Question: What did Sidney Reilly die of?

Sidney Reilly

Since the Latvian troops were the Bolshevik “Praetorian Guard” and were responsible for the security of the Kremlin, among other things, Reilly concluded that their presence would be necessary for the conspiracy to succeed, and so Reilly arranged a meeting between the Latvians and Lockhardt England embassy in Moscow.


Question: What did Sidney Reilly die of?

Sidney Reilly

At this point, Reilly was already planning a coup d'état with the Bolsheviks, and he also made a list of Russian generals who would be willing to join the captors.


Question: What did Sidney Reilly die of?

Sidney Reilly

In the middle of planning the capture, English troops came ashore at Arkhangelsk on 4 August 1918.


Question: What did Sidney Reilly die of?

Sidney Reilly

The purpose of the operation was to prevent German troops from gaining control of Allied military equipment depots located in northwestern Russia.


Question: What did Sidney Reilly die of?

Sidney Reilly

However, the Bolsheviks considered the invasion to be directed against themselves and, in retaliation, they raided the English Legation on 5 August 1918, while interrupting the negotiations held there by Reilly and Lockhardt over the capture with Latvians and representatives of the Savinkov Organization.


Question: What did Sidney Reilly die of?

Sidney Reilly

On 17 August, Reilly held several meetings with the chiefs of Latvian regiments and also contacted another English agent operating in Russia, Captain George Hill.


Question: What did Sidney Reilly die of?

Sidney Reilly

At these meetings it was agreed that the hijacking would take place on 6 September 1918 at the same time as a meeting of the Council of People's Commissars and the Moscow Council was taking place at the Bolshoi Theatre in Moscow, where Lenin and Lev Trotsky would also be present.


Question: What did Sidney Reilly die of?

Sidney Reilly

However, the course of events changed unexpectedly when Moisei Uritsky, who was in charge of the Czech Republic in St. Petersburg, was shot dead by a cadet on 30 August 1918.


Question: What did Sidney Reilly die of?

Sidney Reilly

On the same day, Faina Kaplan, who was part of the Socialist Revolutionaries, wounded Lenin with a gunshot just as he was leaving a meeting at the Michelson factory in Moscow.


Question: What did Sidney Reilly die of?

Sidney Reilly

The Czeka saw this as a major anti-Bolshevik conspiracy and launched the Red Terror during which thousands of Bolshevik opponents were arrested and executed.


Question: What did Sidney Reilly die of?

Sidney Reilly

The Bolsheviks also arrested, based on lists they received from their agents, those involved in Lockhart and Reilly's coup project and attacked the British legation to St. Petersburg.


Question: What did Sidney Reilly die of?

Sidney Reilly

Captain Cromie, who attempted resistance, was killed and Bruce Lockhardt was arrested.


Question: What did Sidney Reilly die of?

Sidney Reilly

Elizaveta Otten and Maria Fride, used by Reilly as couriers, and Reilly's mistress Olga Staržeskaja were also among those arrested.


Question: What did Sidney Reilly die of?

Sidney Reilly

Lockhart was later traded for Maksim Litvinov, a Bolshevik representative arrested in London.


Question: What did Sidney Reilly die of?

Sidney Reilly

On 3 September, plans for the hijacking were published in Russian magazines and Czeka raided the hideout of Reilly, who was considered the chief planner of the hijacking.


Question: What did Sidney Reilly die of?

Sidney Reilly

However, Reilly managed to avoid arrest and went to meet another SIS agent, Captain Charles Hill.


Question: What did Sidney Reilly die of?

Sidney Reilly

Hill suggested that Reilly leave Russia via Ukraine, taking advantage of a network of English agents there.


Question: What did Sidney Reilly die of?

Sidney Reilly

However, Reilly preferred the shorter but more dangerous route through Finland.


Question: What did Sidney Reilly die of?

Sidney Reilly

Reilly exited Moscow in a train carriage reserved for use by the German embassy, performing as a Baltic German.


Question: What did Sidney Reilly die of?

Sidney Reilly

After reaching Kronstadt, he travelled from there by ship to Helsinki and on to Stockholm, finally arriving in London on 8 November 1918.


Question: What did Sidney Reilly die of?

Sidney Reilly

Both Lockhart and Reilly were sentenced to death in absentia by the Bolshevik Revolutionary Tribunal for the attempted coup and ordered that the sentence should be served immediately if either were caught on Russian soil.


Question: What did Sidney Reilly die of?

Sidney Reilly

As far as Reilly was concerned, this was accomplished in 1925.


Question: What did Sidney Reilly die of?

Sidney Reilly

It has also been claimed that the whole coup project would have been initiated by the Bolsheviks themselves, and Reilly would have acted as a double agent in it.


Question: What did Sidney Reilly die of?

Sidney Reilly

After arriving in London, Reilly and Hill, who had fled another route from Russia, made accounts of what had happened during a meeting with Sir Mansfield Smith-Cumming.


Question: What did Sidney Reilly die of?

Sidney Reilly

In December 1918, they already left back to Russia, this time performing as English Trade Commissioners.


Question: What did Sidney Reilly die of?

Sidney Reilly

They were now tasked with acquiring information about the Black Sea coastal areas for a peace conference in Paris, and assessing the political and military situation in the region.


Question: What did Sidney Reilly die of?

Sidney Reilly

For their services, Reilly and Hill received the Military Cross Commendation Badge on 22 January 1919.


Question: What did Sidney Reilly die of?

Sidney Reilly

Reilly returned from southern Russia in March 1919.


Question: What did Sidney Reilly die of?

Sidney Reilly

After completing the mission, Reilly eventually returned to New York to be with his wife Nadine.


Question: What did Sidney Reilly die of?

Sidney Reilly

However, they already divorced quite soon and Reilly entered into a new marriage to Caryll Houselander.


Question: What did Sidney Reilly die of?

Sidney Reilly

However, the divorce and the dissolution of the business partnership at the same time caused Reilly to spend money and he was forced to sell by auction his Napoleon-themed art collection at the American Art Gallery in New York.


Question: What did Sidney Reilly die of?

Sidney Reilly

Next, Reilly left for Poland, where a war was currently underway between Poland and Soviet Russia.


Question: What did Sidney Reilly die of?

Sidney Reilly

In Poland, Reilly met again with Boris Savinkov with whom he began to develop a new plan to overthrow the Bolshevik government.


Question: What did Sidney Reilly die of?

Sidney Reilly

Reilly invested his own money into the project and also raised funding from SIS and private funders.


Question: What did Sidney Reilly die of?

Sidney Reilly

However, the plans did not materialise and eventually the English intelligence agency SIS decided in 1922 to sever all relations with Reilly.


Question: What did Sidney Reilly die of?

Sidney Reilly

The reason was, among other things, that Reilly had posed as a Navy officer and had also obtained a visa for Boris Savinkov to England by trespassing.


Question: What did Sidney Reilly die of?

Sidney Reilly

Reilly moved to Prague and launched the manufacture and sale of patent medicines there.


Question: What did Sidney Reilly die of?

Sidney Reilly

However, this time his business did not go smoothly and soon the marriage to Caryll also ended in divorce.


Question: What did Sidney Reilly die of?

Sidney Reilly

However, Reilly was not discouraged; as early as December 1922 he got engaged to Pepita Bobadilla, a wealthy South American widow he had met, and in May 1923 Reilly entered into his fourth marriage with her.


Question: What did Sidney Reilly die of?

Sidney Reilly

Reilly is alleged to have been involved, along with Arthur Maundy Gregory, in organising the 1923 so-called Zinovyev Letter, which is said to have caused an electoral defeat for the English Labour Party the following year.


Question: What did Sidney Reilly die of?

Sidney Reilly

Operation Trusti and Reilly's execution In September 1925, representatives of the OGPU, which became the successor to the Czech Republic, succeeded in luring Reilly to the Soviet Union.


Question: What did Sidney Reilly die of?

Sidney Reilly

They claimed that the Trusti, a secret counter-revolutionary organisation, was operating in the Soviet Union and offered to arrange for Reilly to meet with the leaders of the Trust if he arrived in the Soviet Union himself.


Question: What did Sidney Reilly die of?

Sidney Reilly

Reilly was informed of the matter through his former SIS colleague Ernest Boyce and he travelled with Pepita to Paris to meet Boyce and obtain further information from the Trust.


Question: What did Sidney Reilly die of?

Sidney Reilly

Reilly then left for Helsinki and continued his journey further to the Soviet Union despite the warnings he received.


Question: What did Sidney Reilly die of?

Sidney Reilly

Toivo Vähä, a border guard officer with Finnish background who organised his border crossing on the Soviet-Russian side, was in reality employed by the OGPU and informed his superiors of Reilly's arrival.


Question: What did Sidney Reilly die of?

Sidney Reilly

Immediately after Reilly crossed the Finnish border at the Raja River on 25 September, he was arrested by OGPU men.


Question: What did Sidney Reilly die of?

Sidney Reilly

A shootout was arranged at the scene so that those who reached Reilly's border might have thought he had been shot as soon as he crossed the border.


Question: What did Sidney Reilly die of?

Sidney Reilly

In reality, Reilly was transported for questioning in Moscow to Lubjanka prison.


Question: What did Sidney Reilly die of?

Sidney Reilly

As part of the setup, Vää was also captured and reported to have been executed as a traitor, although in reality he was rewarded and transferred with a new identity to another station.


Question: What did Sidney Reilly die of?

Sidney Reilly

[1] [2] Under questioning, Reilly maintained his cover that he was a British citizen born in Clonmel, Ireland, and refused to divulge any intelligence.


Question: What did Sidney Reilly die of?

Sidney Reilly

During the interrogations, Reilly kept a secret diary in which he analyzed the interrogation techniques used by representatives of the OGPU.


Question: What did Sidney Reilly die of?

Sidney Reilly

The diary was written on cigarette papers that Reilly hid inside the wall plaster of his cell.


Question: What did Sidney Reilly die of?

Sidney Reilly

The diary was found in Reilly's cell only during a search after his death.


Question: What did Sidney Reilly die of?

Sidney Reilly

According to Andrew Cooke, Reilly was not tortured during interrogations except for arranging fake exams used for psychological pressure.


Question: What did Sidney Reilly die of?

Sidney Reilly

The death sentence given to Reilly in 1918 was finally enforced by order of Josif Stalin on 5 November 1925 in the Sokolniki Forest near Moscow, where Reilly had previously been regularly transported for walks.


Question: What did Sidney Reilly die of?

Sidney Reilly

According to Boris Gudzi, who was an eyewitness, the execution was overseen by OGPU officer Grigory Feduleyev and the actual execution was carried out by OGPU officer Yuri Syroježkin.


Question: What did Sidney Reilly die of?

Sidney Reilly

Reilly's body was transported back to Lubjanka prison to be examined and photographed and he was buried in the prison yard.


Question: What did Sidney Reilly die of?

Sidney Reilly

Even after Reilly's death, rumours circulated that he was alive and became an advisor to the OGPU.


Question: What did Sidney Reilly die of?

Sidney Reilly

Reilly's co-conspirator Boris Savinkov had also the previous year been similarly lured to the Soviet Union.


Question: What did Sidney Reilly die of?

Sidney Reilly

Savinkov received a 10-year prison sentence but he died on 7 March 1925 after committing suicide in the Lubjanka prison by jumping down from a window, according to the official version.


Question: What did Sidney Reilly die of?

Sidney Reilly

The events of Operation Trust came into public view in their entirety with the release of documents made public in the Soviet Union in the early 1960s.


Question: What did Sidney Reilly die of?

Sidney Reilly

[1] [3] Reilly as a paragon of James Bond, Reilly is one of those who have been claimed to be a prequel to James Bond.


Question: What did Sidney Reilly die of?

Sidney Reilly

[4] Sir Ian Fleming, author of the James Bond books, was a perennial friend of Bruce Lockhart.


Question: What did Sidney Reilly die of?

Sidney Reilly

According to the narration, Fleming received consultation from Lockhart about Reilly's persona and activities, and these stories, as well as newspaper stories published about Reilly after his death, are said to have given him influences for the development of James Bond's character.


Question: What did Sidney Reilly die of?

Sidney Reilly

The common traits of James Bond and Sidney Reilly included mastery of several foreign languages, an interest in Far Eastern culture, many love adventures and a penchant for sweet living and gambling.


Question: What did Sidney Reilly die of?

Sidney Reilly

Literature by Andrew Cook, Ace of Spies: The True Story of Sidney Reilly; 2004, Tempus Publishing, ISBN 0-7524-2959-0.


Question: What did Sidney Reilly die of?

Sidney Reilly

Andrew Cook, On His Majesty's Secret Service, Sydney Reilly Codename ST1; 2002, Tempus Publishing, ISBN 0-7524-2555-2.


Question: What did Sidney Reilly die of?

Sidney Reilly

Richard Deacon, Spyclopaedia; 1987, Macdonald & Company Publishers Ltd, ISBN 0-356-14600-6.


Question: What did Sidney Reilly die of?

Sidney Reilly

Michael Kettle, Sidney Reilly: The True Story of the World's Greatest Spy; 1986, St. Martin's Press, ISBN 0-312-90321-9.


Question: What did Sidney Reilly die of?

Sidney Reilly

Robert Bruce Lockhart, Memoirs of a British Agent (reprint); 2003, Folio Society, ASIN B000E4QXIK.


Question: What did Sidney Reilly die of?

Sidney Reilly

Andrew Lycett, The Man Behind James Bond; 1996, Turner Publishing, ISBN 1-57036-343-9.


Question: What did Sidney Reilly die of?

Sidney Reilly

Robin Bruce Lockhart, Reilly: Ace of Spies; 1986, Hippocrene Books, ISBN 0-88029-072-2.


Question: What did Sidney Reilly die of?

Sidney Reilly

Richard B. Spence, Trust No One: The Secret World Of Sidney Reilly; 2002, Feral House, ISBN 0-922915-79-2.


Question: What did Sidney Reilly die of?

Sidney Reilly

Sources References Category:British spies Category:Executed for espionage Category:Year of birth unknown Class:Dead in 1925


Question: When is Stockholm founded?

History of Stockholm

The history of Stockholm comprises the history of the city of Stockholm from its founding in the 1250s until the present day.


Question: When is Stockholm founded?

History of Stockholm

Middle Ages According to tradition, Stockholm was founded by the Earl of Birger, who wanted to prevent the entry of enemies from the Baltic Sea to Lake Mälaren.


Question: When is Stockholm founded?

History of Stockholm

The first buildings in Stockholm were fortifications intended to limit traffic between these watercourses.


Question: When is Stockholm founded?

History of Stockholm

Stockholm is mentioned in historical documents in 1252 and around the same time it also received city rights.


Question: When is Stockholm founded?

History of Stockholm

King Valdemar Birgerinpoika concluded a trade agreement with the Hanseatic League in Stockholm.


Question: When is Stockholm founded?

History of Stockholm

Archaeological excavations indicate that Stockholm had settlement as early as the 10th century.


Question: When is Stockholm founded?

History of Stockholm

In the 12th century a fortress was built on the hill of the present royal castle.


Question: When is Stockholm founded?

History of Stockholm

In the 1270s, the Franciscans established a monastery at present-day Riddarholmen.


Question: When is Stockholm founded?

History of Stockholm

[1] By the 14th century, Stockholm had become the most important city in the region, and walls were built to protect it at that time.


Question: When is Stockholm founded?

History of Stockholm

Through Stockholm, iron was mainly exported from Bergslagen to Germany.


Question: When is Stockholm founded?

History of Stockholm

Initially Stockholm was located only on the island of Stadsholmen, which with the other two smaller islands is today known as the “Old City”, rauts. Gamla Stan.


Question: When is Stockholm founded?

History of Stockholm

The current area of Stadsholmen is double that of the original island.


Question: When is Stockholm founded?

History of Stockholm

In the 15th century, about 5000 people lived in Stockholm, a large number of whom were German merchants.


Question: When is Stockholm founded?

History of Stockholm

[2] The position of the Germans in the city is told by the fact that half of the six people of the city had to be Germans.


Question: When is Stockholm founded?

History of Stockholm

Stockholm is mentioned as the capital of Sweden in official documents in 1436.


Question: When is Stockholm founded?

History of Stockholm

From the 1430s, efforts to break away from the Kalmar Union began to occur in parts of Sweden.


Question: When is Stockholm founded?

History of Stockholm

On 10 October in 1471, the Swedes led by Sten Sture the Elder defeated the Danes and their Swedish allies at the Battle of Brunkeberg outside Stockholm.


Question: When is Stockholm founded?

History of Stockholm

New Age When Sten Sture died in 1520, King of the Kalmar Union, Christian II, tried to regain Sweden's power.


Question: When is Stockholm founded?

History of Stockholm

Kristian took Stockholm and attempted to quell resistance among the Swedes with the Stockholm Massacre.


Question: When is Stockholm founded?

History of Stockholm

An extensive rebellion movement arose, and in midsummer 1522 Gustav Vasa took over Stockholm.


Question: When is Stockholm founded?

History of Stockholm

Under Gustav Vasa, Stockholm's position as the capital of the country was strengthened and its role as a centre of commerce increased.


Question: When is Stockholm founded?

History of Stockholm

In the 17th century, the town grew into areas outside Stadsholmen called Ores: Östermalm, Södermalm, Norrmalm.


Question: When is Stockholm founded?

History of Stockholm

During the Swedish great power period, rich nobles, unwilling to live in an unhygienic and cramped city, built their palaces just outside the city.


Question: When is Stockholm founded?

History of Stockholm

The population of the town grew exponentially from 10000 inhabitants in the 1610s to 60,000 inhabitants in the 1660s.


Question: When is Stockholm founded?

History of Stockholm

Within a short period of time Stockholm became an international metropolis.


Question: When is Stockholm founded?

History of Stockholm

[3] In 1697, Stockholm's old castle, Tre Kronor, burned down.


Question: When is Stockholm founded?

History of Stockholm

Reconstruction of the castle was started immediately after the fire.


Question: When is Stockholm founded?

History of Stockholm

In place of the old castle, a Royal Palace designed by Nicodemus Tess the Younger was completed in 1754.


Question: When is Stockholm founded?

History of Stockholm

At the end of the Swedish Great Power period, the growth of the city's population stopped.


Question: When is Stockholm founded?

History of Stockholm

The poor harvests of the late 17th century and the plague that hit the town in 1710 put further strain on those living in the town.


Question: When is Stockholm founded?

History of Stockholm

It was not until the 1720s that the economic growth of the town took off again.


Question: When is Stockholm founded?

History of Stockholm

The population was still in 1800 only about 75000.


Question: When is Stockholm founded?

History of Stockholm

The 19th century during the early 19th century saw Stockholm lose its status as the country's main export hub to Gothenburg.


Question: When is Stockholm founded?

History of Stockholm

Similarly, Norrköping became, for a short time, the largest industrial centre in the country.


Question: When is Stockholm founded?

History of Stockholm

However, with industrialisation, Stockholm regained its status as the country's most important industrial city during the 1870s.


Question: When is Stockholm founded?

History of Stockholm

During the late 19th century, the city's population grew to an unprecedented degree.


Question: When is Stockholm founded?

History of Stockholm

In 35 years, the population rose to 300,000 persons.


Question: When is Stockholm founded?

History of Stockholm

[4] As the city expanded, a new city plan was introduced, inspired by the Paris City Plan, known for its straight and wide streets.


Question: When is Stockholm founded?

History of Stockholm

In the early 20th century, Stockholm settlement began to spread beyond the city's customs walls.


Question: When is Stockholm founded?

History of Stockholm

As the city expanded, several of the nearby keepers were attached to it.


Question: When is Stockholm founded?

History of Stockholm

[5] In 1903, electrification of the city's tramway network began and the first electrically powered trams were introduced in February 1904.


Question: When is Stockholm founded?

History of Stockholm

[6] In 1936, Bromma Airport was introduced, the first airport in the city.


Question: When is Stockholm founded?

History of Stockholm

During the boom of the 1950s and 60s, the Norrmalm realignment took place, in which many of the old residential and commercial buildings in central Stockholm were demolished and a new modern city centre, the so-called Stockholms City, was built in their place.


Question: When is Stockholm founded?

History of Stockholm

On 1 October 1950, the Stockholm Underground Tunnelbanan was put into operation between Slussen and Bandhagen, which today is mostly built in line with left-hand traffic at the time.


Question: When is Stockholm founded?

History of Stockholm

[7] Right-hand traffic was introduced in Sweden in September 1967.


Question: When is Stockholm founded?

History of Stockholm

[8] In connection with the reform, tram traffic disappeared from the streets of Stockholm.


Question: When is Stockholm founded?

History of Stockholm

The settlement spread in the Fifties to the ABC suburbs built along the underground, of which Vällingby was the first.


Question: When is Stockholm founded?

History of Stockholm

In the 1960s and 70s, the so-called “million” programme began, during which several new suburbs were built near Stockholm.


Question: When is Stockholm founded?

History of Stockholm

Underneath the rebuilding of central Stockholm, the population moved away from the city center to the new suburbs.


Question: When is Stockholm founded?

History of Stockholm

[5] Stockholm city's population peaked at 810,000, in 1961.


Question: When is Stockholm founded?

History of Stockholm

Since then, the population has declined slightly, while the number of residents in neighbouring municipalities in Stockholm has risen.


Question: When is Stockholm founded?

History of Stockholm

[9] Sources *


Question: When did the King of Sweden sign Naantali's charter of founding?

Isaacus Rothovius

Isaacus Birgeri (Isak Birgerinpoika) Rothovius (1 November 1572 Angelstad, Småland [1] — 10 February 1652 [2]) served as Bishop of Turku from 1627 to 1652.


Question: When did the King of Sweden sign Naantali's charter of founding?

Isaacus Rothovius

[3] Rothovius implemented strict church discipline in the Church of Finland [4] and organised congregational conditions, including by initiating the use of church books.


Question: When did the King of Sweden sign Naantali's charter of founding?

Isaacus Rothovius

[5] He was also the first deputy chancellor of the Academy of Turku [6] and worked to improve teaching in Finland.


Question: When did the King of Sweden sign Naantali's charter of founding?

Isaacus Rothovius

[7] On his initiative, a bible translation commission was also set up.


Question: When did the King of Sweden sign Naantali's charter of founding?

Isaacus Rothovius

[8] Under Rothovius, administration was intensified by the independence of numerous chapel parishes into independent parishes led by a vicar, on which local government in Finland was based in rural areas until 1865, when municipal administration was separated from Evangelical Lutheran congregations from the administration.


Question: When did the King of Sweden sign Naantali's charter of founding?

Isaacus Rothovius

Rothovius' parochial work is comparable in the history of the administration of the Church of Finland.


Question: When did the King of Sweden sign Naantali's charter of founding?

Isaacus Rothovius

[9] Politically speaking, Rothovius' career served to muster the resources of the kingdom for the success of the Thirty Years' War which took on the nature of the War of Religion.


Question: When did the King of Sweden sign Naantali's charter of founding?

Isaacus Rothovius

[10] The importance of church and religion in creating a great power was great and it was during Rothovius' time that the state began to use the services of priests to pursue their own ends.


Question: When did the King of Sweden sign Naantali's charter of founding?

Isaacus Rothovius

The Church began largely at the insistence of secular predominance to preach a message whose central messages were obedience to the preeminence and the emphasis on the pernicious nature of sin: by threatening the people with the collective sanction of sin, it was able to keep it even better in check.


Question: When did the King of Sweden sign Naantali's charter of founding?

Isaacus Rothovius

[11] The church was an indispensable sidekick to the Crown, because the priest was allowed to inform the public about things considered important by the government, and the priest was thus allowed to act as a propagandist.


Question: When did the King of Sweden sign Naantali's charter of founding?

Isaacus Rothovius

This was also the case of Rothovius, who by all means stressed the cohesion of the church and the crown and the legitimacy of the actions of secular predominance.


Question: When did the King of Sweden sign Naantali's charter of founding?

Isaacus Rothovius

[12] Biography Isaacus Birgeri (son of Isak Birgerinson) Rothovius, born in Angelstad, Småland on 1 November 1572 [13].


Question: When did the King of Sweden sign Naantali's charter of founding?

Isaacus Rothovius

His father's name was Börje Larsson.


Question: When did the King of Sweden sign Naantali's charter of founding?

Isaacus Rothovius

After studying first at the Växjö school, Rothovius began studies at Uppsala University in 1595.


Question: When did the King of Sweden sign Naantali's charter of founding?

Isaacus Rothovius

[14] After studying in Uppsala for two years [15] Rothovius travelled to Wittenberg to study at its university.


Question: When did the King of Sweden sign Naantali's charter of founding?

Isaacus Rothovius

[16] In 1602 Rothovius completed his master's degree and returned to Sweden.


Question: When did the King of Sweden sign Naantali's charter of founding?

Isaacus Rothovius

[17] Before Rothovius' return to Sweden, Charles Duke was elevated to the reigning prince of succession in the Reichstag of Jönköping in 1599.


Question: When did the King of Sweden sign Naantali's charter of founding?

Isaacus Rothovius

Upon his return to his homeland, Rothovius first became court preacher to the reigning duke and later vicar of Nyköping for a period of 23 years.


Question: When did the King of Sweden sign Naantali's charter of founding?

Isaacus Rothovius

[18] In 1627, Rothovius, who was elected Bishop of Turku, was the former teacher and credit man of Chancellor Axel Oxenstierna.


Question: When did the King of Sweden sign Naantali's charter of founding?

Isaacus Rothovius

[19] Rothovius had followed him and his two brothers to Wittenberg, and the extensive correspondence that survived gives a good picture of how the teacher and the pupil remained close even after Rothovius moved to Finland.


Question: When did the King of Sweden sign Naantali's charter of founding?

Isaacus Rothovius

[20] Rothovius maintained his ability to work quite well until the end of his life.


Question: When did the King of Sweden sign Naantali's charter of founding?

Isaacus Rothovius

On his death, Johan Wassenius, secretary of the Turku Court of Appeal, gave the following description to Brahe on 12 February 1652: Rothovius is buried in Turku Cathedral.


Question: When did the King of Sweden sign Naantali's charter of founding?

Isaacus Rothovius

[21] As vicar of Rothovius Nyköping, Nyköping was the administrative town of Södermanland, where Duke Charles concentrated his own administration.


Question: When did the King of Sweden sign Naantali's charter of founding?

Isaacus Rothovius

Rothovius assumed the post of vicar of the parish of Western Nyköping in 1604 and the task was notable insofar as it involved the rank of rovast and the administrative functions it brought in the two rovasties.


Question: When did the King of Sweden sign Naantali's charter of founding?

Isaacus Rothovius

Rothovius was referred to as “pastor primarius”.


Question: When did the King of Sweden sign Naantali's charter of founding?

Isaacus Rothovius

[22] In his time at Nyköping, Rothovius calculated that he had delivered 3183 sermons, but only a few of them are known in print.


Question: When did the King of Sweden sign Naantali's charter of founding?

Isaacus Rothovius

In his sermons, he could give instructions for the organization of honourable invitations and sharpened good behaviour into the minds of party guests.


Question: When did the King of Sweden sign Naantali's charter of founding?

Isaacus Rothovius

The serving of food was to be reasonable and simple and the vicar in particular reproached the luxury of the womenfolk in the preparation of many dishes.


Question: When did the King of Sweden sign Naantali's charter of founding?

Isaacus Rothovius

[23] To the orthodox Rothovian, other Christian doctrines were an abomination.


Question: When did the King of Sweden sign Naantali's charter of founding?

Isaacus Rothovius

When the Reformed people who had immigrated because of the Swedish mountain industry were guaranteed the right to private devotional, Rothovius complained about this to Oxenstierna.


Question: When did the King of Sweden sign Naantali's charter of founding?

Isaacus Rothovius

The king, however, considered himself primarily to represent the Evangelical Church in Sweden and kept the rights of the colonists intact.


Question: When did the King of Sweden sign Naantali's charter of founding?

Isaacus Rothovius

[24] Attending priestly assemblies Rothovius was allowed to defend the deity doctrines he had drawn up at the Priestly Assembly of Strängnäs in 1607, in which he singled out the second article of the Augsburg Confession of Faith.


Question: When did the King of Sweden sign Naantali's charter of founding?

Isaacus Rothovius

The dissertations showed erudition and mastery of theological questions, and the text also shines his persona: Rothovius was capable of sharp stances and, if necessary, ready to ridicule those who thought otherwise.


Question: When did the King of Sweden sign Naantali's charter of founding?

Isaacus Rothovius

Of Catholics, however, he did not so much criticize as the Reformed.


Question: When did the King of Sweden sign Naantali's charter of founding?

Isaacus Rothovius

[25] In the same year Petrus Jonae died and Laurentius Petrus Gothus was appointed Bishop of Strängnäs.


Question: When did the King of Sweden sign Naantali's charter of founding?

Isaacus Rothovius

During his time, priestly meetings became regular and were held in Nyköping under Rothovius nine times, or about every two years.


Question: When did the King of Sweden sign Naantali's charter of founding?

Isaacus Rothovius

However, Rothovius' own participation in priestly assemblies was not diligent enough and in 1613 he was sentenced to fines of three bucks for absences.


Question: When did the King of Sweden sign Naantali's charter of founding?

Isaacus Rothovius

Despite this, he was allowed to preach at the meetings of 1614 and 1618, and even preside over the latter.


Question: When did the King of Sweden sign Naantali's charter of founding?

Isaacus Rothovius

The topics of the dissertations were to make available to schools and congregations articles of faith that differentiated the right doctrine from wrong.


Question: When did the King of Sweden sign Naantali's charter of founding?

Isaacus Rothovius

[26] Rothovius' appearances at the meetings of 1607, and especially 1618, made him a noted theologian in the public consciousness, who at an early age was referred to as the “great deity doctrine”.


Question: When did the King of Sweden sign Naantali's charter of founding?

Isaacus Rothovius

[27] Rothovius and the Nyköping school Rothovius always paid special attention to school matters, and he equated his work at the Nyköping School in 23 years with other parish work.


Question: When did the King of Sweden sign Naantali's charter of founding?

Isaacus Rothovius

Perhaps he interfered too much in the affairs of the school, for in 1618 the school's headmaster, Andreas Erici, wrote: “May he take care of his parish and I care for my school, or he shall take the school and I shall take the parish”.


Question: When did the King of Sweden sign Naantali's charter of founding?

Isaacus Rothovius

[28] Episcopal examinations Rothovius took part in the episcopal examinations conducted by Gothus in 1612, 1618 and 1625.


Question: When did the King of Sweden sign Naantali's charter of founding?

Isaacus Rothovius

In this case, he became acquainted in detail with the holding of episcopal examinations and thus acquired valuable experience for his future duties.


Question: When did the King of Sweden sign Naantali's charter of founding?

Isaacus Rothovius

Rothovius was mentioned during inspections as the best vicar of Strängnäs and a transfer to more demanding positions was proposed to him.


Question: When did the King of Sweden sign Naantali's charter of founding?

Isaacus Rothovius

An appointment to Stockholm was on display, but he eventually abandoned the plan and stayed in Nyköping.


Question: When did the King of Sweden sign Naantali's charter of founding?

Isaacus Rothovius

[29] Nyköping as the centre of state and religious events, Charles IX died in 1611 and his son Gustav II Adolf gave his rulership insurance at the age of barely 17 in Nyköping on the last day of the year.


Question: When did the King of Sweden sign Naantali's charter of founding?

Isaacus Rothovius

In the Riksdag of Nyköping, religious matters were also exhibited and the instructions on learning the catechism, fasting orders, church discipline or, say, the dress of priests passed rather unchanged to Rothovius' constitutiones of Turku.


Question: When did the King of Sweden sign Naantali's charter of incorporation?

Isaacus Rothovius

In the Riksdag, particular attention was paid to strict church discipline and contrary to the position of the Reformation, it was considered pre-eminently obliged to support the observance of church discipline.


Question: When did the King of Sweden sign Naantali's charter of incorporation?

Isaacus Rothovius

This principle, too, came to light continuously during Rothovius' tenure in Turku.


Question: When did the King of Sweden sign Naantali's charter of incorporation?

Isaacus Rothovius

Axel Oxenstierna also stayed in Nyköping and on 6 January 1612 the king appointed him chancellor of the kingdom.


Question: When did the King of Sweden sign Naantali's charter of incorporation?

Isaacus Rothovius

Rothovius was in constant contact with a friend during his years of study and 11 letters written by Rothovius to the Reich Chancellor have survived from the Nyköping period.


Question: When did the King of Sweden sign Naantali's charter of incorporation?

Isaacus Rothovius

Often, with the help of these letters, he ran his affairs past the ecclesiastical clerical road.


Question: When did the King of Sweden sign Naantali's charter of incorporation?

Isaacus Rothovius

[30] During his Nyköping years, Rothovius's circle of friends established relations with John Bothvid, the king's court preacher, and with the later Bishop of Tallinn, Joachim Iheringius.


Question: When did the King of Sweden sign Naantali's charter of incorporation?

Isaacus Rothovius

Through the Reich Chancellery, he became acquainted with her mother Barbro Bjelke, at whose funeral in 1625 he delivered a corpse sermon.


Question: When did the King of Sweden sign Naantali's charter of incorporation?

Isaacus Rothovius

In addition, he had close links with the Gyllenhorn family and blessed the 1623 deceased Karl Gyllenhhorn.


Question: When did the King of Sweden sign Naantali's charter of incorporation?

Isaacus Rothovius

The future Bishop of Vyborg, Olaus Elimaeus, also studied at Wittenberg at the same time.


Question: When did the King of Sweden sign Naantali's charter of incorporation?

Isaacus Rothovius

[31] [32] Ecclesiastical unification of Great Power Sweden In 1617 Sweden secured its eastern borders with the Peace of Stolbova.


Question: When did the King of Sweden sign Naantali's charter of incorporation?

Isaacus Rothovius

[33] The Baltic Sea formed an inland sea of Swedes, whose management of beaches presented new challenges.


Question: When did the King of Sweden sign Naantali's charter of incorporation?

Isaacus Rothovius

The church was developing into a great power church and special attention was demanded by the Vaasa family in the power struggle hard experienced Finland, especially its eastern parts.


Question: When did the King of Sweden sign Naantali's charter of incorporation?

Isaacus Rothovius

[34] The enforcer of ecclesiastical reform and the unification of the educational establishment was now Isaacus Rothovius, who enjoyed the special confidence of the kingdom's leadership [35], who had gained the necessary experience during his years in Nyköping.


Question: When did the King of Sweden sign Naantali's charter of incorporation?

Isaacus Rothovius

[36] Rothovius' ecclesiastical activities in Finland Rothovius was sent to Finland to dispel the influence of Sigismund's party members, as well as to bring ecclesiastical conditions similar to those in Sweden.


Question: When did the King of Sweden sign Naantali's charter of incorporation?

Isaacus Rothovius

His workload and vigour was dizzyingly large, and there is hardly an ecclesiastical matter to be found in which he would not have intervened.


Question: When did the King of Sweden sign Naantali's charter of incorporation?

Isaacus Rothovius

[37] Furthermore, he began to demand from priests he appointed a priestly oath in which, in addition to religious affirmations, the seeker of office was permitted to swear allegiance to the king and government, which well embodied the cohesion of church and state.


Question: When did the King of Sweden sign Naantali's charter of incorporation?

Isaacus Rothovius

[38] After the death of Bishop Sorolainen in 1625, the bishops presented two Finns and two Swedes as candidates for succession; one of the latter was also suitable for the bishops on the basis of his knowledge in Finnish.


Question: When did the King of Sweden sign Naantali's charter of incorporation?

Isaacus Rothovius

However, the candidate of King Gustav II Adolf, and especially Reich Chancellor Axel Oxenstierna, was Rothovius, vicar of Nyköping, an outsider to the nominated candidates, behind whom the Reichstag clergy in 1627 also sided.


Question: When did the King of Sweden sign Naantali's charter of incorporation?

Isaacus Rothovius

[39] The choice clearly demonstrated that the knowledge of the Finnish language weighed nothing in tandem with the establishment of a man willing to cooperate with the secular authorities as Bishop of Turku, who would organise the affairs of the diocese according to the Swedish model.


Question: When did the King of Sweden sign Naantali's charter of incorporation?

Isaacus Rothovius

[40] [41] The clergy of Finland and Sorolainen between the two fires as John III and Duke Charles fought for power, Bishop Sorolainen had sided first with the king and later the heir to the throne Sigismund.


Question: When did the King of Sweden sign Naantali's charter of incorporation?

Isaacus Rothovius

[42] After John III had died in 1592, Duke Charles convened an ecclesiastical meeting in Uppsala in 1593 to consider how to prevent the threat of Catholicism in Sweden.


Question: When did the King of Sweden sign Naantali's charter of incorporation?

Isaacus Rothovius

[43] Fear was not unwarranted, for the Counter-Reformation had already shown its power.


Question: When did the King of Sweden sign Naantali's charter of incorporation?

Isaacus Rothovius

[44] Although nominally an ecclesiastical assembly, it nevertheless also had a statehood character, [45] it involved nine members of the Council of Power in addition to Charles.


Question: When did the King of Sweden sign Naantali's charter of incorporation?

Isaacus Rothovius

[46] The meeting was presided over by Nicolaus Botniensis, previously imprisoned by John and accordingly rewarded by the Duke of Charles.


Question: When did the King of Sweden sign Naantali's charter of incorporation?

Isaacus Rothovius

[47] Petrus Jonae, who was also one of the fiercest opponents of the liturgy of John, was given a central place in the struggle against Catholicism.


Question: When did the King of Sweden sign Naantali's charter of incorporation?

Isaacus Rothovius

[37] Sorolainen, representing Finland, who had previously supported the liturgy of Juhana, dissented from it [48] and explained that he agreed to it because, in addition to the approximately three hundred priests and four bishops present in Finland alone, the declaration of the meeting was subsequently signed by Turku on the occasion of the priestly assembly in 1593 almost two hundred priests.


Question: When did the King of Sweden sign Naantali's charter of incorporation?

Isaacus Rothovius

[49] Of the nobles, only 33 signed the decision, before the rest the absence of leading supreme Klaus Fleming from that force was significant.


Question: When did the King of Sweden sign Naantali's charter of incorporation?

Isaacus Rothovius

[50] Although Sorolainen had condemned the liturgy of Juhana in Sweden, the situation in Finland was not easy for the bishop, since Klaus Fleming, the ruler of Finland, and the rest of the country's most influential nobles were staunch supporters of Sigismund's policies.


Question: When did the King of Sweden sign Naantali's charter of incorporation?

Isaacus Rothovius

[51] In addition to power political disagreements, the bishop also found himself in liturgical disagreements with Fleming, who favoured an enriched order of worship [52] and who also knew how to exploit the popular support still enjoyed by the old ceremonies.


Question: When did the King of Sweden sign Naantali's charter of incorporation?

Isaacus Rothovius

[53] [54] Sorolainen and Fleming's dispute also concerned the independence of the church.


Question: When did the King of Sweden sign Naantali's charter of incorporation?

Isaacus Rothovius

The situation became even more tense after the 1595 Reichstag of Söderköping.


Question: When did the King of Sweden sign Naantali's charter of incorporation?

Isaacus Rothovius

[55] It was decided to introduce simpler church duties in the Riksdag, and in defending these decisions in Turku 1596 Sorolainen increasingly irritated Fleming.


Question: When did the King of Sweden sign Naantali's charter of incorporation?

Isaacus Rothovius

[56] During the mace war of 1596—1597, the clergy found themselves in an even more difficult position between the peasants instigated by the Duke of Charles and Fleming.


Question: When did the King of Sweden sign Naantali's charter of incorporation?

Isaacus Rothovius

In the mace's main region of Southern Ostrobothnia many priests sided with the peasants, [57] but at no time did the bishop in fact renounce his previous position loyal to Sigismund.


Question: When did the King of Sweden sign Naantali's charter of incorporation?

Isaacus Rothovius

[58] When the power struggle finally turned to a victory for the Duke of Charles, Soroainen recognised him as the legitimate authority.


Question: When did the King of Sweden sign Naantali's charter of incorporation?

Isaacus Rothovius

[59] Bishop Sorolainen's support first for John III, [60] [61] then at the meeting of Uppsala to Charles, [62] thereafter to Juhana's son Sigismund and finally again to Charles Duke caused the Duke of Charles to feel deep distrust of the clergy of Finland and especially Sorolainen .


Question: When did the King of Sweden sign Naantali's charter of incorporation?

Isaacus Rothovius

[63] [64] After coming to power, Duke Charles did not readily appeal to the Finns, and in the Riksdag of Linköping the bishop and all the vicars of Finland had been challenged to the bench of the accused.


Question: When did the King of Sweden sign Naantali's charter of incorporation?

Isaacus Rothovius

[65] The Duke's hatred of the Finnish clergy slowly tempered and eventually demands for heavy punishments were relaxed and the priests ended up mainly with fines, but the bishop was imprisoned for some time.


Question: When did the King of Sweden sign Naantali's charter of incorporation?

Isaacus Rothovius

[66] In a letter to the Archbishop of Upsala, the duke instructed him to acquire between 50 and 60 Swedish priests to send to Finland, [67] because the priests of this part of the earth were under the rule of the papal leaven and were still engaged in superstitious church spending.


Question: When did the King of Sweden sign Naantali's charter of incorporation?

Isaacus Rothovius

[37] Gustav II Adolf's mistrust The infighting following the Uppsala meeting of 1593 gave Finland a bad lunch for the coming years, insofar as mistrust against the Finns was still sprouting during the reign of Gustav II Adolf.


Question: When did the King of Sweden sign Naantali's charter of incorporation?

Isaacus Rothovius

[68] In 1623, the King, who advocated unification and simplification of administration, established the Turku Court of Appeal.


Question: When did the King of Sweden sign Naantali's charter of incorporation?

Isaacus Rothovius

[69] Finland was also separately remembered in the plan for the establishment of the Central Ecclesiastical Agency, whereby the Consistorium Generale, the Office to be established, was to have members of both laity and priests, and which would have been chaired alternately by an archbishop and supreme administrator of justice drotsi.


Question: When did the King of Sweden sign Naantali's charter of incorporation?

Isaacus Rothovius

The eighth point of the plan was the Finlandiae Reformatio; Finland was labelled as a region requiring special supervision, where there were greater grievances than usual due to neglect of parish care.


Question: When did the King of Sweden sign Naantali's charter of incorporation?

Isaacus Rothovius

The establishment of the office fell to opposition from the bishops, but church control in Finland remained within the government program, as was evident in the 1624 memorandum of Reich Chancellor Axel Oxenstierna.


Question: When did the King of Sweden sign Naantali's charter of incorporation?

Isaacus Rothovius

[40] At the beginning of the 17th century, the priesthood assembly acted in sentencing matters above the capitul, and Bishop Sorolainen brought matters belonging to the capitul to be resolved by priesthood meetings.


Question: When did the King of Sweden sign Naantali's charter of incorporation?

Isaacus Rothovius

When Gustav II Adolf was more favourable than his predecessor towards capitules, the bishops were given the opportunity to strengthen them.


Question: When did the King of Sweden sign Naantali's charter of incorporation?

Isaacus Rothovius

When secondary schools were established in the episcopal towns at the same time, these lecturers became members of the capitul.


Question: When did the King of Sweden sign Naantali's charter of incorporation?

Isaacus Rothovius

[70] This was also the case in Turku in 1630, when a secondary school was established there; the number of members of the chapter rose from two to seven.


Question: When did the King of Sweden sign Naantali's charter of incorporation?

Isaacus Rothovius

Of those seven, only one was not a high school teacher.


Question: When did the King of Sweden sign Naantali's charter of incorporation?

Isaacus Rothovius

[71] Rothovius, in accordance with the Swedish prequels, wrote a capitul rule defining the capitul's position as the administrator of church discipline, the appointment and duties of the members, and the adherence to the Augsburg Confession of Faith.


Question: When did the King of Sweden sign Naantali's charter of incorporation?

Isaacus Rothovius

[72] The text of the Augsburg Confession of Faith was attached to the Final Act of 1593 of the previously mentioned Uppsala meeting.


Question: When did the King of Sweden sign Naantali's charter of incorporation?

Isaacus Rothovius

After Rothovius became bishop, the Swedish slide was felt in high school and, by extension, in the chapter.


Question: When did the King of Sweden sign Naantali's charter of incorporation?

Isaacus Rothovius

[73] In the early days of secondary school there were twelve teachers, and eight of these came from Sweden.


Question: When did the King of Sweden sign Naantali's charter of incorporation?

Isaacus Rothovius

Similarly, of the seven members of the capitul, only one was Finnish.


Question: When did the King of Sweden sign Naantali's charter of incorporation?

Isaacus Rothovius

P. Laasonen considers that Finns have been subjected to outspoken discrimination.


Question: When did the King of Sweden sign Naantali's charter of incorporation?

Isaacus Rothovius

[74] Diocesan rules at the Uppsala meeting of 1593 had been adopted as a church law, to which, however, in the early 17th century there was a need for amendments.


Question: When did the King of Sweden sign Naantali's charter of incorporation?

Isaacus Rothovius

When no uniform new guidance arose, the bishops set about promulgating local rules drawn up for their own diocese, which went under the name constitutiones.


Question: When did the King of Sweden sign Naantali's charter of incorporation?

Isaacus Rothovius

[75] Diocesan instructions were promulgated by Rothovius, the most diligently of the bishops of the kingdom, which fit well with his job as the pre-shepherd of a diocese whose condition for the Hunningo he had set out to repair in accordance with the policy of unification of the kingdom.


Question: When did the King of Sweden sign Naantali's charter of incorporation?

Isaacus Rothovius

[76] His first rules were promulgated by Rothovius shortly after arriving in Turku, and was, exceptionally, signed also by the Governor-General Bjelke; [77] the cooperation between ecclesiastical and secular authorities was thus manifested here too.


Question: When did the King of Sweden sign Naantali's charter of incorporation?

Isaacus Rothovius

[78] [79] [80] Internal church administration belonged to priests and outward church administration to secular predominance.


Question: When did the King of Sweden sign Naantali's charter of incorporation?

Isaacus Rothovius

Under Rothovius, the church did not find itself in a subjugated position; the management of affairs took place in good agreement.


Question: When did the King of Sweden sign Naantali's charter of incorporation?

Isaacus Rothovius

[81] The bishop gave his instructions at priestly assemblies, when they were intended mainly as a hand-out to the clergy, or in episcopal examinations and circulars, in which case they contained instructions to lay people as well, as though church discipline.


Question: When did the King of Sweden sign Naantali's charter of incorporation?

Isaacus Rothovius

[82] [83] Here Rothovius differed markedly from his predecessor Soroese, who had tried to manage the congregation only by the power of the word and left the rest of order to the predominance.


Question: When did the King of Sweden sign Naantali's charter of incorporation?

Isaacus Rothovius

The restoration of church discipline actually marked a return to the practice of the Catholic period, when the Church and Crown were jointly responsible for the preservation of order in the country.


Question: When did the King of Sweden sign Naantali's charter of incorporation?

Isaacus Rothovius

[84] Discipline of the clergy and the eradication of Catholicism, Charles Duke felt deep mistrust of the clergy in Finland [85] and feared it was secretly supportive of Sigismund.


Question: When did the King of Sweden sign Naantali's charter of incorporation?

Isaacus Rothovius

The same attitude determined Gustav II Adolf's stances.


Question: When did the King of Sweden sign Naantali's charter of incorporation?

Isaacus Rothovius

In fact, relying on the Polish Sigismund had been a realistic option, since on the one hand Sigismund was unquestionably the legitimate ruler and on the other hand a close alliance with Poland was seen as beneficial to pacify the eastern border.


Question: When did the King of Sweden sign Naantali's charter of incorporation?

Isaacus Rothovius

Realizing this well, and because religion had immense importance as a conduit for popular thought in its time, the Swedish rulers also suspected Finnish liturgical alignments would push Finland towards a Catholic sphere of influence.


Question: When did the King of Sweden sign Naantali's charter of incorporation?

Isaacus Rothovius

Claiming clergy and the people away from Catholic church spending therefore had not only a religious aspect, but also a power political aspect.


Question: When did the King of Sweden sign Naantali's charter of incorporation?

Isaacus Rothovius

[86] Sorolainen had also consistently adhered to the notion of church mission, represented by Luther and Agricola, that the Church came only by preaching and teaching to influence conscience and not interfere with “the life, body, house or property of any man, which belonged to to the predominance”.


Question: When did the King of Sweden sign Naantali's charter of incorporation?

Isaacus Rothovius

The words of the bishop who fell into disfavour with the king, neither noblemen nor always priests much cared, and during a long and heavy period of adolescence, the ecclesiastical and spiritual life of the country had fallen into disrepair.


Question: When did the King of Sweden sign Naantali's charter of incorporation?

Isaacus Rothovius

[87] In his first mission, Rothovius set about improving the standard of the clergy and began by preventing the wrong kind of material from becoming priests.


Question: When did the King of Sweden sign Naantali's charter of incorporation?

Isaacus Rothovius

[88] The bishop's conception of the clergy in Finland [87] was not quite high: in his letter to Reich Chancellor Oxenstierna, he writes specifically about the impermissibility observed among some priests and asked for help lest false servants of words be given the opportunity to acquire posts in the control of their bishop avoiding.


Question: When did the King of Sweden sign Naantali's charter of incorporation?

Isaacus Rothovius

[89] A detour, which Rothovius took to blockade, went through the military chaplains.


Question: When did the King of Sweden sign Naantali's charter of incorporation?

Isaacus Rothovius

The bishop also claimed these posts under his control.


Question: When did the King of Sweden sign Naantali's charter of incorporation?

Isaacus Rothovius

Unofficial and transporting priests, whose studies had also fallen short, were given orders to return to school.


Question: When did the King of Sweden sign Naantali's charter of incorporation?

Isaacus Rothovius

Against discipline, insubordinate priests, the bishop disciplined with particularly severe grips.


Question: When did the King of Sweden sign Naantali's charter of incorporation?

Isaacus Rothovius

[90] The privilegion of the clergy of 1650 also took a position on how priestly posts should be filled.


Question: When did the King of Sweden sign Naantali's charter of incorporation?

Isaacus Rothovius

This officialdom binded both the priest-seeking priest and the filler. Many old features had been preserved in the worship ceremonies.


Question: When did the King of Sweden sign Naantali's charter of incorporation?

Isaacus Rothovius

After coming to Turku, Rothovius scolded the lavish Latin singing still in use there.


Question: When did the King of Sweden sign Naantali's charter of incorporation?

Isaacus Rothovius

He also forbade the reading of the epistola from the south end of the altar and the reading of the Gospel from the north end, as these customs still recalled the dreaded Catholic tradition.


Question: When did the King of Sweden sign Naantali's charter of incorporation?

Isaacus Rothovius

[91] For the same reason, the blessing of the Lord was no longer to be read in the opening of the shell railing, but in front of the altar.


Question: When did the King of Sweden sign Naantali's charter of incorporation?

Isaacus Rothovius

The bishop also turned his attention to liturgical dress, which became more austere.


Question: When did the King of Sweden sign Naantali's charter of incorporation?

Isaacus Rothovius

[92] In issuing ordinances concerning worship, Rothovius also accurately instructed the people in conduct, with particular emphasis on the importance of regular church attendance.


Question: When did the King of Sweden sign Naantali's charter of incorporation?

Isaacus Rothovius

[93] When the communion guests had been conflated and any ecclesiastical deliveries that had accumulated until the morning, one had to kneel down in prayer.


Question: When did the King of Sweden sign Naantali's charter of incorporation?

Isaacus Rothovius

[94] Many orders accompanied by threats of punishment concerned good behaviour in the church.


Question: When did the King of Sweden sign Naantali's charter of incorporation?

Isaacus Rothovius

Shops and krouvs were also ordered closed to be held during worship.


Question: When did the King of Sweden sign Naantali's charter of incorporation?

Isaacus Rothovius

[95] To emphasise the importance of the church building and concentrate all supplies there, before the eyes of the whole congregation, Rothovius also decreed that in the Catholic period the baptismal chalice had been located in the doorway of the church, now it was moved to the shells.


Question: When did the King of Sweden sign Naantali's charter of incorporation?

Isaacus Rothovius

[96] The change had a principled significance, because as teaching emerged as central to parish life, baptism had to be delivered in front of all.


Question: When did the King of Sweden sign Naantali's charter of incorporation?

Isaacus Rothovius

Because of this, one also had to abandon the old custom of baptizing the child at home and then cross him later in the church while the mother was admitted to the church.


Question: When did the King of Sweden sign Naantali's charter of incorporation?

Isaacus Rothovius

The church howing, or excommunication, of women who gave birth also had to be delivered in the church.


Question: When did the King of Sweden sign Naantali's charter of incorporation?

Isaacus Rothovius

Previously, this had happened at the door of the church, for the Old Testamentary conception (3.


Question: When did the King of Sweden sign Naantali's charter of incorporation?

Isaacus Rothovius

Deux.


Question: When did the King of Sweden sign Naantali's charter of incorporation?

Isaacus Rothovius

12) on the necessity of cleansing expenditure, that is, tenaciously coupled to popular beliefs.


Question: When did the King of Sweden sign Naantali's charter of incorporation?

Isaacus Rothovius

Childbirth was thought to be accompanied by an impurity that prevented the mother from coming to church.


Question: When did the King of Sweden sign Naantali's charter of incorporation?

Isaacus Rothovius

To oppose this magical belief, Rothovius allowed to move the churchcraft from the door of the church to the middle aisle -however illegitimate mothers were still allowed to give the priest a hand, as the people said about the church, in the mouth of the door.


Question: When did the King of Sweden sign Naantali's charter of incorporation?

Isaacus Rothovius

[97] Under Rothovius, Lutheran worship was given its basic feature, which then, with few variations, retained its form hundreds of years ahead.


Question: When did the King of Sweden sign Naantali's charter of incorporation?

Isaacus Rothovius

It was characterized by order and sermon dominance.


Question: When did the King of Sweden sign Naantali's charter of incorporation?

Isaacus Rothovius

[98] Bishop Rothovius, like his predecessors, sought to weed out unnecessary Catholic holy feasts, with a market at the same time.


Question: When did the King of Sweden sign Naantali's charter of incorporation?

Isaacus Rothovius

In those cases where the market was left to live, they became detached from its ecclesiastical connection and secularised, leaving old origins to resemble mainly the name of the market.


Question: When did the King of Sweden sign Naantali's charter of incorporation?

Isaacus Rothovius

[99] Statute for the elders of the congregation Rothovius established a six-member panel of elders in Turku to investigate and expose the disarray and shameful acts prevailing in the city.


Question: When did the King of Sweden sign Naantali's charter of incorporation?

Isaacus Rothovius

The Council had to take care of Sunday consecration, repair of churches and collection of colehs.


Question: When did the King of Sweden sign Naantali's charter of incorporation?

Isaacus Rothovius

In addition, the council became disorganized when found to report to the mayor, clergy, and even the commandholder and land lord.


Question: When did the King of Sweden sign Naantali's charter of incorporation?

Isaacus Rothovius

Thus once again appealed to secular authorities.


Question: When did the King of Sweden sign Naantali's charter of incorporation?

Isaacus Rothovius

[100] Unification of the clergy by priesthood meetings at the Uppsala meeting established that priesthood meetings were to be held once a year.


Question: When did the King of Sweden sign Naantali's charter of incorporation?

Isaacus Rothovius

During Sorolainen's time, the meeting dealt with current issues such as liturgy issues as well as sentencing issues.


Question: When did the King of Sweden sign Naantali's charter of incorporation?

Isaacus Rothovius

Most important, however, on these occasions was the upbringing of clergy, further ecclesiastical education.


Question: When did the King of Sweden sign Naantali's charter of incorporation?

Isaacus Rothovius

The custom became well established to manufacture synod works written either by a bishop or by some more grown up churchman.


Question: When did the King of Sweden sign Naantali's charter of incorporation?

Isaacus Rothovius

The opponent chosen beforehand tuned in to the discussion of the theses of the dissertation, which most often concerned the Augsburg Confession.


Question: When did the King of Sweden sign Naantali's charter of incorporation?

Isaacus Rothovius

Later in the 17th century, these dissertations were printed and sent also to be studied by those who stayed home.


Question: When did the King of Sweden sign Naantali's charter of incorporation?

Isaacus Rothovius

[101] Those involved again could see their own names, which were printed at the end of the booklet.


Question: When did the King of Sweden sign Naantali's charter of incorporation?

Isaacus Rothovius

[102] Normally the meetings were held in Turku, but Rothovius also began holding them in Kokkola, Vaasa and Oulu, so that the inconvenience of the trips of the northern clergy would not become an obstacle to participation.


Question: When did the King of Sweden sign Naantali's charter of incorporation?

Isaacus Rothovius

[103] Rothovius delivered a synodic speech at the 1628 Kokkola meeting, or oraton, on the subject of De ministerio ecclesiastico, or priestly office.


Question: When did the King of Sweden sign Naantali's charter of incorporation?

Isaacus Rothovius

[104] [105] In this speech, the bishop wanted to find out what were the duties of the attendants of God's secrets.


Question: When did the King of Sweden sign Naantali's charter of incorporation?

Isaacus Rothovius

Foreign policy conflicts Rothovius presented in a religious light: Similarly, the bishop sided with e.g.


Question: When did the King of Sweden sign Naantali's charter of incorporation?

Isaacus Rothovius

what kind of partying and frolic is appropriate for the clergy.


Question: When did the King of Sweden sign Naantali's charter of incorporation?

Isaacus Rothovius

[106] The language of the priestly assemblies was Latin, in addition to which Swedish was used in the three usual preaching sessions of the meeting.


Question: When did the King of Sweden sign Naantali's charter of incorporation?

Isaacus Rothovius

However, Rothovius had, for example, at the 1628 meeting ordered three sermons in Finnish to be held in addition to three sermons in Swedish.


Question: When did the King of Sweden sign Naantali's charter of incorporation?

Isaacus Rothovius

[107] The teaching of preaching in accordance with the principles of Reformation, the people had to be made to understand the contents of the Gospel, so teaching and especially the sermon was particularly important in the congregation.


Question: When did the King of Sweden sign Naantali's charter of incorporation?

Isaacus Rothovius

In his oration of Kokkola mentioned, as well as in his sermons printed as a model for the clergy, Rothovius instructed himself in making a good sermon.


Question: When did the King of Sweden sign Naantali's charter of incorporation?

Isaacus Rothovius

[108] The distinction was the strict teaching of Christian morality, the rejection of pramefulness, and the condensing of the sermon in such a way that it does not last more than an hour.


Question: When did the King of Sweden sign Naantali's charter of incorporation?

Isaacus Rothovius

[109] In Rothovius' sermons as a model for the clergy, the Old Testament is dominated by biblical material.


Question: When did the King of Sweden sign Naantali's charter of incorporation?

Isaacus Rothovius

The predominance theology characteristic of preachers of the Great Power period found its ingredients best there; likewise, the people came into touch with wartime moods.


Question: When did the King of Sweden sign Naantali's charter of incorporation?

Isaacus Rothovius

[110] In his book Constitutiones Rothovius still instructs [111] The translation of the Bible into Finnish Charles had set up a committee headed by Bishop Sorolainen in 1602 to translate the Bible into Finnish.


Question: When did the King of Sweden sign Naantali's charter of incorporation?

Isaacus Rothovius

[112] However, when the key member of the committee, Marcus Henrici Hesingius, the headmaster of the Turku school, died already in 1609 and when the general political climate drove Bishop Sorolainen into trouble, the work was unfinished.


Question: When did the King of Sweden sign Naantali's charter of incorporation?

Isaacus Rothovius

As soon as he came to Turku, Rothovius distributed books of the Bible to various priests for translation.


Question: When did the King of Sweden sign Naantali's charter of incorporation?

Isaacus Rothovius

[113] The haste of translation is understandable, because on the one hand the word of the god had to be confidant in the vernacular, and on the other hand, the Swedish church bible of Gustav II Adolf had appeared in 1618.


Question: When did the King of Sweden sign Naantali's charter of incorporation?

Isaacus Rothovius

[114] The bishop may have informed the king in 1630 that the first size bible in Finnish was ready and was waiting to be printed.


Question: When did the King of Sweden sign Naantali's charter of incorporation?

Isaacus Rothovius

[115] The printing work was postponed apparently because of the war in Germany, and the quality of the translation was not entirely satisfied either.


Question: When did the King of Sweden sign Naantali's charter of incorporation?

Isaacus Rothovius

[116] Explicitly thanks to Rothovius, the project did not reach oblivion [117] and in the Reichstag of 1636 the matter was re-exhibited.


Question: When did the King of Sweden sign Naantali's charter of incorporation?

Isaacus Rothovius

Likewise, 1638, when the bishop renewed his request and the government installed a Finnish commission, chaired by Eskil Petraeus, vicar of Turku.


Question: When did the King of Sweden sign Naantali's charter of incorporation?

Isaacus Rothovius

[118] The instructions received by the Committee called not only for pure Finnish, “which is well understood throughout Finland”, but also specifically for a translation in the initial language, which, however, had to correspond to the interpretations of Luther's translation.


Question: When did the King of Sweden sign Naantali's charter of incorporation?

Isaacus Rothovius

[119] The work of the Committee apparently drew much of the work on an earlier translation, [120] because already in the autumn of 1640 the Stockholm printer Henrik Keyser started printing.


Question: When did the King of Sweden sign Naantali's charter of incorporation?

Isaacus Rothovius

The four churchmen who carried out the translation work were given as a salary the whole mantle house as a lifelong fief and one set of church tithes.


Question: When did the King of Sweden sign Naantali's charter of incorporation?

Isaacus Rothovius

[121] The entire Bible was completed in 1642.


Question: When did the King of Sweden sign Naantali's charter of incorporation?

Isaacus Rothovius

[122] 1200 copies of the Bible were printed, 750 of which came to Finland.


Question: When did the King of Sweden sign Naantali's charter of incorporation?

Isaacus Rothovius

When the handsome book was finished, the significance of the event was realised in Finland and because of this on 31 July 1642 a thank-you service was held in each church.


Question: When did the King of Sweden sign Naantali's charter of incorporation?

Isaacus Rothovius

Bishop Rothovius obliged the clergy to obtain a Bible for each Finnish-speaking congregation [123] under the threat of a fine of ten peacintaalers.


Question: When did the King of Sweden sign Naantali's charter of incorporation?

Isaacus Rothovius

[124] Parish administration after becoming bishop, Rothovius set about clarifying the parish administration.


Question: When did the King of Sweden sign Naantali's charter of incorporation?

Isaacus Rothovius

Where in the past the church hosts were primarily the housekeepers of the parish, restored the bishop them to the control power of the rovasts and the bishop.


Question: When did the King of Sweden sign Naantali's charter of incorporation?

Isaacus Rothovius

[125] Church hosts were required to obtain proper ledgers, on which entries made were checked by bishopric and rovastin checks.


Question: When did the King of Sweden sign Naantali's charter of incorporation?

Isaacus Rothovius

[126] In addition to their financial responsibilities, the church hosts were lay leaders of the congregation and represented the Keeper Church in various situations of negotiation and dispute, and acted as witnesses.


Question: When did the King of Sweden sign Naantali's charter of incorporation?

Isaacus Rothovius

Thus church hosts became a counterweight to a strengthened official crew.


Question: When did the King of Sweden sign Naantali's charter of incorporation?

Isaacus Rothovius

[127] Sixers took part in the duties of the whole congregation.


Question: When did the King of Sweden sign Naantali's charter of incorporation?

Isaacus Rothovius

Rothovius obliged them to supervise a chaste life in the villages, as well as the fulfillment of the responsibilities of parishioners.


Question: When did the King of Sweden sign Naantali's charter of incorporation?

Isaacus Rothovius

[128] The church assembly exercised the power of the parish self-government and also acted as a court.


Question: When did the King of Sweden sign Naantali's charter of incorporation?

Isaacus Rothovius

Under Rothovius, its activities began to be weighted on the side of decision-making, while executive power was held by church councils.


Question: When did the King of Sweden sign Naantali's charter of incorporation?

Isaacus Rothovius

Church councils were first set up to pay professors, and some statesmen reproached the bishop for using the overly mighty word of the Council.


Question: When did the King of Sweden sign Naantali's charter of incorporation?

Isaacus Rothovius

In rural areas, a church meeting was at the same time a meeting of keepers, but in cities its power was usually exercised in a registry office or a racking meeting.


Question: When did the King of Sweden sign Naantali's charter of incorporation?

Isaacus Rothovius

[129] Reforming the congregation network When lamenting the grievances of the congregations in Finland, Rothovius considered the reason to be in too large pastorals, namely churchkeepers.


Question: When did the King of Sweden sign Naantali's charter of incorporation?

Isaacus Rothovius

[130] The bishop set about establishing new pastorates or chapels, which in his first ten-year term came into existence by a couple of ten.


Question: When did the King of Sweden sign Naantali's charter of incorporation?

Isaacus Rothovius

However, the amount was not sufficient, in the opinion of the state, and after his 1638 inspection trip, Brahe gave a bleak assessment of the state of the country to the government, [131] who in turn firmly urged Rothovius to pursue pastorates' allocation matters more vigorously.


Question: When did the King of Sweden sign Naantali's charter of incorporation?

Isaacus Rothovius

At the risk of predominance's unpopularity, Rothovius separated Ostrobothnia as his own superintendent and fragmented the Turku diocesan network in a way unique in the history of the Church of Finland.


Question: When did the King of Sweden sign Naantali's charter of incorporation?

Isaacus Rothovius

New chapels or preaching houses were established during his time at 45, when their number increased more than double, the number of pastorates rose by a quarter, or 26.


Question: When did the King of Sweden sign Naantali's charter of incorporation?

Isaacus Rothovius

[132] The new churches were built of wood.


Question: When did the King of Sweden sign Naantali's charter of incorporation?

Isaacus Rothovius

[133] Work on restoring expensively serviced stone churches began to progress under Rothovius.


Question: When did the King of Sweden sign Naantali's charter of incorporation?

Isaacus Rothovius

This was influenced by the prosperity of congregations, but also by the increasingly common habit of the nobility donating silver communion furniture, fairground robes, candlelit crowns and other equipment to churches.


Question: When did the King of Sweden sign Naantali's charter of incorporation?

Isaacus Rothovius

The procurement, which was financed by parish funds, was driven by the independence of the parish administration; with it gradually faded fear of further deprivation measures by the Crown.


Question: When did the King of Sweden sign Naantali's charter of incorporation?

Isaacus Rothovius

[134] Rothovius decreed that “new, decent pews must be built in all churches, like Sweden.”


Question: When did the King of Sweden sign Naantali's charter of incorporation?

Isaacus Rothovius

The appearance of pews in Finnish churches was one of the most important changes in the decoration of churches.


Question: When did the King of Sweden sign Naantali's charter of incorporation?

Isaacus Rothovius

Thereafter, a bench order began to be drawn up, defining each decency its own place so that those deemed most worthy sat closest to the altar.


Question: When did the King of Sweden sign Naantali's charter of incorporation?

Isaacus Rothovius

This order served the era's idea of an enactment society, but also at the same time facilitated the control of parishioners and church discipline.


Question: When did the King of Sweden sign Naantali's charter of incorporation?

Isaacus Rothovius

The pews were also necessary due to the fact that the sermon formed a central part of the worship, so that the deliveries also became long.


Question: When did the King of Sweden sign Naantali's charter of incorporation?

Isaacus Rothovius

At the same time, pulpits were introduced.


Question: When did the King of Sweden sign Naantali's charter of incorporation?

Isaacus Rothovius

[135] Rothovius also required each congregation to build a tuva for the poor and take care of the poor, [136] The repair of Turku Cathedral Rothovius felt that Turku had to be made a spectacular and prescient ecclesiastical centre and he paid special attention to the cathedral in order.


Question: When did the King of Sweden sign Naantali's charter of incorporation?

Isaacus Rothovius

Following a fire that raged in 1601, the cathedral was in poor condition and annual maintenance was uncompleted.


Question: When did the King of Sweden sign Naantali's charter of incorporation?

Isaacus Rothovius

In particular, the roof of the church needed refurbishment and the bishop wrote to the monetary treasurer Skytte on the matter in 1629.


Question: When did the King of Sweden sign Naantali's charter of incorporation?

Isaacus Rothovius

In the summer of 1630 most of the roof was renovated with Dutch bricks, [137] although as recently as 1638 part of the roof was timber.


Question: When did the King of Sweden sign Naantali's charter of incorporation?

Isaacus Rothovius

[138] In 1632 there were 60 people in repair work, although the Turku bourgeoisie showed reluctance by withdrawing from day work.


Question: When did the King of Sweden sign Naantali's charter of incorporation?

Isaacus Rothovius

After the church towers were refurbished, it was time to acquire new church bells.


Question: When did the King of Sweden sign Naantali's charter of incorporation?

Isaacus Rothovius

The oath work was done under the supervision of the bishop in 1633 and the cost was so high that the church's silverware had to be pawned from 1000 taalers.


Question: When did the King of Sweden sign Naantali's charter of incorporation?

Isaacus Rothovius

In 1630 construction of an organ had begun and by 1644 a new organ was built in the church.


Question: When did the King of Sweden sign Naantali's charter of incorporation?

Isaacus Rothovius

[139] [140] Proper seating for the church was obtained in the 1630s and in 1637 the bishop published a detailed Christian bench order for the cathedral.


Question: When did the King of Sweden sign Naantali's charter of incorporation?

Isaacus Rothovius

In addition, the church received a new valuable pulpit, introduced in 1650.


Question: When did the King of Sweden sign Naantali's charter of incorporation?

Isaacus Rothovius

[141] The side chapels of the cathedral were converted into tomb chapels for secular notables.


Question: When did the King of Sweden sign Naantali's charter of incorporation?

Isaacus Rothovius

On 29 June 1640, Field Marshal Åke Tott was blessed on the site of St. Laurentius Chapel and on 3 August 1645 Torsten Stålhandske was buried in his own chapel.


Question: When did the King of Sweden sign Naantali's charter of incorporation?

Isaacus Rothovius

[142] Episcopal and rovastin inspections Episcopal inspections, or bishoprics, were based on medieval practice, but also the church order of 1571 stipulated that the bishop had to accompany one or two skilled priests once a year at an appropriate time to visit the diocese.


Question: When did the King of Sweden sign Naantali's charter of incorporation?

Isaacus Rothovius

The bishop and his entourage came to receive the customary upkeep of the vicarages.


Question: When did the King of Sweden sign Naantali's charter of incorporation?

Isaacus Rothovius

In the event of an obstacle, the bishop could send in turn a deputy or rovast on an inspection trip.


Question: When did the King of Sweden sign Naantali's charter of incorporation?

Isaacus Rothovius

[143] Rothovius started his inspection activities from Turku Cathedral in October 1627.


Question: When did the King of Sweden sign Naantali's charter of incorporation?

Isaacus Rothovius

At the beginning of the following year he headed his journey to Naantal and in the summer of 1628 to Hämeenkyrö and Vehkalahti.


Question: When did the King of Sweden sign Naantali's charter of incorporation?

Isaacus Rothovius

In the same year she also voyaged in the spring in northern Finland, Satakunta and Häme, in August in Ostrobothnia and in the autumn in southern Finland.


Question: When did the King of Sweden sign Naantali's charter of incorporation?

Isaacus Rothovius

[144] It became practice that the rovat made his own inspection journey after the bishop and supervised the observance of the instructions given by Rothovius.


Question: When did the King of Sweden sign Naantali's charter of incorporation?

Isaacus Rothovius

[145] Ostrobothnia received special attention due to its distance and scope.


Question: When did the King of Sweden sign Naantali's charter of incorporation?

Isaacus Rothovius

The bishop returned to the area twice, in 1639 and 1643; [146] the latter voyage took two months.


Question: When did the King of Sweden sign Naantali's charter of incorporation?

Isaacus Rothovius

The sparsity of inspection trips bothered the Bishop and he envisaged separating Ostrobothnia as its own superintendent in order to make inspections more efficient.


Question: When did the King of Sweden sign Naantali's charter of incorporation?

Isaacus Rothovius

[147] [148] According to Martti Parvio's assessment, the diocesan inspection system -episcopal and rovastin inspections - worked effectively in trying to link private parishes down to the inhabitants of peripheral areas with ecclesiastical discipline and Christian upbringing.


Question: When did the King of Sweden sign Naantali's charter of incorporation?

Isaacus Rothovius

[149] The teaching of Christianity Already Bishop Sorolainen had complained that after coming to Turku, Rothovius assessed pretty much the same and started teaching Christianity in the Church of Finland with a vigour to which there is no comparison from earlier times.


Question: When did the King of Sweden sign Naantali's charter of incorporation?

Isaacus Rothovius

[150] church and worship became centers of teaching.


Question: When did the King of Sweden sign Naantali's charter of incorporation?

Isaacus Rothovius

In the sermon, the priest had to spend half on the teaching of the catechism, and at first he had to read a morning prayer from Luther's Lesser Catechism.


Question: When did the King of Sweden sign Naantali's charter of incorporation?

Isaacus Rothovius

[151] Since the objective was to memorize the catechism, the priest was not permitted to read the passages memorically, but from the book, always in the same form.


Question: When did the King of Sweden sign Naantali's charter of incorporation?

Isaacus Rothovius

[152] Teaching work belonged especially to the chaplain, but Rothovius proposed hiring a literate lock [153] and obliging him to take a teaching post.


Question: When did the King of Sweden sign Naantali's charter of incorporation?

Isaacus Rothovius

[154] The basic objective of teaching was first to memorize the six main pieces of the Lesser Catechism (morning, evening and food prayer, confession of sin).


Question: When did the King of Sweden sign Naantali's charter of incorporation?

Isaacus Rothovius

[155] After these were Luther's explanations.


Question: When did the King of Sweden sign Naantali's charter of incorporation?

Isaacus Rothovius

Memorization was supervised during interrogations.


Question: When did the King of Sweden sign Naantali's charter of incorporation?

Isaacus Rothovius

[156] These interrogations took place by recounting some passages of the Catechism before the sermon, [157] also after the sermon the priest had to descend from his pulpit in the corridor to ask about what he had just taught.


Question: When did the King of Sweden sign Naantali's charter of incorporation?

Isaacus Rothovius

[158] Rothovian said In practice, concessions were made to these harsh terms by those who, despite obvious attempts, learned.


Question: When did the King of Sweden sign Naantali's charter of incorporation?

Isaacus Rothovius

Rothovius himself relaxed his order by attaching to the instructions a list of those who do not wish to learn.


Question: When did the King of Sweden sign Naantali's charter of incorporation?

Isaacus Rothovius

According to Rothovius' position, the people had to gather during Easter Lent by flank to the church for questioning.


Question: When did the King of Sweden sign Naantali's charter of incorporation?

Isaacus Rothovius

Thus the teaching and questioning nature was also emphasized.


Question: When did the King of Sweden sign Naantali's charter of incorporation?

Isaacus Rothovius

In the case of the more remote villages, the bishop had to make concessions to the rules of the see.


Question: When did the King of Sweden sign Naantali's charter of incorporation?

Isaacus Rothovius

[159] According to Professor Pentti Laasonen, the teaching system built by Rothovius as a whole remained the body of the teaching of Christianity for hundreds of years ahead.


Question: When did the King of Sweden sign Naantali's charter of incorporation?

Isaacus Rothovius

[160] [161] Eradicating Superstition In 1641, Rothovius' printed sermon appeared in which he painted quivering images of popular superstition: Rothovius opposed superstition because of its Catholic tradition, moral conjecture, and denial of Christian faith.


Question: When did the King of Sweden sign Naantali's charter of incorporation?

Isaacus Rothovius

[162] In his sermon delivered at the inauguration of the Academy of Turku in 1640, Rothovius stated that the creation of the Academy was a great good work done to Finland after the creation of the world.


Question: When did the King of Sweden sign Naantali's charter of incorporation?

Isaacus Rothovius

[163] At the same time, he reminded the clergy of eradicating magic.


Question: When did the King of Sweden sign Naantali's charter of incorporation?

Isaacus Rothovius

[164] Although Rothovius had strongly condemned spelling and witchcraft during his time in Sweden in 1616, [165] he was quite suspicious of the actual witchcraft accusations.


Question: When did the King of Sweden sign Naantali's charter of incorporation?

Isaacus Rothovius

[166] However, the witch-hunts did not absent Rothovius' time in Finland.


Question: When did the King of Sweden sign Naantali's charter of incorporation?

Isaacus Rothovius

In 1637, the case of teenage Johannes Arvid and 1646 the case of the Eerik scribe were dealt with.


Question: When did the King of Sweden sign Naantali's charter of incorporation?

Isaacus Rothovius

Both of the accused survived with quite lenient punishment.


Question: When did the King of Sweden sign Naantali's charter of incorporation?

Isaacus Rothovius

[167] In 1644, the bishop's son-in-law, Sven Vigelius, caused a witch trial, [168] in which Martin Stodius, a professor of the academy, was placed on the bench of the accused.


Question: When did the King of Sweden sign Naantali's charter of incorporation?

Isaacus Rothovius

The consistory dismissed the charges and Rothovius accepted the decision: however, the trial tarnished the professor's reputation and in 1653 he was retried on the basis of an anonymous whistleblowing letter.


Question: When did the King of Sweden sign Naantali's charter of incorporation?

Isaacus Rothovius

[169] Like Sorolese, Rothovius combined the practice of magic primarily with idol worship inherited from the days of paganism and Catholicism.


Question: When did the King of Sweden sign Naantali's charter of incorporation?

Isaacus Rothovius

Magic was part of an old tradition in eradicating which Rothovius stressed the meaning of the word, and which he primarily regarded, like Governor-General Brahe, as a heretic.


Question: When did the King of Sweden sign Naantali's charter of incorporation?

Isaacus Rothovius

[170] School Department Turku High School During the Great Power period, the school institution had to meet the needs of the church, namely priestly education and religious education, but increasingly secular power also needed capable, educated officials.


Question: When did the King of Sweden sign Naantali's charter of incorporation?

Isaacus Rothovius

Thus, a school institution with emphasis on Latin and theology was not enough; space had to be cleared for real subjects as well.


Question: When did the King of Sweden sign Naantali's charter of incorporation?

Isaacus Rothovius

[171] The school order of 1649 harmonized the curricula and at the same time the high schools became university preparatory schools instead of the previous competitive stance.


Question: When did the King of Sweden sign Naantali's charter of incorporation?

Isaacus Rothovius

[172] The Turku Cathedral School had served as a manufacturing facility for priests in the Diocese of Turku.


Question: When did the King of Sweden sign Naantali's charter of incorporation?

Isaacus Rothovius

[173] In accordance with the challenges of the time, Rothovius began to push for the establishment of a high school in its place and at the same time belting out the former leadership of the school and Finnish teachers from the way of the Swedes.


Question: When did the King of Sweden sign Naantali's charter of incorporation?

Isaacus Rothovius

[174] [175] His school reform was related to the same unification effort, which concerned the Chapter and the Church of Finland in general.


Question: When did the King of Sweden sign Naantali's charter of incorporation?

Isaacus Rothovius

In this, as in his other reforms, the bishop received the support of Governor-General Nils Bielke.


Question: When did the King of Sweden sign Naantali's charter of incorporation?

Isaacus Rothovius

Together they smoked out the school's headmaster Gabriel Merlartopaeus, [176] who was, in Rothovius' opinion, too old and ill — in reality Melartopaeus was a few years younger than the bishop.


Question: When did the King of Sweden sign Naantali's charter of incorporation?

Isaacus Rothovius

The real reason for the separation was that the rector defended the tradition of the cathedral school against the Swedish pressure for unification.


Question: When did the King of Sweden sign Naantali's charter of incorporation?

Isaacus Rothovius

[177] The cathedral school was abolished while on 28 January 1630 the Turku Secondary School Collegium aboense [178] was established.


Question: When did the King of Sweden sign Naantali's charter of incorporation?

Isaacus Rothovius

Six lecturers entered the school, two of which were reserved for theology.


Question: When did the King of Sweden sign Naantali's charter of incorporation?

Isaacus Rothovius

[179] The other four subjects to be taught were physics, mathematics, eloquence and logic, each receiving one lectorate.


Question: When did the King of Sweden sign Naantali's charter of incorporation?

Isaacus Rothovius

[180] The bishop held sides of the Swedes in the division of posts, and seven of the twelve posts in the high school were filled by Swedes.


Question: When did the King of Sweden sign Naantali's charter of incorporation?

Isaacus Rothovius

One of the recruits from Sweden was the bishop's son-in-law.


Question: When did the King of Sweden sign Naantali's charter of incorporation?

Isaacus Rothovius

[181] Rothovius published a statute for high school, the model of which had been taken from Sweden.


Question: When did the King of Sweden sign Naantali's charter of incorporation?

Isaacus Rothovius

[182] The basis was ramism, which in the university world was receding from the way of neo-Aristotelism.


Question: When did the King of Sweden sign Naantali's charter of incorporation?

Isaacus Rothovius

[183] The high school in Turku was quite large, as a few years before the university was founded there were about 600 pupils.


Question: When did the King of Sweden sign Naantali's charter of incorporation?

Isaacus Rothovius

[184] The post of rector was no longer permanent, but was elected to the position on an annual basis.


Question: When did the King of Sweden sign Naantali's charter of incorporation?

Isaacus Rothovius

This, of course, increased the power of the bishop who served as supervisor of the school.


Question: When did the King of Sweden sign Naantali's charter of incorporation?

Isaacus Rothovius

[185] The Academy of Turku In 1636, the Reich Chancellor Axel Oxenstierna initiated a discussion on the transfer of the University of Tartu to Turku at a meeting of the Council of Power.


Question: When did the King of Sweden sign Naantali's charter of incorporation?

Isaacus Rothovius

[186] Behind the ideas of the chancellor is thought to have been Bishop Rothovius.


Question: When did the King of Sweden sign Naantali's charter of incorporation?

Isaacus Rothovius

[187] The case remained unfinished and no transfer was taken.


Question: When did the King of Sweden sign Naantali's charter of incorporation?

Isaacus Rothovius

The following year, newly appointed to the post of Governor-General, Brahe returned to the matter and wrote in favour of the foundation of the university in December 1637 to the


Question: When did the King of Sweden sign Naantali's charter of incorporation?

Isaacus Rothovius

[188] At the time of the establishment of the Turku Academy, or university, were Rothovius and Brahe, both adherents of ecclesiastical Full Orthodoxy.


Question: When did the King of Sweden sign Naantali's charter of incorporation?

Isaacus Rothovius

[189] The theology under the reconciliation formula thus acquired a firm position, especially when Brahe became chancellor of the university [190] and Rothovius vice-chancellor.


Question: When did the King of Sweden sign Naantali's charter of incorporation?

Isaacus Rothovius

[191] The actual charter of foundation of the University of Turku did not sign until 26 March 1640.


Question: When did the King of Sweden sign Naantali's charter of incorporation?

Isaacus Rothovius

[192] The high school was abolished in the way of the university.


Question: When did the King of Sweden sign Naantali's charter of incorporation?

Isaacus Rothovius

[193] The teaching corps became increasingly Swedish and only two Finns reached the professorship position.


Question: When did the King of Sweden sign Naantali's charter of incorporation?

Isaacus Rothovius

[194] At the same time, there was a favouritism system in the academy, which, especially in relation to Rorhovius' relatives and favourites, acquired features of nepotism.


Question: When did the King of Sweden sign Naantali's charter of incorporation?

Isaacus Rothovius

[195] There were four faculties.


Question: When did the King of Sweden sign Naantali's charter of incorporation?

Isaacus Rothovius

In total there were six professorships in philosophy, in law and medicine [196] one each, and three in theology.


Question: When did the King of Sweden sign Naantali's charter of incorporation?

Isaacus Rothovius

[197] Study at the university became the basis of priestly preparation, leading to a significant rise in the civilisation level of clergy.


Question: When did the King of Sweden sign Naantali's charter of incorporation?

Isaacus Rothovius

[198] Rothovius himself was never promoted to a doctorate in theology, and thus he was, together with Jakob Hartman, the only churchman to become Bishop of Turku.


Question: When did the King of Sweden sign Naantali's charter of incorporation?

Isaacus Rothovius

[199] Rothovius' literary production of Disputationes De Peccato (Stockholmiae 1608) Concio De Corneliis... in anniversaria Synado Strengnensi (Rostock, 1616) Disputatio de Novi (1617) Lijkpredican Elin Pedersdotter (1623) Predikan Joh.


Question: When did the King of Sweden sign Naantali's charter of incorporation?

Isaacus Rothovius

2 (Strongnäs 1623) John of Predican.


Question: When did the King of Sweden sign Naantali's charter of incorporation?

Isaacus Rothovius

6 (1623) Barbro Bielke (Stockholm) Predikan (Carl) Gyldenhorn (Strengnäs 1624) Constitutiones ecclesiasticae dioceseos aboënsis (1628) Oratio Synodalis (Upsaliae 1629) De Necessitate consistorij (ca.


Question: When did the King of Sweden sign Naantali's charter of incorporation?

Isaacus Rothovius

1630) Äropredikan Gustaf Adolph (Stockholm 1633) Predican 20.5.1633 (Stockholm 1633) Predikan 129 Ps (almi) (Stockholm 1634) LijkPrefining Mertha Oxenstierna (1634) Yxi Christian Sermon (now Suomexi cäätty a Jacobo Henrici Pastore Alastaroensi).


Question: When did the King of Sweden sign Naantali's charter of incorporation?

Isaacus Rothovius

(Stockholmis 1634) Tacksäijelse Predikan (Uppsala 1641) Boot Predikningar (Åbo 1643) Predican 7 Nov 1645 (Åbo 1645) Läran is Boot och Bättring (Åbo 1645) Lijkpredican Torsten Stålhandske (Åbo 1646) De cavenda idolatriae (Abo 1646)) Sophia de Lijkpredica la Gardie (Æbo 1648) Rothovius and Gustav II Adolf of the Monarchs in particular Gustav II Adolf seems to have made a great impression on Rothovius.


Question: When did the King of Sweden sign Naantali's charter of incorporation?

Isaacus Rothovius

In the king's struggle against Catholicism, the bishop saw the execution of God's glory.


Question: When did the King of Sweden sign Naantali's charter of incorporation?

Isaacus Rothovius

Rothovius was there for the king to address the kingdom's decencies before leaving for Germany in 1630 and recounting the deep poignancy the speech had caused.


Question: When did the King of Sweden sign Naantali's charter of incorporation?

Isaacus Rothovius

[200] After the king died, Rothovius attended his funeral.