Question: What is the largest breed of dogs.

Dog breed

Known and controversial international crossbreeding projects include, in particular, the addition of congenital boxtail to the boxer stock via welsh corgi pembroke crossbreeding, and the restoration of normal uric acid secretion (LUA, low uric acid) to the Dalmatian dog by single pointer crossbreeding by means of.


Question: What is the largest breed of dogs.

Dog breed

Largest and smallest breeds The tallest FCI breed is often considered to be the Irish wolfhound, although in principle the minimum mammal height of a Great Dane (female 72cm, male 79cm) is higher than the Irish wolfhound's minimum mammal height (female 69cm, male 78cm).


Question: What is the largest breed of dogs.

Dog breed

Maximum mammal height is neither specified, but the Great Dane weighs more.


Question: What is the largest breed of dogs.

Dog breed

The world's tallest still-surviving dog breeds are the bully kutta and the Pakistani bulldog - both 91.4 to 106.7cm tall.


Question: What is the largest breed of dogs.

Dog breed

The largest breed of dog ever lived is a Greek suliote dog with a height of 120cm at the withers.


Question: What is the largest breed of dogs.

Dog breed

Another dog larger than the current breeds was the German boar dog, which reached a height of at least 110cm.


Question: What is the largest breed of dogs.

Dog breed

The heaviest dog breed is usually considered to be the mastiff with a maximum weight of 110 kilograms, but the Bernhard (50-91kg), Spanish mastiff (60-90kg), Caucasian dog (40—100kg) and Afghan mastiff (maximum 91kg) count among the heaviest.


Question: What is the largest breed of dogs.

Dog breed

The world's smallest FCI-approved dog breed is the Chihuahua, with an average height at the withers between 15 and 23cm and a weight of 1.5 to 3kg.


Question: What is the largest breed of dogs.

Dog breed

The Prague Rat Dog, adopted by the Finnish Kennel Club, also weighs just as little, although it is slightly higher.


Question: What is the largest breed of dogs.

Dog breed

With an average height at the withers, the world's smallest breed is probably the American munchkin, with a minimum withers height of 10cm and a minimum weight of 900 grams (1.5-2.3kg on average).


Question: What is the largest breed of dogs.

Dog breed

However, the minimum size of the Chinese imperial dog is even smaller, only 8cm and 700 grams.


Question: What is the largest breed of dogs.

Dog breed

However, it can hardly be regarded on average as the world's smallest breed like munchikin, with a maximum height of 36cm and a maximum weight of 9kg.


Question: What is the largest breed of dogs.

Dog breed

In terms of average size, the smallest breed ever to live is the pen-lo, a toy-sized variant of the Pekingese dog popular in the early 20th century.


Question: What is the largest breed of dogs.

Dog breed

It had a height at the withers of approx.


Question: What is the largest breed of dogs.

Dog breed

9cm and weight 1.1kg.


Question: What is the largest breed of dogs.

Dog breed

[17] Most Popular Breeds During 2012-2013, the Swedish Kennel Association Svenska Kennelklubben established the list of the most popular breeds worldwide.


Question: What is the largest breed of dogs.

Dog breed

The calculations included 26 national kennel organisations registration statistics for 2011, including Federación Cinológica Argentina, Australian National Kennel Council, Union Royale Cynologique Saint Hubert, Kennel Club de Chile, Dansk Kennel Klub, Finnish Kennel Club, Société Centrale Canine, Kennel Club of Greece, Irish Kennel Club, Ente Nazionale della Cinofilia Italiana, Japan Kennel Club, Canadian Kennel Club, Raad van Beheer op Kynnologisch Gebied in Nederland, Norsk Kennel Klub, New Zealand Kennel Club, Clube Português de Canicultura, Slovenska Kynnologicka Ta, Real Sociedad Canina de España, The Kennel Club, Svenska Kennelklubben, Kennel Union of Southern Africa, Kennel Club of Taiwan, Ceskomoravská Kynnologická Unie, Verband für das Deutsche Hundewesen, Ukrainian Kennel Union and American Kennel Club.


Question: What is the largest breed of dogs.

Dog breed

[18] Based on sampling from these countries in 2011, the most popular breeds in the world were: Labrador German Shepherd (both variants) poodle (all variants) Chihuahua (both variants) Golden Retriever Yorkshire Terrier Dachshund (all variants) conversions) Beagle Boxer Miniature Schnauzer Shih Tzu English Bulldog German Spitear (All Conversions) Cocker Spaniel CavalierKing Charles Spaniel French Bulldog Pug Rottweiler English Setter Maltese English Springer Spaniel short-haired German staffordshire bull terrier border collie Shetland sheepdog Doberman white West Highland terrier Bernese sheepdog Great Dane Breton See also List of dog breeds List of dog types FCI breed group Sources Literature Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Eerola, Tapio| title = Finnish dog breeds| location = Helsinki| publisher = January| year = 2004| id = ISBN 951-31-3048-7}} * Category:Key articles of screening


Question: Where has Richard D. Winters received the War Veteran Award?

January 21

January 21 is, according to the Gregorian calendar, the 21st day of the year.


Question: Where has Richard D. Winters received the War Veteran Award?

January 21

There are 344 days left of the year (345 in a leap year).


Question: Where has Richard D. Winters received the War Veteran Award?

January 21

Name days Finnish calendar: Aune, Oona, Netta, Auni Finnish-Swedish calendar: Agnes, Agneta Orthodox calendar: Maksima, Visa, Jouko, Valeri, Auni Sámi calendar: Ávdnos on older calendars: Agneeta, Auneta, Aunikki, Hilding, Vincentus Events 1793 — King Louis XVI of France is executed.


Question: Where has Richard D. Winters received the War Veteran Award?

January 21

1911 — The first Monte Carlo rally began.


Question: Where has Richard D. Winters received the War Veteran Award?

January 21

1924 — Vladimir Ilyich Lenin died.


Question: Where has Richard D. Winters received the War Veteran Award?

January 21

1925 — Albania proclaimed a republic.


Question: Where has Richard D. Winters received the War Veteran Award?

January 21

1940 — Winter War: Ainola's nursery was destroyed by bombing in Oulu.


Question: Where has Richard D. Winters received the War Veteran Award?

January 21

1941 — World War II: Australian and British troops invade Tobruk, Libya.


Question: Where has Richard D. Winters received the War Veteran Award?

January 21

1954 — The first nuclear-powered submarine, the USS Nautilus, was lowered into waters at Groton, Connecticut.


Question: Where has Richard D. Winters received the War Veteran Award?

January 21

1968 — Attempted assassination of South Korean President Park Chung-hee.


Question: Where has Richard D. Winters received the War Veteran Award?

January 21

1976 — Concorde's first commercial flight.


Question: Where has Richard D. Winters received the War Veteran Award?

January 21

1977 — President Jimmy Carter of the United States pardons almost all those who escaped Vietnam War invitations.


Question: Where has Richard D. Winters received the War Veteran Award?

January 21

1994 — Lorena Bobbitt, who severed her husband John Bobbitt's penis, was found not guilty by a US court due to temporary mental impairment.


Question: Where has Richard D. Winters received the War Veteran Award?

January 21

Born 1338 — Charles V, King of France (d. 1380) 1783 — Gustaf Lundahl, Finnish merchant and trade advisor (d. 1846) 1829 — Oskar II, King of Sweden and Norway (d. 1907) 1855 — John Moses Browning, American weapons designer (d. 1926) 1860 — Karl Staaff, Swedish Prime Minister (1905—1906 and 1911—1914) (d. 1915) 1885 — Umberto Nobile, Italian aircraft engineer (airship designer) (d. 1978) 1905 — Christian Dior, French fashion designer (d. 1957) 1909 — Aarne Aartio, Finnish writer (d. 1984) 1910 — Károly Takács, Hungarian pistol shooter (Olympic champion) (d. 1976) 1912 — Konrad Bloch, German-American biochemist (d. 2000) 1918 — Richard Winters, American war veteran (d. 2011) 1920 — Jorma Haapkylä, Finnish rear admiral and naval commander (d. 2005) 1924 — Aristotelis Savalas (“Telly Savalas”), American actor (Kojak) (d. 1994) 1925 — Alfred Hawthorn Hill (“Benny Hill”), English comedian and actor (d. 1992) 1925 — Tommi Rinne, Finnish actor (d. 1999) 1926 — Pekka Peltokallio, Finnish physician and professor (d. 2017) 1928 — Gunvor Olin-Grönqvist, Finnish ceramics artist (d. 2005) 1928 — Bror Wahlroos, Finnish economic influencer (d. 2007) 1940 — Jack Nicklaus, American golf player 1941 — Plácido Domingo, Spanish Mexican opera singer 1942 — Michael G. Wilson, American film producer 1943 — Kari Niinistö, Finnish educationalist and professor 1943 — Kenzō Yokoyama, Japanese football player 1946 — Ilkka Kyy-Harakka, Finnish lieutenant general 1950 — Leslie Sebastian Charle (“Billy Ocean”), British pop singer 1953 — Paul Allen, American entrepreneur (one of the two founders of Microsoft) (d. 2018) 1954 — Jouko Ahonen, Finnish trade union leader 1955 — Jeff Koons, American artist 1955 — Jouni Peltonen, Finland ice hockey player 1956 — Virginia Elizabeth Davis (“Geena Davis”), American Oscar-winning actress (The Lone Traveller) 1959 — Alex McLeish, Scottish football player and coach in 1960 — Mike Terrana, American drummer 1962 — Sami Saari, Finnish singer, composer, lyricist and guitarist 1963 — Hakeem Olajuwon, US-Nigerian basketball player 1963 — Detlef Schrempf, German basketball player 1965 — Robert Del Naja, English artist and musician 1966 — Pekka Rantala, Finnish managing director 1967 — Catherine Kaitue, Finnish actor 1967 — Serj Tankian, Armenian-born musician 1969 — Eduard Hämäläinen, Finnish decathlete 1972 — Charlyn Marie Marshall (“Cat Power”), American singer and songwriter 1973 — Mette Mannonen, Finnish television meteorologist 1974 — Kim Schmitz (“Kim Dotcom”), German-Finnish programmer and businessman 1974 — Sami Kuronen, Finnish radio and TV presenter 1975 — Casey FitzRandolph, American speed skater (Olympic champion) 1975 — Jarkko Koskinen, Finnish football player 1976 — Amin Asikainen, Finnish football player boxer 1976 — Emma Bunton, English singer 1982 — Simon Rolfes, German footballer 1983 — Victor Leandro Bagy, Brazilian football goalkeeper 1983 — Valtteri Etholen, Finnish floorball player 1984 — Tobias Stephan, Swiss ice hockey goalkeeper 1986 — Mikko Koutaniemi, Finnish cross-country skier 1986 — Javi López, Spanish footballer 1986 — Robin Wikman, Finnish footballer 1986 — Tomi Hausa, Finnish ice baller 1987 — Jamel Saihi, Tunisian footballer 1989 — Ken André Olimb, Norwegian ice hockey player 1991 — Sitara Shah, British actor 1992 — James Duckworth, Australian tennis player 1994 — Nils Allen Stewart (“Boo Boo Stewart”), American actor (Twilight series) 2004 — Ingrid Alexandra, Princess of Norway Dead 304 — St. Agnes, Roman Christian martyr and saint (c.291) 1118 — Paschalis II, Pope 1774 — Mustafa III, Ottoman sultan (1757—1774) (r. 1717) 1775 — Yemelyan Pugachev, Russian Cossack warrior, rebel leader and crown aspirant (r. 1740) 1789 — Baron d'Holbach, French Fishy German writer (c.1723) 1789 — Paul Erdmann Isert, German-born naturalist (d. 1756) 1793 — Louis XVI, King of France (d. 1754) 1892 — John Couch Adams, English astronomer (born 1819) 1903 — Adolf Hägglund (“Kauhavan ruma vallesmanni”), Finnish Crimean War veteran and titular man (born 1838) 1907 — Klara Hitler, mother of Adolf Hitler (born 1860) 1914 — Theodor Kittelsen, Norwegian painter, draughtsman and book illustrator (born 1857) 1924 — Vladimir Ilyich Lenin, Russian revolutionary (first Soviet leader) (b. 1870) 1926 — Camillo Golgi, Italian physician (born 1843) 1928 — Nikolai Astrup, Norwegian painter (born 1880) 1943 — Aimo Kaarlo Cajander, Finnish forestry scientist, politician and Prime Minister of Finland (born 1879) 1945 — Yrjö Jyränkö , was a Finnish ice runner and Mayor (born 1897) 1945 — Victor Perez, Tunisian boxer (born 1911) 1950 — Eric Arthur Blair (“George Orwell”), British writer (In 1984) (born 1903) 1955 — Archie Hahn, American sprinter and Olympic champion (born 1880) 1959 — Cecil B. DeMille, American film director (born 1881) 1965 — Reino Helismaa, Finnish lyricist, composer, cuplet singer, entertainment artist, film actor and screenwriter (born 1913) 1973 — Bambi Allen, right. Rosalie Erbsen, American actress (born 1938) 1981 — Cuth Harrison, British Formula One driver, 1981 — Ekke Hämäläinen, Finnish actress (born 1922) 1995 — Alex Groza, American basketball player (born 1926) 2006 — Ibrahim Rugova, President of Kosovo. 1944) 2007 — Maria Cioncan, Romanian middle-distance runner (born 1977) 2007 — Heo Yoon (“U; nee”), South Korean pop singer (Suicide) (born 1981) 2013 — Michael Winner, British director and producer of action films (born 1935) 2015 — Pauline Yates, British actress (b. 1929) 2016 — Pekka Tauriainen, Finnish editor-in-chief and publisher (born 1951) 2017 — Veljo Tormis, Estonian composer (born 1930), 2018 — Helena Lehtelä, Finnish violinist (born 1941) 2018 — Jens Okking, Danish actor and politician (born 1939) 2019 — Shivakumara Swami, Indian philanthropist (born 1907) 2019 — Raghbir Singh Bhola, Indian field hockey player and Olympic champion (born 1927) 2019 — Harris Wofford, American Democratic politician and lawyer (born 1926) 2019 — Russell Baker, American author (c.1925) 2019 — Kaye Ballard, American actor (c.1925) See also: Calendar ~ January 20, January 22nd Category:January -01-21


Question: Who was the leader of the Finnish forces in the Winter War?

Winter War

The Winter War was a war fought from 30 November 1939 — 13 March 1940 between Finland and the Soviet Union.


Question: Who was the leader of the Finnish forces in the Winter War?

Winter War

The Soviets began the Winter War by attacking without a declaration of war, and the war ended 105 days later with the Moscow Peace Treaty.


Question: Who was the leader of the Finnish forces in the Winter War?

Winter War

The League of Nations condemned the attack and separated the Soviet Union from its membership on 14 December 1939.


Question: Who was the leader of the Finnish forces in the Winter War?

Winter War

World War II had begun three months earlier after Germany and the Soviet Union occupied Poland.


Question: Who was the leader of the Finnish forces in the Winter War?

Winter War

Because a low-event fake war was underway on the Western Front, the Winter War was closely monitored by the Western press.


Question: Who was the leader of the Finnish forces in the Winter War?

Winter War

The terms sisu and Molotov cocktail became internationally known.


Question: Who was the leader of the Finnish forces in the Winter War?

Winter War

The designation Winter War only came into use during the Continuation War, including in the Mannerheim Day Order No 1 in June 1941, but did not stabilise immediately.


Question: Who was the leader of the Finnish forces in the Winter War?

Winter War

Earlier and partially parallel designations included the Finnish War 1939—40 and the Finnish—Russian War 1939—40.


Question: Who was the leader of the Finnish forces in the Winter War?

Winter War

[1] The war is known for particularly difficult winter conditions (the winter of 1939—1940 was the coldest of the century), the immense male losses of the Red Army, the motto tactics of the Finns, and the “spirit of the Winter War”.


Question: Who was the leader of the Finnish forces in the Winter War?

Winter War

As a result of the war, Finland lost 11% of its land holdings to the Soviet Union and its second largest city, Vyborg.


Question: Who was the leader of the Finnish forces in the Winter War?

Winter War

The revancy spirit created by the Winter War was instrumental in bringing Finland into the Continuation War.


Question: Who was the leader of the Finnish forces in the Winter War?

Winter War

Background Great Powers Germany and the Soviet Union World War I meant a loss of great power status for Germany and Soviet Russia.


Question: Who was the leader of the Finnish forces in the Winter War?

Winter War

Both countries recovered in the 1930s by coming back as dictatorships to the great powers, and began to seek back the territories they had lost.


Question: Who was the leader of the Finnish forces in the Winter War?

Winter War

Europe's democratic superpowers France and Britain were politically weak.


Question: Who was the leader of the Finnish forces in the Winter War?

Winter War

[2] With the independence of Finland and Estonia, Russia had lost all of the coastal fortifications in the Gulf of Finland, with the exception of Kronstadt, thus weakening Leningrad's defensive position.


Question: Who was the leader of the Finnish forces in the Winter War?

Winter War

Similarly, the border between Finland and the Soviet Union ran on the Rajajoki from the city at a distance of only about 32 km.


Question: Who was the leader of the Finnish forces in the Winter War?

Winter War

Taking Finland would offer the Soviet Union several advantages: it could threaten Germany to import vital iron ore from northern Sweden, control the Baltic Sea, and gain industry and ore reserves from Finland.


Question: Who was the leader of the Finnish forces in the Winter War?

Winter War

[3] Immediately after his rise to power, German leader Adolf Hitler began systematic efforts to dismantle the world order created by the Versailles Peace Treaty.


Question: Who was the leader of the Finnish forces in the Winter War?

Winter War

In March 1935, Germany broke away from the provisions of the treaty restricting its armed forces and declared general conscription and in March 1936 occupied the Rhineland.


Question: Who was the leader of the Finnish forces in the Winter War?

Winter War

This led, in part, to the Politburo member of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union and secretary of the Leningrad District of the NKP, Colonel General Andrei Ždanov, in a menacingly tinged speech in November 1936 likening Leningrad to a window opening westward, from behind which could be heard increasingly loud' pedo-howling and teeth bite of fascism”.


Question: Who was the leader of the Finnish forces in the Winter War?

Winter War

Ždanov's speech was a warning to the Soviet Union's western neighbours that an eastern superpower preparing for war would not allow Finland and the Baltic states such luxury as neutrality.


Question: Who was the leader of the Finnish forces in the Winter War?

Winter War

[4] Finland-Soviet relations Finland had been part of the Russian Empire between 1809 and 1917.


Question: Who was the leader of the Finnish forces in the Winter War?

Winter War

Relations between the Grand Duchy of Finland and Russia had been stable and peaceful until the Russification periods and the First World War.


Question: Who was the leader of the Finnish forces in the Winter War?

Winter War

The Great War broke up the Russian Empire in 1917, and in the event of upheaval Finland gained independence, but was followed by a civil war in which Soviet-Russia supported the Red Guards and Germany a division of Brandenstein and the German Baltic Division supported the Whites.


Question: Who was the leader of the Finnish forces in the Winter War?

Winter War

After the Civil War, Finnish volunteer troops penetrated Russian territory in connection with the so-called tribal wars.


Question: Who was the leader of the Finnish forces in the Winter War?

Winter War

After the war, relations between Finland and the Soviet Union were marked by suspicion and resentment, exacerbated by right-wing radicalism in Finland in the 1920s—1930s and Soviet meddling in Finland's internal affairs by supporting communist activities.


Question: Who was the leader of the Finnish forces in the Winter War?

Winter War

As the Soviet Union grew stronger, it began to take an interest in restoring its former periphery areas.


Question: Who was the leader of the Finnish forces in the Winter War?

Winter War

Formally, relations between the two countries improved, among other things, with the Non-Aggression Treaty of 1932, but in practice intervals were quite cool before World War II.


Question: Who was the leader of the Finnish forces in the Winter War?

Winter War

[5] In the September situation of 1939, Finns mainly sought to rely on the international community, the League of Nations and Nordic cooperation.


Question: Who was the leader of the Finnish forces in the Winter War?

Winter War

[6] In the Soviet Union, communist persecution, German-friendly and Greater Suomi dreaming were closely monitored by the Lapua Movement, Patriotic People's Movement and the Academic Kareliala Society.


Question: Who was the leader of the Finnish forces in the Winter War?

Winter War

Dreams of a Greater Finland took on a serious tone when, according to the Russians, Germany was envisaged as the background force for their implementation.


Question: Who was the leader of the Finnish forces in the Winter War?

Winter War

In the spring of 1938, Vladimir Derevyanski, the Soviet ambassador to Helsinki, drew attention in a report sent to Moscow to the fact that at the 20th anniversary of the liberation of Helsinki on 16 May 1938, General Rüdiger von der Goltz, who had served as commander of German auxiliary forces in 1918, had taken with Marshal Gustaf Mannerheim to receive a celebratory parade with the ringing of the Guard playing the German “Alte Kameraden” (Old Comrades) march.


Question: Who was the leader of the Finnish forces in the Winter War?

Winter War

[7] Rudolf Holsti, who became Foreign Minister in the Kallio government, sought to improve relations between Finland and the Soviet Union by visiting Moscow, which came to fruition in February 1937.


Question: Who was the leader of the Finnish forces in the Winter War?

Winter War

Holst's trip was supported domestically by the political left and centre, against it were the right and military circles.


Question: Who was the leader of the Finnish forces in the Winter War?

Winter War

It was the first visit by a Finnish foreign minister to the Soviet Union in 20 years.


Question: Who was the leader of the Finnish forces in the Winter War?

Winter War

During the visit, the Soviet Minister of Defense, Marshal Kliment Vorošilov asked Holst what Finland would do if any third state used Finnish territory to attack the Soviet Union.


Question: Who was the leader of the Finnish forces in the Winter War?

Winter War

Holsti replied as a personal position that Finland would fight against every invader.


Question: Who was the leader of the Finnish forces in the Winter War?

Winter War

Holst's position was formally confirmed by President Kyösti Kallio in his inaugural address to parliament in early March 1937.


Question: Who was the leader of the Finnish forces in the Winter War?

Winter War

The election of Kallio as president and the appointment of Cajander's cabinet put individuals in the Finnish leadership who were not so pro-German in Moscow's eyes as their predecessors.


Question: Who was the leader of the Finnish forces in the Winter War?

Winter War

However, the period of enlargement fell short as the Soviet Union wanted tangible security policy outcomes in addition to diplomatic rapprochement.


Question: Who was the leader of the Finnish forces in the Winter War?

Winter War

[8] Soviet propaganda sought to make the most of the supposed plans of the Finns to invade East Karelia, ignoring the fact that this kind of thing was dreamed of only by a small far-right minority.


Question: Who was the leader of the Finnish forces in the Winter War?

Winter War

The Soviet Union's own action in the autumn of 1939 showed that it could not expect the Finns to be able to attack when it did not believe the Finns could even defend their own country.


Question: Who was the leader of the Finnish forces in the Winter War?

Winter War

Instead, the Soviets feared a flank attack by the Germans through Finland against Leningrad just as Imperial Russia had during World War I feared a German invasion of Saint Petersburg via southern Finland, leaving Finland presumed defenseless to be helpless to take independent position on issues.


Question: Who was the leader of the Finnish forces in the Winter War?

Winter War

[9] Finnish-German relations Germany was, along with Sweden, the main source of influences in Finland during the 1930s.


Question: Who was the leader of the Finnish forces in the Winter War?

Winter War

However, support for the National Socialists was marginal in Finland.


Question: Who was the leader of the Finnish forces in the Winter War?

Winter War

[10] For the Cajander Red Mud Government, appointed in March 1937, it was not at all incompatible with the regime in Germany and how the powers there conducted themselves.


Question: Who was the leader of the Finnish forces in the Winter War?

Winter War

The German envoy to Helsinki, Wipert von Blücher, reported to Berlin on the Finnish attitude towards Germany and, in particular, the propaganda hostile to Germany by social-democratic magazines among the working people.


Question: Who was the leader of the Finnish forces in the Winter War?

Winter War

In March 1938, the Finnish Social Democrat, the main SDP supporter, condemned the Anschluss, namely the annexation of Austria to Germany, even though this had taken place under an apparent “referendum”.


Question: Who was the leader of the Finnish forces in the Winter War?

Winter War

[11] The conquest of Czechoslovakia in the spring of 1939 was seen in Finland as an even worse demonstration of the great power's ruthlessness towards smaller states.


Question: Who was the leader of the Finnish forces in the Winter War?

Winter War

It shocked even Finnish right-wing circles because this measure could not be justified by a nationality idea.


Question: Who was the leader of the Finnish forces in the Winter War?

Winter War

Subsequently, in a report sent to Berlin, von Blücher stated that the renowned draw towards the Third Reich had hit its lowest in Finland.


Question: Who was the leader of the Finnish forces in the Winter War?

Winter War

Max Jakobson has stated that “if the reports of von Blücher, the German envoy to Helsinki from 1937 to 1939, had accidentally strayed into Moscow, there would hardly have been any more nightmare dreams about the Finnish-German conspiracy”.


Question: Who was the leader of the Finnish forces in the Winter War?

Winter War

[12] German propaganda took a nice view of Finnish assistance from Western powers, even against it.


Question: Who was the leader of the Finnish forces in the Winter War?

Winter War

Most obviously, the secret Additional Protocol to the Non-Aggression Treaty has contributed to the issue.


Question: Who was the leader of the Finnish forces in the Winter War?

Winter War

When President P. E. Svinhufvud planned in October 1939 to travel to Germany to obtain support for Finland, Envoy Wipert von Blücher received a call from his superiors in Berlin to block it: “Please point out to him that Germany is not interested in the problems between Finland and the Soviet Union.” On the contrary, Germany urged Finland to make sensible concessions, as too much stubbornness would lead to war, as a result of which Finland would soon be left with “nothing but a poignant heroine”.


Question: Who was the leader of the Finnish forces in the Winter War?

Winter War

[13] Italy, belonging to the Axis powers, did not see Germany's actions favourably, but tried to help Finland with greater aid without success.


Question: Who was the leader of the Finnish forces in the Winter War?

Winter War

Nordic orientation and Åland fortress plans In 1921, Finland concluded a treaty in Warsaw that annexed Finland to the Eastern European group of states led by Poland.


Question: Who was the leader of the Finnish forces in the Winter War?

Winter War

This group of states formed a buffer zone between France and the Soviet Union.


Question: Who was the leader of the Finnish forces in the Winter War?

Winter War

However, Finland did not ratify the treaty, which it felt contained hazards rather than safety, and as the 1930s entered this so-called Baltic trend faded in Finland.


Question: Who was the leader of the Finnish forces in the Winter War?

Winter War

On the other hand, no formal agreements were needed as a basis for Nordic cooperation.


Question: Who was the leader of the Finnish forces in the Winter War?

Winter War

Finland joined in 1933 as the so-called. Oslo States, which included not only the Nordic countries but also the Benelux countries.


Question: Who was the leader of the Finnish forces in the Winter War?

Winter War

The following year Finland participated for the first time in a meeting of Nordic foreign ministers.


Question: Who was the leader of the Finnish forces in the Winter War?

Winter War

Nordic cooperation developed into the so-called Nordic trend, which emphasized neutrality.


Question: Who was the leader of the Finnish forces in the Winter War?

Winter War

In December 1935, the Nordic trend was chosen as Finland's official foreign policy line.


Question: Who was the leader of the Finnish forces in the Winter War?

Winter War

[14] Finland's acceptance into the Nordic countries was not self-evident, as doubts arose especially during the Kivimäki government (1932—1936) about the authenticity of Finnish democracy, relations with Germany and the status of the Swedish language.


Question: Who was the leader of the Finnish forces in the Winter War?

Winter War

Especially during the Cajander government (1937—1939), these doubts were successfully dispelled and cooperation with the Nordic countries deepened.


Question: Who was the leader of the Finnish forces in the Winter War?

Winter War

[15] The development of Nordic cooperation was reflected, for example, by an increase in meetings with foreign ministers, the removal of barriers to commercial cooperation, a common plan to safeguard the maintenance of times of crisis, a harmonised appearance in the League of Nations and a common attitude for example, into the Spanish Civil War.


Question: Who was the leader of the Finnish forces in the Winter War?

Winter War

In 1938, common rules of neutrality were adopted through which the world hoped to recognise the Nordic countries as “a pacified region where it would not be worth hunting”.


Question: Who was the leader of the Finnish forces in the Winter War?

Winter War

[16] However, Nordic cooperation did not lead to a defence alliance, as there were no political conditions for it.


Question: Who was the leader of the Finnish forces in the Winter War?

Winter War

Finland feared the Soviet Union, Sweden feared the Soviet Union and Germany, Denmark was afraid of Germany, and Norway imagined that no one had to fear for its location.


Question: Who was the leader of the Finnish forces in the Winter War?

Winter War

[17] However, Norway, in Germany's view, was associated with controlling the North Sea in an essential way and to the Danish straits, so it did not adopt Norway's policy of neutrality that understood England.


Question: Who was the leader of the Finnish forces in the Winter War?

Winter War

Links with Sweden and the purchase of iron ore from there were essential to Germany's equipping.


Question: Who was the leader of the Finnish forces in the Winter War?

Winter War

Although the defence alliance did not arise in the absence of a common enemy, the Nordic countries were united by an effort to avoid going to war.


Question: Who was the leader of the Finnish forces in the Winter War?

Winter War

Therefore, in 1938, talk of “defensive readiness extended up to military measures” began.


Question: Who was the leader of the Finnish forces in the Winter War?

Winter War

[18] In the end, all that remained of the Nordic Defence League was Sweden's and Finland's quest for military cooperation in the Åland archipelago.


Question: Who was the leader of the Finnish forces in the Winter War?

Winter War

[19] JARTSEV negotiations in Finland on 14 April 1938, Boris Jartsev, Second Secretary of the Soviet Legation in Helsinki, arrived to meet Foreign Minister Rudolf Holst.


Question: Who was the leader of the Finnish forces in the Winter War?

Winter War

[20] According to Jartsev, the Soviet government was confident that Germany was planning an attack on the Soviet Union and that plans included a flank strike through Finland.


Question: Who was the leader of the Finnish forces in the Winter War?

Winter War

Thus, Finland's attitude towards the invasion of the Germans was important to the Soviet Union.


Question: Who was the leader of the Finnish forces in the Winter War?

Winter War

The Red Army would not wait for the Raja River if Finland allowed the invasion.


Question: Who was the leader of the Finnish forces in the Winter War?

Winter War

On the other hand, if Finland were to oppose the invasion of the Germans, the Soviet Union would provide military and economic assistance, since Finland's ability to repel the German invasion by its own forces was not trusted.


Question: Who was the leader of the Finnish forces in the Winter War?

Winter War

[21] The start of the JARTSEV negotiations was led by the Anschluss, namely Austria's annexation of Hitler's Germany in March 1938, which from Moscow's perspective marked the first rift in the Soviet Union's western buffer zone.


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[22] Over the next five months, Jartsev held talks several times with, among others, Prime Minister A.


Question: Who was the leader of the Finnish forces in the Winter War?

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With K. Cajander and Finance Minister Väinö Tanner.


Question: Who was the leader of the Finnish forces in the Winter War?

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Finland's assurance that Finland would not allow its integrity to be violated or attacked by the Soviet Union was not sufficient for the Soviet Union.


Question: Who was the leader of the Finnish forces in the Winter War?

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[23] The Soviet Union demanded a secret treaty that would allow it to participate in the defence of Finland — and above all its maritime borders — in the German offensive and in the fortification of Åland; moreover, it would also have wanted to have a fortified air and sea defence base in Suurissaari.


Question: Who was the leader of the Finnish forces in the Winter War?

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Finland rebuffed Jartsev's proposal in late August 1938.


Question: Who was the leader of the Finnish forces in the Winter War?

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In March 1939, the Soviet Union announced that it wanted to lease Suursaari, Lavansaari, Daughter Islands and Seiskar for 30 years.


Question: Who was the leader of the Finnish forces in the Winter War?

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Later, land from East Karelia was offered in exchange for the islands.


Question: Who was the leader of the Finnish forces in the Winter War?

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[24] Mannerheim was prepared to cede islands that would effectively not have been able to defend, as well as border revisions on the Isthmus.


Question: Who was the leader of the Finnish forces in the Winter War?

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[25] The break off of these negotiations on 6 April 1939 led to the Moscow negotiations in the fall of 1939.


Question: Who was the leader of the Finnish forces in the Winter War?

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Moscow's negotiations on Finnish territory after the Molotovin—Ribbentropin Pact, signed on 23 August, initially felt relief in Finland that the German-Soviet conflict, and with it, Finland's entry into the Great War, seemed to have been averted.


Question: Who was the leader of the Finnish forces in the Winter War?

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Quite soon, however, doubts began to be expressed as to the price Hitler had paid for safeguarding his back.


Question: Who was the leader of the Finnish forces in the Winter War?

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The price was hidden in a secret additional protocol to the treaty, which proved fatal for Finland and the Baltic states: together with the eastern part of Poland, they were read as belonging to the Soviet sphere of interest.


Question: Who was the leader of the Finnish forces in the Winter War?

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Stalin, on the other hand, bought additional time to equip himself with the treaty, as he — as well as Hitler — knew the treaty would only postpone the German-Soviet confrontation more imported.


Question: Who was the leader of the Finnish forces in the Winter War?

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In early September 1939, Germany invaded Poland and World War II began after France and the United Kingdom, in accordance with their promise to Poland, declared war on Germany.


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The declaration of war was joined by India, Australia and New Zealand, who were members of the British Commonwealth.


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[26] The Soviet Union invited Finnish representatives to negotiate in Moscow on “concrete political issues” on October 5, 1939.


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Negotiations took place in three sections, 12—14.


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October, 3—4 a.m.


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from November to 9 November 1939.


Question: Who was the leader of the Finnish forces in the Winter War?

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Finland's negotiators for the first time were the envoy, State Counsellor J. K. Paasikivi, Finland's envoy to Moscow, Aarno Yrjö-Koskinen, Head of Division at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs Johan Nykopp, and Colonel Aladár Paasonen as military expert.


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On the second and third trips, the Finnish delegation had as the second chief negotiator alongside Paasikivi, Finance Minister Väinö Tanner.


Question: Who was the leader of the Finnish forces in the Winter War?

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Rafael Hakkarainen, the State Counsellor, was on the third trip.


Question: Who was the leader of the Finnish forces in the Winter War?

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[27] The Soviet Union proposed that Finland should cede parts of the Karelian Isthmus and the outer islands of the Gulf of Finland to the Soviet Union, as well as the port of Hanko and Lappoh.


Question: Who was the leader of the Finnish forces in the Winter War?

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Similarly, the Soviet Union offered a territorial exchange in which Finland would have received wider territories from Repola and Porajärvi in East Karelia.


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Repola and Porajärvi were territories that had sought independence from 1918—1920 Russia, but which, by the Peace Treaty of Tartu, remained in Soviet Russia.


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The Finnish Council of State did not agree to the barter to the extent shown because both public opinion and parliament opposed it, but offered only the areas closest to Leningrad, Kuokkala Bend and Terijoki to the Soviet Union.


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Negotiations broke off 9.


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on Nov.


Question: Who was the leader of the Finnish forces in the Winter War?

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[28] Finnish negotiators returned to Helsinki with the ominous words uttered by Vyacheslav Molotov, the Soviet Foreign Minister, during the last round of negotiations: “Now the civil authorities have dealt with the matter, and when no agreement has been reached, the matter must be given to the soldiers.” [ 29] According to current Russian historiography, a negotiated outcome would have been possible until the end of October, when the plan for the war against Finland was finally approved.


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[30] The Soviet Union had previously made similar demands to the Baltic States, which agreed to hand over to the Red Army bases in their territories.


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The Finns chose otherwise: from 10 October 1939, Finland invited the soldiers of its reserve for an additional refresher exercise, which effectively amounted to mobilization.


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[31] Negotiations ended fruitless on Nov.


Question: Who was the leader of the Finnish forces in the Winter War?

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Eventually, on 26 November 1939, the Soviets staged the Mainila shots, with which the Soviets justified the war as a defensive measure.


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[32] On 28 November, the Soviet Union exited the non-aggression pact and severed diplomatic relations between the two countries on 29 November.


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Preparations for the invasion of the Soviet Union Already after the end of the negotiations in the spring of 1939 were inconclusive, the possibilities of military conflict were considered under the leadership of the Soviet Union.


Question: Who was the leader of the Finnish forces in the Winter War?

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In June 1939, Stalin drew the attention of General Kirill Meretskov, commander of the Leningrad Military District, to the danger posed by Finland's “Soviet hostility”.


Question: Who was the leader of the Finnish forces in the Winter War?

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When Stalin stressed that he expected serious action on the part of Germany still that summer, he tasked Meretskov with drawing up a plan for border protection and counterattack against the Finnish defences in the event of a military provocation.


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[33] At the start of the Second World War in early September 1939, the Soviet Union declared mobilisation, in connection with which troops on the borders with Finland were also reinforced.


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Apparently, the actual concentrations aimed at war began only after the Soviet leadership had become clear of Finland's inclination.


Question: Who was the leader of the Finnish forces in the Winter War?

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This is supported by the fact that the Soviet concrete war effort against Finland began two weeks after negotiations between the Finns and the Soviets had broken off.


Question: Who was the leader of the Finnish forces in the Winter War?

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As the Polish expedition proved to be shorter than expected and when the Baltic bases were quickly occupied, troops originally intended for these directions could be moved to the eastern border of Finland.


Question: Who was the leader of the Finnish forces in the Winter War?

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[34] A public secret circulated in Moscow's diplomatic circles in mid-November that 18 Red Army divisions had already been concentrated on the Finnish border.


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[35] During the Winter War, Soviet prisoners of war reported that the Red Army corps detachments concentrated at the Finnish borders were certain since mid-November that war would break out.


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[36] According to the preconception of the Soviet leadership, the war against Finland was not to be difficult or long-term.


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Germany would certainly remain loyal to the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact and would not intervene, and Sweden would not help Finland either.


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[37] Soviet Foreign Minister Vyacheslav Molotov ordered the Soviet envoy to Stockholm, Aleksandra Kollontai, specifically to ensure that Sweden, Norway and Denmark would not get involved in the conflict between Finland and the Soviet Union.


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[38] No miracle was expected of Finland's own defenses other than the Finns themselves.


Question: Who was the leader of the Finnish forces in the Winter War?

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In particular, Leningrad's party secretary, Colonel General Andrei Ždanov, convinced Stalin that Finland could be managed “neatly” by the forces of the Leningrad Military District.


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The working population of Finland was supposed to rise in revolt against the bourgeois government and take on the Red Army as a “liberator”, which would have freed the Soviet Union from the embarrassing ballast of appearing as an aggressor.


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A couple of months earlier, the Red Army had unopposed occupied eastern Poland, whose population was predominantly Ukrainians and Belarusians.


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There it had appeared as a liberator of the tribal brethren after they were exposed to “all kinds of dangers” as a result of the dissolution of the Polish state, so it might as well march to Finland to free the “proletarians”.


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[39] Propaganda attack on the eve of the war, following the breakdown of negotiations between the Finns and the Soviet leadership, the Soviet newspaper press began a vigorous campaign of criticism and vilification against Finland in mid-November 1939.


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The journals published deliberately and deliberately coloured news that seemed incomprehensible from Finland's point of view.


Question: Who was the leader of the Finnish forces in the Winter War?

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The campaign was largely aimed at shaping the mood of the Soviet population to support an invasion of Finland.


Question: Who was the leader of the Finnish forces in the Winter War?

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The inscriptions included the desertions of Finnish soldiers from their garrisons and mutinies against their officers, skirmishes between reservists and patrons who had claimed casualties, and an extreme example of 1500 atheists supposedly carried out in Tampere liquidation.


Question: Who was the leader of the Finnish forces in the Winter War?

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Finnish public opinion was said to be opposed to the attitude of the Finnish delegation at the Moscow talks and the British government's inciting the Finnish government to engage in warlike adventures.


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In an inscription published in Pravda, the main voice supporter of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, on 26 November 1939, Prime Minister A.


Question: Who was the leader of the Finnish forces in the Winter War?

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K. Cajander was insulted as a “stumping cock”, a “writhing snake”, a “greedy little beast”, a “puppet of imperialists” and a “circus clown standing on top”.


Question: Who was the leader of the Finnish forces in the Winter War?

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The Finnish envoy to Moscow, Aarno Yrjö-Koskinen, who had been summoned to Foreign Minister Vyacheslav Molotov on the evening of the same day, intended to express his objections to Pravda's writing, but before Yrjö-Koskinen could speak, Molotov read to him the Soviet government of Finland a sharp note to the government in response to the shots in Mainila.


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[40] When Molotov on 28 November informed Yrjö-Koskinen, who was once again invited to the Kremlin, that the Soviet Union was unilaterally terminating its non-aggression pact with Finland “due to Finland's hostile attitude”, Yrjö-Koskinen pointed out that it was not possible to terminate the agreement before for the year 1945.


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To this, Molotov did not respond anything.


Question: Who was the leader of the Finnish forces in the Winter War?

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[41] The Finns, who felt violated, did not keep up with this chain of events, but considered legal considerations that had nothing more to do with reality.


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However, Hitler's Germany had done exactly the same way three months earlier before the invasion of Poland, and the Red Army had delayed its march to eastern Poland until it could be noted that the Polish government had fallen short of the user and the Ukrainians and Belarusians were “longing” protection”.


Question: Who was the leader of the Finnish forces in the Winter War?

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Against this background, it was insignificant whether or not there had been a shooting in Mainila.


Question: Who was the leader of the Finnish forces in the Winter War?

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[42] The military and political invasion of the Red Army invasion of Finland began on 30 November 1939.


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The Red Artillery opened fire on the Karelian Isthmus at 6:50 a.m.


Question: Who was the leader of the Finnish forces in the Winter War?

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[43] However, on the shores of the Arctic Ocean and in Salla, the attack can be considered to have begun a few days earlier.


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[44] At 9 o'clock, the first air alert was issued in Vyborg.


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During the first day, the Soviet Air Force bombed 16 localities in Finland, including Helsinki twice.


Question: Who was the leader of the Finnish forces in the Winter War?

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Soviet Foreign Minister Vyacheslav Molotov gave a late evening radio speech and reported that the Soviet government had instructed the Red Army to ensure the external security of the Soviet state.


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In Finland, President Kyösti Kallio read the parliament's decision on the state of war on the radio at 1:30 p.m.


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The League of Nations condemned the attack and separated the Soviet Union from the organization [45] on 14 December 1939.


Question: Who was the leader of the Finnish forces in the Winter War?

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On 1 December, the Soviet leadership formed the government of the Finnish People's Republic of Terijoki, led by Otto Wille Kuusinen, out of the Reds who fled to Soviet Russia after the 1918 civil war.


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The Soviet Union announced its recognition of the Government of the People's Republic of Finland as the only official government in Finland, that it was waging war against the White-Finnish rebellious forces, and refused to negotiate with the new government formed by Risto Ryti on 1 December.


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[46] The imposition of the Terijoki government revealed that the Soviet objective was to take over all of Finland.


Question: Who was the leader of the Finnish forces in the Winter War?

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Terijoki's government was also supposed to act as a political offensive wedge that would open the way to Helsinki for the Red Army.


Question: Who was the leader of the Finnish forces in the Winter War?

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It was otherwise and the outside threat united the Finns, regardless of class boundaries, to defend themselves against the Soviet Union.


Question: Who was the leader of the Finnish forces in the Winter War?

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[47] On 7 December 1939, the staff of the Finnish Embassy received permission, with the Winter War already raging, to travel from Moscow by train via Latvia to Germany.


Question: Who was the leader of the Finnish forces in the Winter War?

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There, military attachés belonging to the Finnish embassy staff heard alarming news.


Question: Who was the leader of the Finnish forces in the Winter War?

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Dining with military agents was a German acquaintance of Major Kaarlo Somerro, a lieutenant colonel working in the foreign section of the German General Staff.


Question: Who was the leader of the Finnish forces in the Winter War?

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He told me that at the General Staff meeting Adolf Hitler would have wanted to declare war on Finland alongside the Soviet Union.


Question: Who was the leader of the Finnish forces in the Winter War?

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However, the declaration of war tapered to the absolutely negative opposition of Marshal Herman Göring.


Question: Who was the leader of the Finnish forces in the Winter War?

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The Finns speculated this was the German idea of occupying demilitarized Åland and thus securing ore shipments from northern Sweden.


Question: Who was the leader of the Finnish forces in the Winter War?

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[48] Troops Finnish Army Army of the Isthmus II Army Corps (II AK, 3 divisions and Cavalry Brigade) III Army Corps (III AK, 2 divisions) In addition, one division IV army corps (IV AK, 2 divisions) Northern Finland Group Lapland Group during the war a further I Army Corps was formed, which belonged to the Army of the Isthmian.


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Red Army 7th Army 8th Army 9th Army 14th Army to Finnish Front was sent during the war still 13th Army and 15th Army.


Question: Who was the leader of the Finnish forces in the Winter War?

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The two phases Winter War can be divided into two different phases: the failure of the Red Army attacks and the successful interceptor battle of the Finnish Defence Forces in December 1939 on all fronts.


Question: Who was the leader of the Finnish forces in the Winter War?

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the gradual breaching of Finnish defences in the western part of the Karelian Isthmus and the Gulf of Vyborg in February—March 1940 caused by the pressure of a major offensive by the Soviet Army.


Question: Who was the leader of the Finnish forces in the Winter War?

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Due to limited crew and material resources, the combat capability of the Finnish Defence Forces peaked at the end of December and, in the absence of adequate replenishment, it was reduced towards the end of the war.


Question: Who was the leader of the Finnish forces in the Winter War?

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The opposite was true for the Red Army; a serious underestimation of enemy combat capability observed early in the war and overestimation of its own capabilities could be corrected by significant resource increases in January—February 1940.


Question: Who was the leader of the Finnish forces in the Winter War?

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Objectives Finland had concentrated the first defence protection forces on the eastern border already during the Moscow negotiations and, under the guise of YH, a significant part of the field army was in defensive positions at the start of the war.


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The Soviet strategy was to invade Finland from six points along the eastern border: Karjalan Kannas, Ladoga Karelia, Kuhmo (and Lieksa), Suomussalmi, Salla and Petsamo.


Question: Who was the leader of the Finnish forces in the Winter War?

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The main objective was the Karelian Isthmus, from which it was to advance to Vyborg and on to Helsinki.


Question: Who was the leader of the Finnish forces in the Winter War?

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Another important direction was Ladoga Karelia, from which Karelian stock and southern Finland could be threatened.


Question: Who was the leader of the Finnish forces in the Winter War?

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The third key objective was to cut Finland's “waist” at its narrowest point and advance to Oulu.


Question: Who was the leader of the Finnish forces in the Winter War?

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In Lapland, the goal was to take Salla via Rovaniemi and reach the Swedish border.


Question: Who was the leader of the Finnish forces in the Winter War?

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Petsamo was pursued mostly because of ore resources in the area and the port.


Question: Who was the leader of the Finnish forces in the Winter War?

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The Red Army was capable of deploying stronger troop divisions than the Finnish warfare command had expected: entire, partly motorised divisions, in the area between the northern side of Ladoga and Petsamo.


Question: Who was the leader of the Finnish forces in the Winter War?

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In terms of the Finnish army's fighting capability, the first week of war was marked by unaccustomed to war and, among other things, tank horrors, that is, panic situations caused by enemy tank forces, which led to a faster than planned withdrawal from the Reich frontier.


Question: Who was the leader of the Finnish forces in the Winter War?

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The Finns' good improvisational ability (dismembering tactics of motti and troop divisions) and rapid development of interceptor equipment (including firebottles) [49], as well as the almost complete commitment of Red Army troops to road work, made the situation more advantageous for the Finns and raised the confidence of Finnish soldiers.


Question: Who was the leader of the Finnish forces in the Winter War?

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The pressure of the war also caused personnel changes in the Red Army.


Question: Who was the leader of the Finnish forces in the Winter War?

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Finland's combat victories in December and January on the Karelian Isthmus, the Red Army offensive stopped on 5 December at the end of the fighting on the Mannerheim Line, where the advanced tactics of Finnish artillery and its cooperation with the infantry came to light — as long as there was sufficient artillery ammunition.


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The Karelian stock was defended by the Army of the Isthmian divided into II Army Corps in the Western Column and III Army Corps in the Eastern Isthmus.


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The former included the 4th, 5th, and 11th Divisions, and to the latter the 8th and 10th Divisions.


Question: Who was the leader of the Finnish forces in the Winter War?

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The Army of the Isthmian and Headquarters reserve were the 1st and 6th Divisions.


Question: Who was the leader of the Finnish forces in the Winter War?

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Groups of the Soviet 7th Army began the first breakthrough attempt at the Taipaleen River on the Eastern Isthmus on 6 December, but the offensive ended in failure on 8 December 1939.


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The 7th Army comprised nine infantry divisions, a Panzer Army Corps and three armoured brigades.


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The new attempt was scored 15—17.


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December ending with the defeat of the Finns.


Question: Who was the leader of the Finnish forces in the Winter War?

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Fighting in the Red Army's center of gravity in the village of Summa in the western column began on 17 December and lasted until 22 December.


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The struggle ended with heavy losses for the Red Army.


Question: Who was the leader of the Finnish forces in the Winter War?

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It was typical of the fighting for Soviet panzers to easily penetrate the positions of the Finns, under the cover of artillery concentrations, but the Finns were capable, with artillery fire and effective infantry fire, to keep the Red Army infantry and tank forces separate from each other.


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After the infantry had been destroyed to barbed wire barriers, the tanks were destroyed by anti-tank tanks and pile charges.


Question: Who was the leader of the Finnish forces in the Winter War?

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[50] After the Red Army offensive had been halted on the Karelian Isthmus in December, Marshal Mannerheim authorised the launch of a counterattack towards Soviet positions.


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The II Army Corps of the Isthmian Army reinforced with two reserve divisions conducted a counterattack on 23 December 1939.


Question: Who was the leader of the Finnish forces in the Winter War?

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However, it failed and II Army Corps suffered heavy losses.


Question: Who was the leader of the Finnish forces in the Winter War?

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The event was named “fool's cans”.


Question: Who was the leader of the Finnish forces in the Winter War?

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[51] The 8th Army, six divisions and one armoured brigade, attacked towards Finland in Ladoga Karelia.


Question: Who was the leader of the Finnish forces in the Winter War?

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They advanced up to the northern shore of Lake Ladoga and a slightly more northerly route, through the strategically important area of Suojärvi towards Sortavala.


Question: Who was the leader of the Finnish forces in the Winter War?

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The Finns resisted the attack with the 12th and 13th Divisions of the IV Army Corps.


Question: Who was the leader of the Finnish forces in the Winter War?

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Suojärvi was quickly recaptured, and after unsuccessful counterattacks, the Finnish defences stabilized on the Kollaanjoki from 7 December.


Question: Who was the leader of the Finnish forces in the Winter War?

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On the shores of Ladoga, the Finnish army initially withdrew via Salmin—Pitkäranta, but the Red Army was stopped in the Kitilän—Koirinoja area on 11—15.


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on Dec.


Question: Who was the leader of the Finnish forces in the Winter War?

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In December, the Finns began counterattacks, which eventually led to the emergence of the Kitilän—Koirinojan—Lemet mots in early January 1940.


Question: Who was the leader of the Finnish forces in the Winter War?

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In them, fighting continued until the end of the Winter War.


Question: Who was the leader of the Finnish forces in the Winter War?

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[52] In addition to the fighting victories in the Karelian Isthmus and Ladoga Karelia, the Finnish army achieved the first offensive and strategically significant victory.


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December at Lake Tolvajärvi in Raja-Karelia.


Question: Who was the leader of the Finnish forces in the Winter War?

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In the fighting, Group Talvela, led by Colonel Paavo Talvela, with Lieutenant Colonel Aaro Pajari as the front commander, struck the 139th Infantry Division of the Red Army, thus preventing the Red Army's attack on the back of the Finnish troops fighting in Ladoga Karelia.


Question: Who was the leader of the Finnish forces in the Winter War?

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Northern Finland Major victories based on the war of aggression and attracted significant international attention by the Finns in the Battle of Suomussalmi on 27—29.


Question: Who was the leader of the Finnish forces in the Winter War?

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December 1939 and the ensuing Battle of Raatteentie 1—7.


Question: Who was the leader of the Finnish forces in the Winter War?

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on January 1940.


Question: Who was the leader of the Finnish forces in the Winter War?

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On the Finnish side, the 9th Division under Colonel Hjalmar Siilasvuo was responsible for the combat action.


Question: Who was the leader of the Finnish forces in the Winter War?

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In the battle, the Soviet 163rd and 44th Infantry Divisions were destroyed with relatively few Finnish troops, as well as a considerable war booty.


Question: Who was the leader of the Finnish forces in the Winter War?

Winter War

The battles in the area between Ladoga Karelia and Suomussalmi are good examples of effective exploitation of terrain and conditions in war and motto tactics.


Question: Who was the leader of the Finnish forces in the Winter War?

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As a result of heavy losses, the Soviet Union abandoned its goal of cutting Finland off the level of Oulu.


Question: Who was the leader of the Finnish forces in the Winter War?

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[53] In the Kuhmon—Lieksa area, Finnish brigade Vuokko prevented the penetration of the Red Army's 54th Infantry Division in the directions of Kajaani and Pielisjärvi from 8 to 28.


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in the raven battles of December 1939.


Question: Who was the leader of the Finnish forces in the Winter War?

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After the fighting in Suomussalmi, the 9th Division was transferred in January 1940 to the Kuhmon—Lieksa area where it tried to destroy the aforementioned Soviet division.


Question: Who was the leader of the Finnish forces in the Winter War?

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However, the attempt failed, so a motto war that lasted until the end of the war ended in the area.


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[54] During December 1939, Sections Roininen and Suoranta stopped Soviet 122 in Salla.


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(and 88.)


Question: Who was the leader of the Finnish forces in the Winter War?

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Infantry Division attacks on the Kemijärvi area.


Question: Who was the leader of the Finnish forces in the Winter War?

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Similarly, at Petsamo, the Finnish detachment Pennanen stopped the advance of the Soviets 52nd Infantry Division and the 104th Mountain Division into the Nautsin-Featherjärvi area.


Question: Who was the leader of the Finnish forces in the Winter War?

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[55] Red Army Grand Offensive in February Soviet preparations The Red Army's failure to take Finland in December 1939 led to a thorough re-evaluation of the situation at the turn of 1939—1940.


Question: Who was the leader of the Finnish forces in the Winter War?

Winter War

Combat activity subsided considerably for almost a month and a significant force group against Finland also began to be assembled in relation to the resources of the Soviet Union.


Question: Who was the leader of the Finnish forces in the Winter War?

Winter War

On 7 January 1940, the High Command of the Red Army, Stavka established the Northwest Front Staff to lead the war against the Finns and 1st Class Army Commander Semjon Timošenko was appointed at its head.


Question: Who was the leader of the Finnish forces in the Winter War?

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The Karelian Isthmus Front was divided into two parts and 7.


Question: Who was the leader of the Finnish forces in the Winter War?

Winter War

The army was assigned front responsibility for the western part of the area, where the focus of the major offensive was placed, and a new 13 was brought to the eastern part.


Question: Who was the leader of the Finnish forces in the Winter War?

Winter War

Army.


Question: Who was the leader of the Finnish forces in the Winter War?

Winter War

The total number of Soviet divisions on the Karelian Isthmus increased from ten to 21—26 and in addition, Timoshenko gained access to five new armoured brigades and 11 artillery regiments, as well as additional air force support.


Question: Who was the leader of the Finnish forces in the Winter War?

Winter War

The Red Army had at its disposal on the Karelian Isthmus 4000 guns and 1000—1200 tanks.


Question: Who was the leader of the Finnish forces in the Winter War?

Winter War

A further additional high command reserve 28 was formed in the Leningrad region.


Question: Who was the leader of the Finnish forces in the Winter War?

Winter War

Army Corps.


Question: Who was the leader of the Finnish forces in the Winter War?

Winter War

A 6 kilometer wide center of gravity was created in the area of the sum, where 50 attacked


Question: Who was the leader of the Finnish forces in the Winter War?

Winter War

The army corps, three divisions supported by 500—1000 guns and 200 tanks, on the flanks attacked the 10th and 19th.


Question: Who was the leader of the Finnish forces in the Winter War?

Winter War

Army Corps.


Question: Who was the leader of the Finnish forces in the Winter War?

Winter War

Artillery density peaked at around 50—100 guns per front kilometre.


Question: Who was the leader of the Finnish forces in the Winter War?

Winter War

On the Finnish side, the main attack was taken up by one, the 3rd Division formed in Satakunta and Häme, with the 4th and 2nd divisions on their sites (in early January 1940, the numbering of some Finnish divisions was changed: 6 D.


Question: Who was the leader of the Finnish forces in the Winter War?

Winter War

→ 3.


Question: Who was the leader of the Finnish forces in the Winter War?

Winter War

D., 10 D.


Question: Who was the leader of the Finnish forces in the Winter War?

Winter War

→ 7 D., 11 D.


Question: Who was the leader of the Finnish forces in the Winter War?

Winter War

→ 2 D.).


Question: Who was the leader of the Finnish forces in the Winter War?

Winter War

[56] Major Offensive to break through the Isthmus of the Mannerheim Line, on 1 February 1940, the Red Army began a vigorous and sustained artillery action that initialised the offenders, particularly on the Summa block.


Question: Who was the leader of the Finnish forces in the Winter War?

Winter War

It was also accompanied by round-the-clock attacks by infantry and armoured forces.


Question: Who was the leader of the Finnish forces in the Winter War?

Winter War

The end result was damage to Finnish positions and fatigue of troops with minimal reserves even before the main attack began.


Question: Who was the leader of the Finnish forces in the Winter War?

Winter War

Due to constant combat contact, troops could not be replaced.


Question: Who was the leader of the Finnish forces in the Winter War?

Winter War

The actual general attack began at 8:40am on the morning of 11 February with artillery fire accelerating into intense drum fire.


Question: Who was the leader of the Finnish forces in the Winter War?

Winter War

By the afternoon, the Soviets achieved a decisive breakthrough in Summa with the Source block.


Question: Who was the leader of the Finnish forces in the Winter War?

Winter War

In the Red Army, cooperation between artillery, tank units and infantry had improved significantly, and the Finns, in turn, suffered from a severe shortage of artillery ammunition and anti-tank guns.


Question: Who was the leader of the Finnish forces in the Winter War?

Winter War

Firebottles and pile charges were no longer sufficient, as Soviet infantry effectively shielded tanks with their fire.


Question: Who was the leader of the Finnish forces in the Winter War?

Winter War

On 15 February, the Finnish counterattacks failed and finally Commander-in-Chief Mannerheim issued the Isthmus 2.


Question: Who was the leader of the Finnish forces in the Winter War?

Winter War

The Army Corps gave orders to withdraw to an intermediate position to Samolanlahti—Väkäkkijärvi—Muolaanjärvi, Muolaanjärvi—Äyräpää lake.


Question: Who was the leader of the Finnish forces in the Winter War?

Winter War


Question: Who was the leader of the Finnish forces in the Winter War?

Winter War

The army corps remained in place in the Mannerheim Line until the end of the war.


Question: Who was the leader of the Finnish forces in the Winter War?

Winter War

[57] However, the effective belting that the Red Army had underway broke the intermediate position and the corps was ordered to withdraw to the rear position to the line Vyborg—Tali—Coskuanback—Copper Island—Vyborg on 27 February 1940.


Question: Who was the leader of the Finnish forces in the Winter War?

Winter War

On 26 February, Timošenko, commander of the Northwestern Front Staff, gave orders to his troops to recapture the city of Vyborg.


Question: Who was the leader of the Finnish forces in the Winter War?

Winter War

The mission became 7.


Question: Who was the leader of the Finnish forces in the Winter War?

Winter War

Performed by the Army as a two-sided encirclement maneuver and a direct front attack.


Question: Who was the leader of the Finnish forces in the Winter War?

Winter War

10th and 28.


Question: Who was the leader of the Finnish forces in the Winter War?

Winter War

The army corps had to advance to the west of Vyborg over the frozen Gulf of Vyborg and 19.


Question: Who was the leader of the Finnish forces in the Winter War?

Winter War

The army corps was to advance to the east of the city.


Question: Who was the leader of the Finnish forces in the Winter War?

Winter War

34th and 50.


Question: Who was the leader of the Finnish forces in the Winter War?

Winter War

The army corps attacked directly towards Vyborg.


Question: Who was the leader of the Finnish forces in the Winter War?

Winter War

In addition, 13.


Question: Who was the leader of the Finnish forces in the Winter War?

Winter War

The army was tasked with crossing Vuoksi from Äyräpää to Vuosalmi and blockade Finland 3, which fought on the Mannerheim Line on the eastern isthmus.


Question: Who was the leader of the Finnish forces in the Winter War?

Winter War

Army Corps.


Question: Who was the leader of the Finnish forces in the Winter War?

Winter War

[58] Battles of Vyborg and Vyborg Gulf In terms of the defence of the rear position, the westward extension of the front line to the Gulf of Vyborg was a serious blow to the Finnish army of the Isthmus.


Question: Who was the leader of the Finnish forces in the Winter War?

Winter War

The surroundings of Vyborg were a more advantageous area for the defender than the southern and central Isthmus, but part of the advantage was lost due to the Gulf of Vyborg, which was in thick ice.


Question: Who was the leader of the Finnish forces in the Winter War?

Winter War

The strength of the Finnish defence force has steadily dwindled resources in terms of both crew and material, and the physical fatigue of the troops brought the Finns' fighting ability to the limit for the final two weeks of the Winter War.


Question: Who was the leader of the Finnish forces in the Winter War?

Winter War

A new 23rd Division and 21st Division for the Eastern Isthmus had been received in support of the Vyborg area, but were supplement forces weaker than other divisions in combat value.


Question: Who was the leader of the Finnish forces in the Winter War?

Winter War

A successful strategic breakthrough by the Soviets in the Gulf of Vyborg would have threatened the entire defences of southern Finland with Finnish troops still deep east of the area.


Question: Who was the leader of the Finnish forces in the Winter War?

Winter War

In the Gulf of Vyborg, Finnish 4th Division troops were unable to prevent the Soviets' invasion of Häränkäniemi and Vilaniemi on the western bank of the bay, where the Red Army cut the Vyborg—Helsinki highway on 9 March.


Question: Who was the leader of the Finnish forces in the Winter War?

Winter War

The Finnish defenders held up and prevented the breakthrough from expanding.


Question: Who was the leader of the Finnish forces in the Winter War?

Winter War

However, when peace came on 13 March, the situation was critical: 7.


Question: Who was the leader of the Finnish forces in the Winter War?

Winter War

The Army relocated 3.


Question: Who was the leader of the Finnish forces in the Winter War?

Winter War

The Cavalry Corps on 11 March already at Koivisto, aiming to establish a decisive superiority on the west bank of the Vyborg Gulf, but peace interrupted the action.


Question: Who was the leader of the Finnish forces in the Winter War?

Winter War

In Vyborg, the 3rd and 5th Divisions lost their suburban areas and the front line moved to Patterinmäki on 12 March.


Question: Who was the leader of the Finnish forces in the Winter War?

Winter War

The threat of encirclement to the east of the town formed severe after the Red Army penetrated the Oak Swamp and breached the support line of the defences of the Isthmus of Tali on 7—9.


Question: Who was the leader of the Finnish forces in the Winter War?

Winter War

March 1940, but the attack was still successful in stopping Portinslender.


Question: Who was the leader of the Finnish forces in the Winter War?

Winter War

In Tal, severe drum fire and tank fire from Soviet artillery caused even the threat of escape among the overburdened Finns.


Question: Who was the leader of the Finnish forces in the Winter War?

Winter War

[59] Since the beginning of March, the 13th Army of the Red Army attacked with at least six divisions in Äyräpää, defended by the under-numbered 2nd and 21st Divisions.


Question: Who was the leader of the Finnish forces in the Winter War?

Winter War

The central part of Äyräheadharju and Kirkonmäki west of Vuoksi were lost on 4 March and Vasikkasaari of Vuoksen on 5 March.


Question: Who was the leader of the Finnish forces in the Winter War?

Winter War

Soviet forces eventually managed to cross Vuos on 8—11.


Question: Who was the leader of the Finnish forces in the Winter War?

Winter War

March and to create a bridgehead about 500 meters deep on the east bank of the river, but the coming of peace resolved the critical situation.


Question: Who was the leader of the Finnish forces in the Winter War?

Winter War

At Taipaleenjoki, the Finnish 7th Division withstood fierce attacks by the Red Army from 11—20.


Question: Who was the leader of the Finnish forces in the Winter War?

Winter War

February and largely retained their original positions until the end of the war.


Question: Who was the leader of the Finnish forces in the Winter War?

Winter War

[59] Peace in Moscow The unexpected turn in the war by Finnish army soldiers during December 1939, the defeat of the Red Army, brought a partial solution to the conflict.


Question: Who was the leader of the Finnish forces in the Winter War?

Winter War

The Soviet Union was forced to reassess the objectives of the war and the overall effects of a conflict that stretched longer than planned.


Question: Who was the leader of the Finnish forces in the Winter War?

Winter War

It began planning a better-prepared new major offensive for January—February 1940.


Question: Who was the leader of the Finnish forces in the Winter War?

Winter War

[60] The positive international attention caused by the successful struggle of the Finns seriously disturbed Stalin since early December.


Question: Who was the leader of the Finnish forces in the Winter War?

Winter War

Information on British and French plans to support Finland in the Winter War, both in military and material, put the NL in front of a whole new situation.


Question: Who was the leader of the Finnish forces in the Winter War?

Winter War

The interference of Western superpowers in the war threatened to extend the conflict in a direction disadvantageous to the Soviet Union.


Question: Who was the leader of the Finnish forces in the Winter War?

Winter War

[61] Stalin had calculated that World War I would expand over the course of 1940 to include between Germany and the Western Allies, which would have provided new avenues for action for the Soviet Union.


Question: Who was the leader of the Finnish forces in the Winter War?

Winter War

[62] The stretching of the war over the turn of the year and the information about the Western Powers' mission project to Finland, the Arctic Ocean and the Caucasus led the Soviet leadership to abandon the goal of occupying Finland and installing a Soviet-minded Terijoki government in Finland.


Question: Who was the leader of the Finnish forces in the Winter War?

Winter War

It opened up the possibility of a compromise peace, and the Soviet leadership, via Sweden, informed Finland on 29 January 1940, contrary to its previous line, that Stalin was ready for armistice negotiations with the government of Risto Ryti.


Question: Who was the leader of the Finnish forces in the Winter War?

Winter War

The announcement was preceded by secret confessions between writer Hella Wuolijoki and Soviet envoy to Stockholm Alexandra Kollontai on 10—21.


Question: Who was the leader of the Finnish forces in the Winter War?

Winter War

on January 1940.


Question: Who was the leader of the Finnish forces in the Winter War?

Winter War

[63] However, the Soviet Union required — because “blood had flowed” — that Finland be prepared for greater concessions than what the NL had demanded in the autumn of 1939.


Question: Who was the leader of the Finnish forces in the Winter War?

Winter War

[64] The Finnish government responded to the Soviet offer on 30 January, declaring that Finland would be willing in principle for peace, but only for some minor border revisions on the Karelian Isthmus and possibly also the demilitarization of the Gulf of Finland.


Question: Who was the leader of the Finnish forces in the Winter War?

Winter War

The good situation on the fronts reduced Finns' appetite for further concessions.


Question: Who was the leader of the Finnish forces in the Winter War?

Winter War

[65] With the weakening of the Finnish position and bending to peace terms, Finland's position changed as the Red Army began fire preparations for a major offensive on 1 February and the actual general offensive on 11 February 1940 and the Finns' defences began to falter.


Question: Who was the leader of the Finnish forces in the Winter War?

Winter War

The Soviet leadership's offer of peace and a major offensive was apparently part of an overall plan that, on the one hand, still attempted at least a limited military solution on the fronts, but on the other hand aimed at preventing further escalation of the conflict.


Question: Who was the leader of the Finnish forces in the Winter War?

Winter War

In early February 1940, the Finns ended up in a balancing act that had continued until peace, in which consideration was made between making peace and continuing the war.


Question: Who was the leader of the Finnish forces in the Winter War?

Winter War

The pressure of the Red Army's offensive, as well as the physical fatigue and losses of its own army and the lack of reserves, advocated a peace treaty.


Question: Who was the leader of the Finnish forces in the Winter War?

Winter War

On the other hand, the offer of aid from Britain and France was tempted to continue the war.


Question: Who was the leader of the Finnish forces in the Winter War?

Winter War

According to the official French announcement, Western powers would have been prepared to send 50,000 men, which would have arrived in Finland at the end of March.


Question: Who was the leader of the Finnish forces in the Winter War?

Winter War

[66] Aid was considered to have been militarily inadequate and coming too late for the Soviet invasion to be repelled.


Question: Who was the leader of the Finnish forces in the Winter War?

Winter War

[67] Furthermore, the problem was that it could not be sure whether Sweden would allow the passage of these soldiers through its territory.


Question: Who was the leader of the Finnish forces in the Winter War?

Winter War

[68] Heikki Ylikangas, for his part, has argued that Finland rejected military aid from Western powers and agreed to peace because key government ministers believed Germany would win the ongoing major war.


Question: Who was the leader of the Finnish forces in the Winter War?

Winter War

The government's solution was also influenced by Marshal Hermann Göring's verbal call to T. M. Kivimäki, Finland's envoy to Germany on 22 February, to agree to peace on any conditions (see.


Question: Who was the leader of the Finnish forces in the Winter War?

Winter War

Hermann Goering: Winter War Advice).


Question: Who was the leader of the Finnish forces in the Winter War?

Winter War

According to Ylikanka, Finland was acting on this advice because the political leadership believed that they would recover the territories lost in peace negotiations with interest after Germany would invade the Soviet Union.


Question: Who was the leader of the Finnish forces in the Winter War?

Winter War

[69] On 23 February, as Red Army tanks and artillery drum fire straddled Finnish defensive positions in Karelia, the Soviet leadership issued minimum conditions for Finland to start peace negotiations.


Question: Who was the leader of the Finnish forces in the Winter War?

Winter War

They called for Finland to cede to the Soviet Union at least Karelian Isthmus and Vyborg, as well as the northeastern half of Ladoga, including Sortavala.


Question: Who was the leader of the Finnish forces in the Winter War?

Winter War

With the constant deterioration of the front situation and, among other things, Sweden's continued refusal of Finnish requests for assistance, the government decided to open negotiations for peace on 29 February [70] and agreed to Soviet terms 5.


Question: Who was the leader of the Finnish forces in the Winter War?

Winter War

on March.


Question: Who was the leader of the Finnish forces in the Winter War?

Winter War

[71] Sweden's motivations for neutrality must have been the preservation of the country outside the Great War, the export of iron ore, and German relations which would have been threatened by the intervention of Western powers in Scandinavia.


Question: Who was the leader of the Finnish forces in the Winter War?

Winter War

Britain and France had decided on military intervention in the Winter War on 5 February and they expected Finland's official request for assistance by 5 March 1940.


Question: Who was the leader of the Finnish forces in the Winter War?

Winter War

However, the Finnish military command judged that the West's assistance would have been insufficient and would not have reached it in time.


Question: Who was the leader of the Finnish forces in the Winter War?

Winter War

It was also feared that accepting aid would have shifted the entire focus of World War II to Northern Europe, which would have been extremely heavy on civilians (cf.


Question: Who was the leader of the Finnish forces in the Winter War?

Winter War

the Polish situation where fought throughout the war).


Question: Who was the leader of the Finnish forces in the Winter War?

Winter War

[72] The Soviet Union pressed Finland hard for peace, despite the fact that the fighting was already turning decisively in its favour in the early days of March.


Question: Who was the leader of the Finnish forces in the Winter War?

Winter War

The reason was that Stalin considered it too great a risk to continue the fight, which was leading the Soviet Union against the Western powers in the overall fixture of the Great War.


Question: Who was the leader of the Finnish forces in the Winter War?

Winter War

He calculated that the immediate occupation of Finland was not worth the risk, and the territory of Finland could be taken over sometime later at the opportunity.


Question: Who was the leader of the Finnish forces in the Winter War?

Winter War

Peace would be a prestige defeat for the Soviet Union, but even that would be a lesser annoyance than going to war with France and Britain.


Question: Who was the leader of the Finnish forces in the Winter War?

Winter War

[73] The Germans' main motive for calming the situation must have been the aid plans of the Western Allies, which threatened the supply of iron ore from northern Sweden.


Question: Who was the leader of the Finnish forces in the Winter War?

Winter War

Hitler's main goal was to defeat Bolshevism and acquire living space in the east.


Question: Who was the leader of the Finnish forces in the Winter War?

Winter War

[74] Thus, the Winter War shook the great war still lifes.


Question: Who was the leader of the Finnish forces in the Winter War?

Winter War

However, by the beginning of March 1940, the Finnish army had come to a point where its fighting capability threatened to collapse and therefore a delegation led by Prime Minister Risto Ryti was subjected to dictating money in Moscow from 8 to 10.


Question: Who was the leader of the Finnish forces in the Winter War?

Winter War

on March 1940.


Question: Who was the leader of the Finnish forces in the Winter War?

Winter War

[75] Peace The Finnish government and the Committee on Foreign Affairs approved the Soviet-drafted peace treaty on 11 March and the Moscow Peace Treaty was signed on the evening of 12 March 1940.


Question: Who was the leader of the Finnish forces in the Winter War?

Winter War

Combat action on the fronts ended progressively the next day, beginning at 11am.


Question: Who was the leader of the Finnish forces in the Winter War?

Winter War

At 10:45 a.m., artillery and mortars of Soviet troops unexpectedly opened fire on the Finns positions.


Question: Who was the leader of the Finnish forces in the Winter War?

Winter War

The concentrations had no direct military goal and were pure retaliation.


Question: Who was the leader of the Finnish forces in the Winter War?

Winter War

Hundreds of Finns were killed or wounded by the shelling.


Question: Who was the leader of the Finnish forces in the Winter War?

Winter War

[76] At the Salla front, the artillery concentration was severe and at 12 o'clock Soviet aircraft bombarded the Finnish positions.


Question: Who was the leader of the Finnish forces in the Winter War?

Winter War

Of the unit of Swedish volunteers responsible for the front, ten were downed and 30 men wounded.


Question: Who was the leader of the Finnish forces in the Winter War?

Winter War

[77] According to the peace treaty, Finland ceded to the Soviet Union part of Salla and Kuusamo, the Fisheryasaarenno Petsamo, the outer islands of the Gulf of Finland and a large part of Karelia including Vyborg, the second largest city in the country, practically following the border line of the 1721 Uusikaupunki Peace.


Question: Who was the leader of the Finnish forces in the Winter War?

Winter War

Finland was also forced to lease Hanko to the Soviet Union as a base for 30 years and build a railway between Kantalahti and Salla.


Question: Who was the leader of the Finnish forces in the Winter War?

Winter War

[78] Furthermore, the situation created a significant demographic problem when a total of 430000 Finns left the territories ceded to the Soviet Union.


Question: Who was the leader of the Finnish forces in the Winter War?

Winter War

[65] Weaknesses and strengths of the parties The Finnish army had knowledge of the terrain as well as the skill to move, accommodate and fight in rough frost and snowy terrain.


Question: Who was the leader of the Finnish forces in the Winter War?

Winter War

Particularly notable the aforementioned skills were north of Ladoga, a wilderness area about 1,000 kilometres long with sparse roads and little settlement.


Question: Who was the leader of the Finnish forces in the Winter War?

Winter War

Skis, crate, tent, stove and Suomi submachine gun are assisted.


Question: Who was the leader of the Finnish forces in the Winter War?

Winter War

This equipment and the tactics associated with their use had been developed in the 1920s and 1930s.


Question: Who was the leader of the Finnish forces in the Winter War?

Winter War

The Finnish Army developed a strategy based on blockade e.g.


Question: Who was the leader of the Finnish forces in the Winter War?

Winter War

on the basis of foreign fighting as early as 1932, as the underpowered army was not thought to be capable of defeating the large army of the Soviets with direct frontal attacks [79].


Question: Who was the leader of the Finnish forces in the Winter War?

Winter War

This caused the development of a way of warfare moving in the forest [80] even before the war.


Question: Who was the leader of the Finnish forces in the Winter War?

Winter War

In the war, the Finns were able to make surprise attacks of guerrilla attacks on the forest e.g.


Question: Who was the leader of the Finnish forces in the Winter War?

Winter War

on a campfire to the warm-up Soviets.


Question: Who was the leader of the Finnish forces in the Winter War?

Winter War

The tactic involved burning villages and separate buildings to be left to the enemy so that the enemy could not accommodate them.


Question: Who was the leader of the Finnish forces in the Winter War?

Winter War

Finnish military tactics were based on acting according to the situation.


Question: Who was the leader of the Finnish forces in the Winter War?

Winter War

Attacked blockadedly wherever you could, defended in front when we had to.


Question: Who was the leader of the Finnish forces in the Winter War?

Winter War

A major strength of the Finns was also radio reconnaissance, namely interception, locating enemy radio traffic, and opening cipher messages.


Question: Who was the leader of the Finnish forces in the Winter War?

Winter War

Using radio reconnaissance, among other things, when launching mots, the Finns were able to concentrate force at the breakout points and leave other areas around the mot almost without occupation.


Question: Who was the leader of the Finnish forces in the Winter War?

Winter War

The mobility of the Finns also caused patrols to have to travel sometimes long distances on the brink of hunger.


Question: Who was the leader of the Finnish forces in the Winter War?

Winter War

The main problem for the Finns in the Winter War was the lack of anti-tank equipment [81].


Question: Who was the leader of the Finnish forces in the Winter War?

Winter War

Telamines were effective, but were insufficiently protected by anti-personnel mines or lacked altogether.


Question: Who was the leader of the Finnish forces in the Winter War?

Winter War

Anti-tank guns accounted for only a third of the planned number.


Question: Who was the leader of the Finnish forces in the Winter War?

Winter War

The planned procurement of anti-tank rifles did not materialise before the start of the war as the parties deciding on the procurement quarreled over its calibre selection.


Question: Who was the leader of the Finnish forces in the Winter War?

Winter War

Temporary anti-tank equipment such as firebottle, birch splitter and pile charge were not always useful in unprotected terrain.


Question: Who was the leader of the Finnish forces in the Winter War?

Winter War

Weaknesses in the anti-tank led to a reduction in the infantry's will to fight.


Question: Who was the leader of the Finnish forces in the Winter War?

Winter War

Occasionally there was outright escapism.


Question: Who was the leader of the Finnish forces in the Winter War?

Winter War

The Finnish army was not effective against a planned, gigantic attack on the Isthmus at the end of the Winter War.


Question: Who was the leader of the Finnish forces in the Winter War?

Winter War

As the Finns had few troops, even worn-out, the Finns front was broken as the Soviets increased pressure.


Question: Who was the leader of the Finnish forces in the Winter War?

Winter War

The Soviets had learned from their mistakes and used tanks in groups to break the trenches.


Question: Who was the leader of the Finnish forces in the Winter War?

Winter War

Field artillery fire was accurate, but there was far too little ammunition.


Question: Who was the leader of the Finnish forces in the Winter War?

Winter War

For comparison, one can mention that the ammunition consumption of Finnish artillery throughout the war was equivalent to that of the two days of the Red Army.


Question: Who was the leader of the Finnish forces in the Winter War?

Winter War

On the Karelian Isthmus, the firepower of the Soviet artillery was seven times stronger than the Finns.


Question: Who was the leader of the Finnish forces in the Winter War?

Winter War

[82] In general, the maintenance situation in Finland was critical.


Question: Who was the leader of the Finnish forces in the Winter War?

Winter War

In the early stages of hostilities, Finnish military equipment was assessed as: [83] Cartridges of rifles and light machinery guns for 60 daysThe ammunition of flat field cannons21 for 120mm howitzer ammunition24 During the dayheavy and coastal gunness19 dayfuel of ground troop vehicles60 days of aircraft fuel30 days Red Army strengths and weaknesses Red Army had overwhelming equipment and male superiority on its side.


Question: Who was the leader of the Finnish forces in the Winter War?

Winter War

Artillery in particular was an effective weapon against the Finns, with tanks and aircraft.


Question: Who was the leader of the Finnish forces in the Winter War?

Winter War

On the other hand, the Red Army's tactics originated in the central regions of the Soviet Union, or steppes, where it used an open attack against the enemy.


Question: Who was the leader of the Finnish forces in the Winter War?

Winter War

Thus, the mechanized army was forced to rely on openings and roads.


Question: Who was the leader of the Finnish forces in the Winter War?

Winter War

The Soviets attacked in large numbers over the openings “uraata”, shouting the Finns to fire.


Question: Who was the leader of the Finnish forces in the Winter War?

Winter War

This junnatic, formulaic human wave tactic was still applied at the end of the war, although it had been corrected to be more effective based on experience.


Question: Who was the leader of the Finnish forces in the Winter War?

Winter War

There was an overcommand understanding of the special conditions of forest warfare, but there was no time to train troops before war broke out.


Question: Who was the leader of the Finnish forces in the Winter War?

Winter War

The officers were too tied to the bylaws.


Question: Who was the leader of the Finnish forces in the Winter War?

Winter War

The Red Army's mechanised equipment was partly unsuitable for forest warfare, operated only on openings and roads and often could not withstand severe frosts.


Question: Who was the leader of the Finnish forces in the Winter War?

Winter War

On the other hand, safety measures in accordance with the guidelines were not taken, for example, on a forest road, it was not possible to clear lanes from the forest without trees.


Question: Who was the leader of the Finnish forces in the Winter War?

Winter War

The brigade's command center may have been caught off guard.