Question: Who founded Prussia?

Albrekt Brandenburgian

[4] The Grand Master then travelled to Wittenberg and met Martti Luther, who advised him to reject the rules of his knighthood, go to the maimis and convert Prussia into a hereditary duchy.


Question: Who founded Prussia?

Albrekt Brandenburgian

A similar proposal, which understandably seemed attractive to Albrekt, had been discussed earlier by some of his relatives, but the matter had to proceed cautiously, and he assured Pope Hadrian VI that he wished to renew the Order and punish them knights who had adopted Lutheran doctrine.


Question: Who founded Prussia?

Albrekt Brandenburgian

Luther, for his part, did not renounce his proposal, but to make change easier he took specific steps to spread his doctrines among the Prussians.


Question: Who founded Prussia?

Albrekt Brandenburgian

Meanwhile, Albrekt's brother, Mark George of Brandenburg-Ansbach presented the project to Sigismund I, King of Poland.


Question: Who founded Prussia?

Albrekt Brandenburgian

[4] As Duke of Prussia Some time later Sigismund accepted the offer on the condition that Prussia would be a fiefdom belonging to Poland.


Question: Who founded Prussia?

Albrekt Brandenburgian

This arrangement was confirmed by the Kraków Peace Treaty, after which Albrekt personally swore an oath of allegiance to Sigismund I on 10 February 1525, simultaneously gaining control of the duchy for himself and his heirs.


Question: Who founded Prussia?

Albrekt Brandenburgian

[4] The country's constituents then met in Königsberg and swore an oath of allegiance to the new Duke, who used his power to spread Luther's doctrines.


Question: Who founded Prussia?

Albrekt Brandenburgian

However, the change did not happen without protest.


Question: Who founded Prussia?

Albrekt Brandenburgian

Albrekt was summoned to the court of the Empire, to which he refused to enter, for which he was declared an outlaw.


Question: Who founded Prussia?

Albrekt Brandenburgian

The Order in turn elected a new Grand Master, Walter von Cronberg, who received from the Emperor as a fief of Prussia, which was confirmed by the Reichstag of Augsburg.


Question: Who founded Prussia?

Albrekt Brandenburgian

However, when the German princes were at the same time experiencing the unrest of the Reformation period, peasant rebellion and wars against the Ottoman Empire, they did not want to come into conflict with the Duke of Prussia, and opposition to him soon ceased.


Question: Who founded Prussia?

Albrekt Brandenburgian

[4] Albrekt also took an active part in the politics of the Empire.


Question: Who founded Prussia?

Albrekt Brandenburgian

In 1526 he joined the Union of Torgau, in which he acted in agreement with the Protestants, and was one of the princes who, after the Peace of Faith of Augsburg in May 1548, joined together to overthrow Charles V. For many reasons, including few funds and personal resources due to his tendencies, however he did not have a very large stake in the military measures of the era.


Question: Who founded Prussia?

Albrekt Brandenburgian

[4] The early stages of the Albrekt monarch period in Prussia were a great success.


Question: Who founded Prussia?

Albrekt Brandenburgian

Admittedly, he had difficulties with the peasant population, but the lands and riches he confiscated from the church made it possible for him to fall into the favour of the nobility, and for a time they could cover the costs of the court.


Question: Who founded Prussia?

Albrekt Brandenburgian

He also promoted erudition by establishing schools in every city and freeing the serfs who set out on the path of doctrine.


Question: Who founded Prussia?

Albrekt Brandenburgian

In 1544, despite some objections, he founded the University of Königsberg, to which in 1549 he appointed his friend Andreas Osiander as professor.


Question: Who founded Prussia?

Albrekt Brandenburgian

[4] Albert also published the printing of the astronomical Prussian tables (Prutenicae tabulae) [6] compiled by Erasmus Reinhold and the first Prussian maps compiled by Caspar Hennebberger.


Question: Who founded Prussia?

Albrekt Brandenburgian

However, Osiander's appointment led to unrest that overshadowed the final years of Albrekt's regency period.


Question: Who founded Prussia?

Albrekt Brandenburgian

Having disagreed with Luther on righteousness through faith, Osiander found himself in a sharp dispute with Philip Melanchthon, who had supporters in Königsberg, and these theological disputes soon prompted an uprising in the city.


Question: Who founded Prussia?

Albrekt Brandenburgian

The Duke continually supported Osiander, and the controversy extended to other topics as well.


Question: Who founded Prussia?

Albrekt Brandenburgian

When there were no more church lands that could have been ceded to the nobles to gain support for them, and when taxes were heavy, Albrekt became unpopular among his subjects.


Question: Who founded Prussia?

Albrekt Brandenburgian

[4] After Osiander's death (1552), Albrekt favoured a preacher named Johann Funck, who, along with an adventurer named Paul Skalic, had great influence and was able to become rich at the expense of others.


Question: Who founded Prussia?

Albrekt Brandenburgian

Religious and political disputes were overrun partly because of the fact that Albrekt was soon expected to die, and in that case a regent would have had to be appointed, since his only son Albrekt Fredrik was still a minor.


Question: Who founded Prussia?

Albrekt Brandenburgian

The duke was forced to acquiesce in denouncing Osiander's doctrines, and to top it all off, in 1566 the Statesmen contacted Albrekt's cousin, King Sigismund II of Poland, who sent a delegation to Königsberg.


Question: Who founded Prussia?

Albrekt Brandenburgian

Skalic survived by escaping, but Funck was executed.


Question: Who founded Prussia?

Albrekt Brandenburgian

The question of regent was resolved, and at the same time a form of Lutheranism was adopted, to which all teachers and preachers were obliged to subscribe.


Question: Who founded Prussia?

Albrekt Brandenburgian

[4] Practically losing his power, the Duke lived for two more years until his death in Tapiau (now.


Question: Who founded Prussia?

Albrekt Brandenburgian

Gvardeisk) on 20 March 1568 [4] to the plague, as well as his wife.


Question: Who founded Prussia?

Albrekt Brandenburgian

Cornelis Floris de Vriendt designed his grave monument in Königsberg Cathedral.


Question: Who founded Prussia?

Albrekt Brandenburgian

[7] Albrekt wrote copious letters and conducted correspondence with many leading figures of his time.


Question: Who founded Prussia?

Albrekt Brandenburgian

[4] Afterfame and accolades Although Albrekt has received rather scant attention in German history, he nevertheless had a great influence, dissolving the Teutonic Order State and establishing the Duchy of Prussia, which later became the most influential in Germany the state under whose leadership Germany was eventually unified.


Question: Who founded Prussia?

Albrekt Brandenburgian

Albrekt has therefore often been referred to as the father of the Prussian state and has been considered to have initiated the development that eventually led to German reunification.


Question: Who founded Prussia?

Albrekt Brandenburgian

A talented political leader, he initially cured the Teutonic Order of its state of decadence, until he renounced it and converted the lands of the Order into his own duchy.


Question: Who founded Prussia?

Albrekt Brandenburgian

Albrekt was the first German nobleman to espouse Luther's doctrines.


Question: Who founded Prussia?

Albrekt Brandenburgian

In 1544 he founded the University of Königsberg [3], Albertina, as a rival to the Roman Catholic Academy of Kraków.


Question: Who founded Prussia?

Albrekt Brandenburgian

It was the second Lutheran university in the German-speaking states.


Question: Who founded Prussia?

Albrekt Brandenburgian

The first was the University of Marburg.


Question: Who founded Prussia?

Albrekt Brandenburgian

In the southern wing of Königsberg Castle there is a Renaissance-style relief image of Albrekt, made by Andreas Hess in 1551 based on sketches compiled by Christop Römer.


Question: Who founded Prussia?

Albrekt Brandenburgian

[8] Another relief image of Albrekt by an unknown artist is on the wall of Albertina's original main building.


Question: Who founded Prussia?

Albrekt Brandenburgian

It shows the Duke with a sword in his hand, and this popular “Albertus” later became a symbol of the university.


Question: Who founded Prussia?

Albrekt Brandenburgian

The original was later moved indoors to the Königsberg Public Library for protection from the effects of the weather, and a replica carved by sculptor Paul Kimritz was attached to the outer wall.


Question: Who founded Prussia?

Albrekt Brandenburgian

[8] Another version of the “Albertus” was placed at the entrance to the state and royal library in Königsberg.


Question: Who founded Prussia?

Albrekt Brandenburgian

[8] In 1880, a sandstone statue of Albrekt carved by Friedrich Reusch was erected in front of the Regierunsgebäude, the office house of the administrative district of Königsberg.


Question: Who founded Prussia?

Albrekt Brandenburgian

In 1891, Reusch displayed the famous statue of Albrekt at Königsberg Castle outfitted with the text: “Albrekt Brandenburgian, last Grand Master, 1st Duke of Prussia.


Question: Who founded Prussia?

Albrekt Brandenburgian

“[9] Albert Wolff also made an equestrian statue of Albrekt, which was erected on Albertina's new campus.


Question: Who founded Prussia?

Albrekt Brandenburgian

A statue of Albrekt is also in the Royal Gate of Königsberg, or present-day Kaliningrad.


Question: Who founded Prussia?

Albrekt Brandenburgian

In the northern district of Königsberg, Maraunenhof, there were several places named after Albrekt.


Question: Who founded Prussia?

Albrekt Brandenburgian

The main street of the borough was given the name Herzog-Albrecht-Allee in 1906, and the market there was given the name Herzog-Albrecht-Platz in 1934.


Question: Who founded Prussia?

Albrekt Brandenburgian

Next to it was located the church Herzog-Albrecht-Gedächtniskirche.


Question: Who founded Prussia?

Albrekt Brandenburgian

[10] Consort and descendants Albrekt contracted his first marriage to Princess Dorothea of Denmark, daughter of King Frederick I (1 August 1504 — 11 April 1547).


Question: Who founded Prussia?

Albrekt Brandenburgian

They had six children: Anna Sofia (11 June 1527 — 6 February 1591), consort Katharina of Duke Johan Albert I of Mecklenburg-Güstrov (d. 24 February 1528, died newborn) Frederick Albert (5 December 1529 — 1 January 1530) Lucia Dorothea (8 April 1531 — 1 on February 1532).


Question: Who founded Prussia?

Albrekt Brandenburgian

Lucia (3 February 1537 — May 1539).


Question: Who founded Prussia?

Albrekt Brandenburgian

Albert (born and died in March 1539).


Question: Who founded Prussia?

Albrekt Brandenburgian

Albrekt later entered into a second marriage to Anna-Maria of Braunschweig-Lüneburg (1532 — 20 March 1568), daughter of Duke Erik I of Braunschweig-Lüneburg, in 1550.


Question: Who founded Prussia?

Albrekt Brandenburgian

They had two children: Elisabeth (20 May 1551 — 19 February 1596) Albrekt Fredrik (29 April 1553 — 18 August 1618), Duke of Prussia.


Question: Who founded Prussia?

Albrekt Brandenburgian

Ancestry Sources Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Robert Albinus| title = Lexikon der Stadt Königsberg Pr.


Question: Who founded Prussia?

Albrekt Brandenburgian

und Umgebung| publisher = Verlag Gerhard Rautenberg| year = 1985| id = ISBN 3-7921-0320-6| page = 371}} References Category:Grand Masters of the Teutonic Order Class:Hohenzollern rulers Class:German rulers Class:Prussia Class:Born in 1490 Category:Those who died in 1568


Question: How do you measure gravitation?

Gravity

Gravity, or gravity, is a natural phenomenon that causes all mass bodies to be attracted to each other.


Question: How do you measure gravitation?

Gravity

The magnitude, or force, of this interaction depends on the masses and distance of the pieces.


Question: How do you measure gravitation?

Gravity

This, for example, causes objects to fall towards Earth, as well as keeping satellites and celestial bodies on their tracks, such as Earth in their orbit around the Sun.


Question: How do you measure gravitation?

Gravity

Gravity also causes a tidal phenomenon.


Question: How do you measure gravitation?

Gravity

Gravity is one of the four fundamental interactions in physics, along with electromagnetic, strong, and weak interactions.


Question: How do you measure gravitation?

Gravity

Gravity is the weakest of the four fundamental interactions, although it does have a prevailing influence on the large-scale structure of the universe.


Question: How do you measure gravitation?

Gravity

This is because strong and weak nuclear forces only act on an extremely small (invisible to the eye) scale, while the electromagnetic charges of the universe cancel each other out to a large extent.


Question: How do you measure gravitation?

Gravity

In physics, gravity can be approximated by Isaac Newton's law of gravity.


Question: How do you measure gravitation?

Gravity

Although the accuracy of the law is sufficient, for example, when calculating spacecraft tracks, gravity is best described by Albert Einstein's general theory of relativity, where it is considered to be the arcuation of space-time.


Question: How do you measure gravitation?

Gravity

The theory linking gravity and quantum mechanics, quantum gravity, has not yet been developed, and the subject is one of the important research interests of contemporary physicists.


Question: How do you measure gravitation?

Gravity

Nor has a hypothetical gravitational mediator particle, the graviton, been observed.


Question: How do you measure gravitation?

Gravity

The History of Theory Newton's Law of Gravity Isaac Newton put forward the fundamental law of gravity in his work Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica (often briefly Principia) published in 1687.


Question: How do you measure gravitation?

Gravity

According to it, every mass-bearing particle in the universe causes a force on another mass particle directly proportional to the input of their masses and inversely proportional to the square of their distance.


Question: How do you measure gravitation?

Gravity

[1] This force can be represented by the equation F = G m 1 m 2 r 2 {\ displaystyle F=G {\ frac {m_ {1} m_ {2}} {r^ {2}}}, where m 1 {\ displaystyle\ scriptstyle m_ {1}} and m 2 {\ displaystyle\ scriptstyle m_ {2}} are the masses of particles, r {\ displaystyle\ scriptstyle r} the distance between them, and G {\ displaystyle\ scriptstyle G} gravitational constant.


Question: How do you measure gravitation?

Gravity

G is the general gravitational constant, its magnitude is G = (6.673 84 ± 0,000 80) ⋅ 10 − 11 Nm 2 kg 2 {\ displaystyle G =( 6 {,} 67384\ pm 0 {,} 00080)\ cdot 10^ {-11} {\ frac {\ textrm {\ textrm {Nm}} ^ {2}} {\ textrm {kg}} ^ {2}}}.


Question: How do you measure gravitation?

Gravity

[2] In this form, the law applies if the distance between the pieces is so great compared to their diameter that the pieces can be considered pointwise.


Question: How do you measure gravitation?

Gravity

Unless this is the case, paragraphs can be thought of as being divided into small sections, in which case each part of each song affects each part of the other song in accordance with this law.


Question: How do you measure gravitation?

Gravity

Because of this, gravity between bodies is usually precisely computable only by integral calculus.


Question: How do you measure gravitation?

Gravity

If the pieces are spherical symmetric, the gravity between them is equal to if the mass of each were entirely concentrated at the center of the piece.


Question: How do you measure gravitation?

Gravity

Determining the constant G is complicated by the fact that the bodies that cause significant gravity are normally the size of a planet and their masses are not precisely known.


Question: How do you measure gravitation?

Gravity

Lord Henry Cavendish was the first to succeed in measuring the value of this constant using a highly sensitive torsion scale.


Question: How do you measure gravitation?

Gravity

[3] [4] Equivalence Principle The above formula for Newton's law, together with the basic formula of mechanics F = m a {\ displaystyle F=ma}, readily proves that the motion of a piece in a gravitational field does not depend on the mass of the piece.


Question: How do you measure gravitation?

Gravity

This so-called equivalence principle was first formulated and proved by Galileo Galilei.


Question: How do you measure gravitation?

Gravity

It fits logically with general relativity — or, in fact, with every “geometric” theory of gravity, as does the Finnish theory of Gunnar Nordström.


Question: How do you measure gravitation?

Gravity

Later, Hungarian Loránd Eötvös and American Robert H. Dicke proved the accuracy of the equivalence principle with very high accuracy.


Question: How do you measure gravitation?

Gravity

General relativity Albert Einstein's general theory of relativity explains gravity by the curving of spacetime near massive bodies: the potential of the field is described by the theory by the metric tensor of spacetime (when electromagnetism has a vector potential).


Question: How do you measure gravitation?

Gravity

In Einstein's theory, the combination of second place derivatives of the metric tensor, the so-called. Ricci's curvature tensor, is in simple context with the energy impulse tensor of matter.


Question: How do you measure gravitation?

Gravity

Before this, there were for a long time the great mysteries of physics, why the inertia of mass is connected to gravity even in a very direct relationship.


Question: How do you measure gravitation?

Gravity

Based on general relativity, gravity is not between bodies, but energy interacts with spacetime.


Question: How do you measure gravitation?

Gravity

As a result of the interaction, the spatial shape of space changes and the tracks follow free-fall tracks that conform to its shape.


Question: How do you measure gravitation?

Gravity

Gravity has not been able to be determined by quantums and is not part of the Standard Model.


Question: How do you measure gravitation?

Gravity

The mediator particle of quantum mechanical interaction is reserved the name graviton, the so-called tensor particle.


Question: How do you measure gravitation?

Gravity

No gravitons have so far been detected.


Question: How do you measure gravitation?

Gravity

Gravity on the surface of the celestial body Fall acceleration reports the acceleration of a body falling per massive central body.


Question: How do you measure gravitation?

Gravity

Let's talk about “gravitational acceleration g”.


Question: How do you measure gravitation?

Gravity

There are different values of g for different celestial bodies because the masses and radii of the bodies differ greatly.


Question: How do you measure gravitation?

Gravity

The fall acceleration on the surface of a spherical non-rotating celestial body, for example, a planet, is g = G m r 2 {\ displaystyle g= {\ frac {Gm} {r^ {2}}} G = gravitational constant m = the gravitational constant of a piece, for example Earth, mass r = radius of the body This is also called surface gravity of the celestial body.


Question: How do you measure gravitation?

Gravity

The Earth is attracted to us by a force caused by acceleration in our usual daily environment (near the surface of the earth) of about g = 9.81 m/s².


Question: How do you measure gravitation?

Gravity

The calculations often use the so-called normal fall acceleration gn = 9.80665 m/s², which roughly corresponds to an average fall acceleration of 45.


Question: How do you measure gravitation?

Gravity

latitude. [5].


Question: How do you measure gravitation?

Gravity

The use of this standard value was agreed in 1901 [6].


Question: How do you measure gravitation?

Gravity

Gravity at some location is influenced by irregular variations in Earth's shape and density, Earth's flattening, and Earth's rotation.


Question: How do you measure gravitation?

Gravity

At the equator g is 9,7804m/s² and 9.8322m/s² at the poles [5].


Question: How do you measure gravitation?

Gravity

A human can typically withstand 5 g forces without special equipment, but already 2—3 g feels very uncomfortable.


Question: How do you measure gravitation?

Gravity

10g will last a pilot in gee suits, 100g will almost certainly kill.


Question: How do you measure gravitation?

Gravity

There is gravity on the lunar surface, which is about one-sixth of Earth's equivalent.


Question: How do you measure gravitation?

Gravity

The fall acceleration due to gravity is 1,622 m/s2 on the surface of the Moon [5] (i.e. 0.165 g) On the surface of Mars, the fall acceleration is 3.74 m/s2 [5] (i.e. 0.381 g) On the surface of Jupiter the fall acceleration is 25.90 m/s2 [5] (i.e., 2,641 g) On the surface of the Sun, the fall acceleration is 274.4 m/s2 [5] (i.e. 28.0 g) Huge gravitational forces prevail on the surface of stars, which have been measured by spectroscope widening of spectral lines.


Question: How do you measure gravitation?

Gravity

See also Antigravity Weightlessness Physical geodesy Geoid escape velocity Three-piece probleema Sources Category:Key Articles of Screening


Question: What is the area of Kauhajoki?

Kauhajoki

Kauhajoki is a town in the province of Southern Ostrobothnia in western Finland.


Question: What is the area of Kauhajoki?

Kauhajoki

The city has a population of and it is Finnish.


Question: What is the area of Kauhajoki?

Kauhajoki

largest municipality.


Question: What is the area of Kauhajoki?

Kauhajoki

The municipality emblem of Kauhajoki is 232 and its area is 1315.46 km², of which 15.68 km² are bodies of water.


Question: What is the area of Kauhajoki?

Kauhajoki

Population density is Expression error: Unrecognized punctuation character “[”.


Question: What is the area of Kauhajoki?

Kauhajoki


Question: What is the area of Kauhajoki?

Kauhajoki

Most of Kauhajoki lies north of the Suomenselä watershed area.


Question: What is the area of Kauhajoki?

Kauhajoki

[1] Most of the area of the city is a lowering plain, incipient expanse and barn sea to the west and north.


Question: What is the area of Kauhajoki?

Kauhajoki

[1] The neighboring municipalities of Kauhajoki are Honkajoki in the south, Isojoki in the southwest, Karijoki in the west, Karvia in the southeast, Kurikka in the north and Teuva in the west.


Question: What is the area of Kauhajoki?

Kauhajoki

Kauhajoki is the centre of the Suupohja Economic Area.


Question: What is the area of Kauhajoki?

Kauhajoki

The local newspaper in Kauhajoki is called Kauhajoki magazine.


Question: What is the area of Kauhajoki?

Kauhajoki

Geography Kauhajoki belongs to Southern Ostrobothnia Province and Suupohja Sub-region.


Question: What is the area of Kauhajoki?

Kauhajoki

Kauhajoki has an area of km² according to measurements taken by the Land Surveying Institute, of which km² is land and km² is inland.


Question: What is the area of Kauhajoki?

Kauhajoki

[2] Kauhajoki is bordered by Kurikka in the north, Karvia in the southeast, Honkajoki in the south, Isojoki in the southwest, and Karijoki and Teuva in the west.


Question: What is the area of Kauhajoki?

Kauhajoki

Descending into the Gulf of Bothnia in Mustasaari, the Kyrönjoki originates at Lake Kauhajoki in the southern part of the Kauhajoki River, which flows initially as Kauhajoki.


Question: What is the area of Kauhajoki?

Kauhajoki

In Aronkylä, Ikkelänjoki and Kainaston joki coincide with Kauhajoke, which in turn coincides with Jalas joki in Kurika, thus changing the name to Kyrönjoki.


Question: What is the area of Kauhajoki?

Kauhajoki

Kainastonjoki also coincides with Kauhajoki in Kokonkylä Päntäneenjoki.


Question: What is the area of Kauhajoki?

Kauhajoki

Ohmeroluoma also falls into the Kainaston River.


Question: What is the area of Kauhajoki?

Kauhajoki

[3] [4] In addition to Kauhajojärvi, other lakes in the municipality include Hiukkajärvi, Harrinjärvi, Aikalanjärvi or Uuronjärvi, Koihnanjärvi and Sääenjärvi, and Ikkelänjärvi, which drops its water along Ikkelänjoki to Kauhajoki.


Question: What is the area of Kauhajoki?

Kauhajoki

Among the lakes descending into the Kavianjoki river basin, Kauhajoki are located in Ylimysjärvi, Nummijärvi and Säkkijärvi.


Question: What is the area of Kauhajoki?

Kauhajoki

[3] On the border of Kauhajoki and Isojoki, Lauhanvuori is located at the highest points in Western Finland, which rises 231 metres above sea level.


Question: What is the area of Kauhajoki?

Kauhajoki

The highest point of Lauhanvuori, though, remains on the side of Isojoki a few dozen metres from the Kauhajoki border.


Question: What is the area of Kauhajoki?

Kauhajoki

[3] Villages Official villages The official villages of Kauhajoki and their boundaries are following the 1830 revision of the land books: Aronkylä, Harjankylä, Hyyppä (Hyypänkylä), Kauhajoki (Kauhajoenkylä), Nummijärvi (Nummijärvenkylä) and Päntäne (Päntäneenkylä).


Question: What is the area of Kauhajoki?

Kauhajoki

Later, the boundaries of the villages have undergone small changes.


Question: What is the area of Kauhajoki?

Kauhajoki

[5] Other villages Filppula, Heikkilänkylä, Hangaskylä, Ikkeläjärvi, Järvikylä, Kainasto, Kalkunmäki, Kauhajärvi, Keturinkylä, Kokonkylä, Korpikylä, Koskenkylä, Kuutinkylä, Kuutinkylä, Luomankylä, Luomankylä, Lustila, Marttilankylä, Ant, Möykkykylä, Nirvankylä, Nummikoskylä, Pihkakylä, Piipari, Pukkila , Puskankylä, Ratikylä, Sahankylä, Savikylä, Turjankylä, Uuronkylä, Yrjänäiskylä, Äijönkylä Etymology Kauhajoki is named after the river of the same name that flows through it.


Question: What is the area of Kauhajoki?

Kauhajoki

According to the history of the Kauhajoki Chapel in the Kauhajoki Church Archives, the chapel was once known in Swedish as “sleff-åå”, meaning kapusta joki.


Question: What is the area of Kauhajoki?

Kauhajoki

The son of the first tenured priest of the Kauhajoki Chapel took the surname Haustramnius, meaning “kauhajokelainen”.


Question: What is the area of Kauhajoki?

Kauhajoki

The initial part of the name comes from the Latin words haurio, hausi, haustum, meaning to shoot.


Question: What is the area of Kauhajoki?

Kauhajoki

The latter part of the name comes from the word amnis, which in turn means river.


Question: What is the area of Kauhajoki?

Kauhajoki

[6] The name “scoop” may also have come from an early Nordic gauža word meaning to flood and boil.


Question: What is the area of Kauhajoki?

Kauhajoki

Scoop is additionally a dialect word and means terror.


Question: What is the area of Kauhajoki?

Kauhajoki

Originally, the meaning of the bucket was pale, lightness.


Question: What is the area of Kauhajoki?

Kauhajoki

The meaning subsequently receded out of the way of the word meaning kapusta.


Question: What is the area of Kauhajoki?

Kauhajoki

Horror, on the other hand, has originally meant pallor, and has been accompanied by the word horror.


Question: What is the area of Kauhajoki?

Kauhajoki

The words kausta and causa, which mean page and discriminate, have also been proposed as the base word for the “scoop” word.


Question: What is the area of Kauhajoki?

Kauhajoki

Admittedly, it's unlikely that the street would have turned into a scoop.


Question: What is the area of Kauhajoki?

Kauhajoki

[6] It has also been noted that most of the names beginning with Kauha are located either in the watershed or higher than their nearby surroundings.


Question: What is the area of Kauhajoki?

Kauhajoki

Possibly, therefore, a scoop could mean the upper reaches of the river, watershed or high terrain.


Question: What is the area of Kauhajoki?

Kauhajoki

The stock of the bucket might be the ancient Scandinavian word haugr, from which the Swedish word hög and the Norwegian word haug have become.


Question: What is the area of Kauhajoki?

Kauhajoki

Both words mean high place, mound and high.


Question: What is the area of Kauhajoki?

Kauhajoki

[6] History Permanent settlement in the area of the present Kauhajoki has existed since the middle of the 16th century.


Question: What is the area of Kauhajoki?

Kauhajoki

[7] In 1584, a dedicated chapel yard was built in the locality.


Question: What is the area of Kauhajoki?

Kauhajoki

[7] Construction was the first gesture of establishing one's own community.


Question: What is the area of Kauhajoki?

Kauhajoki

[7] Later this beginning developed into the Kauhajoki Chapel Congregation, which in 1858 separated from Ilmajoki to become its independent parish.


Question: What is the area of Kauhajoki?

Kauhajoki

[7] A riot took place in Kauhajoki in 1658, in which about 20 Kauhajoki men clashed with Captain Arvid Mikonpoika Tim and Lieutenant Nandelstad.


Question: What is the area of Kauhajoki?

Kauhajoki

[8] 19th century At the time of the Finnish War in the summer of 1808, peasants in Kauhajoki rose in revolt against the Russians.


Question: What is the area of Kauhajoki?

Kauhajoki

Named as the Kauhajoki Rebellion, the event ended with a revenge expedition carried out by Russian Vasily Orlov-Denisov Cossacks.


Question: What is the area of Kauhajoki?

Kauhajoki

Kauhajoke was disposed of by burning and looting.


Question: What is the area of Kauhajoki?

Kauhajoki

[9] During the Finnish War, Russians are known to have tortured and raped the local population only in Kauhajoki.


Question: What is the area of Kauhajoki?

Kauhajoki

[10] By the beginning of September 1808, at least 13 people were killed by the Russians.


Question: What is the area of Kauhajoki?

Kauhajoki

[9] During July and August 1808, a total of five battles of the Finnish war were fought in Kauhajoki: the Battle of Samelinlakson on 27 July, the Aro skirmish on 28 July, the Battle of Parjakannva on 28—29.


Question: What is the area of Kauhajoki?

Kauhajoki

July, the Battle of Kauhajoki on 10 August and the Battle of Nummijärvi on 28 August.


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Kauhajoki

on Aug.


Question: What is the area of Kauhajoki?

Kauhajoki

[11] On 1 September 1808, the Russians burned the church in Kauhajoki and the rectory.


Question: What is the area of Kauhajoki?

Kauhajoki

[12] According to tradition, the bell of Kauhajoki Church was hidden in a Vaulampe in Sahankylä during the revolt, and it is not known whether the bell is still in the pond.


Question: What is the area of Kauhajoki?

Kauhajoki

[13] After the Finnish War, Kauhajoki was without a church for a long time, due to the impoverishment of the keeper due to the war, on the other hand, disputes over the location of the church.


Question: What is the area of Kauhajoki?

Kauhajoki

Eventually, between 1818 and 1820, a new church designed by Salomon Köhlström, a well-known Jalasjärvel-born church builder, was built on the site of the former church, and his son Juha was the building master.


Question: What is the area of Kauhajoki?

Kauhajoki

Kauhajoki Chapel Parish became an independent parish in 1858, but the first vicar of its own was not obtained until 1891.


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Kauhajoki

The church was thoroughly repaired between 1902 and 1903 and 1955, but was destroyed by fire up to its foundations in 1956.


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Kauhajoki

[14] Kauhajoki Municipality was established in 1868.


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Kauhajoki

[7] From the 20th century to the 21st century, the Suupohja line from Seinäjoki via Kauhajoki to Kaskis was officially opened to traffic on 1 August 1913.


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Kauhajoki

In 1918, a civil war broke out in Finland involving 1115 Kauhajoks.


Question: What is the area of Kauhajoki?

Kauhajoki

Fifty-one of them fell and, captured in red, three of the Kauhajokis died.


Question: What is the area of Kauhajoki?

Kauhajoki

Kauhajoki served as a hub for transportation and maintenance during the Civil War.


Question: What is the area of Kauhajoki?

Kauhajoki

For example, 1580 horse rides were made from the locality, mainly to Kankaanpää.


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Kauhajoki

Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim, Commander-in-Chief of the Defence Forces, negotiated at the Kauhajoki railway station from 8 to 9.


Question: What is the area of Kauhajoki?

Kauhajoki

On the night of March 1918 with his front commanders on the recapture of Tampere.


Question: What is the area of Kauhajoki?

Kauhajoki

[15] In 1908, the Koski School was founded.


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Kauhajoki

The following year were the schools of Ant and Hangaskylä.


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Kauhajoki

Schools in Kokonkylä and Lylysalo were established in 1914 and the following year Ikkeljärvi School.


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Kauhajoki

Schools in Pukkila, [16] Uuro, Nummikoske, Nummijärvi and Kiviluoma were established in 1918.


Question: What is the area of Kauhajoki?

Kauhajoki

In 1919 the foundation included the schools of Harja and Luomankylä, as well as the Suupohja Landman School.


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Kauhajoki

The Home Economy School and Aro School were established in 1920.


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Kauhajoki

The School of Kainasto was founded in 1922.


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Kauhajoki

The Evangelical Folk College and Yrjänäinen School were established in 1925.


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Kauhajoki

Kauhajärvi received its own school in 1926 and Nirva in 1928.


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Kauhajoki

In the same year, a co-educational school was also established in


Question: What is the area of Kauhajoki?

Kauhajoki

The Puskan School was founded in 1929.


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Kauhajoki

[15] Agriculture was the main source of livelihood in the 1920s, employing 91.1% of the inhabitants of the municipality.


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Kauhajoki

Landowners and family members numbered 51.98%, lampoons and crofters 21.57%, selfish and hilly people 23.65%, and 1.27% who lived in official houses.


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Kauhajoki

There were 1.49% others.


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Kauhajoki

[15] The recession plagued the Finnish economy in the early 1930s, but gradually the country began to recover.


Question: What is the area of Kauhajoki?

Kauhajoki

Peat and grain drying industries and sawmills began to be established in Kauhajoki.


Question: What is the area of Kauhajoki?

Kauhajoki

In 1934, the Kauhajoki Museum Association was founded.


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Kauhajoki

Other events of the decade included the paving of the main street Topeeka, an agricultural exhibition, and the drying of Lake Ohmero.


Question: What is the area of Kauhajoki?

Kauhajoki

Ohmerojärvi School was founded in 1930, the following year the Lustila School and in 1933 in turn Pentilä and Jokimäki Schools.


Question: What is the area of Kauhajoki?

Kauhajoki

Piipari school was founded in 1935, Möyky school in 1937 and Lamminmaa school in 1939.


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Kauhajoki

[15] The Finnish Parliament met secretly in Kauhajoki during the Winter War on 5 December 1939—12.


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Kauhajoki

on February 1940.


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Kauhajoki

The gathering place was located on the upper floor of the wooden section of the Sanssi school.


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Kauhajoki

[17] Therefore, the coat of arms of Kauhajoki has two maces of the Speaker.


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Kauhajoki

[18] Of the participants in the Winter War in Kauhajokis, 46 fell.


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Kauhajoki

[15] In the Continuation War between 1941 and 1944, 287 Kauhajoks were killed.


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Kauhajoki

Nearly 2000 Ingerians arrived in 1943 at an investment camp set up in Kauhajoki.


Question: What is the area of Kauhajoki?

Kauhajoki

Of this force, 509 people remained in the locality.


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Kauhajoki

The predominantly Ingerians returned after the end of the war to the Soviet Union.


Question: What is the area of Kauhajoki?

Kauhajoki

In addition, 1500 migrants arrived from Karelia to Kauhajoki, mainly living in the locality.


Question: What is the area of Kauhajoki?

Kauhajoki

During the 1940s and 1950s, the largest unified frontman area in Finland was established in Sahankylä of Kauhajoki, based on the Land Acquisition Act.


Question: What is the area of Kauhajoki?

Kauhajoki

Clearers from all over Finland arrived in the village who established a total of 42 settlement farms in the village.


Question: What is the area of Kauhajoki?

Kauhajoki

[15] Pihkakylä school was established in 1946, Koivumäki school the following year, and Äijö and Nummilahti schools in 1948.


Question: What is the area of Kauhajoki?

Kauhajoki

The Hakokallio School was founded in 1949 and the schools in Köttä and Sahankylä in 1951.


Question: What is the area of Kauhajoki?

Kauhajoki

Now there were 36 national schools in the locality.


Question: What is the area of Kauhajoki?

Kauhajoki

Pihkakylä School was dissolved in 1958.


Question: What is the area of Kauhajoki?

Kauhajoki

This was the first abolition in Kauhajoki.


Question: What is the area of Kauhajoki?

Kauhajoki

[15] Service industries with construction and industry took over from agriculture and forestry during the 1950s, when agriculture and forestry made a living for 76% of the inhabitants of Kauhajoki.


Question: What is the area of Kauhajoki?

Kauhajoki

During the decade, working-age populations migrated from the locality to Sweden and the cities.


Question: What is the area of Kauhajoki?

Kauhajoki

[15] The church, built in 1820 on Kauhajoki, burned down in 1956.


Question: What is the area of Kauhajoki?

Kauhajoki

[19] Two years later a new church was completed.


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Kauhajoki

[15] Further in the 1960s agriculture employed 71% of the Kauhajokis.


Question: What is the area of Kauhajoki?

Kauhajoki

During the decade, the national schools in Koivumäki, Hakokallio, Teevahainen, Möyky, Nummilahti, Lamminmaa, Pentilä, Kiviluoma and Puska were closed after pupil numbers were lowered.


Question: What is the area of Kauhajoki?

Kauhajoki

Instead, Suupohja Commerce School, Kauhajoki Kansopisto, Kauhajoki Vocational School and Kauhajoki Music College were established that local youth might study in their native locality.


Question: What is the area of Kauhajoki?

Kauhajoki

Passenger services on the Suupohja line ended in 1968.


Question: What is the area of Kauhajoki?

Kauhajoki

In addition, the main road 67 through the municipality was renewed in the 1960s.


Question: What is the area of Kauhajoki?

Kauhajoki

[15] Industry grew in the 1960s and 1970s and agriculture and forestry employed only 39% of the population of Kauhajoki in the 1970s.


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Kauhajoki

Services employed 32%.


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Kauhajoki

Major employers Rauma-Repola, Strömberg, Tiklas, Esko Salo and Maan Liha established their offices in Kauhajoki within a decade.


Question: What is the area of Kauhajoki?

Kauhajoki

Traffic volumes in Kauhajoki also increased and the municipality centre changed as new ones were built to replace the old one.


Question: What is the area of Kauhajoki?

Kauhajoki

The national schools in Uuro, Turja, Hangaskylä, Ohmerojärvi and Koskenkylä were abolished in 1972.


Question: What is the area of Kauhajoki?

Kauhajoki

There was a transfer to the primary school in 1975.


Question: What is the area of Kauhajoki?

Kauhajoki

[15] Kauhajoki was bustling in the 1980s.


Question: What is the area of Kauhajoki?

Kauhajoki

Similarly, the number of jobs in manufacturing and service sectors increased.


Question: What is the area of Kauhajoki?

Kauhajoki

Roads leading to Hyyppä, Nummijärvi and Ikkeljärvi received permanent paving during the decade.


Question: What is the area of Kauhajoki?

Kauhajoki

Schools in Pukkila, Kauhajojärvi, Harja, Piipari and Jokimäki were renovated and a nursing home, new housing and a health centre were built in the municipality.


Question: What is the area of Kauhajoki?

Kauhajoki

[15] Architectural firm Sipinen Oy won an invitational competition held in 1981 for a new municipal house.


Question: What is the area of Kauhajoki?

Kauhajoki

[20] The building was completed in 1983.


Question: What is the area of Kauhajoki?

Kauhajoki

[20] The library house, designed by Touko Saari, was completed in 1989.


Question: What is the area of Kauhajoki?

Kauhajoki

[21] The recession in the fold of the 1990s led to the departure of Strömberg and Rauma-Repola from Kauhajoki and at the same time a deterioration in the employment situation.


Question: What is the area of Kauhajoki?

Kauhajoki

[15] The road from Kauhajojärvi to the Satakunta border gained paving during the 1990s.


Question: What is the area of Kauhajoki?

Kauhajoki

[15] Schools were abolished during the decade including Ikkelijärvi and Harja in 1999.


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Kauhajoki

[22] [23] After 133 municipal years, Kauhajoki became a city on 1 July 2001.


Question: What is the area of Kauhajoki?

Kauhajoki

[24] On 23 September 2008, a shooting incident occurred at the Kauhajoki School of Service Sectors in which eleven people were killed.


Question: What is the area of Kauhajoki?

Kauhajoki

[25] The Mayor of Kauhajoki since 2017 is Linda Leinonen.


Question: What is the area of Kauhajoki?

Kauhajoki

[26] Leinose is paid EUR 9000 per month [27].


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Kauhajoki

The city council has 35 seats, fourteen of which are held by the centre during the 2017—2021 term.


Question: What is the area of Kauhajoki?

Kauhajoki

[28] Economy In 2015, Kauhajoki had 5371 jobs.


Question: What is the area of Kauhajoki?

Kauhajoki

Of those, 9% were in primary production, 25% in processing and 64% in service industries.


Question: What is the area of Kauhajoki?

Kauhajoki

[29] In 2016, the companies that paid the most corporation tax were the importer of tools and spare parts, Isojoen Konehalli, the Osuuspankki of Suupohja and Serres Oy, a manufacturer of hospital supplies.


Question: What is the area of Kauhajoki?

Kauhajoki

[30] Population Kauhajoki population was Error: Invalid time.


Question: What is the area of Kauhajoki?

Kauhajoki

inhabitants.


Question: What is the area of Kauhajoki?

Kauhajoki

[34] Kauhajoki is Finland in terms of population.


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Kauhajoki

largest municipality.


Question: What is the area of Kauhajoki?

Kauhajoki

[34] Population density was Expression error: Unrecognized punctuation character “[”.


Question: What is the area of Kauhajoki?

Kauhajoki


Question: What is the area of Kauhajoki?

Kauhajoki

[34] In 2008, 98.7% of the population numbered Finnish-speakers, 0.2% of Swedish speakers and 1.1% of other languages.


Question: What is the area of Kauhajoki?

Kauhajoki

[35] There were 157 foreign nationals out of the population in 2008.


Question: What is the area of Kauhajoki?

Kauhajoki

[34] Approximately 5% of the inhabitants of Kauhajoki are Roma, making Kauhajoki the largest Roma keeper in terms of population in Finland.


Question: What is the area of Kauhajoki?

Kauhajoki

[36] Development of population and age structure Before the 19th century, it is impossible to ascertain the exact population of Kauhajoki.


Question: What is the area of Kauhajoki?

Kauhajoki

Data from the 17th century are based on spirit books and house figures.


Question: What is the area of Kauhajoki?

Kauhajoki

Lists of births and dead may have begun to be used, starting with the records of the 1690s, as an aid, but these too are incomplete.


Question: What is the area of Kauhajoki?

Kauhajoki

[37] It was only in 1749 that the first reliable census was conducted, in which Kauhajoki was in one bundle with Jalas lake and Kurika.


Question: What is the area of Kauhajoki?

Kauhajoki

Likewise, there were still many later population tables.


Question: What is the area of Kauhajoki?

Kauhajoki

Kauhajoki received its own population tables in 1810.


Question: What is the area of Kauhajoki?

Kauhajoki

However, the population of Kauhajoki has been able to be reliably ascertained from the population tables of 1749 by calculating the population by house.


Question: What is the area of Kauhajoki?

Kauhajoki

[31] Kauhajoki's population began to grow strongly as a result of settler settlement in the 1670s and 1680s.


Question: What is the area of Kauhajoki?

Kauhajoki

The high death years between 1696 and 1698 took a toll on the population of Kauhajoki.


Question: What is the area of Kauhajoki?

Kauhajoki

In 1697, for example, 96 people died in Kauhajoki and 19 were born respectively.


Question: What is the area of Kauhajoki?

Kauhajoki

When the worst hunger was overcome in 1698, the population reduction was only six people.


Question: What is the area of Kauhajoki?

Kauhajoki

Around this time, Kauhajoki also received new inhabitants from Häme.


Question: What is the area of Kauhajoki?

Kauhajoki

The population grew from the early years of the Great Northern War (1700—1721 [38]) to the Great Northern War (1713—1721 [39]).


Question: What is the area of Kauhajoki?

Kauhajoki

Before Grandwrath, the population was about 500.


Question: What is the area of Kauhajoki?

Kauhajoki

After the Russians reached Ostrobothnia during the Great Hatred, population growth was broken.


Question: What is the area of Kauhajoki?

Kauhajoki

During that time, the number of deaths was approximately 30 more births.


Question: What is the area of Kauhajoki?

Kauhajoki

In addition, 18 Kauhajoki were exported to Russia.


Question: What is the area of Kauhajoki?

Kauhajoki

By the end of the bigwigs, the population was about 450.


Question: What is the area of Kauhajoki?

Kauhajoki

[31] After the end of Isonviha, the population moved to Kauhajoki, as uninhabited houses remained in the locality.


Question: What is the area of Kauhajoki?

Kauhajoki

The birth rate of the same was high throughout the 18th century.


Question: What is the area of Kauhajoki?

Kauhajoki

For example, in the 1730s, when the population of Kauhajoki was about 600, more than 300 children were born.


Question: What is the area of Kauhajoki?

Kauhajoki

Even in the 1740s, when mortality was high due to pestilence, the population of Kauhajoki increased slightly.


Question: What is the area of Kauhajoki?

Kauhajoki

[31] In addition to the 1740s, the epidemics of pestilence plagued Kauhajoki in 1756 and 1785 and 1794, when the death rate of Kauhajoki was twice as high as compared to the next few years.


Question: What is the area of Kauhajoki?

Kauhajoki

As a result of the Finnish War of 1808—1809, Kauhajoki suffered migratory losses.


Question: What is the area of Kauhajoki?

Kauhajoki

Again, pestilence also took a toll on people.


Question: What is the area of Kauhajoki?

Kauhajoki

However, in the early 19th century, the population exceeded the limit of 2000 inhabitants.


Question: What is the area of Kauhajoki?

Kauhajoki

[40] In 2016, the Asemanregion of Kauhajoki was the 35th most expensive residential area in Finland in terms of price per square meter.


Question: What is the area of Kauhajoki?

Kauhajoki

[41] The following graph shows the population trend of the town every five years since 1980.


Question: What is the area of Kauhajoki?

Kauhajoki

On 1 January 2017, the regional division used is in accordance with the situation.


Question: What is the area of Kauhajoki?

Kauhajoki

Conurbations At the end of 2017, Kauhajoki had 13,610 inhabitants, of whom 9,133 lived in built-up areas, 4,394 in sparsely populated areas and the coordinates of the residence of 83 inhabitants were unknown.


Question: What is the area of Kauhajoki?

Kauhajoki

The agglomeration rate is calculated from residents whose residence coordinates are known; the agglomeration rate of Kauhajoki is 67.5%.


Question: What is the area of Kauhajoki?

Kauhajoki

[42] The agglomeration population of Kauhajoki is divided between three different agglomerations: [43] The city centre area is shown in bold.


Question: What is the area of Kauhajoki?

Kauhajoki

Parishes According to the 2018 regional division, Kauhajoki has the following parishes of the Evangelical Lutheran Church of Finland: [44] Kauhajoki Parish of the Parishes of the Finnish Orthodox Church in the Kauhajoki Region serves as the Vaasa Orthodox Parish.


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Kauhajoki

[45] Sports Kauhajoki Karhu has activities in many different sports; in total Karhu has its own division for 16 different sports formats.


Question: What is the area of Kauhajoki?

Kauhajoki

The most successful is the Karhu men's basketball team, which will play in the 2017-18 main league level in Korisliiga.


Question: What is the area of Kauhajoki?

Kauhajoki

Among individual athletes to Kauhajoki, international success has been brought by wrestlers Jani Haapamäki and Jouko Salomäki, biathlon Vesa Hietalahti, endurance runner Kaarlo Maaninka and triple defector Heli Kruger.


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Kauhajoki

Cultural Events In spring 2008, the first cultural week called Kauhajojoki Kriuhnaasut was held in spring 2008.


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Kauhajoki

[46] In the first cultural week, 75 events were held and garnered a total of 4880 visitors.


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Kauhajoki

[46] Kauhajoki Kriuhnaasut received an extension in 2009.


Question: What is the area of Kauhajoki?

Kauhajoki

[47] One week before midsummer, Kauhajoki hosts a youth football tournament called the Kauhajoki Cup, in which around one hundred teams participate each year, some from outside Finland.


Question: What is the area of Kauhajoki?

Kauhajoki

[48] A music festival called Nummirock has been organised every midsummer since 1987 on the shores of Nummijärvi in Kauhajoki.


Question: What is the area of Kauhajoki?

Kauhajoki

Today, Nummirock has focused on heavy rock music.


Question: What is the area of Kauhajoki?

Kauhajoki

Festivals have featured acts such as Iron Maiden, Motörhead, Pantera, Ramones, Scorpions and Slayer.


Question: What is the area of Kauhajoki?

Kauhajoki

[49] In the centre of Kauhajoki [50] there is a music festival called Bluesrupiama focused on blues, rhythm and blues, soul, funk and jazz.


Question: What is the area of Kauhajoki?

Kauhajoki

[51] [52] Festivals have performed for example Erja Lyytinen and Matti Oiling.


Question: What is the area of Kauhajoki?

Kauhajoki

[52] [53] A food fair has been held in the Hämes-Havunen yard since 1991.


Question: What is the area of Kauhajoki?

Kauhajoki

[54] At the time of the food fair, the main street of Kauhajoki in Topeeka is held an event called the Night of Eatminkie.


Question: What is the area of Kauhajoki?

Kauhajoki

[55] [56] At the same time as the Food Fair, there is a football tournament held in Kauhajoki since 1997.


Question: What is the area of Kauhajoki?

Kauhajoki

[57] Other events include the Spring and Summer Market and the SambaCross & Carnivals event, which includes motorsport and samba events.


Question: What is the area of Kauhajoki?

Kauhajoki

[58] [59] Attractions Lauhanvuori National Park Kauhanevan—Pohjankangas National Park Hämes-Havunen Ostrobothnian Manor Sanssi School and its Parliament Hall Museum Hyypänjoki Valley Veterans Heritage House Kauhajojoki Home Area Museum Sanssinkartano Katikanjoni- Natural Formation Lapinkäo Ant Nature Tourism Centre Näsiänmäki grove, protected grove according to the Western Finland Environment Agency Mustaisjärvi—Mustaisneva allikot, Katikanluoma, upper Kauhajoki, Sotkanluoma and Isoluoma, are valuable small waters according to the Western Finland Environment Agency.


Question: What is the area of Kauhajoki?

Kauhajoki

Natura 2000 regions [60] Karvianjoki rapids created by Karvia Kauhaneva—Pohjankangas Lauhanneva Mustatasaarenneva Iso Kaivoneva Iso Koihnanneva Ylimysjärvi Lappahtinjoki valley Food culture Kauhajoki keeper food was named sinsalla or rosolli in the 1980s coal lacquers.


Question: What is the area of Kauhajoki?

Kauhajoki

[61] Traffic The main road 67 from Seinäjoki to Kaskis runs from Kauhajoki to Aronkylä in a northeastern—lunch direction and from Aronkylä towards Kaski in an east-west direction.


Question: What is the area of Kauhajoki?

Kauhajoki

[62] [63] From Aronkylä, the north—south road 44 begins, which runs to Kiika in Sastamala.


Question: What is the area of Kauhajoki?

Kauhajoki

[62] [64] Kauhajoki is 28 kilometres from Kauhajoki, 31 km to Teuva, 38km to Jalasjärvi, 40km to Isojoki, 58km to Seinäjoki, 61km to Kaskis, 75km to Kankaanpää, 97km to Vaasa, 170km to Tampere and 334km to Helsinki.


Question: What is the area of Kauhajoki?

Kauhajoki

[65] Kauhajoki Airport is located in Lamminmaa, near the Kurika border.


Question: What is the area of Kauhajoki?

Kauhajoki

[66] The airport was opened for public use in 1973, [66] and today the field is used by Suupohja Lentokerho ry, Southern Ostrobothnia Liitäjat ry and Air Pilot ry.


Question: What is the area of Kauhajoki?

Kauhajoki

[67] From Seinäjoki via Kauhajoki to Kaskis, the Suupohja line runs, [68] which today has no longer transport of goods.


Question: What is the area of Kauhajoki?

Kauhajoki

[69] Passenger traffic on the line ceased as early as 1968 [68] and Kauhajoki railway station closed in 1999.


Question: What is the area of Kauhajoki?

Kauhajoki

[70] Today Kauhajoki railway station is privately owned and converted to residential use.


Question: What is the area of Kauhajoki?

Kauhajoki

[71] Education from primary schools in Kauhajoki, Filppula school, Lustila school, Päntänen school, Yrjänäinen school and Äijö school provide instruction for grades 1—4.


Question: What is the area of Kauhajoki?

Kauhajoki

Aro school, Hyypä school, Kainasto school, Koko school, Luomankylä school, Nummijärvi school, Pukkila school, Sahankylä school and Sanssi school provide teaching in turn for grades 1—6.


Question: What is the area of Kauhajoki?

Kauhajoki

Kauhajoki Coeducational School provides teaching for grades 7—9 and Aninkoulu in turn for grades 1—9.


Question: What is the area of Kauhajoki?

Kauhajoki

[72] At present, the schools in Nummijärvi [73], Sanssi, Lustila [74] and Yrjänäinen [75] have been abolished and the pupils of those schools have been transferred to the Kauhajoki School Centre, which was completed in 2010, where around 460 primary school students study.


Question: What is the area of Kauhajoki?

Kauhajoki

[76] The school center is located in the immediate vicinity of Kauhajoki High School, Vocational College and Middle School.


Question: What is the area of Kauhajoki?

Kauhajoki

It has also been decided to abolish Sahankylä School from autumn 2014.


Question: What is the area of Kauhajoki?

Kauhajoki

One option was considered to reopen the Lustila school and transfer the pupils to the premises of the building to be reopened, but that proposal did not receive sufficient support; pupils from Sahankylä are also transported to the school centre.


Question: What is the area of Kauhajoki?

Kauhajoki

[77] It is possible to complete an undergraduate degree in social and health and catering at Sedu's Kauhajoki office (formerly Seinäjoki Training Centre Sedu, Kauhajoki).


Question: What is the area of Kauhajoki?

Kauhajoki

[78] In Suupohja Vocational Institute, it is possible to study as a merkonomist, datanom, media assistant, electrician, flatsmith welder, carpenter, house builder, barber hairdresser, machine fitter, vehicle fitter, automation fitter, large-economy chef, as a restaurant chef and rural entrepreneur.


Question: What is the area of Kauhajoki?

Kauhajoki

[79] It is also possible to complete a double or triple degree.


Question: What is the area of Kauhajoki?

Kauhajoki

[79] In addition, the Vocational Institute organises adult and apprenticeships.


Question: What is the area of Kauhajoki?

Kauhajoki

[79] The offices of the Vocational Institute in Suupohja include a vocational school, a business school and an agricultural school.


Question: What is the area of Kauhajoki?

Kauhajoki

[80] There is also a high school in Kauhajoki, [81] one of 90 folk colleges in Finland, namely the Kauhajoki Evangelical College [82] and the Kauhajoki Civic College.


Question: What is the area of Kauhajoki?

Kauhajoki

[83] Known persons born, died or influenced in Kauhajoki Risto Ahonen, former MP [84] Mika Ala-Panula, impersonator [85] Jani Haapamäki, wrestler [86] Reijo Haaparanta, wrestler and coach [87] Lasse Hautala, MP [88] Lauri Hautamäki, Professor of Regional Science, Village Influencer [89] Vesa Hietalahti, biathlon [87] Irina, singer [90] Juha Isolehto, high jumper Juho Jaakko Keski-Pukkila or “Pukkilan Jaska”, knife-junkkari [91] Hannu Kiukkonen, baseball player [92] Antti Kleemola, singer-songwriter [92] 93] Suvi Koskinen, sledgehammer thrower Heli Kruger (o.s. Koivula), triple defector [87] Mika Kulmala, baseball player Jari Kuoppa, ball pusher Juhani Kähärä, Liberal Party President Hanna-Pirita Lehkonen (o.s. Ontto-Panula), comic author Lasse Lintala, musician [94] Teijo-Kalevi Lusa, author Pekka Lähtniemi, basketball player [95] Kaarlo Maaninka, endurance runner [96] Tuula T. Matintupa, author [97] Jukka Mänty-Sorvari, musician [93] Jorma Panula, conductor [98] Pentti Pelto, church musician, organist, professor of church music, organ builder and researcher [99] Sami Pitkämö, musician [100] Jonna Pirttijoki, accordion artist, singer Jukka Rautakorpi, ice hockey coach [101] Liisa Ruismäki, home counsellor [102] Jouko Salomäki, wrestler [87] Timo Seppälä, biathlon [87] Juho Sillanpää, former MP [103] Agnes Sjöberg, Europe's first female veterinarian [104] Viljo Suokas, MP [105] Veijo Taipalus, officer, Chief of Naval Forces Janne Uusitalo, accordion artist Laura Vainionpää, cyclist, hockey player Sari Viitasalo, Finnish actress [103] 106] See also List of public art and monuments in Kauhajoki Sources Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Kleemola, Jussi; Marttila, Simo; Taimi, Heikki| title = Book of Kauhajoki Waters | location = Kauhajoki| publisher = Lions Club Kauhajoki ry| year = 1991| id = ISBN 952-90-3345-1}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Kleemola, Jussi et al.| title = Kauhajojoki nature| location = Kauhajoki| publisher = Lions Club Kauhajoki ry| year = 1983| id = ISBN 951-99458-8-1}} Citation error, replace with {cite book| author = Ruismäki , Liisa| title = History of Kauhajoki: from prehistory to 1918| location = Jyväskylä| publisher = Kauhajoki Municipality and Parish| year = 1987| id = ISBN 951-99888-2-3}} References on the topic elsewhere Category:Key articles of screening


Question: Did Frederick William Lanchester have a wife?

Normandy invasion

The Normandy invasion was a major invasion of northern France by Western Allied armies in World War II in 1944.


Question: Did Frederick William Lanchester have a wife?

Normandy invasion

It was called Operation Overlord.


Question: Did Frederick William Lanchester have a wife?

Normandy invasion

Nazi Germany had occupied France at the time and was losing territory on the Eastern Front.


Question: Did Frederick William Lanchester have a wife?

Normandy invasion

The Allies sought to open a new front against Germany.


Question: Did Frederick William Lanchester have a wife?

Normandy invasion

The Germans had been building a long chain of defences known as the “Atlantic Rampart” since as early as 1940.


Question: Did Frederick William Lanchester have a wife?

Normandy invasion

In Germany, it was known that the invasion would come, but not its exact time and place.


Question: Did Frederick William Lanchester have a wife?

Normandy invasion

British military and intelligence officials misled the Germans into believing the invasion would take place near Calais.


Question: Did Frederick William Lanchester have a wife?

Normandy invasion

The Allies bombarded northern France for months before the landings, dropping paratroops at some points as early as night.


Question: Did Frederick William Lanchester have a wife?

Normandy invasion

A couple of hours before the attack, shipping artillery and bombers began sledgehamming the positions of the Atlantic rampart.


Question: Did Frederick William Lanchester have a wife?

Normandy invasion

On the morning of 6 June, at 6:30, 1944, the moment called D-Day came when Allied landings were beached in Normandy at many different points [1].


Question: Did Frederick William Lanchester have a wife?

Normandy invasion

The armies of the United States, Great Britain, Canada and Free France managed to move some 150,000 men into separate bridgeheads already on the first day of the invasion.


Question: Did Frederick William Lanchester have a wife?

Normandy invasion

The Germans delayed the transfer of reinforcements for 12 hours.


Question: Did Frederick William Lanchester have a wife?

Normandy invasion

Major losses came to the Allies on two strips, Juno Beach and Omaha Beach.


Question: Did Frederick William Lanchester have a wife?

Normandy invasion

On 13 June, the Allies were able to connect the various positions on the bridgehead.


Question: Did Frederick William Lanchester have a wife?

Normandy invasion

Then, for a long time, the attack stuck almost in place because of the severe resistance and broken terrain of the Germans.


Question: Did Frederick William Lanchester have a wife?

Normandy invasion

But on the other hand, the German forces were not enough to destroy the bridgehead.


Question: Did Frederick William Lanchester have a wife?

Normandy invasion

The Germans had better armour and artillery armament and skill to repel Allied tanks, but shortages of men, supplies and ammunition.


Question: Did Frederick William Lanchester have a wife?

Normandy invasion

The main part of the German army was tied to the Eastern Front.


Question: Did Frederick William Lanchester have a wife?

Normandy invasion

The Allies had air superiority and could replenish their forces.


Question: Did Frederick William Lanchester have a wife?

Normandy invasion

The Normandy front did not begin to move until the end of July when the US “Operation Cobra” prospered.


Question: Did Frederick William Lanchester have a wife?

Normandy invasion

A counterattack by the Germans at that time turned into a mass exodus.


Question: Did Frederick William Lanchester have a wife?

Normandy invasion

It was not until August that Allied attacks advanced far inland.


Question: Did Frederick William Lanchester have a wife?

Normandy invasion

The Allies liberated Paris in September.


Question: Did Frederick William Lanchester have a wife?

Normandy invasion

At the turn of the year, the Germans attempted a counterattack in the Ardennes, but it faded after good initial success.


Question: Did Frederick William Lanchester have a wife?

Normandy invasion

The invasion was attended by the United States, which had entered the war comparatively late.


Question: Did Frederick William Lanchester have a wife?

Normandy invasion

The Normandy invasion is the event in which US troops entered Europe.


Question: Did Frederick William Lanchester have a wife?

Normandy invasion

The event was significant for the course of the war, as Nazi Germany was coming to be drawn into a two-front war, meaning both the Eastern Front and Western Front were warred at the same time.


Question: Did Frederick William Lanchester have a wife?

Normandy invasion

Facing west, the troops advanced towards Berlin and later the war ended with the conquest of Berlin and the surrender of Nazi Germany.


Question: Did Frederick William Lanchester have a wife?

Normandy invasion

Precise timing Politically the invasion of the Western European continent had been driven by Josif Stalin to ease the Red Army's losses starting as early as 1942, but the Western Allies had rebuffed the hopes.


Question: Did Frederick William Lanchester have a wife?

Normandy invasion

Once the Tehran conference had agreed on the invasion, the actual timing for the operation depended on the weather.


Question: Did Frederick William Lanchester have a wife?

Normandy invasion

A critical edge condition for the start of the operation was the correct weather status, assessed by British and US meteorologists alike.


Question: Did Frederick William Lanchester have a wife?

Normandy invasion

The operation was planned for May or the early days of June.


Question: Did Frederick William Lanchester have a wife?

Normandy invasion

Commander-in-Chief Eisenhower's chief meteorologist was the Scottish Dr James Stagg, who had been promoted to colonel in the UK Air Force for his post.


Question: Did Frederick William Lanchester have a wife?

Normandy invasion

To try the functionality of the forecasts of the group making weather forecasts, from April 1944 onwards, a three-day weather forecast had been given to the military command on Mondays, compared with the weather that had been realised.


Question: Did Frederick William Lanchester have a wife?

Normandy invasion

[2] In preparation for the invasion of the country for information security, on 17 April 1944, the communications of foreign diplomats enjoying diplomatic immunity in principle had been subjected to censorship.


Question: Did Frederick William Lanchester have a wife?

Normandy invasion

In addition, the British conducted numerous scavenging operations, lest the Germans concentrated their defences in the most likely areas, but instead split their strength.


Question: Did Frederick William Lanchester have a wife?

Normandy invasion

The scuffles were centrally planned by the XX Committee (), whose achievements included Operation Fortitude.


Question: Did Frederick William Lanchester have a wife?

Normandy invasion

[3] The operation was planned to begin on 2 June, but on 1 June, observations from weather stations at Scapa Flow suggested deep low pressures were developing in the North Atlantic.


Question: Did Frederick William Lanchester have a wife?

Normandy invasion

Rainy and cloudy weather could have jeopardized the planned operations of the first wave of the invasion of 130,000 troops and 45000 troops in the second wave, as the delivery of air support would have been difficult and shipping would have been a disadvantage as well.


Question: Did Frederick William Lanchester have a wife?

Normandy invasion

[4] Impact The invasion of Normandy is the largest sea-borne takeover operation in military history.


Question: Did Frederick William Lanchester have a wife?

Normandy invasion

It began in the early hours of the morning with a paratroop landing, a massive bombardment and naval cannon fire.


Question: Did Frederick William Lanchester have a wife?

Normandy invasion

Early in the morning, an attack by ground troops by landing ships began.


Question: Did Frederick William Lanchester have a wife?

Normandy invasion

The battle for Normandy that followed the invasion dragged on for more than two months, during which the Allies secured and expanded their bridgeheads and broke out of them.


Question: Did Frederick William Lanchester have a wife?

Normandy invasion

The battle ended with the recapture of Paris and the surrender of Chambois' mot.


Question: Did Frederick William Lanchester have a wife?

Normandy invasion

Significant male and material superiority is considered to be the reason for the success of the Normandy invasion.


Question: Did Frederick William Lanchester have a wife?

Normandy invasion

Troops were transported to beachheads in large numbers after D-Day and by the end of June, about 1 million Allied soldiers were in position in Normandy — mostly US, British and Canadian.


Question: Did Frederick William Lanchester have a wife?

Normandy invasion

The success of the operation opened up another front on the European war scene.


Question: Did Frederick William Lanchester have a wife?

Normandy invasion

As a result, the German war forces had to shift their troops from the Eastern Front and Italian fronts to the new front that had formed in France.


Question: Did Frederick William Lanchester have a wife?

Normandy invasion

The operation is considered to have hastened the defeat of Germany and is considered one of the most important battles of World War II.


Question: Did Frederick William Lanchester have a wife?

Normandy invasion

Background Ever since the German invasion of the Soviet Union in 1941 (Operation Barbarossa), the Red Army had handled most of the fighting in the war against Germany in continental Europe.


Question: Did Frederick William Lanchester have a wife?

Normandy invasion

U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt and British Prime Minister Winston Churchill had promised Josif Stalin that the Americans and British would open a “second front” in Europe to facilitate the Soviet war effort.


Question: Did Frederick William Lanchester have a wife?

Normandy invasion

The pledge was originally made in 1942 and repeated in 1943.


Question: Did Frederick William Lanchester have a wife?

Normandy invasion

To avoid the World War I experience of a direct attack on enemy forces, the British first advocated an invasion of the periphery of Europe, but under American pressure the plan was switched to a direct attack towards France across the English Channel.


Question: Did Frederick William Lanchester have a wife?

Normandy invasion

Two plans were made before Overlord: Operation Sledgehammer for the 1942 landings and Operation Roundup for a larger offensive in 1943.


Question: Did Frederick William Lanchester have a wife?

Normandy invasion

The latter plan continued to live in Operation Overlord, though its implementation was postponed until 1944.


Question: Did Frederick William Lanchester have a wife?

Normandy invasion

SHAEF began design work in January 1943.


Question: Did Frederick William Lanchester have a wife?

Normandy invasion

The plan for the Normandy invasion was long overshadowed by political disputes and mutual Allied pursuit of vested interests.


Question: Did Frederick William Lanchester have a wife?

Normandy invasion

There was a lot of disagreement about timing, command structure and place.


Question: Did Frederick William Lanchester have a wife?

Normandy invasion

Because the Western Allies, despite their promises, had not opened a second front to facilitate the Red Army's war effort in the east, much friction had arisen between the Allies.


Question: Did Frederick William Lanchester have a wife?

Normandy invasion

Stalin had been pushing the Allies since 1942.


Question: Did Frederick William Lanchester have a wife?

Normandy invasion

Winston Churchill had been against this plan and would only have launched the invasion once the possibility of failure had been eliminated and attacks carried out in Italy and North Africa.


Question: Did Frederick William Lanchester have a wife?

Normandy invasion

Churchill had been on the verge of deciding the fateful Gallipoli invasion in World War I as British Minister of Marine and was also therefore sceptical about the invasion.


Question: Did Frederick William Lanchester have a wife?

Normandy invasion

Montgomery's appointment to the leadership was criticized by the Americans.


Question: Did Frederick William Lanchester have a wife?

Normandy invasion

Montgomery himself had similarly prejudice against Eisenhower's nomination, as this one had almost no on-field experience.


Question: Did Frederick William Lanchester have a wife?

Normandy invasion

However, during the attack Montgomery and Eisenhower cooperated well, their known conflicts only resurfaced later.


Question: Did Frederick William Lanchester have a wife?

Normandy invasion

Normandy was a key logistical problem.


Question: Did Frederick William Lanchester have a wife?

Normandy invasion

The only usable port in the area was Cherbourg and had been carefully fortified by the Germans.


Question: Did Frederick William Lanchester have a wife?

Normandy invasion

At the top end of the command structure, many argued that Pas-de-Calais would be a significantly better landing point.


Question: Did Frederick William Lanchester have a wife?

Normandy invasion

Politically, the Normandy invasion created a tense situation between Colonel Charles de Gaulle, who sought to become head of state of France, and Franklin Roosevelt, who opposed old-fashioned imperialism.


Question: Did Frederick William Lanchester have a wife?

Normandy invasion

Roosevelt in no way wanted to support de Gaulle in his efforts to use the Normandy invasion as a reason to become France's authoritarian head of state without free elections in France.


Question: Did Frederick William Lanchester have a wife?

Normandy invasion

The Roosevelt administration's refusal to give de Gaulle official recognition or to make any suggestive action to make him recognised as a party along the lines of the British created a situation from de Gaulle's point of view in which France, liberated by the Allies, would have been ruled by the British and the military government of the Allied occupied territories under American rule (in English AMGOT - the allied military government of occupied territories) until France would be completely liberated and elections could be held.


Question: Did Frederick William Lanchester have a wife?

Normandy invasion

[5] Objectives of the invasion The objectives of the first forty days were: To create a bridgehead that would include the cities of Caen and Cherbourg, especially Cherbourg, since a deep harbour was located there.


Question: Did Frederick William Lanchester have a wife?

Normandy invasion

Break forward from the bridgehead and free Brittany and its Atlantin-side ports and proceed to a front line estimated 200 kilometres southwest of Paris, from Le Havre through Le Mans to Tours.


Question: Did Frederick William Lanchester have a wife?

Normandy invasion

The three-month goal was to control the area between the Loire and the Seine.


Question: Did Frederick William Lanchester have a wife?

Normandy invasion

Preparations Choosing a landing site The location of the landing site was greatly limited by the operational radius of the Allied destroyers.


Question: Did Frederick William Lanchester have a wife?

Normandy invasion

Geographical considerations limited the options to two: the Pas-de-Calais and the Normandy coast.


Question: Did Frederick William Lanchester have a wife?

Normandy invasion

Pas-de-Calais, on the coast of the Strait of Dover, was the shortest distance from the British Isles, the coast was there most suitable for invasion and the route of advance to Germany the most direct.


Question: Did Frederick William Lanchester have a wife?

Normandy invasion

However, the Germans were thought to have understood the same facts and fortified the area best accordingly.


Question: Did Frederick William Lanchester have a wife?

Normandy invasion

Because of this, Normandy was chosen as the place of invasion.


Question: Did Frederick William Lanchester have a wife?

Normandy invasion

Largely taught by the catastrophic invasion of Dieppe by the Canadians earlier, the Allies decided not to attack the French port directly.


Question: Did Frederick William Lanchester have a wife?

Normandy invasion

Beaching into the broad front area of Normandy allowed a simultaneous threat to two naval bases, Cherbourg and coastal bases in Brittany further north, as well as an attack route overland to Paris and towards the German border.


Question: Did Frederick William Lanchester have a wife?

Normandy invasion

Normandy was a less defended coast and an unexpected, but strategic place, by exploiting which it was possible to mix and disperse the defending German forces.


Question: Did Frederick William Lanchester have a wife?

Normandy invasion

Assets to be used in the offensive In December 1943, General Dwight D. Eisenhower was named Supreme Commander of the Allied Transfer Army and he was hereby given general responsibility for Allied European forces.


Question: Did Frederick William Lanchester have a wife?

Normandy invasion

In January 1944, General Bernard Montgomery was made operational director for the landings ground forces.


Question: Did Frederick William Lanchester have a wife?

Normandy invasion

At this point, the plan called for the landings of three divisions and the dropping of two brigades by parachutes.


Question: Did Frederick William Lanchester have a wife?

Normandy invasion

Montgomery increased the number of troops to five divisions coming from the sea and three from the air.


Question: Did Frederick William Lanchester have a wife?

Normandy invasion

A total of 47 divisions would be tied to the Battle of Normandy: 26 British, Canadian and other European divisions, plus 21 American divisions.


Question: Did Frederick William Lanchester have a wife?

Normandy invasion

Operation Neptune Operation Neptune () involved crossing the Channel and beaching on the Normandy coast.


Question: Did Frederick William Lanchester have a wife?

Normandy invasion

The operation involved Operation Taxable, in which Royal Air Force Avro Lancaster bombers dropped strips of aluminium on Cap d'Antifer to film an air attack on German radars.


Question: Did Frederick William Lanchester have a wife?

Normandy invasion

For the ships, reflector balloons were towed by motor and torpedo boats to depict the ships' crossing of the English Channel to France.


Question: Did Frederick William Lanchester have a wife?

Normandy invasion

Similar to Operation Taxable was Operation Glimmer, in which strips of aluminium were dropped from Short Stirling bombing aircraft opposite Boulogne.


Question: Did Frederick William Lanchester have a wife?

Normandy invasion

More than 6000 ships would be involved in the invasion under Admiral Sir Bertram Ramsay — including just under 5000 landings, six battleships, four armoured gunboats, twenty-three cruisers, 104 destroyers, as well as 152 escort ships.


Question: Did Frederick William Lanchester have a wife?

Normandy invasion

[6] Under Air Marshal Sir Trafford Leigh-Mallory there were 12000 aircraft assigned to support the landings.


Question: Did Frederick William Lanchester have a wife?

Normandy invasion

The strength also included 1000 transport aircraft to transport paratroops.


Question: Did Frederick William Lanchester have a wife?

Normandy invasion

5000 tons of bombs had been allocated to break the resistance of German forces.


Question: Did Frederick William Lanchester have a wife?

Normandy invasion

Operation Cork was to improve the survival of the landing ships and the ships supporting them from German submarines.


Question: Did Frederick William Lanchester have a wife?

Normandy invasion

The 19th Brigade and 9th Brigade of the Coastal Service attacked German submarines with bombers while they were surface-driving and by plunging aiming machine-gun fire to prevent emergency dives by killing or wounding German marines on deck, in order to submerge bombing would have been possible.


Question: Did Frederick William Lanchester have a wife?

Normandy invasion

Forty German U-boats were targeted during Operation Cork, of which two were sunk within 22 minutes on 7 June 1944 by a Liberator bomber piloted by Ken Moore of the 224th Squadron.


Question: Did Frederick William Lanchester have a wife?

Normandy invasion

During Operation Fortitude, the Germans considered the narrowest point of the Channel, the surroundings of Pas-de-Calais, as the most likely point of invasion, and concentrated the focus of their defences in the area.


Question: Did Frederick William Lanchester have a wife?

Normandy invasion

To distract the Germans into believing that the attack would actually come to the Pas-de-Calais, the Allies prepared a massive diversionary plan called Operation Fortitude.


Question: Did Frederick William Lanchester have a wife?

Normandy invasion

The Allies created an entire fictional First United States Army Group with its bases, fake buildings, stockpiles of materials and fake radio communications.


Question: Did Frederick William Lanchester have a wife?

Normandy invasion

Opposite the Pas-de-Calais on England's south-east coast, a base area for the invasion army was staged.


Question: Did Frederick William Lanchester have a wife?

Normandy invasion

Shallow barges suitable for the landings had been collected on the shores, in which work was continuously carried out.


Question: Did Frederick William Lanchester have a wife?

Normandy invasion

The bustling vehicle and freight train traffic provided an image of equipping the military.


Question: Did Frederick William Lanchester have a wife?

Normandy invasion

In the camp area built as a set, men were constantly moving and training in barracks and tented villages.


Question: Did Frederick William Lanchester have a wife?

Normandy invasion

Cannons, vehicles and ammunition boxes built as scenes were assembled in the storage area.


Question: Did Frederick William Lanchester have a wife?

Normandy invasion

In fact, the barracks and tents were mostly empty, only about a battalion's worth of men housed in them, who periodically changed different uniforms to give an image of a large army.


Question: Did Frederick William Lanchester have a wife?

Normandy invasion

For the viewings, ten thousand National Guardsmen from the Home Guard, mostly men of retirement age or discharged from front service, and warvalids faded in from time to time.


Question: Did Frederick William Lanchester have a wife?

Normandy invasion

The Germans also assumed that General George S. Patton would lead the invasion.


Question: Did Frederick William Lanchester have a wife?

Normandy invasion

Patton was mentioned as commander of an army group and travelled to southern England as if to command an army corps.


Question: Did Frederick William Lanchester have a wife?

Normandy invasion

The Germans had sent an extensive espionage network to southern England to obtain information on preparations for the invasion.


Question: Did Frederick William Lanchester have a wife?

Normandy invasion

However, the agents had been exposed and captured by the Allies, and sent messages in their names that the attack would likely come to the Pas-de-Calais.


Question: Did Frederick William Lanchester have a wife?

Normandy invasion

In order to maintain the diversion as long as possible, it was continued even after fighting in Normandy had begun, by conducting jamming attacks at Pas-de-Calais against radar stations and other targets.


Question: Did Frederick William Lanchester have a wife?

Normandy invasion

Due to the diversionary plan, the Germans were still waiting for the invasion of the Pas-de-Calais in August and assumed that the invasion of Normandy was merely a diversion.


Question: Did Frederick William Lanchester have a wife?

Normandy invasion

Special preparations More special preparations included Allied armoured vehicles specially designed for this attack.


Question: Did Frederick William Lanchester have a wife?

Normandy invasion

The most special of these was the Sherman DouplexDrive (DD), developed in the United States, which had full swimming capability.


Question: Did Frederick William Lanchester have a wife?

Normandy invasion

Other pioneer wagons developed by the Americans included the minesweeping wagon Sherman Crab (crab), a bridge tank built on a Shermann chassis.


Question: Did Frederick William Lanchester have a wife?

Normandy invasion

In addition, the English developed the Churchill AVRE (Armoured Vehicle Royal Engineers), which was the most advanced pioneer tank of its time.


Question: Did Frederick William Lanchester have a wife?

Normandy invasion

AVRE was able to be equipped with, among other things, bridge, minesweeping equipment, bumper blade, “bundle” and carpet (see also Hobart Funnies).


Question: Did Frederick William Lanchester have a wife?

Normandy invasion

The plan also included the construction of two artificial harbours (codenamed Mulberry), with the aim of getting vital supplies to the landing force in the first few weeks before deep ports could be recaptured, and Operation Pluto, which included underwater fuel pipelines of construction from England for the invasion forces.


Question: Did Frederick William Lanchester have a wife?

Normandy invasion

German defence preparations In November 1943, when Adolf Hitler decided that the threat of invasion to France was no longer ignored, Field Marshal Erwin Rommel was appointed Inspector General of Coastal Defence and later to command Army Group B, which included northern France ground forces.


Question: Did Frederick William Lanchester have a wife?

Normandy invasion

Rommel firmly believed that the only chance of winning an attack would be for tanks to counterattack the beaches as early as possible and wanted at least some armour to be placed close enough to the beaches ready for a counterattack.


Question: Did Frederick William Lanchester have a wife?

Normandy invasion

The idea of a defence pushed forward was based on the fact that if tanks were in a strategic reserve concentrated away from the landings coast, bringing them into the combat zone would become impossible because the Allies, with their air superiority, would seek to prevent the transfer, and therefore defense should be built in advance on the estimated area.


Question: Did Frederick William Lanchester have a wife?

Normandy invasion

While in the Afrika Korps, Rommel was acquainted with Allied air superiority as a commander.


Question: Did Frederick William Lanchester have a wife?

Normandy invasion

For his primary seat, Rommel chose the lowest floors of the Duke of Rochefoucauld's home, La Roche-Guyon Castle, in the department of Val-d'Oise.


Question: Did Frederick William Lanchester have a wife?

Normandy invasion

From Rommel's point of view, the most likely invasion area was Pas-de-Calais and the second most likely Normandy.


Question: Did Frederick William Lanchester have a wife?

Normandy invasion

Rommel called for the unification of the defence branches regionally under a single operational military command.


Question: Did Frederick William Lanchester have a wife?

Normandy invasion

The subordination of the Air Force and Navy to the leadership of coastal defence did not happen to Aviation Minister Herman Göring or Grand Admiral Karl Dönitz.


Question: Did Frederick William Lanchester have a wife?

Normandy invasion

[7] Rommel's authority was limited, however, as he was not supreme commander of the western German forces, but that post was held by Field Marshal Gerd von Rundstedt.


Question: Did Frederick William Lanchester have a wife?

Normandy invasion

Von Rundstedt — supported by Geyr von Schweppenberg, commander of the Western Panzer Corps, who was similarly supported by the Inspector-General of the German Panzer Forces, Colonel General Heinz Guderian — favored placing the armour farther inland so that an enemy front line could be located and then implement a counterattack.


Question: Did Frederick William Lanchester have a wife?

Normandy invasion

The operational debate reflected the dissenting experiences of German war leaders.


Question: Did Frederick William Lanchester have a wife?

Normandy invasion

Von Runstedt and Guderian had gained most of their experience at a time when the Luftwaffe controlled the skies, or in large areas of the Eastern Front where neither side had a chance of achieving air supremacy throughout the front.


Question: Did Frederick William Lanchester have a wife?

Normandy invasion

Rommel's experiences were completely different.


Question: Did Frederick William Lanchester have a wife?

Normandy invasion

He had been allowed to discern the effectiveness of Allied tactical air forces already in Africa.


Question: Did Frederick William Lanchester have a wife?

Normandy invasion

Rundstedt and Guderian never thought about the effectiveness of the Allied air force by comparing it to the 1939—1941 Luftwaffe — after all, the strength of the Luftwaffe was greatly reduced in the Battle of Britain — and moreover, the effectiveness of the Allied air forces was still many times that of this.


Question: Did Frederick William Lanchester have a wife?

Normandy invasion

Rommel understood this, but the other commanders did not.


Question: Did Frederick William Lanchester have a wife?

Normandy invasion

To resolve the dispute, Hitler divided the six armoured divisions in service in northern France, placing three of them directly at Rommel's disposal.


Question: Did Frederick William Lanchester have a wife?

Normandy invasion

The other three were stationed at a distance from the coast and could not be moved without direct approval from Hitler's warleadership.


Question: Did Frederick William Lanchester have a wife?

Normandy invasion

German air defences along the coast consisted of only 169 fighter jets, as Allied air raids had destroyed the Luftwaffe fighting power at airfields in northern France.


Question: Did Frederick William Lanchester have a wife?

Normandy invasion

Because of this, on 6 June, the number of Luftwaffe combat flights was two flights.


Question: Did Frederick William Lanchester have a wife?

Normandy invasion

Last-minute preparations Before the battle, the Allies had accurately mapped and tested the landings area, paying particular attention to weather conditions in the English Channel.


Question: Did Frederick William Lanchester have a wife?

Normandy invasion

Lighting and tide definitely required a full moon.


Question: Did Frederick William Lanchester have a wife?

Normandy invasion

The original date for D-Day was June 5, but bad weather moved the landings.


Question: Did Frederick William Lanchester have a wife?

Normandy invasion

On June 6, the weather was still on the limit, but Eisenhower did not want to wait until the next full moon.


Question: Did Frederick William Lanchester have a wife?

Normandy invasion

This decision helped surprise German troops unprepared, as they did not believe in the invasion in such bad weather.


Question: Did Frederick William Lanchester have a wife?

Normandy invasion

Rommel's departure from France to Germany on the occasion of his wife's 50th birthday on 4 June weakened German defences in Normandy.


Question: Did Frederick William Lanchester have a wife?

Normandy invasion

Groups Allies Group of troops according to the battle plan on the day of landing: Paratroops: British 6th Parachute Division 3rd Parachute Brigade 8th and 9th Parachute Battalion and 1st Canadian Parachute Battalion are dropped by parachutes and gliders east of the Orne River to protect the left flank.


Question: Did Frederick William Lanchester have a wife?

Normandy invasion

The US 101st Parachute Division is dropped around Vierville.


Question: Did Frederick William Lanchester have a wife?

Normandy invasion

The US 82nd Parachute Division is dropped in the vicinity of Sainte-Mère-Église to protect the right flank.


Question: Did Frederick William Lanchester have a wife?

Normandy invasion

Landing beaches from east to west, 21st Army Group: British 2nd Army US-Canadian 1st Special Forces Brigade 3rd, 4th and 6th Commando and 45th Commando of British Marines come ashore at Ouistreham in the Queen Red sector (westernmost).


Question: Did Frederick William Lanchester have a wife?

Normandy invasion

The 4th Commando is reinforced by French 1st and 8th Companies from the International 10th Commando.


Question: Did Frederick William Lanchester have a wife?

Normandy invasion

Sword beach, British I Army Corps: British 3rd Infantry Division and 27th Armoured Brigade go ashore from Quistreham to Lion.


Question: Did Frederick William Lanchester have a wife?

Normandy invasion

The 41st Commando of the British Royal Marines (part of the Marines' 4th Special Forces Brigade along with the 46th, 47th and 48th Commando) comes ashore on the right flank of Sword Beach.


Question: Did Frederick William Lanchester have a wife?

Normandy invasion

Juno beach, British I Army Corps: Canadian 3rd Infantry Division, 2nd Armoured Brigade and British 48th Commando go ashore from St. Aubin to La Riviere.


Question: Did Frederick William Lanchester have a wife?

Normandy invasion

The 46th Commando of the Marines climbs up the cliffs to the left of Orne and destroys the cannon battery (battery fire was found to be useless, so the 46th Commando was kept at sea as a reserve).


Question: Did Frederick William Lanchester have a wife?

Normandy invasion

Gold beach, British XXX Army Corps: British 50th Division and 8th Armoured Brigade go ashore from La Riviere to Arromanches.


Question: Did Frederick William Lanchester have a wife?

Normandy invasion

The 47th Marine Commando comes ashore on the western flank.


Question: Did Frederick William Lanchester have a wife?

Normandy invasion

US 1st Army: Omaha beach, US V Army Corps: US 1st and 29th Infantry Divisions go ashore from St. Hondrain to Vierville sur Mer.


Question: Did Frederick William Lanchester have a wife?

Normandy invasion

U.S. 2.


Question: Did Frederick William Lanchester have a wife?

Normandy invasion

A Ranger battalion takes over the artillery positions at Pointe du Hoc.


Question: Did Frederick William Lanchester have a wife?

Normandy invasion

Utah beach, US VII Army Corps: US 4th Infantry Division comes ashore around Pouppeville and La Madeleine.


Question: Did Frederick William Lanchester have a wife?

Normandy invasion

Also, the activities of the French resistance, the Maquisie, can be counted as an Allied grouping, as it helped disrupt German troop transfers and message traffic.


Question: Did Frederick William Lanchester have a wife?

Normandy invasion

According to SOE, it was linked to 137 radio stations of the French Resistance and that the total strength of the French Resistance was about 350,000 members in the spring of 1944, of whom 100000 had firearms and 10,000 more ammunition than would be needed for a single day of fighting.


Question: Did Frederick William Lanchester have a wife?

Normandy invasion

The Resistance would not have been able to fight, but it supported the invasion with destruction works and reconnaissance.


Question: Did Frederick William Lanchester have a wife?

Normandy invasion

At the heart of carrying out the destruction work was the French Resistance Railways, the Résistance-Fer, which assessed troop transfers supplied by the Germans with divisional accuracy based on the quantities of military trains.


Question: Did Frederick William Lanchester have a wife?

Normandy invasion

He's 12.


Question: Did Frederick William Lanchester have a wife?

Normandy invasion

The SS Panzer Division Hitlerjugend was assessed as almost full-strength on the basis that 84 freight trains had been required for its transport.


Question: Did Frederick William Lanchester have a wife?

Normandy invasion

[8] Thanks to the destructive operation, rail traffic stagnated in Bourgogne and eastern France to the border of the Greater German Empire.


Question: Did Frederick William Lanchester have a wife?

Normandy invasion

Thirty-seven railway lines were cut off in the Dijon region.


Question: Did Frederick William Lanchester have a wife?

Normandy invasion

In retaliation to the activities of the Résistance-Fer, the Germans executed French railroaders and three thousand of them were sent to camps in Germany.


Question: Did Frederick William Lanchester have a wife?

Normandy invasion

The Germans were forced to make up for the French shortage of railwaymen by bringing 2500 German railways to the French railways.


Question: Did Frederick William Lanchester have a wife?

Normandy invasion

[9] Bombing the railways or destroying the railway forced the armoured forces to move overland, which increased fuel consumption for the transfer and also the wear and tear of the shipyards.


Question: Did Frederick William Lanchester have a wife?

Normandy invasion

As part of economic warfare, the U.S. 8th Air Force bombed oil pumping stations and oil refineries to cause fuel shortages for motorized troops.


Question: Did Frederick William Lanchester have a wife?

Normandy invasion

[10] The Resistance was also given other tasks hampering German defenders to perform.


Question: Did Frederick William Lanchester have a wife?

Normandy invasion

According to Plan tortue (Finnish for plan tortoise), pins and broken glass were to be sprinkled on roads used by service vehicles to puncture the tyres of military vehicles.


Question: Did Frederick William Lanchester have a wife?

Normandy invasion

In Plan violet, meanwhile, according to General Alphonse Antoine's plan, the staff of PTT, the postal, telegraph and telephone facility, had to damage underground telecommunications links to the detriment of the Germans in order to reduce their military efficiency and to make them cable connections when replaced by radio connections would be exposed to Allied signals intelligence by air.


Question: Did Frederick William Lanchester have a wife?

Normandy invasion

[10] The German Germans had fortified the beach area extensively as part of the defence of the Atlantic rampart.


Question: Did Frederick William Lanchester have a wife?

Normandy invasion

This prompted the Allies to shift the time of their attack to low tide.


Question: Did Frederick William Lanchester have a wife?

Normandy invasion

The beach area was guarded by 4 divisions, of which only one (352.)


Question: Did Frederick William Lanchester have a wife?

Normandy invasion

was experienced.


Question: Did Frederick William Lanchester have a wife?

Normandy invasion

Many others were made up of Germans who were generally unfit for regular service on the Eastern Front for medical reasons, as well as people of other nationalities (predominantly Russians) who had volunteered to fight on the side of the Germans rather than in a POW camp.


Question: Did Frederick William Lanchester have a wife?

Normandy invasion

The 21st Panzer Division guarded Caen, and the 12th.


Question: Did Frederick William Lanchester have a wife?

Normandy invasion

The SS Panzer Division was deployed to the southeast.


Question: Did Frederick William Lanchester have a wife?

Normandy invasion

Its soldiers had been directly recruited from Hitler-Jugend at the age of 16 and would gain a reputation in the coming battle as a tenacious fighting unit.