Question: Who was KalPa's first CEO?

Kalevan Ball

KALPA owner Sami Kapanen moved on to coach the former team from his playing career.


Question: Who was KalPa's first CEO?

Kalevan Ball

Good players went away, including Jaakko Rissanen to the KHL, last season's captain Jussi Timonen to the German league, Jesse Mankinen to Pelicans, Jyri Junnila and Joonas Lyytinen to Kärppi, Arttu Ilomäki and Janne Keränen to Lukko and star goalkeeper Eero Kilpeläinen to Örebroho in Sweden.


Question: Who was KalPa's first CEO?

Kalevan Ball

The season kickoff match against Jukurs in Mikkeli turned in a 3—0 victory for KalPA.


Question: Who was KalPa's first CEO?

Kalevan Ball

Out of the first 12 matches, KalPa won three matches.


Question: Who was KalPa's first CEO?

Kalevan Ball

Injuries were part of the early season too: Konsta Mäkinen was already injured in the CHL, but was able to play quickly.


Question: Who was KalPa's first CEO?

Kalevan Ball

The worst injuries occurred to Niko Hovinen, who held zero games in Mikkeli, and to CHL point man Kai Kantola.


Question: Who was KalPa's first CEO?

Kalevan Ball

Due to Hovinen's injury, KalPa acquired a loan keeper from Jokers, Riku Helenius, who won the title in 2012 JYP, who later moved on to continue his season at his breeder club Ilves.


Question: Who was KalPa's first CEO?

Kalevan Ball

The Champion Hockey League season did not produce a playoff berth this season.


Question: Who was KalPa's first CEO?

Kalevan Ball

Goalkeeper Niko Hovinen, who came to the club, was in top tune when he greeted, playing four nil games in six games.


Question: Who was KalPa's first CEO?

Kalevan Ball

The team made social history when it broke the record in a winning streak by getting its ninth win on December 5 against HPK.


Question: Who was KalPa's first CEO?

Kalevan Ball

The previous record was eight games from the 1988—1989 and 2015—16 seasons.


Question: Who was KalPa's first CEO?

Kalevan Ball

KalPa was eventually sixth in the regular season.


Question: Who was KalPa's first CEO?

Kalevan Ball

In the quarter-finals, Tappara was set against, for whom KalPa deflected to win 4—2 and the season ended.


Question: Who was KalPa's first CEO?

Kalevan Ball

In the 2018—2019 season, KalPa made it to the Spengler Cup final against Canada.


Question: Who was KalPa's first CEO?

Kalevan Ball

[6] Emblems Game outfit KalPa usually plays its home games with yellow-black shirts, black pants, dark grey socks and a black helmet.


Question: Who was KalPa's first CEO?

Kalevan Ball

Away matches the team plays in a yellow-black shirt.


Question: Who was KalPa's first CEO?

Kalevan Ball

Sometimes KalPa plays home and away matches wearing black and yellow shirts.


Question: Who was KalPa's first CEO?

Kalevan Ball

For the 2012-13 season, the jerseys saw a couple of changes: on the home team shirt the sleeve badge is yellow and the away shirt is black.


Question: Who was KalPa's first CEO?

Kalevan Ball

The image adorning the jersey is bigger than the previous shirt.


Question: Who was KalPa's first CEO?

Kalevan Ball

The former name of the supporters herd of KalPA was Supporters Club, founded in 1985.


Question: Who was KalPa's first CEO?

Kalevan Ball

It became famous for its support cries, which were accompanied by drums.


Question: Who was KalPa's first CEO?

Kalevan Ball

After the 1999 bankruptcy, its operations ceased.


Question: Who was KalPa's first CEO?

Kalevan Ball

Since 2005, the club's group of supporters has carried the name “Black Network”, which, like its predecessor, encourages the team to be accompanied by drums.


Question: Who was KalPa's first CEO?

Kalevan Ball

In 2010, KalPA's loss to JYPS in the bronze match 0—4 gave the Black Network a major tribute to JYP goaltender Sinuhe Wallinheimo, for whom this match was the last.


Question: Who was KalPa's first CEO?

Kalevan Ball

As of the 2008—09 season, Black Network has organised the “Great Savolainen Gathering” event, usually attended by hundreds of KalPA supporters.


Question: Who was KalPa's first CEO?

Kalevan Ball

In the 2008—09 season, the first SSK was held in Tampere.


Question: Who was KalPa's first CEO?

Kalevan Ball

The following season, the gathering took place in Espoo for a match against the Blues.


Question: Who was KalPa's first CEO?

Kalevan Ball

In the 2010—11 season, the “Great Savolainen Kollusku” took place in Helsinki against IFK.


Question: Who was KalPa's first CEO?

Kalevan Ball

In the 2011—12 season, the gathering took place in Lahti against Pelicans.


Question: Who was KalPa's first CEO?

Kalevan Ball

400 KalPA supporters were present at the time.


Question: Who was KalPa's first CEO?

Kalevan Ball

The 2012—13 season gathering was in February 2013, when KalPa played against the Jokers.


Question: Who was KalPa's first CEO?

Kalevan Ball

Around 1000 KalPA supporters were present at this match.


Question: Who was KalPa's first CEO?

Kalevan Ball

In the 2013—14 season, the event was in December 2013, when KalPa played against TPS.


Question: Who was KalPa's first CEO?

Kalevan Ball

The gathering for the 2014—15 season was in Espoo in March, when the Espoo Blues were set against.


Question: Who was KalPa's first CEO?

Kalevan Ball

There were about 300 fans at the venue.


Question: Who was KalPa's first CEO?

Kalevan Ball

In the 2015—16 season, the Great Savolainen Kollutu was in Helsinki in January 2016, when they were against HIFK.


Question: Who was KalPa's first CEO?

Kalevan Ball

The name of the KalPA supporters' club residing elsewhere in Finland is “Susiklubiyhdistys”, founded in 1997 by KalPA supporters living in southern Finland.


Question: Who was KalPa's first CEO?

Kalevan Ball

In the 2014—15 season on 17 January 2015, a new supporter group Veljmies debuted in the KalPa — Ilves match.


Question: Who was KalPa's first CEO?

Kalevan Ball

In the 2017-2018 season, the Great Savolainen Kolling was held in October 2017 in Turku, where against TPS came.


Question: Who was KalPa's first CEO?

Kalevan Ball

TPS won the match 3-2.


Question: Who was KalPa's first CEO?

Kalevan Ball

Logos KalPA's original and current logo (1947—1979) and (2009—) KalPA's old logo (1979—1996) KalPA's old wolf logo (1996—1999) KalPA's previous logo (1999—2009) Players Current team Coaches Head coach Sami Kapanen Assistant coach Marko Tuomainen Video Coach, Team Manager Atte Kinnunen Goalkeeper Coach Jarkko Rissanen Captains in the SM-liiga 1986—1987 Tuomo Jormakka 1987—1988 Petteri Lehto 1988—1989 Jari Härkälä 1989—1990 Jari Härkälä 1990—1991 Jari Härkälä/Erik Hämäläinen 1991—1992 Erik Hämäläinen 1992—93 Antti Tuomenoksa 1993—1994 Arto Sirviö 1994—95 Arto Sirviö 1995—96 Pekka Tirkkonen 1996—1997 Mika Laaksonen/Marko Ojanen 1997—1998 Jermu Pisto 1998—1999 Pekka Tirkkonen 2005—2006 Samuli Suhonen 2006—2007 Martin Sonnenberg 2007—2008 Jarkko Kauvosaari 2008—2009 Sami Kapanen 2009—10 Sami Kapanen 2010—2011 Tommi Miettinen 2011—12 Sami Kapanen/Tommi Miettinen 2012—13 Sami Kapanen/Tommi Miettinen 2013—2014 Jukka Voutilainen/Adam Masuhr/Jussi Timonen 2014—15 Mikko Jokela/Jukka Voutilainen 2015—2016 Mikko Jokela 2016—2017 Jussi Timonen 2017-2018 Tommi Jokinen Club records Career Most seasons: Jari Börje Järvinen [7] 12 Most matches: Jussi Timonen, 403 Most goals: Sami Kapanen, 105 Most assists: Tuomas Kiiskinen, 156 Most points: Sami Kapanen, 250 Most minutes: Janne Jalasvaara, 317 Most wins: Pasi Kuivalainen, 75 Most zero games: Ari Ahonen and Eero Kilpeläinen, 13 Most playoff games: Jussi Timonen, 53 Most points in the playoffs: Sami Kapanen, 27 Most wins in the regular season by a coach: Pekka Virta , 167 Regular season Most goals: Darius Rusnak, 29 (1989—1990) from defender: Juha Tuohimaa, 17 (1989-1990) Most assists: Jouni Rinne, 42 (1988—1989) assists from defender: Juha Tuohimaa, 28 (1989-1990) Most points: Darius Rusnak, 60 (1990—1991) points from a defender: Juha Tuohimaa, 45 (1989-90) Most goals by a rookie: Teemu Hartikainen, 17 (2008—09) assists from rookie: Santeri Lukka, 17 (2015-16) points from rookie: Artturi Lehkonen, 30 (2012—13) Most minutes: Kyle Rossiter, 187 (2005—06) Best +/-: Tuomas Kiiskkka Inner, +25 ( 2011-2012) Most wins: Ari Ahonen, 23 (2010-11) Most zero games: Mikko Koskinen, 7 (2012—13) Best tackle percentage: Ari Ahonen, 94.1% (2011-2012, 18 games) Best goalscoring average: Ari Ahonen, 1.48 (2011-2012, 18 games) Most points in playoffs: Sami Kapanen, 13 (2009—10) Team statistics Best season in regular season: 2011—12; 115 p Most wins by actual playing time: 37 (2011-2012) Most losses in regular game time: 41 (2005-2006) Most wins in a streak: 9 (2017-2018) Most goals scored: 205 (1989—1990) Most wins in a streak: 9 (2017-2018) Most goals scored: 205 (1989—1990) Most wins in a streak: 9 (2017-2018) Most goals scored: 205 (1989—1990) Most Goals conceded: 237 (2005—06) Most ice minutes: 1134 (2005—06) Top playoffs: SM-silver in 1991 and 2017 Statistics in SM-sarja/SM-liiga regular season and playoffs in Regular season (situation 13.12.2017) Note!


Question: Who was KalPa's first CEO?

Kalevan Ball

After the 2003-04 season in the SM-liiga, draws were no longer counted 30 through 1400 matches 491 wins 75 draws 681 losses 77 wins in overtime and in shot competitions 76 losses in overtime and goals scored and conceded in shot competitions Distinction: 3909 - 4767 In playoffs Nine times in playoffs 28 wins and 44 losses Difference of goals scored and conceded: 140 - 209 2 silver (1991, 2017) and 1 bronze (2009) Illustrious players Frozen game numbers 1 Pasi Kuivalainen 27 Jouni Rinne 24 Sami Kapanen 44 Kimmo Timonen These numbers are not used: 19 (Tuomas Kiiskinen) and 70 (Teemu Hartikainen) KALPA Ice Hockey Lions In some ways, those who have been involved in KALPA's activities.


Question: Who was KalPa's first CEO?

Kalevan Ball

In parentheses, hockey lion number, year of nobility and category.


Question: Who was KalPa's first CEO?

Kalevan Ball

Juhani Wahlsten (#43, 1986, player).


Question: Who was KalPa's first CEO?

Kalevan Ball

Played SM-sarja in 1957-59.


Question: Who was KalPa's first CEO?

Kalevan Ball

26 matches, 26+14=40, 6 ice minutes.


Question: Who was KalPa's first CEO?

Kalevan Ball

Matti Keinonen (#50, 1987, player).


Question: Who was KalPa's first CEO?

Kalevan Ball

As head coach in Division 1 season 1982-83 Raimo Sepponen (#54, 1987, referee).


Question: Who was KalPa's first CEO?

Kalevan Ball

Played SM-sarja in 1957-59.


Question: Who was KalPa's first CEO?

Kalevan Ball

23 fights.


Question: Who was KalPa's first CEO?

Kalevan Ball

Veli-Pekka Ketola (#72, 1990, player) Played in Division 1 season 1982-83.


Question: Who was KalPa's first CEO?

Kalevan Ball

6 games, 4+8=12, 6 minutes Mikko Leinonen (#101, 1995, player) Played in the 1986-87 SM-liiga season.


Question: Who was KalPa's first CEO?

Kalevan Ball

8 matches, 4+0=4, 30 minutes Reijo Ruotsalainen (#122, 2000, player) Played in the 1995-96 SM-liiga season.


Question: Who was KalPa's first CEO?

Kalevan Ball

16 games, 3+5=8, 4 minutes Hannu Kapanen (#159, 2005, player) Served at the club as junior coaching manager, assistant coach and head coach in the SM-liiga years 1988-94, 1999 SM-liiga qualifiers and 2006-07 season.


Question: Who was KalPa's first CEO?

Kalevan Ball

Since 2003, he has been an assistant coach at Mestis, as an assistant coach, a member of the board and host of the VIP Aition called Hannes-Klubi.


Question: Who was KalPa's first CEO?

Kalevan Ball

Jouni Rinne (# 166, 2005, player) Played for the club in 1984-90 and one SM-liiga match in the 1998-99 season, both 1st division and SM-liiga.


Question: Who was KalPa's first CEO?

Kalevan Ball

Served as head coach of the club in the 1998-99 SM-liiga season since 14 December.


Question: Who was KalPa's first CEO?

Kalevan Ball

Division 1:82 matches, 73+105=178, 49 ice minutes.


Question: Who was KalPa's first CEO?

Kalevan Ball

SM-liiga: 163 matches, 84+122=206, 56 minutes.


Question: Who was KalPa's first CEO?

Kalevan Ball

Pekka Järvelä (#175, 2006, player) Played for the club during the 1993-94 SM-liiga season.


Question: Who was KalPa's first CEO?

Kalevan Ball

40 matches, 11+12=23, 32 ice minutes.


Question: Who was KalPa's first CEO?

Kalevan Ball

Riikka Välä (#190, 2007, player) Played for the women's SM-sarja team in 1994-96.


Question: Who was KalPa's first CEO?

Kalevan Ball

Erik Hämäläinen (#193, 2009, player) Played for the club in 1988-92.


Question: Who was KalPa's first CEO?

Kalevan Ball

175 matches, 42+59=101, 102 ice minutes.


Question: Who was KalPa's first CEO?

Kalevan Ball

Mika Strömberg (#209, 2011, player) Played for the club in 2007-10.


Question: Who was KalPa's first CEO?

Kalevan Ball

129 matches, 13+49=62, 179 minutes Sami Kapanen (#224, 2014, player) Played for the club Liiga in 1990-94, 2008-10 and 2011-14 and Mesti 2004-05.


Question: Who was KalPa's first CEO?

Kalevan Ball

The main owner of the club since 2002, in the 2010-11 season as CEO and personal coach of junior teams.


Question: Who was KalPa's first CEO?

Kalevan Ball

League: 353 matches, 105+145=250, 187 ice minutes.


Question: Who was KalPa's first CEO?

Kalevan Ball

Mestis: 10 matches, 6+3=9, 4 ice minutes.


Question: Who was KalPa's first CEO?

Kalevan Ball

Juha Tuohimaa (1990) and Peter Slanina (1991) SISU Player of the Year: Juha Jokiharju (1992) Ice Hockey SM-liiga Player of the Month: Sami Kapanen (January 1994 and October 2008), Tuomas Kiiskinen (September 2009) and Matti Kuparinen (September 2009) October 2011) Sami Kapanen (1994, 2009 and 2010), Sakari Salminen (2013), Eero Kilpeläinen (2017), Jaakko Rissanen (2017) Jarmo Wasama Award: Teemu Hartikainen (2009) and Artturi Lehkonen (2013) Raimo Kilpiö Award: Sami Kapanen (2009) Golden helmet Sakari Salminen (2013) Urpo Ylönen Award Eero Kilpeläinen (2017) Kalevi Numminen Award Pekka Virta (2017) Players who have represented KALPA in Valuable Tournaments A-national team Juhani Wahlsten: World Cup 1959 Jarmo Kekäläinen: Canada Cup 1991 Pekka Tirkkonen: Canada Cup 1991 Erik Hämäläinen: World Cup 1992 Sami Kapanen: Olympic Games 1994, World Cup 1994, World Cup 1995, World Cup 1998, World Cup 2001, 2009, 2010 and World Cup 2004 Pasi Kuivalainen: Olympic Games 1994 and World Cup 1994 Adam Hall: World Cup 2005 Kimmo Timonen: World Cup 2005 and Ice Hockey World Cup 2004 Tuomas Kiiskinen: World Cup 2012 Sakari Salminen: World Cup 2013 Youth National Team Mikko Laaksonen: World Championships 1987 Timo Kulonen: Under-20 World Cup 1987 Ari Hilli: Under-20 World Cup 1988 Tero Arkiomaa: Under-20 World Cup 1988 Vesa Savolainen: Under-20 World Cup 1988 Janne Kekäläinen: Under-20 World Cup 1990 Pasi Kuivalainen: Under-20 World Cup 1991 and 1992 Sami Kapanen: Under-20 World Cup 1992 and 1993 Kimmo Timonen: Under-20 World Cup 1993 and 1994 Tommi Miettinen: Under-20 World Cup 1994 and 1995 Jussi Tarvainen: Under-20 World Cup 1994, 1995 and 1996 Mikko Jokela: Under-20 World Cup 1999 Juha Alastalo: Under-18 World Cup 1999 Juho Kuronen: Under-18 World Cup 1999 Juho Kuronen: Under-20 World Cup World Cup 2000 Tuomas Nissinen: Under-18 World Cup 2001 Jussi Timonen: Under-18 World Cup 2001 Eero Kilpeläinen: Under-18 World Cup 2003 Olli-Pekka Komulainen: Under-18 World Cup 2003 Mikko Kukkonen: Under-18 World Cup 2006 Jani Savolainen: Under-18 World Cup 2006 Juuso Puustinen: Under-18 World Cup 2006 Jarkko Malinen: Under-20 World Cup 2008 Teemu Hartikainen: World Under-20 World Cup 2009 and 2010 and Under-18 World Cup 2008 Ville Hyvärinen: World Under-18 World Cup 2009 Petteri Similä: World Under-20 World Cup 2010 Jasse Ikonen: 2010 Under-20 World Cup and European Under-18 World Cup 2008 Iiro Pakarinen: Under-20 World Cup 2010 and 2011 and European Under-18 World Cup 2009 Rasmus Rissanen: Under-20 World Cup 2011 and European Under-18 World Cup 2008 Toni Kallela: Under-18 World Cup 2011 Simo-Pekka Riikola: World Under-20 World Cup 2012 and Under-18 World Cup 2010 Henri Ikonen: Under-18 World Cup 2012 Kasperi Kapanen: Youth Olympics 2012, Under-18 World Cup 2013 and World Under-20 Championships 2016 Miikka Pitkänen: Youth Olympic Games 2012 Juuso Riikola: World Under-20 Championships 2013 Saku Kinnunen: World Under-20 World Cup 2014 and Under-18 World Cup 2013 Artturi Lehkonen: World Under-20 World Cup 2013 and 2014 and World Under-18 World Cup 2013 Niko Mikkola: World Under-20 World Cup 2016 Joni Ikonen: Under-20 World Cup 2018 Coaches in SM-liiga 1986—1987 Esko Nokelainen 1987—1988 Esko Nokelainen, Juha Junno from 30 January 1988—1993 Juha Junno 1993—1994 Hannu Kapanen 1994—95 Anatoly Bogdanov 1995—1996 Anatoly Bogdanov, Pekka Hämäläinen from 23 January 1996—97 Pekka Hämäläinen, Markku Keinänen from 16 November, Jari Härkälä from 22 November 1997—1998 Jari Härkälä, Markku Keinänen since 23 October, Risto Kerminen 30 October 1998—99 Jan Neliba, Jouni Rinne from 14 December 2005—06 Mika Pieniniemi 2006—07 Mika Pieniniemi, Pekka Virta from 29 September 2007—2011 Pekka Virta 2011—12 Tuomas Tuokkola 2012—13 Jari Laukkanen 2013-2014 Jari Laukkanen, 27.2 from Anssi Laine 2014-2017 Pekka Virta 2017- Sami Kapanen Sources Jouni Huttunen, Mikael Juntunen: On the shield heart - 80 years of full feeling: KalPA 80th Anniversary History Book (2009) ISBN 9789529257638 Ari Mennander, Pasi Mennander: Liiga stars - 30 years of ice hockey's SM-liiga 1975—2005 (2004) ISBN 951-20-6684-X (statistics of KALPA in SM-sarja and -liiga) (via the link you can view league table statistics since 1975-76 season) References on the topic elsewhere The club's website: Club Junior Division site: Supporter site: Away matches Radio Commentary: * Category:Key Articles of Screening


Question: When was Alan Turing born?

Alan Turing

Alan Mathison Turing [ˈt (j) (ə) rɪ], OBE, FRS (23 June 1912 London — 7 June 1954, Wilmslow) was a British mathematician and logic researcher who in 1936 published the algorithm he formalised and the Turing machine concept used in computer science.


Question: When was Alan Turing born?

Alan Turing

[1] He is considered one of the most prominent pioneers of modern computing.


Question: When was Alan Turing born?

Alan Turing

During World War II, he led the demolition work of the German Navy's Enigma cipher machine at British intelligence's Bletchley Park base.


Question: When was Alan Turing born?

Alan Turing

This work may have shortened the war in Europe by two to four years.


Question: When was Alan Turing born?

Alan Turing

[2] After the war he designed one of the first programmable digital computers and also built a prototype of it at the University of Manchester.


Question: When was Alan Turing born?

Alan Turing

He expressed significant and characteristically provocative opinions in a discussion of machinery's ability to think and developed the Turing test.


Question: When was Alan Turing born?

Alan Turing

Other of his research interests included probability calculus, cryptography, number theory, and algebra.


Question: When was Alan Turing born?

Alan Turing

Turing established a reputation as an ideator of morphogenesis theory.


Question: When was Alan Turing born?

Alan Turing

It aims to explain in what ways genes cause the structure and shape of organisms to form.


Question: When was Alan Turing born?

Alan Turing

For example, aspects related to the development of zebras stripes and cheetah spots fall under the scope of morphogenesis.


Question: When was Alan Turing born?

Alan Turing

Turing was homosexual, which is why he was persecuted.


Question: When was Alan Turing born?

Alan Turing

Turing underwent chemical castration and is believed to have committed suicide by eating an apple saturated with cyanide.


Question: When was Alan Turing born?

Alan Turing

[3] His merit in working on war cipher was not recognised until after his death.


Question: When was Alan Turing born?

Alan Turing

Life Childhood and Adolescence Alan Turing's parents were Julius Mathison Turing and Sara o.s. Stoney.


Question: When was Alan Turing born?

Alan Turing

Julius worked for the British civil service in India (Indian Civil Service).


Question: When was Alan Turing born?

Alan Turing

Sara, the daughter of Edward Waller Stoney, chief engineer of the Madras Railway company, became pregnant while they were living in Chhatrapur in Orissa state.


Question: When was Alan Turing born?

Alan Turing

[4] Because the parents wanted their children to be raised in England, they returned to Maida Vale, London, where Alan Turing was born on 23 June 1912.


Question: When was Alan Turing born?

Alan Turing

[5] The incident is witnessed by a blue plaque outside the current Colonnade Hotel.


Question: When was Alan Turing born?

Alan Turing

[4] [6] Alan had an older brother named John.


Question: When was Alan Turing born?

Alan Turing

Turing's father continued to serve as a civil servant in India, so during Alan's childhood years his parents travelled between Guildford in England and India, leaving their two sons in the care of family friends in England.


Question: When was Alan Turing born?

Alan Turing

Even very early on, Turing showed signs of his brilliance, which came to light more clearly later.


Question: When was Alan Turing born?

Alan Turing

[7] His parents enrolled him to St Michael's Day School at the age of six.


Question: When was Alan Turing born?

Alan Turing

His extraordinary gifts were noticed early on by the school's principal, as did many of his other teachers.


Question: When was Alan Turing born?

Alan Turing

At the age of 14 in 1926, he transferred to Sherborne School, a famous and expensive private educational institution in Dorset.


Question: When was Alan Turing born?

Alan Turing

On the first day of the school year there was a general strike in England, but Turing was so keen to be there on his first day of school that he drove from Southampton to his school alone on his bicycle for nearly a hundred miles between staying at the inn.


Question: When was Alan Turing born?

Alan Turing

[8] Some Sherborne teachers did not appreciate Turing's innate interest in mathematics and the sciences.


Question: When was Alan Turing born?

Alan Turing

They placed more emphasis on classical education.


Question: When was Alan Turing born?

Alan Turing

His headteacher wrote to his parents: “I hope he does not fall between the two schools.


Question: When was Alan Turing born?

Alan Turing

If he wants to continue at a private school, he must aim to be educated.


Question: When was Alan Turing born?

Alan Turing

If he intends to be merely a scientific specialist, he is wasting his time at private school.” [9] Despite this, Turing continued to excel in subjects he liked, solving complex problems in 1927 without studying at all the basics of calculus doctrine.


Question: When was Alan Turing born?

Alan Turing

At the age of 16 in 1928, Turing became acquainted with Albert Einstein's works; not only did he comprehend them, but concluded that Einstein's theory challenged Newton's laws from a text in which this was not explicitly expressed.


Question: When was Alan Turing born?

Alan Turing

[10] Turing's hopes and ambition at the school increased when a close friendship developed between him and Christopher Morcom, a slightly older student.


Question: When was Alan Turing born?

Alan Turing

Morcom was also Turing's first romantic interest.


Question: When was Alan Turing born?

Alan Turing

He died suddenly just a few weeks after the start of their last Sherborn term from complications from bovine tuberculosis.


Question: When was Alan Turing born?

Alan Turing

He had contracted the disease after drinking milk from an infected cow as a child.


Question: When was Alan Turing born?

Alan Turing

[11] Turing's faith was shattered, and he became an atheist.


Question: When was Alan Turing born?

Alan Turing

His conviction was that all phenomena, including human brain activity, had to be material.


Question: When was Alan Turing born?

Alan Turing

[12] University and work on calculability Because Turing did not want to study classical subjects as diligently as science and mathematics, he did not receive a scholarship to Trinity College, Cambridge, but instead ended up attending King's College, his second option.


Question: When was Alan Turing born?

Alan Turing

He studied there from 1931 to 1934, graduating with good honors.


Question: When was Alan Turing born?

Alan Turing

In 1935 he was admitted as a fellow (fellow) of King's College on his thesis on the key limit value theorem.


Question: When was Alan Turing born?

Alan Turing

In his key article “On Computable Numbers, with an Application to the Entscheidungsproblem” (filed 28 May 1936), Turing reformulated the results on mathematical proof and calculability obtained by Kurt Gödel in 1931.


Question: When was Alan Turing born?

Alan Turing

He replaced Gödel's universal, arithmetic-based formal language with Turing machines, simple formal models.


Question: When was Alan Turing born?

Alan Turing

He proved that some kind of machine like them could solve any mathematical problem if it could be represented as an algorithm, even if a real Turing machine would hardly have any practical applications, being considerably slower than the more practical alternatives.


Question: When was Alan Turing born?

Alan Turing

Even today, the theory of computation studies Turing machines in particular.


Question: When was Alan Turing born?

Alan Turing

Turing further testified that there was no solution to Entscheidungsproblem.


Question: When was Alan Turing born?

Alan Turing

First he showed that the stalling problem could not be solved by Turing machines: it is not possible to find out algorithmically whether a given Turing machine ever stops.


Question: When was Alan Turing born?

Alan Turing

Although his testimony was published only after Alonzo Church had made a corresponding testimony regarding his lambda calculi, Turing's work is considerably more approachable and intuitive.


Question: When was Alan Turing born?

Alan Turing

The concept of a “universal (Turing) machine”, a machine capable of operating like any other machine, was also novel.


Question: When was Alan Turing born?

Alan Turing

For most of the years 1937 and 1938 he spent at Princeton University studying under the tutelage of Alonzo Church.


Question: When was Alan Turing born?

Alan Turing

In 1938, he received his Ph.D. (Ph.D.)


Question: When was Alan Turing born?

Alan Turing

At Princeton; his treatise introduced the concept of relative computation (), in which so-called oracle machines are used in addition to Turing machines.


Question: When was Alan Turing born?

Alan Turing

They can be used to study problems that can't be solved by a Turing machine.


Question: When was Alan Turing born?

Alan Turing

On his return to Cambridge in 1939, he attended Ludwig Wittgenstein's lectures on the foundations of mathematics.


Question: When was Alan Turing born?

Alan Turing

[13] Wittgenstein and Turing argued and dissented: Turing defended formalism and Wittgenstein argued that mathematics does not find any absolute truths, but rather invents them.


Question: When was Alan Turing born?

Alan Turing

[14] Cryptoanalysis During World War II, Turing was involved in breaking the cipher systems used by the Germans at Bletchley Park.


Question: When was Alan Turing born?

Alan Turing

He relied on cryptoanalytical research by Marian Rejewski, Jerzy Różycki and Henryk Zygalski, who worked in Biuro Szyfrów of Poland before the war.


Question: When was Alan Turing born?

Alan Turing

He made several insights that helped crack the codes of the Enigma machine and the Lorenz SZ-40/42 (a cryptographic device used in remote printers, to which the British gave the codename “Tunny”).


Question: When was Alan Turing born?

Alan Turing

For a time he was in charge of Hut 8, which was responsible for deciphering the communications of the German Navy.


Question: When was Alan Turing born?

Alan Turing

Since September 1938, Turing had worked part-time at the Government Code and Cypher School (GCCS), a code-breaking organisation for the British.


Question: When was Alan Turing born?

Alan Turing

He worked on German Enigma encryption cracking and collaborated with Dilly Knox, a senior codebreaker at GCCS.


Question: When was Alan Turing born?

Alan Turing

[15] On 4 September 1939, the day after Britain had declared war on Germany, Turing enrolled at the GCCS wartime premises at Bletchley Park.


Question: When was Alan Turing born?

Alan Turing

[16] The Turingin—Welchman bombe Within weeks of his arrival at Bletchley Park [16] Turing had designed an electromechanical device that would allow the Enigma to be broken faster than the 1932 bomba machine.


Question: When was Alan Turing born?

Alan Turing

The new bombe aircraft was named after the earlier Polish bomba on which it was based.


Question: When was Alan Turing born?

Alan Turing

An enhanced bombe proposed by mathematician Gordon Welchman became one of the most important tools of work, and the most important automated tool, in the attack on communications protected by the Enigma code.


Question: When was Alan Turing born?

Alan Turing

Jack Good, a crypto-analyst who worked with Turing at Bletchley Park, later said: “Turing's main contribution, in my own opinion, was in the design of the cryptoanalytic bombe machine.


Question: When was Alan Turing born?

Alan Turing

He had the idea that one could apply in practice a logical theorem that sounds relatively absurd to the unbrushed ear; namely, that all can be inferred from the contradiction.


Question: When was Alan Turing born?

Alan Turing

“[17] Bombe searched for the appropriate settings used in the Enigma message (i.e. wafer order, wafer settings, etc.) using the appropriate “slut”, part of the probable plain text.


Question: When was Alan Turing born?

Alan Turing

For each possible wafer setup (of which there were 1019, or 1022 in the case of submarine Enigma machines, as they eventually used four spinners instead of the usual three) [18], the bombe electronically performed a series of logical inferences based on the lunt.


Question: When was Alan Turing born?

Alan Turing

Bombe sensed a potential discrepancy and rejected the decree, moving on to the next.


Question: When was Alan Turing born?

Alan Turing

Most of the possible settings caused conflicts, and only a few remained to be examined in detail.


Question: When was Alan Turing born?

Alan Turing

Turing's first bombe was commissioned on 18 March 1940.


Question: When was Alan Turing born?

Alan Turing

[19] By the end of the war, several hundred bombe planes were in service.


Question: When was Alan Turing born?

Alan Turing

[20] Hut 8 and Navy Enigma In December 1940, Turing solved the Navy's Enigma indicator system, which was mathematically more complex than other similar systems.


Question: When was Alan Turing born?

Alan Turing

Turing also invented a Bayesian statistical technique, which was given the name “Banburismus”, to help break the Navy's Enigma.


Question: When was Alan Turing born?

Alan Turing

The Banburismus technique allowed certain Enigma wafer settings to be excluded from the bills, reducing the time required to deploy bombe machines.


Question: When was Alan Turing born?

Alan Turing

In the spring of 1941, Turing proposed marriage to Joan Clarke, a colleague at Hut 8, but the engagement was dissolved by mutual agreement in the summer.


Question: When was Alan Turing born?

Alan Turing

In July 1942, Turing developed a technique known as Turingismus or Turingery to be applied to breaking the Lorenz cipher.


Question: When was Alan Turing born?

Alan Turing

It was used in the Germans' new Geheimschreiber machine (“cipher”, one of the machines known by the codename “Fish”).


Question: When was Alan Turing born?

Alan Turing

He also introduced the FISH team to Tommy Flowers, who later built the Colossus computer under the tutelage of Max Newman.


Question: When was Alan Turing born?

Alan Turing

Colossus was the world's first programmable digital electronic computer.


Question: When was Alan Turing born?

Alan Turing

It replaced earlier simpler machines (such as the “Heath Robinson's”) and its greater speed allowed daily changing encrypts to be broken.


Question: When was Alan Turing born?

Alan Turing

[21] It is often mistakenly thought that Turing played a key role in the design of Colossus; however, this was not the case.


Question: When was Alan Turing born?

Alan Turing

[22] Turing travelled to the United States in November 1942 and worked alongside U.S. Navy cryptoanalysts on the Navy's Enigma and bombe machines in Washington, DC.


Question: When was Alan Turing born?

Alan Turing

He assisted at Bell Labs in the development of devices for speech encryption.


Question: When was Alan Turing born?

Alan Turing

He returned to Bletchley Park in March 1943.


Question: When was Alan Turing born?

Alan Turing

During Turing's absence, Hugh Alexander had officially risen to the head of Hut 8, and he had been running the unit in practice for some time, as Turing had little interest in its day-to-day maintenance duties.


Question: When was Alan Turing born?

Alan Turing

Turing became a crypto-analysis consultant at Bletchley Park.


Question: When was Alan Turing born?

Alan Turing

Towards the end of the war, Turing began designing a portable speech encryption machine known by the codename Delilah, assisted by engineer Donald Bayley, and at the same time studied electronics.


Question: When was Alan Turing born?

Alan Turing

A variety of uses had been designed for the machine, could not be used in long-distance radio transmissions and was not completed in time for use in war.


Question: When was Alan Turing born?

Alan Turing

Although Turing introduced it to officials by encrypting and decrypting a recording of Winston Churchill's speech, the Delilah machine was not deployed.


Question: When was Alan Turing born?

Alan Turing

In 1945, Turing was awarded the rank of Officer of the British Empire (OBE), but his work remained secret for several years.


Question: When was Alan Turing born?

Alan Turing

A biography published by the Royal Society shortly after his death told: Early computers and the Turing test In 1945—1947 he worked at the National Physical Laboratory designing the Automatic Computing Engine (ACE) computer.


Question: When was Alan Turing born?

Alan Turing

In his article on 19 February 1946, he outlined the UK's first finished design of a computer in which both the commands and data were in the same memory.


Question: When was Alan Turing born?

Alan Turing

Although Turing succeeded in ACE's plan, the start of the project was delayed and he became disillusioned.


Question: When was Alan Turing born?

Alan Turing

At the end of 1947, he returned to Cambridge to spend his sabbatical year.


Question: When was Alan Turing born?

Alan Turing

In the meantime, ACE was built ready without her and it ran its first program on May 10, 1950.


Question: When was Alan Turing born?

Alan Turing

In 1948 he was appointed a lecturer in the Mathematics Department at the University of Manchester and in 1949 he became assistant director of the university's Computer Science Laboratory.


Question: When was Alan Turing born?

Alan Turing

He developed programs for one of the earliest real computers, the Manchester Mark I.


Question: When was Alan Turing born?

Alan Turing

At the same time, he worked on more abstract issues, addressing the problem of artificial intelligence in his article “Computing machinery and intelligence” (Mind, October 1950).


Question: When was Alan Turing born?

Alan Turing

He proposed an experiment now known as the Turing test to determine a plane beyond which a machine could be called thinking.


Question: When was Alan Turing born?

Alan Turing

If a computer managed to trick its interrogator so that the interrogator would think they were conversing with a human, the machine could be said to be “thinking”.


Question: When was Alan Turing born?

Alan Turing

In 1945, Turing predicted that one day computers would play chess very well.


Question: When was Alan Turing born?

Alan Turing

[23] In 1948, he began drafting his previous student colleague D.G.


Question: When was Alan Turing born?

Alan Turing

With Champernowne, a chess program for a computer that didn't exist yet.


Question: When was Alan Turing born?

Alan Turing

There was no powerful enough machine to run the program, so in 1952 Turing played a chess game simulating the computer itself.


Question: When was Alan Turing born?

Alan Turing

Each move took about half an hour.


Question: When was Alan Turing born?

Alan Turing

The game was saved; [24] the program lost to Turing's colleague Alick Glennie, although it is said to have won the game against Champernowne's wife.


Question: When was Alan Turing born?

Alan Turing

[25] Zoning and Mathematical Biology Turing worked from 1952 until his death in 1954 on mathematical biology, particularly morphogenesis.


Question: When was Alan Turing born?

Alan Turing

He published one article on the subject in 1952, “The Chemical Basis of Morphogenesis”, in which he presented his hypothesis on zoning ().


Question: When was Alan Turing born?

Alan Turing

[26] He was particularly interested in the Fibonacci leaf position, the prevalence of Fibonacci figures in plant structure.


Question: When was Alan Turing born?

Alan Turing

He used reaction-diffusion formulas that are currently central to zoning research.


Question: When was Alan Turing born?

Alan Turing

His later articles were not published until a 1992 paper on Collected Works of A.M.


Question: When was Alan Turing born?

Alan Turing

Turing.


Question: When was Alan Turing born?

Alan Turing

Charged with homosexuality and death Turing was homosexual, and during his time homosexual acts were illegal in the UK.


Question: When was Alan Turing born?

Alan Turing

[4] [27] Homosexuality was considered a mental disorder and practicing it could be tried in court.


Question: When was Alan Turing born?

Alan Turing

In 1952, Turing's 19-year-old new acquaintance Arnold Murray [28] helped his accomplice break into Turing's apartment, and Turing reported the crime to the police.


Question: When was Alan Turing born?

Alan Turing

During the police investigation, Turing confessed to having been in a relationship with Murray and they were charged with gross promiscuity under section 11 of the Criminal Law Amendment Act 1885.


Question: When was Alan Turing born?

Alan Turing

Turing showed no remorse and was convicted of the same crime as Oscar Wilde had been convicted more than 50 years earlier.


Question: When was Alan Turing born?

Alan Turing

[29] Turing was allowed to choose between prison and probation, but the latter was conditional on initiating libido-reducing hormone treatments.


Question: When was Alan Turing born?

Alan Turing

To avoid a jail sentence, he approved injections of the hormone oestrogen, which were administered for a year.


Question: When was Alan Turing born?

Alan Turing

Their side effects included gynecomastia (breast enlargement).


Question: When was Alan Turing born?

Alan Turing

Due to the conviction, his security classification was removed and he could no longer consult GCHQ on cryptographic issues.


Question: When was Alan Turing born?

Alan Turing

At the same time, there were concerns in the public eye about espionage and that homosexuals would be exposed to traps by Soviet agents.


Question: When was Alan Turing born?

Alan Turing

On June 8, 1954, Turing was found dead by a Turing cleaner; he had perished the day before from cyanide poisoning.


Question: When was Alan Turing born?

Alan Turing

The poison he had apparently obtained from an apple impregnated with cyanide lying half-eaten next to his bed.


Question: When was Alan Turing born?

Alan Turing

The apple itself was never tested and cyanide poisoning was determined as the cause of death in an autopsy.


Question: When was Alan Turing born?

Alan Turing

Generally, his death is believed to have been deliberate, and was condemned as a suicide.


Question: When was Alan Turing born?

Alan Turing

However, his mother persistently maintained that the death was accidental and was the result of negligent preservation of laboratory chemicals.


Question: When was Alan Turing born?

Alan Turing

Biographer Andrew Hodges suggests that Turing may have killed himself in an interpretative way to allow his mother to regard death as an accident.


Question: When was Alan Turing born?

Alan Turing

[30] Others have suggested that Turing staged a scene from Snow White, which was his favourite fairy tale.


Question: When was Alan Turing born?

Alan Turing

[31] Since Turing's homosexuality was probably considered a security risk, he has also been suggested to have been assassinated.


Question: When was Alan Turing born?

Alan Turing

[32] His body was cremated at Woking Crematorium on 12 June 1954.


Question: When was Alan Turing born?

Alan Turing

Recognition after death Since 1966, the Association for Computing Machinery has awarded an annual Turing Prize to an individual who has had a significant impact on the development of computer technology.


Question: When was Alan Turing born?

Alan Turing

It has been widely regarded as the computer science equivalent of the Nobel Prize.


Question: When was Alan Turing born?

Alan Turing

Turing has been given different types of tributes in Manchester, where he worked towards the end of his life.


Question: When was Alan Turing born?

Alan Turing

In 1994, part of the A6010 road (the inner ring road of the city) was given the name Alan Turing Way.


Question: When was Alan Turing born?

Alan Turing

On 23 June 2001, a memorial statue of Turing was unveiled in Manchester.


Question: When was Alan Turing born?

Alan Turing

It is located in Sackville Park, between the University of Manchester's Whitworth Street building and the “gay quarter” of Canal Street.


Question: When was Alan Turing born?

Alan Turing

On 5 June 2004, the British Logic Colloquium and the British Society for the History of Mathematics held a celebration at the university to celebrate Turing's life and achievements, and that summer the university's Alan Turing Institute was opened.


Question: When was Alan Turing born?

Alan Turing

In July 2007, the Alan Turing Building was opened, housing the university's Faculty of Mathematics, the Photon Sciences Institute and the Jodrell Bank Centre for Astrophysics.


Question: When was Alan Turing born?

Alan Turing

On 23 June 1998, Turing's 86th birthday, his biographer Andrew Hodges unveiled English Heritage's official blue commemorative plaque at his childhood home in Warrington Crescent, London, at the present Colonnade Hotel.


Question: When was Alan Turing born?

Alan Turing

[33] [5] On the 50th anniversary of Turing's death on 7 June 2004, a memorial plaque was unveiled at his former residence in Hollymeade, Wilmslow.


Question: When was Alan Turing born?

Alan Turing

Several universities have honored his computer achievements.


Question: When was Alan Turing born?

Alan Turing

On 28 October 2004, a bronze statue cast by John W. Mills was unveiled at the University of Surrey in Guildford.


Question: When was Alan Turing born?

Alan Turing

[34] The statue commemorated the fact that 50 years had passed since Turing's death.


Question: When was Alan Turing born?

Alan Turing

It plays him carrying books across campus.


Question: When was Alan Turing born?

Alan Turing

A life-size statue of Turing weighing 1.5 tonnes was also unveiled at Bletchley Park on 19 June 2007.


Question: When was Alan Turing born?

Alan Turing

Stephen Kettle carved it out of half a million pieces of Welsh clay shale.


Question: When was Alan Turing born?

Alan Turing

[35] On 10 September 2009, British Prime Minister Gordon Brown apologised in writing on behalf of his government for Turing's treatment: [36] [37] Turing's conviction was finally quashed in 2013, [38] and the official pardon motion passed by the British government.


Question: When was Alan Turing born?

Alan Turing

[27] In 2014, the film about Turing premiered The Imitation Game.


Question: When was Alan Turing born?

Alan Turing

The film is directed by Morten Tyldum, and Turing is played by Benedict Cumberbatch.


Question: When was Alan Turing born?

Alan Turing

Turing as runner Alan Turing was a national level marathoner.


Question: When was Alan Turing born?

Alan Turing

He finished fifth for Great Britain at the 1948 Olympic Qualifiers.


Question: When was Alan Turing born?

Alan Turing

[39] The Turing Relay running race [40] is a six-part relay run along the river bank from Ely to Cambridge and back.


Question: When was Alan Turing born?

Alan Turing

Turing used the route while running at Cambridge; his best time in the marathon was 2.46.


Question: When was Alan Turing born?

Alan Turing

[35] Sources Literature Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Copeland, B. Jack (ed.


Question: When was Alan Turing born?

Alan Turing

) | title= Colossus: The Secrets of Bletchley Park's Codebreaking Computers| location = New York| publisher = Oxford University Press| year = 2006}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Hodges, Andrew| title = Alan Turing: The Enigma| location = New York| publisher = Simon & Schuster | year = 1983}} CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) References Literature Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Hodges, Andrew| title = Alan Turing, riddle| others = Translated by Kimmo Pieittiinen| location = Helsinki| publisher = Terra Cognita| year = 2000| version = (Initial work: Alan Turing: The Enigma, 1992.)}}


Question: When was Alan Turing born?

Alan Turing

Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Copeland, B. Jack (ed.


Question: When was Alan Turing born?

Alan Turing

) | title = The Essential Turing| publisher = Oxford University Press| year = 2004}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Copeland, B. Jack (ed.


Question: When was Alan Turing born?

Alan Turing

) | title = Alan Turing's Automatic Computing Engine| publisher = Oxford University Press| year = 2005}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Yates, David M.| title = Turing's Legacy: A history of computing at the National Physical Laboratory 1945—1995| publisher = London Science Museum| year = 1997}} On topic elsewhere Check date values in: |accessdate= (help) Check date values in: |accessdate= (help) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) Check date values in: |accessdate= (help) Check date values in: |accessdate=, |date= (help) Check date values in: |accessdate= (help) Check date values in: |accessdate= in: |accessdate=, |date= (help) Check date values in: |accessdate= (help) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) Check date values in: |accessdate= (help) Check date values in: |accessdate= (help) Category:British mathematicians Category:British philosophers Category:British computer scientists Category:People who committed suicide Category:Philosophers of mind Category:Members of the Royal Society Category:Developers of computer science Category:Logicians Category:People born in 1912 Category:British statisticians Category:Cryptography Technique Category:Key Articles of Screening


Question: What did Kim Il-sung die of?

Kim Il-sung

In Korean names, the surname comes first, meaning the surname is Kim and the given name Il-sung.


Question: What did Kim Il-sung die of?

Kim Il-sung

Kim Il-sung (, hanja:, Gim Il-seong, from


Question: What did Kim Il-sung die of?

Kim Il-sung

Kim Sŏng-ju, 15 April 1912 — 8 July 1994) was a Korean politician and leader of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea, or North Korea, from 1946 to 1994.


Question: What did Kim Il-sung die of?

Kim Il-sung

Kim Il-sung was prime minister of his country from 1946 to 1972 and president from 1972, but Kim's real power was based on his position as Secretary-General of the Workers' Party of Korea.


Question: What did Kim Il-sung die of?

Kim Il-sung

He remains an object of personal worship in North Korea: he is officially referred to as “The Great Leader” and has been named “Eternal President” by decision of the Supreme People's Council of North Korea in 1997 (see Wikipsources).


Question: What did Kim Il-sung die of?

Kim Il-sung

Kim Il-sung's birthday is a national holiday in North Korea.


Question: What did Kim Il-sung die of?

Kim Il-sung

North Korea's former leader Kim Jong-il was Kim Il-sung's son and current leader Kim Jong-un is his grandson.


Question: What did Kim Il-sung die of?

Kim Il-sung

Biography Childhood and Adolescence Years It is difficult to find reliable information about Kim Il-sung's childhood and adolescence.


Question: What did Kim Il-sung die of?

Kim Il-sung

North Korea, in its sources, has linked a wealth of legendary and propagandistic information to his early years.


Question: What did Kim Il-sung die of?

Kim Il-sung

Kim is known to have been born in the home of his maternal grandparents, in the small village of Chilgol.


Question: What did Kim Il-sung die of?

Kim Il-sung

The paternal grandparents' house in the village of Mangyongdae was his childhood home and this house is today shown to tourists as the birth home of the great leader.


Question: What did Kim Il-sung die of?

Kim Il-sung

[1] Mangyondae is today part of Pyongyang.


Question: What did Kim Il-sung die of?

Kim Il-sung

The future great leader had already, as a little boy, been a patriot who had bravely fought against the Japanese occupation.


Question: What did Kim Il-sung die of?

Kim Il-sung

His parents and grandparents had also been prominent patriot friends and revolutionaries.


Question: What did Kim Il-sung die of?

Kim Il-sung

In addition, his father beat ten bandits while they were smoking opium.


Question: What did Kim Il-sung die of?

Kim Il-sung

[2] The case has also been immortalized in North Korean films.


Question: What did Kim Il-sung die of?

Kim Il-sung

Because of these and many other exaggerating and sometimes even legend-like North Korean stories, it is difficult for some to believe even the correct information about Kim Il-sung's life.


Question: What did Kim Il-sung die of?

Kim Il-sung

[3] It is known with certainty that Kim Il-sung's father was named Kim Hyong-jik and mother Kang Pan-sok.


Question: What did Kim Il-sung die of?

Kim Il-sung

Kim Hyong-jik was from a poorer family than his future spouse.


Question: What did Kim Il-sung die of?

Kim Il-sung

Kang Pan-sok's parents initially objected to their daughter's marriage to Kim Hyong-jik.


Question: What did Kim Il-sung die of?

Kim Il-sung

Opposition from the bride's parents stopped when it was discovered that the future son-in-law was a devout Christian who also played at congregation occasions.


Question: What did Kim Il-sung die of?

Kim Il-sung

At the time of the marriage, Kim Hyong-jik was 15 years old and Kang Pan-sok was 17 years old.


Question: What did Kim Il-sung die of?

Kim Il-sung

Kim Hyong-jik was the son of a poor farmer who had managed to get on the school road, but his studies had fallen short.


Question: What did Kim Il-sung die of?

Kim Il-sung

He initially worked as a teacher and later as a practitioner of traditional Korean medicine.


Question: What did Kim Il-sung die of?

Kim Il-sung

The family was never in any way particularly wealthy let alone powerful.


Question: What did Kim Il-sung die of?

Kim Il-sung

[4] Kim Hyong-jik also founded the Korean National Society in 1917, which was strongly anti-Japanese.


Question: What did Kim Il-sung die of?

Kim Il-sung

[5] However, sources outside North Korea are not familiar with the Korean National Society founded by Kim Hyong-jik.


Question: What did Kim Il-sung die of?

Kim Il-sung

Kim Il-sung, who at baptism was given the name Kim Song-ju, was the oldest of the children, and the family also included two younger sons.


Question: What did Kim Il-sung die of?

Kim Il-sung

One of Kim Il-sung's brothers was killed in 1932 during the anti-Japanese struggle, while the other, Kim Jong-ju, served as North Korea's vice president until the 1970s.


Question: What did Kim Il-sung die of?

Kim Il-sung

The family was Christian by religion and the future “great leader” attended worship services until his early adulthood.


Question: What did Kim Il-sung die of?

Kim Il-sung

Father Kim Hyong-jik tried to pass on his musical hobby to his sons as well, and Kim Il-sung is known to have been interested in music all his life.


Question: What did Kim Il-sung die of?

Kim Il-sung

Along with Christianity, patriotism was strongly embedded in the family's world of ideology, and Christianity was the religion of explicitly patriotically-minded Koreans.


Question: What did Kim Il-sung die of?

Kim Il-sung

There were so many churches in Pyongyang at that time that it was called the “Jerusalem of Korea.”


Question: What did Kim Il-sung die of?

Kim Il-sung

[6] Family poverty was certainly also one factor that influenced young Kim's world of thought.


Question: What did Kim Il-sung die of?

Kim Il-sung

In 1910s Korea, Japan increased its prestige and eventually annexed the country to its empire.


Question: What did Kim Il-sung die of?

Kim Il-sung

Many Koreans responded to it by moving to China, where there was a growing Korean community.


Question: What did Kim Il-sung die of?

Kim Il-sung

Kim's family moved to China around 1920 to the city of Jilin, where the boy began his schooling.


Question: What did Kim Il-sung die of?

Kim Il-sung

The father worked as a hereditary doctor and Song-ju toured accompanying his father on patient visits and independence movement meetings.


Question: What did Kim Il-sung die of?

Kim Il-sung

[7] In 1923, Kim Il-sung attended school in Korea in Pyongyang.


Question: What did Kim Il-sung die of?

Kim Il-sung

His teacher in Pyongyang was a relative of his mother, Kang Ryang-uk, who also served as a Methodist priest.


Question: What did Kim Il-sung die of?

Kim Il-sung

His teaching also included patriotic, anti-Japanese songs.


Question: What did Kim Il-sung die of?

Kim Il-sung

Later, while Kim Il-sung was in power, Kang Ryang-uk served as vice president of North Korea without any real influence whatsoever.


Question: What did Kim Il-sung die of?

Kim Il-sung

[8] After two years, in 1925, Kim Il-Sung studied again in China in the city of Jilin.


Question: What did Kim Il-sung die of?

Kim Il-sung

There, however, he was not more than six months.


Question: What did Kim Il-sung die of?

Kim Il-sung

A new school was found in Yuwen.


Question: What did Kim Il-sung die of?

Kim Il-sung

The family's financial position had deteriorated, as the father had died.


Question: What did Kim Il-sung die of?

Kim Il-sung

Mum tried to provide for the family as a laundry man, but earnings were poor.


Question: What did Kim Il-sung die of?

Kim Il-sung

Kim lived in the dormitory of a Methodist church, as you could live there cheaply.


Question: What did Kim Il-sung die of?

Kim Il-sung

[9] It is around this time that he has supposedly first heard of communism, as there are known to have been communists in the school's teaching staff.


Question: What did Kim Il-sung die of?

Kim Il-sung

In 1926, he founded the League of Down Imperialism, a group of young, anti-Japanese communists.


Question: What did Kim Il-sung die of?

Kim Il-sung

[10] According to another source, Kim Il-Sung did not establish any movement himself, but was involved in the movement of leftist minded Korean and Chinese students as a regular rank-member.


Question: What did Kim Il-sung die of?

Kim Il-sung

[11] In 1929, Kim was expelled from the school and arrested.


Question: What did Kim Il-sung die of?

Kim Il-sung

The reason was anti-Japanese colonial rule.


Question: What did Kim Il-sung die of?

Kim Il-sung

By this time, he had already abandoned his earlier Christian thought, become a Marxist and founded his own group of communist youths.


Question: What did Kim Il-sung die of?

Kim Il-sung

When the 1930s began, Kim Song-ju adopted the name Kim Il-sung, who later gained fame.


Question: What did Kim Il-sung die of?

Kim Il-sung

[12] Guerrilla Chief In 1931, Kim Il-sung joined the Communist Party of China.


Question: What did Kim Il-sung die of?

Kim Il-sung

He was soon made an organiser of young people belonging to the Korean minority.


Question: What did Kim Il-sung die of?

Kim Il-sung

He took up residence in Manchuria in Antu Province, to be closer to his mother and younger brothers.


Question: What did Kim Il-sung die of?

Kim Il-sung

He decided to join the guerrillas fighting the Japanese.


Question: What did Kim Il-sung die of?

Kim Il-sung

According to his own memoirs, Kim Il-Sung got to these Aikoh his first combat touch.


Question: What did Kim Il-sung die of?

Kim Il-sung

According to his own account, he was chief of a small force and also took orders from the Chinese Nationalists.


Question: What did Kim Il-sung die of?

Kim Il-sung

They shared a common enemy, Japan, and its constituted puppet state of Manchukuo.


Question: What did Kim Il-sung die of?

Kim Il-sung

[13] In 1935, Kim Il-sung began to achieve fame for his courageous struggle against the occupiers.


Question: What did Kim Il-sung die of?

Kim Il-sung

In his report written in December of the same year, the Comintern notes him as being “trusted and respected” for his work on anti-Japanese activities.


Question: What did Kim Il-sung die of?

Kim Il-sung

[14] Admittedly, he was neither any undisputed leader nor the only noted guerrilla leader in the region, and his army was also not independent, but subordinate to the Chinese Communists.


Question: What did Kim Il-sung die of?

Kim Il-sung

Kim Il-sung was elevated in rank to divisional commander, with some 200 men assumed to have been under his command.


Question: What did Kim Il-sung die of?

Kim Il-sung

The reputation among the Nationalist Koreans grew on June 4, 1937, when Kim Il-sung and about 200 men under his command crossed the Korean border in the village of Pochombo, massacring Japanese policemen and acquiring weapons replenishment.


Question: What did Kim Il-sung die of?

Kim Il-sung

The Japanese attacked after Kim and his men, but never reached him and his troops.


Question: What did Kim Il-sung die of?

Kim Il-sung

[14] The attack was part of an attempt to raise an uprising against the Japanese occupiers of Korea.


Question: What did Kim Il-sung die of?

Kim Il-sung

The guerrilla army failed to raise the uprising, but the Japanese established a special unit against it in 1937.


Question: What did Kim Il-sung die of?

Kim Il-sung

The special unit used brutal grips in the fight against the guerrillas.


Question: What did Kim Il-sung die of?

Kim Il-sung

[15] Many historians suspect that around the same time there have also been other anti-Japanese guerrilla chiefs who would have used the name Kim Il-sung.


Question: What did Kim Il-sung die of?

Kim Il-sung

South Korean historians have also claimed that the man who long ruled the northern parts of the country was an impostor who had never been a guerrilla chief in the first place.


Question: What did Kim Il-sung die of?

Kim Il-sung

Suspicions, of course, have not been dispelled by the exaggerating and fairy-tale narratives produced by North Korea's propaganda machine.


Question: What did Kim Il-sung die of?

Kim Il-sung

[16] Some knowledge of private life has been preserved from guerrilla times.


Question: What did Kim Il-sung die of?

Kim Il-sung

Kim Il-sung is reported to have been a brave, trusted friend and womanizer.


Question: What did Kim Il-sung die of?

Kim Il-sung

Pyongyang's elite have later reported that Kim Il-sung had many female comrades and that he also has children with them.


Question: What did Kim Il-sung die of?

Kim Il-sung

Kim Il-sung himself has mentioned the names Han Jong-ae and Hong Hye-song.


Question: What did Kim Il-sung die of?

Kim Il-sung

Hang Jong-ae was with him in Harbin to meet with Comintern representatives while Hong Hye-song was active in guerrilla forces as a practitioner of traditional Korean medicine.


Question: What did Kim Il-sung die of?

Kim Il-sung

[17] Kim Il-sung married around that time for the first time, but the marriage fell short.


Question: What did Kim Il-sung die of?

Kim Il-sung

The spouse was captured and executed by the Japanese.


Question: What did Kim Il-sung die of?

Kim Il-sung

With Japan also occupying northern parts of China, Kim had to move to the Soviet Union.


Question: What did Kim Il-sung die of?

Kim Il-sung

During her Soviet years, she took up residence in Khabarovsk and married Kim Jong Suk, a Korean.


Question: What did Kim Il-sung die of?

Kim Il-sung

One son is born to them.


Question: What did Kim Il-sung die of?

Kim Il-sung

Later, two more boys and one girl were born to the couple.


Question: What did Kim Il-sung die of?

Kim Il-sung

The older son died accidentally and the younger one in childbirth along with his mother.


Question: What did Kim Il-sung die of?

Kim Il-sung

North Korea claims in its propaganda Kim Jong-il was born in a guerrilla camp on Mount Baekdu, but there has never been complete certainty on this or any other information.


Question: What did Kim Il-sung die of?

Kim Il-sung

It should be noted that the birth of Kim Jong-il on Mount Baekdu would be very appropriate in terms of political propaganda: the mountain plays a significant part in Korean mythology.


Question: What did Kim Il-sung die of?

Kim Il-sung

In addition, Soviet sources confirm that Kim Il-sung stayed throughout 1942 in the village of Vyatskoje, where he commanded a Red Army detachment assembled from Koreans as well as Manchurian refugees.


Question: What did Kim Il-sung die of?

Kim Il-sung

His military rank at the time was Captain.


Question: What did Kim Il-sung die of?

Kim Il-sung

Spouse Kim Jong Suk was working in kindergarten around those days.


Question: What did Kim Il-sung die of?

Kim Il-sung

During his Soviet years, Kim Il-sung participated in both military and political training.


Question: What did Kim Il-sung die of?

Kim Il-sung

In physical exercises, he did not excel, as his physical condition was poor.


Question: What did Kim Il-sung die of?

Kim Il-sung

Ju Song-chol, a Korean who lived in the Soviet Union who served as Kim Il-sung's interpreter, has later recounted his memories of this time to South Korean journalists, telling that Soviet trainers became convinced of Kim Il-sung's intelligence and the qualities of the leader.


Question: What did Kim Il-sung die of?

Kim Il-sung

According to some sources, Kim Il-sung held negotiations in Moscow in 1943 and 1944.


Question: What did Kim Il-sung die of?

Kim Il-sung

What was negotiated has remained obscure.


Question: What did Kim Il-sung die of?

Kim Il-sung

[18] The genesis of North Korea and the Korean War World War II ended when Japan surrendered.


Question: What did Kim Il-sung die of?

Kim Il-sung

Korea was freed from its long Japanese occupation, and the Koreans who had resisted the occupation could at last return home.


Question: What did Kim Il-sung die of?

Kim Il-sung

Also among those returning home was Kim Il-sung.


Question: What did Kim Il-sung die of?

Kim Il-sung

How the homecoming happened was a major disappointment for Kim Il-sung.


Question: What did Kim Il-sung die of?

Kim Il-sung

He was not allowed to return to his homeland until September 19 in 1945, a month after the surrender of Japan.


Question: What did Kim Il-sung die of?

Kim Il-sung

He went ashore in the port city of Wŏnsan, wearing Soviet military garb.


Question: What did Kim Il-sung die of?

Kim Il-sung

There were no jubilant crowds at the scene.


Question: What did Kim Il-sung die of?

Kim Il-sung

Kim Il-sung had imagined returning to his homeland at the head of his victorious guerrilla army.


Question: What did Kim Il-sung die of?

Kim Il-sung

Such a modest homecoming has been desired in North Korea's history to forget.


Question: What did Kim Il-sung die of?

Kim Il-sung

[19] However, Allied plans for Korea changed the lives of both Kim Il-sung and millions of other Koreans.


Question: What did Kim Il-sung die of?

Kim Il-sung

The Allies had agreed during World War II to take Korea under international control after the war.


Question: What did Kim Il-sung die of?

Kim Il-sung

The country was divided from the 38th parallel into South and North Korea.


Question: What did Kim Il-sung die of?

Kim Il-sung

The Soviet Union controlled the northern half and the United States controlled the southern.


Question: What did Kim Il-sung die of?

Kim Il-sung

Initially, in August 1945, the Soviet Union formed the People's Committee of Nationalists and Communists.


Question: What did Kim Il-sung die of?

Kim Il-sung

Its chairman became Cho Man-sik, a Christian and probably the most popular politician in the Soviet zone.


Question: What did Kim Il-sung die of?

Kim Il-sung

The National Committee's time fell short, as the Nationalist members of the National Committee were denounced as “reactionaries” by the Soviet authorities.


Question: What did Kim Il-sung die of?

Kim Il-sung

Cho Man-sik was sentenced to house arrest, and nothing is known of his later fate.


Question: What did Kim Il-sung die of?

Kim Il-sung

[20] He was supposedly killed during the Korean War.


Question: What did Kim Il-sung die of?

Kim Il-sung

[21] The arena was now free for Kim Il-sung and his supporters.


Question: What did Kim Il-sung die of?

Kim Il-sung

Kim Il-sung thus rose, with considerable contributions from the Soviet Union, to become leader of the northern part and, in 1946, prime minister of the provisional government.


Question: What did Kim Il-sung die of?

Kim Il-sung

It should be noted that for a long time there was an active Communist Party active in Korea.


Question: What did Kim Il-sung die of?

Kim Il-sung

However, this quite independent party was not trusted by the Soviet Union and it was decided to change its leadership.


Question: What did Kim Il-sung die of?

Kim Il-sung

In September 1945, Hyon Chun Hyok, the leader of the party, as well as other communists who had been negative towards the Soviet Union, were killed in Pyongyang.


Question: What did Kim Il-sung die of?

Kim Il-sung

There is no further detail on the number of those slain; some sources claim a few ten, some say hundreds.


Question: What did Kim Il-sung die of?

Kim Il-sung

[22] The Communist Party of Korea, led by Kim Il-sung, became the leading force in the country and, along with other leftist and patriotic parties, was merged into the Workers' Party of Korea.


Question: What did Kim Il-sung die of?

Kim Il-sung

Under Kim Il-sung, a programme was started under which the industry was nationalised in 1946.


Question: What did Kim Il-sung die of?

Kim Il-sung

The same year also saw the start of land reform in preparation for the subsequent collectivation of agriculture as well as the cooperatization of farms.


Question: What did Kim Il-sung die of?

Kim Il-sung

In doing so, North Korea followed the internal political developments of Eastern European countries.


Question: What did Kim Il-sung die of?

Kim Il-sung

On September 9, 1948, Kim Il-sung declared the DPRK founded with Soviet support, after the American military regime had established the Republic of Korea a few weeks earlier.


Question: What did Kim Il-sung die of?

Kim Il-sung

The following year, it began to be clear that Korea was permanently divided.


Question: What did Kim Il-sung die of?

Kim Il-sung

Both South and North Korea considered themselves the only legitimate Korean state.


Question: What did Kim Il-sung die of?

Kim Il-sung

The South Korean government was slandered as “puppets,” among other things, while the South slandered the North as “lapdogs.”


Question: What did Kim Il-sung die of?

Kim Il-sung

Thousands of refugees moved from north to south to escape communist coercive power while similarly fleeing the south by thousands to the north to escape persecution by U.S. forces and the Syngman Rhee government.


Question: What did Kim Il-sung die of?

Kim Il-sung

The end of the Chinese Civil War in victory for the Communists emboldened Kim Il-sung, who wanted to unify by the Korean War and negotiated the issue with Stalin, who acquiesced to the idea.


Question: What did Kim Il-sung die of?

Kim Il-sung

Those talks received confirmation in 1994 when Russian President Boris Yeltsin handed over documents relating to the talks from his country's archive to South Korean President Kim Young-Sam.


Question: What did Kim Il-sung die of?

Kim Il-sung

The Soviet Union supplied North Korea with a significant amount of new armament.


Question: What did Kim Il-sung die of?

Kim Il-sung

[23], [24] War broke out on 25 June 1950 with a surprise attack on South Korea by the North Korean military.


Question: What did Kim Il-sung die of?

Kim Il-sung

It started promisingly for North Korea, and Seoul was quickly overrun, but the turnaround came in September when UN forces, led by the United States, surged on the Korean peninsula.


Question: What did Kim Il-sung die of?

Kim Il-sung

Seoul was recaptured, as was Pyongyang, and Kim Il-sung and his government fled to China again.


Question: What did Kim Il-sung die of?

Kim Il-sung

China sent troops to help the North's forces retake Pyongyang and Seoul.


Question: What did Kim Il-sung die of?

Kim Il-sung

War rippled across the peninsula, and an armistice was concluded on 27 July 1953.


Question: What did Kim Il-sung die of?

Kim Il-sung

The armistice line was almost the same as the original dividing line.


Question: What did Kim Il-sung die of?

Kim Il-sung

To the people, the war was presented as a triumphant war started by the United States.


Question: What did Kim Il-sung die of?

Kim Il-sung

Officially, the war has not ended yet, because no peace agreement has been concluded.


Question: What did Kim Il-sung die of?

Kim Il-sung

The devastation of the war was considerable.


Question: What did Kim Il-sung die of?

Kim Il-sung

No generally accepted information on casualties or maimed has been provided.


Question: What did Kim Il-sung die of?

Kim Il-sung

In any case, there are millions of victims.


Question: What did Kim Il-sung die of?

Kim Il-sung

The number of U.S. fallen, missing and others perished stands at 52,000 persons.


Question: What did Kim Il-sung die of?

Kim Il-sung

In addition, the material damage was massive.


Question: What did Kim Il-sung die of?

Kim Il-sung

[25] Since the war had been wiped out and the land was in ruins, perpetrators were needed.


Question: What did Kim Il-sung die of?

Kim Il-sung

The party needed to be “purged.”


Question: What did Kim Il-sung die of?

Kim Il-sung

On 3 August 1953, a major trial got underway.


Question: What did Kim Il-sung die of?

Kim Il-sung

Known victims included Sol Jang Sik, interpreter of North Korea's negotiating delegation, also known for having translated Shakespeare's production into Korean, Foreign Minister Pak Hong Jong, and also artillery commander Mu Chong, all of whom were played against what the most fanciful charges.


Question: What did Kim Il-sung die of?

Kim Il-sung

[26] Great Leader After the war, Kim Il-sung harnessed the nation and the Workers' Party of Korea for reconstruction.


Question: What did Kim Il-sung die of?

Kim Il-sung

The ravages of war were repaired in the 1954—1956 three-year plan.


Question: What did Kim Il-sung die of?

Kim Il-sung

Social and family policy reforms also enabled women to participate in education and employment.


Question: What did Kim Il-sung die of?

Kim Il-sung

The capital Pyongyang was almost completely rebuilt as a stately parade city proudly paraded to foreigners.


Question: What did Kim Il-sung die of?

Kim Il-sung

The 1957—1961 five-year plan was then proclaimed.


Question: What did Kim Il-sung die of?

Kim Il-sung

The country's standard of living rose considerably all the way up to the 1970s, although there was a shortage of certain consumer goods and the difference in living standards between rural and urban areas widened.


Question: What did Kim Il-sung die of?

Kim Il-sung

At the time, the country's economy was mired in crisis due to factors such as rising oil prices, the country's growing isolation and the fact that its export products did not outperform the world's competition.


Question: What did Kim Il-sung die of?

Kim Il-sung

In 1958, purges were again enforced in the party.


Question: What did Kim Il-sung die of?

Kim Il-sung

Victims this time included those who welcomed the Soviet reforms.


Question: What did Kim Il-sung die of?

Kim Il-sung

Subsequently, Kim Il-sung gave a speech in which he stated that “pernicious group community' has been forever removed from the party.


Question: What did Kim Il-sung die of?

Kim Il-sung

[27] Around the same time, Kim Il-sung began to proclaim the Yuche cause.


Question: What did Kim Il-sung die of?

Kim Il-sung

Juche (self-sufficiency) is a Korean application of Marxism-Leninism based on complete independence and self-sufficiency.


Question: What did Kim Il-sung die of?

Kim Il-sung

Kim Il-sung used the term “Juche-aate” for the first time in a speech in 1955.


Question: What did Kim Il-sung die of?

Kim Il-sung

It was created to inspire both national pride and internal solidarity.


Question: What did Kim Il-sung die of?

Kim Il-sung

Furthermore, the intention was to elevate Kim Il-sung's own authority.


Question: What did Kim Il-sung die of?

Kim Il-sung

However, Marxism-Leninism was still the main frame of reference and the Juche cause its local and time-limited application.


Question: What did Kim Il-sung die of?

Kim Il-sung

[28] In the 1960s, new population policies began to be implemented in North Korea.


Question: What did Kim Il-sung die of?

Kim Il-sung

The people were divided into socio-political categories.


Question: What did Kim Il-sung die of?

Kim Il-sung

Similar classification also existed in other socialist countries, but North Korea went the longest in its classification.


Question: What did Kim Il-sung die of?

Kim Il-sung

The people were divided into three main groups, which in turn were divided into a total of 51 subgroups.


Question: What did Kim Il-sung die of?

Kim Il-sung

What group belonged to defined the right to access commodities, access to occupations, places of study and even population protection.


Question: What did Kim Il-sung die of?

Kim Il-sung

The highest group included the cadres of the revolution.


Question: What did Kim Il-sung die of?

Kim Il-sung

In the next group were laborers and peasants who were prestigious, but without political rights.


Question: What did Kim Il-sung die of?

Kim Il-sung

The lowest group included former burghers, dissidents and those whose families had emigrated to South Korea.


Question: What did Kim Il-sung die of?

Kim Il-sung

Members of the lowest group did not get into good jobs and were severely punished for political crimes.


Question: What did Kim Il-sung die of?

Kim Il-sung

According to some observers, living in Pyongyang remains off-limits to members of the lowest group, as well as invalids.


Question: What did Kim Il-sung die of?

Kim Il-sung

[29] Despite questionable population policies, the Kim Il-sung regime enjoyed a good reputation at the turn of the 1960s—1970s.


Question: What did Kim Il-sung die of?

Kim Il-sung

Western observers also felt its economy was in good shape as a developing country, and its school institution was considered more functional than South Korea.


Question: What did Kim Il-sung die of?

Kim Il-sung

In contrast to other Eastern Bloc leaders during the Cold War, Kim Il-sung occasionally wore Western attire.


Question: What did Kim Il-sung die of?

Kim Il-sung

[30] In 1952, Kim Il-sung married Kim Song-ae.


Question: What did Kim Il-sung die of?

Kim Il-sung

They probably have four children.


Question: What did Kim Il-sung die of?

Kim Il-sung

The most famous is Kim Pyong-Il, who was his country's ambassador to Finland from 1994 to 1998.


Question: What did Kim Il-sung die of?

Kim Il-sung

The Juche cause proved to be highly pragmatic when it came to retaining Kim Il-sung's power.


Question: What did Kim Il-sung die of?

Kim Il-sung

The 1960s also saw the beginning of person-worship towards Kim Il-sung, gaining enormous proportions: apart from the “great leader”, Kim Il-sung is also the “great father” and the “sun of the nation”.


Question: What did Kim Il-sung die of?

Kim Il-sung

In foreign policy, he faced a balancing act between China and the Soviet Union.


Question: What did Kim Il-sung die of?

Kim Il-sung

Initially he sided with China, but after 1966 on the Soviet side.


Question: What did Kim Il-sung die of?

Kim Il-sung

However, relations between North Korea remained with both sides, and by fielding China and the Soviet Union against each other succeeded in acquiring an independent position in foreign policy.


Question: What did Kim Il-sung die of?

Kim Il-sung

[31] In 1967, purges were again carried out in the Workers' Party of Korea.


Question: What did Kim Il-sung die of?

Kim Il-sung

The increasingly massive cult of personnel and concentration of power to Kim Il-sung's family and relatives could not be accepted by Kim Il-sung's opponents.


Question: What did Kim Il-sung die of?

Kim Il-sung

[31] The most famous victim of the purges is the party's secretary-general Kim Kwang Hyup.


Question: What did Kim Il-sung die of?

Kim Il-sung

Kim Il-sung declared at the time that “class enemies and enemies of the party must be destroyed until the third generation.” In 1972, the new Constitution of the DPRK came into effect.


Question: What did Kim Il-sung die of?

Kim Il-sung

In it, Kim Il-sung was defined as having the position of president.


Question: What did Kim Il-sung die of?

Kim Il-sung

On his 60th birthday, personal worship again took on new proportions; as many as 300,000 people attended the opening of the Revolution Museum, and a bronze statue, 27 metres high, depicting Kim Il-sung, was erected in front of the museum.


Question: What did Kim Il-sung die of?

Kim Il-sung

That same year, Kim announced that he would seek the peaceful reunification of the Koreas.


Question: What did Kim Il-sung die of?

Kim Il-sung

However, in the same year, North Korean intelligence attempted to assassinate South Korean President Park Chung Hee.


Question: What did Kim Il-sung die of?

Kim Il-sung

On top of this, talk of “peaceful reunification” fell into an increasingly bizarre light when, in 1974, an attack tunnel underneath the Demilitarised Zone separating the countries was discovered in South Korea.


Question: What did Kim Il-sung die of?

Kim Il-sung

In total, 17 pieces of tunnels have been found, the most recent in 1990.


Question: What did Kim Il-sung die of?

Kim Il-sung

Elder Statesman In 1980 the sixth meeting of the Workers' Party of Korea was held


Question: What did Kim Il-sung die of?

Kim Il-sung

At the meeting, Kim Il-sung named his son Kim Jong-il as his successor.


Question: What did Kim Il-sung die of?

Kim Il-sung

However, the party did not accept the eccentric dynastic succession of power in an officially communist state, nor did the personal worship of ever larger proportions and legendary narratives.


Question: What did Kim Il-sung die of?

Kim Il-sung

Among other things, the people were told how, within seconds, Kim Il-sung had solved the problem of housing design, which architects had pondered in vain [32] Kim's opponents were taken to labor camps.


Question: What did Kim Il-sung die of?

Kim Il-sung

On Kim's 70th birthday, a spectacular Juche Tower was completed in his honor.


Question: What did Kim Il-sung die of?

Kim Il-sung

The tower consists of 25500 granite spades, one for every day of the leader's life.


Question: What did Kim Il-sung die of?

Kim Il-sung

1984 Kim Il-sung travelled to the Soviet Union and received the arms and economic aid he requested from there.


Question: What did Kim Il-sung die of?

Kim Il-sung

In the same year, he signed a law authorizing joint ventures with foreigners, inspired by China, and further proclaimed that trading with anyone was possible.


Question: What did Kim Il-sung die of?

Kim Il-sung

But the main focus was on trade with developing countries.


Question: What did Kim Il-sung die of?

Kim Il-sung

[33] North Korea's economy deteriorated despite subsidies and joint venture efforts throughout the 1980s.


Question: What did Kim Il-sung die of?

Kim Il-sung

The country experienced shortages of steel, iron and cement in particular.


Question: What did Kim Il-sung die of?

Kim Il-sung

Factories were closed because of ongoing shortages of raw materials and energy; even electric power was enough for just a few hours each day.


Question: What did Kim Il-sung die of?

Kim Il-sung

However, 25— 50% of all resources were directed to the military, as Kim Il-sung issued a proclamation imposing an “Army First” policy in effect.


Question: What did Kim Il-sung die of?

Kim Il-sung

1991 Kim Il-sung visited China for the last time.


Question: What did Kim Il-sung die of?

Kim Il-sung

Far from getting the financial help he had hoped for, he had to listen to lectures on economic reforms and the good aspects of opening up abroad.


Question: What did Kim Il-sung die of?

Kim Il-sung

[34] In the 1990s, a famine came to the country.


Question: What did Kim Il-sung die of?

Kim Il-sung

North Korea is thought to have had a hard grip on suppressed internal unrest.


Question: What did Kim Il-sung die of?

Kim Il-sung

Parts of the general wanted freer conditions and attempted a coup d'état.


Question: What did Kim Il-sung die of?

Kim Il-sung

Two generals were arrested and killed, and in addition there were purges in the army.


Question: What did Kim Il-sung die of?

Kim Il-sung

[35] On 9 April 1992, an amendment was made to the Constitution that all policy must be based on the Juche cause.


Question: What did Kim Il-sung die of?

Kim Il-sung

1993 Kim Il-sung transferred the presidency of the National Defense Council to his son Kim Jong-il.


Question: What did Kim Il-sung die of?

Kim Il-sung

1993 Kim Il-sung wanted to start integration talks with South Korea, as he had made the unification of the countries his life's work.


Question: What did Kim Il-sung die of?

Kim Il-sung

Negotiators from South Korea, the United States and North Korea met each other in June 1993.


Question: What did Kim Il-sung die of?

Kim Il-sung

[36] It was envisaged that, upon unification, the Koreas would have their own social systems as the states formed a confederacy.


Question: What did Kim Il-sung die of?

Kim Il-sung

[37] In the same year, Kim Il-sung, in his speech as the unheard-of major and last-ditched New Year address of the crisis of socialism, stated that the economy needed adjustments.


Question: What did Kim Il-sung die of?

Kim Il-sung

[38] There are some signs that, in his very last days, Kim Il-sung would have sought some change in his economic policy.


Question: What did Kim Il-sung die of?

Kim Il-sung

Kang Myong-do, who defected to the South from North Korea, has told of an interesting little incident.


Question: What did Kim Il-sung die of?

Kim Il-sung

In 1992, Kim Il-sung had wondered why smoke was coming from the chimney of only two Pyongyang power stations.


Question: What did Kim Il-sung die of?

Kim Il-sung

He had sent his officers to the scene, who had been told that the Anju mines were not supplying coal.


Question: What did Kim Il-sung die of?

Kim Il-sung

Kim Il-sung was amazed; after all, he had just read a report detailing the Anju mines producing 120% more coal than planned.


Question: What did Kim Il-sung die of?

Kim Il-sung

Officers had been sent to the mines to determine the reason why coal was not delivered.


Question: What did Kim Il-sung die of?

Kim Il-sung

The reason was found: the miners had nothing to eat.


Question: What did Kim Il-sung die of?

Kim Il-sung

The great leader was confused and angry that things were being kept from him.


Question: What did Kim Il-sung die of?

Kim Il-sung

Kim Il-sung had lived for the past few years as a kind of part-time pensioner, focusing mostly on foreign policy, meeting with foreign journalists and writing memoirs.


Question: What did Kim Il-sung die of?

Kim Il-sung

The “plant incident” was one of those cases that prompted Kim Il-sung not only to push the cause of reunification of the Koreas, but also to take a renewed interest in domestic affairs.


Question: What did Kim Il-sung die of?

Kim Il-sung

[39] However, the Koreas reunification talks did not get beyond the beginning until Kim Il-sung died of a heart attack on July 8, 1994.


Question: What did Kim Il-sung die of?

Kim Il-sung

It has been rumoured that, before his death, Kim Il-sung would have quarreled violently with his son over the dire state of the country's economy.


Question: What did Kim Il-sung die of?

Kim Il-sung

Some of the doctors of the “great leader” died in a mysterious helicopter crash.


Question: What did Kim Il-sung die of?

Kim Il-sung

[36] A state funeral was held on 18 July, and a period of mourning lasting three years was declared in the country.


Question: What did Kim Il-sung die of?

Kim Il-sung

Today, Kim Il-sung's earthly remains rest in the Kumsusan mausoleum in Pyongyang.


Question: What did Kim Il-sung die of?

Kim Il-sung

The death was accompanied by legend-like narratives in North Korea: in one city bees had gathered around a statue of the 'great leader' to mourn, according to another case three years after Kim Il-sung's death, a 'double had evolved above his statue rainbow, after which a bright star had long twinkled above the statue”.


Question: What did Kim Il-sung die of?

Kim Il-sung

Even today, Kim Il-sung is referred to by titles as “great leader” and “eternal president.”


Question: What did Kim Il-sung die of?

Kim Il-sung

Aftermath Kim Il-sung is today seen as a strict Stalinist dictator who created a state with little knowledge of human rights or civil liberties.


Question: What did Kim Il-sung die of?

Kim Il-sung

In addition, in many ways he left a problematic legacy for his country.


Question: What did Kim Il-sung die of?

Kim Il-sung

The dynastic succession to power alienated North Korea from the socialist camp.


Question: What did Kim Il-sung die of?

Kim Il-sung

As recently as 1970, North Korea's “Dictionary of Political Terminology” considered heritable power to be a remnant of “feudal slave societies”.


Question: What did Kim Il-sung die of?

Kim Il-sung

In 1972, that definition had been removed.


Question: What did Kim Il-sung die of?

Kim Il-sung

After Kim Il-sung's son, the head of state Kim Jong-il who died in December 2011, power passed to Kim Jong-il's son Kim Jong-un without the people being allowed to voice their opinion.


Question: What did Kim Il-sung die of?

Kim Il-sung

The country's political elite has isolated themselves from the lives of the majority of the people, enjoying a standard of living that the country's majority can only dream of.


Question: What did Kim Il-sung die of?

Kim Il-sung

Already that makes driving deep reforms difficult.


Question: What did Kim Il-sung die of?

Kim Il-sung

Senior officials who defected from the country have told reporters that the “great leader” alone had dozens of villas across the country.


Question: What did Kim Il-sung die of?

Kim Il-sung

A long way had come from that young idealistic Kim Song-ju, who wrote that “... the richer people are, the more cold-hearted they are... wealth is a trap that engulfs and destroys virtue..” [40] North Korea has been described as a “Stalinist system” and a “hermit state.”


Question: What did Kim Il-sung die of?

Kim Il-sung

Former US President George W. Bush has referred to it as a “rogue state.”


Question: What did Kim Il-sung die of?

Kim Il-sung

Kim Il-sung had set a unified Korea as the goal of his life's work.


Question: What did Kim Il-sung die of?

Kim Il-sung

But the war he initiated deepened the divide between the two Koreas, and North Korea's current difficulties and totalitarianism have made its system in no way attractive to the people of the south.


Question: What did Kim Il-sung die of?

Kim Il-sung

In addition, many elderly South Koreans remember the wartime atrocities of North Korea's occupying forces and political apparatus.


Question: What did Kim Il-sung die of?

Kim Il-sung

Kim Il-sung's “ten-point program for the independent and peaceful reunification of the Koreas” has received e.g.


Question: What did Kim Il-sung die of?

Kim Il-sung

Approval by the UN General Assembly.


Question: What did Kim Il-sung die of?

Kim Il-sung

The command economy worked wonders as the country was being rebuilt from the aftermath of the Korean War.


Question: What did Kim Il-sung die of?

Kim Il-sung

However, its rigidity has caused serious problems.


Question: What did Kim Il-sung die of?

Kim Il-sung

Problems began to emerge as early as the turn of the 1970s and 1980s, when the country began to become indebted.


Question: What did Kim Il-sung die of?

Kim Il-sung

The country's reputation as a reliable trading partner has not been boosted by the fact that machinery and supplies ordered from abroad have been left unpaid.


Question: What did Kim Il-sung die of?

Kim Il-sung

[41] In addition, large sums have been wasted on festivals and monuments demanded by the cult of persons.


Question: What did Kim Il-sung die of?

Kim Il-sung

North Korea's economy is in very bad shape due largely to the years of disappearance, the collapse of trade in socialist countries and technology that has fallen into place.


Question: What did Kim Il-sung die of?

Kim Il-sung

The difficulties of agriculture began as early as the 1970s.


Question: What did Kim Il-sung die of?

Kim Il-sung

At the time, the launch was launched on Kim Il-sung's order, “Take over more land!” program.


Question: What did Kim Il-sung die of?

Kim Il-sung

In this case, the forests of the hills and mountainsides were felled, and attempts were made to make them farmlands.


Question: What did Kim Il-sung die of?

Kim Il-sung

Rainwater and erosion made the hills and mountain slopes bare, and the soil drained from them filled the irrigation canals and ditches.


Question: What did Kim Il-sung die of?

Kim Il-sung

[42] Despite government measures, part of the population still needs the help of international organizations.


Question: What did Kim Il-sung die of?

Kim Il-sung

Diseases caused by malnutrition occur in the country.


Question: What did Kim Il-sung die of?

Kim Il-sung

In the country's own propaganda, Kim Il-sung is a divine leader who has enlightened scientists and artists alike.


Question: What did Kim Il-sung die of?

Kim Il-sung

Quotes on Kim Il-sung's thoughts “Lenin lived, Lenin lives and Lenin comes to live” “The most important thing in art and literature is to portray our reality vividly — a reality where miracles are performed everywhere, everyone turns into a new communist person and the great Chollima- progress continues.” “Youth must not drift into pacifism and especially must be wary of sinking into the fear of war fuelled by the revisionist tendency.” “What good is technology if it is separated outside the leadership of the party?” [43] Sources Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Courtois, Stéphane et al.| title = Black Book of Communism: Crimes, Terror, Oppression| location = Helsinki| publisher = WSOY| year = 2000| version = Englishers: Kaarina Turtia, Matti Brotherus and Heikki Eskelinen| id = 9BN 51-0- 25073-2}} Huotari, Tauno-Olavi: “From Hermit Kingdom to Economic Man”.


Question: What did Kim Il-sung die of?

Kim Il-sung

In Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Vesterinen, Ilmari et al| title = Korea: three doors to tiger kingdom| location = Helsinki| publisher = Gaudeamus| year = 2000| id = ISBN 951-662-797-8}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Martin, Bradley K.| title = Under The Loving Care Of The Fatherly Leader: North Korea And The Kim Dynasty| publisher = Thomas Dunne Books, St. Martins Press| year = 2004| id = ISBN 0-312-32221-6}} Seppinen, Jukka: Years of Danger?


Question: What did Kim Il-sung die of?

Kim Il-sung

Survival strategy of Finland 1944- 1950.


Question: What did Kim Il-sung die of?

Kim Il-sung

Minerva cost 2008, Karisto Oy's book print Hämeenlinna.


Question: What did Kim Il-sung die of?

Kim Il-sung

ISBN 978-952-492-151-0 References Literature Kang Chol-hwan & Pierre Rigoulot: Pyongyang Aquariums, 10 Years in North Korean Gulag.


Question: What did Kim Il-sung die of?

Kim Il-sung

Translated by Lotta Toiviainen.


Question: What did Kim Il-sung die of?

Kim Il-sung

Publishing company Siltala, Helsinki 2009.


Question: What did Kim Il-sung die of?

Kim Il-sung

ISBN 978-952-234-015-3 Category:Dictators Category:Rulers Class:North Korean politicians * Category:Those born in 1912 Class:Those who died in 1994 Category:Key articles of screening


Question: When was Helsinki Malmi Airport built?

Helsinki-Malmi Airport

Helsinki-Malmi Airport (often briefly Malmi Airport,;) is an airport in the Malmi district of northeastern Helsinki about ten kilometres northeast of Helsinki city centre.


Question: When was Helsinki Malmi Airport built?

Helsinki-Malmi Airport

Completed in 1936, until 1952, the airport was Helsinki's main airport except for the years 1944—1946 when the field was under control of the Control Commission.


Question: When was Helsinki Malmi Airport built?

Helsinki-Malmi Airport

During that time Hyvinkää Airport served as the main airport.


Question: When was Helsinki Malmi Airport built?

Helsinki-Malmi Airport

Until 1946, the area of Helsinki-Malmi Airport belonged to the rural municipality of Helsinki and then to the city of Helsinki.


Question: When was Helsinki Malmi Airport built?

Helsinki-Malmi Airport

Today, operations at the airport consist of flight training, general aviation and government flights.


Question: When was Helsinki Malmi Airport built?

Helsinki-Malmi Airport

As measured by the number of landings, Helsinki-Malmi Airport is the second busiest in Finland after Helsinki Airport.


Question: When was Helsinki Malmi Airport built?

Helsinki-Malmi Airport

[1] According to Finavia, more than 38,000 takeoffs and landings were made at Helsinki-Malmi Airport in 2012.


Question: When was Helsinki Malmi Airport built?

Helsinki-Malmi Airport

Ore Airport Area covers an area of 138 hectares and as a whole is listed as a Built Cultural Environment of National Importance [2].


Question: When was Helsinki Malmi Airport built?

Helsinki-Malmi Airport

In 2014, the Finnish Government adopted a decision in principle to withdraw from the Malmi field “to improve the conditions for residential construction in the Helsinki region”.


Question: When was Helsinki Malmi Airport built?

Helsinki-Malmi Airport

The government set a condition for this change to a replacement field for the transfer of Border Guard and Civil Aviation.


Question: When was Helsinki Malmi Airport built?

Helsinki-Malmi Airport

The city of Helsinki bought the land property from Finavia in November of the same year, and the state is due to withdraw from the field by the end of 2016.


Question: When was Helsinki Malmi Airport built?

Helsinki-Malmi Airport

The City Planning Agency has prepared a draft plan plan that will place housing for around 25,000 residents in the area.


Question: When was Helsinki Malmi Airport built?

Helsinki-Malmi Airport

Those in favor of preserving the airport have objected to the construction plans.


Question: When was Helsinki Malmi Airport built?

Helsinki-Malmi Airport

Finavia withdrew from the field maintenance responsibility on December 31, 2016.


Question: When was Helsinki Malmi Airport built?

Helsinki-Malmi Airport

The last landing, controlled by air traffic control, occurred at exactly 5 p.m.


Question: When was Helsinki Malmi Airport built?

Helsinki-Malmi Airport

The last plane to land was BF-Flight Ltd's Cessna 152 OH-CRA.


Question: When was Helsinki Malmi Airport built?

Helsinki-Malmi Airport

Operations operated by Finavia ended at 22:00 and operations were taken over by Malmi airport association ry at 00:00 on 1 January 2017.


Question: When was Helsinki Malmi Airport built?

Helsinki-Malmi Airport

At the same time, the airport transferred as a whole to the maintenance responsibility of the City of Helsinki.


Question: When was Helsinki Malmi Airport built?

Helsinki-Malmi Airport

History Construction work on Helsinki's first airport, Helsinki Airport, began in 1935 and was completed in working order for Tatttarsuo in the Malmi district of Helsinki rural municipality in 1936.


Question: When was Helsinki Malmi Airport built?

Helsinki-Malmi Airport

The field area was very watery and shaping it into an airfield was difficult.


Question: When was Helsinki Malmi Airport built?

Helsinki-Malmi Airport

For temporary use the field was put into service on 16 December 1936.


Question: When was Helsinki Malmi Airport built?

Helsinki-Malmi Airport

First landed VL Tuisku, piloted by Airmaster Urho Heiskala, the second was the De Havilland Moth “Pilvetär” (OH-ILD) of the Finnish Air Defence Association (OH-ILD) with Lieutenant Colonel Ahonius at his controls.


Question: When was Helsinki Malmi Airport built?

Helsinki-Malmi Airport

The actual air service was opened by a third plane, the Junkers Ju 52 “Södermanland” of Swedish Aerotransport flown by Ernst Roll.


Question: When was Helsinki Malmi Airport built?

Helsinki-Malmi Airport

[3] Aero O/Y, now Finnair, aircraft were converted from floats to wheels without delay and moved with general aviation aircraft to the new field.


Question: When was Helsinki Malmi Airport built?

Helsinki-Malmi Airport

In 1937, the field surface was treated with oil absorption by injecting two kilograms of oil onto it per square meter [4], among other things, to reduce dusting.


Question: When was Helsinki Malmi Airport built?

Helsinki-Malmi Airport

In the same year, instrument approach equipment manufactured by the Telefunken company was installed in the field.


Question: When was Helsinki Malmi Airport built?

Helsinki-Malmi Airport

Designed by Dag Englund and Vera Rosendahl, the terminal building representing a functionalist style was completed in 1938, [5] [6] and the solemn opening of the airport was held on 15 May 1938.


Question: When was Helsinki Malmi Airport built?

Helsinki-Malmi Airport

The opening of the field was part of an international aviation exhibition just underway.


Question: When was Helsinki Malmi Airport built?

Helsinki-Malmi Airport

Kaisa Kallio, Marshal Mannerheim and Prime Minister A.


Question: When was Helsinki Malmi Airport built?

Helsinki-Malmi Airport

K.