Question: What is the football team at Glasgow Rangers' home ground?

Tampere Ilves (soccer)

Tampere: Ilves ry, 1979 P. Seppänen and J. Pruns: 60 years of the Finnish Pallolion Tampere District Tampere: SPL Tampere District ISBN 952-9841-27-2 P.Seppänen: “50 years of the Finnish Pallolion Tampere District” Tampere: SPL Tampere District ISBN 952-9841-99-X References elsewhere on the topic Category:Tampere Ilves Category:Finnish football clubs Category:Key articles of screening


Question: When was airsoft developed?

Airsoft Gun

The Airsoft gun, or plastic ball gun, is a weapon used in airsoft games that shoots round plastic balls with a diameter of 6 mm or 8 mm.


Question: When was airsoft developed?

Airsoft Gun

Today, the majority of game organisers require the use of bio-forming balls, as organizers seek to minimise the harm to the nature of the game area.


Question: When was airsoft developed?

Airsoft Gun

Airsoft guns in appearance are often exact replicas of real firearms, unlike paintball guns.


Question: When was airsoft developed?

Airsoft Gun

This is why airsoft guns are also used as props for movies.


Question: When was airsoft developed?

Airsoft Gun

[1] Airsoft guns are divided into three categories according to the principle of operation: Single tuned, i.e. spring-action, “gadgets” Electric tuned (AEG = Automatic Electric Gun, AEP = Automatic Electric Pistol, ACM = Automatic Compact Machinegun, EBB = Electric BlowBack AES =Automatic Electric Shotgun) Gas tuned (NBB = Non BlowBack, GBB = Gas BlowBack).


Question: When was airsoft developed?

Airsoft Gun

Weapons manufacturers include Tokyo Marui, A&K, Academy, AGM, AIM, Air, ARES, Both Elephant, Classic Army, Cyma, Dboys, Double Eagle, GSG, G&G, G&P, Lonex, Galaxy, HFC, ICS, Inokatsu, JG (Jing Gong), Kalash (Dboys AK model series), The King Arms, KSC, Kuan-Ju Works, KWA, KWC, Lorcin, Madbull Airsoft, Maruzen, Marushin, Smokey's, Springtime, SRC, Star, Swiss Arms/Cybergun, Systema, Tanaka, TOP, UHC, Umarex, VFC (ex.


Question: When was airsoft developed?

Airsoft Gun

GB-tech), Warrior, Well, Real Sword and Western Arms.


Question: When was airsoft developed?

Airsoft Gun

Single Tuned Weapons The functional components of a single-tuned gun are the barrel, cylinder, piston, spring, and trigger machinery.


Question: When was airsoft developed?

Airsoft Gun

The gun is tuned by hand by pulling the gun's tuning handle or slide to the rear.


Question: When was airsoft developed?

Airsoft Gun

In this case, the spring is compressed into the pile, and the piston remains in the rear position.


Question: When was airsoft developed?

Airsoft Gun

After that, the tuning handle or slide is discharged to the front, and the ball moves from the clip to the barrel.


Question: When was airsoft developed?

Airsoft Gun

This way the gun is ready to launch.


Question: When was airsoft developed?

Airsoft Gun

The gun is triggered by pulling the trigger, causing the ball to go off the barrel.


Question: When was airsoft developed?

Airsoft Gun

One-tuned weapons, or “jempties”, are manufactured in several countries including China, Japan and Taiwan.


Question: When was airsoft developed?

Airsoft Gun

The price accordion is very wide.


Question: When was airsoft developed?

Airsoft Gun

Prices for single-tuned pistols are around 10 to 80 euros, submachine guns cost around 20 to 120 euros, assault rifles between 80 and 200 euros and shotguns 20 to 100 euros.


Question: When was airsoft developed?

Airsoft Gun

Bolt-lock sniper rifles are entirely their own figure; a good sniper rifle costs around 300 to 1,000 euros, and tuning parts take the price up to thousands of euros.


Question: When was airsoft developed?

Airsoft Gun

A sniper rifle is also usually attached to a sniper rifle, and their prices vary in quality and characteristics, just as with guns.


Question: When was airsoft developed?

Airsoft Gun

The most expensive spring-action weapons, such as sniper rifles, can be tuned to surprisingly maximum powers, increasing the ball's output speed and most often range as well.


Question: When was airsoft developed?

Airsoft Gun

Among the more expensive weapons available to increase power are springs stiffer than the normal spring, laser sights, lights, trigger machinery and spring controls.


Question: When was airsoft developed?

Airsoft Gun

One type of tuning is the precision barrel, which is most often placed inside the gun's own barrel, which is closer than the standard barrel to increase the pressure of the air that puts the ball into motion.


Question: When was airsoft developed?

Airsoft Gun

However, many guns need reinforcement parts to withstand the impact force produced by stronger springs.


Question: When was airsoft developed?

Airsoft Gun

The prices of tuning parts are illustrated by an example of the cost of tuning the Maruze APS SV sniper rifle.


Question: When was airsoft developed?

Airsoft Gun

The rifle costs around 400 euros as new, but for heavier tunings you need about 700 euros: for a gun with 300% tuning, at least a new trigger machine, cylinder, spring, spring guide and piston are required, including, for example, a precision barrel.


Question: When was airsoft developed?

Airsoft Gun

Electric Tuned Weapons Electric tuned weapons are most commonly said to be electric weapons.


Question: When was airsoft developed?

Airsoft Gun

The electric gun is powered by a battery (voltage mainly 7.2; 7.4; 8.4; 9.6; 11.1 and 14.8 V, but also 10.8; 12.0; 13.2 or 14.4 V is used), the current of which is piped to the electric motor.


Question: When was airsoft developed?

Airsoft Gun

This rotates the stroller, and pulls the piston behind (squeezing the spring into the pile).


Question: When was airsoft developed?

Airsoft Gun

All this is done in a cog box, or “mecha” (), which includes the stroller as well as in some models also an electric motor, bearings, spring, spring guide, trigger machinery, cylinder and piston.


Question: When was airsoft developed?

Airsoft Gun

Electric pistols of sufficient quality for gaming use (AEP=Automatic Electric Pistol) were launched in 2005.


Question: When was airsoft developed?

Airsoft Gun

Today, both pistols (TM G18c, TM M93R and TM USP) and mini machine guns (TM MP7A1, TM Vz61 Scorpion and TM Mac-10) are available.


Question: When was airsoft developed?

Airsoft Gun

Also, several so-called china manufacturers have copied Marui's AEP series.


Question: When was airsoft developed?

Airsoft Gun

The above operates a miniature supercharged cog box, which is equivalent in principle to larger guns and are rotated by a 7.2-volt battery.


Question: When was airsoft developed?

Airsoft Gun

However, the first automatic shotgun has appeared from Marui (2015/2016).


Question: When was airsoft developed?

Airsoft Gun

It shoots balls like a shotgun, but with serial fire with a bulkier clip.


Question: When was airsoft developed?

Airsoft Gun

Electro-tuned weapons (like others) can also be modified, which means converting the weapon to a more liking to the user.


Question: When was airsoft developed?

Airsoft Gun

Each such modification of the weapon is calculated as customisation, after which the weapon is not the same as when purchased from a store shelf.


Question: When was airsoft developed?

Airsoft Gun

When modifying the comfort, ergonomics, appearance, power or other characteristic of the weapon, efforts are made to improve.


Question: When was airsoft developed?

Airsoft Gun

Electric weapons are most common on the playing field due to their ease of use and low cost of operation/maintenance; because of this, they are also tuned more often than others.


Question: When was airsoft developed?

Airsoft Gun

Many build an airsoft gun themselves.


Question: When was airsoft developed?

Airsoft Gun

It is often made according to an old and well-known design, i.e., a Finnish machine gun or some other historical weapon, the construction of which requires a lot of time and money.


Question: When was airsoft developed?

Airsoft Gun

When tuning (also true for spring guns), one can choose what power the weapon is desired.


Question: When was airsoft developed?

Airsoft Gun

In electric and spring-action weapons, efficiency is primarily influenced by spring selection.


Question: When was airsoft developed?

Airsoft Gun

Springs from different manufacturers have been graded differently, and springs classified by different manufacturers to the same level may not be comparable because there is no uniform standard.


Question: When was airsoft developed?

Airsoft Gun

However, the wire spring is stiffer than the usual spring, which causes the rate of fire (note.


Question: When was airsoft developed?

Airsoft Gun

not the same as the output speed) might decrease.


Question: When was airsoft developed?

Airsoft Gun

This is fixable by purchasing a more powerful battery for the weapon, which in this context is called a viria battery.


Question: When was airsoft developed?

Airsoft Gun

For example, replacing the most common 8.4 V with a 9.6 V battery is common, but using a vira battery in a gun nullifies the weapon's warranty.


Question: When was airsoft developed?

Airsoft Gun

In the early stages of the hobby, tuning limits were usually determined according to the Systema springs to the MXXX level (for example, the M100 and M120 perhaps the most common tuner spring in electric weapons).


Question: When was airsoft developed?

Airsoft Gun

As manufacturers have added, there has been a shift to either output speed or preferably limits based on power measured at the barrel mouth.


Question: When was airsoft developed?

Airsoft Gun

In Finland, most associations have set the tuning limit for electric tuned weapons with serial fire at 1.6 J, allowing a ball weighing 0.2 grams to have a maximum output speed of 126 m/s.


Question: When was airsoft developed?

Airsoft Gun

In Finland, the most common self-loading or semi-automatic weapons output speeds are either 150 or 126 m/s.


Question: When was airsoft developed?

Airsoft Gun

In Joules, this means 2.25 or 1.6 J. For single-tuned, that is, in practice, bolt-lock guns, the power limit is most often 3 J, that is, 173 m/s with a 0.2 g ball.


Question: When was airsoft developed?

Airsoft Gun

Prices for new AEG guns are between 200 and 800 euros in Finland and over 100 euros for AEP weapons.


Question: When was airsoft developed?

Airsoft Gun

But today more or less reliable Chinese-made weapons have entered the market, the prices of which are lower than those of so-called “high-quality manufacturers”.


Question: When was airsoft developed?

Airsoft Gun

Prices for new Chinese-made AEG weapons are between 100 and 300 euros in Finland and over 40 euros for AEP weapons.


Question: When was airsoft developed?

Airsoft Gun

Gas powered weapons Gas weapons are classified into two sub-categories: GBB () NBB () Weapons operate in much the same way: gas piston.


Question: When was airsoft developed?

Airsoft Gun

Usually there is a gas tank in the clip, but in cheaper models and revolvers this is internal to the gun.


Question: When was airsoft developed?

Airsoft Gun

There are many types of gas-fired weapons: from pistols to submachine guns, machine guns and sniper rifles.


Question: When was airsoft developed?

Airsoft Gun

Gases Used in Airsoft Guns Gas guns use propellant gases, which usually also contain lubricants.


Question: When was airsoft developed?

Airsoft Gun

Two gases are commonly available for sale: the HFC134A gas is tetrafluoroethane (CH2FCF3).


Question: When was airsoft developed?

Airsoft Gun

It is the lowest of the airsoft propellant gases currently on the market.


Question: When was airsoft developed?

Airsoft Weapon

This gas is manufactured by Tokyo Marui, KWC, KJ works and KSC, among others.


Question: When was airsoft developed?

Airsoft Weapon

HFC134a is the only legal gas mixture used for this purpose in Japan.


Question: When was airsoft developed?

Airsoft Weapon

This is why most weapons manufactured in Japan cannot withstand other “stronger” propellant gases without modification measures.


Question: When was airsoft developed?

Airsoft Weapon

Green gas is a generic term for propellant gases from outside Japan, majoring in propane.


Question: When was airsoft developed?

Airsoft Weapon

There are several manufacturers, many products are banned in Finland due to dangerously weak packaging.


Question: When was airsoft developed?

Airsoft Weapon

Green gas is sometimes referred to by HFC22 gas.


Question: When was airsoft developed?

Airsoft Weapon

This is incorrect, as HFC22 gas of the same power, which is classified as environmentally harmful, is practically no longer available and virtually all mixtures on the market are based on propane and butane.


Question: When was airsoft developed?

Airsoft Weapon

Due to the high pressure, this gas consumes weapons faster, although in the cold climate of Finland (the pressure of gases depends on temperature, the warmer, the harder the pressure) gun violations occur less.


Question: When was airsoft developed?

Airsoft Weapon

LPG (trade name) is mostly a gas consisting of propane, which is commonly sold in Finland as fuel for excursion cookers and barbecues.


Question: When was airsoft developed?

Airsoft Weapon

These gases work in airsoft guns about as well as green gas, and in other parts of the world they are used a lot, costing far less than gas bottled for airsoft use in remote countries.


Question: When was airsoft developed?

Airsoft Weapon

For this purpose, ready-made connectors are available, which, however, do not fit into Finnish bottles.


Question: When was airsoft developed?

Airsoft Weapon

In Finland, the use of LPG is extremely rare, as Finnish bottles are large and ready-made connectors are not commercially available.


Question: When was airsoft developed?

Airsoft Weapon

The problem with the use of gas for grill use is the lack of lubricant.


Question: When was airsoft developed?

Airsoft Weapon

The gases made for Airsoft use involve silicone oil to lubricate the gun's seals.


Question: When was airsoft developed?

Airsoft Weapon

In theory, gas guns do not operate below +2°C, and some manufacturers remove the warranty if the gun is used at temperatures below 2 degrees.


Question: When was airsoft developed?

Airsoft Weapon

In practice, at least KWC guns perform at −25°C, though not as well as in warm.


Question: When was airsoft developed?

Airsoft Weapon

Nowadays, weapons powered by CO2 capsules are produced, which work more confidently in frost temperatures.


Question: When was airsoft developed?

Airsoft Weapon

Gas Blowback Gas Blowback (GBB=Gas BlowBack) is the most authentic of airsoft weapons.


Question: When was airsoft developed?

Airsoft Weapon

When fired, the slide strikes backwards as in a real gun and when returned it charges the next ball into the barrel until the balls run out of the clip, and the slide locks in the rear position.


Question: When was airsoft developed?

Airsoft Weapon

Propulsion to a gas-acting weapon is usually provided by a LPG or carbon dioxide cartridge filled into the gun's magazine from separate bottles, sometimes including carbon dioxide or compressed air from an external tank.


Question: When was airsoft developed?

Airsoft Weapon

GBB guns require more regular maintenance than others, as they have many moving, dirt and poor lubrication sensitive parts.


Question: When was airsoft developed?

Airsoft Weapon

Gas consumption is naturally higher in GBB than in NBB guns.


Question: When was airsoft developed?

Airsoft Weapon

The price range for GBB pistols is 65—300 €.


Question: When was airsoft developed?

Airsoft Weapon

Prices for GBB rifles are approx.


Question: When was airsoft developed?

Airsoft Weapon

Between €300 and €2,000.


Question: When was airsoft developed?

Airsoft Weapon

A gas-operated non-blowback (Non-Blowback) NBB gas gun (Non-Blowback) is simpler and generally cheaper than a GBB gas gun.


Question: When was airsoft developed?

Airsoft Weapon

The gun slide does not move when fired and the gun tunes by pressing the trigger; at the same time, a ball emerges from the clip into the machinery.


Question: When was airsoft developed?

Airsoft Weapon

NBB guns are not very sensitive to breaking because the number of moving parts in them is small and the machinery is simpler.


Question: When was airsoft developed?

Airsoft Weapon

In power, NBB guns do little to lose to GBB guns.


Question: When was airsoft developed?

Airsoft Weapon

In the cheapest NBB guns, the hop-up is fixed.


Question: When was airsoft developed?

Airsoft Weapon

Due to the material and design solutions used in them, the structure is not very durable.


Question: When was airsoft developed?

Airsoft Weapon

The service life of such weapons is usually not very long.


Question: When was airsoft developed?

Airsoft Weapon

On the other hand, there are also significantly better quality products on the market with adjustable hop-up and have a much more durable design.


Question: When was airsoft developed?

Airsoft Weapon

Many enthusiasts prefer such weapons because they are safe and, especially when used with a silencer, also quiet.


Question: When was airsoft developed?

Airsoft Weapon

Pneumatic weapons The very first Airsoft guns operate, for example, in a backpack with a portable compressed air bottle.


Question: When was airsoft developed?

Airsoft Weapon

The pneumatic weapons are manufactured by two companies, SHOEI and Sun Project.


Question: When was airsoft developed?

Airsoft Weapon

SHOEI has focused on manufacturing adaptations of WWII weapons, so-called replicas, and Sun Project while Colt series weapons.


Question: When was airsoft developed?

Airsoft Weapon

Pneumatic weapons are very expensive compared to electrical operations: A gun alone may cost the same as an electric gun, but you have to purchase compressed air equipment (between £200 and £1000) in addition to the weapon.


Question: When was airsoft developed?

Airsoft Weapon

Before electric guns took over the market, the most famous manufacturers in the airsoft world were Asahi, JAC, MGC (Model Gun Company), as well as FTC (Falcon Toy Company).


Question: When was airsoft developed?

Airsoft Weapon

The aforementioned companies went bankrupt.


Question: When was airsoft developed?

Airsoft Weapon

MGC (toy tec) went bankrupt after making the FN P90 gun without the necessary licenses.


Question: When was airsoft developed?

Airsoft Weapon

And since this was a patented design, the FN sued MGC.


Question: When was airsoft developed?

Airsoft Weapon

The company went bankrupt but has gotten back on its feet and today manufactures pound-cartridge guns.


Question: When was airsoft developed?

Airsoft Weapon

Important components of Airsoft weapons The Cog box Cog box () is a concept originally developed by Tokyo Marui that allows, for example, a barrel to be replaced without touching a stroller.


Question: When was airsoft developed?

Airsoft Weapon

Inside the cog box are three cog: a cone wheel (bevel gear), a discount cog (spur gear) and a sector gear gear, as well as a piston, spring, cylinder, trigger machine and nozzle.


Question: When was airsoft developed?

Airsoft Weapon

In some versions, the engine is attached to a gear box.


Question: When was airsoft developed?

Airsoft Weapon

Engine The engine is most often placed in the gun gun grip below the cog box.


Question: When was airsoft developed?

Airsoft Weapon

It operates at a voltage of 7.2—14.4 volts provided by the battery and is very fast.


Question: When was airsoft developed?

Airsoft Weapon

The guns typically fire between 500 and 1,500 rounds per minute.


Question: When was airsoft developed?

Airsoft Weapon

The engine rotates the machinery via a discount wheel.


Question: When was airsoft developed?

Airsoft Weapon

Hop-Up machinery Hop-Up is a small rubber or metal glandular located on the upper end of the barrel, which gives the ball a rear thread.


Question: When was airsoft developed?

Airsoft Weapon

The rear thread creates buoyancy, which curves the ball's trajectory upwards.


Question: When was airsoft developed?

Airsoft Weapon

In most electric and gas powered weapons, the hop-up is adjustable, allowing balls of different weights to be used in the gun and adjust the hop-up to always work optimally for each ball grade separately.


Question: When was airsoft developed?

Airsoft Weapon

When properly adjusted, the twist reduces the impact of gravity, and the ball flies straight for almost its entire range.


Question: When was airsoft developed?

Airsoft Weapon

If, on the other hand, the hop-up is adjusted too small, the ball cannot resist gravity enough, but quickly falls to the ground.


Question: When was airsoft developed?

Airsoft Weapon

Guns with fixed hop-up must use appropriate balls to do so — balls with the wrong weight do not fly straight forward, but quickly fall to the ground or rise sharply upwards.


Question: When was airsoft developed?

Airsoft Weapon

If the ball is of poor quality, it may also cause damage to the hop-up machinery.


Question: When was airsoft developed?

Airsoft Weapon

Real-Cap Box So-called Real-Cap magazine refers to a magazine with exactly the same capacity as its preimage, e.g. M4/M16 30 balls.


Question: When was airsoft developed?

Airsoft Weapon

The use of this style of mags increases the modesty of play as well as tacticality and forces the player to fire only thoughtful shots.


Question: When was airsoft developed?

Airsoft Weapon

Low-Cap mag Low-Cap mags are better known by the name “regu”, meaning the most common type of magazine to be used.


Question: When was airsoft developed?

Airsoft Weapon

Depending on the weapon, the Low-Cap clip has a capacity of between 30 and 80 depending on the size of the clip.


Question: When was airsoft developed?

Airsoft Weapon

Mid-Cap Mag Mid-Cap mags look like regular mags and work almost on the same principle as regular mags, but the spring/feeding mechanism inside the clip is double row so they can accommodate more balls.


Question: When was airsoft developed?

Airsoft Weapon

The overall ball capacity is 70—150 balls.


Question: When was airsoft developed?

Airsoft Weapon

These mags have more feeding interference than usual.


Question: When was airsoft developed?

Airsoft gun

Hi-Cap Box for Hi-Cap (Lr.


Question: When was airsoft developed?

Airsoft gun

stands for high capacity,) can hold several times the number of balls compared to a regular magazine.


Question: When was airsoft developed?

Airsoft gun

At the bottom of the Hi-Cap clip is a ball mill, which by rotating the mill feeds the magazine from the tank to the balls into the gun.


Question: When was airsoft developed?

Airsoft gun

The downsides of the Hi-Cap include the rather loud cash, which is created when the balls can move around in an incomplete container.


Question: When was airsoft developed?

Airsoft gun

Rahina is undesirable, because then the enemy can hear where you are.


Question: When was airsoft developed?

Airsoft gun

The Hi-Cap is the most common type of dresser for electric weapons.


Question: When was airsoft developed?

Airsoft gun

In addition, the hi-cap lipa has a rotatable cog plate, which must be “rotated” in order for the weapon to be able to fire balls.


Question: When was airsoft developed?

Airsoft gun

The hi-cap magazine holds approximately 300—600 balls.


Question: When was airsoft developed?

Airsoft gun

Drum or box blades powered by batteries operate on the same principle as standard Hi-Cap mags, except that there is no need to spin the ball mill itself.


Question: When was airsoft developed?

Airsoft gun

These usually take a very large number of balls — from 500 to as many as 3,000 balls.


Question: When was airsoft developed?

Airsoft gun

Sources Category:Airsoft Category:Key articles in screening


Question: Who has first measured the year?

New Year

New Year is a celebration to celebrate the turn of the year when the last day of the old year (New Year's Eve) changes to the first day of the new year (New Year's Day).


Question: Who has first measured the year?

New Year

The New Year is celebrated around the world in different ways.


Question: Who has first measured the year?

New Year

At the start of the new year, it is customary to reminisce about the events of the past year, as well as make plans for the starting year.


Question: Who has first measured the year?

New Year

[1] New Year written together means an event celebrated on the last day.


Question: Who has first measured the year?

New Year

Written separately, the New Year refers to the whole next year.


Question: Who has first measured the year?

New Year

[2] In current Western time calculation, the last day of the year is December 31, and the first day of the year is 1.


Question: Who has first measured the year?

New Year

on Jan.


Question: Who has first measured the year?

New Year

[3] New Year's Day is a public holy and holiday in Finland and several other countries [4].


Question: Who has first measured the year?

New Year

The turn of the year in different countries In different countries, the turn of the year is celebrated in different ways and at different times.


Question: Who has first measured the year?

New Year

For economic and historical reasons, the season has been at different times of the year.


Question: Who has first measured the year?

New Year

The turn of the year of the ancient Babylonians was on the vernal equinox.


Question: Who has first measured the year?

New Year

They also had another turn of the year on the autumn equinox.


Question: Who has first measured the year?

New Year

The Egyptians started the year from the summer solstice.


Question: Who has first measured the year?

New Year

Placing the first day of the year on the first day of January is a Roman practice.


Question: Who has first measured the year?

New Year

In Finland, the year was old in autumn, when agricultural work had been completed.


Question: Who has first measured the year?

New Year

[5] Finnish New Year Traditionally, Finns celebrated the New Year as a kekr.


Question: Who has first measured the year?

New Year

The New Year was considered the omens of the coming year.


Question: Who has first measured the year?

New Year

[6] [7] On the eve evening, after the sauna, it was only possible to throw it on the roof of the sauna.


Question: Who has first measured the year?

New Year

The position of the counter was then predicted to come.


Question: Who has first measured the year?

New Year

Hay might have been thrown at the ceiling.


Question: Who has first measured the year?

New Year

The more straw left on the roof perches, the better luck it was thought to know for the coming year.


Question: Who has first measured the year?

New Year

Weather was also forecast for the New Year.


Question: Who has first measured the year?

New Year

[8] Today, Finnish New Year's festive dishes include wieners and potato salad.


Question: Who has first measured the year?

New Year

[9] [10] French fries are also eaten as a side dish for wieners.


Question: Who has first measured the year?

New Year

When the clock strikes twelve, let's raise the toasts and wish you a Happy New Year.


Question: Who has first measured the year?

New Year

[11] On New Year's night, restaurants are full and dances are organized.


Question: Who has first measured the year?

New Year

[10] The prestigious New Year celebrations include opera and theatre [12].


Question: Who has first measured the year?

New Year

The New Year tradition also includes the New Year's speech by the President of the Republic.


Question: Who has first measured the year?

New Year

[10] A New Year concert of the Vienna Philharmonic is held in Austria.


Question: Who has first measured the year?

New Year

In the Golden Hall of the Musikverein, the Vienna Philharmonic will perform music by Strauss's family of composers, above all Johann Strauss the Younger.


Question: Who has first measured the year?

New Year

The concert, which has been held since 1941, is followed through television in numerous countries, including Finland.


Question: Who has first measured the year?

New Year

[10] New Year's Day is not an official flagging date.


Question: Who has first measured the year?

New Year

The first time New Year's Day was flagged in 2000 on the initiative of the Association of Finnish Finnishness and the University of Helsinki.


Question: Who has first measured the year?

New Year

In Sweden and Estonia, New Year's Day is flagging day.


Question: Who has first measured the year?

New Year

[13] In Finland, New Year's weather is typically very variable for the Finnish climate.


Question: Who has first measured the year?

New Year

Conventionally, New Year is received in wintry sub-zero weather except the southwestern archipelago, but at times frost can bump at near record pace, as was the case at the turn of the 2002—03 season.


Question: Who has first measured the year?

New Year

[14] Other rather cold seasons have included 1965—1966, 1981—1982, 1988—1989, 2001—02, and 2009—10.


Question: Who has first measured the year?

New Year

Occasionally, weather may also be in the southern and central parts of the country even in autumn; such seasons have included, for example, 1963—1964, 1971—1972, 1972—1973, 1983—1984, 1991—1992, 1994—95, 2006—07, 2007—08, 2013—14, 2014—15 [15] and 2016—17 [16].


Question: Who has first measured the year?

New Year

The heat record for the New Year is +6.3 degrees in Oulu from 1973, the frost record in turn at Salla Naruskajärvi in 1982 of −43.5 degrees [14].


Question: Who has first measured the year?

New Year

Fireworks in Finland The new year has included the shooting of fireworks.


Question: Who has first measured the year?

New Year

The most fireworks are fired just as New Year's Eve turns into New Year's Day.


Question: Who has first measured the year?

New Year

The custom originated in China and its original purpose is the expulsion of evil spirits [17].


Question: Who has first measured the year?

New Year

In Finland, fireworks are only allowed to be shot between New Year's Eve and Day from 6 a.m. to 2 a.m.


Question: Who has first measured the year?

New Year

Fireworks sales begin on December 27, lasting right up to 5:30 p.m. on New Year's Eve night.


Question: Who has first measured the year?

New Year

[18] In recent years, fireworks have already started on the night against New Year's Eve in some places.


Question: Who has first measured the year?

New Year

For many animals, New Year is a tough place, as they are frightened by bang and bright flashes.


Question: Who has first measured the year?

New Year

[10] Fireworks may also be excluded from the celebration due to environmental saving.


Question: Who has first measured the year?

New Year

[19] Shells are left on the ground from fireworks containing remnants of toxic substances.


Question: Who has first measured the year?

New Year

This debris should be cleaned up the next day so that it does not get into the mouths of animals or young children or become contaminated by the environment.


Question: Who has first measured the year?

New Year

[10] Casting New Year's Shoes Events of the year beginning on New Year's Eve or night are predicted by the juror of New Year's shoes.


Question: Who has first measured the year?

New Year

[20] Casting of tin came to Finland from Sweden and Central Europe.


Question: Who has first measured the year?

New Year

It was initially a tradition of weathermen, but spread among the people in the 19th century, initially in Western Finland.


Question: Who has first measured the year?

New Year

Tin casting has been said to be perhaps best adapted from the old ways of life [21].


Question: Who has first measured the year?

New Year

New Year's shoes are referred to as New Year's, although most New Year's pines sold today actually contain only a few percent of tin, the rest lead, which is a heavy metal toxic to humans [22].


Question: Who has first measured the year?

New Year

New Year's shoes are usually bought in a store, as a piece in the shape of a horseshoe.


Question: Who has first measured the year?

New Year

The shoe is melted in the bucket either on fire in the fireplace or in urban conditions most often on the stove.


Question: Who has first measured the year?

New Year

The melted metal is undone from the bucket into a bucket filled with water.


Question: Who has first measured the year?

New Year

As it cools in water, the metal solidifies haphazardly into pieces of different shapes.


Question: Who has first measured the year?

New Year

A solidified piece is looked at and try to come up with what it would describe.


Question: Who has first measured the year?

New Year

[23] A solidified piece can also be viewed in the light of a candle or lamp, thus guessing the future as to the shape of its shadow.


Question: Who has first measured the year?

New Year

If, for example, there has been a decorative lace-like part of the solidification, it is imagined to mark the entry of money in the starting year.


Question: Who has first measured the year?

New Year

Typical images are ships (can also indicate travel), persons (future spouses), houses, animals (for example, a future domestic animal) and so on.


Question: Who has first measured the year?

New Year

[24] New Year's are hazardous waste because of the lead they contain, and if they are not to be reused the following year, they should be delivered to hazardous waste collection.


Question: Who has first measured the year?

New Year

[25] [26] Some leave casting tins out of celebration in order to conserve nature.


Question: Who has first measured the year?

New Year

[19] The New Year can also be predicted by lifting coffee cups with forecasting signs placed under them.


Question: Who has first measured the year?

New Year

[27] The European Union has classified the lead contained in New Year's tins as dangerous for reproductive health, thus ending the sale of tins in Finland in March 2018.


Question: Who has first measured the year?

New Year

[28] Russian New Year in Russia New Year has largely assumed the status of Christian Christmas as it is closer to Christmas in Western Christendom than Russian-Orthodox Christmas [29] — the Orthodox Churches follow the Orthodox Church of Finland except for the Julian calendar, which is a couple of weeks behind the Gregorian.


Question: Who has first measured the year?

New Year

The Frost who distributes gifts goes on a Russian three-white and with him he has his grandchild Snowgirl, or Snowflake Girl.


Question: Who has first measured the year?

New Year

On New Year's night, Frost and Snow Girl bring gifts to children, as well as fulfill the secret wishes of people.


Question: Who has first measured the year?

New Year

Frost is an old friend of Santa Claus.


Question: Who has first measured the year?

New Year

At home, celebrating the New Year, a lot of relatives and friends are invited to a long festive dinner.


Question: Who has first measured the year?

New Year

The sparkling chalices are being raised hourly ever since the New Year begins in Russia's far east.


Question: Who has first measured the year?

New Year

[30] [31] Chinese New Year The phase of the year according to the Old Chinese calendar is when the new moon occurs for the second time after the winter solstice.


Question: Who has first measured the year?

New Year

The Sun is then in the Zodiac sign of Aquarius.


Question: Who has first measured the year?

New Year

According to the Western calendar, Chinese New Year most commonly happens in February, sometimes late January.


Question: Who has first measured the year?

New Year

The years follow each other in sixty-year cycles.


Question: Who has first measured the year?

New Year

Years are named based on signs of “heavenly trunk” and “earthly branch”.


Question: Who has first measured the year?

New Year

[13] [32] New Year in Religions The Romans began before the beginning of the period to celebrate the New Year on the first day of January, having previously been celebrated in March.


Question: Who has first measured the year?

New Year

Christians seek to replace the celebration of Kalendae with a fasting day associated with Christmas.


Question: Who has first measured the year?

New Year

Later, the day was designated as the Day of Remembrance of Jesus' Circumcision [33] and subsequently also the Name Day of Jesus.


Question: Who has first measured the year?

New Year

The Catholic Church celebrates the first January as a celebration of the Virgin Mary while Lutherans and Orthodox churches commemorate the circumcision of Christ.


Question: Who has first measured the year?

New Year

[34] In Judaism, Christianity and Islam, the year changes at different times.


Question: Who has first measured the year?

New Year

The Jewish year changes around the autumn equinox.


Question: Who has first measured the year?

New Year

According to Jewish tradition, the world was created on 7 October in the year 3,761 BCE.


Question: Who has first measured the year?

New Year

(according to the Julian calendar).


Question: Who has first measured the year?

New Year

In the Islamic calendar, the time calculation was started on 16 July 622.


Question: Who has first measured the year?

New Year

According to Islamic tradition, the Prophet Muhammad fled Medina on that day.


Question: Who has first measured the year?

New Year

[13] Turn of the Millennium Many countries held various celebrations around the turn of the millennium as the 10th century changed to the 21st century.


Question: Who has first measured the year?

New Year

There was also a drum and dance show in Finland, as well as the largest fireworks show in Finland, performed by the Japanese group Hanabi [35].


Question: Who has first measured the year?

New Year

Sources Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Seljavaara, Anu & Kärjä, Päivi (ed.


Question: Who has first measured the year?

New Year

) | title = Let the party begin!


Question: Who has first measured the year?

New Year

Annual customs and traditions| location = Helsinki| publisher = WSOY| year = 2005| id = ISBN 951-0-28965-5}} References on the topic elsewhere Category:Finnish Christian holidays Category:Key articles on screening


Question: When was the Russian Empire founded?

Russian Empire

The Russian Empire () was an empire extending from the eastern parts of Europe to the Bering Sea and existed from 1721 to 1917.


Question: When was the Russian Empire founded?

Russian Empire

It originated during the period of Peter the Great, when Russia was expanding from the Baltics to the Pacific, and lasted right up until the February Revolution of 1917, when Emperor Nicholas II was deposed.


Question: When was the Russian Empire founded?

Russian Empire

[1] The Empire was preceded by Moscow Russia and succeeded by the Russian Republic.


Question: When was the Russian Empire founded?

Russian Empire

History Russia was considered after the fall of Byzantium, the freeze of Constantinople in 1453 to be conquered by the Turkic Ottomans, the heir of Rome and patron of the Orthodoxies, and Moscow as the “Third Rome”.


Question: When was the Russian Empire founded?

Russian Empire

[2] Already the title Tsar assumed by Ivan IV came from Caesar.


Question: When was the Russian Empire founded?

Russian Empire

The first Russian emperor was crowned in 1721 Peter the Great.


Question: When was the Russian Empire founded?

Russian Empire

[3] 18th century Peter the Great Peter was born from the second marriage of Tsar Alexei I of the Romanov House.


Question: When was the Russian Empire founded?

Russian Empire

Alexei was succeeded by Fyodor III, who, being ill, died already in 1682.


Question: When was the Russian Empire founded?

Russian Empire

Peter became co-ruler with his half-brother Ivan, but his half-sister Sofia exercised real power.


Question: When was the Russian Empire founded?

Russian Empire

In 1689 he, along with his guard, thwarted Sofia's plot to become crowned Tsaraté, and when Ivan V died in 1696, Peter became monospace.


Question: When was the Russian Empire founded?

Russian Empire

[4] Peter was interested in warring, especially artillery and shipping.


Question: When was the Russian Empire founded?

Russian Empire

He warred against the Tatars and Ottomans and conquered Azov in 1696, obtaining Russia its first port on the Black Sea.


Question: When was the Russian Empire founded?

Russian Empire

To continue the war against the Ottomans, Peter traveled as the first tsar to Western Europe to seek allies in Brandenburg, the Netherlands, England, and the Holy Roman Empire.


Question: When was the Russian Empire founded?

Russian Empire

On the way, he recruited hundreds of experts and masters.


Question: When was the Russian Empire founded?

Russian Empire

The voyage was cut short by the attempted capture of Sofia, which was defeated by Peter's backers.


Question: When was the Russian Empire founded?

Russian Empire

Peter executed hundreds of those involved in the conspiracy and left their bodies on display as a warning to others.


Question: When was the Russian Empire founded?

Russian Empire

[3] While remaining unsupported against the Turks, Peter made peace with the Ottoman Empire in 1700 and decided to seek to gain control of ports from the Baltic Sea.


Question: When was the Russian Empire founded?

Russian Empire

Taking advantage of the war between Sweden and Poland, he attacked Narva, which had belonged to Sweden.


Question: When was the Russian Empire founded?

Russian Empire

Charles XII of Sweden, however, was more powerful.


Question: When was the Russian Empire founded?

Russian Empire

The Russian army suffered a heavy setback at the Battle of Narva in November 1700.


Question: When was the Russian Empire founded?

Russian Empire

However, the Swedish king did not take advantage of the opportunity further, instead concentrating on waging war against Poland to put his own candidate on the throne.


Question: When was the Russian Empire founded?

Russian Empire

Peter reassembled his army and finally defeated Charles of Poltava, who had advanced to Russia, at the 1709 Battle of Poltava.


Question: When was the Russian Empire founded?

Russian Empire

As Charles fled to the Ottoman Sultan, Peter re-declared war on the Turks, in which, however, he again lost his port on the Sea of Azov.


Question: When was the Russian Empire founded?

Russian Empire

However, the Great Northern War continued until 1721, during which time Russia conquered Livonia, Estonia, Inkeria, Finland and invaded as far as the western base to destroy Umeå.


Question: When was the Russian Empire founded?

Russian Empire

In the peace of New Town, Sweden's great dominance was over, and Peter was awarded the title of emperor for his brilliant success.


Question: When was the Russian Empire founded?

Russian Empire

[3] Peter reformed Russia in several ways.


Question: When was the Russian Empire founded?

Russian Empire

He established a navy and defeated Sweden with it, Westernized the army, reformed the system of government, established the first civil service and senate.


Question: When was the Russian Empire founded?

Russian Empire

The Moscow Patriarchate was annexed as part of the state and the post of patriarch was replaced by a holy synod headed by a chief procurator appointed by the emperor.


Question: When was the Russian Empire founded?

Russian Empire

The amount of taxes collected under St. Petersburg tripled.


Question: When was the Russian Empire founded?

Russian Empire

In addition to the mental tax, booze and salt began to be taxed.


Question: When was the Russian Empire founded?

Russian Empire

He westernized Russia in terms of customs and art, founded the first book printing and the Russian Academy of Sciences.


Question: When was the Russian Empire founded?

Russian Empire

Westernization, though, led to a drink between the people and the superiority.


Question: When was the Russian Empire founded?

Russian Empire

The capital was moved to the Western-style city of Saint Petersburg, founded in 1703, which had been built on lands reclaimed from Sweden in the bottomland of the Gulf of Finland.


Question: When was the Russian Empire founded?

Russian Empire

[3] [4] Peter died in 1725.


Question: When was the Russian Empire founded?

Russian Empire

[5] In 1727 Russia wrote a border treaty with China, however, for the first time already during Moscow Russia in the 1689 Nerchinsk Peace Treaty.


Question: When was the Russian Empire founded?

Russian Empire

[6] The time of the palace revolutions Peter changed the succession to the throne by slaying his own son Alexei, who opposed his father's reforms and gathered troops opposing them.


Question: When was the Russian Empire founded?

Russian Empire

Under the new law, the Tsar was allowed to choose his successor himself, but Peter did not have time to do this; he died accidentally in 1725 while rescuing his men.


Question: When was the Russian Empire founded?

Russian Empire

The ambiguous succession to the throne led to coups in which the crown was inherited by whoever managed to persuade the Palace Guard in St. Petersburg to its side.


Question: When was the Russian Empire founded?

Russian Empire

[5] After Peter's death, his wife Catherine I (reigned 1725—1727) assumed the throne.


Question: When was the Russian Empire founded?

Russian Empire

However, Catherine died as early as 1727, and Peter's grandson Peter II (reigned 1727—1730) was crowned emperor.


Question: When was the Russian Empire founded?

Russian Empire

In 1730 Peter II died of smallpox, and Ivan V's daughter Anna Ivanovna (reigned 1730—1740), who had been Peter's co-ruler, ascended the throne.


Question: When was the Russian Empire founded?

Russian Empire

He gained power with the support of the top brass, but had to bend to many concessions.


Question: When was the Russian Empire founded?

Russian Empire

[5] Anna adopted the eight-week-old son of Anna Leopoldnovna, the daughter of her sister Catherine.


Question: When was the Russian Empire founded?

Russian Empire

Empress Anna herself already died a few weeks later on 28 October 1740, and the four-faced Ivan VI (1740—1764) (reigned 1740—1741) ascended the throne.


Question: When was the Russian Empire founded?

Russian Empire

As regent, Anna had ordered Ernst Johann von Biron (1690—1772), duke of Curunland, who was loathed by the Russians, and Anna Leopoldovna eaten him from power in November.


Question: When was the Russian Empire founded?

Russian Empire

In December 1741, Peter the Great's daughter Yelizaveta Petrovna (1709—1762) seized power with the favored assistance of the Guard and ascended the throne under the monarch name Elizabeth (reigned 1741—1762).


Question: When was the Russian Empire founded?

Russian Empire

[5] [7] Ivan VI was confined to prison, where he lived for the rest of his life.


Question: When was the Russian Empire founded?

Russian Empire

[8] Elizabeth continued her father's reforms, and in her time the Moscow University (1755) and the Saint Petersburg Academy of Arts (1757) were founded.


Question: When was the Russian Empire founded?

Russian Empire

Mikhail Lomonosov, Russia's first prominent scientist, was admitted professor of chemistry at St. Petersburg University, and later rose to become its rector and 1764 interior minister.


Question: When was the Russian Empire founded?

Russian Empire

[5] In 1726—1761, Russia was an ally of Austria against the Ottoman Empire and France.


Question: When was the Russian Empire founded?

Russian Empire

In the War of the Polish Succession of 1733—1735, Russia and Austria blocked a French candidate from entering the Polish throne.


Question: When was the Russian Empire founded?

Russian Empire

In the war against the Ottoman forces of 1734—1739, Russia again conquered Azov.


Question: When was the Russian Empire founded?

Russian Empire

In the Seven Years' War of 1756—1763, Russian forces were already at the gates of Berlin, but after Elisabeth died in 1762 Anna Petrovna's son Peter III (reigned 1762) made peace with Prussia.


Question: When was the Russian Empire founded?

Russian Empire

[5] Peter III was unpopular and his reign short.


Question: When was the Russian Empire founded?

Russian Empire

As the son of Anna Petrovna, daughter of Catherine I, and Karl Friedrich, a German Holstein-Gottorp, he had received a Lutheran upbringing and was considered a foreigner by the Russians.


Question: When was the Russian Empire founded?

Russian Empire

After a six-month reign, the emperor was assassinated; behind the conspiracy were his wife and her lover Alexei Orlov.


Question: When was the Russian Empire founded?

Russian Empire

His wife ascended the throne as Catherine II in June 1762.


Question: When was the Russian Empire founded?

Russian Empire

[5] During the reign of Catherine the Great Catherine II (reigned 1762—1796), Russia expanded significantly.


Question: When was the Russian Empire founded?

Russian Empire

There was war against the Ottomans again in 1768.


Question: When was the Russian Empire founded?

Russian Empire

In the peace treaty of 1774, Russia received a port on the Black Sea, and the Crimean Tatars gained independence from the Ottoman Empire.


Question: When was the Russian Empire founded?

Russian Empire

Catherine annexed Crimea to Russia in 1783, leading to a new war against the Turks in 1787.


Question: When was the Russian Empire founded?

Russian Empire

In the Peace of Jass of 1792, Russia extended to the Dniester.


Question: When was the Russian Empire founded?

Russian Empire

Catherine did not achieve her entire goal; to expel the Turks from Europe and re-establish the Byzantine Empire.


Question: When was the Russian Empire founded?

Russian Empire

However, the Ottomans no longer constituted a significant danger, although the Balkans remained under their control.


Question: When was the Russian Empire founded?

Russian Empire

[9] Expansion westward led to the partition of Poland.


Question: When was the Russian Empire founded?

Russian Empire

Poland had been weakened by the 18th century and its neighbors—Russia, Prussia and Austria—sought to place their own ruler on its throne.


Question: When was the Russian Empire founded?

Russian Empire

In 1772, in the first partition of Poland, Russia received Belarus and Livonia.


Question: When was the Russian Empire founded?

Russian Empire

Poland then embarked on a major reform and democratic development, whose radicalism alarmed neighbouring countries, and they decided to weaken Poland further 1793.


Question: When was the Russian Empire founded?

Russian Empire

Now Russia gained most of Belarus and Ukraine west of the Dnieper.


Question: When was the Russian Empire founded?

Russian Empire

The division led to anti-Prussian and Russian uprisings, whereby by the Third Partition of 1795 Poland ceased to exist as an independent state.


Question: When was the Russian Empire founded?

Russian Empire

Russia now lost Poland as a buffer territory and gained powerful German states on its border.


Question: When was the Russian Empire founded?

Russian Empire

[9] The annexation of new territories also led to instability.


Question: When was the Russian Empire founded?

Russian Empire

Catholic Poles proved troublesome citizens.


Question: When was the Russian Empire founded?

Russian Empire

Russia had expelled all Jews in 1742 and due to the new population a law was enacted ordering Jews to remain in the western parts of the Empire.


Question: When was the Russian Empire founded?

Russian Empire

Catherine initiated the Russification and unification activities that her successors also pursued by abolishing the independence of Ukraine, the Baltics and Cossacks east of the Dnieper.


Question: When was the Russian Empire founded?

Russian Empire

[9] During the 1768—1774 war against the Ottomans, Russia experienced the first signs of social discontent.


Question: When was the Russian Empire founded?

Russian Empire

In the Pugachev Rebellion of 1773, Don Cossack Yemeljan Pugachev declared himself Tsar Peter III and received support from other Cossacks, Turkic tribes, Ural factory workers and serfs.


Question: When was the Russian Empire founded?

Russian Empire

Pugachev's supporters took over a large area on the Volga, but the rebellion of 1774 was crushed by the regular army.


Question: When was the Russian Empire founded?

Russian Empire

[9] As a result of the rebellion, Catherine decided to reform the administration and in 1775 she divided the country into provinces and districts with local government.


Question: When was the Russian Empire founded?

Russian Empire

The overlords were relieved of the obligation to work for the central government, and many of them were placed in positions in local governments.


Question: When was the Russian Empire founded?

Russian Empire

He also divided the people into the enactments of 1785, giving every part of the people its own responsibilities.


Question: When was the Russian Empire founded?

Russian Empire

The supremacy now gained rights that even the emperor could not interfere with.


Question: When was the Russian Empire founded?

Russian Empire

The status of serfs was not addressed.


Question: When was the Russian Empire founded?

Russian Empire

Westernization continued and the increasing number of publications led to criticism from those who hold power.


Question: When was the Russian Empire founded?

Russian Empire

In 1790, Aleksandr Radichchev published his book criticising the status and exclusivity of serfs, and, spooked by the Great French Revolution, Catherine the Great condemned him to Siberia.


Question: When was the Russian Empire founded?

Russian Empire

[9] Paul I Catherine II died 1796 and his son Paul I (reigned 1796—1801) succeeded him on the throne.


Question: When was the Russian Empire founded?

Russian Empire

Aware that Catherine had planned to succeed her son, Aleksandr Pavlovich Romanov, Paul imposed a new succession to the throne, with the eldest of the children always succeeded.


Question: When was the Russian Empire founded?

Russian Empire

He also founded the Russian-American Trade Company of 1799, which established the first bases in Alaska for fur fishing.


Question: When was the Russian Empire founded?

Russian Empire

Paul was seen as unstable and indecisive, and could spin his older decisions unexpectedly, creating chaos and enemies.


Question: When was the Russian Empire founded?

Russian Empire

[4] [10] As a European superpower, Russia did not escape the effects of the French Revolution.


Question: When was the Russian Empire founded?

Russian Empire

Paul became a relentless opponent of France and joined Britain and Austria in the war against France.


Question: When was the Russian Empire founded?

Russian Empire

In 1798—1799, Russian troops under Aleksandr Suvorov fought gloriously in Italy and Switzerland.


Question: When was the Russian Empire founded?

Russian Empire

Paul, however, changed his mind and rejected as an ally.


Question: When was the Russian Empire founded?

Russian Empire

This led to a crisis in addition to domestic political problems, and Paul was assassinated in March 1801.


Question: When was the Russian Empire founded?

Russian Empire

[10] First half of the 19th century Alexander I ascended to the throne as Alexander I (reigned 1801—1825) after the murder of his father, in which he was also implicated.


Question: When was the Russian Empire founded?

Russian Empire

Alexander had been brought up in the spirit of the Enlightenment period, but he was also inclined towards romanticism and mysticism, especially in the latter stages of his reign.


Question: When was the Russian Empire founded?

Russian Empire

He replaced colleges founded by Peter the Great with ministries, but lost interest in larger administrative reforms.


Question: When was the Russian Empire founded?

Russian Empire

[10] Napoleon's growing power was the main concern of European countries, and Russia joined Britain and Austria again alongside Britain and Austria against Napoleon.


Question: When was the Russian Empire founded?

Russian Empire

Napoleon defeated the coalition at the Battle of Austerlitz in 1805 and lobbed the Russians again at Friedland in 1807.


Question: When was the Russian Empire founded?

Russian Empire

Alexander was forced to bend to peace, and by the 1807 Treaty of Tilsit he became an ally of Napoleon.


Question: When was the Russian Empire founded?

Russian Empire

To force Sweden into a British blockade, he conquered Finland in the Finnish War of 1809 and attacked another 1812 against Turkey, capturing Bessarabia.


Question: When was the Russian Empire founded?

Russian Empire

[10] The Russo-French alliance began to crack as Napoleon was suspicious of Russia's intentions regarding the Bosphorus and the Darnells, and Alexander doubted the purpose of the Polish Grand Duchy of Warsaw, which was re-established by Napoleon.


Question: When was the Russian Empire founded?

Russian Empire

The continental closure of the United Kingdom did not serve Russia's economic interests, and Alexander said he disconnected from it in 1810.


Question: When was the Russian Empire founded?

Russian Empire

In June 1812, Napoleon invaded Russia with the Grande Armée of 600,000 men.


Question: When was the Russian Empire founded?

Russian Empire

The troops marched as far as Moscow, but failed to achieve a decisive victory.


Question: When was the Russian Empire founded?

Russian Empire

By the retreat, the army numbered only 30,000 men.


Question: When was the Russian Empire founded?

Russian Empire

[10] With the allies, the French were driven back to Paris, and Napoleon was overthrown.


Question: When was the Russian Empire founded?

Russian Empire

After the victory of the Allies, Alexander gained a reputation as the saviour of Europe, and his part was prominent at the Congress of Vienna of 1815 in redrawing the borders of Europe.


Question: When was the Russian Empire founded?

Russian Empire

In the same year he founded the Holy Alliance with Austria and Prussia, with whose leaders he declared that he would uphold Christian values in Europe.


Question: When was the Russian Empire founded?

Russian Empire

At the same time, countries protected their backs against the worrying values of exclusivity and demanding freedom from the French Revolution.


Question: When was the Russian Empire founded?

Russian Empire

The union became a four-union with the advent of Britain.


Question: When was the Russian Empire founded?

Russian Empire

[10] Russia continued its westward expansion.


Question: When was the Russian Empire founded?

Russian Empire

The Congress of Vienna re-established the Kingdom of Poland, to which Alexander granted a constitution.


Question: When was the Russian Empire founded?

Russian Empire

In addition to the position of autocratic emperor of Russia and Grand Duke of Finland (1809), he also became the fundamental legal monarch of Poland.


Question: When was the Russian Empire founded?

Russian Empire

In 1813, Russia conquered Baku in the Caucasus from Persia, and Alaska, too, was already firmly held by the Empire.


Question: When was the Russian Empire founded?

Russian Empire

[10] Under Alexander I, the first revolutionary movements arose.


Question: When was the Russian Empire founded?

Russian Empire

Officers returning from France brought with them the ideas of human rights, representative government and democracy.


Question: When was the Russian Empire founded?

Russian Empire

Opposition to autocratics and calls for an end to serfdom began to increase.


Question: When was the Russian Empire founded?

Russian Empire

The most radical were even ready for the violent end of autocracy by revolution.


Question: When was the Russian Empire founded?

Russian Empire

The oddity that Congress-Poland had been allowed a legislative parliament accountable only to the Polish Viscount, while Russia had an autocracy without constitutions sparked discontent and several groups were preparing to revolt when Emperor Alexander unexpectedly died in 1825.


Question: When was the Russian Empire founded?

Russian Empire

[10] Alexander's brother, Konstantin, who was next in the line of succession, refused the crown and his other brother Nicholas ascended to the throne.


Question: When was the Russian Empire founded?

Russian Empire

A group of officers with a 3,000-man force under their command refused to recognise the new monarch and instead demanded a constitution.


Question: When was the Russian Empire founded?

Russian Empire

[11] According to the date of the revolt in December, it is called the Decembrist Revolt.


Question: When was the Russian Empire founded?

Russian Empire

The Decembrists posed as allies of Konstantin and demanded a constitutional monarchy to be formed around him, but there were also republicans among them.


Question: When was the Russian Empire founded?

Russian Empire

After Constantin's refusal of the crown, the army crushed the rebellion.


Question: When was the Russian Empire founded?

Russian Empire

Its five leaders were hanged, and the rest were exiled to Siberia.


Question: When was the Russian Empire founded?

Russian Empire

[10] Nicholas I Nicholas I (reigned 1825—1855) was born in 1796 and died in 1855.


Question: When was the Russian Empire founded?

Russian Empire

He avoided his brother's religious and Enlightenment influences and sought to prop up his power as an autocrat by necessary means.


Question: When was the Russian Empire founded?

Russian Empire

He created in 1826 the gendarmerie headed by the Third Department of the Emperor's Office, which oversaw the country's internal security.


Question: When was the Russian Empire founded?

Russian Empire

It was initially led by Count Benckendorff and subsequently by Alexei Orlov.


Question: When was the Russian Empire founded?

Russian Empire

Censorship carefully controlled all publications.


Question: When was the Russian Empire founded?

Russian Empire

In 1833, Minister of Education Sergei Uvarov confirmed monopoly, orthodoxy and nationalism as the guideline of the regime.


Question: When was the Russian Empire founded?

Russian Empire

The principles did not bring popular support, but led to attempts to suppress minority nationalities.


Question: When was the Russian Empire founded?

Russian Empire

The Eastern Rites, which had been associated with the Catholic Church, were suppressed in Ukraine and Belarus in 1839.


Question: When was the Russian Empire founded?

Russian Empire

After the French rebellion of 1830, Poles also rose up in rebellion of 1830.


Question: When was the Russian Empire founded?

Russian Empire

After the Eleven Months' War, the Poles were overthrown in 1831, the Polish parliament was dissolved, the constitution was repealed, and the country was made a province of Russia, with Russian as its official language.


Question: When was the Russian Empire founded?

Russian Empire

In Europe's mad year of 1848, Nikolai was on the front lines defending the old system.


Question: When was the Russian Empire founded?

Russian Empire

He provided assistance to the Habsburgs in defeating the Hungarian revolt and persuaded Prussia not to adopt a libertarian constitution.


Question: When was the Russian Empire founded?

Russian Empire

Having helped prevent revolutions, Nicholas appeared to be the most powerful ruler in Europe.


Question: When was the Russian Empire founded?

Russian Empire

[12] Despite the general atmosphere, Russian culture still rose to its heyday, Aleksandr Pushkin, Nikolai Gogol and Ivan Turgenev brought international fame and glory to Russia.


Question: When was the Russian Empire founded?

Russian Empire

Ballet was imported from France and established itself thanks to the compositions of Mikhail Glinka (1804—1857).


Question: When was the Russian Empire founded?

Russian Empire

With the nationality cause, philosophers split into two schools (see Slavophiles and Zapadniks), others still saw Russia as backward and primitive, and sought to promote Westernization.


Question: When was the Russian Empire founded?

Russian Empire

Still others focused on Slavic culture and disparaged Western influences.


Question: When was the Russian Empire founded?

Russian Empire

Some of the latter saw the traditional peasant commune as an alternative to Western capitalism and as the social and moral savior of Russia.


Question: When was the Russian Empire founded?

Russian Empire

[12] As Nicholas sought to maintain the existing situation in Europe, he took a firm stance in charge of the Ottoman Empire.


Question: When was the Russian Empire founded?

Russian Empire

Following Russia's traditional position as patron of the Orthodox, he aspired to become a protector of the Balkan Orthodox forces dominated by the Turks.


Question: When was the Russian Empire founded?

Russian Empire

Russia waged a victorious war against the Ottoman forces in 1828 and 1829 and concluded the 1833 Hungari—Skeliss Treaty.


Question: When was the Russian Empire founded?

Russian Empire

Under the cover of his international standing strengthened by the overthrow of the Revolutions of 1848, he provoked the Ottoman into the War of 1853 by conquering Moldavia and Wallachia.


Question: When was the Russian Empire founded?

Russian Empire

Fearing Russia would defeat the Ottoman, Britain and France joined the side of the Turks in the Crimean War.


Question: When was the Russian Empire founded?

Russian Empire

Austria demanded a Russian withdrawal, and Prussia remained neutral, leaving Russia without allies.


Question: When was the Russian Empire founded?

Russian Empire

European forces recaptured the Russian fortified Sevastopol base after a one-year siege in September 1854.


Question: When was the Russian Empire founded?

Russian Empire

Nicholas I died before the end of the war, but after the loss of Sevastopol and the rise to power of Alexander II, peace negotiations began and the war ended with the Peace of Paris on 30 March (J: 18 March) 1856.


Question: When was the Russian Empire founded?

Russian Empire

[12] [13] The second half of the 19th century Alexander II Alexander II (reigned 1855—1881) succeeded his father in 1855.


Question: When was the Russian Empire founded?

Russian Empire

He was a conservative, but reforms were bound to be made.


Question: When was the Russian Empire founded?

Russian Empire

He reformed education, administration, law enforcement, and the military.


Question: When was the Russian Empire founded?

Russian Empire

[14] After the ill-ended Crimean War, Russia pursued a cautious foreign policy.


Question: When was the Russian Empire founded?

Russian Empire

The 1856 Treaty of Paris had demilitarized the Black Sea and deprived Russia of Bessarabia and a strip of land at the mouth of the Danube.


Question: When was the Russian Empire founded?

Russian Empire

Western European states gained the right to protect Christians of the Ottoman Empire rather than Russia, which had had this right since 1774 until the Treaty of Kuchuk-Kainirj.


Question: When was the Russian Empire founded?

Russian Empire

Alexander II's first objective was to once again gain access to his warship from the Bosphorus.


Question: When was the Russian Empire founded?

Russian Empire

Britain and Austria (from 1867 Austria-Hungary) were considered the major obstacles to this plan, so France, Prussia and the United States became important partners.


Question: When was the Russian Empire founded?

Russian Empire

Prussia (from 1871 the German Empire) replaced Britain as banker.


Question: When was the Russian Empire founded?

Russian Empire

[13] After the Crimean War, the policy of expansion was continued in the direction of the Caucasus.


Question: When was the Russian Empire founded?

Russian Empire

Numerous Muslim people—Chechens, Cherkesis and Dagestans—continued to resist despite numerous operations.


Question: When was the Russian Empire founded?

Russian Empire

It was not until the troops captured legendary Chechen leader Šamili's 1859 conquests that the 1859 conquests could be resumed.


Question: When was the Russian Empire founded?

Russian Empire

The conquest of Tashkent from Kokand Khanate was a significant victory, and the country was annexed by Russia in 1866.


Question: When was the Russian Empire founded?

Russian Empire

The lands were formed the Governorate General of Gubernija with its capital Tashkent in 1867.


Question: When was the Russian Empire founded?

Russian Empire

The Khanate of Buhara lost the Samakand region in 1868, but to avoid skirmishing with the British, some of the Buharan lands were left nominally independent on the borders of Afghanistan and Persia.


Question: When was the Russian Empire founded?

Russian Empire

The Khanates retained autonomy until 1917.


Question: When was the Russian Empire founded?

Russian Empire

[13] Following the United States, Britain, and France, Russia established relations with Japan and acquired concessions with Britain and France from China in the Second Opium War of 1856—1860.


Question: When was the Russian Empire founded?

Russian Empire

In the Treaty of Aigun of 1858 and the Treaty of Peking of 1860, Russia obtained extensive trading rights over the Amur and Ussuri rivers, and began building a port and base in Vladivostok.


Question: When was the Russian Empire founded?

Russian Empire

In order to secure the Amurin—Ussuri area and obtain funds, Alaska was sold to the United States in 1867.


Question: When was the Russian Empire founded?

Russian Empire

[13] In 1861, Alexander II freed 20 million serfs from the power of his masters.


Question: When was the Russian Empire founded?

Russian Empire

Land was distributed to the farm laborers, but they had to pay dues to the state for fifty years.


Question: When was the Russian Empire founded?

Russian Empire

The losses of the hosts were offset by bonds.


Question: When was the Russian Empire founded?

Russian Empire

The government had hoped the freed would be able to support themselves and produce enough crops to export and offset government spending.


Question: When was the Russian Empire founded?

Russian Empire

However, the land distributed to the peasants was the poorest and due to inefficient farming methods, the peasants soon fell behind on their payments.


Question: When was the Russian Empire founded?

Russian Empire

The value of landowners' bonds plummeted, and many were no longer able to farm the entire land they owned without labour and capital.


Question: When was the Russian Empire founded?

Russian Empire

[14] Local government restructuring followed the emancipation of slaves.


Question: When was the Russian Empire founded?

Russian Empire

The European part of Russia was organized into provinces and districts (zemstva) whose management was attended by representatives of all social classes and were responsible for schools, health care, roads, prisons and food distribution.


Question: When was the Russian Empire founded?

Russian Empire

In 1870, urban councils, dumat, were established.


Question: When was the Russian Empire founded?

Russian Empire

Often held by the former upper class, the administration imposed taxes and assigned manpower to carry out local government functions.


Question: When was the Russian Empire founded?

Russian Empire

[14] In 1864, Western-style law courts with juries were established in major cities.


Question: When was the Russian Empire founded?

Russian Empire

The new jurisprudence worked well, but the state did not have the funds to expand it to smaller villages.


Question: When was the Russian Empire founded?

Russian Empire

Judges were prohibited from using precedents as grounds for judgments, apply they would have created a form of jurisdiction independent of state law.


Question: When was the Russian Empire founded?

Russian Empire

[14] Censorship was partially repealed, and some issues required public debate before decision-making.


Question: When was the Russian Empire founded?

Russian Empire

After the 1866 attempt was made to assassinate Alexander II, censorship returned, and the universities again lost the independence they had gained five years earlier.


Question: When was the Russian Empire founded?

Russian Empire

The government also tried to impose a curriculum for school education, but lacked the resources to implement it.


Question: When was the Russian Empire founded?

Russian Empire

[14] The State Bank of Russia was established in 1866 to stabilize the currency.


Question: When was the Russian Empire founded?

Russian Empire

Russia did not invent a productive use for Alaska it owned, so it put that huge tract of land up for sale in 1867, the area was sold, along with the Aleutian Islands, to the U.S. state for $7.2 million: 4 cents per acre.


Question: When was the Russian Empire founded?

Russian Empire

The Ministry of Economy supported the development of railways to increase commerce, and established a Peasants' Land Bank in 1882 to spur the acquisition of additional land.


Question: When was the Russian Empire founded?

Russian Empire

Admittedly, the Interior Ministry resisted the attempt and in 1885 established a noble land bank, which assisted nobles in financial trouble to avoid foreclosure on property.


Question: When was the Russian Empire founded?

Russian Empire

[14] One of the goals of the emancipation of serfs was the intensification of the army, since before a serf could not leave his owner for military training only to return to being a slave.


Question: When was the Russian Empire founded?

Russian Empire

Bureaucracy slowed the reform of the army until the Franco-Prussian War of 1870—1871 seemed indispensable for the creation of a modern army.


Question: When was the Russian Empire founded?

Russian Empire

The introduction of the call-out system in 1874 led to the duty of the Army to teach soldiers to be literate.


Question: When was the Russian Empire founded?

Russian Empire

Still, despite the reforms, the military remained a backwater.


Question: When was the Russian Empire founded?

Russian Empire

The use of a bayonet continued to be a popular tactic and rifle sights were feared to lead to cowardice.


Question: When was the Russian Empire founded?

Russian Empire

Russia fell behind the others in the deployment of rifles, machine guns and artillery and in the field of navy.


Question: When was the Russian Empire founded?

Russian Empire

[14] As part of its Europe policy, Russia supported French anti-Austrian diplomacy.


Question: When was the Russian Empire founded?

Russian Empire

However, the countries' cooperation tapered off after France supported the revolt of Poles against Russian rule in 1863.


Question: When was the Russian Empire founded?

Russian Empire

Russia more firmly supported Prussia, accepting German reunification at the price of the Black Sea issue.


Question: When was the Russian Empire founded?

Russian Empire

This goal was achieved at the London Conference of 1871 after Prussia defeated France in the German-French War.


Question: When was the Russian Empire founded?

Russian Empire

United Germany became the most powerful state in Europe, allying with the Union of the Three Emperors with Austria-Hungary and Russia in 1873 to prevent these from forming an alliance with France.


Question: When was the Russian Empire founded?

Russian Empire

However, Russian and Austro-Hungarian ambitions crossed in the Balkans, where Christian Slavic peoples were under the rule of the weakening Ottoman Empire.


Question: When was the Russian Empire founded?

Russian Empire

In the 1870s, public opinion began to turn to the side of liberating Christians in the Balkans and the annexation of Bulgaria and Serbia as Russian protectorates.


Question: When was the Russian Empire founded?

Russian Empire

In 1875—1877, there were rebellions in the Balkans in Bosnia, Herzegovina and Bulgaria, whose rebellions were brutally defeated by the Turks.


Question: When was the Russian Empire founded?

Russian Empire

The major European powers did not react, but Serbia declared war on the Ottoman.


Question: When was the Russian Empire founded?

Russian Empire

[13] In 1877, Russia came to the aid of besieged Serb and Russian volunteer forces by declaring war.


Question: When was the Russian Empire founded?

Russian Empire

Within a year, the Russian army approached Constantinople and the Ottoman surrendered.


Question: When was the Russian Empire founded?

Russian Empire

Generals and diplomats called for forcing the Ottoman to sign the Treaty of San Sterfanono, which would have created an independent Bulgaria stretching as far as the northwestern Balkans.


Question: When was the Russian Empire founded?

Russian Empire

Britain threatened to declare war over the terms of the treaty, and Russia backed down.


Question: When was the Russian Empire founded?

Russian Empire

At the Congress of Berlin in July 1878, a smaller Bulgaria was created and the Western Balkans remained to Austria-Hungary.


Question: When was the Russian Empire founded?

Russian Empire

Russian nationalists infuriated Austria-Hungary and Germany for their lack of support, but the renewed alliance of the Three Emperors remained in effect.


Question: When was the Russian Empire founded?

Russian Empire

[13] The military focus shifted again to Central Asia, where there had been a defeated series of rebellions in the 1870s.


Question: When was the Russian Empire founded?

Russian Empire

Britain became concerned again in 1881 after Russian forces occupied the Turkmen lands on the Persian and Afghan borders, but war was averted after Germany gave its support to Russia.


Question: When was the Russian Empire founded?

Russian Empire

Meanwhile, in Bulgaria, dissatisfaction with Russian meddling in its affairs grew, and the country turned to Austro-Hungary.


Question: When was the Russian Empire founded?

Russian Empire

Germany supported Austria, but pacified Russia by entering into a bilateral defense alliance in 1887.


Question: When was the Russian Empire founded?

Russian Empire

After a year, however, Bismarck banned further loans to Russia, and France took over as the main financier.


Question: When was the Russian Empire founded?

Russian Empire

Following the sacking of Emperor William II, Bismarck's 1890 German-Russian military alliance ended, and Russia entered into an alliance with France three years later, to counterbalance the 1879 German—Austro-Hungarian alliance.


Question: When was the Russian Empire founded?

Russian Empire

[13] Revolutionaries assassinated Alexander II with a homemade bomb on 13 March (J: 1 March) 1881.


Question: When was the Russian Empire founded?

Russian Empire

Into power came to power was his son Alexander III, who continued to tighten the grip of the regime by organizing the police as Ohrana, which was placed under the control of the Ministry of the Interior and given special powers.


Question: When was the Russian Empire founded?

Russian Empire

Interior Minister Count Dmitry Tolstoy put in place the posts of land captain, to which the supreme positions supervised the provinces and the powers of the zemstva and the Duma were reduced.


Question: When was the Russian Empire founded?

Russian Empire

In an attempt to save Russia from modernism, Alexander III enacted religious censorship, persecuted minority religions and peoples, initiated persecutions of Jews, and reduced the authority of universities.


Question: When was the Russian Empire founded?

Russian Empire

Poles, Finns, Latvians, Lithuanians and Ukrainians reacted to unification efforts with accelerating nationalism and many Jews joined radical movements.


Question: When was the Russian Empire founded?

Russian Empire

The secret societies and political movements continued to grow despite the state's attempt to suppress them.


Question: When was the Russian Empire founded?

Russian Empire

[14] The early stages of industrialization throughout the second half of the 19th century Russia developed more economically slower than other states.


Question: When was the Russian Empire founded?

Russian Empire

Otto von Bismarck unified Germany in the 1860s.


Question: When was the Russian Empire founded?

Russian Empire

The post-Civil War United States rapidly strengthened with the British investing the proceeds of their empire there and Southern and Eastern Europe sending their excess populations there.


Question: When was the Russian Empire founded?

Russian Empire

Modern Japan emerged after the Meiji Restoration of 1868 as a national backlash against the opening by American Admiral Perry with naval power of the Japanese market.


Question: When was the Russian Empire founded?

Russian Empire

As giant as Russia was, it could neither create nor memorize enough capital for industrialisation.


Question: When was the Russian Empire founded?

Russian Empire

[15] France sought to invest significantly in Russia.


Question: When was the Russian Empire founded?

Russian Empire

The Swedish Nobel family is well known for its investments in the oil fields of Baku.


Question: When was the Russian Empire founded?

Russian Empire

In terms of population, the land was considerably larger than its western counterparts, but the majority of the population lived in rural areas, engaging in small-scale farming.


Question: When was the Russian Empire founded?

Russian Empire

Four-fifths of the rural population were former serfs and state peasants.


Question: When was the Russian Empire founded?

Russian Empire

20% of the agricultural land was large farms over 50 km², but they were rarely cultivated as a single unit.


Question: When was the Russian Empire founded?

Russian Empire

[16] Between 1850 and 1900 Russia's population doubled, but the land remained agricultural-dominated well into the 20th century.


Question: When was the Russian Empire founded?

Russian Empire

Between 1850 and 1910, population growth was fastest among the major powers, with the exception of the United States.


Question: When was the Russian Empire founded?

Russian Empire

[16] Industrial growth was significant, but volatile and not very extensive.


Question: When was the Russian Empire founded?

Russian Empire

The most industrialized regions were Moscow, the central regions on the European side, St. Petersburg, the Baltic cities, Russian Poland and some areas along the Don and Dnieper rivers and the southern regions of the Ural Mountains.


Question: When was the Russian Empire founded?

Russian Empire

By 1890, Russia had 32000 kilometers of railway and 1.4 million factory workers, most in the textile industry.


Question: When was the Russian Empire founded?

Russian Empire

Between 1860 and 1890 coal production had increased by 1200% to 6.6 million tonnes per year and steel and iron were produced by 2 million tons per year.


Question: When was the Russian Empire founded?

Russian Empire

The state budget doubled, though debt expenses quadrupled, taking 28% of government spending in 1891.


Question: When was the Russian Empire founded?

Russian Empire

[16] Revolutionary movements The reforms of Alexander II, especially the relenting of censorship, led to a freer expression of political opinions.


Question: When was the Russian Empire founded?

Russian Empire

While the government sought to win support for its policies in era and newspaper publications, movements critical of the government and exclusivity also got out loud.


Question: When was the Russian Empire founded?

Russian Empire

[17] In the 1860s—1880s, the radicals were known by the generic name narodniks, and mostly focused on peasant affairs, which they referred to as narod (people).


Question: When was the Russian Empire founded?

Russian Empire

In the 1860s, Nikolai Chernychevsky suggested that Russia could move directly to socialism, bypassing capitalist society.


Question: When was the Russian Empire founded?

Russian Empire

Other radicals included anarchist Mikhail Bakunin and his associate Sergei Netshayev, who called for direct action.


Question: When was the Russian Empire founded?

Russian Empire

Pyotr Tkatchev spoke out against Marxism, arguing that revolutionaries had to act before capitalism developed.


Question: When was the Russian Empire founded?

Russian Empire

At the incitement of moralist and individualist Pyotr Lavrov, hundreds of idealists left their educational institutions in 1873 and 1874 for the countryside to create a popular movement, but the populists' campaign failed after the peasants rejected the ideas of urban idealists.


Question: When was the Russian Empire founded?

Russian Empire

[17] As a result of the failure in 1876, the propaganda organization Zemlja i volja (Earth and Freedom) was created, which relied on terrorism.


Question: When was the Russian Empire founded?

Russian Empire

The group was renamed the Narodnaya volja (People's Will) three years later, under which name it operated in connection with the 1881 assassination of Alexander II.


Question: When was the Russian Empire founded?

Russian Empire

In 1879, Georgi Plekhanov formed a propaganda group for Earth and Freedom under the name Chornyi peredel, whose goal was to redistribute all land to peasants.


Question: When was the Russian Empire founded?

Russian Empire

The group studied Marx's doctrines but remained mostly underground until 1887 group member Aleksandr Ulyanov attempted the assassination of Emperor Alexander III.


Question: When was the Russian Empire founded?

Russian Empire

Authorities caught up with him and he was executed.


Question: When was the Russian Empire founded?

Russian Empire

The execution shocked Aleksandr's younger brother Vladimir Ulyanov, who joined the People's Will Organization and later adopted the pseudonym Lenin.


Question: When was the Russian Empire founded?

Russian Empire

[17] Alexander III Alexander III (reigned 1881—1894) was not to become monarch, as he was the second eldest son of Alexander II.


Question: When was the Russian Empire founded?

Russian Empire

However, after the illness and death of his brother in 1865, and due to the murder of his father, he ascended the throne on 13 March (J: 1 March) 1881.


Question: When was the Russian Empire founded?

Russian Empire

Already in his Coronation Manifesto, he stated plainly that no changes were coming to the autocratic form of government, nor did he change his mind later.


Question: When was the Russian Empire founded?

Russian Empire

In his view, Russia would be saved from agitation by anarchists and revolutionaries the same values espoused by the older generation of Slavophiles — nationality, orthodoxy and autocracy.


Question: When was the Russian Empire founded?

Russian Empire

For him, an idealistic state would consist of one nationality, language, religion and government.


Question: When was the Russian Empire founded?

Russian Empire

This would be achieved by setting Russian as the school language for German, Polish and Finnish subjects, and by destroying the remaining remnants of German, Polish and Swedish institutions from the outer provinces.


Question: When was the Russian Empire founded?

Russian Empire

[18] At the end of the 19th century, Russian backwardness reached critical relations: the 1891 decay claimed half a million lives.


Question: When was the Russian Empire founded?

Russian Empire

In return, extensive, but costly, renewal projects were needed.


Question: When was the Russian Empire founded?

Russian Empire

To implement these was appointed Minister of Finance in 1892 Sergei Witte.


Question: When was the Russian Empire founded?

Russian Empire

He organized foreign borrowing, organized an unstable currency for the gold standard, and accelerated the development of heavy industry, including the building of the Siberian Railway.


Question: When was the Russian Empire founded?

Russian Empire

These actions were intended to modernize the country and secure the Russian far east against the threat of Japan and China.


Question: When was the Russian Empire founded?

Russian Empire

Despite the late-century slump, coal, iron and oil output tripled, and Russia rose in number of rail miles to second place behind the United States.


Question: When was the Russian Empire founded?

Russian Empire

Yet grain production and exports did little to grow, and doubling government spending ate up some of the economic growth.


Question: When was the Russian Empire founded?

Russian Empire

[19] Industrialization increased the number of factory workers in cities.


Question: When was the Russian Empire founded?

Russian Empire

Much of the industry was held by state and foreign owners, leaving the laborers with considerable influence in the absence of a rich bourgeoisie.


Question: When was the Russian Empire founded?

Russian Empire

In the 1890s—20th centuries, unhappy working and living conditions, high taxes, and the poor status of peasants led to many strikes and disorganization.


Question: When was the Russian Empire founded?

Russian Empire

These also encouraged political organization.


Question: When was the Russian Empire founded?

Russian Empire

[20] Poles in Russia, hardest hit by periods of repression, founded the Polish Socialist Party in Paris in 1892.


Question: When was the Russian Empire founded?

Russian Empire

The party's founders hoped to unify a Poland divided between Austria-Hungary, Germany and Russia.


Question: When was the Russian Empire founded?

Russian Empire

Jewish laborers founded the 1897 Party (Bund), which gained support in western Ukraine, Belarus, Lithuania and Poland.


Question: When was the Russian Empire founded?

Russian Empire

The Russian Social Democratic Workers' Party was founded 1898.


Question: When was the Russian Empire founded?

Russian Empire

The Finns remained separate, but the Georgians and Latvian Social Democrats joined the Russian Party.


Question: When was the Russian Empire founded?

Russian Empire

In the south, politically active Muslim peoples were attracted by Islamic unity and pan-Turkism.


Question: When was the Russian Empire founded?

Russian Empire

However, the United Social Revolutionary Party, born on the basis of the Narodnik movement, was formed as the largest party, with a mainly agrar-socialist programme.


Question: When was the Russian Empire founded?

Russian Empire

[20] Young Vladimir Ulyanov was exiled 1895—1899 in Siberia, where he took the name Lenin from the Lenjoki River.


Question: When was the Russian Empire founded?

Russian Empire

In December 1900, he founded the Iskra magazine (Spark), believing that a magazine produced abroad could create an organized revolutionary party to oust autocracy.


Question: When was the Russian Empire founded?

Russian Empire

He also acted to create the Social Democracy Party of Russia tightly organized and united.


Question: When was the Russian Empire founded?

Russian Empire

At the second party congress of 1903, he forced the Federation of Jews to walk out, and was expelled from the party by the Menshevik fact, believing in spontaneous activity of workers rather than centralist guidance.


Question: When was the Russian Empire founded?

Russian Empire

[20] Early 20th century With the death of Nicholas II Alexander III on 1 November (J: 20 October) 1894, power was inherited by his eldest son Nicholas II (reigned 1894—1917).


Question: When was the Russian Empire founded?

Russian Empire

On crowning day 1896 in Moscow, thousands of people trampled to death in pursuit of the emperor's gifts.


Question: When was the Russian Empire founded?

Russian Empire

[21] Nikolai heard of what had happened the next day, but at the urging of advisers did not cancel the banquet dinners, which was considered a bad sign.


Question: When was the Russian Empire founded?

Russian Empire

Nicholas was ill-prepared for his rise to power due to the early death of his father and relied on his wife for governmental matters.


Question: When was the Russian Empire founded?

Russian Empire

[22] The wife of Aleksandra Fyodorovna (born Alix von Hessen-Darmstadt) and the court were inclined to mysticism.


Question: When was the Russian Empire founded?

Russian Empire

This was highlighted by the haemorrhagic disease suffered by heir to the throne Aleksei (d. 1904), at which point the Tsarist family sought help from the mystic Grigory Rasputini, who claimed to be able, by the power of prayer, to stop the bleeding.


Question: When was the Russian Empire founded?

Russian Empire

[23] Nicholas II travelled somewhat and, among other things, made a trip to the far east, causing him to be slightly injured.


Question: When was the Russian Empire founded?

Russian Empire

[22] At the turn of the century, Russia gained space to expand in Asia thanks to accelerating competition from Britain and Germany.


Question: When was the Russian Empire founded?

Russian Empire

1895 Germany competed with France for the popularity of Russia, and the British government hoped to negotiate a treaty for a division of interests in Asia.


Question: When was the Russian Empire founded?

Russian Empire

Thus Russia came in between at the conclusion of the Japan-China War of 1895.


Question: When was the Russian Empire founded?

Russian Empire

In the negotiations, Japan was forced to retreat and cede the Liaotung Peninsula and Port Arthur in southern Manchuria.


Question: When was the Russian Empire founded?

Russian Empire

In 1900, the Chinese responded to the encroachment of foreign powers with the Boksar Revolt, which was defeated by European, U.S. and Japanese forces.


Question: When was the Russian Empire founded?

Russian Empire

180,000 Russian troops fought in Manchuria to keep possession of its newly completed railroad.


Question: When was the Russian Empire founded?

Russian Empire

Japan demanded that Russia, backed by the United States and Britain, withdraw from Manchuria, and Minister Witte and a few diplomats were prepared to swap the territory for Korea, but courtiers, navy and army representatives, and the emperor rejected Japan's threats, despite its alliance with Britain.


Question: When was the Russian Empire founded?

Russian Empire

[24] Japan declared war in 1904.


Question: When was the Russian Empire founded?

Russian Empire

In January 1905, Japan conquered Port Arthur after an eight-month blockade, and in March Russian forces were pushed north of Mukden.


Question: When was the Russian Empire founded?

Russian Empire

The fleet sent to aid in May suffered a crushing defeat at the Battle of Tsushima.


Question: When was the Russian Empire founded?

Russian Empire

[24] Revolution of 1905 A broad strike that began in December 1904 had left St. Petersburg without electricity and newspapers.


Question: When was the Russian Empire founded?

Russian Empire

On January 22 (J: January 9) 1905, Orthodox priest Georgi Gapon led a peaceful march in Saint Petersburg to take a petition to the Emperor to the Winter Palace.


Question: When was the Russian Empire founded?

Russian Empire

The crowd carried icons and sang anthems, but nervous security forces opened fire.


Question: When was the Russian Empire founded?

Russian Empire

Known as Blood Sunday, the event claimed up to thousands of casualties and led to a general strike and rioting.


Question: When was the Russian Empire founded?

Russian Empire

[25] Seventy protesters were shot in Riga and more than a hundred in Warsaw.


Question: When was the Russian Empire founded?

Russian Empire

[26] In February, the army lost about 89,000 men in the battle against Japan.


Question: When was the Russian Empire founded?

Russian Empire

[27] Strikes spread to the Caucasus and in April to the rear of the Urals.


Question: When was the Russian Empire founded?

Russian Empire

[28] In May, almost the entire fleet was lost at Tsushima.


Question: When was the Russian Empire founded?

Russian Empire

[27] Navy detachments mutinied in Sevastopol, Vladivostok and Kronstadt.


Question: When was the Russian Empire founded?

Russian Empire

[29] In June, the crew of the tank ship Potjomkin mutinied while sailing their ship to Romania.


Question: When was the Russian Empire founded?

Russian Empire

[30] In the October Manifesto written by Witte and Aleksandr Obolensky, the emperor finally conceded to the recognition of basic civil rights, to allow political parties and the right to vote.


Question: When was the Russian Empire founded?

Russian Empire

Nicholas II himself regretted the manifesto that led to the end of autocracy.


Question: When was the Russian Empire founded?

Russian Empire

The strikes ended shortly after the manifesto, however the last fighting was still fought in December between the Bolsheviks and the government in Moscow.


Question: When was the Russian Empire founded?

Russian Empire

[25] The unrest and diplomatic pressure that led to the 1905 Revolution forced Russia into peace with Japan.


Question: When was the Russian Empire founded?

Russian Empire

In an agreement brokered by U.S. President Theodore Roosevelt, Russia ceded the southern part of Sakhalin Island to Japan, recognizing its domination over Korea and Matchuria.


Question: When was the Russian Empire founded?

Russian Empire

[31] The first National Duma was elected in March 1906.


Question: When was the Russian Empire founded?

Russian Empire

The Socialists boycotted the elections, so the Constitutional-Democratic Party, or so-called Cadet Party, rose to the lead.


Question: When was the Russian Empire founded?

Russian Empire

The new constitution came into force on 6 May 1906 and the Duma met for the first time on 10 May [32].


Question: When was the Russian Empire founded?

Russian Empire

Nicholas II sacked Witte and elected Pyotr Stolypin a more sympathetic Pyotr Stolypin as his prime minister.


Question: When was the Russian Empire founded?

Russian Empire

Relations between the Duma and the government remained tense.


Question: When was the Russian Empire founded?

Russian Empire

[25] The Emperor dissolved the First Duma in July 1906 due to new requirements and because the Duma served as a “hotbed of agitation”.


Question: When was the Russian Empire founded?

Russian Empire

Left parties won plenty of seats in the Second Duma, but the deadlock continued, and the Second Duma was dissolved in June 1907.