Question: Who founded Metallica?

Metallica

Hardwired... to Self-Destruct debuted at number one in the United States album charts.


Question: Who founded Metallica?

Metallica

The title track “Hardwired” was chipped from the album as an extension of another four more singles: “Moth into Flame”, “Atlas, Rise!” , “Now That We're Dead”, and “Spit Out the Bone”.


Question: Who founded Metallica?

Metallica

A music video was also released for each of the twelve tracks on the album.


Question: Who founded Metallica?

Metallica

Metallica announced that they would also be embarking on their new WorldWired Tour with their new album.


Question: Who founded Metallica?

Metallica

On a tour consisting of stadium concerts in North America, Avenged Sevenfold, Volbeat and Gojira served as warm-ups for the band.


Question: Who founded Metallica?

Metallica

[53] Style Metallica has been influenced by early heavy metal representatives such as Scorpions, Van Halen, Black Sabbath, Deep Purple and Led Zeppelin.


Question: Who founded Metallica?

Metallica

Mercyful Fate, Motörhead, Diamond Head, Iron Maiden and Venom, known as a pioneer of thrash metal, have also influenced Metallica's style.


Question: Who founded Metallica?

Metallica

Early Metallica releases included fast tempos and instrumentals lasting up to nine minutes.


Question: Who founded Metallica?

Metallica

The songs were about religion, death, war, rage and drugs, among other things.


Question: Who founded Metallica?

Metallica

In 1991, with the advent of a new producer, Bob Rock, Metallica simplified and clarified its music.


Question: Who founded Metallica?

Metallica

The band reduced the number of aggressive and fast-paced songs to expand their musical range.


Question: Who founded Metallica?

Metallica

The move in this direction proved commercially successful as Black Album rose to first place on the Billboard 200 chart.


Question: Who founded Metallica?

Metallica

Metallica switched their lyrical approach and wrote songs that dealt with anger, loss and revenge.


Question: Who founded Metallica?

Metallica

On the albums Load and ReLoad, the heaviest metal music features have been abandoned almost completely and the songs hear influences from earthy blues rock, alternative rock and even country music.


Question: Who founded Metallica?

Metallica

With St. Anger, Metallica made their biggest musical transformation ever.


Question: Who founded Metallica?

Metallica

The band sought a raucous and raw sound world for the album.


Question: Who founded Metallica?

Metallica

The guitars and bass guitar on the album are tuned to the Drop-C tune, and there are none of the guitar solos on the album.


Question: Who founded Metallica?

Metallica

The album's lyrics deal with topics such as the devil, anti-drug, claustrophobia, and the hypocrisy of religions.


Question: Who founded Metallica?

Metallica

On their tenth album, Death Magnetic, Metallica again uses instruments in E tune in most songs (some with Drop-D) and the songs contain several guitar solos.


Question: Who founded Metallica?

Metallica

Members of Metallica's line-upOriginal (1981, 1982) James Hetfield - rhythm guitar, vocals Lars Ulrich - drums Dave Mustaine - guitar Ron McGovney - bass (1982—1983) James Hetfield - rhythm guitar, songs Dave Mustaine - guitar Cliff Burton - bass, backing vocals Lars Ulrich - drums (1983—1986) James Hetfield - rhythm guitar, vocals Kirk Hammett - guitar Cliff Burton - bass, backing vocals Lars Ulrich - drums (1986—2001) James Hetfield - rhythm guitar, songs Kirk Hammett - guitar Jason Newsted - bass, backing vocals Lars Ulrich - drums (2001—2003) James Hetfield - rhythm guitar, vocals Kirk Hammett - guitar, backing vocals Lars Ulrich - drums, Bob Rock - bassCurrent (2003—) James Hetfield - rhythm guitar, vocals Kirk Hammett - guitar, backing vocals Robert Trujillo - bass, backing vocals Lars Ulrich - drums Current James Hetfield — vocals, rhythm guitar (occasional solo guitar) Lars Ulrich — drums Kirk Hammett — solo guitar, backing vocals (1983—) Robert Trujillo — bass guitar, backing vocals (2003—) Former Jason Newsted — bass guitar, backing vocals (1986—2001) Cliff Burton — bass guitar, backing vocals (1982—1986) Dave Mustaine — solo guitar (1981—1983) Ron McGovney — bass guitar, backing vocals (1981—1982) Joey Jordison & Dave Lombardo — drums (2004) (Gig drummers after Ulrich fell ill) John Marshall — rhythm guitar (1986 & 1992) (Gig guitarist with Hetfield convalescing) Other persons Rick Rubin — producer (2006—) Bob Rock — producer (1991—2003), bass guitar on album St. Anger (2002—2003) Flemming Rasmussen — producer (1984—1988) Paul Curcio — producer (1983) Jon Zazula — producer (1983), manager (1983—1984) Timeline Discography Studio albums Concerts in Finland Sources Literature Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Halfin, Ross| title = Metallica in pictures| location = Helsinki| publisher = Like| year = 2009| version=( Metallica, 2006.)


Question: Who founded Metallica?

Metallica

Preface by Kirk Hammet.


Question: Who founded Metallica?

Metallica

Translated by Päivi Paappanen| id = ISBN 978-952-01-0315-6}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Halfin, Ross| title = Invincible Metallica| location = Helsinki| publisher = Gummerus| year = 2012| version = (The Ultimate Metallica, 2010.)


Question: Who founded Metallica?

Metallica

Early words: Lars Ulrich.


Question: Who founded Metallica?

Metallica

Afterwords: Kirk Hammett.


Question: Who founded Metallica?

Metallica

Translated by Maria Sjövik| id = ISBN 978-951-20-8772-3}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = McIver, Joel| title = Metallica: Thrashtitans Road to become the greatest metal band in the world... and what happened| location = Helsinki| publisher = Like| year = 2005| version = for all: The truth about Metallica, 2004.)


Question: Who founded Metallica?

Metallica

Translated by Ilkka Salmenpoh| id = ISBN 952-471-618-6}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Putterford, Mark (ed.


Question: Who founded Metallica?

Metallica

) | title = Metallica| location = Helsinki| publisher = January| year = 1995| version = (Metallica in their own words, 1994.)


Question: Who founded Metallica?

Metallica

Translated by Leena Lehtinen| id = ISBN 951-31-0550-4}} On the topic elsewhere.


Question: Who founded Metallica?

Metallica

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Question: Who founded Metallica?

Metallica

Use {{lang-en}} or {{en icon}} instead.


Question: Who founded Metallica?

Metallica

is Twitter.


Question: Who founded Metallica?

Metallica


Question: Who founded Metallica?

Metallica

Use {{lang-en}} or {{en icon}} instead..... Yle Living Archive. Transclusion error: {{En}} is only for use in File namespace.


Question: Who founded Metallica?

Metallica

Use {{lang-en}} or {{en icon}} instead.


Question: Who founded Metallica?

Metallica

ChaoSzine.


Question: Who founded Metallica?

Metallica

Category:Key articles on screening


Question: What was the so-called. Paasikiven-Kekkonen line?

Paasikiven—Kekkonen line

The Paasikiven—Kekkonen line is a designation used for Finland's post-World War II foreign policy neutrality line.


Question: What was the so-called. Paasikiven-Kekkonen line?

Paasikiven—Kekkonen line

It received its name from the postwar presidents Paasikiveni and Kekkonen.


Question: What was the so-called. Paasikiven-Kekkonen line?

Paasikiven—Kekkonen line

The term was launched by Kekkonen's supporters.


Question: What was the so-called. Paasikiven-Kekkonen line?

Paasikiven—Kekkonen line

It sought first to support Kekkonen's presidential campaign and later to transfer to him the appreciation enjoyed by Paasikivi.


Question: What was the so-called. Paasikiven-Kekkonen line?

Paasikiven—Kekkonen line

Even the leadership of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, however, regarded the Kekkonen line as serving Soviet objectives, quite different from the Paasikivi line.


Question: What was the so-called. Paasikiven-Kekkonen line?

Paasikiven—Kekkonen line

Origin The term was introduced by Arvo Korsimo, Party Secretary of the Agrarian League, and Gustav Vilkuna, a political backbencher, after the Soviet Union announced the return of the Porkkala rental area to Finland in 1955.


Question: What was the so-called. Paasikiven-Kekkonen line?

Paasikiven—Kekkonen line

The term first appeared in the press after the Agrarian Union's main voice supporter Maakansan was equipped with the news of the restoration of Porkkala under the headline “Victory of the Foreign Policy Line of Paasikiven-Kekkonen” in its issue of 18 September 1955.


Question: What was the so-called. Paasikiven-Kekkonen line?

Paasikiven—Kekkonen line

[1] According to Minister Max Jakobson, the term had been developed in Moscow and Ahti Karjalainen had been trained as a continuator of the “line”.


Question: What was the so-called. Paasikiven-Kekkonen line?

Paasikiven—Kekkonen line

[2] Kekkonen line and Paasikivi line NKP's leading figure Otto Ville Kuusinen explained in 1963 to the SKP leadership that NKP supported Kekko even at SKP's expense because the Paasikivi line was “only peaceful relations based on necessity” but the Kekkonen line brought “ a valuable addition to revolutionary theory, because for the first time the peasant party of a capitalist country in cooperation with the Socialism camp had propelled development forward in a way that otherwise a vigorous labour movement and mass movement would have been needed”.


Question: What was the so-called. Paasikiven-Kekkonen line?

Paasikiven—Kekkonen line

“The Soviet Union would draw extreme conclusions about any solution that would mean a return from the Kekkonen line to the Paasikivi line.”


Question: What was the so-called. Paasikiven-Kekkonen line?

Paasikiven—Kekkonen line

Therefore, Kuusinen himself did not use the term Paasikiven—Kekkonen line among friends.


Question: What was the so-called. Paasikiven-Kekkonen line?

Paasikiven—Kekkonen line

[2] Paasikivi's line Paasikivi describes his own view of foreign policy in his diary of 2 August 1944 as follows: The essential thing for Paasikivi was to secure Finland's independence, and in postwar conditions he considered it to require certain concessions to the Soviet Union, but Paasikivi took the concessions reluctantly and sought to keep them minimal.


Question: What was the so-called. Paasikiven-Kekkonen line?

Paasikiven—Kekkonen line

Occasionally he stopped by to ask President K. J. Ståhlberg's advice, and this encouraged him to keep concessions minimal.


Question: What was the so-called. Paasikiven-Kekkonen line?

Paasikiven—Kekkonen line

Sources Category:Finnish political history Category:Finnish foreign policy Category:Juho Kusti Paasikivi Class:Urho Kekkonen


Question: Why is Madeira an autonomous region?

Madeira

Madeira () is a self-governing group of islands belonging to Portugal in the North Atlantic about 580 kilometres northwest of the North African coast.


Question: Why is Madeira an autonomous region?

Madeira

Madeira belongs geographically to Macaronesia and consists of seven volcanic islands, the largest and only inhabited ones being Madeira and Porto Santo.


Question: Why is Madeira an autonomous region?

Madeira

Located about 40 kilometres southeast of the main island, the three islands comprise the Desertas Islands.


Question: Why is Madeira an autonomous region?

Madeira

Administratively, Madeira still includes the Selvagen Islands comprising the two islands in the southeast 280 km away.


Question: Why is Madeira an autonomous region?

Madeira

When speaking of Madeira, one may refer equally to the entire administrative region, to a geographical group of islands, or to the island of Madeira alone.


Question: Why is Madeira an autonomous region?

Madeira

The earliest reliable records of European activity in Madeira's history go back to the early 15th century.


Question: Why is Madeira an autonomous region?

Madeira

There are also considerably older but uncertain references from Madeira right from the beginning of the time count.


Question: Why is Madeira an autonomous region?

Madeira

The official written history of Madeira began with the arrival of the Portuguese from 1418.


Question: Why is Madeira an autonomous region?

Madeira

The Carnation Revolution in Portugal in 1974 toppled the military junta that ruled the country, resulting in Madeira being granted autonomy two years later.


Question: Why is Madeira an autonomous region?

Madeira

Madeira joined Portugal to the European Union in 1986.


Question: Why is Madeira an autonomous region?

Madeira

Madeira's standard of living has risen under autonomy and EU membership.


Question: Why is Madeira an autonomous region?

Madeira

Madeira President Miguel Albuquerque has held office since March 2015.


Question: Why is Madeira an autonomous region?

Madeira

His predecessor, Alberto João Jardim, had time to hold the office of president for 37 years.


Question: Why is Madeira an autonomous region?

Madeira

The total population of Madeira was 267938 in 2011, the vast majority of whom, or more than 240000 people, lived on the island of Madeira.


Question: Why is Madeira an autonomous region?

Madeira

The capital of Madeira is Funchal in the south of the main island, which had a population of 112015 in 2011.


Question: Why is Madeira an autonomous region?

Madeira

As elsewhere in Portugal, Portuguese is spoken on the islands, the main religion being Catholicism and the monetary unit the euro.


Question: Why is Madeira an autonomous region?

Madeira

Madeira is a popular tourist destination and tourism is an important source of income for the region's economy.


Question: Why is Madeira an autonomous region?

Madeira

Madeira is known for its madeirawine and water channels, or levadas, which bisect the main island, among other things.


Question: Why is Madeira an autonomous region?

Madeira

Funchal hosts an annual New Year's fireworks display, which has made it into the Guinness Book of Records as the largest in the world.


Question: Why is Madeira an autonomous region?

Madeira

Geography The administrative region of Madeira is located in the Atlantic Ocean about 580 kilometres west of the North African coast and about a thousand kilometres southwest of the Portuguese capital Lisbon.


Question: Why is Madeira an autonomous region?

Madeira

The Canary Islands lie about 450 kilometres to the south and the Azores less than 1,000 kilometres to the northwest.


Question: Why is Madeira an autonomous region?

Madeira

In addition to the main island Madeira, the region includes another inhabited island Porto Santo, the Desertas Islands less than 40 kilometres southeast of the capital Funchal, and the Selvagen Islands 280 kilometres to the south-southeast.


Question: Why is Madeira an autonomous region?

Madeira

The islands have a combined area of about 801 square kilometres and only Madeira and Porto Santo are inhabited.


Question: Why is Madeira an autonomous region?

Madeira

The island group arose as a result of volcanic activity millions of years ago.


Question: Why is Madeira an autonomous region?

Madeira

Madeira and the Desertas Islands are the youngest of the islands, while Porto Santo and the Selvagen Islands are older in age.


Question: Why is Madeira an autonomous region?

Madeira

[1] Madeira Island Madeira Island lies on top of a large underwater shield mountain that rises about six kilometers from the ocean floor.


Question: Why is Madeira an autonomous region?

Madeira

[2] Madeira is the geologically youngest island in the island group.


Question: Why is Madeira an autonomous region?

Madeira

It arose as a result of several underwater volcanic eruptions.


Question: Why is Madeira an autonomous region?

Madeira

The first eruption is estimated to have occurred about 15 million years ago, but to above sea level, however, Madeira did not begin to rise until about five million years ago.


Question: Why is Madeira an autonomous region?

Madeira

[1] The eruptions ended about 700,000 years ago, after which the island was consumed by intense erosion.


Question: Why is Madeira an autonomous region?

Madeira

Volcanic activity later reactivated and reshaped the surface of the island.


Question: Why is Madeira an autonomous region?

Madeira

The most recent volcanic eruptions occurred about 6500 years ago.


Question: Why is Madeira an autonomous region?

Madeira

[2] Madeira is about 57 kilometres long and 22 kilometres wide.


Question: Why is Madeira an autonomous region?

Madeira

Of surface area it has about 740 square kilometers.


Question: Why is Madeira an autonomous region?

Madeira

[3] The differences in elevation on Madeira Island are large.


Question: Why is Madeira an autonomous region?

Madeira

The highest mountain, Pico Ruivo, rises to a height of 1862 meters.


Question: Why is Madeira an autonomous region?

Madeira

[4] The second and third highest mountains are Pico das Torres (1851m) and Pico do Areeiro (1818m).


Question: Why is Madeira an autonomous region?

Madeira

[4] The island is surrounded by a deep sea area.


Question: Why is Madeira an autonomous region?

Madeira

Already a few dozen kilometres from the northern coast of the island there are already 2500—4000 m deep stretches.


Question: Why is Madeira an autonomous region?

Madeira

[1] More than 2000 kilometres of levadas pass through Madeira, carrying water from the rainy mountain range to the drier south and south-east of the island, which is better suited for farming and settlement.


Question: Why is Madeira an autonomous region?

Madeira

Flowing water generates hydropower at the same time.


Question: Why is Madeira an autonomous region?

Madeira

[5] [6] Other Islands Porto Santo is one of the two inhabited islands and is located about 40 kilometers northeast of Madeira.


Question: Why is Madeira an autonomous region?

Madeira

Porto Santo has a length of about 11 kilometers, a latitude of 6 kilometers and a total area of about 40 square kilometers.


Question: Why is Madeira an autonomous region?

Madeira

The age of the island has been estimated at 13.5—18 million years.


Question: Why is Madeira an autonomous region?

Madeira

The capital of the island is Vila Baleira.


Question: Why is Madeira an autonomous region?

Madeira

[1] The island is formed by two volcanic uplands, with an island airfield located in the shallower area between them.


Question: Why is Madeira an autonomous region?

Madeira

[7] The highest point of the island, Pico do Facho, rises 516 meters above sea level.


Question: Why is Madeira an autonomous region?

Madeira

[1] The climate of Porto Santo is dry and irrigation is a challenge for all farming.


Question: Why is Madeira an autonomous region?

Madeira

[8] Six smaller creeds lie around the main island of Porto Santo: Ilhéu da Cal, Ilhéu das Cenouras, Ilhéu de Cima, Ilhéu de Fora, Ilhéu de Ferro and Ilhéu da Fonte da Areia.


Question: Why is Madeira an autonomous region?

Madeira

[9] The Desertas Islands consist of three main islands.


Question: Why is Madeira an autonomous region?

Madeira

The largest of the islands is the 12 kilometres long and 2 kilometres wide Deserta Grande, whose highest point rises 490 metres above sea level.


Question: Why is Madeira an autonomous region?

Madeira

Ilha do Bugio is about 7.5 kilometers long by 800 metres wide.


Question: Why is Madeira an autonomous region?

Madeira

The smallest of the islands, Ilhéu Chão is about 1.6 kilometers long and 500 meters wide, rising gently at the northern end to a height of almost a hundred meters.


Question: Why is Madeira an autonomous region?

Madeira

[1] The islands are popular with fishermen, but are not allowed to go ashore more than ten metres from the shoreline.


Question: Why is Madeira an autonomous region?

Madeira

[10] The Desertas Islands and Selvagen Islands were privately owned until 1971, when they were acquired by the Portuguese government.


Question: Why is Madeira an autonomous region?

Madeira

[1] The Selvagen Islands lie approximately 280 kilometres southeast of Funchal and are closer to the Canary Islands than to the main island Madeira.


Question: Why is Madeira an autonomous region?

Madeira

The sea area between Desertas and Selvagen Islands is up to 4.5 kilometres deep in places.


Question: Why is Madeira an autonomous region?

Madeira

[1] The Selvagen Islands are formed of two groups with a combined area of approximately 2.8 square kilometres.


Question: Why is Madeira an autonomous region?

Madeira

The northern group is formed by Selvagem Grande, along with two smaller islands, Palheiro da Terra and Palheiro do Mar.


Question: Why is Madeira an autonomous region?

Madeira

The southern group is formed by Selvagem Pequena and Ilhéu de Fora, as well as several smaller bullets.


Question: Why is Madeira an autonomous region?

Madeira

[11] The islands are so shallow that there is no orographic rain on them, so three years can pass between the rains.


Question: Why is Madeira an autonomous region?

Madeira

[12] The climate of Madeira is located in the subtropical zone.


Question: Why is Madeira an autonomous region?

Madeira

Rather, a temperate climate prevails in the northern part of the island, as an average 1000 m high mountain range running in an east-west direction divides the island into the southern and northern halves, causing climatic differences between them.


Question: Why is Madeira an autonomous region?

Madeira

High mountain chains force moist and warm pasate winds blowing on Madeira's northern coast to soar upwards, condensing into fog and clouds.


Question: Why is Madeira an autonomous region?

Madeira

High mountains slow down the southward passage of clouds, so rains are mostly concentrated on the north side of the island and in the mountains.


Question: Why is Madeira an autonomous region?

Madeira

The most rainy days are between November and March, while the least rainy days are from May to September.


Question: Why is Madeira an autonomous region?

Madeira

Golf Stream Extension Canary Current influences ocean temperatures.


Question: Why is Madeira an autonomous region?

Madeira

[13] [14] Funchal has an average temperature of 16—21 degrees from December to April, after which it rises gradually reaching 20—25 degrees Celsius in July—August.


Question: Why is Madeira an autonomous region?

Madeira

Between October and December, Funchal averages between 18 and 21 degrees.


Question: Why is Madeira an autonomous region?

Madeira

Temperatures hardly soar above 27—28 degrees except rarely when a warm easterly wind blows from the direction of Africa.


Question: Why is Madeira an autonomous region?

Madeira

Elevation above sea level is a major factor in Madeira's climate.


Question: Why is Madeira an autonomous region?

Madeira

Going up into the mountains, the average temperature drops by about 3°C for every 500m climb.


Question: Why is Madeira an autonomous region?

Madeira

The subtropical zone extends to about 300 m and the Mediterranean climate to 300—750 m above sea level.


Question: Why is Madeira an autonomous region?

Madeira

Although even at the highest peaks, you can reach 20 degrees Celsius on a summer day.


Question: Why is Madeira an autonomous region?

Madeira

The island of Madeira is characterized by microclimates influenced by elevation above sea level as well as winds.


Question: Why is Madeira an autonomous region?

Madeira

Madeira has recently experienced noticeable changes in climate.


Question: Why is Madeira an autonomous region?

Madeira

Rainfall has become significantly less than in the early 1990s, winters are warmer, average temperatures have increased, and drought has increased.


Question: Why is Madeira an autonomous region?

Madeira

[13] [14] The nature of Madeira is rich in biodiversity and over 7500 species of earth are thought to live in the archipelago.


Question: Why is Madeira an autonomous region?

Madeira

Endemic species and their subspecies number nearly 1500, representing about 20% of the number of species.


Question: Why is Madeira an autonomous region?

Madeira

There are six protected areas in the Madeira archipelago, including the Madeira Nature Reserve, which covers nearly two-thirds of Madeira Island.


Question: Why is Madeira an autonomous region?

Madeira

In addition, more than ten sites are included in the European Union's Natura 2000 project and 11 are considered important bird areas.


Question: Why is Madeira an autonomous region?

Madeira

Madeira additionally has one UNESCO World Heritage Site.


Question: Why is Madeira an autonomous region?

Madeira

[15] Vegetation Madeira's vegetation is diverse and abundant.


Question: Why is Madeira an autonomous region?

Madeira

Approximately 760 seed or flowering plants are found in the Madeira archipelago, nearly 20% of which are endemic.


Question: Why is Madeira an autonomous region?

Madeira

More than 40 species of ferns, 500 species of algae, 450 species of fungi, 450 lichen and 320 moss are also found in Madeira.


Question: Why is Madeira an autonomous region?

Madeira

Of the 156 endemic species growing in the Madeira archipelago, 99 grow on Madeira Island.


Question: Why is Madeira an autonomous region?

Madeira

Porto Santo and the Selvagen Islands both have nine endemic species and only two in the Desertas Islands.


Question: Why is Madeira an autonomous region?

Madeira

The rest of the species are common between different island groups.


Question: Why is Madeira an autonomous region?

Madeira

On Madeira Island, four vegetation zones can be distinguished, the boundaries of which nevertheless move.


Question: Why is Madeira an autonomous region?

Madeira

[16] The Madeira Nature Reserve is home to the world's largest unified area of laurisilva forest.


Question: Why is Madeira an autonomous region?

Madeira

[17] The forest is located in areas around 600 to 1300 metres above sea level and typical species such as macaronesian anavocado, canary laurel, barbusano and stink greenwood.


Question: Why is Madeira an autonomous region?

Madeira

[16] The area has been included in the UNESCO World Heritage List since 1999.


Question: Why is Madeira an autonomous region?

Madeira

[17] The forest is particularly threatened by invasive species, such as the Eucalyptus feverwood (Eucalyptus globulus) and silver acacia (Acacia dealbata), which spread on the island, displacing native species.


Question: Why is Madeira an autonomous region?

Madeira

As a result, the environment is effectively controlled and alien species are replaced by native species.


Question: Why is Madeira an autonomous region?

Madeira

Actual crops on the island are represented, first of all, by banana and vine.


Question: Why is Madeira an autonomous region?

Madeira

[18] The fauna of the Madeira archipelago live almost 200 species of birds and there are about 40 nesting species.


Question: Why is Madeira an autonomous region?

Madeira

[19] Three endemic bird species live on the islands: the madeiran chamfer, the madeira dove and the madeiran hippie.


Question: Why is Madeira an autonomous region?

Madeira

It is also an important breeding site for several seabirds.


Question: Why is Madeira an autonomous region?

Madeira

[20] Common birds in Madeira include blackbird, blackhead creepy and dairy sack.


Question: Why is Madeira an autonomous region?

Madeira

Some of the birds found in Madeira also nest in the canary archipelago, such as the madeira speedster, canary hemp and canary axe.


Question: Why is Madeira an autonomous region?

Madeira

For example, the canary axe, fish tern, canary windhawk and frigate storm bird nest in the Selvagen Islands.


Question: Why is Madeira an autonomous region?

Madeira

On the largest island, Selvagem Grande, nests a yellow-nosed grander, for the protection of which the islands were purchased by the Portuguese government in 1971 as a nature reserve.


Question: Why is Madeira an autonomous region?

Madeira

[19] Nearly 500 different marine mollusc species occur in Madeira.


Question: Why is Madeira an autonomous region?

Madeira

[19] There are almost 300 species of land mollusc in the archipelago.


Question: Why is Madeira an autonomous region?

Madeira

Porto Santo is home to the world's most diverse land mollusc population in terms of surface area.


Question: Why is Madeira an autonomous region?

Madeira

Admittedly, human activities have had negative consequences for the mollusc population in the area and according to the IUCN, the preservation of several species is threatened.


Question: Why is Madeira an autonomous region?

Madeira

[21] With the exception of bats, land-living mammals have come to the islands with humans, such as the rabbit introduced as a game animal.


Question: Why is Madeira an autonomous region?

Madeira

Of the reptiles, you can find some geckos and geckos.


Question: Why is Madeira an autonomous region?

Madeira

[22] Frogs can be seen in Madeira especially in spring.


Question: Why is Madeira an autonomous region?

Madeira

There are an estimated 800 to 1200 species of insects, beetles about 550 species and butterflies 120 species.


Question: Why is Madeira an autonomous region?

Madeira

There are about 100 species of spiders and in the Desertas Islands live Madeira's only venomous animal species, Lycosa ingens.


Question: Why is Madeira an autonomous region?

Madeira

[19] More than 200 fish genera live in the waters of Madeira, including numerous species.


Question: Why is Madeira an autonomous region?

Madeira

These include various types of tuna, mackerel, cod, toothperch, sea perch, coral perch, sardines, cod, moray and swordfish.


Question: Why is Madeira an autonomous region?

Madeira

[19] Many invertebrates are found in riparian waters, as well as fish species such as blue-thorn mackerel, Japanese mackerel and yellow-tailed horse mackerel.


Question: Why is Madeira an autonomous region?

Madeira

[23] When the waters of Madeira are at their warmest in July/September, large barrakudes may be circulating in the waters.


Question: Why is Madeira an autonomous region?

Madeira

Espada, or black scabbard fish, is the most common species of fish on the Madeiran dinner table.


Question: Why is Madeira an autonomous region?

Madeira

Numerous different deep-sea fish live at a depth of about 1000 m, including seabrass, lanternfish, and cross-toothed perch.


Question: Why is Madeira an autonomous region?

Madeira

[19] Whales, dolphins and sea turtles also live in deeper waters.


Question: Why is Madeira an autonomous region?

Madeira

[24] An endangered monk seal lives on the Desertas Grande, whose population is recovering again thanks to tranquilization and conservation activities.


Question: Why is Madeira an autonomous region?

Madeira

Cashelot was caught in Madeira waters until the 1980s until it was tranquilized to protect the stock.


Question: Why is Madeira an autonomous region?

Madeira

[19] Sharks do not come near the coast.


Question: Why is Madeira an autonomous region?

Madeira

[19] History Early stages The first historically reliable source of Europeans visiting Madeira is the arrival of the Portuguese in the early 15th century.


Question: Why is Madeira an autonomous region?

Madeira

However, there are also considerably older but uncertain references from Madeira right from the beginning of the time count.


Question: Why is Madeira an autonomous region?

Madeira

The Roman writer Pliny mentioned in his texts the Purple Islands, which may well have referred to Madeira on behalf of its location.


Question: Why is Madeira an autonomous region?

Madeira

The Arabs have allegedly discovered the island as early as the 10th century and named it El Ghanem and the possibility of a Viking visit has also been mooted.


Question: Why is Madeira an autonomous region?

Madeira

Anne d'Arfet, a rich English maid of nobility, is reported to have fallen in love with poor Robert Machim in 14th century England and fled with him through her forced marriage to France.


Question: Why is Madeira an autonomous region?

Madeira

However, the ship carrying them is reported to have been caught in a severe storm, resulting in it drifting off course and being shipwrecked off the present town of Machico.


Question: Why is Madeira an autonomous region?

Madeira

It is thought the town was named after Robert Machim.


Question: Why is Madeira an autonomous region?

Madeira

By the 14th century, however, Madeira probably was already known, as it appears on an Italian map dating from as early as 1351.


Question: Why is Madeira an autonomous region?

Madeira

In the map, Madeira appears as Isola di Lolegname (tree island), in addition to which it also shows Porto Santo as well as the Desertas Islands under their current names.


Question: Why is Madeira an autonomous region?

Madeira

[25] From colonization towards modernity, the official written history of the Madeira island group began in 1418 when João Gonçalves Zarco and Tristão Vaz Teixeira, who sailed in the service of the Portuguese prince Henry the Sailor, drifted in a storm to the island of Porto Santo, which received to be named Porto Santo, meaning Holy Harbor.


Question: Why is Madeira an autonomous region?

Madeira

The following year, an expedition was organised to the islands.


Question: Why is Madeira an autonomous region?

Madeira

Italian nobleman Bartolomeu Perestrello was tasked with colonizing Porto Santo and Zarco and Teixeira were sent to explore Madeira.


Question: Why is Madeira an autonomous region?

Madeira

[26] The islands were completely uninhabited when discovered, and the Portuguese began colonizing them in the 1420s.


Question: Why is Madeira an autonomous region?

Madeira

[27] Settlers brought sugar cane to the island from Italy and vine from Crete.


Question: Why is Madeira an autonomous region?

Madeira

Madeira soon had large sugarcane plantations using slaves imported from Africa since the 1450s [27] as labour.


Question: Why is Madeira an autonomous region?

Madeira

[25] Madeira's economic importance grew with the valuable sugar trade and the Portuguese soon gained control of the European sugar monopoly.


Question: Why is Madeira an autonomous region?

Madeira

[25] From 1450 to 1470, Madeira was a considerable centre of grain production and grain was exported to mainland Portugal as well as trading centres in Portuguese Africa, among others.


Question: Why is Madeira an autonomous region?

Madeira

[25] However, sugar farming was considerably more profitable and in 1485 the islands were plagued by famine due to lack of grain.


Question: Why is Madeira an autonomous region?

Madeira

The Azores became the grain granary of the region and Madeira was able to concentrate on valuable sugar production.


Question: Why is Madeira an autonomous region?

Madeira

[26] Funchal and Machico developed into thriving cities as a result of their prosperity.


Question: Why is Madeira an autonomous region?

Madeira

[26] At the end of the 15th century, more inhabitants flowed into Madeira from Europe.


Question: Why is Madeira an autonomous region?

Madeira

Many of them were merchants who brought with them more investment and prospered the island.


Question: Why is Madeira an autonomous region?

Madeira

[27] Maine for the welfare of Madeira spread and attracted pirates to the archipelago.


Question: Why is Madeira an autonomous region?

Madeira

[25] Madeira suffered its worst pirate attack in 1566 when a pirate force of more than a thousand attacked Funchal under French pirate Bertrand de Montluch and pillaged the island for over two weeks.


Question: Why is Madeira an autonomous region?

Madeira

[28] Sugar production flourished from the 1450s onwards until it in the early part of the 16th century reversed into decline.


Question: Why is Madeira an autonomous region?

Madeira

[26] During the 16th century, Madeira lost its dominance as a sugar cane producer to Brazil, where it could be produced more cheaply.


Question: Why is Madeira an autonomous region?

Madeira

Poor fertilization and climatic causes also contributed to the collapse in sugar production.


Question: Why is Madeira an autonomous region?

Madeira

Sugarcane had consumed Madeira's soil, resulting in several plantations beginning to grow a less demanding vine.


Question: Why is Madeira an autonomous region?

Madeira

However, Madeira still received almost seven times more income from sugar at the end of the 16th century than from wine.


Question: Why is Madeira an autonomous region?

Madeira

Madeira was from 1580 until 1640 with the rest of Portugal under Spanish control.


Question: Why is Madeira an autonomous region?

Madeira

[25] In the 17th century, Madeira's economy depended on wine exports as well as revenue brought by shipping.


Question: Why is Madeira an autonomous region?

Madeira

[25] In the 1660s, Madeira was to be subject to a dowry gift to England when King Charles II of England married Catherine de Bragança of Portugal in 1662.


Question: Why is Madeira an autonomous region?

Madeira

The bride's dowry is reported to have been accompanied by a secret agreement whereby Portugal would have given England a further Madeira if Charlemagne had not been satisfied with his dowry.


Question: Why is Madeira an autonomous region?

Madeira

[25] The influence of English merchants in Madeira increased from the end of the 17th century onwards.


Question: Why is Madeira an autonomous region?

Madeira

[29] As early as the 18th century, Madeira was growing in emigration to Brazil, as Madeira began to be overpopulated in relation to the conditions of the time.


Question: Why is Madeira an autonomous region?

Madeira

Despite this, Madeira's population continued to grow.


Question: Why is Madeira an autonomous region?

Madeira

By the middle of the 18th century, there were already 75,000 inhabitants.


Question: Why is Madeira an autonomous region?

Madeira

[25] In 1803, a flood of unprecedented magnitude rose in Madeira, causing great destruction, especially in Funchal.


Question: Why is Madeira an autonomous region?

Madeira

At least 600 people were killed.


Question: Why is Madeira an autonomous region?

Madeira

Madeira was twice occupied by the British in the early 19th century during the Napoleonic Wars.


Question: Why is Madeira an autonomous region?

Madeira

Many Englishmen had migrated to Madeira as early as the 18th century, mainly to become winemakers, and during and after the Napoleonic Wars, more arrived when many of the British soldiers remained on the island permanently.


Question: Why is Madeira an autonomous region?

Madeira

[25] Some of the British merchants who arrived in Madeira after the wars established prominent merchant lineages, such as Charles Blandy and Thomas Slap Leacock, who were early business partners.


Question: Why is Madeira an autonomous region?

Madeira

[30] Within the course of the 19th century, Madeira developed into a popular tourist and holiday destination; however, holidaymakers still represented, well into the 20th century, the upper middle class.


Question: Why is Madeira an autonomous region?

Madeira

[30] During José Silvestre Ribeiro, who served as governor of Madeira (1846-1852), roads were built, Funchal electric lighting started and social reforms were implemented.


Question: Why is Madeira an autonomous region?

Madeira

[25] Cholera that raged in 1852 killed an estimated 7000 people and in the same year mold destroyed the island's vines, resulting in the loss of an estimated 90% of the crop.


Question: Why is Madeira an autonomous region?

Madeira

Wine aphids, accidentally imported from the United States, infested and destroyed the remaining vines in the early 1870s.


Question: Why is Madeira an autonomous region?

Madeira

Although new varieties were soon planted in their place, the plantations could not yet be fully restored and by the end of the 19th century many had to leave the island.


Question: Why is Madeira an autonomous region?

Madeira

[27] In 1900, however, record harvests were already received and agricultural production on the island was diversified by planting bananas, which even today are of great importance for exports.


Question: Why is Madeira an autonomous region?

Madeira

[31] In 1905, the German company offered to build hospitals, a sanatorium on Madeira and to develop the island into a modern resort, provided it was allowed to take over all the island's business.


Question: Why is Madeira an autonomous region?

Madeira

The Portuguese government initially agreed to the proposal, but did not take into account British opinion.


Question: Why is Madeira an autonomous region?

Madeira

[31] In addition, following the advent of German colonial ambitions, the proposal was finally refused.


Question: Why is Madeira an autonomous region?

Madeira

[29] At the beginning of World War I German possessions on the island were confiscated.


Question: Why is Madeira an autonomous region?

Madeira

Germany declared war on Portugal in 1916 and in the same year a German submarine made a surprise attack on Funchal and sank three French ships in the harbour as well as bombarding the city.


Question: Why is Madeira an autonomous region?

Madeira

[31] [25] In 1917, German submarines bombed Funchal again, destroying buildings in the city.


Question: Why is Madeira an autonomous region?

Madeira

After World War I, the economic situation in Madeira was poor.


Question: Why is Madeira an autonomous region?

Madeira

[25] A general strike broke out in Madeira in early 1931 due to rising bread prices as well as the bankruptcy of two major Madeiran banks.


Question: Why is Madeira an autonomous region?

Madeira

[32] Bankruptcies had taken away the savings of thousands of Madeirans.


Question: Why is Madeira an autonomous region?

Madeira

Military troops were sent to the island from Portugal, but some of the troops joined the rebels led by General Sousa Dias, who had been expelled from Portugal.


Question: Why is Madeira an autonomous region?

Madeira

More troops were sent from Portugal and the rebellion was eventually defeated.


Question: Why is Madeira an autonomous region?

Madeira

Others were granted asylum from Great Britain, but most including Dias were forced to surrender to the Portuguese.


Question: Why is Madeira an autonomous region?

Madeira

[29] Portugal remained neutral in World War II and Madeira was spared the war effort.


Question: Why is Madeira an autonomous region?

Madeira

Political refugees came to Madeira and Great Britain evacuated about 2,000 civilian workers from its colony of Gibraltar during the war to Madeira.


Question: Why is Madeira an autonomous region?

Madeira

[25] Autonomy and Modernity The Carnation Revolution in Portugal on 25 April 1974 toppled the military junta that ruled the country.


Question: Why is Madeira an autonomous region?

Madeira

The right-wing paramilitary organisation Flama carried out terrorist attacks in Madeira with the aim of achieving independence and complete independence from Portugal.


Question: Why is Madeira an autonomous region?

Madeira

When Portugal received a new constitution in 1976 and autonomous status was defined for Madeira, the organisation ceased to function.


Question: Why is Madeira an autonomous region?

Madeira

[32] In 1986 Madeira joined Portugal to the European Union.


Question: Why is Madeira an autonomous region?

Madeira

[25] Madeira then began to receive financial support to build better infrastructure and new roads, as well as improving electricity distribution, medical care and education.


Question: Why is Madeira an autonomous region?

Madeira

[27] Madeira's standard of living has risen during the period of autonomy and EU membership.


Question: Why is Madeira an autonomous region?

Madeira

[33] Madeira was hit by heavy heavy rains on 20 February 2010, causing severe flooding and mudslides, especially in the south of the island.


Question: Why is Madeira an autonomous region?

Madeira

The worst devastation was concentrated in the capital Funchal.


Question: Why is Madeira an autonomous region?

Madeira

Forty-two people were killed, about 120 people were injured and more than 200 people lost their homes due to the storm.


Question: Why is Madeira an autonomous region?

Madeira

This was the worst storm since 1993, when eight people were killed.


Question: Why is Madeira an autonomous region?

Madeira

[34] [35] In the summer of 2012, Madeira was hit by extensive wildfires, like mainland Portugal, which were also sent firefighters from the mainland to extinguish.


Question: Why is Madeira an autonomous region?

Madeira

[36] [37] [38] Administration and politics The degree of autonomy of Madeira has varied over the years and its extent is decided by the Portuguese Parliament.


Question: Why is Madeira an autonomous region?

Madeira

[39] Before 1974, practically all matters had to be handled through Lisbon.


Question: Why is Madeira an autonomous region?

Madeira

However, the island had a general council representing the central government in Lisbon and operated under the Ministry of the Interior.


Question: Why is Madeira an autonomous region?

Madeira

[33] In April 1976 Portugal held its first free elections in decades.


Question: Why is Madeira an autonomous region?

Madeira

The constitution of the same year defined Madeira as an autonomous region.


Question: Why is Madeira an autonomous region?

Madeira

In Madeira, the election was won by the Madeira branch of the centre-right Social Democratic Party (PSD) led by Alberto João Jardim, which received 65% of the vote.


Question: Why is Madeira an autonomous region?

Madeira

[32] Jardim became president two years later when Ornelas Camacho resigned from office.


Question: Why is Madeira an autonomous region?

Madeira

[33] Jardim served as President of Madeira since 1978, and still in 2011 he was elected to a further term.


Question: Why is Madeira an autonomous region?

Madeira

[40] In 2015, Miguel Albuquerque, who had previously served as mayor of Funchal, was elected as his successor.


Question: Why is Madeira an autonomous region?

Madeira

[41] Madeira joined Portugal in 1986.


Question: Why is Madeira an autonomous region?

Madeira

Taxation was regionalised in early 2006.


Question: Why is Madeira an autonomous region?

Madeira

[33] Nowadays, Madeira can practically decide all its affairs, except for the security policy, which is shared with mainland Portugal.


Question: Why is Madeira an autonomous region?

Madeira

[33] The Regional Parliament and Government are the administrative bodies of the Autonomous Region of Madeira.


Question: Why is Madeira an autonomous region?

Madeira

The president heads the regional government and is elected to a term lasting four years.


Question: Why is Madeira an autonomous region?

Madeira

The same person can be elected to office in unlimited numbers.


Question: Why is Madeira an autonomous region?

Madeira

Madeira's regional parliament is made up of 47 regional MPs elected for four-year terms.


Question: Why is Madeira an autonomous region?

Madeira

[33] The regional parliament may legislate, but they must fit into the Portuguese Constitution.


Question: Why is Madeira an autonomous region?

Madeira

[42] The President heads the regional government, assisted by the Vice President, as well as seven ministries whose branches were slightly modified in 2007.


Question: Why is Madeira an autonomous region?

Madeira

The Vice President's responsibilities include parliamentary affairs, general administration, EU-related matters, energy production, trade and industry, and the Madeira Development Society.


Question: Why is Madeira an autonomous region?

Madeira

[33] Madeirans hold Portuguese passports and state taxes are paid to Portugal.


Question: Why is Madeira an autonomous region?

Madeira

[39] Madeira also has its own flag, anthem and stamp.


Question: Why is Madeira an autonomous region?

Madeira

[33] The administrative division of Madeira consists of 11 municipalities, ten of which are located on the island of Madeira and one on Porto Santo.


Question: Why is Madeira an autonomous region?

Madeira

The municipalities are further divided into 54 freguesia.


Question: Why is Madeira an autonomous region?

Madeira

Madeira has 53 freguesias and Porto Santo has one.


Question: Why is Madeira an autonomous region?

Madeira

[43] The Desertas Islands are administratively part of the municipality of Santa Cruz and the Selvagen Islands to the municipality of Funchal.


Question: Why is Madeira an autonomous region?

Madeira

[44] Economy The main cornerstones of Madeira's economy are farming, fishing, tourism and economic services for foreign companies.


Question: Why is Madeira an autonomous region?

Madeira

[46] The industry in the region is not very diverse and consists mainly of various traditional handicrafts aimed at external markets, such as embroidery, tapestries and basketry.


Question: Why is Madeira an autonomous region?

Madeira

Major industries are related to activities in the food, beverage, tobacco and construction sectors.


Question: Why is Madeira an autonomous region?

Madeira

[47] As a result of the increased economic prosperity, the country's unemployment rate was around 6% in 2008, low compared to the rest of Portugal.


Question: Why is Madeira an autonomous region?

Madeira

[46] Madeira has also received considerable support from European Union funds, which has had a major impact on its economy.


Question: Why is Madeira an autonomous region?

Madeira

The subsidies received include lengthening the airport runway, as well as improving road networks by building tunnels to speed up passage.


Question: Why is Madeira an autonomous region?

Madeira

[48] The official currency of Madeira is the euro.


Question: Why is Madeira an autonomous region?

Madeira

In September 2002, Moody's gave the Madeira region an Aa3 issuer credit rating due to the region's buoyant economy and improved performance, as well as a manageable debt burden.


Question: Why is Madeira an autonomous region?

Madeira

In September 2011, Moody's downgraded Madeira's long-term credit rating from B1 to B3 over concerns about mismanagement and management in the region, as well as poor budget execution.


Question: Why is Madeira an autonomous region?

Madeira

The combined impact of the costs and debt restructuring agreements not announced by the regional government of Madeira since 2003 amounted to €1.1 billion in 2008-2010 deficits.


Question: Why is Madeira an autonomous region?

Madeira

[46] President Jardim resigned from office in spring 2007 in protest at the law passed by the government of José Sócrates on the use of funds for the territories.


Question: Why is Madeira an autonomous region?

Madeira

Without consulting with Madeira, the government had amended the joint Portuguese and Madeira laws so that 2% of the EU money belonging to Madeira remained in Portugal.


Question: Why is Madeira an autonomous region?

Madeira

However, Jardim stood again and won the election overwhelmingly.


Question: Why is Madeira an autonomous region?

Madeira

[25] Transport for citizens of Member States of the European Union and the Schengen Area are free to travel to Madeira.


Question: Why is Madeira an autonomous region?

Madeira

The island group has two airports: Madeira Airport in Santa Cruz, and Porto Santo Airport on the island of Porto Santo.


Question: Why is Madeira an autonomous region?

Madeira

Air connections to Madeira go from Portugal, as well as from the Azores, but also from other parts of Europe and, for example, South America.


Question: Why is Madeira an autonomous region?

Madeira

From Portugal you can also travel to Madeira by ferry.


Question: Why is Madeira an autonomous region?

Madeira

Traveling between Madeira and Porto Santo is either by plane or by ferry, which also carries cars as well as other vehicles.


Question: Why is Madeira an autonomous region?

Madeira

Madeira Island has a comprehensive road network, and the most affordable method of transport is buses running around the island, however, with timetables designed mainly for the needs of locals.


Question: Why is Madeira an autonomous region?

Madeira

The easiest way to go is a rental car, which can be rented, for example, at the airport.


Question: Why is Madeira an autonomous region?

Madeira

In the capital Funchal you can move reliably by taxi.


Question: Why is Madeira an autonomous region?

Madeira

[49] Tourism miniature|Shape-cut shrubs in the Madeira Botanical Garden.


Question: Why is Madeira an autonomous region?

Madeira

Tourism is an important source of income for Madeira's economy as it generates about 20% of the region's GDP.


Question: Why is Madeira an autonomous region?

Madeira

[47] Madeira has been a popular destination for tourists since the 18th century.


Question: Why is Madeira an autonomous region?

Madeira

The region's mild climate attracted tourists, particularly from Britain and other parts of Europe.


Question: Why is Madeira an autonomous region?

Madeira

In addition, sick people also arrived in Madeira who believed they would find a cure for their ailments.


Question: Why is Madeira an autonomous region?

Madeira

[48] An airport was built in Madeira in 1964, before which the island had to be travelled by ship.


Question: Why is Madeira an autonomous region?

Madeira

[48] Today, the number of onboard tourists is on the rise again, as many Atlantic cruises stop in Madeira.


Question: Why is Madeira an autonomous region?

Madeira

During winter time, air tourists seeking warmth and sun arrive in Madeira from Germany, Britain and Scandinavia, while in summer there are more southern European arrivals fleeing the heats of their homeland.


Question: Why is Madeira an autonomous region?

Madeira

[50] Madeira is located on the Atlantic Ocean and tourists host a wide variety of nautical themed activities, including sailing, fishing, whale and dolphin safaris, water skiing, surfing, diving and swimming.


Question: Why is Madeira an autonomous region?

Madeira

[51] The island's most famous tourist attractions include the Botanical Gardens, the isolated Nun Valley Curral das Freiras, where guided tours take place, and the gardens of the Palace of Monte and the lava caves of São Vincente.


Question: Why is Madeira an autonomous region?

Madeira

Hiking trips on levadas and mountain peaks to vantage points are also popular.


Question: Why is Madeira an autonomous region?

Madeira

[52] Cabo Girão is the second tallest sea cliff in the world and a popular attraction, [53] with a glass-bottomed observation deck.


Question: Why is Madeira an autonomous region?

Madeira

[54] The capital Funchal hosts an annual spectacular New Year fireworks display, which has made it into the Guinness Book of Records as the largest in the world.


Question: Why is Madeira an autonomous region?

Madeira

[55] Madeira has a boat connection to Porto Santo Island.


Question: Why is Madeira an autonomous region?

Madeira

[56] The climate of Porto Santo and the nine-kilometer-long sandy beach on the south of the island attract not only tourists but also families from the island of Madeira.


Question: Why is Madeira an autonomous region?

Madeira

[57] [58] Sand is said to have health-promoting effects.


Question: Why is Madeira an autonomous region?

Madeira

[59] Health risks In October 2012, a mosquito-borne dengue fever epidemic broke out in Madeira.


Question: Why is Madeira an autonomous region?

Madeira

[60] [61] Among the sufferers were also Finnish tourists.


Question: Why is Madeira an autonomous region?

Madeira

[62] The number of people affected by the disease turned to a decline in mid-November.


Question: Why is Madeira an autonomous region?

Madeira

[63] The epidemic caused no fatalities and no new cases of illness have been reported since spring 2013.


Question: Why is Madeira an autonomous region?

Madeira

[64] [65] Madeira authorities, however, recommend tourists follow preventative measures, such as using mosquito repellents, keeping hotel room windows closed in the evenings, and preferring skin-covering clothing.


Question: Why is Madeira an autonomous region?

Madeira

[65] Levadat Levadas are canals on the island of Madeira that transport water from the rainy mountain areas of the island down to drier areas in the south and southeast, more suitable for farming and settlement.


Question: Why is Madeira an autonomous region?

Madeira

The first levadas were built in the 15th century from wood and later from earth mixture or by chipping into rock.


Question: Why is Madeira an autonomous region?

Madeira

Today, levadas are made of concrete.


Question: Why is Madeira an autonomous region?

Madeira

In the 17th century, ever-longer and wider water channels were built due to watermills and sugar cane cultivation.


Question: Why is Madeira an autonomous region?

Madeira

The work was usually done by Moorish people who worked in dangerous conditions or by slaves imported from Africa.


Question: Why is Madeira an autonomous region?

Madeira

In 1940, the Water Use Commission began the modernization of the levadas, resulting in three new electric plants being built by 1969 as well as five new levada.


Question: Why is Madeira an autonomous region?

Madeira

[6] Today, a total of 2150 km of levadas pass through Madeira, transporting water to the south of the island while generating hydropower.


Question: Why is Madeira an autonomous region?

Madeira

The trails that run next to the Levadas, which were originally meant to facilitate the construction and repair of canals, are today popular hiking trails for tourists.


Question: Why is Madeira an autonomous region?

Madeira

[5] Walking trails popular with hikers include the Three Levada Trail in the Rabaçal Valley, [66] and Levada dos Tornos, the starting point of which can be reached by bus from Funchal.


Question: Why is Madeira an autonomous region?

Madeira

[67] Population The population of Madeira in 2010 totalled about 247000, of which just over 240000 lived on Madeira Island and the rest in Porto Santo.


Question: Why is Madeira an autonomous region?

Madeira

[45] Madeira was completely uninhabited before the arrival of Portuguese settlers in the early 15th century.


Question: Why is Madeira an autonomous region?

Madeira

After them, the population of the area grew, including the crews and passengers of ships that passed through the island, merchants, and soldiers.


Question: Why is Madeira an autonomous region?

Madeira

Until recent years, Madeirans lived quite isolated from the rest of the world.


Question: Why is Madeira an autonomous region?

Madeira

Much has been migrated from densely populated Madeira to other places, especially South America.


Question: Why is Madeira an autonomous region?

Madeira

Porto Santo is home mainly to pensioners, airline staff and idle tourists.


Question: Why is Madeira an autonomous region?

Madeira

[68] The University of Madeira was established in 1988.


Question: Why is Madeira an autonomous region?

Madeira

[69] Culture Food Madeiran cuisine includes a great variety of meat dishes such as espetada, carne de vinho e alhos and picado.


Question: Why is Madeira an autonomous region?

Madeira

Espetada is a grilled steer of ox meat seasoned with garlic and sea salt, preferably using a stick made from a laurel tree branch.


Question: Why is Madeira an autonomous region?

Madeira

Picado is a beef stew seasoned with garlic, meat broth and olive oil and served with fries.


Question: Why is Madeira an autonomous region?

Madeira

The third traditional meat dish, carne de vinho e alhos, is pork meat marinated in wine, rich garlic and bay leaves.


Question: Why is Madeira an autonomous region?

Madeira

[70] [71] Fish plays an important part in Madeiran cuisine culture due to traditional fishing.


Question: Why is Madeira an autonomous region?

Madeira

Tuna, espada, or black scabbard fish, and cod appear in several dishes, as do mussels and octopuses caught in the area.


Question: Why is Madeira an autonomous region?

Madeira

Espada is usually served with fried banana.


Question: Why is Madeira an autonomous region?

Madeira

Açorda à madeirense is a popular soup dish made with bread, garlic and egg.


Question: Why is Madeira an autonomous region?

Madeira

[70] [71] Madeira's well-known country bread Bolo do Caco is always served with garlic butter.


Question: Why is Madeira an autonomous region?

Madeira

It is almost always offered at various events and parties, as well as in restaurants.


Question: Why is Madeira an autonomous region?

Madeira

Various pastries and desserts are available in Madeira, such as queijadas (cheese pastry) and Bolo de mel (honey cake).


Question: Why is Madeira an autonomous region?

Madeira

[70] [71] The famous Madeira wine is made in Madeira.


Question: Why is Madeira an autonomous region?

Madeira

[72] It is a concentrated wine, usually sweet, which is heated during its preparation so that the wine acquires a distinctive flavour.


Question: Why is Madeira an autonomous region?

Madeira

[73] There are four types of madeira that differ in their sweetness: the driest sercial is suitable for the appetizer, the semi-dry verdelho is often enjoyed with fruitcake, the semi-sweet bual resembles port wine, and the sweetest malmsey is the most pronounced dessert wine.


Question: Why is Madeira an autonomous region?

Madeira

[74] Sports The seas and cliffs of Madeira are suitable for many sports activities such as diving, surfboarding, gliding shading, BASE jumping and bodyboarding.


Question: Why is Madeira an autonomous region?

Madeira

The bright blue shallows of Madeira attract many divers to the area, as well as diving schools.


Question: Why is Madeira an autonomous region?

Madeira

The most popular areas are the Garajau Marine Reserve, the Machico Coastal Area and Porto Santo.


Question: Why is Madeira an autonomous region?

Madeira

[75] Other popular activities include camping in the nature of Madeira, horseback riding and golf.


Question: Why is Madeira an autonomous region?

Madeira

Madeira has three golf courses: two nearby Funchal and one in Porto Santo.


Question: Why is Madeira an autonomous region?

Madeira

The first 9-hole field to have was built in 1937.


Question: Why is Madeira an autonomous region?

Madeira

[76] Local football clubs CS Marítimo, CD Nacional and União da Madeira play in the Portuguese main league.


Question: Why is Madeira an autonomous region?

Madeira

Also famous footballer Cristiano Ronaldo hails from Madeira.


Question: Why is Madeira an autonomous region?

Madeira

In basketball, the island is represented by CAB Madeira, which plays in the Portuguese main league.


Question: Why is Madeira an autonomous region?

Madeira

[77] Sources Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Svensson, Bertil| title = Traveller's Madeira| publisher = Otava| year = 2005| isbn = 951119979X}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author title = Beadeker, Karl| = Beadeker's Madeira| publisher = Automobile Associ| ation| year = 1997| isbn=0749517336| language = Transclusion error: {{En}} is only for use in File namespace.


Question: Why is Madeira an autonomous region?

Madeira

Use {{lang-en}} or {{en icon}} instead.}


Question: Why is Madeira an autonomous region?

Madeira

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Question: Why is Madeira an autonomous region?

Madeira


Question: Why is Madeira an autonomous region?

Madeira

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Question: Why is Madeira an autonomous region?

Madeira


Question: Why is Madeira an autonomous region?

Madeira

References on the topic elsewhere * Category:UNESCO World Heritage Sites in Portugal Category:Key articles on screening Category:41.5 Southern Europe


Question: Are there nobles still in Lithuania?

Reformation in Lithuania

Reformation in Lithuania refers to the Church Reformation in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania in the 16th century.


Question: Are there nobles still in Lithuania?

Reformation in Lithuania

In Lithuania, the most powerful Protestant movement was Calvinism and the Reformation mainly affected the upper class of society.


Question: Are there nobles still in Lithuania?

Reformation in Lithuania

The Protestant movement remained a weaker and more transient phenomenon in Lithuania than a few neighbouring countries.


Question: Are there nobles still in Lithuania?

Reformation in Lithuania

However, the Reformation influenced, for example, the development of Lithuanian-language literature.


Question: Are there nobles still in Lithuania?

Reformation in Lithuania

History The Reformation spread to Lithuania two seasons, through nobles and burghers who studied in Western Europe, and through Prussia, which embraced Lutheranism, which had become a vassal state of Poland.


Question: Are there nobles still in Lithuania?

Reformation in Lithuania

As in Poland, the Reformation in Lithuania gained the most adherents among the German-speaking urban bourgeoisie.


Question: Are there nobles still in Lithuania?

Reformation in Lithuania

In Vilnius, home to a well-organised German bourgeoisie, Stanislovas Rapalionisis (1485—1545) began speaking in favour of the Reformation.


Question: Are there nobles still in Lithuania?

Reformation in Lithuania

He made an impact at St. Anna's Church, but he quickly got into trouble and eventually fled to Prussia.


Question: Are there nobles still in Lithuania?

Reformation in Lithuania

In 1583, Abraomas Kulvetis, a Lithuanian adopter of the Lutheran faith, returned to Lithuania after studying at European universities.


Question: Are there nobles still in Lithuania?

Reformation in Lithuania

He founded, with the support of Queen Bona Sforza of Poland, a secondary school in Vilnius without the permission of the Catholic Church, which had monopolized education.


Question: Are there nobles still in Lithuania?

Reformation in Lithuania

Around 60 pupils came to Kulvetis' school, but he was forced to close the school after a decree issued by King Sigismund the Old in 1542.


Question: Are there nobles still in Lithuania?

Reformation in Lithuania

After this, he too fled to Prussia.


Question: Are there nobles still in Lithuania?

Reformation in Lithuania

[1] The University of Köngisberg soon after its founding began to draw a large number of Lithuanian students [1].


Question: Are there nobles still in Lithuania?

Reformation in Lithuania

In 1544—1600, a total of 233 students entered the university from Lithuania, some of whom belonged to noble families.


Question: Are there nobles still in Lithuania?

Reformation in Lithuania

Students at the university, variously, remained priests in what is known as Lesser Lithuania, became Protestant priests in Lithuania, or served as civil servants.


Question: Are there nobles still in Lithuania?

Reformation in Lithuania

Some of those who studied in Köngisberg, such as Bishop Melchior Giedraitris for example, are also active within the Catholic Church.


Question: Are there nobles still in Lithuania?

Reformation in Lithuania

The idea of vernacular teaching and Bible study, which was part of the Reformation, led to the manufacture of Lithuanian-language books in Köngisberg.


Question: Are there nobles still in Lithuania?

Reformation in Lithuania

The first such book was the Catechism edited by Martin Mosswid, which appeared in 1547.


Question: Are there nobles still in Lithuania?

Reformation in Lithuania

The entire Bible was also translated into Lithuanian in the 16th century, but it was not published until 1735.


Question: Are there nobles still in Lithuania?

Reformation in Lithuania

In accordance with the doctrines of the Reformation, vernacular literature began to be done in Lithuanian Orthodox regions as well.


Question: Are there nobles still in Lithuania?

Reformation in Lithuania

Frantsysk Skaryna translated the Psalms into the Ruthenian language in 1517 and the Old Testament in 1518—1519.


Question: Are there nobles still in Lithuania?

Reformation in Lithuania

[2] The Catholic Church and Sigismund the Old had sought, by various edicts, to complicate the progress of the Reformation, but this came a change following the rise of Sigismund II August to power in 1548.


Question: Are there nobles still in Lithuania?

Reformation in Lithuania

Sigismund II had grown up in the spirit of humanism, and was willing to accept the freedom of faith driven by the nobility.


Question: Are there nobles still in Lithuania?

Reformation in Lithuania

The Germans then established Lutheran congregations in Vilnius and Kaunas, and a new Lutheran church was built in Vilnius.


Question: Are there nobles still in Lithuania?

Reformation in Lithuania

Even as the Reformation accelerated, Lutheranism remained a stigmatized German movement.


Question: Are there nobles still in Lithuania?

Reformation in Lithuania

[3] Calvinism, supported by the family of Radvila in Lithuania, became a major factor in the Protestant trend.


Question: Are there nobles still in Lithuania?

Reformation in Lithuania

Several Calvinist congregations and churches were founded by Radvila's cousins Mikalojus Radvila Black, Mikalojus Radvila the Red and Mikalojus Radvila Brown.


Question: Are there nobles still in Lithuania?

Reformation in Lithuania

Lithuanian Calvinists' contacts with Switzerland and Poland were close and several theologians were invited to Lithuania from Switzerland and Lithuanians were sent there for doctrine.


Question: Are there nobles still in Lithuania?

Reformation in Lithuania

In 1557, a synod of the Reformed was organized, with the establishment of the church organization Unita Lituanie.


Question: Are there nobles still in Lithuania?

Reformation in Lithuania

[3] Calvinists established printings in Brest and Njasviž, where priests recruited by the Radvilos began translating the Bible.


Question: Are there nobles still in Lithuania?

Reformation in Lithuania

Brest's translation was completed into Polish in 1564.


Question: Are there noblemen still in Lithuania?

Reformation in Lithuania

Polish was chosen as the language because most of the people understood it.


Question: Are there noblemen still in Lithuania?

Reformation in Lithuania

However, religious literature was also published from these printings, along with Polish, in Ruthenian.


Question: Are there noblemen still in Lithuania?

Reformation in Lithuania

Eventually, along with the Radvilos, the vast majority of Lithuanian nobility converted to Calvinism.


Question: Are there noblemen still in Lithuania?

Reformation in Lithuania

Also, some of the Ruthenian nobles converted to Calvinism from the Orthodox faith.


Question: Are there noblemen still in Lithuania?

Reformation in Lithuania

[4] Implications Although the Reformation appeared strong in Lithuania, it was built on a weak foundation.


Question: Are there noblemen still in Lithuania?

Reformation in Lithuania

The Reformation affected almost purely the upper class and the lower nobility as well as the peasants were completely sidelined from it.


Question: Are there noblemen still in Lithuania?

Reformation in Lithuania

The Catholic Church, with its cults and rituals of sainthood, has been considered to have provided a more natural faith within the nobility and peasants circle, where paganism was still strongly influenced.


Question: Are there noblemen still in Lithuania?

Reformation in Lithuania

Protestant grand ratelists might have taken steps, for example, to expel Catholic priests from their territories, but they lacked the machinery of violence required for this purpose.


Question: Are there noblemen still in Lithuania?

Reformation in Lithuania

Eventually Protestantism also proved to be a transient phenomenon among the nobility, though it was retained by a few genera.


Question: Are there noblemen still in Lithuania?

Reformation in Lithuania

[5] Sources Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Kallio, Aulis| title = Lithuanian history| location = Tampere| publisher = Jagellonica-Cultural Association| year = 2009| id = ISBN 978-951-98665-3-6}} References Category:History of Lithuania Category:Church History Category:Christianity in Lithuania


Question: How big was the German-Roman Empire?

Holy German-Roman Empire

The Holy German-Roman Empire ((H.R.R.


Question: How big was the German-Roman Empire?

Holy German-Roman Empire

),,) was a central European kingdom in the Middle Ages.


Question: How big was the German-Roman Empire?

Holy German-Roman Empire

The concept of the First Reich () denotes this Empire.


Question: How big was the German-Roman Empire?

Holy German-Roman Empire

Its basis was the Kingdom created by the dissolution of the Frankish Empire in the Treaty of Verdun (843), later united by the Roman Empire.


Question: How big was the German-Roman Empire?

Holy German-Roman Empire

Formally, the Empire survived until 1806.


Question: How big was the German-Roman Empire?

Holy German-Roman Empire

The name, extent and structure of the kingdom have varied over the centuries.


Question: How big was the German-Roman Empire?

Holy German-Roman Empire

The name Lands under Emperor Konrad II were called the Roman Empire in 1034, Holy Empire in 1157, and Holy Roman Empire in 1254, initially with the Latin epithet Sacrum ('blessed') and later in German as Heilig ('holy/blessed').


Question: How big was the German-Roman Empire?

Holy German-Roman Empire

[1] Emperor Otto II was the first from whom the name Roman Emperor was used.


Question: How big was the German-Roman Empire?

Holy German-Roman Empire

The denomination Holy German-Roman Empire dates back to 1512, when it appeared in the form of the “Heiliges Römisches Reich Deutscher Nation” (Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation).


Question: How big was the German-Roman Empire?

Holy German-Roman Empire

Nature of the Empire Empire was a unique institution in the history of the world, and understanding its nature is tricky.


Question: How big was the German-Roman Empire?

Holy German-Roman Empire

It is easier to present what the Empire was not than to define it: It was never a nation state.


Question: How big was the German-Roman Empire?

Holy German-Roman Empire

Although most of the rulers and inhabitants were of Germanic origin, non-Germanic languages were also spoken in its territory.


Question: How big was the German-Roman Empire?

Holy German-Roman Empire

At the time of the kingdom's heyday, it included parts of present-day Germany, Austria, Slovenia, Switzerland, Belgium, the Netherlands, Luxembourg, the Czech Republic, eastern France, northern Italy and western Poland.


Question: How big was the German-Roman Empire?

Holy German-Roman Empire

Some of the time, however, it was more like a lax kingdom.


Question: How big was the German-Roman Empire?

Holy German-Roman Empire

The Empire had its own central government and was strongly united by Christianity.


Question: How big was the German-Roman Empire?

Holy German-Roman Empire

The Pope crowned the King of Germany as Emperor until 1508.


Question: How big was the German-Roman Empire?

Holy German-Roman Empire

Structure and institutions from the 12th century onwards, the Empire was shaped by the efforts of local, largely independent princes to transfer the emperor's power to themselves.


Question: How big was the German-Roman Empire?

Holy German-Roman Empire

Kings (emperors) repeatedly gave concessions to princes (dukes, counts, etc.) to confirm their own choice or to gain support for their endeavors.


Question: How big was the German-Roman Empire?

Holy German-Roman Empire

At the same time, the kingdom dispersed into even smaller units.


Question: How big was the German-Roman Empire?

Holy German-Roman Empire

The process ended in 1648 with the Peace of Westphalia.


Question: How big was the German-Roman Empire?

Holy German-Roman Empire

The crowning of Charles the Great as emperor at Christmas 800 by King Pope of Germany was an example for later kings.


Question: How big was the German-Roman Empire?

Holy German-Roman Empire

Charles the Great had beaten the langobards and the Roman townspeople who had opposed the Pope, which prompted the Empire's role as patron of the Church.


Question: How big was the German-Roman Empire?

Holy German-Roman Empire

[2] Becoming Emperor required becoming King of Germany.


Question: How big was the German-Roman Empire?

Holy German-Roman Empire

The King of Germany was perpetually elected.


Question: How big was the German-Roman Empire?

Holy German-Roman Empire

In the 8th century, the selection was carried out by the dukes of the five tribes (Franks, Saxons, Bavarians, Svaabs and Thuringians).


Question: How big was the German-Roman Empire?

Holy German-Roman Empire

In 1356, the group of princes carrying out the election was formalized, which initially included seven Electors (Kurfürst), but later the number slightly changed.


Question: How big was the German-Roman Empire?

Holy German-Roman Empire

Until 1508, the elected king had to travel to Rome, where the pope crowned him emperor.


Question: How big was the German-Roman Empire?

Holy German-Roman Empire

[3] The emperor could never legislate and rule alone.


Question: How big was the German-Roman Empire?

Holy German-Roman Empire

His power was limited by local princes.


Question: How big was the German-Roman Empire?

Holy German-Roman Empire

Towards the end of the 15th century, the Reich Days (Reichstag) were established, which only became established in 1663.


Question: How big was the German-Roman Empire?

Holy German-Roman Empire

Regions The kingdom was divided into counties corresponding to the states, free cities, ecclesiastical principalities and other similar territories.


Question: How big was the German-Roman Empire?

Holy German-Roman Empire

The fiefdom of Reichslehen was directly obtained from the emperor.


Question: How big was the German-Roman Empire?

Holy German-Roman Empire

These territories included territories ruled by princes and dukes.


Question: How big was the German-Roman Empire?

Holy German-Roman Empire

The rulers of territories under the Empire were not allowed to declare themselves kings (Bohemia formed the only exception in the Middle Ages).


Question: How big was the German-Roman Empire?

Holy German-Roman Empire

Ecclesiastical territories included dioceses headed by a bishop or prince-bishop, and imperial monasteries.


Question: How big was the German-Roman Empire?

Holy German-Roman Empire

Imperial Free Cities were cities with a self-government similar to that of other parts of the empire.


Question: How big was the German-Roman Empire?

Holy German-Roman Empire

The number of different principalities was quite large.


Question: How big was the German-Roman Empire?

Holy German-Roman Empire

The size of most of them wasn't more than a few square miles.


Question: How big was the German-Roman Empire?

Holy German-Roman Empire

Nor did the territories constitute unified territories surrounded by borders; instead, the realms and princes' holdings could be located scattered, long distances apart.


Question: How big was the German-Roman Empire?

Holy German-Roman Empire

In the Peace of Westphalia, the number of different principalities rose to several hundred.


Question: How big was the German-Roman Empire?

Holy German-Roman Empire

Reich Days In the New Age, the Reichstag was the law-making body of the Empire, including both secular rulers and representatives of the church.


Question: How big was the German-Roman Empire?

Holy German-Roman Empire

For a long time in the Middle Ages, kingdom days met irregularly at the invitation of the monarch.


Question: How big was the German-Roman Empire?

Holy German-Roman Empire

Meetings whose participant was not as exalted are called court days (Hoftag).


Question: How big was the German-Roman Empire?

Holy German-Roman Empire

However, the expressions are modern, and no such clear distinction was made in the Middle Ages.


Question: How big was the German-Roman Empire?

Holy German-Roman Empire

Medieval Reich Days also had no legislative function.


Question: How big was the German-Roman Empire?

Holy German-Roman Empire

History of the Frankish Empire investing feud Otto I the Great is estimated to have founded the German-Roman Empire no later than 962.


Question: How big was the German-Roman Empire?

Holy German-Roman Empire

Although some consider the Empire to have got its bud in 800 from the crowning of Charles the Great as Emperor of the Romans, Charles the Great himself used the title “King of the Franks”.


Question: How big was the German-Roman Empire?

Holy German-Roman Empire

The title also indicates that the Frankish Empire covered an area that included both present-day France and Germany.


Question: How big was the German-Roman Empire?

Holy German-Roman Empire

Most historians consider the genesis of the Empire to have been a process that began with the Treaty of Verdun in 843.


Question: How big was the German-Roman Empire?

Holy German-Roman Empire

The ruler of the eastern part became Louis the German, followed by more rulers until Louis IV, who was the last representative of the Carolingian family in Germany.


Question: How big was the German-Roman Empire?

Holy German-Roman Empire

Konrad I, followed by Henry I of Saxony, was chosen as his successor.


Question: How big was the German-Roman Empire?

Holy German-Roman Empire

Henry I concluded a treaty with Charles the Simple, king of the West Franks, in which the independence of Henry I's Kingdom was guaranteed.


Question: How big was the German-Roman Empire?

Holy German-Roman Empire

On Charles's death, Henry I annexed Frankish Lothringen into his kingdom.


Question: How big was the German-Roman Empire?

Holy German-Roman Empire

In 933, Henry I repelled the invasions of the Madyars who had continuously sought the country.


Question: How big was the German-Roman Empire?

Holy German-Roman Empire

[4] Henry I's son Otto I the Great became king in 936 when he crowned himself at Aachen as Germany's first Emperor and later in 962 he was also crowned by the Pope.


Question: How big was the German-Roman Empire?

Holy German-Roman Empire

Otto had gained most of his power by conquering Bohemia in 950 and beating the Hungarians at Lechfeld Field in 955.


Question: How big was the German-Roman Empire?

Holy German-Roman Empire

To unify the kingdom, Otto I the Great gave Bavaria to his brother Henry and Swaben to his son Liudolf.


Question: How big was the German-Roman Empire?

Holy German-Roman Empire

Otto I the Great married Adelheid Burgundian, the widow of the king of the Kingdom of Burgundy and Italy, and thus gained possession of the Kingdom.


Question: How big was the German-Roman Empire?

Holy German-Roman Empire

[5] Otto I the Great warred in Italy against the langobards and Byzantium, whose intervals his son Otto II sought to improve upon his ascension to the throne in 973.


Question: How big was the German-Roman Empire?

Holy German-Roman Empire

Otto II was mired in a power struggle with his cousin Duke Henry of Bavaria and the Slavic revolt of 983 resulted in the loss of the rear territories of the Elbe.


Question: How big was the German-Roman Empire?

Holy German-Roman Empire

Otto II died in the same year and his sons Otto III's regent Adelheid and Theophano were forced to defend themselves against Henry.


Question: How big was the German-Roman Empire?

Holy German-Roman Empire

[5] Otto III died young in 1002 and was succeeded all the time by Henry II the Holy, the son of Henry II of Bavaria, who pursued power.


Question: How big was the German-Roman Empire?

Holy German-Roman Empire

Henry II the Holy died childless in 1024.


Question: How big was the German-Roman Empire?

Holy German-Roman Empire

[5] After him became emperor, Duke Konrad II of Franconia, who was succeeded by Henry III in 1039.


Question: How big was the German-Roman Empire?

Holy German-Roman Empire

He was a reformist and supported the reformist popes Clement II and Leo IX, which backfired as church power grew past the emperor's rule.


Question: How big was the German-Roman Empire?

Holy German-Roman Empire

[6] Henry III's son Henry IV succeeded his father in 1056.


Question: How big was the German-Roman Empire?

Holy German-Roman Empire

He relied on his fiefdom lords and the strengthening bourgeoisie, and declared Pope Gregory VII excommunicated.


Question: How big was the German-Roman Empire?

Holy German-Roman Empire

The Pope in turn declared the emperor to be put.


Question: How big was the German-Roman Empire?

Holy German-Roman Empire

The pope removed the collar after a year after Henry IV publicly repented.


Question: How big was the German-Roman Empire?

Holy German-Roman Empire

During the Panna period, the duchies had begun to revolt, and Henry IV overthrew the rebelling dukes in 1080.


Question: How big was the German-Roman Empire?

Holy German-Roman Empire

However, opposition to the emperor grew and was eventually deposed by his own son Henry V in 1105.


Question: How big was the German-Roman Empire?

Holy German-Roman Empire

[7] From the 12th century onwards, German emperors considered themselves successors to the emperors of the Roman Empire based on the theory of translatio imperii.


Question: How big was the German-Roman Empire?

Holy German-Roman Empire

Therefore, they used the self-designation Augustus.


Question: How big was the German-Roman Empire?

Holy German-Roman Empire

In the Early Middle Ages, they did not yet call themselves Roman Emperor, so as not to provoke conflict with the Roman Emperor ruling in Constantinople.


Question: How big was the German-Roman Empire?

Holy German-Roman Empire

It was not until Konrad II adopted the title “Roman Emperor”.


Question: How big was the German-Roman Empire?

Holy German-Roman Empire

At this time, the Eastern Kingdom was not a unified Germany but a union of principalities, which remained united thanks to the personal influence of Henry the Birdman and his son Otto I the Great.


Question: How big was the German-Roman Empire?

Holy German-Roman Empire

They were also able to choose their successors themselves.


Question: How big was the German-Roman Empire?

Holy German-Roman Empire

Unity broke with Henry II Saint remaining childless.


Question: How big was the German-Roman Empire?

Holy German-Roman Empire

Konrad II was elected after him, but only after disagreements over the election.


Question: How big was the German-Roman Empire?

Holy German-Roman Empire

The crown and princes supported the church and clergy so that power would not pass too much to the nobility, which would have decentralized the kingdom.


Question: How big was the German-Roman Empire?

Holy German-Roman Empire

The church, in turn, was obliged to support the kingdom financially and militarily.


Question: How big was the German-Roman Empire?

Holy German-Roman Empire

Due to the celibacy of the clergy, wealth, posts and fiefdoms could not be inherited and they reverted back to the princes and the crown.


Question: How big was the German-Roman Empire?

Holy German-Roman Empire

This protected the position of the monarch, and moreover, this had a great deal of dictum in the naming of bishops and abbots.


Question: How big was the German-Roman Empire?

Holy German-Roman Empire

The Church's demands for independence in the 10th century eventually led to the investment-strife that dissolved the kingdom.


Question: How big was the German-Roman Empire?

Holy German-Roman Empire

[4] In the time of the House of Hohenstauf Henry V was the last Saalite emperor.


Question: How big was the German-Roman Empire?

Holy German-Roman Empire

During his time with the rebelling dukes, a treaty was reached in 1121 in the Reichstag of Würzburg and disputes of investment were agreed in 1122.


Question: How big was the German-Roman Empire?

Holy German-Roman Empire

[7] With the death of Henry V in 1125, Duke Lothar Supplinburgite of Saxony rose to power, allying himself with Bavaria against the Hohenstaufs of the princely line of Swabia.


Question: How big was the German-Roman Empire?

Holy German-Roman Empire

Saxony and Bavaria were united by the marital trade, but upon Lothar's death in 1138 Konrad III of Swabia became King of Germany.


Question: How big was the German-Roman Empire?

Holy German-Roman Empire

[8] However, he was never crowned emperor.


Question: How big was the German-Roman Empire?

Holy German-Roman Empire

Frederick I Barbarossa (King of Germany 1152—1190, Roman Emperor 1155—1190) was the first whose office introduced a way of calling the Empire sacred.


Question: How big was the German-Roman Empire?

Holy German-Roman Empire

During the Barbarossa period, the idea of the “Romanism” of the Empire emerged even more clearly in the spirit of the so-called 12th-century Renaissance.


Question: How big was the German-Roman Empire?

Holy German-Roman Empire

Thus, the imperial assembly at Roncaglia in 1158 reintroduced imperial rights on the advice of four law scholars of the University of Bologna, quattuor doctores.


Question: How big was the German-Roman Empire?

Holy German-Roman Empire

They cited phrases of Roman law such as legis solutus (“the laws do not bind the leader”).


Question: How big was the German-Roman Empire?

Holy German-Roman Empire

Roncaglia also listed individually the royal rights, which had already been referred to since the Investment Dispute.


Question: How big was the German-Roman Empire?

Holy German-Roman Empire

Royal rights (regalias) included public roads, customs duties, minting money, levying some fines, and the right to invest.


Question: How big was the German-Roman Empire?

Holy German-Roman Empire

The House of Hohenstauf distributed land to its former unfree service men (ministerials,), who during the war served as soldiers of the emperor.


Question: How big was the German-Roman Empire?

Holy German-Roman Empire

Since then, the Ministerials formed low nobility.


Question: How big was the German-Roman Empire?

Holy German-Roman Empire

The Hohenstaufs hoped that these would be more loyal to the emperor than a fiefdom based, a service force formed by free men, or a church no longer controlled by the emperor.


Question: How big was the German-Roman Empire?

Holy German-Roman Empire

New cities were actively established to concentrate economic power in strategic locations.


Question: How big was the German-Roman Empire?

Holy German-Roman Empire

A power struggle between the Hohenstaufs and the Welfs of the Dukes of Saxe-Bavaria divided the Empire for decades.


Question: How big was the German-Roman Empire?

Holy German-Roman Empire

Konrad III ousted the Welfs from Saxony, but Frerik I restored Saxony to them.


Question: How big was the German-Roman Empire?

Holy German-Roman Empire

The Welfs refused to help Fredrik I this Italian war expedition and the Welfs lost Bavaria and Saxony because of this.


Question: How big was the German-Roman Empire?

Holy German-Roman Empire

The infighting of the lineages only ended with the pope's intervention in the game in the early 13th century.


Question: How big was the German-Roman Empire?

Holy German-Roman Empire

[9] Frederick I Barbarossa made much war in Italy against the Langobards and the Kingdom of Sicily.


Question: How big was the German-Roman Empire?

Holy German-Roman Empire

He led the Third Crusade, but drowned while en route in 1190.


Question: How big was the German-Roman Empire?

Holy German-Roman Empire

[8] He was succeeded by Henry VI, who conquered the southern parts of Italy and married the heiress of Sicily, but perished so young in 1197 that he did not have time to name his successor.


Question: How big was the German-Roman Empire?

Holy German-Roman Empire

A power struggle began in the Empire, and his minor son Frederick II did not rule like Sicily.


Question: How big was the German-Roman Empire?

Holy German-Roman Empire

In Germany, Philip of Swaben and Otto IV competed for kingship with him.


Question: How big was the German-Roman Empire?

Holy German-Roman Empire

Eventually, Frederick II prevailed, and he was crowned emperor in 1220.


Question: How big was the German-Roman Empire?

Holy German-Roman Empire

[10] Fredrik brought the mythical idea of the Empire to its last peak.


Question: How big was the German-Roman Empire?

Holy German-Roman Empire

He also strengthened the Empire's dispersal tendency while staying for much of his reign outside Germany.


Question: How big was the German-Roman Empire?

Holy German-Roman Empire

He focused on creating an exceptionally modern state in Sicily, developing public services, economy, and legislation, but he ceded rights to the clergy and secular rulers that the emperor was never able to restore for himself.


Question: How big was the German-Roman Empire?

Holy German-Roman Empire

With the rise of power in the territories upon Fredrik's death in 1250, no lineage from which a new king could have come was able to impose one, and the princes elected several kings competing with each other.


Question: How big was the German-Roman Empire?

Holy German-Roman Empire

The years 1246—1273 are called the interregnum.


Question: How big was the German-Roman Empire?

Holy German-Roman Empire

The difficulties caused by the election of the king eventually led to the formation of the College of Electors (kurfürst).


Question: How big was the German-Roman Empire?

Holy German-Roman Empire

Its composition and modes of operation were decided in the Golden Bulla of 1356.


Question: How big was the German-Roman Empire?

Holy German-Roman Empire

The development is a sign that the emperor and the kingdom were no longer the same thing.


Question: How big was the German-Roman Empire?

Holy German-Roman Empire

The power of kings following the House of Hohenstaufen was also based on different things than those of earlier rulers.


Question: How big was the German-Roman Empire?

Holy German-Roman Empire

In the past, the power of the emperors was based on the lands of the kingdom (Reichsgut), which always belonged to the respective emperor.


Question: How big was the German-Roman Empire?

Holy German-Roman Empire

After the 13th century, the Reichsgut's importance shrank, and lands in the kingdom were given as pledge to local princes, either for money or obedience, or as prizes.


Question: How big was the German-Roman Empire?

Holy German-Roman Empire

Kings from Rudolf the Habsburg onwards relied on the lands of their own family to support their power.


Question: How big was the German-Roman Empire?

Holy German-Roman Empire

Unlike the lands of the kingdom, the lands of the ruler families were more united and easier to govern.


Question: How big was the German-Roman Empire?

Holy German-Roman Empire

Henry VII of Luxembourg was, in 1312, the first to be crowned emperor since King Frederick II.


Question: How big was the German-Roman Empire?

Holy German-Roman Empire

After him, the power of all kings and emperors was based on their own lands.


Question: How big was the German-Roman Empire?

Holy German-Roman Empire

From this era onwards, it was also the vested interest of the king to transfer power to the territories.


Question: How big was the German-Roman Empire?

Holy German-Roman Empire

In the 13th century, the management of the land also changed.


Question: How big was the German-Roman Empire?

Holy German-Roman Empire

Money replaced personal responsibilities and peasants increasingly had to pay tax on their land.


Question: How big was the German-Roman Empire?

Holy German-Roman Empire

The concept of property increasingly replaced older forms of jurisdiction.


Question: How big was the German-Roman Empire?

Holy German-Roman Empire

In the principalities, the owner of the land distributed justice and judgments, from which the rest of the power ensued.


Question: How big was the German-Roman Empire?

Holy German-Roman Empire

At the same time, principalities began to take shape as predecessors of modern states.


Question: How big was the German-Roman Empire?

Holy German-Roman Empire

The change was fastest in areas that most corresponded to the lands of the old Germanic tribes such as Bavaria.


Question: How big was the German-Roman Empire?

Holy German-Roman Empire

Reich Reform (“Reichsreform”) The legal order of the kingdom was still very unstructured at the beginning of the 15th century, although some procedures had been agreed upon.


Question: How big was the German-Roman Empire?

Holy German-Roman Empire

The rules for the cooperation of the king, king's electors, and other princes in the Empire depended much on the character of each king.


Question: How big was the German-Roman Empire?

Holy German-Roman Empire

It was fatal that Sigismund Luxembourgish (king 1410, emperor 1433—1437) and Frederick III (king 1440, emperor 1452—1493) did not pay attention to the core areas of the kingdom, but remained largely on their own lands.


Question: How big was the German-Roman Empire?

Holy German-Roman Empire

Without the king's presence, the importance of court days (the Hoftag, the meeting of the leading men of the kingdom) withered and the Reichstag as a legislative body did not yet exist.


Question: How big was the German-Roman Empire?

Holy German-Roman Empire

The princes argued among themselves and disputes escalated into local wars at times.


Question: How big was the German-Roman Empire?

Holy German-Roman Empire

At the same time, the church was in crisis, too.


Question: How big was the German-Roman Empire?

Holy German-Roman Empire

Disputes between several rival popes were not resolved until the Ecclesiastical Assembly of Konstanz of 1414—1418 and much energy of 1419 was expended in the struggle against Hussite heresy.


Question: How big was the German-Roman Empire?

Holy German-Roman Empire

The middle-intentioned idea of a unified Corpus Christianum</i>in which the Pope and the Empire were the leading institutions began to crumble.


Question: How big was the German-Roman Empire?

Holy German-Roman Empire

Due to major changes, much debate arose in the 15th century about the Empire itself.