Question: Where does malnutrition occur most in the world?

GMO Discussion

“[151] American Phytopathological Society (APS): “APS, representing approximately 5000 scientists studying plant pathogens, the diseases they cause, and ways to control them, supports biotechnology as a way to improve plant health, food safety, and sustainability of plants in productivity.


Question: Where does malnutrition occur most in the world?

GMO Discussion

“[18] The Finnish scientists' petition for genetic modification 12 rectors of Finnish universities, 146 professors, 215 docents and 325 doctors signed a petition against the gene ban in Finland.


Question: Where does malnutrition occur most in the world?

GMO Discussion

[152] [153] According to the petition, the government's motion would unduly hamper research and trade in GM products.


Question: Where does malnutrition occur most in the world?

GMO Discussion

[153] The positions of the UN and senior authorities (in favour of genetic modification) European Commission Research and Innovation Directive: “More than 130 research projects by more than 500 independent research groups over 25 years show that biotechnology, especially genetic modification, is no more dangerous than that than, for example, traditional breeding techniques.


Question: Where does malnutrition occur most in the world?

GMO Discussion

“[2] WHO: “No harm to health has been shown to be caused by the consumption of these foods in countries where they are approved.


Question: Where does malnutrition occur most in the world?

GMO Discussion

“[15] “Public health can benefit immensely from the potential of biotechnology, such as rising nutritional content of food, decreased allergenicity and more efficient food production" [15] United Nations Development Programme (UNDP): Human Development Report urges poor countries seize biotech opportunities.


Question: Where does malnutrition occur most in the world?

GMO Discussion

Developing countries should alleviate malnutrition and famine by using gene modification.


Question: Where does malnutrition occur most in the world?

GMO Discussion

Now the GM debate in Europe is overtaking the needs of developing countries.


Question: Where does malnutrition occur most in the world?

GMO Discussion

[97] Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO) “FAO will continue to assist its member countries, especially developing countries, in achieving biotechnology benefits in agriculture, forestry and fisheries”.


Question: Where does malnutrition occur most in the world?

GMO Discussion

[154] “The transgenic plants on offer and the food derived therefrom have been assessed as safe to eat and the test methods applied to them.


Question: Where does malnutrition occur most in the world?

GMO Discussion

These conclusions are consistent with the consensus of scientific evidence studied by ICSU (2003) and are consistent with WHO views.


Question: Where does malnutrition occur most in the world?

GMO Discussion

- - No demonstrable toxic or nutritionally harmful effect of the consumption of GM plant foods has been found anywhere in the world (GM Science Review Panel).


Question: Where does malnutrition occur most in the world?

GMO Discussion

Millions of people have consumed foods derived from GM plants - - without any observed adverse reactions (ICSU).


Question: Where does malnutrition occur most in the world?

GMO Discussion

“[5] Opponents of Gene Modification Review Editor Keith Chlorine says GM opposition is because many people's worldview requires GM plants to be dangerous, and therefore they are incapable of taking on scientific facts on the subject.


Question: Where does malnutrition occur most in the world?

GMO Discussion

[155] Renowned green climate activist Mark Lynas said he discovered the science and apologized for his earlier opposition to GM.


Question: Where does malnutrition occur most in the world?

GMO Discussion

He said he had been “absolutely wrong” and admitted to vandalising GMO test plantations, as well as writing anti-GM articles in The Guardian, New Statesman and other journals without, I suppose, reading a single scientific article on the subject.


Question: Where does malnutrition occur most in the world?

GMO Discussion

Lynas also criticized Greenpeace and his other previous organizations for completely ignoring scientific facts about the safety of organisms.


Question: Where does malnutrition occur most in the world?

GMO Discussion

[156] [157] [158] [159] According to the editors-in-chief of the journal Nature Biotechnology, the evidence on the safety of GM food is not enough, because every time somewhere a flawed study of the 'harm' of gene modification is published and the activists and the uncritically sensationalist media drum up it.


Question: Where does malnutrition occur most in the world?

GMO Discussion

Furthermore, the debate focuses on genetic engineering, although rather than the breeding method, the characteristics of individual varieties are essential.


Question: Where does malnutrition occur most in the world?

GMO Discussion

Therefore, genetic engineering will reach wide acceptance perhaps only gradually as more GM products prove necessary.


Question: Where does malnutrition occur most in the world?

GMO Discussion

Papaya, for example, probably would have disappeared from Hawaii by now if it wasn't for genetic engineering because it was plagued by a virus.


Question: Where does malnutrition occur most in the world?

GMO Discussion

[17] Many people oppose genetically engineered organisms because they are thought to be something new that big corporations are 'secretly adding to our foods'.


Question: Where does malnutrition occur most in the world?

GMO Discussion

[16] Opponents of GMO food have the flimsiest knowledge of gene modification but think they know the most about it.


Question: Where does malnutrition occur most in the world?

GMO Discussion

[160] Vandalism and terrorism on the part of GMO opponents in Europe (especially France, Germany, Switzerland and Britain) 80 experimental plantations of academic or governmental research institutes mainly studying the safety of GM varieties have been destroyed.


Question: Where does malnutrition occur most in the world?

GMO Discussion

In some cases, violence against people or other property has also been used, as well as threats.


Question: Where does malnutrition occur most in the world?

GMO Discussion

An anti-science poster was left on one of the destroyed plantations: “Let's take off scientists' masks, empty the laboratories.


Question: Where does malnutrition occur most in the world?

GMO Discussion

“[161] GMO research has been vandalized around the world by the Earth Liberation Front, Greenpeace and others.


Question: Where does malnutrition occur most in the world?

GMO Discussion

[162] [163] [164] [165] [166] In December 1999, opponents of gene modification burned down the biotechnology laboratory at Michigan State University.


Question: Where does malnutrition occur most in the world?

GMO Discussion

This destroyed years of work and 400,000 euros worth of real estate.


Question: Where does malnutrition occur most in the world?

GMO Discussion

[167] In 2011, Greenpeace paid compensation when its members broke into the premises of an Australian scientific organisation and destroyed a low-glyexperenic wheat plantation that was supposed to help people suffering from diabetes.


Question: Where does malnutrition occur most in the world?

GMO Discussion

[162] Judge Hilary Penfold accused Greenpeace of using its fresh members to avoid unconditional prison sentences.


Question: Where does malnutrition occur most in the world?

GMO Discussion

[168] [169] In 2013, a golden rice trial plantation of the International Rice Research Institute was vandalized just before the experiment was due to be completed.


Question: Where does malnutrition occur most in the world?

GMO Discussion

[170] Researchers lamented the terrible suffering suffered by this to women and children.


Question: Where does malnutrition occur most in the world?

GMO Discussion

[170] Golden rice could prevent vitamin A deficiency, which, according to Helen Keller International, kills and blinds hundreds of thousands of children every year.


Question: Where does malnutrition occur most in the world?

GMO Discussion

[170] Former GMO opponent Mark Lynas reports in Slate magazine that a group of activists led by the far-left KMP group ran away from the demonstration to destroy plantations to the dismay of other protesters.


Question: Where does malnutrition occur most in the world?

GMO Discussion

[171] Greenpeace founder and ex-chairman Dr Patrick Moore accuses Greenpeace of crimes against humanity because its resistance to genetic modification and others has led to 8 million children going blind and dying from vitamin A deficiency, when this could have been prevented.


Question: Where does malnutrition occur most in the world?

GMO Discussion

The Greenpeace executive defended himself with an unproven claim about the dangers of gene modification.


Question: Where does malnutrition occur most in the world?

GMO Discussion

[172] Golden rice is originally a project by German university researchers to save children in developing countries.


Question: Where does malnutrition occur most in the world?

GMO Discussion

[170] It's a much more cost-effective way to improve your vitamin A intake.


Question: Where does malnutrition occur most in the world?

GMO Discussion

[173] Large companies have donated free licenses for the methods that the project needs.


Question: Where does malnutrition occur most in the world?

GMO Discussion

Osmo Soininvaara says that the only situation in his ministerial period where we had to get security officers to attend was an open seminar on genetic modification that he organised.


Question: Where does malnutrition occur most in the world?

GMO Discussion

According to Soininvaara, this describes the inflamed nature of the question.


Question: Where does malnutrition occur most in the world?

GMO Discussion

[174] Sources On the topic elsewhere, Tekes Genetic Modification Databank, which addresses both benefits and problems. Tammisola has spent decades teaching plant breeding and genetic modification at the University of Helsinki.


Question: Where does malnutrition occur most in the world?

GMO Discussion

On its website, Siupalo writes that he argued about the evolution of East African fish and that he “makes test tube children” for a living.


Question: Where does malnutrition occur most in the world?

GMO Discussion

Criticism of genetic engineering he calls his hobby.


Question: Where does malnutrition occur most in the world?

GMO Discussion

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Question: Where does malnutrition occur most in the world?

GMO Discussion

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Question: Where does malnutrition occur most in the world?

GMO Discussion

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Question: Where does malnutrition occur most in the world?

GMO Discussion

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Question: Where does malnutrition occur most in the world?

GMO Discussion

Regulations on GMO Critical Organizational Activities Category:Disputes Category:Genetically Modified Organisms


Question: Why was an ice warfare movement established in Finland in 1915?

Ice Pitch Movement

Launched in late 1914 in Finnish male student circles and led to the formation of Jääkäribattalion 27, the Jääkäribattalion 27 was an initiative of activists to obtain military training for the detachment of Finland from Russia.


Question: Why was an ice warfare movement established in Finland in 1915?

Ice Pitch Movement

After the First World War in 1914, Finland was initially cautious in the circles of the Kagal and old activists of the first repressive resistance group.


Question: Why was an ice warfare movement established in Finland in 1915?

Ice Pitch Movement

[1] In the men's matriculation circles, the ice movement emerged, which took as its goal the armed detachment of Finland from Russia.


Question: Why was an ice warfare movement established in Finland in 1915?

Ice Pitch Movement

Overall, 1895 volunteers began the Jääkärike training 1915—1918.


Question: Why was an ice warfare movement established in Finland in 1915?

Ice Pitch Movement

Of them, 1261 (67%) participated in the Finnish Civil War.


Question: Why was an ice warfare movement established in Finland in 1915?

Ice Pitch Movement

Of those involved, 128 (10%) fell in the fighting and 238 (19%) were wounded.


Question: Why was an ice warfare movement established in Finland in 1915?

Ice Pitch Movement

The Winter War involved 774 Icemen in all kinds of war duties in front and home forces, as well as civilian administrative duties in the army, of which 24 (3%) fell as well as 19 (2%) were wounded.


Question: Why was an ice warfare movement established in Finland in 1915?

Ice Pitch Movement

The Mannerheim Cross was awarded to 20 former Jäägers.


Question: Why was an ice warfare movement established in Finland in 1915?

Ice Pitch Movement

Forty-nine Icekers were promoted to the general corps.


Question: Why was an ice warfare movement established in Finland in 1915?

Ice Pitch Movement

As the ice cap movement expanded, its social base widened, encompassing all layers of folk.


Question: Why was an ice warfare movement established in Finland in 1915?

Ice Pitch Movement

Relative to the population, the largest number of icemen enlisted from Lake Kortes (the area today part of the city of Kauhava), who on this basis declared themselves to be a jockey.


Question: Why was an ice warfare movement established in Finland in 1915?

Ice Pitch Movement

Stages of the Ice Pass Movement The Central Committee of the Independence Movement considered it necessary to form a People's Army.


Question: Why was an ice warfare movement established in Finland in 1915?

Ice Pitch Movement

Military training could not be obtained in Finland, so it was sought abroad.


Question: Why was an ice warfare movement established in Finland in 1915?

Ice Pitch Movement

In January 1915, Germany announced its readiness to train 200 Finns.


Question: Why was an ice warfare movement established in Finland in 1915?

Ice Pitch Movement

Partly by lettuce, nearly two hundred young men moved first to Sweden and from there on to Germany to be trained for the Pfadfinder course (this was an alias referring to the Scouting movement).


Question: Why was an ice warfare movement established in Finland in 1915?

Ice Pitch Movement

[2] The Finns were trained at Lockstedt camp in Holstein.


Question: Why was an ice warfare movement established in Finland in 1915?

Ice Pitch Movement

In the autumn of 1915, Germany decided to raise the strength of the Finnish contingent to 2000 men.


Question: Why was an ice warfare movement established in Finland in 1915?

Ice Pitch Movement

A covert recruitment covering the whole country was initiated in Finland.


Question: Why was an ice warfare movement established in Finland in 1915?

Ice Pitch Movement

The busiest recruitment activities were in Uusimaa, Ostrobothnia and Karelia.


Question: Why was an ice warfare movement established in Finland in 1915?

Ice Pitch Movement

The following spring, the corps was formed into the Royal Prussian Jääger Battalion 27 under Major Maximilian Bayer.


Question: Why was an ice warfare movement established in Finland in 1915?

Ice Pitch Movement

[3] Russia received word of the ice cap movement in September 1915.


Question: Why was an ice warfare movement established in Finland in 1915?

Ice Pitch Movement

Of the 19 caught, 13 were taken to Špalernaya prison in Saint Petersburg, where 60 other activists had also been imprisoned, including Vihtori Kosola, Artturi Leinonen, Esko Riekki, Aarne Sihvo and Kyösti Wilkuna.


Question: Why was an ice warfare movement established in Finland in 1915?

Ice Pitch Movement

The “Bar-iceers” were released after the February Revolution of 1917.


Question: Why was an ice warfare movement established in Finland in 1915?

Ice Pitch Movement

The battalion took part in the fighting against Russia in the Baltics.


Question: Why was an ice warfare movement established in Finland in 1915?

Ice Pitch Movement

The Jääkärs swore an oath to the legitimate government of Finland in the church of Liepāja.


Question: Why was an ice warfare movement established in Finland in 1915?

Ice Pitch Movement

In the autumn of 1917, 60 ice kaurs entered Finland.


Question: Why was an ice warfare movement established in Finland in 1915?

Ice Pitch Movement

The Jääkärs had sought training for combat against Russia, but by the time of their return to Finland in early 1918 the situation had changed significantly.


Question: Why was an ice warfare movement established in Finland in 1915?

Ice Pitch Movement

In addition to the Russian forces, the opposing side had a working population of their own country organised as the Red Guard.


Question: Why was an ice warfare movement established in Finland in 1915?

Ice Pitch Movement

For this reason, about one third of the ice hangers did not return to Finland.


Question: Why was an ice warfare movement established in Finland in 1915?

Ice Pitch Movement

However, the main force of 950 men arrived in Vaasa on 25 February 1918 and moved mainly into the ranks of government forces.


Question: Why was an ice warfare movement established in Finland in 1915?

Ice Pitch Movement

They considered this to be specifically the Finnish War of Independence, which would effectively determine whether the country would be “free” from Russian rule.


Question: Why was an ice warfare movement established in Finland in 1915?

Ice Pitch Movement

Not all the ice keepers were as loyal to the regime as is widely believed.


Question: Why was an ice warfare movement established in Finland in 1915?

Ice Pitch Movement

Shortly after the Jääkäris' return to Finland for reasons related to the ice conflict, a group of Jakeers made an unsuccessful bomb attendant on General Mannerheim's staff train.


Question: Why was an ice warfare movement established in Finland in 1915?

Ice Pitch Movement

After the war, the vast majority of icebrees returned to civilian life.


Question: Why was an ice warfare movement established in Finland in 1915?

Ice Pitch Movement

The majority were laborers, small farmers and operatives, with one in five having completed a baccalaureate degree.


Question: Why was an ice warfare movement established in Finland in 1915?

Ice Pitch Movement

Some glaciers rose to the pinnacle of economic or cultural life.


Question: Why was an ice warfare movement established in Finland in 1915?

Ice Pitch Movement

Some went on to military careers.


Question: Why was an ice warfare movement established in Finland in 1915?

Ice Pitch Movement

A few icemen migrated to Soviet Russia.


Question: Why was an ice warfare movement established in Finland in 1915?

Ice Pitch Movement

The vast majority of ice ranchers participated in the Winter and Continuation War.


Question: Why was an ice warfare movement established in Finland in 1915?

Ice Pitch Movement

A total of 49 Jäkär officers received the military rank of general, among them infantry generals Erik Heinrichs, Kaarlo Heiskanen, Taavetti Latakainen, Armas-Eino Martola, Aarne Sihvo, Alonzo Sundman, Paavo Talvela and Väinö Valve.


Question: Why was an ice warfare movement established in Finland in 1915?

Ice Pitch Movement

The influence of Jääkäres in the development of the Finnish Defence Forces was very large until the 1950s.


Question: Why was an ice warfare movement established in Finland in 1915?

Ice Pitch Movement

The last ice keeper, Jääkärikrikanal Väinö Valve died in 1995.


Question: Why was an ice warfare movement established in Finland in 1915?

Ice Pitch Movement

According to Matti Lackman, a Doctor of Philosophy who studied the ice carriage movement, the ice keepers committed treason on the basis of a law in force in Russia at the time [4].


Question: Why was an ice warfare movement established in Finland in 1915?

Ice Pitch Movement

The early 20th century activism, whose ideological heir, arose in response to the situation created by the Russification measures and the acquiescence of some Finns, where Finland's self-governing status was threatened and the laws were felt. lost its relevance.


Question: Why was an ice warfare movement established in Finland in 1915?

Ice Pitch Movement

The abolition of their own Finnish military personnel and the threat of being forced to serve in Russian troop detachments on Russian soil strongly influenced moods.


Question: Why was an ice warp movement established in Finland in 1915?

Ice Pitch Movement

[5] Activists felt that the prevailing illegal situation justified and obliged, if necessary, to respond to violence with violence.


Question: Why was an ice warp movement established in Finland in 1915?

Ice Pitch Movement

A programme of activism was put forward in 1903, and an active opposition party was formed the following year.


Question: Why was an ice warp movement established in Finland in 1915?

Ice Pitch Movement

In the activities of these early activists, future forms of activity of the Ickeers and Activists were foreshadowed by arms supplies such as the voyage of the SS John Grafton, the emergence of patronage municipalities during the Grand Strike, and the 1906 creation of the paramilitary Force League.


Question: Why was an ice warp movement established in Finland in 1915?

Ice Pitch Movement

Revolutionary peacefulness in Russia still suppressed these forms of activity within 1906.


Question: Why was an ice warp movement established in Finland in 1915?

Ice Pitch Movement

[6] Another period of repression began to develop in late 1908 and brought behind the force of Russian law in June 1910 to last until the end of the Russian Empire until March 1917.


Question: Why was an ice warp movement established in Finland in 1915?

Ice Pitch Movement

The idea of Finland's independence was considered pending in party activities by activists, among others, in the magazine Framtid—Anti-Issue until its abolition in 1910 ended the old period of activism.


Question: Why was an ice warp movement established in Finland in 1915?

Ice Pitch Movement

[7] In the university's constituent municipalities, the idea of independence was fostered in various forms.


Question: Why was an ice warp movement established in Finland in 1915?

Ice warp movement

In speeches at the Conferment Celebration in May 1914, the idea of independence was widely expressed, though cautiously worded.


Question: Why was an ice warp movement established in Finland in 1915?

Ice warp movement

Many future prominent men appear in the conferment committee: Kai Donner, Väinö Kokko, Pehr Norrmén and Yrjö Ruuth (late.


Question: Why was an ice warp movement established in Finland in 1915?

Ice warp movement

Screen).


Question: Why was an ice warp movement established in Finland in 1915?

Ice warp movement

[8] Establishment Finland was placed in a state of war on 30 July 1914 [9]: Russian military leadership feared Germany would rise ashore and invade Finland.


Question: Why was an ice warp movement established in Finland in 1915?

Ice warp movement

Critical targets in different parts of Finland began to be fortified by the forces of Finns hired for the “movails” but under Russian leadership.


Question: Why was an ice warp movement established in Finland in 1915?

Ice warp movement

These works caused labour shortages in areas such as agriculture.


Question: Why was an ice warp movement established in Finland in 1915?

Ice warp movement

On November 17, an extensive Russification program was published, which definitively launched the action that led to the ice cap movement.


Question: Why was an ice warp movement established in Finland in 1915?

Ice warp movement

[10] The publication of the Russification programme broke the dams.


Question: Why was an ice warp movement established in Finland in 1915?

Ice warp movement

Already on the same day, several independent meetings were held outlining the forms and implementation of resistance.


Question: Why was an ice warp movement established in Finland in 1915?

Ice warp movement

For example, it is reported that when Väinö Kokko, Yrjö Ruuth and Väinö Tiiri gave advice in Gardin's restaurant, students were gathered in the same place, among whom they came to a well-known trio to demand measures.


Question: Why was an ice warp movement established in Finland in 1915?

Ice warp movement

[11] Around the same time, some individual matriculates joined the Russian Army as volunteers to gain military training and war experience.


Question: Why was an ice warp movement established in Finland in 1915?

Ice warp movement

Later, a few such people who were “ahead of time” even deserted from the Russian army and went on to become a glacier.


Question: Why was an ice warp movement established in Finland in 1915?

Ice warp movement

After the ice cap movement began, the equivalent no longer appeared.


Question: Why was an ice warp movement established in Finland in 1915?

Ice warp movement

The meeting of Ostrobotnia The organisation of the independence movement is considered to have started on 20 November 1914 with a meeting held at the House of Ostrobotnia in Ostrobotnia (the date is not unequivocal, as the protocol was not held for reasons of concealment).


Question: Why was an ice warp movement established in Finland in 1915?

Ice warp movement

The meeting consisted of about 20 participants from different municipalities as well as the Old Finnish Student Association Suomalainen Nuija.


Question: Why was an ice warp movement established in Finland in 1915?

Ice warp movement

Instead of an outright start, this meeting rather meant a gathering of several smaller groups together, a form of critical mass formation.


Question: Why was an ice warp movement established in Finland in 1915?

Ice warp movement

Among other things, the meeting said, in the words of Pehr Norrmén, that passive resistance has lost its relevance and must go down the path of state fraud, since the law had been rejected by the opposing party (the Russians) as well.


Question: Why was an ice warp movement established in Finland in 1915?

Ice warp movement

Finland had to be disconnected from Russia's connection.


Question: Why was an ice warp movement established in Finland in 1915?

Ice warp movement

When discussing foreign aid, Väinö Kokko — curator of Osakunta in Northern Ostrobothnia — considered German help important, even the only possibility.


Question: Why was an ice warp movement established in Finland in 1915?

Ice warp movement

Members of the meeting declared themselves the Provisional Central Committee of the Activist Movement.


Question: Why was an ice warp movement established in Finland in 1915?

Ice warp movement

Contact had to be contacted both potential training organisers, as well as senior politicians and activists and socialist representatives.


Question: Why was an ice warp movement established in Finland in 1915?

Ice warp movement

[12] The idea of sending a negotiator to Stockholm to explore the possibilities of military training through the former German Consul in Helsinki, Albert Goldbeck-Löwe, was strengthened in late November 1914.


Question: Why was an ice warp movement established in Finland in 1915?

Ice warp movement

Walter Horn and Bertel Paulig were named negotiators because they knew the liaison with pre-existing conditions and their German language proficiency was excellent.


Question: Why was an ice warp movement established in Finland in 1915?

Ice warp movement

The trip was disguised as the maintenance of sports links with Swedish organisations (the Finnish side was covered by the Suomen Palloliitto).


Question: Why was an ice warp movement established in Finland in 1915?

Ice warp movement

[13] Germany was not the only option to be a supporter and training provider at this stage.


Question: Why was an ice warp movement established in Finland in 1915?

Ice warp movement

At the turn of the year 1914—1915, several small groups from different municipalities travelled to reconnoitre the Swedish atmosphere.


Question: Why was an ice warp movement established in Finland in 1915?

Ice warp movement

Numerous public figures, both for the Church, the scientific community and the press, were the targets of the visits.


Question: Why was an ice warp movement established in Finland in 1915?

Ice warp movement

The Swedish hosts showed interest in the situation in Finland and were convinced that in Finland the project also represented Finnish-speaking circles, but the answer to the actual question was obvious: no active support for Finland's independence would be forthcoming.


Question: Why was an ice warp movement established in Finland in 1915?

Ice warp movement

While the possibilities of military training were recognised from abroad, self-made training was also organised at home: reading literature and improving fitness through skiing exercises, among other things.


Question: Why was an ice warp movement established in Finland in 1915?

Ice warp movement

Shooting exercises were held by those with guns and cartridges in use.


Question: Why was an ice warp movement established in Finland in 1915?

Ice warp movement

Preparation for sabotage activities was done by studying pioneer fields under the guidance of engineering students.


Question: Why was an ice warp movement established in Finland in 1915?

Ice warp movement

Espionage activities for the Germans were also tried to organise.


Question: Why was an ice warp movement established in Finland in 1915?

Ice warp movement

[14] Training for armed insurrection from Germany Herman Gummerus, Walter Horn and Bertel Paulig had sent a report to the German War Ministry on 8 December 1914 describing moods in Finland as well as welcoming arms assistance and training of 150 volunteers from Germany.


Question: Why was an ice warp movement established in Finland in 1915?

Ice warp movement

The trained would be tasked with supporting the invasion of German troops into Finland while an uprising against Russia would break out in the country.


Question: Why was an ice warp movement established in Finland in 1915?

Ice warp movement

In his own right, the ground in Germany was shaped by Fritz Wetterhoff, a Finnish-born deputy judge who moved to Germany.


Question: Why was an ice warp movement established in Finland in 1915?

Ice warp movement

As early as September, Wetterhoff had presented a plan for the invasion of Finland, which was quite similar to the one made by activists under the leadership of Gummerus.


Question: Why was an ice warp movement established in Finland in 1915?

Ice warp movement

Proper preparation of the resistance and support of German troops would be essential.


Question: Why was an ice warp movement established in Finland in 1915?

Ice warp movement

The matter of training Finnish volunteers proceeded to a conclusion at a meeting held at the premises of the German War Ministry on 26 January 1915, with representation not only from the Ministry of War but from the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and two different staffs.


Question: Why was an ice warp movement established in Finland in 1915?

Ice warp movement

The main points of the decision were: Education would be given to 200 Finnish students with German skills who were “cultured, trustworthy and from good families”.


Question: Why was an ice warp movement established in Finland in 1915?

Ice warp movement

The duration of training would initially be four weeks, but time could be extended.


Question: Why was an ice warp movement established in Finland in 1915?

Ice warp movement

The content would emphasize topics such as military spirit, marksmanship, command of small units, and extermination and guerrilla activities.


Question: Why was an ice warp movement established in Finland in 1915?

Ice warp movement

Mid-February 1915 was decided as the start date and the Lockstedter Lager camp site as the training site.


Question: Why was an ice warp movement established in Finland in 1915?

Ice warp movement

Pfadfinders — volunteers in the cover role of patrol leaders The call to begin sending volunteers reached Wetterhoff mediated by Herman Gummerus in Stockholm on February 1, 1915.


Question: Why was an ice warp movement established in Finland in 1915?

Ice warp movement

The information was transmitted to Finland in the form of a password, ostensibly dealing with Harald Öhquist's father staying in Germany: “The doctor hopes for a full recovery within two weeks.”


Question: Why was an ice warp movement established in Finland in 1915?

Ice warp movement

On 25 February [9] arrived in Lockstedt the first 55 to train for scout courses (Pfadfinderkursus).


Question: Why was an ice warp movement established in Finland in 1915?

Ice warp movement

Their trip had led first to Stockholm to report to Herman Gummerus.


Question: Why was an ice warp movement established in Finland in 1915?

Ice warp movement

The trips were explained as being related to studies, for example.


Question: Why was an ice warp movement established in Finland in 1915?

Ice warp movement

In Stockholm, many had their names changed, pruned unnecessary equipment and received German passports as well as travel money for the rest of the trip.


Question: Why was an ice warp movement established in Finland in 1915?

Ice warp movement

In Sweden, an advance was made via Malmö to Trelleborg, from where a ferry link took to Sassnitz in Germany.


Question: Why was an ice warp movement established in Finland in 1915?

Ice warp movement

A train ride away, Berlin was up against Wetterhoff and his aides.


Question: Why was an ice warp movement established in Finland in 1915?

Ice warp movement

The last leg of the journey took first to Hamburg and on to Lockstedter Lager (now Hohenlockstedt).


Question: Why was an ice warp movement established in Finland in 1915?

Ice warp movement

Once there, the course was divided into two companies and participants were given covert scout outfits and the designation Feldmeister referring to the German patrol leader.


Question: Why was an ice warp movement established in Finland in 1915?

Ice warp movement

The impression was complemented by the fact that the head of the course, Major Maximilian Bayer, was also the leader of the German Boy Scout Movement (Jugendwehr).


Question: Why was an ice warp movement established in Finland in 1915?

Ice warp movement

Education of Pfadfinders The agreement on the education of pfadfinderite emphasized, among other things, familiarization with German culture and “military spirit”.


Question: Why was an ice warp movement established in Finland in 1915?

Ice warp movement

Although the course time was only a few weeks, it was therefore envisaged, among other things, field trips.


Question: Why was an ice warp movement established in Finland in 1915?

Ice warp movement

Contemporaries” memoirs emphasise that the Finns longed for an authentic feel for German education, but “they soon found that their teaching did not follow the methods of German military education, but rather Boy Scout education”.


Question: Why was an ice warp movement established in Finland in 1915?

Ice warp movement

The covert role therefore seemed to extend, along with external frameworks, to the content of education as well.


Question: Why was an ice warp movement established in Finland in 1915?

Ice warp movement

At first, the hosts' extracts seemed to be trained even too gentlemanly, while the views of the course director and the actual trainers on training were still looking for their forms: “The Finns were treated with caution and gentle hands.


Question: Why was an ice warp movement established in Finland in 1915?

Ice warp movement

Against the will gestured as 'lords'.” The background was Major Bayer's view that resourceful Free Force leaders from the Finns could be obtained by scouting rather than military doctrines.


Question: Why was an ice warp movement established in Finland in 1915?

Ice warp movement

Bayer's values were also associated with the fact that at first it was forbidden to consume beer for Finns.


Question: Why was an ice warp movement established in Finland in 1915?

Ice warp movement

It was soon discovered, however, that Major Bayer, with his emphasis, fell short of a minority over the actual trainer officers, Captains Bade, Heldt, Just and Knaths.


Question: Why was an ice warp movement established in Finland in 1915?

Ice warp movement

The number of students gradually increased, reaching a strength of about 180 in three weeks.


Question: Why was an ice warp movement established in Finland in 1915?

Ice warp movement

However, some of the coursemen began to be out of strength with various deployments.


Question: Why was an ice warp movement established in Finland in 1915?

Ice warp movement

[15] Despite the Boy Scouting outfit, Finnish volunteers had possession since 28 February the main soldier's hallmark — a weapon: the Russian three-line rifle M/91, which the Germans had received in abundance as spoils of war.


Question: Why was an ice warp movement established in Finland in 1915?

Ice warp movement

It was easy to justify this choice because the Finns would, in any case, in their eventual struggle for independence, come to rely on weapons taken from the Russians.


Question: Why was an ice warp movement established in Finland in 1915?

Ice warp movement

Pistols and hand grenades were among the equipment.


Question: Why was an ice warp movement established in Finland in 1915?

Ice warp movement

The course instead received the first heavier weapons—two Maxim machine guns—on hold until mid-April.


Question: Why was an ice warp movement established in Finland in 1915?

Ice warp movement

[16] After the first few days of adulation, the training sought attitudes towards Prussian military training, although the content was deviant, educated, voluntary “civilists” were trained.


Question: Why was an ice warp movement established in Finland in 1915?

Ice warp movement

According to Lauerma's characterisation, pfadfinders received “somewhat simultaneously instruction belonging to a recruit, a cadet, a student officer at the War College, and a Particle Scout leader.”


Question: Why was an ice warp movement established in Finland in 1915?

Ice warp movement

Efforts were made to create the capacity to lead the team, platoon and “evasively company”.


Question: Why was an ice warp movement established in Finland in 1915?

Ice warp movement

Theory instruction sided subjects all the way up to regimental level.


Question: Why was an ice warp movement established in Finland in 1915?

Ice warp movement

[17] The content and scope of training changed as the length of the course was increased to a minimum.


Question: Why was an ice warp movement established in Finland in 1915?

Ice warp movement

In the original plan, the exclusion order, as well as tobacco services, became part of the programme.


Question: Why was an ice warp movement established in Finland in 1915?

Ice warp movement

In March, the first promotions to the rank of zug and gruppenführers (team and group leaders) had been obtained, foreshadowing the possibility that the course would be extended.


Question: Why was an ice warp movement established in Finland in 1915?

Ice warp movement

[18] In all, four different promises were made in April 1915 to extend courses; for example, on Day 2 it was reported that the course would last until 16 April and on 14 April an extension to May was announced.


Question: Why was an ice warp movement established in Finland in 1915?

Ice warp movement

Uncertainty racked minds: it was not known what the future of each would be itself after the course.


Question: Why was an ice warp movement established in Finland in 1915?

Ice warp movement

Initially, the four-week absence from the homeland had already stretched into months.


Question: Why was an ice warp movement established in Finland in 1915?

Ice warp movement

In July, proper military uniforms were obtained to replace the scout uniforms that were worn in tatters and had gone unsavoury: field greys for the German infantry.


Question: Why was an ice warp movement established in Finland in 1915?

Ice warp movement

The PfadFinder period had ended, and the coursemen were now musketeers.


Question: Why was an ice warp movement established in Finland in 1915?

Ice warp movement

The independence movement entered its next phase.


Question: Why was an ice warp movement established in Finland in 1915?

Ice warp movement

From the initial form of the Ostrobotnian meeting, the organization of the movement also expanded and diversified.


Question: Why was an ice warp movement established in Finland in 1915?

Ice warp movement

The forces behind the independence of Finland and the Ice Participation movement can be considered A.K. (“Aktionskommittén”, “Action Committee” or “Active Committee”).


Question: Why was an ice warp movement established in Finland in 1915?

Ice warp movement

In it were represented the various parties, old and young activism, as well as officers of the old people who later organized themselves as M.K:si (“Militärkommittén”, “Military Committee”).


Question: Why was an ice warp movement established in Finland in 1915?

Ice warp movement

Ahti (1999) has characterized MK as a “comrade circle of former Hamina cadets”.


Question: Why was an ice warp movement established in Finland in 1915?

Ice warp movement

[19] The active committee was supported by C.K.


Question: Why was an ice warp movement established in Finland in 1915?

Ice warp movement

(“Centralkommittén”, “Central Committee”), which was a group formed by politicians of the older knee.


Question: Why was an ice warp movement established in Finland in 1915?

Ice warp movement

It included, among others, state councils (Edvard Hjelt, Alexis Gripenberg), senators (Hugo Rautapää) and professors (Rafael Erich, Edward Westermarck).


Question: Why was an ice warp movement established in Finland in 1915?

Ice warp movement

The representation of the Swedish language group prevailed.


Question: Why was an ice warp movement established in Finland in 1915?

Ice warp movement

The fact that Old Finns (Iron Head and Samuli Sario) also joined showed a change in their attitudes.


Question: Why was an ice warp movement established in Finland in 1915?

Ice warp movement

As of June 1917, the key practical player of the Active Committee was the Works Division.


Question: Why was an ice warp movement established in Finland in 1915?

Ice warp movement

Its activities, in turn, were disguised as a forestry enterprise.


Question: Why was an ice warp movement established in Finland in 1915?

Ice warp movement

The company, called Uusi Forest Office, was located in Helsinki at Yrjönkatu 25.


Question: Why was an ice warp movement established in Finland in 1915?

Ice warp movement

Ostensibly, the “office” bought and sold lumber and other forest supplies, as well as conveying workers to forestry sites.


Question: Why was an ice warp movement established in Finland in 1915?

Ice warp movement

This could cloak the real tasks, the most significant of which was the initiation of patronage activities across the country.


Question: Why was an ice warp movement established in Finland in 1915?

Ice warp movement

The most central figure in the new Forest Office was Master Elmo E. Kaila.


Question: Why was an ice warp movement established in Finland in 1915?

Ice warp movement

From 1916 onwards, the influential Finnish Independence Movement Foreign Mission was active in Stockholm.


Question: Why was an ice warp movement established in Finland in 1915?

Ice warp movement

Through it, connections with Sweden and Germany existed.


Question: Why was an ice warp movement established in Finland in 1915?

Ice warp movement

In the autumn of the following year the delegation was subjected to A.K


Question: Why was an ice warp movement established in Finland in 1915?

Ice warp movement

to which it received a liaison body facing the Germans.


Question: Why was an ice warp movement established in Finland in 1915?

Ice warp movement

In Germany, the affairs of the movement had been handled by Büro Wetterhoff, led by Fritz Wetterhoff.


Question: Why was an ice warp movement established in Finland in 1915?

Ice warp movement

After Wetterhoff fell out of favour with the Germans, a new, more independent liaison body Das Finnländische Büro was established in November 1916, led by Samuli Sario.


Question: Why was an ice warp movement established in Finland in 1915?

Ice warp movement

According to him and with the name model of the predecessor, the office was also called Büro Sario.


Question: Why was an ice warp movement established in Finland in 1915?

Ice warp movement

The price of independence was modesty: the archives and contacts in Wetterhoff's office were unavailable and money was lacking, too.


Question: Why was an ice warp movement established in Finland in 1915?

Ice warp movement

Socialist representation was lacking in these bodies.


Question: Why was an ice warp movement established in Finland in 1915?

Ice warp movement

Although cooperation with the burghers was refused, the idea of independence had to be supported.


Question: Why was an ice warp movement established in Finland in 1915?

Ice warp movement

K. H. Wiik, Oskari Tokoi and Yrjö Mäkelin, among others, supported the ice cap movement.


Question: Why was an ice warp movement established in Finland in 1915?

Ice warp movement

The latter's son Leo Mäkelin joined the ranks of the Jäägers on 14 February 1916.


Question: Why was an ice warp movement established in Finland in 1915?

Ice warp movement

The complex organisation of the Finnish “liberation movement” is summarized by Ahti (1999) as follows: “CoR, New Forest Office and MK operated in Finland.


Question: Why was an ice warp movement established in Finland in 1915?

Ice warp movement

Stockholm had a Foreign Mission and a Staff under Nikolai Mexmontan Military Committee, in Berlin the office of Samuli Sario, and finally in Liepāja the Jääkäri Battalion and its representatives.


Question: Why was an ice warp movement established in Finland in 1915?

Ice warp movement

“[20] For Finland's independence, the Russian Revolution was a lucky event, but so was Germany's defeat in World War I.


Question: Why was an ice warp movement established in Finland in 1915?

Ice warp movement

According to Professor Matti Lackman, Germany did not care about Finland's freedom, but supported the icemen for the same reason as the Bolsheviks: the goal was to weaken Germany's enemy Russia.


Question: Why was an ice warp movement established in Finland in 1915?

Ice warp movement

Germany also did not allow icebrees into Finland until it deemed necessary.


Question: Why was an ice warp movement established in Finland in 1915?

Ice warp movement

The Jaegers didn't have much chance to make a difference in this matter.


Question: Why was an ice warp movement established in Finland in 1915?

Ice warp movement

In addition, Germany planned to make Finland its own vassal state.


Question: Why was an ice warp movement established in Finland in 1915?

Ice warp movement

[21] Large enlistment — from scout course to Lockstedt training force When the expansion of the pfadfinder force into a battalion was approved by an order signed by Emperor William II on 28 August 1915, recruitment was increased over the original force multiple.


Question: Why was an ice warp movement established in Finland in 1915?

Ice warp movement

“Great enlistment” came to last from September 1915 to May 1916.


Question: Why was an ice warp movement established in Finland in 1915?

Ice warp movement

The strength of the battalion — four rifle companies, a machine gun company and a pioneer company — required 1439 men by standard strengths.


Question: Why was an ice warp movement established in Finland in 1915?

Ice warp movement

Excluding from this pfadfinders, as well as German officers and underpavers, the net need was about 1200 men.


Question: Why was an ice warp movement established in Finland in 1915?

Ice warp movement

However, Major Bayer, commander of the battalion — at this point Ausbildungstruppe Lockstedt — put forward enough up to 2000 men possibly thinking that the Finns would not be turned back, but the unit would be expanded or new ones would be created depending on the situation.


Question: Why was an ice warp movement established in Finland in 1915?

Ice warp movement

Central to the organisation of recruitment activities was the student community activities and, to a lesser extent, other communities of male students.


Question: Why was an ice warp movement established in Finland in 1915?

Ice warp movement

The link between the active committee and the student union was Master Kai Donner.


Question: Why was an ice warp movement established in Finland in 1915?

Ice warp movement

Student Actives recruited their fellow students and made trips to the provinces to acquire recrytes and to support and initiate local recruitment.


Question: Why was an ice warp movement established in Finland in 1915?

Ice warp movement

In order to gain a wide and diverse pool of participants and supporters, recruiters were sought to acquire recruiters from different social groups.


Question: Why was an ice warp movement established in Finland in 1915?

Ice warp movement

In Lauerman's words, “Among the recruits were laborers, foremen and craftsmen, farmers, teachers, chaplains and lockers, even some police officer.


Question: Why was an ice warp movement established in Finland in 1915?

Ice warp movement

“[22] Local recruits were easiest to find in Ostrobothnia and Karelia.


Question: Why was an ice warp movement established in Finland in 1915?

Ice warp movement

Student recruits from Helsinki had to be sent elsewhere and ice runners from Germany had to be sent.


Question: Why was an ice warp movement established in Finland in 1915?

Ice warp movement

Well-known recruiter icers include Aarne Sihvo and Sulo-Weikko Pekkola.


Question: Why was an ice warp movement established in Finland in 1915?

Ice warp movement

An example of recruitment Iivari Kauranen has told of his own recruitment as follows: Several descriptive elements appear in the description: recruitment has started a few months earlier and you expand beyond academic circles the recruiter and recruit feel in some way each other, so the trust can be judged by the recruiter is in a mobile profession, which involves a lot of social interaction with the motives of the company and the requirements for recruitals are brought to light The fact that the color color knew the ice movement well can perhaps be considered exceptional; background information could often be weak and descriptions of the purpose of the trip vague.


Question: Why was an ice warp movement established in Finland in 1915?

Ice warp movement

The open-mindedness in the report, on the other hand, indicates that perhaps we are unwary, those present are known and later to be in the region of the ice cap movement in southern Ostrobothnia.


Question: Why was an ice warp movement established in Finland in 1915?

Ice warp movement

Here, “recruitment evenings” or “departure dances” might even be held openly.


Question: Why was an ice warp movement established in Finland in 1915?

Ice warp movement

Typical recrytes at that point were no longer linguistic, experienced travellers who would drop by abroad in their studies: Kauranen says in the section after the quote that the trip from Jyväskylä to the Volt in Ala-Härmä was his first train journey.


Question: Why was an ice warp movement established in Finland in 1915?

Ice warp movement

Kem's pitch has been revealed (20 January 1916) or just about to be revealed and undergoing detours.


Question: Why was an ice warp movement established in Finland in 1915?

Ice warp movement

After various stages and expectations, the border crossing takes place from Tornio skiing under the guidance of a local guide.


Question: Why was an ice warp movement established in Finland in 1915?

Ice warp movement

From Haparanda, the journey continues under the direction of an ice tiller operating in “Halkonttorissa”.


Question: Why was an ice warp movement established in Finland in 1915?

Ice warp movement

We travel through Sweden with a staple of paper clearing the onward connection.


Question: Why was an ice warp movement established in Finland in 1915?

Ice warp movement

The remainder of the route is conventional: Malmö—Trelleborg—Sassnitz.


Question: Why was an ice warp movement established in Finland in 1915?

Ice warp movement

Oats and four other recrytes are on duty at Lockstedter Lager on 28 January 1916 to become part of the Lockstedt Training Force named after the training site.


Question: Why was an ice warp movement established in Finland in 1915?

Ice warp movement

[23] Ausbildungstruppe Lockstedt Main article: Lockstedt training corps Lockstedt training corps was officially established on 2 September 1915.


Question: Why was an ice warp movement established in Finland in 1915?

Ice warp movement

Initially only the original pfadfinders were available, now numbering 143.


Question: Why was an ice warp movement established in Finland in 1915?

Ice warp movement

Of them, 6 team leaders (Zugführer), 30 team leaders (Gruppenführer) and also 30 group vice-leaders (Hilfsgruppenführer) were promoted.


Question: Why was an ice warp movement established in Finland in 1915?

Ice warp movement

Around mid-September, Ausbildungstruppe Lockstedt received his first new recruits, initially mainly from the Finns interned in prison camps while recruitment in Finland just started.


Question: Why was an ice warp movement established in Finland in 1915?

Ice warp movement

The entry of men into the corps division accelerated as the autumn and early winter wore on so that a third company could be formed in November and, in late December, a 4th Company could be formed.


Question: Why was an ice warp movement established in Finland in 1915?

Ice warp movement

By early 1916 the strength was 881 men and the 1,000th recryte entered service with 13.


Question: Why was an ice warp movement established in Finland in 1915?

Ice warp movement

on Jan.


Question: Why was an ice warp movement established in Finland in 1915?

Ice warp movement

[24] Etapit Just under 200 of the first German pfadfinder providers were taken to Stockholm and forward, for example, under the guise of field trips.


Question: Why was an ice warp movement established in Finland in 1915?

Ice warp movement

A different type of organization had to be designed for the recruitment and transport of the Lockstedt Training Force crew.


Question: Why was an ice warp movement established in Finland in 1915?

Ice warp movement

Legal crossing of the border became difficult as early as autumn 1915 wore on and in February 1916 it closed completely to “jaeger-aged” men aged 19—35 when passports were no longer issued.


Question: Why was an ice warp movement established in Finland in 1915?

Ice warp movement

On the Finnish and Swedish side, a total of 52 points are shown in the map of the road road drawn up afterwards, some of them depicting an individual house, part of an entire locality.


Question: Why was an ice warp movement established in Finland in 1915?

Ice warp movement

On the walls of the preserved staple houses are plaques telling of this.


Question: Why was an ice warp movement established in Finland in 1915?

Ice warp movement

One of the most famous houses was the Halla house in Hyrynsalmi Hallavaara, home to Juho Alfred Heikkinen, Halla's old man and his wife Lic.


Question: Why was an ice warp movement established in Finland in 1915?

Ice warp movement

Halle's lead was led by Friedel Jacobson.


Question: Why was an ice warp movement established in Finland in 1915?

Ice warp movement

The Haparanan—Tornio area constituted a major international hub in the context of World War I.


Question: Why was an ice warp movement established in Finland in 1915?

Ice warp movement

The Icefer Pin brought its own addition to a place that was pre-existing important for the practice of “espionage, secret politics, Russian revolutionary activities, refugees, smuggling [and] prostitution”.


Question: Why was an ice warp movement established in Finland in 1915?

Ice warp movement

[25] In this concoction, an icer pin operated under the alias of “Halo Contor” boiled as one coincidence.


Question: Why was an ice warp movement established in Finland in 1915?

Ice warp movement

The Tornio etapi had been established by Eero Heickell (Kuussaari) as early as 1915 to support the crossing of the pfadfinder coursemen.


Question: Why was an ice warp movement established in Finland in 1915?

Ice warp movement

The Haaparanda Etapi Centre was created as a further deployment of the information and reconnaissance mission headed there by pfadfinders Heikki Kekon and W. E. Tuompo, when the Lockstedt training force had been assured and the etapi would thus be used.


Question: Why was an ice warp movement established in Finland in 1915?

Ice warp movement

The Kemi Etapi was established on 3 September 1915, when Heickell negotiated the matter with Konstu Pietilä and Arvi Hällfors, among others.


Question: Why was an ice warp movement established in Finland in 1915?

Ice warp movement

In Kemi, the Etapi was located in Osula, owned by Juho Heiskanen.


Question: Why was an ice warp movement established in Finland in 1915?

Ice warp movement

On 6 January 1916, Etappi was subjected to a whistleblowing and was cut off by sending the telegram “Patient does not arrive” to Helsinki.


Question: Why was an ice warp movement established in Finland in 1915?

Ice warp movement

Despite this, Osula's host Juho Heiskanen was arrested.


Question: Why was an ice warp movement established in Finland in 1915?

Ice warp movement

He became the first Shpalernite, or activist cooped up in St. Petersburg's Špalernaya prison.


Question: Why was an ice warp movement established in Finland in 1915?

Ice warp movement

Later they would be called bar icers.


Question: Why was an ice warp movement established in Finland in 1915?

Ice warp movement

[26] In urban conditions, the headway could be set up in connection with a suitable business undertaking.


Question: Why was an ice warp movement established in Finland in 1915?

Ice warp movement

For example, in Oulu there was an operating point in Högsten's gentlemen's clothing shop operated by the branch manager Amatus Johansson.


Question: Why was an ice warp movement established in Finland in 1915?

Ice warp movement

In the same city, Iikka Castrén serviced and accommodated the Valio premises moving in the name of the ice warehouse.


Question: Why was an ice warp movement established in Finland in 1915?

Ice warp movement

[27] Yrjö Mäkelin and Hannes Uksila, a local workers' newspaper, gathered the recruits to the magazine's editorial staff, from which they were directed to Jaakko Kemppainen's clothier movement and from there either across the ice or through Tornio to Sweden.


Question: Why was an ice warp movement established in Finland in 1915?

Ice warp movement

Etapways led across the border from the north, starting at Muonio, Kangasjärvi, Pello, Tengeliö, Palovaara, Karung, Tornio and Haparanna.


Question: Why was an ice warp movement established in Finland in 1915?

Ice warp movement

The sea cucumber was carried by etapes beginning at Jepua and Volt, with a meeting point on the island of Holmö.


Question: Why was an ice warp movement established in Finland in 1915?

Ice warp movement

Measured by the number of passes, the main crossing points were the routes to Kemin-Haaparta and Tornio.


Question: Why was an ice warp movement established in Finland in 1915?

Ice warp movement

After the Kemi Etapi was exposed and Kvarku was in uniform ice, the importance of the route from Southern Ostrobothnia to Umeå became great.


Question: Why was an ice warp movement established in Finland in 1915?

Ice warp movement

[28] Initially, efforts were made to isolate advancing activities from recruitment, but later these activities inevitably became mixed, although this increased security risk.


Question: Why was an ice warp movement established in Finland in 1915?

Ice warp movement

Lackman cites as an example how, along the road route in Seittenkar in northern Sweden, at least 20 men were recruited to Germany from Finnish forestry workers who worked there.


Question: Why was an ice warp movement established in Finland in 1915?

Ice warp movement

[29] Jääger Battalion as 27th to the Front Main article: Jääger Battalion 27 Towards the end of 1915, Major Bayer estimated that training of Ausbildungstruppe Lockstedt men would be appropriately supplemented by front experience.


Question: Why was an ice warp movement established in Finland in 1915?

Ice warp movement

He brought it up with the Finnish leaders of the movement — Adolf von Bonsdorff, Rafael Erich and Samuli Sario — when they were visiting Lockstedter Lager.


Question: Why was an ice warp movement established in Finland in 1915?

Ice warp movement

Consent to the matter was obtained in March 1916 and the mobilization order was issued on 3 May 1916.


Question: Why was an ice warp movement established in Finland in 1915?

Ice warp movement

Estimated to be front-worthy, the part of the training force was designated as Royal Icefer Battalion 27 (Königlich Preussisches Jägerbataillon Nr.


Question: Why was an ice warp movement established in Finland in 1915?

Ice warp movement


Question: Why was an ice warp movement established in Finland in 1915?

Ice warp movement

[9] The supplement still remaining in training received the old name of the training set Ausbildungstruppe Lockstedt.


Question: Why was an ice warp movement established in Finland in 1915?

Ice warp movement

Bahrenfeld's Penalty Division Discontent and biting manifested among the icebirds, both because of outright circumstances and ill-awareness.


Question: Why was an ice warp movement established in Finland in 1915?

Ice warp movement

Many of those who arrived from Finland at the time of the “great enlistment” did not have a clear idea of the situation to be expected (when recruits did not have it either).


Question: Why was an ice warp movement established in Finland in 1915?

Ice warp movement

Although the Jääkäribattalion on the one hand was a Finnish company and a community, on the other hand it was only one unit under German military discipline.


Question: Why was an ice warp movement established in Finland in 1915?

Ice warp movement

So the indiscipline was eradicated with great grips.


Question: Why was an ice warp movement established in Finland in 1915?

Ice warp movement

The first perpetrators of more serious retreats were sent to court-martial and from there to prison camps.


Question: Why was an ice warp movement established in Finland in 1915?

Ice warp movement

A special penal division was established at Zerksten Manor ten kilometres from the front line in the autumn of 1916.


Question: Why was an ice warp movement established in Finland in 1915?

Ice warp movement

The division was commanded by Sergeant Major Höfelmeyer.


Question: Why was an ice warp movement established in Finland in 1915?

Ice warp movement

In addition to forced training, leaving food, planting in a dark brig and keeping in freezing temperatures were used as disciplinary methods.


Question: Why was an ice warp movement established in Finland in 1915?

Ice warp movement

However, the “jermut” taken to Zerksten were not discouraged and the department did not achieve its purpose: those commanded to the penal division did not “return to order”.


Question: Why was an ice warp movement established in Finland in 1915?

Ice warp movement

[30] A special penal company, the Altona-Bahrenfeld Working Command, was formed for the battalion in November 1916, operating in an artillery depot near Hamburg.


Question: Why was an ice warp movement established in Finland in 1915?

Ice warp movement

A total of 216 men ended up in this department, the “bahrenfeltters”, according to Lackman (224 men in Lauerman 1966 calculations).


Question: Why was an ice warp movement established in Finland in 1915?

Ice warp movement

The service was heavy and it was greatly hampered by the fact that the superiors of the penitentiaries spoke German alone.


Question: Why was an ice warp movement established in Finland in 1915?

Ice warp movement

Nutrition, in turn, was scarce and one-sided.


Question: Why was an ice warp movement established in Finland in 1915?

Ice warp movement

Information about the unfortunate conditions of the “Bahrenfelttars” carried information to the battalion, which contributed to increased discontent in the main forces.


Question: Why was an ice warp movement established in Finland in 1915?

Ice warp movement

However, the situation of the Penal Company was not corrected until Zugführer Aarne Sihvo, later Commander of the Defence Forces, who had been released from Špalernaya prison by the revolution, visited Bahrenfeld.


Question: Why was an ice warp movement established in Finland in 1915?

Ice warp movement

Sihvo stated that the penal company would cause a distortion in the external image of the Jäägers when their return to Finland would become timely.


Question: Why was an ice warp movement established in Finland in 1915?

Ice warp movement

Compared to his firsthand, fresh prison experiences, he may have understood the plight of the Bahrenfeltters.


Question: Why was an ice warp movement established in Finland in 1915?

Ice warp movement

Only five Bahrenfelttars returned from the Penal Company to the Battalion, of the remainder those employed were stationed in predominantly civilian industrial facilities.


Question: Why was an ice warp movement established in Finland in 1915?

Ice warp movement

The Bahrenfelttars could not return to Finland until after the end of the 1918 war, the main part in the autumn of 1918.


Question: Why was an ice warp movement established in Finland in 1915?

Ice warp movement

Those left behind lived in miserable conditions in Germany; some had left the country on their own help and everyone's fate never became clear.


Question: Why was an ice warp movement established in Finland in 1915?

Ice warp movement

[31] Disclosure of the ice cap movement to the authorities When large-scale recruitment had begun in September 1915, the matter of the ice cap movement was no longer known only to small circles and its disclosure in some form would only be a matter of time.


Question: Why was an ice warp movement established in Finland in 1915?

Ice warp movement

A report dated 28 September to Governor-General Seyn shows the Russians already know the core of the operation of the ice cap movement: in Finland “there is a strong sedition to bring Finnish youth, especially matriculates, to German officer schools where they would be prepared as leaders of the rebellion to Finland”.


Question: Why was an ice warp movement established in Finland in 1915?

Ice warp movement

[32] The revelation of the ice cap movement lacks neither tragicomic nor profoundly tragic features: the vice-consul in Haparanda, Russia, received a questionnaire about travel money to Germany.


Question: Why was an ice warp movement established in Finland in 1915?

Ice warp movement

The information about the money was correct, but the address was wrong: in Haaparanda, the correct place would have been “Halkontori” instead of the consular office.


Question: Why was an ice warp movement established in Finland in 1915?

Ice warp movement

[32] On 23 December 1915 pfadfinder Edvard Bruhn was captured in Tornio.


Question: Why was an ice warp movement established in Finland in 1915?

Ice warp movement

Bruhn had managed one of the recruiting bodies of the Ice Borders movement, the so-called. Liisankatu office in Helsinki.


Question: Why was an ice warp movement established in Finland in 1915?

Ice warp movement

After being caught, Bruhn, aged just 21, revealed his knowledge during questioning.


Question: Why was an ice warp movement established in Finland in 1915?

Ice warp movement

Even before he was caught, Bruhn had attracted attention with his “frivolous” lifestyle, resulting in suspected notes relating to recruitment and etapes, among other things, to have fallen into the wrong hands.


Question: Why was an ice warp movement established in Finland in 1915?

Ice warp movement

He was due to be delivered out of the country for security reasons, but the travelling party was subjected to shadowing and a fatal inspection at Tornio station.


Question: Why was an ice warp movement established in Finland in 1915?

Ice warp movement

After his release in connection with the revolution, Bruhn fought in both the Finnish and Estonian Revolutionary Wars, and fell in 1919 in Estonia.


Question: Why was an ice warp movement established in Finland in 1915?

Ice warp movement

[33] In 1916—1917, the authority investigation into the ice cap movement was led by a Russian investigating judge, Nikolai Mashkevich.


Question: Why was an ice warp movement established in Finland in 1915?

Ice warp movement

Trials of imprisoned ice colours began in December 1916 and the main evidence was the information and confessions gathered by Mashkevich.


Question: Why was an ice warp movement established in Finland in 1915?

Ice warp movement

The process was interrupted as a result of the February Revolution of 1917, when a mob released those imprisoned and destroyed most of the documents.


Question: Why was an ice warp movement established in Finland in 1915?

Ice warp movement

[34] According to Red Jääkärit Lackman, at the time of the negotiations for the replenishment of the peace of Brest-Litovsk in August 1918 in Berlin, a group of Icekeers who remained there submitted a letter to the founding meeting of the SKP stating that they were willing to cooperate.


Question: Why was an ice warp movement established in Finland in 1915?

Ice warp movement

However, the letter did not arouse any interest, as in SKP the ice keepers were considered bays, even though some of them were proletariat, such as laborers and sailors.


Question: Why was an ice warp movement established in Finland in 1915?

Ice warp movement

A group of Berlin Red Icicers were repatriated later in the autumn, and some of them teamed up to co-organize an organisation with the Reds.


Question: Why was an ice warp movement established in Finland in 1915?

Ice warp movement

The project was clotted when a few were arrested by the secret police, or General Staff Section III.


Question: Why was an ice warp movement established in Finland in 1915?

Ice warp movement

[35] A brief history of the ice pot movement on 17 November 1914 in the press of the Grand Principality of Finland publishes the so-called Great Russification Programme.


Question: Why was an ice warp movement established in Finland in 1915?

Ice warp movement

On November 20, 1914, the Jäkäri movement gets its start when a group of student activists gather at the Ostrobotnia House in Helsinki.


Question: Why was an ice warp movement established in Finland in 1915?

Ice warp movement

The Russification program is seen as a major threat that would virtually end the self-rule of the Grand Principality of Finland and Finland would have become just one of the provinces of the Russian Empire among others.


Question: Why was an ice warp movement established in Finland in 1915?

Ice warp movement

It is decided to acquire both weapons and training abroad in order to separate Finland from Russia.


Question: Why was an ice warp movement established in Finland in 1915?

Ice warp movement

On February 25, 1915 The first group of volunteer ice keepers arrives in Germany at Lockstedt camp to be trained.


Question: Why was an ice warp movement established in Finland in 1915?

Ice warp movement

On 26 August 1915, Finnish ice keepers are established in Germany with their own troop division.


Question: Why was an ice warp movement established in Finland in 1915?

Ice warp movement

The number of recruits is greatly increased.


Question: Why was an ice warp movement established in Finland in 1915?

Ice warp movement

On 9 May 1915, the Finnish Jääkär Battalion in Germany becomes Royal Prussian Jääkär Battalion 27.


Question: Why was an ice warp movement established in Finland in 1915?

Ice warp movement

On 31 May 1916, the Finns leave for Latvia for the Eastern Front.


Question: Why was an ice warp movement established in Finland in 1915?

Ice warp movement

27 October 1917 The first forward command force and guns leaves Germany for Finland.


Question: Why was an ice warp movement established in Finland in 1915?

Ice warp movement

5 February 1918 A decision is made that the ice keepers return to Finland.


Question: Why was an ice warp movement established in Finland in 1915?

Ice warp movement

On 13 February 1918, the Jääkär Battalion is disbanded.


Question: Why was an ice warp movement established in Finland in 1915?

Ice warp movement

Military Oath and Flag Inauguration Ceremony in Libau (Liepāja), Latvia.


Question: Why was an ice warp movement established in Finland in 1915?

Ice warp movement

On 25 February 1918, the main force of Jääkärie arrives in a convoy led by icebreaker Sampo in Vaasa, Vaskiluoto harbour.


Question: Why was an ice warp movement established in Finland in 1915?

Ice warp movement

[36] On 30 July 1914, Russia initiates a mobilisation to support Serbia, on which Austria-Hungary declared war, was briefly linked to the Icebar movement.


Question: Why was an ice warp movement established in Finland in 1915?

Ice warp movement

On August 1, 1914, Germany declares war on Russia.


Question: Why was an ice warp movement established in Finland in 1915?

Ice warp movement

War also breaks out between Germany and France.


Question: Why was an ice warp movement established in Finland in 1915?

Ice warp movement

On March 15, 1917, Tsar Nicholas II relinquishes power.


Question: Why was an ice warp movement established in Finland in 1915?

Ice warp movement

November 7, 1917 October Revolution in Russia.


Question: Why was an ice warp movement established in Finland in 1915?

Ice warp movement

On December 6, 1917, the Finnish Parliament approves the Declaration of Independence.


Question: Why was an ice warp movement established in Finland in 1915?

Ice warp movement

First Independence Day.


Question: Why was an ice warp movement established in Finland in 1915?

Ice warp movement

On December 15, 1917, Germany and the new state Soviet Union agreed to an armistice.


Question: Why was an ice warp movement established in Finland in 1915?

Ice warp movement

On 27 January 1918, Finland is mired in civil war.


Question: Why was an ice warp movement established in Finland in 1915?

Ice warp movement

On February 18, 1918, the German-Russian armistice is broken because there is no agreement on the peace treaty.


Question: Why was an ice warp movement established in Finland in 1915?

Ice warp movement

On March 3, 1918, Soviet Russia and Germany with their allied states agreed on the Peace of Brest-Litovsk.


Question: Why was an ice warp movement established in Finland in 1915?

Ice warp movement

World War I on the Eastern Front ends.


Question: Why was an ice warp movement established in Finland in 1915?

Ice warp movement

On May 15, 1918, the Finnish Civil War ends.


Question: Why was an ice warp movement established in Finland in 1915?

Ice warp movement

[36] See also List of ice keepers Jääkäri Jääkärietappi Finnish Jääkärimuseo Sources Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Ahti, Martti| title = Ryssänvihassa: Elmo Kaila 1888—1935: Activist, Armed Forces Grey Eminence and Academic Karelia Society biography| location = Porvoo Helsinki Juva| publisher = WSOY| year = 1999| id = ISBN 951-0-22043-4}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Enckell, Olof| title = Jäkärien story| location = Helsinki| publisher = Otava| year = 2005| version = (Jägarnas history, 1943.)


Question: Why was an ice warp movement established in Finland in 1915?

Ice warp movement

Translated by Emerik Olsoni.


Question: Why was an ice warp movement established in Finland in 1915?

Ice warp movement

1st edition 1956| id = ISBN 951-1-20826-8}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Lackman, Matti| title = For Finland or Germany?


Question: Why was an ice warp movement established in Finland in 1915?

Ice warp movement

Unknown history of Jääkäri: The genesis, nature, mood swings and internal crises and their reflections on the next years of independent Finland | location = Helsinki| publisher = Otava| year = 2000| id = ISBN 951-1-16158-X}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Lauerma, Matti (ed.


Question: Why was an ice warp movement established in Finland in 1915?

Ice warp movement

Markku Onttonen and Hilkka Vitikka) | title = Jääkärien tie| location = Helsinki| publisher = WSOY| year = 1984| id = ISBN 951-0-12588-1}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Lauerma, Matti| title = Royal Prussian Jaeger Battalion 27: Stages and effect| location = Helsinki | publisher = WSOY| year = 1966}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Olin, K.-G.| title = Gunship John Grafton| location = Canvas| publisher = ASE-magazine Oy| year= 1994| id = ISBN 952-90-5260-X}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Onttonen, Markku (ed.


Question: Why was an ice warp movement established in Finland in 1915?

Ice warp movement

) | title = Jääkärikirja| location = Helsinki| publisher = Thought Books| year = 2002| id = ISBN 951-20-6232-1}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Suomen, Jaakko — Sundvall, Johannes — Olsoni, Emerik — Jaatinen, Arno (ed.


Question: Why was an ice warp movement established in Finland in 1915?

Ice warp movement

) | title = Finnish Jäkärit: Activities in words and pictures I to I| publisher = Kuopio: Joint Stock Company War images| year = 1933| version = 2nd edition}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Wegelius, K. A.| title = Frost and iron I: Tornion front| location = Porvoo| publisher = Wererner Söderströrit M Limited Liability Company| year = 1926}} References Literature Into Auer: Kalteriicekärit III, WSOY 1935.


Question: Why was an ice warfare movement established in Finland in 1915?

Ice warp movement

Erik Heinrichs: From the extreme of the Baltic Sea: Photos and observations from the Jäkär excursions, Krohn, Helmi) Otava 1918.


Question: Why was an ice warfare movement established in Finland in 1915?

Ice warp movement

Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Jarkko Kemppi| title = For the Motherland: History of the Ice Markets and Ice Sheets | location = Helsinki| publisher = Minerva| year = 2011| id = ISBN 978-952-492-524-2}} Sulo-Weikko Pekkola: Gummerus Veikko Pekkola: Bullied by the people, WSOY 1928.


Question: Why was an ice warfare movement established in Finland in 1915?

Ice warp movement

Sulo-Weikko Pekkola: Kalteriicekärit I—II, WSOY 1931.


Question: Why was an ice warfare movement established in Finland in 1915?

Ice warp movement

Sulo-Weikko Pekkola: Petsamoa in the lineage, WSOY 1930.


Question: Why was an ice warfare movement established in Finland in 1915?

Ice warp movement

Aarne Sihvo: My Memoirs I—II, Otava 1954, 1956.


Question: Why was an ice warfare movement established in Finland in 1915?

Ice warp movement

A. Aijal Uppala: K. A. Wegelius: Personal photo — life's work 1964—1939, Otava 1968.


Question: Why was an ice warfare movement established in Finland in 1915?

Ice warp movement

Anni Wallenius: Born in the Sun: Memoirs of Youth, WSOY 1978.


Question: Why was an ice warfare movement established in Finland in 1915?

Ice cap movement

Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Pentti Airio| title= Walter Horn — First Jaeger and Cold War Northern Activist | publisher = Docendo| year = 2013| id = ISBN 978-952-5912-98-2}} On the topic elsewhere Yle Live Archives.


Question: Why was an ice warfare movement established in Finland in 1915?

Ice cap movement

* Category:Finnish Defence Forces Category:Key articles of screening


Question: When was Chechnya founded?

Chechnya

Chechnya (,), or Chechen Republic (,), is a republic belonging to the Russian Federation.


Question: When was Chechnya founded?

Chechnya

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Question: When was Chechnya founded?

Chechnya

Chechnya is located in the Caucasus, the southern federal district of Russia.


Question: When was Chechnya founded?

Chechnya

Chechnya is bordered by Stavropol Krai to the north, the Republic of Dagestan to the east, independent Georgia to the south, and the republics of Ingushetia and North Ossetia-Alania of the Russian Federation to the west.


Question: When was Chechnya founded?

Chechnya

In terms of terrain forms, Chechnya can be divided into three parts: the mountains of the south, the valleys of the central region, and the Nogai steppe and hills in the north.


Question: When was Chechnya founded?

Chechnya

The highest peak of the mountain range is the 4493 m Tebulosmta.


Question: When was Chechnya founded?

Chechnya

Thickened forest grows on the slopes of the mountains, lower slope species include beech, hornbeam and oak, higher up there is coniferous forest, and even further up there are alpine meadows.


Question: When was Chechnya founded?

Chechnya

The central part of the country is bisected by the valleys of the Terek and Sunchza rivers.


Question: When was Chechnya founded?

Chechnya

The Nogai steppe is semi-deserted.


Question: When was Chechnya founded?

Chechnya

[1] The border with Georgia runs high in the Caucasus Mountains.


Question: When was Chechnya founded?

Chechnya

[2] The climate varies in different parts of the country, but is everywhere continental in its basic nature.


Question: When was Chechnya founded?

Chechnya

[1] In Grozny, summers are warm and winters are mild, rain is obtained quite evenly on 5—8 days of the month throughout the year.


Question: When was Chechnya founded?

Chechnya

The lowest temperature of the day is frosty from December to March, in January it averages -6.2 degrees.


Question: When was Chechnya founded?

Chechnya

The warmest time is in July, when the average maximum temperature is above 30 degrees.


Question: When was Chechnya founded?

Chechnya

[3] Years of war caused environmental problems in the region.


Question: When was Chechnya founded?

Chechnya

Oil and sewer water have spilled from damaged infrastructure, ruining many rivers.


Question: When was Chechnya founded?

Chechnya

Environmental toxins and radioactive materials were feared to spread from laboratories and industrial facilities targeted by the bombings.


Question: When was Chechnya founded?

Chechnya

Formerly placid forests have been logged illegally and uncontrollably.


Question: When was Chechnya founded?

Chechnya

[4] History in the Caucasian region was felt since the younger Stone Age the development of the Middle East towards civilization.


Question: When was Chechnya founded?

Chechnya

At the end of the Old Age, the Scythians arrived in


Question: When was Chechnya founded?

Chechnya

Chechens migrated to their territory in the North Caucasus in or before the 6th century from somewhere in the south.


Question: When was Chechnya founded?

Chechnya

The influence of Islam spread to the region after the Mongol invasion.


Question: When was Chechnya founded?

Chechnya

The Chechen style of governance was democratic, there were no actual chiefs.


Question: When was Chechnya founded?

Chechnya

The land was well wooded, which facilitated the defences of the area.


Question: When was Chechnya founded?

Chechnya

Chechnya was invaded by Russia in the 19th century.


Question: When was Chechnya founded?

Chechnya

From this point on, the intervals between Chechens and Russians were generally poor.


Question: When was Chechnya founded?

Chechnya

Communist dictator Josif Stalin persecuted Chechens, forcibly displacing them elsewhere.


Question: When was Chechnya founded?

Chechnya

At the end of the 1950s, the remigration of Chechens caused unrest between Russians and Chechens.


Question: When was Chechnya founded?

Chechnya

After the Soviet Union broke up in 1991, Chechens began demanding independence.


Question: When was Chechnya founded?

Chechnya

However, Russia led by Boris Yeltsin considered the country's independence illegitimate and began a 1994 war against the country.


Question: When was Chechnya founded?

Chechnya

The Chechens kept their ground pretty well in the war despite the drastic bombardment.


Question: When was Chechnya founded?

Chechnya

So the countries agreed on peace in 1996.


Question: When was Chechnya founded?

Chechnya

However, the country remained fragmented and unsettled.


Question: When was Chechnya founded?

Chechnya

In 1999, there were apartment block blasts in Russia, allegedly committed by Chechens and Russia retaliated for this by invading the country.


Question: When was Chechnya founded?

Chechnya

Various estimates put between 25,000 and 250,000 civilians killed in the war and Russian bombing badly ruined the capital.


Question: When was Chechnya founded?

Chechnya

The Chechens retaliated for this and the war crimes committed by Russia with few terrorist attacks.


Question: When was Chechnya founded?

Chechnya

However, the ranks of the separarists rebelling against Russia quickly thinned and their support faded.


Question: When was Chechnya founded?

Chechnya

The country reverted to being part of Russia and a Russian-backed hardline dictator, Ramzan Kadyrov, rose to the leadership of Chechnya.


Question: When was Chechnya founded?

Chechnya

Politics Chechnya is a republic of the Russian Federation, its constitution entered into force on April 2, 2003, after a referendum on March 23.


Question: When was Chechnya founded?

Chechnya

More than 70 percent of Chechnya's residents support remaining part of the Russian Federation, including in polls organised by those critical of Russia.


Question: When was Chechnya founded?

Chechnya

Ahmad Kadyrov, a former separatist warlord condemned as a traitor by separatists, was elected as the first president.


Question: When was Chechnya founded?

Chechnya

Kadyrov received 83% of the vote in an internationally watched election on October 5, 2003.


Question: When was Chechnya founded?

Chechnya

Not everyone accepted the result of the election, and accused Russian army soldiers of voter intimidation and ballot box rigging.


Question: When was Chechnya founded?

Chechnya

He also had no significant counter-candidates.


Question: When was Chechnya founded?

Chechnya

Kadyrov was assassinated by a bomb on 9 May 2004 at Grozy Stadium during the Victory Day celebrations.


Question: When was Chechnya founded?

Chechnya

A total of 12 lives were killed and 56 injured in the attack.


Question: When was Chechnya founded?

Chechnya

There had been a dozen assassination attempts against Kadyrov even before.


Question: When was Chechnya founded?

Chechnya

A new presidential election was conducted on 29 August 2004.


Question: When was Chechnya founded?

Chechnya

Alu Alhanov, former Interior Minister received 74% of the vote with 85.2% voter turnout.


Question: When was Chechnya founded?

Chechnya

Alhanov was a Kremlin-backed candidate.


Question: When was Chechnya founded?

Chechnya

Observers including the U.S. Department of the Interior and the Helsinki Group criticized the denial of the nomination of a prominent counter-candidate, businessman Malik Saidullayev, before the Supreme Court.


Question: When was Chechnya founded?

Chechnya

The election was overseen by the CIS and Saudi Arabia, with Western observers not attending despite the invitation.


Question: When was Chechnya founded?

Chechnya

Alu Alhanov was transferred to Moscow as Deputy Minister of Justice on 15 February 2007, when Ramzan Kadyrov took over the post.


Question: When was Chechnya founded?

Chechnya

[5] In addition to an elected government, the country itself has a separatist government which regards Chechnya as an independent state under the name Chechen Republic of Ichkeria.


Question: When was Chechnya founded?

Chechnya

This regime is not recognised by any government, but some European states and Arab countries have given its members sanctuaries, despite Russia's demand to extradite its members accused of being terrorists.


Question: When was Chechnya founded?

Chechnya

The president of this government is Doku Umarov and the foreign minister is Iljas Ahmadov.


Question: When was Chechnya founded?

Chechnya

Aslan Mashadov was elected in the OSCE-EN-controlled elections held on 27 January 1997 as President of Ichkeria.


Question: When was Chechnya founded?

Chechnya

Mashadov received 63.8% of the vote.


Question: When was Chechnya founded?

Chechnya

His passage was continued because no new free elections could be held during the war.


Question: When was Chechnya founded?

Chechnya

He was unable to participate in the 2003 elections while the separatist party was banned and on trial for terrorism in Russia.


Question: When was Chechnya founded?

Chechnya

Ahead of the Second Chechen War, Mashadov fled south to separatist-controlled areas in the south of the country, and on 8 March 2005, Russian officials reported that he was killed in an attack by Russian troops on the village of Tolstoy-Yurt north of Grozny.


Question: When was Chechnya founded?

Chechnya

An internationally virtually unknown chairman of the Supreme Sharia Court using the name of Sheikh Abdul-Halim, who was born in the Chechen city of Argun, was appointed interim president.


Question: When was Chechnya founded?

Chechnya

However, real power was believed to have passed to Commander Abdallah Shamil Abu Idris, better known internationally as Šamil Basayev.


Question: When was Chechnya founded?

Chechnya

Basayev was killed two kilometres from the village of Ekaževo in Nazran District, Ingushetia, in an explosion on the night of 9 and 10 July 2006 as a Kamaz truck loaded with explosives in an FSB special operation exploded.


Question: When was Chechnya founded?

Chechnya

Population According to the 2010 census, the area had a population of 1268989.


Question: When was Chechnya founded?

Chechnya

[6] The population density of the area was 81.1 as. /km2.


Question: When was Chechnya founded?

Chechnya

The population still lives mainly in villages and rural areas, only 34.9% of the population was urban dwellers.


Question: When was Chechnya founded?

Chechnya

[6] Population growth is rapid, and the population is on average one of the youngest in Russia.


Question: When was Chechnya founded?

Chechnya

The largest cities, villages and other district centers in Chechnya has a total of five cities.


Question: When was Chechnya founded?

Chechnya

According to the 2010 Russian census, towns and large villages with more than 10,000 inhabitants are named (the population figure of the villages is given below as the population of the rural municipality of the village): Groznyi (271573 as.


Question: When was Chechnya founded?

Chechnya

), Alxa-Marta (Urus-Martan, 49070 p.


Question: When was Chechnya founded?

Chechnya

), Şela (Šali, 47708 as.


Question: When was Chechnya founded?

Chechnya

), Gümse (Gudermes, 45631 p.


Question: When was Chechnya founded?

Chechnya

), Orga (Argun, 29525 as.


Question: When was Chechnya founded?

Chechnya

), Kurchaloi (Курчалой, village, 22723 as.


Question: When was Chechnya founded?

Chechnya

), Atšhoi-Martan (Ачхой-Мартан, village, 20172 as.


Question: When was Chechnya founded?

Chechnya

), Šelkovskaya (Шелковская, village, 11112 as.


Question: When was Chechnya founded?

Chechnya

), Sernovodskoje (Серноводское, village, 10805 as.)


Question: When was Chechnya founded?

Chechnya

and Znamenskoje (Знаменское, village, 10286 as.).


Question: When was Chechnya founded?

Chechnya

Smaller than this Chechen district centres include Himoi (village, Химой, 309 as.


Question: When was Chechnya founded?

Chechnya

), Itum-Kale (village, 1068 as.


Question: When was Chechnya founded?

Chechnya

), Naurskaya (stanitsa Наурская, 9050 as.


Question: When was Chechnya founded?

Chechnya

), Nožai-Yurt (village, Ножай-юрт, 6744 as.


Question: When was Chechnya founded?

Chechnya

), Šatoi (Шатой, 2953 p.)


Question: When was Chechnya founded?

Chechnya

and Vedeno (village, Ведено, 3186 as.).


Question: When was Chechnya founded?

Chechnya

[6] Ethnic distribution thumbnail image|270x270px|Ahmat Kadyrov Mosque in Grozny is one of the largest mosques of 10000 prayers in Europe.


Question: When was Chechnya founded?

Chechnya

The majority of Chechens are Sunni Muslims, to which faith the people converted between the 16th and 18th centuries.


Question: When was Chechnya founded?

Chechnya

Chechnya is a very Muslim-dominated country and currently houses one of the largest mosques in Europe.


Question: When was Chechnya founded?

Chechnya

In the final stages of the Soviet Union, there were 23% Russians in the country (269,000 in 1989).


Question: When was Chechnya founded?

Chechnya

Most of the Russian population has fled the country due to wars and in the 21st century the number of Russians has been around 20000 — 40000.


Question: When was Chechnya founded?

Chechnya

[7] Languages The official languages are Chechen and Russian.


Question: When was Chechnya founded?

Chechnya

The Chechen language belongs to the North-Central Caucasian language group, whose related languages include Ingushi and Batsb.


Question: When was Chechnya founded?

Chechnya

The local-administrative division of Chechnya is divided, like other federal subjects in Russia, at the upper level of local government, into urban districts (gorodskoi okrug) and municipal districts (raion).


Question: When was Chechnya founded?

Chechnya

There are three urban districts and fifteen districts.


Question: When was Chechnya founded?

Chechnya

These are listed below and each has been multiplied with a population according to the 2010 census.


Question: When was Chechnya founded?

Chechnya

[6] Argun Urban District (Organ Urban District) (29525 as.)


Question: When was Chechnya founded?

Chechnya

Atšhoi-Martan District (Ачхой-Мартановский район, 78505 as.)


Question: When was Chechnya founded?

Chechnya

Grozny Urban District (271573 as.)


Question: When was Chechnya founded?

Chechnya

Grozny District (Грозненский район, 118347 as.)


Question: When was Chechnya founded?

Chechnya

Gundemes Urban District (or Gümse Urban District) (45631 as.)


Question: When was Chechnya founded?

Chechnya

Gudermes District (Gümse District; Гудермесский район, 78108 a.s.)


Question: When was Chechnya founded?

Chechnya

Itum-Kale District (Итум-Калинский район, 5483 a.s.)


Question: When was Chechnya founded?

Chechnya

Kurchal District (Курчалоевский район, 114039 as.)


Question: When was Chechnya founded?

Chechnya

Nadteretšn District (Надтеречный район, 55782 a.s.)


Question: When was Chechnya founded?

Chechnya

Naurskaya District (Наурский район, 54752 as.)


Question: When was Chechnya founded?

Chechnya

Nožai-Yurt District (Ножай-юртовский район, 49445 a.s.)


Question: When was Chechnya founded?

Chechnya

Sunže District (Сунженский район, 20989 as.)


Question: When was Chechnya founded?

Chechnya

Šal District (Şela District; Шалинский район, 115970 as.)


Question: When was Chechnya founded?

Chechnya

Šaroi District (Шаройский район, 3094 as.)


Question: When was Chechnya founded?

Chechnya

Šatoi District (Шатойский район, or Шатоевский, 16812 as.)


Question: When was Chechnya founded?

Chechnya

Šelkovskaya District (Шелковской район, 53548 as.)


Question: When was Chechnya founded?

Chechnya

Urus-Martan District (Alxa-Marta District; Урус-Мартановский район, 120585 as.)


Question: When was Chechnya founded?

Chechnya

Vedeno District (Веденский район, 36801 as.)


Question: When was Chechnya founded?

Chechnya

In 2012, Galanchezh and Cheberloyevsky Districts were created, but their boundaries have not been established.


Question: When was Chechnya founded?

Chechnya

Economy Chechnya produced accounted for a total of 69.68 billion rubles, or 0.19% of the total Russian GDP accumulation, according to Rosstat, the Russian Statistical Agency.


Question: When was Chechnya founded?

Chechnya

[8] For every resident of the Chechen Republic, the share amounted to 54.91 thousand rubles, or only about EUR 1345 for 2010.


Question: When was Chechnya founded?

Chechnya

This is only 21% of the average reading in Russia and the second lowest value of all Russian Federation subjects (just after the neighboring republic Ingushetia).


Question: When was Chechnya founded?

Chechnya

The region's ability to produce economic prosperity, as described by the regional GDP value, was therefore very low in Russia.


Question: When was Chechnya founded?

Chechnya

[9] Chechnya's most important natural resource is oil.


Question: When was Chechnya founded?

Chechnya

[2] Oil assets are largely held by Russian company Rosneft.


Question: When was Chechnya founded?

Chechnya

Production was 800,000 tonnes in 2011.


Question: When was Chechnya founded?

Chechnya

In 2012, the country announced it would invite Azerbaijanis to find new sources of oil to replace the fading ones.


Question: When was Chechnya founded?

Chechnya

[10] Land mines hamper agriculture and forestry.


Question: When was Chechnya founded?

Chechnya

Demining began in 2012 with the aim of clearing 500 fields and 8000 hectares of economic forest.


Question: When was Chechnya founded?

Chechnya

Clearing is proceeding slowly.


Question: When was Chechnya founded?

Chechnya

Before the war, growing vegetables in greenhouses was an important source of income, but infrastructure was destroyed in the war.


Question: When was Chechnya founded?

Chechnya

[11] Before the war that began in 1994, Grozny Severn Airport was the largest in the Caucasus.


Question: When was Chechnya founded?

Chechnya

[12] The first international flight after a 15-year hiatus took off from there in 2009 taking pilgrims to Saudi Arabia.


Question: When was Chechnya founded?

Chechnya

[13] Railways were also damaged in the war, but the first train after a five-year hiatus ran from Grozny to Moscow in 2004.