Question: What is a Swedish national poem?

Johan Ludvig Runeberg

The oldest and most remarkable of these are the statues of Helsinki and Porvoo, unveiled in 1885, both sculpted by the poet's son Walter Runeberg.


Question: What is a Swedish national poem?

Johan Ludvig Runeberg

The statue of Helsinki, located in the Esplanade Park, features two bronze figures: Runeberg, standing atop a tall pedestal, depicted in his official attire by a lyceum lecturer, and a Finnish maiden at his feet carrying the words of the Maamme song engraved on a copper tablet.


Question: What is a Swedish national poem?

Johan Ludvig Runeberg

The Runeberginpuisto statue in Porvoo is a replica of the statue of Helsinki, but in a smaller size and without the figure of the Maiden Finland.


Question: What is a Swedish national poem?

Johan Ludvig Runeberg

[28] In the city of Runeberg, Pietarsaari, a statue was unveiled in 1904 in the handwriting of Walter Runeberg.


Question: What is a Swedish national poem?

Johan Ludvig Runeberg

[29] In addition, the fishing lodge outside the city where Runeberg spent his summers as a child with his parents is museumed and is known as Runeberg tua.


Question: What is a Swedish national poem?

Johan Ludvig Runeberg

[30] A monument to Runeberg was unveiled in 1954 at Ruovesi, and the main attractions of the municipality include the source of Runeberg, on the verge of which he allegedly wrote his well-known poem “Sua source beautiful I watch”.


Question: What is a Swedish national poem?

Johan Ludvig Runeberg

[31] In Turku, Runeberg is immortalized in a statue sculpted by Harry Kivijärvi by Runeberg, Lönnrot, Snellman, nicknamed “Three vekkulia”.


Question: What is a Swedish national poem?

Johan Ludvig Runeberg

The statue was unveiled in 1968 to commemorate these three great men who studied at Turku Academy and is located in front of the main building of the University of Turku.


Question: What is a Swedish national poem?

Johan Ludvig Runeberg

[32] Runeberg has title streets, squares and parks in several Finnish cities and Stockholm.


Question: What is a Swedish national poem?

Johan Ludvig Runeberg

The most notable are Runeberginkatu in Kamppi and Töölö in Helsinki, as well as the Runebergin parks in Porvoo and Pietarsaari.


Question: What is a Swedish national poem?

Johan Ludvig Runeberg

The Runeberg Project, an electronic publishing project of Nordic literature, and the Runeberg Prize, one of Finland's most notable literary prizes, have also been named after him.


Question: What is a Swedish national poem?

Johan Ludvig Runeberg

Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland, which fosters Finnish-Swedish literature and culture, was founded in 1885 to honour Runeberg's memory.


Question: What is a Swedish national poem?

Johan Ludvig Runeberg

In 2004, a silver commemorative coin with a denomination of ten euros was minted in Runeberg's honour.


Question: What is a Swedish national poem?

Johan Ludvig Runeberg

[2] [33] [34] [35] The most prominent of the honours Runeberg receives for his part is Runeberg Day, which is celebrated annually on the poet's birthday on 5 February and is an established day of flagging.


Question: What is a Swedish national poem?

Johan Ludvig Runeberg

[2] The day is celebrated by eating runeberg tarts, a sweet pastry that Runeberg is reported to have happily enjoyed.


Question: What is a Swedish national poem?

Johan Ludvig Runeberg

[36] Norwegian Air Shuttle has painted a picture of Runeberg on the tail of one of its aircraft.


Question: What is a Swedish national poem?

Johan Ludvig Runeberg

[37] Works of Runeberg: [2] Dikter, poems, 1830 Serviska folksånger, Swedish versions of Serbian folk poems, 1830 Elk skiers, poems, 1832 Hanna, poetry, 1836 Dikter II, poems, 1833 Friaren från landet, play, 1834 Nadeschda, poetry, 1841 Christmas evening, poetry, 1841 Dikter III, poems, 1841 King Fjalar, poetry epic, 1844 Vänrikrikki Stool's stories, first part 1848, second part 1860 Kan ej, play, 1862 Kings of Salami, play, 1863 See also Saturday Society Finland picture Polish chalice Sources Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Kannisto, Päivi| title = Salted Verses: Discursive Formation of Finland and Finns from the 17th Century to Topelius.


Question: What is a Swedish national poem?

Johan Ludvig Runeberg

E-book| publisher = Ellibs, Turku| year = 2007| version = Printed dissertation: Rantanen Päivi, Salted Verses, Finnish Literature Society (SKS), Helsinki 1997.


Question: What is a Swedish national poem?

Johan Ludvig Runeberg

ISBN 951-71794-7-2| isbn = 978-952-99867-3-6 (PDF) | format = [book online]}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Karkama, Pertti| title = Variations of Freedom: J. L. Runeberg's worldview from the bottom of his epith| location = Helsinki| publisher = SKSHER | year = 1982}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Kirstina, Leena| title = Brief History of Our Literature | location = Helsinki| publisher = Januar| year = 2000| isbn = 951-26-4513-0}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Varpio, George & Huhtala, Liisi| English title = Finnish title = literature history 1, From pious songs to happy novel| location = Helsinki| publisher = SKS| year = 1999| isbn = 951-71788-6-7}} References Literature Majamaa, Raija & Paulaharju, Marjut J. L. Runeberg.


Question: What is a Swedish national poem?

Johan Ludvig Runeberg

Finnish poet.


Question: What is a Swedish national poem?

Johan Ludvig Runeberg

SKS 2004.


Question: What is a Swedish national poem?

Johan Ludvig Runeberg

ISBN 951-746-585-8 On the subject elsewhere Free to download Johan Ludvig Runeberg e-books from the National Library and Check date values in: |accessdate=, |date= (help) * Category:Born in 1804 Class:Dead in 1877 Category:Screening key articles


Question: Is natural gas dangerous to humans?

Carbon monoxide

Carbon monoxide, carbon oxide, or carbon oxide (CO), is a compound of carbon and oxygen.


Question: Is natural gas dangerous to humans?

Carbon monoxide

It is an odorless, colorless, toxic, reaction sensitive and highly flammable gas.


Question: Is natural gas dangerous to humans?

Carbon monoxide

Carbon monoxide has a molar mass of 28.0g/mol, melting point −205°C, boiling point −191°C, self-ignition temperature 605°C, and CAS number 630-08-0.


Question: Is natural gas dangerous to humans?

Carbon monoxide

For gas mixtures containing mainly carbon monoxide, the name carbon monoxide is often used.


Question: Is natural gas dangerous to humans?

Carbon monoxide

It occurs when carbon or carbon-containing substances burn incompletely, i.e. in too little oxygen, or when combustion occurs at very high temperatures.


Question: Is natural gas dangerous to humans?

Carbon monoxide

Often it arises as an unwanted and harmful by-product of combustion, but it also has useful uses as fuel, metallurgy and raw material for the chemical industry.


Question: Is natural gas dangerous to humans?

Carbon monoxide

Sources of Carbon Monoxide Carbon monoxide can be generated in a general variety of ways.


Question: Is natural gas dangerous to humans?

Carbon monoxide

Carbon monoxide is generated according to the Boudouard equilibrium reaction from carbon and carbon dioxide at high temperature [1] C + O2 → CO2 CO2 + C → 2 CO At temperatures above 600°C, the enthalpy of carbon monoxide formation is less than that of carbon dioxide, according to the Ellingham diagram, and above 1000°C at temperature, carbon monoxide is an almost exclusive reaction product according to Le Châtelier's principle, although the reaction enthalpy is unfavourable compared to carbon dioxide.


Question: Is natural gas dangerous to humans?

Carbon monoxide

Carbon monoxide as a combustion product Carbon monoxide, or carbon dioxide, is always produced when carbon-containing substances burn, but if there is sufficient oxygen, it will quickly return to carbon dioxide.


Question: Is natural gas dangerous to humans?

Carbon monoxide

It occurs, for example, in internal combustion engines when burning carbon-based fuels, especially if the temperature is too low for complete oxidation, or the time available in the combustion chamber is too small or because sufficient oxygen is not present.


Question: Is natural gas dangerous to humans?

Carbon monoxide

Normally, it is more difficult to optimize a combustion device for a low amount of carbon monoxide than for low unburned fuel volumes.


Question: Is natural gas dangerous to humans?

Carbon monoxide

Carbon monoxide is also generated when firewood burns in a fireplace or other hearth, but usually it immediately burns further into carbon dioxide.


Question: Is natural gas dangerous to humans?

Carbon monoxide

However, if the supply of oxygen to the hearth abruptly decreases, for example, if the furnace dampers are closed while the embers are still burning, carbon monoxide will spread as such into the room air and carbon monoxide poisoning may result.


Question: Is natural gas dangerous to humans?

Carbon monoxide

Carbon monoxide is also generated in small amounts in cigarette smoking.


Question: Is natural gas dangerous to humans?

Carbon monoxide

Industrial Manufacturing Carbon monoxide can be prepared by blowing water vapor through a glowing carbon layer: H2O + C → CO + H2 In the laboratory, carbon monoxide can be prepared stoichiometrically with great caution by allowing sulfuric acid to act on formic acid.


Question: Is natural gas dangerous to humans?

Carbon monoxide

Use Carbon monoxide is used as fuel, for reducing metals from their oxides, as well as raw material for chemical industry.


Question: Is natural gas dangerous to humans?

Carbon monoxide

Urban gas, or light gas, which was primarily a mixture of carbon monoxide and hydrogen, was used in many cities as fuel from the 19th century onwards.


Question: Is natural gas dangerous to humans?

Carbon monoxide

It was manufactured by letting water vapor pass through a glowing layer of carbon.


Question: Is natural gas dangerous to humans?

Carbon monoxide

Initially it was used for lighting in gas lamps, which, as electric lamps became more common, however, quickly fell out of use.


Question: Is natural gas dangerous to humans?

Carbon monoxide

Later, urban gas was primarily used as fuel for gas stoves.


Question: Is natural gas dangerous to humans?

Carbon monoxide

Today, it has been supplanted by natural gas, which is predominantly methane.


Question: Is natural gas dangerous to humans?

Carbon monoxide

Today, LPG (propane or butane) is used.


Question: Is natural gas dangerous to humans?

Carbon monoxide

Wood gas, which is predominantly carbon monoxide, has been used as fuel in wood carburettors, known as carbon monoxide.


Question: Is natural gas dangerous to humans?

Carbon monoxide

During wartime, it was used to fuel cars too.


Question: Is natural gas dangerous to humans?

Carbon monoxide

Carbon monoxide is used in a blast furnace to reduce iron from its oxides.


Question: Is natural gas dangerous to humans?

Carbon monoxide

Properties Carbon monoxide is poorly soluble in water.


Question: Is natural gas dangerous to humans?

Carbon monoxide

It's a slightly lighter than air gas.


Question: Is natural gas dangerous to humans?

Carbon monoxide

[2] The structure of carbon monoxide can be described by the following resonant forms of Lewis formulas, from which it is seen that there is a trigonal bond character in the bond (only common electrons plotted to appear): C − ≡ O + ↔ C = O ↔ C + − O − {\ displaystyle C^ {-}\ equiv O^ {+}\ quad\ leftrightarrow\ quad C=O\ quad\ leftrightarrow\ quad C^ {+} -O^ {-}} As a triple bond, the carbon monoxide molecule is isoelectronic with the nitrogen molecule (N2).


Question: Is natural gas dangerous to humans?

Carbon monoxide

[3] Carbon monoxide is a weak Lewis base, and binds into complexes with some metals.


Question: Is natural gas dangerous to humans?

Carbon monoxide

Reactions Carbon monoxide oxidizes to carbon dioxide, on which its use as a fuel is based.


Question: Is natural gas dangerous to humans?

Carbon monoxide

For the same reason, it is used in industry to reduce metals and nonmetals.


Question: Is natural gas dangerous to humans?

Carbon monoxide

For example, iron ore can be reduced as follows: Fe2O3 + 3 CO → 2 Fe + 3 CO2.


Question: Is natural gas dangerous to humans?

Carbon monoxide

By allowing carbon monoxide to react with water vapor, hydrogen and carbon dioxide are obtained: CO (g) + H2O (g) → H2 (g) + CO2 (g).


Question: Is natural gas dangerous to humans?

Carbon monoxide

With hydrogen, methanol can be made from carbon monoxide: CO (g) + 2 H2 (g) → CH3OH (l).


Question: Is natural gas dangerous to humans?

Carbon monoxide

Fighting gas phosgene is made from chlorine and carbon monoxide: CO + Cl2 → CoCl2.


Question: Is natural gas dangerous to humans?

Carbon monoxide

Toxicity Carbon monoxide [4] [5] binds to iron ions of haemoglobin 200 to 250 times more tightly than oxygen gas.


Question: Is natural gas dangerous to humans?

Carbon monoxide

Once into the blood, it therefore impairs the body's ability to transport oxygen.


Question: Is natural gas dangerous to humans?

Carbon monoxide

A large enough amount of carbon monoxide in the blood causes a person to lose consciousness.


Question: Is natural gas dangerous to humans?

Carbon monoxide

Approximately one hundred people die a year from carbon monoxide poisoning in Finland [6] and 10-30% of those who have recovered become a variety of late symptoms of the nervous system.


Question: Is natural gas dangerous to humans?

Carbon monoxide

It is likely that, in addition, a significant number of carbon monoxide poisonings remain undiagnosed.


Question: Is natural gas dangerous to humans?

Carbon monoxide

The person who inhaled carbon monoxide appears to be a healthy red skin colour to the outside, even if the person is already in severe oxygen deprivation, because the hemoglobin molecule bound by carbon monoxide is bright red.


Question: Is natural gas dangerous to humans?

Carbon monoxide

In severe carbon monoxide poisoning, the pulse can be unusually slow, although normally the pulse of someone who is deprived of oxygen is fast.


Question: Is natural gas dangerous to humans?

Carbon monoxide

The risk of death is considerable.


Question: Is natural gas dangerous to humans?

Carbon monoxide

The patient with carbon monoxide poisoning should be quickly brought to fresh air and as soon as possible start treatment with clean oxygen and, if necessary, switch the patient on a ventilator or given hyper-oxygen inhalation therapy in the pressure chamber.


Question: Is natural gas dangerous to humans?

Carbon monoxide

Carbon monoxide can be generated indoors if wood or gas-powered fireplaces work poorly or the damper for the fireplace is closed in a tight-fitting apartment too early.


Question: Is natural gas dangerous to humans?

Carbon monoxide

The worst cause of carbon monoxide poisoning is fire.


Question: Is natural gas dangerous to humans?

Carbon monoxide

Sometimes you can find whole families dead from cage.


Question: Is natural gas dangerous to humans?

Carbon monoxide

However, in this case, those who fainted on the floor and especially by the floor crevices and the front door may survive, while those who slept in bed and upstairs have perished in decay at the same time.


Question: Is natural gas dangerous to humans?

Carbon monoxide

Survivors may experience powerlessness and memory impairment for a long time.


Question: Is natural gas dangerous to humans?

Carbon monoxide

Also, a poorly functioning excursion cooker has sometimes killed cage in tents with no atop vents.


Question: Is natural gas dangerous to humans?

Carbon monoxide

See also Carbon Suboxide Environmental Health Sources On topic elsewhere Transclusion error: {{En}} is only for use in File namespace.


Question: Is natural gas dangerous to humans?

Carbon monoxide

Use {{lang-en}} or {{en icon}} instead.


Question: Is natural gas dangerous to humans?

Carbon monoxide

Category:Toxic chemicals Category:Carbon compounds Category:Oxides Category:Key articles in screening


Question: How many people died in the Bosnian war?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

The Wars of Disintegration of Yugoslavia were a long series of wars fought in the former Yugoslavia on the Balkan Peninsula since 1991.


Question: How many people died in the Bosnian war?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

The war was fought in Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia and Kosovo, as well as southern Serbia.


Question: How many people died in the Bosnian war?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

The cause of the wars was a disagreement among Yugoslav nationalists over the country's governance, economy and division of territories.


Question: How many people died in the Bosnian war?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

In particular, Kosovo Albanians, Slovenia and Croatia wanted to get rid of Yugoslavia, and Serbia wanted to maintain a unified Serb state even with violence.


Question: How many people died in the Bosnian war?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

The backdrop of the wars was the patchwork habitation of different peoples due to the history of the region, but their immediate cause was stark nationalism.


Question: How many people died in the Bosnian war?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

The collapse of Yugoslavia was also significantly aided by the sluggish economy and the faster collapse of socialism.


Question: How many people died in the Bosnian war?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

Slobodan Milošević, a socialist and conservative Serb politician by semi-democratic means, plotted himself into the leadership of his country.


Question: How many people died in the Bosnian war?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

Milošević took advantage of, among others, the bigot-nationalist Serb policies pushed by Vojislav Šešelj to create Greater Serbia, in which other Yugoslav nations were seen as enemies trampling Serb rights.


Question: How many people died in the Bosnian war?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

So, in Croatia, Bosnia and Kosovo, other peoples were violently driven out by the Serb-led federal army, police and paramilitary forces known as Cheetniks.


Question: How many people died in the Bosnian war?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

The peoples of the conquered territories were also subject to war crimes, including murder, torture, burning and pillage.


Question: How many people died in the Bosnian war?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

[1] These violent mass deportations were referred to as ethnic cleansing [2].


Question: How many people died in the Bosnian war?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

Ethnonationalism also rose in regions seeking to get rid of Yugoslavia, and so also other nations soon began to carry out their own ethnic cleansing.


Question: How many people died in the Bosnian war?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

In the Bosnian War, Croats sought the creation of Greater Croatia, ethnically cleansing.


Question: How many people died in the Bosnian war?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

The Yugoslav Wars were the bloodiest battles in Europe since World War II, with 100,000—300,000 people killed.


Question: How many people died in the Bosnian war?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

The wars of disintegration were similar to the Civil War.


Question: How many people died in the Bosnian war?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

Foreign powers intervened in the wars some times and peacekeepers were sent to the region.


Question: How many people died in the Bosnian war?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

The break-up of Yugoslavia Yugoslavia broke down into Serb domination efforts and the desire of Croats and Slovenes to secede from the federation.


Question: How many people died in the Bosnian war?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

In the beginning, the powerful central power kept the mutually quarreling peoples in one state.


Question: How many people died in the Bosnian war?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

Background of the breakup of Yugoslavia The territory of the former Yugoslavia was home to many peoples [3] with different histories behind them.


Question: How many people died in the Bosnian war?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

For example, Croats were predominantly Roman Catholics and Serbs Orthodox [4].


Question: How many people died in the Bosnian war?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

In addition, the country was inhabited by Muslims from the period of Ottoman rule.


Question: How many people died in the Bosnian war?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

Serb Četniks and army terrorized Albanians in the Balkan Wars and Croats in World War I.


Question: How many people died in the Bosnian war?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

The Slovenes, Croats and Serbs were united into a single Kingdom after World War I.


Question: How many people died in the Bosnian war?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

Other peoples also came along, including Kosovo Albanians.


Question: How many people died in the Bosnian war?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

In the first inter-world war Yugoslavia, ardent Serb and Croat politicians clashed, leading to a shooting in parliament in 1928.


Question: How many people died in the Bosnian war?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

This is why the king seized power.


Question: How many people died in the Bosnian war?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

The predominantly Serb-led Yugoslavia broke up with the German invasion in 1941, and the country was divided between the Axis powers.


Question: How many people died in the Bosnian war?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

The occupation created a civil war.


Question: How many people died in the Bosnian war?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

Ante Pavelic, leader of the fascist Ustaša organisation who rose to the leadership of Croatia, killed tens of thousands of Serbs, Gypsies and Jews in concentration camps [5].


Question: How many people died in the Bosnian war?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

The Serb Cetniks massacred Croat civilians and partisans and sought to create Greater Serbia with deportations [6].


Question: How many people died in the Bosnian war?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

Thus, more people died in the Yugoslav civil war during the Second World War than were killed by the occupiers [7].


Question: How many people died in the Bosnian war?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

But the communist partisans won a confusing civil war, and thus partisan leader Josip Broz Tito created the Second Yugoslavia, which was a socialist federation made up of six republics.


Question: How many people died in the Bosnian war?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

Tito, following Soviet instructions, sought to establish equality for the peoples, but did not mention Muslims, Hungarians or Albanians in his Bihac Declaration [8].


Question: How many people died in the Bosnian war?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

He created his own kind of socialism, quarreled with the Soviet Union and opened the country's borders early on to the West.


Question: How many people died in the Bosnian war?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

Nationalism of different peoples was often raised [9] [10], although it was tried to be curbed [11].


Question: How many people died in the Bosnian war?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

Tito, a rather skilled politician who ruled as dictator, was unable to solve the country's complex nationality problem [12] [13], which remained largely hidden in the 1950s but began to emerge in the early 1960s [14].


Question: How many people died in the Bosnian war?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

The opposition was prominently Croatian anti-Serb separatism [15] and Serbian Grand Serbianism [16].


Question: How many people died in the Bosnian war?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

Serb ultra-nationalism was supported, though not directly supported [14] until 1966 by Aleksandar Ranković, chief of the Yugoslav hardline secret police [17].


Question: How many people died in the Bosnian war?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

The Rankovicians opposed the intentions to liberalise the Slovenian and Croatian economies [14].


Question: How many people died in the Bosnian war?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

The culture, religion and standard of living of peoples varied [18] [19] from one region to another, creating inherent disputes over the economy, augmented by memories of the wrongs suffered throughout history.


Question: How many people died in the Bosnian war?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

Tito overthrew the nationalists, including the Croatian Spring in the early 1970s [20], as well as the corresponding movement in Slovenia.


Question: How many people died in the Bosnian war?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

In retrospect, it has been said in some respects that Tito's socialist policy of denying national sentiments and religion suffocated political thought so that the resulting pressure later erupted as strong bigoted nationalism [21].


Question: How many people died in the Bosnian war?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

On the other hand, the various means of force and coercive use by the authorities during Tito also excluded from later thinking, especially in Serbia, the idea of peaceful solutions, especially since already under Tito the army officers had the highest number of Serbs.


Question: How many people died in the Bosnian war?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

Equally well, however, the War of Dissolution of Yugoslavia can be seen as a collision of various nationalisms that would have arisen without Tito or without Milošević.


Question: How many people died in the Bosnian war?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

After Tito died in the 1980s, he began to be criticised, especially in Serbia, as Tito had divided Serb territories into other state republics.


Question: How many people died in the Bosnian war?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

At the same time, the country was mired in an economic crisis that worsened throughout the 1980s.


Question: How many people died in the Bosnian war?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

In 1981, Serbia crushed by force of arms the Kosovo Albanians riots.


Question: How many people died in the Bosnian war?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

In 1986, traditional Serb nationalism was on the rise.


Question: How many people died in the Bosnian war?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

Serb nationalists were most interested in the emptying of Kosovo due to the exodus of Serbs.


Question: How many people died in the Bosnian war?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

They watched Kosovo Albanians commit Serb genocide and the “holy land” falling into Albanian hands.


Question: How many people died in the Bosnian war?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

Slobodan Milošević [22], who rose to the leadership of the Serbian Communist Party, began to push the Kosovo Serb cause with impassioned speeches.


Question: How many people died in the Bosnian war?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

In his speeches, Milošević combined populist nationalism, socialism and Serb traditional Orthodoxy faith [23].


Question: How many people died in the Bosnian war?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

Milošević purged the Communist Party of Serbia of its opponents, took control of the media, created a cult of personnel for himself during mass rallies, and gained quite wide support.


Question: How many people died in the Bosnian war?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

In 1988, a vigorous independence movement was underway in Slovenia, which in part sprung from the country's central European tradition and links with the West.


Question: How many people died in the Bosnian war?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

An old nationalism rose in Croatia in 1989.


Question: How many people died in the Bosnian war?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

At the end of the 1980s, Milošević, ridden with nationalism, crushed the autonomy of Vojvodina and Kosovo, with the federal army effectively siding with the Serbs.


Question: How many people died in the Bosnian war?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

Milošević, though driven by force, Serb-led Yugoslavia and/or Greater Serbia intimidated Croats and Slovenes into independence.


Question: How many people died in the Bosnian war?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

There were Serb nationalists even more radical than Milošević in opposition in Serbia in 1990, such as Vuk Draskovic and Vojislav Seselj.


Question: How many people died in the Bosnian war?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

The state republics' power aspirations collapsed the authority of the federal government in the spring of 1991, when leaders of the state republics tried in vain to seek a political solution.


Question: How many people died in the Bosnian war?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

Independence of Croatia and Slovenia The United States and the EU opposed the independence of Slovenia and Croatia in advance, as did the Federal Army and many other institutions of the Yugoslav administration.


Question: How many people died in the Bosnian war?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

The Federal Council of Presidents was paralyzed and the only powerful political player was the communist-nationalist Serb clique led by Slobodan Milosevic.


Question: How many people died in the Bosnian war?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

The Federal Parliament declared that the military was blocking attempts at independence by the republics.


Question: How many people died in the Bosnian war?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

Croatia and Slovenia declared independence on 25 June 1991, [24].


Question: How many people died in the Bosnian war?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

The Federal Army sent armour from Croatia to retake Croatian border posts and airfields.


Question: How many people died in the Bosnian war?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

The purpose of the concessional military operation was mainly to show the power of the Federal Army.


Question: How many people died in the Bosnian war?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

The Federal Army, with success, took over most of the border posts.


Question: How many people died in the Bosnian war?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

But the Slovenes had organized a fairly effective territorial defense, defeating the Federal Army forces in many places as early as 28 June.


Question: How many people died in the Bosnian war?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

The Slovenes blocked the panzer roads with trucks in suitable locations and blockaded the conscripts of the Federal Army in barracks.


Question: How many people died in the Bosnian war?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

The Federal Army responded by bombing Slovenian radio and TV stations and shelling from the air [25] trucks as roadblocks.


Question: How many people died in the Bosnian war?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

The Serb-led Federal Army's conscript, primarily composed of conscripts and non-Serbs, lacked the willingness to fight, and some 2700 soldiers from the blockaded units lacked maintenance.


Question: How many people died in the Bosnian war?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

As the fighting lasted, lively diplomacy began, leading to the first ceasefire in theory as early as July 1.


Question: How many people died in the Bosnian war?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

Fighting still continued until 4 July.


Question: How many people died in the Bosnian war?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

The Slovene War lasted only a short time and caused quite small losses on the sides and otherwise, [26] because Milošević did not seriously want to consider the Lesser Serb Slovenia part of his country.


Question: How many people died in the Bosnian war?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

Afterwards, Milošević's national-zealous Serbia began to create, first covertly, but as time went on, increasingly openly, Greater Serbia on Croatian territory [27], driving Croats out of Croatian Serb territories by violence.


Question: How many people died in the Bosnian war?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

The Croatian administration led by Franjo Tudjman, especially Defense Minister Gojko Susak, had a partly bigoted attitude against the Serbs.


Question: How many people died in the Bosnian war?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

In a couple of cases, extremist croats also targeted violence against Serbs, precipitating the conflict.


Question: How many people died in the Bosnian war?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

But on the other hand, Franjo Tudjman wavered between war and peace because he belittled the Serb desire to fight Croatia and believed in an easy peaceful solution.


Question: How many people died in the Bosnian war?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

Partly this was because the Croats lacked weapons [1].


Question: How many people died in the Bosnian war?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

In early July, the Serbs started a continuous war in Croatia, where they cleared the village of Celije and Tenja was fought for a long time with small numbers, but drastically.


Question: How many people died in the Bosnian war?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

These two incidents were small compared to later battles.


Question: How many people died in the Bosnian war?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

Subsequently, Serb guerrillas attacked many villages, driving people away.


Question: How many people died in the Bosnian war?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

Fighting began to intensify in mid-July, and the casualty rate and influx of refugees from the cleansed Serb village grew by the day.


Question: How many people died in the Bosnian war?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

The war began to expand into new territories.


Question: How many people died in the Bosnian war?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

Croatia's light mainly paramilitary forces fought heavily armed Serbs and were unable to prevent further expansion of Serb territory.


Question: How many people died in the Bosnian war?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

The Serbs drove the Croat civilians from their homes, burning, blowing up, robbing, capturing, torturing and killing.


Question: How many people died in the Bosnian war?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

Meanwhile, Croat leader Tudjman hesitated and stalled in his retaliatory measures against the Serbs.


Question: How many people died in the Bosnian war?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

The incident, which took place in the village of Dalji in early August, was a step in an increasingly brutal warfare.


Question: How many people died in the Bosnian war?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

The Croat village of Kijevo in Krajina was “purged” with the direct support of the federal army when panzers shelled and the air force bombed the village.


Question: How many people died in the Bosnian war?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

Federal Army units brought into Croatia and Serb paramilites blockaded the large city of Vukovar.


Question: How many people died in the Bosnian war?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

It began to be shelled fiercely with artillery.


Question: How many people died in the Bosnian war?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

The city fought tenaciously for months though it was defended by only a small force because the Serb fighting motivation was nonexistent.


Question: How many people died in the Bosnian war?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

In mid-September Croats began attacking the Yugoslav Federal Army barracks in the country [1], which brought the war into the open.


Question: How many people died in the Bosnian war?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

The Croats managed to capture many barracks and received a fairly large number of weapons from them, which over time facilitated the difficult situation in Croatia.


Question: How many people died in the Bosnian war?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

By September, the fronts had already roughly advanced to their final positions [28].


Question: How many people died in the Bosnian war?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

In November, Vukovar, surrounded by Serbs, surrendered, murdered and raped by Serbs, taking those who had defended the city to concentration camps in Serbia.


Question: How many people died in the Bosnian war?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

On the other hand, the Croats themselves began to carry out more intensive ethnic cleansing in some areas, including mass killings against Serbs in Gospic and Sisak regions and the looting of Serb homes by the Croat police.


Question: How many people died in the Bosnian war?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

Franjo Tudjman's regime is believed to have looked at these incidents through fingers because at least the HDZ extremists supported an ethnically pure Croatia.


Question: How many people died in the Bosnian war?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

The Federal Army was now openly engaged to help its soldiers surrounded in barracks.


Question: How many people died in the Bosnian war?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

In retaliation for the blockade of the barracks, the Serbs blockaded Dubrovnik, which was located on the southern coast of Yugoslavia, shelling it very violently at times.


Question: How many people died in the Bosnian war?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

The Croats began to thrive in the war in December 1991, which contributed to driving the Serbs to the 3 January 1992 ceasefire [28].


Question: How many people died in the Bosnian war?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

The United Nations oversaw the ceasefire, but local military action among Croatian and Serb forces continued in some neighborhoods.


Question: How many people died in the Bosnian war?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

Bosnian war As recently as 1990, Radovan Karadzic said there would be no Greater Serbia being created in Bosnia.


Question: How many people died in the Bosnian war?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

Bosnian Serbs advocated Bosnia remaining part of Yugoslavia, and Croats and Muslims secession from it [29].


Question: How many people died in the Bosnian war?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

In 1991, Radovan Karadzic, the Serb's bigoted nationalist leader, threatened the federal army to block Bosnia's independence, and at one point also threatened Muslims with destruction.


Question: How many people died in the Bosnian war?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

Croat propaganda was as fierce as Serb propaganda, and Croats also aimed at ethnic cleansing.


Question: How many people died in the Bosnian war?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

While Muslim nationalism was degrees milder, Muslim leader Alija Izetbegovic advocated war if it would take Muslims to independence.


Question: How many people died in the Bosnian war?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

Serb propaganda painted a horror picture of Bosniakes/Muslims as enemies of Serbs, with Serbs and other nationalities isolated themselves from each other.


Question: How many people died in the Bosnian war?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

The Serbs decided to end most military activities in Croatia in early 1992, having gained approximately recapture of Serb-majority territories from Croatia.


Question: How many people died in the Bosnian war?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

On the other hand, the Serbs were in dire need of troops in Bosnia and Herzegovina, where the situation was drifting towards a war that was projected to be long and difficult as was the case.


Question: How many people died in the Bosnian war?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

Different nationalities had already begun to establish their own small gun guards in 1991.


Question: How many people died in the Bosnian war?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

In 1991, the party led by Karadzic declared the vast Serb territories autonomous [30], with the support of the Federal Army.


Question: How many people died in the Bosnian war?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

The first pre-war incident that resulted in casualties occurred in Visegrad in November 1991, when Muslims and Croats stopped a detachment of the Federal Army for a short time [31].


Question: How many people died in the Bosnian war?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

Bosnian Serbs dropped out of the referendum on Bosnian independence.


Question: How many people died in the Bosnian war?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

In early March, a Serb wedding procession was shot, one was killed and a priest wounded.


Question: How many people died in the Bosnian war?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

Serbs erected street closures and fired into the air in response to the incident, but soon dismantled the street brackets.


Question: How many people died in the Bosnian war?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

On 2 January 1992, Muslim-led Bosnia and Herzegovina announced it wanted to break away from Serbia and gained independence on 5 April.


Question: How many people died in the Bosnian war?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

Minor armed incidents occurred as early as March in Bosanski Brod, among others.


Question: How many people died in the Bosnian war?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

Serb paramilitaries later, with the support of the federal army that arrived on the scene, brutally cleared Bijeljina in early April, killing people and driving the rest on the run, looting Muslim homes.


Question: How many people died in the Bosnian war?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

Serbs soon invaded eastern Bosnia, clearing Zvornik, Foča, Višegrad, Kupres, among others, and began creating Serb corridors in eastern and northern Bosnia and Herzegovina.


Question: How many people died in the Bosnian war?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

The Muslim and Croat culture was to be eradicated from the territory intended for annexation to Serbia.


Question: How many people died in the Bosnian war?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

What was going on was ethnic cleansing, which has often been described as genocide.


Question: How many people died in the Bosnian war?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

In general, Serb nationalists threatened with killing e.g.


Question: How many people died in the Bosnian war?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

throwing a bomb inside the family house of a Muslim or Croat, thus frightening the occupants of the house into escape.


Question: How many people died in the Bosnian war?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

If it was a detached house, the nationalists blew up the house at night.


Question: How many people died in the Bosnian war?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

But just as well Serbs might have killed, tortured or raped [32] and taken to a death camp to suffer hunger and violence [33].


Question: How many people died in the Bosnian war?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

For example, in Banja Luka, there were murders of Muslims and Croats that were not investigated by the police.


Question: How many people died in the Bosnian war?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

Before deportation, a Muslim or Croat had to pay a large sum of money to the authorities.


Question: How many people died in the Bosnian war?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

Those on foot on the run were sometimes escorted to plunge into the ravine.


Question: How many people died in the Bosnian war?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

Those expelled from villages and towns were rounded up by trucks and buses for train transport [34].


Question: How many people died in the Bosnian war?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

Train transport of deportees took place without food and water in cattle wagons [35], where especially children, babies [36] and elderly people died amid piles of faeces [37].


Question: How many people died in the Bosnian war?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

People transported in cattle wagons could be robbed by soldiers [38].


Question: How many people died in the Bosnian war?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

Serbs blockaded many Muslim and Croat cities, among them Sarajevo as early as 7 April.


Question: How many people died in the Bosnian war?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

Although the UN declared a Serb-led stub Yugoslavia under economic sanctions, this did not stop Bosnian Serbs violently driving Muslims and Croats from their homes.


Question: How many people died in the Bosnian war?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

In Bosnia and Herzegovina, Serb guerrilla chiefs such as Arkan, supported by a Serb army commanded by Ratko Mladić, raged.


Question: How many people died in the Bosnian war?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

The Serbs took over 70% of Bosnia and Herzegovina in April.


Question: How many people died in the Bosnian war?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

The Muslim, or Bosniak, army suffered weapons shortages.


Question: How many people died in the Bosnian war?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

Milosevic reacted to economic sanctions in the West by appointing Milan Panic, a businessman who lived in the United States, as prime minister of stubby Yugoslavia [39].


Question: How many people died in the Bosnian war?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

In the summer of 1992, Bosnian Croats also declared themselves an autonomous community and received some weapons from Croatia [30].


Question: How many people died in the Bosnian war?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

They began to recapture territories from the Bosniaks, although they were officially in league with these against the Serbs.


Question: How many people died in the Bosnian war?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

Croats began the ethnic cleansing of Bosniaks, often Muslims, as early as the spring of 1992.


Question: How many people died in the Bosnian war?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

Subsequently, there were many skirmishes and purges initiated by Croats, which allowed Croat power to spread across Bosnia.


Question: How many people died in the Bosnian war?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

The Bosniaks began retaliating in late 1992 against the Croats.


Question: How many people died in the Bosnian war?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

For tactical reasons, Milošević declared the Bosnian Republika Srpska to be detached from Serbia, and said disconnected from the Bosnian violence, but secretly aided the Bosnian Serbs.


Question: How many people died in the Bosnian war?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

Western countries did not believe Serbia was ignorant and separate from the Bosnian war.


Question: How many people died in the Bosnian war?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

The UN started helping Bosnia and Herzegovina's Croats and Muslims as early as 1992, but on the whole the aid was pretty ineffective.


Question: How many people died in the Bosnian war?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

Serbs, among other things, taxed relief supplies taken to the blockaded cities.


Question: How many people died in the Bosnian war?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

Western and UN action to contain the war in Bosnia and Herzegovina was half-hearted and ineffective, and many Western countries who wanted peace were agonised by the slow actions of international organisations.


Question: How many people died in the Bosnian war?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

The UN arms embargo mainly helped the richly armed Serb army [30].


Question: How many people died in the Bosnian war?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

In hindsight, the West's stance has been said to have been due, among other things, to its belief that the Serbs would win the Bosnian war.


Question: How many people died in the Bosnian war?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

NATO, for example, did not want to get embroiled in a guerrilla war against Serbs in the mountainous Balkans.


Question: How many people died in the Bosnian war?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

Even some of the Western UN officers may have been in favour of the Serbs.


Question: How many people died in the Bosnian war?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

Part of the war was considered to be the fault of other nationalities as well.


Question: How many people died in the Bosnian war?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

Russia supported Serbia for historical reasons.


Question: How many people died in the Bosnian war?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

Serbs established concentration camps in Bosnia and Herzegovina where people were killed, beaten with a kepei [40], tortured [41] and held in hunger [42].


Question: How many people died in the Bosnian war?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

This was first revealed to West in Newsday magazine in August 1992 [43].


Question: How many people died in the Bosnian war?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

Muslim women were beaten and raped in camps [44], some of which were set up for a purpose.


Question: How many people died in the Bosnian war?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

Serb snipers massacred civilians on the streets of Sarajevo and grenades fired from nearby mountains into the city sometimes hit bread lines, killing dozens.


Question: How many people died in the Bosnian war?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

In 1993, Bosnian Croats began an open, extensive war against Muslims, committing ethnic cleansing.


Question: How many people died in the Bosnian war?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

The main stage was in the valley of the Lashva River.


Question: How many people died in the Bosnian war?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

The most famous purge was in the village of Ahmic.


Question: How many people died in the Bosnian war?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

The Muslims were now severely outnumbered.


Question: How many people died in the Bosnian war?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

Croats and Serbs sought to divide Bosnia [30], and for Muslims there was no peace in 1993 either.


Question: How many people died in the Bosnian war?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

In Bosnia and Herzegovina, organized crime flourished in many regions.


Question: How many people died in the Bosnian war?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

In addition, the motive for violence perpetrated by paramilitary cetniks was usually criminal, including access to loot, sometimes ultra-nationalism.


Question: How many people died in the Bosnian war?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

Often the war in Bosnia has been seen as ethnic, but it was more associated with a certain kind of nationalist politics in which nationalist parties of different nations struggled for hegemony.


Question: How many people died in the Bosnian war?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

In 1993, Serbia experienced hyperinflation and large protests [39] and the first opposition front called Depos was established in the country [39].


Question: How many people died in the Bosnian war?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

In stubby Yugoslav territory, nationalist Serbs massacred and otherwise harassed opponents of the government's war policy.


Question: How many people died in the Bosnian war?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

Many large demonstrations were staged by opponents of the regime during the war.


Question: How many people died in the Bosnian war?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

For example, the bigoted pro-Serb opposition politician Vuk Drašković considered the Bosnian war futile, and so he was arrested and assaulted [39].


Question: How many people died in the Bosnian war?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

In February 1994, Bosnian Croats and Bosniaks settled their dispute.


Question: How many people died in the Bosnian war?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

Around the same time, Serbs were cleansing their territory of Muslims and other ethnic minorities as drastically as they did in the first wave of cleansing in 1992.


Question: How many people died in the Bosnian war?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

After growing tired of the war in Bosnia and Herzegovina, Yugoslav Slobodan Milošević withdrew his support from the Bosnian Serbs led by Radovan Karadžić in 1994.


Question: How many people died in the Bosnian war?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

This decisively weakened the position of the Serbs in the region.


Question: How many people died in the Bosnian war?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

To top it off, the West had begun secretly supporting Croatia because of fears of the expansion of Serb influence in the region by Serbs on good terms with Russia.


Question: How many people died in the Bosnian war?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

Serbs overran the blockaded town of Srebrenica in the summer of 1995, killing thousands of Muslim men.


Question: How many people died in the Bosnian war?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

When NATO bombed Serb targets in Bosnia and Herzegovina, Serbs took UN soldiers hostage and clamped down on NATO to halt air strikes.


Question: How many people died in the Bosnian war?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

In the autumn of 1995, intensifying Croats and Muslims attacked violently in Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina.


Question: How many people died in the Bosnian war?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

The Serbs soon found themselves in a predicament.


Question: How many people died in the Bosnian war?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

Serb civilians fled at the behest of their leaders because they feared ethnic cleansing by Croats and Muslims.


Question: How many people died in the Bosnian war?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

Shortly after this, a grenade fired by Serbs killed dozens in the bread queue in Sarajevo, and NATO began air strikes in Bosnia.


Question: How many people died in the Bosnian war?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

The peacekeepers had been withdrawn from the vast area and the Serbs were no longer able to resist NATO.


Question: How many people died in the Bosnian war?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

On 20 September, the Serbs withdrew heavy weapons from the surroundings of Sarajevo, and peace was made on 14 December.


Question: How many people died in the Bosnian war?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

War crimes committed by Croats in Krajina in the final phase of the war were printed with villasella, according to Serbs and also neutral critics, [45].


Question: How many people died in the Bosnian war?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

Kosovo War Already in 1995 there were isolated attacks on Kosovo Serb police and Serb civilians.


Question: How many people died in the Bosnian war?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

In January 1996, a series of attacks were carried out on Serb police officers, Serb authorities and Serb refugee camps in western Kosovo.


Question: How many people died in the Bosnian war?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

In this case, the invaders declared themselves to be the Albanian guerrilla movement Kosovo Liberation Army (UÇK).


Question: How many people died in the Bosnian war?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

Kosovo's moderate, pro-passive resistance Albanian leader Ibrahim Rugova believed in the beginning the UÇK guerrillas were Serbian-backed provocateurs.


Question: How many people died in the Bosnian war?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

The Serbian regime declared the movement terrorists and strengthened its forces in the region.


Question: How many people died in the Bosnian war?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

UÇK's confidence in the eyes of Albanian civilians rose.


Question: How many people died in the Bosnian war?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

The UÇK had foreign fighters, predominantly Albanians from the United States and other Western countries, not a single one from Islamic countries as rumored.


Question: How many people died in the Bosnian war?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

The official Albanian administration in Kosovo did not support the UÇK, but also did not close the guerrilla camps.


Question: How many people died in the Bosnian war?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

UÇK grew between 1997 and 1999 and was at its strongest in 1997—98.


Question: How many people died in the Bosnian war?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

The movement was militarily weak, as the armament was predominantly small arms.


Question: How many people died in the Bosnian war?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

The movement, according to different estimates, had anywhere from a few hundred to a few tens of thousand members.


Question: How many people died in the Bosnian war?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

The UÇK finally managed to take over about half of Kosovo by March 1998, then the centre of its power was the village of Prekaz in the Drenica region.


Question: How many people died in the Bosnian war?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

Subsequently, the Serbs defeated the UÇK; on the Serb side, the guerrillas were fought by the army and special police officers.


Question: How many people died in the Bosnian war?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

Albanian civilians were massacred by Serbs, and the UÇK also committed human rights crimes.


Question: How many people died in the Bosnian war?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

It also killed Albanians it suspected were Serb-friendly.


Question: How many people died in the Bosnian war?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

In the summer of 1998, Serbs invaded Orahovac with the intention of ethnically cleansing the region of all Albanians, and the UÇK was forced to withdraw.


Question: How many people died in the Bosnian war?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

The Serbs killed the captured non-Serbs in Orahovac.


Question: How many people died in the Bosnian war?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

The Serb actions spread into the public eye, and thousands of Albanians flowed in from the world to help UÇK.


Question: How many people died in the Bosnian war?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

The movement reorganized itself after this defeat, and set up training camps on the Albanian side.


Question: How many people died in the Bosnian war?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

In early 1998, the United States removed UÇK from its list of terrorist organizations.


Question: How many people died in the Bosnian war?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

The United States and European countries are believed to have helped UÇK secretly from the beginning.


Question: How many people died in the Bosnian war?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

The UÇK struck Serb military and civilian targets, to which the Serbs responded with great grips.


Question: How many people died in the Bosnian war?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

In the winter of 1999, bodies were found near the remote village of Račak that Serbs thought were UÇK guerrillas dressed in civilian clothes, but Albanians believe Albanian civilians killed by Serbs.


Question: How many people died in the Bosnian war?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

In March 1999, the Yugoslav army and other security forces began a full war against the UÇK.


Question: How many people died in the Bosnian war?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

The UÇK quickly lost territory, and most of the fighters who got on the run lost to Albania, with a few thousand guerrillas from the organisation remaining in Kosovo.


Question: How many people died in the Bosnian war?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

NATO offensive NATO led by Javier Solana wanted to prevent bloodwork on Albanians.


Question: How many people died in the Bosnian war?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

It demanded from Yugoslavia during negotiations in Rambouillet, France, the right of movement of foreign military vehicles throughout Yugoslavia.


Question: How many people died in the Bosnian war?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

The Serbs had agreed to the arrival of UN troops in Kosovo.


Question: How many people died in the Bosnian war?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

Tough conditions imposed by the West led to Yugoslavia being unable to accept the Rambouillet Agreement.


Question: How many people died in the Bosnian war?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

When NATO considered the persecution of Albanians to be under way, it began bombing Yugoslavia in the spring of 1999.


Question: How many people died in the Bosnian war?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

This is why the Serbs decided to drive out Kosovo Albanians, which had been talked about for a long time.


Question: How many people died in the Bosnian war?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

Some of the Albanians fled themselves, fearing the Serbs.


Question: How many people died in the Bosnian war?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

The world saw how NATO sort of provoked the Serbs with its airstrikes to drive out the Albanians.


Question: How many people died in the Bosnian war?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

The Serbs themselves claimed the Albanians were spooked by NATO airstrikes.


Question: How many people died in the Bosnian war?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

Began the Kosovo War.


Question: How many people died in the Bosnian war?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

Serb police and paramilitaries operating in Kosovo drove hundreds of thousands of Albanians by violence, killing and ransacking out of their homes.


Question: How many people died in the Bosnian war?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

For the Serbs, the expulsion of Albanians had the benefit of eliminating the possibility of even a small UÇK in the exiled regions, but at the same time it was politically absurd because it turned world opinion against the Serbs.


Question: How many people died in the Bosnian war?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

For a long time, NATO airstrikes seemed to have no effect on the Yugoslav military, and certainly not on the deportations and bloodwork against Albanians.


Question: How many people died in the Bosnian war?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

For the duration of the war, the UÇK remained very weak militarily.


Question: How many people died in the Bosnian war?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

NATO targeted its attacks on Serb infrastructure with the intention of making life difficult for Serbs, thus turning Serbs to a rebellion spirit against their rule.


Question: How many people died in the Bosnian war?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

Missiles also accidentally hit the necks of fleeing Albanians and Serb civilian targets.


Question: How many people died in the Bosnian war?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

NATO bombed the main building of Radio-Televizija Srbije, Serbia's broadcasting and television broadcaster, on 23 April 1999, considered a war crime by Amnesty International among others, and on 7 May the Chinese Embassy in Belgrade, which the United States itself considered an accident.


Question: How many people died in the Bosnian war?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

The bombing killed three Chinese journalists and it caused asphyxiation in China.


Question: How many people died in the Bosnian war?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

The Serb's defensive will was running high.


Question: How many people died in the Bosnian war?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

They were human shields for, among other things, holding rock concerts on bridges.


Question: How many people died in the Bosnian war?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

The Serb propaganda war was skillful: TV showed how old grannies danced down atop the ultra-modern stealth fighter F-117 “Nighthawk.”


Question: How many people died in the Bosnian war?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

Otherwise NATO was allowed to conduct its airstrikes fairly freely.


Question: How many people died in the Bosnian war?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

The Serbs did not dare with their planes to take off in the air, but hid their aircraft.


Question: How many people died in the Bosnian war?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

Some of the world thought NATO airstrikes were justified; some strongly condemned them.


Question: How many people died in the Bosnian war?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

Some NATO generals, too, had beforehand feared Serbs would retaliate against Albanians with NATO air strikes.


Question: How many people died in the Bosnian war?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

Over time, the air strikes intensified.


Question: How many people died in the Bosnian war?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

NATO, with a smaller number of flights than the Gulf War, had succeeded in destroying the maintenance and combat morale of the Yugoslav Serb army.


Question: How many people died in the Bosnian war?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

Now Yugoslav and Serb leader Milošević was threatened by a ground invasion of Belgrade by NATO forces and the overthrow of Milošević.


Question: How many people died in the Bosnian war?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

Eventually Milošević bent on peace and cancelled the expulsion of the Albanians when NATO threatened to invade Serbia with ground troops.


Question: How many people died in the Bosnian war?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

Milošević's overthrow in the late 2000 ended the most violent period in Serbian history, but smaller clashes of the type of demonstration and weak guerrilla warfare between different nationalities have existed since then.


Question: How many people died in the Bosnian war?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

A tribunal investigating Yugoslav war crimes got Milošević to The Hague for trial, but he died during the long trial process from a heart attack in his cell.


Question: How many people died in the Bosnian war?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

Albanian guerrillas killed and kidnapped Serbs in Kosovo some time after the war.


Question: How many people died in the Bosnian war?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

Many war criminals who fought on the side of Serbs and other nationalities are still in hiding.


Question: How many people died in the Bosnian war?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

In Kosovo, Albanians have driven Serbs to move out of the province in the 21st century.


Question: How many people died in the Bosnian war?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

A topical topic in 2007-08 is the independence of Kosovo, which Serbia was not yet ready to recognise at the beginning of March 2008.


Question: How many people died in the Bosnian war?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

Increasingly Serbian ultra-nationalists want Kosovo for Serbs.


Question: How many people died in the Bosnian war?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

Human rights violations in the Yugoslav War Serbs sought Bosniak genocide in Bosnia and committed many war crimes in Croatia too.


Question: How many people died in the Bosnian war?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

Serb crimes in Croatia were revenge against the actions of the World War II Croat organization Ustaša.


Question: How many people died in the Bosnian war?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

Bosnia and Herzegovina was called “little Yugoslavia” because the region's population was particularly mixed there.


Question: How many people died in the Bosnian war?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

This caused a widespread, long-lasting and difficult war because of the pressure of Serb nationalism there.


Question: How many people died in the Bosnian war?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

Besieged by Serbs, Sarajevo was in turn Bosnia and Herzegovina in miniature.


Question: How many people died in the Bosnian war?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

The Bosnian war was the bloodiest of the Yugoslav wars of all.


Question: How many people died in the Bosnian war?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

Millions of people were deported or fled for fear of killing.


Question: How many people died in the Bosnian war?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

Men, children, elderly and women were indiscriminately killed.


Question: How many people died in the Bosnian war?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

The killers usually included Serb paramilitary Chetniks and other similar forces.


Question: How many people died in the Bosnian war?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

The towns were shelled with cannons and mortars.


Question: How many people died in the Bosnian war?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

Snipers were killing people off the streets.


Question: How many people died in the Bosnian war?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

95% of the grenades fired in Croatia hit civilian targets.


Question: How many people died in the Bosnian war?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

At one point, Serbs set up concentration camps for Croats and Bosniaks, some of which were disbanded by international pressure.


Question: How many people died in the Bosnian war?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

It was not widely realised abroad at first that Yugoslavia was falling apart.


Question: How many people died in the Bosnian war?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

Some foreign experts noticed what was happening, but they were unable to influence the opinion of the United States, for example.


Question: How many people died in the Bosnian war?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

The Western powers allowed the war to swell and even made solutions that exacerbated the war, as the arms blockade policy instituted by the West favoured Serbs who had guns galore.


Question: How many people died in the Bosnian war?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

Although the arms embargo year like a sieve, it prevented states from publicly supporting weaker Croats and Bosniaks.


Question: How many people died in the Bosnian war?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

Still, the United States sent aid to Croatia from 1992.


Question: How many people died in the Bosnian war?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

Foreign countries share The threat of war was palpable at the beginning of 1990, from which time the situation worsened all the time.


Question: How many people died in the Bosnian war?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

But foreign powers are trying to shun dealing with the problem [46], and as recently as April Viktor Meier, who was a Balkan connoisseur of the Frankfurter Allgemeine newspaper, said directly that Yugoslavia risks becoming another example of the EC's inability to see things and act on them [ 46].


Question: How many people died in the Bosnian war?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

The US Central Intelligence Agency CIA claimed in the autumn Yugoslavia would fall apart in 18 months and very likely to go to war [47].


Question: How many people died in the Bosnian war?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

The United States supported the preservation of Yugoslavia a couple of weeks before the war began and did not begin revising its position until early July, when events blew into hands in Slovenia and Croatia.


Question: How many people died in the Bosnian war?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

The OSCE meeting discussed 19—20 p.m.


Question: How many people died in the Bosnian war?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

The situation in Yugoslavia was also reported on June 1991 by Budimir Loncar, Foreign Minister [46].


Question: How many people died in the Bosnian war?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

The US Secretary of State said in Belgrade on 22 June that the country does not recognise Slovenia [47].


Question: How many people died in the Bosnian war?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

The European Community The EC and the OSCE failed in peace conciliation and made half-hearted solutions.


Question: How many people died in the Bosnian war?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

In the spring of 1991, the EC Troika did not want to discuss with the representatives of the Yugoslav republics [48], despite the ongoing mutual negotiations on the situation in Yugoslavia.


Question: How many people died in the Bosnian war?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

When the crises in Slovenia and Croatia flared into war, the EC, led by France and England, sought mainly to prevent European reunification against the ongoing breakup of Yugoslavia [46].


Question: How many people died in the Bosnian war?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

Ey did not want to recognise “those in power of old-fashioned nationalism” the breakaway small-states Slovenia and Croatia from Yugoslavia.


Question: How many people died in the Bosnian war?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

Slovenia, in particular, was considered by a US diplomat to be an 'unviable small state', although the country fared best economically in Yugoslavia [48].


Question: How many people died in the Bosnian war?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

Thus, the foreign powers preferred to support Serbia, which sought to hold Yugoslavia together [48].


Question: How many people died in the Bosnian war?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

At the time of the Slovenian and Croatian wars, Ey sought not to side with anyone [49].


Question: How many people died in the Bosnian war?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

Perhaps it was a fear of local nationalism in Western Europe.


Question: How many people died in the Bosnian war?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

Under pressure from German Foreign Minister Hans Dietrich Genscher, the EC troika did not recognize Slovenia and Croatia until December.


Question: How many people died in the Bosnian war?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

Germany had only begun to oppose a unified Yugoslavia after the Slovene War [49].


Question: How many people died in the Bosnian war?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

It was not until the beginning of the Bosnian War that EC and US attitudes were changed to anti-Serbia [49].


Question: How many people died in the Bosnian war?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

The actions of UN peacekeepers and aid agencies were at most half-hearted, ineffective and disruptive to the Serbs and other parties to the war.


Question: How many people died in the Bosnian war?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

The UN was unable to prevent the execution of 7,000 Muslim men in the so-called protected area of Srebrenica.


Question: How many people died in the Bosnian war?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

Similarly, international crisis management failed.


Question: How many people died in the Bosnian war?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

The agreed ceasefires did not hold.


Question: How many people died in the Bosnian war?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

In the Croatian war, the Croats did not trust the UN, which, of course, the Serbs felt stood in their way many times.


Question: How many people died in the Bosnian war?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

When the Croats were victorious, the Serbs used the UN as their protective shield, e.g., when territories captured from Croatia were declared UNPA protected areas.


Question: How many people died in the Bosnian war?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

The UN arms embargo on the entire territory of the former Yugoslavia mainly helped the Serbs, who had almost all the weapons of the Federal Army [49].


Question: How many people died in the Bosnian war?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

In the Bosnian War, Western powers began secretly supporting Croatia, as well as Bosnian Croats and Bosniaks, for fear of Russia expanding its influence in the region with Serb support.


Question: How many people died in the Bosnian war?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

This led to the collapse of the Serbs in Croatia and Bosnia in the summer of 1995 and peace.


Question: How many people died in the Bosnian war?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

There was a brief war in Kosovo in 1999 as Serb persecution of Albanians accelerated.


Question: How many people died in the Bosnian war?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

In Bosnia and Croatia, perhaps around 300,000 died, and 60000 women and children were raped, as well as a couple of million expelled from their homes.


Question: How many people died in the Bosnian war?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

Famous battle sites in the Yugoslav Wars Pakrac — the first incident involving the Federal Army intervened in Plitvice — the first fatal incident in Borovo Selo — the first ambush battle of the Croatian war Siege of Sarajevo Siege of Mostar, Croats and Muslims fought Siege of Dubrovnik Siege of Vukovar Siege of Osijek Siege of Srebrenica and mass executions Siege of Zepa and executions of Gorazde Siege of Tuzla Siege of Bosanski Brod Battle of Bijeljina — the first ethnic cleansing in Bosnia since the war Serbia sought a rapprochement with the West after the war.


Question: How many people died in the Bosnian war?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

Many on the Serb side regarded Karadžić and Mladić as heroes.


Question: How many people died in the Bosnian war?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

Serbs also viewed the world as blaming them alone for the brutal wars and the bloodwork done during them.


Question: How many people died in the Bosnian war?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

But the Bosniaks felt the Serbs shirked responsibility.


Question: How many people died in the Bosnian war?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

Kosovo seceded in 2008 with U.N. backing.


Question: How many people died in the Bosnian war?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

[50] Increasingly poor Bosnia remained divided into Serb and other territories after the war.


Question: How many people died in the Bosnian war?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

The Serbs wanted to detach their territory from Bosnia.


Question: How many people died in the Bosnian war?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

Literature Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Jouni Järvinen & Jouko Lindstedt (eds.


Question: How many people died in the Bosnian war?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

) | title = Eastern Europe on its way west| publisher = Gaudeamus| year = 2011| id = ISBN 978-952-495-214-9| format = [Jouni Järvinen & Jouko Lindstedt (eds.


Question: How many people died in the Bosnian war?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

): Eastern Europe heading west] | accessdate = 30.5.2012}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Rutanen, Reijo| title = Serbia - Europe's sickest man| publisher = Gaudeamus| year = 2002| id = ISBN 951-662-869-9}} Yugoslavia's bloody collapse - causes, course and consequences, Christopher Bennett, Hurst & Company 1995 Broken Bonds - Yugoslavia's Disintegration and Balkan politics in transition, Lenard J. Cohen, Westview Press 1995 Bosnia, a short history, Noel Malcolm, Papermac 1996 Balkan odyssey, David Owen, Indigo 1996 The Death of Yugoslavia, Laura Silber and Allan Little, BBC Books 1996 A paper House - The Ending of Yugoslavia, Mark Thompson, 1992 Balkan tragedy - Cahos and dissolution after the cold war, Susan L, Woodward, the Brooking Institution 1995 Yugoslavia in crisis, Harold Lydall, Oxford 1989, ISBN 0-19-828695-3 Fraternity and discord: socialist Yugoslavia as theory and practice, Teuvo Laitila, Tampere 1997 Sources General sources Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Ahtisaari Martti| title = Assignment in Belgrade| publisher = WSOY 2000, ISBN 9510250724| year =}} Citation error, replace with {{ cite book| author = Chomsky Noam| title = New Military Humanism| publisher = Upright Earbook, Like 2000, ISBN 9515787440| year =}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Draculic Slavenka| title = Would not harm a fly - war criminals with judgment| publisher = Like 2005, Otava book printing Oy Keuruu 2005, ISBN 952-471-612-7| year =}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Djilas Milovan| title = Tito: critical biography| publisher = Book Group Helsinki 1981, Merja Kyrö (Finland), ISBN 9512620324| year =}} error, replace with {{cite book| author = Gutman Roy| title = Genocide Witness - report on ethnic cleansing in Bosnia| publisher = Like 1993, ISBN 951-578-160-4| year =}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Johnstone Diana| title = NATO and Yugoslavia — jesters crusad| publisher = Like 2007, ISBN 978-952-0100216| year =}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Jouni Järvinen & Jouko Lindstedt (eds.


Question: How many people died in the Bosnian war?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

) | title = Eastern Europe on its way to the west - history and politics of Eastern Central Europe, the Baltics and the Balkans| publisher = Gaudeamus 2011 Helsinki University Press, Tallinn Bible Truchikoda 2011, ISBN 978-952-495-214-9, year =}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Kaldor Mary| title = New and Old Wars| publisher = Kustannus Oy Typhoon 2001, Tallinn 2001, ISBN 951-881-078-7, Riikka Taipale (Finland), year =}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Karjalainen Erkki and Raija Virta| title = Balkan knock European conscience | publisher = Opinion Jyväskylä Helsinki 2000, Gummerus Book Printing Oy Saarijärvi 2000, ISBN 951-20-5684-4| year =}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Korpiaho Martti (ed.


Question: How many people died in the Bosnian war?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

) | title = Balkans lit!


Question: How many people died in the Bosnian war?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

- life in the midst of a crisis| publisher = Perussanoma Oy 1993, Kirjaprinting Bible House Oy Pieksämäki 1993, ISBN 951-888-182-2| year =}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Lautela Yrjö and Jyrki Palo| title = Yugoslavia — a nation that was not| publisher = VAPK cost 1992, ISP BN 9513709566| year =}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Lensu Terttu| title = Marija's Silent War| publisher = WSOY 2000, WS Bookwell Oy Juva| year = 2000| id = ISBN 951-0-24361-2}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Lodenius Peter.


Question: How many people died in the Bosnian war?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

) | title = Balkan puzzle| publisher = Finnish Peace League 1996, Pax-Book, Invaweight Helsinki 1996, ISBN 951-9193-41-3| year =}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Prunk Janko| title = Slovenian history| publisher = Book-Aurora 2004, ISBN 951-29-2678-4| year =}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Saarikoski, Vesa (ed.


Question: How many people died in the Bosnian war?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

) | title = Balkan 2000 - perspectives and backgrounds on the current situation in South-Eastern Europe| publisher = Research in Political History 17, Abo Academis Tryckeri Turku 1999, ISSN 1238-9420, ISBN 951-29-1414-X| year =}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Finnish Nina and Jyrki Karkinen (eds.


Question: How many people died in the Bosnian war?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

) | title = Hard Places of Finland - Western Balkans 1992-2008| publisher = Exclamation point number 408, Jan 2008, ISBN 978-951-31-4395-4| year =}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Valta Raija & Erkki Kartilanen| title = Tito's inheritance and heirs| publisher = Tammi Helsinki 1980 951-30-5116-1 (sid.


Question: How many people died in the Bosnian war?

Wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia

), ISBN 978-951-30-5116-7| year =}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Virtala Timo| title = Sarajevo and its environ| publisher = Cigarette Oasis 2013, ISBN 97895222680662| year =}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Vihervuori ita| title = Welcome to Hell: glimpses of the Yugoslav War of Succession | publisher = Otava 1999, ISBN 951-116-390-6| year =}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Visuri Pekka| title = Kosovo War| publisher = Gaudeamus| year = 2000| id = ISBN 951-662-801-X}} References * Category:Central screening Articles


Question: Who was Kleon?

Peloponnese War

The Peloponnesian War was fought mainly between alliances led by Athens and Sparta between 431—404 BCE.


Question: Who was Kleon?

Peloponnese War

After the Persian Wars, Athenian power had grown tremendously, and other city-states feared that Athens would become too powerful.


Question: Who was Kleon?

Peloponnese War

Eventually war broke out between Sparta and Athens.


Question: Who was Kleon?

Peloponnese War

The Peloponnesian War was one of the turning points in ancient Greek history.


Question: Who was Kleon?

Peloponnese War

The war drew almost all Greek city-states with it, and an unprecedented number of people died during it.


Question: Who was Kleon?

Peloponnese War

During the war, both sides also committed atrocities which had previously been spared.


Question: Who was Kleon?

Peloponnese War

The early phase of the war is usually referred to as the War of Arkhidamos, after the Spartan king Arkhidamos.


Question: Who was Kleon?

Peloponnese War

In the early years of the war, Athens led by Pericle tried to avoid fighting.


Question: Who was Kleon?

Peloponnese War

Pericles, however, died of the plague that struck Athens in 430 BCE.


Question: Who was Kleon?

Peloponnese War

The first phase of the war ended in 421 BC, when the parties concluded the so-called Peace of Nikia.


Question: Who was Kleon?

Peloponnese War

until 415 BC, when the Athenians sent an expedition to Niciah under the direction of Sicily to assist their allies against Syracuse.


Question: Who was Kleon?

Peloponnese War

The Athenians' Sicilian war expedition failed when the Athenians were completely defeated by the Spartans' own expedition.


Question: Who was Kleon?

Peloponnese War

After the failure of the Sicilian war expedition, the Ionian cities under Athenian rule revolted, inspired by the Spartans.


Question: Who was Kleon?

Peloponnese War

The Persian Empire, too, began to assist Sparta after this.


Question: Who was Kleon?

Peloponnese War

Led by Alkibiadee, however, the Athenian fleet defeated the Spartan fleet, and by 406 BCE.


Question: Who was Kleon?

Peloponnese War

by Athens had reclaimed most of its former kingdom.


Question: Who was Kleon?

Peloponnese War

The final turning point of the war was when the Spartan Lysandros regained control of Hellespontos.


Question: Who was Kleon?

Peloponnese War

The Spartan fleet completely destroyed the Athenians fleet in 405 BC, and Athens surrendered in 404 BCE.


Question: Who was Kleon?

Peloponnese War

The course of the Peloponnesian War was documented by historian Thukydides in his book The Peloponnesian War.


Question: Who was Kleon?

Peloponnese War

Thukydides served as a strategist, or warlord, during the war, but was removed from office after he had been unable to prevent the Spartans from taking Amphipolis.


Question: Who was Kleon?

Peloponnese War

Thukydides was himself present during more of the events of the early part of the war, and in other respects his book is based on eyewitness accounts.


Question: Who was Kleon?

Peloponnese War

Thukydides begins his book as follows: The war parties of the Delos Maritime Union, namely the Athenian Empire After the Persian Wars, some of the Greek city-states formed Athenian led by the Delos Maritime Union, whose members were to equip the union for the use of ships in common for defense and to secure Greece against the Persians.


Question: Who was Kleon?

Peloponnese War

The union took its name from the island of Delos, on which the union's common treasury had been stored.


Question: Who was Kleon?

Peloponnese War

Over time, union members began paying the union money in lieu of equipping ships.


Question: Who was Kleon?

Peloponnese War

At the start of the Peloponnesian War, apart from Athens, only Khios and Lesbos maintained their own fleets.


Question: Who was Kleon?

Peloponnese War

In 454 BC.


Question: Who was Kleon?

Peloponnese War

the funds of the union were also transferred to Athens, which was clearly the strongest member of the union.


Question: Who was Kleon?

Peloponnese War

Over the next few decades, Athens took advantage of its leading position, interfering in the internal affairs of other members of the union.


Question: Who was Kleon?

Peloponnese War

The union is sometimes anachronistic referred to as the “Athenian Empire”.


Question: Who was Kleon?

Peloponnese War

[1] The Peloponnesian Federation in Greece's other leading city-state Sparta also had its own alliance, which included most of the cities in the Peloponnese.


Question: Who was Kleon?

Peloponnese War

The union also included Corinth and Thebes.


Question: Who was Kleon?

Peloponnese War

Although Sparta was clearly the strongest member of the union, all members had one vote in the union's decisions.


Question: Who was Kleon?

Peloponnese War

[2] The war forces of Sparta and its allies were, for the most part, infantry-oriented.


Question: Who was Kleon?

Peloponnese War

The Spartan army was arguably the best-trained in Greece and much larger than Athenian.


Question: Who was Kleon?

Peloponnese War

Of the members of the Peloponnesian Federation, only Corinth had a significant fleet.


Question: Who was Kleon?

Peloponnese War

With their fleets, Athens and its allies were able to control the Aegean Sea and disrupt commerce between Sparta and its allies.


Question: Who was Kleon?

Peloponnese War

Because the parties in the war were so different, it was difficult for them to produce a decisive battle.


Question: Who was Kleon?

Peloponnese War

[2] War Background The Athenian-Spartan feud had begun as early as the so-called First Peloponnesian War of 460—445 BCE.


Question: Who was Kleon?

Peloponnese War

The reasons for the war are usually counted as Athens' arbitrary behaviour against Sparta's allies.


Question: Who was Kleon?

Peloponnese War

According to Thukydidee, the main reason for the war was that Sparta feared the growing power of Athens.


Question: Who was Kleon?

Peloponnese War

There were many events leading up to the war.


Question: Who was Kleon?

Peloponnese War

Corinth complained to its ally Sparta about Athens being involved in a dispute between it and Kerkyra (now Corfu).


Question: Who was Kleon?

Peloponnese War

Kerkyra was a former colony of Corinth, and had in 435 BCE.


Question: Who was Kleon?

Peloponnese War

started a dispute with his own colony Epidamnos (present-day Durrës in Albania).


Question: Who was Kleon?

Peloponnese War

The Corinthians intervened in the dispute, aiding the Epidamnosans.


Question: Who was Kleon?

Peloponnese War

Athens, in turn, gave its support to Kerkyra.


Question: Who was Kleon?

Peloponnese War

As Kerkyra had one of the largest fleets in the Greek world at the time, Corinth was concerned that the Athenian and Kerkyra fleets would collectively be too difficult a resistance to overcome.


Question: Who was Kleon?

Peloponnese War

[3] In 433 BC.


Question: Who was Kleon?

Peloponnese War

The Athenians and Kerkyran fleets defeated the Corinthians at the Battle of Sybota and prevented Corinth from attacking Kerkyra.


Question: Who was Kleon?

Peloponnese War

Around the same time, Athens began besieging the Poteidaia Colonia on the Khalkidike Peninsula.


Question: Who was Kleon?

Peloponnese War

Poteidaia was once founded by Corinth, although it at that time was part of the Union of Athens.


Question: Who was Kleon?

Peloponnese War

The Athenians feared that Poteidaia would revolt and draw other cities with them as well, and demanded, among other things, that the Poteidaians dismantle the walls of their city.


Question: Who was Kleon?

Peloponnese War

However, to this the Poteidaians could not agree.


Question: Who was Kleon?

Peloponnese War

The Athenians decided that Poteidaia was compelled to submit to Athenian demands.


Question: Who was Kleon?

Peloponnese War

In 432 BC.


Question: Who was Kleon?

Peloponnese War

The Athenians began the siege of Poteidaia.


Question: Who was Kleon?

Peloponnese War

After the Battle of Sybota and the Poteidaia Controversy, Corinth tried to persuade its allies, and especially Sparta, to declare war on Athens.


Question: Who was Kleon?

Peloponnese War

However, the Spartans were reluctant to start a war because of these events.


Question: Who was Kleon?

Peloponnese War

[4] Year 433 BC


Question: Who was Kleon?

Peloponnese War

towards the end, Athens also placed Sparta's ally Megara under embargo because the Megarans had cultivated land consecrated to Demeter.


Question: Who was Kleon?

Peloponnese War

In reality, the embargo was probably in retaliation for Megara having sent ships to Corinth's aid against Kerkyra.


Question: Who was Kleon?

Peloponnese War

Athens would also have wanted Megara to resign from her alliance with Sparta.


Question: Who was Kleon?

Peloponnese War

Megara was located namely in the western part of Attica, and the Peloponnesian army could easily attack Athens through it.


Question: Who was Kleon?

Peloponnese War

The Megarans complained, of course, about Athenian behaviour to Sparta.


Question: Who was Kleon?

Peloponnese War

The inhabitants of the island of Aigina, near Athens, also complained to Sparta that the Athenians had deprived the island of its sovereignty by stationing their own garrison on the island.


Question: Who was Kleon?

Peloponnese War

[1] After hearing the Megarans' complaints, the Spartans sent envoys to Athens to demand that Athens end the embargo on Megara.


Question: Who was Kleon?

Peloponnese War

Pericles objected to this because Athens and Sparta had previously agreed that all disputes would be resolved through mediation.


Question: Who was Kleon?

Peloponnese War

The Spartans, on the other hand, could not agree to this and began a war against Athens and its allies.


Question: Who was Kleon?

Peloponnese War

Thukydides argues that the embargo on Megara was only a suitable pretext to start a war, and that in reality the reason was Sparta's fear of the growing power of Athens.


Question: Who was Kleon?

Peloponnese War

[5] The beginning moment of the war is considered to be March 431 BCE, when 300 Thebans attempted to take Plataia by surprise attack.


Question: Who was Kleon?

Peloponnese War

The territory controlled by Plataia was located between Thebes and Megara, and prevented the Thebans from reaching their allies.


Question: Who was Kleon?

Peloponnese War

Thebes and Plataia were, of course, old enemies, and the Thebans had long dreamed of the conquest of Plataia.


Question: Who was Kleon?

Peloponnese War

A Plataian traitor allowed the Theban soldiers into his city, but the surprised Plataites were able to capture all the invaders and, in a fit of rage, killed them all.


Question: Who was Kleon?

Peloponnese War

The devious surprise attack by the Thebes and the brutal execution of prisoners of war by the Plataians was against the notion the Greeks had of warfare at the time.


Question: Who was Kleon?

Peloponnese War

[6] The course of war The Peloponnesian War can be divided into different phases: the Arkhidamos War (431—421 BCE.)


Question: Who was Kleon?

Peloponnese War

Peace of Niciah (421—414 BCE)


Question: Who was Kleon?

Peloponnese War

Union of Argos and Athens (419—418 BC)


Question: Who was Kleon?

Peloponnese War

Sicilian War Expedition (415—413 BC)


Question: Who was Kleon?

Peloponnese War

The Dekeleian or Ionian War (|413—404 BC)


Question: Who was Kleon?

Peloponnese War

War of Archidamos Athens and Sparta Plans Early in the war The plan of Pericle, an influential Athenian politician, was to evacuate the inhabitants of the rural Attica city walls that surrounded Athens and its port city of Piraeus today known as Themistoklee's walls to the shelter.


Question: Who was Kleon?

Peloponnese War

The cattle, on the other hand, would be sent to the island of Euboia.


Question: Who was Kleon?

Peloponnese War

According to Pericle's plan, Sparta would be in no position to defeat Athens.


Question: Who was Kleon?

Peloponnese War

Sparta's strategy was to invade Attica surrounding Athens under King Archidamos II and force the Athenians into a decisive battle.


Question: Who was Kleon?

Peloponnese War

Although the Spartans disposed of the environs of Athens in the first year of the war, no greater suffering was inflicted upon the city itself, as it could be serviced by sea.


Question: Who was Kleon?

Peloponnese War

Spartan troops would only be able to hold Attica for a short period of time before their food supplies would run out.


Question: Who was Kleon?

Peloponnese War

[7] However, Pericle's plan was not to the liking of all Athenians.


Question: Who was Kleon?

Peloponnese War

When the Spartans plundered the Attica countryside, some Athenians, among whom Kleon was the loudest, began to accuse Pericle of cowardice.


Question: Who was Kleon?

Peloponnese War

However, the Spartans were unable to do any lasting damage.


Question: Who was Kleon?

Peloponnese War

Arkhidamos had also been against the war in its beginnings and hoped that the whole dispute could still be sorted out through negotiations.


Question: Who was Kleon?

Peloponnese War

According to Pericle's strategy, Athens would win if it avoided larger battles.


Question: Who was Kleon?

Peloponnese War

[7] Before the war, Athens had gained control of Naupaktos, which was located north of the Gulf of Corinth.


Question: Who was Kleon?

Peloponnese War

The Athenians had inhabited Messenians hostile to Sparta there and might thence block Corinth's contacts facing west.


Question: Who was Kleon?

Peloponnese War

The Athenians decided to do just that and sent Formion with twenty ships to Naupaktos.


Question: Who was Kleon?

Peloponnese War

Corinth and Sparta sent with their allies to Brasida and a fleet led by Knemos to defeat Formion, but this defeated the much larger fleet of the Peloponnesians at the Battle of Naupaktos in 429 BCE.


Question: Who was Kleon?

Peloponnese War

[8] Plague strikes Athens in the year 430 BCE.


Question: Who was Kleon?

Peloponnese War

in the summer the plague spread to Athens.


Question: Who was Kleon?

Peloponnese War

According to Thukydide, the plague spread from Egypt initially to the port city of Athens, Piraeus.


Question: Who was Kleon?

Peloponnese War

From there it spread to Athens itself, where most of the inhabitants of Attica had been stomped inside the walls in the escape of Spartans.


Question: Who was Kleon?

Peloponnese War

In such circumstances, the plague was probably easy to spread among the Athenians.