pneumoniae bacteria, in their studies published in 1882 and 1884.


Question: What does pneumonia do to the lungs?

Pneumonia

[31] [32] The Danish bacteriologist Hans Christian Gram described in his 1884 gram staining, which enabled the bacteria causing pneumonia to be able to distinguish between the bacteria that caused pneumonia.


Question: What does pneumonia do to the lungs?

Pneumonia

He also showed that the disease can be caused by more than one microbe.


Question: What does pneumonia do to the lungs?

Pneumonia

[33] In the early 20th century, pneumonia was a deadly disease.


Question: What does pneumonia do to the lungs?

Pneumonia

When sulfa drugs came into use in the 1930s and penicillin ten years later, the previously grim prognosis of pneumonia became better.


Question: What does pneumonia do to the lungs?

Pneumonia

Modern surgical techniques and the development of intensive care contributed to the reduction of mortality from pneumonia.


Question: What does pneumonia do to the lungs?

Pneumonia

However, as recently as the 1950s, pneumococcal pneumonia and its side diseases, especially meningitis, were the common cause of death in the elderly and other at-risk groups.


Question: What does pneumonia do to the lungs?

Pneumonia

Children began to be vaccinated in the United States against Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) bacterium in 1988, which soon led to a reduction in cases of the disease.


Question: What does pneumonia do to the lungs?

Pneumonia

[23] [34] In Finland, the HIB vaccine was added to the general vaccination schedule in the late 1980s, resulting in the disappearance of serious HIB infections, especially in young children.


Question: What does pneumonia do to the lungs?

Pneumonia

[35] Similarly, the initiation of pneumococcal vaccination in the United States for adults in 1977 and for children in 2000 has made severe pneumococcal infections less common.


Question: What does pneumonia do to the lungs?

Pneumonia

[36] Sources on the topic Elsewhere Category:Infectious Diseases Category:Respiratory Diseases Category:Key Articles in Screening


Question: Who was the first ruler of Georgia?

History of Georgia

This article discusses the history of Georgia.


Question: Who was the first ruler of Georgia?

History of Georgia

Prehistory 1.8 million years ago — The oldest finds of early humans stepping outside Africa have been found in Dmanisi, Georgia.


Question: Who was the first ruler of Georgia?

History of Georgia

The discoveries were the skulls of an upright human (Homo Erectus).


Question: Who was the first ruler of Georgia?

History of Georgia

Some scholars also speak of the human species Homo georgicus, or Georgian man.


Question: Who was the first ruler of Georgia?

History of Georgia

[1] 50000—35000 years ago — An ancient human remains from Yashtkhva near today's Suhumi (also Sukhumi or Sokhumi) in the region of Abkhazia.


Question: Who was the first ruler of Georgia?

History of Georgia

30000—10000 years ago — inhabited from caves called Jruchi, Sagvarjile and Chakhati.


Question: Who was the first ruler of Georgia?

History of Georgia

From the Late Paleolithic period, abundant remains in Devis Khvrel and Sakazhia, among others.


Question: Who was the first ruler of Georgia?

History of Georgia

5000-3800 BC.


Question: Who was the first ruler of Georgia?

History of Georgia

— The heyday of the Shulaveri-Shomu culture throughout the Caucasian region.


Question: Who was the first ruler of Georgia?

History of Georgia

4000—2200 BC.


Question: Who was the first ruler of Georgia?

History of Georgia

— Transcaucasian culture spreads to the South Caucasus and Armenia.


Question: Who was the first ruler of Georgia?

History of Georgia

2200—1500 BC.


Question: Who was the first ruler of Georgia?

History of Georgia

— Trialet culture flourishes in the South Caucasus.


Question: Who was the first ruler of Georgia?

History of Georgia

[2] Evidence of viticulture has been found in Georgia 6000 before the beginning of the period.


Question: Who was the first ruler of Georgia?

History of Georgia

The findings of an international team of scientists date to the Neolithic period between 6000-5800 BCE.


Question: Who was the first ruler of Georgia?

History of Georgia

Archaeological studies found e.g.


Question: Who was the first ruler of Georgia?

History of Georgia

remnants of tartaric acid and organic acids generated in winemaking.


Question: Who was the first ruler of Georgia?

History of Georgia

Chemical analyses were carried out on findings found in e.g.


Question: Who was the first ruler of Georgia?

History of Georgia

large ceramic storage containers (300 liters).


Question: Who was the first ruler of Georgia?

History of Georgia

The history of wine to 8000 years moved the history of grape wine a thousand years earlier than it has been estimated before.


Question: Who was the first ruler of Georgia?

History of Georgia

The team of researchers believe it is the oldest place where grapes have been grown for wine in the Eurasian region.


Question: Who was the first ruler of Georgia?

History of Georgia

[3] The Late Neolithic period was also influenced by the Shulaveri-Shomu culture, which regionally settled into the regions of Georgia, Azerbaizan and Armenia.


Question: Who was the first ruler of Georgia?

History of Georgia

The period of influence of the culture is calculated as 6000- 4000 BCE.


Question: Who was the first ruler of Georgia?

History of Georgia

The name Shulaveri comes from the Georgian town now known as Shaumiani.


Question: Who was the first ruler of Georgia?

History of Georgia

Antiquity and Middle Ages from Georgia have been discovered in archaeological excavations in the 1970s several ancient population centers from as early as the fifth millennium BCE.


Question: Who was the first ruler of Georgia?

History of Georgia

Houses inhabited by Neolithic culture were round or oval — similar features also exist in later Georgian Darbazi type buildings.


Question: Who was the first ruler of Georgia?

History of Georgia

The ancient Greeks referred to western Georgia as Colchis.


Question: Who was the first ruler of Georgia?

History of Georgia

Greek lore tells of Iason and his Argonauts, who journeyed to Colchis in search of a golden fleece.


Question: Who was the first ruler of Georgia?

History of Georgia

Before Georgia became a Roman province in 66 BC, the lowlands of western Georgia were known as Egris and eastern Georgia was ruled by the Iberian Empire.


Question: Who was the first ruler of Georgia?

History of Georgia

Georgia became one of the first countries to convert to Christianity in 317 when King Mirian III of Iberia adopted it as his state religion.


Question: Who was the first ruler of Georgia?

History of Georgia

In Egiris, religion was established in 523.


Question: Who was the first ruler of Georgia?

History of Georgia

[4] Although the country was conquered alternately by Arabs, Mongols, Persians and Turks, Georgia managed to maintain some degree of independence for over 1000 years.


Question: Who was the first ruler of Georgia?

History of Georgia

In 978, all Georgian principalities were merged into the Kingdom of Georgia (978—1466) under the control of the Bagrationi dynasty.


Question: Who was the first ruler of Georgia?

History of Georgia

The dynasty was founded by Ašot I the Great in 809.


Question: Who was the first ruler of Georgia?

History of Georgia

Major representatives of the family include David the Builder (Devid IV Agmachenebeli, reigned 1089—1125) and Queen Tamar (1184—1213) — both have been declared saints by the Georgian Orthodox Church.


Question: Who was the first ruler of Georgia?

History of Georgia

The Kingdom of Georgia at that time also included Armenia, Azerbaijan and territories north of the Caucasus.


Question: Who was the first ruler of Georgia?

History of Georgia

With the dissolution of the Kingdom, Georgia fragmented into several smaller parts and regressed under the influence of Persia and the Ottoman Empire.


Question: Who was the first ruler of Georgia?

History of Georgia

From 1801 to 1810, the Kingdoms of Kartl-Kakheti (East Georgia) and Imereti (West Georgia) were occupied by the Russian Empire at the request of the Georgians, as they wanted protection against Persia pressing from the south.


Question: Who was the first ruler of Georgia?

History of Georgia

Georgia as part of Russia 1801—1918 In 1801, Tsar Alexander I of Russia abolished the Georgian Kingdom of Kartl-Kakheti and forced its king family into exile.


Question: Who was the first ruler of Georgia?

History of Georgia

The state was definitively annexed to Russia in 1804, following a major Russification programme that attempted to replace Georgian culture and social stir with Russian.


Question: Who was the first ruler of Georgia?

History of Georgia

The Georgian Orthodox Church also disbanded.


Question: Who was the first ruler of Georgia?

History of Georgia

[5] Georgians' dissatisfaction with the authoritarianism of the Tsarist led to a national liberation movement in the country at the looping cave of the 19th century.


Question: Who was the first ruler of Georgia?

History of Georgia

The Great Peasant Revolt, which led to social reforms, was fought in 1905.


Question: Who was the first ruler of Georgia?

History of Georgia

At the same time, the Marxist Social Democratic Party became the main political force in Georgia, holding, among other things, all the seats reserved for Georgia in the Duma established in 1905.


Question: Who was the first ruler of Georgia?

History of Georgia

Josif Vissarionovich Djugašvili (Josif Stalin), a Georgian Bolshevik, became the leader of the Georgian revolutionary movement.


Question: Who was the first ruler of Georgia?

History of Georgia

[6] The Georgian Democratic Republic of 1918—1921 The Russian Revolution of October 1917 drew Russia into a bloody civil war, during which several Russian regions declared independence.


Question: Who was the first ruler of Georgia?

History of Georgia

Georgia was one of them, and the independent Democratic Republic of Georgia was proclaimed on 26 May 1918.


Question: Who was the first ruler of Georgia?

History of Georgia

The new country was governed by the Menshevik branch of the Social Democratic Party, which established a parliamentary multi-party system in the country—contrary to the dictatorship of the Bolshevik proletariat in Russia.


Question: Who was the first ruler of Georgia?

History of Georgia

Important European states recognized Georgia in 1918 and Soviet Russia in May 1920.


Question: Who was the first ruler of Georgia?

History of Georgia

In February 1921, Georgia was conquered by the Red Army after a brief war.


Question: Who was the first ruler of Georgia?

History of Georgia

The Georgian government was forced to flee.


Question: Who was the first ruler of Georgia?

History of Georgia

Fragmented resistance 1921—1924 was followed by a widespread patriotic uprising in August 1924.


Question: Who was the first ruler of Georgia?

History of Georgia

Georgia in the Soviet Union 1921—1990 Georgia was forced to join the Transcaucasian Soviet Republic, which included Armenia, Georgia and Azerbaijan.


Question: Who was the first ruler of Georgia?

History of Georgia

The Soviet regime separated from the country several historical regions for Turkey (Tao-Klarjoeti), Armenia (Lore region), Azerbaijan (Hereti/Saingilo) and Russia (part of the Black Sea coast).


Question: Who was the first ruler of Georgia?

History of Georgia

Soviet rule was brutal: some 50,000 people were executed 1921—1924 and more than 150,000 were killed in the 1935—1938, 1942 and 1945—1951 purges of the Georgian chief of Stalin and his secret police, Lavrenti Berija.


Question: Who was the first ruler of Georgia?

History of Georgia

In 1936, the Caucasian Soviet Republic was dissolved and Georgia formed the Grosian Soviet Socialist Republic.


Question: Who was the first ruler of Georgia?

History of Georgia

During World War II, one of Adolf Hitler's main goals in his conquest of the Soviet Union in August 1941 was the attainment of the Caucasus oil fields.


Question: Who was the first ruler of Georgia?

History of Georgia

However, the Axis powers did not reach as far as Georgia.


Question: Who was the first ruler of Georgia?

History of Georgia

The country became home to the Red Army with nearly 700,000 soldiers (350,000 of whom died), and Georgia was also an important source of textiles and military supplies.


Question: Who was the first ruler of Georgia?

History of Georgia

Stalin's successful appeal to Soviet unity undermined Georgian nationalism during and after the war.


Question: Who was the first ruler of Georgia?

History of Georgia

The regime's decentralization program in the mid-1950s soon allowed the Communist Party of Georgia to build its own concentration of power.


Question: Who was the first ruler of Georgia?

History of Georgia

A thriving grey capitalist economy emerged alongside the communist state economy, and Georgia became one of the most successful Soviet republics.


Question: Who was the first ruler of Georgia?

History of Georgia

On the other hand, corruption also increased sharply.


Question: Who was the first ruler of Georgia?

History of Georgia

Although it was also common elsewhere in the Soviet Union, corruption became so prevalent in Georgia that it became a problem for the Moscow authorities.


Question: Who was the first ruler of Georgia?

History of Georgia

Eduard Ševardnadze, who served as the country's interior minister 1964—1972, gained fame as an opponent of corruption and masinated the resignation of Vasil Mžavanadze, secretary of the Communist Party of Georgia.


Question: Who was the first ruler of Georgia?

History of Georgia

Ševardnadze rose to his place with Moscow's blessing.


Question: Who was the first ruler of Georgia?

History of Georgia

He was a capable leader of Georgia from 1972 to 1985, improving, among other things, the country's economy.


Question: Who was the first ruler of Georgia?

History of Georgia

Georgians' nationalism intensified, particularly due to the fact that Georgian-born Josif Stalin fell out of favour in the Soviet Union after his death.


Question: Who was the first ruler of Georgia?

History of Georgia

Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev gave a speech critical of Stalin in February 1956, with an accusatory finger pointed at Georgia and Georgians.


Question: Who was the first ruler of Georgia?

History of Georgia

In this case, demonstrations arose in Tbilisi, which were bloody suppressed by the Soviet army on 9 March 1956 and dozens of Georgian students were shot.


Question: Who was the first ruler of Georgia?

History of Georgia

The Soviet Union and Georgian nationalism clashed again in 1978 when Moscow ordered the official status of the Georgian language in the country to be reconsidered.


Question: Who was the first ruler of Georgia?

History of Georgia

Giant street demonstrations on 14 April 1978 forced the central government not to interfere with the status of the language, and 14 April was made Georgian Language Day.


Question: Who was the first ruler of Georgia?

History of Georgia

When Ševardnadze was appointed Soviet Foreign Minister in 1985, he was replaced in Georgia by Džumber Patiašvili, who was a conservative and fared poorly with the challenges posed by perestroika.


Question: Who was the first ruler of Georgia?

History of Georgia

In the late 1980s, there were increasingly clashes between communist authorities, a Georgian nationalist movement and separatists in areas inhabited by minorities (especially South Ossetia).


Question: Who was the first ruler of Georgia?

History of Georgia

On April 9, 1989, Soviet forces suppressed a peaceful protest in Tbilisi — 20 Georgians were killed and hundreds wounded or poisoned.


Question: Who was the first ruler of Georgia?

History of Georgia

The event radicalized Georgian politics, which even made many communists see independence as a viable option.


Question: Who was the first ruler of Georgia?

History of Georgia

Independent Republic of Georgia 1991—2003 Gamsakhurdia season 1991—92 Protests and strikes organized by the opposition finally led to open multi-party elections on 28 October 1990.


Question: Who was the first ruler of Georgia?

History of Georgia

The election was won by the “Round Table” coalition led by Zviad Gamsakhurdia, and he became chairman of the country's Supreme Soviet.


Question: Who was the first ruler of Georgia?

History of Georgia

On March 31, 1991, Gamsakhurdia wasted no time in organizing a referendum on independence, which was approved by 98.9% of those who voted.


Question: Who was the first ruler of Georgia?

History of Georgia

Formal independence from the Soviet Union was declared on April 9, 1991, although it took some time before foreign powers such as the United States recognized the state.


Question: Who was the first ruler of Georgia?

History of Georgia

The Gamsakhurdia government strongly opposed any vestiges of Russian power, such as remaining Soviet bases or joining the CIS.


Question: Who was the first ruler of Georgia?

History of Georgia

Gamsakhurdia was elected president on 26 May 1991 — he received 86% of the vote.


Question: Who was the first ruler of Georgia?

History of Georgia

His administration was accused of authoritarianism and ungovernance, and nationalists and reformists reluctantly joined a coalition opposed to Gamsakhurdia.


Question: Who was the first ruler of Georgia?

History of Georgia

The large number of Soviet army weapons left in the country available to the quarreling parties and the increase in power of the militias complicated the pre-tense situation.


Question: Who was the first ruler of Georgia?

History of Georgia

On December 22, 1991, armed opposition groups began a violent coup in which Gamsakhurdia and his supporters were smoked out of government buildings in Tbilisi.


Question: Who was the first ruler of Georgia?

History of Georgia

Gamsakhurdia managed to escape from Georgia to Chechnya in January 1992.


Question: Who was the first ruler of Georgia?

History of Georgia

Ševardnadze's 1991—92 Post-Gamsakhurdia Period The new government invited Eduard Ševardnadze to head the State Council — effectively president — in March 1992, in an attempt to improve the credibility of the post-Gamsakhurdia regime that had become distasteful to many.


Question: Who was the first ruler of Georgia?

History of Georgia

War in Abkhazia and South Ossetia 1992 In August 1992, disputes with Abkhazian separatists intensified when militias and government troops were deployed to the region to suppress separatist movements.


Question: Who was the first ruler of Georgia?

History of Georgia

The Abkhazians entered the fight with the assistance of militias from Russia's North Caucasus region and allegedly also Russian troops stationed at the Gudauta base in Abkhazia.


Question: Who was the first ruler of Georgia?

History of Georgia

In September 1993, government forces suffered a catastrophic defeat, expelling the entire Georgian population of the region to Abkhazia.


Question: Who was the first ruler of Georgia?

History of Georgia

About 14,000 died and 300,000 were forced to flee.


Question: Who was the first ruler of Georgia?

History of Georgia

Ethnic violence also flared in South Ossetia but gradually calmed down, requiring the deaths of hundreds and the flight of 100,000 Ossets to Russian-administered North Ossetia.


Question: Who was the first ruler of Georgia?

History of Georgia

In southwestern Georgia in the Autonomous Republic of Adžaria, Aslan Abašidze, who managed to rule his republic almost independent from Tbilisi until 2004, came to power.


Question: Who was the first ruler of Georgia?

History of Georgia

The Gamsakhurdia rebellion on 24 September 1993, with the Abkhazian disaster accelerating, Zviad Gamsakhurdia returned from exile to organize an uprising against the government.


Question: Who was the first ruler of Georgia?

History of Georgia

His backers managed to use the confused state of government forces to their advantage and soon controlled much of western Georgia.


Question: Who was the first ruler of Georgia?

History of Georgia

As Russia, Armenia and Azerbaijan became nervous, units of the Russian army were sent to assist the Georgian government.


Question: Who was the first ruler of Georgia?

History of Georgia

The rebellion soon collapsed and Gamsakhurdia died on 31 December 1993.


Question: Who was the first ruler of Georgia?

History of Georgia

From Georgia to the CIS State In an agreement that sparked controversy, Ševardnadze's government agreed to join the CIS in exchange for military and financial support.


Question: Who was the first ruler of Georgia?

History of Georgia

Ševardnadze's attempted murder, Ševardnadze narrowly survived a bombing in August 1995.


Question: Who was the first ruler of Georgia?

History of Georgia

He took the opportunity to imprison paramilitary leader Džaba Ioselian and ban his Mkhedrioni militias from operating.


Question: Who was the first ruler of Georgia?

History of Georgia

However, his government and family were increasingly associated with the corruption that had slowed Georgia's economic growth.


Question: Who was the first ruler of Georgia?

History of Georgia

He won presidential elections in November 1995 and April 2004 with large majorities — fueled by allegations of electoral fraud.


Question: Who was the first ruler of Georgia?

History of Georgia

The war in Chechnya caused major disagreements with Russia, with Georgia allegedly assisting Chechen rebels.


Question: Who was the first ruler of Georgia?

History of Georgia

In addition, Ševardnadze's close ties with the United States hampered Russia relations.


Question: Who was the first ruler of Georgia?

History of Georgia

After Georgia became an important recipient country of U.S. economic and military aid, Georgia entered into a partnership agreement with NATO and declared its goal of joining not only NATO but also the European Union.


Question: Who was the first ruler of Georgia?

History of Georgia

In 2002, the United States sent hundreds of soldiers to help Georgian forces fight separatists.


Question: Who was the first ruler of Georgia?

History of Georgia

The country also secured the construction of an oil pipeline from Azerbaijan through Georgia to Turkey.


Question: Who was the first ruler of Georgia?

History of Georgia

Rose Revolution A reformist coalition led by Mikheil Saakashvili, Nino Burdžanadze and Zurab Žvania united to oppose Ševardnadze's government in the November parliamentary elections 2003.


Question: Who was the first ruler of Georgia?

History of Georgia

The election result was widely regarded as completely rigged, and the opposition staged massive protests in central Tbilisi.


Question: Who was the first ruler of Georgia?

History of Georgia

After two weeks, Ševardnadze resigned on 23 November 2003, and Nino Burdžanadze rose to succeed him as president on an interim basis.


Question: Who was the first ruler of Georgia?

History of Georgia

In January 2004, Mikheil Saakashvili won the new presidential election with a huge 96% vote majority.


Question: Who was the first ruler of Georgia?

History of Georgia

Constitutional amendments were rushed through parliament that increased the president's power to dissolve parliament and created the office of prime minister.


Question: Who was the first ruler of Georgia?

History of Georgia

Zurab Žvania became Prime Minister and Nino Burdžanadze became Speaker of Parliament.


Question: Who was the first ruler of Georgia?

History of Georgia

After the Roses Revolution, relations between the Georgian central government and Abašidze, the leader of Adžaria, quickly deteriorated and both sides prepared for a military confrontation.


Question: Who was the first ruler of Georgia?

History of Georgia

Saakashvili's ultimatums and large protests forced Abašidze to resign and flee the country.


Question: Who was the first ruler of Georgia?

History of Georgia

In February 2005, Prime Minister Žvania died and Zurab Nogaideli was appointed to the post.


Question: Who was the first ruler of Georgia?

History of Georgia

Georgia has participated in the Iraq War and in May 2005 US President George W. Bush visited the country [7].


Question: Who was the first ruler of Georgia?

History of Georgia

Former Defense Minister Irakli Okruašvili issued statements in September 2007 accusing Saakashvili of wrongdoing.


Question: Who was the first ruler of Georgia?

History of Georgia

Okruashvili's speedy arrest prompted opposition parties to demonstrate for his release.


Question: Who was the first ruler of Georgia?

History of Georgia

Finally, on November 7, 2007, riot police broke up an anti-Saakashvili demonstration using rubber bullets, tear gas and water cannons.


Question: Who was the first ruler of Georgia?

History of Georgia

These were the largest demonstrations by the opposition since the 2003 revolution.


Question: Who was the first ruler of Georgia?

History of Georgia

Mikheil Saakashvili blamed Russia for fomenting the unrest.


Question: Who was the first ruler of Georgia?

History of Georgia

On November 7, martial law covering the whole country was declared for 15 days.


Question: Who was the first ruler of Georgia?

History of Georgia

Martial law was declared to have ended on 16 November and President Saakashvili sacked Prime Minister Nogaidel and appointed banker Lado Gurgenidze as the new prime minister.


Question: Who was the first ruler of Georgia?

History of Georgia

[8] Under pressure, Saakashvili announced a prematurely presidential election in early November and left the presidential post on 25 November 2007.


Question: Who was the first ruler of Georgia?

History of Georgia

In the election, Saakashvili's most prominent counter-candidates were Levan Gatchechiladze, a candidate nominated by ten opposition parties, and Badri Patarkatsišvili, a businessman.


Question: Who was the first ruler of Georgia?

History of Georgia

The election was held on 5 January 2008 and was won by Mikheil Saakashvili.


Question: Who was the first ruler of Georgia?

History of Georgia

When former defense minister Irakli Okruashvili was arrested in September 2007, opposition parties formed a united front and called for parliamentary elections to be moved to spring 2008.


Question: Who was the first ruler of Georgia?

History of Georgia

The opposition staged a series of mass demonstrations in the autumn, the largest of which was attended by at least 80,000 people, and demanded the president's resignation.


Question: Who was the first ruler of Georgia?

History of Georgia

In November, riot police attacked protesters and the government declared a state of emergency under the guise of which it shut down two television channels that backed the opposition.


Question: Who was the first ruler of Georgia?

History of Georgia

However, Saakashvili conceded to early elections.


Question: Who was the first ruler of Georgia?

History of Georgia

He was elected in them to a new five-year term with a vote share of 53.45%; the next highest number of votes was received by opposition candidate Levan Gatchechiladze, 25.68%.


Question: Who was the first ruler of Georgia?

History of Georgia

Polls on the country's possible NATO membership and moving parliamentary elections to spring 2008 were also held as part of the election.


Question: Who was the first ruler of Georgia?

History of Georgia

Both proposals were accepted.


Question: Who was the first ruler of Georgia?

History of Georgia

[9] According to OSCE election observers, the elections were broadly honest and compliant with international requirements, but with considerable problems.


Question: Who was the first ruler of Georgia?

History of Georgia

[10] However, the opposition accused the government of rigging the election and continued demonstrations.


Question: Who was the first ruler of Georgia?

History of Georgia

[11] South Ossetia War 2008 Georgian political objectives have been largely related to Western integration.


Question: Who was the first ruler of Georgia?

History of Georgia

Georgia has wanted to become a member of NATO first.


Question: Who was the first ruler of Georgia?

History of Georgia

However, in April 2008, France and Germany denied Georgia and Ukraine's participation in the process leading up to NATO membership.


Question: Who was the first ruler of Georgia?

History of Georgia

As a country of a low-figure professional army, Georgia was comparatively active, among other things, in the U.S.-led coalition of volunteers in Iraq.


Question: Who was the first ruler of Georgia?

History of Georgia

Georgia has accused Russia of supporting separatists in Abkhazia and South Ossetia.


Question: Who was the first ruler of Georgia?

History of Georgia

In 2006, Georgia arrested four Russian officers on espionage charges.


Question: Who was the first ruler of Georgia?

History of Georgia

[12] As a counter-strike, Russia expelled Georgians from the country.


Question: Who was the first ruler of Georgia?

History of Georgia

[13] The following year, Russia dropped a missile on Georgia near the border with South Ossetia [14] and shot down a Georgian reconnaissance aircraft.


Question: Who was the first ruler of Georgia?

History of Georgia

[15] In August 2008, the conflict in South Ossetia finally escalated into open war between Georgia and Russia.


Question: Who was the first ruler of Georgia?

History of Georgia

During the Beijing Olympics week, Georgia attempted a military solution while armistice talks lasted 7—8.


Question: Who was the first ruler of Georgia?

History of Georgia

August 2008, while Prime Minister of the Russian Federation Vladimir Putin was at the Olympics with the result that the Russian Federation first sent four motorized regiments to South Ossetia via the Rok Pass and later 9000 parachute soldiers to Abkhazia to secure the Kodori Pass.


Question: Who was the first ruler of Georgia?

History of Georgia

As force relations leveled, the Georgian soldiers retreated and fled towards Tbilisi, handing over the city of Gori, 65 T-72 and T-55 battle tanks, and about 30 personnel carriers, as well as the depot of the 1st Brigade to the Russians.


Question: Who was the first ruler of Georgia?

History of Georgia

Part of the reserve left to delay surrendered almost without battle.


Question: Who was the first ruler of Georgia?

History of Georgia

According to an EU report the following year, Georgia bore a major responsibility in triggering the violence.


Question: Who was the first ruler of Georgia?

History of Georgia

Russia occupied much of Georgia, destroyed Georgian infrastructure and set up checkpoints in the country.


Question: Who was the first ruler of Georgia?

History of Georgia

The conflict ended with a ceasefire agreement reached after just over a week.


Question: Who was the first ruler of Georgia?

History of Georgia

After that, Russia recognized Abkhazia and South Ossetia as independent.


Question: Who was the first ruler of Georgia?

History of Georgia

[16] [17] Western countries condemned Russia's actions.


Question: Who was the first ruler of Georgia?

History of Georgia

[16] In protest, Georgia seceded from the Commonwealth of Independent States.


Question: Who was the first ruler of Georgia?

History of Georgia

[18] Georgian Dream As the September 2012 parliamentary elections approached, billionaire Bidzina Ivanišvili forcefully funded six opposition parties to form the Georgian Dream coalition.


Question: Who was the first ruler of Georgia?

History of Georgia

[19] Georgian Dream won a majority in parliament, Ivanišvili became prime minister.


Question: Who was the first ruler of Georgia?

History of Georgia

[20] The following year's presidential election was won by Ivanišvili's protégé Giorgi Margvelašvili.


Question: Who was the first ruler of Georgia?

History of Georgia

[21] Sources On the subject elsewhere Philipp Ammon: Georgien zwischen Eigenstaatlichkeit und russischer Okkapation: Die Wurzeln des russisch-georgischen Conflicts vom 18.


Question: Who was the first ruler of Georgia?

History of Georgia

Jahrhundert bis zum Ende der ersten georgischen Republik (1921).


Question: Who was the first ruler of Georgia?

History of Georgia

KITAB, Klagenfurt 2015, ISBN 978-3902878458.


Question: Who was the first ruler of Georgia?

History of Georgia


Question: When did Ferdowsi die?

Shahname

Šahname, or Book of Kings, is an epic poetry novel by the Persian poet Hakīm Abu'l-Qāsim Firdawsī Tūsī or Ferdowsi (940/41—1020) and a national epic of Persian-speaking peoples.


Question: When did Ferdowsi die?

Shahname

The book contains the true history of the kings of ancient Persia, but also rich in folklore and lore.


Question: When did Ferdowsi die?

Shahname

The central character connecting the stories is the fabled warrior Rostam.


Question: When did Ferdowsi die?

Shahname

According to some sources, it took Ferdows 35 years to write Shâhnâméh.


Question: When did Ferdowsi die?

Shahname

The work comprises 62 stories, 990 chapters and nearly 60000 verses and is one of the most outstanding works of Persian literature as well as world literature.


Question: When did Ferdowsi die?

Shahname

In size, it is doubly wider than the epics of Homer and twenty times more sizable than the medieval hero epic The Song of the Nibelungei.


Question: When did Ferdowsi die?

Shahname

Professor Jaakko Hämeen-Anttila has translated the work into Finnish (Otava 2016).


Question: When did Ferdowsi die?

Shahname

Origin The learned still argue over Shahname's origins.


Question: When did Ferdowsi die?

Shahname

The work is thought to be based on an earlier prose text, which in turn was a collection of old Persian stories as well as historical facts and fairy tales.


Question: When did Ferdowsi die?

Shahname

Shahname is admittedly also strongly influenced by oral literature, as the writing style of the work has features from both written and oral literature.


Question: When did Ferdowsi die?

Shahname

According to some scholars, Ferdowsi also used Zarathustran stories as his sources, such as the now lost Chihrdad.


Question: When did Ferdowsi die?

Shahname

Some Shahname characters belong to Indo-Iranian cultural heritage and have already been mentioned in Ancient Persian Avesta as well as in the Ancient Indian Rigveda.


Question: When did Ferdowsi die?

Shahname

Šahname was written in the Pahlavi language.


Question: When did Ferdowsi die?

Shahname

Ferdowsi's Shahname is an epic poem comprising over 50,000 verses, based on his earlier prose production of the same name, which he compiled in his birthplace in the city of Tusi in the north-east of present-day Iran.


Question: When did Ferdowsi die?

Shahname

The prosaic Shahname mentioned was, in turn, for the most part a translation of a Pahlavin-language collection of stories about Persian kings and heroes, spanning from mythical times up to the reign of Khosrau II (590—628).


Question: When did Ferdowsi die?

Shahname

The story has been continued until the half of the 6th century, that is, the time when the Arabs plunged the Sassanids from power.


Question: When did Ferdowsi die?

Shahname

The first person to begin writing in poetry form that chronicle of pre-Islamic times and Persian legends was Daqīqī-e Balkhī, a Samanid court poet who met his violent end after completing only a thousand verses.


Question: When did Ferdowsi die?

Shahname

The verses in question deal with the rise to power of the prophet Zarathustra, and Ferdowsi annexed them as part of Shahname with appropriate confessions.


Question: When did Ferdowsi die?

Shahname

Work Ferdowsi began the compilation of his Šahnamensa during the Samanid Empire in 977 and concluded it during the Ghaznavid Empire around the year 1010.


Question: When did Ferdowsi die?

Shahname

[1] Shahname goes through Persian history.


Question: When did Ferdowsi die?

Shahname

It begins with the creation of the world and the genesis of civilization (fire, cookery, metallurgy, laws) and proceeds to the Aryans and ends with the Arab conquest of Persia.


Question: When did Ferdowsi die?

Shahname

The work is not strictly chronological, but nevertheless proceeds broadly in chronological order.


Question: When did Ferdowsi die?

Shahname

Some of the characters live for hundreds of years, as do some individuals in the Bible, but most have normal lives.


Question: When did Ferdowsi die?

Shahname

Numerous shahs come and go, as well as heroes and bandits.


Question: When did Ferdowsi die?

Shahname

The only indelible element is Greater Persia, its sunrises and dips, none of which are ever quite like each other but still perfectly symbolising the course of time.


Question: When did Ferdowsi die?

Shahname

“Father's Time” is a reminder of the tragedy of death and loss, yet followed by a sunrise that brings new hope.


Question: When did Ferdowsi die?

Shahname

In the first cycle of creation, evil is an external being, the devil.


Question: When did Ferdowsi die?

Shahname

The second cycle shows how family hatred, heinous behaviour and evil flow slowly into human nature.


Question: When did Ferdowsi die?

Shahname

The two eldest sons of Shaahi Fereydûn are malevolent and jealous of their innocent younger brother.


Question: When did Ferdowsi die?

Shahname

They murder him, imagining they're in favor of their father.


Question: When did Ferdowsi die?

Shahname

The son of a murdered prince avenges the blood act, and eventually everyone sinks into a mire of murder, revenge and endless bloodshed.


Question: When did Ferdowsi die?

Shahname

In the third cycle, a series of unlucky shahs are encountered.


Question: When did Ferdowsi die?

Shahname

A story reminiscent of Faidra is told about Shah Kay Kâûs, his wife Sûdâbeh, and of the wife's passion for her stepson Sîyâvash, who nonetheless rejects Sûdâbeh.


Question: When did Ferdowsi die?

Shahname

In the next cycle, all persons are unsympathetic, selfish and evil.


Question: When did Ferdowsi die?

Shahname

In all, this story is darker than most others, as most of Shahname's stories end in some sort of payoff and catharsis.


Question: When did Ferdowsi die?

Shahname

The gloom of the story reflects perhaps two inexorable facts: the Arab victory over the Persians and the evening faith of the Zarathustran religion in Persia.


Question: When did Ferdowsi die?

Shahname

Heresy has over time rotted Zarathustranism and its optimistic view of human free choice is like stealth transformed into a negative attitude towards life and the world at all.


Question: When did Ferdowsi die?

Shahname

There is a huge amount of bad luck and miserable fates in these stories.


Question: When did Ferdowsi die?

Shahname

The Zarathustrans' original view of human nature only becomes apparent in the work's numerous character descriptions, whether male or female characters.


Question: When did Ferdowsi die?

Shahname

The Zarathustrans placed an emphasis on individual free will.


Question: When did Ferdowsi die?

Shahname

Every Ferdowsi character can be found quite multi-edged.


Question: When did Ferdowsi die?

Shahname

None are an archetype or a puppet.


Question: When did Ferdowsi die?

Shahname

Even the most virtuous characters have their evil tendencies and faults, and even the most vicious characters, in turn, have their humane moments.


Question: When did Ferdowsi die?

Shahname

Ferdowsi mourned the implosion of the Persian Empire and the subsequent Arab and Turkish rule.


Question: When did Ferdowsi die?

Shahname

Shahname is largely his attempt to preserve the memory of Persia's golden ages and pass it on to the knees to come so that they can learn how to build a better world.


Question: When did Ferdowsi die?

Shahname

[2] Although formally Islamic, Šahname is nevertheless discernible with certain predispositions towards Arabs and Turks.


Question: When did Ferdowsi die?

Shahname

[3] Influence on the present Persian language Ferdowsi's works such as Shahname have in later centuries appeared through the Persian language area.


Question: When did Ferdowsi die?

Shahname

All have been stylistically and methodically based on Shahname, but none have achieved the same level of popularity and fame.


Question: When did Ferdowsi die?

Shahname

Some experts believe that one of the reasons why modern Persian is a language much like Ferdowsi's time more than 1,000 years ago lies in works such as Shahname, which have had a profound impact on language and culture.


Question: When did Ferdowsi die?

Shahname

In other words, Shahname itself has become one of the mainstays of the current Persian language.


Question: When did Ferdowsi die?

Shahname

Furthermore, knowledge of Ferdowsi's work became a basic requirement for latter-day poets who fancied being masters of the Persian language.


Question: When did Ferdowsi die?

Shahname

The countless references in their works attest to this are attested to by Shahnameen.


Question: When did Ferdowsi die?

Shahname

Synopsis Ferdowsi's Shahname is a major work of poetry and historiography, a reckoning with the ancient history of Iran.


Question: When did Ferdowsi die?

Shahname

Among other things, the prose form Abu Mansur Abd-al-Razaq's Šahname circulated in the same theme.


Question: When did Ferdowsi die?

Shahname

A small part of Ferdowsi's work, sprinkled here and there along Shahname, is entirely a figment of his own imagination.


Question: When did Ferdowsi die?

Shahname

He coloured Shahname with occasional comments describing his concept of life, religion, admiration for virtue, and ethical convictions.


Question: When did Ferdowsi die?

Shahname

Also shining through them is his respect for his patrons, and he has failed to cite any reference to the sources he uses.


Question: When did Ferdowsi die?

Shahname

Mainly, Shahnamen can be divided into three parts: Mythical Time, Hero Age, and Historical Time.


Question: When did Ferdowsi die?

Shahname

The mythical period at the beginning of Shahname praises god and wisdom.


Question: When did Ferdowsi die?

Shahname

After that, a creation story according to the Sassanid faith is told.


Question: When did Ferdowsi die?

Shahname

The introduction is followed by the story of the first human being, Keyumar, who also becomes the first king after a period of time spent in the mountains.


Question: When did Ferdowsi die?

Shahname

His grandson Hushang, son of Sîyâmak, accidentally invents fire and starts a tradition of Sadeh celebrations in its honor.


Question: When did Ferdowsi die?

Shahname

The stories of Tahmuras, Jamshid, Zahhâk, Kawa or Kaveh, Fereydûn and his three sons Salm, Turi and Iraj are also included in this section, as are the stories of his grandson Manuchehr.


Question: When did Ferdowsi die?

Shahname

The contribution of Shahname in question is relatively short, about 2100 verses, or four per cent of the entire work.


Question: When did Ferdowsi die?

Shahname

It recounts the events briefly and succinctly, but nevertheless coloured by Ferdowsi's poetry.


Question: When did Ferdowsi die?

Shahname

Age of Heroes Almost two-thirds of Shahname is dedicated to the Age of Heroes, stretching from the rule of Manuchehr to the conquests of Alexander the Great (Sekandar).


Question: When did Ferdowsi die?

Shahname

A key feature of this period is the significant role of the Sagzi tribesmen (Saka tribe) and Sistânîan heroes as the backbone of the Persian Empire.


Question: When did Ferdowsi die?

Shahname

Garshâsp is mentioned briefly, as is his son Narimân, whose son Sâm was a leading knight of Manuchehr.


Question: When did Ferdowsi die?

Shahname

Sâm is succeeded by his sons Zâl and Zal's son Rostam, the bravest of the brave, and finally Farâmarz.


Question: When did Ferdowsi die?

Shahname

Shahname describes broadly and accurately the feudal society in which they live.


Question: When did Ferdowsi die?

Shahname

The author's description has even been considered so vivid and affecting that the reader may feel himself attending events.


Question: When did Ferdowsi die?

Shahname

The tone is epic and the language nuanced.


Question: When did Ferdowsi die?

Shahname

Also depicted in this section are the romance of Zal and Rudâba, the seven stages of development of Rostam, the tragedy of Rostam and Sohrâb, the story of Sîyâvash and Sudâba, the story of Rostam and Akvân Dîv, the story of Bihan and Manيheh, the wars against Afrâsîyâb, an adaptation of Goshtâspin by Daqiq and from the story of Arjâspin as well as The story of Rostam and Esfandyâr.


Question: When did Ferdowsi die?

Shahname

It is noteworthy that the legend of Rostam and Sohrâb has only been mentioned in Shahname and, as usual, begins with a lyrical and detailed prelude.


Question: When did Ferdowsi die?

Shahname

Here, Ferdowsi is said to be at the height of his poetic power and a true master of future storytelling.


Question: When did Ferdowsi die?

Shahname

The tragedy of Rostam and Sohrâb encompasses a thousand verses that have been characterised as some of the saddest in world literature.


Question: When did Ferdowsi die?

Shahname

Historical period Alexander's story is followed by a brief mention of the Ashkânîyân dynasty.


Question: When did Ferdowsi die?

Shahname

The story of Ardašir I, the founder of the Sassanid Empire, is then told.


Question: When did Ferdowsi die?

Shahname

The history of the Sassanids is going through in detail.


Question: When did Ferdowsi die?

Shahname

The Sassanid implosion and the Arab conquest of Persia is told in Romantic-tinged touching poetry language.


Question: When did Ferdowsi die?

Shahname

Ferdowsi calls the event the arrival of an “army of darkness” and makes light of his grief as a result.


Question: When did Ferdowsi die?

Shahname

Meaning of Shahnameh The present Persian language has been in use for about 1100 years.


Question: When did Ferdowsi die?

Shahname

Modern Persian-speaking people are capable of reading Shahname in its original spelling, even though the work is over a thousand years old.


Question: When did Ferdowsi die?

Shahname

In this respect, Šahname differs from the equivalent sagas of world literature; for example, modern English-speaking people are unable to read Beowulf in its indigenous language.


Question: When did Ferdowsi die?

Shahname

Shahname has had a significant influence on the identity of contemporary Iranians, Afghans, and Tajiks.


Question: When did Ferdowsi die?

Shahname

According to Dr. Jalal Khaleghi Mutlaq, Shahname teaches the following things: Yekta-Parasti (worship of one god), Khoda Tarsi (fear of violating god's commandments), Din Dari (religious bluntness), Mihan Doosti (patriotism), Mehr beh Zan o Farzand (love spouse, family, kinship and towards children), Dastgiryeh Darmandegaan (helping the poor), Kheradmandi (striving for wisdom), Dad-Khahi (striving for justice), Door-Andishi (far-reaching thinking), Miyaneh Ravi (balanced and moderate action), Adaab Daani (knowledge of right manners and in accordance with them behaviour), Mehman Nawazi (attention to hospitality), Javanmardi (male honour), Bakhshesh (forgiveness), Sepasgozari (gratitude), Khoshnoodi o Khorsandi (satisfaction and happiness from existence), Kooshaayi (hard work), Narmesh Yaa Modaaraa (peacefulness and kindness) ys), Wafadar ( loyalty), Raasti o Dorostkari (truth and the fight against all truthfulness), Peymaan Daari (adherence to promises and agreements), Sharm o Ahestegi (shame for immoral acts, self-control), Khamooshi (avoidance of seeming modesty), Danesh Amoozi (striving towards knowledge and erudition), Sokhan Dani (knowledge of wisdoms).


Question: When did Ferdowsi die?

Shahname

Furthermore, Shahname emphasizes many other moral qualities.


Question: When did Ferdowsi die?

Shahname

[4] Sources Literature by Djalal Khaleghi-Motlagh (Ed.)


Question: When did Ferdowsi die?

Shahname

The Shahnameh (The Book of Kings) (Bd.


Question: When did Ferdowsi die?

Shahname


Question: When did Ferdowsi die?

Shahname

Mazda Publishers in Association with Bibliotheca Persica.


Question: When did Ferdowsi die?

Shahname

Persian Text Series.


Question: When did Ferdowsi die?

Shahname

Costa Mesa, California and New York 1990ff ISBN 978-0-939214-65-5 On the topic of other Internet sites, ایرای رستم و سهراب from Shahnameh Ferdowsi, conducted and composed by Loris Tjeknavorian.


Question: When did Ferdowsi die?

Shahname

Shahnameh, by Hakim Abol-Qasem Ferdowsi Tusi, the complete work (64 Epics), in Persian ().


Question: When did Ferdowsi die?

Shahname

This work can be freely downloaded (File size, compiled in the form of an HTML Help File: 1.4 MB).


Question: When did Ferdowsi die?

Shahname

Iraj Bashiri, Characters of Ferdowsi's Shahnameh,, 2003. , an English Graphic Novel adaptation of tales from the Shahnameh.


Question: When did Ferdowsi die?

Shahname

, English translation by Helen Zimmern. Helen Zimmern translation.


Question: When did Ferdowsi die?

Shahname

, Arthur and Edmond Warner translation.


Question: When did Ferdowsi die?

Shahname

Khosrow Nāghed, In the Workshop of Thought and Imagination of the Master of Tūs (Dar Kargāh-e Andisheh va Khiāl-e Ostād-e Tūs), in Persian, Radio Zamāneh, August 5, 2008,.


Question: When did Ferdowsi die?

Shahname

Persian sources Other sources Category:History of Iran Category:Key articles of screening Category:National epics


Question: Who was the ruler of Imperial Germany when World War I broke out?

Union of Three Emperors

The Union of Three Emperors (,) was a defensive alliance between the German, Austro-Hungarian and Russian Empires, effective from 1873 to 1878 and again from 1881 to 1887.


Question: Who was the ruler of Imperial Germany when World War I broke out?

Union of Three Emperors

The father of the union was the German Reich Chancellor Otto von Bismarck, whose main objective was the isolation of Germany's enemy France.


Question: Who was the ruler of Imperial Germany when World War I broke out?

Union of Three Emperors

The alliance was lax and broke up twice because Austria-Hungary and Russia had opposing interests in the Balkans whose reconciliation failed.


Question: Who was the ruler of Imperial Germany when World War I broke out?

Union of Three Emperors

The three emperors mentioned in the name of the union were Emperor William I of Germany, Emperor Alexander II of Russia, and Emperor Francis Joseph I of Austro-Hungary.


Question: Who was the ruler of Imperial Germany when World War I broke out?

Union of Three Emperors

Union background Otto von Bismarck felt that the only threat to the European status quo after German reunification was France.


Question: Who was the ruler of Imperial Germany when World War I broke out?

Union of Three Emperors

He believed France would certainly attempt to sooner or later revance after the lost War of 1870, as well as seeking the restoration of Alsace-Lothringen.


Question: Who was the ruler of Imperial Germany when World War I broke out?

Union of Three Emperors

Bismarck's suspicions were reinforced by the fact that France soon got back on its feet after the war and paid the war reparations ahead of schedule.


Question: Who was the ruler of Imperial Germany when World War I broke out?

Union of Three Emperors

As such, Germany needed the means to isolate France from all its potential allies.


Question: Who was the ruler of Imperial Germany when World War I broke out?

Union of Three Emperors

The most effective means of doing so was to ally in advance with France's potential allies.


Question: Who was the ruler of Imperial Germany when World War I broke out?

Union of Three Emperors

These included Austria-Hungary and Russia.


Question: Who was the ruler of Imperial Germany when World War I broke out?

Union of Three Emperors

[1] Although Germany had also beaten Austria in the War of 1866, at the time the defeated enemy had been treated leniently by Bismarck's will and no territorial pledges were required from Austria, which proved far-sighted.


Question: Who was the ruler of Imperial Germany when World War I broke out?

Union of Three Emperors

The Austro-Hungarian alliance with Germany was now also promoted by Gyula Andrássy, the new Hungarian foreign minister of the dual monarchy.


Question: Who was the ruler of Imperial Germany when World War I broke out?

Union of Three Emperors

The Russo-German alliance produced no problems, as Prussia and Russia had previously enjoyed good relations and the countries were united by old anti-Polish sentiment.


Question: Who was the ruler of Imperial Germany when World War I broke out?

Union of Three Emperors

The only problem was the reconciliation of Austro-Hungarian and Russian crossbenchers, especially in the Balkans.


Question: Who was the ruler of Imperial Germany when World War I broke out?

Union of Three Emperors

Bismarck, however, appealed to the emperors' mutual solidarity against republican France and sought to make Germany a mediator between Austria-Hungary and Russia.


Question: Who was the ruler of Imperial Germany when World War I broke out?

Union of Three Emperors

[1] The covenant treaties The treaty on the grounds of the union was concluded in Berlin in September 1872.


Question: Who was the ruler of Imperial Germany when World War I broke out?

Union of Three Emperors

Known as the Proclamation of the Three Emperors, the alliance consisted of


Question: Who was the ruler of Imperial Germany when World War I broke out?

Union of Three Emperors

On 6 June 1873, a German-Russian treaty was concluded whereby another would come to the aid with a force of 200,000 men if either of the parties to the treaty came under attack.


Question: Who was the ruler of Imperial Germany when World War I broke out?

Union of Three Emperors

On the same day, Austria-Hungary and Russia also concluded their own agreement under which they pledged to negotiate with each other if the other came under attack from any third party.


Question: Who was the ruler of Imperial Germany when World War I broke out?

Union of Three Emperors

The treaties were supplemented by Germany's entry into the Austro-Hungarian-Russian Treaty of 22 October 1873.


Question: Who was the ruler of Imperial Germany when World War I broke out?

Union of Three Emperors

The following year, Italy also became involved in the federal system.


Question: Who was the ruler of Imperial Germany when World War I broke out?

Union of Three Emperors

[1] Dissolution of the Union The Union of Three Emperors was first afflicted in 1875 by the so-called “war in sight crisis” between Germany and France, during which Alexander II of Russia travelled with his pro-French chancellor, Aleksandr Gorchakov, to Berlin to plead on behalf of France to avoid war.


Question: Who was the ruler of Imperial Germany when World War I broke out?

Union of Three Emperors

[2] The Balkan crisis that erupted in 1875 proved fatal to the union of the Three Emperors.


Question: Who was the ruler of Imperial Germany when World War I broke out?

Union of Three Emperors

The alliance fell apart when German mediation between Austro-Hungary and Russia failed at the Congress of Berlin of 1878.


Question: Who was the ruler of Imperial Germany when World War I broke out?

Union of Three Emperors

Alexander II of Russia felt that the Proclamation of the Three Emperors had ceased to be valid, as Germany had been too much in favour of Austro-Hungarian and English interests and played a part in nullifying Russia's success in the Turkish War.


Question: Who was the ruler of Imperial Germany when World War I broke out?

Union of Three Emperors

[3] The first union treaty of the three emperors failed, but Germany concluded a new union treaty, namely a dual union with Austria-Hungary, on 7 October 1879.


Question: Who was the ruler of Imperial Germany when World War I broke out?

Union of Three Emperors

The treaty required a joint defence if either of the parties were to come under Russian attack.


Question: Who was the ruler of Imperial Germany when World War I broke out?

Union of Three Emperors

If the aggressor was another state, the agreement obliged the other party to remain merely neutral.


Question: Who was the ruler of Imperial Germany when World War I broke out?

Union of Three Emperors

This arrangement primarily corresponded to Austro-Hungarian interests, but also fulfilled Germany's basic goal of isolating France.


Question: Who was the ruler of Imperial Germany when World War I broke out?

Union of Three Emperors

Bismarck chose continued cooperation with Austria-Hungary over Russia because he saw it as a more reliable and close partner.


Question: Who was the ruler of Imperial Germany when World War I broke out?

Union of Three Emperors

Emperor William I opposed the alliance directed against Russia, but deflected after Bismarck threatened his resignation.


Question: Who was the ruler of Imperial Germany when World War I broke out?

Union of Three Emperors

[4] However, the new alliance of three emperors Bismarck also persuaded Russia to return to cooperation.


Question: Who was the ruler of Imperial Germany when World War I broke out?

Union of Three Emperors

In a sign of a change of direction, Alexander II appointed pro-German Nikolai Giers as his foreign minister.


Question: Who was the ruler of Imperial Germany when World War I broke out?

Union of Three Emperors

Austria-Hungary, who entered into an anti-Russian alliance with Germany, opposed the restoration of the Union of the Three Emperors, but was forced to bend in the face of Bismarck's ultimatums.


Question: Who was the ruler of Imperial Germany when World War I broke out?

Union of Three Emperors

A new union of the Three Emperors was concluded on 18 June 1881.


Question: Who was the ruler of Imperial Germany when World War I broke out?

Union of Three Emperors

The treaty did not replace the German-Austro-Hungarian alliance, but came alongside it to regulate conflicts between the dual monarchy and Russia.


Question: Who was the ruler of Imperial Germany when World War I broke out?

Union of Three Emperors

Under the agreement, in the event of one of the three kingdoms coming under attack from the Fourth Will, the others would commit to benevolent neutrality.


Question: Who was the ruler of Imperial Germany when World War I broke out?

Union of Three Emperors

In addition, Russia and Austria-Hungary pledged not to seek to unilaterally change conditions in the Balkans.


Question: Who was the ruler of Imperial Germany when World War I broke out?

Union of Three Emperors

[4] The contract for three years was renewed in 1884.


Question: Who was the ruler of Imperial Germany when World War I broke out?

Union of Three Emperors

[5] Bismarck's federal treaty system expanded when Italy became involved in the German-Austro-Hungarian dual union in 1882, thus transforming it into a trialliance.


Question: Who was the ruler of Imperial Germany when World War I broke out?

Union of Three Emperors

In addition, Austria-Hungary entered into an 1881 cooperation agreement with Serbia and an 1883 non-aggression treaty with Romania.


Question: Who was the ruler of Imperial Germany when World War I broke out?

Union of Three Emperors

The alliance of the three emperors, however, ended in 1887 when Emperor Alexander III of Russia refused to renew the treaty with Austria-Hungary.


Question: Who was the ruler of Imperial Germany when World War I broke out?

Union of Three Emperors

The reason was the elevation of Ferdinand I, who was pro-Austria-Hungary, to Bulgarian ruler the previous year, after which Russia had lost all influence over Bulgaria.


Question: Who was the ruler of Imperial Germany when World War I broke out?

Union of Three Emperors

Bismarck, however, was able to keep his union system even more together by continuing the Tri-Union with Austria-Hungary and Italy and the conclusion of the 1887 Treaty of Reinsurance with Russia.


Question: Who was the ruler of Imperial Germany when World War I broke out?

Union of Three Emperors

[6] Sources Kalervo Hovi: From the Congress of Vienna to the First World War, in The Little Giant of World History.


Question: Who was the ruler of Imperial Germany when World War I broke out?

Union of Three Emperors

WSOY IN 1988.


Question: Who was the ruler of Imperial Germany when World War I broke out?

Union of Three Emperors

References Category:Military Unions Category:German Empire Category:Austria-Hungary Category:Russian Empire


Question: What country did Baccara represent at Eurovision?

Eurovision Song Contest

The Eurovision Song Contest (, for which the abbreviation ESC;), colloquially Eurovision, is an annual song contest in which active member countries of the European Broadcasting Union (EBU) are allowed to participate.


Question: What country did Baccara represent at Eurovision?

Eurovision Song Contest

Each country participating in the singing contest sends one musical performance to the competition and they are voted in the international final as ranked.


Question: What country did Baccara represent at Eurovision?

Eurovision Song Contest

Only new songs intended to participate in the Eurovision Song Contest are allowed to enter the contest.


Question: What country did Baccara represent at Eurovision?

Eurovision Song Contest

The song may not be promoted until each country's national qualifier, where a representative tune is selected for the competition.


Question: What country did Baccara represent at Eurovision?

Eurovision Song Contest

The title of the competition comes from EBU's television distribution network Eurovision ().


Question: What country did Baccara represent at Eurovision?

Eurovision Song Contest

[1] [2] The members of the EBU are the television broadcasters who select and broadcast the entrant to the competition.


Question: What country did Baccara represent at Eurovision?

Eurovision Song Contest

All independent European countries except Liechtenstein, the Vatican, the Soviet Union and the disputed Kosovo have entered the contest.


Question: What country did Baccara represent at Eurovision?

Eurovision Song Contest

In the early decades, Eurovision was essentially a competition between Western Europe, with only Yugoslavia participating from Eastern European countries.


Question: What country did Baccara represent at Eurovision?

Eurovision Song Contest

A Europe-wide event, Eurovisas came when countries from the former Eastern Bloc finally got on board in 1994.


Question: What country did Baccara represent at Eurovision?

Eurovision Song Contest

The EBU, on the other hand, also has members from outside Europe: Caucasian countries Armenia, Azerbaijan and Georgia, Middle Eastern countries Israel, Jordan and Lebanon, and North African countries Algeria, Egypt, Libya, Morocco and Tunisia.


Question: What country did Baccara represent at Eurovision?

Eurovision Song Contest

Of these, however, only Israel, Armenia, Georgia and Azerbaijan participate in the competition regularly, Israel since 1973 and the Caucasian countries since the 2000s.


Question: What country did Baccara represent at Eurovision?

Eurovision Song Contest

Morocco has participated once, in 1980.


Question: What country did Baccara represent at Eurovision?

Eurovision Song Contest

Tunisia entered for the 1977 [3] and Lebanon for the 2005 competition [4], but the countries withdrew their participation.


Question: What country did Baccara represent at Eurovision?

Eurovision Song Contest

Associate members EBU has around the world.


Question: What country did Baccara represent at Eurovision?

Eurovision Song Contest

Australia, which closely followed Eurovisas since 1983, was granted the right to participate by special permission in 2015, to mark the 60th anniversary of Eurovisas.


Question: What country did Baccara represent at Eurovision?

Eurovision Song Contest

The following year, the country was granted a permanent right of participation.


Question: What country did Baccara represent at Eurovision?

Eurovision Song Contest

To participate in the song contest, therefore, the state does not have to be geographically located in Europe.


Question: What country did Baccara represent at Eurovision?

Eurovision Song Contest

The race has always been televised since 1956, but at the time of black-and-white television it was mostly listened to on the radio.


Question: What country did Baccara represent at Eurovision?

Eurovision Song Contest

The Eurovision Song Contest final is watched by over one hundred million television viewers and is the most popular non-sports broadcast in Europe.


Question: What country did Baccara represent at Eurovision?

Eurovision Song Contest

[5] The combined viewership of all three broadcasts is closer to 200 million.


Question: What country did Baccara represent at Eurovision?

Eurovision Song Contest

[6] [7] Until 2003, the competition was held on a single night, most often on a Saturday in April or May, but since 2004 the competition has been held as a two-part event including a semi-final and a final.


Question: What country did Baccara represent at Eurovision?

Eurovision Song Contest

Since 2008, the semifinal has also been divided into two parts, with the first semifinal taking place on the Tuesday and the second semifinal on the Thursday the week before the final shots.


Question: What country did Baccara represent at Eurovision?

Eurovision Song Contest

Broadcast of the Eurovision Song Contest In the telecast of the Eurovision Song Contest, the traditional structure involves the presentation of all song performances, as well as a vote in which each participating country votes songs in ranked order.


Question: What country did Baccara represent at Eurovision?

Eurovision Song Contest

The competition has a presenter or pair of presenters who host the competition in English and French.


Question: What country did Baccara represent at Eurovision?

Eurovision Song Contest

Traditionally, each country that televises the contest has its own commentary who explains the events of the contest and presents the competition songs in its own language.


Question: What country did Baccara represent at Eurovision?

Eurovision Song Contest

Between performances, brief video streaks are seen, so-called postcards, in which the host country usually (not always) showcases its own country's culture.


Question: What country did Baccara represent at Eurovision?

Eurovision Song Contest

[8] Since 2013, the main role in “Postcards” has been played by artists from each country.


Question: What country did Baccara represent at Eurovision?

Eurovision Song Contest

[9] [10] [11] [12] The length of the Eurovisa consignment was about three hours for a long time.


Question: What country did Baccara represent at Eurovision?

Eurovision Song Contest

Today, the duration ranges from three and a half hours to four hours.


Question: What country did Baccara represent at Eurovision?

Eurovision Song Contest

All participating countries are required to broadcast the competition live.


Question: What country did Baccara represent at Eurovision?

Eurovision Song Contest

Nowadays, space is also reserved in the competition for ad breaks that don't prevent competition shows from being seen.


Question: What country did Baccara represent at Eurovision?

Eurovision Song Contest

As the theme tune for the EBU broadcasts, which is always also played in conjunction with the Eurovision Song Contest, an overture from Marc-Antoine Charpentier's “Te Deum” is used.


Question: What country did Baccara represent at Eurovision?

Eurovision Song Contest

[13] First Eurovision The first Eurovision Song Contest was held in Lugano, Switzerland, in 1956.


Question: What country did Baccara represent at Eurovision?

Eurovision Song Contest

The father of the idea was the EBU's French power figure Marcel Bezençon.


Question: What country did Baccara represent at Eurovision?

Eurovision Song Contest

The founding companies of the EBU had a need to invent television programmes of interest to all member countries.


Question: What country did Baccara represent at Eurovision?

Eurovision Song Contest

[14] The lowest common denominator was found in the singing competition and the festival di Sanremo, a national singing competition organised by the Italian state TV company RAI and Sanremo Casino, started in 1951.


Question: What country did Baccara represent at Eurovision?

Eurovision Song Contest

The EEC countries, namely France, Italy, the Netherlands, Luxembourg, Belgium and the Federal Republic of Germany, and Switzerland participated in the Eurovision Song Contest 1956.


Question: What country did Baccara represent at Eurovision?

Eurovision Song Contest

Each participating country was allowed to send two songs, most also had two soloists.


Question: What country did Baccara represent at Eurovision?

Eurovision Song Contest

Swiss Lys Assia won the competition with her song “Refrain”.


Question: What country did Baccara represent at Eurovision?

Eurovision Song Contest

Assia could be considered a prior favourite, as he was by far the most titled of the artists.


Question: What country did Baccara represent at Eurovision?

Eurovision Song Contest

The winner was chosen by a jury consisting of two members from each participating country.


Question: What country did Baccara represent at Eurovision?

Eurovision Song Contest

The Luxembourg broadcaster could not afford to send judges apart from one soloist, so the country asked the Swiss to vote for them.


Question: What country did Baccara represent at Eurovision?

Eurovision Song Contest

Austria, Great Britain and Denmark would have entered the 1956 Song Contest, but the countries did not register in time.


Question: What country did Baccara represent at Eurovision?

Eurovision Song Contest

[15] In the following years, the number of participating countries soared to the top twenty.


Question: What country did Baccara represent at Eurovision?

Eurovision Song Contest

Despite Switzerland's victory, the 1957 competition was held in Frankfurt am Main, West Germany, where a rule was imposed requiring the previous year's winner to hold the following year's competition.


Question: What country did Baccara represent at Eurovision?

Eurovision Song Contest

[16] The winning country of the previous year has, with some exceptions, organised the following competition.


Question: What country did Baccara represent at Eurovision?

Eurovision Song Contest

Country debuts Successful songs and performers Starting in the 1960s, songs that were successful in the competition more often also performed commercially well in Western Europe.


Question: What country did Baccara represent at Eurovision?

Eurovision Song Contest

Among the most famous and successful Eurovisa winners is the Swedish company ABBA, whose international career kicked off after “Waterloo” won the competition in 1974.


Question: What country did Baccara represent at Eurovision?

Eurovision Song Contest

In 1988, Canadian Céline Dion, who represented Switzerland, emerged as an international star some years after winning her visa after starting to sing in English.


Question: What country did Baccara represent at Eurovision?

Eurovision Song Contest

Ireland's Johnny Logan has won the competition twice as a singer (1980 and 1987) and once as a composer (1992), but has nevertheless not achieved much international success outside of Eurovision.


Question: What country did Baccara represent at Eurovision?

Eurovision Song Contest

Actually, no world-successful artists have popped up from the competition since Dion.


Question: What country did Baccara represent at Eurovision?

Eurovision Song Contest

Other internationally known artists who have participated in Eurovisas have included Cliff Richard, Olivia Newton-John, Julio Iglesias, Baccara, Lara Fabian, The Shadows, Nana Mouskouri, Sandie Shaw, Alla Pugacheva, T.A.t.u., Las Ketchup, Dima Bilan, DJ Bobo, Patricia Kaas, Andrew Lloyd Webber, Blue, Engelbert Humperdinck and Bonnie Tyler.


Question: What country did Baccara represent at Eurovision?

Eurovision Song Contest

Finland won the 2006 Eurovision Song Contest Lord's with the song “Hard Rock Hallelujah” with a record 292 points.


Question: What country did Baccara represent at Eurovision?

Eurovision Song Contest

It is currently Finland's only Eurovisa win.


Question: What country did Baccara represent at Eurovision?

Eurovision Song Contest

In 2006, 37 countries were involved.


Question: What country did Baccara represent at Eurovision?

Eurovision Song Contest

Lord's score was broken in 2009, when Alexander Rybak of Norway sang the song “Fairytale” and won with 387 points.


Question: What country did Baccara represent at Eurovision?

Eurovision Song Contest

In 2009, five more countries were involved than 2006, making a total of 42 countries.


Question: What country did Baccara represent at Eurovision?

Eurovision Song Contest

Eurovisa rules Performers and language According to current rules, a country's performance on stage can have up to six performers and each performer must have reached the age of 16 by the date of the final.


Question: What country did Baccara represent at Eurovision?

Eurovision Song Contest

[19] Under current rules, there is no restriction on the nationality of performers or the language of the performance and the EBU does not interfere in how each country chooses its competition song and performer.


Question: What country did Baccara represent at Eurovision?

Eurovision Song Contest

Each country was forced to sing in one of its official languages between 1966 and 1972 and 1978—1998.


Question: What country did Baccara represent at Eurovision?

Eurovision Song Contest

Due to the language rule, songs from many commonly known historical figures and internationally understood concepts have been heard at the competitions, as well as rallying.


Question: What country did Baccara represent at Eurovision?

Eurovision Song Contest

Prior to 1966, it was considered clear that the songs would be sung in their own language.


Question: What country did Baccara represent at Eurovision?

Eurovision Song Contest

In 1965, Sweden performed their songs entirely in English, which is why a language rule was drawn up.


Question: What country did Baccara represent at Eurovision?

Eurovision Song Contest

[20] In Eurovision, a song must last no more than three minutes, and no profanity, product names, political or sexist references may be used in the lyrics.


Question: What country did Baccara represent at Eurovision?

Eurovision Song Contest

For example, the lyrics of a song that represented San Marino in 2012 had to be changed, as they reported on Facebook.


Question: What country did Baccara represent at Eurovision?

Eurovision Song Contest

Accompaniment Until 1998 in the Eurovision Song Contest, songs were accompanied by a large entertainment orchestra with strings, fans and comp groups.


Question: What country did Baccara represent at Eurovision?

Eurovision Song Contest

Each country sent its own conductor to the competition, who was responsible for the arrangement of the song, accompanied by a big orchestra.


Question: What country did Baccara represent at Eurovision?

Eurovision Song Contest

The 1973 Song Contest allowed the use of backing tapes provided that instruments had to be able to impersonate onstage with backing tape.


Question: What country did Baccara represent at Eurovision?

Eurovision Song Contest

[22] Most of the time, vocal groups did not play really on stage, but their accompaniment came from the tape.


Question: What country did Baccara represent at Eurovision?

Eurovision Song Contest

The 1979 contest saw the first performance without orchestral accompaniment, this was the Italian competition piece “Raggio di luna”.


Question: What country did Baccara represent at Eurovision?

Eurovision Song Contest

The mixed use of backing tapes and orchestra became more common in the 1980s as more electronic instruments were used in music.


Question: What country did Baccara represent at Eurovision?

Eurovision Song Contest

In the early 1990s, visas sought to ban background strips, but that rule was not officially in effect, although the use of background tape for a while decreased.


Question: What country did Baccara represent at Eurovision?

Eurovision Song Contest

The 1997 Song Contest allowed performances to be accompanied by a backing tape alone, with no onstage impersonation.


Question: What country did Baccara represent at Eurovision?

Eurovision Song Contest

[23] For the 1999 competition, the obliging section for orchestra arranging was removed from the rules, after which the orchestra has always been replaced with backing tapes.


Question: What country did Baccara represent at Eurovision?

Eurovision Song Contest

[22] However, the rules are absolute in that tapes must by no means contain any vocal contributions.


Question: What country did Baccara represent at Eurovision?

Eurovision Song Contest

All possible human voice performers must present live.


Question: What country did Baccara represent at Eurovision?

Eurovision Song Contest

Violation of this rule has led, for example, to Croatia losing some of its points in 1999.


Question: What country did Baccara represent at Eurovision?

Eurovision Song Contest

[24] Cheating On 6 February 2014, the European Broadcasting Association EBU confirmed that a broadcaster from a country had tried to cheat at the 2013 Eurovisa in Malmö by buying votes.


Question: What country did Baccara represent at Eurovision?

Eurovision Song Contest

After the Eurovisas in Malmö, a video circulated on the internet showing two Azerbaijanis having tried to buy votes from Lithuanian youths during the run-off vote.


Question: What country did Baccara represent at Eurovision?

Eurovision Song Contest

Azerbaijanis would have given money in return for being allowed to use Lithuanians” phones and vote with them.


Question: What country did Baccara represent at Eurovision?

Eurovision Song Contest

Lithuania gave Azerbaijan the full 12 points in the final.


Question: What country did Baccara represent at Eurovision?

Eurovision Song Contest

Azerbaijan eventually finished in second place.


Question: What country did Baccara represent at Eurovision?

Eurovision Song Contest

The EBU made a change to the rules that if any TV company buys votes or tries to cheat, it must be subject to a three-year ban on participation.


Question: What country did Baccara represent at Eurovision?

Eurovision Song Contest

[26] One country, Lebanon, has been subject to a ban on participation in Eurovision, when it did not intend to show Israel's appearance at the 2005 Eurovisa.


Question: What country did Baccara represent at Eurovision?

Eurovision Song Contest

[27] Lebanon withdrew from the Games because Israel announced at the last minute that they would participate in the Games.


Question: What country did Baccara represent at Eurovision?

Eurovision Song Contest

There are tensions between the two countries and Lebanese law says that Israeli material must not be performed in Lebanon.


Question: What country did Baccara represent at Eurovision?

Eurovision Song Contest

Participating countries The length of the Eurovision broadcast has always been desired to be no more than three hours, so the songs should be available in about three minutes.


Question: What country did Baccara represent at Eurovision?

Eurovision Song Contest

In 1987, the maximum number of competitors was set at 22 countries [28] and 23 in 1992.


Question: What country did Baccara represent at Eurovision?

Eurovision Song Contest

[29] [30] When the Eastern European Radio Organisation OIRT in 1993 became a member of the European Broadcasting Union EBU, Eastern European countries also became eligible to participate in the competition.


Question: What country did Baccara represent at Eurovision?

Eurovision Song Contest

This gradually increased the number of participating countries and eventually the broadcast time of the competition threatened to become too long.


Question: What country did Baccara represent at Eurovision?

Eurovision Song Contest

The number of participating countries was restricted so that countries that did poorly in the previous year were forced to spend a gap year.


Question: What country did Baccara represent at Eurovision?

Eurovision Song Contest

As the traditional countries of Eurovisas began to be threatened with relegation from the competitions, the rules were changed from 2000 onwards [31] so that France, Germany, Spain and Great Britain, the largest contributors to the EBU were granted automatic entry.


Question: What country did Baccara represent at Eurovision?

Eurovision Song Contest

Italy also claimed automatic participation on the same basis.


Question: What country did Baccara represent at Eurovision?

Eurovision Song Contest

When the EBU did not agree to this, Italy withdrew from the entire event permanently.


Question: What country did Baccara represent at Eurovision?

Eurovision Song Contest

Eventually, after years of wrangling, the EBU agreed to Italy's demand and after a 13-year hiatus for the 2011 Eurovisa, the returned Italy became the fifth ruler of the right to participate.


Question: What country did Baccara represent at Eurovision?

Eurovision Song Contest

These countries are therefore referred to as the BIG5 bloc in Eurovision.


Question: What country did Baccara represent at Eurovision?

Eurovision Song Contest

Due to the increasing number of visa participants in Europe, in early 2003 the EBU decided to change the competition to two days since 2004, allowing up to 40 countries to participate in visas each year, although Finland broke the rule in 2007 with 42 participating countries.


Question: What country did Baccara represent at Eurovision?

Eurovision Song Contest

The direct finals berth was held by the ten best-performing countries from the previous year's final, as well as the Big4 countries.


Question: What country did Baccara represent at Eurovision?

Eurovision Song Contest

The others had to claim a finals spot via a qualifying competition held on the first day of the race (often Thursday), the semifinal.


Question: What country did Baccara represent at Eurovision?

Eurovision Song Contest

As the popularity of the Eurovision Song Contest continued to grow, it was decided to split the semi-final into two parts from 2008 onwards.


Question: What country did Baccara represent at Eurovision?

Eurovision Song Contest

Under the new rules, only the organizer and BIG5 are automatically in the finals.


Question: What country did Baccara represent at Eurovision?

Eurovision Song Contest

Twenty countries will be selected in the qualifying competitions for the final and their results will not be announced until the close of voting for the final competition.


Question: What country did Baccara represent at Eurovision?

Eurovision Song Contest

At the end of the qualifying competitions, only those who made it to the final are indicated in random order.


Question: What country did Baccara represent at Eurovision?

Eurovision Song Contest

Up to 44 active members of the EBU can participate in the competition at one time.


Question: What country did Baccara represent at Eurovision?

Eurovision Song Contest

[19] In 2015, in contrast to the previous procedure, 7 countries automatically went to the finals, when the Eurovision turned 60 years old and in honor of them, the EBU invited Australia to join.


Question: What country did Baccara represent at Eurovision?

Eurovision Song Contest

[18] The assumption was that Australia's participation would be a one-off, and therefore would not hamper the chances of countries competing in the semi-finals to qualify for an extension.


Question: What country did Baccara represent at Eurovision?

Eurovision Song Contest

In autumn 2015, the EBU announced that Australia would nevertheless continue to participate, but without the right to automatically qualify for the finals.


Question: What country did Baccara represent at Eurovision?

Eurovision Song Contest

Participating companies are required to broadcast the competition live on television.


Question: What country did Baccara represent at Eurovision?

Eurovision Song Contest

The winner of the previous contest will be the host country for Eurovisas, but the large expenses incurred from this honour have periodically become a problem for broadcasters.


Question: What country did Baccara represent at Eurovision?

Eurovision Song Contest

Voting The song that receives the most points in the voting is chosen as the winner of the competition.


Question: What country did Baccara represent at Eurovision?

Eurovision Song Contest

Beginning in 1957, juries gathered in each country and scores were distributed via telephone lines.


Question: What country did Baccara represent at Eurovision?

Eurovision Song Contest

Race organizers take direct satellite contact with each representative on the country's points board, who reads the points given out aloud.


Question: What country did Baccara represent at Eurovision?

Eurovision Song Contest

The presenter traditionally repeats the given score in English and French.


Question: What country did Baccara represent at Eurovision?

Eurovision Song Contest

One must not vote for one's own country.


Question: What country did Baccara represent at Eurovision?

Eurovision Song Contest

In 1997, five countries experimented with telephone voting, which was already introduced in almost every country the following year.


Question: What country did Baccara represent at Eurovision?

Eurovision Song Contest

[32] [33] In the spring of 2003, there was a lot of research in the media claiming that the Eurovisa juries agreed their scores, usually with neighbouring countries in advance.


Question: What country did Baccara represent at Eurovision?

Eurovision Song Contest

Because of this, in 2004, the EBU ordered every country to use telephone voting as the only possible way to vote in Eurovisas.


Question: What country did Baccara represent at Eurovision?

Eurovision Song Contest

[34] However, an eight-person panel continued to sit in each country, the results of which were used in the event of a failure to vote by telephone.


Question: What country did Baccara represent at Eurovision?

Eurovision Song Contest

Sounds have also been introduced if telephone votes are so minimal that it does not represent the opinion of a wide enough range.


Question: What country did Baccara represent at Eurovision?

Eurovision Song Contest

In Monaco, for example, the sound of the panel has been used regularly, as they give only one hundred votes, where in Germany, for example, almost one million telephone voices are accumulated every year.


Question: What country did Baccara represent at Eurovision?

Eurovision Song Contest

During the telephone voting, many public figures, most often former Eurovisa representatives of the country, have been invited as point-sharers.


Question: What country did Baccara represent at Eurovision?

Eurovision Song Contest

During the election voting, the points-splitters have generally been the presidents of each country's jury.


Question: What country did Baccara represent at Eurovision?

Eurovision Song Contest

Since the 2009 Eurovisa, the final and since 2010 also the semifinals have used mixed technology, with half of the points determined by telephone voting and half by factual hour ratios.


Question: What country did Baccara represent at Eurovision?

Eurovision Song Contest

Since 2013 has also been able to vote through the official mobile software of the contest.


Question: What country did Baccara represent at Eurovision?

Eurovision Song Contest

[35] Between 1997 and 2003, the voting time was five minutes (the time started only after the compilation), between 2004 and 2006 ten minutes and 15 minutes since 2007 (although in the most recent years this has slipped a fair bit).


Question: What country did Baccara represent at Eurovision?

Eurovision Song Contest

In 2010 and 2011, phone lines were already opened at the beginning of the broadcast before the first competition song, but in 2012 this custom was abandoned and switched back to a 15-minute practice.


Question: What country did Baccara represent at Eurovision?

Eurovision Song Contest

In 2002 and 2003, compilations were seen in reverse order relative to the order of appearance, while in other years they have always been in order of appearance.


Question: What country did Baccara represent at Eurovision?

Eurovision Song Contest

Since 1975, voting practice has been such that in each country votes are cast for 10 of the best performances in that country's opinion.


Question: What country did Baccara represent at Eurovision?

Eurovision Song Contest

The best performance gets 12 points, the second best 10 and are followed by 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2 and 1 points each.


Question: What country did Baccara represent at Eurovision?

Eurovision Song Contest

[36] Since 2006, only the three highest scores have been reported aloud by point dealers in order to speed up the drop of points, and the lowest points appear immediately in the box.


Question: What country did Baccara represent at Eurovision?

Eurovision Song Contest

[37] Prior to 1975 visas had different voting practices, for example each judge had one vote available to him or two judges from each country were sent on the spot to rate all songs on the same rating scale.


Question: What country did Baccara represent at Eurovision?

Eurovision Song Contest

In 1969, the top four countries received the same number of points and all of them were declared the winner, as the Eurovision rules did not state the procedure in the event of a draw.