Question: What is Saturn's size compared to earth?

Saturn

This is due to the rapid rotational motion of the planet, as well as its internal structure.


Question: What is Saturn's size compared to earth?

Saturn

In addition, Saturn is the smallest of the planets in our solar system by density: its average density is only 0.69g/cm³, that is, less than water.


Question: What is Saturn's size compared to earth?

Saturn

Saturn's innards are Jupiter-like: at the center is a silicate core surrounded by a layer formed by metallic liquid hydrogen.


Question: What is Saturn's size compared to earth?

Saturn

In addition, in the interior there are signs of various ice crystals.


Question: What is Saturn's size compared to earth?

Saturn

Saturn's core is extremely hot, at 12000 kelvins, and it radiates more heat into space than it receives from the Sun.


Question: What is Saturn's size compared to earth?

Saturn

The length of Saturn's day is about 11hours, its year is 29.5 Earth years.


Question: What is Saturn's size compared to earth?

Saturn

Saturn's atmosphere consists of hydrogen, helium, and methane.


Question: What is Saturn's size compared to earth?

Saturn

The internal structure of Saturn The internal structure of Saturn resembles that of Jupiter.


Question: What is Saturn's size compared to earth?

Saturn

Most of Saturn is liquid hydrogen and helium, with a solid rocky and iron core in the middle.


Question: What is Saturn's size compared to earth?

Saturn

The outermost are the clouds visible at the top of the gas perimeter visible to us.


Question: What is Saturn's size compared to earth?

Saturn

The pressure, temperature and density at Saturn's center are not quite as great as they are at Jupiter.


Question: What is Saturn's size compared to earth?

Saturn

Saturn's layer of liquid molecular hydrogen is about twice as thick as Jupiter's equivalent [1] and extends to a depth of 30000km.


Question: What is Saturn's size compared to earth?

Saturn

Hydrogen becomes metallic quite close to the core, unlike in Jupiter.


Question: What is Saturn's size compared to earth?

Saturn

The metallic hydrogen layer is 14,000 miles thick.


Question: What is Saturn's size compared to earth?

Saturn

The pressure at the bottom of the gas ring is about 100000bar, and at the boundary of liquid molecular hydrogen, 1000000 bars roughly halfway through Saturn's radius.


Question: What is Saturn's size compared to earth?

Saturn

[2] [3] Some estimates suggest that Saturn would have a layer of ice 8,000 kilometres thick at its core and a layer of rock 8,000 kilometres thick.


Question: What is Saturn's size compared to earth?

Saturn

At the core, the temperature rises perhaps to about 12000kelvin.


Question: What is Saturn's size compared to earth?

Saturn

Saturn appears to lack helium, which is thought to have fallen towards the centre of the planet.


Question: What is Saturn's size compared to earth?

Saturn

Hydrogen, helium, as well as some methane and ammonia have been found in the gas ring.


Question: What is Saturn's size compared to earth?

Saturn

In the gas ring are blown at the equator by winds with speeds of up to 500m/s.


Question: What is Saturn's size compared to earth?

Saturn

[4] Saturn's yellowish cloud cover looks outwardly rather feature less, darker and paler streaks appear there, and every couple of years rather short-lived whitish blotches, cyclones.


Question: What is Saturn's size compared to earth?

Saturn

The large white blotch occurs for a short time at the pace of Saturn's rotation period about every 30 years.


Question: What is Saturn's size compared to earth?

Saturn

The storm of 1933 is the most famous.


Question: What is Saturn's size compared to earth?

Saturn

Images taken by space probe Cassini show a blue cloud similar to the clouds of Uranus in Saturn's northern hemisphere.


Question: What is Saturn's size compared to earth?

Saturn

Saturn has a warm polar vortex that is the only known one in the solar system, on other planets it is cold.


Question: What is Saturn's size compared to earth?

Saturn

A flow somewhat resembling a hexagon appears at the North Pole, a standing wave with a hurricane-like storm at its center around the North Pole.


Question: What is Saturn's size compared to earth?

Saturn

It shows the clear eye of the storm, high pressure.


Question: What is Saturn's size compared to earth?

Saturn

Hexagonal shapes have been produced in laboratories in computer modeling.


Question: What is Saturn's size compared to earth?

Saturn

Saturn's gas circle is at its coldest at 0.07 bar surface, at about 94 kelvins, or −179°C.


Question: What is Saturn's size compared to earth?

Saturn

Saturn's gas periphery chemistry is similar to Jupiter's, but because the planet's gravity is smaller, the upper utucover is thicker and obscures the lower colourful clouds.


Question: What is Saturn's size compared to earth?

Saturn

The fuze is also caused by temperatures colder than Jupiter's gas circle.


Question: What is Saturn's size compared to earth?

Saturn

[5] Udu has a thickness of tens of kilometers.


Question: What is Saturn's size compared to earth?

Saturn

The haze reflects half of the Sun's light away.


Question: What is Saturn's size compared to earth?

Saturn

The suction layer begins at the tropopause, which is 0.1 at the atmospheric pressure surface.


Question: What is Saturn's size compared to earth?

Saturn

The upper limit of ammonia clouds is 50km down from this, the lower limit of ammonium hydrogen sulfide clouds 170km below the tropopause, and there are clouds of water ice about 230km deeper.


Question: What is Saturn's size compared to earth?

Saturn

The one-bar pressure surface corresponding to Earth's atmospheric pressure has a temperature of 133 kelvins, or −140°C, and ammonia clouds.


Question: What is Saturn's size compared to earth?

Saturn

Cloud LayerHeight/KMPressure Atmospheric TemperatureTropopaussin.


Question: What is Saturn's size compared to earth?

Saturn

0,1Ammonia Clouds−100 [6] −250°Cammonium Hydrogen Sulfide Clouds−170−70°Cwater Ice Clouds Water Drop Clouds−230? 0°C Saturn rings Saturn's huge rings are its most famous feature.


Question: What is Saturn's size compared to earth?

Saturn

Saturn has seven named main rings.


Question: What is Saturn's size compared to earth?

Saturn

The most recent new ring was detected in 2009.


Question: What is Saturn's size compared to earth?

Saturn

[7] Galileo Galilei was the first to detect them with his telescope in 1610, but he apparently could not say what one should have thought of the observation.


Question: What is Saturn's size compared to earth?

Saturn

He wrote: “Saturn is not alone, but is formed by three pieces that almost touch each other and never move or change relative to each other.


Question: What is Saturn's size compared to earth?

Saturn

They are in a straight line to each other, and the middle Saturn is about three times the size of the ring edges on the flanks.” According to him, Saturn also had “ears.”


Question: What is Saturn's size compared to earth?

Saturn

In 1612, the rings were horizontal to Earth, at which point they appeared to disappear.


Question: What is Saturn's size compared to earth?

Saturn

The following year they appeared again, further confusing Galiles.


Question: What is Saturn's size compared to earth?

Saturn

It was not until 1655 that Christiaan Huygens solved the riddle of rings by using a telescope much more powerful than Galileo's telescope.


Question: What is Saturn's size compared to earth?

Saturn

Giovanni Domenico Cassini concluded in 1676 that the ring of Saturn is formed by several smaller rings with gaps between them.


Question: What is Saturn's size compared to earth?

Saturn

The largest of these openings was named the Cassini Division.


Question: What is Saturn's size compared to earth?

Saturn

[8] Saturn's rings are believed to have been created by the collisions of large moons, tail stars and meteorites that have been left orbiting the planet by gravity.


Question: What is Saturn's size compared to earth?

Saturn

The tires are distinguished by a rather modest modern telescope or even high-quality binoculars.


Question: What is Saturn's size compared to earth?

Saturn

They orbit Saturn's equator at a distance of 6630—120700 kilometers.


Question: What is Saturn's size compared to earth?

Saturn

The rings are formed of silicon and iron oxide, as well as pieces of ice.


Question: What is Saturn's size compared to earth?

Saturn

The size of the pieces varies from dust particles up to a small passenger car.


Question: What is Saturn's size compared to earth?

Saturn

Saturn's moons from Saturn are known from 62 moons (in 2012).


Question: What is Saturn's size compared to earth?

Saturn

[9] The largest of Saturn's moons is Titan with a diameter of 5150 kilometres.


Question: What is Saturn's size compared to earth?

Saturn

Titan contains more than 90 percent of the mass orbiting Saturn including rings.


Question: What is Saturn's size compared to earth?

Saturn

Cloud-covered Titan is the only moon in the solar system with a significant gas circle composed mostly of nitrogen and there are also hydrocarbon lakes.


Question: What is Saturn's size compared to earth?

Saturn

Saturn's second largest moon, Rhea, may have a weak ring system of its own.


Question: What is Saturn's size compared to earth?

Saturn

Most of Saturn's moons are small icy bodies of low density.


Question: What is Saturn's size compared to earth?

Saturn

Traditionally, several of Saturn's moons are named after titans of Greek mythology.


Question: What is Saturn's size compared to earth?

Saturn

Exploring Saturn, Pioneer 11 was the first space probe to fly past Saturn in September 1979.


Question: What is Saturn's size compared to earth?

Saturn

Over the next two years, the planet was overtaken by Voyager 1 (in November 1980) and Voyager 2 (in August 1981).


Question: What is Saturn's size compared to earth?

Saturn

Cassini-Huygens was the first space probe to arrive to study Saturn and its lunar and ring system from orbit in 2004.


Question: What is Saturn's size compared to earth?

Saturn

The Huygens probe, which carried with the probe, landed on Titan's surface in 2005.


Question: What is Saturn's size compared to earth?

Saturn

Saturn's rings appear on a buff manifold with at least about 20-fold magnification.


Question: What is Saturn's size compared to earth?

Saturn

They don't show up with binoculars.


Question: What is Saturn's size compared to earth?

Saturn

The telescope will see Saturn's largest moon Titan, the second largest moon Rhea, as well as Tethys, Dione and Japetus.


Question: What is Saturn's size compared to earth?

Saturn

Sources Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Oja, Heikki & Poutanen, Markku| title = Our Solar System| publisher = Astronomical Association Ursa| year = 1990}} References elsewhere Check date values in: |accessdate=, |date= (help) Check date values in: | accessdate=, |date= (help) Check date values in: |accessdate=, |date= (help) Check date values in: |accessdate= (help) Check date values in: |accessdate=, |date= (help) Check date values in: |accessdate=, |date= (help) Check date values in: |accessdate=, |date= (help) Check date values in: |accessdate=, |date= (help) * Category:Giant Planets Category:Key articles of screening


Question: What does a mythical poet mean?

Kalevalan poetry

Kalevalan poetry is based on the kaleivalese poetry measure, or kalevalam measure.


Question: What does a mythical poet mean?

Kalevalan poetry

Kalevalan poetry is found among the Baltic Finnish peoples.


Question: What does a mythical poet mean?

Kalevalan poetry

Kalevalan poetry originated no later than the Iron Age, and many of its subjects are about the Iron Age environment.


Question: What does a mythical poet mean?

Kalevalan poetry

Older, Shamanistic subjects from as far back as the Stone Age are also included, as well as newer, Christian period subjects.


Question: What does a mythical poet mean?

Kalevalan poetry

Old Kalevalan poetry was preserved for centuries as a mnemonic.


Question: What does a mythical poet mean?

Kalevalan poetry

New generations learned the old poems while listening to those who could sing poems by heart.


Question: What does a mythical poet mean?

Kalevalan poetry

Several ways of singing existed to this end, as, with the exception of incantations, the poems were usually performed specifically singing, not reciting.


Question: What does a mythical poet mean?

Kalevalan poetry

The song was occasionally accompanied by kantele.


Question: What does a mythical poet mean?

Kalevalan poetry

Poetry Collection The oldest known written volumes of Kalevalan poems are apparently from the 16th century.


Question: What does a mythical poet mean?

Kalevalan poetry

[1] Some scholars have, though, interpreted a 13th-century inscription found near historic Novgorod as a gallevial spell.


Question: What does a mythical poet mean?

Kalevalan poetry

The first notable poem collector who, in order to record poems, listened to them and wrote them down was Christfried Ganander, who was active in the 18th century.


Question: What does a mythical poet mean?

Kalevalan poetry

However, Ganander's activities were not yet so effective and professional, as those of 19th-century folklore collectors.


Question: What does a mythical poet mean?

Kalevalan poetry

It can be considered that in the 19th century, during the Grand Duchy of Finland, the scientific community took it upon themselves to collect all the Kalevalan poetry still remaining.


Question: What does a mythical poet mean?

Kalevalan poetry

Elias Lönnrot and several others, mainly scholars and students, collected poetry and folklore from the neighborhoods of Finns and all Baltic Finns.


Question: What does a mythical poet mean?

Kalevalan poetry

At the same time that poetry was most eagerly collected, the tradition of oral remembrance of folk poetry was already beginning to fade.


Question: What does a mythical poet mean?

Kalevalan poetry

Many poem singers “interviewed” were the last true poem singers in their families or traditions, and at ages often already elderly.


Question: What does a mythical poet mean?

Kalevalan poetry

Although in some families, the tradition continued to be strong for the next generation, which was again able to listen to the following ages of poem collectors.


Question: What does a mythical poet mean?

Kalevalan poetry

When the tradition began to be moribund at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries, most of the material had already been collected.


Question: What does a mythical poet mean?

Kalevalan poetry

However, some poems were still recovered in the next decades of the 20th century.


Question: What does a mythical poet mean?

Kalevalan poetry

In fact, some kalevam-sized nursery rhymes, such as “lennä lennä ladybug”, “used to be onnimanni”, and “tua tua tobacco roll”, as well as several kaleval-sized proverbs, have survived as an oral tradition into the 21st century.


Question: What does a mythical poet mean?

Kalevalan poetry

According to some, poem singers representing an unbroken oral tradition still exist, but this is uncertain.


Question: What does a mythical poet mean?

Kalevalan poetry

More people who lived into the 20th century have been referred to in this sense as the “last poem singer”, and scholar Martti Haavio called the set of these “the last poem singers”.


Question: What does a mythical poet mean?

Kalevalan poetry

If a poem song studied partly or mainly from books (or recorded recordings) but faithfully fulfilling and developing an authentic tradition counts as “traditional”, there are arguably several more “traditional” poem singers.


Question: What does a mythical poet mean?

Kalevalan poetry

Thanks to the recordings, original poem singing can also be learned by listening.


Question: What does a mythical poet mean?

Kalevalan poetry

Thanks to the collection of poems, current scholars of folklore and ancient faith have at their disposal a huge amount of relatively late, but varied, information about the beliefs and traditions of the former era.


Question: What does a mythical poet mean?

Kalevalan poetry

Most of the recorded poems, some 100 000 different poetry texts, are compiled in the Old Poems of Finnish People.


Question: What does a mythical poet mean?

Kalevalan poetry

Compiled from Kalevala folk poems, the 1835-36 Finnish national epic, Kalevala, contains only a small slice of all the collected kaleva-scale poetry.


Question: What does a mythical poet mean?

Kalevalan poetry

In addition, the poems that ended up at Kalevala (and not just their layout) show the handprint of his assembler Lönnrot at some points, such as the beginning-creation lore, which Lönnrot has changed significantly.


Question: What does a mythical poet mean?

Kalevalan poetry

[2] Kalevalan poetry tells about everyday life, relationships, myths and historical events.


Question: What does a mythical poet mean?

Kalevalan poetry

Spells and prayers have also been made for the kalevalmitta.


Question: What does a mythical poet mean?

Kalevalan poetry

Kaleval-like songs have also been welcomed or sent on a journey, or prepared someone for a new stage in life.


Question: What does a mythical poet mean?

Kalevalan poetry

For example, groom and bride are prepared for weddings and new lives with songs about married life.


Question: What does a mythical poet mean?

Kalevalan poetry

Wailing hymns have been sung for the dead.


Question: What does a mythical poet mean?

Kalevalan poetry

A miserable life situation such as poverty, being unmarried or having a bad spouse may have been lamented with sorrowful songs.


Question: What does a mythical poet mean?

Kalevalan poetry

Of course, there's also been a song about happiness.


Question: What does a mythical poet mean?

Kalevalan poetry

Kalevalan poetry during the Christian period, the myths described in Kalevalese poetry gained new content as Christianity came to Finland.


Question: What does a mythical poet mean?

Kalevalan poetry

Christian forms were woven into the old motifs of the poems [3].


Question: What does a mythical poet mean?

Kalevalan poetry

The change in kalevamane poetry is reflected, for example, by Bishop Henry's slaying hymn from the 13th to 14th century and Elina's slaying poem from the 15th to the 16th century.


Question: What does a mythical poet mean?

Kalevalan poetry

[4] During the purity of the 17th century, the Church sought to eradicate and extinguish all traditional poems and customs considered un-Christian.


Question: What does a mythical poet mean?

Kalevalan poetry

[5] This has been claimed to have been one of the reasons that the Kalevalan tradition of poetry and myth was decaying in Western Finland.


Question: What does a mythical poet mean?

Kalevalan poetry

However, Kalevalan poetry did not completely disappear in western Finland either, and was widely collected in the 19th century, the most famous example of Ritvala's poems.


Question: What does a mythical poet mean?

Kalevalan poetry

In the 17th and 18th centuries, Lutheran clergy themselves used the Kalevalan poem or paraphrases thereof in their religious poetry.


Question: What does a mythical poet mean?

Kalevalan poetry

The most famous example of this is Matias Salamnius' Song of Joy about Jesus from 1690.


Question: What does a mythical poet mean?

Kalevalan poetry

Social changes also contributed to the more traditional genres of intellectual tradition giving way and being replaced by new ones.


Question: What does a mythical poet mean?

Kalevalan poetry

In Eastern Finland, Ostrobothnia, Inker and Orthodox Karelia, kalevalam poetry survived longer than in Western Finland, even into the 20th century.


Question: What does a mythical poet mean?

Kalevalan poetry

For example, incantatory poetry flourished in Savo; in Viena Karelia, in turn, a mythical epithet.


Question: What does a mythical poet mean?

Kalevalan poetry

The differences in poetry tradition reflected the historical, cultural and social peculiarities of the different regions.


Question: What does a mythical poet mean?

Kalevalan poetry

Modern Kalevalan poetry The tradition of mnemonic preservation is now almost broken off.


Question: What does a mythical poet mean?

Kalevalan poetry

New kalevalam poetry is written and, unlike folk poems, made by individual persons.


Question: What does a mythical poet mean?

Kalevalan poetry

Personal creativity has replaced good memory and originality as the high value of Kalevalan poetry.


Question: What does a mythical poet mean?

Kalevalan poetry

The most famous creator of New Kalevalan poetry is Eino Leino.


Question: What does a mythical poet mean?

Kalevalan poetry

Kalevalam poetry is made today, and its subject possibilities are endless.


Question: What does a mythical poet mean?

Kalevalan poetry

Young Finns also dabble in kaleval-scale poetry.


Question: What does a mythical poet mean?

Kalevalan poetry

Associations that aspire to promote the contemporary use of Kalevalainen poetry and kalealamita include


Question: What does a mythical poet mean?

Kalevalan poetry

Kalevalainen Poetry Society and Viena Karelian Friends Association.


Question: What does a mythical poet mean?

Kalevalan poetry

Mythical narratives An important part of Kalevalan poetry are mythical narratives.


Question: What does a mythical poet mean?

Kalevalan poetry

The Kalevala is compiled mainly from mythical narratives, but also includes incantations and, for example, wedding poetry.


Question: What does a mythical poet mean?

Kalevalan poetry

Various mythical subjects have been known numerous.


Question: What does a mythical poet mean?

Kalevalan poetry

Based on their prevalence and popularity, the most important myths have probably been the accounts of the birth of the world and Sammo.


Question: What does a mythical poet mean?

Kalevalan poetry

Sampo cartilage is associated with the miraculous Sampo artifact and the relations between the land of heroes and the Nordic region.


Question: What does a mythical poet mean?

Kalevalan poetry

The main characters of mythical narratives Väinämöinen Main article:Väinämöinen Many stories have adventures with Väinämöinen, a powerful wizard and a poetry singer.


Question: What does a mythical poet mean?

Kalevalan poetry

Väinämöinen participated in the birth of the world, and has performed numerous miracle works.


Question: What does a mythical poet mean?

Kalevalan poetry

Väinämöinen was a prominent figure for the ancient Finns.


Question: What does a mythical poet mean?

Kalevalan poetry

In addition to being a hero, he was a god creature who was worshipped.


Question: What does a mythical poet mean?

Kalevalan poetry

Ilmarinen Main article: Seppo Ilmarinen Ilmarinen was a blacksmith and a hero capable of miracles, often associated with the same fables as Väinämöinen.


Question: What does a mythical poet mean?

Kalevalan poetry

Ilmarinen was also present at the creation of the world, among other things he forged the firmament.


Question: What does a mythical poet mean?

Kalevalan poetry

Later, Ilmarinen forged many objects, including Sammon.


Question: What does a mythical poet mean?

Kalevalan poetry

Ilmarinen must have been a sky god in the first place.


Question: What does a mythical poet mean?

Kalevalan poetry

Pohjola Mistress In stories related to Pohjola almost always involves the mistress of the Nordic region, whose name is Louhi.


Question: What does a mythical poet mean?

Kalevalan poetry

The mistress of the Nordic is almost always portrayed as evil or saidas, an ugly old man.


Question: What does a mythical poet mean?

Kalevalan poetry

Nonetheless, the mistress of the Nordic region is great oricomana.


Question: What does a mythical poet mean?

Kalevalan poetry

He can control the weather and transform into a Bonfire Bird.


Question: What does a mythical poet mean?

Kalevalan poetry

Lemminkäinen Main article: Lemminkäinen Lemminkäinen was a well-known wargoer and womanizer.


Question: What does a mythical poet mean?

Kalevalan poetry

Other Persons Poems also dealt with a number of other individuals.


Question: What does a mythical poet mean?

Kalevalan poetry

See: List of persons of Kalevala Geography of Kalevalan poetry Main article:Geography of Kalevala in Kalevala poetry, both well-known and mythical places occur.


Question: What does a mythical poet mean?

Kalevalan poetry

There are several theories about the location of Väinölä, especially the looming Nordic country and the land of heroes.


Question: What does a mythical poet mean?

Kalevalan poetry

For example, it is thought that the Nordic region would have been somewhere in the Gulf of Bothnia.


Question: What does a mythical poet mean?

Kalevalan poetry

However, according to others, Pohjola is not based on any real place, but is entirely mythological.


Question: What does a mythical poet mean?

Kalevalan poetry

According to this notion, Pohjola would have explained the structure of the universe.


Question: What does a mythical poet mean?

Kalevalan poetry

Similar to the extreme south at the edge of the firmament is hot Lintukoto, is in the extreme north, at the foot of the world column cold Nordic region.


Question: What does a mythical poet mean?

Kalevalan poetry

Nordic has also been used to explain the origins of disease, enemies, darkness, cold, and evil.


Question: What does a mythical poet mean?

Kalevalan poetry

The homeland of the heroes, on the other hand, believe that many are located where the heroine stories have been sung, i.e. in the direction of the Viena Poetry Villages.


Question: What does a mythical poet mean?

Kalevalan poetry

This has often been the perception of real poem singers.


Question: What does a mythical poet mean?

Kalevalan poetry

Spells Main article:Spells Most Finnish spells were gallevial dimensions.


Question: What does a mythical poet mean?

Kalevalan poetry

The incantations often told the birth story of the subject of the spell.


Question: What does a mythical poet mean?

Kalevalan poetry

See also Finnish antiquity Finnish mythology Sources elsewhere Category:Kalevala Class:Finnish folk poetry Category:Baltic Finnish folklore


Question: When did Nero become emperor of Rome?

Genius

Nero Claudius Caesar Augustus Germanicus (born.


Question: When did Nero become emperor of Rome?

Genius

Lucius Domitius Ahenobarbus), briefly Nero (15 December 37 — 9 June 68 [1]) was a Roman emperor who reigned from 54 to 68.


Question: When did Nero become emperor of Rome?

Genius

The beginning of Nero's reign was successful, but in his final years he became a tyrant immersed in the arts.


Question: When did Nero become emperor of Rome?

Genius

As a result of behavior unsuitable for the emperor, Rome's upper class turned against Nero, and the deposed emperor was forced to put himself to death.


Question: When did Nero become emperor of Rome?

Genius

Nero was the last emperor of the ruler family of Juliusten-Claudiustes.


Question: When did Nero become emperor of Rome?

Genius

Nero is known for his many political killings, which also include the murder of his mother.


Question: When did Nero become emperor of Rome?

Genius

Nero has been accused of setting the fire in Rome, but today this is considered unlikely.


Question: When did Nero become emperor of Rome?

Genius

Since his childhood, Nero had an attention-grabbing interest in Greek arts such as music, theatre and poetry, as well as performing, and he considered himself primarily an artist, not an emperor.


Question: When did Nero become emperor of Rome?

Genius

The aftermath of genius has been bad.


Question: When did Nero become emperor of Rome?

Genius

Assessing him is problematic due to the lack and bias of ancient sources.


Question: When did Nero become emperor of Rome?

Genius

Few of the surviving sources present Nero in a favourable light, as Nero was opposed by both the upper class of Rome and the early Christians whom he, after the fire of Rome, began to persecute.


Question: When did Nero become emperor of Rome?

Genius

However, among the inhabitants of the Roman man, and especially among the inhabitants of the eastern part of the empire, he was popular due to his folksiness.


Question: When did Nero become emperor of Rome?

Genius

Biographer Nero, birthnamed Lucius Domitius Ahenobarbus, was born in 37 during the reign of his uncle Emperor Caligula.


Question: When did Nero become emperor of Rome?

Genius

His father was Gnaeus Domitius Ahenobarbus and his mother Julia Agrippina.


Question: When did Nero become emperor of Rome?

Genius

Domitius was of an old Roman senatorial lineage, and Agrippina was not only the sister of Emperor Caligula, but also a great-granddaughter of Emperor Augustus and daughter of the heroic warlord Germanicus.


Question: When did Nero become emperor of Rome?

Genius

Lucius' father died already three years after the birth of the son.


Question: When did Nero become emperor of Rome?

Genius

[2] Already as a little boy Lucius became interested in art, plays, literature and equestrian sports.


Question: When did Nero become emperor of Rome?

Genius

He was taught, for example, by philosopher Seneca.


Question: When did Nero become emperor of Rome?

Genius

Lucius became an accomplished player of the kithara stringed instrument at an early age, happily reciting Greek tragedy and sepitting poems.


Question: When did Nero become emperor of Rome?

Genius

[3] Lucius' ambitious mother Agrippina wanted her son to become emperor.


Question: When did Nero become emperor of Rome?

Genius

She married her uncle Claudius, at which point Lucius was adopted into the imperial family.


Question: When did Nero become emperor of Rome?

Genius

[4] In connection with the adoption, the boy was named Nero Claudius Caesar Drusus Germanicus.


Question: When did Nero become emperor of Rome?

Genius

Nero is an old Sabine word meaning strong and valiant.


Question: When did Nero become emperor of Rome?

Genius

In the Claudius' family history, it had been used as an additional name before.


Question: When did Nero become emperor of Rome?

Genius

[5] Agrippina persuaded Claudius to name Nero as his successor even before his own son.


Question: When did Nero become emperor of Rome?

Genius

When Claudius died in 54 of a poisonous mushroom meal, according to Tacitus, poisoned by Agrippina, Nero was proclaimed emperor at the age of 16 under the name Nero Claudius Caesar Augustus Germanicus.


Question: When did Nero become emperor of Rome?

Genius

[6] He was thereafter forced to marry Claudius' daughter Octavia.


Question: When did Nero become emperor of Rome?

Genius

Claudius' son Britannicus soon died in murky circumstances.


Question: When did Nero become emperor of Rome?

Genius

[7] Agrippina appeared at the beginning of her son's reign as an equal with him, for example in coins.


Question: When did Nero become emperor of Rome?

Genius

[8] Great power over the young emperor and the decisions he made also lay with Seneca, Nero's teacher, as well as Sextus Africanus Burrus, chief of the bodyguard guard.


Question: When did Nero become emperor of Rome?

Genius

Later Seneca and Burrus possibly allied against Agrippina.


Question: When did Nero become emperor of Rome?

Genius

[9] At the beginning of his reign, Nero still obeyed his mother, but as he grew up he became more stubborn.


Question: When did Nero become emperor of Rome?

Genius

Their struggle for power ended when Agrippina was slain by Nero in 59.


Question: When did Nero become emperor of Rome?

Genius

The slaying did not diminish Nero's popular popularity, as many disliked Agrippina's meddling in politics.


Question: When did Nero become emperor of Rome?

Genius

Later authors have often seen maternal murder as an indicator of Nero's poor mental state and sadism.


Question: When did Nero become emperor of Rome?

Genius

[10] Seneca and Burrus' influence over Nero diminished after Burrus died in 62.


Question: When did Nero become emperor of Rome?

Genius

[11] After his mother's murder, Nero effectively became a tyrant of Rome, often resorting to violence.


Question: When did Nero become emperor of Rome?

Genius

During his term, he massacred several of his relatives and rivals, as well as conspirators.


Question: When did Nero become emperor of Rome?

Genius

[12] He also devoted himself more to his artistic pursuits, which resulted in him becoming unpopular within the senatorial class.


Question: When did Nero become emperor of Rome?

Genius

In 65, a major conspiracy bearing the name of Piso against the emperor came to light, resulting in several death sentences and expulsions.


Question: When did Nero become emperor of Rome?

Genius

In his final years, Nero focused on himself and left the regime to others, especially his freed slaves.


Question: When did Nero become emperor of Rome?

Genius

Because he was away from Rome a lot, plots were braided against him.


Question: When did Nero become emperor of Rome?

Genius

In April 68, a revolt broke out in Gaul, after which the Spanish legions called out their leader Galba to become the new emperor, and in early June the Senate declared him the new emperor.


Question: When did Nero become emperor of Rome?

Genius

When Senate troops came to retrieve Nero, who had been declared an enemy of the state, he committed suicide just outside Rome.


Question: When did Nero become emperor of Rome?

Genius

[13] According to Suetonius, Nero struck a dagger down his throat with the help of his secretary.


Question: When did Nero become emperor of Rome?

Genius

[14] Roman historian Dion Kassios says Nero's last words were: “Whatever artist's world in me loses!”.


Question: When did Nero become emperor of Rome?

Genius

[15] Reign At the beginning of his reign in 54, the young Nero raised many hopes, after all, he was untainted in politics and also a descendant of Augustus.


Question: When did Nero become emperor of Rome?

Genius

In his first years, Nero cooperated with the Senate, extended its powers and limited the power of freed slaves in court.


Question: When did Nero become emperor of Rome?

Genius

He also drew attention to the management of economic policy and wanted to eliminate indirect taxes, which led to a certain level of tax reform.


Question: When did Nero become emperor of Rome?

Genius

In his foreign policy, too, Nero was successful.


Question: When did Nero become emperor of Rome?

Genius

He put down a rebellion that broke out in Britain in 60.


Question: When did Nero become emperor of Rome?

Genius

In the east, following the war against Parthia, which began in 58, the peace concluded in 63 was a political victory for Nero.


Question: When did Nero become emperor of Rome?

Genius

Nero's foreign policy successes also included good choices as warlords.


Question: When did Nero become emperor of Rome?

Genius

[16] In his early years, Nero was also relatively humane, for he refused to sign death warrants and forbade gladiatorial fights ending in death.


Question: When did Nero become emperor of Rome?

Genius

None of Nero's dramatic failures are reported in the sources, and there is no sign of corruption either.


Question: When did Nero become emperor of Rome?

Genius

[17] Emperor Trajan is reported in a source written in the 3rd-century to have praised Nero's five-year “golden age”, though he does not give it annual figures.


Question: When did Nero become emperor of Rome?

Genius

During this period, Rome bathed in success and prosperity, according to Trajan, led by its able emperor.


Question: When did Nero become emperor of Rome?

Genius

Nero's reign turned out to be one of the most peaceful in Roman history.


Question: When did Nero become emperor of Rome?

Genius

The kingdom's trade and economy grew, Rome was able to annex itself new territories without war, and Parthia and Britain were pacified.


Question: When did Nero become emperor of Rome?

Genius

Roman literature experienced a renaissance thanks to Nero, and considerable progress was also experienced in building art and architecture.


Question: When did Nero become emperor of Rome?

Genius

Nero built an amphitheatre and spas as well as his mighty palace, the Golden House.


Question: When did Nero become emperor of Rome?

Genius

The construction work following the fire of Rome won praise even from Tacitus, who was otherwise critical of Nero.


Question: When did Nero become emperor of Rome?

Genius

[18] Nero also renounced literary censorship, and the emperor was to be criticised very effusively and effusively.


Question: When did Nero become emperor of Rome?

Genius

When the libel went too far, Nero is reported to have told the judge not to punish him too harshly.


Question: When did Nero become emperor of Rome?

Genius

[19] After the murder of his mother in 59, sources indicate that Nero's descent into tyranny began.


Question: When did Nero become emperor of Rome?

Genius

In this case, intrigues and murders increased, Nero's need to perform accelerated, Rome burned and the treasury emptied it for reconstruction, other construction projects and entertainment.


Question: When did Nero become emperor of Rome?

Genius

Eventually the opposition rose and conspiracies began to form.


Question: When did Nero become emperor of Rome?

Genius

The Excellency turned against Nero, to which the emperor responded with terror and was finally overthrown in 68.


Question: When did Nero become emperor of Rome?

Genius

[20] Fire Nero of Rome has often been claimed as the incendiary of the Rome Fire of 64.


Question: When did Nero become emperor of Rome?

Genius

Contemporaries suspected Emperor Nero had deliberately set Rome alight.


Question: When did Nero become emperor of Rome?

Genius

Some later Roman historians, such as Suetonius and Dion Kassios, considered him guilty of the blaze.


Question: When did Nero become emperor of Rome?

Genius

[21] [22] Doubts were raised by the fact that after the fire, Nero largely rebuilt the city in an even more monumental style.


Question: When did Nero become emperor of Rome?

Genius

At the same time, he built himself an even larger palace, the Domus Aurea.


Question: When did Nero become emperor of Rome?

Genius

[23] Furthermore, Emperor Nero was reported to have played a lyre and sung a song about the Trojan War while watching the blaze.


Question: When did Nero become emperor of Rome?

Genius

[24] On the other hand, according to historian Tacitus, Nero was not in the capital at the time of the fire, but in the city of his birth, Antium (now.


Question: When did Nero become emperor of Rome?

Genius

Anzio), which is about 50 miles from Rome.


Question: When did Nero become emperor of Rome?

Genius

According to this description, he only arrived in Rome when the fire zone approached Domus Transitoria.


Question: When did Nero become emperor of Rome?

Genius

[25] Modern historians most commonly regard Nero as innocent, among other things, because Suetonius and Dion Kassios, who accused him, famously disliked Nero.


Question: When did Nero become emperor of Rome?

Genius

Besides, it doesn't seem reasonable for the emperor to start a major fire just a mile from his then palace.


Question: When did Nero become emperor of Rome?

Genius

[26] When Nero was suspected of having started the fire, he defended himself and blamed the fire on Roman Christians.


Question: When did Nero become emperor of Rome?

Genius

This led to Christians beginning to be persecuted.


Question: When did Nero become emperor of Rome?

Genius

[27] During the reign of Nero, the apostles Peter and Paul of the Christian Church were also slain.


Question: When did Nero become emperor of Rome?

Genius

[28] Private life Nero's first marriage was arranged with his half-sister Octavia.


Question: When did Nero become emperor of Rome?

Genius

The union was unhappy and childless.


Question: When did Nero become emperor of Rome?

Genius

After the divorce, Nero took Poppaea Sabina as his wife and forced his former wife to commit suicide.


Question: When did Nero become emperor of Rome?

Genius

Nero and Poppaea's only child died at baby age.


Question: When did Nero become emperor of Rome?

Genius

After Poppaea's death, Nero married Statilia Messalina.


Question: When did Nero become emperor of Rome?

Genius

Along with the Poppaea he loved, Nero is known to have fallen in love with the freed Greek handmaid Claudia Acte but was not allowed to marry this underclass woman.


Question: When did Nero become emperor of Rome?

Genius

Her only known male relationship was with the castrated transvestite slave boy Sporus, who resembled the late Poppaea.


Question: When did Nero become emperor of Rome?

Genius

[29] Nero is reported to have been sexually completely unrestrained.


Question: When did Nero become emperor of Rome?

Genius

He had sexual relations with women and men alike, and was alleged to have raped his subjects, even the virgin of Vesta and his younger half-brother Britannicus.


Question: When did Nero become emperor of Rome?

Genius

He is also reported to have had a family relationship with his mother.


Question: When did Nero become emperor of Rome?

Genius

Stories of similar tone about sexual restraints have also been told about most of Nero's predecessors, starting with Caesar.


Question: When did Nero become emperor of Rome?

Genius

The most extreme descriptions of Nero's perversions today are not considered entirely reliable, and many of the writings of the gossip historian Suetinus, for example, are based on rumours, the typical purpose of which was to soak up the reputation of an emperor deemed bad.


Question: When did Nero become emperor of Rome?

Genius

[30] Nero is told to plot profusely.


Question: When did Nero become emperor of Rome?

Genius

After his mother's death, Nero took it upon himself to tour his group of friends around Rome taverns, rampage and fight in the streets drunk and steal from stores.


Question: When did Nero become emperor of Rome?

Genius

[31] Nero loved Greek culture.


Question: When did Nero become emperor of Rome?

Genius

He would have preferred to live in Greece, where sports and recitation competitions took place.


Question: When did Nero become emperor of Rome?

Genius

Roman violence entertainment he always loathed.


Question: When did Nero become emperor of Rome?

Genius

[32] Even after rising to emperor, Nero considered himself primarily an artist and spent his time playing his kithara, singing, reading Greek tragedies and acting.


Question: When did Nero become emperor of Rome?

Genius

The appearance of the emperor in public on the stage of the theatre was very problematic, as the theatre was seen as entertainment for the rabble, and the actors were not appreciated.


Question: When did Nero become emperor of Rome?

Genius

The upper class was also horrified by the emperor forcing them to perform on stage.


Question: When did Nero become emperor of Rome?

Genius

Initially, Nero performed only at private events, but from year 64 onwards also in public.


Question: When did Nero become emperor of Rome?

Genius

Nero also founded a Greek-born sports and theatre pageant called Neronia in Rome.


Question: When did Nero become emperor of Rome?

Genius

During his trip to Greece in 66, Nero participated in various art and horse races, where he was always declared the winner.


Question: When did Nero become emperor of Rome?

Genius

On his return to Rome, he brought with him 1808 first prizes.


Question: When did Nero become emperor of Rome?

Genius

[33] Nero greatly admired the gladiator Spiculu, who was popular anyway.


Question: When did Nero become emperor of Rome?

Genius

Nero gave his favorite gladiator several gifts.


Question: When did Nero become emperor of Rome?

Genius

[34] Appearance Nero is reported to have been blond and blue-eyed, of normal height, thick-necked, slender-legged, bobby-bellied and skinned and foul-smelling.


Question: When did Nero become emperor of Rome?

Genius

She usually passed barefoot and dressed freely suitably for the artist, with a small scarf around her neck and wearing a loose home coat-like tunic with no belt.


Question: When did Nero become emperor of Rome?

Genius

[35] Aftermath Nero sharply divided opinion during and after his emperor term.


Question: When did Nero become emperor of Rome?

Genius

At the beginning of his fourteen-year term there was no plot yet against him; conspiracies only flourished in his final years.


Question: When did Nero become emperor of Rome?

Genius

This may suggest that at first Nero was considered a good ruler whose good deeds were later forgotten.


Question: When did Nero become emperor of Rome?

Genius

The positives of Nero's season have also been explained to the credit of advisers.


Question: When did Nero become emperor of Rome?

Genius

Nero was despised by the upper class of Rome because of his unsuitable and folksy pursuits for the emperor, but he was highly regarded by the common rabble for precisely the same reason.


Question: When did Nero become emperor of Rome?

Genius

Some rejoiced at Nero's death while others blossomed on his tomb for a long time to come.


Question: When did Nero become emperor of Rome?

Genius

[36] The popularity of Nero remained, especially in the eastern parts of the kingdom.


Question: When did Nero become emperor of Rome?

Genius

[37] After his death, Nero had a bad reputation among the members of the upper class of the capital of the Roman Empire, and for the history they wrote Nero is now known.


Question: When did Nero become emperor of Rome?

Genius

Nero had stripped the Roman upper class of pride and created tradition.


Question: When did Nero become emperor of Rome?

Genius

Tacitus and Suetonius alike were members of the senatorial statute who suffered from the Imperial period, and they wrote negatively about Nero and, moreover, only many decades after Nero's death.


Question: When did Nero become emperor of Rome?

Genius

Early Church Fathers and Christian writing tradition again blamed Nero for the martyrdom deaths of Paul and Peter, presenting him as Satan and the enemy of the faith.


Question: When did Nero become emperor of Rome?

Genius

The image of Nero in ecclesiastical historiography only deteriorated with the transition to the Middle Ages.


Question: When did Nero become emperor of Rome?

Genius

Over the centuries, mythical traits began to be associated with Nero, which were often associated with animals such as the wolf and the frog.


Question: When did Nero become emperor of Rome?

Genius

[38] After the Middle Ages, the image of Nero was beastly, and he has emerged as the most mythical of the Roman emperors.


Question: When did Nero become emperor of Rome?

Genius

Nero is a popular figure in plays, opera and films through which modern people have been allowed to explore his tragicomic life.


Question: When did Nero become emperor of Rome?

Genius

The most notable and successful film about Nero is the historical drama Quo Vadis (1951), which emphasises the ageless notion of Nero's sadism and tyrannical nature and the persecution of Christians.


Question: When did Nero become emperor of Rome?

Genius

[39] Sources Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Kivimäki, Arto & Tuomisto, Pekka| title = Roman Emperors| location = Hämeenlinna| publisher = Karisto| year = 2005| id = ISBN 951-23-4546-3}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Ojanaho, Anne| title = Emperor Genius: tyrant and artist| location = Jyväskylä | publisher = Atena| year = 2009| id = ISBN 978-951-796-587-3}} References Literature Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Henrikson, Alf| title = Ancient stories| location = Porvoo Helsinki Juva| publisher = WSOY| | year = 2004| version = (Antikens historier, 1959.)


Question: When did Nero become emperor of Rome?

Genius

Translation: Maija Westerlund| id = ISBN 951-0-18515-9}} Category:Persons who committed suicide Class:Those born in 37 Class:Roman emperors Category:Key articles of screening


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

The first period of repression is a designation used in Finland from the period 1899—1905, when the Russian Empire sought to consolidate and unify the Russian Empire by implementing a policy of Russification towards minority nationalities towards the Grand Duchy of Finland.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

The most famous event of the repressive period was the 1899 February Manifesto, which in Finland was considered a state hijacking by which the Finnish constitutions were to be superseded.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

As a result, a well-organised passive resistance arose and the Great Address was collected, accumulating more than half a million names in a matter of weeks.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

Similarly, the Cultural Address was born, whose signatories included well-known foreign scientists and lawyers, among others.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

Through the Conscription Manifesto and the new Conscription Act, the Finnish national military force was abolished.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

The Finns were called into the Russian army, as a result of which the Kagal organized call strikes.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

The governor-general of Finland, Nikolai Bobrikov, was given the powers of a dictator, after which measures began against people who had engaged in passive resistance, such as detention, expulsions, removal from office and abolition of newspapers.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

The first period of repression ended with the assassination of Bobrikov and the Great Strike.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

With Finland's annexation of Russia in 1809 Finland was formally annexed to Russia on September 17, 1809, under the terms of the Peace Treaty of Hamina, when Sweden renounced Finland.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

Emperor Alexander I of Russia had given an assurance that Finnish religion, laws and special rights would be maintained.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

[1] [2] [3] [4] The Grand Duchy of Finland was incorporated into Russia as an organically independent country whose statesmanship secured the freedom of the people.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

[5] [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] Thus, in particular, the Swedish form of government of 1772 remained in force as the Constitution of Finland, although it was already repealed in Sweden that year.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

In the Riksdag of 1816, Alexander I extended his sovereign guarantee in the Riksdag of Porvoo to apply to his descendants as well.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

[11] Finland's position before the repressive years Finland faced a period of repression later than many other territories annexed to Russia through wars.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

Russification measures had already been under way in Ukraine, Belarus, Poland and the Baltic provinces before they began to be implemented in Finland.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

[12] [13] [14] The special status of the Baltic states was attacked through the press and books.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

A series of works written by Yuri Samarin, the border countries of Russia, the first part of which dealt with the Baltic provinces, appeared in Berlin v.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

in 1867.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

The author strongly attacked the special status of the Baltic provinces.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

Samarin accused the Balts of deliberate translation errors in the texts of the main documents, the same accusation heard later after Finland was subjected to unification measures.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

Carl Schirren, a historiographer from Riga, wrote a book The Livonian Answer to Lord Yuri Samarin, in which he defended the special status of the provinces through historical documents.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

[15] Russian language was imposed on v.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

1870 Baltic as the official language and Russian conscription went into effect.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

Carl Schirren had predicted in 1869 that next after the nationalisation of the Baltics would come Finland's turn.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

[16] The Baltic states had lost their special status within the 1870s and had been made ordinary Russian provinces.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

[17] In order to strengthen the activities of the rightist Orthodox Church, several Lutheran priests were dismissed from their posts in the Baltic provinces and many of them were exiled to Russia.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

[18] After the defeat of the Polish rebellion, N.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

Under the leadership of A. Miljutin, Prince Vladimir Cherkassky, and Yuri Samarin, a peasant reform with which was intended to arouse in the lower strata of the Polish people sympathy for Russia.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

In Poland the Russian language was introduced as the official language and as well as Russian administration.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

In this way, Poland's special rights were abolished and the country was made an ordinary Russian province.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

[19] [20] Nicholas I's reign upon the death of Alexander I as ruler of Russia came on 24 December 1825 by his younger brother Nicholas I, who affirmed the special constitutional status of Finland as an independent, albeit annexed to Russia, in his declaration of rulership.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

[21] Russia had long been content with allowing nations annexed to the kingdom, having formally resigned themselves, to manage their own affairs in peace.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

This explains the fact that the conquered territories, the Baltic provinces and Poland, and especially Finland, were allowed to maintain comparatively wide autonomy for a long time.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

[22] Lainopp Professor J. J. Nordström was v.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

1842 taught in his lectures at the University of Helsinki that Finland is a state that is in real union with Russia.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

[23] Under Alexander I and Nicholas I, national fervor in Russia was so low that it did not affect conditions in Finland.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

Under the succeeding Emperor Alexander II, national-zealous Russians sought to eradicate Finland's special status as an internally independent state.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

[24] Alexander II's reign upon Nicholas's death in 1855, he was succeeded as monarch by Alexander II, a ruler sympathetic to Finland.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

During his time, Finland's special status and autonomy were respected.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

The Polish Rebellion, which began on 22 and 23 February 1863, brought about an end to major social reforms in Russia.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

However, reforms initiated in Finland between 1856 and 1863 were allowed to continue on condition that all separatism would be abandoned.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

The first assassination attempt against the emperor was made in 1866.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

[25] The assassination of Alexander II saw a slow but clear cooling of relations between Finland and Russia starting in the 1880s.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

The backdrop was the intensification of the old and nationalist tendency in Russian politics.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

[26] The most visible reason for this was the assassination of Alexander II in 1881, [27] [28] but it was also linked to increased pan-European imperialism, which saw that minority nationalities needed to be assimilated into the ruling population to secure the unity of the kingdom.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

[29] Russian nationalists were given a preview of German policy in the Polish territories.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

[30] Emperor Alexander III was at the head of the old nationalists and accepted their activities outline.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

[31] [32] [33] [34] Among the patriotic Russian pan-Slavists there were already clear plans for the nationalisation of Finland during the Serbian War of 1876-1877.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

The Finnish colonel Evert Gustav Waldemar Becker, who fought in Turkey and the Balkans, had become acquainted with the Russian pan-Slavists and their plans for Finland, who were simply waiting for an opportune moment to be implemented.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

[35] Becker wrote in the French periodical Le contemporain in 1880 an inscription on Independent and neutral Finland, in which he defined Finland's position in the Russian Empire, stating Finland's importance to Russia to be mainly strategic, the capital city of St. Petersburg in order to secure invasion in case.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

Becker also wrote about future repressive measures 20 years before they began, describing in detail the nationalization measures that were later enacted.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

Becker also wrote about armed resistance, Finland's secession from Russia, and the country's independence.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

The writing provoked an outcry in Finland and Russia and was feared to jeopardize Finland's good relations with Russia.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

[36] Alexander III was a signatory to the sovereign declaration guaranteeing Finland's autonomous status.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

[37] The first repressive measures preceding the repressive period occurred during the reign of Alexander III, when the Finnish Post Office was assigned to the Russian Post Office.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

During his regency, reactionary forces gained dominance in Russia and liberals were sidelined.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

[38] The Finnish special status is under attack since the 1880s Since 1883, many Russian magazines began to criticise Finland's special status.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

Conflict developed between Russia and Britain in Afghanistan in 1885, raising fears in Finland that the coast and merchant navy would be subject to military action, as had been the case during the Crimean War.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

[39] [40] [41] [42] During the Crimean War, Russian troops sent to defend Finland had been well received by the Finns.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

The soldiers had been offered sandwiches, pies and booze types.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

Finnish doctors offered to treat Russian wounded and sick for free.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

[43] Before the 1880s, Finland's special status was hardly discussed in the Russian press, but during the Polish revolt of 1863 the Russian magazine Moskovskiye vedomosti turned its attention to the writings of Finnish “separatists” in Helsingfors Dagbladet to their dreams of the neutrality of Finland in Helsingfors Dagbladet as a result of the writing.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

[44] [45] [46] [47] The editor-in-chief of Helsingfors Dagblad, the ardent liberal Anders Herman Chydenius, introduced the idea of declaring Finland neutral in his newspaper on 15 April 1863.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

[44] [48] Behind the idea was a concern that the Finnish-Swedes would be forced to wage war against the Finns, thus preventing Finnish neutrality from a “fraternal war.”


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

[45] [46] [49] Apparently based on Dagbladet's material, the British newspaper Daily News published a story claiming that Finnish politicians suggested that Finland and Russia were two different states and hoped that Finland would declare itself neutral when war broke out.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

[45] [46] [50] [51] Fennoman Snellman took a position on the neutrality debate at Litteraturbladet in early July v.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

In his 1863 War or Peace writing.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

His starting point was the loyalty to the emperor stressed by phennomans.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

He denounced the speculation in Finland and the unrealistic hopes of changing Finland's position as a result of the situation.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

The writing was a clear response to the liberals' neutrality thesis.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

[52] Russian panslavist, biologist Nikolai Danilevsky argued in a book published in 1869 on Russia and Europe that Finns belong to an unproductive race whose historical function is to merge with the Russian race that creates civilization.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

[53] The bigoted Russians tried through their newspapers to instill in the Russian population the notion that Finland was not a state but a Russian province, and that Alexander I's statement in the Reichstag of Porvoo was merely a jewellery phrase adapted according to the circumstances.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

[54] [55] After the writing, the Russian newspapers were fiercely attacking Finland, and the outrage of the old people was further enhanced by the unveiling of the monument to the Battle of Koljonvirta in 1885.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

[31] Leo Mechel and K. F. Ord and Russian nationalists squabble over Finland's position In this situation Senator Leo Mechel published in 1885 the main features of the state law of the Grand Duchy of Finland in Finnish and Swedish and in 1886 in French Précis du droit public du Grand Duché de Finlande (“Main Features of State Law in the Grand Duchy of Finland”).


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

Russian imperial butler, history and state law enthusiast Kesar Filippovich Ordin translated the work into Russian, equipping the translation with harsh criticism.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

The work was translated in 1889 into German and English languages as well.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

In 1889, Ordin's two-volume work Pokorenije Finljandij (The Conquest of Finland) appeared, comprising about 950 pages, including 310 pages of mostly political letters that were annexed.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

In it, he made his accusations against the special status of Finland.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

[56] [57] [58] [59] Ordin's conclusions were shown to be false in the Finnish press.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

Leo Mechelin published an article in a Russian periodical in which he refuted Ordin's conclusions.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

Also, Ordin's views were not digested by many Russian pundits and the magazines representing them; one periodical noted that it was a vicious book, hostile to all free expression of mind, to every new idea.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

[60] J. R. Danielson took Ordin's book very seriously and thoroughly researched it and wrote in consequence v.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

The 1890 book on the association of Finland with the Russian Empire in the pages of which he refuted most of Ordin's claims and showed his knowledge of history to be quite weak.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

Danielson's book received a very positive response, including some Russians, such as the international law scholar F.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

Von Martens, commended for an excellent treatise on the history of Finland in relation to Russia.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

The circulation of the book in Russia was banned at the insistence of the censorship committee, based on a statement from the Minister of Internal Affairs, who stated that the book was waging war on Russia's current domestic policy.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

[60] [61] [62] Russian Professor Nolde, in his research on state law, had shown that Ordin, when translating Alexander I's statements from French into Russian, had falsified the text by always substituting the constitutions and constitutions of words.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

[63] In 1889, Mechelin published an inscription in German that Emperor Alexander I had given assurances in the Reichstag of Porvoo that Finland was separate from Russia, with it a state in the realunion.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

[64] Ordin replied that the Emperor's assurance was nothing more than a phrase with no statesmanly binding meaning, and that the Russian ruler was free to change Finland's position according to his own will.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

Finnish scholars such as J. R. Danielson sought to prove Ordin's claims false, but a few scholars of the later period who have used Russian historical sources in their investigations, such as the aforementioned Ordin work, have shown Ordin to have been correct insofar as not constitutions and autonomy in 1809 had been defined binding.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

[31] Instead of Alexander I's assurance, the Finns could have relied on Alexander II, who had established the Finnish constitutions and thus staunched the state-doctrinal basis of autonomy.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

However, Russian conservatives regarded Alexander II's policies as a whole as wrong and vehemently opposed the assertion of autonomy by the situation prevailing under Alexander II.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

[31] M.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

N. Katkov wrote v.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

1883 March Moskovskiye vedomosti magazine editorial called the slogan Russia for Russians - in it the emblem of success and demanded the abolition of the Finnish customs border.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

[65] It was very difficult for Finns to have their own opinion raised in Russian journals.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

In order to defend Finland's autonomous position against verbal attacks by Russian authors, and therefore to provide reliable information about Finland to Russian readers, was born v.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

1889 plan for the delivery of a magazine of Finljandski Vestnik names.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

Robert Runeberg, an engineer, was chosen as the publisher of the magazine and Wladimir Golovin as the corresponding editor.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

A committee was named to promote the newspaper project, whose members included O. Donner, Lennart Gripenberg, Agathon Meurman, Johannes Gripenberg, Etholên and Golovin.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

However, the publication licence requested for the establishment of the magazine was never obtained, due to opposition from Russia's printing overboard.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

[66] On 9 February 1816, Alexander I, in the Russian-language manifesto, changed the name of the Finnish government elder to the Senate of Finland, had used four times the title of constitutional law (constituent) in the form of a unit, and he had finally reaffirmed this of constitutional law.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

This was proved by Danielsson in his book The Restoration of the County of Vyborg to the rest of Finland v.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

in 1894.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

[67] The debate showed that the Finnish and Russian nationalists' perceptions of Finland's status were based on completely different starting points and differed completely from each other.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

However, the position of the emperor and the Russian Foreign Ministry on autonomy was more positive than that of the most ardent old papers, and Governor-General Heiden also did not want to join the positions of the most strident nationalists.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

[68] According to J. F. Danielson's account, Alexander III in the early 1890s had accepted the Finns' criticism of Ordin's work on the events of 1808-09 and he had harshly resented the misrepresentations of Finland from the Russian side.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

[69] [70] [71] The Russian Gendarmerie was brought to Finland in 1889 by a Russian gendarmerie whose duties and modes of operation included espionage and a whistleblowing system.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

[72] [73] The Gendarmerie officially belonged to the Russian military and was not subject to the laws of Finland.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

It had only been during Bobrikov's time that it started a more wide-ranging action infringing on Finnish rights, of which was v.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

1900 A damning statement issued in the Riksdag.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

In 1903, the gendarmes received a new statute, after which they took part in many illegal acts, breach of home peace, inspection of passports, etc.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

After the Reichstag of 1904-1905, Åland Reichstag men were harassed by Russian gendarmes in the port of Turku when they did not have the passports required by them.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

This incident caused great excitement across the country.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

The bourgeoisie law concerned by this infringement argued that measures should be taken so that such action should not happen in the future.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

As a result, the Statutes petitioned the monarch to annul v.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

The Statute of the Gendarmerie and other acts established in 1903, “that gendarmes should no longer be used in actions concerning Finnish citizens or otherwise belonging to the functions of the ordinal authority in this country.”


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

[74] Postal Manifesto (1890) One of the first repressive measures took place under the direction of the Governor-General of Finland Heiden, a project of harmonization of Finnish customs, monetary and postal service with the corresponding Russian institutions by three Russian-Finnish commissions.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

[75] [76] [77] [78] Three Finnish-Russian committees had been set up in 1890 to deal with postal, customs and monetary issues.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

Governor-General Heiden received the right to elect the Finnish members of the committees.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

The joint chairman of the committees was Governor-General Heiden.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

The Joint Commission included as members the Assistant to the Secretary of State for Ministers, Lieutenant General W. v. Daehn, Senator Tudeer, Chief of the General Government of the Russian Posts and Telegraph Service, Lieutenant General Bezack, and his deputy, chamberlain, real state counselor Skalkovski.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

[79] The emperor confirmed a postal manifesto based on Heiden's proposal, ordering e.g.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

the fact that the Finnish Postal Service had to comply with Russian statutes and taxa and the instructions of the Russian authorities, the Russian authorities obtained the right to submit inspections and participate in the appointment of senior postal officers and the establishment of the Postal Service's expenditure rule.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

Finnish members of the committees had opposed the manifesto, deeming it unconstitutional in Finland.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

[80] On 12 June 1890, the Postal Manifesto, or Imperial Majesty's Merciful Declaration Book, was published on postal service in the Grand Duchy of Finland (ASK 16/1890), which subordinated the Finnish Postal Service to the Russian Post Office and the Ministry of Internal Affairs.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

[81] The intention was to subjugate customs and MFIs to Russian installations as well, but the plan was thwarted by some Russians opposed to the idea.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

Money Minister Vyšnegradski opposed imposing Russian money as Finnish money.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

The merging of the customs service was prevented because Russian industry feared dangerous competition from Finnish industry.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

[32] [75] [82] [83] The Russian-Finnish committee headed by Governor-General Heiden proposed that the currency to be used in Finland had to be converted into a gold ruble, which would be worth four marks.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

The silver and copper change would become kopecks equivalent to four pence in Finnish money.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

Finnish money should be equipped with a different inscription to differentiate from Russian money.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

Russian Monetary Minister Vyšnegradski and Finnish Minister-Secretary of State Ehrnrooth opposed the proposed amendment and presented the matter to the monarch on 1 August 1890.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

The proposal by the majority of the committee to use Russian banknotes and change in Finland was approved up to 3 silver rolls in the same performance.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

[84] The Postal Manifesto and some other measures showing disregard for the law of those in power in Russia had caused public unrest in the country, which was also manifested in the Reichstag of 1891.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

At the opening of the Riksdag, the Land Marshal and the Presidents of the Ordinaries brought up this violation of justice in their speeches.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

Because of this, on 12 March 1891, the Emperor issued a rescript aimed at appeasing the Finns.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

[85] A manifesto for the repeal of the new penal code had been confirmed by the Senate of Finland, which was to go into effect in early 1891, but the Russians felt that there were passages in it that infringed on interests and value.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

In December 1890, the Emperor's Manifesto postponed the passage of a law already confirmed by the Senate.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

[86] It was an infringement of justice because the enactments had not been listened to.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

It ensued that sentences were handed down under both the old and new law.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

[87] The new Penal Code came into force only in 1894, with the confirmation of the Emperor, [88] after the adoption of various amendments by the Finnish Reichstag, which harmonised the provisions, in particular concerning national and public property offences in force in Russia with those who have been.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

[89] The Committee on Finnish Affairs is abolished The Committee on Finnish Affairs, which was tasked with acting between the Senate and the Secretary of State for Ministers and representing knowledge of Finland and its conditions in Saint Petersburg, was dissolved on 13 May 1891.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

[90] It had been proposed to the Senate that Russians or Finns who perfectly mastered the Russian language should be appointed as officials to the Office of the Secretary of State and the Governor-General's Office.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

A decree was issued on increasing the teaching of the Russian language in grammar schools and a requirement for officials to promote proficiency in the Russian language.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

[91] Alexander III died on 1 November 1894 in the Crimean Livadi at his summer palace.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

[92] [93] The reign of Nicholas II during the reign of Nicholas II, Finland's special status and autonomy became subject to many repressive measures.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

In Russia, reactionary circles, inspired by the procurator fiscal of the Holy Synod, Konstantin Pobjedonostsev, doctor of law, and General Alexei Kuropatkin, Minister of War, raised national fervor, also directed against Finland's special status.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

Kuropatkin, who was one of the most determined and enthusiastic opponents of Finland's special status and autonomy, stated in his speech “After conquering Finland, we in the 19th century too little turned attention to the internal affairs of this Russian province and our results got next to the capital for us a hostile locality full of secessionist aspirations, populated by an admittedly small but stubborn people.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

To the 20th century, the task of annexing Finland to Russian nationality will take place.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

“[94] On 6 November 1894, Nicholas II confirmed the constitutions of Finland.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

[95] [96] During the change of governor-general among patriotic Russians, a newspaperman Messarosch wrote a book on Finland's relationship with Russia, Finljandija - Gosudarstva ili Ruskaya Okraina (Finland - State or Russian border country), which described them sharpened attitudes that General Bobrikov and other nationalists had towards Finland.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

[97] Bobrikov's entry into Finland and first speech General Nikolai Bobrikov had been appointed Governor-General of Finland on 29 August 1898.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

On 12 October 1898, at the Governor-General's Palace, he delivered a speech to the Senate of Finland and some of the most senior officials.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

The speech was published in the papers the following day and provoked great astonishment as well as outrage.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

[98] [99] [100] [101] He had called Finland a borderland in his speech and had not recognised Finland's special status as a state.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

That insult contained a serious threat and made people realise that Bobrikov was tasked with eradicating Finland's special status and Russifying the Finns.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

[102] [103] [104] The first period of repression of Nikolai Bobrikov and Kuropatkin's promeria on 29 August 1898 Emperor Nicholas II of Russia had approved the promeria of Minister of War Alexei Kuropatkin on the Finnish question.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

It was a complete Russification program.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

On 29 August 1898, he appointed General Nikolai Bobrikov as Governor-General of Finland and ordered him to gradually instil in the consciousness of the local population all the importance which was to the success of Finland through its most integral unification with the common common to all true subjects to the motherland.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

[105] [106] [107] Auxiliary Riksdag 1899 On 19 July 1898, a vocation to the Auxiliary Riksdag was issued early in the following year to deal with the question of the formation of the Finnish War Institution in line with the Russian War Institution.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

[108] [109] [110] [111] [112] The purpose was to end the separate Finnish military force and transfer Finnish soldiers to the Russian military.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

[113] [114] [115] The February Manifesto The period of repression began with the February manifesto issued by Emperor Nicholas II on 15 February 1899, which was considered a state grab to depose the Finnish constitutions.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

[116] [117] [118] [119] [120] [121] [122] [123] [124] [125] [126] The new law passed by Emperor Nicholas II was intended to supplement existing legislation which did not mention anything about dealing with matters which concerned not only Finland but also the rest of Russia.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

The intention was, as stated in the manifesto, that laws concerning Finland alone should be enacted as before.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

But if the laws had any effect on the rest of the kingdom, the emperor had to seek advice from both the Reichstag of Finland and the Russian governing bodies, including the Imperial government, before making any decision.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

Such a lack of legislation had plagued Nicholas II for some time, although, for example, under Nicholas I, the emperor enacted laws of general national significance without convening the Reichstag throughout the reign.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

Russian Professor Behrendtsin stated in his book the February manifesto was a “coup d' Etat” state capture.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

[127] The Senate petitioned Nicholas II for the manifesto, expressing that it was contrary to the Finnish constitutions.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

The Acts also sent their own petition, but Nicholas II did not receive them.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

[128] In August 1899, Vyatšeslav von Plehwe, the State Secretary who was drafting the February Manifesto, was appointed as Minister Secretary of State for Finland v. t. The following year the post was regularised.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

[129] With the manifesto, Governor-General Nikolai Bobrikov initiated unification measures.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

The manifesto and the laws enacted under it caused great turmoil.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

[130] [131] [132] [133] Nikolai Bobrikov wrote a letter to Alexei Kuropatkin after the Senate vote in which he mentioned e.g.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

The opinion of the minority is partly correct in that, under the new law, the Grand Duchy can indeed be gradually and unnoticed transformed into a governorship, which, to appease the Senators, I did not entirely agree with.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

[134] The infringement of justice in Finland attracted attention throughout the civilised world.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

The newspaper press of various countries published details of the February manifesto and the civic delegation, which sought the emperor's speeches, but which he did not take up.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

[135] Great adress The Great Address was collected in Finland in 1899 to oppose the February Manifesto signed by Emperor Nicholas II, Grand Duke of Finland on 15 February 1899.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

The then matriculates skied from village to village, amassing more than half a million names in a matter of weeks.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

[136] [137] [138] Address was delivered to the Emperor on 14 March 1899.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

General Bobrikov had told the foreign press that all sensible people in Finland were happy with the Tsar's manifesto.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

However, the great adress had informed the Finns' attitude towards the issue.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

[139] Cultural Address Next was initiated by Konni Zilliacus to compile a Pro Finlandia cultural adress signed by 1063 cultural personalities from all over Europe, from twelve countries.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

On Monday, 26 June 1899, members of the legation from various quarters arrived in St. Petersburg.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

[140] The emperor did not accept this adress either, but the legation got the people around him when he returned through Finland to their countries.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

[137] [141] [142] Postal Manifesto (1900) On 15 June 1900 an order was issued that Finnish postage stamps remain out of use and Russian-style stamps take their place in domestic postal traffic since 14 January 1901.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

Mail going abroad must be equipped with Russian characters.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

[143] [144] The two-headed eagle of Russia was replaced on the postage stamps.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

Stray traders from Russia, Viena Karelia, had circulated baseless rumours circulated by Russian authorities about, among other things, the allocation of land for crofters.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

Travelers had initially imported their goods for sale from Russia, but since the end of the century they bought their goods mainly from wholesale shops founded by former stray merchants who had migrated to Finland.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

Until the repressive years, the people viewed stray merchants favourably, but as they became henchmen of the oppressive power, they fell out of favour.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

Efforts had therefore been made to curtail the activities of stray traders, authorities published warnings against “agitation and dangerous rumours” spread by stray traders.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

It wasn't to Bobrikov's liking.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

Therefore, Russian subjects were granted the right to carry out trades in Finland.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

This regulation, too, was contrary to the Constitution of Finland and, as it concerned the law of industry, should have been subject to a Riksdag decision.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

[145] [146] [147] [148] The Riksdag of 1900 In August 1900, Russian State Secretary Vyacheslav von Plehwe was assigned to hold the post of Minister Secretary of State for Finland.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

This was an affront to the Finnish constitution, which stated that all Finnish officials were supposed to be Finnish citizens.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

He also became Acting of the University.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

chancellor.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

[73] In his Throne Speech, read by the Governor-General on behalf of the Emperor-Grand Duke in Russian, prohibited the enactments from making statements that diverge into substances of general national significance.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

Such statements in the last provisional Riksdag have created pressure and unnecessary fear in the minds of the population.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

The renewal of these products will raise doubts about the equivalence of legislative legislation to current conditions.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

To this speech perceived as offensive, the land marshal and the presidents of the noble enactments responded boldly, stressing the importance of justice in peoples lives.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

Although the emperor had forbidden the enactments from interfering in matters of general national significance, nevertheless the Acts dealt with such matters that occurred in the state sphere.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

[149] The Law Committee drew up an extensive report on the basis of requests submitted by the legislators.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

The report dealt with Russian gendarmes, unfounded whistleblowing, newspaper abolitions, making it difficult to establish new associations, preventing general assembly, and the attempt to make Russian the official language of Finland.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

The Regulations stated that the aim of the measures against the Finnish administration was the requirement that Finland's right to keep gave way to the common interests of the entire Russian Empire.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

[150] The regulations referred to what was already the case in the previous v.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

1899 raised in the Riksdag: the State Regulations consider the higher world order based on their duty to uphold the law and right which, in 1809, was solemnly assured to the Finnish people to be unwaveringly preserved.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

And this conviction remains unwavering for the state and the people of the country of Finland.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

[150] Language Manifesto On June 20, 1900, the Emperor-Grand Duke signed a language manifesto ordering that the Russian language must gradually be introduced in Finland as the main language when dealing with matters concerning the administration of the country.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

It was stipulated that the Finnish State Secretary Office in Saint Petersburg, as well as the associated passport office and the Governor-General's Office in Helsinki, would use Russian as their only official language.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

The Finance Department of the Senate, county governments, and overgovernments also received the same provision.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

Similarly, the teaching of the Russian language was ordered to be greatly increased in educational institutions.


Question: What is the first known form of government?

First period of repression

[151] Just as had previously been done in the Baltic provinces, also happened in Finland, efforts were made to Russify the official apparatus of the country, thus believing that it would be easy to dispose of the country's special status.