Question: What was Finland's first mass media instrument?

Mass Media

Mass media include the press, film, radio, television and the internet.


Question: What was Finland's first mass media instrument?

Mass Media

The influence of mass media Mass media has been used to share information.


Question: What was Finland's first mass media instrument?

Mass Media

Having expanded, the mass media has also taken to entertaining its recipients, thus the question of the informational nature of the mass media has arisen.


Question: What was Finland's first mass media instrument?

Mass Media

In his book Third Wave, Alvin Toffler divides information into agraar, industrial and post-industrial.


Question: What was Finland's first mass media instrument?

Mass Media

From a European-American perspective, the first comprehensive mass outreach was the alerts read from the pulpit of the Catholic Church, where the church was able to regulate the use of the information channel.


Question: What was Finland's first mass media instrument?

Mass Media

In the second phase came the Protestant Revolution, the art of printing, as well as in the 18th century newspapers, which continued with radio and television.


Question: What was Finland's first mass media instrument?

Mass Media

Even before electronic communications, there is a significant part of the media, the printed word, mainly meaning the daily press, called the fourth state power.


Question: What was Finland's first mass media instrument?

Mass Media

In the third wave, mass outreach expands into more self-directed publishers and gets networked.


Question: What was Finland's first mass media instrument?

Mass Media

The media can be used for a variety of purposes as a channel of influence: for commercial purposes or for political purposes as opinion shapers.


Question: What was Finland's first mass media instrument?

Mass Media

Free media can be “guardians” of those in power by bringing up grievances.


Question: What was Finland's first mass media instrument?

Mass Media

Mass media also has cultural implications.


Question: What was Finland's first mass media instrument?

Mass Media

Commercial information and entertainment spread everywhere has often been seen as a threat to cultural diversity.


Question: What was Finland's first mass media instrument?

Mass Media

Mass media in Finland, a considerable part of the major media belongs to the major communications groups Sanoma or Alma Media.


Question: What was Finland's first mass media instrument?

Mass Media

Another major entity is Yleisradio.


Question: What was Finland's first mass media instrument?

Mass Media

The third contributing factor is the provincial magazines.


Question: What was Finland's first mass media instrument?

Mass Media

The international news portfolio of provincial newspapers is significantly influenced by STT, whose largest newspaper owner is Sanoma, which publishes, among other things, the daily newspaper Helsingin Sanomat.


Question: What was Finland's first mass media instrument?

Mass Media

Thus, in terms of international news, the news flow from Reuters in the press is supplied by STT.


Question: What was Finland's first mass media instrument?

Mass Media

Instead, domestic subjects may have different emphases.


Question: What was Finland's first mass media instrument?

Mass Media

Commercially low-circulation non-profit magazines are supported by parliamentary press support, supporting, among other things, the publishing of main voice supporters of the parliamentary parties.


Question: What was Finland's first mass media instrument?

Mass Media

The interactive relationship between mass media and state power is illustrated by the fact that many MPs and ministers are journalists by profession.


Question: What was Finland's first mass media instrument?

Mass Media

In total, about 15% of MPs have worked as journalists in some way.


Question: What was Finland's first mass media instrument?

Mass Media

Notable Finnish political journalists include the editors-in-chief of the party newspapers, the political editors of Yleisradio, as well as the editors of current affairs programmes on political issues, the main writers of the major daily newspapers and standard columnists.


Question: What was Finland's first mass media instrument?

Mass Media

Political journalists also serve as special assistants to ministers, i.e., political secretaries.


Question: What was Finland's first mass media instrument?

Mass Media

See also Media Multimedia Social Media Category:Mass Information Category:Screening Key Articles


Question: Has the Van Halen band broken up?

The Spice Girls

The Spice Girls were a British pop group.


Question: Has the Van Halen band broken up?

The Spice Girls

The band included Emma Bunton (Baby Spice), Melanie C.


Question: Has the Van Halen band broken up?

The Spice Girls

(Sporty Spice), Mel B.


Question: Has the Van Halen band broken up?

The Spice Girls

(Scary Spice), Victoria Beckham (ex.


Question: Has the Van Halen band broken up?

The Spice Girls

Adams, Posh Spice) and Geri Halliwell (Ginger Spice).


Question: Has the Van Halen band broken up?

The Spice Girls

For a while, the band also included Michelle Stephenson (Brainy Spice) [1], who nevertheless quit before the band's first record.


Question: Has the Van Halen band broken up?

The Spice Girls

More than 85 million copies of the Spice Girls' albums have been sold.


Question: Has the Van Halen band broken up?

The Spice Girls

[2] When the Spice Girls were at the peak of their popularity in 1998, Geri Halliwell decided to leave the band.


Question: Has the Van Halen band broken up?

The Spice Girls

The band continued as a four-member for two years from 1999 to 2001 until it finally broke up at the end of 2001.


Question: Has the Van Halen band broken up?

The Spice Girls

In June 2007, the original five members announced that the Spice Girls would be making a comeback.


Question: Has the Van Halen band broken up?

The Spice Girls

A worldwide tour began in December 2007.


Question: Has the Van Halen band broken up?

The Spice Girls

[3] The tour ended in February 2008 in Toronto.


Question: Has the Van Halen band broken up?

The Spice Girls

For the most recent time, the Spice Girls were seen working on music at the closing concert of the London Olympics on 12 August 2012.


Question: Has the Van Halen band broken up?

The Spice Girls

In January 2013, the Spice Girls got together to present to the world their musical Viva Forever!


Question: Has the Van Halen band broken up?

The Spice Girls

Career The band was originally assembled in 1994 based on a magazine ad.


Question: Has the Van Halen band broken up?

The Spice Girls

Originally, the band operated under the name The Touch and included Melanie Brown, Michelle Stephenson, Melanie Laccohee (she was replaced by Victoria Beckham), Lianne Morgan (she was replaced by Melanie Chisholm), Suzanne Tinker (she was replaced by Geri Halliwell) and Abigail Kis (she was replaced by Emma Bunton).


Question: Has the Van Halen band broken up?

The Spice Girls

The Touch changed their name to the Spice Girls in 1996 while changing manager to Simon Fuller.


Question: Has the Van Halen band broken up?

The Spice Girls

Take That had broken up, and the market was longing for a band that could fill that spot.


Question: Has the Van Halen band broken up?

The Spice Girls

For a brief moment, the Spice Girls acted as a six-person before rising to the surface of the ensemble.


Question: Has the Van Halen band broken up?

The Spice Girls

Later that year, Michelle Stephenson left the band just before the Spice Girls became famous.


Question: Has the Van Halen band broken up?

The Spice Girls

Michelle left the band because her mother contracted cancer and she did not have time for the band.


Question: Has the Van Halen band broken up?

The Spice Girls

Stephenson also felt he could not be included in the line-up and the band's musical genre did not match his taste in music.


Question: Has the Van Halen band broken up?

The Spice Girls

Michelle, however, is featured in the Spice Girls the Raw documentary to tell about her time in the band.


Question: Has the Van Halen band broken up?

The Spice Girls

The success of the Spice Girls signed a record deal with Virgin Records and became famous with their first single “Wannabe” in 1996.


Question: Has the Van Halen band broken up?

The Spice Girls

The single remained at number one on the charts for ten weeks.


Question: Has the Van Halen band broken up?

The Spice Girls

Success continued as well (“Say You'll Be There”, “2 become 1" and (“Who Do You Think You Are”), rising to the top of the UK as well as US record charts.


Question: Has the Van Halen band broken up?

The Spice Girls

Also, their next album Spiceworld (1997) made it to number one in the UK charts and second in the US.


Question: Has the Van Halen band broken up?

The Spice Girls

All of the singles released from the album (“Spice Up Your Life”, “Too Much”, “Stop” and “Viva Forever”) were successes in the UK, but only “Viva Forever” and “Spice Up Your Life” reached the number one spot in the US with others only entering the top 10 chart.


Question: Has the Van Halen band broken up?

The Spice Girls

The band's motto became the oft-repeated exclamation of “Girl power!” [4] [5].


Question: Has the Van Halen band broken up?

The Spice Girls

All of the Spice Girls' singles rose to number one until “Stop” remained at number two on the chart.


Question: Has the Van Halen band broken up?

The Spice Girls

However, all subsequent singles reached the number one spot on the British singles chart.


Question: Has the Van Halen band broken up?

The Spice Girls

The most recent chart number one and single missed “Holler” and “Let Love Lead The Way”, taken from the Forever album.


Question: Has the Van Halen band broken up?

The Spice Girls

As well as taken from the Greatest Hits album (“Headlines (Friendship Never Ends”).


Question: Has the Van Halen band broken up?

The Spice Girls

In 1998, the Spice Girls shrank to a four-person when Geri Halliwell announced her split from the band at the end of May.


Question: Has the Van Halen band broken up?

The Spice Girls

The Spice Girls' last appearance in the original lineup was the 1998 World Tour concert in Helsinki [6].


Question: Has the Van Halen band broken up?

The Spice Girls

The next and final album Forever (2000) sold well in the UK (2nd place) but fell short of 39th place in the US.


Question: Has the Van Halen band broken up?

The Spice Girls

Forever fell well short of the sales figures of previous records, but it still sold two million.


Question: Has the Van Halen band broken up?

The Spice Girls

Accessories The band's lives were made into the fictional film Spice World — The Movie and computer game.


Question: Has the Van Halen band broken up?

The Spice Girls

Around the same time, Spice Girls dolls appeared on the market.


Question: Has the Van Halen band broken up?

The Spice Girls

Other accompanying material such as school supplies, shirts, watches, lollipops, books and even a Polaroid camera were also released.


Question: Has the Van Halen band broken up?

The Spice Girls

Collectible photographs, as well as stickers, also went on sale.


Question: Has the Van Halen band broken up?

The Spice Girls

In her autobiography, If only, Geri Halliwell says the band wanted proper marketing, but admits that the accompanying production maybe went a little over.


Question: Has the Van Halen band broken up?

The Spice Girls

Albums Singles Wannabe (1996) Say You'll Be There (1996) 2 Become 1 (1996) Mama (1997) Who Do You Think You Are (1997) Spice Up Your Life (1997) Too Much (1997) Stop (1998) Viva Forever (1998) Goodbye (1999) Holler (2000) Let Love Lead The Way (2000) Headlines (Friendship Never Ends) (2007) Movies Tours The Spice Girls (1996 — The World Tour) Spiceworld Tour (1998) Christmas In Spiceworld (1999) The Return of the Spice Girls (2007/2008) After the Spice Girls, Emma Bunton released a new from the album Life In Mono, which however did not fare as well on the charts as the album's first single, “Downtown”, which went straight to number 3 on the UK charts.


Question: Has the Van Halen band broken up?

The Spice Girls

The album debuted instead at number 65.


Question: Has the Van Halen band broken up?

The Spice Girls

Emma released her second single “All I Need To Know” on Brits in February 2007.


Question: Has the Van Halen band broken up?

The Spice Girls

Geri Halliwell serves as UN Goodwill Ambassador.


Question: Has the Van Halen band broken up?

The Spice Girls

His first album Schizophonic was very successful, with the first single “Look at me” becoming its most famous song.


Question: Has the Van Halen band broken up?

The Spice Girls

The next record Scream if you wanna go faster was also moderately successful, with a cover version of the song “It's Raining Men” becoming the biggest success.


Question: Has the Van Halen band broken up?

The Spice Girls

The third album Passion was unsuccessful, but they heard a successful song in Finland, “Ride It”.


Question: Has the Van Halen band broken up?

The Spice Girls

Victoria Beckham is married to footballer David Beckham.


Question: Has the Van Halen band broken up?

The Spice Girls

In Britain, the pair are briefly known as Posh & Becks.


Question: Has the Van Halen band broken up?

The Spice Girls

Victoria has become a very successful fashion designer.


Question: Has the Van Halen band broken up?

The Spice Girls

Melanie C has continued her solo career.


Question: Has the Van Halen band broken up?

The Spice Girls

Her first solo album, Northern Star, appeared as early as the Spice Girls, and the album's successes included “Northern Star” as well as the song “Never be the same again” made with TLC's Lisa “Left-Eye” Lopes.


Question: Has the Van Halen band broken up?

The Spice Girls

Released in 2003, the Reason album failed in Mel's attempt to move into rock style.


Question: Has the Van Halen band broken up?

The Spice Girls

The collaboration with the label ended, and Melanie has her own record label, Red Girl Records, through which she releases her records.


Question: Has the Van Halen band broken up?

The Spice Girls

Beautiful Intentions was released in 2005, with moderate success in Europe.


Question: Has the Van Halen band broken up?

The Spice Girls

A fourth solo album This Time has appeared.


Question: Has the Van Halen band broken up?

The Spice Girls

Its first singles were “I Want Candy” and “The Moment You Believe”.


Question: Has the Van Halen band broken up?

The Spice Girls

In 2011, Melanie C made a new album called The Sea.


Question: Has the Van Halen band broken up?

The Spice Girls

The most famous songs were: Think About It and Rock Me.


Question: Has the Van Halen band broken up?

The Spice Girls

In 2012, Melanie C made a new album called Stages.


Question: Has the Van Halen band broken up?

The Spice Girls

One duo song is heard on this record where Melanie C sings along with her former/current band mate Emma Bunton and they perform a song called I Know Him So Well.


Question: Has the Van Halen band broken up?

The Spice Girls

Michelle Stephenson works as a TV presenter, as well as having done a TV series in Malta called “Wild Games”.


Question: Has the Van Halen band broken up?

The Spice Girls

Subsequently, he has co-written songs with Ben Hackett and Mike Edwards.


Question: Has the Van Halen band broken up?

The Spice Girls

He has been a backing vocalist for Ricky Martin and Julio Iglesias.


Question: Has the Van Halen band broken up?

The Spice Girls

As well as releasing six singles in 2003 and titled them are “In Control”, “Fall Over”, “Hey Sugar”, “Dirty Music”, “Boom, Boom” and “Happens for a Reason” Post-breakup appearances There were plans for all five members to get back together for a Live8 concert in 2006, but because Melanie Brown was unable to attend due to work rushes, the concert did not materialize.


Question: Has the Van Halen band broken up?

The Spice Girls

In June 2007, the band members said they would be releasing a new single and compilation album in late 2007.


Question: Has the Van Halen band broken up?

The Spice Girls

The Return of The Spice Girls Tour was a success.


Question: Has the Van Halen band broken up?

The Spice Girls

At the concert, the band performed all of their most successful songs, as well as a new Headlines song.


Question: Has the Van Halen band broken up?

The Spice Girls

In addition to that, an 11-gig-long world tour in the Americas, Europe, Africa and Asia was also planned.


Question: Has the Van Halen band broken up?

The Spice Girls

Due to the length of their UK and American tour schedules, the Spice Girls announced on February 1, 2008 that the final concert would take place on February 26 in Toronto.


Question: Has the Van Halen band broken up?

The Spice Girls

This meant that tour times in South America, Asia, Australia and Africa were cancelled.


Question: Has the Van Halen band broken up?

The Spice Girls

[10] On 12 August 2012, The Spice Girls made another comeback at the closing concert of the London Olympics.


Question: Has the Van Halen band broken up?

The Spice Girls

They arrived on the stadium stage in traditional taxis with attached led lights shining in each Spice Girl's trademark patterns — Posh: glittery black, Sporty: rally stripes, Scary: leopard print, Baby: pink and Ginger: British flag.


Question: Has the Van Halen band broken up?

The Spice Girls

The band performed two of their most popular Spice Girls songs of all time: (“Wannabe”) and (“Spice Up Your Life”).


Question: Has the Van Halen band broken up?

The Spice Girls

Mel B. revealed the band would perform at the wedding of Prince Harry and Meghan Markle on May 19, 2018 in London.


Question: Has the Van Halen band broken up?

The Spice Girls

[11] The Spice Girls announced in November 2018 that they would be making their return to the performing stages in the summer of 2019.


Question: Has the Van Halen band broken up?

The Spice Girls

They will be performing as a quartet, without Victoria Beckham.


Question: Has the Van Halen band broken up?

The Spice Girls

The tour comprises six stadium concerts across the UK and culminates in June with a Wembley concert in London.


Question: Has the Van Halen band broken up?

The Spice Girls

[12] Sources References Literature Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Kelly, Fergus| title = Spice Girls: Our stories| location = Porvoo Helsinki Juva| publisher = WSOY| year = 1998| version = (All Things Spice: The Complete, Unofficial Story of the Spice Girls, 1997.)


Question: Has the Van Halen band broken up?

The Spice Girls

Translated by Ulla Selälä & Ilkka Äänelä| id = ISBN 951-0-22677-7}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Saarikoski, Helena| title = Choreographies of Young Femininity.


Question: Has the Van Halen band broken up?

The Spice Girls

Spice Girls fans as girls| location = Helsinki| publisher = Society of Finnish literature| year = 2009| id = ISBN 978-952-222-108-7}} On the topic elsewhere.


Question: Has the Van Halen band broken up?

The Spice Girls

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Question: Has the Van Halen band broken up?

The Spice Girls

Use {{lang-en}} or {{en icon}} instead. Yle Living Archive.


Question: Has the Van Halen band broken up?

The Spice Girls

Category:1990s bands and solo artists Category:British pop groups Category:British girl bands Category:Key articles of screening


Question: How is the alloy formed?

Alloy

An alloy, or alloy, is an alloy of at least one metal and one or more other elements having metallic properties.


Question: How is the alloy formed?

Alloy

[1] Alloys are generally more durable, lighter and less expensive than pure metals.


Question: How is the alloy formed?

Alloy

They are more usable than pure metals in many applications.


Question: How is the alloy formed?

Alloy

Typical examples of metal alloys include steel and brass, among others.


Question: How is the alloy formed?

Alloy

Introduction An alloy is a substance composed of at least two different elements, at least one of which is a metal.


Question: How is the alloy formed?

Alloy

This metal is called the base metal of the alloy.


Question: How is the alloy formed?

Alloy

Other substances can be either metals, semi-metals or nonmetals.


Question: How is the alloy formed?

Alloy

By adding these impurities, the properties of the alloy, such as the strength of the metal, can be modified.


Question: How is the alloy formed?

Alloy

However, the alloy retains the characteristics typical of metals.


Question: How is the alloy formed?

Alloy

Unlike pure metals, alloys usually do not have an exact melting point but a melting temperature range where a mixture of molten and solid phases occurs.


Question: How is the alloy formed?

Alloy

An alloy is typically prepared by dissolving alloying agents in a molten base metal.


Question: How is the alloy formed?

Alloy

The properties of a cooled and crystallized alloy may differ very much from those of individual substances.


Question: How is the alloy formed?

Alloy

For example, an alloy of copper and tin, bronze, is considerably stronger than either of the metals itself.


Question: How is the alloy formed?

Alloy

By adding carbon to iron, high-strength steel is obtained.


Question: How is the alloy formed?

Alloy

The properties of steel can be further modified, for example by adding chromium to it, yielding stainless steel.


Question: How is the alloy formed?

Alloy

The substances in the alloy should dissolve each other in a liquid state, but may not be soluble when solid.


Question: How is the alloy formed?

Alloy

If the substances are even solids soluble, the alloy is a solid solution that is homogeneous in structure and consists of identical crystals.


Question: How is the alloy formed?

Alloy

The alloy is then monophonic.


Question: How is the alloy formed?

Alloy

If the ingredients are not mutually soluble when solid, they can separate to form different crystals.


Question: How is the alloy formed?

Alloy

In this case, the alloy is heterogeneous and consists of several phases.


Question: How is the alloy formed?

Alloy

In some alloys, insoluble substances may only separate during the crystallization phase as a result of heat treatment.


Question: How is the alloy formed?

Alloy

Some alloys occur in nature, for example electrum, which is an alloy of gold and silver [2].


Question: How is the alloy formed?

Alloy

Alloys of iron and nickel have been found in meteorites, but on Earth they do not occur naturally.


Question: How is the alloy formed?

Alloy

Manufacturing Alloys are mainly produced in four different ways.


Question: How is the alloy formed?

Alloy

[3] [4] Alloying metal in molten state.


Question: How is the alloy formed?

Alloy

A metal with a higher melting point is melted and another metal is dropped into it, causing it to dissolve to form an alloy.


Question: How is the alloy formed?

Alloy

The mixture is usually covered with carbon to prevent oxidation.


Question: How is the alloy formed?

Alloy

This is the most common way to alloy metals, as almost all metals are mutually soluble in the melt state.


Question: How is the alloy formed?

Alloy

The exception is, for example, iron and lead.


Question: How is the alloy formed?

Alloy

Mixing metals in powder form and working the mixture.


Question: How is the alloy formed?

Alloy

Alloying two or more metals from an electrolyte solution containing their ions by direct current to form an alloy on the other electrode.


Question: How is the alloy formed?

Alloy

Simultaneous reduction of oxides of two or more metals, resulting in a mixture of metals.


Question: How is the alloy formed?

Alloy

Structure of Alloys Single-phase alloys Single-phase alloys are so-called solid solutions or solid solutions.


Question: How is the alloy formed?

Alloy

There are two types of solid solutions: intermediate and substitution solutions.


Question: How is the alloy formed?

Alloy

In an intermediate type alloy, alloy atoms settle in the metal lattice at intervals between metal atoms.


Question: How is the alloy formed?

Alloy

A prerequisite for the emergence of such a mixture is that the intermediate atoms are small enough.


Question: How is the alloy formed?

Alloy

Suitable atoms include, for example, carbon, oxygen and nitrogen.


Question: How is the alloy formed?

Alloy

In a substitutor mixture, alloy atoms replace metal atoms.


Question: How is the alloy formed?

Alloy

The substitution solution can also be used as a gapless solution.


Question: How is the alloy formed?

Alloy

The name comes from the fact that the substances alloyed in a gaping solution dissolve with each other in all proportions, forming a monophasic system.


Question: How is the alloy formed?

Alloy

There are four conditions for the formation of a gaping solution: The difference in size of the atoms to be alloyed should not exceed 15%.


Question: How is the alloy formed?

Alloy

If the size difference is greater than this, distortions occur in the structure, which typically causes phase separation.


Question: How is the alloy formed?

Alloy

The crystal structure of the substances to be alloyed must be the same.


Question: How is the alloy formed?

Alloy

The electronegativity difference must be quite small.


Question: How is the alloy formed?

Alloy

The valence of alloying substances must be the same.


Question: How is the alloy formed?

Alloy

For example, copper and nickel form a gapless solution.


Question: How is the alloy formed?

Alloy

Their size difference is small, with the copper atom having a radius of 0.128 nm and 0.125 nm for nickel.


Question: How is the alloy formed?

Alloy

The crystal structure of both is surface-centric cubic (PKK) and their electronegativity difference is only 0.1.


Question: How is the alloy formed?

Alloy

Copper occurs with valences +1 and +2 and nickel with valence +2.


Question: How is the alloy formed?

Alloy

Since all four conditions are met, form a copper and nickel gaping solution.


Question: How is the alloy formed?

Alloy

Of course, intermediate and substitutor mixtures are not mutually exclusive, they can also occur at the same time.


Question: How is the alloy formed?

Alloy

[5] Multiphase alloys If alloying substances are not soluble in all respects, phase separations may occur in the structure of the alloy.


Question: How is the alloy formed?

Alloy

In this case, for example, on microscope images, clear distinctive areas are observed.


Question: How is the alloy formed?

Alloy

Multiphase alloys can be alloys of metals, exemplified by alloys of lead and tin.


Question: How is the alloy formed?

Alloy

They can also be alloys of alloys and compound, such as a mixture of iron (ferrite) and cementite (Fe3C, iron carbide).


Question: How is the alloy formed?

Alloy

Multiphase mixtures have numerous different structures.


Question: How is the alloy formed?

Alloy

Microscope image of ductile cast iron.


Question: How is the alloy formed?

Alloy

Microscope image of an alloy of copper and silver.


Question: How is the alloy formed?

Alloy

Microscope image, ferrite and cementite.


Question: How is the alloy formed?

Alloy

History History Until the 18th century With the exception of pure copper and gold, the first metals with technological significance were metal alloys.


Question: How is the alloy formed?

Alloy

Around 2500 BCE.


Question: How is the alloy formed?

Alloy

it was found that alloying copper and tin yielded bronze that was stronger than pure copper.


Question: How is the alloy formed?

Alloy

The importance of bronze was so great that an entire era, the Bronze Age, has been named after it.


Question: How is the alloy formed?

Alloy

Tin was not ubiquitously available, so copper and zinc began to be alloyed in the Middle East, resulting in brass.


Question: How is the alloy formed?

Alloy

[3] The history of mercury alloys, amalgams, begins around 200 BCE, and their name derives from the ability of mercury to soften gold and silver.


Question: How is the alloy formed?

Alloy

Among other things, amalgams were utilized in gilding, as these alloys were used to paint surfaces which, when heated, the mercury was made to evaporate.


Question: How is the alloy formed?

Alloy

This method was in use up to the 19th century, especially in Russia.


Question: How is the alloy formed?

Alloy

[3] The number of precious metal alloys increased as American Indians alloyed gold and copper, gold and platinum, and silver and copper.


Question: How is the alloy formed?

Alloy

Alloys of gold and copper had a relatively low boiling point and was exploited in jurying these alloys.


Question: How is the alloy formed?

Alloy

In addition, the hardness of the alloys was obtained to the level of bronze by forging them.


Question: How is the alloy formed?

Alloy

Even if the copper content of the alloy would have been high, the products made from it appeared pure gold.


Question: How is the alloy formed?

Alloy

Similarly, the alloy of silver and copper looked like pure silver.


Question: How is the alloy formed?

Alloy

These features were exploited in fraudulent trading.


Question: How is the alloy formed?

Alloy

Platinum was not fused at that time, so by binding the platinum particles with gold, a mixture of these metals was produced which could be forged homogeneous.


Question: How is the alloy formed?

Alloy

[3] In Biringuccio's book, published in the 1540s, Pirotechnia is told of the use of tin amalgams in the manufacture of mirrors.


Question: How is the alloy formed?

Alloy

Also, with the development of book printing, alloys of tin, lead and antimony used in typefaces were mentioned in that work.


Question: How is the alloy formed?

Alloy

[3] The 18th century The Chinese had been making an alloy of copper, nickel, zinc and iron known as white copper for hundreds of years before it became widespread in Europe in the late 18th century, when metallic nickel was discovered.


Question: How is the alloy formed?

Alloy

[3] The 1786 observation of the importance of coal between iron and steel by the French chemist Marcellin Berthollet was a major starting point in the development of steels.


Question: How is the alloy formed?

Alloy

In 1819 Michael Faraday began research into the effect of various alloy metals on the properties of steels.


Question: How is the alloy formed?

Alloy

However, Faraday's research remained unfinished and the samples were not fully analyzed until 1931.


Question: How is the alloy formed?

Alloy

Robert Hadfield, who carried out the analysis, pointed out that if Faraday had completed his research, the age of alloy metals would have begun half a century earlier.


Question: How is the alloy formed?

Alloy

[3] 19th century With the onset of the 1830s, large deposits of nickel in Central Europe were actively exploited in the manufacture of alloys of copper-nickel and zinc known as German silver.


Question: How is the alloy formed?

Alloy

The alloy was economical to manufacture and cast and additionally had a silver color.


Question: How is the alloy formed?

Alloy

Other alloys of nickel became more common after the mid-19th century when an alloy of copper and nickel began to be used in coins due to its easy smelting and workability.


Question: How is the alloy formed?

Alloy

[3] The first developments in steels occurred in 1882, when Robert Hadfield observed an improvement in the impact strength and wear resistance of steels when 13% manganese was alloyed.


Question: How is the alloy formed?

Alloy

In 1896, Charles Guillaume found a significant decrease in thermal expansion of steels when 40% nickel was alloyed to them.


Question: How is the alloy formed?

Alloy

This finding became significant in applications requiring precision, such as the machinery of clocks.


Question: How is the alloy formed?

Alloy

[3] Alloys of cobalt, which later became known as stellites, began to be studied in the late 19th century as part of research into corrosion-resistant alloys.


Question: How is the alloy formed?

Alloy

These alloys were found to retain their hardness at high temperatures as well as being well tolerant of corrosion.


Question: How is the alloy formed?

Alloy

[3] Metallographic microscopes and phase rule developed in the 19th century had a great influence in the study and development of metal alloys.


Question: How is the alloy formed?

Alloy

After the development of polishing techniques, the crystal structure and its effect on mechanical properties were studied.


Question: How is the alloy formed?

Alloy

Also, X-ray technology and electron microscopes are considered invaluable in the development of metal alloys.


Question: How is the alloy formed?

Alloy

[3] 20th century Aluminium became commercially important in the early 20th century when its strength was increased by alloying copper and magnesium and thermally treating this alloy.


Question: How is the alloy formed?

Alloy

A. Wilm, who studied aluminium alloys, heated the mixture up to 500 degrees Celsius and then quickly cooled the mixture in water.


Question: How is the alloy formed?

Alloy

The result was a mixture that was still soft, but whose strength rose when chilled pieces were stored at room temperature.


Question: How is the alloy formed?

Alloy

Wilm found the strength leveling off to its peak value in four days.


Question: How is the alloy formed?

Alloy

[3] Also, many magnetic alloys were developed in the 20th century.


Question: How is the alloy formed?

Alloy

In 1910, steel was found to retain its magnetism if tungsten and molybdenum were alloyed.


Question: How is the alloy formed?

Alloy

A more powerful magnetic alloy with tungsten, chromium, cobalt and iron was developed in Japan.


Question: How is the alloy formed?

Alloy

Later, stronger magnetic alloys with aluminium, nickel, iron, and cobalt were further developed.


Question: How is the alloy formed?

Alloy

These alloys are used in addition to magnets, among other things, in small motors and in the image tubes of televisions.


Question: How is the alloy formed?

Alloy

[3] A significant discovery was the effect of nickel and chromium on the corrosion resistance of steels discovered in 1912.


Question: How is the alloy formed?

Alloy

These stainless steels are still important in industries such as food and pharmaceuticals.


Question: How is the alloy formed?

Alloy

[3] The first observations of memory metals were made in the 1930s when pseudoplastic properties were observed in alloys of gold and cadmium.


Question: How is the alloy formed?

Alloy

In the early 1960s, the first working memory metal formed by nickel and titanium was developed, which was found to return after modification to its original form upon heating.


Question: How is the alloy formed?

Alloy

[6] 21st century The development of alloys continues in the 21st century and many research areas are already related to alloying previously alloyed metals with other metals and improving the properties of alloys.


Question: How is the alloy formed?

Alloy

However, completely new developments have also been discovered and, for example, metal foam formed by an alloy of magnesium has been developed.


Question: How is the alloy formed?

Alloy

The foam even has a lower density than water, as well as good mechanical properties that make it a potential material for exploitation in watercraft.


Question: How is the alloy formed?

Alloy

[7] Known Alloys Steel is one of the most famous and used metal alloys.


Question: How is the alloy formed?

Alloy

Steel is an alloy of iron and carbon with a carbon content of less than 2.14%.


Question: How is the alloy formed?

Alloy

At higher carbon concentrations than this, we are talking about cast iron.


Question: How is the alloy formed?

Alloy

By adding other metals to steel, different grades of steel are obtained, such as stainless steel.


Question: How is the alloy formed?

Alloy

[5] Brass (copper, zinc) is used in locks and musical instruments, among other things.


Question: How is the alloy formed?

Alloy

Bronze (copper, tin) is the oldest known alloy and is used in both art and industrial applications.


Question: How is the alloy formed?

Alloy

Also, for example, gold and silver used in the jewelry industry are often alloys, in which case the proportion of gold or silver in the alloy is indicated in carats.


Question: How is the alloy formed?

Alloy

White and red gold are very typical jewelry alloys.


Question: How is the alloy formed?

Alloy

Amalgam (mercury, some other metal), on the other hand, used to be used to patch teeth.


Question: How is the alloy formed?

Alloy

So-called superalloys are alloys that retain their mechanical properties even at high temperatures.


Question: How is the alloy formed?

Alloy

In addition, they are highly resistant to corrosion and oxidation.


Question: How is the alloy formed?

Alloy

These superalloys are abundantly used in industry.


Question: How is the alloy formed?

Alloy

[8] Some alloys have been given a specific name after their inventors.


Question: How is the alloy formed?

Alloy

Such alloys include, but are not limited to, Wood's metal (50% bismuth, 12.5% cadmium, 25% lead and 12.5% tin) [9], Rose's metal (50% bismuth, 27.1% lead and 22.9% zinc) [10] and Field's metal (51% indium, 32.5% bismuth and 16.5% zinc) [11].


Question: How is the alloy formed?

Alloy

Reinforcing mechanisms based on metal alloys The deformation of metals at temperatures below the melting temperature occurs mainly by dislocation motion.


Question: How is the alloy formed?

Alloy

Metals can be strengthened by inhibiting the movement of dislocations, which is possible through alloying, among other things.


Question: How is the alloy formed?

Alloy

Solution reinforcement The edge dislocations cause compressive tension above their level of travel.


Question: How is the alloy formed?

Alloy

By alloying a substance with atomic diameters smaller than that of the base metal of the alloy, local tensile stresses can be induced into the metal lattice.


Question: How is the alloy formed?

Alloy

Compressive stress fields of dislocations tend to get stuck in these tensile stress fields induced by alloy atoms.


Question: How is the alloy formed?

Alloy

As contrasting stresses, they as if balance each other out.


Question: How is the alloy formed?

Alloy

[5] The edge dislocations also cause stress distortion below their level of travel.


Question: How is the alloy formed?

Alloy

Unlike above the plane of passage, dislocation below it causes tensile tension.


Question: How is the alloy formed?

Alloy

By alloying to the metal some substance with an atomic diameter larger than that of the base metal of the alloy, local compressive stresses can be induced into the lattice of the metal.


Question: How is the alloy formed?

Alloy

When compressive stress caused by the alloy atom and tensile stress due to dislocation meet, then they balance each other and dislocation movement becomes more difficult.


Question: How is the alloy formed?

Alloy

[5] Difference hardening Another typical method of reinforcement based on metal alloying is separation hardening.


Question: How is the alloy formed?

Alloy

For erection hardening, a supersaturated solution is first prepared.


Question: How is the alloy formed?

Alloy

This is done in such a way that first a mixture of insoluble metals is heated until the metals are completely dissolved in each other.


Question: How is the alloy formed?

Alloy

The heated mixture in which the metals are dissolved in each other is then cooled so quickly that the metals do not have time to separate into their own phases.


Question: How is the alloy formed?

Alloy

Thus, a supersaturated solution is created, that is, the alloy is in a metastable state.


Question: How is the alloy formed?

Alloy

The supersaturated solution is heated, if necessary, after quenching, when the phases begin to separate in a controlled manner.


Question: How is the alloy formed?

Alloy

This process is called aging or isolation annealing.


Question: How is the alloy formed?

Alloy

The separated phases distort the crystal lattice, complicating the movement of dislocations.


Question: How is the alloy formed?

Alloy

[5] In order to allow separation hardening to be performed on an alloy, the following conditions must be met: The solubility of the alloying substances shall be only a few percent solubility of the alloying substances in each other must increase with increasing temperature.


Question: How is the alloy formed?

Alloy

The mixture should be quenchable, that is, breakdowns should not form uncontrollably when cooling.


Question: How is the alloy formed?

Alloy

This is a typical method of reinforcement, for example, for aluminum alloys.


Question: How is the alloy formed?

Alloy

[5] See also List of alloys Sources Category:Key articles on screening


Question: When was Kemi Oy discontinued?

Kemi (company)

Kemi Oy was a company founded in 1893 and engaged in the woodworking industry in Kemi.


Question: When was Kemi Oy discontinued?

Kemi (company)

The company was initially called Trävaruaktiebolaget Kemi.


Question: When was Kemi Oy discontinued?

Kemi (company)

The name changed to Ab Kemi Oy in 1918 and to its final form Kemi Oy in 1953.


Question: When was Kemi Oy discontinued?

Kemi (company)

The company was founded by Oulu-based trading houses J. W. Snellman G:son and G.


Question: When was Kemi Oy discontinued?

Kemi (company)

& C. Bergbom.


Question: When was Kemi Oy discontinued?

Kemi (company)

Other notable partners included the English lumber import business G.


Question: When was Kemi Oy discontinued?

Kemi (company)

F. Neamen & Co, consul Alf.


Question: When was Kemi Oy discontinued?

Kemi (company)

Jacobson and Trade Advisor C.


Question: When was Kemi Oy discontinued?

Kemi (company)

M. Dahlström.


Question: When was Kemi Oy discontinued?

Kemi (company)

Of the original owners, Bergbom's owners relinquished ownership of Kemi Ltd in 1919.


Question: When was Kemi Oy discontinued?

Kemi (company)

The descendants of Snellman's trading house thereafter played a central role in both owners and operational management of the company.


Question: When was Kemi Oy discontinued?

Kemi (company)

After 1953, Kemi Oy became a company of companies, i.e. several key actors in the forest industry — above all Veitsiluoto Oy and Metsäliitto — were its owners.


Question: When was Kemi Oy discontinued?

Kemi (company)

In the 1980s, Metsäliitto became the main owner.


Question: When was Kemi Oy discontinued?

Kemi (company)

The company was headquartered in Oulu until 1921, after which it moved to Kemi.


Question: When was Kemi Oy discontinued?

Kemi (company)

In 1991, when Kemi Oy's merger with Metsä-Botnia took place, there was sawing and later started cellulose and board production.


Question: When was Kemi Oy discontinued?

Kemi (company)

In the next few decades the company was taken over from its founders Laitakarin (per.


Question: When was Kemi Oy discontinued?

Kemi (company)

1862) and Karihaaran (per.


Question: When was Kemi Oy discontinued?

Kemi (company)

1874) steam saws and the Röyttu steam sawmill located in Tornio (per.


Question: When was Kemi Oy discontinued?

Kemi (company)


Question: When was Kemi Oy discontinued?

Kemi (company)

In 1909, the chemical company's sawing operations expanded to the Swedish side when the company purchased the Sandvik sawmill located off Haparanda on Seittenkar Island.


Question: When was Kemi Oy discontinued?

Kemi (company)

For the sawmill, the Kemi-company established a Swedish subsidiary, Svenska Trävaruaktiebolaget Kemi.


Question: When was Kemi Oy discontinued?

Kemi (company)

[1] At the time of the First World War, which began in 1914, the Swedish subsidiary was of real benefit when the Kemi company could use its neutral Swedish company to export its products to Western countries such as Britain and the Netherlands.


Question: When was Kemi Oy discontinued?

Kemi (company)

In addition, correspondence with clients could be handled through Sandvik.


Question: When was Kemi Oy discontinued?

Kemi (company)

The chemical company used the Norwegian port of Narvik to export its products between 1916 and 1917, where the goods were transported by rail.


Question: When was Kemi Oy discontinued?

Kemi (company)

[2] The forest branch of the Kemi company was initially in Kemijärvi, because there was a large savotta in the Isokylä block.


Question: When was Kemi Oy discontinued?

Kemi (company)

In 1900, the forest branch was moved to Konttinen Manor in Rovaniemi.


Question: When was Kemi Oy discontinued?

Kemi (company)

The most famous of the forestry managers who led the timber acquisition of the Kemi company was Hugo Richard Sandberg, who organised, among other things, the Nuorti machine savo around the time of World War I in the mid-1910s.


Question: When was Kemi Oy discontinued?

Kemi (company)

The Kemi company acquired its trees from private landowners through procurement trades, from consession and auctions of state forests, or from its own forests, which it had about 75000 hectares before World War I.


Question: When was Kemi Oy discontinued?

Kemi (company)

[3] The Kemi company, the then Trävaruaktiebolaget Kemi, was, in its early days, a company run by the Snellmans.


Question: When was Kemi Oy discontinued?

Kemi (company)

Albert Oskar Snellman, head of the J. W. Snellman G:son trading room, was CEO and Chairman of the Board for only one year, until his death.


Question: When was Kemi Oy discontinued?

Kemi (company)

After his brother stepped in as the new CEO and chairman of the board, Karl August “Addi” Snellman, who held that position until his death, namely the years 1894—1918, stepped in.


Question: When was Kemi Oy discontinued?

Kemi (company)

In its early sawmilling-focused company, the key CEO partners were the sawmill steward and the forestry manager.


Question: When was Kemi Oy discontinued?

Kemi (company)

From the Snellman family, K. A. Snellman's nephew, Georg Snellman, rose to be steward of the sawmill for 1906—1918.


Question: When was Kemi Oy discontinued?

Kemi (company)

Although the company had clear owners, the company's shares had begun to be traded on the Helsinki Stock Exchange in 1916.


Question: When was Kemi Oy discontinued?

Kemi (company)

However, significant ownership changes were not affected by the measure at this stage.


Question: When was Kemi Oy discontinued?

Kemi (company)

[4] In the Snellman family, in addition to previous CEOs Albert Oskar and Karl August, Albert Oskar's son-in-law Colonel Reinhold Weckman played a prominent role in the management of Snellman's trading house.


Question: When was Kemi Oy discontinued?

Kemi (company)

The situation within the family became inflamed, as Karl August pursued his son Augustia, Weckman again steward of the sawmill, his wife's cousin Georg Snellman.


Question: When was Kemi Oy discontinued?

Kemi (company)

During 1919, the situation was driven into ownership arrangements, whereby the original owner Bergbomit withdrew mainly from the ownership of the company.


Question: When was Kemi Oy discontinued?

Kemi (company)

Norwegians emerged as the largest owner, with the other notable owners being the Snellmans and Weckmans.


Question: When was Kemi Oy discontinued?

Kemi (company)

The situation was not resolved although August Snellman was elected in January 1919 as managing director.


Question: When was Kemi Oy discontinued?

Kemi (company)

The Board of Directors had been headed up to that point by a CEO, but the Chairman of the Board now became Chairman of the Board, Axel Ehrnrooth, representing Privatbanken — the company's chief executive.


Question: When was Kemi Oy discontinued?

Kemi (company)

August Snellman did not want to assume the position of managing director, but relinquished it during 1922.


Question: When was Kemi Oy discontinued?

Kemi (company)

[5] Kemi Oy's influence in Lapland was primarily visible in wood sourcing and swimming.


Question: When was Kemi Oy discontinued?

Kemi (company)

In the first half of the 20th century, the company was by far the largest purveyor of wood in Kemijoki.


Question: When was Kemi Oy discontinued?

Kemi (company)

Kemi Oy operated the Kemijoki uito from 1893, since its founding.


Question: When was Kemi Oy discontinued?

Kemi (company)

As recently as the 1930s, trees swimming by Kemi Oy accounted for about half of the uito.


Question: When was Kemi Oy discontinued?

Kemi (company)

During the interwar period up to the 1960s, another head of the forest side of Kemi Oy Jarl Sundqvist was well known across Lapland.


Question: When was Kemi Oy discontinued?

Kemi (company)

He held the position for the period 1927—1962, or 35 years.


Question: When was Kemi Oy discontinued?

Kemi (company)

In the late stages of his chiefdom period, trucks took up an even greater share of timber transportation.


Question: When was Kemi Oy discontinued?

Kemi (company)

During the early years of Finland's independence, Kemi Oy found itself in a prominent role in February 1922 when a group of former Finnish Red Guards invaded from East Karelia to the savotas of the Sallan-Savukoski region, which included the large savotta of Kemi Oy in Värriö.


Question: When was Kemi Oy discontinued?

Kemi (company)

There, the Red Guards who arrived in the country declared the beginning of the revolution.


Question: When was Kemi Oy discontinued?

Kemi (company)

Savota laborers joined in and also toured other savotas in the area for five days, returning back to East Karelia.


Question: When was Kemi Oy discontinued?

Kemi (company)

The invasion of Finland was prompted by the ongoing Finnish-backed tribal wars in East Karelia — the last stage the uprising in the Viena region.


Question: When was Kemi Oy discontinued?

Kemi (company)

[6] Alongside sawing, the Snellmans, who served as CEOs of pulp production Kemi, had been particularly invested in issues related to the marketing, sale and shipping of sawn timber.


Question: When was Kemi Oy discontinued?

Kemi (company)

Now the new non-family CEO Herman Möller focused on the development and management of production facilities.


Question: When was Kemi Oy discontinued?

Kemi (company)

Sales were not as visible as his predecessors.


Question: When was Kemi Oy discontinued?

Kemi (company)

The previous CEO, August Snellman, took over as sales manager, for whom the job was more appropriate.


Question: When was Kemi Oy discontinued?

Kemi (company)

In this position he held for two decades beginning in 1924.


Question: When was Kemi Oy discontinued?

Kemi (company)

When Finland became independent, the Kemi-company became a mechanical and chemical woodworking company.


Question: When was Kemi Oy discontinued?

Kemi (company)

The Kemi company planned to build a sulphate cellulose plant using pine wood as raw material in 1907 and 1914, but it was not until 1919 that the company's first sulfite cellulose plant using spruce wood was completed in the autumn of 1919.


Question: When was Kemi Oy discontinued?

Kemi (company)

At the same time, a programme of renewal and expansion of the sawmill was initiated, whereby the ten rams of the sawmill were replaced for eight new ones as well as all equipment being replaced to electric, so the era of steam had passed.


Question: When was Kemi Oy discontinued?

Kemi (company)

[7] The construction of the sulfite cellulose plant was made possible by a 30-year logging contract with Metsähallitus in 1913 for one million stack cubic metres of spruce wood.


Question: When was Kemi Oy discontinued?

Kemi (company)

Next, a sulfate cellulose plant was completed in 1927, using pine wood as raw material.


Question: When was Kemi Oy discontinued?

Kemi (company)

The Kemi company therefore had a conscious effort to reduce the share of cyclically-sensitive sawing operations in the company's turnover.


Question: When was Kemi Oy discontinued?

Kemi (company)

This strategy set out to be implemented by a new CEO, Möller, who led the company 1923—1932.


Question: When was Kemi Oy discontinued?

Kemi (company)

[8] The situation in the early 1930s was challenging on both the mechanical and chemical forestry industries.


Question: When was Kemi Oy discontinued?

Kemi (company)

In sawing, the Soviet Union had entered the market, pressing down sales prices.


Question: When was Kemi Oy discontinued?

Kemi (company)

Pulp products also had sales problems stemming from the recession.


Question: When was Kemi Oy discontinued?

Kemi (company)

In the early 1930s, a prominent company owner, Rudolf Walden, who, as a pulp trade expert, influenced the activities of CEO Möller, rose to the Board of Directors.


Question: When was Kemi Oy discontinued?

Kemi (company)

Walden also represented by proxy another prominent owner, General Mannerheim, whose niece was married to Reinhold Weckman's son Björn Weckman.


Question: When was Kemi Oy discontinued?

Kemi (company)

Walden's entry into the company's board of directors thus changed Möller's position as CEO.


Question: When was Kemi Oy discontinued?

Kemi (company)

Möller resigned from his position in early 1932.


Question: When was Kemi Oy discontinued?

Kemi (company)

[9] Möller's successor as CEO of Kemi was Karl Erik Ekholm — the nominee of Major General Walden, who served on the company's board of directors.


Question: When was Kemi Oy discontinued?

Kemi (company)

During his time, which lasted until 1937, the Karihaara sawmill was thoroughly renovated.


Question: When was Kemi Oy discontinued?

Kemi (company)

The joint operation of the sawmill and pulp mill was also intensified.


Question: When was Kemi Oy discontinued?

Kemi (company)

The chief engineer of the pulp mill was Gustaf Adolf Finne from the beginning in 1915, who gave up his duties during 1933.


Question: When was Kemi Oy discontinued?

Kemi (company)

He was succeeded by Reinhold Weckman's son Stig Weckman.


Question: When was Kemi Oy discontinued?

Kemi (company)

Investments were made in the chemical industry, including Kone and Silla Oy supplied two Kamyr drying machines to the cellulose factory between 1933 and 1936.


Question: When was Kemi Oy discontinued?

Kemi (company)

Both machines were 3200mm wide.


Question: When was Kemi Oy discontinued?

Kemi (company)

A major turning point in the company was 1934, when the pulp mills first had a higher profit than that of sawmills.


Question: When was Kemi Oy discontinued?

Kemi (company)

Turnover of pulp mills had been larger than sawmills as early as 1932.


Question: When was Kemi Oy discontinued?

Kemi (company)

Sawing had been augmented in the early 1930s at Karihaara, replacing the production of Röyttu, which was destroyed by fire.


Question: When was Kemi Oy discontinued?

Kemi (company)

The Sandvik sawmill on Haaparanna, Sweden, had been sold in 1930.


Question: When was Kemi Oy discontinued?

Kemi (company)

As a result of the reform of the Karihaara sawmill, it became the largest sawmill in Europe in late 1936.


Question: When was Kemi Oy discontinued?

Kemi (company)

Sawing was definitively concentrated on Karihaara when the Laitakar sawmill was discontinued in 1939.


Question: When was Kemi Oy discontinued?

Kemi (company)

For all its purposes, the latter half of the 1930s was a time of economic consolidation for the company on the side of both the mechanical and chemical forestry industries.


Question: When was Kemi Oy discontinued?

Kemi (company)

The completion of the headquarters in February 1936 also embodied the company's external prestige.


Question: When was Kemi Oy discontinued?

Kemi (company)

On the Helsinki Stock Exchange, Kemi's share is estimated to have been a much higher than average investment in 1936-1938, among the shares of both the industry as a whole and in the forest industry.


Question: When was Kemi Oy discontinued?

Kemi (company)

[10] K. E. Ekholm was invited in 1937 to become CEO of the Kymi company, and he left the Kemi company in June 1937.


Question: When was Kemi Oy discontinued?

Kemi (company)

He was subsequently elected to the board of the Kemi company all the way up to 1952.


Question: When was Kemi Oy discontinued?

Kemi (company)

A descendant of the Snellmans trading house was Stig Weckman, a descendant of the Snellmans' trading house, who from his mother's side were the Snellmans.


Question: When was Kemi Oy discontinued?

Kemi (company)

He had entered the company's employ in 1932, and had been closely involved in the development of the company's pulp production.


Question: When was Kemi Oy discontinued?

Kemi (company)

On the same occasion, a former CEO, Stig Weckman's cousin August Snellman, became Chairman of the Board.


Question: When was Kemi Oy discontinued?

Kemi (company)

The management positions of the Kemi company were thus held by the heirs of J. W. Snellman G:son.


Question: When was Kemi Oy discontinued?

Kemi (company)

[11] The period of the wars and their subsequent World War, which began in September 1939, with the German invasion of Poland, cut off trade routes.


Question: When was Kemi Oy discontinued?

Kemi (company)

Supplies of sawn timber to the main market were practically cut off.


Question: When was Kemi Oy discontinued?

Kemi (company)

Due to fuel supply, the Defence Council began discussions with the sulfite industry about increasing production of the sprii.


Question: When was Kemi Oy discontinued?

Kemi (company)

At the Kemi company, the alcohol project was considered by the company's board of directors in October 1939.


Question: When was Kemi Oy discontinued?

Kemi (company)

The construction of the sprite plant was reached in February 1941.


Question: When was Kemi Oy discontinued?

Kemi (company)

During the Winter War, mortars began to be turned in Kemi by the Ministry of Defence, the manufacture of which moved to the company's Pajusaari machine shop during 1941.


Question: When was Kemi Oy discontinued?

Kemi (company)

At the Pajusaari machine shop, wood carburettors began to be manufactured earlier in 1940, which were installed in cars and trucks alike.


Question: When was Kemi Oy discontinued?

Kemi (company)

[12] The production of sawn timber contracted during the war years 1939-1945, making 100-130,000 cubes, i.e., the production of sawn timber was roughly 40% of the peak 1937 production.


Question: When was Kemi Oy discontinued?

Kemi (company)

Visiting the sulfite factory was interrupted during the war years.


Question: When was Kemi Oy discontinued?

Kemi (company)

The longest continuous output shutdown lasted from November 1941 until the turn of October—November 1943, when the factory was launched to begin production of the spray required by the authorities.


Question: When was Kemi Oy discontinued?

Kemi (company)

Visiting the sulfate plant was more regular, but even that production remained about half of the peacetime period.


Question: When was Kemi Oy discontinued?

Kemi (company)

[13] During the war, the by-products of the chemical industry took on a more prominent role in the company's operations.


Question: When was Kemi Oy discontinued?

Kemi (company)

By-products of the sulfate plant pine oil and turpentine were used for their own further processing, from which the so-called so-called. Hako products as paint oil, lubricating oil, paper adhesive.


Question: When was Kemi Oy discontinued?

Kemi (company)

Fodder pulp, which was supplied to Germany, can also be considered a downstream product.


Question: When was Kemi Oy discontinued?

Kemi (company)

The Ministry of Defence was also the initiator of the construction of a new product, prefabricated wooden barracks.


Question: When was Kemi Oy discontinued?

Kemi (company)

In September 1940, the Kemi company received its first delivery to manufacture crew barracks for the German Army in northern Norway.


Question: When was Kemi Oy discontinued?

Kemi (company)

After the war, houses were manufactured for the needs of reconstruction, as well as for Soviet exports and war reparations.


Question: When was Kemi Oy discontinued?

Kemi (company)

Wooden houses were the only wartime product that alone could compete in importance with the traditional products of the Kemi company.


Question: When was Kemi Oy discontinued?

Kemi (company)

[14] Sakari Virtanen summarizes the wartime significance in his company history as follows [15]: During the Winter and Continuation War, the Kemi and Pajusaari factories were not subject to bombardment.


Question: When was Kemi Oy discontinued?

Kemi (company)

The situation was quite different at the time of the Lapland War battles that started in early October 1944.


Question: When was Kemi Oy discontinued?

Kemi (company)

On October 5, the commander of German troops ordered e.g.


Question: When was Kemi Oy discontinued?

Kemi (company)

Pajusaari cellulose mills and timber warehouses strictly for disposal.


Question: When was Kemi Oy discontinued?

Kemi (company)

In September, the Finns had brought the so-called section Pennanen to protect the Pajusaari and Veitsiluoto factories.


Question: When was Kemi Oy discontinued?

Kemi (company)

During the fighting on 7 and 8 October, the factory sites are damaged, but spared total destruction.


Question: When was Kemi Oy discontinued?

Kemi (company)

[16] Immediately after the war, for the first couple of years, investment was directed towards repairing the damage.


Question: When was Kemi Oy discontinued?

Kemi (company)

A separate major issue was the participation of Kemijoki in electricity generation.


Question: When was Kemi Oy discontinued?

Kemi (company)

For this, the Finnish industry incl.


Question: When was Kemi Oy discontinued?

Kemi (company)

Kemi Oy had founded Pohjolan Voima Oy during the war in 1943 with the intention of building not only Kemijoki but also Iijoki.


Question: When was Kemi Oy discontinued?

Kemi (company)

The first was the Isohaara Power Plant built in the Kemijoki estuary, which was only a few kilometres from Kemi Oy's production facilities.


Question: When was Kemi Oy discontinued?

Kemi (company)

The power station was commissioned in early 1949.


Question: When was Kemi Oy discontinued?

Kemi (company)

[17] The post-war period was marked by a confrontation between employers and workers, to which the march of the far left brought its own visible features.


Question: When was Kemi Oy discontinued?

Kemi (company)

The first strikes in Kemi Ltd started at the Karihaara sawmill in January 1945 and then strikes of various lengths continued throughout the end of the decade culminating in the events of late summer 1949.


Question: When was Kemi Oy discontinued?

Kemi (company)

The strike in the late summer of 1949 lasted a total of two months.


Question: When was Kemi Oy discontinued?

Kemi (company)

The dispute started on the issue of pay for Kemi Oy pulp mill loaders and stockmen and pulp tree land buyers.


Question: When was Kemi Oy discontinued?

Kemi (company)

Subsequently, the situation expanded into a strike movement that claimed two lives that gained national prominence.


Question: When was Kemi Oy discontinued?

Kemi (company)

[18] On 22 August 1949, under the Power Act, the State Council ordered the strikes to be stopped.


Question: When was Kemi Oy discontinued?

Kemi (company)

The pulp mills went off and running on the deadline, but on the sawmill side the strike still continued for some time.


Question: When was Kemi Oy discontinued?

Kemi (company)

The great destruction to the Karihaara sawmill was caused by the ferry garden Great Fire, which was caused by the spark of a tug barrel in September 1949, which destroyed the board orchard almost completely, or 105,000 cubes of sawn timber.


Question: When was Kemi Oy discontinued?

Kemi (company)

[19] Lucky in the accident was that the market was quiet at that time and full inventory insurance made up for the losses caused by the fire.


Question: When was Kemi Oy discontinued?

Kemi (company)

In all respects, however, the reforms demanded by the fire were not completed to the next high tide of the early 1950s, the economic boom caused by the Korean War.


Question: When was Kemi Oy discontinued?

Kemi (company)

[20] In the 1950s, CEO Weckman launched large-scale investments to develop the pulp industry in addition to sawing operations.


Question: When was Kemi Oy discontinued?

Kemi (company)

The situation was made problematic by the recession that began after the Korean boom, which hit the solvency of Kemi company.


Question: When was Kemi Oy discontinued?

Kemi (company)

During 1952, the price of sulfate and sulffite pulp had dropped 70%, sawn timber nearly 30%.


Question: When was Kemi Oy discontinued?

Kemi (company)

Similarly, the price level of timber had increased by 80%.


Question: When was Kemi Oy discontinued?

Kemi (company)

No other way was seen as a solution to the situation other than a significant increase in the share capital.


Question: When was Kemi Oy discontinued?

Kemi (company)

In this context, Finnish Bank of Finland, SOEs Tervakoski Oy, Kansaneläkelaitos and Veitsiluoto Oy took control of 34% of the share stock.


Question: When was Kemi Oy discontinued?

Kemi (company)

The private side, namely the four Finnish forestry companies Oy Kaukas Ab, Kymin Limited Liability Company, W Rosenlew & Co and Tampere Pellava- ja Rauta-teollisuus Oy became 12%, Metsäliitto 12% and SOK 2%.


Question: When was Kemi Oy discontinued?

Kemi (company)

Individuals still remained the largest group, accounting for 37%.


Question: When was Kemi Oy discontinued?

Kemi (company)

At a general meeting held on 19 March 1953, the company's name was changed to Kemi Oy, and the company's management meeting language became Finnish instead of Swedish for the first time.


Question: When was Kemi Oy discontinued?

Kemi (company)

At the AGM, CEO Weckman announced that he would step down from management of the company by the following summer.


Question: When was Kemi Oy discontinued?

Kemi (company)

This was the end of the old Snellman trading house era under the management of Kemi Ltd.


Question: When was Kemi Oy discontinued?

Kemi (company)

Following the announcement of Weckman's resignation, the then CEO of Oulu Oy, Aulis Oy, was invited to become Chairman of the Executive Board.


Question: When was Kemi Oy discontinued?

Kemi (company)

Kairamo.


Question: When was Kemi Oy discontinued?

Kemi (company)

[21] In 1953, Aulis O. Kairamo became the CEO of Kemi Ltd.


Question: When was Kemi Oy discontinued?

Kemi (company)

The corporate management rule was then changed so that the highest deciding body was the Board of Supervisors, as was common in large companies at the time, particularly state-run enterprises.


Question: When was Kemi Oy discontinued?

Kemi (company)

The representative countries of the Forest Association were elected as the first president.


Question: When was Kemi Oy discontinued?

Kemi (company)

and forests.


Question: When was Kemi Oy discontinued?

Kemi (company)

Dr. Onni Koskikallio.


Question: When was Kemi Oy discontinued?

Kemi (company)

Ownership, the situation was challenging, and put the CEO in a demanding situation.


Question: When was Kemi Oy discontinued?

Kemi (company)

In particular, the situation escalated ed.


Question: When was Kemi Oy discontinued?

Kemi (company)

Aarne Pelkonen became the Owner Representative of Veitsiluoto on the Supervisory Board in 1955.


Question: When was Kemi Oy discontinued?

Kemi (company)

Ed.C.


Question: When was Kemi Oy discontinued?

Kemi (company)

Kairamo raised the long-term need for investment, either expanding the sulfate plant or raising the refining rate.


Question: When was Kemi Oy discontinued?

Kemi (company)

However, investment in the first phase was aimed at increasing the production of the sawmill and pulp mills.


Question: When was Kemi Oy discontinued?

Kemi (company)

When discussing investments, the need to raise share capital arose.


Question: When was Kemi Oy discontinued?

Kemi (company)

This made the situation energized between the CEO and the owners — especially in the direction of Knife Luoto.


Question: When was Kemi Oy discontinued?

Kemi (company)

Later, the excitement was heightened by discussions on merging the operations of Kemi Oy and Veitsiluoto Oy under the governmental company.


Question: When was Kemi Oy discontinued?

Kemi (company)

The number of staff was at its highest in the early 1960s, nearly 4500, including 3000 at the Karihaara production facilities.


Question: When was Kemi Oy discontinued?

Kemi (company)

From this, the number of staff decreased to less than 2500 employees at the end of the 1960s, of which there were slightly less than 1900 at Karihara.


Question: When was Kemi Oy discontinued?

Kemi (company)

The Forestry Department had fewer than 500 employees left.


Question: When was Kemi Oy discontinued?

Kemi (company)

[22] In 1961, a solution was finally reached for the share capital increase, resulting in the public sector unchanged at 35%, the private industry group's share doubled to 24%, the cooperative 17 per cent and private entities falling to 24%.


Question: When was Kemi Oy discontinued?

Kemi (company)

In 1961, Martti Miettunen, a country-ally from the nearby Reich, took the leadership of the Board of Supervisors, who served as chairman until 1978.


Question: When was Kemi Oy discontinued?

Kemi (company)

The situation was energized with Miettusenki, as despite fierce opposition from Kairamo, the Agrarian Union and Miettunen, who were part of its leading politicians, pushed through the establishment of the state-owned Kemijärvi Oy pulp mill by 1965.


Question: When was Kemi Oy discontinued?

Kemi (company)

Kairamo perceived the establishment of a new pulp mill as a threat to Kemi Oy's timber acquisition.


Question: When was Kemi Oy discontinued?

Kemi (company)

[23] In 1966, the situation between CEO Kairamo and the owners reached an impasse.


Question: When was Kemi Oy discontinued?

Kemi (company)

Production at the sulfate plant had risen to a record level of 220,000 tonnes.


Question: When was Kemi Oy discontinued?

Kemi (company)

In any case, the company was in good condition in production technical terms.


Question: When was Kemi Oy discontinued?

Kemi (company)

Kairamo strongly pushed for further refining of sulfate pulp into waft board, or kraftliner.


Question: When was Kemi Oy discontinued?

Kemi (company)

In this situation, the problem was the reduction in the price of raw wood required by the financiers to reduce costs.


Question: When was Kemi Oy discontinued?

Kemi (company)

It was a condition of the investment.


Question: When was Kemi Oy discontinued?

Kemi (company)

It was not achieved, Mr Miettunen, chairman of the supervisory board, suggested a change of CEO.


Question: When was Kemi Oy discontinued?

Kemi (company)

[24] Dipl.ins was appointed CEO.


Question: When was Kemi Oy discontinued?

Kemi (company)

Niilo Hakkarainen, who had joined Kemi Oy in 1955 and was at the last stage before his CEO appointment as the head of the company's chemical forestry industry.


Question: When was Kemi Oy discontinued?

Kemi (company)

Upon appointment, Hakkarainen was appointed Chief of the Forest Side, Forester Mauri Melamies as Deputy Managing Director.


Question: When was Kemi Oy discontinued?

Kemi (company)

From the beginning, the new directors had demonstrated a desire to cooperate with the owners and the space to manoeuvre they provided.


Question: When was Kemi Oy discontinued?

Kemi (company)

Hakkarainen and Melamies pushed ahead with the previous CEO's board factory project, and the decision was reached in 1968.


Question: When was Kemi Oy discontinued?

Kemi (company)

At the same time, the company's share capital was increased.


Question: When was Kemi Oy discontinued?

Kemi (company)

While the project was still in progress, CEO Hakkarainen requested his resignation in order to take over as Managing Director of the United Paper Mills in the summer of 1969.


Question: When was Kemi Oy discontinued?

Kemi (company)

He was succeeded by Deputy Managing Director Mauri Melamies.


Question: When was Kemi Oy discontinued?

Kemi (company)

Juhani Ahava, head of the company's chemical forestry industry, took the lead of the board factory project.


Question: When was Kemi Oy discontinued?

Kemi (company)

[25] From a company of companies to a company of two owners, the long-sought downstream processing unit, namely a cardboard factory, started in October 1971.


Question: When was Kemi Oy discontinued?

Kemi (company)

Around the same time, a new development programme was launched, focusing on more efficient use of raw material and energy, further processing of lumber and development of specialty masses.


Question: When was Kemi Oy discontinued?

Kemi (company)

In the further processing of sawn timber on the side of the house mill, the manufacture of house elements and began to be manufactured for leisure houses.


Question: When was Kemi Oy discontinued?

Kemi (company)

On the sawmill side, the focus was on the development of post-treatment of sawn timber.


Question: When was Kemi Oy discontinued?

Kemi (company)

In 1976, eight old 1930s perimeter saws were replaced by new sawing technology.


Question: When was Kemi Oy discontinued?

Kemi (company)

On the side of the chemical forestry industry, investment was made in a long-exhibited bleaching plant.


Question: When was Kemi Oy discontinued?

Kemi (company)

[26] The successful kraftliner project and the intense boom that followed enabled resources to be used for many new things.


Question: When was Kemi Oy discontinued?

Kemi (company)

There was also an effort to move from the forestry industry to other industries, such as stone processing and engineering.


Question: When was Kemi Oy discontinued?

Kemi (company)

The latter, though, was abandoned quite quickly.


Question: When was Kemi Oy discontinued?

Kemi (company)

Investment abroad also came to the fore.


Question: When was Kemi Oy discontinued?

Kemi (company)

In 1976, Kemi Oy became a partner in a German forestry industrial company called Kämmerer Gmbh for a third.


Question: When was Kemi Oy discontinued?

Kemi (company)

The other Finnish company included A. Ahlström Oy.


Question: When was Kemi Oy discontinued?

Kemi (company)

The partnership lasted only a couple of years, after which Kemi Oy sold its shareholding to Ahlström.


Question: When was Kemi Oy discontinued?

Kemi (company)

[27] The main owners of Kemi Oy had remained the same since 1953 until the late 1970s.


Question: When was Kemi Oy discontinued?

Kemi (company)

The situation was not seen as workable in the sense of investment needs.


Question: When was Kemi Oy discontinued?

Kemi (company)

Thus, the two largest shareholders, Veitsiluoto Oy and Metsäliitto, teamed up with each other to prepare a plan to clarify decision-making powers during 1978.


Question: When was Kemi Oy discontinued?

Kemi (company)

The solution came from the fact that there were two main groups of owners, namely the state-run Veitsiluoto and the cooperative Metsäliitto, both of which had a 49% stake.


Question: When was Kemi Oy discontinued?

Kemi (company)

Paul Paavela, then Minister of Finance, rose to chair the Board of Supervisors.


Question: When was Kemi Oy discontinued?

Kemi (company)

After Paavela, until 1986, State Secretary Teemu Hiltunen and Director-General Mikko Wuoti of Metsäliitö were chaired.


Question: When was Kemi Oy discontinued?

Kemi (company)

The supervisory board system was dissolved in 1986 and replaced by the Board of Directors, which since 1985 was headed by Matti Puttonen, CEO of Metsäliitto.


Question: When was Kemi Oy discontinued?

Kemi (company)

[28] There were changes in the company's acting management when the CEO Melamies retired after being employed by Kemi Oy since 1944.


Question: When was Kemi Oy discontinued?

Kemi (company)

Oy Wilh was elected as the new CEO.


Question: When was Kemi Oy discontinued?

Kemi (company)

Erik Volmari, executive vice president of Schaumn AB.


Question: When was Kemi Oy discontinued?

Kemi (company)

In the same context, the company's share capital was significantly increased.


Question: When was Kemi Oy discontinued?

Kemi (company)

The goal was now, according to the new development plan, to build a fine paper machine.


Question: When was Kemi Oy discontinued?

Kemi (company)

Volmari strongly stigmatized himself as an advocate of paper machine investment in his activities.


Question: When was Kemi Oy discontinued?

Kemi (company)

[29] The ownership of Kemi Oy was a permanent talking point in the press.


Question: When was Kemi Oy discontinued?

Kemi (company)

At the same time, ownership arrangements took place with Oulu Oy, which became part of Veitsiluoto Oy.


Question: When was Kemi Oy discontinued?

Kemi (company)

In political circles, Veitsiluoodo was not wanted to give the entire forest industry in Northern Finland, which led the State to sell its shares in Kemi Oy to a national bank group formed around Metsäliitto and Kajaani Oy in 1986.


Question: When was Kemi Oy discontinued?

Kemi (company)

This is how the buzz over Kemi Oy's ownership had been resolved since 1978.


Question: When was Kemi Oy discontinued?

Kemi (company)

Volmari, who served as CEO, retired in autumn 1989 and was replaced by Juhani Yli-Paavola.


Question: When was Kemi Oy discontinued?

Kemi (company)

[30] The merger and subsequent activities in Pajusaari The Finnish forest industry saw significant concentration in the latter half of the 1980s.


Question: When was Kemi Oy discontinued?

Kemi (company)

As part of this development, the main shareholders of Kemi Oy announced in December 1989 that the company would be incorporated into Oy Metsä-Botnia AB, Metsä-Serla Oy and Yhneet Paperitehtaat Oy.


Question: When was Kemi Oy discontinued?

Kemi (company)

The CEO of the new company became Yli-Paavola and the local manager of the Kemi factories tekn.lis.


Question: When was Kemi Oy discontinued?

Kemi (company)

Jorma Ranki.


Question: When was Kemi Oy discontinued?

Kemi (company)

The last general meeting of Kemi Oy was on 22 May 1991.


Question: When was Kemi Oy discontinued?

Kemi (company)

Kemi Oy had mechanical and chemical woodworking activities.


Question: When was Kemi Oy discontinued?

Kemi (company)

[30] Sawing operations were the original activities of the merged company.


Question: When was Kemi Oy discontinued?

Kemi (company)

The Karihaara sawmill was continued in the name of Oy Botnia Wood AB, part of the group.


Question: When was Kemi Oy discontinued?

Kemi (company)

Later, the name of the company in the Metsäliitto Group has been mumbled several times.


Question: When was Kemi Oy discontinued?

Kemi (company)

In 1995, Botnia Wood was merged with Metsä Timber Oy, in 2000 Metsä Timber was further incorporated into Finnforest Plc.


Question: When was Kemi Oy discontinued?

Kemi (company)

In 2006 Finnforest was then merged into Metsäliitto and renamed Metsäliitto Wood Oy, which in 2012 became Metsä Wood Oy.


Question: When was Kemi Oy discontinued?

Kemi (company)

Sawing operations were halted in Karihaara in summer 2009 and officially ceased in August 2014.


Question: When was Kemi Oy discontinued?

Kemi (company)

Kemi Oy's sulfite cellulose factory had been established in 1919, a sulphate cellulose factory in 1927 and a board factory in 1971.


Question: When was Kemi Oy discontinued?

Kemi (company)

The cellulose and board industry operated under the Metsä-Botnia name since the merger.


Question: When was Kemi Oy discontinued?

Kemi (company)

The board business was separated from it into its own company Kemiart Liners Oy in 2002.


Question: When was Kemi Oy discontinued?

Kemi (company)

In 2012, Metsä-Botnia changed to Metsä Fibre in connection with the harmonisation of the corporate look.


Question: When was Kemi Oy discontinued?

Kemi (company)

In the same context, Kemiart Liners Oy became part of Metsä Board Plc.


Question: When was Kemi Oy discontinued?

Kemi (company)

[31] Today, the Kemi pulp mill in Metsä Fibre employs about 650 employees and Metsä Board (ex.


Question: When was Kemi Oy discontinued?

Kemi (company)

M-Real) at the Kemi cardboard factory about 145 people.


Question: When was Kemi Oy discontinued?

Kemi (company)

Management The company was led by Albert Oskar Snellman, President 1893-1894 Trade Advisor Karl August Snellman, Managing Director 1894-1918 Consul August Snellman, Managing Director 1918-1922 Herman Möller, Managing Director 1923-1932 fil.maist.


Question: When was Kemi Oy discontinued?

Kemi (company)

Karl Erik Ekholm, Managing Director 1932-1937 tekn.tri, Stig Weckman, Managing Director 1937—1952 Aulis O. Kairamo, Managing Director 1953—1966 dipl.ins.


Question: When was Kemi Oy discontinued?

Kemi (company)

Niilo Hakkarainen, Managing Director 1966-1969 Mauri Melamies, Managing Director 1969—1979 Erik Volmari, Managing Director 1979—1989 Industrial Advisor, dipl.ins.


Question: When was Kemi Oy discontinued?

Kemi (company)

Juhani Yli-Paavola, Managing Director 1990-1991 Master of Business Administration Metsa-Botnia, Industrial Advisor Juhani Yli-Paavola, Managing Director 1991-1997 dipl.ins.


Question: When was Kemi Oy discontinued?

Kemi (company)

Erkki Varis, CEO 1997-2007 dipl.ins.


Question: When was Kemi Oy discontinued?

Kemi (company)

Ilkka Hämälä, Managing Director 2008- Forest Managers Hugo Richard Sandberg, 1893-1914 K.A.


Question: When was Kemi Oy discontinued?

Kemi (company)

Fellman, 1914-1921 Aarne Snellman, 1921-1927 Jarl Sundqvist, 1927-1962 Mauri Melamies, 1962-1966 Other factors related to industrial activities in Pajusaari The factory fire brigade has its own factory fire brigade.


Question: When was Kemi Oy discontinued?

Kemi (company)

The fire brigade has at least the following fleet: K31 Sammutusauto Kemi Oy's railway fleet Move66 10/1971 Otso 4 113/1977, In service at the Joutseno plant in Metsä-Botnia Otso 4 114/1977, In service with the Puhos locomotive service under the new symbol Otso4dd (Otso 4 DD), Saalasti 161/2005 See also Veitsiluoto Finnish paper industry Literature Auer, Jaakko (1968) Woodworking in the north - Kemi Oy in 1893-1968.


Question: When was Kemi Oy discontinued?

Kemi (company)

Kemi.


Question: When was Kemi Oy discontinued?

Kemi (company)

Kemi Ltd.


Question: When was Kemi Oy discontinued?

Kemi (company)

Virtanen, Sakari; Kalervo Katajavuori (1993) Photos of the father of bread from the chemical company 1893-1993/The breadwinner - a pictorial history of the Kemi company 1893-1993.


Question: When was Kemi Oy discontinued?

Kemi (company)

Kemi.


Question: When was Kemi Oy discontinued?

Kemi (company)

Metsä-Botnia Ltd.


Question: When was Kemi Oy discontinued?

Kemi (company)

Nykänen, Panu & Paulapuro, Hannu (2005) Around the roll - A century of Finnish paper machine and paper making technology.


Question: When was Kemi Oy discontinued?

Kemi (company)

Technology History Society THS ry.


Question: When was Kemi Oy discontinued?

Kemi (company)

Huddersfield.


Question: When was Kemi Oy discontinued?

Kemi (company)

Sources Virtanen, Sakari: Father of Lapland bread 100 years — History of the chemical company.


Question: When was Kemi Oy discontinued?

Kemi (company)

Kemi: Kemi Oy, 1993.


Question: When was Kemi Oy discontinued?

Kemi (company)

References elsewhere Category:Finnish forest industry companies Category:Finnish cellulose mills Category:Former Finnish listed companies Category:Finnish industrial history Category:History of Kemi


Question: Why did Hitler arrest Ernst Röhm?

Ernst Röhm

Ernst Julius Röhm (28 November 1887 Munich — 1 July 1934) was a German officer who excelled in World War I and is remembered as the leader of the National Socialist Party's Sturmabteilung fighting organisation, or SA.


Question: Why did Hitler arrest Ernst Röhm?

Ernst Röhm

Röhm was killed in the so-called Night of the Long Knives Massacre because he was framed as the mastermind of a coup against Adolf Hitler.


Question: Why did Hitler arrest Ernst Röhm?

Ernst Röhm

Early years Ernst Röhm completed his 1906 matriculation at the Maximiliansgymnasium in Munich.


Question: Why did Hitler arrest Ernst Röhm?

Ernst Röhm

After this, Röhm, dreaming of a military career, enrolled in the Bavarian army, where he became a corporal.


Question: Why did Hitler arrest Ernst Röhm?

Ernst Röhm

In 1907, he began officers' school, and in 1908 he became an officer.


Question: Why did Hitler arrest Ernst Röhm?

Ernst Röhm

In World War I he became a company sergeant major in the 10th Bavarian Infantry Regiment, serving on the Western Front.


Question: Why did Hitler arrest Ernst Röhm?

Ernst Röhm

Röhm was wounded at the front three times, the first wounding defacing his face and tearing a piece of nasal bone.


Question: Why did Hitler arrest Ernst Röhm?

Ernst Röhm

For his bravery, Röhm was awarded the Iron Cross, 1st Class, among others.


Question: Why did Hitler arrest Ernst Röhm?

Ernst Röhm

After being wounded a third time at Verdun, Röhm was recalled from front service.


Question: Why did Hitler arrest Ernst Röhm?

Ernst Röhm

He became a pre-officer of the 12th Bavarian Infantry Regiment.


Question: Why did Hitler arrest Ernst Röhm?

Ernst Röhm

In this action he proved to be an excellent organiser, especially during the chaotic retreat phase of the summer of 1918.


Question: Why did Hitler arrest Ernst Röhm?

Ernst Röhm

After the end of the war, Röhm joined the 1919 military organisation founded by Franz Ritter von Epp, the “Freikorps Epp”.


Question: Why did Hitler arrest Ernst Röhm?

Ernst Röhm

The Freikorps that emerged after the war were military organizations, similar to patron municipalities, established by volunteer men who were conservative or right-wing.


Question: Why did Hitler arrest Ernst Röhm?

Ernst Röhm

Freikorps Epp participated, among others, in the bloody overthrow of the short-lived “Bavarian Soviet Republic”.


Question: Why did Hitler arrest Ernst Röhm?

Ernst Röhm

In July 1919, Freikorps Epp was annexed as part of the Bavarian 7th Division.


Question: Why did Hitler arrest Ernst Röhm?

Ernst Röhm

On this occasion, Röhm was tasked with assembling the armories held by paramilitary organisations, which had been forbidden by the Versailles Peace Treaty, and to deliver them to the Reich Army's warehouses.


Question: Why did Hitler arrest Ernst Röhm?

Ernst Röhm

Röhm also worked in military intelligence.


Question: Why did Hitler arrest Ernst Röhm?

Ernst Röhm

Together with some other similarly paramilitary organisations, it joined a secret organisation called the Iron Fist, whose founders also included Ernst Röhm.


Question: Why did Hitler arrest Ernst Röhm?

Ernst Röhm

Röhm was as if created for such a position because his accompanying presence in military intelligence opened him contacts with broad national-conservative circles.


Question: Why did Hitler arrest Ernst Röhm?

Ernst Röhm

In this context, Röhm also became acquainted with Corporal Adolf Hitler, who investigated the decline of military intelligence various left-wing factions in Munich.


Question: Why did Hitler arrest Ernst Röhm?

Ernst Röhm

Shortly after this, Hitler joined the German Workers' Party (“Deutsche Arbeiterpartei”, DAP), a small party representing national socialism, with which he had become acquainted in his work.


Question: Why did Hitler arrest Ernst Röhm?

Ernst Röhm

In the same year, Röhm also joined, persuaded by Hitler, to become a member of the same party.


Question: Why did Hitler arrest Ernst Röhm?

Ernst Röhm

Röhm and NSDAP A year after this, Röhm became one of the founding members of the National Socialist Workers' Party of Germany (“Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei”, NSDAP).


Question: Why did Hitler arrest Ernst Röhm?

Ernst Röhm

The NSDAP had evolved from the DAP since Hitler took the lead in it.


Question: Why did Hitler arrest Ernst Röhm?

Ernst Röhm

With Röhm's help, Hitler made his first contacts with Bavarian military circles and other national-conservative circles.


Question: Why did Hitler arrest Ernst Röhm?

Ernst Röhm

Röhm also acquired new members for the party from right-wing groups he knew.


Question: Why did Hitler arrest Ernst Röhm?

Ernst Röhm

He also played a key role in building the party organization.


Question: Why did Hitler arrest Ernst Röhm?

Ernst Röhm

He was one of the leaders of the Beer Meat Coup of 9 November 1923.


Question: Why did Hitler arrest Ernst Röhm?

Ernst Röhm

After the hijacking failed, Röhm was captured and sentenced to a five-month prison sentence.


Question: Why did Hitler arrest Ernst Röhm?

Ernst Röhm

He was also dismissed from his service in the Reich Army.


Question: Why did Hitler arrest Ernst Röhm?

Ernst Röhm

The activities of the National Socialist Party were banned.


Question: Why did Hitler arrest Ernst Röhm?

Ernst Röhm

After his release from captivity and the party's activities becoming legal again, Ernst Röhm stepped into the leadership of SA, the party's fighting organisation.


Question: Why did Hitler arrest Ernst Röhm?

Ernst Röhm

The first director of the organization had been Hermann Göring.


Question: Why did Hitler arrest Ernst Röhm?

Ernst Röhm

Under Röhm's leadership, SA developed into an extremely well-organised, firm and impact-capable force.


Question: Why did Hitler arrest Ernst Röhm?

Ernst Röhm

Its mission was first and foremost to secure peace at party rallies and demonstrations.


Question: Why did Hitler arrest Ernst Röhm?

Ernst Röhm

In practice, the SA also fought with the communists' fighting organisation, the Rotkämpferbund, for the “supremacy of the streets” of German cities.


Question: Why did Hitler arrest Ernst Röhm?

Ernst Röhm

In 1925, Röhm resigned from the SA leadership and the party due to his falling out with Hitler over the role of the SA and its relationship with the National Socialist Party.


Question: Why did Hitler arrest Ernst Röhm?

Ernst Röhm

As a man of direct action and a powerful anti-capitalist, Röhm could not accept the campaign of legality begun by Hitler's party after legalization, in which the latter declared that he would seek power solely through legitimate and democratic means.


Question: Why did Hitler arrest Ernst Röhm?

Ernst Röhm

Röhm wanted to continue the armed struggle, aiming for a national revolution and National Socialist Germany.


Question: Why did Hitler arrest Ernst Röhm?

Ernst Röhm

In his view, Hitler's new line betrayed National Socialist ideals; it represented a despicable compromise between big industry, the Reich Army and other reactionary powers.


Question: Why did Hitler arrest Ernst Röhm?

Ernst Röhm

As Röhm did not want it, he insisted that SA should be made an autonomous organisation not subordinate to the party leadership (effectively Hitler).


Question: Why did Hitler arrest Ernst Röhm?

Ernst Röhm

This view led to Röhm's part open confrontation with the party leadership.


Question: Why did Hitler arrest Ernst Röhm?

Ernst Röhm

Not much is known about Röhm's life between his resignation from the party in 1925 and his 1928 election.


Question: Why did Hitler arrest Ernst Röhm?

Ernst Röhm

In 1928, Röhm is known to have been in the service of the Bolivian Army as the rank of First Lieutenant in the so-called “First On the eve of the Chaco War.


Question: Why did Hitler arrest Ernst Röhm?

Ernst Röhm

To Bolivia, he had been invited by the German general Hans Kundt.


Question: Why did Hitler arrest Ernst Röhm?

Ernst Röhm

1930 Röhm unexpectedly returned to Germany, reconciled with Hitler and rejoined the party and SA.


Question: Why did Hitler arrest Ernst Röhm?

Ernst Röhm

On 1 April 1931, he became Chief of Staff of the SA, appointed by Hitler.


Question: Why did Hitler arrest Ernst Röhm?

Ernst Röhm

Röhm continued to develop SA intensively.


Question: Why did Hitler arrest Ernst Röhm?

Ernst Röhm

At the same time, he began to re-emerge his ideas about the National Socialist Revolution and a new, socialist Germany.


Question: Why did Hitler arrest Ernst Röhm?

Ernst Röhm

Röhm re-distanced himself from the party's official line.


Question: Why did Hitler arrest Ernst Röhm?

Ernst Röhm

He may have described SA as a “National Socialist fighting organisation alongside the party” and explained that the organisation is independent of the party.


Question: Why did Hitler arrest Ernst Röhm?

Ernst Röhm

In February 1932, Germany's Reich Chancellor Heinrich Brüning banned SA activities because it had committed acts of violence.


Question: Why did Hitler arrest Ernst Röhm?

Ernst Röhm

The ban was overturned by his successor, Franz von Papen.


Question: Why did Hitler arrest Ernst Röhm?

Ernst Röhm

Following Hitler's rise to Reich Chancellor on 30 January 1933, the SA, in a sense of strength, celebrated his rise to power with the greatest parades and torchlight processions.


Question: Why did Hitler arrest Ernst Röhm?

Ernst Röhm

The organisation already had over 400,000 members at the time.


Question: Why did Hitler arrest Ernst Röhm?

Ernst Röhm

Röhm's end With Hitler's rise to power, Röhm hoped this would embark on sweeping reforms to socialise German economic life.


Question: Why did Hitler arrest Ernst Röhm?

Ernst Röhm

Röhm and his supporters took socialism in the name of National Socialism obviously seriously.


Question: Why did Hitler arrest Ernst Röhm?

Ernst Röhm

Hitler, who nevertheless needed himself the support of big business, industrialists and elites, refrained from anything that could have been interpreted as statehood or socialization, he, on the contrary, rejected these ideas outright.


Question: Why did Hitler arrest Ernst Röhm?

Ernst Röhm

Röhm began to complain about missing the halfway point of his rise to power.


Question: Why did Hitler arrest Ernst Röhm?

Ernst Röhm

In his view, only a genuine German National Socialist revolution could solve Germany's problems.


Question: Why did Hitler arrest Ernst Röhm?

Ernst Röhm

At the same time, Röhm began to increasingly explicitly talk that the Reichswehr, the German Reichswehr, should be assimilated into the much larger SA, from which a true “People's Army” (“Volksheer”) would thus emerge.


Question: Why did Hitler arrest Ernst Röhm?

Ernst Röhm

Raised in German tradition, officers were horrified at the thought of assimilating the army into folksy SA.


Question: Why did Hitler arrest Ernst Röhm?

Ernst Röhm

Furthermore, they feared interference from foreign powers for a reason.


Question: Why did Hitler arrest Ernst Röhm?

Ernst Röhm

After all, the Treaty of Versailles had limited the size of the German army to 100,000 men, so a new multi-million people's army would clearly violate the peace treaty.


Question: Why did Hitler arrest Ernst Röhm?

Ernst Röhm

The final solution came in 1934, just before the death of President Paul von Hindenburg.


Question: Why did Hitler arrest Ernst Röhm?

Ernst Röhm

With the president dying, many groups began to work to get their own candidate for president.


Question: Why did Hitler arrest Ernst Röhm?

Ernst Röhm

According to William Shirer's book The Rise and Destruction of the Third Reich, a strong faction of conservatives wanted Crown Prince William (son of Emperor William II) to return and become President of Germany.


Question: Why did Hitler arrest Ernst Röhm?

Ernst Röhm

To avoid this, Hitler met the main military leaders on the tank ship Deutschland and promised to start rearming Germany if they supported him for president.


Question: Why did Hitler arrest Ernst Röhm?

Ernst Röhm

In addition, he promised to get rid of Röhm on what he called the Night of the Long Knives.


Question: Why did Hitler arrest Ernst Röhm?

Ernst Röhm

The SS, led by Heinrich Himmler, acquired fabricated evidence that the SA was preparing a coup under Röhm's leadership and had received 12 million Reichmarks in aid from France to this end.


Question: Why did Hitler arrest Ernst Röhm?

Ernst Röhm

Hitler put the doubts to Röhm, who rebuffed them with a straight hand.


Question: Why did Hitler arrest Ernst Röhm?

Ernst Röhm

However, Röhm agreed to send all of SA on a four-week holiday.


Question: Why did Hitler arrest Ernst Röhm?

Ernst Röhm

On 29 June 1934, Röhm ordered SA to go on leave and announced himself that he would travel for rehabilitation to Bad Wiessee near Munich.


Question: Why did Hitler arrest Ernst Röhm?

Ernst Röhm

Hitler ordered all SA leaders to attend a meeting at the Hanselbrauer Hotel in Wiessee outside Munich on 30 June.


Question: Why did Hitler arrest Ernst Röhm?

Ernst Röhm

On that day, Hitler personally ordered Röhm arrested, as the diaries of Alfred Rosenberg attest.


Question: Why did Hitler arrest Ernst Röhm?

Ernst Röhm

Official accounts suggest Hitler himself would have played a role in the operation on the ground, but it is believed to be nothing more than Nazi propaganda.


Question: Why did Hitler arrest Ernst Röhm?

Ernst Röhm

Over the next few hours, other SA leaders were also arrested, many of them shot at once.


Question: Why did Hitler arrest Ernst Röhm?

Ernst Röhm

Most likely Hitler's original intention was to try Röhm in court, but he nevertheless decided that Röhm must die.


Question: Why did Hitler arrest Ernst Röhm?

Ernst Röhm

It is believed that Röhm was offered the option of suicide, but was eventually shot.


Question: Why did Hitler arrest Ernst Röhm?

Ernst Röhm

Hitler used this purge to settle his relationship with many of his old adversaries: Gregor Strasser, Gustav Ritter von Kahr, General Kurt von Schleicher, and Edgar Jung were assassinated.


Question: Why did Hitler arrest Ernst Röhm?

Ernst Röhm

Franz von Papen was ordered under house arrest.


Question: Why did Hitler arrest Ernst Röhm?

Ernst Röhm

On 3 July, the Gesetz über Maßnahmen zur Staatsnotwehr law justified these — even illegal in a National Socialist state — actions posthumously in the name of “legitimate state self-defense”.


Question: Why did Hitler arrest Ernst Röhm?

Ernst Röhm

Homosexuality Ernst Röhm also became known to the German people for living relatively openly as a homosexual.


Question: Why did Hitler arrest Ernst Röhm?

Ernst Röhm

Röhm was a close friend of Hitler and one of the few who had permission to invite this.


Question: Why did Hitler arrest Ernst Röhm?

Ernst Röhm

Officially, Hitler explained that he had only heard of Röhm's homosexuality just before he was arrested.


Question: Why did Hitler arrest Ernst Röhm?

Ernst Röhm

In reality, Hitler had known about it since 1919.